aes {4 oe ni Ha ih na Sete ce 2 i i ise “at Ht oe " cat nn a Bain ae i ae Pt f i es a - } hy i i! than : ity Ne — i fa Rust HH Bis rin oe i . ; Teen whe a ; i Dy dgl ry ees if qui a ae ‘i Hit i : a Potos sy) aoe SMreN NIC y) | Ah Nite we eee aioe os eee ain i yale nae = pe ter = et Se Vi aiett He iS ht 4] Pose eee (* 3 a ef ere {i Q a} He ai suit ahs =e Sass a pray vm =e = ii iy Na a ee ant —s —— ere = eee a aire ‘oe Sos —_ = Se Coes Tate Baya e Wit Weng unig f , +94 fi Diesen g dvb y fii whi) WH ae , ANT bH Hy ied mia er any ty wh HW \ a0 Ni iat ye ‘ habe td) it rf ' i ba tuty! i Hit ‘hin it a ae f ty r pei ih Beat Hf i Why } ' ‘ h fi “ 7 u vitor Fae aN oay os punawde i) mit im ee ‘tie ma es vty ran ig bie ed Stevan Het Ht iH in pie ue aa rae Y titi ay Ha a i a + fat il “ 2 Sacer = Ss SERS eestor Et = Tete bit Hh if 3 Kat vs i us vei oa zy ; ' i Z Ki ‘ } i Ber be . Vivi { | t } | ay h | é | } ; fo) Oy ee aa. | 3 | } ' f | t t . [ | : 2 i A) } | ae f ! . ‘ } ret a tJ ; ; Ke I oe © | ier cdkesene ee & Ae | Document |} i 3d Session t ee nk No. 863 REPORT OF a SPECIAL COMMITTEE APPOINTED BY THE Ae "WASHINGTON CHAMBER OF COMMERCE TO INVESTIGATE THE MILK SITUATION IN. THE : DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA | PRERORED BY sy LOUIS WILLIGE PRESENTED BY MR. GALLINGER ~ Marcx# 3, 1911.—Referred to the Committee on Printing ‘WASHINGTON . GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1911 : y = 61st CONGRESS DocUMENT 3d Session Ae UD ; No. 863 REPORT OF A SPECIAL COMMITTEE 4 ) a ae - APPOINTED BY THE —— Pi v.C ‘ WASHINGTON CHAMBER OF COMMERCE TO INVESTIGATE THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA PREPARED BY J. LOUIS WILLIGE PRESENTED BY MR. GALLINGER Marcu 3, 1911.—Referred to the Committee on Printing WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1911 \ iV 7) Ais eter nd obi tely ay TR sy) POG sh ri ( { i) r P| thy bent Mt . } AS ii, 7 et ih A cored ir af s j Hie AN) HIVES TTS) ¥\ Vulopus THs US ts LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL, Tur WasHINGTON CHAMBER OF COMMERCE, Washington, D. C., January 31, 1911. Sir: I‘have the honor to transmit herewith the manuscript of a report submitted.by a special committee appointed by the Washing- ton Chamber of Commerce to investigate the milk situation in the District of Columbia. The report was presented to the chamber at a special’ meeting held January 380, 1911, and received its approval. In pursuance of a recommendation embraced in the report, it is transmitted herewith with the request that it be printed as a Senate document, and its recommendations, so’far as applicable to the Dis- trict of Columbia and pertinent to the Federal powers for regulating interstate commerce, embodied in suitable legislation. In view of the comprehensive and valuable nature of this report, and its timely interest, it is hoped that steps may be taken for its prompt publication as an official document. Very respectfully, yours, Txos. GRANT, Secretary. Hon. Jacop H. GALLincEr, Chairman Committee on the District of Columbia, United States Senate, Washington, PD. C. 3 NB * 4 } C4 1, i ‘ 6 vay 1 fa te 4 i “ai Noe: RES Sy eonraelt wee rf aN MT ei, ule ae ' j ae i ped SOS VDRO ee bane Capi ea aed fet ec ey iva (tay TABLE OF CONTENTS, ENE BELOFD CONTENDS Acs. 7.02 selec onan ee en mn nines a TEU SO) ETSI ANB PEIN'D) EXC RIS ist 2': RAL ENS SO PCR Siam a Se Susans Sk 88 LUNE On TEFAINGR ODIUCTION = F424 215 SU i ee ie SP a ech ea Oa i EIS II. Compraints Fin—ep Acainst HrattH Department, Districr oF WOE WAUB TASS S00 AB aie ise Wa bes nei Weare nan mamas AN AEA CE NE itemsvor comp latmtyemere Sef ee he Ue Ee Se aie Ne Mihai OE tA Hin dine shot commmmibee nn see tet wey Aer Ne cei ey aes BURMA TORN Oo) WEELGH COMET STEHT O OTS ta saan Na NEDA UCR Ree EI 2 a Rr i Effect of proposed changes on the price of milk................... Authority torhealthires ulations: 22/22. 2 2 Delay anwssuanceyotpermits. 22-2 452.02 See a Bxtent on Disinich mulkesupply ise seuss fy SEE Es Reasonableness of railway transportation charges................... User presenvaitiveses each ONES We CM Ci a RC VSRALSTMRCe see Feeding of brewery and distillery by-products...............-...-- Possible milk famine in District of Columbia......................- Milkcaimepectionisenvicess wns Sie EU eMail Aer OCs ec Failure to prosecute consumers returning unrinsed bottles.......... Laboratory facilities of health department........................- Reporting of communicable diseases.............. Score-card system of rating dairy farms and dairies................ Proposed investigation of health department, District of Columbia. Mibleged:evadences ofmmilk trust) 2 e222 2 eo 7 OP Classification of milk for local market recommended..............- Ls GENERAT! CONSIDERATIONS. 000558 ete Cee Importance of milk as an’ article of food-.../........22..02-.224.-- Definitions of milk and cream........ Pe ee EPA Baume ARAN Certiiiedvandunspected mails sis oe OS NO NO eG Sources! of comiaminationton nallikcss) 22230 2 ee Diseases resulting from contaminated milk......................-- INutmtivenvalimevor mill ke eae se) era ees Me tee et RE SAN Ee 5 Improvement in sanitary dairy conditions................:......- Unwholesomeness of city market milk....................2.....-.- Federal investigations of sanitary milk production.................. Flies a potent factor in contamination of milk...................-- IV. History or FEDERAL AND LocaL REGULATION oF MILK SUPPLY..... Federal surveillance of milk production..... eu eiele A At pn re Aa INationalbioodsandidrugsach ween 22 cues tat oe) SE RE Ee Sanitary arrangements for dairy farms......................-.---- Necessity tortunthersateguardst..u socket ee aa ee ee IMilamalkcreainiecpmbestseamn serae ue cic iae erin FT AU) doaeia Milloresulationiny District of Columibia. os 22s. see een? Investigation of prevalence of typhoid fever...................---- NGiof War ehs2s 189 5st BeMene me lee ie iy NET ae ES Wo RUE eanlanonston stalblmoreowpec syns ve ten ee Re CP Imstallation. ot til trations lamin. ease sen veka he Sele tle Washineton milk conference onl9070. tA Recommendations of Washington milk conference indorsed.......- Heodand drucsiact, Distruet omColumbia:-. 60. 0N eee yee Eronosediadditionallesislapion ee eee ey ook Detail of board to investigate outbreaks of typhoid fever.........-- Symposium of causes of typhoid fever in District................-- TET SSG VU Ss oT cE AR RDS dc” RAM ay UE 8 a ea a Restriction of milk furnished employees of executive departments. . Regulations concerning milk for District government employees SENG IM SHG UELOMS eres Coane emer Sem ae ey Vue neat na) chit NANG We TABLE OF CONTENTS. Wie Deena: Tr BRO UTI ESTES ol UNE TO cP Extent of tuberculosis among lamar nn) sey elie 2 eee nan Discovery ol Gubexrcrllaty yo PSO res eeNae aye rave Ry elie Ee Method of application of tuberculim test...2.........-.-.-/.------ Importance of tuberculin as diagnostic agent..........-..--------- Test producesno harmful eilecpayyaet eee yee a ee ania ee Proposed restriction of use of tiberculino. 200) oe eee eee Adulteration of tuberculin should be prohibited under s2vvre p_n- Uy ete i ie ey SOR ICP ea UE Oa 0 a Conditions imposed by Bureau of Animal Industry in applying tiberculim test 22 0 .6./ cues eee ee ee eee 2 eee ace Results of tests affecting District milk supply..-..............-.-.. Results of tests throughout the United States...................... Tuberculin test mandatory in District of Columbia.-....-.......... Reliability of test affirmed by authorities............-...-.-..-..- Report of international commission on control of bovine tubercu- LOBES 65 2 eos A le Sh Ns aa eB ete ea Contemplated advantages of the tuberculin test........-....--.---- Cost: of applying teste Uh aes pn ca fee ea he ae Should Government or herd owner defray expense of test.....-- ae Compensation forcondemmedicatples2 Seis Ub wy enol sae lee Effect of compulsory tuberculin test on price of milch cows........ Communicability of human tuberculosis from bovine sources.....-. British tuberculosisiordenon tO09 2322) cons years aera oye anes ere re Results of investigations by German and British commissions. .... - Resolutions by national and local associations for study and preven- tion: of tuberewlosis yee ate ie eed ss pre ee ee Bacilli introduced into human body during infancy..............- Efficacy of tuberculin test in eradicating human tuberculosis from ovale SOUTCES! ea sueee eee eee eee seas ee Sy eepn ey ma ete, Uri ues eS Recommendations by Dr. John R. Mohler...............--.------ Milk used in dairy products should be tuberculin tested........-.-- Economic considerations affecting bovine tuberculosis..........-.-- Use of meat of condemned animals for food...........-.-.-.-.-- Pa VI. MarmnTENANCE oF Low TEMPERATURE..........-..------------------ Essentiality of temperature not exceeding 50° F...............-...- Necessity for adequate refrigerator-car service...-.-.--------------- Feasibility of providing adequate supply of ice............---.---- Prescribed hours of delivery not feasible..........-..-..--.------- Temperature for mille goroduetes cou. ok eee ae eae eee re Freezing of mile, oo 320 Sogo ii ee sia ia ee lee area Vile PPA STU RIZATIO Nein We eal URONIC Ui ie LL UR EBA UI GU att Haye Pasteurization and! sterlizatzon, dehnmed !3 e252 28 see oe ae eee Temperature and length of exposure best suited to pasteurization. - Kitect of pasteurization:omaenma lite see see eee See ener eee Held and continuous, pastetnizattomey saeco eae oe eee eee Objections to commercial pasteurization..............------------ Compulsory, pasteurization! ioe ers. ees ae lee Advantages and disadvantages of pasteurization........-.....-....- Views! of Drs Eis We) Wiley so eee aie eae aL Ue ne Cost of pasteurization’! sea 800 0c Ue eee eens st eee eee ee of pasteurization on the nutritive and digestive qualicies of mee Re Ci a ee Multiplication of germs in raw and pasteurized milk..........