¥ Secretary and Financial Report cecutive Committee of ¥ , Smithsonian Institution Report of the Secretary and Financial Report of the Executive Committee of the Board of Regents For the year ended June 30 1955 coe | fib i {Oe ‘ a) @ ily noiiuiiiee troqoft Lolomnait hae Suisandé oft lo Ht r Qstitranetod oti ae XO: aa anosoh Yo be kh seit “} 7 ‘ UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON : 1956 CONTENTS ST Ee Scere © Bebe Sb ial ce Sewn agaaies, igor fey SUCCES Ly), ke ees eta 8 at eyed a 94 Teele Foe ae gE le ene Soa i fe ee ee ens a f be os oh eh, Poe se lk ee TEES age ee AE et apa ren eerpytet Pe 8 nes a ery eek ce ee en nen err ee in piered is. io ks ip edon Fe peale ol 2 eK IEE IEUVILOOI ls oy etre i BS Sel ee EE STSEEE TI DU eae cease eo See SA SEs ce ee See EN OSS ST TLD Re Se eer viarnation Hxchange- 840... .............-.-+..-.. i. EINE IE PEER 2 ee ot SN SG ek Summary of the year’s activities of the Institution____________________- Reports of branches of the Institution: Deeamten National WMuseum...« 2 2.22 2 3 LL Per Inerican PGHNOOry <2 2 LL IRE CUE URRY 02 ee ee lk mn Ce oueeiioan, OF Hime Arts. 0 aoe ek ES a a aS OE ae a ee ae ISERIES ae PELE PUTTRUNSUICRO"AE EEE 285) de PETE ESIC ATO ee Dee Men riemaL PRCHANPE PETVICG. 8 ee EST 5 SRR nee IIA SE ed ln I Ne a wc a Report of the executive committee of the Board of Regents_____.______- ae) © 0g @ OOoOnNIIaoonre < 28") et | = ’ rn Pio ty akan iv % ‘ iy ae A; lig - “4 A e - * 4q — ; ‘ = : ee 4 Po ’ ty my / 6 ~~ r _ 7 ce * , ~~ wo ee » 4 od ‘ £ » b as ;= L é if — a6 r Sls tn j « oo Pe x STE BOO i . y 7 rr 1, A ma; a ~ e enue at - Ty ay Uh ne ~ - b= it. j oi a os 4 lew? at by 4n sp j 2 agemaaac pure a a naire 2. uy. ies ; einen Bete. ait tes tte et ir hwolee A ahivandl naan the % 748 erat , Werk ioe eee hy oti ogee rn THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION June 30, 1955 Presiding Officer ew oficio—Dwicut D. EISENHOWER, President of the United States. Chancellor.—EAarL WARREN, Chief Justice of the United States. Members of the Institution: DwiGuT D. EISENHOWER, President of the United States. RICHARD M. Nrxon, Vice President of the United States. EarL WARREN, Chief Justice of the United States. JOHN FostER DULLEs, Secretary of State. GEORGE M. HumMpuHREY, Secretary of the Treasury. CHARLES E. WILSON, Secretary of Defense. HERBERT BROWNELL, JR., Attorney General. ARTHUR E. SUMMERFIELD, Postmaster General. Dovueias McKay, Secretary of the Interior. Hzra TaFr BENSON, Secretary of Agriculture. SINCLAIR WEEKS, Secretary of Commerce. JAMES P. MITCHELL, Secretary of Labor. Oveta Cup Hossy, Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare. Regents of the Institution: EARL WARREN, Chief Justice of the United States, Chancellor. RicHaArpD M. Nixon, Vice President of the United States. CLINTON P. ANDERSON, Member of the Senate. LEVERETT SALTONSTALL, Member of the Senate. H. ALEXANDER SMITH, Member of the Senate. CLARENCE CANNON, Member of the House of Representatives. OvERTON Brooxs, Member of the House of Representatives. JOHN M. Vorys, Member of the House of Representatives. VANNEVAR Busi, citizen of Washington, D. C. ARTHUR H. ComprTon, citizen of Missouri. ROBERT V. FLEMING, citizen of Washington, D. C. JEROME C. HUNSAKER, citizen of Massachusetts. Baecutive Committee——Ropert V. FLEMING, chairman, VANNEVAB BUSH, CLAR- ENCE CANNON. Secretary.—LEONARD CARMICHAEL, Assistant Secretaries.—JoHN FE. GraF, J. L. KEppy. Administrative assistant to the Secretary.—Mrs. LOUISE M. PEARSON. Treasurer.—THOMAS F., CLARK, Chief, editorial and publications division —PAUL H. OEFHSER. Assistant chief, editorial and publications division —JouHNn S. LEA. Librarian.—Mkrs. LEILA F’. CLARE. Superintendent of buildings and grounds.—L. L. OLIVER. Assistant superintendents of buildings and grounds.—CHARLES C. SINcLaR, ANDREW IF’. MICHAELS, JR. Chief, personnel division.—Jack B, NEWMAN. Chief, supply division.— ANTHONY W. WILDING. Chief, photographic laboratory.—F. B. KEstTNeEr. VI ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1955 UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM Director.—A. REMINGTON KELLOGG. Evhibits specialist—J. E. ANGLIM. Exhibits workers—T. G. BAKER, Don H. BERKEBILE, R. O. HOWER, BENJAMIN LAWLESS, W. T. Marrixerri, Epwarp W. NerMANDIN, JR., Morris M. PEARSON, GEORGE STUART. Chief, office of correspondence and records.—HELENA M. WEISS. DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY : Frank M. Setzler, head curator; A. J. Andrews, exhibits specialist; Mrs. Arthur M. Greenwood, Smithsonian fellow in anthropology: W. W. Taylor, Jr., collaborator in anthropology. Division of Archeology: Waldo R. Wedel, curator; Clifford Evans, Jr., asso- ciate curator; George S. Metcalf, tnuseum aide; Betty J. Meggers, research associate. Division of Ethnology: H. W. Krieger, curator; J. C. Ewers, C. M. Watkins, associate curators; R. A. Elder, Jr., assistant curator. Division of Physical Anthropology: T. Dale Stewart, curator ; M. T. Newman, associate curator; W. J. Tobin, research associate. Associate in Anthropology: Neil M. Judd. DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY: Waldo L. Schniitt, head curator; W. L. Brown, chief exhibits preparator ; C. R. Aschemeier, W. M. Perrygo, E. G. Laybourne, C. 8S. East, J. D. Biggs, exhibits preparators; Mrs. Aime M. Awl, scientific illustrator. Division of Mammals: D. H. Johnson, acting curator; H. W. Setzer, Charles O. Handley, Jr., associate curators; J. W. Paradiso, museum aide; A. Brazier Howell, collaborator ; Gerrit S. Miller, Jr., associate. Division of Birds: Herbert Friedmann, curator; H. G. Deignan, associate curator; Gorman M. Bond, museum aide; Alexander Wetmore, research associate and custodian of alcoholic and skeleton collections. Division of Reptiles and Amphibians: Doris M. Cochran, associate curator. Division of Fishes: Leonard P. Schuitz, curator; E. A. Lachner, associate curator; Robert H. Kanazawa, museum aide. Division of Insects: J. F. Gates Clarke, curator; O. L. Cartwright, W. D. Field, Grace E. Glance, associate curators; Sophy Parfin, junior ento- mologist; W. L. Jellison, M. A. Carriker, R. E. Snodgrass, C. F. W. Muese- beck, collaborators. Section of Hymenoptera: W. M. Mann, Robert A. Cushman, assistant custodians, Section of Diptera: Charles T. Greene, assistant custodian. Section of Coleoptera: L. L. Buchanan, specialist for Casey collection. Division of Marine Invertebrates: F. A. Chace, Jr., curator; Frederick M. Bayer, T. F. Bowman, associate curators; Mrs. L. W. Peterson, museum aide; Mrs. Harriet Richardson Searle, Max M. Ellis, J. Percy Moore, collaborators; Mrs. Mildred S. Wilson, collaborator in copepod Crustacea. Division of Mollusks: Harald A. Rehder, curator; Joseph P. E. Morrison, associate curator; W. J. Byas, museum aide; Paul Bartsch, associate. Section of Helminthological Collections: Benjamin Schwartz, collabo- rator. Associates in Zoology: T. S. Palmer, W. B. Marshall, A. G. Béviug, C. R. Shoemaker. Collaborator in Zoology: R. S. Clark. Collaborator in Biology: D. C. Graham. SECRETARY'S REPORT vu DEPARTMENT OF BoraNy (NATIONAL HERBARIUM) : Jason R. Swallen, head curator. Division of Phanerogams: A. C. Smith, curator; E. C. Leonard, E. H. Walker, Lyman B. Smith, Velva E. Rudd, associate curators; E. P. Killip, research associate. Division of Ferns: C. V. Morton, curator. Division of Grasses: Ernest R. Sohns, associate curator; Mrs. Agnes Chase, F. A. McClure, research associates. Division of Cryptogams: C. V. Morton, acting curator; Paul S. Conger, asso- ciate curator; John A. Stevenson, custodian of C. G. Lloyd mycological collections and honorary curator of Fungi. DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY : W. F. Foshag, head curator; J. H. Benn, museum geologist; L. B. Isham, scientific illustrator. Division of Mineralogy and Petrology: W. F. Foshag, acting curator; E. P. Henderson, G. 8. Switzer, associate curators ; F. E. Holden, physical science aide; Frank L. Hess, custodian of rare metais and rare earths. Division of Invertebrate Paleontology and Paleobotany: Gustav A. Cooper, curator; A. R. Loeblich, Jr., David Nicol, associate curators; Robert J. Main, Jr., Vera M. Gabbert, museum aides; J. Brookes Knight, Helen N. Loeblich, research associates in paleontology. Section of Invertebrate Paleontology: J. B. Reeside, Jr., custodian of Mesozoic collection; Preston Cloud, research associate. Section of Paleobotany: Roland W. Brown, research associate. Division of Vertebrate Paieontology: C. L. Gazin, curator; D. H. Dunkle, associate curator; F. L. Pearce, G. D. Guadagni, F. O. Griffith, III, exhibits workers. Associates in Mineralogy: W. T. Schaller, S. H. Perry. Associate in Paleontology: R. S. Bassler. DEPARTMENT OF ENGINEERING AND INDUSTRIES: Frank A. Taylor, head curator. Division of Engineering: R. P. Multhauf, curator; William E. Bridges, Mu- seum aide. Section of Civil and Mechanical Engineering: R. P. Multhauf, in charge. Section of Tools: R. P. Multhauf, in charge. Section of Marine Transportation: K. M. Perry, associate curator. Section of Electricity : K. M. Perry, associate curator. Section of Physical Sciences and Measurement: R. P. Multhauf, in charge. Section of Horology: S. H. Oliver, associate curator. Section of Land Transportation: S. H. Oliver, associate curator. Division of Crafts and Industries: W. N. Watkins, curator; Edward C. Ken- dall, associate curator; E. A. Avery, museum aide; F. L. Lewton, research associate. Section of Textiles: Grace L. Rogers, assistant curator. Section of Wood Technology : W. N. Watkins, in charge. Section of Manufactures: Edward C. Kendall, associate curator. Section of Agricultural Industries: Edward C. Kendall, associate curator. Division of Medicine and Public Health: George B. Griffenhagen, associate curator; Alvin B. Goins, museum aide. Division of Graphic Arts: Jacob Kainen, curator; J. Harry Phillips, Jr., museum aide. Section of Photography: A. J. Wedderburn, Jr., associate curator. VIII ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1955 DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY: Mendel L. Peterson, acting head curator. Divisions of Military History and Naval History: M. L. Peterson, curator; J. R. Sirlouis, assistant curator; Craddock R. Goins, Jr., junior historian. Division of Civil History: Margaret W. Brown, associate curator; Frank E. Klapthor, museum aide. Division of Numismatics: S. M. Mosher, associate curator. Division of Philately: Franklin R. Bruns, Jr., associate curator. BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY Director.—MAtTTHEW W. STIRLING. Associate Director.—F RANK H. H. RoseErts, JR. Anthropologisis.—H. B. CoLuins, JR., PHILIP DRUCKER. Collaborators.—FRANCES DENSMORE, JOHN R. Swanton, A. J. WARING, JR., R. J. Squier, R. F. HErzeEr, SISter M. INrEz Hincer, RALPH §. SOLECKEI. Research associate.—JOHN P. HARRINGTON. Scientific illustrator.—E. G. SCHUMACHER. RIVER BASIN SURVEYS.—F RANK H. H. Roserts, Jr., Director. ASTROPHYSICAL OBSERVATORY Director.—LoyYAL B. ALDRICH. DIVISION OF ASTROPHYSICAL RESEARCH : Chief.—[Vacancy. ] Astrophysicist FREDERICK A. GREELEY. Instrument makers.—D. G. TALBERT, J. H. HARRISON. Research associate.—CHARLES G. ABBOT. Table Mountain, Calif., field station—ALFRED G. FROILAND, STANLEY L, ALDRICH, physicists. Calama, Chile, field station—JAaMrs E. ZIMMERMAN, physicist; JoHN A. PorA, physical science aide. DIVISION OF RADIATION AND ORGANISMS: Chief.—R. B. WITHROW. Plant physiologists.—WILLIAM H. KLEIN, LEONARD PRIcE, V. B. ELSTAD, Mrs. ALICE P. WitHROw, CHAO C. Mou. Biochemist.—JOoHN B. WOLFF. NATIONAL COLLECTION OF FINE ARTS Director.—THomMAS M. BEGGs. Curator of ceramics.—P. V. GARDNER. Chief, Smithsonian Traveling Exhibition Service.—Mrs. ANNEMARIE H. POopE. Exhibits preparator.—ROwLAND LYON. FREER GALLERY OF ART Director.—A. G. WENLEY. Assistant Director.—JoHN A. POPE. Assistant to the Director—BurNsS A. STUBBS. Associate in Near Eastern art.—RIcHARD ETTINGHAUSEN. Associate in technical research.—RUTHERFORD J. GETTENS. Assistant in research.—Haroip P. STERN. Research associate.—GRACE DUNHAM GUEST. Honorary research associate-—Max LOEBR. Consultant to the Director.—KATHERINE N. RHOADES. SECRETARY’S REPORT Ix NATIONAL AIR MUSEUM Advisory Board: LEONARD CARMICHAEL, Chairman. Mas. Gen. GEorGE W. Munpy, U.S. Air Force. Rear ApM. APOLLo Soucek, U. 8. Navy. GROVER LOENING. WiLit1aM B. Strout. Head curator.—Pavt E. GARBER. Associate curator.—R. C. STROBELL. Manager, National Air Museum Facility W. M. MAte. Museum aides.—STANLEY Porter, WINTHROP S. SHAW. NATIONAL ZOOLOGICAL PARK Director.—WILLIAM M. MANN. Assistant Director.—ERNEST P. WALKER. Head Animal Keeper.—F Rank O. LOWE, CANAL ZONE BIOLOGICAL AREA Resident Manager.—JAMES ZETEK. INTERNATIONAL EXCHANGE SERVICE Chief.—D. G. WILLIAMS. NATIONAL GALLERY OF ART Trustees: EARL WARREN, Chief Justice of the United States, Chairman. JOHN FOsTEr DULLES, Secretary of State. GEorGE M. HumpuReY, Secretary of the Treasury. LEONARD CARMICHAEL, Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. SAMUEL H. KRESS. FERDINAND LAMMOT BELIN. DUNCAN PHILLIPS. CHESTER DALE. PavuL MELLON. President.—SAMUEL H. KReEss. Vice President.—FERDINAND LAMMOT BELIN. Secretary-Treasurer.—HUNTINGTON CAIRNS. Director.—Davip E. FINLey. Administrator.—ERNEST R. FEIDLER, General Counsel.—HUNTINGTON CAIRNS. Chief Curator.—JOHN WALKER. Assistant Director.—MAcGILL JAMES. _— hie nea ak fe os bat be vide Rept es, weasel Grltsistant gre peeves: Hearted. pf Aapsmne des, Tagginek 7 roe gg sega ee bs vie eer nen a A WAM TB es AT, 1 Me yee an nT on ARIS | | : ere i) whois eee au be faa aig ir 4 Da vt aT ee we cen 7 bea pay’ F iL A: ioe 4 ‘nabs AD wee a besrte a0 inte te, Ho WO yin litiadte AA 10) ARIS eed Lat BEN Haw yude) ate ie hated es Bi inci Aini2 Ww yoRnee. AR a it | : sepa h ata lo edie’ Coe i teerttien | padnond 0k nes. Jo TAN ene Tk at Se Me .wigall ‘ ACU, Ra es LN ee ke th pews TT seep i iar oT tee rane is : RI) nOrA ae PET Elam ; eatin aed: A pas \ POUL A, St ODEN RE LRALNY OO areal, sage, ea AY. a Report of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution LEONARD CARMICHAEL For the Year Ended June 30, 1955 To the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution: GENTLEMEN : I have the honor to submit a report showing the activ- ities and condition of the Smithsonian Institution and its branches for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1955. GENERAL STATEMENT The period covered by this report has been an active and fruitful one for the Smithsonian Institution. It was noted in last year’s report that much time has been devoted to preliminary planning for the new buildings so urgently needed to make the museums of the Smithsonian comparable to the modern national museums of other great nations. The Institution’s collec- tions are probably the largest in the world, but because of the inade- quacy of its present buildings these collections can now be presented to the public in only most limited ways. Building Program Gains Congressional Support It is a great satisfaction to be able to report that legislation pro- viding for the planning and erection of a new museum building for the Smithsonian Institution was enacted during the first session of the 84th Congress. The bill, authorizing a $36-million Museum of His- tory and Technology, was signed by President Eisenhower on June 28, 1955. Subsequently, Congress appropriated $2,288,000 for the im- mediate planning of this great new museum, bringing it even further toward the realm of actuality. During the discussion of this legis- lation on the floor of the House of Representatives, many favorable statements were made about the place of the Smithsonian Institution in our national life. All of us at the Smithsonian are indeed grateful for the hard work done by so many people in connection with this leg- islation, which clears the great hurdle from the path toward providing adequate and fitting housing for many of the Nation’s priceless treas- ures. Certainly it is the greatest event for the Smithsonian Institu- tion since the erection of the Natural History Building half a century ago. P ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1955 The new Museum of History and Technology will house all the national collections that record and illustrate the political, cultural, industrial, scientific, and military development of the United States. For the most part the materials to be exhibited in this new museum are those now on display or stored in the Arts and Industries Building. Some collections now temporarily housed in the Natural History Building will also find a place in the new building. The new museum as we plan it will be both a museum of United States history and a museum of science, engineering, and industry. This combination is especially appropriate for a nation in which the industrial revolution achieved a most luxuriant flowering—matching the earlier American Revolution that gave our country its freedom and its unique institutions. The Museum of History and Technology will be the Nation’s his- tory book of objects. In it the main elements of our national progress will be represented and related. To replace the clutter of cases and machines that crowd the old Arts and Industries Building, we plan a series of modern halls highlighting the’ principal periods of our history from colonial days to the present. Each main hall will illus- trate the dominant character of a particular period (the exploration of the West, for example) against a background of the times. This story of our national development will be told with original docu- ments, machines, costumes, inventions, home furnishings, weapons, the personal effects of famous Americans, and many other classes of authentic objects. Connected with these main halls will be others in which the exhibits will amplify the themes of the main halls with subjects that might include Agriculture and Trade in the Colonies, Transportation to the Frontier, and others. Many halls will illustrate the development of particular devices or subjects, such as automobiles, mining, medi- cine, costumes, manufactures, engineering, and science. Here will be demonstrated the painstaking study, work, management, and trials that have been the lifeblood of our Nation’s progress. Likewise will be shown the Smithsonian’s world-famous collections of stamps and coins, guns, watercraft models, and all the others that have made the Institution a mecca for scholars, collectors, and hobbyists, the country over. The site chosen for the new building is the Mall area of Washington bounded on the north by Constitution Avenue, on the east by 12th Street, on the south by Madison Drive, and on the west by 14th Street. Naturally much difficult and prolonged work lies ahead before such a monumental task can be consummated, but it is our earnest hope that the final planning of this new building may be done in 1956 and that construction may begin in 1957. SECRETARY’S REPORT z Other Buildings Planned By the use of private funds given to the Institution specifically for the purpose, preliminary architectural studies were made during the year for the projected new National Air Museum. The proposed site for this museum is between 9th and 12th Streets, SW., on the south side of Independence Avenue, where it would be closely associated with other Smithsonian buildings. No final estimates have yet been given of the new Air Museum’s cost or of the time when it may be most appropriate to ask for public or private funds for its erection. This new building is urgently needed. The airplane is in many respects a product of the genius of the American people. The Smith- sonian collections in this great field, beginning with the Wright brothers’ “Kitty Hawk” itself, are unrivaled in the world. Today many of the most important treasures of the Smithsonian collection of aircraft and associated objects are crated and held in storage. They are thus not available either for the public or even for the use of en- gineers and patent authorities. As soon as possible it is important to find means, public or private, or both, for the erection of a suitable building for this great collection. The National Collection of Fine Arts is now also most inadequately provided for in an incongruous setting in the Natural History Build- ing. As was especially emphasized in last year’s report, a new Smith- sonian Institution Gallery of Art to house the great historical paint- ings in this collection, the National Portrait Gallery, and the work of deserving living artists is most urgently needed. The collections that will be displayed in the proposed new gallery would include painting, sculpture, ceramics, and other forms of decorative art. Authorization to construct wings on the Natural History Building was approved by Congress in 1932, but it has never been implemented by an appropriation. Our superlative study collections in natural history are crowded from attic to basement and have extensively in- vaded the exhibition halls. To be of the greatest use to the Nation, these collections must continue to grow, for only in this way can they become more complete and thus more useful in the scientific and eco- nomic researches conducted by many other agencies. Room for ex- pansion is urgently needed for all the collections in anthropology, geology, and zoology. Also far below our needs is laboratory space for the scientists and aides working on these collections, and for the visiting specialists who so freely and generously assist in this work. The over-all situation is such that the addition of wings on the Natural History Building must hold high priority in the Institution’s build- ing program. 4 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1955 Exhibits Modernization in Full Swing During the year further progress was made in the renovation of major exhibits at the Smithsonian Institution, under the long-range modernization program authorized by Congress. President and Mrs. Dwight D. Eisenhower honored the Smithsonian by coming to the Institution on May 24. On that occasion Mrs. Eisenhower officially opened the new First Ladies Hall at special ceremonies in the Arts and Industries Building. This hall displays in authentic settings gowns worn by each of the ladies in the history of the country who have served as Presidential hostesses. In creating the new settings the de- signers wherever possible have combined real architectural details taken from the White House in its various renovations with furniture and fixtures owned by or associated with both the White House and the First Ladies. The dresses are thus seen in the type of surround- ings in which they were worn. All the objects, for example, in the room in which Martha Washington’s dress is displayed, belonged to President Washington. A large and beautiful mirror on exhibit in this room which belonged to President Washington has been at the Smithsonian Institution for more than 60 years, but never before has it been on display. The amazing success of this new hall is attested by the crowds of visitors that it attracts. In the Natural History Building a modernized hall illustrating the life of various Indian tribes of California, southwestern United States, and Latin America was formally opened on June 2, as a feature of the program of the 50th Annual Convention of the American Asso- ciation of Museums held in Washington. These exhibits, numbering more than 50 in all, use mainly materials long in the possession of the Smithsonian but present them in such an attractive way that the visitors may learn easily and quickly how these primitive peoples actually lived. They stress the remarkable ingenuity of the American Indians in utilizing the natural resources of such different environ- ments as seacoasts, deserts, grasslands, jungles, and mountain valleys to provide food, clothing, shelter, and materials for arts and crafts. The ability of the primitive Indian to wrest a living from the most uninviting environments is a striking characteristic. The wide range of Indian skills in handicrafts is represented in displays of California Indian baskets (some of the world’s finest basketwork), Navaho weav- ing and silverwork, Pueblo Indian decorated pottery, colorful weav- ings of Guatemalan Indians, religious wood carvings of the San Blas Cuna in Panama, and paintings on guanaco skins worn as robes by Tehuelche Indians in Argentina. Included are nine large, dramati- cally lighted groups of life-size Indian figures engaged in typical tribal activities. Another shows Navaho weavers and silversmiths - SECRETARY’S REPORT o at work. Still others illustrate the preparation of acorn meal by Hupa Indians of northern California, the processing of cassava by Carib Indians in British Guiana, and Tehuelche horsemen packing their belongings in moving camp. Five dioramas portray the life of other Indian tribes. One of them recreates in miniature a village of Lucayan Indians in the Bahamas in which the natives are excitedly viewing the approach of Columbus’s ships. Another diorama rep- resents a simple hunting camp of the sparsely clothed, poorly housed Yahgan Indians of Tierra del Fuego, the southernmost people of the world. Themes of wide popular interest are interpreted in other ex- hibits—such as the process of shrinking human heads employed by Jivaro warriors of the Ecuadorian jungles, the construction of a Pueblo Indian apartment house, and the use of shells for money in native California. A companion hall will soon be started interpreting the lives of the Eskimo and the Indians of Canada and of the United States east of the Rocky Mountains. Progress was made during the year on a new hall in which selected portions of the magnificent bird collection of the Smithsonian can be displayed. Work has also been done on the new North American mammal hall, on a hall that will show the de- velopment of power machinery, and on another hall that will illus- trate the cultural history of the United States. Although some of the exhibits in these halls will be moved to the new building, it is especially important to prepare them as soon as possible, because the labor involved in each such presentation is very time-consuming, and only by having modern exhibits ready to be installed in the new building can maximum use be made of the improved facilities of such a structure as soon as it is opened. During the year the public comfort rooms of the Natural History Building, which had not been generally repaired since 1910, were modernized. The steam supply lines of the Arts and Industries Building and of the Freer Gallery of Art were replaced. This latter building for the first time since its erection was thoroughly cleaned inside and repainted. More than half of the exhibit halls of the Arts and Industries Building were repainted. Some of the paint in these rooms had peeled from the plaster, and in other places it was seriously stained. The bright new colors of present-day paints have done much to improve the visibility of exhibits and the attrac- tiveness of the building. THE ESTABLISHMENT The Smithsonian Institution was created by act of Congress in 1846, in accordance with the terms of the will of James Smithson, of England, who in 1826 bequeathed his property to the United States 6 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1955 of America “to found at Washington, under the name of the Smith- sonian Institution, an establishment for the increase and diffusion of knowledge among men.” In receiving the property and accepting the trust, Congress determined that the Federal Government was without authority to administer the trust directly, and, therefore, constituted an “establishment” whose statutory members are “the President, the Vice President, the Chief Justice, and the heads of the executive departments.” THE BOARD OF REGENTS The affairs of the Institution are administered by a Board of Re- gents whose membership consists of “the Vice President, the Chief Justice of the United States, and three members of the Senate, and three members of the House of Representatives; together with six other persons, other than members of Congress, two of whom shall be resident in the city of Washington and the other four shall be in- habitants of some State, but no two of them of the same State.” One of the Regents is elected Chancellor of the Board. In the past the selection has fallen upon the Vice President or the Chief Justice. The past year brought the death of a valued member of the Board of Regents. Former Justice of the Supreme Court Owen Josephus Roberts died on May 17, 1955. Justice Roberts had been a Regent only since July 23, 1953, and on account of illness had been able to attend only one meeting of the Board. The death of this eminent jurist and public servant was a severe loss to the Institution. The Board is honored to welcome as a new member the Honorable Overton Brooks of Louisiana to succeed the Honorable Leroy John- son. It is my pleasure also to record the reappointment to the Board of the Honorable Clarence Cannon, the Honorable John M. Vorys, the Honorable Clinton P. Anderson, the Honorable Leverett Salton- stall, and Dr. Jerome C. Hunsaker. The annual informal dinner meeting of the Board was held in the main hall of the Smithsonian Building on the evening of January 13, 1955, amid various exhibits showing phases of the work being carried on at present. Brief illustrated talks on their special fields of research and activities were made by three staff members: Frederick M. Bayer, Dr. George S. Switzer, and Archibald Wenley. The regular annual meeting of the Board was held on January 14, 1955. At this meeting the Secretary presented his published annual report on the activities of the Institution and its bureaus; and Robert V. Fleming, chairman of the executive and permanent committees of the Board, presented the financial report for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1955. SECRETARY’S REPORT yi The roll of Regents at the close of the fiscal year was as follows: Chief Justice of the United States Earl Warren, Chancellor; Vice President Richard Nixon; members from the Senate: Clinton P. Anderson, Leverett Saltonstall, H. Alexander Smith; members from the House of Representatives: Clarence Cannon, John M. Vorys, Overton Brooks; citizen members: Vannevar Bush, Arthur H. Comp- ton, Robert V. Fleming, and Jerome C. Hunsaker. FINANCES A statement on finances, dealing particularly with Smithsonian pri- vate funds, will be found in the report of the executive committee of the Board of Regents, page 167. APPROPRIATIONS Funds appropriated to the Institution for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1955, total $3,048,146, obligated as follows: EE a ee Sn SP a ee $63, 830 med ational MUSeUI 1, 154, 232 rr eee erie: MOENNOlOPY 4. = ee 58, 730 ES So ie TS SE Ca Se er 110, 680 en ererlLion Ur fing Arty) 44, 523 Se eee eee US EY oe hn 86, 119 en roxcnanme, (Services: on 79, 376 I GE EES ee Se a See SR 8, 473 Maintenance and operation of buildings___.________________________ 1, 121, 697 SE RNR Be as a EES 2 ORES Se OL oe 320, 846 8, cal ee ee ee 3, 048, 146 Besides these direct appropriations, the Institution received funds by transfer from other Government agencies as follows: From the District of Columbia for the National Zoological Park______ $648, 000 From the National Park Service, Department of the Interior, for the I 52, 700 VISITORS Visitors to the Smithsonian group of buildings during the year reached a record total of 3,895,017, nearly a quarter of a million more than the previous year. April 1955 was the month of largest attend- ance, with 585,916; May 1955 was second, with 551,820; August 1954 third, with 490,035. Largest attendance for a single day was 55,096 for May 7, 1955. Table 1 gives a summary of the attendance records for the five buildings. These figures, when added to the 3,476,584 estimated visitors at the National Zoological Park and 814,932 recorded at the National Gallery of Art, make a total number of visitors at the Smithsonian Institution of 8,186,533. 362912—55——_2 8 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1955 Many visiting scientists and scholars from Federal departments, universities, and research organizations all over the world have come to the Smithsonian Institution during the past year. We were espe- cially honored by a visit on November 5, 1954, from Mrs. Dwight D. Eisenhower and Her Majesty, Queen Elizabeth, the Queen Mother. TABLE 1.—Visitors to certain Smithsonian buildings during the year ended June 30, 1955 Smithson- | Arts and Natural Aircraft Year and month ian Build- | Industries | History Building Building Total ing Building / Building : | pear es Ss Pee 1954 I i coat ce eae at SR NE | 74.040 | — 230,332 89, 726 54, 289 9,505 | 457,892 ye tel nS Seed Oe | gg.e10| 230, 958 98, 239 61, 231 10,997 | 490, 035 Oe Ba ed iene a | 48,842 133, 332 55, 912 34, 721 7,256 | 280, 063 0 Sie riel er eee | 37,042 | 102,130 59, 197 25, 835 5.491 | 229, 695 Noversbtar £47129 2287. | —- 31, 748 85, 346 54, 394 25, 976 4,470 | 201,934 Thesis Ae | 19, 418 45, 168 32, 915 15, 359 2,942 | 115, 802 1883 | Jago Seo) Es NPS | 21, 745 50, 459 | 44,924 18, 182 4,305 | 139, 615 Wow ee | 26, 674 58,848 | 41, 154 19, 151 4,396 | 150,023 Marthe (Soo ese th 35,373 | 109,107 | 60,722 27,790 4,734 | 237,726 pC ORS | See ee ere ga ee 100,687 | 251, 946 129, 425 92, 040 11,818 | 585, 916 Meee fe | 104,462 | 237,728 132, 295 65, 849 11,486 | 551,820 Fie bee tee ay IY, | 76,620 | 206,963 | 106, 389 53, 618 10,905 | 454, 496 } a ————. heehee a tind | 685,261 | 1,742,317 | 905,202 | 494, 041 88, 306 | 3,895, 017 | | A special record was kept during the year of groups of school children visiting the Institution. These figures are given in table 2: TABLE 2.—Groups of school children visiting the Smithsonian Institution, 1954-55 Year and month Number of | Number of groups children 1954 tC | ee a ne ee ee 95 2, 986 pt: Saale Sia an tee Canad ft reat ae it ein Mg 91 2, 211 Serendip, 65 ie te a A ne i a le ieee Bee eee 63 2, 065 Ogtober2)) Barrie, Viti. g, Ji Seer Bee 245 7, 703 Nawal sl Toe 8 4p nc t, rae” eee Bees 301 9, 958 Beeewier 2 =e fe A Ee ee NS eee 139 3, 829 1955 | JORUAEY «58 ee eee ee ee 201 5, 693 Febtuary 224i yu ite 2b OE ee eS Ee eee 277 8, 415 Wistrelie ss 6 er eh een eee, Se ee 752 23, 960 Aq So te Se ees he or ee ne ee ee 1, 742 71, 376 Miay 6265. 51 Pe aa tee ee eee SE arlT 2, 468 116, 032 Jie... ed 2S Be eee ee car ee 8. 942 33, 967 Total? Fir TOGnT SE Innit @ Spee te ty 7, 316 288, 195 SECRETARY’S REPORT 8) LECTURES In 1931 the Institution received a bequest from James Arthur, of New York City, a part of the income from which was to be used for an annual lecture on some aspect of the study of the sun. The twenty- second Arthur lecture was delivered in the auditorium of the Natural History Building on the evening of April 27, 1955, by Sir Harold Spencer Jones, Astronomer Royal of Great Britain. This lecture, on the subject “Solar Activity and Its Terrestrial Effects,” will be published in full in the general appendix of the Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution for 1955. Dr. Konrad Z. Lorenz, director of the Research Institute for Com- parative Ethology, Max-Planck Institute, Bulden, Westfalen, Ger- many, delivered a lecture in the auditorium of the Freer Gallery of Art on the evening of November 17, 1954, on “Evolution of Behavior Patterns in Animals.” This was one of a series of lectures that this distinguished foreign scientist delivered in America that season. Dr. Sumner McKnight Crosby, professor of the history of art at Yale University and curator of medieval art at the Yale Art Gallery, lectured on “Excavations in the Abbey Church at St.