U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM

LIBRARY OF

Henry Guernsey Hubbard

AND

Eugene Amandus Schwarz

DONATED IN 1902

ACCESSION NO.I. .i.....V \..^..(J-

^1^

University of the State of New York

ELEVENTH REPORT

Injurious and Other Insects

State of New York

F^OR THE Year 1895

[From the Forty-ninth Report on the New York State Museum]

By J. A. LINTNER, Ph. D., State Entomologist

ALBANY

UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK

1896

State of New York.

No. 54.

IN SKNATE,

January, 1896

ELEVENTH REPORT

iSTATE ENTOMOLOGIST ON THE INJURIOUS AND OTHER
INSECTS OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.

Office of the State Entomologist, ^
Albany, January, 1896. )

2o the Legislature of the State of New York :

I have the honor to present to the Legislature my Eleventh Report
■on the Insects of the State of New York, which is also presented to
>the Regents of the University, as required by law.

Very respectfully,

J. A. LINTNER.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

PAf5E.

INTJ?ODUCTORY 101

Transmittal, 101. Work of the Department, 101. The San Jos6
Scale, 101. Its recent introduction, 101. Proposed legislation for
its arrest, 102. It may not extend over all of New York, 102. Bulle-
tin relating to it, 102. The elm-leaf beetle in Albany, 102. Benefit that
may result from its ravages, 103. Arrangement and classification of the
State collection, 103. Work upon the Andrenidae and Apidse, 103.
Study oi Bomius and Psithyrus, 104. The Odonata of the State of New
York, 104. Assistants employed, 105. The publications of the Ento-
mologist, 105. The collections made in the Adirondacks, 106. Unusual
abundance of some insects, 106. The small number of Lepidoptera at-
tracted to light, 106. Scarcity of Cicindelidse, Coceinellida}, Syrphidse,
etc., 106. Contributions to the Department, 107. Acknowledgment to
the Board of Regents for their aid, 107.

INJURIOUS INSECTS 109

MoxoMORiUM Pharaonis, the Little Red Ant 109

Bibliography, 109. A household pest in foods, 110. An European Insect,
110. Long known as ilfi/rmtcamoiesto, 110. Its description, 110. Figures
of the insect, 111. The male and female rarely seen, 111. An annoyance
from its ubiquity, HI. When accidentally eaten not unpalatable. 111.
Its sting. 111. Attracted to almost everything in the house. 111. Per-
sistent in search of food, 111. Where their nests are made, 111. Small
quantity of food consumed, 112. Other insects eaten by them, 112. Its
injuries to young blades of corn in gardens and fields, 112. Its service
in destroying bed-bugs, 112. Numbers occurring in a nest, 112. When
the sexes and neuters appear, 112. Pairing»f the sexes, 113. Wonder-
ful prolificacy of the species, 113. Camponotus hercidaneus, also a house-
hold pest, 113. May overrun rooms and infest clothing, 113. Two other
pests that are often troublesome in houses, 113. How to kill them when
their nests can be reached, 113. Nests of the little red ant often in the
walls or foundations of buildings, 114. Can then best be killed by
attracting to baits, 114. Baits that may be used, 114. Repellants
for preventing their entrance into houses, 114. May be killed by pyreth-

90 Forty-ninth Report on the State Museum

PAGK.

rum powder or borax, 114. Barricades with chalk lines and with
water, 114.

Ants in a Lawn US-
Injuries to a lawn on Long Island, N. Y., 115. Number of species of
ants in the United States, 115. Diversity of habits, 115. Identification
of species essential in prescribing remedies, 115. The species complained
of may have been Formica rufa, 115. Size of its mounds, 115. Where
they may be found, 115. Division of large colonies, 115. How the
minor colonies or nests may be found and broken up, 116. Ants dis-
tributed over a lawn may be sprayed with kerosene emulsion, 116. Prob-
able service of lime or kainit in destroying insects, 116. In reported cases
of ant injuries, examples of the different forms should be submitted for
identification, 116.

On Arsenical Spraying of Fruit Trees while in Blossom 117

Honey-bee poisoning from arsenically sprayed blossoming fruit trees,- a
long-mooted question, 117. The poisoning claimed by many and denied
by others, 117. May the honey or the pollen become poisonous, 117. A
committee of the Association of Economic Entomologists appointed to in-
vestigate the matter, 117, Report of the committee, 117. Experiments
made by the chairman, 117. Dead bees found within a net inclosing arseni-
cally sprayed blossoming tree, 117. Also dead bees beneath trees not net-
ted, 117. Predaceous insects may have killed some of the bees, 117. The
experiments made deemed not conclusive, 118. Crushed bees visiting
arsenically sprayed blossoms would naturally show presence of arsenic,
118. Prof. Cook's positive assertion that bees are poisoned by sprayed
blossoms, 118. Not proven by his experiments as published, 118. Feed-
ing bees in confinement on poisoned syrup, 118. How the question of
blossom-poisoning might be settled, 118. Statement that honey-bees will
feed on the liquid of arsenically sprayed potato leaves, 118. Prof. Cook's
desire that arsenical si)raying of fruit trees in blossom may be pro-
hibited by law, 119. The Canadian, law against such spraying, 119.
Prof. Pan ton's opinion on the importance of the law, 119. Possibility
that arsenic may blight the blossoms, suggested by Prof. Panton, 119.
Destroying pear tree blossoms when infested by the pear midge sug-
gested as a remedy for attack of the insect, 119. Two important ques-
tions for deliberation, viz., the poisoning of bees and their honey, and
the prevention of development of the fruit, 120. Investigation by the
Experiment Stations solicited, 120. Until settled, spraying of blossom-
ing fruit trees should cease, without legislative enactment, 120. Spray-
ing of fruit trees indispensable to successful culture, 120. Should not
be intermitted during blossoming unless proven to be harmful, 120.
Each day of this period may mark some new attack, 120. Harm that

Eleventh Report of the State Entomologist 91

PAQK*

^ight result from weeks of intermission in spraying, 120. Seventeen
species of apple-tree insects named that should he combated during
the blossoming period, 121. Before deciding upon the proposed inter-
mission, the interests of the apiarist and of the fruit-grower should be
carefully weighed,, one against the other, 122. Later experiments by
Prof. Webster in testing for arsenic in dead bees, 122. Summary of four
experiments', 123. The last two showed arsenic within the abdomen and
honey sacs and in dead brood in hives, 123. Conclusion drawn that
bees are liable to poisoning from arsenically sprayed blossoms, 123.

On the Girdling of Elm Twigs by Orgyia leucostigma 124

Destructiveness of the insect to the foliage of shade and fruit trees for
years in Albany, 124. A new form of injury to Ulmus Americana in
1883, 124. Tips of twigs girdled and thrown to the ground, 124. Orgyia
larvae detected in the girdling, 124. Cause of the breaking off of the
tips, 125. Purpose of the larval girdling, 125. The young bark particu-
larly attractive to the larvae, 125. Eaten for a brief time, 125. Years
of remarkable abundance and comparative scarcity of the Orgyia, 125.
A later girdling by a second brood of the larvae in August, 1895, 125.
A second brood not previously recorded in Albany, but known in some
other cities, 125. Interesting feature of enlarged bulbous growth in
girdled twigs immediately above the decorticated portion, 126. Its ex-
planation, 126. Girdling not observed in the other food-plants of
Oi'gyia, 126.

EuDioPTis NiTiDALis, the Pickle Caterpillar 126

Bibliography and Synonymy, 126. Its injuries to melons in South
Carolina narrated, 127. Eesemblanceof its larva to that of E. hyalinata,
128. Both feed on the Cucurbitaceae, 128. A knowledge of the life-
history of each, important, 128. Need of special study of their larvae,

128. Descriptions of E. nitidalis larva by Prof. Eiley and by Mr.
Walsh, 129. Illustration of difi'erent stages of the insect by Prof. Riley,

129. Descriptions of the larva by correspondents, 130. Flight of the
moth, 130. Its description, 130. Duration of larval injuries, 131.
Manner of feeding, 131. Pupation, 131. When the moths appear, 131.
Importance of knowing when the eggs are deposited, 131. In which of
the States its injuries have been severe, 131. Special injuries in Illinois,
Michigan, and North Carolina, 131, Its gradual extension of rauge, 131.
Seasonal climatic conditions apparently control its multiplication, 132.
Of late, prefers muskmelons to cucumbers, and more abuudant in
Southern States than in the Western, 132. Its several food-plants, 132.
Distribution in Canada, the United States, Central America and South
America, 132. A Chalcid parasitic on it, 132. Chauliognathus marginatus
believed to prey upon it, 133. Eemedies — spraying with Paiis green or

92 Forty-ninth Report on the State Museum

PAGE.

London purple, destroying the infested cucurbits, and destruction of the
eggs, 133.

EuDiOPTis HYALINATA, the Melon Caterpillar IM

Bibliography and Synonymy, 134. Injurious to melons in Southern
and Western States, 135. Ravages in Georgia, 135. Features of its
attack, 135. Crops wholly destroyed, 136. Its feeding habits, 136.
Its life-period, 136. Number of broods not known, 136. Little
known of its life-history, 136. Cucnmber and melon crops ruined
in Florida, 136, Destructiveness in Mississippi, 136. Feeds on pnn)p-
kius, 136. Descriptions of the larva, pupa, and moth, 136. Illustration
of the several stages of the insect, 137. Gueu^e's description of the
moth, 137. Occurs from Canada to Texas, but more generally in the
Southern States, 138. Parasitic and predaceous enemies, 138. Remedies
for the pickle worm serviceable for this, 138. From its leaf-feeding habit
more easily poisoned, 138.

Pyrausta futilalis, a Dogbane Caterpillar 138

Bibliography, 138. Food-i)lant, 139. The caterpillars inclosed in a web,
139. Their general features, 139. The egg'*, 139. Manner of feeding
of larvae, 139. Gregarious habit, 139. Length of larval stage, 139.
Their voracity, 139. Extended destruction of the food plant, 140.
Wandering habit of the mature caterpillar, 140. The cocoon, 140. The
caterpillar described in its four stages, 140. Delayed pupation within
the cocoon, 140. Do they ever pass the winter as larvae 1 140. W^here
the pupge may be found, 141. When the moths appear, 141. Deposit of
the eggs and their hatching, 141, Number of broods uncertain, 141.
Are many caterpillars destroyed before pupation? 141. Description of
the moth, 141. Attacked by a parasite, 142.

Mecyxa reveksalis, the Genista Caterpillar 142

Bibliography, 142. Feeding on Genista and Cytisus in a greenhouse at
Glen Cove, N. Y. An European species has the same food-plants, 142. In
Mississippi feeds on lupines, 142. Transformations, 142. Life-period,
142. Number of generations, 143. Life of an allied species, 143. De-
scription of the mature larva, 143. Figure of the larva, 144. Descrip-
tion of the puj>a and cocoon, 144. The moth figured and described, 144.
Guen^e's description of the moth, 144. Distribution, 145. Not a par-
ticularly injurious insect, 145. Can be controlled at first by hellebore
powder or infusion, and later by Paris green, 145.

Pyralis costalis, the Clover-Hay Caterpillar 145

Bibliography, 145. Identification of the species from Sherwood, N. Y.
147. An European insect, 147. Characters of the Pyralidse, 147. Their

Eleventh Keport of the State Entomologist 93

PAGE.

habitat, 147. Descriptions of the moth and larva, 148. Its European
history, 148. Its American history, 149. When and where the moths
are seen, 150. Life-history of the insect, 150. Its injuries to stacked
hay, 150. Injury to timothy and possibly to straw, 150. Clover hay also
Injured by another Pyralid, 151. Remedies and preventives; destruc-
tion of refuse hay in mows, circulation of air to prevent moisture, and
salting the lower part of stacks, and pyrethrnra powder for killing the
larvse, 151. Preventive of attack desirable, 151. Need of knowing of
egg deposit, 151.

CtRAPHOLiTHA INTEKSTINCTANA, the Clover-sced Catoi pillar 152

Biltliography, 152. Severe injury to clover seed in Minmi county,
Indiana, 153. The "little clover" only infested, 153. The attack recog-
nized as that of the clover-seed caterpillar, 153. When the insect was
described, 153. Operations of the caterpillar first observed in 1874, at
Itbacn, N. Y., 153. Description of the larva, pupa, and imago, 153.
Figures of the same, 153. When the eggs are deposited, 154. Work of
the larviB and subsequent life-history, 154. Three broods of the insect,
155. Exemption of the "mammoth clover " from attack, 155. Its work
confounded with that of the clover-seed midge, 155. The few localities
from which it has been reported, 155. Cutting the clover in early June
a preventive of injury, 155. Hulled seed safe from further injury, 156.
Two parasites of the insect known, 156.

ANTisriLA KYSS^FOIJELLA, the Sour Gum tree Case-Cutter 157

Bibliography, 157. Leaves of Nyssa in New York, cut bj' the cater-
pillar for its pui)atiug cases, 157. Where, also, it has been observed,
157. Items of life-history, 157. The larva and its mines, 158. How
the pupating case is made, 158. Description of the case, 158. Figures
of cases, 158. Additional items of life-bistory, 159. An allied species,
159. Remedy, 159.

TiscHERiA MALiFOLiELLA, the Apple Leaf Miner 160

Bibliography, 160. Infestation of a Schenectady, N. Y., orchard, 160.
Description of tlie caterpillar and motb, 160. Mining operations of the
caterpillar and its mines, 161. When the eggs are laid, 161. The eggs
not observed, 161. Slow larval growth, 161. Cleanly habits of the
larva, 161. Its hibernation and pupation, 161. Emergence of the moth,
161. The injuries of the insect seldom serious, 161. Its distribution
extensive but local, 162. The larvje feed on several of the Rosacese, 162.
Remedy, burning the infested leaves, 162.

Cecidomyia bktul^, the Birch-seed Midge 162

Bibliography, 162. Discovery of the iufested seeds, 162. Abundance
in Albany, 162. How larval presence may be delected, 163. The Midge
identified, 163. Development of the larvae, 163. European history of the
insect, 164. Attacked by a parasite, 164. Larva described at maturity,

94 FORTY-NIXTH REPORT ON THE StATE MuSEUM

PAGE.

164. Theobald's description of the imago quoted, 164. More detailed
description, illustrated, by figures, 165. Three parasites bred from Euro-
, pean galls, 165. Undetermined native parasites, 165.

DiPLOSiS CUCUMERis, the Melon-vine Midge 165

Bibliography, 165. Galled muskmelon shoots received from Lowell,
Mass., 165. A new Cecidomyid reared from them, 166. Detailed
description with reference to figures, 166. A jjeculiar antennal struc-
ture, 166. Kieffer's "Filets arques," 166. When the midge emerges,
167. A second locality for the insect, 167. Chalcids in association
with the midge, but probably parasitic on the cucumber aphis, 167.

DiPLOSis SETIGERA, the Hairy Melon-vine Midge 168

A second undescribed Cecidomyid reared from melon tips, 168. Detailed
description with reference to figures, 168. The species closely related
to the pear midge, 169. Comparison of the two species, 169.

Anthomyia sp., the Easpberry-cane Maggot 170

Infested canes from Adams, N. Y., 170. At first mistaken for the work
of the cane-girdlei", 170. Features of the attack, 170. The larva de-
scribed, 170. The imago not obtained, 170. The operations of the in-
sect had been jjrevionsty observed in Canada, 170. Observed in Michi-
gan, 171. How the larva operates, 171. Injures canes in Penusj'lvauia,
171. Features bj^ which tbe attack may be identified, 171. Its probable
occurrence in Pennsylvania, 172. Remedy in cutting and destroying the
infested tips, 172.

Anthrencjs scrophulari.b, the Carpet-Beetle 172

The beetles on blossoms of rhubarb, 172. Could the plant serve as a
bait for the collection and destruction of the insect? 172. Its destruction
useless, if oviposition has ocenrred, 173. General belief that oviposition
takes i)lace before the beetle visits the food-plants, 173. No eggs found
in beetles captured while feeding, 173. Eggs possibly not developed
until late in life, 173. Delayed oviposition of the rose-bug, 173. An in
stance where a lace curtain was eaten by the carpet bug, 173. Its fond-
ness for dead insects, 173. Olivier's account of the habits and transform-
ations of the Anthreni, 174.

Pyrophorus noctilucus, the Cucuyo 174

Bibliography, 174. Eeason for present notice, 175. Examples con-
tributed to the State collection, 175. Belong to the Elateridse, 175.
Features of the family, 175. Only one species of the genus known in the
United States, 175. Abundance in South America, 175. Fitness of the
scientific name, 175. The light-giving organs, 176. The light emitted,
176. Where the insect is found, 176. Service that they rendered in

Eleventh Keport op the State Entomologist 95

Mexico, 176. Worn as ornaments by Mexican ladies, 176. More brilliant
than crown je-wels, 176. Protracted life of the beetles, 176. The food
given them, 177. Their period of captivity, 177.

Crioceris asparagi, the Asparagus Beetle 177

Bibliography, 177. The beetles received from Magnolia, Mass., 178.
First observation of the insect in the United States, 179. Long
confined to the seaboard, 179. Its southern extension, 179. Found
in Central and Western New York, 179. Northern extension, 179. Its
distribution may be confined to the Upper Austral life-zone, 179. Range
of animals and plants restricted to life-zones, 179. Study recently
given to life-zone limitation, 179. The San Jos6 scale apparently con-
fined to the Upper Austral, 179. The asparagus beetle may also have the
same limitation, 179. Under this law several destructive insect pests
may not extend over the entire State of New York, 180. Kelief that this
knowledge would afiford, 180. Portions of New York embraced within
the Upper Austral zone, 180. The same zone in New England, 181. Will
it control the distribution of the Gypsy moth ? 181. Remedies for the
asparagus beetle, 181.

LiNA SCRIPTA, the Cotton wood-leaf Beetle 1813

Bibliography, 181. Wonderful occasional multiplication of insects not
usually injurious, 182. L. scripta ravages on willows in New Yoi k such an
instance, 182. Received from Liverpool, N. Y., 182. Its destruetlveness
reported at that locality, 182. Its distribution, 182. Abundance in
Western States on the cottonwood, 183. Thousands of trees killed, 18.3.
Its occurrence in New York, 183. Observed in Keene Vallej-, N. Y., 183.
The larva described and illustrated, 183. The insect figured in its sev-
eral stages, 183. Description of the beetle, 184. Illustration of the
beetle in its varieties, 184. Two or three broods each year, 184. Paris
green recommended as a remedy, but found not very successful, 184.
Increasing ravages of the insect, 184. Visit made to Liverpool for obser-
vation, 184. Culture of the willow for basket-making, 185. How the
willow is grown, 185. When cut for use, 185. Its subsequent treat-
ment, 185. Its yield and value, 185. Extent of its cultivation in West-
ern New York, 185. Not a native willow, 185. The basket-making
industry in Liverpool, 186. Steady increase of the insect for the jiast
twenty years, 186. Losses resulting from it, 186. Number of broods,

186. The hibernating beetles, 186. Greater injuries of the second brood,

187. The eggs, 187. The larvae locally known as "hangers" — the
beetles as " hard-shells," 187. Early retreat to hibernating quarters,
187. Where the eggs are depoisited, 187. Clusters collected and de-
stroyed, 187. Abundance of the beetles, 188. Efficacy of hand-picking
the beetles, 188. Spraying with Paris green, 188. A bug-catching
machine devised, 188. Description of the "bug-catcher," 188. Opera-

96 Forty-ninth Report on the State Museum

PAGE

tion of the macbiue, 189. RefercDce to plates illustratiug the
machine, 189.

Galerucella luteola, the Elm-leaf Beetle iu Albany 189

Northward progress of the insect in the Hiulsou river valley, 189.
Its adveut in Albany, 190. Abundance in the summer of 1895, 190.
Transformations of the first brood, 190. A second brood observed, 191.
Not expected so far north, 191. More destructive than the first brood,
191. Detailed operations of the second brood, 191. Its great abund-
ance, 191. Descent of the larvae from the trees, 191. Pupation on the
surface beneath, 192. Latest dates of observation of the insect, 192.
Do many larvaj drop from the branches? 192. No indications of their
dropping observed, 192. Preference of the insect for different species
of elms, 193. The American elm almost free from attack, 193. Marked
preference for the English elm, 193. The Scotch elm rarely if ever
killed, 193. Slow spread of the insect, 194. Not known north of Albauj^,
195. Only a small portion of Albany infested in four years, 195. Paris
green spraying the most effective remedy, 195. Kftective spraying not
generally practicable by lessees or owners of city residences, 195. De-
struction of the larvfe and pupse recommended and urged, 196. Direc-
tions for the work, 196. A comparatively easy task, 196. Estimate that
niue-teuths of the descending larvie may be killed, 196.

Galerucella cayicollis, a Cherry-leaf Beetle 197

The beetles destructive to the foliage of a cherry tree at Ausable
Forks, N. Y., 197. Abundant in CauHda, 197. Observed in Michigan,
197. Distribution in the United States, 197. Erroneously reported as
G. sanguuiea, 197. An allied southern form, 197. G. crmco/^Js probably
single brooded, 197. Not previously known on the garden cherry, 198.
Feeds also on chestnut, 198. G. decora, a willow feeding species,
common in Keene Valley, 198. The larvae destructive to willows in
Washiugtou, ly8.

Blissus leucopterus, the Chinch-Bug 198

Seldom injurious in New York, 198. Its destructiveuess in St. Law-
rence county, 198. Receut operations in Allegany county, 198. Former
accounts of its hibernation incorrect, 199. Does not hibernate in rubbish,
corn fodder, under dead leaves, etc., 199. Its natural hibernating place
found to be in the dense stools of wild grasses, 199. Futility of former
recommendations of burning loose rubbish, 199. Grass lands where the
hibernation occurs should be burned, 199. How the burning should be
done, 199.

Eleventh Eeport op the State Entomologist 97

PAGE.

San Jos£ Scale, axd Other Destructive Scale Insects of New York. 20O

What scale insects are, 200. Classificatiou, 200. Developmeut, 200.
Some species useful, 201. Number of species, 201. The api)le-tree bark-
louse, 201. Its eggs, 202. Food plants, 202. The scurfy bark-louse, 202.
Injuries and abundance, 202. Reference to illustrative figures, 202. Ap-
pearance of a badly infested tree, 202. Trees attacked by it, 203. The
pine-leaf scale-insect, 203. Injuries to Austrian pines in Washington
Park, Albany, 203. Figures and literature referred to, 203. The white
scale infesting conservatories and house plants, 203. Favorite food-
plants, 204. List of its food-plants, 204. The maple-tree scale-insect,
204. Readily recognized, 204. Immense number of its eggs, 204. De-
scription of the scale and reference to figures, 204. Nature and purpose
of its secretion, 204. Abundance in Brooklyn and elsewhere, 205. The
plum-tree scale-insect, 205. A new and destructive pest, 205. Appearance
in several localities in New York, 205. Its identification questioned, 205.
Characters of the Lecanium species, 205. Reference to a Bulletin on the
plum scale, 205. The figure illustrating it, 206. The San Joa6 scale,
206. One of the most pernicious species, 206. Its injuries in California,

206. An introduced species, 207. Its native home not known, 207.
When first observed in California, 207. Occurrence in the Eastern
United States, 207. First seen in Virginia, 207. Investigated by the
U. S. Department of Agriculture, 207. Trees and shrubs attacked by it,

207. Believed to have been brought from New Jersey, 207. Experi-
ments for its destruction, 208. Discovered in Maryland, 208. Thou-
sands of trees infested in Florida, 208. Infested localities in other East-
ern States, 209. Efl!orts made for its extermination at each locality,
210. Its discovery in an apple orchard in Columbia county, N. Y., on
stock received from New Jersey, 210. Extent of the infestation, 210.
Its spread believed to have been arrested, 210. Long Island nurseries
found to be badly infested, 212. The source unknown, 212. Not found
in Western New York nurseries, 212. Examination of the Long Island
nurseries, 213. The scale found in three of the nurseries, 213. Earnest
efforts for its destruction, 213. One of the nurseries censured, 213.
Another warmly commended, 214. Most of the eastern infestations
traceable to New Jersey, 215. Dr. Smith's etforts for subduing the
scale, 216. Aid received from the Wm. Parry nurseries, 217. Re-
quested aid refused by the Lovett nurseries, 217. Conduct of the own-
ers censurable, 218. The San Jose scale in Ohio, 219. Prof. Webster'^
report upon it, 219. Description and figures of the scale, 219. Its pres-
ence on fruit, 220. The male insect, 220. The female insect, 221.
Life-history : both oviparous and viviparous, 221. References to it*
eggs, 222. The young insect, 222. Development of the scale, 323. The
number of broods, 223. Hibernation, 223. List of food-plants, 223.
How the insect is distributed, 224. Carried by other insects and birds,.
224. Distributed widely through sales of nursery stock, 225. Suggestion
for protection from infested stock, 225. Form of certificate to be given
by nurserymen, 226. Legislation against insect pests in several of the

•98 Forty-ninth Report on the State Museum

PAGE.

States, 226. Nothing done in this direction iu New York, 226. ' lutro-
duction froui abroad or uinisnal mnltiplication might call for legisla-
tion, 2'27. Legislation thought to be needed for controlling the San
Jos6 scale, 227. Fear that it has been sent to every county in the State,

227. Copy of a bill before the Legislature for inspection of probable in-
fested localities, 227. Remedies available against the scale, 228. More
effective during the winter season, 228. Various winter washes used,

228. Two only reported as fully satisfactory, 229, Whale-oil soap, 229.
The winter resin wash, 229. Potash wash, 230. Summer washes only
partly effective, 230. Hydrocyanic acid gas treatment in California,
230. Not wholly eflQcient in the Eastern States, 231. Reliable for the
treatment of nursery stock, 231. Manner of treatment, 231. Bibliog-
raphy, incluJing references to topics not referred to in this paper, 231-
233.

Myrmeleon sp. ? the Ant Lion 234

An ant lion from Falls Church, Va., of an undetermined species,
234. Number of known species of ant lions in the United States, 234.
Dr. Hagen's study of the group, 234. Appearance and habits of Myr-
meleon, 234. The insect figured, 234. Its backward movement, 235.
Secures its prey by artifice, 235. Account of its pitfall, 235. Manner
,of capturing its prey, 235. The cocoon in which it pupates, 236.
The winged insect with illustration, 236. How the larvae may be col-
lected, 236. The life histories imperfectly known, 236. Notes of
capture and observations by various writers, 237. Colonies observed
in the Helderberg mountains, 238. Of some European species, 239.
A species that springs from concealment on its prey, 239. Tree-climb-
ers, 239. Eggs of Ascalaphus on twigs and strangely guarded, 239.
Larvje of another species arranged in an overlapping row for seiz-
ing their prey, 239. United States species of Ascalaphina^, 239. Refer-
ence to a Myrmeleonid larva taken from beneath a carpet, 239. Some
literature of the MyrmeleonidiB, 240.

Thrips tabaci, the Onion Thrips 241

Bibliography, 241. Severe attack of Thrips on cabbage at Kingston,
Fa., in 1892, 242. The injury noticed in preceding years, 243. The
species could not be identified, 243. Character of the injury to cabbage,

243. Six thousand punctures to the square inch, 243. Subsequently
identified as having been injurious to onions, 243. Its erroneous refer-
ence to Llmothrips tritivi, 243. Observed also in England, 243. In Colo-
rado described as a new species, 243. Finally recognized as Thrips
tabaci, of Europe, 244. Probably an old introduction iu this country,

244. Occurs on various food-plants, 244. Serious injuries to the
onion crop, 244, Only recently known to attack cabbage, 244. List of
its known food-plants, 244. Distribution of the insect, 245. Its descrip-

Eleventh Keport op the State Entomologist 99

PAGE

tiou, 245. The eggs and larvae, a3 observed by Dr. Lindeman, 246. Its
life-period, 246. Brief life of the imago, 246. The three generations, 246.
Osborn-Mally on the placing of the eggs, 246. Hibernation of the in-
sect, 246. Remedies for it, 247. Some characters of the Thripidfe, 247.
Difficulty attending their classification, 247. Formerly believed to be
harmless insects, of carnivorous habits, 247. Many found to be destruc-
tive to plants, 247. Partial Literature of the Thripidaj, 247-250.

:ScHOTURUS NivicoLA, the Snow Flea 251

Bibliography, 251. Possible unreliable references, 251. The genera
Acliorutes and Schoturus, 251. At Ghent, N. Y., on trunks of pear trees,
251. Classifieation of the Poduridfe, 252. Their leaping apparatus, 252.
Another distinctive feature, 252. Eeference to descriptions of S, nivi-
cola, 252.

ACHORUTES DI VERSICEPS 253

A Podurid observed at Center, N. Y., 253. Its extraordinary numbers,
253. Found to be an uudescribed species, 253. Its description and
illustrations, 2,53. Original note relating to tlie insect, 254.

Tyroglyphus heteromorphus, a Carnation Mite 254

Death of carnations in a greenhouse in Berlin, Mass, 254. A Tyro-
glypbus mite and eel-worms found in all of the affected plants, 255. A
Gamasus mite also associated, 255. The Tyroglyphus mite lives on the
decaying material of the roots, 255. The mites observed for a long time
in]confiuement, 255. They fed on a fungus developed upon the carnation
roots, 255. Believed also to feed on infusoria associated with them, 255.
Thought to injure living tissue of carnations, 255. Assumed a Hypopus
form in confinement, 256. Five well-defined forms during development,

256. The young six-legged form, 256. The larger Hypopus, 256. Trans-
formation of a female, 256. The smaller Hypopus, 256. A form assumed
by immature mites, 256. The Hypopus a puzzle to naturalists, 257.
Different opinions respecting it, 257. Claparede's studies, 257. M6g-
nin's later observations, 257. The relation of Hypopus to Tyroglyphus,

257. The carnation mite believed to be uudescribed, 258. Its descrip-
tion of the male, female, immature, and Hypopus forms as a new species,
with illustrations, 258. Possibly two species, 2.59. Another mite asso-
ciated with the Tyroglyphus, described as a new species, 259. The
mite infestation of the carnations found only in old soil, 259. Changing
the soil each year recommended, 259. Burning infested plants, 259.
Application of kainit or other potash salts for killing the mites, and
stimulating growth, 260.

APPENDIX 261

100 FORTY-XINTH REPORT ON THE StATE MuSEUM

PAGE.

(A) LIST OF INJURIOUS APPLE TREE INSECTS 26^

Reference to former lists, 263. The present list, 263. Hymeuoptera
(6 species), 264. Lepidoptera (157 species), 264-267. Diplera (6
species), 267. Coleoptera (118 species), 267-270. Hemiptera aud IIo-
moptera (50 species), 270-271. Thysaiiopteia (3 species), 271. Or-
thoptera (18 species), 271. Nenroptera (1 species), 272. Thysanura
(1 species), 272. Arachnida (2 species), 272.

(B) LIST OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE ENTOMOLOGIST 27a

Ants in Lawns: The Apple Tree Aphis: The Apple Tree Bark-
Louse, 273. Colorado Beetles: Attacking Scale Insects: Garden Slugs:
Rhinoceros Beetle : Bounty on the English Sparrow, 274. Vermicides
[Insecticides for Vermin] : The English Sparrow: Some Destructive
Shade Tri^e Pests: A Bad Scale on Currant Bushes: The Currant Aphis,
275. The Bean Weevil : A Manual for the Study of Insects : The Bean
Weevil: Millepedes and Wire Worms: Carpet-Eating Insects: Plum
Tree Aphis, 276. Cut-worms: The San Jos6 Scale, Aspidiotus perni-
ciosus, and some Other Destructive Scale Insects of the State of New
York: Tiae Asparagus Beetle Goes North, 277. The Pear Midge: Pear
Midge Again : A New Maple Tree Insect : Plum Tree Scale: The Elm-Leaf
Beetle, 278. Elm-Leaf Beetle : Horn-Tail Borer : Orchard Insects: The
Black Peach Aphis, 279. The Sugar Maple Borer: New Scale Insects :
The Harlequin Cabbage Bug: The Carpet Beetle: A Pugnacious Cater-
pillar : An Insect Attack on Maples, 280. An Insect Gall : Another Note
of Warning: Caterpillars and Borers: Black Blister Beetle: A Scale
Insect on Osage Orange Hedge : To Kill Red Ants in the House, 281. A
Friend not a Foe : A Humbug Insect Cure : The Squash Bug: Squash
Bug — Squash-vine Borers: Frail Children of the Air, by S. H. Scudder:
Excursions into the World of Butterflies, by S. H. Scudder, 282. The
Natural History of Aquatic Insects, by Prof. L. G. Miall : The Box
Elder Bug, 283.

(C) CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE DEPARTMENT IN 1895 284

Miscellaneous Insects, Hymenoptera and Lepidoptera, 284. Diptera
and Coleoptem, 285-287. Hemiptera, 287. Orthoptera, Neuroptera,
Pseudoueuroptera, Arachnida, and Crustacea, 288.

(D) CLASSIFIED LIST OF INSECTS, ETC., NOTICED IN THIS REPORT. 28&

Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, Diptera, Coleoptera, 289. Hemiptera,
Neuroptera, Tbysanoptera, Thysanura, Arachnida, 290.

(E) EXPLANATIONS OF PLATES 291

INDEX - 295

REPORT.

Office of the State Entomologist, )
Albany, Deceinber lo, 1895. >

To the Regents of the University of the State of New York :

Gentlemen. — I have the honor of transmitting herewith my
Eleventh Report on the Injurious and Other Insects of the State of
New York, for the current year, 1895. The Ninth Report, for the year
1892, was pubhshed in 1893. The report for the year 1893 was
necessarily brief, embracing but 25 pages, and was therefore desig-
nated merely as a report for that year and not numbered in the
regular series. The Tenth Report of the series for the year 1894 has
not been printed at the time that this is submitted.

The work of the department continues to be successfully prose-
cuted. The insect attacks requiring special investigation have not
been as numerous as in some former years, consequently a larger
share of attention has been given to a few of our more destructive
pests. Among these which have received special study was the
"San Jose Scale" — one of the most injurious scale-insects known to
science and which for several years has been exceedingly harmful to
the fruit interests on the Pacific Coast. It has recently made its
appearance in the Atlantic States, and there was reason to believe
that from infested nurseries in New Jersey and New York large dis-
tribution had been made of it, through the sale of nursery stock, into
other States. The importance of arresting its spread and exterminat-
ing it where it had obtained a foothold, was recognized. As it was
learned that stock from known infested nurseries had been sent to
nearly every county in the State of New York, it was proposed that
8

102 Forty-ninth Report on the State Museum

with the aid of an appropriation by the State Legislature, examina-
tion should be made of every locahty, so far as ascertained, which
may have received infested stock. The bill introduced in the Senate
providing for this work, failed to become a law. Such examinations
as have been made during the year, have not brought to light many
locahties where the scale was found. There is, therefore, reason to
hope that this serious fruit-pest will not spread over the entire State,
but that it will prove subject to a law which appears to be control-
ling several of our more injurious insects, whereby their distribution
and successful planting is limited to certain life-zones which are based
on the aggregate amount of temperature during the year. If it shall
prove that the San Jose Scale can not be permanently established
outside of the northern limit of the " Upper Austral life-zone," then
its operations in New York will be largely confined to Long Island,
the valley of the Hudson River, and portions of Western New York
lying upon Lakes Erie and Ontario. An extended Bulletin upon this
Scale, giving description and illustration sufficient for its recognition,
and the best methods for its destruction, was prepared and published,
and copies of it sent to each person known to have made purchases
during the past five years from infested nurseries. The Bulletin also
contains information upon other pernicious New York scales, important
to fruit growers, and it is therefore reproduced in the present Report.
The elm-leat beetle, Galerucella luteola (formerly Galeriica xanihome-
lana), was given considerable attention during the months of its pres-
ence in Albany, in consideration of its destructiveness in a limited por-
tion of the city, its gradual spread during the past three years, and its
unlocked for development of a second brood in midsummer. The
operations of this insect wherever it has made its appearance, resulting
in the defoliation and, often, death of our most highly prized shade
trees — the elms — have excited such a widespread interest in it and a
desire to learn of means for its control, that notwithstanding its exceed-
ing destructiveness, a leading State Entomologist has ventured to call

Eleventh Report op the State Entomologist 103

it " a blessing in disguise." In his eyes it has proved a powerful
auxiliary in securing attention to the necessity of the study of insect
pests and to what is being done for their control ; and thus to have ad-
vanced the science of economic entomology to an extent that the
labors of entomologists, unaided by its presence, could not have at-
tained in years.

At the meeting of the Association of Economic Entomologists held
at Springfield, Mass., in August, a half-day was devoted to the con-
sideration of this insect, One of the papers there presented — " On
the Elm-leaf Beetle in Albany " — was read in advance of its publica-
tion in this report, as was also another, entitled " The Cottonwood
Beetle, Lina scripta, in Western New York."

As much time as could be spared from more imperative labors, has
been given to the arrangement and classification of the Collection. Its
reference to families has been about completed, and progress made in
generic and specific determinations. When the additional cases that
have been ordered, are secured, it will then be possible to carry on
the classification more thoroughly and satisfactorily. So far as record
has been kept, 1006 specimens have been mounted from former collec-
tions and contributions, 560 labeled with locality and date, and 305
with scientific name.

In my report for 1894, mention is made of work done upon the
Andrenidce (the short-tongued bees). The collection now embraces 98
species, 12 of which are unnamed. They have all been submitted to
Mr. Charles Robertson, of CarHnville, 111., who has been making
special study of the family. So far as could be done, they have been
identified by him, and a number of additional species not in the col-
lection submitted, have been procured from him. The family is
numerous in species, 144 species having been listed by Cresson in
1887, and 70 species have since been described by Mr. Robertson.

The other family of the Bees, viz., the Apidce, contains an immense
number of species, no less than 517 being named in the Cresson

104 Forty-ninth Report on the State Museum

List. Beyond the studies of Mr. Cresson, to whom we owe the
description of more than three-fourths of the above number, very
little has been done in our country upon this interesting family.
The social members of it [Bombiis) have not proved attractive sub-
jects for systematic study, owing to difficulty of identifying the three
forms under which each species occurs, unless they are collected in their
nests, which, from the danger incurred, few care to undertake. The
State Collection has but feeble representation in this family, only 76
species being contained in it. A study of the genera of Bombiis
and Psithyrus, made by Mr. W. L. Bemis, of the Massachusetts
Agricultural College, under the supervision of Professor C. H.
Fernald, afforded the opportunity of submitting the examples in those
genera for critical study and determination. Nearly all of the about
700 examples in the Collection had been taken in the Adirondack
Mountains. Nine species of Bombus and three of Psithynis (formerly
Apathiis) were identified among them — six species in their three forms,
three in male and female, and three in one form only, viz , Bombus
Ridmgsii in the female and Psithyrus celatus and P. citrinus in the
male. The species occurring the most abundandy were Bombus
vagans in 262 examples, B. terricola in 147 examples, and B. teniarius
in loi examples. The rarest apparently was B. Ridingsii Cress,
in only two examples. Psithyrus — generally believed to live parasiti-
cally in nests of Bombus — while regarded by some as the male of
species of Bombus — as compared in number with that genus, was as
one to thirty-seven. Species of Bombus not occurring in the collec-
tion but which might have been exepcted in it, were affinis, bimaculatus,
borealis, and consimilis. Examples of these would be acceptable con-
tributions to the Collection.

Some work has been done m determination of and cataloguing the
Odonata (Dragon-flies) of the State. A list pubhshed by P. P. Cal-
vert, of the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, an authority
in the Odonata, in March, 1895, gave 85 species as known to occur

Eleventh Report of the State Entomologist 105

in the State of New York. In a considerable collection subsequently
submitted by me to Mr. Calvert for his examination, four additional
species were found. Besides these, there are twelve other species
known to me to belong to the State Fauna, making the entire num-
ber at present as loi. No special effort for the collection of these
insects, so far as known to me, beyond that of Mr, Nathan Banks,
upon Long Island and the vicinity, has been made within our State,
Whenever done, the present list will undoubtedly be largely increased.
The entire number of species credited to Temperate North America,
in the Banks Catalogue of 1892 is 254.

The assistant employed by me at the time of my last report, Miss
R. L. Davis, resigned her position on July ist, that, as Mrs. C. P.
Lounsbury, she might accompany her husband to the Cape Colony,
South Africa, where he had been called to serve as State Entomolo-
gist. It was a gratification to our Entomologists that one of their
number should be selected for so honorable a position in a British
Colony, but it is simply a recognition of the advance that has been
made in economic entomology in the United States beyond that of
any of the older countries of the world.

Mr. E. P, Felt having been selected to succeed Miss Davis, entered
upon his labors as my assistant in September. His previous studies
in entomology under Professor Fernald at the Massachusetts Agricul-
tural College and in several of the departments of Zoology in a
post-graduate course at Cornell University, together with other special
qualifications, have, it is beUeved, eminently fitted him for his work,
and valuable aid is expected from his services.

The principal publication of the Entomologist during the year was
the "Bulletin of the New York State Museum, (vol. 3, No. 13,
April, 1895) — The San Jose Scale — Insects of the State of 'New
York," (50 pages and seven plates,) which has been previously referred
to. The usual list of publications of the Entomologist for the year,
together with abstracts of the same, comprising 50 titles is given in
.the Appendix.

106 Forty-ninth Report on the State Museum

The collections, as in several preceding years, were made mainly
in the Adirondack Mountains. Although the season was not favor-
able for a varied insect life, the collections were quite satisfactory,
particularly as a portion of them was made in the month of June —
at an earher date than the region had hitherto been visited by
me. About i,8oo specimens were obtained, mounted and labeled
with locality and date, and 400 unmounted. Of the former were
212 aquatic insects in Coleoptera, Hemiptera, and Pseudoneuroptera,
which were taken from a single small pond which was frequently
visited and its bottom explored. A number of these were quite
desirable as new to the Collection.

The occurrence during the year of several species of insect pests
in unusual abundance gave the opportunity of securing them with
very little difficulty. The number gathered and placed in alcohol was,
from partial count and estimate, between nine and ten thousand.

A marked feature for the year was the very small number of
Lepidoptera that were attracted to hght. No one species was com-
mon at Keene Valley except the beautiful bombycid, Arctia virgo
(Linn.). Not one of the orders was represented in its ordinary
abundance. Comparatively few of the Cicindelidce were to be found
in the localities where they were commonly met with, although the
openings to the burrows of their larvae — " doodle-bugs," as known
in Southern States, were not at all uncommon in foot-paths tra-
versed along roadways and in meadows. Coccifiellidce were almost
entirely wanting. The Diptera were remarkably few. It was seldom
that a BombyUd was seen hovering over moist spots in roads, and
the search for the Syrphidce on golden rods and other attractive
flowers was almost fruitless. It is strange that conditions preventing
the usual abundance of insects, particularly in the Diptera, have been
so general that even black-flies, the "midge" or "punky" (gray
gnat), and mosquitoes, were not, so far as came under my observa-
tion, even an approach to their ordinary annoyance.

Eleventh Report of the State Entomologist 107

Contributions have been made to the Department by 86 persons of
about 560 specimens. In the record given in the Appendix, whenever it
may aid in the knowledge of the Ufe-history and habits of the insect,
the date of the sending of the living specimens and their food-plant
is stated.

With grateful acknowledgment of the interest taken by your Board
in the work of the Department during the year, and the aid extended
to it,

Respectfully submitted,

J. A. LINTNER.

INJURIOUS INSECTS.

Monomorium Pharaonis (Linn.).
The Little Red Ant.

(Ord. Hymenoptera: Fam. Myrmicid^e.)

Linnaeus: Syst. Nat , Tom. i, pars ii, 1767, p. 963 (described a.?, I'on?iica

Pharaonis).
Say: in Boston Journ. Nat. Hist., i, 1835, pp. 293-294 {Myrmica molesta^

description, habits): Comp. Writ., Lee. Edit., ii, 1883, p. 737.
Fitch: in Trans. N. Y. State Agr. Soc. for 1854, 1855, p. ^t^i^ 834;

same in ist Rept. Nox.-Ben. Ins. N. Y,, 1856, pp. 129-130

(habits in houses, fields) ; in Trans. N. Y. State Agr. Soc. for

1865, 1866, p. 133, {Mynnica molesta on corn, attacking cut-
worms).
Packard: Guide Study Ins., 1869, p. 185 {Myrmica molesta in houses

all over the world); Entomol. for Beginn., 1888, p. 171 (mention).
Riley: 2nd. Mo. Rept., 1870, p. 11 {Myri7iica molesta troublesome in

England, widely distributed) ; 9th do., 1877, p. 43 (in England);

in Scientific Amer., lii, 1885, p. 183 (as small red ant, remedies) ;

in Insect Life, ii, 1889, pp. 106-108, fig. 18 [Myrmica molesta

a synonym, life-history, remedies).
Bethune: in nth Ann. Rept. Ent. Soc. Ont. for 1880, 1881, p. 88

(remedies for ants in houses).
Lintner: ist Rept. Ins. N. Y,, 1882, p. 62 (remedies, synonymy), p. 321

(injuring corn); loth do., 1895, p. 366 {Monomorium molestum

in walks); in Gardening, iv, 1895, p. 12 (remedies for red ants

in houses).
Comstock: in Kingsley's Stand. Nat. Hist., ii. Crust, and Ins., 1884, p.

520 (mention as Myr?nica molesta).
Bowles: in 15th Ann. Rept. Ent. Soc. Ont., 1885, p. &^ {Myrmica

molesta, mention).
Hunt: in Miss. Ess. Econom. Ent., 1886, p. 58 (as Solenopsis molesta,

on corn, etc.).
Cresson : Synopsis Hymenop. Amer., 1887, p. 262.
Bellevoye: in Ann. Soc. Entomol. France, viii, 1888, pp. clxxvii-clxxxi

(observation on in France) ; the same translated and condensed

in Insect Life, ii, 1890, pp. 230-233.
ScHWARZ : in Insect Life, i, 1888, p. 40 (in Florida).
Fernald: Bull. 5 Hatch Expt. Station, Mass., 1889, p. 10 (remedies for

ants in houses).
Provancher: Add.-Corr. Faun. Ent. du Canada, ii, 1889, p. 240 (dis-
tribution and injuries).

110 FORTY-XINTH REPORT ON THE StATE MuSEUM

Riley-Howard: in Insect Life, ii, 1890, p. 200 (note on habits); id.,

V, 1893, p. 268 (edible qualities of) ; id., vi, 1894, pp. 340-341

(red ants destro}ing bed-bugs).
Weed, C. M. : Insects and Insecticides, 1891, pp. 275-276, fig. 143 (briet

account, with remedies).
CoMSTOCKS : Man. Study Ins., 1895, p. 643 (habits, remedies).
Marlatt: in Bull. 4 New Ser., U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., 1896, p. 38

(destroying bed-bugs), pp. 95-97, fig. 43 (general account).
Smith: Economic Entomol., 1896, pp. 396-398, fig. 452 (habits,

remedies).