-.--- Value ofpastemrized) mille 55 Oe oo epee gee ce kote (cee Pasteurization does not dispense with necessity for tuberculin test. - Communicability of bovine tuberculosis to human beings...-.--... Bacills.Garriers: 2.320 2s) Sie ee ge Effect of pasteurization on the price of milk ......-.......----..- ‘Prices ‘of several grades: of malik) 307 Se Mee ea ae ete ase gee Pasteurization tends:to preserve mail kee ae see ele Pasteurizaiion in ovuherqurisdictions).yeesece soe eee eee Isbeation ol pasteurizing plants. © oo. oeee eee eee eee eee eee Private local plants now In opetationo: {hese soe eee a aae Maintenance of plants under public or private auspices ....-.------ Sugeestion of a municipal dairy... 2 se eee ena ere ee erates TABLE OF CONTENTS. VIL. PastEurizATIon—Continued. General milk-delivery service recommended...... PADI CHM UN Alleged monopoly of manufacture of pasteurizing machinery....... NTU Cy TEV ctr eh res OAT CAM CLOW 71S 0 Fe EO Te NES UT eA ER Practicability and definiteness of bacterial count................-.-- Number of bacteria reasonably allowable......-.-......-..-------- Conclusive harmfulness of high bacterial content.........-.-.....- Standards fixed in pursuance of Federal food and drugs act......-. Uniform procedure in bacteriological examinations...............- ” Compulsory pasteurization would not dispense with necessity fo presertbed bacterial: COMME Geode eae eroeiaas aie lo aie alas) e/a enlace ae -Necessity for additional precautions.........-.-..-..--.---------- Apparent anomaly as regards sour milk..............-.-....------ OXCAG ACE Otel LTE Kop EN SEIS Pon sysop eo sey ssp a nL Aa ly GR pad Precalitions TECOMMENG eC see sake SBE i cee ey ec can lek he Observance of precautions by consumers.........-.---------------- X. Inrant FeEepiIne AND Inrants’ Miux DEpoTs.............---------- Cons munullikva stim tamiipeo@ diya een uta 2 pepe euler Aan co Establishment of infants’ milk depots.........-..----------------- Geriaitv es) heraalliizes eae aa SMe Pla Sis SE ae aL i a Sa Breast feeding decidedly preferable to bottle feeding.............- IMigdiiice imma casy meh ur tee ere sag NE eh aT eel ee a ai INDEritivenession muceatied) mail een ee ee il ee a Susceptibility of modified milk to deterioration... -.. Hes ar Maayan ae sh Relative casioma@rditied! mille 5 ee il aid ty se infants’ milk depots... 6.05.22). I aes GE OAT Ae a Raps a Si UA Disposalkoilocalistrama Me pots ne eos eke) Ws tee MT is ah Important fiumehonvol wasitine, MuUnses. 5220 Ae ers bay ke a ECE) VL RAST STeVND ET AO) NAY EG cS} AU ON UN Sa Us II GL RU Ag What may be properly classed as prepared milks..............----- Candensediiarjevamobated mallee ie. ye ne ie Nae oe Nutritiveness of condensed milks.....................-----------: Susceptibility of condensed milks to deterioration.............-.--- Effect of sanitary restrictions on demand for prepared milks....... a IBFIGe oh ponemanec yen kas ee iwi a aas Oe au Na @oncenira tearing ee sik Mee aN aU Ae at Vea Saat al 2 owe 770 SY LNG I acid eae EM A A el RUM Le a Sicumn (skimmed) iorseparated miles sues i aks aly ae Considerable economic value of skim milk...................-.--- Necessity for maintaining milk products at low temperatures. ...-.. Remedial legislation recommended...-..-------------------------- XAIll. SumMArRY—RECOMMENDATIONS.....-------o2-c-cece eee c ence nese eececs 1. ANTENDI DOTTED CTS ky OL aL CSS METS SI LOI PN I UP Sev ML A AE Hae rUOWP LIST OF APPENDIXES, . Series of questions addressed to health officers, etc..........-------------- . List of individuals and establishments addressed.-...----....------+----+--- Responses received to series of questions propounded by committce........ . Correspondence with transportation companies. .........-...-------------- Communication addressed to president of Milk Producers’ Association of Maryland) Varcima cand Distiet on Columbia. 00 U less skh cay JLast of publications consulted by committees sce e ests Ses ue Sooo le . Laws, ordinances, rules, regulations, etc., concerning the production and dis- tribution of milk in certain municipalities throughout the United States. . Communications from Mr. Herbert P. Carter...................-.--------- I. Testimony at hearing before District Commissioners............-..-------- J. Communication from A. S. Trundle, representing the Dairymen’s Associa- tion of the District of Columbia, Maryland, and Virginia, dated Nov. PAUSINI ea ae a A Ie AE ll oR AC a A ee 361 aH MW © HO ZEA — TABLE OF CONTENTS. . Communications from health officer, District of Columbia, Nov. 14 and 23 andi Dec 20 LOMO rest. eve ee cere ete ene tate re ee eta Peel . Score cards used by the District government and United States Department Of Moricul irene re: aise oe ctataie spent Sete tet eat ele eel lee tea tate +Food and drugs act approved June 30) 1906222 0-2. 