-Denis” in the Freer Gallery auditorium on the evening of February 3, 1955, under the joint sponsorship of the Smithsonian Institution and the Archae- ological Institute of America. Dr. Crosby’s lecture was accompanied by a colorful film showing the church as it is today, the technique of excavation, the reconstruction of the earlier buildings, and the important results. AWARD OF LANGLEY MEDAL The Langley gold medal, established in 1908 in memory of the late Secretary Samuel Pierpont Langley “for specially meritorious investigations in connection with the science of aerodromics and its application to aviation,” was awarded by the Institution on April 14, 1955, to Dr. Jerome Clarke Hunsaker, chairman of the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics and professor emeritus of aero- nautical engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Although Dr. Hunsaker is a member of the Smithsonian Board of Regents, he did not know of the award until the presentation was made, at a private reception and dinner held in the great hall of the Smithsonian Building, by the Honorable Earl Warren, Chief Justice of the United States, acting in his capacity as Chancellor of the Smith- sonian Institution. The occasion also marked the fortieth anniver- sary of the founding of the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics. The citation accompanying the presentation reads as follows: In recognition of your unique and superlatively important contributions to aeronautics as a distinguished designer of aircraft, as the creator of a great 10 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1955 eenter for instruction in aeronautical engineering, and as the scientific genius under whose leadership the present-day National Advisory Committee for Aero- nautics has become the world’s greatest scientific areonautical research organi- zation. The Langley medal has previously been presented seven times: to Wilbur and Orville Wright in 1910, to Glenn H. Curtiss in 1918, to Gustave Eiffel in 1913, to Col. Charles A. Lindbergh in 1927, to Rear Adm. Richard E. Byrd in 1929, to Charles E. Manly (posthumously) in 1929, and to Dr. Joseph S. Ames in 1935. DR. ABBOT HONORED Dr. Charles Greeley Abbot, retired Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution and one of the nation’s most eminent astrophysicists, was honored by a reception in the great hall of the Smithsonian Building on the afternoon of May 31, 1955—his eighty-third birthday. This also marked the sixtieth anniversary of Dr. Abbot’s association with the Institution. In connection with the occasion, a bronze bust of Dr. Abbot by Alicia Neathery, Washington sculptress, was unveiled. It is now on permanent view in the Smithsonian Building. FUNDS FOR THE INSTITUTION At its January 1955 meeting, the Board of Regents gave careful consideration to the problem of what can be done to call public at- tion to the Smithsonian Institution as the beneficiary for large or small gifts of money to advance the “increase and diffusion of knowl- edge” in the areas covered by the Smithsonian. Since that time cer- tain general statements concerning the needs of the Institution have been prepared, and through the kindness of various members of the Board of Regents, the Secretary has had an opportunity to present the need for generous additional endowments to a number of indi- viduals and groups who may be in a position to help the Smithsonian Institution in this important material way. Only a beginning has been made on this program. It is urged that in the present year and in future years everyone interested in the Smithsonian will do every- thing possible to assist in providing substantial increases in the In- stitution’s endowments for general or specific purposes. One of the suggested possibilities is that a single donor or group of donors may wish to present to the people of the United States through the Smith- sonian Institution a memorial museum building for the National Col- lection of Fine Arts and other related materials. As shown in last year’s report, the Institution continues to receive subventions from Federal agencies and nongovernmental organiza- tions. Work assisted by such grants includes studies and publications in anthropology, zoology, botany, geology, psychology, and the gen- SECRETARY’S REPORT 11 eral scientific programs of the Institution at Barro Colorado Island. A list of such grants made during the year is given in the Financial Re- port of the Executive Committee, at the end of this report. BIO-SCIENCES INFORMATION EXCHANGE By a cooperative arrangement with all branches of the armed forces and with other Federal agencies, the Smithsonian Institution con- tinued to administer the Bio-Sciences Information Exchange under the directorship of Dr. Stella L. Deignan. The Exchange is charged with the responsibility of “preventing the unknowing duplication of research support by the several Government agencies concerned.” In carrying out this responsibility, it has developed techniques that maintain a rapid interchange of con- cise information on the support of research in the bio-sciences and on its content in both broad and specific subject areas. The Exchange reports that it has been able to supply adequate information in re- sponse to every request it has received from its sponsors. The body of information, at first confined almost entirely to medical research, now contains sizable components in basic biology, psychology, and mental health. An increasingly close liaison with nongovernmental granting agencies has been developed. During 1955 the active proj- ects registered exceeded 9,000, bringing the present total to more than 19,000 projects. ORGANIZATION AND STAFF A number of important personnel changes affecting Smithsonian staff members occurred during the year. Loyal B. Aldrich retired on June 30, 1955, after 46 years with the Astrophysical Observatory of the Smithsonian Institution, since 1945 as its director. In his place Dr. Fred L. Whipple was appointed, effective July 1. At the time of his appointment Dr. Whipple was chairman of the department of astronomy at Harvard University. At the same time, headquarters of the Astrophysical Observatory were changed to Cambridge, Mass., where its astronomers will work in close proximity to Harvard’s pro- gram of solar research. Some administrative and mechanical work will continue in the laboratories and shops of the Astrophysical Ob- servatory in Washington, and the two field observatories in Chile and Table Mountain, Calif., will be maintained. On September 13, 1954, by transfer from the U. S. Department of Agriculture, Dr. J. F. Gates Clarke assumed the position formerly held by Dr. Edward A. Chapin as curator of insects in the United States National Museum. John D. Howard, Smithsonian Treasurer, retired effective Decem- ber 31, 1954, and Thomas F. Clark, chief of the fiscal division, was 12 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1955 named to succeed him. Mr. Clark will also continue as chief of that division. From time to time the Smithsonian endeavors to recognize the aid and encouragement received from the Institution’s outstanding col- laborators and benefactors by conferring upon such persons honorary status. A new class of such appointments—Fellows of the Smith- sonian Institution—was established during the year, and the first Fel- low to be named was Mrs. Arthur M. Greenwood, of Marlboro, Mass., in recognition of her generous and important contributions to the Na- tional Museum’s collections of American colonial material and an entire seventeenth-century house. Other honorary appointments made during the year were as fol- lows: Drs. Robert J. Squier and Robert F. Heizer, both of the Uni- versity of California, as collaborators in connection with the Smith- sonian Institution—National Geographic Society’s archeological ex- pedition to southern Mexico; Dr. Helen Tappan Loeblich, of Wash- ington, D. C., as honorary research associate, with particular reference to her achievements in the field of Cretaceous Foraminifera and her active participation in the work of the National Museum’s depart- ment of geology; Dr. Betty J. Meggers, of Washington, D. C., as honorary research associate in recognition of her close and continuing participation in the scientific work, exhibits, and other activities of the National Museum’s division of archeology; Dr. William J. Tobin, of Washington, D. C., as honorary research associate for his valued scientific contributions and his active participation in the work of the National Museum’s division of physical anthropology; and Sister Inez M. Hilger, of St. Cloud, Minn., in recognition of her many years of collaboration with the Bureau of American Ethnology and her valued contributions to the study of the American Indian. SUMMARY OF THE YEAR’S ACTIVITIES OF THE INSTITUTION National Museum.—The year saw a large increase in numbers of specimens added to the Museum collections, due to receipt of several million fossil foraminiferans from Europe. In all, approximately 7,600,000 specimens were received, bringing the total catalog entries in the National Museum to 42,864,645. Some of the year’s outstand- ing accessions included: In anthropology, a wood, cloth, and basketry figure of a human being recovered from a Peruvian grave (A. D. 1100), ethnological objects from Iraq, Afghanistan, and Ethiopia, and an entire 2-story, 4-room colonial house from Massachusetts; in zoology, collections of mammals from Korea, Pakistan, and Panama, birds from Panama, large collections of fishes from the Gilbert Islands, Liberia, and the southeastern United States, the W. M. Mann collec- tion of ants, 3,200 polychaete worms, mostly from New England, and SECRETARY'S REPORT 13 400 corals from the Great Barrier Reef; in botany, plant collections from Mexico, Central and South America, and Iraq; in geology, sev- eral gifts of rare minerals and gems, 35 specimens of meteorites, 2,000 Silurian and Devonian fossils from Canada, about 3,500,000 mounted foraminiferan specimens, 600 rare Paleocene and Eocene mammals from Wyoming, and about 750 otoliths of Eocene teleostean fishes from England; in engineering and industries, an early Curtis steam turbine, the Dodrill-GMR mechanical heart, and important electro- cardiograph equipment; and in history, much desirable material needed to complete the settings for the First Ladies Hall, including the loan of a piano used in the White House during the administration of John Quincy Adams. Members of the staff conducted fieldwork in Ecuador, Mexico, the Belgian Congo, Panama, the Caribbean, and many parts of the United States. Several studied collections in other museums in America and in Europe. In the Museum’s program of exhibit modernization, two new halls were formally opened to the public during the year—the First Ladies Hall and the American Indian Hall. Construction work was begun on the hall depicting colonial life in North America, and the renova- tion of the hall devoted to birds saw good progress. Bureau of American Ethnology.—The Bureau staff continued their researches in archeology and ethnology: Dr. Stirling his Panamanian studies, Dr. Collins his archeological work in the Canadian Arctic, and Dr. Drucker his field researches of the La Venta culture in Mexico. Dr. Roberts continued as Director of the River Basin Surveys. Astrophysical Observatory.—Solar radiation studies were con- tinued at the Observatory’s two field observing stations—Montezuma in northern Chile and Table Mountain in southern California. Vol- ume 7 of the Annals of the Astrophysical Observatory was published in July 1954. Cooperative work with the U. S. Weather Bureau was continued. In the division of radiation and organisms studies were made on the photocontrol of the processes of plant growth and on the mechanism of action of the plant hormone auxin in the control of growth. National Collection of Fine Arts—The Smithsonian Art Commis- sion met on December 7, 1954, and accepted two oil paintings for the National Collection of Fine Arts, one oil painting of President Eisen- hower for the National Portrait Gallery, and one pastel for the Smithsonian Institution. The Gallery sponsored 14 special exhibi- tions during the year. The Smithsonian Traveling Exhibition Serv- ice circulated 68 exhibitions, 57 in the United States and 11 abroad. Freer Gallery of Art——Purchases for the Freer Gallery collections included Chinese bronzes, lacquerwork. paintings, and pottery; Per- 14 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1955 sian jade, metalwork, and paintings; Japanese lacquerwork, paintings, and pottery; Indian paintings; Iraqi illustrated manuscript; and Turkish pottery. The first number of Ars Orientalis was published during the year. The Gallery sponsored again a series of illustrated lectures by distinguished scholars on various phases of Oriental art. National Air Musewm.—By the end of the year the task of moving the Museum’s stored materials from Park Ridge, Ill., to Suitland, Md., was virtually completed. The Museum participated in celebrating the fortieth anniversary of the founding of the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, a feature of which was the awarding of the Langley medal to Dr. Jerome C. Hunsaker. Added to the aero- nautical collections during the year were 117 specimens in 31 separate accessions, including the midget racing airplane Buster (formerly named Chief Oshkosh), built in 1931 and flown in more than 50 races. Nearly 22,000 photographs pertaining to aeronautics were added to the Museum’s library of reference materials during the year. National Zoological Park.—The Zoo accessioned 2,347 individual animals during the year, and 1,917 were removed by death, exchange, or return to depositors. The net count of animals at the close of the year was 3,410. Noteworthy among the accessions were a pair of baby gorillas, several young chimpanzees, and two Goeldi’s marmo- sets; emperor, Adelie, and Humboldt’s penguins; two examples of the rare Mona Island iguana and a horn-nosed iguana; and a domestic donkey. In all, 280 creatures were born or hatched at the Zoo during the year—77 mammals, 141 birds, and 62 reptiles. Visitors totaled approximately 3,476,000. Canal Zone Biological Area.—More than 600 visitors came to Barro Colorado Island during the year; 43 of these were scientists who used the facilities of the station to further their various researches, par- ticularly in biology and photography. International Fachange Service—As the United States official agency for the exchange of governmental, scientific, and literary pub- lications between this country and other nations, the International Exchange Service handled during the year 1,146,972 packages of such publications, weighing 812,960 pounds—slightly more than last year. Consignments were made to all countries except China, North Korea, Outer Mongolia, the Communist-controlled areas of Viet Nam and Laos, and the Haiphong Enclave. National Gallery of Art-—The Gallery received 842 accessions dur- ing the year, by gift, loan, or deposit. Gifts included paintings by Stuart, Raeburn, Renoir, Romney, R. Peale, Pater, Blake, Carriera, and Goya; sculptures by Renoir, Ward, and Daumier; and about 400 prints. Six special exhibits were held, and 138 traveling exhibitions of prints from the Rosenwald Collection were circulated to other gal- SECRETARY’S REPORT 15 leries and museums. Exhibitions from the “Index of American Design” were given 60 bookings in 20 States and the District of Columbia. About 41,000 persons attended the Gallery’s “Picture of the Week” talks, and 10,000 persons attended the 44 Sunday lec- tures in the auditorium. The Sunday evening concerts in the west and east garden courts were continued. Library.—A total of 71,179 publications were received by the Smithsonian library during the year. Approximately 650 new ex- changes were arranged. More than 150 individual donors sent gifts of desirable books and periodicals. At the close of the year the hold- ings of the Smithsonian library and all its branches aggregated 951,409 volumes, including 585,592 in the Smithsonian Deposit in the Library of Congress but excluding incomplete volumes of serials and many thousands of reprints and separates from serials. Publications —Seventy publications were issued under the Smith- sonian imprint during the year (see Report on Publications, p. 160, for full list). Outstanding among these were “The Material Cul- ture of Pueblo Bonito,” by Neil M. Judd; “The Black Flies (Diptera, Simuliidae) of Guatemala and Their Role as Vectors of Onchocer- ciasis,” by Herbert T. Dalmat; ““Check List of North American Recent Mammals,” by Gerrit S. Miller, Jr., and Remington Kellogg; “Frogs of Southeastern Brazil,” by Doris M. Cochran; “The Horse in Black- foot Indian Culture,” by John C. Ewers; “A Ceramic Study of Vir- ginia Archeology,” by Clifford Evans; Volume 7 of the Annals of the Astrophysical Observatory; “Masters of the Air,” by Glenn O. Blough; and Volume 1 of the new series Ars Orientalis. In all, 428,286 pieces of printed matter were distributed during the year— 192,108 copies of publications and 226,178 miscellaneous items. Report on the United States National Museum Str: I have the honor to submit the following report on the con- dition and operations of the United States National Museum for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1955: COLLECTIONS During the year 7,596,646 specimens were added to the national col- lections and distributed among the six departments as follows: An- thropology, 34,450; zoology, 363,500; botany, 58,526; geology, 7,- 056,121; engineering and industries, 5,609; and history, 78,440. This increase is markedly greater than last year and results from the col- lection in Europe during the year of several million minute fossils known as Foraminifera. The other accessions for the most part were received as gifts from individuals or as transfers from Government departments and agencies. The Annual Report of the Museum, pub- lished as a separate document, contains a detailed list of the year’s accessions, of which the more important are summarized below. Cat- alog entries in all departments now total 42,864,645. Anthropology—aA unique gift to the division of archeology was a figure of a human being made from wood, cloth, and basketry, re- covered from a grave along the central coast of Peru and dating from about A. D. 1100. This unusual object was presented by Mrs. Vir- ginia Morris Pollak as a gift from the Arther Morris Collection. A series of large archeological collections taken from excavation projects in various parts of the Missouri Basin has been transferred to the Museum by the River Basin Surveys. A willow-splint figure of a quadruped, probably prehistoric, from a cave in Grand Canyon, was presented by Dr. J. D. Jennings, University of Utah. The division of ethnology received from Ralph Solecki numerous ethnological objects which he collected from his native employees and their relatives among the Shirwani Kurds of Kurdistan while he was conducting archeological work in Iraq. Also accessioned were 28 items of Afghan material culture, consisting of pottery, basketry, weaving, and quilted clothing, a Khyber knife, and Mohammedan cult objects, collected in 1954 by the donor, Miss May Wilder, from villagers and country folk in Afghanistan. Another gift was a well- documented collection of 34 miscellaneous ethnographical specimens 16 SECRETARY’S REPORT 17 from the Anuak, a Sudanese tribe living in the environs of the Akobo River, collected by the donor, Miss Joan Yilek, prior to 1953 at Pokwo, Ethiopia, while she was stationed there as a missionary. Most extraordinary was the gift by Dr. and Mrs. Arthur M. Greenwood of Marlboro, Mass., of an entire 2-story, 4-room house built in Everett, Mass., in 1678. The hand-hewn timbers of this early American home were dismanteled and reassembled for future exhibition. W. Dan Quattlebaum, Pasadena, Calif., presented two outstanding examples of eighteenth-century glass, consisting of an engraved glass bowl blown in 1789 at John Frederick Amelung’s New Bremen Glassworks in Frederick County, Md., and a decanter of about 1795 bearing an engraved American eagle. The division of physical anthropology had an opportunity through collaborative studies to restore a badly crushed human skull that had been recovered by Dr. Fred Wendorf near Midland, Tex. This skull was found associated with Folsom-type projectile points. Dr. T. Dale Stewart, curator of physical anthropology, who restored the skull, arranged with Dr. F. J. McClure, of the National Institute of Dental Research, to test the skull and associated Pleistocene animal bones for the amount of fluorine. On the basis of these tests and the excavation record, its age is considered to be about 12,000 years. Zoology.—The armed forces research teams operating in various parts of the world continued to make major contributions to the mam- mal collections. Specimens of Korean mammals, including the Mu- seum’s first collection from Quelpart Island, were transferred through the Hemorrhagic Fever Commission from the Army Medical Service Graduate School. Head of Red Moore, by Eugene Speicher, N. A. (1883- IF Tuscany, by Ogden M. Pleissner, N. A. (1905- 3 Tree Forms, by Sidney Laufman, N. A. (1891- ). The Falls of Schuylkill, by Walter Stuempfig, A. N. A. 1914— }: Ryder’s House, by Edward Hopper (1882- ‘ Sunset Cornwall (watercolor), by Gordon Grant, N. A. (1875- ie Alviso Slough (watercolor), by Maurice Logan (1886- }- Grape Hill, Manayunk, by Giovanni Martino, N. A. (1908- ). Still Life with Ground Pink, by Eugene R. Witten (1920— ). Study of a Young Man, by Nancy Ellen Craig (1927- ). Circus Performers, by Ben Kami- hira (1925- F West 4th Street (watercolor), by Jerri Ricci, A. N. A. (1916—- ). On Strike, by Robert A. Hitch (1920—- ). Still Life #98, by Robert Brackman, N. A. (1898- ). San Barnaba, by Louis Bosa, N. A. (1905- ). The Eviction, by Everett Shinn, N. A. (1876-1953). Assignment Carnegie Institute, Pittsburgh, Pa. Buffalo Fine Arts Academy, Buffalo, N. Y. Cincinnati Art Museum, Cincinnati, Ohio. Georgia Museum of Art, University of Georgia, Athens, Ga. Whitney Museum of American Art, New York, N. Y. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Mass. Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art, New York, N. Y. Staten Island Institute of Arts and Sciences, Staten Island, N. Y. Butler Art Institute, Youngstown, Ohio. Springfield Art Museum, Springfield, Mo. Art Museum of the New Britain Institute, New Britain, Conn. (Not yet assigned.) Farnsworth Museum, Wellesley Col- lege, Wellesley, Mass. (Not yet assigned). The Parrish Art Museum, South- ampton, Long Island, N. Y. Art Association of Indianapolis, John Herron Art Institute, Indian- apolis, Ind. Wilmington Society of Fine Arts, Wilmington, Del. 70 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1955 No. 7, Shrine of the Rain Gods, by E. Irving Couse, N. A. (1866- 1936), permanently assigned to the Toledo Museum of Art, Toledo, Ohio, in 1946, was returned to the National Academy of Design and reassigned to the Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation, New York, N. Y., as its absolute property, on May 31, 1955. No. 107, The Blue Jar, by Cullen Yates, N. A. (1886-1945), as- signed to the Portland Art Association, Portland, Oreg., in 1933, was reassigned to the Norfolk Museum of Art and Sciences, Norfolk, Va., on November 16, 1954. No. 150, End of Winter, by A. Lassell Ripley (1896- ), was assigned to the High Museum, Atlanta, Ga., on June 18, 1954. SMITHSONIAN TRAVELING EXHIBITION SERVICE Sixty-three exhibitions were circulated during the past season, 52 in the United States and 11 abroad, as follows: UNITED STATES Paintings and Drawings Title Source American Indian Painting__________ Philbrook Art Center, Tulsa. American Natural Painters___._____ Galerie St. Etienne and private collec- tors. Austrian Drawings and Prints_____- Albertina, Vienna; Austrian Embassy. Paintings by Austrian Children____- Superintendent of Schools in Vienna; Austrian Embassy. Paintings by George Catlin_________ Smithsonian Institution, Department of Anthropology. Children’s Paintings from Forty-five Embassy of Denmark; Friendship Among Countries. Children, and Youth Organization. Children’s Paintings from Japan__._. United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization. Chinese Paintings, by Tseng Yu-ho___ Art Institute of Chicago; artist. Contemporary American Drawings... American Academy of Arts and Letters; artists. Ethiopian Paintings...) 2S. + George Washington University; Dr. Bruce Howe; Embassy of Ethiopia. Fuseli’ Drawings. 02 ees Pro Helvetia Foundation, Zurich; Lega- tion of Switzerland. Watercolors and Drawings by Walters Art Gallery, Baltimore; Rosen- Gavarni. wald Collection, National Gallery of Art. German Drawings and Watercolors__ Dr. Charlotte Weidler ; artist. GIOTIA Ne a ee ee ere pee British Embassy; artist, John Piper. Goya Drawings and Prints__________ Prado and Galdiano Museums, Madrid; Spanish Embassy; Rosenwald Collec- tion, National Gallery of Art. Winslow Homer Drawings__________ Cooper Union Museum; American Acad- emy of Arts and Letters. Watercolors and Prints by Redouté__ Luxembourg State Museum; private col- lectors; Legation of Luxembourg. SECRETARY’S REPORT rg | Title Source 19th Century American Paintings Maxim Karolik; Museum of Fine Arts, from the Karolik Collection. Boston. Contemporary Swedish Paintings_.__._ National Museum, Stockholm; Swedish Embassy. Swedish Children’s Paintings________ National Museum, Stockholm; Swedish Embassy. Painters of Venezuela_______________ Ministry of Education at Caracas; Pan American Union. Birds of Argentina by Salvador Artist; Williams Foundation; American Magno. Museum of Natural History. Graphic Arts Title Source American Color Prints_____________ Library of Congress. Recent British Lithographs_________ British Council; British Embassy. Children’s Picture Books__-__-__-_- Washington Post Children’s Book Fair. Contemporary Japanese Prints______ Art Institute of Chicago; Japanese As- sociation of Creative Printmakers. Japanese Woodcuts_________________ United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. 0 5) 7) a Brooks Memorial Art Gallery ; artists. Southern California Serigraphs_____ Los Angeles County Museum; artists. Woodcuts by Antonio Frasconi______ The Print Club of Cleveland; The Cleve- land Museum of Art; Weyhe Gallery; artist. Architecture Title Source Ea ee American Institute of Architects. The Re-Union of Architecture and American Institute of Architects. Engineering. Building in the Netherlands_________ Bond of Netherlands Architects and Bouwcentrum; Netherlands Embassy. eeseuerat Palace...) Smith College Museum of Art; Massa- chusetts Institute of Technology. Design Title Source American ‘Craftsmen, I__.__________ University of Illinois, Urbana. American Jewelry and Related Ob- Huntington Galleries, Huntington, W. Va. jects. Brazilian Landscape Architecture Brazilian Embassy; artist. New Designs by Roberto Burle Marx. Dutch Arts and Crafts______________ Department of Education, Art and Sci- ence in The Hague; Netherlands Embassy. Fifty Years of Danish Silver______-- Georg Jensen, Inc.; Danish Embassy. matian Arts and Crafts_.___________ Compagnia Nazionale Artigiana, Rome; Italian Embassy. 362912—55——_6 72 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1955 Photography Title Source Ansel Adams Photographs 1933-1953_ Artist; George Eastman House, Roches- ter. Birds in Color by Eliot Porter____-- Artist; American Museum of Natural History. Venétian Villas. 4... 4 2a Soprintendenza ai Monumenti Medievali e Moderni, Venice; Italian Embassy. Folk Art Title Source Agnertoatia 25.0) Index of American Design, National Gal- lery of Art. Eskimo Art, I Eskimo Art, Inc.; Canadian Handicrafts Eskimo Art, rf 7. S Revis 2 moo eae Guild; Canadian Embassy. Norwegian Decorative Painting_____- Norwegian Artists Guild; Embassy of Norway. Popular Art in the United States_.__.‘> Index of American Design, National Gal- lery of Art. The Art of the Spanish Southwest__. Index of American Design, National Gal- lery of Art. Oriental Art Title Source Chinese Gold and Silver from the Dr. Carl Kempe; Embassy of Sweden. Kempe Collection. Ethnology Title Source Art and Magic in Arnhem Land__-_-_~ Smithsonian Institution, Department of Anthropology. Carl Bodmer Paints the Indian Karl Viktor, Prinz zu Wied; German Frontier. Embassy. ABROAD Title Source American Primitive Paintings_____-_ Museums; private collectors. Children’s Picture Books____--______. Washington Post Children’s Book Fair. American Indian Painting___________ Philbrook Art Center, Tulsa, Okla. American Church (2). -=._______— Design and Production; Mrs. Stephen Dorsey. The American Theatre (2) ____-_____ Tom Lee Limited; ANTA. Community Art Centers (3) ---______ The Toledo Museum of Art, Toledo, Ohio. Contemporary American Glass_______ Corning Museum of Glass, Corning Glass Center, Corning, N. Y. These displays were scheduled as an integral part of the programs of 145 museums and galleries, located in 89 States and the District of Columbia. SECRETARY’S REPORT 73 INFORMATION SERVICE AND STAFF ACTIVITIES - In addition to the many requests for information received by mail and telephone, inquiries made in person at the office numbered 2,342. _ Examination was made of 774 works of art submitted for identifica- tion. An article, “Harriet Lane Johnston and the National Collection of Fine Arts,” by Thomas M. Beggs, was prepared for the General Ap- pendix to the Smithsonian Institution Annual Report for 1954. Special catalogs were published for the following seven exhibitions: American Primitive Paintings and Fifty Years of Danish Silver (published abroad) ; Austrian Drawings and Prints; Brazilian Land- scape Architecture by Roberto Burle Marx; Goya Drawings and Prints; Nineteenth Century American Paintings from the Maxim Karolik Collection; and Watercolors and Prints by Redouté. The last five contained acknowledgments written by Mrs. Annemarie H. Pope, chief of the Smithsonian Traveling Exhibition Service. At the invitation of its Foreign Office, Mr. Beggs was guest of the Federal Republic of Germany from October 18 to November 17, 1954, visiting leading museums and art centers. Mr. Beggs served as sole juror of the Sixth Annual Exhibition of the Florida Artists Group at the Norton Gallery, West Palm Beach, Fla., and spoke at its symposium April 29 and 30, 1955. On March 21, he was one of two judges for the 22d Annual Exhibition of the Minia- ture Painters, Sculptors, and Gravers Society of Washington, D. C. Paul Gardner, curator of ceramics, gave talks (illustrated) to the Garden Club, Largo, Md., on October 19, 1954, and the Arlington Branch of the American Association of University Women (gallery) on January 20, 1955. He served as one of the judges for the 24th Annual Photographic Salon at the Washington County Museum, Hagerstown, Md., on January 26, 1955. Mrs. Pope visited 11 European countries, including England, France, Italy, Austria, Germany, Switzerland, Netherlands, Sweden, Finland, Norway, and Denmark, between June 4 and August 17, 1954. She discussed exhibitions from these countries for circulation in the United States and American exhibitions which might be sent abroad. Mrs. Pope represented the Smithsonian Traveling Exhibition Serv- ice at the Southeastern Museums Conference held at Miami, Fla., Oc- tober 19-23, 1954, and also spoke at the opening of the Goya Drawings and Prints Exhibition at the City Art Museum, St. Louis, Mo., June 8-10, 1955. She attended the opening of the new wing at the J. B. Speed Art Museum, Louisville, Ky., and the opening of the Goya Drawings and Prints exhibition at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, N. Y. 74 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1955 An exhibition of 25 block prints, by Rowland Lyon, exhibits prepar- ator, opened at the Casa Americana Biblioteca in Madrid, Spain, on November 25, 1954, and later toured other Spanish cities. Mr. Lyon served on the juries of four local exhibitions. He gave a demon- stration on the Restoration of Oil Paintings at a meeting of the Society of Washinton Artists on October 6, 1954, was chairman of the May Arts Fair at the Arts Club on May 20, and acted as moderator at a panel discussion, “The Status of Washington Art,” held at the Workshop Center on May 22, 1955. | The canvases of 9 paintings in the permanent collection, and 10 bor- rowed from the U. S. National Museum for use in the Smithsonian Traveling Exhibition Service, were cleaned and varnished. Twenty- one frames were renovated for use for permanent or loan exhibitions. Fluorescent lights were installed in 7 cases in the Gellatly Collec- tion. Eleven cases were rearranged. Miss Doanda Wheeler finished repairing the Turfan frescoes in the Gellatly Collection in September 1954. The renovation of the tapestry “Julius Caesar Crossing the Rubi- con” was completed by Neshan G. Hintlian in April 1955. Glenn J. Martin cleaned and restored 2 paintings in the permanent collection and 6 in the Smithsonian Lending Collection. Newly decorated offices were occupied by the curator of ceramics August 27, 1954, and the preparator of exhibits February 1, 1955. SPECIAL EXHIBITIONS Fourteen special exhibitions were held during the year: July 21 through September 24, 1954.—Portrait of General Dwight D. Eisen- hower, Supreme Commander of Allied Powers in Europe, 1949, by Capt. Sir Oswald Birley (1880-1952), gift of British Friends of the Artist to the People of the United States. September 1 through 23, 1954.—An Exhibition of Creative Crafts under the joint sponsorship of the Kiln Club and the Potomac Craftsmen consisting of 133 pieces. Demonstrations of the basic steps involved in the production of work in the various crafts were given twice daily. A catalog was privately printed. October 13 through 28, 1954.—The Fourth Biennial Exhibition of Sculpture by the Washington Sculptors Group, consisting of 75 pieces of sculpture. A catalog was privately printed. October 18 through November 19, 1954.—A Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition entitled “Building in the Netherlands,” sponsored by the American Institute of Architects, and held under the patronage of His Excellency, the Netherlands Ambassador, Dr. J. H. van Roijen. Included were 92 photographs and 3 medels of Dutch architecture. A catalog was privately printed. A film in connection with the exhibition was shown on November 2, 1954. November 7 through 26, 1954.—The Seventeenth Metropolitan State Art Con- test held under the auspices of the D. C. Chapter. American Artists Professional League, assisted by the Entre Nous Club, consisting of 229 paintings, sculpture, prints, ceramics, and metalcraft. A catalog was privately published. SECRETARY’S REPORT 75 December 10 through 29, 1954.—The Eleventh Annual Exhibition of the Artists’ Guild of Washington, consisting of 77 paintings and sculptures. A catalog was privately printed. January 6 through 26, 1955.—‘Carl Bodmer Paints the Indian Frontier,” held under the patronage of His Excellency, the German Ambassador, Heinz L. Krekeler, consisting of 118 watercolors and drawings. A catalog was privately printed. This exhibition was circulated to 11 other Institutions by the Smith- sonian Traveling Exhibition Service. January 25, 1955.—A bronze statue, Laboring Youth, by Hermann Blumenthal, presented to the American Nation by His Excellency, the German Ambassador, Heinz L. Krekeler, on behalf of the German people, was received by President Dwight D. Eisenhower for the people of the United States in the auditorium of the United States Natural History Building. It was on special exhibition in the lobby until April 25, 1955. February 4 through 27, 1955.—The Fifth Interservice Photography Contest, consisting of over 250 photographs. March 6 through 25, 1955.—The Fifty-eighth Annual Exhibition of the Wash- ington Water Color Club, consisting of 171 watercolors, etchings and drawings. A catalog was privately printed. April 8 through 24, 1955.—Exhibit of 60 photographs and 37 watercolors under auspices of the Audubon Society, D. C. Chapter. April 3 through 24, 1955.—The Twenty-second Annual Exhibition of the Minia- ture Painters, Sculptors, and Gravers Society of Washington, D. C., consisting of 235 examples. A catalog was privately printed. May 8 through 31, 1955.—‘“‘Under Freedom,” an exhibition depicting 300 years of Jewish Life in the United States, presented by the Greater Washington Com- mittee for the American Jewish Tercentenary, consisting of ritual objects, por- traits, sculpture, engravings, photographs, books, letters, documents, charts, maps, and innumerable other items. A catalog was privately printed. June 15 through July 7, 1955—The Sixty-third Annual Exhibition of the So- ciety of Washington Artists, consisting of 65 paintings and 15 pieces of sculpture. A catalog was privately printed. Respectfully submitted. Tuomas M. Becas, Director. Dr. Lronarp CARMICHAEL, Secretary, Smithsonian Institution. Report on the Freer Gallery of Art Sir: I have the honor to submit the thirty-fifth annual report on the Freer Gallery of Art, for the year ended June 30, 1955. THE COLLECTIONS One hundred and twenty objects were added to the collections by purchase, as follows: 54.22. 54.121. 54.122. 50.1. 54.19. 54.18. 54.118. BRONZE Chinese, T‘ang dynasty (A. D. 618-906). Eight-lobed mirror; backed with a sheet of silver decorated with floral and animal designs in repoussé on a punchwork ground; some green patina, earthy adhe- sions, and traces of silk wrapping. Diameter: 0.245. Chinese, Late Chou dynasty (5th-3d century B. C.). Garment hook in- laid with silver, gold, glass, and jade. Length: 0.220. Chinese, Early Chou dynasty (11th-10th century B. C.). Ceremonial vessel of the type tsun; decorated with cast designs in intaglio and low relief; grayish-green patina. 0.275 x 0.247. (Illustrated.) Chinese, Shang dynasty (12th—lith century B. C.). Ceremonial vessel of the type tsun; decorated with casting in intaglio and low relief; gray patina, fossae filled with chalcolite; single character inscrip- tion cast inside foot. 0.254 x 0.204. JADE Chinese, Late Chou dynasty (5th-3d century B. C.). Garment hook, carved, white jade in a gold mounting. Length: 0.123. Persian, Safavid period (16th century). Dark-green jug with canine head on handle; intaglio carving of arabesque rinceaux inlaid with gold. 0.087 x 0.100. LACQUER Chinese, Late Chou dynasty (5th-3d century B. C.). Circular wood tray lacquered with designs in red and yellow on brown ground. Diameter: 0.312. Japanese, Tokugawa period (18th century). Small chest of drawers lacquered in several techniques with landscape scene and flora. 0.206 x 0.168 x 0.245. Japanese, Tokugawa period (18th century). Incense box in four pieces lacquered in several techniques with landscape, birds, and flowers; inlaid with mother-of-pearl, gold, and silver; tray signed Shogyoku. 0.113 x 0.113 x 0.106. (Illustrated.) METALWORK . Persian, Safavid period (16th-17th century). Silver bowl decorated with arabesques and a poem in nasta‘lig script inlaid in gold; niello in background. 0.032 x 0.112. 76 54.128. 54.21. 54.126. 54.27. 54.29. 54.30. 54.31. SECRETARY'S REPORT 77 Persian, Seljuq period (12th-13th century). Nine-sided bronze candle- stick inlaid with nine bands of silver decoration showing enthroned rulers, musicians, and conventional designs. 0.163 x 0.180. PAINTING Chinese, Yiian dynasty, attributed to Ch‘eng Ch‘i (13th century). Hand- scroll illustrating sericulture; full color on paper; 40 seals and 8 inscriptions on mount; 92 seals and 49 inscriptions on painting; 1 seal on label on outside. 12.493 x 0.319. Chinese, Yiian dynasty, attributed to Ch‘eng Ch‘i (13th century). Hand- scroll illustrating rice culture; full color on paper; 96 seals and 10 inscriptions on mount; 306 seals and 45 inscriptions on painting; 1 seal on label on outside. 10.340 x 0.326. Chinese, Sung dynasty, by Li Chih (11th century). Parakeet on an apricot branch ; full color on silk. 0.270 x 0.225. Indian, late 16th century, Mughal, school of Akbar. Emperor Babur with attendants in a garden pavilion; line drawing, partly colored and gilded, on paper. 0.191 x 0.122. Indian, early 17th century, Mughal, attributed to Kanha and Mansir. Leaf from a Babur-nadmeh; recto: 2 water buffaloes in a landscape, text; verso: 2 miniatures, each with two antelopes in a landscape, text; full colors on paper, text in black nasta‘lig. 0.253 x 0.151. Indian, early 17th century, Mughal, attributed to Manohar. Leaf from a historical manuscript; recto: text; verso: scene of an army on the march, text; full colors and gold on paper, text in black nasta‘liq. 0.432 x 0.279. Indian, late 16th century, Mughal, school of Akbar. Leaf from a Chin- giznaémeh; a Mongol emperor (Khubilai Khan) enthroned with em- press and attendants; full colors on paper. 0.388 x 0.253. . Indian, early 17th century, Mughal, school of Akbar. Leaf from im- perial album; recto: prince on horseback handing a drink to a youth in a tree; verso: text, and margin with figures; full colors and gold on paper, text in black nasta‘lig. 0.425 x 0.266. 54.33— Iraqi, late 14th century (Baghdad?). 82 leaves from a manuscript of 54.114. 54.119. Qazwini’s “Wonders of Creation” ; each has 23 lines of text and one or more illustrations; full colors and some gold on paper, text in black naskhi, captions in red or blue. Average leaf, 0.327 x 0.224. (54.95 illustrated. ) Japanese, Tokugawa period. Ukiyoe school, by Hokusai (1760-1849). Portrait of a courtesan walking; ink, colors, and gold on silk; 1 sig- nature and 1 seal on painting. 1.105 x 0.415. Japanese, Tokugawa period. Nanga school, by Tani Bunchd (1764-1840). Peacock and peonies; ink and colors on paper. 1.230 x 0.517. Japanese, Tokugawa period, Ukiyoe school, by Hokusai (1760-1849). Four paintings for the block-print series Hyakunin Isshii Ubaga Etoki, Nos. 72, 57, 70, 83; ink on paper; inscription, signature, and seal on each. Average sheet, 0.259 x 0.876. Persian, Timurid period (mid-15th century). Leaf from a Kalila Wa- Dimna manuscript; recto: “The battle between the crows and the owls,” 2 lines of text; verso: gold caption, 13 lines of black text, 1 red subheading; colors on paper, nasta‘lig script. 0.229 x 0.146. 78 54.24. §4.25. 54.26. 54.32. 04.117. 54.124, 54.125. 04.127. 54.123. ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1955 Persian, Safavid period, time of Shah ‘Abbas (early 17th century), Isfahan school, signed Riza. Reclining nude asleep at a watercourse ; picture and illumination in colors and gold on paper; black nasta‘lig text. 0.321 x 0.208. (Illustrated.) Persian, Safavid period (late 16th century), signed Jan Quli. Mounted prince with attendants approaching a pavilion; colors and gold on paper; mounted on a leaf speckled with gold. 0.245 x 0.162. Persian (about A. D. 1500), Shiraz school. Leaf; recto: groom with horse in a wooded grove; colors and gold on paper; verso: black nasta‘lig text, blue headings. 0.168 x 0.097. Persian, Safavid period (early 17th century), Isfahan school. Leaf; recto: two youths embracing in a landscape; ink and slight color on paper; verso: quatrain in black nasta‘liq on floriated ground; signed Muhammad Husain al-Tabrizi. 0.534 x 0.229, Persian, Safavid period (mid-16th century). Leaf; recto: a hunting scene, line drawing, with light colors and gold, mounted on an album page; verso: illuminated text; dark blue and gold, and black nasta‘lq script. 0.3835 x 0.282. POTTERY Chinese, Ming dynasty (early 15th century). Vase of albarello shape; fine white porcelain; glossy, transparent glaze; decorated in under- glaze blue with floral scrolls, hatching, and stylized waves. 0.212 x 0.182. Chinese, T‘ang dynasty (A. D. 618-906). Circular dish on three low feet ; buff-white clay; soft lead glazes, transparent, green, brown, and blue; impressed decoration of floral motifs surrounding a flying goose. 0.064 x 0.285. Chinese, Han dynasty (207 B. C.-A. D. 220). Cylindrical covered jar of the type lien on three low feet; soft brick-red clay; soft, dark-green lead glaze, yellowish brown inside; decoration molded in relief. 