This widely distributed insect is known to many a housekeeper as a

most persistent inmate of the dwelhng. Its presence in all kinds of foods,

in dishes, and many other places where it is not wanted, often gives rise

to the question : Is there anything that will exterminate red ants in a

house ?

The Earlier History of the Insect,

This pest is an European insect which was introduced very early
in the history of this country, or it is a native form agreeing so closely
with the European species that they cannot be separated. In 1767,
Linnseus described the European insect under the name of Formica
Pharaonis and gave as its habitat, Egypt. According to Dr. Packard,
this insect is known in houses all over the world. At times it has be-
come so great a pest in London, Liverpool, and Brighton, as to cause the
occupants in some instances to vacate their houses.

Say described it in 1835 as Myrmica molesta, stating that this is the
insect that is frequently found in great numbers in houses. The insect
had been known in this country for a long time under the name given by
Say : later it was referred to the genus Monotnoriian, and finally the
identity of the insect described by Say with the European was established.

Description of the Insect,
The ant is so well known to many housekeepers that a description is
not necessary for them : it is the pale reddish-yellow or honey-yellow
species commonly found in pantries and similar localities. But for the
sake of completeness the description of Say is herewith given:

+ Body pale honey-yellow, immaculate : antenna with the two ulti-
mate joints much larger than the others ; the terminal one as large again
as the penultimate one : wings whitish ; smaller cubital cellule none ;
discoidal cellule very small, less than half as large as the first cubital;
first cubital receiving the recurrent nervure near its base; nervure of the
radial cellule terminating abruptly before the tip ; the two other apical
nervures feebly traced towards the tip and not reaching the tip : meta-
- thorax unarmed.

Length less than three-twentieths of an inch.

Eleventh Report of the State Entomologist 111

The female is very rarely met with by the ordinary observer and the
same is true of the males which are also winged and resemble them in a
general way.

Fig. I. — The little red ant, Monomorium Ph.-^raonis; a, female; 6, neuter or worker — enlarged.
(After Riley, Insect Life, iii, Divis. Entomol., U. S. Dept. Agr.)

The neuters or workers are by far the most numerous and are the ones
commonly seen infesting victuals of all kinds. They are wingless and
of a honey-yellow color. The female after she has lost her wings and
a neuter are represented in Figure i.

Habits of the Pest.

It is not so much the loss caused by their devouring food that troubles
the housekeeper, as their getting into everything. Few people like to
pick them out of food or to eat from plates over which they have been
running, or to see them upon the table linen; yet, when abundant it is
almost impossible to keep them away. Though not generally known, a
large number of these insects in food can impart to it an agreeable acid
flavor: such was the experience of a man eating in the dark a section of
jailroad pie that swarmed with them {Insect Life, v, p. 268). The sting
of this ant is like a puncture made by a fine needle.

These pests are attracted to almost everything in the house ; sweets
greases, dead insects, even shoe polish and bath sponges have been
reported as attractive to them. They will also damage collections of
insects and are pests in breeding cages for insects. They are very per-
sistent in the search for food even when closely covered, and their small
size makes it difficult to exclude them. In badly infested houses it has even
been found necessary to place the legs of the dining tables in water to
keep them out of the food after it had been served. They form their
nests in almost any secluded spot either in or just outside of the house,

]12 Forty-ninth Report on the State Museum

and from these retreats sally forth. M. Bellevoye failed to observe in
France that the ants carry off any food to their nests, but they will do so
in this country according to the observations of Dr. Riley. Very little
food will maintain a large host of them. According to some interesting
observations by M. Bellevoye, a small piece of liver after having two or
three thousand ants working at it for a few days did not look damaged,
and it was only after a score of days of such treatment that its interior
was entirely hollowed out. Freshly killed insects, as cockroaches, also
greasy bones and masses of sweets appear to be particularly attractive.

This species is also common in fields and gardens where it sometimes
does much injury to corn by gnawing the blades when but a few inches
high for the purpose of drinking the sweet exuding juice. Dr. Fitch
reports this species so abundant in 1850 in som.e fields as to threaten the
cutting oft' of every blade of corn.

Although this little ant is such a nuisance in the house, it has at least
one redeeming habit; it is an active and efficient enemy of that disgust-
ing household pest, the bed-bug. This habit is so well known in the
Southern States that a writer in the Fanner and Fruit Grower (Florida)
has recommended the introduction of the ants in houses for the pur-
pose of exterminating the bed-bugs. Mr. Marlatt {loc. cit., p. 38) records
the following interesting case where the ants proved themselves benefactors
to humanity during the late war: Mr. Theo. Pergande, when he was with
the Union army, occupied at one time barracks at Meridian, Miss.,
vacated some time before by the Southern troops and which proved to
be swarming with bed-bugs. The little red ants discovered the bugs,
invaded the building in large numbers, and in a single day dismembered
or carried away bodily every bug.

Life-History.

Each nest of these insects contains several females laying hundreds of
eggs each and well attended by workers whose duty it is to care for the
eggs and larvae and also to provide the females with food. It would
appear that neuters are produced during most of the summer, as in the
case of many ants, and that the winged females and males are not pro-
duced until in the autumn. M. Bellevoye failed to obtain any sexed
mdividuals until the last of September and in October, during which
time he took 239 males and 577 females (but 14 winged); in November
and till December 6th he took 203 wingless females; no other sexed
individuals were found, although there were thousands of neuters before
that time. The sexed individuals appeared successively and not sim-

Eleventh Report of the State Entomologist 113

ultaneously as in many species, and from his observations he concludes
that the males and females continue to live in the same formicary, which
increases indefinitely unless broken up. Pairing apparently takes place
subterraneously and not in the air, as in many species. As indicating
the prolificacy of the insect, it is worthy of note that M. Bellevoye esti-
mates that he killed 359,500 neuters in his apartments within about six
weeks' time without apparently diminishing their number; but after
continumg this destruction for over five weeks longer, they were
observed to be a little less numerous.

Other Species Occurring in Houses.

There is a much larger brownish or black ant sometimes found in
houses. It is known as Catnponotus herculaneus var. pe?insylvanicus.
This species usually comes into dwellings from nests built outside near
the house. It overruns the rooms and even gets into clothing and other-
wise makes itself disagreeably prominent. It is a very active species,
and in one instance related by Riley, it was so annoying that a fine old
homestead was on the point of being sold because of the presence of
this pest, when the source of the infestation was discovered in a large
nest of several feet in diameter in the back yard, and the colony
destroyed by treating it with bisulphide of carbon, as given below.

The little black ant {^Monomorium minutum Mayr) may be found in
houses, and at times is as troublesome as the little red ant, though it is
not, like the latter, strictly a house species. Another, known as the pave-
ment ant, Tetraiiiorium caspitiun (Linn.), is common in Eastern towns
under pavements or beneath stones or flagging in yards. In Washington
it is often as pestilent a nuisance as the true house ant. Some species of
Lasius form large colonies in yards and may get into neighboring houses.

Remedies.

If the ants can be traced to their nests, and they are accessible, they
can all be killed by making several holes with a stick in the nests and
pouring in an ounce or two of bisulphide of carbon. This is the best
remedy known, and_^is a simple one, when the colony is located in the
yard or garden. It may be made even more effective if, after pouring in
the liquid, the nest is covered with a damp blanket and after a few
moments the poisonous vapor is exploded. The explosion drives the
fumes deeper into the nest and more quickly reaches the inmates. Care
should be taken in exploding the dangerous vapor. The torch may be

114 Forty-ninth Report on the State Museum

applied on the end of a pole. This remedy is of special value against
the large black ant.

If the nest is located in a wall or other place where the carbon bisul-
phide cannot be employed, and there is no objection to the odor of
kerosene for a time, the location of the nest might be soaked with a
strong kerosene emulsion. If thoroughly done it would in all probability
kill all the insects — egg, larva, pupa and imago. It surely would drive
them away after several apphcations if not at the very first. Hot water
has also been recommended for these pests.

The little red ants often establish their nests in the walls or the
foundations of buildings, and then the preceding remedies cannot be
employed. Various baits may be effectively used. It is stated, on good
authority, that maple syrup with some London purple that was mixed in
a low dish and exposed in a frequented closet, not only killed large num-
bers but prevented the recurrence of the pest for a long time thereafter.
In a newspaper article before me the following is recommended : One
spoonful of tartar emetic and one spoonful of sugar mixed into a thin
syrup ; it reUeved the house at once from their presence. An old and
popular remedy is dipping a sponge in sweetened water and placing it in
their haunts ; when they collect therein the sponge may be dropped into
hot water. A greasy bone may be used in a similar manner. A few
repetitions of any of these baitings is usually all that is necessary; the
intelhgence of danger or disaster seems to be rapidly communicated from
one to another, and safer quarters are sought by the colony.

If their entrance to the house can be discovered, kerosene, or other
repellants as carbohc acid or napthaline, placed in their path will keep
them out. Ants are quite susceptible to pyrethrum powder and that
could be used where the presence of food did not prohibit. A mixture
of borax and sugar, well stirred with boiling water and left here and there
on bits of crockery, has been recommended.

A broad chalk-line is an effectual barrier for many species of ants,
especially if frequently renewed, by the aid of which preserve jars or
special shelves in closets may be protected. This means would be of
value for keeping ants from tables and other places where they must
chmb vertical walls in order to reach the desired poshion. Placing the
legs of tables in shallow vessels of water is also another protection from
these pests — the more effective if a thin film of kerosene is floated on
the water.

Eleventh Keport of the State Entomologist 115

Ants in a Lawn.*

(Ord. Hymenoptera: Fam. FoRMiciDiE.)

In the preceding Report of the Series (Tenth), "Ants on Fruit Trees,"
have been treated of. Relief is now asked from the operations of ants
which infest a lawn in Queens county, Long Island, as stated in the fol-
lowing communication :

A friend of mine on the south side of Long Island has a beautiful lawn
of several acres which a few years ago was a dense woods. This lawn
during the summer is ahve with ants, which in a measure destroy its
beauty and are very annoying to the owner. What can be done to get
rid of them ? He does not want to plow it up unless absolutely neces-
sary. Would fertilizer, plaster or lime of any kind used now or in the
early spring be of any use? F. F. East Williston, N. Y.

About 200 species of ants are known in the United States, and in this
large number, as might well be supposed, there is great diversity in habits.
Nearly all of them live in the ground, and comparatively few are to be
classed as injurious. But even without being positively injurious, they
may, when numerous, become annoying from their biting — in some
species stinging, when they get upon the person, or in throwing up
unsightly heaps of the soil that they infest.

The best method, or even an effectual one, for ridding the lawn of the
ants with which it "is alive during the summer," cannot be given with-
out a knowledge of the species of ant of which complaint is made. It is
not improbable that the dense woods that a few years ago occupied the
place of the present lawn, may have contained a few colonies of the
mound-building ant, Formica rufa, sometimes known as "the fallow
ant," which throws up from the soil beneath, through the labors of its
immense colonies, mounds of a foot or two in height and several feet in
diameter. These mounds are abundant in some portions of the Alle-
ghanies in Pennsylvania. We have seen them in the Catskills and in the
Shawangunk range at Lake Mohonk, but while the species is common
over a large portion of our country (also in Europe), we do not know
that its habit of constructing these large mounds, is co-extensive with its
distribution.

In the transformation of a wood into a lawn, the large colonies would
naturally be broken up, and the subsequent care of the ground would
tend to their distribution into smaller colonies, in which the original
feet dimensions might be reduced to inches.

* Published in the Country Gentleman for January 3, 1895.

116 Forty-ninth Report on the State Museum

If such "nests" are to be found upon the lawn, easily to be de-
tected by the scant herbage mingled with the excavated pellets of the
soil, or if more obscure, to be discovered by following the traveling
ants to their homes, then it will be but a simple matter to break up the
nests and destroy their inmates. With a cane or broom-handle or other
round stick make a hole (if a large nest, two or three holes) to the depth
of a few inches, and pour in a tablespoonful of bisulphide of carbon, filling
up the hole thereafier with earth. The volatile vapor will permeate the
nest and quickly kill all of its occupants.

If no such nests of large colonies can be found, and the distribution of
the ants seems to be general over the lawn, without, so far as can be
seen, any special biding places, then we would advise that on some
bright sunny day in spring, when the lawn is seen to be " alive " with the
ants, the entire surface be sprayed with a strong kerosene emulsion. This
should kill all with which it comes in contact. A repetition of this a few
times ought certainly to free the lawn of its hosts of unwelcome guests.

As to the merits of lime or fertilizers in destroying ants: It is probable
that freshly slacked lime liberally applied to the ground in the early
spring before it could injure the young grass by its causticity, would
reach and kill such of the eggs and larvae and perhaps some of the work-
ers, as are not too deeply buried in the ground. Perhaps kainit would
prove, in this connection, a still more efficient insecticide, as the experi-
ments of the New Jersey State Entomologist, Prof. J. B. Smith, have
shown it to be effective in killing wire-worms which we are accustomed
to regard as unusually tenacious of life.

As the reported abundance of ants upon this Long Island lawn appears
to be an extraordinary one, it would be of interest and perhaps of service
if specimens of the ants were sent to us for identification. They would
be found in three (or four) forms, viz., winged males and females, and
wingless workers. These last (in two sizes?) should occur at any time
after the month of March and until severe cold weather sets in, while the
males and females would rarely be seen except when, with common im-
pulse, they leave their nests simultaneously, some time about the first of
September, for their nuptial flight and final abandonment of their home,
the temales to found new-colonies and the males soon to die.

Eleventh Report op the State Entomologist 117
On Arsenical Spraying of Fruit Trees while in Blossom.

(Read before the Association of Economic Entomologists at its Fifth Annual meeting,
at Madison, Wis., August i6, 1893.)*

Are Honey-Bees Killed by Arsenical Spraying?
The long-mooted question, are honey-bees poisoned by arsenical spray-
ing, is still an unsettled one. There are those who claim that a great
mortality among bees is the result of their visiting blossoms that have
been sprayed with Paris green, while others hold that the mortality so
frequently observed at this time is ascribable to other causes, and that
the arsenic would not reach the nectar of blossoms, and, being an insol-
uble substance, could not affect the bees or be communicated to the
honey. This latter view has been entertained by some of our best
botanists. The pollen, however, might contain arsenic and thus become
poisonous, not only to the bees visiting the blossoms, but also to the nearly-
matured, chyme-fed larvae to whom it might be conveyed.

Experiments by Professor Webster.

In behalf of a committee appointed by the Association of Economic
Entomologists to investigate the matter, Prof. F. M. Webster, of the
Agricultural Experiment Station of Ohio, chairman of the committee, has
recently reported progress in the investigations undertaken, to the follow-
ing effect : He had experimented with a hive of bees placed underneath
a sprayed plum tree wholly inclosed with a fine netting. Within two days
thereafter a large number of dead bees were taken up from the cloth with
which the ground had been covered. Without much doubt, most of these
had been killed in their efforts to escape from their confinement. Ex-
amination of the bodies of the dead insects before washing and after they
had been washed to remove any arsenic that had been attached to their
surface from contact with the sprayed blossoms, gave the examining
chemist the presence of arsenic. In another experiment made, hives of
bees were placed under sprayed trees, but without any inclosing net.
These also gave dead bees with arsenic upon them, but in much smaller
number.!

♦Published in Insect Life, December, vi, 1893, pp. 181-185.

t It is possible that these bees may have been caught and killed by some of the predaceous
insects which are known to lie in wait among or near blossoms, whence they suddenly seize the
bees and suck out their juices, such as the bee-slayer, Phymata erosa and several of the " robber
flies" or Asilidse, of which Prof. A. J. Cook records six species having this Iiabit.

118 Forty-ninth Report on the State Museum

The Experiments not Conclusive.

The experiments were not deemed conclusive by Prof. Webster, and it
is intended to continue them another year.

That the bodies of crushed bees that had visited blossoms sprayed with
arsenic should disclose to chemical tests the presence of arsenic is not at
all strange. Even an ammoniacal bath could not have removed every
trace of arsenic from the surface of their bodies.

Experiments of Professor Cook.
Prof. A. J. Cook, the distinguished apiarist of the Michigan State
Agricultural College, makes the positive assertion that honey bees are
killed in large numbers through the arsenical spraying of fruit trees in
blossom, but he has not proven the assertion. Experiments instituted by
him in which bees fed on sweetened water poisoned by arsenic — i pound
to 200 gallons — were killed, are claimed by him as decisive upon the
question under consideration. How entirely unwarranted the conclusion.
The experiment had no bearing upon the question at issue. No one
could have doubted that imbibing strongly poisoned syrup would be fatal
to honey bees. Furthermore, in his experiment (see Report of the
Michigan Board of Agriculture for 1891) the bees were fed in his labora-
tory, within a small cage. Bees are known to die very soon in confine-
ment, even without an arsenical diet (Howard, in Insect Life, vol. v,
.1892, p. 123).

Examinations that would be Satisfactory.

A simple method can be resorted to by which the question could
be definitely and effectually settled. It is this : Confine a hive of
healthy bees to blossoms sprayed with Paris green, and when death
speedily follows, have examination of their stomachs made by experts
testing for arsenic. If it is found therein, then it maybe accepted as the
cause of their death. Examination of stomachs of bees collected pro-
miscuously would not be satisfactory, for a statement was made at a
recent bee-keepers' convention in Albany that honey bees had been seen
eagerly feeding on the liquid resting on the leaves of a potato patch
soon after it had been arsenically sprayed, and it was thought to have
caused the death of many bees.

Up to the present, so far as I know, no examination such as above
suggested has been made. I hope that Prof. Webster will undertake it^
in the progress of his experiments the coming season.

Eleventh Keport of the State Entomologist 119

Legislation Against Arsenical Spraying.

Prof. Cook desires that " everyone of the United States should pass a
law making it a misdemeanor to spray fruit trees while in blossom." I
do not know that this, although urged in some of the States, has been
done in any. Such a law was passed by the Ontario legislature, in April,
1890. It provides:

Sec. I. No person in spraying or sprinkling fruit trees during the
period within which such trees are in full bloom shall use or cause to be
used any mixture containing Paris green or any other poisonous sub-
stance injurious to bees.

§ 2. Any person contravening the provisions of this Act, shall on sum-
mary conviction thereof before a justice of the peace, be subject to a
penalty of not less than $1.00 or more than $5.00, with or without costs
of prosecution, ***** ^

That the above law is calculated to protect the interests of both the
fruit grower and honey producer, is the opinion of Prof. J. H. Panton, of
the Ontario Agricultural College, as given in Bulletin LXXXI, of the
college, issued in November, 1892. He remarks :

"Although there has been no analysis of the bodies of the dead bees for
the purpose of ascertaining the presence of arsenic, still the death of the
bees is so intimately associated with spraying that there seems but little
reason to believe otherwise than that the bees have been poisoned by
Paris green used in spraying. However, this will likely soon be settled
by analysis of the bodies of bees suspected to have been poisoned, and I
have no doubt arsenic will be detected."

May Blossoms be Blighted by Arsenical Spraying ?

There is another important question connected with the arsenical
spraying of blossoms, viz., this : May not the arsenic blight the blossom
and prevent fruit development ? "The portion of the pistil," says Prof.
Panton, " upon which the pollen falls is exceedingly tender and sensitive,
so much so that the application of such substances as Paris green injures
it to so great an extent that the process of fertilization is aftected and
the development of fruit checked." No experiments known to me have
been made upon the effect of arsenical spraying on fruit blossoms. That
its effect would be to destroy the blossoms is quite probable. Thus,
Mr. James Fletcher has suggested the spraying of the blossoms of pear
trees infested with the Pear Midge {Diplosis pyrivora Riley) as a remedy
for annual attacks of the insect by depriving it of the food (within the
young fruit) needed for its development.

120 Forty-ninth Report ox the State Museum

There are, then, before the economic entomologist and the fruit-grower
at the present time these two questions relating to spraying with the
arsenites during the blossoming of fruit trees : First, will the poison kill
the bees, destroy the young brood and affect the honey ? Second, will
it blight the blossoms ? It would not be a difficult task for an experi-
ment station, and it is specially within the province of the stations, to
set these questions at rest and no longer leave them subject to crude
observations or individual opinions. Until this shall be done, there
should be an entire cessation from arsenical spraying of fruit trees while
in blossom, without the enactment of laws which now seem premature
and may prove to be not needed; and even if seeming to be needed, are
still fraught with evil, from the general disregard with Avhich such laws

are treated.

Spraying Indispensible to the Fruit-Grower.

It is unnecessary to say that there should be no restriction of the kind,
either optional or compulsory, unless it is shown to be absolutely
required. The arsenical spraying of fruit trees has already come to be
regarded as almost indispensable to the successful fruit-grower, and day
by day its importance is being more fully and widely realized. No longer
limited to the control of Codling Moth injury, it is being rapidly extended
to other insect attacks. For each week of early spring, I have no doubt
but that a calendar could be made wherein each day would stand for the
incipiency of attack by some insect pest or fungus disease, to be com-
batted in no better way than by arsenical or copper solutions sprayings.
What opportunities may therefore be lost for arresting and defeating
attack at the most favorable time, and possibly at its only vulnerable
stage, if two or three weeks' armistice is accorded to our enemies, during
which time the army is recruited a hundred-fold, the infant becomes a
veteran, mines are run, pits are dug, tents are built, covered ways are
constructed, insidious mycelium threads are permeating leaf and twig,
and in many other of the arts of warfare our wily foes, with their rich
inheritance of surprising means for self-protection, have planted themselves
in strongholds where an entire park of spraying pumps with their baneful
poisons will utterly fail of reaching and destroying them. Far better a
cessation of hostiUties for any six weeks later in the season than for three
in early spring.

Apple Pests to be Combated during the Blossoming Period.
It has been stated and reiterated many times that the Codling Moth is
the only insect against which we need to employ the arsenites in early
spring, but this is far from the truth. It is conceded that we can not

Eleventh Report of the State Entomologist 121

destroy the Apple worm until after the fruit is set and the eggs deposited
thereon, but of the two hundred and eighty known species of insect
depredators on the Apple* (not referring to those infesting other fruits) it
would be strange indeed if there were no others which are specially
vulnerable before the setting of the fruit. Let me name a few of those
that could be reached at this time.

The well-known Apple-tree Tent-caterpillar of Clisiocampa Americana
Harris, attacks the bursting buds and the young leaves.

The caterpillars of the White-marked Tussock-moth ( Orgyia leucostigma,
Sm.-Abb.) hatch from the eggs about the middle of May and commence
their destructive work.

Among the cut-worms there are a number of climbing species, four ot
which have been identified, viz., Agrotis clandestina Harris, A. scandeus
Riley, A. messoria Harris, and A. saiicia fHiibn.), which are known to
ascend apple and other fruit trees to feed upon the blossom and leaf-buds
and the tender leaves. The odd-looking caterpillar of Catocala grynea
(Cramer), feeds on the foliage of the apple in May, and those of Catocala
ultronia (Hiibner) are often shaken from plum trees when jarring them for
the curculio.

The Canker Worm [Anisopieryx ver?iata, Peck) usually appears as the
young leaves are pushing from the bud.

The White Eugonia {En?wmos subsigjiaria, Hiibn.), one of the family of
measuring worms, occasionally appears in injurious numbers about the ist
of May.

The Oblique-banded Leaf-roller of Caavcia rosaceaiia (Harris), spins
together the young leaves for its shelter.

The Lesser Apple-leaf Folder [Teras minuta, Rob.) attacks the opening
foHage and folds the leaves for its retreat.

The Leaf-crumpler [Mineola mdiginella^ Zeller), awakening from its
winter's sleep and drawing some of the unfolding leaves together, re-
sumes its feeding.

The destructive Eye-spotted Bud-moth {Tmetocera ocellana, Schiff.), so
injurious in western New York, — after its larval hibernation in its half-
grown state, makes its formidable attack, first on the buds and afterward
on the leaves.

The Apple Bud-worm {Eccopsis tnalana Fernald) creeps at night from
its retreat and after having consumed the terminal buds feeds upon
the leaves.

♦Three hundred and fifty-six species are named in the present Report.

122 Forty-ninth Report on the State Museum

The Apple-tree Case-bearer {Coleophora malivorella, Riley) emerges
from its peculiar pistol-shaped case in which it has passed the winter, to
eat the buds as soon as they begin to swell, and afterward to skeletonize
the leaves.

The Plum Curculio ( Conotrachelus nenuphar^ Herbst) enters upon the
scene at least two weeks before its first crescent cuts are made in the
fruit, ready and free to devote all its energies to obtaining the supply of
food needed for the development of its eggs and for the labors attending
its complicated and painstaking method of oviposition.

Seventeen species of insects are named above, each one of which is
feeding voraciously during the blossoming of our fruit trees. Possibly as
many more could be added to the list, all of which could best be destroyed
by arsenical spraying.

Respective Interests of the Apiarist and Fruit-Grower.

It is therefore respectfully submitted whether there should be the in-
termission of spraying as proposed, urged, and sought to be made com-
pulsory through legislation, until it shall appear beyond all controversy
that the interests of the apiarist and the fruit-grower, each carefully con-
sidered and perhaps weighed one against the other, really demand it.

Note. — Since the preparation of the above paper, Prof Webster, as
the result of later and carefully conducted experiments,* has been able to
adduce positive proof that honey bees are injured by feeding on blossoms
that have been sprayed with the arsenites. In the first experiment, a
Lombard plum tree in full bloom was sprayed April 29, 1892, with
Paris green and water (four ounces to fifty gallons) until wet thoroughly
without dripping. The tree was covered down to the lower branches
with thin brown sheeting, the lower portion being inclosed with mosquito
netting, and the ground covered with the same material. The hive of
bees, which had been kept for the preceding two weeks, was placed
under the tree within the coverings in the evening after the spraying.
The following afternoon there was a large number of dead and dying
bees on the cloth when the cover was removed, and several hundred
bees were gathered from the cloth on the ground. These dead bees
were tested for arsenic in several lots: First, as tliey were; second, after
a thorough washing to remove arsenic which might have become attached
to their bodies ; third, after washing as before, the abdomens only ; fourth,
the remainder of the bodies less the wings; fifth, the rest of the dead
bees were thrown out, exposed to a severe thunder shower, agam col-

* Spraying with Arsenites vs. Bees. Bull. 6S Ohio Agr. ExJ>t. Stat., 1896, pp. 48-53.

Eleventh Eeport op the State Entomologist 123

lected, then washed with water and with a weak sohition of ammonia.
In each case the presence of arsenic was detected.

In the next experiment, six apple trees were sprayed May 4th with the
same solution as in the preceding experiment, and sheets twenty- four feet
square were placed under them, and on the sheets two hives of bees. In
the next week fiity-six dead bees were found under the trees and in the
vicinity of the hives. Analysis of some of these showed traces of arsenic.
During this experiment the climatic conditions were, as a rule, unfavor-
able to the full activity of the bees. It thus appears that when the
weather is unfavorable for honey-gathering the bees do not suffer much,
even though there be not enough rain to wash all the poison off the
leaves.

In the next successful experiment, two apple trees in full bloom were
thoroughly sprayed with Paris green — one ounce to twelve gallons of
water. The application was made in the morning of a clear, warm day,
and in the afternoon a number of bees were caught while visiting the
bloom and marked with carmine ink. The hives were but a few yards
from the trees. None of the marked bees were afterward found dead
about the hives. On the following day bees were caught in an ordinary
cyanide bottle, dissected at once and analyzed. No arsenic was found
associated with the posterior legs or the pollen with which they were
loaded, but it was found present in the contents of the abdomens,
including the honey sacs. Entire bodies, after repeated external wash-
ings, gave the test for arsenic. The experiment was repeated upon a
crab apple tree, and in this case the contents of the abdomen showed the
presence of arsenic. The other parts of the body were not tested.

About May loth a small apple orchard on the Experiment Station farm
was sprayed with the Bordeaux mixture, to which had been added Paris
green, — four ounces to fifty gallons of the mixture. Three apparently
healthy colonies of bees had recently been brought on the premises,
and, although the bloom had nearly all fallen from the trees, one colony
suddenly became extinct and a second greatly reduced in numbers, dead
bees being abundant about both hives. Arsenic was found in the abdo-
mens of the dead bees and in the dead brood of the extinct hive ; none
was found in the honey from uncapped cells, which might and probably
did contain last year's honey that was being used for a partial food-
supply by the bees.

"Briefly recapitulated, arsenic was found in the contents of the abdo-
mens of bees frequenting recently sprayed blossoms, and we are at least
free to assume that more or less of it was contained in the honey sacs.

124 Forty-ninth Kbport on the State Museum

The dead bees, three times washed in ammonia water, the latter not
revealing the presence of the arsenic externally, when tested showed its
presence internally. Brood from uncapped cells (larvae) of a colony sud-
denly dying without other apparent cause gave evidence of having died
from the effect of arsenic which could have been introduced only from
without.

" In summing up the matter, then, I can see no other conclusion that
can be drawn from the results of my experiments than that bees are liable
to be poisoned by spraying the bloom of fruit trees, the liability increas-
ing in proportion as the weather is favorable for the activity of the bees,
and that all bloom must have fallen from the trees before the danger will
have ceased."

On the Girdling of Elm Twigs by the Larvae of Orgyia
leucostigma, and its Results.

(Read before the American Association for the Advancement of Science at its Springfield
meeting, September 3, 1895.)*

The white-marked tussock moth, Orgyia leucostigma, has for a long
term of years been exceedingly destructive to the foliage of the elms,
horse-chestnut and fruit trees in Albany. Fruit trees of considerable
size have been killed by their defoliation in a few days, toward the
maturity of the caterpillar. Large elms and horse-chestnuts have had
the foliage entirely consumed, only the ribs and principal veins remaining.

In the summer of 1883, a new form of attack by this insect was
observed by me in Albany. About the middle of June of that year, the
sidewalks, streets and public parks where the white elm, Ulmus Ajnericana,
was growing, were seen to be thickly strewn with the tips of elms two to
three inches in length, bearing from four to ten fresh leaves, and com-
prising nearly all of the new growth of the season. On examination it
was found that above the point where the tips had been broken off, the
bark had been removed for an extent averaging about one- tenth of an
inch, apparently by an insect.

As the Orgyia larvae were then occurring in abundance on the trees
they were suspected of being the authors of this injury, and the suspicion
was verified by ascending to a house-top, where the roof was found to be
heaped in the corners with the severed tips, and the caterpillars engaged
upon the branches in the girdling. The explanation of the breaking-off

* Published in the American Naturalist, xxx, January, 1896, pp. 74, 75.

Eleventh Report op the State Entomologist 125

was simple. With the removal of the bark, the decorticated portion —
not exceeding in many instances in thickness the diameter of a large
pin — dried, and becoming brittle, was readily broken off by a moderate
swaying of the wind.

The girdhng of the twigs in this manner could serve the Orgyia no
such purpose as attends the girdling of several other insects, as the
Elaphidion pruners of oaks and maples, where it enables the insect to
attain greater security for its transformations through this method of reach-
ing the ground, or the (9«<r/V/i';wtwig-girdler,where the dead wood affords
suitable food for the larvae. Probably the conditions of growth during
the spring of this year were such as to render the young bark, at the point
attacked, particularly attractive to thelarvse; but why, after feeding upon
it to so limited an extent, it should cease and resume its feeding on the
leaves, cannot be explained. In a few instances where the twigs had
become detached quite near the node marking the commencement of the
year's growth, the bark had been irregularly eaten for an inch or more
in extent.

While the Orgyia is a serious pest in Albany, it has its years of remark-
able abundance, and of comparative scarcity. Girdled tips, as above
described, have been seen each year since 1883, but by no means cor-
responding in number to the degree of abundance of the caterpillar.
My attention had not been drawn to them the present year, until much
later than the usual time — toward the end of August. At this time
(21st of August) many tips of unusual length and with perfectly fresh
leaves were collected from beneath a large American elm. Each one
had broken at the base of the girdling, which had probably been quite
near the node of the year's growth. They were of especial interest fi"om
their great length, varying from 10 to 18 inches. From the growth they
had attained, it was evident that the girdhng had not been done in the
spring or early summer, but in the late summer after the usual brood had
completed its transformations. It was clearly the work of a second brood
of the insect, and this was confirmed by my having seen a few days
previously from a house-top, while making observations on the elm-leaf
beetle, the Orgyia larva about one-half grown.

A distinct second brood of the Orgyia has not been recorded in
Albany, although it is known to be double-brooded in Washington and
Philadelphia and probably in Brooklyn, and has also been observed in
Boston. The present year, however, has been an exceptional one in the
remarkable abundance, the rapid development and the injuriousness of
several of our more common insect pests.

]26 Forty-ninth Report on the State Museum

Another interesting feature connected with these tips was the illustra-
tion they gave of the manner in which woody structure is built up — the
sap ascending through the sap wood, and after its assimilation in the
leaves, returning through the inner bark and depositing its organized
material. The bark above the girdling in healing in a rough and irregular
manner, had swollen out at this point in a bulbous-like enlargement,
showing very clearly the arrest and deposit of the returning sap conse-
quent on the absence of its natural channels, and the drying and the
death of the decorticated wood below it. In a specimen gathered in
which the node of the preceding year remained attached to the fallen
twig, the diameter of the new growth above the bulb was at least twice
that of the starved node below.*

This peculiar form of Orgyia attack has not been seen upon the horse-
chestnut, maple, apple or plum, or on any of its other food-plants.

Eudioptis nitidalis (Cramer),
The Pickle Caterpillar.

(Order Lepidoptera: Family Pyraustid^.)

Phalana nitidalis. Cramer: Pap. Exot. trois part, du monde, iv, 1782,

"371F."
Phal(2na nitidalis. Fabricius : Ent. Syst., Tom. iii, pars II, 1794, p. 228

(habitat Austria).
Phakellura nitidalis. Guenee: Hist. Nat. Ins. — Lepidop., 1854, viii,

p. 299 (descr., food-plants, and distribution).
Phakellura nitidalis. Walsh-Riley: in Amer. Ent., ii, 1869, p. 31 (in-
juring cucumbers at Alton, 111., and Peverly, Mo.), do. p. 61 (at

St. Joseph, Mich.).
Phacellura nitidalis. Riley : 2nd. Rept. Ins. Mo., 1870, pp. 64-70, fig. 43

(larva described, natural history, distribution).
Phakellura nitidalis. Glover : in Rept. U. S. Comm. Agr. for 1870,

p. 84, fig. 47 (injuring squash in Fla., and cucumbers in Mo.).
Phacellura nitidalis. Snow: in Trans. Kans. Acad. Sci., iv, 1875, p. 56

(injures cucumbers); in Observer of Nature, iii, no. 5, 1876,

p. 4 (not common in Kans.).
Phacellura nitidalis. Packard : in Hayden's 9th Rept. G.-G. Surv.

Terr., 1877, p. 772, fig. 41 (brief account after Riley).
Phacellura fiitidalis. French: in Trans. 111. State Hort. Soc. for 1877,

1878, pp. 199-200; in 7th Rept. Ins. 111., 1878, pp. 251-252

(brief notice).

* This bulbous enlargement is illustrated in figure 15 of the Second Report on the Insects of
New York^ 1885.

Eleventh Report of the State Entomologist 127

Phakellura nitidalis. Comstock : in Rept. U. S. Comm. Agr, for 1879^

p. 219 (reference).
Endioptis nitidalis. Grote : New Check List of N. Amer. Moths, 1882^

p. 54, no. 160.
Phacellura nitidalis. Cooke : Ins. Inj. Orch.-Vin., 1883, pp. 304-305,

fig. 301 (general account).
Eudioptis nitidalis. Saunders: Ins. Inj. Fruits, 1883, 1889, pp. 367-368^

figs. 378, 379 (habits, remedies, brief).
Phacellura nitidalis. Edge: in Rept. Penn, State Bd. Agr. for 1883,

1884, pp. 65-66, figs. 3, 4 on pi. (brief notice).
Eudioptis nitidalis. Fernald : in Kingsley's Stand. Nat. Hist., ii, Crust.

and Ins., 1884, p. 444, fig. 564 (reference).
Phakellura nitidalis. Lintner : in Country Gent., 1, 1885, p. 607 (from

Tenn. ; general notice); in do. li, 1886, p. 733 (from Va.); 3rd

Rep. Ins. N. Y., 1886, pp. 140, 141 (reference); 5th do., 1889,.

p. 320 (reference); in Country Gent., lix, 1894, p. 721 (from

North and South Carolina); loth Rept. Ins. N. Y. for 1894,

1895, p. 503 (reference).

Eudioptis nitidalis. Ashmead: in Bull. 14 U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent.,

1887, p. 24 (lists, food-plants, etc.).
Eudioptis nitidalis. Edwards: Bull. 35 U. S. Nat. Mus., 1889, pp. in—

112 (bibliography of transformations).
Eudioptis nitidalis. Campbell: in Bull. 3 Ga. Agr. Expt. Stat., 1889,

pp. 46-47 (habits, remedies).
Margaronia nitidalis. Smith: List Lepidop. Bor. Amer., 1891, p. 75,.

no. 3975 (listed); Econom. Entomol., 1896, p. 311, fig. 354

(mention).
Eudioptis nitidalis. Moffat: in Canad. Entomol., xxiv, 1892, p. 13?

(taken in Can. by Mr, Hill).
Eudioptis nitidalis. Hopkins-Rumsey: Bull. 44 W. Va. Agr. Expt. Stat. ^

1896, pp. 300, 317 (brief notice and remedies).
Margaronia nitidalis. Quaintance : Bull. 34 Fla. Agr. Expt. Stat.,.

1896, pp. 292-293 (brief notice as squash borer).

Specimens of a caterpillar were communicated in September, 1894, by
a correspondent of the Country Gentleman from Pendleton, S. C, which
had been very injurious to his crop of muskmelons. One of the two ex-
amples gave out soon after its reception the beautiful moth, Eudioptis
nitidalis, a well known pest of cucumbers and melons in the Western
States where the larva is commonly known as "the pickle worm."
This name was given it by Prof. Riley, from its having been found quite
frequently in pickled cucumbers, as related in the extended account of
the insect contained in his Second Report on the Insects of Missouri. In
the Southern States it is more commonly found attacking melons.

The Pendleton, S. C, correspondent writes as follows of the insect, its

boring operations and losses caused by it :

Enclosed find a smaller and a larger worm or borer that has upon an
average destroyed eight-tenths of our cantaloupe crop for the last three

128 Forty-ninth Report on the State Museum

years. Early in the first crop I have found a small white worm about as
large as a small hair-pin and perhaps half an inch long boring in from the
underside of the melon which destroys the melon, to the extent of nine-
tenths of the crop, but this small white worm disappea's during the first
dry hot weather and the small semi-transparent spotted worm \E. nitidalis]
attacks the melons on the shaded sides, tops or bottom. This spotted
worm grows rapidly into a much larger one of a light green color with
scarcely a trace of the spots on the smaller one. Whether the very small
worm is the same as the one that bores later on and grows to a larger
green worm, i% inch or more in length, I do not know. Can you
suggest a remedy? I have applied salt under the early crop that kills
this small white worm but does not appear to hinder the larger green one.
To give an idea of the destruction this little pest causes, the two worms
sent were cut out of a cantaloupe that weighs 34^ lbs. that would bring
in our market 50 cts. each. But for these destructive worms we could reap
large crops of this melon, and it pays even now to grow them.

Pendleton, S. C. J. C. S.

Resemblance of the Larva to Another Species.

As the moth was obtained from only one of the two caterpillars sub-
mitted for examination, it is not possible to say if they were both of the
same species, or if one may not have been of the closely allied species,
Eudioptis hyalinata, to be noticed in subsequent pages. Judging from
the published descriptions, and in consideration of the different features,
especially colorational, that they present at different stages of growth, it
seems hardly possible to distinguish between them, except with examples
of the two in hand, from the same food-plant, and at the same degree of
'development. Several writers have remarked upon their liabihty to
variation in color, dependent upon their food-plant. This uncertainty is
unfortunate, for they are both quite destructive to several of the Cucur-
iDitaceae — cucumbers, melons, and occasionally to pumpkins and
squashes — and reliable recommendations of methods for arresting their
ravages must of necessity be based upon a knowledge of the entire life-
history of the insect, or at least that of the larval stage. For example, it
is important to know definitely if there is but one brood of each or more.
If the latter, are the habits different in the successive broods ? Does the
first brood attack the foliage and the second the fruit ? When and
where are the eggs deposited ? Do the species occur simultaneously in
the same field ?

A careful study of the larvae and carrying them to their winged stage
is a present desideratum. While a child could readily distinguish
between the moths of the two, so markedly distinct are they in their
appearance, it is doubtful if any entomologist could from his knowledge
identify, beyond question, a collection of South Carolina Eudioptis cater-
pillars, in different ages, submitted to him.

Eleventh Keport of the State Entomologist

129

Description of E. nitidalis Larva.
Professor Riley has given in his 2nd Mo. Report {loc. cit.) a careful
description and drawing of the pickle-worm, which for convenient refer-
ence we quote, together with the appended description of an earlier stage
by Walsh. His figure, in which the moth is also represented, is herewith
reproduced :

One of the worms is represented in the figure 2 in natural size. They
vary much in appearance, some being of a yellowish-white, and very
much resembling the inside
of an unripe melon, wliile
others are tinged more or
less with green. They are
all quite soft and trans
lucent, and there is a trans-
verse row of eight shiny,
slightly elevated spots on
each segment, and an ad-
ditional two behind tht
others on the back. (See
Fig. 2, c.) Along the back
and toward the head, these
spots are larger than at the
sides, and each spot gives
rise to a fine hair. Thf
specimen from which I
obtained my first moth last
summer was very light
colored, and these spots
were so nearly the color of the body as to be scarcely visible. The head
was honey-yellow bordered with a brown line and with three black con-
fluent spots at the palpi.

The cervical shield or horny plate on the first segment was of the same
color as the body, and so transparent that the brown border of the head
when retracted shone distinctly through it as at Figure 2, b. The
breathing- holes or stigmata are small, oval, and of the same color as the
body, with a fulvous ring around them. In some of the young worms
the shiny spots are quite black and conspicuous. My late associate, Mr.
Walsh, communicated to me the following description of such a marked
specimen, from which he bred the very same species of m.oth as from the
paler individuals. The description was taken when the worm was but
half- grown.

Length y^ inch. Color pale greenish yellow; 16 legs. Head pale
rufous, the Y-shaped sutures and the mouth black. Cervical shield as in
Figure 2 , d, each half edged with black, center rufous. Marked under
shield as at e, and the same lateral markings on joints 2 and 3. Above
on joints 2 and 3 as at/. On joints 4-1 1, eight (including 2 lateral)
spots transversely arranged, and behind these, two dorsal spots. Of the
eight spots the two lateral ones on each side are substigmatal. Stigmata
edged with dusky. Anal joint with five spots as in ^'•, the middle one

Fig.

The pickle-caterpillar and cucumber moth,
OPTIS NITIDALIS. (From Riley.)

Eiui-

130 Forty-ninth Report on the State Museum

large and transverse. Body with some sparse long dusky hairs, 6-8 times
as long as wide, a Httle tapered toward the head. Spins a thread. Legs
and prolegs nearly immaculate.

It is probably the same larva that has been described by a correspon-
dent as of " a light yellowish- green color, nearly translucent, with a few
scattered hairs, and when mature, about an inch and a quarter long."
Another, writing of the same insect, characterizes it as follows : " When
from one-fourth to one-half an inch long, they are of a whitish color,
dotted transversely with blackish spots, and the head of a dull brownish,
color. When grown to a little less than an inch, their color changes —
in white-meated melons to a light green, in yellow-fleshed varieties to a
darker green, and spots giving way to lines of more or less intense green
color. The head is armed with stout jaws, and becomes more or less
dark brown.

Description of the Moth.

Where the insect is prevalent it is important that the appearance of
the moth should be known, so that when they are frequenting the melon
and cucumber fields for the purpose of depositing their eggs, they may
be captured in nets and destroyed. It is probable, that after the habit
of most of the family {Pyraustidce) to which it belongs, that its flight com-
mences at about sunset, but that it is readily driven up from repose on
the lower surface of leaves at any hour of the day. The figure above
given, in connection with the following description by Riley will render
it easily recognizable :

It is of a yellowish-brown color, with an iris-purple reflection, the front
wings having an irregular, semi-transparent, dull golden-yellow spot, not
reaching their front edge, and constricted at their lower edge; and the
hind wings having the inner two-thirds of this same semi-transparent
yellow. The under surfaces have a more decided pearly lustre. The
thighs, the breast, and the abdomen below, are all of a beautiful silvery-
white, and the other joints of the long legs are of the same tawny or
golden-yellow as the semi-transparent parts of the wings. The abdomen
of the female terminates in a small flattened black brush, squarely
trimmed, and the segment directly preceding this brush is of a rust-brown
color above. The corresponding segment in the male is, on the con-
trary, whitish anteriorly and of the same color as the rest of the body
posteriorly, and he is, moreover, at once distinguished from the female
by the immense brush at his tail, which is generally much larger than
represented in the above figure, and is composed of narrow, lengthened
{/igulate) scales, which remind one of the petals of the common
English daisy, some of these scales being whitish, some orange, and
others brown.

Eleventh Report of the State Entomologist 131

Life-History and Habits.

Prof. Riley found that the worms commenced to appear on cucumbers
in the latitude of St. Louis about the middle of July, boring cylindrical
holes usually from below, and feeding upon its fleshy portion, and that
they continued their destructive work till into September. As many as
four had been found in a medium sized cucumber, Mr. Ashmead has
reported the insect as commonly feeding on squashes in Florida, where
it not only bores into the fruit but also feeds upon the leaves.* The
larv£e are gross feeders, producing a large amount of soft excrement and
developing rapidly. They complete their growth in from three to four
weeks according to the observations of Prof. Riley. When about to trans-
form they usually leave the fruit and spin a slight cocoon of white silk
within portions of a convenient leaf or beneath such loose rubbish as may
be found in the vicinity. In a few days they change to light brown
pupge, and the moths emerge in warm weather eight to ten days after
spinning up. The later ones do not give out the moths in the autumn,
but remain all winter in the cocoon, probably in the pupa state. Some
imagoes probably winter, in Florida, according to Quaintance. In warm
weather the insect can complete its round of life in four or five weeks;
thus there might be two or three broods after the middle of July. There
appears to be no record of observation of the moth during the summer
months, yet it is by no means improbable. The latest individuals in
Missouri came out as late as November. The earliest appearance of the
adults and their egg-laying habits are of great importance in controlling
this pest.