2-2 .cepee e-em Communication from Chief of Bureau of Chemistry, United States Depart- ment of Agriculture, referring to prosecutions under Federal pure-food law. . Suggestions concerning sanitary arrangements for dairy farms.............. . Act to regulate the sale of milk in the District of Columbia, approved Mar. . Regulations for Government of Dairies and Dairy Farms, promulgated July 31, 1897, together with amendments of Nov. 5, 1910..............-..--- . Act relating to the adulteration of foods and drugs in the District of Colum- bia, approved’ Feb. WW, USO3. eis) 7 nN ee ae eee ee ee . Bill to protect the public health by regulating the production and sale of milk, cream, and ice cream in the District of Columbia (S. 4986).......- . Bill to protect the public health by regulating the production and sale of milk, cream, and ice cream in the District of Columbia (H. R. 17506)... . Resolution authorizing the Committee on Agriculture, House of Represent- atives, to investigate extent of tuberculosis among dairy and farm ani- mals in Districtiot Columbia) Resy60a)s2- 45-2282 sone one eee . Amendment to health ordinances, District of Columbia, specifying actual content for milk bottles, ete., May 28, 1906.-......-.---..---.--.---.-- An act providing for labeling of milk vessels in JSistrict of Columbia, ap- proved Febi27;, 190 7aads Sasa Nas eens ae es Sere re oe aa . Excerpt from District of Columbia appropriation act inhibiting health- department employees from serving dairymen or dairy farmers or manu- facturers of or dealers in foods and drugs, approved Mar. 2, 1907 .......- Y. Orders restricting sale of milk in executive departments............-..-.-- Z Correspondence with officials of executive departments and bureaus... .--- AA. Order governing milk used in institutions under control of District gov- ernmient Nov 8, LOMO ie Sut Sa as ee CS ecco Rae ake tee eae ea AB. Order of District Commissioners for compulsory tuberculin testing of cattle AC. within District of Columbia, Nov. 27, 1909, together with amendment of Mar. 519102... (22S at es OND aie A ea Report of International Commission on Control of Bovine Tuberculosis. - - AD. Resolutions by National Association for Study and Prevention of Tuber- culosia, “Ajprs / 1910. S55 SSN SS ele DENSE ie alee Ane ee ee AE. Resolutions adopted by board of directors, Association for Prevention of Tuberculosis, District of Columbia, Dec) 27, 19108 ss ee eee eee AF. List of States requiring application of tuberculin test of cattle imported . - - AG. List of States providing for slaughter of tuberculous cattle and indemnifi- CATON: OF OVAMETB sae ee Sy NS ACES I re eee AH. List of States prescribing tuberculin test for cattle within their boundaries. AI. Communication from Gen. George M. Sternberg, dated Oct. 9, 1907, con- cerning practicability of shipping milk in cans at low temperature. ...-- AJ. Communication from Chief of United States Weather Bureau, dated Dec. 29, 1906, concerning the formation of natural ice during winter seasons in. vicinity 3. Has the feeding of such products a prejudicial effect upon the milk of animals so fed? THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 369 Answer. I do not believe that it has yet been demonstrated that the feeding of fresh sweet brewer’s grains has a prejudical effect upon the milk of animals so fed. Attention is invited, however, to the preceding answer. 4. With what average frequency are inspections of dairies and dairy farms made by the health department? Answer. By the term “dairy” is understood a place where the sale of milk and milk products is the principal part of the business carried on. There are in the District of Columbia 60 such places, independently of those located on dairy farms; those located on dairy farms are inspected as a part of the dairy farm and therefore are not included in the following statement of aver- age frequency of inspection of dairies. The dairies of the District of Columbia, independent of those located on dairy farms, were during the year ended June 30, 1910, inspected on an average of 23.6 times. The dairy farms supply- ing milk to the District of Columbia were during the same year inspected on an average of 3.79 times each. 5. Is there any need for more inspectors under the present regulations? Answer. The number of inspectors of dairy farms should be increased. Be- cause of the distance between dairy farms in outlying districts, a considerable part of the time of any inspector is consumed in going from his headquarters to the various farms and from farm to farm. ‘The proportion of his time that is practically lost in this way is, of course, increased in proportion as the size of his territory is increased, and with the large territories that individual in- spectors now have to cover a very large part of their time is lost in going to and fro. At least one new inspector is urgently needed, and more could be used with advantage. What, however, is