0.197 x 0.201. Chinese, Ch‘ing dynasty, Ch‘ien-lung period (1736-1796). Bottle-shaped vase with ‘onion mouth”; fine, white porcelain; glossy, transparent glaze; decorated in delicate enamel colors, a woman and two boys in a landscape, poem in black, three simulated seals in red; 4-character Ch‘ien-lung mark in gray enamel on the base. 0.172 x 0.095. Japanese, Tokugawa period (17th century). Chrysanthemum-shaped bowl of Kakiemon ware; fine, white porcelain; lustrous milk-white glaze, brown rim. 0.095 x 0.225. Turkish, Ottoman (16th century), probably Isnik. Dish with flattened rim; buff clay, transparent glaze; decoration of floral motifs in cobalt and some turquoise blue; base glazed. 0.068 x 0.376. Persian (late 12th century), signed Hasan al-Qashani. Bowl with octa- gonal rim and high foot; soft earthenware; soft, cream-white glaze with splashes of blue; decoration molded in clay, large naskhi in- scription, small kufic signature, arabesque ground and band of leaves. 0.117 x 0.152. Total number of accessions to date (including above) ------ 10, 952 SECRETARY’S REPORT 79 REPAIRS TO THE COLLECTIONS Thirty-six Chinese and Japanese objects were restored, repaired, or remounted by T. Sugiura. W.N. Rawley strengthened the joints of a Chinese gilt bronze by soldering and mended a Japanese lacquer box with silver nails. CHANGES IN EXHIBITIONS Changes in exhibitions totaled 955 as follows: American art: NI se 32 ai Sie a ied FT Ls eg 2 A ee Oe a ee 15 LT 5 po se Sa 2 Peds (Oe Se ene ey Eee ae 34 EOE NG PAWNS ee ee 23 RSE aN OS 2s SS SR ER eae a 18 Chinese art: eeeenee eet FS AS 7) Sl Pe EE ere i 201 gah LAS a 2 Ree de) ER ee ee ee 8 EES Sere Oe ee ee Seek a Seer eee s see eee 42 eS a ae ee Se 97 MS LES ES Sig ES Sa 28 1 gS PULL 2 5 5 ll lille” elie = Si a i teagan 2 Christian art: OS eat es omens Ls 4 Sy 2 EE Ee 0 PS ee 12 ES ae ee te ee ee 65 ve: Pesta. pea setae inate pe petra tne laa ee ean ee 36 ni cere SOF fae font ods tee evel ta ote ol 26 Prem BEBIpnTe oii Tere i tn netat es i: Japanese art: eemnnne meses Se tims 758 ie) ei oe ee ete pened ial tt nd 8 eI Ss tenth + _ Of ed tT eee tet eee Bas 26 erremeest faints eet) re POR ROT SEO ~enleedacy 13 Korean art: Ree. frist fees itl sy eiene tite ot te jo So ile 60 rarer phe eet ke te tt Fe es ath ce led 10 Near BHastern art: ES Ss Le SO ye ee er ee a ee ee 10 Se ES eee eee ee, Se ae eae 2 2 4 BES EO Con ASRS hp MR as BS Le Pe a) ae 184 DE Ee 8 8 ES 2 eae oe alle a Amc cial ea EE ale SY gael 16 ee SS oe CO a ae eee 31 (on) eet RS ER Sa AD 83 ES a apap immer 90 E SPS AE. SPR tL ee 42 Es Cia Oe RS aR EE ES Ns st Ee 1 SS a eS ae nner: 3 AL Le 1 LIBRARY Accessions of books, pamphlets, periodicals, and study materials totaled 802 pieces, of which over half were received by gift or exchange from generous friends and institutions. 80 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1955 Cataloging included 471 analytics, 219 books and pamphlets, and 35 titles recataloged and reclassified. A total of 3,188 cards was added to the catalog and shelf lists. The specialized nature of the library and its unique importance for the study of Oriental art are under- scored by the fact that less than 10 percent of the necessary cards are available at the Library of Congress. Six bibliographies were prepared in response to outside requests, and two were made for Freer Gallery publications which were also indexed by the librarian. In all, 426 items were bound, labeled, repaired, or mounted. Since December 2, 1954, the library has been closed to the public for extensive reconstruction, including the installation of steel stacks and special folio shelves. Rearrangement under way and to be com- pleted at the time of reshelving involves discontinuing the old geographical divisions and shelving of all Western material by classi- fication, and moving all periodicals from an obscure closet into the library. Orientalia will be cataloged and shelved separately as before, but all have been marked with special insignia for ready identifica- tion. These changes will greatly increase the librarian’s control over her material and facilitate its use by the staff and the public. PUBLICATIONS Four publications were issued by the Gallery as follows: Ars Orientalis, The arts of Islam and the East, vol. I, 267 pp. + 93 collotype pls. and text illus. (Smithsonian Publ. 4187. Published jointly with the Depart- ment of Fine Arts, University of Michigan. Two members of the staff contributed to this issue.) Gettens, Rutherford J., and Usilton, Bertha M.: Abstracts of technical studies in art and archaeology, 1948-1952. 408 pp. Occasional Papers, vol. 2, No. 2. (Smithsonian Publ. 4176.) The Freer Gallery of Art of the Smithsonian Institution. Revised edition, 16 pp. + 9 halftone illustrations and 3 plans. (Smithsonian Publ. 4185.) Annotated outline of the history of Japanese art. Revised edition. (Multi- graphed.) Papers by staff members appeared in outside publications as follows: Wenley, A. G.: A spray of bamboo, by Wu Chén, in Archives of the Chinese Art Society of America, vol. VIII, 1954. Pope, J. A.: Blue-and-white in London, in Far Eastern Ceramic Bulletin, vol. VI, No. 2, serial No. 26, 1954. . Communication on Bahrami’s paper on Chinese porcelains, in Far East- ern Ceramic Bulletin, vol. VI, No. 4, serial No. 28, 1954. . The art of Gandhara, in Baltimore Museum of Art News, No. 18, 1955. Ettinghausen, R.: The “snake-eating stag” in the East, in Late Classical and Medieval Studies in honor of Albert Mathias Friend, Jr. Princeton, 1955. ———. D. 8. Rice, The baptistére de St. Louis, Paris, 1954, reviewed in The Muslim World, vol. 44, No. 1. 3 SECRETARY’S REPORT 81 Ettinghausen, R.: Harry W. Hazard, The numismatic history of late medieval North Africa (Numismatic Studies No. 8, American Numismatic Society, New York 1952), reviewed in The Muslim World, vol. 44, No. 1. _ Gettens, R. J.: Calcium sulphate minerals in the grounds of Italian paintings, in Studies in Conservation, No. 4 (co-author with Miss Mary Mrose). . A visit to an ancient gypsum quarry in Tuscany, in Studies in Conserva- tion, No. 4. Stern, H. P.: James A. Michener, The floating world, New York 1954, reviewed in The Saturday Review, Jan. 1, 1955. REPRODUCTIONS The photographic laboratory made 4,881 items during the year as follows: 2,752 prints, 563 negatives, 1,527 color transparencies, 39 black-and-white slides. Total negatives on hand, 10,850; lantern slides, 9,216. Two reproductions of objects in the collection were completed by the Alva Studios of New York and placed on sale. BUILDING The general condition of the building is good, and maintenance and operation have been satisfactory. The exterior needs cleaning and pointing and water valves need repair or replacement through- out. Air-conditioning is badly needed and there is hope that it may be installed in the near future. Fixtures for fluorescent lighting are on hand and will be installed shortly. A new 500-gallon hot-water tank was put in operation. Complete redecoration of the exhibition galleries was begun under contract in April but came to a standstill after one week because of a local painters’ strike. Work had not been resumed as the year ended. All offices, laboratories, storage rooms, and shops are in sore need of general upkeep such as painting and floor covering. The major work of the cabinet shop was devoted to the reconstruc- tion of the library including rearrangement of the space, installation of steel stacks, new ceiling, and new lighting facilities in stack area. Miscellaneous odd jobs related to storage, exhibition, restoration, crating, and maintenance of office and Gallery equipment continue as usual. Court planting maintains steady growth, and, as the year ended, plans were under consideration for major alterations in the planting and for a revised maintenance program. ATTENDANCE The Gallery was open to the public from 9 to 4:30 every day ex- cept Christmas Day. The total number of visitors to come in the main entrance was 88,306. The highest monthly attendance was in April, 11,818, and the lowest was in December, 2,942. §2 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1955 There were 1,866 visitors to the office for the following purposes: For general, intormaliops nee a 8 de be ee To submit objects for examination___.___._.- 5 374 To sea shail. members. a Se ee 133 To take photographs in court or exhibition galleries__._. 121 TO SUUELY Fer TARTAN oe a ee ek soe *67 To see building and installations___..._____-______--____ 30 To examine, purchase, or borrow slides________- bps we To Heeteh in galleries” © Veen Sk. ES Ae 11 To use Herzfeld’ Archige-- 25 eqeucee tS 1 To see objects in storage: ) Far Hastern paintings and textiles________--___-__ 103 Far-Eastern, metalworKea:s ene BA ot teers CAE Kar Hastern pottery... ee ee Near Eastern painting, miniatures, MSS___________ 20 39 Far Eastern jade, lacquer, wood, ivory, ete_________ 33 39 8 Near Eastern metalwork__.—_=-______ ee Near Hastern pottery: bee wus wes toasoe 11 Near Eastern glass, bookbindings, ete_..___._-_______ 8 Christian Art (Washington MSS.)_-...-.-________ 59 American“ Art. 2520S. Sac ee 183 *Library closed after Dec. 2, 1954. AUDITORIUM The series of illustrated lectures was continued as follows: 1954 October 20. November 16. 1955 January 18. February 15. March 15. April 19. Soame Jenyns, British Museum. “Kakiemon Porcelains of Japan.” Attendance, 123. Dr. Schuyler Cammann, University Museum, Philadelphia. “Symbolism in Chinese Bronze Mirrors.” Attendance, 128. George N. Kates. “Chinese Household Furniture.” Attendance, 201. Prof. Sirarpie der Nersessian, Dumbarton Oaks. “Armenian Illuminated Manuscripts in the Freer Gallery of Art.’ At- tendance, 128. Dr. George C. Miles, American Numismatic Society. ‘Arabic Inscriptions in Art and History.” Attendance, 96. Eliot O’Hara, “Oriental Brushwork.” (Motion pictures.) At- tendance, 320. In addition, one staff member gave a lecture in the auditorium: 19565 March 16. Dr. Ettinghausen addressed members of the American Associa- tion of University Women, Arlington Branch, and others on Near Eastern art in the Freer Gallery. Attendance, 45. SECRETARY’S REPORT 83 Five outside organizations used the auditorium as follows: 1954 November 17. Lecture sponsored by the Smithsonian Institution. Dr. Konrad Z. Lorenz, Director, Research Institute for Comparative Eth- nology, Max Planck Institute, Bulden, Westphalia, Germany. “Byolution of Behavior Patternsin Animals.” Attendance, 350. 1955 February 3. Lecture sponsored by the Archaeological Institute of America and the Smithsonian Institution. Prof. Sumner McKnight Crosby, “Excavations in the Abbey Church of St.-Denis.” (Motion pic- tures.) Attendance, 414. March 30. Far Eastern Association (Art Section). A. G. Wenley, Chair- man. H. P. Stern read one of the papers. Attendance, 28. May 7. National Capital Parks. Camp Counsellors training course. Attendance, 137. May 14. [Same.] Attendance, 76. May 21. [Same.] Attendance, 76. June 2. American Association of Museums (Art Technical Section). R. J. Gettens read one of the papers. Attendance, 350. STAFF ACTIVITIES The work of the staff members has been devoted to the study of new accessions, of objects contemplated for purchase, and of objects sub- mitted for examination, as well as to individual research projects in the fields represented by the collections of Chinese, Japanese, Persian, Arabic, and Indian materials. Reports, oral or written, and exclusive of those made by the technical laboratory (listed below) were made on 4,111 objects as follows: for private individuals, 2,233; for deal- ers, 1,427; for other museums, 451. In all, 482 photographs were examined, and 680 Oriental language inscriptions were translated for outside individuals and institutions. By request 24 groups totaling 611 persons met in the exhibition galleries for docent service by staff members. In the technical laboratory 42 objects from the Freer collection and 87 from outside sources were examined. Investigation of the copper corrosion product on ancient Egyptian bronze was concluded and prepared for publication as the identification of a new mineral, X-ray diffraction studies of copper corrosion products were con- tinued, and similar studies of jade objects in the Freer collection were begun. Analysis of inlays on ancient Chinese bronzes was begun. New equipment included platinum gage electrodes and stand for elec- trolytic analysis and two new lamps for comparison microscope. By invitation the following lectures (illustrated unless otherwise noted) were given outside the Gallery by staff members: 84 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1955 1954 July 26. Dr. Ettinghausen lectured at the Art Historical Institute, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey. ‘Turkish and Is- lamie Art in the Freer Gallery of Art” (in German). At- tendance, 50. September 23. Dr. Ettinghausen at the Victoria and Albert Museum, Lon- don, addressed staff members of that museum and the British Museum who are interested in Islamic art. “Islamic Art in the Freer Gallery of Art.” Attendance, 5. 1955 January 13. Mr. Wenley addressed the Regents of the Smithsonian In- stitution. “The Freer Gallery of Art—A Retrospective Glance.” . i March 20. Dr. Ettinghausen, at Arlington Unitarian Church, Arling- - ton, Va. “Shiite Islam’ (not illustrated). Attendance, 95. March 23. Dr. Ettinghausen, at Vienna Episcopal Church, Vienna, Va. “Tran—Land and People.” Attendance, 85. March 29. Dr. Ettinghausen, at the Cosmos Club, Washington. “In pursuit of Art Treasures in Iran.” Attendance, 250. Members of the staff traveled outside Washington on official busi- ness as follows: 1954 July 1- Dr. Ettinghausen continued his studies in the Near East November 1. and Europe. In Iran he worked in Tehran and also visited Mashhad and the sites of Nishapur and Tus. He then pro- ceeded to Istanbul, Vienna, Munich, Berlin, Paris, Marie- mont (Belgium), London, Oxford, and Cambridge where he attended the 23d International Congress of Orientalists. En route home he stopped in Dublin to study the famous collection of manuscripts in the library of Sir Chester Beatty. In all cities he visited collections and conferred with scholars; much of the time was devoted to the study of materials relating to the Shah Jahan album which he is preparing for publication by the Freer Gallery of Art, and to arranging for contributions to the new journal, Ars Orientalis. September 13-18. Mr. Gettens in New York attended meetings of the American Chemical Society; inspected the restoration laboratories of Joseph Ternbach, the Brooklyn Museum, and the Metro- politan Museum of Art; in Philadelphia attended the Micro-chemical Symposium and the International Congress and Exposition of Instruments. October 11-13. Mr. Gettens in Oberlin, Ohio, visited the Intermuseum Lab- oratory to discuss restoration methods and techniques; examined objects in the laboratory. November 6. Mr. Pope in Alfred, N. Y., attended the meeting of the Far Eastern Ceramic Group held at the New York State College of Ceramics, Alfred University. November 8. Mr. Wenley in Ann Arbor for meeting of the Freer Fund Committee at the University of Michigan. 1954 November 19. December 1-5. December 13-16. December 21-22. 1955 January 24-27. January 26-31. January 27. February 16-22. March 16-17. March 30. April 25-27. May 20. May 30-31. SECRETARY'S REPORT 85 Dr. Ettinghausen in Baltimore examined objects in the Baltimore Museum of Art and the Walters Art Gallery. Mr. Pope in New York examined objects belonging to dealers. Mr. Wenley in New York examined objects belonging to dealers. Mr. Wenley in Cleveland to visit loan exhibition of Chinese landscape painting at the Cleveland Museum of Art; ex- amined objects in museum and belonging to a dealer. Mr. Wenley in New York examined a private collection of Chinese furniture offered for sale, and also objects belong- ing to dealers. Dr. Ettinghausen in New York examined objects belonging to dealers, and in museums and private collections. Mr. Gettens in Baltimore at the chemical laboratory of the Johns Hopkins University to observe progress of the work on the Dead Sea Scrolls; at the Walters Art Gallery visited the technical laboratory to examine equipment. Mr. Stern in New York examined objects belonging to dealers, museums, and the New York Public Library. Mr. Wenley in New York examined objects belonging to an estate, and others belonging to a dealer. Dr. Ettinghausen and Mr. Gettens in Baltimore examined objects at the Walters Art Gallery. Mr. Wenley in Ann Arbor for meeting of the Freer Fund Committee at the University of Michigan; examined ob- jects in a private collection ; discussed problems of printing Ars Orientalis with the University Press. Dr. Ettinghausen in Baltimore examined objects at the Walters Art Gallery. Mr. Wenley in Baltimore for meeting of the Association of Art Museum Directors at the Baltimore Museum of Art. Members of the staff held honorary posts, received recognition, and undertook additional duties outside the Gallery as follows: Mr. Wenley: Member, Visiting Committee, Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection. Research Professor of Oriental Art, Department of Fine Arts, University of Michigan. Board member of the Board of United States Civil Service Examiners at Washington, D. C., for the Smithsonian In- stitution. Member, Board of Trustees, Textile Museum, Washington, D. C. Member, Board of Trustees, Hermitage Foundation, Norfolk, Va. Member, Council of the Far Eastern Ceramic Group. Member, Smithsonian Art Commission. Member, Consultative Committee, Ars Orientalis. Chairman of the Louise Wallace Hackney Scholarship Com- mittee of the American Oriental Society. Member, House Committee, Cosmos Club, Washington, D. C. 86 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1955 Mr. Wenley: Mr. Pope: Dr. Ettinghausen: Mr. Gettens: On July 21, 1954, made a tape recording of a short talk on Chinese bronzes, for use on Collector’s Items program (NBC). On April 4, 1955, at the National Gallery of Art, attended a meeting of the Washington Committee on Arrangements for the annual meeting of the American Association of Museums. President, Far Eastern Ceramic Group. Art Editor, Far Eastern Quarterly. Member, Editorial Board, Archives of the Chinese Art Society of America. Member, Board of Governors, Washington Society, Archae- ological Institute of America. American Member, Consultative Committee, International Exhibition of Chinese Art, Venice. Member, Art Committee, Cosmos Club. President, Association of the Southern Alumni of the Phillips Exeter Academy. On August 20, 1954, at the studios of WCFM, made a tape recording, “The Freer Gallery of Art,’ for the series of programs called “The Washington Art Scene,” a series con- ducted by Mrs. Portner, art critic of the Washington Post— Times Herald. Reseurch Professor of Islamic Art, Department of Fine Arts, University of Michigan. Near Eastern editor, Ars Orientalis. Member, Editorial Board, The Art Bulletin. Trustee, American Research Center in Egypt. Member, Comitato Internazionale di Patronato, Museo Internazionale delle Ceramiche, Faenza, Italy. On Saturday, March 12, 1955, appeared on TV program “What in the World,” in Philadelphia, Pa. (University Museum program.) On March 25, 1955, was one of three jurors at the Annual Art Fair held in Alexandria, Va., under the auspices of the Alexandria Junior Women’s Club. Associate Editor, Studies in Conservation published for the International Institute for the Conservation of Museum Objects. Abstractor for Chemical Abstracts, American Chemical Society. Sponsor of the Artists Technical Research Institute, 240 East 20th Street, New York 3, New York. Socio Corrispondente, Centro de Storia della Metallurgia (Associazione Italiana di Metallurgia). Via Moscova 16, Milano, Italy. Consultant, Advisory Board of the Intermuseum Conserva- tion Association, Oberlin College, Oberlin, Ohio. Member of the Committee of Scientific Laboratories, Inter- national Council of Museums, 10 Pare du Cinquantenaire, Bruxelles, Belgique. Vice President, Washington Society, Archaeological Institute of America. : Secretary’s Report, 1955 PLATE 3 34.118 Recent additions to the collection of the Freer Gallery of Art. Secretary's Report, 1955 PLATE 4 RN ly 4,15 7 25 boyy E bob Kolabeg ibd, o\ern Sie 5a ld ola || | Rae Alert ces Fe Sd SSN Ife) aphid cele OLEH LISS» olewb Larter Us) od : SEND: Cb ONE ROONEY ERE SRE FONE i t SERN eC i Une EE OE a ea ae mmm i A LE NEAT 54.95 Recent additions to the collection of the Freer Gallery of Art. Mr. Stern: Mr. Sugiura: SECRETARY’S REPORT 87 Member, the Program Committee of the Far Eastern Asso- ciation. On October 12, 1954, attended a meeting of the Council of Art Museums, at the Smithsonian Building; was ap- pointed chairman of a committee on Guidebook for Museums in Washington, D. C. On October 21, 1954, made a tape recording for the Voice of America on “The Freer Gallery of Art and its Collections.” On February 1, 1955, took Mr. Sugiura to Vice President Nixon’s office where they assembled a suit of Japanese armor. On October 28, 1954, made a tape recording in Japanese for the Voice of America on “The Freer Gallery of Art and its Collections.” Respectfully submitted, A. G. Wentey, Director. Dr. Lronarp CARMICHAEL, Secretary, Smithsonian Institution. 362912—55——_7 Report on the National Air Museum Sir: I have the honor to submit the following report on the activities of the National Air Museum for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1955: STATUS OF PROPOSED NATIONAL AIR MUSEUM BUILDING The advancement of plans for the construction of the National Air Museum building involves procurement of a site and planning of the structure. The requirements for a site are that it shall be of adequate size, in a location accessible to the maximum number of visitors, and close to other Smithsonian buildings. The most desirable site would be on Independence Avenue between 9th and 12th Streets, south to C Street. On November 5, 1954, formal application was made by the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution to the National Capital Planning Commission for assignment of this site to the National Air Museum. Action by the Commission was delayed by their con- sideration of a plan for developing southwest Washington submitted by the New York firm of Webb & Knapp, headed by William Zecken- dorf. On June 14, 1955, the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institu- tion, using a large map especially prepared for the purpose, showed the Commission that the location of the National Air Museum build- ing on the proposed site would not conflict with the Zeckendorf plan but instead would enhance the South Mall, which is one of the features of that plan. With the close of the fiscal year, action on this appli- cation was still pending. In the previous annual report grateful acknowledgment was made to the Aircraft Industries Association and the Air Transport Associa- tion for providing the Smithsonian Institution with funds for a study of building plans for a National Air Museum building. The archi- tectural firm of McKim, Mead & White of New York City was chosen. The study began early in July when the Navy made available to the National Air Museum a helicopter, pilot, and photographer, and views of the Mall area were made from various angles and altitudes. Shortly thereafter the architects made a detailed examination on the ground of the recommended site and studied the requirements of the building. It is important to realize that an aeronautical museum has never yet been constructed. Existing collections of aircraft make use of existing buildings. For example: a group of notable aircraft in Ger- many, prior to World War II was displayed in a railroad station; in France, their famous air mementos are in a former balloon assembly 88 SECRETARY’S REPORT 89 , shed; and those in England are in the South Kensington Museum, Bwhich was built for general scientific displays and not specifically for Betrcraft. The United States National Air Museum exhibits are housed for the most part in a World War I hangar, while the Wright brothers’ original “Kitty Hawk Flyer,” the Spirit of St. Louis, the Winnie Mae, and 14 other famous aircraft are inadequately displayed in the Arts and Industries Building constructed in 1880. The architects were, therefore, undertaking this work without pre- vious examples to guide them. More than 80 separate plans and renderings were prepared and from each concept the best features were selected. One of the most impressive details was the plan to enshrine the “Kitty Hawk Flyer” in a scene reproducing the historic moment when man first flew in a powered heavier-than-air craft, December 17, 1903. In a full-scale diorama the airplane would be seen just rising from the ground, Orville at the controls, and Wilbur running beside it, the amazed Coastguardsmen in the background, and with the sheds built by the Wright brothers and Kill Devil Hill in the distance. Next would be the Hall of Famous Flying Firsts exhibit- ing eight outstanding American pioneer aircraft; and beyond that the main exhibition hall where about 75 aircraft including commercial types, fighters, bombers, racers, seaplanes, flying boats, autogyros, helicopters, and lighter-than-air craft would be arranged, some shown on the floor to permit close technical study and others suspended as though poised in flight. Other unit displays of this first true aero- nautical museum would feature the old wood-and-wire craft of the “Early Birds,” heroic warrior planes of World War I, interesting and unique experimental types, ex-enemy planes of World War II con- trasted with our own victorious fighters, technical exhibits showing details of aeronautical developments from the flight of a kite to the sonic boom, dioramas illustrating the varied and valuable uses of aircraft, an aeronautical Hall of Fame, provision for special displays, and manufacturers’ shows, together with the necessary facilities for museum operations. Two scale models of this Air Museum building were constructed, one showing the early layout and the other a more recent refinement. As the fiscal year came to a close the architects were preparing esti- mates of cost and computations of the cubic footage assigned to specific purposes. ADVISORY BOARD Although no formal meetings of the Board were held during the year, contacts were maintained with all members. Their assistance was very helpful. The Air Force member, Maj. Gen. George W. Mundy, made several visits to the Museum, studying the collections pertaining to the Air Force and discussing their improvement with 90 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1955 the Secretary and the head curator. General Mundy’s aide, Maj. Jchn P. Clowry, and the curator of Air Force Historical Properties, Henry Caldwell, cooperated with the head curator in planning a group of five displays featuring the role of the air arm in warfare. These exhibits are under construction. By direction of General Mundy, repairs and improvements to Air Force planes in the Museum were made by personnel of Bolling Air Force Base, who installed engines in America’s first jet airplane, refinished all struts of the Douglas World Cruiser, re-covered the tail surfaces of the World War I Voisin bomber, and painted the cowling of the Spad—XIII. The Navy member of the Board, Rear Adm. Apollo Soucek, aided the Museum by approving the transfer of significant naval aircraft items. Toward the end of the fiscal year Admiral Soucek was forced by illness to relinquish his duties, and it was with a keen sense of loss that the news of his death was received shortly after the close of the fiscal year. Grover Loening continued to give stimulating advice; it was at his suggestion that the cooperation of the Aircraft Industries Associ- ation and the Air Transport Association in financing the architec- tural study for the proposed new National Air Museum building was sought and obtained. The other civilian member of the board, William Stout, during his visit to Washington in April, took time from a busy program to discuss the progress and needs of the Museum. He has aided throughout the year in procuring exhibits and enlisting the cooperation of air lines and aeronautical manufacturers. STEPHENSON BEQUEST The statue of the famous pioneer of air power Gen. William Mitchell, provided for in the bequest of George H. Stephenson, of Philadelphia, is progressing satisfactorily. By the fall of 1954, the sculptor, Bruce Moore, had completed his initial study in plastiline, one-third size. It represents the General in World War I uniform standing beside his open-cockpit airplane, braced against the air- stream and ready for flight. After approval by the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, on October 28, 1954, the model was cast in plaster and submitted to the Commission of Fine Arts, by whom it was approved at their meeting of February 10, 1955. The formal contract between the Smithsonian Institution and Mr. Moore was signed April 7, and a duplicate cast of the one-third size study was deposited with the Museum to insure the preservation of the original concept during the making of the full-size enlargement. SPECIAL EVENTS AND DISPLAYS On October 26, 1954, the National Air Museum was host at an eve- ning meeting of the Institute of Aeronautical Sciences, Washington SECRETARY’S REPORT 91 chapter. The subject under discussion was the development of human flight, and each of the three speakers eminently represented the period assigned to him. Gen. Frank P. Lahm, USAF retired, described his first flight in 1908 when he rode as a passenger with Orville Wright, told of his early training as one of the first two officers assigned by the Army to receive flight instruction, and of his experiences during the period of the first World War, when he performed outstanding serv- ice. Col. Bernt Balchen, renowned transatlantic, arctic, and antarctic flier, spoke of the “Golden Age” of aviation when many famous first flights were made. He recalled his experiences with Admiral Byrd, Roald Amundsen, Sir Hubert Wilkins, and other fliers of the 1920’s and 1930’s. The present era was represented by Maj. Arthur Murray, who had but recently piloted the supersonic Bell XI-A airplane to a new world’s altitude record of 82,325 feet. His description of the physical stresses exerted on both plane and pilot at such great heights, in rarefied air, and at speeds twice that of sound brought a vivid realization of the great extent to which aeronautics has advanced in half a century. The meeting was enhanced by a tour of the aircraft collection and comparisons between such aircraft as the Wright brothers’ “Kitty Hawk Flyer,” Lindbergh’s Spirit of St. Louis, and the Bell supersonic X-1. Considerable interest was aroused by the delivery on its own wings of the famous racing airplane Buster, constructed in 1931 by Steve Wittman of Oshkosh, Wis., and flown by him and other pilots in more than 50 races, winning many events until it was finally retired in 1954. It is a small type of “homemade” airplane embodying excellent con- struction and aerodynamics, and has earned the title “King of the Midget Racers,” holding several world records for speed and perform- ance in its class. The 750-mile flight from Oshkosh to Washington piloted by Robert Porter was made in less than 5 hours and required only 11 gallons of gasoline. The Goodyear Aircraft Corporation, sponsor of national contests which stimulate the designing and flying of these little planes, kindly arranged for the formal presentation of this airplane. December 17, 1954, marked the 51st anniversary of the Wright brothers’ first flight. On that date, the Early Birds, an organization of pioneer fliers, unveiled a monument on Governors Island, New York, to the early airmen who had flown there when that military post included an aviation field. The monument is a granite boulder on which is mounted a copy of a Wright brothers’ propeller in bronze. The pattern for that casting was one of the propellers from the first military airplane in the world, built by the Wright brothers in 1909, and preserved in the National Air Museum. The monument was un- veiled by a helicopter, which lifted a parachute canopy from the 92 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1955 boulder. The head curator represented the National Air Museum at the ceremony and spoke of progress and plans for better exhibition of the national aeronautical collections. For the meeting of the Smithsonian Institution Board of Regents, on January 138, 1955, there was prepared a special exhibit of an ejection seat used in modern military aircraft. Photographs showing the ejection, release of the seat, and descent by parachute, illustrated the utility of this apparatus. This year the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics cele- brated its fortieth anniversary and because the NACA had its genesis in the Smithsonian Institution it was appropriately decided to com- memorate the anniversary in the Great Hall of the Smithsonian Building. The principal feature of that occasion was the awarding of the Langley gold medal for aerodromics to Dr. Jerome Hunsaker, professor emeritus of aeronautical engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and a Regent of the Smithsonian Institution, who has been prominent in the development of aircraft and aeronau- tical knowledge for a period even longer than the existence of the NACA. For this occasion the National Air Museum prepared a series of 40 model airplanes, all of the same scale and illustrating successive developments in design from the Wright brothers’ airplane to a current naval supersonic delta-winged fighter. These were suspended above the banquet table. William B. Stout has been responsible for numerous developments in transportation during the past 40 years. One of his many ad- vanced aircraft designs was the Stout Air Pullman of 1924, a high- wing monoplane of all-metal construction. It was the forerunner of the renowned Ford-Stout trimotored transport popularly called the “Tin Goose.” Air Pullmans were used for inaugurating Contract Air- mail Route #1 between Detroit, Cleveland, and Chicago in 1926. The Museum has wanted to add a scale model of this type of plane to the series illustrating the development of postal aviation. Thanks to the generosity of the Women’s National Aeronautical Association, which encouraged the use of airmail in those critical pioneer days, a model was formally presented on April 16, 1955, at a luncheon at which Mr. Stout was the guest of honor. His description of the difficulties encountered and surmounted in the manufacture and operation of these airplanes was supplemented by stories of flight experiences recalled by Edward G. Hamilton and Lawrence G. Fritz, who piloted the plane on many of its flights with cargo and airmail. The model, 1:16 size, was made by Herbert Hartwick. The presentation was made by Mrs. Chester S. Bleyer of the Association. The head curator served again this year on the Brewer Trophy Committee, which honors leaders in air-youth education and which ‘ SECRETARY’S REPORT 93 _ is administered by the National Aeronautic Association. He repre- sented the National Air Museum at the meeting of the American _ Helicopter Society on April 27, and at the inauguration of flight of members of the Ninety-Nines, association of women pilots, in Wash- ington, June 7, prior to their take-off for Havana, Cuba. On January 20, he received the trophy of the Washington Air Derby Association for his promotion of air education and recording of aeronautical history. IMPROVEMENTS IN EXHIBITS Assistance was extended by the United States Air Force in im- proving the condition of Air Force planes in the collection. The painting of the four main halls of the Arts and Industries Building required the partial dismantling, draping, and erection of scaffolding around the eight aircraft suspended in those halls. Upon completion of the project, all these planes required cleaning and re- pairing. In the East Hall of that building it was necessary tem- porarily to remove the three Langley aerodrome models, the Lilien- thal glider, the Stringfellow triplane model, and the Gallaudet hydro-kite. Renovation of exhibits in the Power Hall of the Arts and Industries Building required the removal of two aircraft: the Voisin bomber and the Pitcairn-Cierva autogyro; while the instal- lation of the racing plane Buster in the Aeronautical Hall necessitated the removal of the Pitcairn Roadable Autogyro. A number of other planes in the Aircraft Building required repair. These projects continued throughout the year and limited the time available for preparing new exhibits. The Goodyear Aircraft Corporation assigned expert personnel to remove, reconstruct, and replace the gas-bag canopy of the Pilgrim, first airship designed to use helium gas, 1925. It has been shown in the Aircraft Building since 1933. Goodyear cooperated with Rohm and Haas in supplying a new Plexiglas canopy for the cockpit of the Republic F-84 Fighter airplane. The Pratt & Whitney Aircraft Division of the United Aircraft Corporation designed and constructed a new base for the Type 4360 engine of 3,500 h. p., which was one of four that powered the first nonstop flight around the world, accom- plished by the Zucky Lady IT bomber in 1949. The continued assist- ance of these companies is sincerely appreciated. Three exhibits were added to accredit renowned fliers. From Gen. Frank P. Lahm, USAF retired, there was received a group of gold medals and other awards given to him and his father, F. S. Lahm, recalling the winning by General Lahm of the first International Gordon-Bennett balloon race in 1906 and the beginning of military aviation in the United States, 1908 and 1909. The story of a World 94 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1955 War I ace and executive officer, Lt. Col. H. H. Hartney, whose service extended from the beginning of the war in 1914 to victory in 1918, is told in a new display assembled with the cooperation of his widow. This exhibit shows the types of aircraft flown and encountered during that period, and enables the Museum visitor to appreciate more fully the limited training received by those early fighting pilots, their heroism, and the difficulties they had to overcome. Another famous World War I aviator was Capt. Vernon Castle who was a member of the Royal Flying Corps in 1916. He served with distinction as a combat pilot but after the entry of America into the war was assigned to the instruction of cadet fliers at Benbrook Field in Texas. He lost his life, February 15, 1918, but avoided injuring his student and two fliers in another airplane. The story of his heroism is revealed in an exhibit prepared with the assistance of Mrs. O. D. Cook of Portland, Oreg., and his widow, Irene Castle Enzinger. The biographical ex- hibit of Wiley Post, which supplements the display of his famous air- plane Winnie Mae, has been improved with a map showing the routes of his two world flights, the radio from that airplane, and the super- charger from his engine. The exhibit memorializing Amelia Earhart has been improved by the substitution of a bronze portrait for the former plaster cast. The portrait was sculptured by Grace Wells Parkinson and provided by the Amelia Earhart Post #678 of the American Legion. Underwocd & Underwood, photographers, have provided a selection of historic pictures for this exhibit. The accessions received this year, listed in the final section of this report, have each required care in their preparation for exhibition or storage. Improved labels have been composed and printed for many exhibits but a great deal remains to be done to improve the presentation and labeling of existing displays. STORAGE Two projects continued into this fiscal year, namely, transfer to the Suitland, Md., storage facility of aircraft material stored at Park Ridge, Ill., and reduction of the amount of space devoted to storage in Smithsonian buildings in Washington, D. C. At the close of the previous fiscal year, there remained at the Park Ridge storage facility 58 full-sized aircraft, 147 engines, some pro- pellers and instruments, and all the equipment and supplies in the office and shop. These occupied over 25,000 square feet of outdoor space and nearly 65,000 square feet indoors. The outdoor area was reduced to half its size by eliminating access aisles and fire lanes, and superimposing boxes wherever possible. The indoor space was re- duced to an absolute minimum of about 60,000 square feet. SECRETARY’S REPORT O95 It was suggested to the Air Force Advisory Board member that the Air Force would save money in the long run by financing the shipment of these Museum specimens, all of which were of Air Force origin, to Suitland, Md. Examination by Air Force storage and traffic officials confirmed the fact that the cost of storage and servicing space would in less than a year balance the cost of this shipment, and so the Air Force agreed to finance this move. By the first of October all arrangements had been completed for starting shipments, which were organized in three phases: aircraft, engines, and equipment and supplies. A schedule of four rail cars per week was planned, and a target date of January 1, 1956, was set. By the end of March 1955 the indoor area was reduced to 30,000 square feet, and all the boxes remaining in the outdoor area had been brought under cover. The strenuous work during the winter involving transportation of very heavy loads in bitter weather and over rough and icy surfaces had exacted a toll upon the Museum’s vehicles and handling equip- ment, requiring continuous attention to the repair of the crane, fork- lifts, truck, and dollies, but with the coming of spring the shipping program was resumed. As the final aircraft were being moved out, engines were loaded on the flatcars and in boxcars, and items of office and shop equipment were inserted wherever an opening permitted. By the close of the fiscal year, with only one aircraft remaining and more than half of the engines shipped, the Park Ridge unit was reasonably certain of meeting the deadline for complete evacuation of the storage area. Owing largely to the efforts and abilities of the Museum’s senior aide, supplementing those of the superintendent of buildings, the storage facility at Suitland—about 6 miles from the Smithsonian exhibition premises—was able to keep pace with the shipping pro- gram of the Park Ridge unit. The loads of aircraft that began arriving the second week of November were stored in Building 7, which had just been completed at the close of the previous fiscal year. Owing to the rapid shipping rate maintained at Park Ridge, the entire 20,000 square feet of floor space in that building was occu- pied by the end of January. Construction of storage buildings 8, 9, 11, and 12, each of 4,000 square feet area, built of prefabricated steel with concrete floors, was started early in August and completed by mid-October. Building 12 was erected on 3-foot concrete walls to make it high enough to receive the taller boxes. Material was pur- chased for Building 10, which isto be constructed during the fiscal year 1956. By the end of the fiscal year all completed buildings were filled to capacity except Building 11, in which there is a small space for the storage of the engines yet to be received. 