Its Injuries andSpread.

The injuries from this insect have been quite severe in Illinois, Missouri,
Tennessee, North and South Carohna, Virginia, and Florida, and in all
probabihty in all places where it has established itself. In 1869, the
insect was very destructive around Alton, III, and also in the vicinity of
Springfield. The cucumbers and melons in the vicinity of St. Joseph,
Mich., were greatly injured by the worms the same year, and in Missouri
it was abundant and destructive in several counties, — cucumbers suffering
the most. A correspondent from Asheville, N. C, reported three-fourths
of the crop of cantaloupes in that section destroyed by this insect — pos-
sibly aided by its close ally, E. hyalinata. It is apparently gradually ex-

*Prof . Riley states that " it neither bores into the root nor devours the foliage [of the cucum-
ber], but seems to confine itself to the fruit. Mr. Ashmead states: "as a borer it is found [in
Florida] in squash, cucumbers, and melons, but it will also feed on the leaves of all these
vines."

132 Forty-ninth Report on the State Museum

tending its range through the United States. It would seem that several
of the Western States in former years, offered favorable conditions for its
rapid increase. Since then, comparatively little has been recorded of the
insect in that region. Lately, 1894, North and South Carolina have suf-
fered from its great abundance. Its multiplication is probably largely
controlled by the varying climatic conditions in different years. Ap-
parently the insect is rapidly becoming a greater pest of the muskmelon
than it was originally of the cucumber in the Western States, and has
largely transferred its depredations to the Southern States, to dispute with
its congener, Eiidioptis hyalmata, its appellation of " melon caterpillar."

Food-Plants.
From the frequent occurrence in Missouri of the larva in cucumbers
after pickling, it was given the name of the " pickle-worm," as before
stated, although in the same State it was nearly as abundant in melons.
Mr. Ashmead has written of it in his " Report on Insects Injurious to
Garden Crops in Florida" [loc. cit.), as the "squash borer." Of the
melons, it appears to have a preference for cantaloupes — a variety of
the muskmelon, but also burrows into watermelons according to Walsh.
Guenee states — "la chenille vit sur les patates." Patate is defined by
Spiers and Surenne, as "batatas; Spanish potato; skirret of Peru."

Distribution.

So far as known E. nitidalis is an American species, having an ex-
tended distribution in both North and South America. It is reported
from Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, about 70 miles northwest of Buffalo,.
N. Y. It has not been recorded from New York or from the Eastern
States. The following are the recorded United States localities: Michi-
gan, at Potoskey and St. Joseph; Illinois, Alton, Rock Island and Spring-
field; Delaware, Felton and Newark; District of Columbia, Washington;
Virginia, Crozet; Kentucky, Bowling Green; Missouri, Kirkwood and
"in various parts of St. Louis and Jefferson counties;" Kansas; Ten-
nessee, Carp; North Carolina, Asheville; South Carolina, Pendleton;
Florida, Lake City and Cresent City.

Guenee hsts it from Brazil, Cayenne in French Guiana, and Columbia.
It occurs in the West Indies, according to Ashmead. It should also be
found in Central America and Mexico.

Its Natural Enemies.
But a single parasite has been recorded (by Mr. Ashmead) as preying
upon E. nitidalis, viz., Chalcis fidvipes (Fabr.) — an important parasite,.

Eleventh KEroRT of the State Entomologist 133

as it is known to destroy at least seven other species of Lepidoptera,
both moths and butterflies (Howard, in Bull. 5, Bureau of Entoinology,
U. S. Dept. AgricuL, 1885, p. 31).

A correspondent from Virginia, whose attention had been drawn to an
article on the margined soldier-beetle, Chauliognathus tnarginatus (Fabr.),
in my Fourth Report (pp. 84-88), in which its valuable service in
destroying the apple-worm in its burrows is shown, reports that he had
seen a number of these beetles in his infested melon patches, and that
there was good reason to believe that they had entered many of the
nitidalis burrows which he found tenantless, and destroyed the borer. It
would be an interesting fact if, by watching, with this purpose, the
Chauliognathus beede could be detected entering the melon in search of
its prey, or still better, if found within, engaged in its repast.

Remedies and Preventives.

As the insect feeds upon the leaves at times, and most probably in the
earlier part of the season, Paris green or London purple could be used to
great advantage. If it can only be shown that the caterpillar feeds in
its first stages upon the fohage, then an early spraying by all growers
would be a most effectual check for the pest. If this fails, then resort
must be had to other methods.

Sprinkling the melons, cucumbers, etc., occasionally with London pur-
ple or Paris green and water, during the time that the moths are abroad
for the deposit of their eggs, would probably be the most effectual
method to prevent the attack of the insect. The young larva, upon
hatching from the egg, would be killed by the poison, in its attempt to
enter the fruit, as is the apple-worm of the codling-moth.

The increase of the insect may be prevented by frequent examination
of the cucurbits and the destruction of all such as are seen to have been
penetrated by the borer. Several of the borers are frequently found
within a single melon or cucumber.

If the eggs are placed on the fruit, and only there (not on the leaves),
it would seem that the injuries of the borer may be prevented by destroy-
ing the eggs. This could be done by going over the fields, if not too
large, and, lifting each melon, rub the surfaces where the eggs are
deposited (if on the under side only, the operation would be simplified)
with a gloved hand, crushing the eggs. Preparatory to resorting to this
method, the time of the earliest appearance of the moth should be noted,
and the length of time that the egg-laying continues. Going over the
melons once a week should suffice to reach all of the eggs.
10

134 Forty-ninth Report on the State Museum

Eudioptis hyalinata (Linn.),

The Melon Caterpillar.

(Ord. Lepidoptera: Fam. Pyraustid^.)

Phalcena hyalinata. Linn^us : Syst. Nat., i, pars ii, 1767, p. 874, no.

279 (description).
PhalceJia hyalinata. Fabricius : Ent. Syst., iii, pars ii, 1794, p. 213,

no. 311 (habitat, America, Asia),
JPyralis hyalinata. Poey : Cent. Lepidopt. Cubana, 1832 (larvae, pupa,

pi. 19, colored fig.).
Pyralis hyalinata. Westwood : Introduc. Class. Ins., ii, 1840, pp. 400-

401 (characters, type of Phakellura MS.).
Phakellura hyalinatalis. Guen^e : Hist. Nat. Ins., Lepidopt., viii, 1854,

p. 296 (descr., distrib., vars., food-plants).
Phakellura hyalinitalis. Dodge: in Field and Forest, i, 1875, p. 9 (in-
jurious to cucumbers in Fla.).
Phacellura hvalinatalis. Snow: in Trans. Kans. Acad. Sci., iv, 1875,

p. 56 (habits same as P. nitidalis) ; in Observ. of Nature, iii,

no. 5, 1876, p. 4 (common in Kans.).
Phakellura hyalinitalis. Mann: in Psyche, ii, 1878, p. 129 (reference).
Phakellura hyalinatalis. Willet : in Rept. U. S. Comm. Agr. for 1879,

p. 219 (life-history).
Phakellura hyalinatalis. Comstock : in Rept. U. S. Comm. Agr. for

1879, 1880, pp. 218-220, pi. iii, figs. 5, 6 (distrib., life-history,

parasites, remedies).
Eudioptis hyalinata. Grote : New Check List of N. Amer. Moths,

1882, p. 54, no. 159.
Phacellura hyalinitalis. Cooke : Ins. Inj. Orch.-Vin., 1883, pp. 301-302

(general notice, life-history, remedies).
Eudioptis hyalinata. Saunders : in Canad. Entomol., xv, 1883, p. 56,

fig. 3 (taken at Hamilton, Ont., larvae, pupa) ; the same in 14th

Rept. Ent. Soc. Ont. for 1883, pp. 23-24, fig. 4; Lis. Inj.

Fruits, 1883, pp. 365-366, fig. 377 (distrib., habits, etc., brief).
Phacellura hyalinitalis. Edge: in Rept. Penn. State Bd. Agr. for 1883,

iS84,pp. 66-67 fip* ^ ^"^ plate (general notice).
Eudioptis hyalinata. Fernald : in Kingsley's Stand. Nat. Hist., ii, 1884,

p. 444, (brief notice).
Phakellura hyalinatalis. Lintner : in Country Gent., 1, 1885, p. 607;

in do., Ii, 1886, p. 733 ; 5th Rept. Ins. N. Y., 1889, p. 320 ; in

Country Gent., lix, 1894, p. 721 (as Eudioptis) ; loth Rept. Ins.

N. Y. for 1894, 1895. p. 503 (reference as E. hyalinata).
Eudioptis hyalinata. Ashmead : in Bull. 14 U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent.,

1887, pp 26-27 (distribution, food-plants, description of

stages, etc.).
Phacellura hyalinitalis. Riley-Howard: in Ins. Life, i, 1888, p. 161

[Pinipla conquisitor parasitic on) ; in do.,ii, 1890, p. 376 {Phakel-
lura hvalinatalis injuring cantaloupes in So. Carolina) ; in do., iv,

1891, p. 157 (Eudioptis hyalinata from Jamaica).
Eudioptis hyalinata. Edwards : Bull. 35 U. S. Nat. Mus., 1889, p. iii

(bibliography of transformations).

Eleventh Report of the State Entomologist 135

£udioptis hyalinata. Campbell: in Bull. 3 Ga. Agr. Expt. Stat., 1889,

pp. 45-46 (life-history, ravages, remedies).
Eudioptis hyalinata. Smith: Cat. Ins. N. J., 1890, p. 343 (common in

Ocean Co.); List Lepidop. Bor. Amer., 1891, p. 75, no. 3973

(listed as Mar_^drofiia hyalinata).
Mtidioptis hyalinata. Van Duzee : Lists Macro-Lep. Buff.-Vic, in Bull.

Buff. Soc. Nat. Sci., v, 1891, p. 157 (taken at Buffalo).
Phakellura hyalinatalis. Kent: in Insect Life, iii, 1891, p. 337 (habits,

destructiveness).
Eudioptis hyalinata. Moffat: in Canad. Entomol., xxiv, 1892, p. 132

(in Canada 10 years).
Margaro7iia hyalinata. Comstocks : Manual Study Ins., 1895, pp. 231-

232, fig. 276 (brief notice).
Eudioptis hyalinata. Hopkins-Rumsey : Bull. 44 W. Va. Agr. Expt.

Stat., 1896, pp. 300, 317 (brief notice with remedies).
Margaronia hyalinata. Quaintance: Bull. 31 Fla. Agr. Expt. Stat.,

1896, pp. 298-300 (brief notice).

This insect is commonly termed the melon-worm, and it is the species
that is most frequently recorded as injuring the melons in the southern
and western States. In New York and the eastern States it does not
appear to be known, being replaced by another Lepidopter, still more
destructive to the CucurbitacecB, viz., the squash- vine borer, Melittia Ceto.
It is closely allied to the insect treated in the preceding pages and in
habit it is very similar. It is possible that this species was also associated
with the preceding in the destruction of melons in North and South
Carolina, and Virginia. It may be this insect which a correspondent of
the Country Gentleman from Tennessee reported as boring in the heart of
melons, causing them to decay.

Characteristic of Attack.

Professor Willet gives an excellent account of the ravages of the cater-
pillar in Georgia as follows :

At the annual meeting of the Georgia Horticultural Society, July, 1879,
•earnest inquiry about the melon-worm was made by many of the members.
It was stated that the August crop of musk-melons was very subject to
the attack of worms, which were very numerous and destructive, and
against which no remedies had been successful.

The only worm destructive to melons, described in the books at my
command, was the pickle-worm, Phakellura nitidalis. The figures and
description of this by Prof. C. V. Riley are copied by Prof. Packard in
his Report on Noxious Insects in Hayden's Report for 1875. This worm
is here represented as very injurious to melons, cucumbers, etc., in the
western states. A moth of this species was caught in my house the last
week in August, and was the only one seen during the season.

On the same day on which this moth was caught, Mr. S. I. Gustin
brought me two nutmeg-melons, sayiuia; they were the best of a load which
he had just gathered. Each melon had about a half dozen caterpillars

136 Forty-ninth Eeport on the State Museum

which had excavated shallow cavities in the melons, or had penetrated
bodily into the same. The melons were too much injured to be eatable.
These worms, I naturally supposed, might be the pickle-worms, a moth
of which species I had just caught.

In the course of two or three weeks I visited three melon patches,
where musk-melons had been planted for market. All presented the
same scene of total destruction. Most of the vines had been more or
less denuded of leaves, and the remains of the leaves contained brown
chrysalids or pupre "webbed up" in them. The melons, of various sizes,
were occupied in great measure by the worms. The younger worms were
generally confined to the surface, but the older had penetrated to differ-
ent depths. Some had excavated shallow cavities half an inch in diameter
and one-eighth of an inch in depth; each cavity occupied by one or more
worms. Others had penetrated perpendicularly into the melons, fre-
quently beyond sight. None had reached the hollow of the melon so
far as I saw. The melon crops of these three market-gardens were a
total loss.

It appears that this species feeds more generally on the leaves in the
earlier part of the season than does the pickle-caterpillar. Mr. Dodge re-
ported in 1875 that it attacks first the bud, then works into the plant and
eventually kills it root and branch. Later Mr. Ashmead observed that
the food of the first brood of worms must be largely phyllophagous.

Life-History and Ravages.

It is probable that the round of life is completed in about the same
time as that of its congener, E. rntidalis, though there appears to be no
record to that effect. The larvae are most destructive the latter part of
the summer. The number of broods has not been definitely ascertained.
The larvae are said, as a rule, to migrate a short distance to some neigh-
boring tree or plant before spinning up for pupation. The duration of
the pupa state has not been recorded, but it is probably no longer than
that of the nitldalis. It passes the winter in the chrysalis.

In 1875 ^^^ insect was very destructive to cucumbers at Indian River,
Fla., where it was reported as ruining the crop. In 1887 Mr. Ashmead
reported the crop of cantaloupes and muskmelons as totally destroyed
by this insect in the same State, and in 1889 it was again reported as
quite injurious for the past few years. Its injuries in Georgia in 1879
have been given in detail in a preceding paragraph. In 1891 it was
reported as very destructive in Mississippi to melons, cucumbers and
cashaws the previous season. It is also injurious at times to pumpkins.

Description of the Insect.
The larva is smaller than that of the pickle-caterpillar, being but eight-
tenths of an inch in length. The color is translucent green or pale

Eleventh Report of the State Entomologist

137

greenish-yellow, which is quite similar to that of E, nitidalis. The jaws
and surrounding mouth-parts are black ; from both sides of the head issue
some fine hairs; the stigmata are yellowish; the warty tubercles on the
segments are arranged as in E. 7iitidalis, only they are not so prominent
or black but green, and the hairs issuing therefrom are very fine and
almost invisible to the naked eye; the legs are the same in both species
(Ashmead, loc. cit.).

The pupa is about seven-twelfths of an inch long, yellow-brown, darker
and tapering to a point at the tail. It is generally inclosed in a loosely
woven web in the folds of a leaf, though it has been found in the soft pulp
of the melon.

The moths into which they develop have wings of a pearly iridescent
whiteness, except a narrow black border, and measure, when extended,
an inch across. Their legs ^. -j;

and bodies present the same _^ ^"X^'j'^y^^

glistening whiteness, and
the abdomen terminates
in a curious moveable tuft
of white appendages like
feathers of a pretty buff
color, tipped with black
and white (Fig. 3).

Guenee describes the
moth as follows : " Wings
of a beautiful pearly white
color; the superiors with a
broad costal band and a
border equally broad, the
inferiors with a border
gradually diminishing to-
ward the anal angle which
it does not reach, of a
shining brown color. The
costal band has two small
teeth at the place of the cellular spots. Anterior half of the thorax
and nearly the whole of the shoulder-cover, brown. Abdomen white,
more or less tinged with yellowish-brown in the female, with a large
shining-brown dorsal spot on the last segment : the anal brush formed
of shining scales, of a leaden-brown color, with some other scales of a
yellow-fawn at their base, arranged especially on each side."

Fig. 3.— The melon-caterpillar and moth, Eudioptis
HVALiNATA. (From Comstock.)

138 FORTY-XINTH REPORT ON THE StATE MuSBUM

It would appear from the limited literature accessible, that Eudioptis
hyalinata is more especially a southern insect. I have examples in my
collection from Texas. It has also been taken in Michigan, is not un-
common in New Jersey, and has been taken in Canada. I have na
knowledge of its occurrence in the State of New York.

Natural Enemies and Remedies.

Pinipla conqiiistor, an Ichneumon- fly, has been bred from the larva.
This insect is abundant in the Southern States, being an efficient parasite
of the cotton-worm, and it should aid materially in keeping this pest in
check. A Tachina fly was also reared from the larvae. Mr. Ashmead
observed that the majority of the pupae in his breeding boxes were de-
stroyed by a small red ant, which may also be useful in destroying them
elsewhere. There is no reason why Chauliognathus marghiatus should
not destroy the larvae of this species, if it attacks those of E. nitidalis, as
appears probable.

Remedies of service against the "pickle worm" should also prove of
value in checking the melon caterpillar. The habit of the larvae of the first
brood feeding upon the leaves renders their control comparatively easy.
One or two thorough sprayings of the vines in the early part of the season
with Paris green or London purple in water ought to keep the insect
from multiplying to such an extent as to cause much damage later-
After the worms begin boring into the fruit they are beyond the reach oi
insecticides, and they can only be destroyed with the fruit.

Pyrausta futilalis (Lederer).*

A Dogbane Caterpillar.

(Ord. Lepidoptera: Fam. Pyraustid^.)

Lederer : in Wien. Entomol. Monatschr., iii, 1859, p. 467, pi. 10, fig. i

(described as Botys futilalis).
Grote : in Canad. Entomol., viii, 1876, p. 99 (described as Botis erect-

alis ; Albany, N. Y.); in Bull, iv U. S. Geolog.-Geograph.

Surv. Terr., 1878, p. 679 (from Mass.); Check List N. Amer.

Moths, 1882, p. 53, nos. 78, 92.
Beutenmuller: in Canad. Entomol., xx, 1888, pp. 15-16 (description

of full-grown larvae; habits, brief, as Botis erectalis).
Edwards: Bull. 35 U. S. Nat. Mus., 1889, p. no (reference, as Botis

erectalis).

By E. P. Felt, from observations made at the Cornell University Agricultural Experiment

Station.

Eleventh Report of the State Entomologist 139

Smith: List of Lepidop. Bor. Amer., i8gi, p. 77, no. 4053 (as Pyrausta

fuiilalis).
Moffat: in Canad. EntomoL, xxvi, 1894, p. 126 (collected at London,

Ont.).

In the early part of July one may find here and there a leaf of the com-
mon spreading dogbane, Apocynnm androsiemifoliiim, more or less inclosed
with a shght web, and underneath a number of naked caterpillars with
greenish-yellow bodies marked with sooty-yellow spots and with a head
of a similar color to that of the tubercles. Later the web includes more
and more of the plant, until whole branches and even entire plants are
included. In the meantime the larvae have changed to a coppery red
with black tubercles, and the head has become heavily mottled with
black. Upon bringing larvae thus obtained to maturity, the moth of the
above-named insect was disclosed.

The Eggs.

None of the eggs of the insect were discovered before they had hatched,
but on the under surface of some of the leaves upon which the young
larvae were found, there were a few very delicate fragments of transparent
egg shells which were in all probability those of this insect. They were
deposited in a small mass, each nearly touching its neighbor; the number
in a group being about ten to fifteen.

Habits of the Caterpillars.
The young larvae confine themselves to the under siuface of the leaf,
where they eat the lower epidermis and the soft parenchyma. Before at-
taining full size, the caterpillars moult four times at intervals of four to nine
days. They are gregarious and, as they eat and move about, a web is
spun which incloses their food and at the same time affords protection to
its inmates. The leaves thus skeletonized, quickly turn brown, become
dry, and the nest is soon a conspicuous object among the unharmed
foliage. As the caterpillars increase in size, they eat some holes
through the leaves, though most of the time they prefer the soft paren-
chyma and remove the epidermis from but one surface. Larvae which
were confined singly in cages and each given a spray of the dogbane to
feed on, were observed to spin a slight web to serve as a retreat and
usually one or more leaves were drawn together to make this retreat
more secure. The caterpillars complete their growth in about four weeks
during which time they eat most voraciously ; leaf after leaf is inclosed in
the web until not only branches but almost entire plants are devoured.
At Ithaca, N. Y., on August 10, 1895, whole masses of their food-plant

140 FoRTY-xiXTH Report ox the State Museum

were composed of dried, half-eaten foliage inclosed with web. This de-
struction was not local but was apparent in several diverse localities in
the vicinity of Ithaca. The injury to this plant occasions no regret; the
above facts are simply put on record as evidence of the nature of the in-
sect and also as of value in determining the habits of allied species which
may not destroy a plant of so little economic value.

Description of the Larval Stages.

First stage. — Head diameter, 0.475 n^rn- ; body diameter, 0.625 rnni-j
length, 4. mm. Head, thoracic shield, tubercles and true feet a sooty
yellow; eyes dark brown ; sutures of the head nearly black ; clypeus well
defined, triangular; thoracic shield mottled with brown spots; body
greenish-yellow. The thoracic shield bears three nearly equidistant sette
along its anterior margin ; two along its posterior margin, and one
smaller near the center of each half. Below the thoracic shield two large
tubercles, each with two setae. On thoracic segments two and three,
five large tubercles above the legs, all but the posterior in the stigmatal
line and the substigmatal tubercle with two setae. Abdominal tubercles
in six rows; subdorsal and sub ventral on posterior portions of segments ;
substigmatal with two, the one at base of prolegs with three setae, cor-
responding one on legless segments the same. See figure of larva of
Mecyna reversalis (Fig. 4) for general arrangement of these setae. Paired
ventral tubercles occur on the thoracic and all but the last abdominal
segment; on segments bearing prolegs they are well down on the leg,
each with one seta. Described July i6th, several days after hatching.

Second stage. — Head diameter 0.75 mm. ; length about 7. mm. Head
and thoracic shield mottled with brown ; tubercles a little larger than in
preceding stage and a greenish black. Described July i8th.

Third stage. — Head diameter 1.122 mm.; length 10. mm. The larvae
are a Uttle darker than in the preceding stage. Described July 2 2d.

Fourth and last stage. — Head diameter r.63 mm.; body diameter
4 mm.; length 18. mm. Head, thoracic and anal shields heavily mottled
with black on a yellowish-white ground; small, black tubercles occur on
the head. General color of the body ochreous; tubercles, spiracles, and
thoracic legs jet black. Described July 31st.

The Pupa State.
The caterpillars do not pupate at once after they have ceased feeding.
They usually wander around for six or seven days before spinning up ; it
appears to make no difference whether there are abundant places to
pupate in or not ; the larvae will not spin up until the lapse of a certain
period. At the end of this time they spin a reddish-brown, fenestrated
cocoon, within which they remain without undergoing marked changes
for some time; some examples remained in the larval state at least two
weeks and probably longer. BeutenmuUer states that the insect passes
the winter in the larval state, but pupje were found by me in the field
during August. Most of the eggs were laid before the middle of July and

Eleventh Report op the State Entomologist 141

the majority of the larvae had spun up about August loth. Several pup»
were found in the field at this latter date; in nature they are found under
stones and other protective materials above ground.

Number of Generations.
The insect remained in the pupa state during the winter, and moths
emerged on March 14th, 20th, and May 6th. Though the emergence of
the adults was most likely hastened by the warmth of the greenhouse
where they were kept all the winter, yet it would hardly seem as though
their appearance would be earlier by nearly three months. As pre-
viously recorded, young larvae were found in the early part of July ; some
were so young that they could not have hatched long before being
found. The eggs from which they emerged were in all probability
deposited only about ten days previously, or the last of June — a week
to ten days is often found to be the time between oviposition and hatch-
ing in Lepidoptera, especially in warm weather. The irregular appear-
ance of the few moths bred does not permit of a very accurate opinion as
to the normal time of their appearance. Still it is possible that there is
an earlier brood than the one observed, especially as pupae were seen in
the autumn, and BeutenmuUer records the occurrence of the larvae in
September. It is not unlikely that the insect hibernates either as a larva
or pupa with nearly equal facility.

The Moth.
The imago is a plain appearing brownish-gray moth with a wing
expanse of i. i inch. The palpi above, head, and thorax are orna-
mented with rich brown scales and the fore wings are thickly mottled
with the same on a background of light gray; at the base of the fore
wings' along the costa the brown scales are thicker; outer edge of the
wing with a rich brown line ; fringe of medium length, purphsh-brown in
color. Hind wings a light gray with a brown median line and sparse
brown mottling on the outer third, outer border of the wing brown; apical
portion of the fringe concolorous with that of the fore wing, the remainder
of the fringe nearly white. Beneath, the fore wings are nearly as above
but with a more pronounced discal spot; hind wings beneath with a dis-
tinct reniform discal spot ; palpi beneath and legs clothed with white

scales.

Its Enemies.

It was not possible to find anywhere the number of larvae and pupae
one might expect in the vicinity of the food-plant after the cater-
pillars had begun to leave their nests; it is quite likely that many of them

142 Forty-ninth Report on the State Museum

fell as prey to birds and other enemies which were only too glad to par-
take of such food without the labor of parting a troublesome web. The
insect is also preyed upon by a true parasite; several of its cocoons were
found filled with the whitish ones of an Apanteles^ probably A. con-
gregatus ; though as none of the parasites were reared their identity can
not be certainly known.

Mecyna reversalis (Guen).
The Genista Caterpillar.

(Ord. Lepidoptera : Fam. Pyralid/E.)

GuENEE : Hist. Nat. Ins., viii, Delt. et Pyral., 1854, p. 409.

Grote: in Bull, iv, U. S. Geolog.-Geograph. Surv. Terr., 1878, p. 679

(from Texas); Check List N. Amer. Moths., 1882, p. 53 (as

Boiis reveisalis ) .
Smith: List. Lepidop. Bor. Amer., 1891, p. 78, no. 4081.
Weed H. E. : in Insect Life, v, 1892, p. iii (injurious to Lupines).
Lintner: loth Rept. Ins. N. Y. for 1894, 1895, P- 5^5-

A number of brightly colored and prettily marked caterpillars of com-
paratively small size were received toward the last part of September
from Mr. William Falconer, of Glen Cove, Long Island, with the request
for their name.

They were feeding abundantly on the foliage of species of Genista and
Cytisus in the greenhouses of Charles A. Dana, at Dosoris. They had
not been observed on other plants. According to Mr. Falconer, the
common greenhouse Genista {Cytisus Canariensis) grown in pots plunged
out of doors in summer, seems to be preferred by them. The hardy
Genista tinctoria — a plant grown out of doors all the time is also an
especial favorite of theirs. Mr. Weed has reported this insect as very
injurious to various species of Lupines growing in the grass experi-
ment beds of the Mississippi Agricultural College. There appears to be
no other record of the food-habits of this species. In this connection it
is worthy of note that the English species, Mecyna polygonalis Hb., has a
similar food-habit ; its larvae being found on Genista and Cytisus, accord-
ing to Meyrick.*

The work of the larvae was first noticed about the middle of July, at
which time they were quite numerous, in less than half-size and about
full-grown, and, as this variation in size had continued for the two months

* Handbook Brit- Lepidop,, 18^5, p. 418.

Eleventh Eeport of the State Entomologist 143

following, it was thought that there must be successive broods of the
insect. Numerous larvae of various sizes — some less than half-grown,
were received from Mr. Falconer, September 20th. On October 2d the
last larvae pupated and the moths emerged between October 19th and
November 5th, except one male which appeared November 21st. Some
of the larvae made fully half their growth within twelve days, and the
imagoes emerged in from 17 to 32 days after the last larvae had pupated.
At this rate it would take about 50 days to complete the round of life,
but in warm weather growth and transformations are usually much more
rapid and these changes might not occupy more than five weeks. If
such were the case three or more generations would be possible each
year, the number depending upon the length and warmth of the season.
At Glen Cove, L. I., the larvae were seen feeding October 3d. An allied
form, Nomophila noctuella Schiff., produces several generations a year, and
in warm weather completes the round of life in about 50 days. Both
insects appear to continue breeding until the frosts compel them to seek
shelter for the winter or else kill the larvae.

Description of the Insect in Several Stages.

Larvce (full-grown) — Length i.i in.; form cylindrical.

Head medium small ; pitchy black ; clypeus V-shaped, suture deep ;
labrum, basal joint of antenna, and portions of labium usually white; the
white is quite variable in extent not only on the head but also around
the tubercles on the body.

Thoracic shield pitchy black ; a median stripe and a subdorsal rect-
angular area on its anterior two-thirds, white ; anterior border frequently
white ; 12 white setae arise from small tubercles upon its surface — six form-
ing a transverse row along its anterior edge, the others along the pos-
terior edge. Two large tubercles, each bearing two setae, below the
thoracic shield — the upper and smaller nearly in front of the small black
spiracle. On the second and third thoracic segments five black tubercles
each side — the first two with two setae each, third and fourth con-
tiguous and one behind the other — anterior with two setae, posterior with
a single seta; fifth larger, with a single seta and near base of leg; small
white spots conspicuous at bases of first two tubercles (Fig. 4).

The general color of the upper surface of the body is pale yellowish
brown, the two anterior thoracic segments a little lighter. Small black
spiracles occur on the first eight abdominal segments, that of the eighth
being larger than the others. On each of the segments three black
tubercles above the spiracle ; two anterior, a subdorsal and lateral, and a
posterior, dorso-lateral ; each tubercle with a single seta and with con-
spicuous white marks at base on dorsal and ventral sides. On the ninth
abdominal segment the tubercles have coalesced on the median line;
the anal shield is well defined, with two median white spots and
a number of setae. The setae on the tubercles range from o.i to
0.25 in. in length. Sublateral line composed of a series of irregular lemon-

144

Forty-ninth Report on the State Museum

yellow spots; a tubercle in the sublateral line with two setae, and one below
on each abdominal segment with a single seta.

Under surface of the body a little lighter than upper ; a single trans-
verse white line on first and second abdominal segments; a median pair

of small black tubercles on each
body segment; and also a more
lateral larger pair with three
setae each on abdominal segments
one to seven; on leg-bearing seg-
ments these tubercles occur at
the base of the legs on the inner
and outer sides; setae and tuber-
cles modified by reduction on last
Fig. 4. -Head, thoracic, and first abdominal seg- three Segments. True legs pitchy

ments of full-grown larva of Mecvna reversalis; q bf J

greatly enlarged. (Original.) blaCK, rmged With whltC at the

joints. Prolegs, five pairs, of the same general color, but slightly

paler.

Fu^a. — Length 0.5 in.; transverse diameter 0.12 in. Rather
stout, light brown in color, eyes well marked ; six abdominal
segments exposed beyond the tips of the wing covers. Spira-
cles brown, prominent ; anterior two pairs within prominent
ridges. Cremaster pointed, apex blunt and usually with six
long curving spines arranged in lateral groups of three

(Fig. 5)-

Cocoon. — White, thin, and roomy. The pupa may readily
be seen through its gauzy tissue.

The perfect insect is a pretty Pyralid with a spread of wing of from one

inch to one inch and one-fourth (Fig. 6). It may be recognized by its

rich reddish-brown fore wings with darker shades at the base, on the

outer margin, and along the veins, together with

bright reddish-yellow hind wings with a daiker

apex. On the under surface, the apex of the fore

wing and the fore margin of the hind wing is

reddish-purple; there is also on the fore wing

an irregular blackish spot at the tip of the

discal cell and a small one near its center.

The males are most easily recognized by their smaller size.

Guenee has expressed his belief that M. reversalis may be identical

with the dive?-salis of Duponchal, and has compared it in his description

with that species. His description is as follows :

Smaller. The front wings are narrower, a little less rounded at the
terminal border, of a lively but pale ferruginous-red, with the costal margin
more red, and the fringe slightly tinted with black. The posterior trans-
verse line is wholly punctiform in its entire length. The reniform spot is
blackish. The hind wings are pale yellow, unicolored, with a concolorous

Fig. 5.— Cre
master of Me

CYNA REVERS'

ALis, enlarg-
ed. (Orig
inal.)

Fig. 6. The Genista Moth,
Mecyna REVERSALIS. (Orig-
inal )

Eleventh Report of the State Entomologist 145

fringe, and having only a black apical triangular spot, smaller than in
Duponchal's figure and sometimes entirely wanting. The abdomen is
wholly yellow. The tibiae of the middle pair of legs are sulphur-yellow
and bear a pencil of cottony black hairs.

Distribution.
This insect appears to be essentially a southern form and its introduc-
tion on Long Island accidental, as its reported distribution is apparently
limited to Mississippi and Texas, as recorded by Grote and Weed {loc.
cit.). Guenee gives " North America" as its habitat.

Remedies.
The larvae had not proved very injurious to the plants that they in-
fested, for when their presence was discovered, it was not difficult to keep
them in control by applying fresh hellebore powder, either as a dust or
mixed in water. Paris green in water, and the kerosene emulsion killed
them readily.

Pyralis costalis (Fabr.).
The Clover-Hay Caterpillar : The Gold-Fringe Moth.

(Ord. Lepidoptera: Fam. PvRALiDiE.)

Fabricius: Ent. Syst., iii, pars ii, 1794, p, 240, no. 420 (description as
Phalcena costalis).

Guenee: Hist. Nat. Ins., viii, Delt. et Pyral., 1854, p. 118 (synonymy,
fimbrialis^costalis) .

Humphreys : Gen. Brit. Moths, i, 1858, pi. 45, fig. 18 (as Hypsopygea
costalis).

Stainton : Brit. Butt, and Moths, 1859, ii, p. 134 (characters).

Harris: Ins. Inj. Veg., 1862, p. 456 (reference to "clover-worms"
in N. H.).

Walsh: in Pract. Entomol., i, 1866, pp. 82-83 ("clover-worms," ravages,
notes on habits).

Riley: in Prairie Farmer, Apr. 20, 1867, xxxv, p. 260 (life-history,
description, figures, as Pyralis olinalis, referred to F. costalis in
next issue); in Pr. Farmer Annual for 1868, p. 59 (description,
ravages, synonymy); in Amer. Ent., iii, 1870, p. 160 (in Mo.
and Canad., synonymy, remedies, as Asopia); 6th Mo. Rept.,
1874, pp. 102-107, fig- 28 (distribution, ravages, remedies,
stages described, z.?, Asopia); in Rural New Yorker, June, 1882,
pp. 158-159 (not the army-worm of Ala. and Tex., as Asopia);
in 3d Rept. U. S. Entomol. Comm., 1883, p. 136 (as preceding);
in Insect Life, iv, 189 1, p. 112 (reference); Bull. 31 U. S. Dept.
Agr., Div. Ent., 1893, p. 58 (listed).

146 Forty-ninth Report on the State Museum

Glover: in Rept. Dept. Agr. for 1867, 1868, p. 73 (reference); in id,

for 1870, 187 1, pp. 84-85, fig. 48 (abounding in Maryland, as

Asopia).
Walsh-Riley: in Amer. Entomol., i, 1869, p. 226 (work in Mich., as^

Asopia).
Packard: Guide Study Ins., 1869, p. 328, fig. 251 (brief notice).
Staud.-Wocke: Cat. Lepidop. Eur., ii, 187 1, p. 202, no. 34.
Grote: in Bull. Buff". Soc. Nat. Sci., i, 1874, p. 171 (as Asopia); in

Bull. G.-G. Surv. Terr., iv, 1878, pp. 671-672; in Papilio, ii,.

1882, p. 72 (reference).
French: in Trans. Dept. Agr. 111., xv, 1877, p. 247 (quotes Riley); in

7th 111. Rept., 1878, pp. 247-248 (distribution, broods, remedies^

as Asopia).
Gould: in Trans. N. Y. St. Agricul. Soc, xxxii, 1878, p. 46.
— : Country Gentleman, xliii, 1878, p. 296 (in 111.); id., xliv,

1879, p. 488 (in 111.); id., xlix, 1884, p. 397 (in Mich.).
Saunders: in 12th Ann. Rept. Ent. Soc. Ont., 1882, pp. 45-46, fig. 18

(general account, as Asopia).
Lintner: in 40th Ann. Rept. N. Y. State Agr. Soc. for 1880, 1884, p.

192 (separate, p. 5); in Country Gent., Iviii, 1893, p. 349

(general account); loth Rept. Ins. N. Y., 1895, pp. 483, 487

(reference).
Barrett: in Ent. Month. Mag., xxii, 1885, p. 137 (rare in England).
Cook: in Real's Grasses North Amer., i, 1887, pp. 393-395, fig. 146

(as Asopia).
Edwards: Bib. Cat. Descr. Transform. Lepid., Bull. 35 U. S. Nat. Mus.,

1889, p. no.
Riley-Howapd: in Insect Life, i, 1889, p. 283 {Asopia costalis in Ky.);

id., iv, 1891, p. 206 (in III).
Weed: in Tech. Bull, i Ohio Agr. Expt. Stat., 1889, p. 26 ( bibliography ^

d.% Asopia):, Bull. 2, vol. iv, Ohio Agr. Expt. Stat., 1891, pp.

54-55, fig. 9 (brief account, remedies).
Osborn-Gossard: in Bull. 15 lo. Agr. Expt. Stat., 1891, pp. 263-265

(as Asopia^ brief account with remedies).
Smith: List Lepidop. Bor. Amer., 1891, p. 80, no. 4203 (as Pyralis);

Econom. Entomol., 1896, p. 312, fig. 356 (brief notice).
Webster: in Canad. Entomol., xxiii, 1891, p. 219 (abundant in northern

Ohio, as Asopia); in Insect Life, iv, 1891, pp. 121-122 (life-
history, ravages and remedies, as Asopia).
Moffat: in 23d Ann. Rept. Ent. Soc. Ont., 1892, p. 44, fig. 15 (men-
tion, plentiful at London, Out.).
Cockerell: in Entomologist, xxvi, 1893, p. 102 (listed).
Osborn: in Insect Life, vi, 1893, p. 72 {Asopia farinalis and A. costalis

in stored hay, remedies), p. 78 (duration of stages of both

species), p. 193 (both species injurious in Iowa); in Bull. 32

U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Entomol., 1894, p. 49 {Pyralis costalis

and P. farinalis, both quite injurious).
McCarthy: in Bull. 98 N. Car. Agr. Expt. Stat., 1894, p. 154 (brief

mention, as Asopia costalis).

Eleventh Report of the State Entomologist 147

Ormerod: 17th Rept. Inj. Ins., 1894, pp. 15, 18 (reference).
Osborn-Sirrine: in Bull. 23 lo. Agr. Expt. Stat., 1894, pp. 883-885,

fig. 4 (in Iowa, remedies).
CoMSTOCKS: Man. Study Insects, 1895, p. 233, fig. 278 (brief mention).
Davis: in Expt. Station Record, vi, 1895, p. 649 (brief, remedies,

as Asopid).
Meyrick: Handbook Brit. Lepid., 1895, p. 427 (character, distribution),
HoPKiNS-RuMSEY : Bull, 44 W. Va. Agr. Expt. Stat., 1896, pp. 267, 311

(description, remedies, brief).

A correspondent from Sherwood, Cayuga Co., N. Y., has sent me,

through the New York Staie Agricultural Experiment Station at Geneva,

under date of February 11, 1893, a package with the statement:

Inclosed you will find specimens of what I take to be empty cocoons
found in great abundance near the bottom of a stack of clover hay. I
would like to know the name and history of the life of the insect making
the same.

The specimens are the cocoons of the clover-hay moth, crushed in
their packing. They appear as thin snow-white webs, about half an inch
long, intermixed with many black grains which are the excremental pellets
of the caterpillars, and with a few brown head-cases of the same which
were thrown off" at their change to the pupal stage. At this time some
of the cocoons, if not crushed, should have contained living pupae.

An European Insect.
The insect was described by Fabricius over a hundred years ago
from European examples as Phalizna costalis. It has been referred to the
genus Pyralis by our more recent writers. For a long time it was known
as Asopia costalis in this country, while in Europe, Pyralis costalis appears
to have been preferred by most writers ; Humphreys, however, in his
** Genera of British Moths," referred the insect to the genus Hypsopygea.

Characters of the Pyralidae.
The family of Pyralidce, to which this insect belongs, comprises a large
number of moths ot small or medium size, which may often be recognized
by their long and slender legs, slender bodies, and wings arranged when
at rest in a triangle like the Greek letter delta. Many of the species
haunt meadows and grassy places, where they are frequently quite in-
jurious.

148

Forty-ninth Report on the State Museum

Description of Moth and Larva.
The moth is about three-fourths of an inch in spread of wings, of a
reddish-brown or purphsh color. Its front wings are marked with two

yellow spots on their front margin,
the outer one of which is the
larger, and with two faint yellow
lines extending from these to the
inner margin ; the hind wings
are crossed by two wavy yellowish
lines. The fringes of both pairs
are long, with a silken luster and
are golden-yellow in color : this
last feature has given the moth in
Europe the pretty popular name

Fig. 7.-Theclover-haycaterpillar and gold-fringe ^f the " Gold-Friuge." As the

Ti^h^^T^ S^n^^r^'^^^n"'^'^ insect will seldom be met with by

farmers except in its caterpillar

(From Riley.)

form, it may be serviceable to quote its description as given by Mr. Walsh,
who was the first to describe it:

Length half an inch ; diameter, 0.07 inch, tapering slightly at each end ;
color a dirty greenish-brown; beneath, yellowish brown; the first and last
segment above, shining, smooth and yellowish-brown with a few irregular
whitish hairs ; segments 2-1 1 each, with a transverse row of about six
long whitish hairs, each hair proceeding from a lighter colored tubercle
with a dark central spot. Head rufous. Legs and prolegs normal, viz.,
six legs, eight abdominal prolegs and two anal prolegs. Wriggles much
and runs backward like a Tortrix; suspends itself by a thread, and spins
a whitish web while still in the larva state and before the time arrives for
passing into the pupa state.

Correspondents of Mr. Walsh give as additional characteristics of the
" worms '' that they are " ridged," and have " the extremities a little
darker than the center."

Its European History.

From its not being recorded as an injurious species by European
writers, although known for over a hundred years, it is doubtless another
instance of introduced insects becoming pestiferous with us which were
not harmful in their native home. It is not treated of by Westwood,
Curtis, Whitehead, or other European economic entomologists, so far as
I know. Miss Ormerod, in her Seventeenth Report, in an extended
notice oi Pyralis glaucinalis Linn., the "Hay-stack Moth," which is the

Eleventh Report of the State Entomologist 149

species that injures hay in England, refers to P. costalis as a moth, "which
is sometimes taken here [that is, in England] around stacks," but no
mention is made of any injury by our clover-hay worm in that country.
Stainton, in his " British Butterflies and Moths," published in 1859, states
of it: "Larvae unknown." That its larvae and food-plant continued
unknown for many years thereafter, appears from the fact that Kalten-
bach, in " Die Pflanzenfeinde aus der Classes der Insecten," published in
1872, did not include it in his list of dd species of insect known to infest
Irifolium prateiise in Europe. And still more markedly, as indicating
that our friends across the ocean do not always keep up as they should
with our literature, the species is not recorded in M. Roiiast's " Catalogue
des Chenilles Europeennes Connues " of 1883 — a volume in royal octavo
of 200 pages.

It would seem that the insect is both rare and local in Europe, for
Mr. G. C. Barrett, a distinguished English lepidopterist, in writing of
collections made by him in Camberwell, states : "An old favorite with
whom I am well pleased to renew my acquaintance, is that lovely
creature, Pyralis costalis " {loc. cit.).

Its American History.

For an account of the operations of the caterpillar in the lower parts
of stacks and mows of clover hay, as well as for its earliest description,
we are indebted to Mr. B. D. Walsh, the first State Entomologist of
Illinois. In the " Practical Entomologist " {loc. cit.), in an article entitled
" Clover-Worms," he has quoted from correspondents statements of
injuries in the following named localities : in McHenry Co., 111., where
the worms occurred in millions in stacks ; in Bucks Co., Ohio, where eight
inches of the bottom of a stack had been spoiled by them; and in
Auburn, N. Y., where the lower part of a stack for two feet was filled
with the worms. The article states that the same pest also occurs " in
New England and Illinois, and probably in most of the Northern States."
Mr. Walsh describes the caterpillar, but not succeeding in rearing it, he
was not able to identify it.

The following year (1867) Prof. Riley, having bred the moth, identified
it as Pyralis olinalis, and in the Prairie Farmer for April 20, published
descriptions and figures of the several stages of the insect, and gave
briefly its life-history. In 1868 he referred it to Asopia costalis, in correc-
tion of his former identification — the two species being much alike, and
liable to be confused. Those who have access to the volumes of the
Missouri Reports, may find in the Sixth Report a six-page notice of the

150 Forty-ninth Report on the State Museum

insect giving its past history, its natural history, remedies for it, and
descriptions and figures of its three stages.

Life-history.

Its life-history, as given by Prof. Riley, is essentially the following :

The moths are seen abroad in the evenings, or on cloudy days of May^
June, and July, especially as they are flitting around infested clover stacks;
if these are near dwelling-houses, they are often attracted to lights in the
rooms. The eggs are presumably deposited on the stacked clover by the
moths creeping into them for that purpose. The caterpillar hves within
a dehcate cyHnder of silk, which it spins. There are probably two or
more broods during the year, as active caterpillars of all sizes are to be
found in midwinter. The cocoons are formed near the outside of, or
entirely away from, the stack or mow.

The above is not very full, and is, as may be seen, in part problemati-
cal. Prof. Webster of the Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station has
materially added to it through experiments made with the caterpillars
taken late in April and reared in breeding cages, where they fed on dry
hay from an infested stack. On May 25th the first pupee were observed,
and moths commenced to issue therefrom June 12th. Growing clover
plants were potted and placed in breeding cages, in the heads of which,
it was thought, eggs were deposited. On July ist young larvae, from
quite small to half-grown, were found in the heads, now turning brown,
but the leaves continumg green. Full-grown larvae and pupte were
taken from the cages on August 6th, and on the 8th, moths (of the second
brood) began to emerge. The latter were given fresh growing clover
plants, in the heads of which larvae were found August 15th.

P'rom the above, Prof Webster infers that eggs may be laid by the
moth on plants m the field, and the larvse subsequently carried to the
stack or mow : and also that moths may oviposit in the stacks in the
field early in August {Joe. cit.).