most urgently needed is a competent officer of the health department to devote his entire time to the supervision of the food-inspection service. No salary has ever been provided sufficient to tempt into the service any veterinary surgeon or graduate of a dairy school willing to give up his entire time to the work of the office, as proper supervision of the food-inspection service practically requires. The men who have been assigned to this work have been, therefore, men not specially qualified or trained, and however willing they may have been to discharge the duties of their office, they have not always been capable of doing so when put to the test. AS an illustration of the difference between the situation in Washington and else- where, it may be stated that New Orleans pays its chief food inspector $200 a month and allows him time for a reasonable amount of private work. The chief food inspector in the city of Winnipeg receives $2,000 a year. The most that the District of Columbia has ever paid for this service is $1,200 per annum. 6. What number of additional inspectors will probably be required if a low bacterial content, the tuberculin test, and compulsory pasteurization be required ? Answer. It is impossible to answer this question with any degree of accuracy. Four additional employees, for instance, would be sufficient to supervise from a bacteriological standpoint the milk supply of this District in a very satisfactory way. One additional inspector, however, would very much improve the present service, and two would improve it in proportion to the increase in the number of employees. While an increase in the number of employees assigned to the supervision of the mill supply from a bacteriological standpoint would not do away altogether with the necessity for the inspection of the farms, yet if it were permitted to fix an arbitrary bacteriological content and to insist that milk shipped into the District for sale or sold within the District show no greater number of bacteria than that allowed the necessity for the supervision of dairy farms would be very much reduced. A farmer or a dealer in milk can not produce and market a milk containing a small number of bacteria unless his premises and his methods are what may be designated as sanitary. A bac- teriologist examining the milk as it reaches the city and as it is offered for sale can tell quite as much regarding the conditions under which it has been pro- duced, from a general sanitary standpoint, as can the inspector on the farm. The bacteriologist can not, however, determine as accurately as can the inspector on the farm the condition of the dairy cattle, nor can the bacteriologist pick up as well as can the inspector who visits the dairy farm information concerning the presence of contagious diseases in the families of milk producers. It must be borne in mind, of course, that the isolation of disease germs in milk is exceed- ingly difficult, with the possible exception of the isolation of tubercle bacilli, and that the isolation of tubercle bacilli is a slow and somewhat expensive process, which can not well replace the physical and tuberculin testing of the dairy cattle. If all tuberculin testing is to be done by employees of the District government, three additional veterinary inspectors should be provided, for the present at least, when there is a very large number of untested herds to be 82444°—S. Doc. 863, 61-8——_24 ‘ 370 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, looked after. The number of inspectors required to supervise properly the pasteurization of milk would depend upon the number of pasteurizing plants established. Three would probably be a fair estimate for such work. The more important part of the supervision of the pasteurizing plant, it might almost be said, would rest with the inspectors charged with the bacteriological supervision of the milk supply. Generally speaking, therefore, it might be said that if a fixed bacterial standard be established, the tuberculin test required, and compulsory pasteurization insisted upon from six to ten additional in- spectors would be needed properly to supervise the work. 7. What number of dealers are at present purveying milk in the District of Columbia? Answer. The health department has no record of the numerous grocers and _ other keepers of stores other than dairies who are purveying milk. It is estimated, however, that milk is sold at 2,000 places within the District of Columbia. 8. What number of producers are at present furnishing the milk consumed in the District of Columbia? Answer. The number of licensed dairy farms at present is 1,142. 