96 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1955 RESEARCH The continuing efforts to improve the national aeronautical collec- tion, collect related data, label specimens, plan improved displays and premises, and perform educational service, require constant re- search in aeronautical history and development, and museum tech- niques. In addition, whenever time permits, individual research projects are advanced. During this fiscal year the text for the 9th edition of the Handbook of the National Aeronautical Collection was completed and all il- lustrations assembled. This edition, much larger than previous ones which were limited to describing the exhibited portion of the collec- tion, will include many of the aircraft necessarily kept in storage until an adequate building can be provided, as it was felt that their interesting histories and important technical characteristics should be made known. Material is being assembled to provide an interesting and authori- tative description of kite specimens in the Museum collection, together with a brief history of kites and their practical utility, and instruc- tions for building and flying several of the principal types. THE LINK FOUNDATION Through the sponsorship of the foundation established by Edwin A. Link, of Binghamton, N. Y., two projects were promoted this year. The first was the publication by the Smithsonian Institution of a popular booklet entitled “Masters of the Air,” describing 12 of the famous aircraft in the collection. Technical assistance in the preparation of this booklet was given by the staff of the National Air Museum. The second project—a catalog of the man-carrying aircraft in the national collection—has been approved by the Founda- tion and was assigned to the associate curator, who, by the end of the fiscal year, had assembled photographs of most of the aircraft and was engaged in writing the texts for each one. INFORMATIONAL SERVICES The national aeronautical collection has long since outgrown any characterization as a group of aeronautical oddities. Instead it is recognized as a record of progress, and the proof of its value is evi- denced by the constantly increasing number of visitors and corre- spondents who utilize these aircraft, the associated documentary files, and the expert knowledge of the staff. These requests for informa- tion have increased nearly two and a half times in the past three years, but during the same period the curatorial staff has been reduced from four persons to two, who are each, therefore, endeavoring to accom- plish about five times the amount of informational service formerly SECRETARY’S REPORT 97 undertaken. This service requires more than three times the man- _ hours applied to other functions. Every effort is made, however, to maintain this valued service to the many inventors, engineers, design- ers, historians, authors, teachers, students, and others who consult the Museum and request assistance in their many projects, all bearing a relationship to the aeronautical progress of the Nation. The follow- ing examples are representative of the more than 4,600 inquiries attended to this year: The Department of the Navy was assisted in the preparation of articles, including one describing the development of parachutes and another recalling the first time that the United States flag, attached to an airplane, was under fire; that was during the operations against Veracruz, Mexico, in 1914, when Lt. P. L. Bellinger was the pilot. Engineers of the Bureau of Aeronautics were provided with facts about early power plants, first instances of cannon fired from aircraft, and technical data on a jet-engined installation involving recessed ex- haust areas, the latter being required in defense of a patent suit against the Government. A number of inquiries regarding historical facts received by the Air Force Office of Public Relations were referred to the National Air Museum. The United States Air Force Office of Historical Records was furnished with biographies of noted Air Force pilots and with squadron histories. Several graduating classes of Air Cadets were assisted in preparation of their yearbooks where infor- mation was needed to describe noted events in Air Force progress. Discussions were held with officers planning the curriculum for the new Air Force Academy. Arrangements were made to trade periodi- cals and books in order to supply missing issues. Contractors to whom research projects had been assigned by the Air Force consulted the Museum for developments in airplane structures and operation. The Department of Justice, engaged in assembling information with which to consider the claims of inventors against the Government, consulted Museum specimens and files pertaining to helicopters, autogyros, wing radiators used for the cooling of engines, and the origin of safety belts and shoulder harnesses dating back to World War I and also during the earlier period around 1911. An early example of a high- aspect ratio stabilizer, embodied in one of the Museum’s pioneer airplanes, provided a helpful source for contesting another suit against the Government. An official of the Bureau of the Budget, engaged in preparing a treatise on air photography, was shown valuable refer- ences in the Museum library and useful illustrations in the photo- graphic file. The National Bureau of Standards was assisted in the preparation of scale models of aircraft to be used in determining the best locations for electrical installations. 98 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1955 Fifteen schools and colleges are listed among the educational organ- izations that applied to the Museum for assistance, ranging from de- tails of performance and design of aircraft to the planning of instruction courses. The Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences was helped in preparation of a special exhibit honoring the Wright broth- ers, the Air Education Council was supplied with descriptions of Museum aircraft, and the National Geographic Society consulted the Museum to check details of manuscripts pertaining to aeronautics and noted aviators. The Museum of Science and Industry in Chicago was helped in planning a hall to include exhibits of Naval aircraft, and the French Musée de |’Air received assistance in the preparation of exhibition models of American airplanes. Among the organiza- tions that came to the Museum for assistance was the Air Transport Association, which required information about the Junkers-Larsen airplane of 1919. The Army and Navy Club in Washington, search- ing for illustrations of air squadrons for its walls, found in Museum files an excellent group picture of the First Aero Squadron. The American Helicopter Society was assisted in planning exhibits for its annual meeting, and the Junior Chamber of Commerce of the District of Columbia received help in planning a contest for youthful model- makers. Ten authors and four illustrators of aeronautical books consulted Museum specimens and records for facts. Many newspaper reporters checked details of their stories with the Museum staff. Magazines that turned to the Museum for help included Life, Aero Digest, Popular Mechanics, True, and Aviation Daily; and the World Scope Encyclo- pedia and Aircraft Yearbook depended upon the Museum for as- sistance in the preparation of several articles. Commercial photog- raphers received identification of photographs in their files by referring to the Museum staff. Model-airplane manufacturers, who cater to tens of thousands of enthusiasts of that sport, requested Museum aid to insure the accuracy of their products. United, Capi- tal, and Pan American Airlines received assistance in preparing ad- vertisements and publicity; the Boeing Aircraft Co. obtained facts about refueling history; North American Aircraft consulted Museum airplanes to check details of engine cooling; the General Electric Co. came to the Museum for photographs of early jet engines; and Fokker Aircraft of Holland received assistance in restoring its files from which valuable records had been lost during World War Il. Toward the close of the fiscal year three motion-picture companies were en- gaged in producing pictures about famous events in aeronautical history. Warner Brothers’ film on the Spirit of St. Louis depended upon the original airplane in the Museum for the accuracy of the re- SECRETARY’S REPORT 99 productions being constructed ; and their technical experts assembling facts about the trial of Gen. William Mitchell used Museum photo- graphs in preparing some of the scenes. Paramount Pictures found in the Museum’s three Wright brothers’ aircraft, and in the series of scale models showing types developed by the Wright brothers and the Wright Company, the technical data required for the copies of those aircraft now being made for the film about Wilbur and Orville Wright. Radio and television have found in the National Air Museum sub- jects and data for numerous programs. The General Electric Co. based one of its commercial announcements advertising their impor- tant accomplishment during World War II, when they made copies of the English Whittle jet engine to power America’s first jet airplane, on a visit to the National Air Museum exhibits. Fulton Lewis, Jr., stood beneath the Spirit of St. Louis while he described its importance in stimulating confidence in the reliability of aircraft and thus giving great impetus to the progress of commercial airlines. Arlene Francis, in her Home Show, told her audience about one of the Museum’s helicopter exhibits; and some interesting facts about the development of helicopters were related by the head curator in the “Collectors’ Item” radio broadcast. In a series of television programs broadcast over Station WMAL-TYV, under the auspices of the Greater Wash- ington Educational Television Association, one prepared by the Na- tional Air Museum on the history of aeronautics received wide acclaim; and Station WTOP-TV carried two programs which origi- nated at this Museum, one describing the national aeronautical collec- tion and the other telling about the design, construction, and uses of kites. Six television stations located in other cities broadcast pro- grams based on Museum material and information. Numerous requests were received during the year from organiza- tions and groups for conducted tours of the collection, and for lectures on various aspects of aeronautics. Whenever possible these were pro- vided. Sixteen lectures on aeronautics were given by the head curator during the year, most of them in the evening and illustrated by motion pictures and slides. With the exception of the talk on the history of aeronautics to the American Airlines’ Gas Model Club at Cleveland January 29, all were in the Washington area. Among these lectures was a description of the purpose and progress of the National Air Museum given to the Sphinx Club of the Masonic Fraternity, the story of the Wright brothers told to the local chapter of the League of American Penwomen, the history of air mail described to the National Airport Club, and talks on various phases of aeronautical history and development presented to several Reserve Officers associations. 100 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1955 REFERENCE MATERIAL AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The Museum maintains a library and file of books, periodicals, docu- ments, and contemporary records of aeronautical data to supplement the exhibits and serve as sources of reference both for the staff and others who consult the Museum in connection with their research projects. The improvement of these sources and the arrangement of this material in readily available form are necessary factors in main- taining the service described in the previous section of this report. Many persons who appreciate the importance of the National Air Museum reference collection have donated to it their own files, thus preserving them and extending their usefulness. The following lots of reference material were received: ArEro Dicest, Washington, D. C: 19,998 photographs pertinent to aeronautics—a collection accumulated in connection with the publication of “Aero Digest,” “The Sportsman Pilot,” and “Aircraft Yearbook.” Mostly 8 x 10 inches in size and dating from the early 1920's. Are Trar, Hoperes, New York, N. Y.: Approximately 1,500 photographs dealing with aeronautics in general, from 1920 to 1940. BEILSTEIN, CHRIs W., Arlington, Va.: A collection of clippings contained in 67 envelopes and file folders, covering aviation in general. Selected from maga- zines, books, and newspapers from 1920 to the present. CHANCE VoucuHTt ArrecrartT, Dallas, Tex.: 45 enlarged photographs, erathed. covering the history of Vought aircraft from 1917 to date. CURTISS-WRIGHT CORPORATION, Wood-Ridge, N. J.: 11 books relating to aero- nautics in general. GLEDITScH, Ernest W.: 770 aeronautical magazines, including “Aviation,” “Aero Digest,” and “Flight,” published between 1917 and 1935. GRUMMAN AIRCRAFT ENGINEERING CoRPORATION, Bethpage, L. I., N. ¥.: A collec- tion of aviation magazines covering 12 titles, some dating sae te 1919. HARGRAVES, Mrs. W. R., New York, N. Y.: A piece of the fabric from the NC-3 which was one of the flying boats of the U. S. Navy’s first transatlantic squadron, 1919. IyamMs, Mes. J. Horton, Lawrence, L. L, N. ¥.: A collection of “Air Facts” in three binders, complete from February 1, Tn through 1941. Navy, DEPARTMENT oF, Washington, D. C.: Drawings, assembly, for Douglas D-—558-1 “Skystreak.” Pratt & WHITNEY ArgcraFrtT, East Hartford, Conn.: A collection of manuals, drawings, and brochures covering data and specifications on the Pratt & Whitney #2180 Twin Wasp E—1 powerplant. Weeks, E. D., Des Moines, Iowa: 289 photographs of European aircraft, 1909— 1914, which were purchased in Germany from Heinz J. Nowarra. WoLFFSOHN, Hans J., Suffern, N. Y.: A series of the magazine The Aeroplane Spotter, 1941 through 1946. Five issues of Flughafen und Luftverkehr, 1942, 1943, and 1954 ; 16 issues of Der Flieger, 1953 and 1954. Other acquisitions included several motion-picture films: “We Saw It Happen,” and the story of the Sikorsky helicopter, received from United Aircraft Corporation of East Hartford, Conn.; the picturiza- tion of 50 years’ progress in aeronautics, assembled by the Shell Oil re SECRETARY’S REPORT 101 Corporation, and a group of films pertaining to Charles Lindbergh’s famous transatlantic flight given to the Museum by the Aircraft In- dustries Association. Grateful acknowledgment is also due the fol- lowing for their valuable contributions to the reference collection: D. J. Harrill of Arlington, Va.; J. W. Gwinn, Jr., of Wayne, Mich. ; Jesse Davidson, of Underwood & Underwood, New York City; Bert Williams of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; the Institute of Aeronautical Sciences of New York City; Col. Floyd J. Sweet of the Soaring Society of America; Maj. Richard R. Sheak; Mrs. M. S. Gilpatric of New York City; Charles J. MacCartee of Orlando, Fla. ; Maj. Kimbrough Brown, USAF, of Brookfield Air Force Station, Brookfield, Ohio; Col. J. E. Jarrett, curator of the Army Ordnance Museum at Aberdeen, Md.; Ray Fife of Coronado, Calif.; Harvey Lippincott of Hebron, Conn.; Wright-Patterson Air Force Base; Hiller Helicopters of Palo Alto, Calif.; North American Aviation, Incorporated; and Mr. and Mrs. Keith C. Whitehouse, who permitted copies to be made of their pictures illustrating Curtiss aircraft. The Book Exchange maintained at the Library of Congress con- tinued to be an excellent source for issues of magazines required to fill gaps in the Museum series. ACCESSIONS Additions to the national aeronautical collections received and re- corded this year total 117 specimens in 31 separate accessions. Those from Government departments are entered as transfers; others were received as gifts except as noted. ALEXANDER, MAry, Los Angeles, Calif., through Amelia Harhart Post #678, American Legion: Flying suit designed by Amelia Earhart for the Ninety- Nines, an international organization of licensed women pilots, and typical of the apparel worn by Miss Earhart during her many flights (N. A. M. 858). ALLEN, SLOAN, Omaha, Nebr.: Kite, 3-stick frame, hexagon outline, incorporating improvements made by the donor through extensive practice, and flyable through a wide range of wind velocity (N. A. M. 861). Army, DEPARTMENT oF, Washington, D. C.: Clothing and equipment of the type used by U. S. paratroopers during World War II (N. A. M. 857). ATcHISON, JosePpH ANTHONY, Washington, D. C.: Plaster bust of Wiley Post, sculptured by the donor in 1940 (N. A. M. 853, loan). Benpix AVIATION CorporATION, ScINTILLA MAGNeto Division, Sidney, N. Y.: Two magnetos from the Wright Whirlwind J-—5 engine which powered the Bellanca “Columbia,” flown by Clarence Chamberlain and Charles A. Levine, nonstop, New York to Hisleben, Germany, June 4-6, 1927. Ignition systems for Pratt & Whitney R-2800, Pratt & Whitney R—2000, Allison V—1710, and Wright R-3350 aircraft engines (N. A. M. 856). Burm, Mrs. Aripa W., Alhambra, Calif.: Cup given to Harriet Quimby, first American woman licensed to pilot an airplane, as she landed after flying across the English Channel from Deal, England, to Epihen, France, April 26, 1912. 102 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1955 CoMMERCE, DEPARTMENT OF, NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, Washington, D. C.: Five impellers of the types used for rotating aircraft generators, 1915-25 (N. A. M. 842). Coox, Mrs. O. D., Portland, Oreg.: Hub of propeller from an airplane flown by Capt. Vernon Castle, renowned dancer and aviator, who achieved an impres- sive combat record in the Royal Flying Corps during World War I and, fol- lowing America’s entry into the War, was assigned to the aviation section of the Signal Corps, U. 8S. Army, to train student fliers (N. A. M. 863). ELuis, FRANK H., West Vancouver, B. C.: Two scale models of airplanes asso- ciated with the early development of aviation by Canadians; model of the multiplane designed and built in 1910-11 by W. W. Gibson, Victoria, B. C., and flown in 1911; and a model of the Aerial Experiment Association’s “Red Wing,’ designed by members of that Association organized by Alexander Graham Bell, and first flown by Frederick W. Baldwin, the first British subject to pilot an airplane at Hammondsport, N. Y., on March 12, 1908 (N. A. M. 851). HarTIGAN, Cot. Joon D., Washington, D. C.: Tunic, cap, and Sam Brown belt worn by the donor as part of his uniform as an officer in the Signal Corps Aviation Section during service in France, World War I, 1917-18 (N. A. M. 854). HutcHinson, Capt. J. D., Denver, Colo.: Five drop bags used for air to ground deliveries of messages by the U. S. Air Service and U. 8S. Army Air Corps during the 1920’s and 1930’s; and a pair of mittens worn during winter flying operations, representing regular issue equipment of the same period (N. A. M. 867). KAMAN AIRCRAFT CORPORATION, Bloomfield, Conn.: Scale model, 1:20, of the HOK-1, a four-place helicopter which uses a servo-flap control for its two intermeshing rotors; developed by the donors for the U. S. Navy, 1953 (N. A. M. 848). KOLLSMAN INSTRUMENT Co., Elmhurst, N. Y.: Air speed indicator and clock developed by the donors for use in aircraft of the World War II period (N. A. M. 845). LAHM, Brig. GEN. FRANK P., Huron, Ohio: Medals and awards received and col- lected by the donor and his father, Frank S. Lahm, including the Aero Club of France gold medal awarded to Frank S. Lahm in recognition of his services to aeronautics, 1906, the Gordon Bennett gold medal, the Aero Club of America gold medal, and the Aero Club of France bronze medal awarded to Frank P. Lahm for winning the first international balloon race, 1906 (N. A. M. 855). LocKHEED AIRCRAFT CORPORATION, Burbank, Calif.: Two scale models of aircraft developed by the donors: a 1: 72 model of the YC-—30 and a 1: 64 model of the type 1049 Superconstellation (N. A. M. 860). NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE FOR AERONAUTICS, Washington, D. C.: Display item representing the award, in 1929, of the Robert J. Collier Trophy, awarded annually since 1911 for the “greatest achievement in aviation in America, the value of which has been truly demonstrated by actual use during the preceding year.” It was awarded to the NACA for development of a cowling for radial air-cooled engines which improved flight performance. The display consists of a scale model of the Lockheed “Air Express” airplane which, equipped with the cowling, established a transcontinental record of 18 hours 21 minutes 59 seconds, February 4-5, 1929, piloted by Frank Hawks. The cowling made possible a 29 m. p. h. increase in speed (N. A. M. 868). * = SECRETARY’S REPORT 103 Navy, DEPARTMENT OF, Washington, D. C.: Collection of spark plugs used with aircraft engines produced in various nations and dating from pre-World War I era to recent years; and a Heinkel Hirth RR2 gas turbine engine of experimental type produced in Germany during World War II in 1944 (N. A. M. 840). A waist hatch door from a Martin PBM-5 “Mariner” flying boat of the World War II period. The door is equipped with racks for mounting jato tanks used for increasing takeoff power and reducing the distance re- quired to be airborne (N. A. M. 843). A collection of flight instruments, engine instruments, and miscellaneous aircraft accessories of Japanese origin, pro- duced and used during World War II (N. A. M. 846). RIcHMOND, LT. JAcK J., Hollywood, Calif.: Crash helmet worn by the donor, 1918 (N. A. M. 866). RurFe, Inc., Miami, Fla.: Cutaway example of an ejection seat catapult used in many current types of jet-engined fighter airplanes (N. A. M. 864). Smiru, Mixton M., Shreveport, La.: Insigne of the Lafayette Escadrille, famous squadron of American pilots who fought with the French prior to America’s entry into World War I, removed by the donor from an airplane used by Raoul Lufbery, one of America’s most famous pilots of that war (N. A. M. 850). UNITED AIRCRAFT CORPORATION, HAMILTON STANDARD Division, East Hartford, Conn.: Air-conditioning unit, heat-exchanger type, developed for use in the North American F-86H “Sabre” (N. A. M. 847). R-2180 Twin Wasp aircraft engine, developed by the donors in 1947 for powering medium transport air- craft, with complete installation equipment including the nacelle and the asso- ciated electrical fuel and lubrication accessories (N. A. M. 849). Unitep Ate LInEs, Chicago, Ill.: Scale model, 1:16, of the Laird “Swallow” which was flown by Varney Air Lines, predecessor of United Air Lines, on the original Contract Air Mail Route 5, April 1926 (N. A. M. 862). U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, DEPARTMENT OF History, Washington, D. C.: German bomb of World War I (N. A. M. 839). Radio receiver, transmitter, and ac- cessories of the type used in Naval aircraft during World War I and the early 1920’s (N. A. M. 844). UNIVERSITY OF DetroIT, Detroit, Mich.: Collection of aircraft engine instruments, flight instruments, and engine accessories used during World War I (N. A. M. 838). VERVILLE, ALFRED V., Washington, D. C.: Group of personal items presented to the donor by Gen. William Mitchell, including the General’s swagger stick and the pennant flown from his airplane (N. A. M. 865). WiTTMAN, S. J., Oshkosh, Wis.: Buster, a midget racing airplane formerly named “Chief Oshkosh” designed and built by the donor in 1931, and entered in numerous races throughout the period 1931-54, winning many notable com- petitions and placing among the leaders in most of the more than 50 compe- titions entered (N. A. M. 859). Worerner, C. E., Geneva, Ohio: Warner “Scarab” aircraft engine of the type produced in 1928 (N. A. M. 852). Respectfully submitted. Pauu E. GArser, Head Curator. Dr. Lrtonarp CARMICHAEL, Secretary, Smithsonian Institution. 362912—55——_8 Report on the National Zoological Park Sir: Transmitted herewith is a report on the operations of the National Zoological Park for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1955. In all, 934 accessions, comprising 2,347 individual animals, were added to the collection during the year by gifts, deposits, purchases, exchanges, births, and hatchings. Among these were many rare speci- mens never before shown in this Zoo. The addition of new kinds of animals enhances the value of the collection, which is maintained not only for exhibition but also for research and education, thus foster- ing the Smithsonian’s established purpose of ‘“‘the increase and diffu- sion of knowledge.” Opportunities for research are afforded students of biology, particularly vertebrate zoology, as well as artists, photog- raphers, and writers. Methods of study that do not endanger the welfare of animals or the safety of the public are encouraged. In addition to the regular diversified activities of carrying on all the operations of the Zoo, the services of the staff included answering in person or by phone, mail, or telegraph questions regarding animals and their care and transportation; furnishing to other zoos and other agencies, public and private, information regarding structures for housing animals; cooperating with other agencies of Federal, State, and municipal governments in research work; and preparing manu- scripts for publication. The stone restaurant building, which was constructed in the Park in 1940, is leased at $46,212 a year. This money is deposited in the United States Treasury to the credit of the General Fund, District of Columbia. The concessionaire serves meals and light refreshments and sells souvenirs. FUNDS The regular appropriation for the fiscal year was $645,000, which is carried in the District of Columbia Appropriation Act. This amount was supplemented by $3,000, which was transferred to the appropriation in accordance with Public Law 128, for payment of retroactive pay made necessary by the Federal Employees’ Salary Increase Act of 1955, approved June 28, 1955, effective the first pay- day of the first pay period beginning after February 28, 1955. THE EXHIBITS Animals for exhibition are acquired by gift, deposit, purchase, exchange, birth, and hatching, and are removed by death, exchange, 104 SECRETARY'S REPORT 105 or return of those on deposit. Although depositors are at liberty to remove their specimens, many leave them permanently. Asin any colony of living things, there is a steady turnover, and the exhibits are constantly changing. Thus, the inventory of specimens in the collection on June 30 of each year does not show all the kinds of animals that were exhibited during the year, for sometimes crea- tures of outstanding interest at the time they were shown are no longer in the collection at the time the inventory is made. The United States National Museum is given first choice of all animals that die in the Zoo. If they are not desired for the Museum they are then made available to other institutions or scientific workers. Thus the value of the specimen continues long after it is dead. ACCESSIONS The Zoo has been particularly fortunate in having friends who show their sincere interest by bringing in specimens or arranging for acquisitions from foreign countries. FIRSTS “Firsts” that are desirable are welcomed in almost every organi- zation, and the fiscal year covered by this report had a gratifying number of “firsts” for the Zoo. These are listed below. The greatest rarities obtained during the year were two Goeldi’s marmosets (Callimico goeldii) which until recently had been known from only half a dozen specimens from habitats in widely scattered localities far up the tributaries of the Amazon River. The Zoo’s examples are black throughout, with brown tips to the hairs on the back of the head and portions of the back which are conspicuous when back-lighted. They also have what looks like a crew cut of two different lengths, that on the front of the head being fairly short and that on the back of the head somewhat longer. Also acquired were two of the little-known dinomys paca (Dinomys branickiz), a rather large rodent that is apparently rare in the wild as well as in captivity. Another outstanding accession was a rare and little-known foussa (Cryptoprocta ferox) of Madagascar, obtained by purchase. This is a relative of the civets that looks somewhat like a large, slender- bodied, short-haired brown cat. Two young southern sea lions (Otaria flavescens) were purchased. When received they were about 3 and 4 feet long. An interesting accession was a pair of rat kangaroos (Hypsiprym- nodon moschatus), which produced a baby that was observed in the pouch of the mother on June 30, 1955. These are not conspicuous as exhibition animals but help to round out the collection, giving the visitors a glimpse of the remarkable variation of the marsupials. 106 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1955 An African dormouse (Graphiurus murinus), an attractive little mouselike creature, was sent to the Zoo by Dr. Lawrence Kilham of the National Institutes of Health from his Entebbe, Africa, headquarters. Dr. Kilham also sent two specimens of the black-and-white casqued hornbill (Bycanistes subcylindricus) , a rare species of showy birds. Two eider ducks (Somateria mollissima) were obtained by exchange. The bird collection was also enriched by specimens of the Mahali weaver (Plocepasser mahali) and cliff chat (Zhamnolaea cimna- momeiventris ) . Six African chameleons (Chamaeleon dilepis) were hatched on June 23, 1955, from eggs laid April 2, 1955. Perhaps other estab- lishments have had African chameleons lay eggs that hatched, but this Zoo is unaware of such an event. OUTSTANDING GIFTS The outstanding gift of the year was a pair of baby gorillas (Gorilla gorilla) presented to the National Zoological Park by Rus- sell Arundel, of Warrenton, Va., a longtime friend of the Zoo. They were captured by the Arundel Expedition in French Equatorial Africa, near the Belgian Congo. In the Belgian Congo they were cared for in the home of John L. Biname, then director of the Zoo at Leopoldville, and at Antwerp in the home of Walter Van den Bergh, head of the Zoo there, so they received especially good atten- tion on their trip to the States. The male, “Nikumba,” weighed 17 pounds and the female, “Moka,” weighed 20 pounds on arrival. These are the first gorillas the Zoo has had since 1932 and are highly de- sirable additions to the collection. They are thriving and are popular entertainers, as they are very active. The Hon. Charles S. Thomas, Secretary of the Navy, presented to the National Zoological Park 7 emperor penguins (Aptenodytes forsteri) and 4 Adelie penguins (Pygoscelis adeliae). These birds had been obtained by Navy explorers while on an Antarctic expedi- tion on the U. S. S. Atka with Commander Glen Jacobsen in charge. Emperors are the largest living penguins, and this group, together with the king penguins received a few days before, made an outstand- ing exhibit. At the request of Secretary Thomas two of the emper- ors were turned over to the Bronx Zoo in recognition of the assistance given by the New York Zoological Society in transporting the birds from Miami to Washington. | The Ambassador of Pakistan, Syed Amjad Ali, presented a beauti- ful young jungle-caught Bengal tiger through the Foreign Operations Administration. The Japanese Ambassador Sadao Iguchi presented to Secretary of Defense Charles E. Wilson a pair of long-tailed fowl (Gallus gallus) which are being kept on display in the National Zoological Park. es — a > SECRETARY’S REPORT 107 This is a domesticated bird that has developed, through painstaking breeding by the Japanese, exceptionally long upper tail coverts. The feathers of these birds are sometimes as much as 20 feet in length. Dr. Lawrence Kilham, of the National Institutes of Health, who was spending a year in the vicinity of Entebbe, Uganda, East Africa, kindly sent several shipments of African animals, all of which were well selected and desirable additions to the Zoo. These animals are enumerated in the donors’ list. Dr. Robert Rausch, of the National Institutes of Health at the Arctic Health Research Center, Anchorage, Alaska, continued to show his interest in the National Zoological Park. Through his or- ganization there have been received 1 Canada lynx (Lynz canadensis), 1 emperor goose (Philacte canagica), and 1 black brant (Branta bernicla nigricans). 'These were all desirable additions as there were none of these species in the collection at the time, nor had there been for some years. The Walter Reed Army Medical Center, the National Institutes of Health, and Johns Hopkins University continued to deposit with the Zoo young chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) used in their medical ex- periments. These animals are all suitable for exhibition and are available to the medical research workers when needed. This is prov- ing to be a thoroughly satisfactory arrangement, and when the chim- panzees are no longer suitable for the work of the scientists they are turned over to the Zoo permanently. A young female chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) was presented by Mr. and Mrs. John T. Smith, Jr., of Monrovia, Liberia. The United Cerebral Palsy of Washington, D. C., presented a baby howler monkey (Alouwatia), three cottontop marmosets (Callithria oedipus), six blue tanagers (Zhraupis cana), and four saffron finches (Sicalis luteola) after they had been used for publicity purposes by the organization. A domestic burro or donkey (Z'quus asinus), the first one exhibited in the Zoo in many years, was presented by Del Rensel, president of Slick Airways. Donkeys, of course, are not rare, but by reason of their religious, agricultural, and other associations, and of their odd appearance, they are of considerable interest to the visiting public. Through the kind interest of Dr. Juan Rivero, College of Agri- culture, Mayagiiez, Puerto Rico, the Zoo received two of the rare Mona Island iguanas (Cyclura stejnegeri). ‘These are large, heavy- bodied lizards that look like miniature dinosaurs of past ages. One of these was dead on arrival, and the other refused to eat at first but was finally hand-fed and soon became a pet. Shortly after her ar- rival she laid 16 eggs. ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1955 108 Eleven Humboldt’s penguins (Spheniscus humboldti) were received as gifts from the Perfection Stove Co. of Cleveland, Ohio. A green conure (Aratinga leucophthalmus) was a gift from N. H. Caudell, of College Park, Md. A horn-nosed iguana (Jguana iguana rhinolopha) obtained by Jack Reed, of Tampa, Fla., while on a cruise along the Mexican coast, was given to the Zoo. It is a beautiful example and, although closely related to the common iguana, is sufficiently different to make a very desirable addition to the collection. GIFTS AND DEPOSITS This year, as in many years past, various individuals have deposited in the Zoo animals to which they desired to retain title. These are most acceptable additions to the exhibits. Depositors are assured that the animals will receive routine care, but the Zoo assumes no responsibility and no obligation to replace any that do not survive. DEPOSITORS AND DONORS AND THEIR GIFTS (Deposits are marked*; unless otherwise indicated, addresses of donors are Washington, D. C.) Ackerman, Mrs. Anita, Pittsburgh, Pa., black-widow spider. Adams, W. A., Hyattsville, Md., 2 Pe- kin ducks. Akins, Ken, Indian Head, Md., hog- nosed snake. Alien, Louis S., Silver Spring, Md., caiman. Amber, Dianne, Arlington, Va., 2 Pekin ducks. Anderson, Louis E., Alexandria, Va., rhinoceros beetle. Andreano, Joseph, Takoma Park, Md., 2 Pekin ducks. Andrews, David, Silver Spring, Md., snapping turtle. Andrews, Richard, Silver Spring, Md., 2 Pekin ducks. Angleton, Cicily, Arlington, Va., skunk. Anonymous, salt-water gray crab. Archer, Mrs. S. R., pigeon. Arctic Health Research Center, An- chorage, Alaska, Canada lynx, em- peror goose, black brant. Armstrong, Mrs. Amelia, Arlington, Va., guinea pig. Armstrong, W. T., Silver Spring, Md., domestic rabbit. Arnold, Mrs. Joseph, Falls Church, Va., blue-fronted parrot. Aronson, Michael, Belgian hare. Arundel, Russell, Warrenton, Va., 2 gorillas. Ashworth, James T., Arlington, Va., Pekin duck. Atzinger, Dorothea, 2 strawberry finches, society finch, white zebra finch. Ayers, Lorraine, domestic rabbit. Babbitt, Lewis H., Petersham, Mass., 5 toads, 2 Cuban boas. Badinelli, Joseph, Takoma Park, Md., common newt. Balderson, R. H., gray fox. | Balderson, Warren, purple gallinule. Baldwin, Mrs. Fred, Cumberland turtle. Ball, Mrs. S. M., Arlington, Va., 2 Cumberland turtles. Ballman, Barbara, Silver Spring, Md., 2 Pekin ducks. Bannockburn Cooperative School, Be- thesda, Md., 2 guinea pigs. Barnes, John P., Arlington, Va., opos- sum. Barnes, Mrs. Sara M., 3 Pekin ducks. Barney, Mrs. C. N., Takoma Park, Md., Pekin duck. Barr, Mrs. J. A., Jr., Takoma Park, Md., Pekin duck. Baskett, T. S., flying squirrel, hamster. Baxter, Bruce, 2 Florida “chameleons.” Beck, Mrs. Rivi, Silver Spring, Md., 2 Pekin ducks. Belintende, Sam J., salamander. Benton, Bobby, Silver Spring, Md., snapping turtle. Bernstein, Edward, *white-throated capuchin. Betesh, Stanley, 4 domestic chickens. Bierly, Edward, Arlington, Va., Pa- cific pond turtle, desert tortoise. Billington, R. C., Silver Spring, Md., 2 red-lined turtles. Bird, Arthur, barred owl. Bishop, Robert T., domestic rabbit. Bissonette, H. A., domestic rabbit. Biack, Cordell, Arlington, Va., snap- ping turtle. Blish, Linda, Pekin duck. Blush, Mrs. Ernest, Kensington, Md., 3 domestic rabbits. Booher, Joe, McLean, Va., great horned owl. Botkin, Marshall, Mount Rainier, Md., box turtle. Bowman, Gary, and Korab, Harry, University Park, Md., turtle. Boyd, Charles H., 2 grass parakeets. Boyd, Nancy, Alexandria, Va., Pekin duck. Bradley, Daniel E., 4 gray squirrels. Bridge, David, Greenbelt, Md., red- bellied turtle. Brittain, Charles, Lanham, Md., water snake. Brown, Mrs. Jane, Arlington, Va., gray squirrel. Brown, Thaddeus III, 2 caimans. snapping. Brown, Tom, Bethesda, Md., snapping turtle. Brunhouse, Mrs. Helen, raccoon. Brunhouse, Mrs. W. A., skunk. Buffett, Cheryl, guinea pig. Burgess, G. S., 3 alligators. Burgess, Jack, Riverhead, Long Island, N. Y., black racer. Burkhart, Paul, sparrow hawk. Burris, Robert, Cabin John, Md., *squirrel monkey. Burton, Chip, Florida king snake. Burton, Mrs. Esther, 2 hamsters. SECRETARY’S REPORT 109 Burton, Mrs. Louise H., Ariington, Va., alligator. Bush, William R., white-faced capuchin. Cahnmann, Hans J., Bethesda, Md., opossum. Cain, R. M., Landon Hills, Md., 2 Mus- covy ducks. Calandera, Fred A., Pekin duck. Caleb, I. B., Chevy Chase, Md., 2 Pekin ducks. Calvert, Gordon L., Silver Spring, Md., 2 domestic rabbits. Campanella, 8. Joseph, opossum. Campbell, Mrs. Josephine, Mount Rai- nier, Md., *mallard duck. Cantona, Pascal J., Jr., *kinkajou. Carlson, Carl, University Park, Md., Pekin duck. Carmack, Angela, Arlington, Va., Pekin duck. Carnicero, George, domestic rabbit. Carrena, Carlota, sparrow hawk. Carroll, P. G., domestic rabbit. Cartner, Helen, 2 raccoons. Cassett, Charles and Michael, Spring, Md., 2 Pekin ducks. Catholic University (through Dr. Ro- land Nardone), 2 Arctic ground squirrels. Caudell, N. H., College Park, Md., green conure. Chambers, R. A., domestic rabbit. Chase, Joseph C., Franklin, Va., brown water snake, red-bellied water snake. Chauvenet, Allen R., Silver Spring, Md., domestic rabbit. Cheargam, Chuck, Arlington, Va., Mus- Silver ecovy duck. Cheatham, B. B., Arlington, Va., 3 Mus- covy ducks. Cheatum, Chuck, Arlington, Va., Mus- covy duck. Cheney, Sheldon, musk turtle. Chevy Chase Pet Shop, *indigo snake. Chick, Drew, copperhead snake. Cholden, Mrs. Lea, Kensington, Md., robin. Chueng, Mrs. Mary, guinea pig. Churchill, David, Arlington, Va., snap- ping turtle. Claar, Lester, Bradbury Heights, Md., woodchuck. 110 Clagett, R. B., Silver Spring, Md., cai- man. Clark, David L., Bethesda, Md., 2 pine lizards, water snake. Clarke, George L., Arlington, Va., Petz’s parakeet. Clarke, Mrs. J. H., Arlington, Va., 2 Pekin ducks. Clepper, Fred, Pekin duck. Cockrell, Maj. Henry B., Arlington, Va., 3 cottontail rabbits. Cohan, Hank P., 5 domestic rabbits. Cohen, Mrs. Wallace, Chevy Chase, Md., domestic goat. Collins, Billy and Dickey, 5 toads. Compton, Mrs. Richard, snapping turtle. Connolly, Capt. D., least bittern. Cox, H. A., McLean, Va., woodchuck. Craddock, Roger, Alexandria, Va., *alli- gator. Crawford, John D., Jr., Alexandria, Va., Pekin duck. Crigler, J., snapping turtle. Crimmins, Col. Martin L., San Antonio, Tex., green rattlesnake. Crumley, H. W., Hillerest, Md., turkey vulture. Crumly, Barbara and Hal, 2 Pekin ducks. Daniels, J. W., Jr., Silver Spring, Md., Pekin duck. Dankers, George, Arlington, Va., 3 Pe- kin ducks. Davis, Malcolm, troupial. Davison, Doreen, caiman. Deahl, Dennis, Bethesda, Md., caiman. Degutis, John J., College Park, Md., 2 Pekin ducks. Deininger, Estelle, 2 domestic rabbits. Delaney, Peter H., Java finch. DeMent, Walter, box turtle. DePrato, Jack, Langley Park, Md., gar- ter snake, 2 pine lizards, pilot black snake, 5 fence lizards, 4 blue-tailed skinks, 2 common toads. DePrato, Joe, Langley Park, Md., mole snake. DePrato, Mario, Langley Park, Md., Florida water snake, black racer, gopher turtle, gopher frog. Deskins, Leon D., Arlington, caiman. 72. ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1955 Deutsch, Richard, Bethesda, Md., guinea pig. Dickson, Mrs. R., Alexandria, Va., Pe- kin duck. Dieterich, L. F., grass parakeet. Dillon, Allen, Arlington, Va., Florida water turtle. Dix, Michael, *black snake. Doehrer, Allen, Silver Spring, Md., do- mestic rabbit. Donohoe, Charla, Falls Church, Va., alligator. Dornin, Walter W., Phoenix, Ariz., 15 western diamond-backed rattle- snakes, 2 sidewinders, 2 western bull snakes, 2 gila monsters. Douglass, Beverly, *caiman. Dustin, Commander F. G., *grass para- keet. Duvall, George C., Lanham, Md., Nubian goat. Easter, Louis, Finsch’s parrot. Edwards, A. M., Arlington, Va., domes- tie rabbit. Edwards, Sheffield, Alexandria, Va., pilot black snake, garter snake, *yellow chicken snake. Edwards, Mrs. S. T., Arlington, Va., 2 guinea pigs. Egan, Denise, 2 Pekin ducks. Eisenberg, Philip, Takoma Park, Md., Pekin duck. Elias, Alix, horned lizards. Ellis, Richard D., Falls Church, Va., caiman. Eskew, William, alligator. Estep, Gary, Falls Church, Va., caiman. Etter, Dr. Harry S., Chevy Chase, Md., Pekin duck. Evans, Mrs. James M., Bethesda, Md., 2 caimans. Evans, Nancy, caiman, Ewing, J. Hunter, Arlington, Va., 2 Pe- kin ducks. Faison, Walter E., Falls Church, Va., grass parakeet. Falck, Bengt H., Alexandria, screech owl. Farrier, John, Hyattsville, Md., kinka- jou. Falls Church, Va., Va., SECRETARY’S REPORT Fay, Mrs. William M., Chevy Chase, Md., : *American crow. Feeney, Lt. Harold, Arlington, Va., ‘eottontail rabbit. Ferguson, Gary, Alexandria, Va., in- digo snake, boa constrictor, musk turtle, painted turtle, *common iguana, *collared lizard. Ferretti, Domingo, hog-nosed snake. Fillman, Ralph A., Lanham, M4d., horned lizard. Finlay, Capt. John S., Jr., Bethesda, Md., gila monster. Fitzpatrick, John, eastern skunk. Follin, James W., Centreville, great horned owl. Ford, Bertelle E., Rockville, Md., 2 common iguanas. Fowler, J. G., domestic rabbit. Franklin, R. D., Arlington, Va., 2 alli- a; gators. Frazier, Elmer E., Brookmont, Md., osprey. Freshman, D., Silver Spring, Md., snap- ping turtle. Frishmann, Michael and Steven, Silver Spring, Md., pied-billed grebe. Fu, Hua Priscilla, domestic rabbit. Fuller, Robert J., Arlington, Va., domes- tic rabbit. Gaines, Mary, Silver Spring, Md., 2 Pekin ducks. Garths, E. C., Bethesda, Md., 3 domes- tic rabbits. Gatti, Stephen A., Jr., *pigeon hawk. Gaver, Gordon P., Thurmont, Md., *4 alligators, *rhesus monkey, *Java macaque, *2 gopher turtles, *alli- gator snapping turtle, *4 black tegus. Geigan, F. Stewart, opossum. German, Robert, caiman. Geyser, Robert J., Prince Georges County, Md., green frog. Gillespie, Mrs. Hilda G., Takoma Park, Md., 3 flying squirrels. Ginberg, Joseph, parakeet. Gleason, James, Herndon, Va., pied- billed grebe. Gleason, Shirley, Vienna, Va., skunk. Glidden, Richard §., black snake. 111 Godfrey, Harry, Hyattsville, Md., 5 black-tailed platys, 2 guppies, 10 pearl danios, red-tailed barbus, 12 Siamese fighting fish. Goldthorpe, Freddy, Bethesda, skunk. Gordon, Marvin, woodchuck. Graham, Mrs. John H., 2 grass para- keets. Grant School, sparrow hawk. Gray, Albert G., Suitland, Md., 2 black- widow spiders. Gray, Gary, Hyattsville, Md., Pekin duck. Grayson, Marilyn, 2 Pekin ducks. Green, Robert E., Arlington, Va., mal- lard duck. Green, William, canary. Greenbaum, Samuel M., 9 box turtles. Greenwood, Walter B., Arlington, Va., snapping turtle. Grosskopf, W. H., eastern skunk. Guilford, L. W., Silver Spring, Md., hamster. Gunthrop, James, bantam hen. Haber, Mrs. L. J., Riverdale, *douroucouli monkey. Hackenbrock, Charles R., Staten Island Zoo, Staten Island, N. Y., 5 cane- brake rattlesnakes. Hagler, Walter, Arlington, Va., guinea pig. Hahn, Lt. Walter, Dahlgren, Va., osprey. Haines, Tracy, Mt. Rainier, Md., *alli- gator, *wood turtle. Hambleton, Edson J., copperhead snake. Hare, Mrs. A. E., Camp Lejeune, N. C., white-tailed deer. Harnsberger, H. P., pilot snake. Harrison, W. P., Alexandria, Va., barn owl. Hartsell, Mrs. Mary, 3 parakeets. Hay, Michael, domestic rabbit. Haymaker, Capt. John, Chevy Chase, Md., yellow-naped parrot. Hecht Co., 2 mute swans, *3 penguins. Hennessy, R. E., Annandale, Va., Pekin duck. Herbert, Paul, Bethesda, Md., 2 domes- tic rabbits, Heslop, Bill, Mt. Rainier, Md., indigo snake, Md., Md., 112 Higley, John R., barred owl. Hileman, George, McLean, Va., 4 rac- coons. Hoffman, Irvin M., Cabin John, Md., silky bantam. Hopkins, J. R., Takoma Park, Md., squirrel monkey. Hopkins, Mrs. R. J., Arlington, Va., blue jay. Hord, Earlene, Alexandria, Va., Cum- berland turtle. Hord, Eugene R., Silver Spring, Md., snapping turtle. Hough, Dr. L. Frederick and family, New Brunswick, N. J., 2 pottos. Hudgins, Tommy, Arlington, Va., 2 Pekin ducks. Huebner, Mrs. Robert, Ijamsville, Md., raccoon. Hutchinson, Bobby, domestic rabbit. Ikao, Tanit, Jamaica, N. Y., *5 alli- gators, *boa constrictor, *Indian Arlington, Va., python. Ingham, Rex., Ruffin, N. C., *African palm civet. Izenour, Frank M., Arlington, Va., Pekin duck. Jacobs, J. C., gray squirrel. Jacobson, N. M., 2 Pekin ducks. Japanese Ambassador, Sadao Iguchi (through the Hon. Charles B. Wil- son, Secretary of Defense), *2 long- tailed fowls. Jawarski, Stephen, Bethesda, mallard duck hybrid. Jennings, Michael, 8 common waxbills. Johnson, Mrs. H. W., Arlington, Va., horned lizard. Johnson, Julia V., Arlington, Va., east- Md., ern skunk. Johnson, R. E., East Riverdale, Md., blue jay. Jones, Brenda, Arlington, Va., 4 Pekin ducks. Jones, Mrs. H. T., Norfolk, Va., raccoon. Jones, Melvin, Silver Spring, Md., spotted salamander. Jones, Tom, Arlington, Va., snapping turtle. Jones, William E., Jr., Arlington, Va., hog-nosed snake. ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1955 Judson, Marcia, black rabbit. Kahn, Sharon, Silver Spring, Md., 2 Pekin ducks. Kale, D. R., Arlington, Va., 2 Pekin ducks. Kerr, Mrs. Victor H., Falls Church, Va., 3 blue jays, sparrow, cardinal. Kilham, Dr. Lawrence, Entebbe, Uganda, 4 hornbills, African side- neck turtle, African yellow-billed kite, starling, African ground squirrel, 22 chameleons, monitor lizard, African palm civet, boom- slang snake, 2 hinge-backed turtles, dormouse, 5 rats, 2 genets. Kirouae, Kathleen, Accokeek, Md., white skunk. Kise, W. Kent, Takoma Park, Md., caiman. Kuntz, Dr. Robert E., Bethesda, Md., 2 pilot black snakes. Ladiges, Werner, Hamburg, Germany, hedgehog. Laney, Culbert, opossum. Lardner, Mrs. Lyn, Silver Spring, Md., 3 Pekin ducks. Latta, Mrs. James B., Bethesda, Md., crab. Laurell, Mrs. S. F., caiman. Leizear, Reginald, Derwood, Md., red fox. Leverenz, Joseph, Alexandria, Va., do- mestie rabbit. Libby, Mrs. Lionel M., Kensington, Md., cedar waxwing. Liebenberg, M., American anolis. Lillie, H. D., sparrow hawk. Lilly, Hileen, domestic rabbit. Linden, Charles J., Falls Church, Va., Cumberland turtle. Lindner, Leonard Charles, Oakton, Va., horned owl. Lions International, Chicago, Ill., Afri- can lion. Lloyd, Daniel B., black-widow spider. Locke, Otto Martin, New Braunfels, Tex., 31 horned lizards, 4 Texas diamond-back rattlesnakes. Long, W. C., caiman. Lonquar, Mrs. Mary, domestic rabbit. Lovell, W. D., Hyattsville, Md., osprey. Silver Spring, Md., SECRETARY’S REPORT Lowell, Brenda, Pekin duck. Ludwig, Charles G., Arlington, *Cuban Amazon parrot. Lynch, Dana, domestic rabbit. Lyon, James, Chevy (chase, Md., Pekin duck. Lyon, Margaret, Arlington, Va., 2 Pekin ducks, domestic rabbit. Macari, Denise, Indian Head, Md., box turtle. MacDaniel, Ruth, talking catfish, sucker catfish. MacKichan, Robert, Takoma Park, Md., painted turtle. MacMaugh, Mrs. F.. J., red-headed wood- pecker. Malley, Mrs. John W., Chevy Chase, Md., 2 Pekin ducks. Manoogian, David, opossum. Marett, W. C., Bethesda, Md., Pekin duck. Marker, Mrs. Catherine, Florida water turtle. Marshall, Dr. F. P., pigeon. Martin, Mrs. Elsie S., Arlington, Va., Pekin duck. Maske, Jerry, turtle. Mathews, T. O., Arlington, Va., guinea pig. Mattingly, Bernard, Arlington, Va., 2 domestic rabbits. McAfee, Mrs. D. D., Seat Pleasant, Md., English sparrow. McCabe, John, Arlington, Va., *10 duck hawks. McDonald, Paul, Arlington, Va., rac- coon. McDonald, Sgt. S. D., and Mr. Holt, Fort Myer, Va., gray fox. McGruder, Mrs. Virginia, Richmond, Va., *squirrel monkey. McQuown, Tom and Jim, Silver Spring, Md., opossum. Mechlin, Dianne, 2 Pekin ducks, Meryman, Harold T., Cabin John, Md., water snake. Metcalf, Robert and Richard, caiman. Meizler, John C., Fort Myer, Va., com- mon crow. Meyer, Lt. Col. C. R., Alexandria, Va., horned lizard. Mickey, Donald, Bethesda, Md., pilot black snake. Vaz; 113 Miller, Catherine, Richmond, Va., gray squirrel. Miller, Edward, 200 guppies, 200 snails. Miller, Joseph B., White Plains, Md., turtle eggs. Mills, Maj. Gen. John §., caiman. Mills, Vinn and Laura, Silver Spring, Md., 2 Pekin ducks. Miracle, Hector, Arlington, Va., Vir- ginia rail. Moltz, Charles, Alexandria, Va., cotton- tail rabbit. Moncure, Griff, Arlington, Va., 2 flying squirrels. Money, Mark Lawson, Jr., Vienna, Va., snapping turtle. Monks, Dr. T. R., *woolly monkey. Monohan, Frank, Silver Spring, Md., domestic rabbit. Moore, Howard E., 10 guinea pigs. Moran, John C., Alexandria, Va., Pekin duck. Morris, Charles A., domestic goat. Moser, Glen L., Hyattsville, Md., Flor- ida water turtle. Murphy, E. F., Jr., Chevy Chase, Md., Pekin duck. Myers, Z., College Park, Md., 2 Pekin ducks. Navy, U. S. Department of the (through the Hon. Charles S. Thomas, Sec- retary), 7 emperor penguins, 4 Adelie penguins. Nelson, Mrs. Alverina H., domestic rabbit. Nelson, Wallace, Silver Spring, Md., corn snake. Newton, Joanne, Silver Spring, Md., Cumberland turtle. Nicholson, John W., Beltsville, Md., raccoon. Nicodemus, G. K., Bethesda, Md., do- mestie rabbit. Nicolls, Barrett, Arlington, Va., Pekin duck. Norman, David, horned lizard. Norris, O. E., 2 Pekin ducks. North Atlantic Fertilizer & Chemical Co., New York, N. Y., *2 Indian pythons. O’Meara, Patrick J., Arlington, pilot black snake. Hyattsville, Md., Va., 114 Over, Mrs. Frank, Jr., Va., cedar waxwing. Paden, Janie, Arlington, Va., skunk. Pakistan Ambassador, Syed Amjad Ali (through FOA), Bengal tiger. Palm, Harry W., Arlington, Va., flying squirrel. Pan American World Airways, New York, N. Y. (through Mr. Samuel Pryor, vice president), 2 lion- headed marmosets, 2 Baillon’s toucanets. Parish, William, gray fox. Parker, James, 2 Pekin ducks. Parks, F. N., Silver. Spring, caiman. Payne, Fenton, coatimundi. Payne, Melvin, Jr., Silver Spring, Md., smooth-scaled grass snake, 2 Pekin ducks. Perfection Stove Co., Cleveland, Ohio, 11 Humboldt’s penguins. Perry, Eugene, Hyattsville, Md., 8 do- mestic rabbits. Pertin, Mrs. Margaret Ann, Bethesda, Md., 2 domestic goats. Peterson, Edwin H,, *caiman. Philadelphia Zoological Gardens, Phila- delphia, Pa., 10 southern copperhead snakes. Pitterling, Eric, Arlington, Va., squirrel monkey. Poole, Edwin, W., Hyattsville, Md., hy- brid duck. Possinger, Karlin, Takoma Park, Md., red-lined turtle. Post, Mrs. Herbert A., Chevy Chase, Md., 3 Pekin ducks. Potter, Mrs. Lloyd A., Bethesda, Md., copperhead snake. Powers, Jimmy, Silver Spring, Md., do- mestic rabbit. Press, Arthur F., Jr., Bethesda, Md., copperhead snake, timber rattler. Proctor, Carol, Chevy Chase, M4d., opossum. Pumphrey, Don, Bladensburg, Md., com- mon water snake, queen snake, *2 giant toads, *Murray turtle. Purcell, Ralph M., Chevy Chase, Md., skunk. Racoosin, Robert E., turtles. Falls Church, Md., 3 Cumberland ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1955 Rare Bird Farm, Miami, Fla., *3 king penguins. Reed, Jack, Tampa, Fla., hoshifiooesl iguana. Regan, Joseph H., College Park, Md., domestic rabbit. Reichel, R. J., Silver Spring, Md., 2 Pekin ducks. Rein, Gerald, grass parakeet. Reinke, Mr. and Mrs. William A., Mount Rainier, Md., skunk. Reiter, C. H., Jr., opossum. Remington, Edward, Bethesda, raccoon. Rensel, Del, president, Slick Airways, New York, N. Y., burro. ~~ Rew, Raymond, Frederick, Md., 4 wood- chucks, Rhodes, K. G., Alexandria, Va., canary. Richelsen, H., 4 domestie geese. Rickard, Mrs. Nelson, Virginia rail. Ridgely, Mrs. A. O., blue jay, robin. Riley, Don, skunk. Rivero, Dr. Juan, Mayagiiez, Puerto Rico, 2 Mona Island iguanas. Robbins, Larry, Silver Spring, Md., pilot black snake, mud turtle, musk tur- tle, 2 painted turtles. Robert, Lawrence Wood, caiman. Robertson, A., 2 Pekin ducks. Rogg, David, Falls Church, Va., caiman. Rollins, Wade, Neres a Md., pilot black snake. Rubel, Mary, Bethesda, Md., domestic rabbit, guinea pig. Rudkin, John T., W. Hyattsville, Md., 2 alligators. Russell, Mrs. Edward, gray squirrel. Sanner, Roland B., Pekin duck. Saunders, Stephen, Falls Church, Va., *13 parakeets. Savage, Frank, Rockville, Md., *rhesus Md., monkey. Scherer, Michael, pine lizard, sala- mander. Schribner, A. E., Hyattsville, Md., Java finch. Schwartz, J. M., domestic chicken. Scofield, John, blue honey creeper, *sul- phur-breasted toucan. Seegers, Scott, McLean, Va., *boa con- strictor, *Florida chameleon. SECRETARY’S REPORT Seielstad, David, Silver Spring, Md., hog-nosed snake. Sepulveda, Bobby, snapping turtle. Shaoshan, Mrs. H. M., Bethesda, Md., 84 ring-necked doves. Shaw, Bink, Pam, Crict, and Al, Fair- fax, Va., 4 foxes. Sherwood, Robert, Silver Spring, Md., eastern weasel. Sholar, Lynn J., Alexandria, Va., white- throated capuchin. Shook, George R., Youngstown, Ohio, 2 horned lizards. Sidwell Friends School, 4 guinea pigs. Simmons, Carl S., Newmarket, Va., 3 copperhead snakes, pectoral sand- piper, laughing gull. Simonds, Joseph, Silver Spring, Md., do- mestic chicken. Singleterry, Martha, Bethesda, Md., 2 horned lizards. Skelton, E. H., caiman. Smith, Arthur, Arlington, Va., *turtle. Smith, D. W., opossum. Smith, Mr. and Mrs. John T., Jr., Mon- rovia, Liberia, chimpanzee. Smith, Mike, Bethesda, Md., squirrel. Smith, William A., Arlington, Va., 3 Pekin ducks. Snyder, Capt. Francis C., 3 cottontail rabbits. Solomon, Daniel L., Hyattsville, Md., 2 Pekin ducks. Southard, Robert L., Falls Church, Va., domestic rabbit. Spencer, William, Rockville, Md., do- mestic rabbit. Spitzer, Gisele, caiman. Staley, Capt. P. C., 4 rice birds. Steinbarge, Wayne, Chevy Chase, Md., *American crow. Stepp, Dick, Riverdale, Md., pilot black snake, Stevens, Judy and Eric, Arlington, Va., weasel. Stevens, Mrs. Mary E., Silver Spring, Md., flying squirrel. Stevens, Robert A., Silver Spring, Md., caiman. Stewart, Caroline, homing pigeon. gray Silver Spring, M4d., 115 Stewart, Mrs. H. C., white-throated capuchin, Stone, Kenneth M., Arlington, Va., 2 Pekin ducks. Storo, Harold Helmer, Silver Spring, Md., pilot black snake. Strong, Robert, Silver Spring, Md., 2 Pekin ducks. Stroop, M. A., Newmarket, iguanas. Stuart, Frank, 2 chickens. Stubbs, Mrs. F., domestic pigeon. Sturino, Joe, 7 baby opossums. Style, Thomas W., Takoma Park, Md., Pekin duck. Swift, Mrs. H. M., Kensington, Md., ring-necked pheasant. Symonds, Mrs. Edward, McLean, Va., gray fox. Teagle, Douglas, copperhead snake. Temple Manor Kindergarten, opossum. Terrell, W. B., Takoma Park, Md., *pygmy rattlesnake, *5-lined skink. Thomasson, Mrs. B. E., Arlington, Va., domestic rabbit. Thornton, Peter, domestic rabbit. Tice, Mrs., white-throated capuchin. Tinnis, Leo M., Jr., Silver Spring, Md., caiman. Tomlinson, R. C., Alexandria, Va., 2 Pekin ducks, Geoffroy’s marmoset. Tourtelotte, Lt. Col. Franklin K., Alex- andria, Va., *spider monkey. Towers, Richard, Hyattsville, Md., 2 domestic rabbits. Towner, Nancy, Fort Lee, Va., 2 flying squirrels. Trigger, Mrs. Lona, Gaithersburg, Md., white-throated capuchin. Trundle, E. H., owl monkey, red fox. Twigg, Susan, Alexandria, Va., *boa constrictor. Tyler, F. D., Alexandria, Va., American crow. Tyrrell, W. B., Takoma Park, Md., red- bellied turtle. Uliman, Mrs. Virginia, raccoon. Underwood, John, Silver Spring, Md., domestic rabbit. United Cerebral Palsy of Washington, D. C., red howler monkey, 3 cotton- top marmosets, 6 blue tanagers, 4 saffron finches. Va., 6 116 U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Cam- bridge, Md. (through Daniel Russ), canvasback duck, red-headed duck, lesser scaup duck, coot, bald eagle. U. &. Fish and Wildlife Service, Sagi- naw, Mich., 2 whistling swans. University of Colorado Museum, Boul- der, Colo., chipmunk. Ursin, Mrs. P. M., McLean, Va., skunk. Van Dusen, W. R., Alexandria, Va., alligator. VanPoucke, Alfonso, 22 parakeets. VanPoucke, Mrs. A., 6 parakeets. Via, Dr. Hugh, Portsmouth, Va., box turtle. Vinikoor, Robert, domestic rabbit. Vinson, W. E., Falls Church, Va., Cali- fornia spotted skunk, guinea pig. Virginia Reptile and Tropical Bird Farm, Newmarket, Va., peach- faced lovebird, 4 Java rice birds, yellow tegu lizard, African knife fish, 13 cottonmouth moccasins, 9 water snakes, 2 Florida water snakes, 3 pilot black snakes, 2 racers, 13 baby copperheads, *South American boa, *emerald tree boa, *yellow bull snake, *pine bull snake, *indigo snake, *chicken snake, *2 red rat or corn snakes, *9 alligators, *timber rattlesnake, *copperhead, *Florida king snake, *2 ringed toucanets, *sulphur- breasted toucan, *3 cockatiels. Yeager, W. B., Silver Spring, Md., do- mestie rabbit. Young, Bob, domestic rabbit. Young, Ron, Chevy Chase, Md., raccoon. Wagner, E. C., 2 alligators. Walkup, Joe, Landover, snake. Walsh, Mrs. E. J., Pekin duck. Walter Reed Army Medical Center, *17 chimpanzees. Wannell, Raymond, Silver Spring, Md., toad, hog-nosed snake. Ward, F. E., 8 white mice. Ward, Steve, Takoma Park, Md., red- lined turtle, Florida water turtle. Warner, Tony, Bethesda, Md., water snake. Washington Animal Rescue League, weeping capuchin, ocelot. Md., night ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1955 Watkins, Howard B., Jr., alligator. Watts, Charles D., Jr., 2 Java finches, red-lined turtle. Weaver, Chief Warrant Officer W. H., Fort Myer, Va., domestic rabbit. Webb, Henry, opossum. Weber, Billy, Mt. Rainier, Md., 2 alli- gators. Weber, Walter A., Oakton, Va., vervet monkey. Webster, Clark G., glass lizard. Wegener, John B., Arlington, Va., Pekin auck. Weir, Mrs. R. H., Silver Spring, Md., 2 flying squirrels. Wenderott, Mrs. Pat, Bethesda, Md., 2 opossums. West, David W., Chevy Chase, Md., cottonmouth moccasin. Whalen, Billy, Silver Spring, Md., cai- man. Wheeler, Kendall, Chevy Chase, Md., Pekin duck. Whetzel, Mrs. Hilda L., Manassas, Va., 2 raccoons. White, Capt. Robert C., Arlington, Va., coatimundi. Whitley, W. F., Jr., caiman. Williams, P. B., Hyattsville, raccoon. Williams, Mrs. Robert E., Riverdale, Md., domestic rabbit. Williams, Robert H., Falls Church, Va., domestic rabbit. Wilson, Randy, opossum. Wink, L. J., Silver Spring, Md., Pekin duck. Winnacker, Paul, Chevy Chase, Md., 4 guinea pigs. Wise, W. W., Silver Spring, Md., do- mestic rabbit. Witt, J. B., 2 copperhead snakes. Wolff, Steven, 2 hamsters. Woodson, H. B., Arlington, Va., 2 spar- row hawks. Work, Fred A., Alexandria, Va., alli- Md., gator. Workman, Mrs. Ira, Crestview, Md., opossum. Worthington, Sandra, Takoma Park, Md., chicken. Wright, R. T., Chevy Chase, Md., rabbit. Wyckoff, William, Arlington, Va., ring- necked pheasant. SECRETARY’S REPORT ltd PURCHASES AND EXCHANGES Outstanding animals obtained by purchase or exchange were: A pair of rare flat-tailed otters (Pteronura brasiliense) of Brazil. These have thrived and made a remarkable growth. They are still youngsters, but the larger one of the two is now about the size of the big North American river otters. 'They have peculiarly flattened tails that look like oars. The Zoo has previously had only two small young ones, which did not survive. Four king penguins (A ptenodytes patagonica) were purchased and three others were deposited for a few days by the dealer. These are slightly smaller than emperor penguins but because of the rich golden color on the upper breast they are even more beautiful than the em- perors. ‘These are the first king penguins in the collection since 1947. Through exchange with Sir Edward Hallstrom of Sydney, Aus- tralia, a choice collection of Australian animals was obtained. In- cluded were a pair of rat kangaroos (Hypsiprymnodon moschatus), which are marsupials about the size of a fox squirrel; four kinds of wallabies, which are small kangaroos; and six kinds of birds, all choice from an exhibition standpoint. Through exchange with A. M. Greenhall of the Zoological Society of Trinidad, British West Indies, nine kinds of animals from the Island of Trinidad were obtained. These were highly desirable ad- ditions to the collections. Outstanding among them was an excep- tionally large bushmaster snake (Lachesis muta). Two of the extremely rare Allen’s monkeys (Allenopithecus nigro- viridis) were received. Only two of these had been in captivity, in England, prior to the spring of 1953, when the Zoo obtained two of them in May of that year. A few have since been brought to this country. Another interesting accession was a young female hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius) about 3 years old and weighing 865 pounds when it was received on June 29, 1955. It is hoped that she will grow and produce young. The Zoo has benefited greatly over the years from the exchange of young hippos born here for other animals needed in the collection and not otherwise obtainable. During the year there have been received from J. D. Handman, of Nyasaland, East Africa, several shipments that have been particu- larly desirable accessions. By getting the animals directly from the collector, many not ordinarily available through animal dealers have been obtained. The following were also obtained by purchase: Twenty-five African mammals, birds, and reptiles from the Kenya region in Africa. Outstanding among these were two giant Aldabra turtles (Z'estudo elephantina) of stock that is now thriving in Africa 118 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1955 where they were introduced from Aldabra Island in the Indian Ocean. There was also a black-backed jackal (Canis mesomelas), the first that has come to this collection since 1924. Two beautiful examples of the red uakari monkeys (Cacajao rubi- cundus). These monkeys are rare in collections. Their long red hair and brilliant red faces make them outstanding exhibit animals. Twelve pygmy marmosets (Cebuella ONES Two have been born in the group and are thriving. Until the last year or two these marmosets were very rare in collections, but apparently the region inhabited by them is now being drawn upon by animal dealers. Two Philippine Islands monkey-eating eagles (Pithecophaga jeffreyi). These large remarkable eagles are rare in the wild and in captivity. The national collection has previously had only one. Two young Asiatic tapirs (Acrocodia indica). A fine specimen of white-handed gibbon (Hylobates lar). A tame serval cat (Felis serval) of Africa, the first of its kind the Zoo has had for many years. It is a cat of remarkable appearance, with very long ears and fairly long legs. A galago (Galago crassicaudatus) from an African contact. This is one of the large galagos, a nocturnal primate that bears but little resemblance to the monkeys. Through exchange two young ostriches (Struthio camelus), a fe- male moufion (Ovis musimon), and a tahr (Hemitragus jemlahicus) were received. Other accessions were: Rare and beautiful birds of the parrot group—Finsch’s parrot (Amazona finschi) of South America, Rosella parakeet (Platycercus eximus) from Australia, and rainbow para- keet (Z'richoglossus moluccanus) from Australia, the last being the first of the kind in the collection. A tawny frogmouth (Podargus strigoides), an Australian bird that looks like a gigantic light-colored whip-poor-will. The peculiar form and pose of this bird is a never-ending source of wonder and interest to visitors. | Two concave-casqued hornbills (Buceros bicornis). These are large showy Asiatic birds which, with other specimens in the col- lection, give a good idea of the remarkable forms attained by this group of birds. A white phase of the peafowl (Pavo cristatus). It is many years since the Zoo had one of these showy birds, and although it is not particularly rare, it is an interesting exhibit because it is so beautiful. BIRTHS AND HATCHINGS Conditions under which animals are kept on exhibition are usually not favorable for breeding or raising young. However, occasionally young are born or hatched that are of outstanding interest to the PLATE 5 Secretary’s Report, 1955 Zoological Park simultaneously: Eight species of hornbills on exhibition in the National 1, Black-and-white hornbill (Bycan istes subcyline ats . ae Mata yan a (Ace undulatus); 3, wreathed hornbill (Aceros pli 2, Malabar hornbill (Anthracoceros malabaricus); 6, peas ave-c: isque d hornb 1 ( Buceros cornis): 7 7, black-and-white casqued hornbill (Anthracoceros coron atus); 8, Abyssinian grout hornbill | (Bucorous abyssinicus). (Photogray obs by Ernest P. Walker.) p/ cat us ); 4, Phi ppl ne horn ll (Bu eTos hyd TAX); (“1dATVAA ‘q asousy Aq sydvisojoy) ‘sjoyseW oyi OJUL IYSNOIg Usdq DAVY [V1DADS Udy] DUIS ING ‘FPOs] OF JOLId pjAOM SYNUAIDS YI OF UMOUY d19M “IaATY UOZRUTY dy} JO SloVMpeoy oy} 1¥ sjulod pasojvos AjopiIm WoIF ‘suswDads Moje A[UGQ *(21pj90F OIIWI]JVF)) JOSOWILU SIpoOd “Fysiy *AiArdvs ur dALIYI jou soop i asne¥dsoq A[ULeU sUOT]I9T[OD UT UOWWOSUN st AOYUOW SIYT, “YIeg [VoIso]ooZ [euoTeNY Ul porqiyxs (v1IeyI1¢ vIIayNg) AdYUOW IyVg poyseyl ‘7/77 9 SALV1d Ccél ‘yuodayy § AB JIA1IIg Secretary's Report, 1955 PLATE 7 1. Foussa (Cryptoprocta ferox), a Madagascar animal that is related to the civet and is ex- tremely rare in collections. This example is the first that has been exhibited in the National Zoological Park. —— . deg Stee oy + weer! So Se : x ihe r Pere 2. Branick’s paca (Dinomys branickit) in National Zoological Park, an extremely rare rodent that has a exhibited in zoos on only a few occasions. Inhabits the mountains of central Peru. (Photographs by Ernest P. Walker.) SECRETARY’S REPORT 119 public, and are valuable as additions to the group, or for exchange. - Outstanding among the births at the Zoo were the following: A female gaur (Sibos gaurus). These magnificent wild cattle are of such rarity in collections that very advantageous terms can be ob- tained in exchange for those in excess of the Zoo’s needs. A female Grant’s zebra ('quus burchelli bohmi). It is an attrac- tive youngster and a valuable addition to the wild horse group. A DeBrazza’s guenon (Cercopithecus neglectus), a moustache mon- key (Cercopithecus cephus), and two Barbary apes (Macaca sylva- nus), all of them thriving. The pygmy hippopotamus (Choeropsis liberiensis) produced one young during the year. The baby (female), born January 30, 1955, to Matilda, weighed 15 pounds and was the mother’s ninth child. This is the sixteenth produced in the National Zoological Park. Three more bear cubs (2 females and 1 male) were born on January 1, 1955, to one of the pairs of hybrids. These are a cross between an Alaskan brown bear mother (Ursus middendorfi) and a polar bear father (Thalarctos maritimus). They regularly produce young, but so far only one, now 51% years old, has survived. The herd of Chinese water deer (Hydropotes inermis) continues to multiply in a gratifying manner, sometimes producing as many as four at atime. The mortality of the young is rather high, but in spite of this the herd increases rapidly. One of the group of pygmy marmosets (Cebuella pygmaea) gave birth to two young which have grown rapidly. Until the past year or two, these marmosets have been rare in captivity and have generally not done well, but this group is doing well. A water civet (Atilax paludinosus) was born February 28, 1955, to the pair obtained August 19,1953. Itis thriving and growing rapidly. Three crested screamers (Chauna torquata) were hatched. They are South American birds about the size of a large chicken but are related to the ducks. Following is a complete list of the births and hatchings: MAMMALS Scientific name Common name Number Ammotragus lervia___.:...-.--.-i2----- Aoudad, or Barbary sheep------ 5 Mislar paludinosus______../-.--.i.-.---- Mihi Boy ae ees 1 ST Pe. cee eT SE rn ae eS ee 2 ine ica Park cattle..........5-nre <> 2 et Os awe elt West Highland cattle........-. 2 ae ee Water buffalo. =. 2524s cunn 1 ES SSE a ee Common goabsuserde. 22-355 7 Eebuella pygmaea._........-2.-....---- Pygmy marmosets_------------ 2 Merremsinects cophius 22. ==. _-- Moustache monkey-.----------- 1 Cercopithecus neglectus___...-.---------- DeBrazza’s guenon._--..------ 1 362912—55——__9 120 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1955 Scientific name Common name Number Cervus elavhuavioilol_suserew oo Sat Red ideer 2-4 a e2uu.euriiiesss 1 Choeropsis liberiensis...---------------- Pygmy hippopotamus__-_-__~_--_- 1 Choloepus didactylus.._.....- = --s--<--n= -wo-toéd sloth._._.. "= = aap 2 Cuntculusa pata... 2 > ee Pate.__...---.- = 1 {Brown fallow deer_____---_-_-- 3 Damp famne—- +3---7aciot Tig | White fallow deer_______-_-_-- 1 Equus burchelli bohmi_----------------- Grant’s zebra. foo6 epee 1 pL ES ee eee meer ae ee Dion 2.5. 8 Giraffa camelopardalis__-_-------------- Nubian giraffe. -= =. 22 ee 1 Hudropotes tnerimis_2 eee Chinese water deer__________-_-_ 8 Hypsiprymnodon moschatus___---------- Rat kangaroo! -_o._J_02 Seas 1 Hystris galeatad_ { ) ou Sts). paleo African porcupine_______------ 2 Gawd gl@inasaec-i2¢). cote) 4 olay op, LIAMe. oe se 2 Diggit DECIR SF hs ee ee Alpaca... 4. 1 Leantoéebus rustlig. cj. 2 3 Sa eee Lion-headed marmoset_--_-_--_-_- 1 Macaca sylvantes— 2 ee Barbary ape! = __ 2-22 2 Odocoileus costaricensis___-------------- Costa Rican deer____._-_-_-_-- 7 Odocotleus virginianus____-------------- Virginia deer..1? 24 472 2) ee 2 Onis imustamone — 6 a fee Se ee a See Movuflon.- 2c 5245 eee ee 1 Phiecomys Cuming... Slender-tailed cloud rat_______~_ 2 Poephiigus qrunniens 2.232. Se ee Wak___. eee 1 Deke NEDVON =. 2 bika’ deer. o_ [C2 Se ee ] Thalarctos maritimus X Ursus middendor fi. Hybrid bear (2d generation)____ 3 BIRDS Anas plabphuynchas.. 2-2 see eee Mallard, duck_..._.__ 5 ee 38 Branta,commdemsie: | <0 i 26 pa ee Canada ‘goose_- _. 2 =e 9 CELPONE TROSCNRIGS og pe ee Muscovy duck: ~ > “<== 2 22am 3 Chauna torquata 2)": 1 3: (Es ee Crested screamer________-_-_-- 3 Fighting fowle.cLLecr eee ee 2 CUS GOR oe ae fo jungle, fowk +4 {foe Sa 2 Larus novaghollandiog_- — 88 Silver cull_ ::. +.) = eee 2 Melopsittacus undulatus______.-_------_-- Grass parakeet__ 2 =e 14 Padda oryzwora 3 22 Se Javea spalrow. 722222 eee 24 Pavo(pristaiue 3/1230 819% 4 SST oe ae Peafowl_ i 2.0L Uo eS eee 7 Spheniscus humboldti_____..__-.-_-__--- Humboldt’s penguin__________-_ 2 Strepiopelia decndcie_.: Ring-necked dove_____-_------ 8 Taeniopygia castanotis__- 1. 7+ 2-2 Zebra, finch ____ _ 3 27 REPTILES Ancistrodon mokesim 610 {2 8s ek ee Copperhead snake_______-_-_-- 2 Ancistrodon piscivorus_ 2. =~ --_--_--- Cottonmouth moceasin snake___ 4 Chameleon Gite pes p22 ESTO PRRs ee African chameleon_-______------ 6 Epicrates cenchria..~2 2-2 Rainbow boa. .---2=32= 2 Noatriz cyclopion=>—2 ~~~ 2-2 eS Green water snake_________-_-_- 14 Natriz sipedopsss le A} ees Water snake_..___ 222 Sea 11 Natriz septemvitiista?) On Oe Queen snake_._... 22 eee 10 Seincus oficinalian.-2 2 EE TE ee Egyptian sand skinks______-_-_- 13 SECRETARY’S REPORT 121 PROBLEMS One of the most challenging of Zoo problems is caring for new animals or those that have not generally thrived in captivity under methods used before. This is particularly difficult with penguins. They are kept in a glass-fronted refrigerated room 22 by 13 feet under conditions suitable for these birds from the far south. Several dif- ferent kinds have been kept successfully and even emperor penguins have been kept as long as six years. However, they are especially susceptible to aspergillosis, a fungus growth that develops in the respiratory tract and even progresses into other portions of the body. Prior to the receipt of the king and emperor penguins, the cage they were to occupy was given a thorough cleaning, and after their arrival improvements were made to better their environment. For the most part, these consisted of lowering the temperature, reducing the hu- midity, and providing more perfect filtering of the incoming air. In spite of all efforts, however, only one emperor penguin was living on June 30. The king penguins, which were received shortly before the arrival of the emperor and occupy the same cage, are still thriving. Since the problem is of far more than academic interest, it might be well to point out that the Aspergillus spores are known to exist in soil and are probably of very wide distribution. Under some condi- tions chickens, turkeys, and ducks are subject to aspergillosis to such an extent that raising them is a difficult problem, and diseases some- what similar occasionally occur in humans. Therefore, what is learned in efforts to control aspergillosis in penguins may be of use in solving the problem of control of the disease in domestic fowls and human beings. The flat-tailed otters (Pteronura brasiliense) are so rare in cap- tivity that every possible effort was made to insure their survival. Since they are animals of the warm waters of the Amazon, a special installation to fill their tank with water at an accurately controlled temperature of 80° was provided, as were facilities for them to dry themselves quickly when coming out of the water so that they would not become chilled. They are making splendid growth and because of their great activity are first-class entertainers of the public. MAINTENANCE AND IMPROVEMENTS The routine work of maintenance and construction, which is car- ried on practically every day of the year, consists of such varied tasks as the removal of stoppages from drains and sewers, repairs of faucets, doors, cages, water lines, steam lines, boilers, refrigeration equipment, buildings, roads, and walks, and innumerable miscellaneous jobs nec- essary to keep the National Zoological Park in a safe and presentable condition. The need for the exercise of great care in working around 122 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1955 animals makes it necessary that practically all this kind of work be done by the Zoo’s own specially trained workmen, who must not only perform mechanical work but must cooperate with the keeper force and at all times exercise the utmost care that nothing is done that will injure the animals, the public, or themselves. Because of inadequate funds, maintenance and repair work for the year was limited to that which was most urgently needed. A new roof was put on the lion house, and new skylights were con- structed and installed. Much of the material used in the skylights had been salvaged, and some had been obtained as surplus from the armed services reduction in stock. At the end of the fiscal year reroofing of the antelope building was well under way. Two frame buildings used for emergency housing and as winter quarters for some animals were given an outside sheathing as pro- tection against the weather and to obtain some degree of added in- sulation. Throughout the year, and particularly during the warm weather, the entire heating plant is given a thorough overhauling to make cer- tain that it is in first-class condition and to reduce to a minimum the hazard of heating failure. This is an extensive job for the Zoo’s limited maintenance force. Ventilation systems and refrigeration plants for the penguins and for the preservation of food are all watched carefully and maintained in the best possible condition to prevent breakdown. Working at odd times between other urgent maintenance jobs, the mechanical force has made a remarkable transformation at one end of the monkey house. Hight old, small, poorly lighted cages were removed and the platform on which they stood enclosed with glass and wire fabric. Heavy tree limbs were added so that there is now an excellent large indoor cage for miscellaneous monkeys. At the close of the fiscal year there were 16 individuals in this cage getting along nicely and providing outstanding entertainment, as well as giving people an opportunity to study their movements and ways of life in the wild. Living together in this manner is highly beneficial to the monkeys as it stimulates much-needed exercise. No other major repair work could be attempted during the year. As pointed out in previous reports, the funds now available for operating the Zoo are not adequate to keep pace with deterioration of materials in the buildings and other structures that are now reach- ing such an age that an increasing amount of repair work must be done if they are to be kept in use. Six enclosures in the ravine above the sea lions have had to be abandoned because of inability to keep them in repair. SECRETARY'S REPORT 123 Over a period of years there has been a gradual increase in the amount of trimming of trees necessary along the roads, walks, and paths and in the exhibition area. Because of disease or age, some of the trees are dying and must be cut down. Others must be trimmed to remove dead or broken limbs that might fall and injure people or animals, or damage automobiles or structures. The job of cleaning up the grounds is a major undertaking. Using all available manpower, it usually takes 5 to 10 days to pick up the trash and restore the park to a fair degree of presentability after Easter Sunday and Monday. This work has of necessity been reduced to a minimum, with the result that the Zoo has been criticized by cor- respondents and the press for the condition of the grounds. The lawns, shrubs, and trees cannot be kept in as attractive condi- tion as they might be because of lack of maintenance funds. However, curtailment of this work results in less harm than does the neglect of structures and fences. During the year Congress provided money for the employment of a veterinarian but the position had not been filled at the end of the year. However, a veterinarian has now been appointed and will be on duty early in the fiscal year 1956. Temporary policemen were employed this year to assist the regular police during days of heaviest attendance or when the force was short-handed. This is a satisfactory arrangement and much more economical than employing additional full-time policemen when the permanent personnel now authorized is adequate for a large propor- tion of the time. From time to time during the year earth has been received for the fill across the road from the large-mammal house. After the fill is completed a sidewalk will be laid on that side of the road, providing a greater measure of safety for the public. Until the fill settles, the area will be used for a car-parking site, and later paddocks will be placed on it. NEW BUILDING The rest-room building, with headquarters for the police and office and storage space for the gardener, should be finished during the fiscal year 1956. The building was designed by the Department of Build- ings and Grounds of the Government of the District of Columbia in accordance with provisions of law. Inasmuch as bids under the original specifications exceeded the appropriations by about $30,000, it was necessary to prepare new plans and specifications, omitting about $30,000 worth of desirable but least-needed features, and to readvertise. This delayed final letting of the contract until April 19, 1955. 