Injuries by the Insect.
As illustrating the injuries that may follow the presence of this insect,
Prof. Webster states that a stack of hay in Hudson, Summit county,
Ohio, of about twenty tons, fully three-fourths of which was timothy, had
been damaged fully 50 per cent. In other cases in the vicinity, stacked
hay had been so badly injured by the insect that it had been burned on
the ground during the months of September and October {loc. cit.).

Eleventh Eeport of the State Entomologist 151

That timothy may be injured by the clover caterpillar seems to have
been hitherto unknown, and that its range of food may be still further
extended through future observations is not at all improbable, from the
mention made by Prof. Webster that large numbers of the moths had been
seen in June, in Ohio, about straw stacks and straw sheds.

Clover-hay also Injured by Another Pyralid.
In 1893, Prof. Osborn, of the Iowa Agricultural Experiment Station,
reports that this insect attracted considerable attention in the State
during that year. And what is more interesting, he found that not all
the injury could be attributed to Pyralis costalis, but that in some cases
the injury had been caused by Pyralis farifialis {loc. ciL).

Remedies and Preventives.

Prof. Riley recommended for arresting the increase of the insect,
I. That as the caterpillars feed only on old hay, the new should never
be placed in contact with the old. If stowed in a bay, all refuse and
waste of the old should be first removed and destroyed. 2. If possible,
the hay should be stacked so as to permit free circulation of air beneath
it, for the prevention of moisture that seems to invite attack. 3. Salt the
hay, especially the lower two or three feet of the stack or mow.

The only experiment for destroying the insect when discovered at work
in hay, is, we believe, that made by Prof. Webster. About five tons weight
of badly infested hay was taken from a stack, and while being restacked,
was thoroughly dusted with a mixture of ten pounds of pyrethrum powder
mixed with fifty pounds of flour. The following day a small quantity of
the hay thus treated was examined, and most of the larvae were found to
have been destroyed. The entire stack was not given the examination
thereafter that was promised, and the experiment therefore failed of being
conclusive of the efficacy of the pyrethrum application.

With this insect, as with many others, a preventive of attack is the
desideratum. Hay once infested to any considerable extent is so defiled
by the excrement of the caterpillars, and it seems also, by an accom-
panying mold, as to be wholly unfit for feeding to stock.

When it is learned where the egg-deposits are made — whether in the
field or in the garnered hay, and their inviting causes or conditions —
we may be able to announce an effective preventive.

152 Forty-ninth Keport on the State Museum ' ;

Grapholitha Interstinctana (Clemens)
The Clover-seed Caterpillar.

(Ord. Lepidoptera: Fam. Tortricid/e.)

Clemens: in Proc. Nat. Sci. Phila., i860, p. 351 (described as Stig-

monota interstinctana) .
Walker: Cat. Lepidop. Het., xxviii, 1863, p. 413 (as Dichrorqmpha

scitana).
Grote: in Bull. Buff. Soc. Nat. Sci., i, 1874, p. 92 (described as

Grapholitha distema).
Zeller: Beitr. Kennt. Nordamer. Nachtf., iii, 1875, pp. 90-91, pi. 9,

fig. 28 (as Grapholitha [Ephippiphora] interstinctana).
Walsingham: Illus. Lepidop. Heteroc. in Brit. Mus., 1879, P- 7^

(mention).
Comstock: in Rept. U. S. Dept. Agr. for 1880, 1881, pp. 254-255

(synonymy, habits, description of stages, distribution).
Fernald: in Trans. Amer. Entomol. Soc, x, 1882, p. 52 (synonymy,

distribution).
Cook: in Beal's Grasses North Amer., i, 1887, p. 392-393 (common

about Lansing, Mich.).
Weed: in Bull. Ohio Agr. Expt. Stat., Tech. Ser., i, no. i, 1889, p. 30

(bibliography). .
Osborn-Gossard: in Insect Life, iv, 1891, pp. 56-58; the same in Ball.

14 lo. Agr. Expt. Stat., 1891, pp. 166-169, fig. i (hfe-history,

habits, remedies); also in 22nd Ann. Rept. Ent. Soc. Ont.,

1892, pp. 74-75; in Bull. 15 lo. Agr. Expt. Stat., 1891, pp.
260-262 (life-history, remedies).

Fletcher: in Insect Life, iv, 1891, p. 13 (destroyed by stacking hay).
Gillette: in Bull. 12 lo. Agr. Expt. Stat., 1891, pp. 535-536 (common

at Ames, found at Champaign, 111., remedy, as " clover-leaf

caterpillar ").
Riley-Howard: in Insect Life, iv, 1891, p. 87 (reference).
Riley: in Rept. U. S. Dept. Agr. for 1891, 1892, p. 246 (Osborn's work

referred to); Bull. 31 U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. EntomoL, 1893,

p. 58 (listed).
Smith: List Lepidop. Bor. Amer., 1891, p. 93, no. 5009.
Gossard: in Bull. 19 lo. Agr. Expt. Stat., 1892, pp. 571-589, fig. i

(extended account).
OsBORN: in Insect Life, v, 1892, p. 112 (abundant in Iowa); in id., vi,

1893, p. 78 (duration of stages); in Bull. 30 U. S. Dept. Agr.,
Div. Entomol., 1893, p. 44 (plentiful, considerable loss); in
Bull. 32 do., 1S94, pp. 49-50 (very abundant).

Lintner: in Country Gent., Iviii, 1893, p. 773 (ravages, life-history, dis-
tribution, etc.); Tenth Rept. Ins. N. Y. for 1894, 1895, p. 496
(abstract of preceding), p. 510 (mention).

Osborn-Sirrine: in Bull. 23 lo. Agr. Coll. Expt. Stat., 1894, pp.
885-887, fig. 5 (life-history, remedies).
A correspondent from Miami County, Indiana, sends the following

inquiry and information of a clover-seed insect, which, although not of

frequent occurrence, is at times the occasion of serious harm to the crop

that it chances to attack.

Eleventh Report of the State Entomologist

15^

"W'hile threshing clover seed this fall, we noticed that a good deal of it
had been hulled out like beans eaten by bugs, leaving only a thin hull.
This is the first time we have noticed anything of the kind here, and we
should like to know what the insect or midge is that does it, and what
preventive measures to use to guard against them in the future. I inclose
sample of seed as it comes from the huUer. Most of the damaged seed
has been blown out by cleaning.

I might add that it is only what is known with us as the little clover
that is thus affected. The big or mammoth clover, that ripens seed from
a month to six weeks earlier, does not seem to be touched. We thought
it might have been done by some insect that is always with us, but which
has increased sufficiently to be noticed by reason of the extreme drouth
which we have had continually since June — in fact, there has not been
rain enough to lay the dust in all that time.

One other thing that we are interested in knowing is, will the seed that
is saved and sacked be safe from further damage ? We are anxious tO'
know about this, as we want to save seed to sow next spring,

J. W. J.
Description of the Insect.

The insect committing the injury as above reported is known to us in
its larval stage, as the clover-seed caterpillar. The moth was described
and named by Dr. Clemens in the
year i860. The caterpillar was first
observed, so far as known, by Prof
Comstock, at Ithaca, N. Y., in 1874,
and at Washington, D, C, in 1875 ;
his description of the larva and pupa
is given herewith :

Larva: Length 8 mm., subcylindri-
cal, tapering slightly at each end ; legs
and prolegs normal. Color, dirty
white, often with a greenish tinge ;
head, dark brown, trophi, black ; pro-
thoracic shield, yellowish with a brown
hind border interrupted in the middle, fig. s.— Grapholitha
Body with many delicate whitish hairs. ^|[J^; (Af'^er^OsboTn? ^''^^'^''^'^ '^' "^'^""^^^
The dorsal piliferous tubercles of each

segment arranged in two pairs, of which those of the anterior pair are
closer together than those of the posterior pair.

FuJ)a: Length, 5 mm., moderately slender. Wing-sheaths extend to-
sixth abdominal segment ; antennae and posterior tarsal sheaths ending at
tip of wing-sheaths, the tarsal sheaths being a trifle the
longer. Dorsum of each visible abdominal segment except
the last with two transverse rows of backward-directed
teeth, those of the anterior row being the strongest.
Anal segment blunt at tip, with six stout blackish excurved FiG.g.-WingofGRA-
hooks at its posterior border, two dorsal and four lateral, s",°"™na. (Mter
none ventral; also a number of very delicate hooked fila- Zeiier.)
ments. General color rather light brown, darker on wing covers and dor-
sum of thorax.

interstinctana:

154 Forty-ninth Report on the State Museum

To aid in the identification of the moth the description by Mr. Grote
is transcribed, as it is much better than the original one by Dr. Clemens.

Imago: A tiny blackish silky species resembling the European composi-
tella, but with only two white lines on the internal margin of the prima-
ries. Eight white costal marks disposed in pairs, crowded toward the
black apices and becoming straighter and shorter; the first pair more
oblique and divaricate. A silvery subterminal streak (not seen in certain
lights, according to Prof. Comstock) runs from opposite the cell over the
median nervules tapering to internal angle. Secondaries fuscous with
pale fringes. Beneatli iridescent, greenish in certain lights, with minute
white costal dots over the outer half of the wing. Body scales beneath
whitish.

Figure 8 represents the insect in its several stages, after Osborn, and

figure 9 a single wing, after Zeller.

Life-history and Habits.

The caterpillar — about one-fourth of an inch long when full-grown,
and of a dull greenish-white color, often becoming tinged with red
posteriorly as it approaches pupation — eats into the young florets
and later into the forming seed, causing the seed to blight
and shrivel up, as above described. The caterpillar is developed
from eggs that are deposited during the last of May and in
June, at the base of the head. It may be found nearly mature the last
of June eating into the florets of the lower part of the head, gradually
working upward with its growth, until the entire head may be ruined.
About the middle of July maturity is reached, and the white cocoons are
■spun among the flowers; some of the caterpillars, however, descend to
the ground for pupation. Twenty to thirty days are passed in the pupal
stage, when the perfect insect emerges as a little brown moth, measuring
from three- to four-tenths of an inch in spread of wings, and marked with
eight short oblique white lines on the outer margin of the front wings,
and with two conspicuous longer white ones, oblique and somewhat
curved, on the inner margin.

The moth has a pecuhar habit of performing, immediately after alight-
ing, two or three revolutions, the head being the pivot and the tip of the
abdomen describing a circle ; the movement is spirited and usually
reversed before coming to rest.

Successive Broods of the Insect.

A second brood of the caterpillars may be found feeding in the heads

in August, and a third brood the last of September or in October, which

hibernate as larvce in the crowns of the plants and tighter leaf-sheaths

and other sheltered places close to the ground. In the latitude of Wash-

Eleventh Report op the State Entomologist 155

ington, D. C, where the earUest moths of the first brood have been
observed about the first of July according to Prof. Comstock, there may
be three annual broods of the insect.

Mr. Gossard observed the first brood of adults at Ames, Iowa, about
May 2oth, all disappearing by June 20th; the second brood of moths
appeared a little before July 14th and disappeared by August 20th; the
third brood was first noticed some time before September 8th, and on the
19th of that month the third brood of caterpillars was found feeding at
the bases of the leaves near the roots. October 9th some imagoes were
noticed, possibly a partial fourth brood, though it is likely they were but
belated individuals of the third brood. The moth is frequently taken
some distance from clover, and this suggests it may have other food-
plants. It has been reared from white clover, Trifoliian repens, and fre-
quents some of the Compositae, as HeUa7ithus.

Exemption of the "Mammoth Clover" from Attack.
That the mammoth clover is not attacked by this insect, is an interest-
ing statement. Its earlier ripening is, as suggested, the probable
explanation of its immunity. This variety also escapes the attack of the
clover-seed midge, Cecidomyia legunwiicola^ on the authority of a cor-
respondent of the Farmers' Review of Chicago, as it ripens its seed
between broods of the clover-seed midge, and tjius escapes that insect
enemy {Insect Life, iv, 1892, p. 74).

Distribution.

The economic literature of this insect is quite limited. It is probably
widely spread, but its injury to the seed is so much like the clover-seed
midge that its effect has doubtless been often ascribed to that of the
midge — both operating on the clover-heads in the month of June. Thus
far it has only been reported from Washington, D. C, Pennsylvania,
New York, Massachusetts, Maine, Illinois, Michigan, Missouri, Iowa,
and now from Indiana.

Remedies and Preventives.

The only way known for checking the injuries of the clover-seed cater-
pillar, and for reducing its numbers, is to cut the clover early in June,,
soon after the first brood of caterpillars have hatched, thereby preventing
their progress to maturity, and the development of moths for a second
brood. The hay should be shaken but little and stacked soon so as to
destroy by stacking as many of the caterpillars in it as possible.

156 Forty-ninth Keport on the State Museum

The following preventives have also been recommended :

Sowing new crops as remote as possible from old and infested fields.

Pasturing infested fields in the autumn so as to feed off the aftermath,
thus depriving the hibernating larvae of many good shelters. If manuring
is practised, apply in the spring and of a kind that will leave no refuse in
the autumn for shelter.

If the field be badly infested in May or June, it may be well to leave
narrow strips uncut to which the moths will be attracted for oviposition
and as soon as they have disappeared the strips may be cut and quickly
stacked, thus destroying many larvse. When the clover is to be turned
under, this should be done some time in October or November or in early
spring when the larvae are near the ground. The furrows should be
turned completely over and rolled so as to bury the larvae and kill them.

Replying to the inquiry of the safety of the hulled seed, — the seed that

is sacked is perfectly safe from further injury by the insect, as no larvae,

pupae, nor eggs of the moth can remain in it after it has passed the

huUer.

Parasites.

Prof. Comstock succeeded in rearing a small, light brown Ichneumonid
from one of the cocoons, which Mr. Cresson identified as PhaJierotoma
tibialis Hald. It was originally described by Haldeman in the Proceed-
i7igs of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, iv, p. 203, as
Sigalphus tibialis. It is 3.5 mm. long, of a light brown color and with a
large yellowish spot on the back of the abdomen. The insect occurs at
Ames, Iowa, though it has not been bred there from Grapholitha inter-
stinctana.

Another Ichneumonid, Glypta leiicozonata Ashm., was reared from this
insect by Miss Murtfeldt at Kirkwood, Mo. Microdus laticiiictiis was
found to be the most abundant parasite at Ames, Iowa; from about forty
Grapholitha caterpillars Mr. Gossard reared eleven specimens of the
parasite. The number of broods of the two insects correspond exactly it
is said, — examples of the parasite usually appearing before the moths fly
and lingering until they have all disappeared. Microdus laticinctus has
also been reared from Tmetocera ocella?ia; its habitat is given as Can.,
Mo., and lo. Bracon vernonia Ashm., was observed at Ames, lo., as-
sociated with Grapholitha interstinctana in marked numbers and under
circumstances that tend to indicate its being a parasite of this insect,
although it was not reared from clover-seed caterpillars.

Eleventh Eeport of the State Entomologist 157

Antispila nysssefoliella (Clem.).
The Sour Gum-tree Case- Cutter.

(Ord. Lepidoptera: Fam. Tineid^.)

Clemens: in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., i860, p. 11 (description of

larva and cocoon with account of habits) ; Tineina N. Amer.,

1872, pp. 19-20, 22, 102-103 (life-history).
Chambers: in Canad. Ent., vi, 1874, p. 167 {corutfoliella a possible var.

oi nysscefolieUa) ; in id., ix, 1877, p. 196 ; in id., xi, 1879, P- ^^7

(cases of several species); in Psyche, iii, 1880, pp. 63, 149 (habits

and molts of larva).
Packard: 5th Rept. U. S. Entomol. Comm., 1890, p. 658 (on Nyssa

multiflora \sylvatica\ with descriptions after Clemens).
Smith: Cat. Ins. N. J., 1890, p. 358 (common on pepperidge, Nyssa

sylvatkaj very destructive).
Waters: in Insect Life, iv, 1891, pp. 137-138 (how the cases ate cut).
Lintner: loth Rept. Ins. N. Y. for 1894, 1895, p. 510 (received from

New York City).

KXtdii oi Nyssa sylvatica was received September 21st, from Dr. H.
G. Dyar of New York from which fifteen oval cases had been cut by a
leaf-miner which had mined at least four-fifths of the leaf — on one-half
of the leaf, only a few spots of the parenchyma remaining. This was
undoubtedly the work of the above-named insect. The larvae of this
insect were collected by Dr. Dyar Sept. 15th, and the cases were cut
soon after. Early in August of 1891 the insect was observed by Mr.
Waters, infesting all the leaves of a sour gum at Glens Falls, N. Y. Dr.
Clemens found the larvae mining the leaves in irxredible numbers in
earlier years, and Dr. Smith has recorded it as very destructive in New
Jersey.

Description of the Moth and Larva.

Head above dark brown. Face, labial palpi and fore-feet shining
yellowish-ochreous. Antennae dark brown ; basal joint yellowish-ochreous.
Fore-wings dark brown, with a greenish reflection, and the base with a
bright coppery hue. Near the base is a rather broad, bright-golden band,
broadest on the inner margin, where it is nearest the base, and constricted
at the fold of the wing ; a spot of the same hue on the costa at the apical
third of the wing, and one on the inner margin, midway between this and
the band; cilia somewhat coppery, and rather grayish at the inner angle.
Hind-wings purple-brown; cilia grayish-ochreous.

The larva mines the leaves o{ Nyssa multiflora \sylvatica\ in September.
The head is dark brown; first segment dark brownish; body very pale
green, with dark atoms along the dorsum; ventral surface with a line of
two black spots. After the last molting the first segment is black, and
the dorsal spots become a black, vascular line. When full fed the larva
weaves an oval cocoon within the mine, and cutting the two skins of the

158 Forty-ninth Report on the State Museum

leaf into a correspondent form, permits it to fall to the ground. There is
thus left an oval hole in the deserted mine. The imagoes appear during
the following May. (Clemens.)

The Larva and its Mine.

In larvae bred by Mr. Chambers he found " nine blackish spots behind
the cervical shield on the dorsal surface, and twelve on the ventral sur-
face." In its last stage, when taken from its cocoon, it was " depressed^
fat, snowy-white with the mouth-parts tinged with ferruginous, but other-
wise immaculate. It had a single black ocellus about the middle of each
side of the head." The larva is completely apodal. There are probably
not more than two molts, as Mr. Chambers never met with more than
two exuviae in a mine. The mines are at first linear and finally end in a
blotch which frequently in their extension and enlargement, obliterates
more or less of the linear portion.

The Pupating Case.

The preparation for pupation has been well described by Dr. Clemens:
" The larva weaves an oval cocoon within the mine ; and when the upper
and lower membranes are well carpeted within
its limits, they are cut in an oval form, and
the cocoon permitted to fall to the ground."
The cutting of the case has been described by
Mr. Waters as follows : *' I had the good for-
tune to see the oval holes made by the insect.
The cut was made by a swinging of the head
Fig. lo.-Pupating cases of from side to side, depressed and then elevated'

Antispila nvss.efoliei.la,

enlarged. (Original.) then the couvex cdges of the cut were brought

together; then the insect turned and in the same way cut the other side.
I did not see the final movements, as my attention was called away for a
few moments, and when I again looked the pieces were cut off and lay on
the bottom of the tumbler, in which a cluster of leaves were, and the
edges had been drawn together." Dr. Clemens found that the case was
open at both ends after it dropped to the ground and then the larva secured
it to surrounding objects by little cables of silk to prevent the rains of
autumn and spring from washing it away, and at maturity the pupa is
thrust from the delicate cocoon. According to Mr. Chambers it is
easier to recognize the species by the variation in the form of the cases
than by the markings of the imago. The oval cases are about 0.2 inch
in length by o.i inch in breadth, and of a quite uniform size and shape.

Eleventh Report of the State Entomologist 159

The severed ends of the silken anchoring cables described by Dr. Clemens
may be seen at the ends of the cases (Fig. lo).

Items in its Life-History.
Dr. Clemens mentions finding the larvae mining leaves in the latter
part of August and in September, from which one may infer that he
failed to find them at other times. The cases received from Dr. Dyar
were made during the last half of September. Mr. Chambers found
larvae of all the species as early as July ist, and in increasing numbers
from that time until the fall of the leaves. He succeeded in rearing A.
cornifoliella in the latter part of July from leaves gathered in that month.
The other species he was unable to rear except from mines gathered in
the autumn. It would thus appear quite probable that there are two gene-
rations of this insect in a season. There is no record of the time required
to complete the life-cycle, except that of the autumnal brood, and even
that is not complete.

An Allied Species.

This insect is similar in habit to the resplendent shield-bearer,
Aspidisca splendoriferella Clem., which mines the leaves of the
apple-tree in a similar manner and has also the same habit of cutting
cases from the leaves in which the larvae pass the winter and pupate and
from which the pretty moths emerge the following May. Unlike
Antispila tiyssafoliella, the resplendent shield-bearer does not allow its-
case to fall to the ground, but fastens it securely to a twig or branch of
the tree.

Remedy.

In the event of the insect multiplying to the extent of becoming
injurious to species of Nyssa grown for ornament, either by mining the
leaves or riddling them with holes, an effective remedy should be found in
thoroughly spraying the ground beneath the attacked trees in the late
autumn or early spring with undiluted kerosene or a strong kerosene
emulsion. This would reach and kill the insect within the fallen pupating
cases remaining underneath the tree, securely anchored to the dead grass
or other permanent objects instead of to the leaves which would easily be
carried away by winds.

160 FORTY-XINTH REPORT ON THE StATE MuSEUM

Tischeria malifoliella (Clemens).

The Apple Leaf Miner.
(Ord. Lepidoptera: Fam. Tineid^.)

Clemens: in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., i860, xii, p. 208; Tineina
N. A., 1872, pp. 141-142 (brief descr. of larva, mine, and
imago).

Chambers: in Canad. Entomol., iii, 1871, p. 208 (food-plants); Tin.
U. S.-Can., in Bull. G.-G. Surv., iv, 1878, p. 165; in Canad. En-
tomol, V, 1873, p. 50; in id., vi, 1874, p. 150; in Cin. Quart.
Journ. Sci., ii, 1875, p. iii ; in Psyche, iii, 1880, p. 68.

Frey-Boll: in Stett. Ent. Zeit., xxxiv, 1873, p. 222 (occurrence in
Germany).

Packard: in Bull. 7 U. S. Ent. Comm., 1881, p. 136 (mine and food-
plants).

Lintner: ist Kept. Ins. N. Y., 1882, p. 330 ; Rept. to Regents for 1886
[Third Rept. Ins. N. Y.], in 40th Rept. N. Y. St. Mus. N. H.,
1887, p. 137; 7th Rept. Ins. N. Y., 1891, p. 354; in Count.
Gent., Ivii, 1892, p. 809 (mines, distribution, remedies).

Brunn : in 2d Rept. Dept. Entomol. Cornell Univ., 1883', pp. 155-157,
pi. 6, figs, i-i d (life-history, etc.).

Saunders: Ins. Inj. Fruits, 1883 and 1889, pp. 114-115 (brief notice).

Weed : in 15th Rept. Ins. 111., 1889, pp. 45-50, figs, i-i d on p. 45 (litera-
ture, description, distribution, life-history, parasites, remedies).

Walsingham: in Insect Life, ii, 1890, p. 326 (in Texas).

A box of apple leaves, sent from Schenectady, N. Y., to show the
condition of the foHage of an orchard in early autumn, was received dur-
ing the last of September. A similar condition of the leaves had been
observed in August of the preceding year.

The Insect.
The leaves had been extensively mined by the caterpillar of a Tineid
moth, known as Tischeria inalifoliella. The winged insect is a small
creature, as are most of the Tineidge, measuring only across its spread
wings, about one-fourth of an inch. The front wings are of a brilliant
dark brown color, shaded with purple and sprinkled with numerous
yellowish dots : the hind wings are dark gray. The full-grown cater-
pillar measures two-tenths of an inch in length. Its head is black or
dark brown, circular, flat, and nearly as broad as the first segment; its
body pale green with a green dorsal stripe (with the exception of the first
segment, which is brownish), broad anteriorily and tapering slightly toward
the end. The several segments are so deeply cut (more so than in the
figure cited) as to give almost the appearance of a series of connected
balls.

Eleventh Eeport of the State Entomologist 161

The Mines.
The larva on hatching eats into the upper surface of the leaf, leaving a
small white spot and slender white line as the commencement of its mine.
This gradually widens and curves in a trumpet shape, or like that of a
mussel, and at this stage is crossed with a series of gradually enlarging
white crescents, contrasting with the brown of the interspaces. Later in
the season, as shown in the leaves collected on September 2 2d, the mine
becomes enlarged into a broad pa.tch, inclosing the crescent-marked
trumpet-form and almost obliterating it, yet by careful examination it can
always be found. The thin and wrinkled epidermis of the leaf which
covers the mine becomes of a dull reddish color, and at times, when the
mines are numerous, almost the entire upper surface has assumed this
peculiar brick-red color. The mines do not show on the under side of
the leaf, but when held to the light and viewed from above they are read-
ily seen.

Its Life-History.

It is not known definitely when the eggs of the moth are deposited, but
as it has been seen abroad in May, it is presumably toward the latter part
of that month or in early June. The egg seems not to have been ob-
served. The growth of the larva is slow, for, when observed toward the
last of September, it was immature and still feeding. It probably feeds
until prevented late in the season by the drying of the leaf. According
to Clemens, the larva is remarkably cleanly in its habits, and instead of
allowing its " frass " to accumulate within its mine, it ejects the pellets
through small round holes in the under surface of the leaf. It hibernates
within the leaf in its larval stage. Preparatory to pupation, it densely
lines the upper and lower surfaces of the mine with silvery white silk. " In
the spring it transforms to a pupa at one end of the mine, making no
cocoon, and in a short time forces its way partly out through the upper
surface of the mine and there gives forth the moth " (Brunn). A single
example of the pupa has been seen, and its description given by Mr.
C. M. Weed, loc. cit. Mr. Brunn has published a detailed description of
the larva.

Its Injuries Seldom Serious.

We do not hear of any particular harm from this insect. Even when
the foliage shows so severe an attack as in the leaves received, it occurs
so late in the season — usually brought to notice in September — that it
can not interfere materially with the functions of the leaves. The action
of the lower surface of the leaf which is of principal importance, would
be scarcely affected by its presence.

162 Forty-ninth Report on the State Museum

Distribution.
It is not uncommon in the State of New York, but occurs locally, in
various portions of it. Prof. C. M. Weed represents it as very generally
distributed throughout Illinois, being common in nearly all the orchards
and nurseries examined by him. He has also recorded it from Kentucky,
Michigan, and Pennsylvania. Lord Walsingham has received it from
Texas. It was also found by Prof Frey, in Germany, in 1871, within
the leaves of apple trees imported from this country.

Food-Plants.
This insect is not restricted to the apple for food, but has also been
observed mining the leaves of different species of Cratcegus, the sweet-
scented crab, blackberry, raspberry, and dewberry [Rub'us Canadensis).
and will doubtless be found on others of the Rosacese.

Remedy.
If this species should ever become annoyingly abundant a simple and
effective remedy would be gathering the fallen leaves from beneath the
trees that have shown in the autumn indication of the attack and burn-
ing them.

Cecidomyia betulse (Winnertz).

The Birch-seed Midge.

(Ord. Diptera : Fam. CECiDOMViDiE.)

Winnertz: in Linnaea Entom., viii., 1853, p. 234 (original description),
LoEW, F. : in Verh. Zool. Bot. Gesell. in Vienna, 1878, pp. 15-17, Taf.

iv., fig. 4 (figures gall; corrects description).
Wachtl : in Entomol. Biolog. Studien, Serie i, 1878, pp. g-ii (found

on a Swedish var. of Betiila pendula, viz., valecardia).
Lintner: in Country Gent., li., 1886, p. 287 (discovery recorded); the

same in 3d Rept. Ins. N. Y., 1886, pp. 85-86, 141, 143; 4th

do., 1888, pp. 27, 205, 206 (parasites of).
Trail: in Scottish Naturalist, 1888, same in separate, as. Gall-making

Diptera of Scotland, p. 31 (mention).
Theobald: British Flies, 1892, p. 63 (brief account).

Catkins of the white birch infested with footless, orange-red larvae
were communicated by Mr. W. H. Payne, Albany, N. Y., on March 25,
1886, and a little later the same insect was found by me infesting the
catkins of birch in Washington Park. In the following October the
larvae were so abundant in Washington Park that of several white birches

Eleventh Report op the State Entomologist 163

of which the catkins were examined, each and every one showed many
of the seed-galls. Of some of these, more than one-half of the seeds
were infested, and a number of galls were observed to contain two larvae.
On October 9th they were apparently mature and ready for pupation, the
window-like spot for the escape of the insect being visible. The presence
of the insect is easily recognized by the transformation of the normal
alate seed into a globose ball, displaying on its side a round spot where
the shell has inwardly been eaten to a thin pellicle to admit of the escape
of the contained insect. (PI. I, fig. i, a, b, c.)

The insect was also found in catkins examined in other parts of
Albany ; quite abundantly on a small birch on the grounds of Grace
Protestant Episcopal church; and at West Albany, near the railroad
station.

Identification of the Insect,

From catkins collected May 3d in Washington Park, a number of the
imagoes were obtained the same day and on a few following days
examples of which were submitted to Baron Osten Sacken, who pro-
nounced them identical with the European Cecidoitiyia betuloe Winnertz.
At this time it was found that many of the galls had already disclosed
their occupants. Some infested catkins which had been collected by me
during the month of October, 1886, failed to give any of the producing
insects, probably from having been deprived of moisture during the
winter and spring, as Mr. Inchbald had stated in a letter to me, that
they require moisture for their development and need to be sprinkled
with water occasionally.

Development of the Larvae.

Catkins collected September 11, 1896, in Washington Park, were found
to be quite abundantly galled. At this time the larvae varied from the
full grown ones in white cocoons and with distinctly windowed galls, to
small individuals not one-sixth their size ; most of them were full grown
though not with distinct windows. On the i8th inst. it was found that all
the larvae were full grown, each with a distinctly windowed gall; they had
shrunken a little and become more rotund and the surface of the skin was
finely corrugated. Each was surrounded with a white cocoon, and it is
evident that they pass the winter in this condition.

According to Theobald, the larvae of this species pass the winter in the
seed-capsules of the birch, Betida alba. They pupate in the same place,
sometimes two lying side by side in the same capsule. The perfect in-
sect appears the latter part of March and during April.

164 Forty-ninth Keport on the State Museum

European History of the Insect.

Baron Osten Sacken, in response to an inquiry, has kindly given me

the following account of its occurrence in Europe :

The gall you send also occurs in Europe on Betula alba ; it was first
discovered by Kaltenbach, who communicated it to Winnertz. The latter
published a rather imperfect description, drawn from dry specimens
{Cecid. ^^/«Ag male and femaki in Linnsea Entom., viii, p. 234; 1853).
In 1878 Dr. Franz Low in Vienna published an article on the same fly
with figures of the gall ; he corrected some of VVinnertz's statements, show-
ing for instance that the male antennae count 14, the female antennae 15
joints (Verb. Zool. Bot. Ges. in Vienna 1878, pp. 15-17, Taf. IV, fig. 4).
In the same year, 1878, but independently from Low, Mr. Wachtl in
Vienna described and figured the same gall in his Entomol. Biolog.
Studien, Serie I, pp. 9-1 1. He found it not only on Betula alba, but also
on a Swedish variety of B. pendula, called B. valecardia Linn. He also
bred a parasite, Toiytnus pallidicornis Boh., and found the pupa of the
fly, Leucopis griseola among the galls.

Description of the Insect.

The following description of the larva has been prepared from specimens
taken from the galls September 11, 1896.

Larva (full grown). — Length 0.06 in. ; width about 0.02 in.; form oval;
color a light orange; segments distinct — 14, as in other Cecidomyid larvae.
The skin is smooth and is sparsely invested with glandular, seta-hke pro-
cesses which are longer anteriorly — they appear more like direct con-
tinuations of the dermis than ordinary setae. The structure of the head
could not be determined satisfactorily from the material at hand.

Later the larva becomes somewhat thicker and more rotund : color a
deep orange ; surface of the skin finely corrugated and without the seta-
hke processes described above. It was inclosed in a fine white cocoon
which is probably excreted as it appears to have no filamentous structure
even under a powerful microscope — possibly the cocoon is excreted by
the seta-like processes.

'' The perfect insect is a dusky yellow, with the top of the thorax black ;
the abdomen also occasionally dark. Legs pale yellow. Antennae dark
brown, 12 to 13 jointed in male, apical joint with a very short petiole;
in the female 12 sessile joints. Wings limpid; transverse veinlet placed
a short distance before the middle of the first longitudinal vein [? sub-
costa] ; second longitudinal [radius] nearly straight, joining the costa near
the tip of the wing ; the second branch of the third longitudinal [cubitus]
bending round to the hind border. Halteres grayish-white. Third seg-
ment of oviduct white ; no valves." (Theobald.)

Eleventh Report of the State Entomologist 165

In the male the petiole of the terminal segment of the antenna is very-
short or wanting (PI. I, fig. 3). In the female the apical segment is
much longer and apparently double, as a slight constriction divides it;
arrangement of setce and processes somewhat verticillate (PI. I, fig. 4).
The male antenna is composed of 14 segments, and an equal number
obtains in the female if the terminal, semi-double segment be counted
as one. The discrepancy in earlier writers is due to difficulty in see-
ing all the segments and possibly to variation in the number in some
individuals.

In the specimens before me the transverse veinlet is absent, unless it
is represented by a chitinous process near the basal sixth of the first
longitudinal. The third longitudinal vein (cubitus) is not forked, but is
as represented; its tip curving to the hind margin of the wing (PI. I,
fig. 2). The empodium is large; lateral aspect suboval; ventral aspect
triangular; claws strongly curved (PI. I, figs. 5, 6). The terminal seg-
ment of the male is subquadrate, relatively small, and is carried with its
tip turned upward; the large subtriangular clasps bear a number of long
sets and numerous very fine ones (PI. I, fig. 7).

Its Chalcid Parasites.

From galls received through the kindness of Mr. Peter Inchbald of
Fulworth Grange, Harrogate, England, three species of Chalcid parasites
were obtained, which were determined by Mr. Howard, as Torymiis sp.,
female, Tetrasiichiis sp., and Entedon sp. — one female and five males.

Some galls, gathered in Albany on March 21st, which had begun to
disclose their imagoes on May 5th, also gave out quite a number of
Chalcid parasites, the first of which made their appearance on April 28th.
Others emerged about the middle of May, and continued to appear until
the 25th of June, the last date recorded. These were also submitted to
Mr. Howard, who found them different from those bred from the exam-
ples received from Europe, and for which a new genus would probably
have to be founded. In some characters they come close to Merisus, of
which Dr. Riley bred and described two species from Cecidomyia
destructor, but they are separated from this genus by the metanotal and
claval characters.

Diplosis cucumeris n. sp.

The Melon-vine Midge.

(Ord. Diptera : Fam. Cecidomyid^.)

Lintner: in Country Gent., Hii, 1888, p. 725 (attack recorded, name
proposed); 5th Rept. Ins. N. Y., 1889, p. 306 (reference); 8th
Rept. do., 1893, p. 212 (as in C. G.; referred to Cecidomyia in
each case).

" Shoots " of muskmelon were communicated by Mr. T. C. Barker, of

Lowell, Mass., in August of 1888, and again in September of the follow-

12

166 Forty-ninth Report on the State Museum

ing year. They showed a quite interesting form of attack, in which the
smaller leaves had been transformed into small, irregular, subovate
downy galls. These gave out their insects, which were found to be a
species of Di/hsis new to science and its description is herewith given.

Description.

DiPLOSis cucUMERis n. sp. Plate II. — Eyes black, coarsely granulate,
deeply emarginate anteriorly, and composing most of (he head. Vertex
with a small tubercle bearing a large curved seta; similar setae appear to
arise near the posterior margin of the eyes and curve anteriorly (fig. i).
Front dull yellowish. Male antennae over twice the length of the body,
each composed of fourteen segments ; basal two short ; the others much
elongated, and with a basal and a medial enlargement; basal enlarge-
ment subspherical and separated from the medial by a cylindrical shaft
of about twice its length and half its diameter; distal portion of the seg-
ment of the same size and a little longer (fig. 4). The medial enlarge-
ment is usually somewhat irregular, over twice the length of the basal,
and tapering proximally; each end constricted roundly to the naked
shaft. Bulbs or enlargements clothed with numerous short hairs and
bearing at the place of greatest enlargement whorls of long setae ; the two
longest of which on the dorsal side are two to three times the length of
an entire segment (shown in part at fig. 4, a, b), the others are about
half the length of a segment; on the larger bulb there is a submedial
whorl of shorter setre. There are also three whorls of arched filaments,
'■'•filets arques" which arise from pits in a similar manner to that of set^e.
From each pit arises single stems which quickly branch ; these bend and
recurve to the adjoining pits in the whorl where they unite with the stems
arising therefrom, and thus each whorl is a continuous structure extend-
ing around the segment. The components of the whorl of the basal bulb
vary considerably in length, most of them being but little longer than
the bulb itself (fig. 4, <?), though a dorsal one is prolonged to a length
one and a half times that of the segment (shown in part at fig. 4, c).
On the larger bulb there is a basal whorl of arched filaments about two-
thirds the length of the bulb (fig. 4, /), and at its apex another extend-
ing nearly to the tip of the segment (fig. 4,^), excepting the dorsal arch
which is prolonged to a length of twice that of the entire segment (shown
in part at fig. 4, d)*

In the female, besides the two small basal segments, there are twelve
vase-shaped segments (fig. 3) ; pedicel distal, naked, and enlarged at
both extremities ; body of the segment gently rounded out and bearing
setae which in length are nearly equal to that of a segment and numerous
very small ones between ; the large setae show a tendency to form ill-

*These arched filaments, yf/tf/j argues^ were described by Kiefter (Bte//. 7 des Seances Ent. Soc,
Fr., 189s, p. cxcii-cxciii). The same year Reuter {Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica.
xi, No. 8, i8q5, pp. 11-12) questions the accuracy of the description and thinks these processes to
be membranous lobes with thickened borders. The following' year Janet ( Bull. 7 des Seances Ent.
Soc. Fr., i8g6, pp. 183-185) supports Kieffer in his description of these processes, and advances a
theory to account for their development. If a membrane is present, it is extremely attenuated.
It is worthy of note that to all appearances these processes arise in the same manner as setae,
except for the anastomosis.

In a preparation of the male antennae of Diplosis f>yrivora Riley, a number of the arched fila-
ments became loosened and escaped from their attachments but the anastomosis, where each arch
is joined to the base of the ne.xt, remained unbroken and distinct. In this preparation the com-
ponents of the arches may be seen diverging at various angles — another evidence in favor of
there being no connecting membrane.

Eleventh Keport op the State Entomologist 167

defined whorls at the extremities of the enlarged portion of each segment,
but there are a number scattered over the entire enlarged part ; antennae
equal in length to the abdomen. In dried specimens many of the anten-
nal segments in both sexes are considerably distorted, and the same may
possibly be true of living individuals ; third segment about one-half
longer than fourth. Mouth-parts yellowish; labial palpi long, com-
pressed, four-segmented, the third and fourth segrr ents two to three
times the length of the second, all bearing scattering, stout setae; labium
densely setose.

Thorax light brown with a few scattering microscopic hairs on the
dorsum ; scutellum prominent, domed, yellowish, and with several long
bristles laterally. Wings large, hairy; second longitudinal vein (radius)
joining costa beyond the apex. Halter long, slender, clothed with hairs,
and dilated apically. Coxae large, hind pair extending to the third
abdominal segment; trochanter subcuboidal ; femur slender, gibbous
apically and extending beyond the tip of the abdomen; tibia of nearly
equal length and dilating gradually distally ; first tarsal segment very
short, second about equal to tibia, third one-half second, fourth a little
shorter, and terminal very short and with two claws (fig. 5). First and
second pairs of legs longer than third, all clothed uniformly with coarse,
slightly curved hairs similar to those of the wings and abdomen.

Abdomen grayish, thickly clothed with hairs, and with long setse arising
from hind margin of segments, especially laterally. In the female the
fourth and fifth segments are slightly stouter, the posterior tapering to
the short ovipositor (fig. i). The male bears the terminal segments
partly curved over the back. Two lateral pieces support the large,
curved claspers, which are nearly as long as the segment and obtusely
rounded at the apex. They are borne in a crossed position with their
tips toward the base of the segment (fig. 7). Protruding below, the tip
of penis may be seen — represented in outline at fig. 6. Ovipositor of
female apparently short, eUipsoidal, and but slightly extruded.

Length of body 0.075 ii^ch, of wing o.i inch. Described from four
males and eleven females.

In the first sending of Mr. Barker on August 27, 1888, the Cecido-
rayids had probably been given out about the 1st of September, for upon
opening the box on September 12th, all except one example were found
dead.

The second sending on August 13, 1889, when opened on September 7 th,
contained nine dead Diplosis with their pupa-cases. In 1892 additional
material was received from Mr. Barker, who had changed his residence to
another poition of the city in the meantime. Thus it would appear
that the insect has become one of those which regularly attack the melon
and that it is not confined to a single locality.

In the box in which the above were bred, several Chalcids were found
in two species. They were sent to Washington for examination and
Mr. Howard returned answer that they were Lysiphlebus cucurbitaphidis
Ashmead, and Isocratus vulgaris Walker — in all probability parasitic on

168 Forty-ninth Report on the State Museum

the common cucumber plant-louse. The melon leaves and tips when"
received were badly infested with this aphis, ApJiis cucumeris Forbes, and
had been sent for the purpose of showing the extent of their injury and.
obtaining a remedy for it.

Diplosis setigera n. sp.

The Hairy Melon-vine Midge.
(Ord. Diptera: Fam. CECiDOMYiDiE.)

The preceding insect was reared from melon-tips for several years and
it was only after close study that a second species was discovered operat-
ing in a similar manner. The general appearance of the two insects is
so close that they might easily be confused, and only during the year of
1 89 1 were specimens of this species secured; the rearings of former
years were all D. cucumeris. It is worthy of record that two distinct
species of this genus are injurious to melon-tips, and it will be seen by
the following description that they are by no means so closely aUied
as one might possibly expect from their attacking the same plant and
upon the same grounds at Lowell, Mass.

Description.

Diplosis setigera n. sp. Plate III. — Eyes black, coarsely granulated
deeply emarginate anteriorly, broadly united dorsally in the male, less so
in the female, and composing most of the head. Numerous large setae
arise on the dorsum of the head and curve anteriorly. Male antenna one-
fifth longer than body, composed of fourteen segments, basal two short,
the others much elongated; basal and medial bulbs subspherical, nearly
equal; subbasal and distal shafts equal (fig. i); on each bulb there is a
whorl of setae {s) of nearly uniform length which extend about to the
next bulb; there is also on each bulb a whorl of arched filaments, ''Jile/s
argues^' {a), of a length nearly equal to that of the set.^ and arising just
distal of them. Female antennae a little shorter than body, composed of
fourteen segments; the two basal short; third about one-half and fourth
a httle longer than the normal segments; the others are nearly cylind-
rical, a little over twice as long as broad and pedicellate distally (fig.
2); each segment with a well-defined whorl of large setae at its base,
a less complete whorl at the apex of the enlargement, the latter invested
with numerous small setae; the small ones are absent along certain lines
on the enlargement and the naked places are occupied by what appear to
be transparent tubercles, but which are probably special sense organs; there
is a transverse row at the basal third and oblique rows pass over the distal
angles of the enlargement; the basal and apical rows are connected by
longitudinal rows ; there are also a few scattering tubercles near the lat-
ter; the more usual arrangement of these interesting structures is shown

Eleventh Eeport op the State Entomologist 169

in fig. 2, and at y,y, two of the more prominent tubercles are shown in
outUne. Labial palpi 4-segmented ; basal short ; second and third
nearly equal, about twice the length of the first ; the fourth as long as the
intermediate two. Labium yellowish, bearing a few stout set^e, and
rounded anteriorly.

Thorax: dorsum black, villous; pleura brownish; scutellum domed.
Pedicel of halter slender ; distal portion subelliptical in outline, villous,
yellowish. Wings large, densely villous and with a yellowish cast ; sec-
ond longitudinal vein (radius) joining costa beyond the apex of the wing;
margin of the wing densely cihate and slightly sinuate at the tip of the
first branch of the third longitudinal vein. Coxae large, rhomboidal;
hind pair extending to the third abdominal segment ; trochanter subglo-
bose; femora stout, slightly gibbous distally, hind pair extending beyond
the tip of the abdomen in the male ; tibiae rather stout, one-fifth shorter
than femora gibbous apically ; tarsi slender, first segment very short; sec-
ond nearly equal to tibia; third, one-half second; fourth, two-thirds of
second; and last one-half of fourth, and bearing a pair of stout, recurved
-claws and a well-developed empodium (fig. 4).

Abdomen of male brownish-black, with numerous long setae; the fifth
and sixth segments are the largest, from which it tapers slightly to the
■eighth ; the following segment bears the appendages ; the side pieces are
large and rounded laterally and posteriorly, from their latero-posterior
portions the claspers arise from a broad base and taper rapidly to a
rounded apex.

Abdomen of female villous, tapering posteriorly; seven distinct
segments visible besides those modified to form the extensile ovipositor,
which consists of a long, stouter, basal segment and a much more slender
terminal segment (fig. 3), which latter bears at its tip a pair of minute
processes (fig. 3, ^).

Length of body, exclusive of appendages, 0.08 in.; of wing, 0.1 1 in.

Compared with the Pear Midge.

This species is closely related to the pear rnidge, Diplosis pyrivora
Riley. It is apparently a more hairy form, though the badly rubbed con-
dition of the specimens of tiie pear midge examined would not permit of
the formation of a very accurate opinion in regard to this point. The
structure of the male antennae in both species is quite similar; in D.
fyrivora the arched filaments differ only in being much denser and darker
in color than in Z>. setigera — the general arrangement of filaments and
«etae is apparently the same. The orderly arrangement of the trans-
parent tubercles on the female antennae, described above, is not so
apparent in D. pyrivora, though the tubercles are larger than in Z>.
setigera. The facets of the eyes in the male are smaller and more dis-
tant than in Z>. pyrivora, and the same is probably true in the female.
The apical portion of the halter is suborbicular in outline in D. pyrivora
while in D. setigera it is subelliptical. Wings apparently much more

170 Forty-ninth Keport on the State Museum

hairy than in the pear midge. The ovipositor in the female of D. pyri-
vora is much longer and more slender, and terminates in lanceolate,,
acuminate genital valves.

Anthomyia sp. ?
The Raspheny-cane Maggot.

(Ord. Diptera: Fam. ANTHOMYiiDiE.)