9. Will you kindly furnish, if possible, a statement of the prices paid to the dairy farmer and by the consumer for milk during the past several years? Answer. The price paid to the dairy farmer during the past five years has been practically unchanged at from 14 to 16 cents for the summer months and 20 to 22 for winter months. The consumer has paid in that time 32 cents in the summer time and 36 to 40 cents in the winter. These prices are per gallon. So-called “ special’ milk is being sold at 40 cents per gallon throughout the year. 10. What individuals or companies now maintain plants for pasteurizing milk consumed in the District of Columbia? Answer. George M. Oyster, jr., J. J. Bowles, W. A. Simpson, Belmont Dairy Co., J. W. Gregg (no holding device), Nathan Straus Laboratory, all in Wash- ington, D. C.; Baltimore & Washington White Cross Milk Co., Frederick, Md.; Tri-State Sanitary Milk Co., Cumberland, Md.; International Milk Products Co., Cooperstown, N. Y., and the following creameries which ship only cream, so far as is known to this department: Chapin-Sacks Manufacturing Co., Buckeystown, Md., and Woodstock, Va.; Rosemary Creamery Co., Adams, N. Y. 11. Does any present requirement of the health department forbid the use of milk bottles or other receptacles for holding coffee, tea, paint, coal oil, molasses, vinegar, gasoline, etc.? Answer. Section 6a of an ordinance to prevent the sale of unwholesome food and the distribution:of medicinal and poisonous substances in the District of Columbia provides as follows: “See. 6a. That any person in the District of Columbia who receives milk or cream for sale shall, immediately after emptying the receptacle in which such milk or cream has been received, thoroughly rinse such receptacle so as to free the same from all remnants of milk and of cream, or shall cause such receptacle to be so rinsed; and no person in said District shall put or, having power and authority to prevent, permit to be put into any receptacle which is commonly used for the storage or delivery of milk or cream for sale anything which is filthy or offensive or any refuse matter of any kind. ‘Any person violating the provisions of this section shall, upon ‘conviction thereof, be pun- ished by a fine not exceeding $25 for each and every such offense.” (Commis- sioners’ Regulation of Apr. 21, 1903.) The health department has prosecuted persons who have failed to rinse the receptacles in which milk or cream _has been received, such prosecutions being against, as the regulation quoted above will indicate, persons who have received milk or cream for sale. Cases in which householders have used the receptacles in which milk or cream has come into their possession for pur- poses suggested by the question propounded by the committee have not been prosecuted by the health department, for the simple reason that the health department does not obtain knowledge of such offenses, and the milk dealers who do obtain knowledge of such offenses have never appeared to enter com- plaint against their customers. 12. What is the temperature maintained in household refrigerators in the Dis- trict of Columbia? : Answer. The health department is unable to answer this question. 13. In what respect, if any, is the drinking of sour milk deleterious? Answer. The drinking of sour milk is ordinarily not injurious to health. The milk that seems to do harm is not milk that is actually and manifestly soured, but milk that is more or less advanced in the process of souring. Whether this is due to the fact that up to a certain point disease-producing THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 371 organisms multiply in milk, whereas at a later period by reason of the changes produced by the ordinary milk bacteria such disease-producing organisms are either killed or inhibited in their action, or whether the injurious effect that seems to follow in many cases from the drinking of old and partially soured milk results from changes in the process of souring that follow its ingestion, is not clear. 14. Has the health department expressed any views as to the desirability of compulsory pasteurization? Answer. Yes. In the present state of the production and sale of milk com- mercially, pasteurization seems to be the only way of safeguarding the public health against milk-borne diseases. There will, however, probably always be some use for raw milk, either as a medicinal agent or for culinary purposes, or for use by the exceptional individual, similar to the individual who now without any physical necessity uses raw meat and raw eggs, and therefore there appears to be no reason why the sale of raw milk should be forbidden. 15. Has a bacteriological laboratory been recently established in connection with the health department, and on what date? ; Answer. This question was answered, it is believed, in the answers previously submitted to the committee. Briefly, however, a bacteriological laboratory has not been recently established in connection with the health department, but such a laboratory has been used by the department for some years past. Until the beginning of the current fiscal year, however, that laboratory was devoted exclusively to the contagious-disease service, because it was maintained from the appropriation provided for the maintenance of that service. With legisla- tion enacted by Congress at its last session it became possible to use this laboratory for other purposes, and with the beginning of the fiscal year its use for such other purposes, notably for milk work, was begun. 