124 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1955 VISITORS The estimated number of visitors to the Zoo was 3,476,584, which was 139,636 less than for the year 1954. Since the daily attendance record of visitors is based entirely upon estimates rather than actual counts, it is entirely possible that there was not really a decline in the total. In spite of possible errors, it is obvious that the attendance is regularly between 3 and 3144 million visitors each year. By actual count, 10,674 visitors entered the reptile house on Sunday, September 5, 1954, and 9,313 on Monday, September 6. The esti- mated total attendance for the Park on those dates was 45,000 and 40,000, respectively. These figures are typical of holiday and weekend attendance. Estimated number of visitors for fiscal year 1955 aulky (206a oe! aiaete oe 484. 000 | February =-_-- 5 3° op ese 101, 750 PT Uc; |i ae eae ones Voge Be 550, 000 | March..___..... 197, 500 SEMPPIRDEr< 2200282 o20, 000 | April 6 ee 468, 384 Berner See eee arene ae 277, 200 | May-__ 8) vi Jee ae 403, 500 Noverber( 2 FO ry sis 143, 400) Sunes se _ 336, 500 December. 52). ie ate shia 58, 800 ————— dempaty (F955) 2 ws te li 197.5504 Total 2 23s as ae 3, 476, 584 Groups came to the Zoo from schools in Canada, Colombia, South America, and 31 States, some as far away as Maine, Florida, Missis- sippi, and Minnesota. Number of groups from schools Number | Number : Number | Number : Locality of groups | in groups Locality of groups | in groups ARIA So es Soe ee See 22 894"1|"Miichivan_*2*.2° 4425 Sea 9 523 Azkeansast 2. oRp ees cog. ie 2 45, Ait Moirinesota: 2 ao. See 4 155 Carine eA eee eee 1 22, || Mussissippi>. - 92>. = eee 8 357 Colombia; 'S;. Acoso 1 37 || New Hampshire_-__-_._______ 2 112 Connecticut. eee 16 798 || New Jersey__...------_- ‘ee 10 574 Dinlsware 22) 5 8 284 iNew Yorks.) = i= 22) ee 103 6, 759 District of Columbia____-___- 138 7,037 || Narth Carel. 7 256 10, 433 Wipsi@a. 05a te 11 1, 378 doses. . 2-2 ee ee 48 2, 244 Regret: freee ee ae 66 5,595 || Pennsylvania___..._____.....- 241 12, 573 Piingis2 5 Peer ae 4 12371| South Garolinsa 22) 2 ess 84 3, 503 Indiana s.22 2 3o =e wet 8 528 e@nnessee. 4.2725. 427.8 Se 73 3, 412 WOWa se eee ee ee 1 27 ll Wireinia.-es8 te 566 33, 010 Wangs ot pec te ee EE 1 30 || West Virginia... 2%) 2. 48 3, 766 Kentacky 25) ee 7 321) 1 Wisconsin: - 2 eee 3 257 Bio Ss bn ee ce ny dies ee, 20 900 Matyisnd (oo i eee 549 34, 294 Tota) ee eee 2,319} 130, 458 Massachusetts___.._-...-___.- 10 470 About 2 p. m. each day the cars then parked in the Zoo are counted and listed according to the State, Territory, or country from which they came. This is, of course, not a census of the cars coming to the Zoo, but is valuable in showing the percentage of attendance, by States, of people in private automobiles. Many District of Columbia, SECRETARY’S REPORT 125 Maryland, and Virginia cars come to the Zoo to bring guests from other States. The tabulation for the fiscal year 1955 is as follows: Percent Percent aa RE ee: OUIG 5) Bn de BT 1.6 a ee met ¢ beak Viren 2s ee ee 12 District of Columbia____-~--_-~- 6 SS OS 2 5 a te | 0 Ta ar a Ny tS Saas Tithe teeter Sails — Bie 0.9 1: lle Rc da Kaa RR aa Pes 0 RAMEN eth EE oso I IE 0.7 eee omronng 02. 0) fe Soi Oaliferntal FOS ono es 0.7 ray ey tr ee 1.7% Ment Carolan he et 0.6 The cars that made up the remaining 10.6 percent came from every one of the remaining States, as well as from Alaska, Austria, British Columbia, Canada, Canal Zone, Cuba, England, Germany, Hawaii, Japan, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Okinawa, and Puerto Rico. On the days of even small attendance there are cars parked in the Zoo from at least 15 States, Territories, the District of Columbia, and foreign countries. On average days there are cars from about 22 States, Territories, the District of Columbia, and foreign countries; and during the periods of greatest attendance the cars represent not less than 34 different States, Territories, and countries. COOPERATION At all times special efforts are made to maintain friendly contacts with other Government and State agencies, private concerns and indi- viduals, and scientific workers for mutual assistance. As a result the Zoo receives much help and advice and many valuable specimens, and in turn it furnishes information and, whenever possible, specimens it does not need. Particular thanks are due C. W. Phillips, Paul R. Achenbach, and R. S. Dill, of the National Bureau of Standards, for their advice and assistance in bringing about the best possible conditions in the refrig- erated penguin room. Dr. Willard H. Eyestone, veterinary pathologist of the Cancer Divi- sion of the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md., gave much valuable advice on matters pertaining to the welfare of the animals, and made every effort to help save the emperor penguins. He and other members of the National Institutes of Health isolated the organ- ism Aspergillus and established pure cultures of it, and are now trying to find a chemical or bacterial agent to combat the fungus. Dr. Eyestone also continued his own project of making autopsies on animals that died in the Zoo, in order to obtain information re- garding cancer and other diseases affecting human beings. Special acknowledgment is due to the United States Dispatch Agent in New York City, Howard Fyfe, an officer of the State De- 126 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1955 partment, who has frequently been called upon to clear shipments of animals coming from abroad. This he has done, often at great per- sonal inconvenience, and the animals have been forwarded to Wash- ington without the loss of a single specimen. For several years past the Zoo has been given, or has been able to buy at greatly reduced prices, considerable quantities of food ma- terials such as rice, flour, beans, and canned and packaged foods that had been condemned by the courts as unsuitable for human consump- tion. But this year almost no material of this type was made avail- able and the lack has been reflected in the additional expenditures necessary for the purchase of food for the animals. The National Institutes of Health, the Army Medical Center, the Navy Medical Center, and the Nutritional Laboratory of the Depart- ment of Agriculture gave the Zoo mice, rats, guinea-pigs, rabbits, and other animals no longer suitable for their purposes. These are valu- able food for many animals. The Poultry Division of the Department of Agriculture gave a considerable number of day-old chicks that were hatched in connec- tion with certain of their experiments. These are a highly desirable addition to the diet of many animals. Samuel M. Poiley, associate chief of the Animal Production Sec- tion, National Institutes of Health, continued to supply surplus lab- oratory animals and some that were raised for laboratory purposes, which were desirable additions to the exhibition collection. NEEDS OF THE ZOO Replacement of antiquated structures that have long since ceased to be suitable for the purposes for which they are used is still the principal need of the Zoo. Urgently required are: A building to house antelopes and other medium-sized hoofed ani- mals that require a heated building. A new administration building to replace the 150-year-old historic jandmark that is still in use as an office building but that is neither suitably located nor well adapted for the purpose. A fireproof service building for receiving shipments of animals, quarantining them, and caring for those in ill health or those that cannot be placed on exhibition. A new ventilating system for the bird house. Lesser items of equipment that are needed are a vacuum pump for more efficient and economical operation of the heating system in the reptile house; a band saw to replace one that is more than 40 years old; and an air compressor for general use about the Park. The enclosures and pools for beavers, otters, seals, and nutrias, in the ravine, need to be reconstructed. Owing to lack of funds for up- SECRETARY’S REPORT 127 keep, and consequent deterioration, this area has become unsightly and inadequate for the proper care and exhibition of these animals. In addition to new buildings, new paddocks are needed. Over the years, space for the exhibition of such animals as deer, sheep, goats, and other hoofed animals has been so curtailed that the collection no longer contains the proper assortment of these attractive and valuable animals. This has been brought about by the natural deterioration of materials, making some of the paddocks no longer usable; elimination of some paddocks for the construction of buildings on the sites; and abandonment of some paddocks that were in undesirable locations. Further abandonment of some paddocks is imminent to make way for parking space for cars and buses to offset losses in such space that will occur if the Rock Creek—Potomac Parkway is extended through the Zoo property on the east side of the creek. Construction of ten new paddocks and rehabilitation of six old ones are urgently needed. Provision of new parking space necessitates grading and surfacing about 14,000 square yards of land in several different locations. The establishment of parking space near the mechanical shops will make unavailable an area that has been used for the storage of a reserve pile of coal. As this location has never been an entirely satis- factory one, it would be highly desirable at this time to build an addition to the regular coal bunker to increase the capacity and elimi- nate the need for maintaining a separate reserve pile. The steadily increasing popularity of the Zoo, as a source of both entertainment and education, has developed such a volume of requests for information that there is now need for an additional scientist to share the load of answering queries and to assist in other administra- tive work so that the Director and Assistant Director can devote more time to general supervision of the Zoo. One additional general mechanic is needed to assist the maintenance personnel in what has hitherto been a losing race in trying to keep pace with natural deterioration in the structures. The newest of the ex- hibition buildings are 18 years old, the reptile house is 24 years old, and the bird house is 27 years old. The minimum of maintenance has fully occupied the mechanical force, mainly on the larger structures, so that there has been almost no opportunity to take care of the lesser structures such as paddocks and outside cages, with the result that an increasing number of these are unusable. Two additional permanent laborers are needed for proper mainte- nance, removal of dead or fallen tree limbs and other safety hazards, and repair of walks, guard rails, and other structures, for the protec- tion of the public. To comply with the requirements of keeping property and inventory records, in accordance with the program laid down by the General 128 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1955 Services Administration, by authority of the Federal Property and Administrative Services Act of 1949 (Public Law 152, 81st Congress, approved June 30, 1949), General Regulation 100 of the General Ac- counting Office, and Budget-Treasury Regulation No. 1, there is need for three additional clerks. STATUS OF THE COLLECTION Species or Individuals Class | subspecies BA Gram gs lo re yok Ae abt ae ee ee eee ee 242 836 Bards. ee ere oa enc 302 1, 383 Reptiles!) a. tN je JUL eee Soelto OF Zia Doe A 146 701 Asoninbians-4. 54-bit ae te ipa pee ol ee 26 95 Wish ee eet Oo els ES i a ce ee 25 292 Aréighnids)°. “oily iigdo’).. alaetn pdt te sip Jeng. 1 3 Tperia f5, 6 oo Bee eee eg ee 1 100 Total doce baste 2atilizesnog asked. winitrge 743 3, 410 Animals’on hand July’ 1, 1954.52.02 09Gs BU 20 2 eae 2, 980 Acecessions: during the yeariait 0:90.) wor) -7pc) sore op oie eee pone 2, 347 Total number of animals in collection during the year____________ 5 oon Removals for various reasons such as death, exchanges, return of animals on deposit, ete. = Soe ee a ee 1, 917 In collection on June 30,) 1955u2.t5icstos sii comes Gia 3, 410 Respectfully submitted. W. M. Mann, Dzrector. Dr. Lronarp CARMICHAEL, Secretary, Smithsonian Institution. 1Many small creatures are given to the Zoo that have been pets in homes where they are no longer welcome, or where circumstances necessitate giving them up. These include ducks, chickens, and rabbits given to children at Easter time, parakeets, alligators, caimans, guinea-pigs, ete. Also many of the common local wild things that are found by children or adults who think the creatures need help are brought to the Zoo. This includes a wide array, but particularly gray squirrels, cottontail rabbits, opossums, skunks, raccoons, foxes, woodchucks, blue jays, robins, sparrows, box turtles, as well as other less plentiful forms. The quantity of these received far exceeds the need for exhibition animals and facilities to care for them; therefore, some are used in exchange for other animals that are needed, and some are liberated. During the past year there were 925 individuals of 27 different kinds of such unneeded animals brought in. These were accessioned and therefore are recorded, which accounts in part for the large number of removals listed. eport on the Canal Zone Biological Area Sir: It gives me pleasure to present herewith the annual report on the Canal Zone Biological Area for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1955. SCIENTISTS AND THEIR STUDIES During the fiscal year 43 scientists came to Barro Colorado Island to do research in their respective fields. This is 21 more than last year. The following list does not include the large number who came to get acquainted with the island but who could spend only a day or two there. Investigator Abegg, Dr. Roland, University of Louisiana. Ansley, Dr. Hudson, Johns Hopkins University. Barnard, Dr. J. Laurens, Allan Hancock Foundation. Chickering, Dr. A. M., Albion College, Michigan. Clark, Dr. Walter, Eastman Kodak Research Labora- tory, Rochester, N. Y. Dawson, Dr. J. Wm., New Zealand to California. Hisenmann, Dr. Eugene, New York City. Enders, Dr. Robert K., Swarthmore College. Freund, Rudolf, Life Magazine. Gregoire, Dr. Ch., L’Universite de Liége. Gregoire, Dr. Jenny Legasse, Uccles, Brussels. Haig, Miss Janet, Allan Hancock Foundation. Harrell, Dr. Byron E., University of Minnesota. Principal interest or special study Observational studies of birds and plants. Collection and preservation of certain pentatomids, scutigerids, and related forms for spermatogenesis studies. Fresh-water amphipods. Continuation of intensive study of the spider fauna. Evaluation of extensive corrosion and deterioration tests. To know the richness of the island’s flora and plant ecology. Continuation of studies of birds of the island. Survey of mammalian fauna and pres- ervation of material for histological and embryological studies of agouti, Proechimys, and sloth. Photography of army ant life for ex- tensive paper on these, and collection of much new data and specimens for future articles. Mechanism of coalgulation of insect haemolymph. Collection of insects for Dr. Gregoire’s studies. To study the biota for future trips. Natural areas in middle America, dis- tributional studies of birds in cloud forests, ecology of birds of neotropi- cal rain forest ; behavior of Peripatus. 129 130 Investigator flenry, Mr. and Mrs. Thomas R., Smithsonian Institution. Huber, Hugh, Tubingen, Germany. Humphrey, Richard, Albion College, Michigan. Linford, Mr. and Mrs. James B., Oakland, Calif. Lichtwardt, Dr. Robert W., University of Illinois. Lichtwardt, Mrs. Robert W., University of Illinois. Littau, Dr. Alan §., Barnard College. Littau, Dr. Virginea, Barnard College. Lloyd, Ivan, Eastman Kodak Tropical Research Laboratory, Panama City. Lundy, Wm. E., Assistant Treasurer, Panama Canal. McEvoy, J. P., Pleasantville, N. Y. Mitchener, Dr. C. D., University of Kansas. Morris, Robert C., U. 8. Department of Agriculture. Olivares, Tito, Eastman Tropical Research Labora- tory, Panama City. Patrick, Dr. Ruth, Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Pippin, Miss Mary Ellen, Allan Hancock Foundation. Rettenmeyer, Carl, University of Kansas. Roberts, Dr. H. Radclyffe, Academy of Natural Philadelphia. Schneirla, Dr. T. C., American Museum of Natural His- tory. Sciences of Schrader, Dr. Franz, Columbia University. Schrader, Dr. Sally Hughes, Columbia University. ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1955 Principal interest or special study To collect more material on plants and animals for press releases. Naturalistic studies in association with Dr. Ansley. Assisting Dr. Chickering with his spider studies. Studies of bird behavior and nesting. Study of fungi of the Hccrinales living within the hind guts or on the exo- skeleton of various arthropods. Collection of host material of the Eccrinales order of fungi and re- lated forms. The ecology of fungus-growing ants, and photography. Ecology of fungus-growing ants and related species. Deterioration and corrosion studies. Further biological and ecological studies of mammals, birds, and insects. Material for The Readers’ Digest. Biology of soil-nesting halictine bees. Annual inspection of the termite tests begun in 1923 and his extensive new test areas. Biological aspects of corrosion and deterioration. Appraisal of the islands limnological possibilities. Plants and animals for future studies. Associate of Dr. Schneirla and aid to Mr. Freund; observations and collec- tions of bees and social wasps. A revisit to study the surrounding forest improvements. Continuation of his studies of the army ants and preparation of manuscripts and his forthcoming book on army ants. Continuation of extensive cytological studies. Further cytological studies; research on chromozones and preparation of preserved material for further study. SECRETARY’S REPORT 131 Investigator Principal interest or special study Schubert, Dr. Bernice, Survey of plants of pharmaceutical im- U. S. Department of Agriculture. portance for more intensive future studies. Soper, Dr. Cleveland C., Direction of deterioration and corrosion Eastman Kodak Tropical Research studies with particular emphasis on Laboratory, Panama City. photographic equipment. Swift, Paul, Physical and chemical studies related BHastman Kodak Tropical Research to corrosion and deterioration. Laboratory, Panama City. Weber, Neal A., Cultivation of the fungi cultivated by Swarthmore College. fungus-growing ants. Wetmore, Dr. and Mrs. Alexander, Inspection of the physical plant and Smithsonian Institution. continuation of his bird studies. Wislocki, Louis, Survey of mammal fauna and collec- - Swarthmore College. tion of tissues for histological and embryological studies. VISITORS In all, 636 local visitors spent at least a day on the island, and some stayed several days. All were most enthusiastic. Visitors and scien- tists alike were most interested in taking pictures, especially in color. Scientists are finding photographs increasingly valuable aids in their research and teaching. It is unfortunate that the high cost of trans- portation still keeps many away or considerably curtails their stay. It is hoped that means can be found to hold seminars of 20 or so under- graduate students for about 8 months each year. Such a program has tremendous possibilities and is receiving careful consideration. Anyone contemplating a visit to this unique spot in the American Tropics should communicate with the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, Washington 25, D. C., or with the Resident Manager of the Canal Zone Biological Area, Drawer C, Balboa, Canal Zone. RAINFALL In 1954, during the dry season (January through April) rains of 0.01 inch or more fell on 40 of the 120 days (94 hours), and amounted to only 5.84 inches, as compared to 12.83 inches during 1953. During the wet season of 1954 (May through December) rains of 0.01 inch or more fell on 191 of the 245 days (724 hours) and amounted to 99.84 inches, as compared to 92.14 inches during 1953. During 1954 rain fell on 21 days (818 hours), and averaged only 0.45 inch per day, almost 0.13 inch per hour. March was the driest month (0.21 inch) and November the wettest (17.14 inches). The wettes year of record (30 years) was 1935 with 148,42 inches, and the driest year of record was 1930 with only 76.57 inches. 132 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1955 The maximums of record for short periods were: 5 minutes, 1.30 inches; 10 minutes, 1.65 inches; 1 hour, 4.11 inches; 2 hours, 4.81 inches; 24 hours, 10.48 inches. TABLE 1.—Anxual rainfall, Barro Colorado Island Total Station Total Station Year inches average Year inches average 1925 ° fs eee 8 LOA) ST 109 23. 1946232). [noitoul _ 2 86.51 109. 43 ae.. 2. ee eee 118.22 118. 5@)VO4Se <~ Seis ee 91.82 108. 41 LOOT oy wpoerse. 5. eee 116, 36, d44 68) 1942 o the. Sie 2 11d, 40, 108.55 0 SIT he Pee ES WOT, GS LUG, a VG cs ok oe tet 120.29 109. 20 ch SRA 05. ed Oi, OF UG, OO) POSE a eee 111.96 109. 30 TBO EET Be eee 76. 570 PHROENS B] W945 mney, eee 120.42 109. 84 19Stetieiie ei eis 123,.:/30,;, (104. 69) 1946-0" __ 5. pie 87.38 108. 81 (2: 7S Sg Oe 2 113..52,. . 105. 36n| VO ess oe ee 77.92 107. 49 |B cs a Deal er oeeee nae 101.73. “TOS. SQ hO4s 3+. 3 ee 83.16 106. 43 Spl iad eda lo 122.:42'" 107. 04) 1949_____- oe 114.86 106. 76 419340. -- eee 143) 427 So T9S0! 2 eee 114.51 eee 19362. 520. SP EeReS. 98.88 ~106. 98] Phi) s._ Sueeiee 112. 72°" 107728 A: 2)" Core ae earns ae 124.13 | LED Re OBA sad: eee 2 97.68 106. 94 LS SRR ae 117,09 UNG Oa a 104.97 106. 87 Pe ee P15, 47 «LAO OAR 4 ae eee 105.68 106. 82 TABLE 2.—Comparison of 1953 and 1954 rainfall, Barro Colorado Island (inches) Total Accumu- Month ______________| Station | Years of | Excess or lated average | record | deficiency | excess or 1953 1954 deficiency UU gles Oe seas Saba te eee se see 4. 30 1, 24 1. 84 29 —0. 60 —0. 60 172) a a aes ee ee - 69 1. 29 125 29 +0, 04 —0. 56 Mareh._-.--.--------.--------=--.-.-- 1. 20 0. 21 1.16 —0. 95 —1.51 April. _- ~ see eee ea 6. 64 3. 10 3.16 30 —0. 06 1 57 &y---------------------------------- 9. 21 11.09 10. 84 30 25 —1.32 TERING go a ee 3. 81 12. 06 TE a7 30 +0. 89 —0 BTS oe ae Sap Soh aie es See 15. 93 15. 05 11.56 30 +3. 49 +3.06 AMPUSE Abe oa eS A ee 15. 60 12. 92 12. 30 30 +0. 62 +3. 68 NepteM Del. encase eee eee 5. 70 11.19 9. 95 30 +1, 24 +4, 92 October... 334-2 #4 8 SE 18. 27 13. 14 13. 66 30 —0. 52 NU WONIDEE none ne eee er ee ee 19. 28 17.14 19. 04 30 —1.90 +2. 50 Decomber...<52-!.,22,73--.- = 4. 34 7. 25 10. 89 30 —3. 64 —1.14 Yer. eee 104. 97 105. 68 106.'82'|):_-.. ee —1.14 WIRY SEASON one ee ee 12, 83 5. 84 7.41 |... 3S ee =i BF Wet season 52 3-> 2-82. 92.14 99. 84 09:41 jn. 2 ee —0. 43 BUILDINGS, EQUIPMENT, AND IMPROVEMENTS The 110—220-volt, 60-cycle overhead electrical installation was com- pleted. The electrical installation in the new building is about half com- pleted. The necessary pipes, sinks, and valves have been obtained and six electric dehumidifiers purchased. New metal shelving was purchased for two of the rooms on the upper floor, which will house the library and in which humidity control is readily possible, and a supply of Dexion slotted angles was purchased for additional shelv- ing, laboratory tables, and benches. Metal is being used wherever possible instead of wood, which is so susceptible to termite infestation. All the old metal beds were repainted, and four comfortable new beds were purchased for the two large laboratory-dormitory rooms SECRETARY’S REPORT 133 on the lower floor of the new building. This ground floor has a large dark room, four toilets, and shower baths with hot water. Much of the material for the dark room is on hand for early installation. The large laboratory building, built in 1923, is in good condition, though a few changes are contemplated which will add to the facili- ties it offers. The kitchen was repainted inside, and a new 66-inch white enameled cabinet sink was ordered to replace the stained and corroded iron sink. An electric water heater was purchased and will be installed shortly. Two of the cottages were repainted and the screening repaired and are now in very good condition. Corrugated iron sheets were pur- chased to replace the roof on the Haskins building. The repairs made to the Chapman house, plus liberal use of coal-tar creosote, should make this important building serviceable for several years to come. The three other cottages are serving their purpose well, and the few relatively inexpensive changes to be made will enhance their useful- ness. Of the trail-end houses, only the Drayton and Fuertes are in good shape. The one at the end of Zetek trail could be used if repaired. Neither the Bangs house nor the one at the end of Barbour trail is usable. A 14-foot metal boat and a 10-horsepower Johnson outboard motor were purchased to permit more effective patrolling of the island and in which it will be possible to reach Frijoles faster in emergencies. A new 102-horsepower Gray-Marine Express engine was purchased and installed in the U. S. Snook to replace the worn-out Red-Wing en- gine, and glass windows were made and installed, replacing the in- adequate and unserviceable canvas curtains. The U.S. Moon is still serviceable. A railing made of galvanized iron pipe was installed along the north side of the long line of steps from the dock to the laboratory levels. This safety measure has long been needed. MOST URGENT NEEDS A new water tank is very badly needed, for the one fed from the roof of the old laboratory building is of coal-tar, creosote-treated tim- ber and may collapse at any time. The use of concrete is not feasible because of the stratigraphy of the area in which it is located. A new tank of California redwood should be purchased without delay. It would cost less than concrete and would last long enough to be eco- nomical. Two of the metal septic tanks, which were installed at least 15 years ago, have rusted through and are a menace. They should be re- placed with concrete tanks as soon as possible. 134 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1955 The laboratory storerooms in the new building, which will also house the library, herbarium, and species index, should be stocked with chemicals, preservatives, laboratory glassware, and other neces- sary equipment. A separate dry room should be built on the ground floor of the new building to provide a storage area free from mold for visiting scien- tists to store their cameras, clothing, and luggage. A similar dry room is needed in the old large building for the storage of such items as linens, towels, and bedding to keep them free from the musty odors of the humid tropics; and dry closets should be installed on the up- per floor of this building and in the old Z-M-A cottage, the old Chi- chi cottage, the Barbour guest house, and the Chapman house. Tables are needed for the additional laboratory rooms, the library, herbarium, and kitchen to replace the miscellaneous collection of odds and ends that have been serving as tables. These can be economically built of Dexion slotted angles and heavy plywood. Repainting of the exteriors of all buildings is needed. Considera- tion is being given to making this a paint-test program to determine which paint gives the longest and most satisfactory service at the least cost. Since electricity is now available 24 hours a day, 4 attic fans, 6 oscillating fans, and 2 window air-conditioning units should be in- stalled in carefully chosen areas. These will help to reduce the in- terior temperatures and humidity of the laboratory buildings, and thus contribute to the comfort and efficiency of the scientists. The 29-year-old building occupied by the three laborers is in a bad state of disrepair and must be rebuilt. Originally the U. S. Depart- ment of Agriculture used this building for long-term termite tests, and termite damage has contributed largely to its present unsatisfac- tory condition. The dock at the island, though it has been extended each year be- cause of silting from the Allee and Lutz streams, is already at an un- safe distance from the shore. Consideration is being given to the relocation of the dock on the south shore of laboratory bay where soil deposition is less likely to occur. A trail will have to be made from the dock to the landing and this will require the purchase of more Decauville track. | The engine of the U.S. Moon, which carried the heavy burden when the U. S. Snook was laid up for repairs, is still serviceable, but needs to be overhauled soon to prevent more extensive and costly repairs at a later date. FINANCES The rate for scientists and visitors for one-day visits is $3 per person. This provides for the launch trip from Frijoles to the island, a guide on the trail, noon meal, and launch trip back to Frijoles in oe SECRETARY’S REPORT 135 time for the evening train. Scientists from institutions that con- tribute to the support of the island through table subscriptions pay $4 per person for each full day; others pay $5 per person for each full day. The full-day rate provides for three consecutive meals and lodging, in addition to the two launch trips required to reach and leave the island. The grant made by the National Science Foundation to the Smith- sonian Institution for the Canal Zone Biological Area was received with sincere appreciation. These funds enabled the Institution to continue the operation of the island without interruption. The following institutions continued their table subscriptions: SS EY eS SS $1, 000 rrr tet: NOCICLY 2 ee eee 300 Pere Geet Of; Natura! History 2) oe Ss 300 peereeerenrmnemar -aterir ST thy vepmes ot 2 O47 td eS Sart tet Ol ey ye 300 [The Smithsonian Institution provides other funds as needed. ] Donations from the following are also gratefully acknowledged: K. G. Cherbonier, Dr. Eugene Eisenmann, Dr. Margaret Fulford, Dr. C. M. Goethe, Father J. L. Hartman, Robert M. Laughlin, Dr. Harold L. Pierson, James Reid, Dr. Herbert Schwartz, and Dr. G. C. Shattuck. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Thanks are due to the Canal Zone Government, its Executive Secre- tary, the Customs and Immigration Divisions, the officials and em- ployees of the Panama Railroad, and especially the Police Division; the Panama Canal Company, particularly its Dredging and Com- missary Divisions and the Storehouses; and also Dr. Soper, Dr. Swift, and other staff members of the Eastman Kodak Tropical Research Laboratory, especially Dr. Soper. Without such generous and un- failing assistance, the Area could not function so successfully. Respectfully submitted. JAMES ZETEK, Resident Manager. Dr. Lronarp CARMICHAEL, Secretary, Smithsonian Institution. 362912—55——_10 Report on the International Exchange Service Sire: I have the honor to submit the following report on the activ- ities of the International Exchange Service for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1955: The Smithsonian Institution is the official United States agency for the exchange with other nations of governmental, scientific, and lit- erary publications. The International Exchange Service, initiated by the Smithsonian Institution in the early years of its existence for the interchange of scientific publications between learned societies and individuals in the United States and those of foreign countries, serves as a means of developing and executing in part the broad and compre- hensive objective, “the diffusion of knowledge.” It was later desig- nated by the United States Government as the agency for the trans- mission of official documents to selected depositories throughout the world, and it continues to execute the exchanges pursuant to conven- tions, treaties, and other international agreements. The number of packages of publications received for transmission during the year increased by 126,463 to the yearly total of 1,146,972, and the weight of the packages increased by 15,640 to 812,960 pounds. The average weight of the individual package decreased to 11.34 ounces, as compared to the 12.49-ounce average for the fiscal year 1954. The total weight of the foreign packages is higher than that received in any year since 1939. The 63 cases received from the National Central Library, Taipei, Taiwan, China, partially accounts for the increase. This is the first shipment from China since the one received from the National Central Library (then at Nanking) in 1949. The publications received from foreign sources for addresses in the United States and from domestic sources for shipment abroad are classified as shown in the following table: Classification Packages Weight Number Number Pounds Pounds United States parliamentary documents sent abroad__- 620, 990 Pass eee 212; 430. |e Publications received in return for parliamentary docu- MH ONTB Woon 5 ar ee ee | tt er eee 8, 582 |. 22 Sees 16, 432 United States departmental documents sent abroad_--- 243 608 ss Sea 176, 893.)2 5.22 ee Publications received in return for departmental docu- abroad... 22 So i Se ee ee a 168 O08 how cosh no 208, 184, |.2--22ssec—e Miscellaneous scientific and literary publications re- po from abroad for distribution in the United OBoo cin con pawn eat ee ee ee 96,400 |_-=-2-s6See 118, 712 Total. ooo ee ee 1, 033, 535 113, 437 656, 510 156, 450 Grams tote «8 nt sal J oe ie oe ee 1, 146, 972 812, 960 136 SECRETARY’S REPORT 137 The packages of publications are forwarded to the exchange bu- reaus of foreign countries by freight or, where shipment by such means is impractical, to the foreign addressees by direct mail. Dis- tribution in the United States of the publications received through the foreign exchange bureaus is accomplished primarily by mail, but by other means when more economical. The number of boxes shipped to the foreign exchange bureaus was 2,836, or 730 less than for the previous year. Of these boxes 897 were for depositories of full sets of United States Government documents, these publications being fur- nished in exchange for the official publications of foreign governments which are received for deposit in the Library of Congress. The num- ber of packages forwarded by mail and by means other than freight was 212,789. There was allocated to the International Exchange Service for transportation $41,000. With this amount it was possible to effect the shipment of 800,308 pounds, which was 12,552 pounds less than the weight of publications received during the year. However, ap- proximately 14,000 pounds of the full sets of United States Govern- ment documents accumulated during the year because the Library of Congress had requested suspension of shipment to certain foreign depositories. Ocean freight rates to the English and European ports were in- creased 15 percent in April, and the rates to Japanese, Philippine, and other eastern ports were increased 10 percent in May. The total outgoing correspondence was 2,568 letters, exclusive of information copies. With the exception of Taiwan, no shipments are being made to China, North Korea, Outer Mongolia, Communist-controlled area of Viet Nam, Communist-controlled area of Laos, or the Haiphong Enclave. With certain exceptions the regulations of the Bureau of Foreign Commerce, Department of Commerce, provide that each package of publications exported bear a general license symbol and a legend, “Export License Not Required.” The International Exchange Serv- ice accepts for transmission to foreign destinations only those pack- ages of publications that fall within the exception and those packages of publications to which the general license symbol and legend have been applied by the consignor. FOREIGN DEPOSITORIES OF GOVERNMENTAL DOCUMENTS The number of sets of United States official publications received by the Exchange Service for transmission abroad in return for the official publications sent by foreign governments for deposit in the Library of Congress is now 105 (62 full and 43 partial sets), listed 138 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1955 below. Changes that occurred during the year are shown in the footnotes. DEPOSITORIES OF FULL SETS ARGENTINA: Divisién Biblioteca, Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores y Culto, Buenos Aires. AUSTRALIA: Commonwealth Parliament and National Library, Canberra. New SourH WALES: Public Library of New South Wales, Sydney. QUEENSLAND: Parliamentary Library, Brisbane. SoutH AvusTRrALIa: Public Library of South Australia, Adelaide. TASMANIA: Parliamentary Library, Hobart. Victor1a: Public Library of Victoria, Melbourne. WESTERN AUSTRALIA: Public Library of Western Australia, Perth. AustTriA: Administrative Library, Federal Chancellery, Vienna. BreteIuM : Bibliothéque Royale, Bruxelles. Brazit: Biblioteca Nacional, Rio de Janeiro. ButGariaA: Bulgarian Bibliographical Institute, Sofia.’ Burma: Government Book Depot, Rangoon. CANADA: Library of Parliament, Ottawa. MANItToBA: Provincial Library, Winnipeg. OnTARIO: Legislative Library, Toronto. QUEBEC: Library of the Legislature of the Province of Quebec. CEYLON: Department of Information, Government of Ceylon, Colombo. CHILE: Biblioteca Nacional, Santiago. CHINA: National Central Library, Taipei, Taiwan.’ Perrine: National Library of Peiping.* CoLOMBIA: Biblioteca Nacional, Bogota. CosTa Rica: Biblioteca Nacional, San José. CuBA: Ministerio de Estado, Canje Internacional, Habana. CZECHOSLOVAKIA: National and University Library, Prague. DENMARK: Institut Danios des Exchanges Internationaux, Copenhagen. EeyPT: Bureau, des Publications, Ministére des Finances, Cairo. FINLAND: Parliamentary Library, Helsinki. FRANCE: Bibliothéque Nationale, Paris. GERMANY: Deutsche Staatsbibliothek, Berlin.* Free University of Berlin, Berlin. Parliamentary Library, Bonn. GREAT BRITAIN: ENGLAND: British Museum, London. Lonpon: London School of Economics and Political Science. (Depository of the London County Council. ) HunGary: Library of Parliament, Budapest.' InpIA: National Library, Calcutta. Central Secretariat Library, New Delhi. INDONESIA: Ministry for Foreign Affairs, Djakarta. IRELAND: National Library of Ireland, Dublin. IsrAEL: Government Archives and Library, Hakirya. ITALy: Ministerio della Publica Istruzione, Rome. 1 Shipment suspended. ? Changed from National Central Library, Nanking. * Name changed from Offentliche Wissenschaftliche Bibliothek, Berlin. ee eS eae SECRETARY'S REPORT 139 JAPAN: National Diet Library, Tokyo.‘ Mexico: Secretaria de Relaciones Exteriores, Departmento de Informacién para el Extranjero, México, D. F. NETHERLANDS: Royal Library, The Hague. New ZEALAND: General Assembly Library, Wellington. Norway: Utenriksdepartmentets Bibliothek, Oslo. Peru: Seccién de Propaganda y Publicaciones, Ministerio de Relaciones Ex- teriores, Lima. PHILIPPINES: Bureau of Public Libraries, Department of Education, Manila. PoLAND: Bibliothéque Nacionale, Warsaw.” PortuGAL: Biblioteca Nacional, Lisbon. SpAIn : Biblioteca Nacional, Madrid. SWEDEN : Kungliga Biblioteket, Stockholm. SWITZERLAND: Bibliothéque Centrale Fédérale, Berne. TURKEY: Department of Printing and Engraving, Ministry of Education, Is- tanbul. UnIon OF SoutH Arrica: State Library, Pretoria, Transvaal. Union oF Soviet SoctaArtist Repusrics: All-Union Lenin Library, Moscow, 115. UntIrep NAtTions: Library of the United Nations, Geneva, Switzerland. Urvuevay: Oficina de Canje Internacional de Publicaciones, Montevideo. VENEZUELA: Biblioteca Nacional, Caracas. YUGOSLAVIA: Bibliografski Institut, Belgrade.* DEPOSITORIES OF PARTIAL SETS AFGHANISTAN: Library of the Afghan Academy, Kabul. ANGLO-EGYPTIAN SupAN: Gordon Memorial College, Khartoum. Boutv1aA: Biblioteca del Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores y Culto, La Paz. BRAZIL: Minas GERAIS: Directoria Geral de Estatistica em Minas, Belo Horizonte. BRITISH GUIANA: Government Secretary’s Office, Georgetown, Demerara. CANADA: ALBERTA: Provincial Library, Edmonton. BriTIsH CoLuMBIA: Provincial Library, Victoria. New Brunswick: Legislative Library, Fredericton. NEWFOUNDLAND: Department of Provincial Affairs, St. John’s. Nova Scotra: Provincial Secretary of Nova Scotia, Halifax. SASKATCHEWAN: Legislative Library, Regina. DoMINICAN ReEpusLic: Biblioteca de la Universidad de Santo Domingo, Ciudad Trujillo. Ecuapor: Biblioteca Nacional, Quito. EL SALVADOR: Biblioteca Nacional, San Salvador. Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, San Salvador. GREECE: National Library, Athens. GUATEMALA: Biblioteca Nacional, Guatemala. Hratr: Bibliothéque Nationale, Port-au-Prince. HONDURAS: Biblioteca y Archivo Nacionales, Tegucigalpa. Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, Tegucigalpa. IcELAND: National Library, Reykjavik. * Receives two sets. 140 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1955 INDIA: BIHAR AND OrISSA: Revenue Department, Patna. Bompay: Undersecretary to the Government of Bombay, General Depart- ment, Bombay. UNITED PROVINCES OF AGRA AND OUDH: University of Allahabad, Allahabad. Secretariat Library, Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow. West BENGAL: Library, West Bengal Legislative Secretariat, Assembly House, Calcutta. InAN: Imperial Ministry of Education, Tehran. IRAQ: Publie Library, Baghdad. JAMAICA: Colonial Secretary, Kingston. University College of the West Indies, St. Andrew. LEBANON: American University of Beirut, Beirut. LiperRIA: Department of State, Monrovia. MALAYA: Federal Secretariat, Federation of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur. Matta: Minister for the Treasury, Valleta. NICARAGUA: Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, Managua. PAKISTAN: Chief Secretary to the Government of Punjab, Lahore. Central Secretariat Library, Karachi. PANAMA: Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, Panama. PARAGUAY: Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, Seccién Biblioteca, Asuncion. ScoTLAND: National Library of Scotland, Edinburgh. Sram: National Library, Bangkok. SINGAPORE: Chief Secretary, Government, Offices, Singapore. VATICAN CiTy: Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Vatican City, Italy. INTERPARLIAMENTARY EXCHANGE OF THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL There are now being sent abroad 92 copies of the Federal Register and 94 copies of the Congressional Record. This is an increase over the preceding year of 2 copies of the Federal Register and a decrease of 10 copies of the Congressional Record. The countries to which these journals are being forwarded are given in the following list. DEPOSITORIES OF CONGRESSIONAL RECORD AND FEDERAL REGISTER ARGENTINA: Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional, Buenos Aires. Biblioteca del Poder Judicial, Mendoza.° Boletin Oficial de la Republica Argentina, Ministerio de Justica e Tasecne: cién Piblica, Buenos Aires. Camara de Disputados Oficina de Informaci6én Parlamentaria, Buenos Aires. AUSTRALIA: Commonwealth Parliament and National Library, Canberra. New SoutH WALES: Library of Parliament of New South Wales, Sydney. QUEENSLAND: Chief Secretary’s Office, Brisbane. VictorIA: Public Library of Victoria, Melbourne.® WESTERN AUSTRALIA: Library of Parliament of Western Australia, Perth. 5 Federal Register only. ' . SECRETARY’S REPORT 141 BRAZIL: Biblioteca da Camera dos Deputados, Rio de Janeiro. Secretaria de Presidencia, Rio de Janeiro.° Amazonas: Archivo, Biblioteca e Imprensa Publica, Manfos.° Banta: Governador do Estado da Bahia, Sio Salvador.’ Esperito Santo: Presidencia do Estado do Espirito Santo, Victoria.° Rio GRANDE DO SuL: Imprensa Oficial do Estado, Porto Alegre. SAo Pavuto: Imprensa Oficial do Estada, Sao Paulo. Sercrre: Biblioteca Pfiblica do Estado de Sergipe, Aracaju.° British Honpuras: Colonial Secretary, Belize. CANADA: Library of Parliament, Ottawa. Clerk of the Senate, Houses of Parliament, Ottawa. CryLon: Ceylon Ministry of Defense and External Affairs, Colombo. CHINA: Legislative Yuan, Taipei, Taiwan.° Taiwan Provincial Government, Taipei, Taiwan. Cusa: Biblioteca del Capitolio, Habana. Biblioteca Publica Panamericana, Habana.° Biblioteca Marti Camara de Representantes, Habana. Eeyet: Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Egyptian Government, Cairo.°® Ex SALVADOR: Library, National Assembly, San Salvador. FRANCE: Bibliothéque Assemblée Nationale, Paris. Bibliothéque Conseil de la République, Paris. Library, Organization for European Economic Cooperation, Paris.’ Publiques de l'Institut de Droit Comparé, Université de Paris, Paris.° Research Department, Council of Europe, Strasbourg.*® Service de la Documentation Etrangére, Assemblée Nationale, Paris.‘ GERMANY: Amerika-Institut der Universitit Miinchen, Miinchen.° Archiv, Deutscher Bundesrat, Bonn. Bibliothek der Instituts fiir Weltwirtschaft an der Universitat Kiel, Kiel- Wik. Bibliothek Hessischer Landtag, Wiesbaden.° Der Bayrische Landtag, Munich.®* ” Deutscher Bundesrat, Bonn.® Deutscher Bundestag, Bonn.’ Hamburgisches Welt-Wirtschafts-Archiv, Hamburg.® GoLtp CoAst: Chief Secretary’s Office, Accra.°® GREAT BRITAIN: Department of Printed Books, British Museum, London.° House of Commons Library, London.’ Printed Library of the Foreign Office, London. Royal Institute of International Affairs, London.® GREECE: Bibliothéque, Chambre des Députés Hellénique, Athens. GUATEMALA: Biblioteca de la Asamblea Legislativa, Guatemala. HAITI: Bibliothéque Nationale, Port-au-Prince. HonpurAs: Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional, Tegucigalpa. ® Congressional Record only. ™Three copies. 142 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1955 INDIA: Civil Secretariat Library, Lucknow, United Provinces.® Indian Council of World Affairs, New Delhi.* Jammu and Kashmir Constituent Assembly, Srinagar.*® Legislative Assembly, Government of Assam, Shillong.® Legislative Assembly Library, Lucknow, United Provinces. Legislative Assembly Library, Trivandrum.° Madras State Legislature, Madras.® § Parliament Library, New Delhi.® Servants of India Society, Poona.* IRELAND: Dail Eireann, Dublin. ISRAEL: Library of the Knesset, Jerusalem. ITALY: Biblioteca Camera dei Deputati, Rome. Biblioteca del Senato della Republica, Rome. European Office, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.® International Institute for the Unification of Private Law, Rome.® JAPAN: Library of the National Diet, Tokyo. Korea: Secretary General, National Assembly, Pusan. LUXEMBOURG: Assemblée Commune de la C. E. C. A., Luxembourg. Mexico: Direccién General Informacién, Secretaria de Gobernacién, México, D. F. Biblioteca Benjamin Franklin, México, D. F. AGUASCALIENTES: Gobernador del Estado de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes. Baya CALIFORNIA: Gobernador del Distrito Norte, Mexicali. CAMPECHE: Gobernador del Estado de Campeche, Campeche. CHIAPAS: Gobernador del Estado de Chiapas, Tuxtla Gutiérrez. CHIHUAHUA: Gobernador del Estado de Chihuahua, Chihuahua. CoAHUILA: Periddico Oficial del Estado de Coahuila, Palacio de Gobierno, Saltillo. CoLtIMA: Gobernador del Estado de Colima, Colima. DuvurANGO: Gobernador Constitucional del Estado de Durango, Durango.® GUANAJUATO: Secretaria General de Gobierno del Estado, Guanasaeee 7 GUERRERO: Gobernador del Estado de Guerrero, Chilpancingo.* JALISCO: Biblioteca del Estado, Guadalajara. Mexico: Gaceta del Gobierno, Toluca. MicHoAcANn: Secretaria General de Gobierno del Estado de Sane. Morelia. MoRELos: Palacio de Gobierno, Cuernavaca. NaAYARIT: Gobernador de Nayarit, Tepic. Nuevo LE6n: Biblioteca del Estado, Monterrey. Oaxaca: Periddico Oficial, Palacia de Gobierno, Oaxaca.® PueEsLa: Secretaria General de Gobierno, Puebla. QUERETARO: Secretaria General de Gobierno, Secci6n de Archivo, Querétaro. Saw Luts Potosi: Congreso del Estado, San Luis Potosi.’ SINALOA: Gobernador del Estado de Sinaloa, Culiacin. Sonora: Gobernador del Estado de Sonora, Hermosillo. ® Added during year. SECRETARY’S REPORT 143 Merxico—Continued Taspasco: Secretaria de Gobierno, Sessién 3a, Ramo de Prensa, Villaher- mosa.° TAMAULIPAS: Secretaria General de Gobierno, Victoria. TLAXCALA: Secretaria de Gobierno del Estado, Tlaxcala.® VERACRUZ: Gobernador del Estado de Veracruz, Departamento de Gober- naciOn y Justicia, Jalapa. YucatTAn: Gobernador del Estado de Yucatéin, Mérida. NETHERLANDS: Koninklijke Bibliotheek, The Hague.° New ZEALAND: General Assembly Library, Wellington. Norway: Library of the Norwegian Parliament, Oslo. PAKISTAN: Punjab Legislative Assembly Department, Lahore. PANAMA: Biblioteca Nacional, Panama City.® PERU: Camara de Diputados, Lima. PoLAND: Ministry of Justice, Warsaw.° PorTuGaL: Secretaria de Assembla National, Lisbon.® PorTUGUESE Timor: Reparticio Central de Administracéio Civil, Dili.’ SWITZERLAND: Bibliothéque, Bureau International du Travail, Geneva.°® International Labor Office, Geneva.” ° Library, United Nations, Geneva. UnIon oF SOUTH AFRICA: Care or Goop Hope: Library of Parliament, Cape Town. TRANSVAAL: State Library, Pretoria. UNION or Soviet Soclarisr REPUBLICS: Fundamental’niia Biblioteka Obschest- vennykh Nauk, Moscow.°® URuGuay: Diario Oficial, Calle Florida 1178, Montevideo. VENEZUELA: Biblioteca del Congreso, Caracas. FOREIGN EXCHANGE SERVICES Exchange publications for addresses in the countries listed below are forwarded by freight to the exchange services of those countries. Exchange publications for addresses in other countries are forwarded directly by mail. LIST OF EXCHANGE SERVICES AustTriA: Austrian National Library, Vienna. BeLcium: Service des Echanges Internationaux, Bibliotheque Royale de Bel- gique, Bruxelles. CHINA: National Central Library, Taipei, Taiwan. CZECHOSLOVAKIA: Bureau of International Exchanges, National and University Library, Prague. DENMARK: Institut Danois des Echanges Internationaux, Bibliothéque Royale, Copenhagen K. Eayrpt: Government Press, Publications Office, Bulaq, Cairo. FINLAND: Delegation of the Scientific Societies, Snellmaninkatu 9-11, Helsinki. FRANCE: Service des Echanges Internationaux, Bibliothéque Nationale, 58 Rue de Richelieu, Paris. GERMANY (Hastern): Deutsche Staatsbibliothek, Berlin. ®° Two copies. 10 Changed from National Central Library, Nanking. 144 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1955 GERMANY (Western): Notgemeinschaft der Deutschen Wissenschaft, Bad Godesberg. GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND: Wheldon & Wesley, 83/84 Berwick Street, London, be Ke HunGAarky: National Library, Széchényi, Budapest. INDIA: Government Printing and Stationery, Bombay. INDONESIA: Minister of Education, Djakarta.” IsRAEL: Jewish National and University Library, Jerusalem. IraLy: Ufficio degli Scambi Internazionali, Ministero della Publica Istruzione, Rome. JAPAN: Division of International Affairs, National Diet Library, Tokyo. NETHERLANDS: International Exchange Bureau of the Netherlands, Royal Li- brary, The Hague. NEw SoutTH WALES: Public Library of New South Wales, Sydney. New ZEALAND: General Assembly Library, Wellington. Norway: Service Norvégien des Echanges Internationaux, Bibliothéque de V’Université Royale, Oslo. PHILIPPINES: Bureau of Public Libraries, Department of Education, Manila. PoLaND: Service Polonais des Echanges Internationaux, Bibliothéque Nationale, Warsaw. PorTuGAL: Seccio de Trocas Internacionais, Biblioteca Nacional, Lisbon. QUEENSLAND: Bureau of Exchanges of International Publications, Chief Secre- tary’s Office, Brisbane. SoutH AUSTRALIA: South Australian Government Exchanges Bureau, Govern- ment Printing and Stationery Office, Adelaide. Spain: Junta de Intercambio y Adquisici6n de Libros y Revistas para Bibliote- cas Pfiblicas, Ministerio de Educacién Nacional, Avenida Calvo Sotelo 20, Madrid. SWEDEN: Kungliga Biblioteket, Stockholm. SwWITzERLAND: Service Suisse des Echanges Internationaux, Bibliothéque Cen- trale Fédérale Palais Fédéral, Berne. TASMANIA: Secretary of the Premier, Hobart. TuRKEY: Ministry of Education, Department of Printing and Engraving, Istan- bul. UNION OF SoutH AFRICA: Government Printing and Stationery Office, Cape Town, Cape of Good Hope. UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS: Bureau of Book Exchange, State Lenin Library, Moscow 19. Victoria: Public Library of Victoria, Melbourne. WESTERN AUSTRALIA: Public Library of Western Australia, Perth. YUGOSLAVIA: Bibliografski Institut FNRJ, Belgrade. Respectfully submitted. D. G. WuuuuaMms, Chief. Dr. Lzonarp CARMICHAEL, Secretary, Smithsonian Institution. 11 Between the United States and England only. 4 Changed from Department of Cultural Affairs and Education, Djakarta. Report on the National Gallery of Art Sir: I have the honor to submit, on behalf of the Board of Trustees, the eighteenth annual report of the National Gallery of Art, for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1955. This report is made pursuant to the provisions of section 5 (d) of Public Resolution No. 14, Seventy-fifth Congress, first session, approved March 24, 1937 (50 Stat. 51). ORGANIZATION The statutory members of the Board of Trustees of the National Gallery of Art are the Chief Justice of the United States, the Secre- tary of State, the Secretary of the Treasury, and the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, ex officio. The five general trustees continu- ing in office during the fiscal year ended June 30, 1955, were Samuel H. Kress, Ferdinand Lammot Belin, Duncan Phillips, Chester Dale, and Paul Mellon. The Board held its annual meeting on May 3, 1955. Samuel H. Kress was reelected President and Ferdinand Lammot Belin Vice President, to serve for the ensuing year. All the executive officers of the Gallery continued in office during the year. The executive officers of the Gallery as of June 30, 1955, are: Huntington Cairns, Secretary-Treasurer. David BE. Finley, Director. Ernest R. Feidler, Administrator. Huntington Cairns, General Counsel. John Walker, Chief Curator. Macgill James, Assistant Director. The three standing committees of the Board, as constituted at the annual meeting May 3, 1955, were as follows: EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE Chief Justice of the United States, Earl Warren, Chairman. Samuel H. Kress, Vice Chairman. Ferdinand Lammot Belin. Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, Dr. Leonard Carmichael. Paul Mellon. FINANCE COMMITTEE Secretary of the Treasury, George M. Humphrey, Chairman. Chester Dale, Vice Chairman. Samuel H. Kress. Ferdinand Lammot Belin. Paul Mellon. 145 146 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1955 ACQUISITIONS COMMITTEE Ferdinand Lammot Belin, Chairman. Duncan Phillips. Chester Dale. Paul Mellon. David E. Finley. PERSONNEL On June 30, 1955, full-time Government employees on the staff of the National Gallery of Art numbered 301, as compared with 306 employees as of June 80, 1954. The United States Civil Service regulations govern the appointment of employees paid from appro- priated public funds. APPROPRIATIONS For the fiscal year ended June 30, 1955, the Congress of the United States appropriated for the National Gallery of Art $1,300,000, to be used for salaries and expenses in the operation and upkeep of the Gallery, the protection and care of works of art acquired by the Board of Trustees, and all administrative expenses incident thereto, as authorized by Joint Resolution of Congress approved March 24, 1937 (20 U. S. C. 71-75; 50 Stat. 51), and a supplemental appropriation of $23,264 to meet the Gallery’s requirements for the fiscal year under the “Federal Employees Salary Increase Act of 1955.” The total appropriation for the fiscal year was $1,323,264. The following ex- penditures and encumbrances were incurred: Personal. S@%Vie@6. 2.5... a a * $1, 173, 681. 41 Printing .angd. Teproduciione sa <4 sue 3, 082. 05 Electricity, supplies, equipment, ete. 2920905 aiateeR ae 146, 500. 54 Total 1, 328, 264. 00 ATTENDANCE During the fiscal year 1955 there were 814,932 visitors to the Gal- lery—an average daily attendance of about 2,245. ACCESSIONS There were 842 accessions by the National Gallery of Art as gifts, loans, or deposits during the fiscal year. Most of the paintings and a number of the prints were placed on exhibition. 1 This includes the $23,264 of the supplemental appropriation and $2,572 of the other- wise unobligated balance of the regular appropriation. | | SECRETARY’S REPORT 147 GIFTS During the fiscal year 1955 the following gifts were accepted by the Board of Trustees: PAINTINGS Donor Artist Title Mrs. Charles D. Draper-_--_-- A 2 Si late panera George Washington, Mrs. Charles D. Draper- -_--- SAerh.. per Ann Barry. Mrs. Charles D. Draper-_---- uuart.. — 2 73 oe a Mary Barry. Mrs. Charles D. Draper----- LTE Ta RS ae Rae Jean Christie, Mrs. Margaret S. Lewisohn__ MRenoir__-__-_-_-_-_-_- The Vintagers. Mrs. Dwight Davis_-_-_--_--_-- g EAC 7 2 ancien aap earaeies Captain Forbes. Mrs. Leland Harrison-_ _-_----- Be EE eS Thomas Sully. Mrs. Wm. D. Vogel___----_-- ER oe On the Terrace. Lessing J. Rosenwald _--_--_-- U2 ee ns ee The Last Supper. Pee ese Rosalba Carriera_-___-_ Portrait de Femme, Comtesse Orzelska. Bewie Pipsteim - ___-______- ji? i! ge ae ee On Scene Champétre. Por paers Guyer, air) 022 2 The Bullfight, SCULPTURE Mrs. Margaret 8S. Lewisohn_._ Renoir__---_-------- Coco. Miss Mildred Howells______-_ Rear 2222 at Wm. Dean Howells. Lessing J.. Rosenwald _- ---_-- Dauner: ws. fo Le Bourgeois qui fldne. Lessing J. Rosenwald _--_--_-- Dauner. =. .-.4. 5 L’ Amoureux. PRINTS eee cite “Jeu de Cartes” by Du Rameau. Mrs. W. Murray Crane________. 27 prints. George Matthew Adams-_-_-_-_-__. 56 prints. Lessing J. Rosenwald_________. 253 prints. People of the Federal Republic Sh 64 prints. EXCHANGE OF WORKS OF ART The Board of Trustees during the year accepted the offer of Lessing J. Rosenwald to exchange the following prints for superior impres- sions of the same works: Artist Title i a ee Bacchanalian Group with a Press. LL ON Entombment. I oS A Nereid and Two Children Playing Musical Instruments. es, hc rr Griffins and Two Cupids Crossing Halberds. Pe tererre tt i a ee A Nereid Ridden by Two Children. praieneren 8! tt. Three Children Blowing Horns. 148 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1955 WORKS OF ART ON LOAN During the fiscal year 1955 the following works of art were received on loan by the National Gallery of Art: From— Artist Chester Dale, New York, N. Y.: Chrycsuntheminig?”? 9642 pe William Chase. Portrait of Younger Woman:-= 22... 18S David D’Avignon. Edward T. Wailes, Washington, D. C.: Ttalian“andacape. = 22 so sn Se I Se Jan Both. Robert Thayer, Washington, D. C.: . Harriton Gray een a en i CO a Copley. Hlizabeth ' Gray Otis... 2 I A Copley. Samuel Alleyne’ OUs__- 20 2-2 be Rs ee Stuart. Edgar William and Bernice Chrysler Garbisch, New York, N. Y.: Sixty-three early American paintings. Robert Woods Bliss, Washington, D. C.: Nineteen objects of Pre-Columbian art. LOANED WORKS OF ART RETURNED The following works of art on loan were returned during the fiscal year 1955: To— Artist Chester Dale, New York, N. Y.: Ralph: Waldo imerson. =. ir). a) Peele | else oe Thomas Sully. The Seine at Giverny 222.0! “0! ee ees eee Monet. Mrs. Charlotte Fuerstenberg, Johannesburg, South Africa: Bread and Woes 202 oso i ee ee Cézanne. The Bridge of Langlois 2 ee ne ee Van Gogh. lia "Pollette. 2 hee eee ee Toulouse-Lautrec. John S. Broome, Oxnard, Calif. : Lost. on the Grand Banks 2. 2) 5 bet be ee Homer. Mr. and Mrs. Charles B. Wrightsman, Palm Beach, Fla.: Girl with a Cat__.-T 4 ae) pope is a ee Renoir. WORKS OF ART LENT During the fiscal year 1955 the Gallery lent the following works of art for exhibition purposes: To— Kennedy Galleries, New York, N. Y.: Artist Aretic Hares... ils ee ee ee J. J. Audubon. Sharp-Talled Sparrows. 2 ae ee J. J. Audubon. Yellow Warbler... 3. a ee J. J. Audubon. Orchard, tOriple 32) -5ic07) ote te ee ae J. J. Audubon. Farmyard Fowls___--_- SR CE. BY ee es Se RN J. J. Audubon, John James Audubonete niet cat ry J. Woodhouse Au- dubon. Armed Forces Medical Library, Washington, D. C.: Christ: Healing the Bick’ (orint) 22402) eee Rembrandt. The White House, Washington, D. C.: Ships in the Scheldt Estuaty 2.2 ee Storck. SS oe j ) SECRETARY’S REPORT 149 To— Artist The Morgan Library, New York, N. Y.: I a eit Diirer. er sorrows (print)... _soitih adept. Diirer. Young Woman (Costume Study) (print)----__---___-_- Diirer. The Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts, Philadelphia, Pa.: 0 nn ee aay ve eee Charles Willson Peale Lady with a Harp; Bliza Ridgely_______-________-_____- Sully. mv omnm in White .___._____ 202) 8 wee Henri. The Supreme Court, Washington, D. C.: Vue general des Alpes et Glaciers___-___-_-________--__- Descourtis. mee en ere A ee heey ot pele ee Jeet} Descourtis. ETE NT 1 EES ee ee ne 2a en Janinet. ee tend Aoterdim Midi.) 0) ej eile 7 Janinet. Boston Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Mass. : TES BT nes ne Marin. Phillips Memorial Gallery, Washington, D. C.: 2 GS 2 i ane ee Ca Re) eee a ee ee Marin. The San Francisco Museum of Art, San Francisco, Calif. : Se ee eae Marin. EXHIBITIONS The following exhibitions were held at the National Gallery of Art during the fiscal year 1955: American Primitive Paintings. From the Collection of Edgar William and Bernice Chrysler Garbisch. Continued from previous fiscal year, through July 11, 1954. Renaissance Prints by Lucas van Leyden, Marcantonio Raimondi and Jean Duvet. From the Lessing J. Rosenwald Collection. October 24, 1954, through February 6, 1955. Austrian Drawings and Prints. From the Albertina Museum, Vienna. February 20 through March 20, 1955. Goya Drawings and Prints. From the Prado Museum and the Lazaro Galdiano Museum, Madrid. April 2 through April 24, 1955. American Primitive Paintings. From the Collection of Edgar William and Bernice Chrysler Garbisch. Opened May 29, 1955. Miniatures and Prints. From the Lessing J. Rosenwald Collection. Opened May 29, 1955. TRAVELING EXHIBITIONS Rosenwald Collection.—Special exhibitions of prints from the Rosenwald Collection were circulated to the following places during the fiscal year 1955: Milwaukee Art Institute, Milwaukee, Wis.: Prints for an exhibition, “Music in Art.” September 1954. The Print Club of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pa.: Exhibition of prints from the collections of Board Members. Anonymous German, “Christ’s Entry into Jerusalem.” September 1954. 150 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1955 Portland Art Museum, Portland, Oreg.: Exhibition of Early German Prints. October 1954. Toledo Museum of Art, Toledo, Ohio: Renoir, “Portrait of Wagner” (lithograph). Lent to “Composer Portraits and Autograph Scores.” October 3-November 7, 1954. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, Ohio: Two Huber drawings lent to the Chinese Landscape Exhibition. November 4, 1954-January 2, 1955. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C.: Loans to the exhibition, ‘American Drawings,” sent to Munich, Rouen, and London, by the United States Information Agency. 1954-55. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C.—Traveling Exhibition: Goya Drawings and Prints. Rosenwald Goya prints added to those from Madrid. 1955. The Pierpont Morgan Library, New York, N. Y.: Diirer Prints and Drawings. March-April 1955. Davidson Art Center, Middletown, Conn.: Early French Prints. Modern French Monotypes. April 1955. Fogg Museum of Art, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. : Karly prints showing musical themes to illustrate two concerts called “Love Songs of the Renaissance.” April 1955. Marion Kogler McNay Art Institute, San Antonio, Tex. : Daumier Drawings. May 1955. Tyler School of Art, Elkins Park, Philadelphia, Pa.: Hobby Show—Four American Contemporary prints. May 12-14, 1955. American Federation of Arts—Traveling Exhibition: Nuremberg and the German World. 1955-1956. Index of American Design.—During the fiscal year 1955, 33 travel- ing exhibitions of original watercolor renderings of this collection, with 60 bookings, were sent to the following States: State wtb Arkansas). 05 ow on ene ee eee ate ee 1 COOP a ea aia cece one ee ls eee 3 Connectieutz_. =. 2 22222.4.4.2 eee «ieee 1 District of Columbia...) "Le Ae} Sia’ et eee 6 Wlorida . oe) 8 eo oe os ee ne re in 9 2 Georgia__.___._._._._.___ 2 a aide batt siieleiietii Saree 1 Hiisoisssese0el 4, Sel te Wh atin edt) dined step gee 1 loWau wn eel aie eetnit eisiai ee 11 LC: ) eel Ee SPS MOREE ANS ye fe ng SECRETARY’S REPORT 15] State iis Hidy tio of aE IR aad a a ee ee a 2 on 3 0 SU Es eh oO ss Ls EE Od a 2 Se GSS FS e Bile RAE © le Er ee eee a ae Pas 2 3 IS UE EE a! 5 YS SE A a Sear) 3 3 Cale BR EE Se Da he ors are Ses ae ee 1 et an ated ay eel eptaalie: — toy Dee ate aeleaeareintee. Se be leet aie eee u 4 a ye ne. \Aeeenemaeeeeens |) th AA) Phe ER 3 7 i SR a SE de es 5 dy Ps SE Te eg ee Ors Ne y LE af SEES BE Se eee ae ee et Se ee oe a Zz kL GE RE 5 See a, Se a ee 2 Sn EE Sse 2 een Paar ay ee Oe en ee ee 3 RE NE ERE Re cee ne Uk ee Nee A a a 5 CURATORIAL ACTIVITIES The Curatorial Department accessioned 417 gifts to the Gallery during the fiscal year 1955. Advice was given regarding 365 works of art brought to the Gallery for expert opinion, and 65 visits to col- lections were made by members of the staff in connection with offers of gift or for expert opinion. About 1,500 inquiries requiring re- search were answered verbally and by letter. John Walker, Chief Curator of the Gallery, gave a lecture at the Seattle Museum of Art on the occasion of the opening of the Samuel H. Kress Collection in that museum. Mr. Walker also lectured on masterpieces of painting in the National Gallery of Art to the Woman’s Club in Richmond, the museum class at the Boston Museum of Fine Arts, and the Twentieth Century Club in Pittsburgh. Miss Elizabeth Mongan gave a series of five lectures on the history of printmaking at the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts. She gave a lecture at Wesleyan University on the First French Engraving. She also conducted a symposium at Bryn Mawr College on Piranesi and one at Swarthmore College on Rembrandt. Charles M. Richards conducted two courses in art history under the auspices of the Department of Agriculture. Mr. Richards, as chairman, prepared the program for the regis- trar’s section of the American Association of Museums meetings held in Washington this spring. He attended the Southeastern Museums Conference in Miami, and Miss Katharine Shepard was the official delegate to the General as of the Archaeological Institute of America in Boston. William Campbell selected etc ctions of Gallery paintings which are to be installed in new domiciliary buildings of the U. 8. Soldiers’ Home, Washington, D. C. Mr. Walker served as trustee for the American Federation of Arts, the American Academy in Rome, and the Bureau of University Travel. He also served on the following committees: Dumbarton Oaks Visiting Committee, Harvard University Press Visiting 362912—55——11 152 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1955 Committee, Art Committee of the New York Hospital, Harvard Committee on the Visual Arts, Committee for the Exhibition of Nineteenth Century French Paintings from American Collections in Paris. Mr. Walker was also a member of the United States National Commission for UNESCO. Perry B. Cott served as President of the Washington Society, Archaeological Institute of America. Miss Shepard was secretary of this organization. Mr. Cott served on the following art juries: Corcoran Alumni Association, Arts Club, National Museum Sculpture Exhibition. RESTORATION AND REPAIR OF WORKS OF ART Necessary restoration and repair of paintings and sculpture in the Gallery’s collection were made by Francis Sullivan, resident restorer, at the Gallery. PUBLICATIONS During the year Huntington Cairns contributed an article on “Tegal Theory” to a Jurisprudential Symposium in Memory of Felix S. Cohen, published in the Rutgers Law Review, and reviews of “Aesthetics and the Gastalt,” by Ian Rawlins, to Philosophy and Phenomenological Research; “Definition and Theory in Jurisprud- ence,” by H. L. A. Hart, to the Philosophical Quarterly ; “The Age of Ideas,” by George R. Havens, to the Washington Post and Times Herald; and “The Law of Primitive Man,” by KE. Adamson Hoebel, to the Journal of Politics. Mr. Walker wrote an article on a painting by Delacroix in the National Gallery, London, for the Ladies Home Journal. He also prepared the text for a “pocketbook” of works of art in the Gallery’s collection to be published by the Harry N. Abrams Company. Mrs. Fern R. Shapley wrote an article on Bingham’s “Jolly Flatboatmen” for the Art Quarterly. Mr. Cott wrote an article for the Gulf Oil Orange Disc publication on Della Robbia sculpture. An article by Miss Mongan entitled, “New Acquisitions in the Lessing J. Rosen- wald Collection” appeared in Arts Digest, and she also wrote an ar- ticle on Norma Morgan for the International Graphic Arts. A total of 125,000 leaflets describing paintings in galleries 8, 52, and 57 have been printed and are being distributed to the public in the respective galleries. Mr. Walker’s monograph on Bellini’s “Feast of the Gods” has gone to press. Publications in process include Mr. Walker’s text for a portfolio of works of art in the Gallery’s collection to be published by the Harry N. Abrams Co., an article written by Mrs. Shapley for The Studio, and a book she is preparing to be published by the Phaidon Press. SECRETARY’S REPORT 153 Gallery publications in process include the catalog of paintings and the catalog of paintings and sculpture acquired by the Samuel H. Kress Collection since 1951 for the exhibition in 1956. During the past fiscal year the Publications Fund published seven new 11- by 14-inch color reproductions and acquired five new Christ- mas card color plates. Two large collotype reproductions of paint- ings in the collection and nine sculpture reproductions distributed by two New York publishers were placed on sale. A new Portfolio No. 4 entitled “Landscape Paintings in the Na- tional Gallery of Art” (containing text by a staff member and twelve 11- by 14-inch color reproductions, of which seven were completely new prints) is in the process of publication. The catalog of “Twen- tieth Century French Paintings from the Chester Dale Collection” was reprinted during the year. The Fund made available to the pub- lic a National Gallery of Art engagement calendar. Exhibition catalogs of the Austrian Drawings and Prints, and Goya Drawings and Prints, were distributed. Representations of Gallery works of art in 2- by 2-inch color slides and in “stereo” color slides are now being sold in the Gallery Infor- mation Rooms. These slides, which are all original photographs, are an entirely new type of item in Publications Fund stock. EDUCATIONAL PROGRAM The attendance for the general, congressional, and special tours, and the “Picture of the Week” totaled 41,023, while that for the 44 audi- torium lectures on Sunday afternoons was approximately 10,025 dur- ing the fiscal year 1955. Tours, lectures, and conferences arranged by appointment were given to 256 groups and individuals. The total number of people served in this manner was 6,042. This isan increase of 110 groups and 2,586 people served over last year. These special appointments were made for such groups as representatives from leading high schools, universities, and museums, other governmental agencies, wives of members of the Cabinet and of Congressmen, women’s clubs, store su- pervisors, and attaches from foreign embassies. Three separate training programs for volunteer docents from the Junior League, the American Association of University Women of Arlington County, and members of the Parent-Teacher Association of the Barrett School of Alexandria were carried forward during the year by several members of the Education Department. Lecture programs on “American Cultural Life” have been prepared for librarian members of the United States Information Agency, and for members of the Department of State, who may act as cultural at- taches on overseas duty. The wives of the officers in the Departments 154 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1955 of State, Army, and Navy at Fort McNair, who are preparing for overseas duty, also attended these programs. The staff of the Education Office delivered 14 lectures in the audi- torium on Sunday afternoons, and 30 were given by guest speakers. During March and April, Dr. Etienne Gilson, Director of Studies at the Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies at Toronto, delivered the Fourth Annual Series of the six A. W. Mellon Lectures in the Fine Arts on the theme, “Art and Reality.” During the past year 150 persons borrowed 4,697 slides from the lending collection. The 16 centers throughout the country that dis- tribute the National Gallery of Art film, report that approximately 42,564 viewers saw the film in 260 bookings. Members of the Education Office prepared and gave 82 broadcasts to aecompany the Sunday night concerts over Station WGMS. The Curator of Education prepared and produced a half-hour television program entitled “Rembrandt and the Art of the Dutch Homeland” as part of the project of the Citizens Committee on Educational Television. The printed Calendar of Events announcing all Gallery activities and publications is distributed monthly to a mailing list of 5,316 names. LIBRARY The most important acquisitions to the Library during the fiscal year 1955 were 1,940 books, pamphlets, periodicals, subscriptions, and photographs purchased from private funds made available for this purpose. Gifts included 639 books, pamphlets, and periodicals, while 717 bocks, pamphlets, and bulletins were received on exchange from other institutions. There were more than 540 visits and phone calls to the Library by persons other than Gallery staff during this fiscal year. The Library is the depository for photographs of the works of art in the collections of the National Gallery of Art. A stock of repro- ductions is maintained for use in research by the curatorial and other departments of the Gallery; for the dissemination of knowledge to qualified sources; for exchange with other institutions; and for sale at the request of interested individuals. INDEX OF AMERICAN DESIGN In March 1955 the Gallery began to take part in the orientation program for United States Information Agency personnel about to be sent overseas. The Index was included in this program, and once a month the group listened to an illustrated lecture given by the Cura- tor in charge of the Index. The Index material was also studied during the year by 638 persons who were interested in the material SECRETARY'S REPORT 155 for publication, for special research, exhibitions, designers, and those who wanted an idea of the collection as a whole. There were 33 sets of 2- by 2-inch slides (consisting of 1,416 color slides) circulated in 22 States and Alaska. MAINTENANCE OF THE BUILDING AND GROUNDS The usual care of the building and its mechanical equipment and the grounds was maintained at the established standard throughout the year. Contracts were entered into with Eggers & Higgins, architects, and Vermilya-Brown Co., Inc., general contractors, for the alteration of a portion of the library area in the Gallery building. The remodeled space is intended for the exhibition of the Samuel H. Kress Collection of Renaissance Bronzes. Alterations were made in gallery 11 so that the opening in the north wall of that gallery now matches in architectural design the openings in the east and west walls. These modifications were made to enable the more effective and suitable exhibition of the Donatello “David,” which stands in the center of gallery 11. Eggers & Higgins were the architects, and Vermilya-Brown Co. the general contractor. The Gallery staff constructed an L-shaped, 3-compartment green- house within the southwest moat wall; and the staff is now construct- ing a cold-conditioning unit to be used in conjunction with the green- house. These facilities will enable the horticultural staff to supply suitable flowering and foliage plants for the garden courts and for special exhibitions at almost any time of the year. A new plaque of Andrew Mellon, sculptured by Walker Hancock, was installed in the Constitution Avenue Lobby. OTHER ACTIVITIES David E. Finley, Director, delivered the following speeches during the fiscal year : “The Museum in the Cold War” at a luncheon meeting prior to the opening of the Kress Wing at the Denver Art Museum in September 1954; the principal address at the annual meeting