About the middle of May, wilted and blackened tips of raspberries
were received from D. F. Harris, of Adams, Jefferson county, N. Y.,
which at the first sight were thought to be the result of the operations of
the raspberry-cane girdler, Oberea Mffiaculafa, but on examination the
peculiar girdling punctures were not to be found. On request, a large
number of tips were sent, that the insect, which proved to be unknown,,
might be reared and identified. The infested tips first soften, then bend
over, blacken, dry, and break off at an average distance of about six
inches from the end. In fresh tips received, the discoloration at first was
about an inch in extent, but gradually advanced for two or three inches
down the unshriveled portion of the cane. The larva causing the injury
was usually found in a short burrow in the pulpy matter at the lower part
of the discoloration. It is shining-white, pointed at the head and obtuse
at the other extremity, and showing in transparency a v-shaped internal
organ of which the apex is toward the head. The attempt to rear the
larva was not successful, as the tips under different methods of treatment
were so quickly attacked by mold that the larvse soon died.

Observed in Canada.

It was evidently dipterous, and is probably the "raspberry-cane
maggot, Antho/nyia?" of Mr. Fletcher, mentioned in Bulletin ii of the
Central Experimental Farm of Canada, May, 1891. The insect was not
identified by Mr. Fletcher. He has simply published of it: "This is
the maggot of a small black fly which lays a single egg in the axil of one
of the upper leaves. The young maggot bores down the stem until full
grown, and then changes to a brown puparium inside the stem." On
request made to Mr. Fletcher for any additional knowledge that he may
have subsequently secured of it, he has kindly replied :

" I am sorry to say that I have never had another opportunity to-
study the Anthomyian in ra=;pberry canes. I have never found it except
in one garden here [Ottawa], where it occurs intermittently, and has not
been abundant since I first observed it, until last year, and then unfor-

Eleventh Report of the State Entomologist 171

tunately I did not hear of it until too late to obtain specimens. I am
ashamed to say that I have allowed all my first collections to be destroyed
by Dermestes, and have nothing but one wing left. I remember reading
somewhere that Mr. G. C. Davis, of Michigan, had detected it in some
numbers."

Observed in Michigan,

Mr. Davis has referred me, as containing all that he knew of the insect,
to a brief notice entitled : " A Dipteron Raspberry Girdler," pubUshed in
Insect Life, vii, 1894, pp. 199-200. His attention had first been called to
it by a fruit-grower in Lansing, Mich. On visiting the locality it was
found that about half of the young shoots had been killed by the maggot
early in May. The infested tops had been destroyed as soon as seen
and only a few specimens could be secured. The larvae were then
'' about five mm. long, white, with black jaws, truncated posteriorly and
sloping gradually to the pointed head. In general appearance they
resemble very closely the larvae of Anthomyiidse. They work only in the
young shoots of the black varieties. Entrance is made near the top of
the shoot in a leaf axil, and from this entrance the larva works its way
in an irregular course down through the pith until within a few inches of
the ground, when it girdles the cane [' by making a complete circle near
the outside of the shoot so close to the bark that it can be distinguished
by close inspection without breaking the stems']."

Only the one berry patch at Lansing was found to be infested. Two
weeks later Mr. Davis heard of the work of the insect in the same
manner, at Costello, Pa., where the injury to the canes was stated to be
considerable.

By transferring the larvse every few days to fresh shoots Mr. Davis suc-
ceeded in feeding them until the last one had attained a length of 1 1 mm.
when it died.

How the Attack may be Indentified.

The attack of this insect may always be readily distinguished from that
of the raspberry-cane girdler, notwithstanding the bending over of the
tips in the same manner, by the absence of the two rings of punctures
about an inch apart, between which the egg of the beetle, Oberea biniac-
ulata, is placed — the position indicated by a dark colored spot marking
the puncture. For account of this insect, see Saunders' Insects Injur-
ious to Fruits, and Fifth Report on the Insects of New York, 1889.
Moreover, the two attacks may also be separated by that of the fly
occurring during the middle of May when the canes are but a few inches
in height, and that of the beetle, toward the latter part of June.

172 Forty-ninth Report on the State Museum

Its Probable Occurrence in Pennsylvania.

With this difference in time in mind, the error has just been detected of
my referring to the Oberea a raspberry cane attack in Great Bend, Pa.,
given in the Country Gentleman of May 23, 1878 (page 328) as follows :

" To-day [May 14th] as I entered my patch of choice raspberry bushes,
I found that the tops of nearly half of the young canes, which are from a
few inches to nearly two feet above the ground, were wilted and lopped
down. On a closer inspection I found that a very small white worm
had entered the cane from three to eight inches from the top and eaten
clear around close inside the bark. I fear that my crop for next season
will be ruined. "

There can hardly be a question that the above was the work of the
Anthomyia fly larva, and not that of the beetle. This would give us at
present the following known localities for the insect, although in all
probability it is pretty widespread, but has often been mistaken for that
of the Oberea: Ottawa, Canada; Lansing, Mich.; Adams, Jefferson
county, N. Y.; Costello, Potter county, Pa.; and Great Bend, Susque-
hanna county, Pa.

Remedy.

The wilting of the tips of the canes is so conspicuous that the presence
of the insects may be at once recognized. By cutting off the tips con-
taining the young larvae and destroying them, the attack can be arrested,
and if a local one, immunity from its repetition secured unless through
a new introduction.

Anthrenus scrophulariae (Linn.)

The Carpet Beetle.

(Ord. Coleoptera: Fam. Dermestid^.)
Mrs. H. A. Pratt, of Gloversville, N. Y., communicates the fact of her
finding hundreds of the beetles collected on the spikes of the blossoms
of the garden rhubarb {Rheum rhaponticum), where
she watched them for two or three days. In the sun-
shine, they readily took wing, and at nightfall their
« r-.T»«a«ir«3raM a numbcr was much smaller and they seemed quite
•*■ 7 JhHI»HHl\ stupid. From their returning the following day
with the sunshine, in full force, it was thought
that they may have sought a warmer place for the
night, or had fallen to the ground, as many had
Fig II. — The Carpet bee- been seen to do, and remained there during the

tie, Anthrenus scro- ' a C

PHULAKI.E. (After Riley.) pcnoQ 01 rest.

Eleventh Report op the State Entomologist 173

Mrs. Pratt suggested that their fondness for these flowers might be
utilized for collecting and gathering them for subsequent killing by crush-
ing or scalding; and that if the plants were cultivated in gardens, and
allowed to blossom, the beetles would be drawn from our houses to feed
upon them.

That they would serve as attractive food-plants for drawing the beetles
is very probable, and similar suggestions for the growing of peonies,
spiraeas and other blossoms known to be frequented by them, have pre-
viously been made, but it is very doubtful if it would aid in lessening the
ravages of their larvae within doors. The general opinion is that the first
business of the mature beetle, after mating, is the deposit of eggs in
places where its young may find their proper food, beneath carpets and
other woolens, and then to make their exit through the windows to seek
the moderate amount of food that the mature insect requires during its
brief existence. No eggs have been found in the ovaries of such as have
been examined which had been taken while feeding on flowers, apparently
indicating that killing them at this time would serve no useful purpose.
It is recalled, however, that the beetles are frequently found in copulation
on flowers in our parks, and from this it would seem possible that the
eggs were still to be deposited in houses to be entered for the purpose.

In this possibility, it would be well if the females taken in copula, on
flowers late in June, could be examined for eggs that they might contain at
this time. Possibly the eggs of Anthrenus are not developed till late in
life, and that an amount of food is needed for their development, as
Prof. Smith has shown to be the case in the rose-bug, Macrodactylus
subspijwsus, where the female feeds for from ten to fourteen days before
the commencement of her oviposition. (See Twelfth Annual Report of
the New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station for the year i8gi,

page 355-)

Prof. H. M. Seeley, of Middlebury College, Vt., has also sent me
Anthrenus scropJmlaricc taken from the blossoms of the garden rhubarb,
under date of June i, 1887.

As everything in relation to the destructive habits of this household
pest is of interest, it may be mentioned here that statements have been
received of this beetle having eaten holes into lace window curtains.
These have seldom been credited, but in one instance it was not doubted,
where it appeared that the hole had been made for the purpose of reach-
ing the body of a cut-worm moth, Agrotis sp., which lay within its folds.
The Anthreni are very fond of other dead insects, and our collections are
not infrequently visited by A. scrophulariLe.

174 Forty-ninth Report on the State Museum

The following translation from Olivier — an entomologist of the pre-
ceding century, may be of interest as containing some information respect-
ing the peculiar

Habits and Transformations of Anthrenus Larvae :

The Anthrenus larvae [of some species] pass nearly a year in this
state, eating and destroying insensibly the ligaments that hold together
the bones of animals, skins, hairs, feathers — in one word, all animal ma-
terials which are not in fermentation, and which are somewhat dried.
They occur indifferently in all seasons of the year, but the time in which
they are the most abundant, and in which they commit the greatest rav-
ages, is toward the end of summer, when they have nearly acquired their
full growth. They pass the winter either in the state of larva or of pupa,
and the perfect insect does not ordinarily appear until in the spring; still,
they are seen in all seasons, yet in fewer numbers. The larva, in growing,
changes its skin several times, but that which is very singular, is that it
does not leave the larval skin when it passes into the pupal state; the
skin only parts along the length of the back, the borders of the fissure re-
cede one from the other, and leave an opening which will facilitate the
emerging of the perfect insect. It should be farther observed that the
larval skin is not adherent to that of the pupa, but is entirely disengaged
therefrom ; and when it undergoes its final metamorphosis, and the per-
fect insect shows itself, the pupal skin opens along the back, at the place
where the larval skin is already open ; the insect escapes by this open-
ing, leaving, one within the other, the two skins that it has abandoned —
that of the pupa and that of the larva. (Olivier: Eucyc. Method. — Hist.
Nat. Ins. J 1789, iv, pp. 148, 149.)

Pyrophorus noctilucus (Linn.).
T/ie Cucuyo.

(Ord. Coleoptera: Fam. Elaterid^e.)

LiNN^us : " Mus. Lud. Ulr. [1764], 81;" Syst. Ent., Edit, xii, i, pars
ii, 1767, p. 651, no. 4 (as Elater noctilucus).

Fabricius : Ent. Syst. em., i, pars ii, 1792, p. 218, no. 10 (as Ehxter nocti-
lucus ; habitat).

Westwood: Introdiict. Cla!-s. Ins., i, 1839, pp. 239, 241-242 (general de-
scription, habits, synonymy).

Kirby-Spence: Introduct. Entomol , 6th Ed., 1846, pp. 540-542 (as
Elaternoctihicus, its light, habits).

Perkins: in Amer. Nat., ii, 1868, pp. 422-432, i fig. (general account of
appearance and habits).

Packard: Guide Study Ins., 1869, p. 462, fig. 425 (brief notice).

Figuier: Insect World, 1872, pp. 512-514, fig. 554 (popular account).

Glover: in Rept. U. S. Dept. Agr. for 1873, 1874, pp. 154-155, fig. 4
(reference).

Wood: Insects Abroad, 1874, pp. 159-165, fig. 160 (popular account).

Eleventh Report op the State Entomologist

175

Dimmock: in Kingsley's Stand. Nat. Hist., ii, Crust.-Ins., 1884, pp.

362-363, fig. 415 (brief notice).
Taschenberg: Brehms Tierleben, Insekten, ix, 1892, pp. 111-113, i fig.

Although the insect is not a member of the New York fauna, or even
that of the United States, a brief notice of it in this volume, may be
pardoned in consideration of the frequency with which examples of it are
brought to our notice by those whose interest has been excited by its won-
derful light-giving power, and are desirous of information respecting it.

It is the famed lightning-bug of Tropical America, known by the
natives as the Cucuyo, and is represented in figure 12. Several living
examples of it were con-
tributed, June 1 6th, to the
StateEntomological Collec-
tion by Mrs. Edmund H.
Smith of Albany. They
had been brought to her
a short time previously by a
relative who collected them
in the Island of San Do-

'=-vJ-»

Fig.

The Cucuyo, Pyrophorus noctilucus.
(After Wood.)

mingo.

They are large beetles, of about one inch and a half in length, belong-
ing to the family of ^/a/mrf'f:^, popularly known as snapping-beetles, from
their habit of springing several inches in the air as the only means by
which they can regain their feet when placed or fallen upon their back.
This is accomplished through an apparatus (spine and socket) on their
lower side, specially designed for the purpose.

They belong to the genus Pyrophorus of Illiger, which has but a single
representative in the United States, viz., Pyrophorus physoderus — a
species which is said to be plentiful on the pine-barrens and among the
saw-palmettoes of Florida in the month of August, and of which an in-
teresting account is given in Mr. Glover's Report for the year 1873.

The genus has large representation in South America, — about one
hundred species, according to Dimmock, being known. Two species
have recently been described from New Caledonia, an island in the
Pacific ocean.

The scientific name of the tropical species under notice, Pyrophorus
noctilucus, has been aptly chosen, as it means " the night-flying light-
giver." Unlike our common lightning-bugs which with their graceful
flights attract admiring eyes in the evenings of June, these do not emit
their Hght in fitful flashes from the tip of their abdomen, but from the two

176 Forty-ninth Report on the State Museum

small oval wart-like spots near the lateral borders of their prothorax, not
far from the head. These spots are ordinarily of a dull yellowish-white
color, but when the insect is disturbed or when in flight, they quickly
light up with a yellow-green glow that is almost dazzling to the eye. So
brilliant is it that it is conspicuous in broad daylight. At night, the hour
may be told upon even the yellow face of a watch when held near it, and
it is claimed that a printed page may be read by its aid.

On the under side of the body between the thorax and the abdomen^
is another quite large light-giving place of a lenticular form, covered
with a thin membrane, and only seen when the body is arched upward
in the attitude assumed when the insect is about to make an upward
spring. Travellers tell us that the light from this phosphorescent organ
is distinctly seen as of a peculiar reddish color, when the insect is flying
overhead. This beautiful insect is found in the West India islands, in
Brazil, Guiana, and in Mexico. It is related that at the time of the
Spanish conquest, a battalion just disembarked, did not dare to engage
in battle with the natives because the Cucuyos, which were shining in the
trees, were supposed to be the matches of the arquebuses ready to fire
upon them. Figuier, the popular French writer on natural history,
relates: "When the Mexican ladies wish to adorn themselves with these
living diamonds, they place them in little bags of light tulle, which they
arrange with taste, on their skirts. Sometimes imprisoning these animated
flames in gauze, the graceful Mexican women twist them in ardent neck-
laces, or else roll them around their waists like a fiery girdle. They go
to the ball under a diadem of living topazes or animated emeralds, and
their diadem blazes or pales according as the insect is fresh or fatigued.
When they return home after the soiree they give them a bath which
refreshes them, and put them back in a cage, which sheds during the
whole night a soft light in the chamber."

Another writer states: " I saw a lady at the ' Retreta' once, with a
coronet and stomacher of them, and all the crown jewels of Spain could
not have made her so resplendent."

Writers represent the Cucuyo as being short-lived in captivity, but
these received as above, had their lives prolonged quite beyond expecta-
tion, and former experiences with the beetles; and this notwithstanding
the hard treatment which they had undergone. Not one of them had a
foot (tarsus) remaining when brought to me and two had lost the pre-
ceding joint (tibia) from one or more of their legs. Still they were able
to travel with considerable rapidity, but made no attempt at flight.
Until near their death they frequently used their spring to regain their

Eleventh Report op the State Entomologist 177

feet when fallen on their back in attempting to climb the sides of the
rather shallow box in which they were confined.

Sugar, and sugar cane soaked in water, were given them, but it is not
certain that they partook of either. They were apparently fond of ripe
strawberries, and would remain for a long time with their head resting on
freshly cut slices, slowly imbibing the juice after their jaws had seemingly
become fixed and incapable of crushing the pulp. Raspberries had no
■attraction for them. They drank moderately from drops of water placed
in front of them, the antennae moving the while as if betokening relish.
Each day they were given a bath for a brief time in a dish of water, and
immersed therein.

They continued to give out their hght when disturbed, from both their
upper and lower organs, in its usual brilUancy up to within two or three
days of their death. One of the beetles died early in July, the other two
on August6th and loth. Their capture at San Domingo was at least three
weeks before they were presented to the State collection, which would
give them a period of captivity of over two and one-half months.

Crioceris asparagi (Linn.).

The Asparagus Beetle.

(Ord. Coleoptera: Fam. CHRvsoMELiDyE.)

Hicks: in Amer. Entomol., ii, 1869, p. 53 (plentiful on Long Island).
RiLEV : in Amer. Nat., xvii, 1883, p. 199 (reference) ; in Ann. Rept. Dept.

Agr. for 1881-1882, p. 177 (mention); Bull. 23 Md. Agr. Expt.

Stat., 1893, pp. 90-91 (brief account).
Lintner: in Canad. Entomol., xvi, 1884, p. 182 (at Geneva, N. Y.);

7th Rept. Ins. N. Y., 1891, p. 335 (reference); 8th do., 1893,

pp. 116, 221, 250-253 (description, introduction, distribution,

natural history, remedies) ; 9th do., 1893, pp. 342-343, fig. 20

(spread in the State); loth do., 1895, pp. 498, 5x7 (reference);

in Country Gent., Ix, 1895, p. 455 (northward spread of insect).
Lucas: in Ann. Soc, Entomol. France, 1888, pp. 102-104 (parasites of

beetle); in Bull. Seances Entomol. Soc. Fr., 1888, pp. cxlv-cxlvii

(habits).
RiLEY-HowARD : in Insect Life, i, 1888, p. 29 (southward spread of

insect), pp. 61-62 (its enemies) ; in id., iv, 1892, p. 401 (taken at

Nashua, N. H.) ; in id., v, 1892, p. 99 (at Rochester, N. Y.).
Coquillett : in Insect Life, ii, 1890, p. 234 {Myobia pumila parasitic on).
Smith: Cat. Ins. N. J., in Final Rept. State Geol., ii, 1890, p. 214

(common on asparagus); Ann. Rept. Ent. Dept., N. J. Agr.

Expt. Stat, for 1892, 1893, p. 393 (mention); in Insect Life, vi,

1893, pp. 191-192 (simple remedy for); the same in Ann. Rept.

Ent. Dept., N. J. Agr. Expt. Stat, for 1893, 1894, p. 445;

Econom. Entomol., 1896, pp. 21 1-2 12, fig. 204 (brief account).

178 Forty-ninth Report on the State Museum

RiTZEMA Bos : Tierische Schad. Ntitzlinge, 1891, pp. 357-358.

Weed, C. M. : Insects and Insecticides, 1891, pp. 204-206, fig. 109

(brief account with remedies).
Forbes: in Insect Life, v, 1892, p. 73 (kerosene emulsion for).
Taschenberg: Brehms Tierleben, Insekten, ix, 1892, p. 194, fig. 2 (brief

mention).
Henshaw: in Psyche, vi, 1893, p. 557 (reference).
Webster: in Insect Life, vi, 1893, p. 186 (westward spread); Bull. 51

Ohio Agr. Expt. Station, 1894, pp. 85-89, figs. 1-3 (distribution^

description, life-history, remedies).
Lowe: Bull. 75 N. Y. Agr. Expt. Stat., 1894, pp. 425-427, PL IV,

figs. 1-5 (general account); the same in Ann. Rept. do. for

1894, 1895, pp. 729-731.
CoMSTOCKS: Manual Study Ins., 1895, pp. 575-576, fig. 701 (brief

notice).
Howard : in Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., iii, 1895, pp. 222, 223 (distribution

may be confined to Upper Austral life-zone).
Hopkins-Rumsey: Bull. 44 W. Va. Agr. Expt. Stat,, 1896, pp. 291,

317 (brief mention).
(The above are additional to the references given in the First Report.)

A letter given below from a gentleman in Magnolia, Mass., received
during the last week in May, 1895, was of special interest, as indicating
a new locality for a gradually spreading introduced insect pest, in its
almost extreme northern extension :

I have grown asparagus very successfully for ten or fifteen years, but
this spring it has been attacked by thousands of small black and yellow
beetles, which do not allow it to put its head above ground without
gnawing it and leaving it covered with exuvise.

I suppose this pest is well known to you, and I should be much obliged
if you would indicate any way of destroying it. T. J. C.

Magnolia, Mass.

Reply was made through the Country Gentleman of June 13th, as follows :

The insect that is occurring so abundantly and is so destructive at

Magnolia is without much doubt a recent appearance of that well-known

pest, the asparagus beetle, Crioceris asparagi^
at that locality. Will the writer of the above
please send examples for positive identifica-
tion ? If proved to be that species, its occur-
rence at Magnolia will be of considerable
interest to those of our entomologists who
are giving attention to the distribution and
rate of progress of our introduced insect
pests.
Fig. 13. -Asparagus beetle (a com- In accordance with the request, a number

mon six-spotted form;, enlarged ,,,, , <- jj j r_j

about six diameters, with further of the beetles wcrc foiwarded, and were lound

enlargement of antenna and front ^^ ^^ ^j^^ wdl-known Crioceris as^aragi.

f Eleventh Keport of the State Entomologist 179

Progress of the Insect in the Eastern United States.
For a long term of years following the first observed injuries in 1859,
the beetle in this country was confined to Long Island and the immediate
vicinity of New York City, While in the main keeping near the sea-
coast, it has now extended to the southward as far as Fortress Monroe in
Virginia. Within the last ten years, it has been found at Geneva and at
Rochester in Central and Western New York, and quite recently it has
been reported from localities in Ohio. To the northward, in the New
England States, it made its appearance at Amherst, Mass., in 1892, and
the same year in Nashua, N. H. Magnolia, on the sea-coast in north-
eastern Massachusetts, is nearly as far north as Nashua.

Range of Insects Limited by " Life-Zones."
Particular mention is made of the above-named localities for the aspara-
gus beetle, as indicating that its range to the northward as an injurious
insect will be largely if not entirely limited to a certain zone known as
the " Upper Austral life-zone." From data drawn from long-continued
observations and studies, certain "life-zones" have been mapped, upon
the belief that both animals and plants are restricted in their distribution
— according to Dr. C. Hart Merriam — " by the total quantity of heat
during the season of growth and reproduction." These life-zones, as
they have been plotted, while not strictly agreeing, "conform in a most
gratifying manner " (Merriam) to the isotherms shown on our most reU-
able maps, and to the contour lines of elevation indicated in the recent
" Gannett's Nine-sheet Contour Map," published by the U.S. Geo-
graphical Survey.

Probable Examples of such Limitation.
The probability of the limitation of insect pests to certain hfe-zones,
irrespective of the broader distribution of their food-plants, has lately
been made the subject of study by Mr. Howard, Chief of the Entomolog-
ical Division of the U. S. Department of Agriculture. It was first sug-
gested to him by the discovery that the San Jose scale in its recent
introduction into the Eastern United States — although it had been
distributed by nurseries over the entire State of New Jersey — was not
found in its northern portion (Dr. Smith); and that the infested portion
of New Jersey, Long Island, and all of the infested localities in Maryland,
Virginia, Pennsylvania, and New York, lay within the Upper Austral
zone. He has also called attention to the probability that the asparagus
beetle may be subject to the same northern limitation, although its occur-
rence at Amherst, Mass., and Nashua, N. H., appeared to him to mill-

ISO Forty-ninth Report on the State Museum

tate against such a belief. A study of the Gannett map, above referred
to, seems to me, on the contrary, to give a marked confirmation to the
theory. From the loops and curves of the loo-ieet contour lines which
elsewhere define the northern boundary of the Upper Austral zone, fol-
lowed along the southern and eastern New England sea-coast and inward
along the river valleys, it appears in every way probable that Amherst,
Nashua, and Magnolia in reality fall within the Upper Austral, and will
be so indicated in future corrected and extended Ufe-zone maps. It will
be of interest to recall the fact that the last-named locality is indebted
for its name to the wild growth theie of the Magnolia glauca at the most
northernmost natural habitat of any American Magnolia.

Relief Afforded Through This Limitation.

If this limitation of insect ravages by our accepted life-zones shall be
established, it will relieve us from the fear of the spread of certain insects
over entire States into which they have been introduced; and, as of still
greater importance, of an unnecessary expenditure of labor and money
for the extermination of a pest, when its wide distribution will be pre-
vented by constant climatic conditions. Thus, Upper Austral zone in-
sects, if such there be, could not establish themselves over much the
larger portion of the New England States and New York — in the latter
limited, outside of Long Island, to a narrow strip along the Hudson river
reaching nearly to Saratoga, and the larger area taking in Oneida lake
and the smaller lakes of Western New York, and the territory northward
and westward from the east of Oswego along Lake Ontario, the Niagara
river, and a narrow strip bordering Lake Erie, possibly not quite to the
southwestern corner of the State. In Plate IV, the Upper Austral life-
zone in New York and contiguous portions of adjoining States as out-
lined for me by Dr. Merriam on a section of the " Gannett Map,'' is rep-
resented in crosshatching upon a New York State Weather Bureau map
received from Director E. A. Fuertes.

If the San Jose scale is not to be exterminated in our State, — while
the famed " apple belt " bordering Lake Ontario and the fruit region of
the Hudson River valley will be exposed to it — there would still be rea-
son for thankfulness that it is subject even to this degree of limitation.

The Upper Austral Life-Zone in New England.
In view of nearly one-half milHon of dollars ($475,000) already ap-
propriated by the legislature of Massachusetts for the extermination of
the gypsy moth, it would be a matter of rejoicing if this costly foreign

Eleventh REroRT of the State Entomologist 181

introduction shall prove to be an Upper Austral zone insect. Certain it
is, although perhaps only accidental, that by far the greater part of the
infested locality in northeastern Massachusetts is bounded by the Gannett
contour line of loo-feet elevation, which, there is reason to believe, will
hereafter be accepted as the boundary line in that part of New England
of the zone above named.

Remedies.
In reply to the request in the inquiry for indication of a method for
destroying the insect, the following remedies for the asparagus beetle are
given in the First Report on the Insects of New York, '^^^Z^ viz., employ-
ing fowls for hunting the beetles, dusting freshly air-slacked lime over the
larvae upon the plants, cutting away the young seedlings, and the removal
of the seed-stems when the asparagus season is over. Of these, the lime
remedy is the most simple and, it is believed, the most effective.

Lina script a (Fabr.).

The Cottonwood-leaf Beetle.

(Ord. Coleoptera: Fam. Chrysomelid^.)

(Read before the Association of Economic Entomologists, at its Seventh Annual Meeting,
at Springfield, Mass., August 28, 1895.)*

Fabricius: Syst. Eleuth., 1801, p. 438, no. 99 (as Chrysomela).

Melsheimer: Cat. Coleop. U. S., 1853, p. 124 (as Melasonid).

Crotch : Check List Coleop. Amer., 1873, pp. 98, no. 5768 (as
Plagiodera) .

Snow: in Observer of Nature, Nov. 23, 1875.

Osburn: in Trans. Kans. Acad. Sci., iv, 1875, pp. 24-25 (habits, stages,
larval description).

Riley: in N. Y. Weekly Tribune for Oct. 9, 1878; in Am. Entomol.,
iii, 1880, pp. 159-161, figs. 61-64; in Ann. Rept. Dept. Agr.
for 1884, 1885, pp. 336-340, pi. viii, figs, i, 2 (general ac-
count, a.?, Plagiodera); in Insect Life, iii, 1891, p. 430 (larvae
and pupge eaten by Megilla maculata); the same in Proc. Ent.
Soc. Wash., ii, 1892, p. 169.

Packard: Bull. 7 U. S. Ent. Comm., 1881, pp. 115, 116, figs. 53-54
(brief notice, a.?, Plagiodera) ; in 5th Rept. U. S. Ent. Comm.,
1890, pp. 428-433, figs. 157, 158 (history, ravages and remedies,
from Riley).

Dimmock: in Psyche, iii, 1882, p. 393 (as Plagiodera, secretion of).

Townsend: in Psyche, iv, 1884, p. 222 (abundance in La.).

Meehan : in Insect Life, i, 1888, pp. 51-52 (on poplar in Pa.).

^Published in Bull. No. 2 — New Series. U. S. Dept. Agricul.. Divis. Entomol. — Proceedings
of the Seventh Annual Meeting of the Association of Economic Entomologists, 1895.

13

182 Forty-ninth Report on the State Museum

Trelease : in Psyche, v, 1889, p. 173 {a.% Flagiodefu, abundance in West
and South).

Casstdy: in Bull. 6 Col. Agr. Expt. Stat., Jan., i88g, p. 17 (annual de-
foliation of cottonwjods; as Plagiodera).

Bruner: in Bull. 14 Agr. Expt. Stat. Neb., 1890, pp. 83-91, figs. 48-50.

Lugger: in Bull. 9 Minn. Agr. Expt. Stat., 1889, pp. 53-55, figs. 3, 4
(life-history, remedies).

Aldrich : in Insect Life, iv, 1 891, p. 67 (controlled by arsenites in South
Dakota).

Orcutt-Aldrich : in Bull. 22 So. Dak. Agr, Expt. Stat., 1891, pp. 98-
ioi,figs. 13, 14 (food-plants, habits, remedies).

Beutenmuller : in Journ. N. Y. Microscop. Soc, vii, 1891, p. 36 (refer-
ences to description of early stages).

Lintner: 7th Rept. Ins. N. Y., 1891, p. 219 (abundant on Ausable
river); in Syracuse Journ., May 9, 1894 (injury to basket wil-
lows in N. Y., habits, history, remedies, etc.); loth Rept. Ins.
N. Y., 1895, pp. 500, 517 (reference).

Williams: in Bull. 35 So. Dak. Agr. Expt. Stat., 1893, pp. 85-86.

Chittenden: in Insect Life, vii, 1895, p. 419 (referred to Melasoma).

WiCKHAM : in Canad. Entomol, xxviii, 1896, p. 202 (occurs chiefly on
poplars and cotton woods).

The wonderful multiplication of species of insects, not usually injuri-
ous or, indeed, even rare, as the result of the cultivation of a crop on a
large scale and in extended areas, is often brought
to the notice of the economic entomologist, in appeals
made to him, to suggest remedies available against
the ravages of some (to the culturist) new insect pest.
A recent occurrence of this character, is the threat-
FiG. 14.— The cotton- ened destruction of the basket-willow industry of

wood beetle, Lina

scRiPTA. (Original.) Onondaga and some others of the Central and West-
ern New York counties, from the ravages of the insect which has been
known for the last score of years as the Striped Cottonwood beetle. Scien-
tifically it is Lina scripta (Fabr.).

The Insect at Liverpool, N. Y.

In May of 1894, there was sent to me by Internal Revenue Collector
Von Landberg, from Syracuse, N. Y., a bottle of beetles, with the in-
formation that the willow raisers of Liverpool and Salina and neighboring
localities were experiencing great trouble and serious loss from the ravages
of a beetle which was destroying acre after acre of the basket willows.

What the insect is. — It was readily identified by me; and the request
for its identification and a remedy for it, was answered virtually as fol-
lows : " The beetle is a member of the destructive family of leaf-eating
beetles, known as Chrysomclid(X, which is found from New York to Texas,
in Oregon and California, but is the most destructive along the Missouri

Eleventh Keport of the State Entomologist

183

river. It has received in the Western States the popular name of ' the
Cottonwood beetle ' from its special fondness shown for the fohage of the
Cottonwood, Populus moniH/era. In recent years it has become almost
equally injurious to willows. It was first brought to public notice by
Prof. Snow, in the year of 1875, by its widespread destruction of the Cot-
tonwood in Kansas; and a few years later (1878) by Prof. Riley, in his
accounts of its more serious ravages in Nebraska and Dakota, where the
rapidly growing cottonwoods had been extensively planted by new set-
tlers in the treeless plains of that region. Many thousands of trees were
killed through their defoliation for successive years — the remnants of the
leaves turning black and shriveled as if struck by ' fire blight.'

Its occurre7ice in Neiv York. — "The beetle has never before, so far
as known to me, appeared in injurious numbers in the State of New
York. It has not been a common insect with us. Indeed, it had
never come under my observation until in the year 1890, when,
during the early part of July (4th to 7th) both the larvae and
the beetles were found by me in Keene Valley in the Adirondack
mountains, feeding on willows growing along the banks of the
Ausable river : nearly a hundred were collected for the State Collection.
Not a single example of the insect has since been seen by me in the five
following years of collecting in that locality.

The lan^a. — '■'■ The larva is at first black : when full grown it is of an elon-
gate form and measures nearly a half-inch in length. It is then of a dingy-
yellowish color, with
head and legs shin-
ing black, two rows
of black spots on the
back, and in line
with these, a row of
black tubercles on
each side. These
tubercles when the
larva is disturbed,
throw out from each
one (for its defense

Fig. 15. — LiNASCRiPTA : rt, eg:g-mass ; i5, single egg ;<-, newly hatched

through the DUn- larvae; </(/(/, larvae of different sizes ; «?, pupa ; y, a middle joint of

^ " larva, showing tubercles. (After Riley, in kept. Commis. Agricul.

gency of the odor) for 1884.)

a globule of a milky fluid, which is drawn into them again when the alarm

passes away.

184 Forty-ninth Eeport on the State Museum

The beetle. — "The beetles are oval, more flattened than the Chrysome-
lids usually, and vary in length from two-tenths to three-tenths of an inch.

The head is black. The thorax
is mainly black centrally, with
its outer sides bordered with red.
The wing-covers are dull yel-
c V ^ \ ^ \, lowish, with about seven black
Fig. ig. -Lina scripta; a, usual markings; b, c, gpots and lincs, and the inner

d, e, variations. (After Riley, in Rept. Commis.

Agricui. for 1884.) margins joining over the back,

also black, and the body beneath blue-black.

Successive broods. — " The injurious character of the beetle is intensified
by there being two or three broods of it each year. The brood now
present with you is from eggs that were laid on the willows early in the
season. Under favoring conditions for multiplication, the subsequent
broods will be more numerous and of course more destructive.

Remedy. — " It is fortunate for your willow-growers that we have a com-
paratively simple remedy for this new willow pest, otherwise the industry
so important to your people might be seriously impaired. A thorough
spraying of the willows with Paris green in water should kill all the in-
sects in their larval and perfect stages that feed upon the leaves."

Directions for preparing and using the spraying mixture, and informa-
tion of pumps available for the purpose, accompanied the above.

The Insect's Destructiveness at Liverpool.
In some correspondence following, a partial success was reported to
me as the result of the spraying recommended. The increase of the in-
sect could not be kept down, and consequently in several instances, entire
fields of willows had been destroyed, and plowed up. Some other sugges-
tions were made by me, and were, I believe, faithfully tried. Early
in May of the present year, I was notified that the ravages of the in-
sect had commenced — that it was spreading more numerously and
seriously than before — that the willow-growers were discouraged, and
would be compelled to abandon the culture unless the insect could be
controlled. My presence was requested, but I was prevented from
making the desired visit at the time, and it was necessarily deferred until
the month of August. Although then too late to see the active operations
of the insect, I was able to look over the ground thoroughly — to meet
and confer with the willow-growers and basket-makers— to learn from
them the extent and importance of the industry — its threatened destruc-
tion, and what was being done to avert the calamity.

Eleventh Report of the State Entomologist! 185

How the Basket Willow is Grown.

The willow grown is the European Osier. It is propagated from pieces
cut by a machine into nine-inch lengths and set six inches into the
ground. These are placed about fourteen inches apart, in rows three feet
apart, permitting the use of a cultivator between them and hoeing as often
as necessary. The fields are liberally enriched with barnyard manure.
An ordinary soil is as well adapted to the growth as a wet one. It can
be cut for use the first year, but is not in full vigor till the third or fourth
year, and continues to yield good crops for ten or twelve years, when it
should be plowed up and set out anew. A good growth will average
about six feet in height. It is cut in November when the leaves have
fallen. It may then be steamed for loosening the bark, and the peeling
is done by children in the shops of the basket-makers.

The steaming — submitting to exhaust steam for about twenty minutes

in large boxes holding two tons of the willows placed on a heavy truck

for convenience in gathering and delivering the willows — is done by two

firms in Liverpool, one of which, Mr. A. H, Crawford, treated i,8oo tons

the last year.

Its Yield and Value.

The green willow is worth from $15 to $45 per ton; when peeled and
dried, six cents a pound. The growers raise from ^^ an acre to 60 acres.
Mr. E. P. Black, a very successful grower, who finds an abundant return
for the labor bestowed upon his crop, cultivates 20 acres. The yield is
from three to eight tons per acre. About 500 acres are grown in the
town of Salina, Onondaga county.

Extent of its Cultivation in Western New York.

In addition to Onondaga county, where the crop is grown the most

extensively, it is also grown in Oswego, Oneida, Madison, Cayuga,

Schuyler, Seneca, Wayne, Ontario, Livingston, Monroe, Genesee, and

Wyoming counties, but I am not able to give the extent of cultivation in

the several counties, or the comparative amount of injury from the willow

beetle in them.

Not a Native Species.

As before stated, the willow of Western New York is not a native, but has
been introduced from France. It is the Osier or basket-willow of Europe,.
Salix viminalis. A German willow is grown to a limited extent. It is a
taller and stouter plant, j'lietimes attaining 12 or 14 feet in height. It
is not as subject to inseci attack, but it is less serviceable for baskets,
being coarser, less pliant, and only adapted for the heavier bottoms of

186 Forty-ninth Report on the State Museum

baskets. A small proportion of osiers are imported annually from France,
Belgium, and Germany, but they are decidedly inferior to the home- grown.

The Basket-Making Industry.

This industry is at present, the sole one of Liverpool, since the salt
industry proving unremunerative, has been abandoned. About 150 fami-
lies are engaged in the manufacture of baskets, employing the children
and often the entire household. It has been a profitable industry, as
show^n by the fact that most of the dwelling-houses in Liverpool are
owned by their occupants, and have been paid for out of its proceeds.
The amount invested in this place in the growing and manufacture, is
estimated at a mihion and a half of dollars. The above, perhaps unin-
teresting details are given to show the economic importance of the insect
ravages which will next be noticed.

Steady Increase of the Insect.
This willow-feeding insect was known as injurious in Onondaga
county as far back as the year 1875, when 57 acres of willows were
destroyed in a swamp in Clay, Onondaga county. This was discourag-
ing to the willow-growers: fewer willows were grown for a time there-
after, and but little was heard of the insect. Our first recent information
of it is that a gentleman who collected insects in Liverpool, took some
of the beetles on basswood in 1887. From that time it seems to have
been steadily on the increase, but not until the last year (1894) had it
multiplied to such an extent as to claim general attention. Its destruc-
tiveness the present year is greatly in excess of that of the preceding.
It is stated that the cutting of this year will fall short of that of 1894 by
1,000 tons. A grower who grew 65 tons in 1894, will this year cut but
25 tons. Many fields have been abandoned, and will be plowed up, and
others will only be cut in order to permit of a possible more successful
growth another year. There is a wide-spread discouragement and a fear
that the industry, which is the sole support of the town, is doomed.

Transformations and Habits.
In inquiring into the life-history of the insect, no definite information
could be given me of the time required for its transformations or the
number of the broods; the number is generally thought to be three-
The hibernating beetle makes its appearance toward the last of April,
and is in readiness to attack the sprouts as soon as they start in May.
It is said that they do not feed on the leaves, but at first only upon the

Eleventh Report op the State Entomologist 187

ends of the tips. When the willows are more advanced, with the second
brood of beetles, this tip-feeding habit becomes more harmful, as they
then girdle the twigs by eating away the bark, causing the tips to bend
over and die, necessitating the putting out of one or more side shoots,
which seriously impairs the value of the plant, producing unsightly bends,
necessitating trimming before use, and materially interfering with the
stripping of the bark. The larvae feed only on the leaves. The eggs,
being laid on the under surface of the leaves in clusters averaging about
40, the larvae on emerging, in company eat away the epidermis and the
parenchyma between the small reticulating veins, leaving the upper
epidermis unbroken. This feeding habit renders a more thorough and
careful spraying of the arsenites necessary in order to reach the under
surface of the leaf and kill the larvae in their first stage. Later they
separate and eat through the leaf.

So familiar are the growers with the larvae in their several moltings
that the only name by which they are spoken of is " hangers." The
beetles are known as " hard-shells."

Early Retreat to Hibernating Quarters.
I' was disappointed upon finding at my visit made on August 22d,
that the beetles had already gone into their winter quarters, for Mr.
Bruner, Entomologist of the Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station,
in his notice of the insect. Bulletin No. 14, has stated : " The perfect
insect in the fall, after the first heavy frosts, leave the cottonwoods, pop-
lars, and willows where they have been feeding and seek some shelter."
Only about a half-dozen could be found by careful search to show me.
A few weeks before, the air had been, at times, filled with them in the
streets of the village, " gathered," it was said, "in swarms like companies
of gnats and midges.'' They had commenced to retire for hibernation
■during the first half of July, and by the ist of August nearly all had
disappeared. They are now to be found in old stone walls, under rub-
bish of all kinds, in the crevices of rocks and stones and occasionally in

houses.

Eggs — Abundance and where Laid.

Should it be desirable to attempt the destruction of the eggs of this
beetle, it is of importance io know that the first deposit is by no means
confined to the willows but that they are placed on various plants and
weeds and even on other than vegetable growth, but presumably in close
vicinity to the willows. As showing the abundance of egg-clusters, it was
stated that 700 clusters had been picked from a row of willows 20 rods

188 Forty-ninth Report on the State Museum

long in passing over them once; and as illustrating the abundance of
the beetle, — three bushels of them had been gathered in a day by one
person from his fields by the aid of the " bug-catcher " which had been
devised to serve in the present emergency.

Remedies.

The efforts made to arrest the increase and ravages of this pest have
been these : hand-picking the beetle, or shaking them into vessels with
water floated with kerosene, collecting the egg-clusters, spraying with
Paris green or London purple in water, dusting by hand with Paris green
and lime, and collecting the beetle with the " bug-catcher."

The hand-picking and jarring have proved quite effective, where small
fields have been treated in this manner — say of an acre or less ; with
larger ones it would be virtually impracticable. Perhaps the best — the
tallest and most uniform and less injured — field that I saw was a half-
acre to which the owner and his son had given time each day to this
method of protection. Although not so informed, I suspect from the
good condition of the leafage, that lime had been apphed to kill the
larvae. The next most productive fields that came under my observation
were those of Mr. Black, where the ground had been well enriched and
carefully cultivated, sprayed at different times with a sprayer that would
cover six rows at once, and the " bug-catcher " faithfully used. It is
hardly necessary to state that this gentleman is not one of the " dis-
couraged willow-growers." Although his pay-roll runs into thousands
of dollars, there yet remain thousands on the profit side of the balance-
sheet.

Machine for Collecting the Beetles.

It remains only to speak of the ''bug-catcher" — so-called. It was
devised by one of the willow-growers, and, if without knowledge, as it
is believed, of our western " hopper-dozer," it is certamly an ingenious
contrivance, and the originator is entitled to considerable credit, for it is
producing, even in its present crude form, excellent results.

The bottom of the machine (described from recollection merely) is of
a single piece of two-inch plank, twenty inches broad and four feet long.
The sides and ends are about eight inches high. At the back are fast-
ened two diverging arms extending forward nearly twice the length of the
frame, and their ends sufificiendy far apart to receive two rows of willows
the horse drawing the machine passes between them. To these arms
are fastened two cross-pieces, and also a longitudinal arm which may be
adjusted in a slot so as to depress or elevate the arms according to the

Eleventh Keport of the State Entomologist 189

height of the willows at different periods of growth, A pair of bent arms
like those of a plow are also attached at the rear for holding and guiding
the machine Its bottom is covered to a moderate depth with kerosene —
the too free movement of which is controlled by several transverse slats
forming compartments. A series of slats arranged in pairs like a gable-
roof with space between each pair to permit the beetles to fall into the
kerosene, are fastened in a frame which may be lifted out whenever the
accumulated beetles require removal. The slats prevent the willows as
they are pressed downward by the arms from coming in contact with the
kerosene.

As the machine is drawn forward, the willows entering the ends of the
arms are brought nearer together in such a manner that before they are
released from beneath the arms, the beetles upon them are shaken upon
the slats and drop into the kerosene. A large proportion of the beetles
is gathered and killed by this method. It is found, however, that as they
drop to the ground at a moderate alarm, the passage of the horse between
the rows dislodges many of them. To obviate this, machines have been
made which are propelled by hand, having a wheel in front after the
manner of a wheelbarrow. Their use, however, has been found quite
laborious, but there seems to be no good reason why they may not be
made much less cumbersome.

The machines above described, are represented, from photographs in
Plates V, VI, and VII.

Galerucella luteola (Mijller).

The Ebn-Leaf Beetle in Albany.'^

(Ord. Coleoptera: Fam. Chrysomelid^.)

(Read before the Association of Economic Entomologists at its Springfield Meeting,

August 28, 1895.)

For more than a decade past, I have watched with interest the steady,
although slow, progress of this destructive insect northward along the
Hudson river valley. When it was first observed in the State of New
York, does not appear on record, but as early as 1879, the elms in New-
burgh, N. Y. (60 miles to the north of New York city), were nearly all
stripped of their foliage by " an insect new to that locality," which proved

* Published in advance in the Proceedings of the Seventh Annual Meeting of tho Association of
Economic Entomologists, 1895, pp. 50-56.

190 Forty-ninth Report on the State Museum

to be this insect. In 1883, many accounts were received of its destruc-
tiveness and remarkable abundance in Westchester county, in portions
now embraced within the limits of New York city. In 1887, it created
considerable alarm in Poughkeepsie, 74 miles from New York and almost
midway between that city and Albany. In 1890, the citizens of Hudson
became excited over its advent. In 1891 it was seen in New Baltimore,
and a year later it reached, and commenced its operations, in the southern
portion of Albany.

When First Observed in Albany.
The first example of the beetle to come under my notice, was taken
within my house, on a window, on the 25th of September, 1894. It was
learned later that its operations had arrested the attention of Superin-
tendent of Parks, Egerton, in 1893, while engaged in the construction of
a new park near the southern limit of Albany. And still later, upon
visiting a locality where the insect had been very destructive, a little to
the north of the new park, it was learned that the injury to the elms had
commenced in the spring of 1892.

Its Abundance in July of 1895.

On the middle of July of the present year, the capture of several of
the beetles abroad, led me to examine the elms near my residence. At
the base of a large Scotch elm, Ulmus montana, large numbers of the
pupae were found lying on the hard dried ground between the branching
roots and on the adjoining brick pavement. Examination of the other
elms on Hawk street, between Hudson avenue and Hamilton street,
while some of the trees were apparently exempt, more of them showed a
similar abundance of pupse with an occasional newly-disclosed beetle
among them. In places twenty-five pupae could be counted to the
square inch. Many were also seen in crevices of the bark. They were
transforming rapidly, for of five placed in a vial on the 15th, two had
changed to the perfect insect on the 17th and the remainder on the day
following.