16. Are additional or better facilities desired for this laboratory? Answer. The laboratory is in need of additional room. It is possible to operate it on its present basis only by the detail of a sanitary inspector to assist the bacteriologist, and in order to obtain an inspector to do this work it has been necessary to train him. There should be provision for an assistant bacteriologist, with salary and prospects sufficient to bring into the service a generally trained bacteriologist, say with an initial salary of $1,500 per annum, with some assurance of promotion in event of giving satisfactory service. Pro- vision should be made for the more general supervision from a bacteriological standpoint of the milk supply of the District, by providing for from one to four minor assistants in the bacteriological laboratory, and if such assistants be provided it will be necessary to have additional equipment as well as addi- tional space. 17. In your judgment will the specification of 500,000 bacteria to the cubic centimeter suffice as a maximum indication of acceptable milk, or should this number be decreased, and if so to what figure? Answer. In the present state of the production and vending of milk, 500,000 bacteria per cubic centimeter represents a fair standard. Good raw milk should contain not in excess of that number, but it will hardly be practicable during the summer season to prosecute for every sample of milk that contains a number in excess of the standard suggested. In the case of pasteurized milk, a bacterial standard should be fixed not in excess of 50,000 per cubic centimeter. If bacterial standards are to be fixed by law, it might be well to provide gen- erally that no milk should be sold having a higher bacterial content than that claimed for it by the vender, so that the producer and vender of special grades of milk who claims for such milk a bacterial count not in excess of say 10,000 per cubic centimeter could not with impunity sell to his customer milk contain- ing a greater number. 18. Can you refer the committee to a statement of the present requirements of the health department as to stabling cows, etc.? Answer. A copy of the regulations of the department relative to the stabling of cows is inclosed herewith. 19. Can you conveniently furnish copies of all orders of the health department at present in operation governing the production and sale of milk? Answer. The production and sale of milk is governed rather by laws and regulations, copies of which have already been furnished the committee, than by orders of the health department. Orders of the health department are gen- erally directed to the employees of the department, and thereupon departmental interpretations of existing laws and regulations. Copies of all such orders can not be easily furnished, but if the committee desires copies of such orders relating to any particular feature of the milk-inspection work, copies of such orders will be made and furnished. 372 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. The department staads ready to furnish the committee with any other infor- mation in its possession which the committee believes will be of service to its work. Respectfully, Wm. C. Wooopwarp, M. D., Health Officer. APPENDIX L. SCORE CARDS EMPLOYED BY DISTRICT GOVERNMENT AND DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE FOR RATING DAIRIES AND DAIRY FARMS. [Health Department of the District of Columbia, Dairy and Dairy Farm Service.] ScoRE CARD FOR DAIRIES. Owner or manager: Trade name: 7% Street and No.: Permit No. , Number of wagons: A Date of inspection: , 19—. Gallons sold daily: Milk: Cream: ———. Buttermilk: ———. Score. Score. Equipment. Methods. Perfect. | Allowed. Perfect. | Allowed. Plant: Plant: Wocauloneeeeeeeeccse eee 10 Cleanliness..........--- 15 Convenience. .-.....-- 74 Pe ae Seal BOOR Ee ewielen eee ceee Cal esctctisa= Surroundings. -........ ; Bipasteseuens IWid ISB SSE ser aamoes Zt eee Arrangement.......---- 5 Ceilings sss: 226 eens L eect Proper rooms. .......- CW Re aaeeseas Doors) a -ceeeeesoseee ile seesgeei Convenience. ....----- Pens] | Beep ree Windows. .....------- Del oo ee eee Construction. ..--.....- 10 Good order....-...---- ols ae Floor and drainage. --- GP Beoaa sone Free from odors...--.. Diecceseeees AWidlliSttte ee Oe neta els 3) | ee ese erciets Freedom from flies... .. 5) | hyo seeree Ceiling tort ahs A Ae Saabs Machinery and utensils: POLE a Re Bore HOA ya eet ania Li aes aia Cleanliness..........-- 30h eee sees Ventilation.........--..-.. tite oe ne Milk: (Handling)...... 20 Sereensiccc ccc ce oce eee OMe ac eeree Claniiyine eee seeeeaee Dj) so aos Machinery and utensils Botthng:.