of the National Trust for Historic Preservation in Chicago in October 1954; in May 1955, in New York, he delivered a speech entitled “A Bridge for the Arts” at a meeting of the Columbia Associates of Columbia University; and at the annual meeting of the American Association of Museums in Washington in June 1955 he spoke on “Museums and their Public Relations.” Forty Sunday evening concerts were given during the fiscal year 1955 in the West and East Garden Courts. The National Gallery Orchestra, conducted by Richard Bales, played 10 concerts at the Gallery, with additional performances at the United States Naval 156 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1955 Academy at Annapolis, Md.; at the Corcoran Gallery of Art; and in Alexandria, Va. Two of the orchestral concerts at the National Gal- lery were made possible by the Music Performance Trust Fund of the American Federation of Musicians. A preseason concert was played by the National Gallery Orchestra on Tuesday, September 7, 1954, sponsored by the International Congress of Clinical Pathologists at a reception held at the National Gallery. During April and May, six Sunday evenings were devoted to the Gallery’s Twelfth American Music Festival. All the concerts were broadcast in their entirety by Station WGMS-FM, Washington, and the Good Music Network. The intermissions, during these broadcasts, featured discussions by members of the curatorial staff on painting and sculpture in the National Gallery of Art, as well as on musical subjects by Richard Bales. In October 1954, the Columbia recording of “The Confederacy” by the National Gallery Orchestra with the Church of the Reformation Cantata Choir, soloists, and speaker was released. It has received widespread press notice, including an article in the Saturday Review of March 19, 1955, by former President Truman. The photographic laboratory of the Gallery produced 7,368 prints, 366 black-and-white slides, 20,101 color slides, 105 color transparen- cies, in addition to 1,820 negatives, color-separation negatives, infra- red and ultraviolet photographs and X-ray shadowgraphs; also 2,936 lantern slides were bound. During the fiscal year, 1,289 copies of press releases were issued in connection with Gallery activities, and 302 permits to copy and 141 permits to photograph in the Gallery were also issued. OTHER GIFTS Gifts of money were made during the fiscal year 1955 by the Old Dominion Foundation and the Avalon Foundation. AUDIT OF PRIVATE FUNDS OF THE GALLERY An audit of the private funds of the Gallery has been made for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1955, by Price Waterhouse & Co., public accountants, and the certificate of that company on its examination of the accounting records maintained for such funds will be for- warded to the Gallery. Respectfully submitted, Hountineton Catrns, Secretary. Dr. Leonarp CaRMICHAEL, Secretary, Smithsonian Institution. Report on the Library Sir: I have the honor to submit the following report on the activi- ties of the Smithsonian library for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1955: The library owes its growth in strength and in the richness of its collections primarily to the extension and continuity of its exchange relations with scientific and other learned and cultural establishments and societies throughout the world, and the larger number of the 71,179 publications recorded in the receiving room during the past year came in exchange for Smithsonian publications. There were 654 new exchanges arranged, and 5,038 volumes and parts needed to complete sets of serial publications were obtained by writing special requests for them to the issuing agencies. The continuing generosity of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and of the American Association of Museums accounted for a very large number of the 24,801 pieces recorded as gifts, but other organizations and more than 150 individual donors sent gifts of important and much-appreciated books and periodicals as well. The high cost and ever-rising prices of much-needed books and journals not obtainable by exchange permitted the purchase of only 488 volumes and 419 periodical subscriptions this year. Additions to the Smithsonian Deposit at the Library of Congress numbered 6,348 publications, chiefly volumes and parts of long-estab- lished sets of serial publications issued by foreign institutions and societies. Other current accessions sent to the Library of Congress were 3,106 doctoral dissertations, mostly from European universities, 6,201 foreign and State documents, and 21,382 miscellaneous publica- tions on subjects not immediately connected with the work of the Institution. Because of their special subject interest to other agencies of the Government, 5,133 incoming publications were transferred to their respective libraries. Most of them went to the Armed Forces Med- ical Library and to the libraries of the Geological Survey, the Depart- ment of Agriculture, and the Naval Observatory. By the employment of part-time temporary helpers for a few weeks during the summer good progress was made in putting the library’s large collection of duplicates in order. From among this newly ar- ranged material the Library of Congress selected 38,906 pieces for 157 158 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1955 use in its own collections, and 61,017 others were sent to the United States Book Exchange for exchange credit. The catalog section classified and cataloged 4,949 volumes, entered 21,305 periodicals, and filed 32,371 cards. The important work of combining into a single comprehensive dictionary catalog the two separate Smithsonian union and Museum catalogs was finished, but there is still a great deal of revisionary work to be done on it. ‘This catalog cannot be a fully effective key to all the library’s resources until the many thousands of incompletely or wholly uncataloged volumes in bureau and sectional libraries and in special collections have been cataloged in full. The use of the library which, with its branches and sectional li- braries on special subjects, is a series of reference and research collec- tions, is always difficult to show statistically, even in those areas where it is possible to keep accurate records at all. The library is freely open to anyone who wishes to use it for reference, but circulation of its books and periodicals is restricted to individual members of the staff of the Institution and, within certain necessary limitations, to other libraries; therefore 10,263, the recorded number of loans during the year, represents only a fractional part of the large and continuous use of library books in evidence all day, every day, in the main ref- erence rooms, in the bookstacks, and in the many decentralized units throughout the Institution. Demands on the staff of the reference section for reference and bibliographical assistance were heavy, as usual, and it was especially eratifying to receive recognition from outside as well as from within the Institution of the painstaking and time-consuming skill of the staff in answering difficult questions. Visiting scientists and other scholars from Europe and South America, as well as from institutions throughout the United States, made more or less extensive reference use of the library, and the sphere of its usefulness was further ex- tended by loans to 94 different libraries. There were 1,527 volumes, mostly of serial publications, prepared and sent to the bindery for binding or rebinding, and 1,540 volumes were repaired in the library. Most of these latter were old and rare volumes in the Bureau of American Ethnology which had been ac- quired through the years, not at all because of their rarity, but because they were rich and sometimes unique sources of material on the American Indians. The installation of 200 feet of shelving in the National Collection of Fine Arts library helped a little to relieve the congestion there, but was only a temporary palliative to the serious overcrowding that threatens deterioration to many beautiful books, and handicaps the ease of their use. : 3 4 SECRETARY'S REPORT 159 Understaffing continues to be the most immediately serious obstacle to giving the Institution better library service, based on orderly, well- kept, and well-cataloged collections. With so many of the larger decentralized units left without regular full-time attendants it is im- possible to give proper custodial care and supervision of the books. SUMMARIZED STATISTICS ACCESSIONS | Total recorded | | Volumes | volumes, 1955 Smithsonian Deposit at the Library of Congress____| 1, 002 | 585, 592 Smithsonian main library (includes former Office Semen braries):. 5... 22. -..____.- 4,020 297, 277 Astrophysical Observatory (includes Radiation and Se Ee a 8 5 65 US ASRS ee 480 14, 701 Bureau of American Ethnology------------------- 78 35, 590 Dee Museum. 12 335 National Collection of Fine Arts_____________--_-- 254 13, 709 Seem memorical Park. -_—§__§___._-_:___ =. 1 4, 205 UE Tab ei? Piatiter sync ler tell! 5, 847 | 951, 409 Unbound volumes of periodicals, and separates and reprints from serial publications, of which there are many thousands, have not been included in these totals. EXCHANGES ceeenreer memes” TOPIC ety 2 G6 etre Pe ea ee ek ue ee 654 316 for the Smithsonian Deposit. specially requested publications received__..____.__+_-_________.-..____ 5, 038 906 to fill gaps in Smithsonian Deposit sets. CATALOGING SE EE ae Se See ere Se ed ee 4, 949 EE Set ote ee ee ee ee, ee, Se 32, 371 PERIODICALS Co LSE Sigs 5 Se ie cena a hes tM ae hb, OsRee. Sate Recs Beeegs 21, 305 5,314 sent to the Smithsonian Deposit. CIRCULATION amr emaiey BUG POCridG@iCain. ee 10, 263 Circulation in sectional libraries is not counted except in the Division of Insects. BINDING AND REPAIR Ieee tt 040 0 Glee (IGOR one 8 oo ee 1, 527 eer eeesired ip the librapyicc nee i le le 1, 540 Respectfully submitted. Lemna F. Cuarn, Librarian. Dr. Leonard CARMICHAEL, Secretary, Smithsonian Institution. 362912—55——12 Report on Publications Sir: I have the honor to submit the following report on the publi- cations of the Smithsonian and its branches for the year ended June 30, 1955: The publications of the Smithsonian Institution, comprising 14 different series, are issued partly from federally appropriated funds (Smithsonian Reports and publications of the National Museum, the Bureau of American Ethnology, the National Collection of Fine Arts, and the Astrophysical Observatory) and partly from private endow- ment funds (Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, publications of the Freer Gallery of Art, and some special publications). The Insti- tution also edits and publishes under the auspices of the Freer Gallery of Art the series Ars Orientalis, which appears under the joint im- print of the University of Michigan and the Smithsonian Institution. The first volume in this series was issued during the year. In addi- tion, the Smithsonian publishes a guide book, a picture pamphlet, postcards and a postcard folder, a color-picture album, and color slides for sale to visitors. Through its publication program the Smith- sonian endeavors to carry out its founder’s expressed desire for the diffusion of knowledge. During the year the Institution published 17 papers and title page and contents of 8 volumes in the Miscellaneous Collections, 1 Annual Report of the Board of Regents and separates of 19 articles in the Re- port appendix, 1 Annual Report of the Secretary, and 4 special publications. The United States National Museum issued 1 Annual Report, 8 Pro- ceedings papers, and 2 Bulletins. The Bureau of American Ethnology issued 1 Annual Report and 4 Bulletins. The Astrophysical Observatory published Volume 7 of the Annals of the Astrophysical Observatory. The Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service, under the National Collection of Fine Arts, published catalogs for 5 of the circulating exhibits. The Freer Gallery of Art issued 1 paper in the Occasional Papers series, 1 booklet, and Volume 1 of Arts Orientalis. There were distributed 428,286 pieces of printed matter—192,108 copies of the publications and 226,178 miscellaneous items. Publica- tions: 40 Contributions to Knowledge, 37,495 Miscellaneous Collec- 160 SECRETARY’S REPORT 161 tions, 10,907 Annual Reports and 20,620 pamphlet copies of Report separates, 579 War Background Studies, 26,595 special publications, 232 reports of the Harriman Alaska Expedition, 40,069 publications of the National Museum, 24,533 publications of the Bureau of Ameri- can Ethnology, 24,243 publications of the National Collection of Fine Arts, 699 publications of the Astrophysical Observatory, 1,339 pub- lications of the Freer Gallery of Art, 3,515 Reports of the American Historical Association, and 1,242 publications not issued by the Smith- sonian Institution. Miscellaneous: 7 pictures of the Harriman Alaska Expedition, 7 sets and 613 prints of North American Wild- flowers and 2 Pitcher Plant volumes, 23,388 picture pamphlets, 71,378 Guide Books, 122,498 postcards, 2,003 postcard folders, 3,222 photo sets, 3,806 color slides, and 9,257 color picture albums. The 1955 allotment from Government funds of $93,000 for printing and binding was entirely obligated at the close of the year. POPULAR PUBLICATIONS The Institution published during the year the first of a series of popular publications on scientific and historical subjects related to its important exhibits and collections. Designed for both young and adult readers, the booklet, entitled, “Masters of the Air,” depicts in story and pictures the progress of aviation from the first glider flight by the Lilienthal brothers of Germany in the 1890’s to the superjets of today that fly faster than sound. Included are the stories of the Smithsonian’s own former Secretary Samuel P. Langley; flying planes of the first World War; the early flights across the ocean and around the world; and the achievements of the famous “firsts,” such as Lind- bergh, Wiley Post, and Sikorsky. The text of the booklet was pre- pared by Prof. Glenn O. Blough of the University of Maryland and formerly science and education specialist of the U. S. Office of Educa- tion, with the technical assistance of Paul E. Garber, head curator of the National Air Museum, and was designed by William D. Crockett, of the staff of the Editorial and Publications Division. The publica- tion was made possible by a grant from the Link Foundation. SMITHSONIAN PUBLICATIONS SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOLUME 121 Title page and table of contents. (Publ. 4220.) 1955. VOLUME 122 No. 14. A new genus and species of plankton diatom from the Florida Straits, by Paul S. Conger. 8 pp., 4 pls. (Publ. 4171.) July 15, 1954. (30 cents.) Title page and table of contents. (Publ. 4219.) 1955. 162 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1955 VOLUME 123 No. 2. The dragonfly larva, by R. E. Snodgrass. 38 pp., 11 figs. (Publ. 4175.) September 21, 1954. (35 cents.) No. 38. A method for the measurement of atmospheric ozone using the absorp- tion of ozone in the visible spectrum, by Oliver R. Wulf and James E. Zimmer- man. 14 pp. (Publ. 4177.) October 27, 1954. (25 cents.) No. 4. Revision of the flea genus Peromyscopsylla, by Phyllis T. Johnson and Robert Traub. 68 pp., 131 figs. (Publ. 4178.) November 23, 1954. (65 cents.) No. 5. Concerning Smithsonian pyrheliometry, by C. G. Abbot, L. B. Aldrich, and A. G. Froiland. 4 pp. (Publ. 4179.) November 2, 1954. (5 cents.) No. 6. A new pictographic autobiography of Sitting Bull, by Alexis A. Praus. 4pp.,7pls. (Publ. 4180.) January 20,1955. (35 cents.) No. 7. Early Cenozoic vertebrates in the red conglomerate at Guanajuato, Mexico, by Carl Fries, Jr., Claude W. Hibbard, and David H. Dunkle. 25 pp., 1 pl.,6 figs. (Publ. 4181.) February 17,1955. (380 cents.) Title page and table of contents. (Publ. 4218.) 1955. VOLUME 124 The material culture of Pueblo Bonito, by Neil M. Judd. With appendix, Canid remains from Pueblo Bonito and Pueblo del Arroyo, by Glover M. Allen. 398 pp., 101 pls., 101 figs. (Publ. 4172.) December 29, 1954. ($5.00.) VOLUME 125 No. 1. The black flies (Diptera, Simuliidae) of Guatemala and their role as vectors of onchocerciasis, by Herbert T. Dalmat. 425 pp., 44 pls., 21 figs., 14 maps. (Publ. 4173.) April 5, 1955. ($5.00.) No. 2. The pyramidellid mollusks of the Pliocene deposits of North St. Peters- burg, Florida, by Paul Bartsch. 102 pp., 18 pls. (Publ. 4186.) May 5, 1955. ($1.40.) VOLUME 126 No. 2. The archeological and paleontological salvage program in the Missouri Basin, 1950-1951, by Paul L. Cooper. 99 pp., 12 pls., 1 fig. (Publ. 4188.) April 28, 1955. ($1.35.) No. 5. A revision of some glanduline Nodosariidae (Foraminifera), by Alfred R. Loeblich, Jr., and Helen Tappan. 9 pp.,1 pl. (Publ. 4189.) February 3, 1955. (20 cents.) VOLUME 128 No. 1. Amphipoda collected at the Arctic Laboratory, Office of Naval Research, Point Barrow, Alaska, by G. A. MacGinitie, by Clarence R. Shoemaker. 78 pp., 20 figs. (Publ. 4209.) June 21,1955. (75 cents.) No. 2. Washington, D. C., precipitation of 1954 and 1955, by C. G. Abbot. 3 pp., 1 fig. (Publ. 4210.) March 1, 1955. (10 cents.) No. 3. Sixty-year weather forecasts, by C. G. Abbot. 22 pp., 11 figs. (Publ. 4211.) April 28, 1955. (25 cents.) No. 4. Periodic solar variation, by C. G. Abbot. 20 pp., 5 figs. (Publ. 4213.) June 14, 1955. (25 cents.) No. 6. A revision of the chiggers of the subgenus Gahrliepia (Acarina: Trombi- culidae), by Robert Traub and Mary Lou Morrow. 89 pp., 194 figs. (Publ. 4215.) June 30, 1955. ($1.00.) SECRETARY'S REPORT 163 ANNUAL REPORTS Report for 1953.—The complete volume of the Annual Report of the Board of Regents for 1953 was received from the printer Sep- tember 2, 1954: Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution showing the operations, expenditures, and condition of the Institution for the year ended June 30, 1953. 481 pp., 83 pls., 27 figs. (Publ. 4149.) The general appendix contained the following papers (Publs. 4150- 4168) : Science, art, and education, by R. E. Gibson. Recent progress in astronomical photography, by C. E. Kenneth Mees. Radioisotopes—New keys to knowledge, by Paul C. Aebersold. The push-button factory, by Frank K. Shallenberger. The science of musical instruments, by E. G. Richardson. Genetics and the world today, by Curt Stern. Climate and race, by Carleton Coon. Vegetation management for rights-of-way and roadsides, by Frank E. Egler. Applied systematics: The usefulness of scientific names of animals and plants, by Waido L. Schmitt. The geological history and evolution of insects, by F. M. Carpenter. The coelacanth fishes, by Errol White. Barro Colorado—Tropical island laboratory, by Lloyd Glenn Ingles. Norsemen in North America before Columbus, by Johannes Br¢ndsted. The mountain village of Dahr, Lebanon, by Raymond E. Crist. The problem of dating the Dead Sea Scrolls, by John C. Trever. Kinreizuka—The “Golden Bells Tomb” of Japan, by Motosaburo Hirano and Hiroshi Takiguchi. The archeology of colonial Williamsburg, by Thomas J. Wertenbaker. The story of the Declaration of Independence desk and how it came to the National Museum, by Margaret W. Brown. Charles Bird King, painter of Indian visitors to the Nation’s Capital, by John C. Ewers. Report for 1954—The Report of the Secretary, which will form part of the Annual Report of the Board of Regents to Congress, was issued January 14, 1955: Report of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution and financial report of the Executive Committee of the Board of Regents for the year ended June 30, 1954. 175 pp., 4 pls. (Publ. 4182.) SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS History under the sea, by Mendel L. Peterson. 16 pp., 7 pls. (Publ. 4174.) [August 9], 1954. (25 cents.) Bess Wallace Truman, by Margaret W. Brown. (Supplement to ‘Dresses of the First Ladies of the White House,” by Margaret W. Brown. Publ. 4060.) 4 pp., 2 pls. [September 1], 1954. (50 cents.) Masters of the Air, by Glenn O. Blough. 32 pp., illustr. (Publ. 4183). [Decem- ber 16], 1954. (50 cents.) First Ladies Hall, by Margaret W. Brown. 10 pp., 8 pls. (Publ. 4212.) [May 25], 1955. (25 cents.) 164 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1955 PUBLICATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM The National Museum issued 1 Annual Report, 8 Proceedings papers, and 2 Bulletins, as follows: ANNUAL REPORT The United States National Museum annual report for the year ended June 30, 1954. ix+100 pp. [January 14, 1955.] PROCEEDINGS VOLUME 103 No. 3334. A supplement to W. M. Tattersall’s review of the Mysidacea of the United States National Museum, by Albert H. Banner. Pp. 575-583. July 8, 1954. No. 3335. On the anatomy and relationships of glossy cuckoos of the genera Chrysococcyr, Lampromorpha, and Chalcites, by Andrew H. Berger. Pp. 585-597, figs. 69-71. January 19, 1955. No. 3336. Supplement and corrections to J. A. Hyslop’s genotypes of the elaterid beetles of the world, by Ross H. Arnett, Jr. Pp. 599-619. April 14, 1955. No. 3337. Neotropical Miridae, LXIV: New bugs of the subfamily Cylapinae (Hemiptera), by José C. M. Carvalho. Pp. 621-6382, figs. 72-76, pl. 15. March 2, 1955. VOLUME 104 No. 3338. Revision of the vittate species of the chrysomelid beetle genus Disonycha from the Americas south of the United States, by Doris Holmes Blake. Pp. 1-86, figs. 1-75. April 4, 1955. No. 3339. A revision of the Nearctic species of the beetle genus Meligethes (Nitidulidae), by Alan M. Haston. Pp. 87-103, figs. 76-78. February 25, 1955. No. 3340. Four new Venezuelan reduviid bugs, by Maldonado Capriles. Pp. 105-118, figs. 79, 80. March 28, 1955. No. 3341. Some polyclad flatworms from the West Indies and Florida, by Libbie H. Hyman. Pp. 115-150, figs. 81-89. May 2, 1955. BULLETINS 205. List of North American Recent mammals, by Gerrit S. Miller, Jr., and Remington Kellogg. xii+954 pp. March 3, 1955. 206. Frogs of southeastern Brazil, by Doris M. Cochran. xi+423 pp., 28 figs., frontispiece and 34 pls. June 22, 1955. PUBLICATIONS OF THE BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY There were issued 1 Annual Report and 4 Bulletins, as follows: ANNUAL REPORT Seventy-first Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology, 1953-1954. ii+17 pp. 1955. BULLETINS Bulletin 157. Anthropological Papers, Nos. 43-48. iii+415 pp., 76 pls., 23 figs. 1955. No. 43. Stone monuments of the Rio Chiquito, Veracruz, Mexico, by Mat- thew W. Stirling. SECRETARY’S REPORT 165 No. 44. The Cerro de las Mesas offering of jade and other materials, by Philip Drucker. No. 45. Archeological materials from the vicinity of Mobridge, South Da- kota, by Waldo R. Wedel. No. 46. The original Strachey vocabulary of the Virginia Indian language, by John P. Harrington. No. 47. The Sun Dance of the Northern Ute, by J. A. Jones. No. 48. Some manifestations of water in Mesoamerican art, by Robert L. Rands. Bulletin 158. River Basin Surveys Paper No. 7. Archeological investigations in the Oahe Dam area, South Dakota, 1950-51, by Donald J. Lehmer. xi+190 pp., 22 pls., 56 figs., 6 maps. 1954. Bulletin 159. The horse in Blackfoot Indian culture, with comparative mate- rial from other western tribes, by John C. Ewers. xv+374 pp., 17 pls., 33 figs., 1955. Bulletin 160. A ceramic study of Virginia archeology, by Clifford Evans. With an appendix on An analysis of projectile points and large blades, by C. G. Holland. viii+196 pp., 30 pls., 23 figs., 1 chart. 1955. PUBLICATIONS OF THE ASTROPHYSICAL OBSERVATORY Annals of the Astrophysical Observatory, vol. 7. 184 pp., 8 pls., 13 figs. (Publ. 4138.) 1954. PUBLICATIONS OF THE NATIONAL COLLECTION OF FINE ARTS Brazilian landscape architecture. New designs by Roberto Burle Marx. (Smith- sonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service catalog.) 16 pp., illustr. [July 1954.] Nineteenth century American paintings, 1815-1865, from the private collection of Maxim Karolik. (Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service catalog.) 22 pp., including 11 pls. [October 1954.] Watercolors and prints by Redouté. (Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibi- tion Service catalog.) 12 pp.,1 pl. [December 1954.] Austrian drawings and prints from the Albertina, Vienna. (Smithsonian Insti- tution Traveling Exhibition Service catalog.) 27 pp.,6 pls. [February 1955.] Goya. (Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service catalog.) [April 1955.] PUBLICATIONS OF THE FREER GALLERY OF ART Abstracts of technical studies in art and archaeology, 1943-1952, by Rutherford J. Gettens and Bertha M. Usilton. Occasional Papers, vol. 2, No. 2, 408 pp. (Publ. 4176.) 1955. ($3.00.) The Freer Gallery of Art. (Rev. ed.) 16 pp. 8 pls. 3 figs. (Publ. 4185.) 1955. (15 cents.) Ars Orientalis, vol. 1. 267 pp., 93 pls., 80 figs. (Publ. 4187.) 1954. ($16.00.) REPORT OF THE AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION The annual reports of the American Historical Association are transmitted by the Association to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution and are by him communicated to Congress, as provided 166 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1955 in the act of incorporation of the Association. The following reports were issued during the year: Annual Report of the American Historical Association for the year 1952. Vol. 2. Writings on American History, 1950. xiii +609 pp. 1955. Annual Report of the American Historical Association for the year 1953. Vol. 1. Proceedings. 52 pp. 1955. REPORT OF THE NATIONAL SOCIETY, DAUGHTERS OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION The manuscript of the Fifty-seventh Annual Report of the Na- tional Society, Daughters of the American Revolution, was transmitted to Congress, in accordance with law, on March 21, 1955. DIVISIONAL ACTIVITIES The chief of the division continued to represent the Institution on the board of directors of the Greater Washington Educational Tele- vision Association, Inc., of which the Smithsonian is a member. During the year the Association produced a series of educational television programs broadcast over Washington stations, and the Smithsonian participated in two of these. The assistant chief of the division, John S. Lea, devoted consider- able time during the last half of the year to the preparation of a brochure explaining the history, purposes, and accomplishments of the Smithsonian Institution. Mr. Lea also served as chairman of a committee formed to assist the Washington Area School Study Council, representing the school boards of the area, in working out a method of making more effective use of the educational potential of the Institution. Members of the division, particularly Ernest E. Biebighauser, as- sisted the Personnel Division in planning and inaugurating publi- cation of Zhe Torch, a multigraphed house organ for Smithsonian employees superseding the monthly newsletter of the Smithsonian Employees Federal Credit Union. The first number appeared in March 1955. Respectfully submitted. Pau.t H. Oruser, Chief, Editorial and Publications Division. Dr. Lronarp CARMICHAEL, Secretary, Smithsonian Institution. Report of the Executive Committee of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution For the Year Ended June 30, 1955 To the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution: Your executive committee respectfully submits the following re- port in relation to the funds of the Smithsonian Institution, together with a statement of the appropriations by Congress for the Govern- ment bureaus in the administrative charge of the Institution. SMITHSONIAN ENDOWMENT FUND The original bequest of James Smithson was £104,960 8s. 6d.— $508,318.46. Refunds of money expended in prosecution of the claim, freight, insurance, and other incidental expenses, together with pay- ment into the fund of the sum of £5,015, which had been withheld dur- ing the lifetime of Madame de la Batut, brought the fund to the amount of $550,000. Since the original bequest, the Institution has received gifts from various sources, the income from which may be used for the general work of the Institution. These, plus accretions, are listed below, to- gether with a statement showing the income for the present year. ENDOWMENT FUNDS (Income for the unrestricted use of the Institution) Partly deposited in the United States Treasury at 6 percent and partly invested in stocks, bonds, and other holdings Fund | Investment 1955 | Income 1955 $43, 735. 37 Parent Fund (original Smithson bequest, plus accumulated ashy $729, 112. 87 Subsequent bequests, gifts, and other funds, partly deposited in the U. 8. Treasury and partly invested in the consolidated fund: eRe EON DCCA: 2 8 oe 16, 960. 64 729. 45 upommermmarsare’,, sind Tyla od ey a a a pa 61, 655.14 | 3, 330. 03 ne rah DDS ae Sa eae ee ene ely a ee 426, 417. 89 22, 280. 66 _ .. .., * “SoM OUR DR ee ee | 500. 00 | 30. 00 Eachenbers; George P., and Caroline.2... 2 spn se 4, 852. 15 | 253. 31 I RO la i i eee | 2, 987. 02 | 175. 43 er ee ee 1, 459. 14 | 76. 24 RS SA POT a are 152, 547. 21 | 8, 869. 61 eapEReP TORE AIS TERE) rhe os 345, 528. 58 18, 054. 12 TON ASAE GOONS rT ee Se ee ee ee 1, 160. 79 | 65. 24 Sotl SAS Si 2 Sa , See See een ee 2, 174.00 122. 11 eenrtas Giimaded NE ee Se 155, 696. 68 | 8, 135. 27 ie ee see a 1, 171, 939. 24 | 62, 121. 47 A a | 1, 901. 052. 11 | 105, 856. 84 167 168 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1955 The Institution holds also a number of endowment gifts, the income of each being restricted to specific use. These, plus accretions to date, are listed below, together with income for the present year. Fund Abbott, William L., for investigations in biology----.-----.------------ Arthur, James, for investigations and study of the sun and annual lec- tune omeame ic 2 ee a ee ee eee Bacon, Virginia Purdy, for traveling scholarship to investigate fauna of countries other than the United States_.._.-__------_---------__-.- Baird, Lucy H., for creating a memorial to Secretary Baird-._.-------- Barney, Alice Pike, for collection of paintings and pastels and for en- couragement of American artistic endeavor-------------------------- Barstow, Frederick D., for purchase of animals for Zoological Park____ Canfield Collection, for increase and care of the Canfield collection of malnerals....2 == ==- =. es ee ee ee ee Casey, Thomas L., for maintenance of the Casey collection and promo- tion of researches relating to Coleoptera_....__.-___---_------------__ Chamberlain, Francis Lea, for increase and promotion of Isaac Lea collection‘ of gems and mollusks. -: ..2=-0 22h !S3252 2 ease he. ER Dykes, Charles, for support in financial research__.__._---------------- Eickemeyer, Florence Brevoort, for preservation and exhibition of the photographic collection of Rudolph Eickemeyer, Jr_.._-_--.--------- Hillyer, Virgil, for increase and care of Virgil Hillyer collection of light- Hitchcock, Albert S., for care of the Hitchcock Agrostological Library-- Hodgkins, specific, for increase and diffusion of more exact knowledge in regard to nature and properties of atmospheric air________-..____-- Hrdliéka, Ale’ and Marie, to further researches in physical anthro- pology and publication in connection therewith--__-.....-____-------- Hughes, Bruce, te‘found Hurhes aleove. ie ne Loeb, Morris, for furtherance of knowledge in the exact sciences----_--- Long, Annette and Edith C., for upkeep and preservation of Long collection of embroideries, laces, and textiles__._._____---------------- Maxwell, Mary E., for care and exhibition of Maxwell collection__-_-_- Myer, Catherine Walden, for purchase of first-class works of art for use and benefit of the National Collection of Fine Arts__---_-------- Nelson, Edward W., for support of biological studies-_-..-_-.---------- Noyes, Frank B., for use in connection with the collection of dolls placed in the U. S. National Museum through the interest of Mr. and ‘Nirs) Noyes: 2 eee ee eee Pell, Cornelia Livingston, for maintenance of Alfred Duane Pell collection =< 10, 555. 00 Cash invested (U. S. Treasury notes)_________ 725, 960. 92 —_—_—_——_—_—————__ $11, 2877, 050. 26 Investments—at book value: Endowment funds: Freer Gallery of Art: Stocks and bonds____-_~_ $7, 210, 636. 21 Uninvested cash_______ 20, 332. 27 7, 230, 968. 48 lO eee REPORT OF THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE 171 ASSETS—Continued Investments at book value other than Freer: Stocks and bonds__-------- $2, 939, 736. 63 Uninvested cash_----~-~--~- 15, 986. 77 Special deposit in U. S. Treasury at 6 percent in- LS BE pe ee eee 1, 000, 000. 00 Other stocks and bonds_-_--- 76, 671. 08 Real estate and mortgages_ 5, 936. 00 $4, 038, 330. 48 $11, 269, 298. 96 SE DEIR a Teo ay reer oe avn ea 12, 556, 349. 22 UNEXPENDED FUNDS AND ENDOWMENTS Unexpended funds: Income from Freer Gallery of Art endowment___~-------_-~- $535, 740. 89 Income from other endowments: Seemriaredee sk Sei ae. Teorennetos ns $325, 014. 80 ie il as Ee 222, 876. 06 ee 547, 890. 86 oR Sa a Se oe ei a eee Ree CE ae 203, 418. 51 1, 287, 050. 26 Endowment funds: reer Gallery GRUAT. (0.1 Clo eo $7, 230, 968. 48 Other : Mestrictédscsl. Ae 2, 137, 278. 37 2 5 | VO Sie Seay Wi 1, 901, 052. 11 aS 4, 038, 330. 48 11, 269, 298. 96 TD ug a a ae te RD 5 SPREE 12, 556, 349. 22 The practice of maintaining savings accounts in several of the Washington banks and trust companies has been continued during the past year, and interest on these deposits amounted to $3,162.17. Deposits are made in banks for convenience in collection of checks, and later such funds are withdrawn and deposited in the United States Treasury. Disbursement of funds is made by check signed by the Sec- retary of the Institution and drawn on the United States Treasury. The Institution gratefully acknowledges gifts and grants from the following: American Museum of Natural History, additional gift, for a study of the eth- nology of the Tsimshian Indians of the British Columbia coast. American Philosophical Society, for studies on the behavior and life histories of solitary wasps. Dr. Robert A. Vines, Director of the Museum of Natural History of Houston, for improvement of the United States National Herbarium Collections. 172 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1955 Agnes Chase, additional gift, for copying the index to grass names. The Washington Fashion Group, additional gift, for the costumes collection. Geological Society of America, for services of a scientific illustrator. Johns Hopkins University, additional gift, for publications on Arctic research. Link Foundation, additional gift, for preparation and distribution of materials related to the contributions of the National Air Museum to aviation education. E. A. Link, Link Aviation, Inc., additional gift, for historical research (marine archeology). Merck & Co., Inc., for preparing a vitamin exhibit. National Academy of Sciences, for typing the manuscript of the second edition of the Flora of Okinawa. National Geographic Society, to establish the Olmec Archeological Fund. National Geographic Society, additional grant, for the publication of “The Mate- rial Culture of Pueblo Bonito.” National Science Foundation, for the publication of “Annotated Subject-Heading Bibliography of Termites.” National Science Foundation, grant to provide maintenance and operation of the Canal Zone Biological Area, Barro Colorado Island, Canal Zone. National Science Foundation, grant for research on ‘Taxonomy of the Bamboos.” J. Townsend Russell, to secure archeological series from the Scandinavian countries. Harvard University, for the Peabody Museum, Harvard—Smithsonian Institution Kalahari Expedition. Malcolm MacGregor, for “The Philatelic Fund.” J. A. O’Shaughnessy, for publication of Sister Inez Hilger’s manuscript of her study of Araucanian Child Life and its Cultural Background. Mr. and Mrs. Bruce Bredin, for an expedition to the Belgian Congo. State Department, grant to cooperate on Educational Exchange Services. Guggenheim Foundation, additional grant, for the wax metabolism fund. The Wenner-Gren Foundation, for use in connection with a seminar on the role of physical anthropology in the identification of human remains. For support of the Bio-Sciences Information Exchange: Atomic Energy Commission. Department of the Air Force. Department of the Army. Department of the Navy. National Science Foundation. Public Health Service. Veterans Administration. The foregoing report relates only to the private funds of the Insti- tution. The following appropriations were made by Congress for the Gov- ernment bureaus under the administrative charge of the Smithsonian Institution for the fiscal year 1955: Salaries and @xpenses....S fe) 22.06 ep ys ee $3, 048, 146. 00 National Zoological Parks") tie) it) So ee et ee eee 648, 000. 00 These figures include supplemental appropriations to pay salary increases of approximately 714 percent voted by Congress effective March 13, 1955. REPORT OF THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE 173 In addition, funds were transferred from other Government agencies for expenditure under the direction of the Smithsonian In- stitution as follows: Working funds, transferred from the National Park Service, Interior Department, for archeological investigations in river basins eereee CHO CMtC panes $52, 700. 00 The Institution also administers a trust fund for partial support of the Canal Zone Biological Area, located on Barro Colorado Island in the Canal Zone. AUDIT The report of the audit of the Smithsonian private funds follows: WasuineTon, D. C., August 8, 1955. To THE BoArp or REGENTS, SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, Washington 25, D. C. We have examined the financial statements and schedules, as listed in the accompanying index, of the Smithsonian Institution relative to its private en- dowment funds and gifts (but excluding the National Gallery of Art and other departments, bureaus or operations administered by the Institution under Fed- eral appropriations) for the year ended June 30, 1955. Our examination was made in accordance with generally accepted auditing standards, and accordingly included such tests of the accounting records and such other auditing proce- dures aS we considered necessary in the circumstances. The Institution maintains its accounts on a cash basis and does not accrue income and expenses. Land, buildings, furniture, equipment, works of art, living and other specimens and certain sundry property are not included in the accounts of the Institution. In our opinion, the accompanying financial statements present fairly the position of the private funds and the cash and investments thereof of the Smith- sonian Institution at June 30, 1955 (excluding the National Gallery of Art and other departments, bureaus or operations administered by the Institution under Federal appropriations) and the cash receipts and disbursements for the year then ended, in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles applied on a basis consistent with that of the preceding year. PEAT, MARWICK, MITCHELL & Co. Respectfully submitted. CLARENCE CANNON VANNEVAR BusH Rospert VY. FLEMING Executive Committee. ee) SST TRG CTU EE ROO, PE inanurevrer) weljo worth - howmberet petty som. “i nat noni icat ast fo Kat rTBF “GAS Laing Ph dt justey tos; apy toe a ORR saath pds : 4 Poide JT atit, Fie s ahislioakiahe ei thtrensl ¥ aw 214) Lotetypeigedt ato et chotrsitetuded: ile | ‘ piled wowG sl, ecelugieewtie feorgolbedbter ineirig OO AI ae eS ee sae On ple n.d Ol iy oe pi aad teh felt ew to Proms lagi g 10% big k seund # e598 inpcths cabs dane 1 ' +4 ~< MA Sh OF ALON 2 (OF, tert i betgagl, wait, La! GIO hes af * NGA ° | . ~ Wie High; BIBY ; nisiouthti fi 2 ol} to ‘ber oft to dee oa el > o- Oey o2Up, te QGOLEU ETN LA > 1 06 satan Fen) EPS rite’. Scand ono ae Fado ono) Deine Bo elisa; iw BP i apinoattime adi Io Leabies? =f? uaiieiexe) GE OF sant Js One tae! wh horolkiniititsa.agohnisde 10. suasind. sleoa rpm radio; ell bur eiqiooe dees af} baw (ane e hago seGuL bran A SO-et “vorderan vi —_— ae a Pe oe ji ® & er