From the fact that no larvae were noticed either at the base of the
trees or descending the trunk, it was evident that their descent must
have commenced, at the least, two weeks earlier, or more probably, in
the month of June. Absence from the city for the month following
June loth, had prevented my making any observations during this time
upon the development of the brood.

Eleventh Report of the State Entomologist' 191

A Second Brood.
I was again absent from Albany from July 15th to August 12th. On
my return a great surprise awaited me. It had been predicted that only
a single brood of the insect would occur in the northern extension of the
insect in New York, Professor Smith having shown that there was but one
annual brood in northern New Jersey, and the statements made of two-
broods in the vicinity of New York city, were believed to rest on inac-
curate observations. But here was unquestionable evidence of a second
brood, in much larger numbers, as might be expected, than the first.
Many elms had their foliage entirely destroyed. A notable illustration
of the severity of the attack was afforded in the condition of a row of
nine English elms, Ulmus campestris, in Hawk street, opposite my resi-
dence— centrally in the eastern portion of the city. The elms were
slender, and by sawing away the lower branches, had attained a height
of nearly one hundred feet. Every leaf had been destroyed, except a few
which still retained their form although skeletonized, on the extreme
lower branches.* At their base, against the trunks the larvae, in the cir-
cular form that they assume when in readiness for pupation, and the
pupae, were lying to the depth of an inch or more in places where they
had not been swept away. On any of the trunks, hundreds of the larvas
were within range of the eye at any one time, descending to the ground,
and many had transformed to pups in the crevices of the bark. Oppo-
site to this row, and on my own premises, was a wide branching Scotch
elm, Ulmus montana. The leaves of this had been much less eaten —
had not been destroyed, although all showed the peculiar eating away of
the epidermis of the under siuface and the parenchyma, characteristic of
the work of the larvae. In such numbers were the larvae descending the
trunk, that for several succeeding days they were repeatedly swept down
with a broom, before spraying them with kerosene, pouring hot water
over them, or sweeping them into piles of leaves for burning. The largest
proportion of the larvae, instead of transforming at the base of the tree,
crossed the sidewalk and collected against the side of the house and a brick
wall adjacent, or in the crevices at the ends and sides of the adjoining first
course of bricks in the walk. Many were observed in the attempt to
climb up the side of the house and wall, but almost invariably fell before
attaining a height of two feet. At one point where a small shrub of a
few inches in height had sprung up against the house, there were swept

*A11 of the infested European elms observed in the city, have been much more badly eaten
toward their tops, as if attack had commenced at the highest point.

192 Forty-ninth Report on the State Museum

up on August 23rd, from an of area eight by ten inches, nearly a pint
measure full of the larvse and pupje with a few of the newly transformed
beetles. From a partial count, it was computed that this collection
embraced 9,750 individuals.

Transformations.

A few facts relating to the transformations of this brood may be of
value: the time intervening between the descent of the larvce and their
pupation, was not noted; it probably did not exceed five days, for of 100
taken August 15, almost one-half pupated on the i8th and the remainder
on the 19th. Those taken in their curled form, pupated within two days,
as observed in 150 examples taken from the base of a tree on the i6thj
58 of which became pupae within 30 hours, and all within 48 hours.

The time from the pupa to the imago, was seven days, as was observed
in several lots that were separated soon after pupation, which in each
instance gave the beede — at the first of a pale tint of yellow with entire
absence of black on the elytra — on the 7 th day.

The descent of the larvae was apparently completed by the 25th, none
"being seen upon the trunks after this date.* The degree of development
of the brood at this time, was about that of the first brood when observed
by me on July 15th. From this we may infer a period of about six weeks
for transformations of the brood, or about a week less than that which
has been recorded for the earlier brood in New Jersey.

Do Many Larvae Drop From the Trees?
Writers upon the habits of this insect have stated that many of the
larvae drop from the tree instead of traveling down the trunk, particularly
when the elms have drooping branches. This would seem reasonable,
but it was not confirmed by my observations. The Scotch elm on my
premises which has been referred to, has long and somewhat drooping
branches which extend over an extension to the house, but I have not
been able to find at any time during the season a single larvae or pupae
upon its roof, although fallen leaves in corners offered convenient resting-
places for them. Nor in the hours that I have passed under the elms in
•my study of the insect have I seen one of the larvae upon my clothing
or known it to occur on others.

♦There seems to have been some later than this — perhaps by dropping from the leaves — for
they continued to be found in small numbers near the wall until September gth ; pupae were noticed
until the 12th, and the beetle, abroad, until the 24th September. On the 3rd of October one came
to light in my office in the capitol, of a remarkably dull color, suggesting the idea that it may
have been drawn from its hiding-place after its development from the last larvae brought by me
within doors.

Eleventh Report op the State Entomologist 193

Preference for Different Species of Elms.
The preference shown by the elm-leaf beetle for certain species of elms
has often been stated by those who have written upon it. While all
agree in the statement that the European elms are the more infested by
it than our native ones, yet there is conflicting testimony in regard to the
liability to attack of the American elm, Ulmus Americana. Dr. Riley
has stated of it in Bulletin No. 6 of the Division of Entomology (1885), —
" this species is practically free from the ravages of the beetle." In
Circular No. 8, May 1895, of the same division, Mr. Marlatt has written:
" The American species, Ulmus Americana, is notably exempt," but add-
ing this qualification : — " All species of elms, however, are attacked more
or less, and in absence of sufficient foliage of the favorite varieties, the
injury to less palatable sorts becomes almost equally marked."*

Decided Preference for the English Elm.
The decided preference of the beetle for the Ulmus campestris has been
strikingly shown during its presence in Albany. A number of trees of
this species have died and are being cut down in this the fourth year of
their attack, while others — notably the row previously referred to as op-
posite my residence, will unquestionably share the same fate the coming
year, unless conditions should prove unfavorable to the beetles' multipli-
cation. None of the Scotch elms, Ulmus ?nontana, so far as I have dis-
covered, have been killed, and although the foliage of some of the
smaller trees has been about one-half destroyed, there is little probability
of their succumbing to the attack, unless they should finally yield to par-
tial defoliation through several succeeding years. Just across the street
from the doomed elms above mentioned is a large American elm (their
branches almost intermingling), which seems to be entirely free from the
insect. Not a larva has been detected upon its trunk, or indications of
it upon the foliage, when its branches were carefully examined from the
house-top. A quarter of a mile from this point are the Capitol and the
Boys' Academy parks, in which all of the trees, according to the State
Botanist, are American elms. No trace of the insect was found in these
parks when search was made for it during the last week of August.
These three species of elms are the only ones which have been identified
by me in the infested section of Albany.

* In the discussion that followed the reading of this paper,, it was stated that the U. A mericana
under certain circumstances had been known to be quite as badly injured by the insect as the
European species.

194 Forty-ninth Report on the State Museum

The Slow Spread of the Insect,
Perhaps no better illustration of the slow distribution of this insect
when left to its natural spread and unaided by facilities for transportation
by railroad or boat, can be given, than the fact than in this the fourth
year of its presence in Albany, it has not yet extended itself over a large
portion of the city, or to any markedly injurious degree over one-half of
its extent of four miles as measured from its southern to its northern
boundary. As stated by Dr. Riley,* " the insects deposit mostly on the
trees nearest to where they develop, and are only partially migratory be-
fore ovipositing."

On a short tour of inspection made on August 26th, there were found
on Myrtle avenue, near Phihp street, a portion of which bounds the new
park (Beaver park) in the vicinity of which the insect was first noticed
and reported, eight English elms which had been killed by it the present
year. The feeble leafage put out in the early spring was soon consumed
by the larvae which had hatched from the comparatively few eggs, pre-
sumably, that the beetles had deposited under the enfeebled condition of
the trees. The next street, Bleecker place, gave two or three dead trees,
and others badly defoliated. Next in order, Elm street, between Eagle
and Philip, showed similar defoliation, and one large elm, between 70
and 80 feet in height, where, it was said, the larvae and pupae had been
abundant about two weeks previously, upon which not a single leaf could
be seen. Two blocks to the northward, where the attack had probably
reached a year or two later and the beetle had not yet become very
abundant, the badly eaten trees were putting out a new growth of leaves.
A few blocks further north are the Hawk street elms, previously men-
tioned, which, in the steadily increasing numbers of the insect, had been
so continuously fed upon, that not a vestige of new growth was discov-
erable. The preceding year there had not been the slightest apparent
injury to their foliage.

The examination extended over only a half-mile, and although each
street crossed showed marked evidence of the injury wrought by the
insect, yet a steady decrease was easily to be seen in the successive
streets between Beaver park and the capitol grounds. To the north of
the capitol the infestation has not been of a character to arrest public
attention, and it is only upon looking for the insect or its work, that it is
to be found.

* Bulletin No. 6 Division of Entomology .^ 1885, p. 13.

Eleventh Report op the State Entomologist' 195

Not Known North of Albany.
It is reported as not yet having appeared at Menands, three miles to
the northward of Albany, nor have I learned of its presence in Troy,
Schenectady and other neighboring northern localities, in reply to
inquiries made, accompanied by information and illustration that should
ensure its detection if it occurred. It is proposed to follow up hereafter,
by personal observation, the progress of this insect along the Hudson
river valley, until it shall reach Fort Edward, beyond which we do not
expect it to extend.

Only a Small Portion of Albany Infested.
It may be stated here that the insect thus far has not spread injuri-
ously over the western part of Albany ; in fact, it is virtually Hmited to
the southeastern corner. At the time that myriads of the beetles were
descending the elms in Hawk street, not a single example could be found
in Washington park, three-fourths of a mile west of the Capitol park, nor
leaves showing larval feeding, on any of its at least half-dozen species of
elms. As narrowing the infested area still more closely — on Washing-
ton avenue, within three blocks of the capitol, and about three-eighths of
a mile from the stripped Hawk street trees, are several English elms
which are so absolutely free from attack that, for this reason, it was ques-
tioned if they could possibly be some other species, until they were iden-
tified as the U. campestris by the State Botanist.

Recommendations for Controlling the Insect.

While it is undoubtedly true that the best remedy for this pest is spray-
ing with an arsenical mixture so as to furnish the larvae of the first brood
with a poisoned diet upon their hatching from the eggs, yet experience
has shown that this' remedy is not the one to be relied upon, or urged,
for the protection of the shade trees that line the streets of our cities.
The labor and expense attendant upon it will certainly prevent its ever
being generally accepted, or even an approach to such an acceptance.
It is, however, the remedy to be depended upon for the preservation of
the elms of our city parks and extended private grounds, where the
needed appropriation or the necessary outlay may be made for the pur-
pose. Improved apparatus can readily be commanded, by the aid of
which the largest elm can be effectively sprayed at a moderate cost.

The lessee or owner of a city residence will not be at the expense of
purchasing a powerful force-pump and sufficient_hose — fifty feet or more

196 Forty-ninth Report on the State Museum

— to reach up into the treetops, for the preservation of the two or three
beautiful elms that may shade and beautify his premises. True, he might
with a simple and inexpensive force-pump and the few feet of attached
hose, spray the entire foliage of his trees from his housetop, but it would
be labor almost wholly lost, in placing the arsenite upon the upper sur-
face of the leaf, instead of beneath, where needed.

Instead, therefore, of urging upon the citizens of Albany the impracti-
cable, viz., arsenical spraying, I have contented myself (after indicating
the spraying as the proper remedy when it can be employed) in urging,
with all earnestness, by voice and through the public press, the necessity
of a watchful and persistent warfare against the insect, at each home
where it occurs, beginning at the time when the larvae are descending the
trees and the first pupa — so readily recognizable in its orange-yellow garb
— is seen beneath it, and continuing it for the ensuing two or three weeks^
or until the last pupa has been killed. The killing of the larvae and pupae
is simple and involves no outlay, or a very moderate one. It only re-
quires that hot-water drawn from a hot-water faucet be poured over them,
or that they be sprinkled with kerosene. Where the method of making
kerosene emulsion is known, this may be sprayed upon them, using one
part of the emulsion to four of water.

As somewhat militating against this remedy, it has been represented as
requiring frequent — almost daily repetition. This is not necessary. In-
tervals of five days will suffice. If all the larvae and pup^e are killed on
any one day, there could be no pupal transformation into the winged in-
sect until the sixth or seventh day thereafter. The simplicity of this
method is therefore evident, and there seems to be no reason why, through
its use, 90 per cent of the insects that descend the trees from the elms
upon our walks, may not be destroyed. In consideration of the many
contingencies that attend the hibernation of all insects, and the fatality
known to exist in that of the elm-leaf beetle, we would not have much to
fear or to suffer from the small fraction of the remaining 10 per cent of
the brood that might successfully accomplish their hibernation.

Eleventh Report of the State Entomologist 197

Galerucella cavicoUis (Lee).

A Cherry-leaf Beetle.

(Ord. Coleoptera: Fam. Chrysomelid^.)

Galeriica cavicollis. LeConte: in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1865,
p. 2i6 (original description).

From Mrs. H. D. Graves, of Ausable Forks, N. Y., examples of
beetles were received on June loth of which "thousands" were feeding
on the foliage of her cherry trees left by the late frost. Submitted to
Dr. John Hamilton, answer was returned that it was Galerucella cavi-
collis (Lee), which had been found abundantly in Canada, but was rare in
this region. Its only recorded food-plant is wild cherry.

Mr. G. C. Davis states, in Insect Life., vii, 1894, p. 200, that he had
received the insect from Bellaire, Mich., where, during the latter part of
May, it was causing damage to cherry trees of that locality. Some wild
cherry trees in the vicinity were found, on examination, to have a few of
the beetles on them. Mr. Davis received the larvae on July loth, and
has given description of them in the above cited notice.

Mr. Schwarz refers to the insect {Insect Life, iv, p. 94) as a common
northern species. Dr. Horn in his Galerucini of Boreal America {Trans.
Amer. Ent. Soc, xx, 1893), gives its occurrence "from Canada to the
New England and Middle States westward to Wisconsin; North Caro-
lina." Dr. Packard, in his Insects Injurious to Forest and Shade Trees
(page 529), under Galeruca sanguinea, states: "We observed this leaf-
beeile in great abundance at Berhn Falls, N.^H., September 13th, eating
holes in the leaves." Dr. Packard must have written sanguinea in error
for rufosanguinea, as the European sanguitiea Fabr. {Lochmace cratcegi
Forst.) has not been found in this country. The beetles observed by
him, were in all probability G. cavicollis, as G. rufosanguinea is a more
southern form, occurring according to Dr. Horn, in North Carolina,
Maryland, and Pennsylvania, and recorded in New Jersey by Dr. Smith.
The two species very closely approach and resemble one another, differ-
ing mainly in the slightly coarser punctured and less shining elytra in the
latter. If the identification of Walsh {Practical Entomologist, ii, 1866,
p. 9) was correct, it has also been taken in June on buttercups, Ranu)i-
culus acris, in the vicinity of Albany, N. Y.

It is probable that G. cavicollis has but a single brood. The beetles
feeding on the foliage, June loth, were probably hibernated individuals
that may already have been abroad for two or three weeks, although
14

198 Forty-ninth Report on the State Museum

the number reported at this time is larger than would be expected to
survive the ordeal of hibernation. From July larvae, September beetles
would be produced.

The occurrence of this insect on the garden cherry while previously
known only on the wild, is but another instance of the many similar
changes known of our native insects from wild to cultivated food-plants.

Under date of July loth, Mrs. Graves wrote that the beetles sent from
the cherry trees were also feeding on a young chestnut tree. Presuming
on the correctness of her observation, no examples were asked for
verification.

Another species of Galerucella which at a casual inspection can hardly
be separated from the cherry species, is G. decora Say, numbers of which
have been collected by me in Keene Valley, N. Y., from June 21st to
August 8th. Its food-plant is willow. Prof. Riley states that it was
abundant and very injurious in a willow plantation near Washington, in
the larval stage in June, and that its natural history appeared not to
differ materially from that of the elm-leaf beetle {Rept. Commis. Agricul.
for 1884, p. 336).

Blissus leucopterus (Say).
The Chinch-Bug.

(Ord. Hemiptera : Subord. Heteroptera : Fam. Lyg.eid^.)

This insect, the injuries of which are so widespread and so serious in
many of the Western States, but which we seldom have occasion to
report in our State — has caused some injury to grass and grain in
Western New York the present year. In the Second Report of the State
Entomologist an account is given of its operations in the years 1882 and
1883 in several of the towns of St. Lawrence county. Since then its
presence has occasionally been reported in different localities in com-
paratively small number, but not sufficient to attract attention until in
1894, when statements were received from Alleghany county of its
having ruined meadows and many acres of timothy. This present year
it has attacked grain in the same county, in a ^qw instances, but no
account of severe injury from it has come to my knowledge. Judging
from the past history of its New York operations, there is not much to
be apprehended from its continuation in 1896, unless unusually favorable
conditions for its increase should prevail.

Eleventh Report of the State Entomologist 199

Recent studies upon this insect have shown that the account of its
hibernation, as given by me in my Second Report, page 154, based on
earUer writers and followed by later ones, is incorrect and misleading in its
suggestion of useless methods of dealing with it.

Mr. C. L. Marlatt, of the Division of Entomology at Washington, in
an article on "The Hibernation of the Chinch-Bug," published in I?isect
Life, vii, 1894, pp. 232-234, states as follows: " In every account of the
■chinch-bug which I have seen, stress has been placed on the hibernation
of the adult in rubbish of any sort, such as thick matted grass of head-
lands and unmown places, piles of corn fodder, hay piles, or about hay-
stacks, dried leaves under trees, particularly in hedgerows, or any other
like situation. In the course of very careful and extended investigations
carried on in Kansas during a year of excessive chinch-bug abundance, I
failed entirely to find any basis for the above supposition. Repeated
careful search throughout the late fall and winter failed to discover a sin-
gle living chinch-bug in any such situations, even when such supposedly
favorable hibernating conditions occurred in and adjoining fields which
were alive with chinch-bugs late in the fall," He further found "what is
probably the normal hibernating place of the chinch-bug, in the dense
stools of certain of the wild grasses, such as the blue-stem and other sorts,
perhaps including tame varieties which incline to the stooling habit. In
these situatiotis only were chinch-bugs found during the winter, and so
numerously that a single stool of grass would contain hundreds of these
insects."

Mr. Marlatt points out, in consideration of this peculiarity of hiberna-
tion, the futility of the usual recommendations for lessening injury of the
insect, such as burning up all loose rubbish about farms and in fence cor-
ners, and leaves in hedgerows, and the removal of hedges. Instead of
these, the burning over of grass lands where the hibernation occurs, at
once suggests itself. To be successful the burning should be done after
a prolonged dry spell, and preferably in midwinter, after a succession of
warm days, during which the bugs would be drawn by tiie warmth nearer
to the surface, where they would be more readily reached by the fire.

200 Forty-ninth Report on the State Museum

The San Jose Scale, and Some Other Destructive Scale In-
sects of New York.*

(Ord. Hemiptera : Subord. Homoptera: Fam. Coccid^.)
What Scale Insects Are.
There is a large class of small insects — some, indeed most, of which
require a magnifying glass for their observation, which are particularly
detrimental to fruit culture, yet from their inconspicuous appearance
usually escape notice until discovered when search is made for the cause
of the languishing condition or death of the tree or shrub infested by
them. Even then it is rather difficult to believe that the true cause has
been found in what often seems to be merely an unnatural roughening of
the bark or a moderate incrustation formed upon the surface.

Classification.

The species more commonly met with (the Diaspinae) have received
the name oi bark-lice, from the appearance of ihe young as they travel
over the bark for a few days after they are hatched ; and of scale-insects,
from the scale-like covering secreted by the insect and beneath which it
is hidden after it has fastened itself to the bark. Scientifically, they,
together with the "mealy-bugs," are known as Coccidse. In classifica-
tion they have place in that division of the Hemiptera (a large order of
suctorial insects) known as Homoptera, the wings being of a uniform
thickness throughout, and thereby distinguishing them from the other
division (Heteroptera) in which the front wings are thickened in their basal
half to a degree, often, approaching the elytra or wing-covers of beetles.
It is to this last-named division that the popular name of "bugs," has
become attached. All of the Hemiptera are suctorial, and take their food
through a beak or proboscis instead of by biting jaws. They difter
greatly in their structure, and in mode of development : the latter, in some
of the families, as in that of the Aphididas or the plant-lice, is of intense

interest.

Development.

The development of the Coccidae is quite peculiar. The females do not
become perfected into Avinged creatures, but with age assume the form of
scales, or galls, or of grubs covered with wax or powder ; or become de-
graded beneath their sheltering scale into barely more than egg-sacs,
retaining only such simple organs as arie essential to their life dunng the

' Reprinted from Eulletin of the New York State Museum, Vol. 3. No. 13, April i, 1895.

Eleventh Keport of the State Entomologisti 201

reproduction of their young. The male, however, undergoes a complete
transformation and becomes winged, but with only a single pair of wings
of very simple structure (see in Figures 3, 2, and 3 in Plates VIII, IX,
and XIV. It lives but a day or two, dying speedily after the fulfillment
of the purpose of its being. It takes no food, for in this stage it pos-
sesses no mouth or digestive organs.

Some Species Useful.
A few species of the Coccidae are of service to us, such as the Coccus
cacti from which the valuable dye, cochineal, is obtained ; the Carteria
lacca which excretes the material known to us as shellac ; from another
species we have the commercial article known as china wax; and still
another species occurring in Arabia produces a solidified honey-dew
called " manna," which " is thought by some to have been the heaven-
sent manna that nourished the Hebrews in their wanderings."

Number of Species.
About 125 species of North American Coccidae have been described,
and others are being brought to notice each year, either from having
been previously overlooked, or recently introduced from abroad. All of
them are destructive in proportion to their rapidity of multiplication and
the greater or less economic importance of the plants that they infest.

Before proceeding to the consideration of the San Jose scale, — the sub-
ject of this bulletin, it may be of service to refer briefly to a few other
species which, although common in the State of New York, and quite
harmful to the trees that they infest, are still almost wholly unknown to
the fruit-grower and to others who are suffering from their presence.
From the figures given of them, they may at once be distinguished from

the San Jose scale.

The Apple-tree Bark-louse.

The most common of these is the apple-tree bark-louse, shown in Fig.
I of Plate VIII, in its natural size as it occurs on the bark ot trunks and
limbs, often more abundantly than is represented in the cut, completely
covering the bark and overlaying one another, and lending an increased
diameter to the infested twig. The color of the scale is brown or ash-
gray, nearly approaching that of the bark. The female scale measures
about one-twelfth of an inch in length, of a long, usually more or less
•curved form, pointed at one end on which a magnifier may show the
yellowish cast-off skin of the insect, and rounded at the other end. From
its peculiar shape it has been frequently written of under the name of the
oyster-shell bark-louse. It bears the scientific name oi Mytilaspis pomorum

202 Forty-ninth Report on the State Museum

Bouche. The male scale is of a considerably smaller size, the sides nearly-
straight, less rounded at the larger end, and of a brighter color. It will
seldom be found associated with the females on the bark, as its natural
place is on the leaves on either side, especially along the midrib (Riley).
If a recent uninjured female scale be carefully, lifted after oviposition — at
any time during the winter — from fifty to a hundred small, oval, white
eggs may be found underneath it, which would ordinarily give out the
young insect about the first of June in the latitude of New York.

This destructive scale is far from being confined to the apple, but may
also be found on the plum, pear, raspberry, wild gooseberry, wild cherry,,
red currant, sugar and swamp maples, white and black ash, birch, poplar,
willows, linden, horse-chestnut, elm, etc. It will be seen from the above,
that it has a large number of host-plants.

The Scurfy Bark-Louse.

This scale-insect, known to science, as Chionaspis fiirfiinis (P'itch), is
quite common in the State of New York, where, it is believed to be more
numerous and more injurious than in any other of the United States. I
have recently seen an orchard of the Kiefifer pear, in Columbia Co., N.
Y., in which the trunks, of from three to four inches in diameter, were so
thickly coated with the scales that at a little distance they appeared as
if they had been whitewashed.

The scale, as it appears when scattered over the bark, and the male
and female scales magnified, are shown in Fig. 2 of Plate VIII. The
young larva, the mature female, the male pupa, and the male, are repre-
sented in Figure 3 of the same Plate, which has been prepared under the
supervision of Mr. L. O. Howard, of the Entomological Division at
Washington, to illustrate the insect in his article on the " Scale Insects of
the Orchard" shortly to appear, and kindly furnished for use in this Bul-
letin by consent of the Department of Agriculture in advance of its own
publication.

Dr. Fitch has described so faithfully the appearance of a badly infested
tree and of the scale, that his account is transcribed herewith : " The
bark of the limb [pear tree] was covered with an exceedingly thin film,
appearing as if it had been coated over with varnish, which had dried
and cracked and was peeling off in small irregular flakes, forming a kind
of scurf or dandruft'on the bark. In places this pellicle was more thick
and firm, and elevated into little blister-like spots of a white and waxy
appearance, of a circular or broad oval form, less than the tenth of an inch
in diameter, abruptly drawn out into a little point at one end, which point

Eleventh Report of the State Entomologist 203

was stained of a pale yellowish color and commonly turned more or less
to one side." This refers to the female scale, shown in enlargement at c
of Fig. 2, Plate VIII. The male scales, which usually congregate by them-
selves (enlarged at d in same figure), are only from one-fourth to one-
third as large, narrow, usually straight, three-ribbed, and of a snowy-white
color. The eggs found beneath the scales are of a purplish-red color.
They hatch about the first of June.

This scale attacks the apple, pear, black cherry, choke cherry, and
mountain ash. I have recently found it abundantly on the Japan
quince, Pyrus japotiica^ in Washington park, Albany, large plots of which
were being killed by it.

The Pine-leaf Scale-insect.

This is another white scale which is quite conspicuous on the leaves of
the pine and the spruce on which it occurs. It attacks mainly trans-
planted trees, and had not been seen by Dr. Fitch, when described by
him, on those growing spontaneously in the forests. The foliage of a
large number of Austrian pines {Finns Austriaca) growing in Washington
park, in Albany, a few years ago, was so thickly covered with the scales
that it was literally whitened with their myriads. Hundreds could be
counted on a single leaf. Nearly all of the infested trees were taken up
and burned. Large numbers of the scales were eaten into and destroyed
by a little lady-bug, — "the twice-stabbed lady-bird," — and to the
abundant presence of this scale-eating insect, may be owing the fact that
in late years the scale has been far less destructive (see Fifth Report
Insects of New York, 1889, page 266).

The scale, known as Chionaspis pinifolii (Fitch), is represented in
Fig. 1 of Plate IX, in natural size upon the leaves, and much enlarged,
beneath. They are of an elongate oval form, of a pure white color with a
waxy luster, and with the conspicuous yellow cast skins resting on the
smaller end. Dr. Fitch, in his Second Report, 1856, has devoted a
half-dozen pages to the insect and its lady-bug destroyer.

The White Scale.

A troublesome scale frequently infests conservatories and house plants,
which may be recognized from the representation of infested leaves and
the magnified scales shown in Fig. 2 of Plate IX.

The scales are white and are sometimes so abundant as to give a white-
washed appearance to the trunks of the trees that they infest. It is
known, in science, as Aspidiotus nerii Bouche. Its specific name oinerii
is drawn from the botanical name of the oleander, Netiutn, which is one

1*04 FoRTY-xixTn Report ox the State Museum

of its favorite food-plants. Ivy, when grown within doors, is quite sub-
ject to its attack, and is liable to be killed by it unless care is taken to
prevent the multiplication of the scale. Prof. Comstock reports having
studied the species on the following named plants: Acacia, magnolia,
oleander, maple. Yucca, plum, cherry, currant, English ivy and lemons
from the Mediterranean.

The scale of the female is nearly circular, flat, whitish or light gray,
with the dull orange exuviae (cast skins) central or nearly so. The
ventral scale (as distinguished from the exuviae) is a mere film applied to
the bark. Diameter when full-grown, one-twelfth of an inch. The male
scale is snowy-white, slightly elongated with the light yellow larval skin
nearly central; diameter one-half that of the male. It is distributed over
all the United .States, and over much of Europe.

The Maple-tree Scale-insect.

This is one of our largest scale-msects, and, at the time of hatching of
the eggs in late June and early July, is more conspicuous than any other
found in this part of the United States. It is observed more frequently
iipon the soft maple, Acer dasycarpum, than elsewhere, but it is often
found infesting grapevines, where it is known as the grapevine bark-louse.
It was described forty years ago as Coccus innnmerabilis — now included
in the genus Piilviiiaria — the specific name applicable both to the
myriads in which it appears in some localities and to the immense num-
ber of eggs produced by the female : often a thousand or more can be
counted from underneath a single scale. Fig. i of Plate X illustrates the
scale as it appears when attention is usually drawn to it. It is then seen
as a white, cottony mass of from three- to nearly four-tenths of an inch
long, about one-half so broad, of a suboval form, bearing upon the
narrower end a brown scale darker at the margin, somewhat flattened
down or bent upward near its middle to nearly a right angle, oval,
broader behind, where it is notched and apparently cleft for a short dis-
tance on its middle ; on the front is a medial ridge for about one-fourth
or one-third its length; it usually shows five transverse wrinkles or folds
and about the same number of raised lines running outwardly on each
side to the hinder margin. A common appearance of the adult scale is
shown at l> of Fig. 3 of Plate X, and at <?, />, and c, immature forms in
Fig. 4.

The white cotton-like mass, which is a characteristic of the genus Fui-
ri'iaria, is a secretion thrown out by the insect for the protection of its
eggs, and also of the young insects for a short time after their hatching.

Eleventh Keport of the State Entomologist) 205

In Fig. 2 of Plate X (after Walsh and Riley) the scales and egg-masses
are shown on osage-orange as Lecanium Maclurce, and on maple as Z.
acericola, but both are now referred to P. innumerabilis.

This scale had become very abundant upon the maples in the streets
of Brooklyn in 1890, and was reported as having killed a large number
of the infested trees.* In 1884, it was excessively abundant and quite
destructive over the larger part of the State of Illinois. Further particu-
lars of it, and available remedies, may be found in the Sixth Report o)i
the Insects of New York, 1890, pp. 141-147.

The Plum-tree Scale-insect.

In Plate XI, the plum scale is shown — an apparently new and de-
structive plum pest, which has during the past year made its appearance
in different localities in the State of New York, particularly in its western
portion. Examples of it were received by me on May 14th and r5th
from Dr. Collier of the Geneva Agricultural Experiment Station, and
from C. M. Hooker and W. C. Barry, of Rochester. No record could
be found of its previous occurrence as infesting the plum. On submit-
ting it to Prof. T. D. A. Cockerell, of Las Cruces, New Mexico, who has
made special study of scale insects, it was determined by him, with a pos-
sible doubt, as Lecanium juglandis Bouche. This determination has not
been accepted by some entomologists, while as an explanation of differ-
ence of opinion in regard to it, it has been suggested that two closely re-
sembling species are associated on the infested trees.

The species of Lecanium are large, conspicuous scales, as may be seen
covering the branch in the figure, approaching a half globe in form, and
in the season of reproduction, containing within their capacious bodies
a very large number of eggs — a thousand, or it may be two thousand or
more. From their rapidity of muhiplication they may prove very injuri-
ous to the trees that they infest, but, fortunately, their size, and their ten-
derness during a portion of their existence, exposes them to parasitic
attack and to destruction from certain weather conditions. They are
amenable to treatment with kerosene emulsion, and to the methods which
will be recommended for the destruction of the San Jose scale.

Prof M. V, Slingerland, of the Cornell University Experiment Station,
has made a study of this insect in the plum orchards of Western New
York, the results of which are published in Bulletin 83 of the Station — ■
describing it, narrating its destructiveness, naming the few plants upon

*Eighth Report on the Insects of New VorJc, 1893, page 177.

206 Forty-ninth Report on the State Museum

which it is believed to have passed from the plum, its life-history, its nat-
ural enemies, and approved methods for combating it.

This scale, has been found abundantly in some localities in Eastern,
New York ; in Orange county, it has been mistaken by some fruit-growers
for the San Jose scale, but from their great dissimilarity in appearance^
there is hardly an excuse for confounding them.

The figure representing an infested plum branch is from a photograph
taken by the Geneva Experiment Station, and employed in illustrating a
brief notice of the insect by Prof. S. A. Beach, in Garde?i and Forest for
July i8, 1894, from which paper it has been obtained.

In the preceding brief notices of some of our more common scale in-
sects, particular mention of the insecticides available for their destruction
and methods of application, have been omitted, as those which will be
indicated for use against the San Jose scale, will be found equally service-
able against each one of them.

The San Jose Scale.

The San Jose Scale — from the many different fruit trees that it infests,
the rapidity of its multiplication through its successive broods during the
year, and the short time in which it kills the trees that it attacks — is
justly regarded as one of our most peinicious scale-insects. Its character
is indicated in the specific name oi peiiiiciosus given to it by Prof. Corn-
stock when first described by him in 1880, in the Report of the Commis-
sioner of Agriculture for that year. He has written of it: "It is said to
infest all the deciduous fruits grown in California, excepting peach,
apricot, and the black Tartarean cherry.* It attacks the bark of the
trimk and limbs as well as the leaves and fruit. I have seen many plum
and apple trees upon which all the fruit was so badly infested that it was
unmarketable. In other instances I have seen the bark of all of the
small limbs completely covered by the scales. I think that it is the most
pernicious scale-insect known in this country."

The Los Angeles (Cal.) Horticultural Commission, in their report for
1893, say of it: -'This pest, if not speedily destroyed, will utterly ruin
the deciduous fruit interests of this coast. It not only checks the growth
of the tree, but it covers the tree literally entirely, and the fruit nearly as
much so, and, if left unchecked, the tree is killed in three years' time."

*It has since been found on the peach and apricot.

Eleventh Report op the State Entomologist 207

Introduction and Spread.
As with the larger number of our more injurious pests, the San Jose
■scale is not native to North America. Where it originally occurred is
not known. It is frequently found upon plants imported from Japan
(Coquillett), and also occurs in Chile and in Australia. It is believed to
have been brought into California in or about the year 1870. It first
attracted the attention of fruit-growers at San Jose, in Southern Califor-
nia, in 1873. In 1882 it had extended into all the fruit-growing districts
of California, and had entered Oregon and Washington. It is also found
in Nevada, but when first observed there is not known. It is reported in
■one locality in Idaho, in 1894 (Aldrich), and as well established at Las
Cruces, New Mexico (Cockerell).

Occurrence in Eastern United States.
It was quite a surprise when not long ago the discovery was made that
this destructive insect had crossed the continent and had made its appear-
ance in the Atlantic States. Its first recognition was by Mr. L. O.
Howard, of the Division of Entomology at Washington, in August,
1893. A supposed fungus disease on pear sent from Charlottesville, Va.,
to the Department of Agriculture and shown to Mr. Howard, was "at
the first glance recognized as that scourge of western orchards, the San
Jose scale {Aspidiotus per?iiciosiis Comst.)."

Investigations, etc., by the U. S. Department of Agriculture.

During the autumn, two of the assistants of the Entomological
Division, Messrs. Schwarz and Coquillett, were sent to Charlottesville, to
•examine and report upon the infestation. It appeared from their exam-
inations that it was limited in extent, being almost wholly confined to a
pear orchard of about a square acre in area, but that it affected pear,
peach, plum, apple, currant, rose, quince, gooseberry, and raspberry, and
that it had already been present there for several years. It was subse-
quently learned that, in all probability, it had been introduced on nursery
stock purchased from a New Jersey firm. Mr. Hedges, the owner of the
orchard, was of the opinion that it had been brought on currant plants
purchased in New Jersey eight years previously. Mr. Schwarz reported
on the situation of the infested orchard, the plants attacked, other infested
places adjoining, habits of the scale, and its observed enemies. Mr.
Coquillett reported upon the infested locality, and the conjectural sources
of the scale. {Insect Life, vi., 1894, pp. 247-254.)

Early in the spring of 1894, through the co-operation of the U. S.
Department of Agriculture and the Virginia State Board of Agriculture,

208 Forty-ninth Keport on the State Museum

Mr. Coquillett, who had conducted very successfully most of the experi-
ments in California for the destruction of scale insects by inclosing the
infested trees with tents and fumigating them with hydrocyanic acid gas,
was intrusted with the operations for destroying the scale in Charlottes-
ville by the same method — always effective when properly conducted.
It appears in his report submitted [loc. cit., pp. 324-326), that 326 trees
and shrubs were subjected to the gas treatment. Examinations made a
few months thereafter disclosed no living scales.

In Maryland. — In March, 1894, the scale was sent to the Division of
Entomology on peach twigs from a large peach orchard in Riverside,
Charles county, Md. It was learned that the scale had been introduced
in 1887 and 1888, on peach trees purchased of a New Jersey nursery.
Many of them had died, and nearly all of those that remained were
found to be thoroughly encrusted with the scale, so that at the time ot
examination they were being taken up and destroyed. (Other trees to
which the scale had spread, had been treated by their owner during the
preceding winter, apparently with good results, with the three principal
winter washes, viz., strong kerosene emulsion; lime, salt, and sulphur;
and resin wash.) A trunk-washing in April with strong kerosene emul-
sion was successful to the extent of killing 90 per cent, of the scales.
Several sprayings were made during the summer with different mixtures —
some of them under the direction of Mr. Coquillett — by which most of
the scales were killed. At the time of Mr. Howard's report (from which
most of these items relating to the eastern presence of the scale have
been drawn) in August, it was thought safe to say that the insects would
be completely stamped out in this locality by the close of the year.

/;/ Florida. — At the same time of the discovery of the Maryland local,
ity, the scale was also received from L)e Funiak Springs, Florida. At the
request of the fruit-growers of that section of the State, the Department
of Agriculture sent Mr. H, G. Hubbard to make examination and
report. The insect was practically confined to the peach and plum, but
occurred also, in small numbers on Kiefifer pears, and on pecan and per-
simmon. Many thousands of trees were infested, and nearly every
orchard within a radius of five or six miles was more or less attacked.
Arrangement was made for the Experiment Station of Florida to under-
take the work of destroying the scale, by going over all the infested trees
in the district with five or six applications of the resin wash. If the
weather should prove favorable for the use of the wash, there was reason
to believe "that the nuisance will have been abated by the close of the

Eleventh Keport of the State Entomologist 209

season in Florida, although extermination [from the pecuHar condition
of the infested locahtyj may not be found possible."

Discovered in other States. — In consideration of the discovery that
some at least of the above-noticed infestations of this pernicious Califor-
nia scale, were traceable to New Jersey nurseries which were, in all
probability, still serving as distributing centers for the distribution of the
pest over nearly all the country, a circular was prepared by Mr.
Howard, describing and figuring the scale and warning fruit-growers
of its exceeding dangerous character, which was distributed m the first
week of April (1894) to all eastern agricultural newspapers and to nearly
12,000 eastern fruit-growers whose addresses were obtained from the
pomologist of the Department. This circular — with its excellent illustra-
tions,* description of its appearance, explanation of the manner of spread-
ing of the insect, and the best remedies for it — as might naturally be
expected, excited much interest and alarm. Scale insects of many kinds
-as well as insects belonging to other groups, were sent to the Department
with the inquiry if they were the San Jose scale.

As a result of the distribution of this circular, the following additional
localities were ascertained :

Neavitt and Chestertown in Maryland ; Bartle, Indiana ; many points
in New Jersey; Atglen and Lewisburg, in Southeastern and Central
Pennsylvania. It was also received from Middletown, Idaho, and from
British Columbia.

Referring to the above attacks, Mr. Howard gives encouraging
reports: The orchard of 7,000 trees in Atglen, Pa., under direction of
Dr. J. B. Smith, Entomologist at Rutgers College, New Jersey, had been
treated three times at intervals of ten days, with kerosene emulsion, with
absolute success.

At the Lewisburg locality, the i&'N infested pear trees that had been
bought of the New Jersey nurseries in 1890, had all been kiiJed but
one. Other trees to which the scale had .spread were being treated by
the owner with every prospect of extermination.

At Bartle, Indiana, two young apple trees from New Jersey were
infested. These were taken up and burned, and no more of the insects
were discoverable by careful search. (A second infestation has since
been discovered at North Madison — see Rural New Yorker, liv, p. 87).

At Neavnt, Md., a lo-acre orchard of peach trees was b.idly infested
— nearly every tree was languishing from the attack. Many had been

* I am indebted to the Department for the privilege of introducing them in this paper: see
Plates XIII and XIV.

210 Forty-ninth Report on the State Museum

taken up and destroyed. Full directions were given for spraying, and
the success of the operations will be watched. The source of this infest-
ation could not be definitely ascertained, but it was thought by the
owner that the first affected trees had come from a Missouri nurseryman
— not fi"om New Jersey.

Chestertown, Md., showed but few infested trees. They had been
treated by the owner with thick whale-oil soap of the consistency of
molasses, with every prospect of extermination of the scale. The infested
trees had been received from New Jersey in 1890. As a summary of the
above, Mr. Howard states that the scale had been exterminated (in 1894)
in Indiana and Virginia, and the probabihties were strong of a like result
before the close of the year, at the other localities named, except in
Florida and New Jersey.

It has since come to the knowledge of the Division of Entomology,,
that the scale has been found abundantly in three new localities in Mary-
land. It has also been discovered in a locality in Southern Georgia; in.
an orchard in Southern Ohio; in Newcastle Co., Md. ; in Jefferson Co,,.
Indiana; at City Point, Va.; and at Bristol, Pa. In some of these
localities the infestation was quite limited, and it is believed to have been
exterminated. (L. O. Howard : Further Notes on the San Jose Scale^
in Itisect Life, vii, 1895, pp. 285, 286.)

The San Jose' Scale in New York.

During the meeting of the American Association for the Advancement
of Science, at Brooklyn, N. Y., in August last — in a paper read by Dr.
Smith before the Association of Economic Entomologists on "The San
Jose Scale in New Jersey," it was incidentally stated that an orchard in
Columbia County, New York, was known to be badly infested with the
scale. The particular orchard was not named, but later, at my request,
the information was obtained from Dr. Smith, that Mr. L. L. Morrell of
Kinderhook, had not long ago purchased a number of young apple trees
(Ben Davis variety) from one of the New Jersey nurseries. Two years
later (in 1894), on examination of these trees by one of the owners of
the nursery (a relative of Mr. Morrell), they were found to be badly
infested, and advice was given that they should be at once taken up and
destroyed. A week or two later it was learned from Mr. Morrell that
this had been done, and it was thought that with the destruction of the
entire purchase, the scale had been exterminated.

Thinking it important to know whether the measure had been entirely
successful, I visited Mr. Morrell early in November, and was met with

Eleventh Report of the State Entomologist 211

the unpleasant intelligence that he was fearful that he still had the insect
with him, for he had found upon a single pear what he believed to be
the scale. It proved to be such, — perhaps a half-dozen of individuals
being scattered over its surface.

On examining his orchards, the scale was found abundantly in one of
them — a young pear orchard in which a few trees had borne fruit, for
the first, the present year. Some of the trees were moderately infested —
perhaps a half-dozen scales or less being found upon them ; on others the
scale was so numerous as to fairly encrust the branches and most of the
trunk. It was apparent that the latter were those upon which the insect
had been introduced, and from which they had been scattered through-
out the orchard by the agency of birds or otherwise to individual trees in
various portions of it.

Most, if not all, of the stock of this orchard, had been purchased of
the New Jersey nursery two years preceding the planting of that which
had been taken up and destroyed — the condition of this having been
overlooked at the time. A large portion of the orchard was critically
gone over by me, and the trees marked which called for special care in
the appUcation of the winter wash recommended, and those which should
be at once taken up and burned. The examination of the remainder of
the orchard was subsequently made, and a number of infested trees dis-
covered. So determined was Mr. Morrell to rid himself of this pest, that
rather than wait for a winter treatment, all of the infested trees, as he has
informed me, were taken up and burned : he believed that he did not
have a scale remaining in his orchard. If it should prove that in this he
has been over-confident, there is every reason to believe that within
another year, the scale will be exterminated in this locality.

As the scale occurs also on the leaves — usually in rows along the
midrib on the upper side, it was recommended to Mr. Morrell that the
leaves from the worst infested trees which at the time of my visit were
lying on the ground beneath or near them, should be raked together and
burned, in order to prevent the chance of the scales being carried by the
winds over the entire orchard.*

The infested trees were entirely of the d'Anjou variety. In two other
orchards of Mr. Morrell, of the Kieffer pear, not a scale was found, nor
on the apple, cherry, and plum trees that were examined. The infesta-

*Dr. Smith does not believe that the fixed scale can be carried on fallen leaves. He states
(^Bulletin io6 Ne-w Jersey Agricul. Coll. Expt. Station, 1895, page 15) : " Only such as are affixed
to the tree itself have any chance of reproducing their kind. Those that fix to the leaves fall with
them, and as these dry or decay the insect dies for want of food before attaining maturity."

212 Forty-ninth Report on the State Museum

tion was apparently confined to the two purchases made at the New
Jersey nursery and had not extended beyond them.

The Scale on Long Island.

In September of last year the scale was discovered in abundance in
some of the nurseries on Long Island by Messrs. Sirrine & Lowe, who
had been commissioned by the State Agricultural Experiment Station at
Geneva for conducting some entomological investigations especially
desired on Western Long Island, under an appropriation of $8,000 made
by the Legislature of 1894 to the station named, "for the purpose of
agricultural experiment investigations, instruction and information, in the
Second Judicial department" of the State of New York.

Among the earlier results of their investigations was a discovery of the

San Jose scale in great abundance in some of the nurseries on the Island.

The foUowmg notice of its first observation was communicated to Garden

and Forest^ of November 7, 1894:

The San Jose scale was observed first in the market at Jamaica on
some Bardett pears said to have been grown on the Island. The scale
was also conspicuous on some fancy varieties of pears exhibited at the
Queens County Fair; and by tracing the fruit to its source some of the
infested nurseries were located. We have found the scale on pear, apple,
peach, and quince stock in several nurseries.

The nurserymen were unable to give any definite information regard-
ing the length of time that they had had the scale, but it was thought by
some of them that it had been with them for the past twenty years.
This, under the circumstances, is impossible : they had doubtless mistaken
some other scale for it. Nor can anything definite be learned of the source
of the infestation. If known to them they have been unwilling to commun-
icate the fact. It is stated that the stock that was infested was not grown
by them, but was received from other nurseries. It would be of material
service in the efforts that are being made for the extermination of the
scale in the east if the localities of these "other nurseries" could be
learned, but for some unknown reason it is being withheld. This unfor-
tunate reticence is reflecting on all the other nurseries of the State of
New York, for it seems to be implied that from some one or more of
them the Long Island infested stock was originally received. It is con-
ceded diat its source was not the New Jersey nurseries.* The Geneva
nurseries have been inspected by Mr. Lowe, with the result, it is inferred,
that the scale was not found therein. The Rochester nurseries have been
strongly suspected. Mr. W, C. Barry, when consulted, believed them to

♦It has since been learned that one of the Long Island nurseries has been receiving stock nearly
€very year since 1888 from one or the other of the New Jersey nurseries.