--.---+----- TQ Sos Seems (kind, quality,condition, Pasteurizing.-......-- Hi seeds aacen and arrangement) -..30 Gy eee Storage? --4) 3s 20: |:ee see Bottle and can washer . Os estestystecer 45° F. or below. ..-. 20) ty adel erences Bottling machine. .-... idl aoe eevee 45 to 50° F......... To ee eee ere Capping machine. .... Hil Besecseeee 50 to:55° Fo.s. 22... 10) Ab RR eee Crates, racks, etc.....- bil Peeacseees Salesroom— Cold storage........... (33 ae oe Cleanliness..........-. 10. eee eee Pasteurizer........... Te fel eee Attendants’ cleanli- Water for cleaning. ....20 MESS 2). ae eee Hy eens COTTE er seael sede Aa Hot water. ae as 100) eee Cold water ee ahs Salesroom.............- Location. ...........-- Construction Equipment LOOM Se tertenee Additional deductions: for Additional deductions for exceptionally bad condi- exceptionally bad con- tions— ditions— Motalideductions#e-4|)-22-44e.4|yeeeeeee ae Potalideductions2.|--2 -seeeee eee INetitotalzeiee aeecea see ocx 2c) eee Neti total... 4. 2--.| 45865 ee | eee Score for equipment .................... —; multiplied by1 -................. —_ Score for methods................ sis bteCarets —— = MUL tpled) Dyi2) a. acccese eee ee eee — Total.to bedivided iby 3 js55 sos ae eee beeen eee — Final score. 3 2c ieee Aca eae a's ecpestess sects scenecmee cen ee meee seins eueese Seat ee 373 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. Supplemental score for wagons. Perfect. | Allowed. Construction a2 shea cas = se emcee secon c wie wieis es Sit semise facies ceisce dss acsomemesene ill eastseariai ss ComGiilOmme ee ass neice ict merece emer sine ninial=!s akaiao stieicle ek osercinisla tieisisiuene sree ete are wicca Cn Geer ae TO | Roactecc eee This score does not cover quality of milk purchased by this dealer. AD Lie Seer cre ote ot TS 2057 Py Oe aioe , Inspector. [Health Department of the District of Columbia, Dairy and Dairy-Farm Inspection Service.] ScoRE CARD FOR DAIRY FARMS. Farm of Location Consignee Permit number D.C. Md. Va. 191—. Rating 6 Score. Score. Equipment. Methods. —_—_——_——. Perfect. | Allowed. Perfect. | Allowed. Cows, 16. Cows and stables, 16. Comfort: Cleanliness of stables: Beddings. <2 .5.2.2.20355:, 19 eeseeeecee IGore ee? passe Seeds roses 2 Temperature of stable. -.-. T esasszece Wall Shei ca cee geese sme oae 1 OO Ghee eee cen ate tid She OP anche en Ceiling and ledges......... Tea el : Water: Mangers and partitions. .-. FTC vb Z CleameeS sc )ciseaesseeedeess 1G Reeeece Wandowsse sees oes eee at] Pere Sek Se & UCI ee Cee acre ee 1 Meer oes Stabletaintass=) en sees: (qi leeeare aa Light: 4 square feet or more of Barnyard, clean and well ; glass per cow (3 square feet, rained! tee ssn. Aas aan Wes rr de ae 3; 2 square feet, 2; 1 square Removal of manure daily to TOOTH I) Ries are see aaa yO See eee ‘field or pit (manure stored Ventilation: Automatic sys- less than 50 feet from sta- é ten Gajustable windows, 1). Br iieseeeosae LO IN) ee Ors ee eee eel Pa Semen = 8 ae ubic feet air space per cow, A es 600 to 1,000 feet (less than 600 Utensils and milking, 24: feet, 2; less than 500 feet, 0) --. By | Peckisecoee cae and cleanliness of uten- Sils: Stable, 6. Thoroughly cleansed...... (Sl | Maes ke Location of stable: Steaming or scalding uten- : Well drained............. el Sees SUSSh te eee elapse eas (i) | Doe eee Free from contaminating Inverting utensils in pure surroundings........... 1 es eee ee air and sunlight....._... Shea wee Construction of stable: Cleanliness of milking: Tight, sound floor and Clean, dry hands.......... BA ae De eet proper gutter........... Py eee Udders washed and dried Smooth, tight walls and (udders cleansed with ceiling... .. ipoghasnacaces pe eens moist cloth, 4).........- Gr Pee aee vou Stall, tie, and man- i Handling the milk, 20. > Cleanliness of attendants...... Dee ates eae Utensils, 14. Milk of each cow removed im- Construction of utensils. ....-. 1 Pees mediately from the stable... 2 Water for cleaning, clean, con- Cleanliness of milk room...... 3 . venient, and sufficient...... Dh Ae zine Prompt cooling (cooled imme- Facilities for steam (hot water diately after milking each sufficient to immerse uten- . COW) Aenean eee. ON Bare te ee SUSW 2 aac eee ees tem a Lil Le arenes Efficient cooling; below 50° F. Small top milking pail........ Sih Beers (51° to 55°, 4; 56° to 60°, 2).. HH are es oe Milky Coolenacee eiso= tice Boece 7 al Sa a st 8 Storage; below 50° F. (51° to Clean milking suits........... PAS | Seer Bae eae a to 60°, Dee ates Bi ae eo sae . . Transportation; iced (for jack- Handling the milk, 4. et or wet blanket allow 2; Location of milk room: dry blanket or covered Free from contaminating Wagons) ee ciisteccelesceccnc. Bi fesccececee surroundings. ........... pe ee ere Convenient............... Dl Seger Construction of milk room: Floors, walls, and ceiling. - Bi eesssesees Light, ventilation, and _ SCREENS oo 2 =) \ec0.s aces 1 eee Motels 52 eset teecins as