Eleventh Eeport of the State Entomologist 213

be entirely free from its presence, and this belief was subsequently carried
to approximate certainty by examinations made by Mr. Sirrine, from
which it resulted that the reported San Jose scale at Rochester, when
examined at Washington, was found to be Aspidiotus ancylus — a closely
resembling, but comparatively harmless species.

Condition of the Long Island Nurseries.

It would be of interest if the exact condition of the Long Island in-
festation could be given in this Bulletin. I can state, however, from
infc^rmation received from Mr. Sirrine, under date of March 2 2d, that he
had visited the following nurseries on Long Island : — of Fred Boulon,
Sea Cliff; Keene & Foulk, Flushing; Parsons & Sons, Flushing; Isaac
Hicks & Sons, Westbury Station; R. P. Jeffery & Sons, Smithville South;
P. H. Foster, Babylon; W. C. Wilson, Astoria; Gabriel Marc & Co.,
Woodside, and the Long Island Nursery Company, Brentwood.

The last six of the nine above-named nurseries were found to be free
from the scale. In the worse infested of the three, as soon as the at-
tention of the proprietors was called to the destructive enemy that they
were harboring, a large number of trees were taken up and burned. The
remainder were sprayed, according to directions given by Mr. Sirrine, and
would be followed by other sprayings in the event of the first not proving
to be entirely effectual.

In the other two nurseries, the few trees that had been found to be in-
fested had been destroyed, and it was thought that such further work
would be done before the time for shipment, that no infested stock would
be sent out from them.

It was probably one of these two, that had been reported as intracta-
ble last summer. As represented at the time, the owners were indifferent
to the evil pointed out to them that would result from the multi|)lication
of the pe^t, and indisposed to take any measures against it. When again
seen by Mr. Sirrine in March, they would give no assurance of adopting
the measures deemed necessary for preventing the distribution of their
infested stock. The only promise that could be obtained from them was,
that "they would treat with gas the stock they sold, providing that they
had the time." A promise so broadly quahfied could carry no weight
with It. Unless a satisfactory understanding can be had with the firm, its
name, if furnished to me, will be given in a foot-note, as a protection to
purchasers of Long Island stock.*

*The name of tliis nursery has since been given me as the Parsons & Sons Company, at Flush-
ing, Long Island. In a letter addressed them on April 8th, the following questions were asked,
and the reasons stated why replies were needed : i. Have you taken steps to learn by applica-

IS

214 Forty-ninth Report on the State Museum

There is scarcely a doubt but that infested stock has been sent from
these nurseries to many places in the State of New York. If the attempt
that is being made for the extermination of the scale in the State during
the present year is to prove successful, it is of the utmost importance that
each locality where possibly infested trees have been delivered within the
past five years (dating back to the probable establishment of the scale on
Long Island) should be ascertained, and carefully inspected as soon as
possible. Request was accordingly made of the proprietors of these in-
fested nurseries, that they would furnish the State Entomologist with a list
of their New York sales from and including the year 1890 to the present.
One of the firms promptly complied with the request, so far as it could be
done without involving excessive labor, and sent to this ofiice extended
lists, at the same time offering to open their books for further examina-
tion and transcription by any one who might be commissioned for the
purpose.

It is due to this firm — Keene & Foulk, Bloodgood Nursery, Flushing,
L. I., that they be specially mentioned and commended for the earnest
manner in which they are working for the extermination of the scale in
their nursery. They have asked for suggestions and directions and have
promptly and faithfully carried them out — not only in burning and
spraying, but also in arranging, under the best approved method, for the
fumigation by the hydrocyanic acid gas treatment of all the stock that
they send out this season; the latter should insure the destruction of any
scattered individual scales that may have been overlooked. They will
also, upon request, replace at half-price, all such infested stock that has

tion to Mr. Sirrine or by other proper means, of the extent of the infestation in your nurseries ?
2. Have you taken up and burned the stock that was found to be the worst infested ? 3. To what
extent and with what results have you sprayed with proper insecticides such other infested stock
as it was not thought necessary to wholly destroy ? 4. Have you arranged for treating the nur-
sery stock sent out this season with hydrocyanic acid gas, according to the approved directions
published and accessible to you ? 5. Have you sent out any nursery stock this year which may
have been infested without having been subjected to the gas treatment ?

In the answer returned by the Parsons & Sons Company to the above-mentioned letter, the
only reply to the questions proposed is that found in the following — prefaced by, "We only
knew last fall of the San Josd scale." " He [Mr. Sirrine] has informed us now of the plants in-
fected, and we shall take them up and burn them as soon as possible. It is our intention to de-
stroy rather than to spray. In the plants now sending out we have not noticed any infected ; it
would be impossible in any event to subject to the gas treatment while in the rush of sending off
trees."

Is it possible — as may be inferred from the above, that up to the middle of April, absolutely
nothing had been done by this company toward freeing their nurseries from this dangerous
insect ?

In the absence of present legislation authorizing entrance upon private grounds for the destruc-
tion of the San Jose scale, it only remains for purchasers of trees, shrubs, etc., subject to its at-
tack to protect themselves so far as they may, by withholding orders from localities known to be
infested and where no efficient measures have been and are being taken for its extermination.

Eleventh Report op the State Entomologist 215^

been received from their nursery in former years before its condition was
known.

In consideration of what they have done and are doing for the protec-
tion of their customers (and, at the same time, of their own interests), it
is beheved that orders may be more safely sent to them than to other nur-
series where the scale may be reasonably looked for — where no thorough
inspection has been made — where it may exist without having been
detected, and where no gas fumigation, as a safeguard against such a
contingency, is practiced.

From the two other known infested nurseries on Long Island, no notice
has been taken of the request for lists of New York sales of possibly-
infested stock, sent them under date of Feb. 15, 1894.*

The San Jose Scale in New Jersey.

Nearly all of the infestation in the Atlantic and adjoining States having-
been clearly traceable to the sale — without knowledge or suspicion of
their dangerous condition — of infested trees by two nurserymen in New
Jersey, there will naturally be a deep anxiety to learn what has been done
in New Jersey toward the prevention of further distribution of the dan-
gerous pest, through purchases that may have been made in 1894 or to
be made hereafter.

* The following letter was addressed to each of the three nursery firms above referred to :

Gentlemen : — Will you be kind enough to favor me with a list of the addresses of all the per-
sons in the State of New York to whom you have made sales during the last five years (1890-1894)-
of nursery stock which might possibly have been infested with the San Jose scale which you have
in your nurseries ?

We are expecting to get a bill through our present Legislature by means of which we shall be
able to have each locality into which infested stock may have been introduced, examined by an
expert, and such measures taken as give promise of exterminating the scale in our State during
the present year.

If you will furnish me with the list requested, it will aid much in this undertaking.

You will also see that in consideration of the serious character of this pest and the danger of its.
introduction into new localities, that not until we are able to report as free from infestation, all
the nurseries of the State, especially those on Long Island which have been widely published
(without names), will there be a willingness on the part of fruit-growers to order stock from
nurseries actually having or suspected of having, the dreaded San Jose scale.

One of the largest nurseries in New Jersey which had made wide distribution of the scale, has
sent me a list such as I ask of you, and is doing everything in its power to prevent distribution of
any infested stock.

I had asked Mr. Sirrine to procure such a list for me, but I have thought it better to make a per-
sonal request.

We must, if possible, in the interests of both fruit-growers and nurseries, as soon as it can be
done, exterminate the scale from our State.

I am very desirous of being able to say in the Bulletin which is nearly ready for publication,
that I have reliable assurance that no further distribution of the scale will be made from New
York nurseries. The name of your nursery will not appear in it.

Very truly yours.

216 Forty-ninth Kefort on the State Museum

From a Bulletin entitled "The San Jose Scale in New Jersey " {^Bulle-
tin 1 06 of the New Jersey Agricultural College Experiment Station),
prepared by Dr. J. B. Smith, Entomologist of the Station, and issued in
January, 1895, we learn that the introduction of the scale in New Jersey
occurred either in 1886 or 1887, upon a " Kelsey " plum ordered by the
two nurseries under the representation of its being curculio proof, from
the San Jose district, California. It is also known that some Idaho pear
stock brought from nurseries on the Pacific Coast were also infested.

As soon as Dr. Smith became aware (in April 1894) of the existence
of the scale in the State, he at once, with his accustomed energy, entered
upon the task of finding the nurseries from which the infested stock had
been sent, and so far as possible, the other infested localities within the
limits of the State. Two large and well-known nurseries, widely separ-
ated, were soon located, and these, so far as could be ascertained, were
the only distributing centers. The owners, upon being informed of the
dangerous character of the pest that they were harboring, and the effect
that it might have upon their business in the future, immediately took
active steps for stamping out the insect upon their bearing trees, upon
which it mainly occurred, and promised to prevent, through fumigation
or otherwise, further shipment of infested stock. In one of the nurseries
several blocks of young stock were at once torn up and burned.

The scale had been distributed from these nurseries to a number of
orchards throughout the State (nearly one hundred were known to Dr.
Smith), but nowhere in sufficient numbers to have spread from the orchard
in which it was at first introduced. In all of these, it is believed that
measures will be taken by their owners for the prevention of further
spread, and toward extermination.

The work will be carefully watched, and, with our knowledge of the
zeal, persistence, and ability shown by Dr. Smith in all of hi*^ operations
against the noxious msects that are so unfortunate as to intrude within
his jurisdiction, we have every assurance that, if extermination is possible,
it will be speedily effected.

The Two Infested New Jersey Nurseries.
The interest felt among the fruit-growers of New York in the New Jer-
sey nurseries, from which large purchases have been made e.ich year, has
been already mentioned, and will warrant a more particular reference to
their present condition. Quite a satisfactory account of one, and an en-
couraging account of the other, can be given, based on letter- from Dr.
Smith, from correspondence with the proprietors of the nurseries at the

Eleventh Keport of the State Entomologist 217

suggestion of Dr. Smith, and from statements made in a recent number
oi t\\Q Ri/ral Aeza Yorker (of March 9th). The article in the R. N. Y.
written by a gentleman connected with that journal, after a visit to Little
Silver, N. J., to examine into charges that had been "publicly made
that the Lovett Company had done practically nothing to exterminate the
scale," publishes the names of " the two nurseries as those of Wm. Parry
and the Lovett Company." There can, therefore, be no impropriety in
the mention of their names in this Bulletin.

The Wm. Parry Nurseries. — The nurseries of Wm. Parry are gladly
mentioned, for the same reason given for makmg public the name of the
nursery of Keene & Foulk, of Long Island. Unqualified praise is due
Mr. Parry for his strenuous efforts for the extermination of the scale in
the widely-known and far-famed " Pomona Nurseries," at Parry, and the
aid so freely extended, in the endeavors being made for its extermina-
tion wherever his extended sales may have borne it.* Promptly upon
receiving a request for a list of New York sales which may have dis-
tributed the scale throughout the State, the desired list, embracing several
hundreds of names, scattered through nearly every county, was sent to
me, without any suggestion of compensation for the labor which it neces-
sitated.

The expression of the confidence with which it is believed, orders could
be sent at the present time to the Bloodgood Nursery, would apply in,
at least, equal force to the Pomona Nurseries, where operations against
the scale have been conducted largely under the direction and supervis-
ion of the New Jersey State Entomologist, Dr. J. B. Smith,

The Lovett Company Nurseries. — Of the condition at the Lovett Com-
pany Nurseries, the following is reported in the Rural New Yorker, loc.
cit. Some bearing trees upon which the scale had been located last au-
tumn by Dr. Smith, had meantime been cut down and destroyed. Sat-
isfactory apparatus for treating the infested nursery stock was found.
Upon the scale being pointed out by Dr. Smith on a considerable num-
ber of young pear and apple trees that were heeled in, and in patches
here and there in rows, they were cut down as fast as found, and, finally,
Mr. Lovett agreed to chop out and burn the entire block. The larger
part of the nursery stock had been heeled in, after having been treated
with gas. The scales upon them, according to Dr. Smith, had been
"practically killed," and, if treated again before being sent out, he would
consider them safe. Mr. Lovett would " guarantee to destroy every tree

*We are indebted to Mr. Parry for the detection of the scale at Kinderhoolc, N. Y., in the sum-
mer of 1894, as noticed on page 210.

"218 Forty-ninth Report on the State Museum

where Dr. Smith had found the scale, and, also, to give all these trees a
second treatment with gas." The Rural New Yorker concludes its ac-
count thus : " If this is done, there will be little danger of importing the
scale from this nursery. This statement refers simply to the trees now in
the nursery. What has already been sent out we do not know."

Much may be inferred, and seems to be implied, in the short sentence
last quoted. It is here that the Lovett Company has chosen to place
itself in a position exposing it to just and severe criticism. It virtually
decHnes to do anything toward undoing the evil which it has perpetrated
— for the most part unwittingly, we believe — in the distribution of in-
fested stock in the State of New York,

Request was made of them from this office in November, 1894, for a
list of sales such as Mr. Parry had sent me — stating fully its character.
After several months' delay, reply was made (February 4th), declining
the request upon the ground of the imm.ense labor that it would involve,
but offering to place their order books at the disposal of any persons who
might be sent for their examination. As this plan did not seem feasible
to Dr. Smith — after further correspondence with him, he was asked to
procure, if possible, the desired list from the company for me, for which
the expenses incurred would be paid. Dr. Smith wrote them, urging
compliance with my request. The letter received from the company in
answer contained the following proposition : "If he [Prof. Lintner] will
send us, or you either, a remittance of $250, we will attempt to make the
examination desired. * * * But we want a clear understanding be-
fore we begin as to the settlement of cost of sending the list he requires,"
No comment on this modest proposal is needed !

The course taken by this firm has been so unaccountably strange in
other respects as to expose them to suspicions which possibly may do
them injustice. On the authority of Dr. Smith, the statement is made,
that during last autumn [in September] in a visit of observation made
them, he found that practically all of the trees in their nursery blocks
were infested by the San Jose scale. He notified them of this fact at the
time, and showed to both the president and secretary of the company
who were with him, the infested trees and the scales.

Under date of December 28th following, the Lovett Company, writing
to the Director of the Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station in relation
to some infested apple trees that had been sent by them to Clermont
County, Ohio in 1890 — disavow all knowledge of the scale. They say :
" We would like very much indeed to have some branches of the trees
referred to for examination ourselves. We have made a critical examina-

Eleventh Eeport of the State Entomologist 219

tion of our trees here in the nursery and also fruiting trees, and can find
no trace whatever upon any of them of the San Jose scale or other scale.
Having read reports upon the San Jose scale, we are confident that we
could detect this insect if it existed upon our trees." {Bitlletifi 56 Dec,
1894, Ohio Agr. Exper. Stat., p. 83).

It is fortunate that since this letter was written, such pressure has been
brought to bear upon the firm that it has taken the effective measures
for the destruction of the scale reported in the Rural New Yorker cited,
and in letters received from Dr. Smith.

As no aid is to be obtained from the company toward the examination
of stock that it may have sent into the State of New York, request is
herewith made of each person who within the last five years has received
from the nurseries of the Lovett Company, Little Silver, N. J., fruit trees
and ornamental shrubs, or other plants on which the scale is known
to occur, that he will send his name to the State Entomologist, at Albany,
with mention of the fact. If the arrangement proposed can be carried
into effect, examinations will be made by competent persons of all such
stock for the detection of the scale if present.

The San Jose Scale in Ohio.
It is learned from Prof. F. M. Webster, that an infested locality in Cler-
mont county, Ohio, had come to his notice in December of 1894. The
scale had probably been introduced in 1891 on apple trees purchased of the
Lovett Company, of Little Silver, N. J. Prof. Webster reports : "The
orchard comprised about 600 trees, probably one-third of which were
more or less infested — twenty-five at least so badly as to preclude all
possibility of saving them, and at least double that number that could
only be utilized by cutting off" the trunks at a short distance above the
ground and grafting them, first disinfecting the stumps. The pest had
been noticed the previous year. * * * A smaller orchard set at the
same time and with trees from the same nursery, was found infested to a
much less extent, though the scales were badly scattered through the
orchard. * * * xhe owners of these two orchards will take this
scale in hand and stamp out the pest before it gets a stronger foothold or
becomes more widely spread." [Bull. 56 Ohio Agr. Exper. Stat.)

Description of the Scale.
The female scale, greatly enlarged is shown at Fig. 4 of Plate XII and
at b, in Fig. 2 of Plate XIII. It is flat, almost circular in outline, dark
mottled with gray in color, with a small elevated spot at or near its center

220 Forty-ninth Keport on the State Museum

which is black or yellowish ; it measures about one-sixteenth of an inch in
diameter, but under some favoring conditions may attain a size of one-
eighth of an inch; in its original description it is given as 0.08 of an inch.

Professor Comstock described the male scale as "black, somewhat
elongated when fully formed. The larval skin is covered with secretion ;
its position is marked by a single nipple-like prominence which is between
the center and anterior margin of the scale. The scale of the male is
more abundant than that of the female." It is often oval in shape, and
of a smaller size than the female. It is represented at 5 in Plate XII.

When occurring upon the bark of the twigs or leaves and in large num-
bers, the scales he close to each other, frequently overlapping, and are at
such times difficult to distinguish without a magnifying glass: see Fig. i
of plate XIII. The general appearance that they present is of a grayish,
very slightly roughened scurfy deposit. The natural rich reddish color
of the limbs of the peach and apple is quite obscured when these trees
are thickly infested, and they then have every appearance of being
coated with lime or ashes. When the scales are crushed by scraping, a
yellowish oily liquid will appear, resulting from the crushing of the soft,
yellow insects beneath, and this will at once indicate to one who is not
familiar with their appearance, the existence of healthy living scales on
the trees. ( Circular No. j, 2d series, U. S. Dept. Agriculture, Washing-
ton, 1893.)

As before stated, the scale is also found upon the fruit. When present
in large numbers, to the extent of covering the entire surface, it interferes
seriously with the proper development of the fruit, causes it to crack,
often to fall from the tree, or when it remains thereon, renders it un-
marketable. It is a conspicuous object from the little depression which
it causes (at least late in the season) and usually a well-defined purplish
ring with which each scale is surrounded of a diameter considerably
larger than that of the scale (see Figure 3 on Plate XII and Figure 2 on
Plate XIII).

The Insect.
The male. — As previously stated, the male only becomes winged. It
is shown greatly enlarged in Fig. 3 of Plate XIV — its natural size being
indicated by the crossed lines within the circle beside it. Examined un-
der a high magnifying power, its wings are seen to be transparent, each
with two delicate veins only. It has a well-defined thorax and a rather
large head with two large eyes. Its body is of a light amber color with
dark brownish markings, and terminates in a slender "stylet" nearly as

Eleventh Report of the State Entomologist 221

long as the body, which is the external organ of reproduction. The an-
tennae are long and conspicuous, ten-jointed, eight of which are hairy.

The above description of the male will be of no particular interest to
others tlian the entomological student, as but few fruit-growers will ever
see it in nature, as it is difficult to obtain and needs a good microscope
for its inspection.

The fe7)mle. — Soon after the leafing of the tree in the spring, when the
young have crawled out from beneath the scales, close examination of an
infested twig will show them as yellowish objects, scarcely more than
points to the unaided eye, moving over the bark (Matthew Cooke has
given their size as one seventy-fifth of an inch). They are of an oval
form, with the normal number of legs pertaining to insects — three
pairs — and a pair of antennae. In Fig. i of Plate XIV, giving an en-
larged view of the insect from the under side, its curious long hair-like
beak or proboscis which serves it for feeding and for fastening itself to the
bark or leaf or fruit, is shown as curled up between the legs.

The mature female can only be seen by j:aking her from beneath the
scale at the proper time. She then appears in a very different form from
that when moving over the bark. In a subsequent molting she had lost
her legs and antennae, retaining only for her need her long and delicate
proboscis consisting of four hair-like bristles within a two-jointed sheath.
Fig. 2 of the same Plate represents this stage of the insect, enlarged from
the hair-line at the right-hand side. It is shown from the underside as
seen with its transparency in nature, with a number of its young within, for
this species, unlike most of the scale-insects, which produce eggs, may
bring forth its young alive. Of the several segments into which the body
is divided, as indicated in the figure, the last one bears groups of spin-
nerets, anal and vaginal openings, and upon its border, lobes, incisions,
and spines (some of which are shown in enlargement at d) : from the loca-
tion, number, and form of these, important and reliable characters are
drawn for the separation of the species, which may not be found in the
study of the external scale alone, where they closely resemble one another.

Its Life-History.
Most of the Coccidffi are oviparous — that is, they deposit eggs under-
neath the scale, from which the young are soon thereafter hatched. A
few are known to be viviparous, /. c., bringing forth living young, as
AspiiUotus te?ichricosus occurring on maple, and a few species of the genus
Lecanium* It would seem that the San Jose scale, Aspidiotus perniciosus,

* As Lecanium hesperidum, L. />iniyceru\ L tuUpi/erce^ and two unnamed species on the red-
bay and on Acacia. — Riley, in Proc. Ent. Soc. IVash.^ iii, i8g<i pp. 67, 69.

222 Forty-ninth Report ox the State Museum

may be both oviparous and viviparous, for while generally regarded as
giving out its young alive (the young shown within the body of the parent
in Fig. 2 of Plate XIV), it is also recorded as producing eggs. Dr. Riley
has stated of it {loc. cit.) — "specimens examined in December, 1879,
showed that the mature females were hibernating, and that with some of
them were found a few eggs and recently hatched larvae : " on the au-
thority of Professor Comstock [Rept. Commis. Agricul. for 1880, p. 305),
" the eggs are white : " Matthew Cooke has written (/;//'. Ins. Orchard^
Vineyard, etc., 1883, p. 62) — "each female produces from thirty-five to
fifty eggs ; " VV. G. Klee, State Inspector of Fruit Pests in Cahfornia^
states {Bien. Rept. St. Bd. Horticul. Cal. for 1885 and 1886, p. 373) —
"eggs, thirty to fifty produced by each female; color yellow; form ovate;"
Mr. C. H. T. Townsend, formerly of the New Mexico Agricultural Ex-
periment Station, states of the eggs — "According to Comstock, the eggs
are white; but according to my own observation, they turn to an orange-
yellow color in the spring. They hatch here about the first or second week
in May " {Bulletin No. 7 New Mexico Agr. Exper. Stat., June, 1892, p. 7)..
Other writers have also mentioned the eggs. As opposed to this, how-
ever,— in colonies of the scale carried over on potted pear trees in the
Insectary of the Entomological Division at Washington during the winter
of 1893-4, although watched with care and subjected to daily observation,,
in no instance were eggs seen {Insect Life, vii, p. 287).

Early in June, ordinarily, in New York and New Jersey-, the young
escape from underneath the scale, and for a short time may be seen
traveling activel) over the branches, when they fasten themselves to the
bark and commence to secrete a scale. They are not all given out at the
same time, even the members of the same family. How long the hiber-
nating female continues to reproduce, is not known. It is thought hj
Dr. Smith that it may extend over the greater part of the summer, and
until " their grand-daughters are already full-grown with nearly full-grown
progeny : there may be, therefore, upon a plant at one time, young born
of as many as three or even four distinct generations." Certain it is that
examination of an infested orchard will show the presence of the young,
traveling insects at any one time from early June until nearly the last of
autumn. On some pieces of twigs cut in Mr. Morrell's orchard on
November ist, the little yellow young were seen in motion two days
thereafter in my othce. It is probable that the young will not survive
on a twig cut from the tree, for more than four or five days.

Eleventh Report op the State Entomologist 223^

Observations made on isolated individuals at Washington showed that
'' the newly-hatched larvae after crawling about for a few hours, settle
down and commence at once to form a scale, which is white and fibrous.
In two days the insect becomes invisible, being covered with a pale, grayish-
yellow shield with a projecting white nipple at the center. * # #
Twelve days after hatching, the first skin is cast. * * * j^
.20 to 21 days after hatching, the females cast their second
skin. At 24 days the males begin to issue. * * * At 30 days
the females are about full grown, and embryonic young can be seen
within their bodies; and at from ;^;^ to 40 days the larvae begin to make
their appearance." For additional observations on the development of
other broods, see Howard, Insect Life, vii, pp. 288, 289,

From the first brood hatching early in June, a second is undoubtedly
disclosed in July. How many follow, has not been ascertained.
Matthew Cooke has placed the number during the season at three — the
first in June, the second in July, and the third in October; but it would
seem that the high temperature of summer could hardly fail of develop-
ing at least one additional brood intermediate to those of July and
October. Four broods were developed at Washington from over-
wintered females, and it was thought that there were ordinarily five.
They soon became so inextricably mixed that the only importance that
could attach to a determination of their number, would be as indicating
the rapidity of increase of the insect in different localities and under
different seasonal conditions.

The females continue to feed until prevented by the dormancy of the

tree in the late autumn. It is thought that most of them pass the winter

in about a half-grown stage, and resume their feeding in early spring, as

soon as practicable for their entrance upon active life, in June as above

stated.

Its Food-plants.

In addition to the food-plants of the San Jose scale that have been
mentioned in the preceding pages, several others have recently been-
reported to me by Mr. Sirrine, as observed by him on Long Island.

The following is the list as it now stands. It will doubtless be largely

extended by future observations :

Legummosce

RosacecR

Tiliacece

Acacia.

Linden {Tilia).

Almond.

Celastracecz

Peach.

Euonymus.

Apricot.

224 Forty-ninth Report on the State Museum

Rosaccce — (Continued) Cornacece

Plum. Dogwood.

Cherry. Ebenacea

Spiraea. Persimmon [Diospyros).

Raspberry.

^°^^- Elm.

Hawthorn (Crahe^us). r\ r\

^ ^ ' Osage Orange.

Cotoneaster.

June Berry. Juglandacece

Pear. English Walnut.

Apple. Pecan Nut.

Quince.

l^lowermg Qumce.

Alder? {Abuts).
Saxiftagacece

Gooseberry. Salicacece

Currant. Weeping Willow .

Flowering Currant. Laurel-leaved Willow (from Asia).

It will be seen from the above that the scale is recorded as occurring
on plants in eleven of the Orders, although one-half of the food-plants
named belong to the Order Rosacece.

Spread of the Insects.

The natural spread of this scale is not a rapid one. As the female is
unprovided with wings, and is unable to change its position after having
become fi'ced and throughout its entire period of reproduction, the insect
can only pass from one tree to another during the few hours that it con-
tinues in its active larval stage. Although a rather rapid traveler its
range of locomotion would hardly ever carry it to neighboring trees in
an orchard, unless the branches should interlock, in which case every
facility is afforded it for spreading the infestation — almost equal to that
existing in nurseries where the young trees are grown so closely together
as to form compact masses.

Carried by birds, etc. — It has been found that the young insect may be
distributed through the agency of other insects and of birds. When
abounding on a tree to the extent that much of the bark is already occu-
pied by the scales, they apparently show a disposition to leave the tree
and fasten upon any visiting insect or to the legs of birds. If this is
instinctive or in accordance with a purpose, they will leave their hosts as
soon as transported to a favorable place for the establishment of a new

Eleventh Report of the State Entomologist 225

colony. It is stated that several of the young have been seen upon the
wing-covers of a single lady-bird, that they are often found on ants, and
that they show a preference for insects of dark color.

Distribution in Nursery Stock. — The ease with which many of our most
serious insect pests may be widely distributed through sales of nursery
stock, has been brought to notice so frequently in recent years by studies
made of the means by which injurious insects have suddenly made their
appearance in new localities, that our economic entomologists have
deemed it their duty from time to time to warn fruit-growers of the
danger to which they are exposed, and to impress upon them the great
importance of a thorough inspection of all the nursery stock purchased
by them. Each of the recent occurrences of the San Jose scale in the
Eastern States, has been traced directly, or with a strong probability, to
nursery infestation as its source. Of course, the danger of such intro-
duction is the greater when the insect is so inconspicuous as is this scale,
or when it is entirely hidden within its burrows in the branches or trunk,
as in the case of the flat-headed pear tree borer, Agriius si?iuatus Oliv.,
lately discovered in New Jersey orchards by Dr. Smith, and by him
traced to a New Jersey nursery which it was supposed had imported it
from Europe about ten years ago.

Protection from Infested Stock.

In view of this danger, the following suggestion made by Dr. Smith
{Entomological Neivs, v., p. 311) is both timely and important : "No
farmer should set out a tree until he has examined it closely and made
certain that no scale-insects infest any portion of it. He should also
wash at least the trunk and larger branches with a kerosene emulsion,
diulted by no more than five parts of water; and he should, finally, trim
back to the smallest possible amount of wood, burning or otherwise de-
stroying all the cuttings," thereby facilitating the growth of the tree, and
disposing of the eggs of the Aphides or plant-lice and of mites occurring
on the smaller twigs.

Dr. Smith also offers the following: "Purchasers of nursery stock
could insist on a written guarantee with each lot of stock purchased, that
they are clean and free from insect pests, and had not been, in the
nursery, affected by any plant disease, nor grown in the vicinity of dis-
eased trees."

It is not probable that the New Jersey or Long Island nurserymen
would give such a guarantee, nor does it seem that they could' safely do
so. Were they, one and all, skilled entomologists they might even then,

■226 Forty-ninth Report on the State Museum

with reason, decline to commit themselves so broadly, covering insects
of all kinds, both exposed to view and hidden from the eye. But for the
present, at least, while the scale infestation of these localities is so gener-
ally known, some assurance of protection will be demanded by all to whom
the knowledge has come, before further orders are sent to the nurseries
involved.

The following form of certificate is offered to the consideration of pur-
chasers and nurserymen, in the belief that it would prove equally bene-
ficial to each party. Without it, or something to the same effect, there is
reason to believe, from action about to be taken in another State, that
some of the unfortunate nurseries may suffer for a time from a ''boycott."
Let it be understood — there is no disposition on the part of any ento-
mologist to magnify the danger to important interests from this newly
introduced pest, but simply to accept it at its full magnitude : —

I do hereby certify that the stock serit out herewith has been examined
by a competent entomologist, and has been pronounced by him, to the
best of his knowledge and belief, to be free from living San Jose scales
[Aspidiotus perniciosus); and in the event of its being shown that the
stock now sent has carried with it the living insects, I do hereby agree to
replace it free of cost with uninfested stock.

Proposed Legislation.

No legislation has been had in the State of New York against insect
pests. Laws of this character, more or less broad and stringent, have
been passed in ten of the States, viz., California, Colorado, Idaho, Kan-
sas, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, Oregon, and Wash-
ington. A compilation of these laws, which will be found convenient
for examination and as aids to future legislation, has recently been made
in a pamphlet of 46 pages by Mr. L. O. Howard, and issued as Bulletin
No. 33 of the U. S. Department 9f Agriculture — Division of Entomology .
California, it appears, has taken the lead in resorting to legislation, moved
thereto by the urgency of preventing the introduction of species known
to be destructive to fruit culture in other parts of the country and from
the Old World.

Although the State of New York is subjected each year to losses from
insect injuries which would aggregate in amount to several millions of
dollars — a large proportion of which is preventable — no effort has
hitherto been made toward the removal of so onerous a burden through a
resort to legislative aid. An investigation of the insect pests of the State
which was commenced forty years ago and continued, with a short inter-

Eleventh Report of the State Entomologist) 227

val, up to the present, has given to the people of the State details of the
life-histories and habits of all of our more noxious insects, accompanied
with methods for their control. These studies are accessible in State re-
ports to all who may desire to consult them. Their recommendations
are conceded to be of great value, and if the information they contain be
utilized to the extent that it should be, the occasion will seldom arise
when aid from legislation is needed.

There may be, however, insect infestation in some other State or coun-
try of such a pronounced dangerous character, that its introduction
-should be guarded against by quarantine laws. Or, an insect may have
multiplied to such an extent that its control is entirely beyond individual
effort, as in the case of the gypsy moth in Massachusetts. Again, a newly
introduced insect pest, known only in a single locality but threatening an
almost unlimited range, may call for its extermination while the task is
simple and inexpensive.* Still another instance is that of the presence of
the San Jose scale in the State of New York. There is reason to fear that
it has been sent into every county of the State. In how many orchards it
has found place can not be known, without special examination of sus-
pected localities by a person competent to identify it. Its dangerous
■character demands its extermination if it can be accomplished. Although
it has had a foothold in the State for, probably, five years or more, it is
believed that its extermination is practicable if the proper effort can be
made at once, under the provisions of a bill which has been drawn up
.and introduced in the present Legislature, reading as follows:

AN ACT to provide for the extermination of the San Jose Scale in
the State of New York.

The People of the State of New Yofk, 7'ep resented in Senate and
Assembly, do ejiact as follows :

Section i. Whenever the state entomologist may have knowledge of
the existence of the San Jose scale, or has reason to believe in the proba-
bility of its existence in any locality within the State of New York on
any trees, plants, vines, or fruit, he shall notify the commissioner of
agriculture, who shall thereupon appoint one or more experts who shall
be sufficiently familiar with the scale to be able to recognize it, for the
prompt inspection of the infested or suspected locality.

§ 2. Such agent shall make thorough inspection of the locahty named,
and if the existence of the scale is found therein, he shall notify the

* Such an opportunity was lost when the pear-midge was confined to a few orchards in the town
of Meriden, Conn.

228 Forty-ninth Report on the State Museum

owner or owners of the orchard, nursery, or grounds in which the insect
is found, of its existence therein, and serve a notice containing a state-
ment of all the facts found to exist, upon the owner or owners, with an
order that within ten days they shall take such measures as have been
proven to be effectual in the destruction of the scale and for prevention
of its further distribution, and to continue them until its extermination
has been effected.

§ 3. If the owner or owners shall refuse to comply with the order of
the agent, as above stated, the agent shall be charged with its execution,
and for this purpose, shall employ all necessary assistance; and such
agent or his employes may enter upon any or all premises within the
town or city for the purpose of the speedy extermination of the scale.
Such agent shall be entitled to compensation for his services under this
act at the rate of five dollars for each full day spent by him in the dis-
charge of his duties, and the necessary disbursements paid or incurred by
him therein.

§ 4. The sum of five thousand dollars, or so much thereof as may be
necessary, is hereby appropriated out of the state treasury to carry out
the provisions of this act.

§ 5. This act shall take effect immediately.

Remedies.
There is no difficulty in killing this insect at any time and in any form
of its existence, if the proper remedies are used and properly applied ;
but if entire success is demanded — that is, if all of the insects infesting
an orchard are to be destroyed, which means extermination, — so far as
our present knowledge extends, it can only be accomplished in the winter
season. During the many years of its existence in California the experi-
ments there conducted, showed that several of the insecticidal applica-
tions tested, were entirely effective — particularly some of the " wmter
washes " of which the formulas have been frequently published. When
it became necessary to contend with the insect in its eastern invasion, it
was naturally supposed that the Californian remedies would be equally
effective here, but experiments with them proved that they only sufficed
to destroy a certain percentage of the hibernating form; and tven when
used in double strength, a large proportion of the scales was not destroyed.
These unexpected results may probably be accounted for by a more per-
fect dormancy of the insect in the East than in California.

Whiter washes. — The experiments that have been conducted under
tke direction of L. O. Howard, Chief of the Entomological Bureau at

Eleventh Ebport of the State Entomologist 229

Washington, during the past year (1894), have been so varied and appar-
ently so thorough that it would seem that the results attained might be
accepted, without further experimentation, for future guidance in our
operations against this scale. During the latter part of the year twenty-
nine different washes were tested by experienced entomologists from the
Bureau, upon badly infested trees in Charles county, Maryland. In
summing up these results, Mr. Howard has stated : " The only perfect
results which have been reached have come from the application of two
pounds or more of commercial whale-oil soap to a gallon of water, and
from the appUcation of a resin wash of six times the normal summer
strength. The effects following the application of these washes leave
nothing to be desired. In all cases the most careful search over the
sprayed trees has failed to show a single living scale."

Unfortunately, both of the above-named washes are somewhat ex-
pensive, as the lowest price at which the whale-oil soap can be purchased
is four cents a pound by the barrel, making the wash to cost eight
cents per gallon. The resin wash is still more expensive. When large
orchards are to be treated, the cost is quite an item, but the intelligent
fruit-grower will not hesitate when convinced that the choice lies be-
tween the expense of the wash and the loss of the trees.

The above are known as " winter washes," since they may only be used
without serious injury to the tree during its winter dormancy. Later, it
would not be safe to apply them unless in a considerably diluted form»
when they would only suffice to destroy a portion of the scales.

Home-made whale-oil soap. — For those who would prefer making the
soap for themselves, at a less cost than if purchased by a small quantity
in market, Mr. Howard has given the following formula: Potash
lye, one pound; fish oil, three pints; soft water, two gallons; dissolve the
lye in water and add the oil on bringing the mixture to a boil; boil for
about two hours and then add sufficient water to make up for the evapo-
ration. This will make about twenty pounds of soft soap, equivalent to
about five pounds of the hard.

The ivinter resin wash. — The composition and proportions given for
this are as follows: Resin, 120 pounds; caustic soda, 30 pounds; fish
oil, 15 pints; water sufficient to make 100 gallons. The resin and soda
are broken up and, together with the fish oil, are placed in a large kettle,
sufficient water being added to cover them. The whole is then boiled
for several hours, or " until the compound will mix properly in water
without breaking up into yellowish flakes " {Insect Life, vii, p. 293).
16

230 Forty-ninth REroRT on the State Museum

Potash wash. — Dr. Smith, in his experiments with the scale in New-
Jersey, has tested to his entire satisfaction the efficacy of a saturated
solution of crude or commercial potash, i. e., potash in a sufficient quan-
tity of water to dissolve it, to be used upon trees during their dormancy
in the winter season, only. It may be applied either by means of a cloth
or stiff brush, or by thorough spraying. The potash eats into or corrodes
the scales and kills a large proportion of the insects beneath them. A
month later, by which time the scales will have become riddled or
loosened, it should be followed with kerosene emulsion made after the
usual formula and diluted to a strength of one part to five parts of water.
If these applications are thoroughly made, according to Dr. Smith, " not
a single insect need escape."

Before using any of the above washes, it is recommended to cut back
as freely as may be properly done, the infested trees, and burn the cut-
tings, as a large part of the scales are to be found on the terminal twigs.

Summer washes. — Experiments thus far made with applications that
may be safely used during the summer, have failed to give a wash that
will destroy all the scales ; a small percentage will escape. The two that
have given the best results are the summer resin wash and an ordinary
diluted kerosene emulsion. With either of these, " by three applications
at intervals through the summer, the insects may be kept from increasing
to any serious extent." The unattached insects and those in which the
scale is in its incipiency will readily be killed, and if it were possible to
reach all of them, the entire destruction of the insect would be effected.
But this is impracticable. The young are hatching continually during
nearly five months of the year, and are to be found at any time during
this period in their active stage upon the tree. The number of sprayings
that would be required to reach the young before they are protected by
their scale, would render this method altogether too laborious and costly
to depend upon it for extermination.

Gas treatment. — The treatment of infested trees with hydrocyanic acid
gas, generated within a canvas tent made air-tight through the applica-
tion of boiled linseed oil, and fastened closely down over the tree to be
treated, has been extensively used in California and with entire success
against some of the scale-insects of the western coast. The cost of the
tents and the labor involved in their management render it altogether too
expensive for general use ; and further, although it has been hitherto
claimed that the gas applied in this manner was absolutely fatal to all
animal life, yet late experiments appear to show that it may not be en-

Eleventh Report op the State Entomologist 231

tirely depended upon for the complete destruction of the San Jose scale
when infesting orchards. According to Mr. Howard, an orchard in
Charlottesville, Va., which had been treated with the gas in March last,
under the skilled supervision of Mr. Coquillett, although " the operation
was as thorough as it could be made, a few of the insects survived the
treatment, as was shown by the receipt of living specimens late in the fall
from Dr. Hedges " {Insect Life, vii, p. 286).*

Treatment of Nursery Stock. — It is believed that the hydrocyanic acid
gas treatment is reliable for disinfesting nursery stock of infested nurseries
previous to its distribution. Of course, all such stock found to have the
scale in abundance, should be promptly taken up and burned, but where
the scale is sparsely present or even where there is barely a suspicion of
its presence, it should, before shipment be subjected to the gas fumigation.
This is now being done in New Jersey and Long Island nurseries — in
some of them at least, and should be made a condition upon which any
further orders may be given or stock received from either of the infested
districts or others that may hereafter be discovered.

The manner of treatment is the following : An air-tight box is made of
suitable size for the reception of as much stock as may be conveniently
treated at one time. The stock is placed therein and subjected for an
hour to the gas generated in it by the combination of three ounces of
water, a little more than one fluid ounce of commercial sulphuric acid,
and one ounce of 60 per cent, cyanide of potassium, to be placed in a
glazed earthenware vessel of the capacity of at least a gallon, in the order
above named. These amounts are for 150 cubic feet of space. It should
be remembered that this gas should not be breathed, as it is exceedingly
poisonous.

Bibliography.

The following references to publications upon Aspidiotus perniciosus are
given as an aid to those who may wish to learn more minutely of the life-
history and habits of the insect, or for information upon topics which
have been omitted from this Bulletin in order not to extend it to an undue
length, as for example : the parasites of the insect (see Insect Life^ vii, pp.
289-292); the possibihty of the Hmitation of its multiplication in its
northeastern range to certain portions of the State of New York and the
Eastern States (///., p. 292); its possible introduction through infested
Californian fruit (see Bull. 106 New Jersey Agr. Coll. Exper. St., p. 17,

♦ Mr. Howard has since made personal examination of this orchard, and has found the gas
treatment inefficacious. The trees are again badly infested, while one result of the fumigation
has been to seriously injure the trees by causing the blackening and cracking of the bark.

232 Forty-ninth Report on the State Museum

and Insect Life, vii, p. 167); the varieties of plums and pears more
liable to its attack [Bull. 106 — ante, p. 16); and its natural enemies [id.^
p. 16).

Comstock : in Rept. Commis. Agr. for 1880, pp. 304-5, pi. 12, f. 7
(original description).

Cooke: Treat. Ins. Inj. Fruit and Fruit-trees, 1881, pp. 33-4 (descrip-
tion, etc.); in Rept. Commis. Agr. for 1882, pp. 65, 208 (coal-
oil and lye remedies); Ins. Inj. Orch.-Vine., 1883, pp. 60-63,
figs. 15-21.

Chapin : in Rept. Commis. Agr. for 1882, pp. 207-8 (concentrated lye
remedy); in Rept. St. Commis. Fruit Pests, in Rept. Cal. St.
Bd. Horticul. for 1884, pp. 34, 35, 42.

Klee : in Rept. Ca). St. Bd. Horticul. for 1885-86, 1887, pp. 373-375,
pi. I (habits and remedies).

Riley-Howard: in Insect Life, iii, 1891, p. 63 (in Walla Walla, Wash-
ington), p. 487 [Aphelinus parasite) ; in id., iv, 1892, p. 83
(resin wash); in id., v, 1893, p. 53 (killed by Chiloconis),-^. 128
(killed by Scymnus), p. 214 (recorded in Australia), p. 280
(California remedy); in id., vi, 1894, p. 286 (in the East), pp.
360-369, figs. 26-29 (g^n^ral account).

Gregorson : in Insect Life, iii, 1891, p. 169 (in California).

Coquillett: in Bull. 23 U. S. Dept. Agr. — Div. Ent., 1891, pp. 26, 27,
28 (gas and resin wash treatment); in Bull. 26 id., 1892, pp.
21-25 (food-plants, parasites, remedies); in Insect Life, v, p..
251 (imported parasites); in id., vi, 1894, pp. 324-326 (opera-
tions in Virginia).

Craw: in Rept. Cal. St. Bd. Horticul. for 1891, 1892, p. 2S5 (remedies
and parasites). Le Long: in id., pp. 196, 198, 199 (remedies).

Olliff: in New So. Wales Agr. Gaz. for Sept., 1892, pp. 698, 699 (on
pear in N. S. W.).

Townsend: in Bull. 7 New Mex. Agr. Exp. St., June, 1892, pp. 6, 7 (in
Las Cruces).

Riley: in Rept. Sect. Agr. for 1891, 1892, p. 244 (washes used in Cali-
fornia); in id. for 1893, 1894, pp. 215-221, pi. i, f. i (general
account); in Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci., xlii, 1893, p. 229
(discovered in Virginia).

Howard: Circular No. 3, 2d Ser. U. S. Dept. Agr. — Div. Ent., April,
1893, 10 pp. 5 figs, (its Eastern a])pearance and remedies) ; in
In^ect Life, vii, 1894, pp. 153-163 (Eastern occurrence); in
Canad. Entomol., xxvi, 1894, p. 355 (its distribution) ; in Insect
Life, vii, 1895, pp. 283-295 (life-history, spread, paiasites,^
remedies).

Cockerell: in Canad. Entomol., xxvi, Feb. 1894, p. 32 (No. 73 in list
of Nearctic Coccidae).

Smith: in Entomolog. News, v, 1894, pp. 182-184 (Eastern occurrence),
p. 312 (discovered on Long Island); in Insect Life, vii, 1894,
pp. 163-167 (in New Jersey); in Gard.- Forest, vii, 1894, p. 344
(danger from infested California fruit); BuU. 106 N. J. Agr.
Coll. Exp. St., Nov. 22, 1894, 1895, 24 pp. 5 figs, (in New
Jersey, and general account); in Entomolog. News, vi, 1895,
PP- 153-157 (operations against, in New Jersey nurseries).

Eleventh Report of the State Entomologist: 233

Koebele: in Insect Life, vi, 1894, p. 27 (Orcus parasites).

ScHWARz: in Insect Life, vi, 1894, pp. 247-252 (in Charlottesville, Va.).

LiNTNER : in Rur. New Yorker, liii, 1894, p. 791 (neglected on Long
Island); in Albany Eve. Journ., Nov. 7, 1894 (observed at
Kinderhook, N. Y.).

Sirrine: in Gard. -Forest, vii, 1894, p. 449 (on Long Island).

Fletcher: in Evidence bef. Commit. Agr., 1894 p. 19 (in British
Columbia) ; in 24th Ann Rept. Ent. Soc. Ont., 1895, pp.
73_76, f. 48 (in Br. Columbia, habits, remedies).

Slingerland : in Rur. New Yorker, liv, 1895, p. 5 (Eastern localities
and prospects).

Webster: Bull. 56 Ohio Agr. Exp. St. for December, 1894, 1895, 18 pp.
5 figs, (in Ohio, and N. J. Bull. 106 quoted).

H. W. C[ollingwoodJ : in Rur. New Yorker, liv, 1895, p. 167 (observa-
tions at Lovett Company nurseries), p. 317 (the Parsons Com-
pany nursery on Long Island).

[Later references to the Insect.]

Smith : Rept. Ent. Dept., N. J. Agr. Expt. Stat, for 1894, 1895, pp. 478-
494, figs 1-5 (general account of, in N. J.) ; in Enioniol. News,
vi, 1895, pp. 153-157 (treatment in N. L); Rept. Ent. Dept.,
N. J. Agr. Expt. Stat., for 1895, 1896, pp. 375-377 (present status
of scale in State); Econom. Entomol., 1896, pp. 118-119, figs.
88, 89 (brief account); Bull. 116 N. j. Agr. Expt. Stat., 1896,
pp. 3-15, figs. 1-3 (present status in N. J., remedies).

Sirrine : Bull. 87 N. Y. Agr. Expt. Stat., 1895, pp. 123-132, figs, i, 2
(general account).

Davis-Taft : Bull. 121 Mich. Agr. Expt. Stat., 1895, pp. 36-38, pi. I
(introduction, description, remedies).

Beckwith : Bull. 25 Del. Coll. Agr. Expt. Stat., 1895, pp. 3-8, figs, i-
4 (general account of, in Del.); Bull. 30 id., 1896, pp. 3-16
(status of, in Del. and U. S.).

Cockerell: Bull. 2 New Sen, Div. Ent., U. S. Dept. Agr., 1895, p. 94
(on varieties of pear) ; Bull. 19 N. Mex. Agr. Expt. >tat., 1896,
pp. 108-112 (in the Messilla valley); Check List of Coccidae,
Art. xi, Bull. 111. State Lab., iv, 1896, p. 334, no. 579.

Rolfs: Bull. 29 Fla. Agr. Expt. Stat,, 1895, pp. 93-1 11, figs. 1-4 (gen-
eral account, in Fla.).

Howard: in Year Book, \J. S. Dept. Agr. for 1894, 1895, pp. 249-252,
254, 267-270, figs. 38-40 (general account) : in Trans. Mass
Hort. Soc. for 1896, pt. I, pp. 84-88, fig. i (general account).

Fernald : Bull. Mass. Bd. Agr., 1895, pp. 23-30, figs. 1-5 (introduction,
distribution) ; Bull. 36 Hatch Expt. Stat. Mass. Agr. Coll.,
1896, pp. 13-20, figs. 5-9 (<ieneral account of, in Ma->s.).

AiAvooD : Bull. 62 Va. Agr. Expt. Stat., 1896, pp. 31-34, figs. 1-5 (gene-
ral account and laws of Virginia upon).

Howard-Marlatt: Bull. 3 New S-r., Div. Ent., U. S. Dept. Agr., 1896,
pp. 1-80, I plate, 8 figs, (extended account of its occurrence
in the United States, life-history, remedies).

Johnson: Bull. 42 Md. Agr. Expt. Stat., 1896, pp. 154-157, figs. 3, 4
(present status of scale, characters, remedies).

Webster: in .Bull. 72 Ohio Agr. Expt. Stat., 1896, pp. 211-220, 5 figs,
(general account, legislation relating thereto).

234 Forty-ninth Report on the State Museum

Myrmeleon sp.

The Ant Lion.

(Ord. Neuroptera : Fam. Myrmeleonid^.)

An example of the larva of an ant-lion was received from a cor-
respondent at Falls Church, Va., accompanied with comments on its
habit of moving backwards and an inquiry of the name of the creature.
As it could not be carried to its final winged stage, its scientific name
could not be determined, but it probably belonged to the genus Myrme-
leon of Linnseus. It differed in its greater hairiness and other features,
from the forms that we are accustomed to see in this vicinity among the
Helderberg mountains.

Number of Species.

The species are rather numerous, Dr. Hagen, in his Synopsis of the
Neuroptera, published over thirty years ago, recorded twenty-four United
States species. Very little has since been added to
our knowledge of them. For a number of years prior
to his death Dr. Hagen had been engaged in collect-
ing the material for an extended publication upon the
group, but so far as known to me he has only published
a Memoir on the Ascalaphid larvae,* and a series of
articles in the Canadian Ento?nologisf, vols. 19 and
20, entitled, " Stray Notes on Myrmeleonidge." In
the latter, description of seven new United States
species are contained and one new genus is charac-

FiG. 17.— An ant-lion ; . t,,t^i ■ ■, ■ r- -^v? j

mandible more en- tCHzed. Mr. Banks, m his Synopsis, Catalogue ana

larged ate. (Origi- .

nai.) Bibliography of the Neuropteroid Insects of lettiperate

North America^\ has listed thirty-four species belonging to the Myr-
meieonidce.

Appearance and Habits of Myrmeleon.

It is not strange that the insect excited the curiosity of the sender, for
it is one of the most interesting objects of the varied insect tribe. Its
name indicates its strength, its ravenous nature, and its chief food. The
larva feeds only on hving ants and other small insects. It is exceed-
ingly unprepossessing in appearance, with its humped body covered with
bristles, and its head armed with a pair of formidable curved man-
dibles, projecting far in front of its head as shown in Fig. 17. Its

* In Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung^ Jahrg. 34, 1873, 33.
t In Trans. Anier. Entotnol. Soc, xix, 1892, pp. 327-373.

Eleventh Report of the State Entomologist 235

greatest peculiarity is its utter incapability of making the least progress
in a forward direction, its legs being so constructed that it can only move
backward. How then can the creature, it may be asked, provide itself
with its needed supply of food ? It can only do so by a resort to a cun-
ning artifice.

Its Pitfall.

It constructs a pitfall in which to entrap its victims. Its home is be-
neath some overhanging ledge of rocks, the disintegration of which
furnishes the material and the shelter needed, such as are offered by the
Pentamerus rocks of the Helderberg formation. Depressing the end of
its abdomen, it buries its body beneath the sand-like particles of the
rocks, and moving around in a circle and throwing outward, with quick
and frequent jerks, the sand which falls on -^, ..^.g^iasaiSi^
its fiat head, it marks in a deep furrow the cir- |?^°^^i^^^|^&^ii,''
cumference of its pitfall. Within this a slightly M^WS^t^^^^^^^^^M^
smaller and deeper circuit is taken, and succes- ^^'^^0<^iPW^^^^^^^^
sive smaller and deeper ones, all the materials „ r.- /„ V a ,• ,^^

^ ' Fig. i8.— Pitfall of Ant-lion. (Af-

from within being meanwhile loaded upon its ter Emmons.)

head, and by it thrown upward and outward, to the distance sometimes
of several inches. By this means, by dint of much hard labor, especi-
ally when a piece of stone requires to be nicely balanced upon its head
for its proper projection, a symmetrical funnel-shaped pit is at length con-
structed, the walls of which are as steep as the mobility of the material
will permit. (See Fig. i8.)

The pitfalls vary in size according to the age of the insect, some being
but about half an inch in depth, and the largest perhaps two inches.

How the Prey is Captured.
The pit having been completed, the ant-lion buries itself at the bottom,
with only its mandibles exposed, and widely spread apart, ready to grasp
its prey. An ant traveling over the surface of the soil, unsuspicious of
the trap, would perhaps endeavor to arrest its steps on the very margin,
but the crumbUng sand at once gives way beneath its struggles, and down
it falls into the very jaws of death. If by chance a foothold is obtained
on the sloping side, the watching ant-lion at once projects showers of
sand which never fail to bring its victim down. It is instantly seized by its
long curved mandibles and dragged beneath the sand to prevent its strug-
gles. The mandibles of the larva are peculiarly adapted to the needs of
the insect. On the lower side of each, a groove extends to the tip and in
this the elongated maxilla is located (Fig. ijc). The sharp pointed

23G

FORTY-XIXTII RErORT OX THE StATE MuSEUM

mandibles are forced into the body of its prey and the fluids sucked up
along their grooves — the slender maxillae playing back and forth and
probably aiding in the operation. After its juices are sucked out, the
empty carcass is placed on the shovel head, and thrown out as far as
possible from the pitfall. The damage to the pit occasioned by the
capture and the struggle is then repaired, and the ant-lion resumes its
position and patiently awaits the advent of the next victim.

Transformations.

When the ant-lion has fully matured, it spins itself up in a ball of .sand
for its pupation — shown at figure 19. In emerging from the cocoon, the
thin, transparent pupal case is left projecting from it (see
figure). In its perfect state, it is a beautiful and graceful
creature, with a slender body and long, narrow, finely reticu-
lated wings. They are very rarely met with, probably be-
cause their delicate forms fail to arrest attention, or perhaps,
coon ot" ant- as Stated by some writer, from their flying mostly at night,

Hon. (After -i i n i • i i •

Emmons.) The larv^c can easily be collected in numbers, by going
quietly to localities where they occur, and with a piece of bent paper,

scooping up the pitfall
with its builder at the
bottom. The collector,
however, must be adroit,
for at his first glance
into the pitfall he will
notice a slide of sand
at the bottom, betoken-
ing the attempted re-
treat of the watchful
insect from apprehended danger, and its possible escape from capture.

Fig. 20. — The spotless ant-lion Myrheleon immacui-.^tus.
(After Emerton.)

Life-History.
The life-histories of the ant-lions (the American species at least),
appear not to have been worked out. It seems not to be definitely
known whether one or two years are required for attaining their winged
stages. Certain it is that their development is very unequal, for their
pitfalls of nearly the smallest size and of the largest are often found
grouped together under the same overhanging rock. In this uncertainty,
some scattered notes of observations of the larvae and the imago may aid

Eleventh Report of the State Entomologisti 237

in the presentation of the desired Hfe-histories hereafter. A few are the
following :

Latreille states that the larvte are produced in the summer or autumn,
and become pupje on the following spring.

Westwood has written : " I have found the larvae of all sizes in July, one
of which became a pupa, and assumed the perfect state ; while another,
of equal size, remained throughout the winter in the larval state."

Emerton obtained a larva of Myrmeleon immaculatus August 29th, at
which time it made a pitfall about two inches in diameter. On the 15th
of the following May the larva spun its spherical cocoon, and on the
25th of June the perfect insect emerged.

Moody has taken M. immaculatus larva in April, which pupated June
4th, and on July 8th gave out the imago.

Mr. Felt found the full-grown larva which is represented in figure 17^
at Ithaca, N. Y., on August 15th, at which time pitfalls of about two inches
in diameter, were common in certain localities.

The PMyrmeleon larva, noticed in the Seventh Report Ins, N. Y., was
taken at Coeymans, N. Y. (now Ravena), on June 3d, underneath a
carpet.

An example of DeiuiroleoJi obsoletum (Say), imago, was taken at Pa-
lenville, N. Y., on August 6th, and another at Coeymans, N. Y., \n
the month of September.

The following occurs among my notes in 1868 : " Sept. ist. On a ledge
beneath the Pentamerus hmestones of the Western mountain at Scho-
harie, N. Y., I captured 16 young ant-lions. When placed in a box of
sand, they made their pitfalls, which averaged three-eighths of an inch in
diameter. I find difficilty in supplying them with food, as they only
venture to seize some of the minute Diptera given them — the house-fly,
with which I have usually fed them when more advanced, proving too
formidable fur them at this stage of growth."

Still another old note is this : "At Glen Onoko, near Mauch Chunk,
Pa., in August, 1884, I collected a number of larval ant-lions. Their
number was gradually reduced, through feeding upon one another it was
believed, and only four buried for hibernation. On April 3d they emerged
from the sand and made their small pitfalls. They were not carried be-
yond their larval stage."

The following note, by E. A. Birge, Williams College, is also trans-
cribed, as containing, in addition to larval presence and pupation, inter-
esting observations on the habits of the insect :

238 Forty-ninth Report on the State Museum

While in the Indian Ladder region, Albany Co., N. Y., in August, 187 1,
I found a large colony of ant-lions. It is situated near the head of the
" Ladder Road," at the base of the clifts, and extends for several rods
along the path to the " Tory House." The cliffs here hang over the paths,
so that it is almost impossible for rain to reach the spot. The soil is com-
posed of disintegrated limestone, extremely fine, but mingled with minute
fragments of stone as well as larger pebbles.

In August, 1 87 1, the colony numbered rather more than six hundred
individuals, but on July 6, 1872, there were scarcely half that number.
Perhaps at this last date some were in the chrysalis, as of several speci-
mens then obtained, most of them entered that state in a short time, while
those taken in August remained until the following spring.
1^ Food was very scarce in this colony, as it was rare to see more than
four or five victims in the lions' dens at one time. On several occasions
I noticed a strong and active insect, having ventured over the edge of
the pit, run swiftly down and up the other side, leaving the ant-lion
wildly snapping its jaws, as the intended victim mounted the steep side
of the pitfall.

The ant-lion does not, so far as my observation goes, throw up sand to
bring down its prey, but throws it up in every direction in order to keep
its jaws free to seize the insect when it reaches the bottom of the den.

In 187 1 there was another colony (which I did not visit in 1872) near
the " Paint Mine." It consisted of some 300 members. I call it a col-
ony, although, of course, there was no friendly intercourse between the
inhabitants of the settlement. On the other hand, in the most crowded
portions, the chief employment of the insects was to throw out the dirt
which their active neighbors were depositing on their own premises.

Mr. Nathan Banks has kindly furnished me with the following notes:

Myrmeleon immaculatus (DeGeer) pitfalls at Washington, D. C, two
inches in diameter, in June and September. Imagoes emerged the fol-
lowing August. Myrmeleon rusticus Hagen, imago taken in Texas, in
September. Myrmeleon pi/mihis Burm. and M. ingeniosus Hagen, imagoes,
Florida, during the winter, probably in February. Brachnemurus abdom-
inalis (Say), imago, Texas, in September, captured at light. £. nigri-
labris Hagen, imago, Nebraska, in September. Dendroleon obsoletmn
(Say), imago, Ithaca, N. Y., August 3rd.

From Cornell University, through the kindness of Professor Comstock,
we have the following :

Dendroleon obsoletum imagoes were captured at Ithaca on July loth,
July 27th, and August 4th. This species appears to be more abundant
than Myrmeleon immaculatus. Its larvae are quite common in a ravine
about three miles from the University grounds. M. immaculatus imago
has been taken on August 19th.

A pitfall of an ant-lion found in the dirt of the basement of the Ento-
mological laboratory, and now in a box of sand, measures at the present
time (October 12th) one and one-fourth inches in diameter and five-
eighths of an inch in depth.

Eleventh Report op the State Entomologist 239

Habits of Some European Species.
While our common species, as noted above, can travel backward
only, others have different habits. The larvae, as observed by Brauer in
Vienna, of a certain species oi DendroleoJi, D. pantherimis,\i2A\ki& power
of walking forward in the normal manner and apparently captures its
prey by lurking in concealment and, when the victim is near, rushing
upon it rapidly : the larva of this insect is known to climb trees. Prof.
Westwood, in the Transactions of the Entomological Society of London,
1888, published some interesting notes, together with two plates, on the
life-history of several Ascalaphides, which are quite closely related to the
ordinary ant-lions. The eggs of a species of AscalapJius have been ob-
served to the number of 64 to 75 deposited in a double row at the ex-
tremity of a small twig, and guarded by certain curious structures
designed to protect the eggs and also to prevent the young from rambhng
beyond their protection until able to care for themselves. These repagula,
as they are termed, are placed in circles about the eggs and are
deposited by the female with as much care as the eggs themselves:
they are described as elongate, pedunculate, subhyaline, reddish. Dr.
Brauer, of Vienna, has observed the eggs of Ascalaphus hungaricus
placed in a double row along a blade of grass, from which the young
larvae escaped by cutting an oval lid at one end of the egg. It is stated
that Ascalaphus longicornis also oviposits in a double row on grass, and
that the young larvae make no pitfall but lie in wait under small stones
whence they seize their prey, such as small flies and other insects.
The larvae of a Ceylonese species, Ascalaphus \Helicomitus\ ? insimulans
make no pitfalls ; some young ones were found ranged in a single row
along the stem of a Uly with the abdomen of each covered by the one
behind it and with their jaws widely extended : in this manner they
waited for prey to literally walk into their jaws. When placed in a box
they scarcely ever moved, but lay close to and over each other and
awaited their prey. After molting three times, they transformed in a man-
ner similar to our native species.

United States Species of Ascalaphinae.

Six species of Ascalaphince are listed by Banks as occurring in the
United States ; five are southern forms, and one is found as far north as
Massachusetts. Possibly it was this species of which a brief notice is
given in my Seventh Report (pp. 318, 319), as having been taken beneath
a carpet in Albany county, and moving both forward and backward with

240 Forty-ninth Keport on the State Museum

almost equal facility, and manifesting no disposition when placed on sand
to construct a pitfall.

Some Literature of the Myrmeleonid^.

Reaumur: Mem. des Tnsectes, vi, 1742, pp. 333-386, pis. 32-34 (habits

and structure of ant-lions).
Latreille : Hist. nat. Crust, et Ins., xiii, 1805, p. 26.
Guilding: in Trans. Linn. Soc, xiv, 1825, p. 140 (describes eggs of

AscaIaphi4S Macleayanus); in id., xv, 1827, p. 509 (additional

characters oi Ascalaphiis).
Say: in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., viii, 1839, pp 44-45 (two species

described; as Forniicaleo) ; Compl. Writ. — LeCont. Edit., ii,

1883, pp. 413-414.
Westwood : Introduct. Class. Ins., ii, 1840, pp. 41-46, fig. 6t, (structure,.

habits, etc.) ; in Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1888, pp. 1-12, pis.

I, II (notes on life- history of species oi Ascalaphiis).
Guerin-Meneville : in Bull. Entomol. Soc. Fr., 1846, p. cxv (habits of

larva of Ascalaphus longicornis).
Kirby-Spence: Introduct. Entomol, 6th Edit., 1846, pp. 276-279

(habits and duration of larval state).
Brauer: in Verhandl. des. k. k. zool. bot. Gesellschaft in Wien, iv, 1854,

p. 462, 3 pis. (transformations of Ascalaphus macaro?nus Scop.

[A. hungaricHS Ramb.] and Myrmekon tetragrammiciis) \ in id.^

V, 1855, p. 479, I pi. (describes pupa and cocoon of ^. macarouius

Scop. \a. hungariciis Ramb.]).
Hagen: Neuropt. North Araer., i86i,pp. 223-240 (descriptions, habitat,

distribution), pp. 324-327 (list South Amer. species); in Stett.

Entomol. Zeit., Jahrg. 34, 1873, p. t^T) (la^rvae of 18 species of

Ascalaphides noticed) ; in Canad. Entomol., xix, 1887, pp.

89-93,110-112, 133-136, 147-156, 209-217; in id., XX, 1888,.

pp. 34-38, 57-60, 72-74, 93-97, 185-191, 204-211 (seven new

U. S. species anil one new genus characterized).
Packard: Guide Study Ins., 1869, pp. 611-613, ^gs- 603, 604 (general

account); in 3rd. Rept. U. S. Entomol. Comm., 1883, pp. 338-

342, pi. li, figs. 1-4, pi. hii, figs. 3, 6, 8, pi. liv, figs. 1-9, pi. Ivi,.

figs. 1-7, pl. Ivii, figs. 6-10 (structural features); in Kingsley's

Stand. Nat. Hist., ii, Crust. Ins., 1884, pp. 1 58-161, figs. 231-

234 (general notice); Entomol. for Beginners, 1888, p. 87, fig.

78 (mention).
Emerton: in Amer. Nat., iv, 1871, jip. 705, 708, figs, 159-162 (larval

habits of Myrmeleoti i/fimaciilatits)
Figuier: Insect World, revised by 13uncan, 1872, pp. 424-427, figs.

401-407 (popular notice).
Moody: in Canad. Entomol., v. 1873, ])p. 63-65 {noie on My nnc/eon

iin?tiaculatiis).
Birge : in Amer. Nat., vii, 1873. p. 432 (habits of larvae); the same in

Canad. Entomol., v. 1873, pp 158 159.
MacLachl.an: in Jour. Linn. Soc, Zool. xi, 1873. pp. 219-276 (classifi-
cation oi Ascahiphidiv).
Pettit: in Canad. Entomol., vi, 1874, p. 45 [Dc/id/v/coN obsoletus taker>

at Grimsby, Ont.).

Eleventh Report of the State Entomologist 241

Wood: Insects Abroad, 1874, pp. 365-373, pi. vii, and fig. 179 (popular

account).
Ra(;onot: in Ann. Soc. Ent. France, 5 ser. xiii, 1878, Bull. Ent., p. cxx

(discovery of eggs oi Ascalaphus longiconiis).
iiNTNER: in Proc. Albany Institute, 1878, ii, pp. 48, 49 (appearance and

habits of larva) ; in Country Gent., xlviii, 1883, p. 881 (habits of

larva, description of imago); 2nd. Rept. Ins. N. Y., 1885, p. 233

(abstract of preceding article); 7th id., 189 1, pp. 318-320, figs.

35, 36 (habits of two species), p. 384 (mention); 9th id., 1893,

p. 440 (reference).
AsHMEAD : Orange Insects, 1880, p. 73 (under orange trees; larva

termed " doodle" ).
Rennie: Insect Architecture, 1880, pp. 209-216, 2 figs, (habits of larva).
Moffat: in Canad. Entomol., xvi, 1884. pp. 1 21-122 (notes on habits of

larva and imago).
Riley: 4th Rept. U. S. Ent. Conim., 1885, p. 100, figs. 28, 29 (may feed

on army-worm) ; Pt. F. Bull. 39 U. S. Nat. Museum, 1892, p.

24, figs. 37, 38 (brief notice).
ScuDDER : in Zittel's Handbuch der Palaeontol., 1885, p. 777 (fossil

species); the same in English, Bull. 31 U. S. Geograph. Surv.,

1886, p. 56; Tertiary Ins. in U. S. Geolog. Surv. Terr., xiii, 1890,

pp. 92, 147 (fossil American species).
Comstock : Introduct. Entomol., 1888, pp. 225-227, fig. 193 (general

account).
Hyatt-Arms: Guides for Science Teaching, No. viii, Insecta, 1890, pp.

173-175, figs. 121, 122 (brief account).
•Smith: Cat. Ins. N. J., in Final Rept. State Geol.,ii, 1890, p. 462 (eight

species recorded) ; in Rept. N. J. Agr. Expt. Station for 1893,

1894, pp. 500-501, figs. 35, 36 (brief notice) ; Econom. Entomol.,

1896, pp. 75-76, fig. 41 (brief, Ascalaphus the most common).
RitzemaBos: Tierische Schadhnge und Niitzlinge, 1891, p. 395, fig.

239 (brief notice).
Banks: in Trans. Amer. Entomol. Soc, xix, 1892, PP- 337-338, 360-

361 (syno])sis, catalogue, bibliography of American species).
Taschenberg: Brehms Tierleben, Insekten, ix, 1892, pp. 525-528, i fig.
Comstocks : Man. Study Ins. 1895, pp. 182-183, figs. 221, 222 (brief

account).
Sharp : in Cambridge Nat. Hist., v — Insects, 1895, pp. 454-462, figs.

299-304 (larval habits, structure of various specicb).

Thrips tabaci Lindeman.
Onion Thrifis.

(Ord. Thysanoptera : Fam. Thripid^.)

Limothrips tridci Fitch. Packard: 2nd Ann. Rept. Ins. Mass., 1872,
pp. 5-8, 3 figs, (erroneous reference).

Thrips on onion plants. Shipley: in Bull. 10 Miscellaneous Informa-
tion, Royal Gardens, 1887, p. 18.

242 Forty-ninth Report on the State Museum

Thrips tabaci Lindeman : Schadl. Ins. d. Tabak in Bessarabien, 1888,
pp. 51-65 (life-history, habits, description, remedies).

Thrips sp. Thaxter : in Ann. Rept. Conn. Agr. Expt. Stat., 1889,

p. 180 (injuries in Conn.).
Thrips sp. Riley-Howard: Insect Life, iii, 1891, p. 301 (reference);

id., vi, 1893, pp. 4-5 (reference).
Thrips sp. Coquillett: in Insect Life, iv, 189 1, p. 79 (seriously in-
juring potatoes and tumble-weed).
Thrips tabaci Lind. Ritzema Bos : Tierische Schadlinge und Niitzlinge,

1891, pp. 577-578 (description, brief notice).
Thrips sp. Lintner: in Country Gent., Oct. 27, 1892, Ivii, p. 809 (on

cabbage); 9th Rept. Ins. N. Y. for 1892, 1893, p. 445 (abstract

of notice in Country Gent.).
Limoihrips sp. Baker: in American Florist, 1892, vii, p. 168, fig. oc-
curring in rose-buds).
Thrips striata Osborn. Gillette ; in Bull. 24 Col. Agr. Expt. Stat.,

July, 1893, p. 13, figs. II, 12 (may be n. sp., and suggests «///;.) ;

in 5th Ann. Rept. Col. Agr, Expt. Stat, for 1892, 1894, p. 36 ;

in 6th do. for 1893, 1894, p. 55 (referred with doubt).
Onion Thrips. Smith : in Ann. Rept. N. J. Agr. Coll. Expt. Stat, for

1893, 1894, p. 441 ; in id. for 1894, 1895, p. 447 (abundant);

Econom. Entomol., 1896, p. 102 (mention).
Thrips alii \aUii\ Gillette. Sirrine : in Bull 83 New Ser., N. Y. Agr.

Expt. Stat., 1894, pp. 680-683, plate II; the same in 13th Ann.

Rept. N. Y. Agr. Expt. Stat., for 1894, 1895, pp. 758-760, plate.
Thrips alii Gillette. Osborn-Mally : Bull. 27 lo. Agr. Coll. Expt.

Stat., 1895, pp. 139-14^-
Thrips tabaci Lind. Pergande : in Insect Life, 1895, vii, pp. 392-

395 (general account).
Limoihrips tritici Pack. Webster: in Bull. 58 Ohio Agr. Expt. Stat.,

1895, pp. xxxiii-xxxiv (on onions in Ohio).
Thrips tabaci. Slingerland : in Rural New Yorker, Iv, 1896, p. 561

(at Peace Dale, R. I.; brief notice with remedies).

In August of 1892 a severe attack of Thrips on cabbage was brought
to my notice in a letter and infested leaves received from Kingston, Pa.
The following was the statement made :

I mailed you yesterday a box containing a number of cabbage leaves
from the field of a neighbor. To assist in identifying the pest, I mail
this morning a box containing cauliflower leaves on which are a number
of eggs, worms, lice, etc. Some of our people think the difficulty is a
species of fungus, and the lice a result rather than a cause. Late cab-
bage have failed from this cause for a number of years.

M. G.

The Attack Apparently New.
The result of my examination, pubhshed in the Country Ge?itleman for
October 27, stated " that the insects present in many hundreds of indi-
viduals on the cabbage and cauliflower leaves — minute forms, of which
the features are not distinguishable without a lens — and of a green color,

Eleventh Report of the State Entomologist 243

are a Thrips, the particular species of which cannot be determined.
When received (August 23rd) they were nearly all in their larval stage.
In assuming the perfect or winged stage, a few days thereafter, they
changed to a dark brown color or black. Examples were sent to the
Division of Entomology at Washington, where the Thripidm have been
given some special study, but they could not be referred to any known
species. As there seems to be no record of thrips attack on cabbage, it
may be presumed that this is an unrecognized and undescribed species."
" There can be no reasonable doubt but that the Thrips abounding on
the cabbage and cauhflower leaves was directly responsible for their
strange appearance and condition — quite unlike injury caused by aphis
attack or anything that I had ever seen before. The leaves, although
recently plucked, were remarkably dry, their juices almost wholly ex-
tracted, leaving them of a grayish color. Their entire surface under a
lens showed thousands of minute scars, evidently where the epidermis
had been broken or pierced by the mouth-organs of the Thrips m feed-
ing. On one leaf examined with an achromatic triplet, there were counted
65 of these scars in an area of one-tenth of an inch, giving over 6,000 to
the square inch. Injury to this extent would seem to account adequately
for the peculiar condition of the leaves, and for the failure of late cabbages
as reported."

Previously Known as "Onion Thrips."

A study of the insect made during the present year by Mr. Th. Per-
gande of the Entomological Division of the U. S. Department of Agricul-
ture has brought to light some interesting facts in relation to the insect.
It appears that a record of an Onion Thrips had been made by Dr. Pack-
ard in 1872 which was erroneously referred to Limothrips tritici Fitch.
Similar attacks on onions were published by Prof. Shipley, of Cambridge,
England, in 1887, and by Dr. Thaxter in Connecticut, in 1889. In 1893,
Mr. Gillette reported a great abundance of the insect in Colorado, and,
in the event of its proving to be undescribed, proposed the name of Limo-
thrips alia for it. In this same year it was observed by Dr. Smith to be
extremely abundant upon onions in New Jersey. For other records of
its known injuries to onions in various parts of the United States, the care-
ful study of Mr. Pergande, published in Insect Life, vii, 1895, pp. 392-395,
may be consulted.

Its Probable European Origin.
From specimens received from Dr. K. Lindeman, of Moscow, Russia,
Mr. Pergande has been able to identify our onion Thrips with a species

244 Forty-ninth Report on the State Museum

that had been causing much damage to tobacco in Southern Russia, and
named by Dr. Lindeman as Thrips tabaci. It had probably been brought
to this country many years ago, in infested onions or cabbages, and dis-
tributed throughout the States by railroad transportation.

Occurs on Many Food-Plants.

This species has been commonly recorded as depredating on the tops
of onions, and its injuries have been quite serious at times, as in the in-
stance reported by Dr. Packard, where in 1872, one-tenth of the crops of
Essex Co., Mass., was destroyed by it at an estimated loss of $10,000.
In some localities it has proved so destructive that the growing of the
■crop has been abandoned. Next to onions, its preference seems to be
ifor cabbage. It might be thought that this was a recently acquired
taste, lor during the space of twenty years no record appears of its being
found upon this plant — the first such publication being that made by me in
1892, in the Country Gentleman, as above cited. It seems, however, that
Mr. Pergande has found it recorded in his notes, as occurring in the Dis-
trict of Columbia and in Virginia, during the years 1882 to 1888, on the
leaves of cabbages.* In 1894 its operations on cabbage were studied by
Messrs Sirrine and Lowe, of the N, Y. Agricultural Experiment Station
on Long Island. It was not very harmful to the cabbage, as it attacked
and killed mainly the outer leaves, and deserted them the latter part of
September for onion fields.

Messrs Osborn and Mally {loc. cit.) have named fifteen food-plants on
which the insect occurs. Although little special attention has been given
to its food-habits, other writers have so largely added to the number that
it hardly seems worth the while to publish a list ranging through so many
of the orders which presumably rests principally on their accidental de-
tection and identification upon the plant named. The following may be
given as a list of the plants on which they have been observed, so far as
recorded :

Cabbage. Sweet clover {^Melilotus alba).

Kale. Cinquefoil {Potentilla).

Cauliflower. Stonecrop (? Sedum).

Turnip. Squash.

Candy-tuft (^Iberis). Cucumber,

Mignonette [Reseda odorata). Melons.

Nasturtium [Tropceolicm). Parsley {Canon satin/ m).

* Insect L7/1', vii, 1895, p. 394.

Eleventh Report of the State Entomologist 245

Blanket-flower [GaillarJid). Tomato {Lycopcrsiciii/i csciilejitiwi).

Cone-flower {Rudbcckia). Tobacco [Nkotiana tabaciufi).

Catnip {Nepe/a cataria). ^2iVn^%\.oyNnys^^A{Datiira stramonium).

Heal-all {Brunella vulgaris). Garden leek {Allium porrum).
Four o'clock {Mirabilis). Onion.

Distribution.

The distribution of this Thrips is an extensive one, in both Europe
and the United States, but how generally throughout these countries we
are unable to state. From Mr. Pergande's paper we have the following
localities: Russia, Germany, Bermuda, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New
York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Virginia, Ohio, Illinois, Iowa, Colorado,
and California.

The Insect Described.

It is a little over i mm. long, and varies from a yellowish-green
color in the wingless, immature forms to a brownish-yellow and even
black in the mature winged insect; in the latter the eyes and the tips of
the mouth-parts are a dark-brown color.

The antennae are composed of seven subequal segments ; the terminal
one apparently single but under a high power, is seen to be composed of
two minute segments, the apical one not sharply separated from the
seventh (Plate XV, fig. i<?). The lateral aspect of the head is shown in
figure 2, on Plate XV, in which are represented the minute palpi and the
general form of the conical mouth-parts.

The four wings are semi-transparent, and with an expanse greater than
the length of the body (Plate XV, fig. i) ; stout bristles occur along the
anterior margin and the veins ; the outer two-thirds of the posterior
margin of the fore wing is thickly fringed with long wavy hairs; in the
hind wings the fringe along the posterior margin extends to the anal
angle, though that of the inner third is thinner.

The lateral aspect of the tip of the female abdomen is represented in
figure 3 of the same plate. On the ventral surface there is a pair of
curved saws, which are coarsely serrate along the concave edge and
finely serrate on the opposite border.

Described from 30 specimens mounted in balsam.

Life-History of the Insect.
A brief abstract of the life-history of this species based upon the valuable
work of Dr. Lindeman, in Russia {Joe. ci/.), is given, as almost nothing
concerning it has been published in this country.
17

246 Forty-ninth Report on the State Museum

The eggs are elliptical, reddish, not more than 0.25 mm. long, and are
glued singly along the nerves on the underside of the leaves. At the
end of the summer they were found on the upper side also.* The egg
stage was found to last ten days.

The larvae were observed to hatch in large numbers on the loth of
July. They remained on the leaves where they were first seen feeding
and growing until August loth, at which time they suddenly disappeared.
They were then found on the stalk and upper side of the leaves as nymphs.
A few scattering larvae were seen after August loth. Thus the larval
period is about 30 days. Of other species studied by Dr. Lindeman,
viz., Thiips secalina Lindmn., and Phhwthrips frumetitaria Bel., their
larval periods were found to be 28 to 30 and 35 to 40 days respectively.
The nymph stage was apparently from five to seven days. On the 27th
of August newly hatched larvae in large numbers again appeared — the
life-cycle of which was completed in 47 days. " The imago appears to
live but one day."

Number of Generations.

The first generation observed on the tobacco by Dr. Lindeman emerged
from eggs laid the last of June, matured, and oviposited about August
17th. From their eggs numerous larvas hatched on the 27th of the month
and matured about 37 days later, — imagoes appearing early in October.
The insect hibernates in the adult form, and flies the middle of the follow-
ing May. Thus there are three generations in a year in Bessarabia —
the first flying the middle of May, the second the last of June, and the
third the last half of August. The spring brood was not observed per-
sonally by Dr. Lindeman, but he was assured by many tobacco growers
that the seed beds were commonly infested by large numbers of Thrips
early in May.

"The winter is passed in the larval or adult form, very hkely in each;
both stages being represented during the winter months and the adults
beginning the deposition of eggs as early in the season as the vegetation is
ready for them" (Osborn-Mally, /(S'r. citi). The above appears to be
the only record of how the insect passes the winter in this country.

* According to Gsborn-Mally, loc. cit., p. 140: "The eggs are deposited slightly beneath the
surface of the leaf and imbedded in the cell-structure." There is a discrepancy between this and
Dr. Lindeman's observations. It certainly appears that the saw (PI. XV, fig. 3) of the female is
well adapted to making punctures for the reception of the eggs. The differences in habit noted
may possibly be due to the food-plant, Dr. Lindeman having studied the insect on the tobacco,,
and Gsborn-Mally on the onion.

Eleventh Report op the State Entomologist 247

Remedies.
The injury inflicted by this minute insect when occurring in such
myriads can be prevented, if, at its first detection, the plants be
thoroughly sprayed with fresh pyrethrum in water, in the proportion of
one ounce to two gallons of water. See Insect Life vii, p. 392. A spray-
ing with kerosene emulsion would also be eftective.

Some Characters of the Thripidse.

The Thripidce, when full study shall be given them, will doubtless be
found to embrace numerous species. Those known to us as occurring in
the United States have been referred to ten genera, such as Thrips,
PhlcEothrips, Limothrips, etc. — the names of all terminating in thrips.
Their structure places them quite low in the class of insects. They have
been included by some authors (as Packard) in the order of Hemiptera.
They have also affinities with the Orthoptera and Neuroptera. They may
not properly be assigned to any of the old seven orders, and there is there-
fore a disposition to set them apart in a distinct order, with the name
Thysanoptera (meaning fringe-wings). Physopoda drawn from the bladder-
like termination of their feet, has also been proposed for them. They
are small, elongate creatures, measuring less than one-tenth (some less
than one-twentieth) of an inch in length, with narrow, long-fringed wings
lying flat on their backs in repose. They can run rapidly, often turning
up the tip of their abdomen after the manner of the rove-beetles, or they
leap or take wing when alarmed. The common ox-eye daisy, or a head
of red clover, plucked at almost any time, will give examples of these
interesting forms.

A few years ago the ThripidtR were thought to be harmless insects,
nearly all of them possessing carnivorous habits, and living mainly on
other insects. More careful study has shown that many are herbivorous,
and may be quite injurious to the plants that they infest, their strangely
constructed mouth-parts being adapted to both biting and sucking.

Some Literature of the Thripidse.
An excellent study of the food-habits of the family has been given by
Prof. Osborn in Instd Life, vol. i, 1888, pp 137-142, in which the food
of 26 species is given, consisting of apple, strawberry, olive tree, potato,
melon, onions, corn, clover, grasses, timothy, wheat, rye, hops, green-
house plants, and species of Compositce. See also the following publica-
tions for additional information regarding the family.

Westwood : Introduct. Class. Insects, ii, 1840, pp. 1-5, fig. 57 (Thysanop-
tera, structure, habits, systematic position).

248 FORTY-XINTH REPORT ON THE StATE MuSEUM

Harris: in Hovey's Mag. Hort., July, 1842, viii, pp. 247-248 (on plum);
Ins. Inj. Veg., 1862, p, 20 (Thrips referred to Heniiptera), pp.
234-235 (characters of, haDits, injuries of T. cerealim/i).

Fitch : in Trans. N. Y. State Agr. Soc. for 1854, xiv, 1855, pp. 806-808
(describes Phla'othrips mali, habits) ; in Count. Gent., vi,
Dec. 13, 1855, p. 385 (describes Thrips tritici, Coleothrips
trijasciata): ist-2nd Repts. Ins. N. Y., 1856, pp. 102-104; {^P.
iHii/i), pp. 304-309 (characters of Thysanoptera; descriptions,
habits, Thrips tritici^ Coleothrips trijasciata).

Curtis: Farm Insects, i860, pp. 285-289, fig. 38 pi. J-. figs. 8, 9, pi. O.,
figs. T3-17 (characters, injuries to grains of several species), pp.
431-432 (on potato leaves).

Osten-Sacken : in Dipt. North Amer., pt. i, 1862, p. 201 (in Lasioptera
galls).

Walsh: in Proc. Fnt. Soc. Phila,, iii, i864, pp. 611-612 (predaceous
habits); Practical Fntomol., i, 1865, p. 21 (habits); id., ii,
1866, p. 19 (cannibal), pp. 49-51, fig. (characters, predaceous
ha'Dits).

Packard: Guide Study Insects, 1869, pp. 547-550 (Thripida^ referred
to Hemiptera near to Corisiae and Capsini ; habits) ; 3rd Rept.
Ent. Comm., 1883, p. 297 (reference); Entomol. for Beginners,
1888, p. 73, fig- 58 (referred to Thysanoptera); in Psyche, v.
1888, p. 96 (reference).

Walsh-Riley: Amer. Entomol., i, 1869, p. 227 (Thrips preying on
Fhyl/oxera carycecaulis) .

Riley: Amer Entomol., ii, 1870, pp. 134-135 (yellow Thrips destroying
Curculio eggs) ; the same in 2nd. Mo. Rept., 1870, p. 6; refer-
ence to preceding in 3rd do., 1871, p. 29; 5th do., 1873, p. 16
(referred to Thysanoptera), p. 118 (destroying Lasioptera vitis) ;
6th do., 1874. pp. 50-51, fig. 9 (destroying Phylloxera in g.dls) ;
in Insect Life, i, 1889, p. 301 (referred to Thysanoptera by West-
wood) ; in do., v, 1892, p. 18 (undescribed species on orange
trees); Pt. F., Bull, 39 Smithson. Institut., 1892, pp. 18-19, fig-
22 (systematic position, characters).

Glover: in Rept. Dept. Agr. for 1871, 1872, pp. 86-87, fig-i (Thrips
injuring grapes ; habits).

Figuier: The Insect World, revised by Duncan, 1872, pp. 400-401, figs.
381, 382 (brief notice).

Cook: in 3rd Ann. Rept. State Pomolog. Soc. Mich, for 1873, 1874,
p. 501 (referred to Hemiptera; brief mention).

Wood: Insects Abroad, 1874, pp. 347-349, fig. 172 (injuring wheat,
greenhouse plants) ; Insects at Home, 1887, pp. 259-260, fig.
xxvii, I (brief).

Bethune: in 5th Rept. Ent. Soc. Ont., 1875, p. 60 (Thrips preying on
Phylloxera)

Ashmead: Orange Insects, 1880, p. 72 (on orange); in Insect Life, vii,
1894, p. 27 (species injuring cotton).

Hagen: in P.syche, iii, 1881, p. 196 (tarsi of Thrips compared with those
ot Psocids).

Bennett: in Psyche, iii, 1S81, p. 249 (wild pansy adapted to fertilization
by Thrips).

Darwin: in Psyche, iii, 1881, p. 250 (Thrips on flowers o{ Priinida).

Eleventh Repout of the State Entomologist 249'

Hart: in Psyche, iii, 1881. p. 254 (Thiips fertilizing wild pansy).

Kitchener: in Psyche, iii, 1881, p. 256 (Thrips fertilizing wild
pansy).

Ormerod: iMan. Inj. Ins , 1881, pp. 86-88, figs, (habits, preventives,
remedies, wheat species); 2nd Ed. do., 1890, pp. 97-99, figs,
(the same); 8th Kept. Inj. Ins., 1885, pp. 28-31, figs, (on corn) ;
1 8th do., 1895, pp. 41, 42 [Thrips cerealium injuring corn).

Howard: in Rept. Dept. Agr. for 1881, 1882, p. 137 (Thrip<5 on dis-
eased rice plants); in Entomolog. Amer., iv, 1888, p. 152.

Lintner: ist Rept. Ins. N. Y., 1S82, p. 79 (classitication), p. 303 (ref-
erence), p 332 (species on apple) ; 2nd do., 1885, p. 31 (sys-
tematic position, habits); 3rd do., 1887, pp. 97-98 (species
injuring grass); in Country Gent. Iii, 1887, p. 459 (in straw-
berry blossoms, characters, habits, etc.); 4th Rept. Ins. I^. Y.,
1888, p. 66 (Thrips in Lasioptera galls), p. 198 (abstract of
C.-G. article); 5th do., 1889, pp. 302, 304 (reference); 7th do.,
1891, p. 316 (Thrips sp. attacked by fungus), pp. 366, 384
(reference); 8th do., 1893, pp. 254-255 (systematic position,
habits); 9th do., 1893, p. 377 (reference).

OsBORN : in Psyche, iii, 1882, p. 369 (injuring style of fruit blos-
soms); in Canad. Entomol., xv, 1883, pp. 151-156 (some new
species, etc.); in Rept. Dept. Agr. for 1887, 1888, p. 164
(species abundant on clover) ; in Insect Life, i, 1888, pp. 137-142
(food habits); in Canad. Entomol., xxiii, 1891, pp. 93-96
(cause of silver-top in grass) ; in Insect Life, v, 1893, pp.
II 2-1 1 3 {PhlcTotJu'ips nigra on clover); in do., vi, 1892, p. 80
(table of stages of several species).

Pergande: in Psyche, iii, 1882, p. 381 (habits; pre>ing on Tetranychns
ielarius and possibly on Cecidomyia leguminicola); in Insect
•Life, vii, 1895, pp. 390-395 (observations on; description of
several species).

CooKE : Ins. Orchard, Vineyard, etc., 1883, pp. 122-123, figs. 100-102
(species on pear, peach, and plum).

Saunders: in 13th Rept. Ent. Soc. Ont., 1883, p. 66 (preying on
Phylloxeia); the same in ]ns. Inj. Fiuits, 1883, p. 238, fig. 244.

Hubbard: Insects Affect. Orange, 1885, pp. i64-[65, fig. 77 (Thrips
tritici on orange; remedies).

Webster: in Rept. Dept. Agr. for 1886, 1887, p. 577 (on buckwheat);
in Entomolog. Amer., iv, 1888, p. 152 (living on wheat for
weeks) ; in Insect Life, ii, 1890, p. 256 (on salsify) ; in do., iii,
1891, p. 453 (species abundant in young growing wheat).

Lindeman : Die am Getreide Lebenden Thrips- Arten Mittelruss-
lands, 1886, pp. 1-42, figs. 1-18, in Bull. Soc. imper. natur.
Mosc, Ixii, 1886, pp. 296-337 (several species treated); in
Psyche, v, 1888, p. 23 {Thrips sp. injuring grain in Russia).

Weed, C. M.: in Prairie Farmer, v. 59, 1887, p. 343 (severe injury to
strawberries); Insects and Insecticides, 1891, p. 95 [Thrips
tritici on -wheat).

CoMSTOCK : Introduct. Entomol., 1888, ])p. 123-127. figs, iii, 112
(characters and chissification as Physopoda); Bull, xi Cornell
Agr. Expt. Stat., 1889, 131 (Thrips on wheat).

250 Forty-ninth Report on the State Museum

Fletcher: in Entomolog. Amer., iv, 1888, p. 152 (injury to grasses);
Ann. Rept. for 1888, pp. 59-62 (injuries by species, remedies);
in 19th Rept. Ent. Soc. Ont., 1889, p. 11 (injuring grass) ; in
20th do., 1890, pp. 2-3 (wide-spread injury to grasses); Ann.
Rept. for 1892, p. 3 (injuring grass); in Insect Life, v, 1892,
pp. 124-125 (injuring grass ; in greenhouses).

Riley-Howard: in Insect Life, i, 1889, p. 340 {Thrips tritici injuring
orange blossoms); id., ii, 1890, p. 338 (wheat Thrips); id., iii,
1891, p. 77 (referred to Thysanoptera), p. 301 (causing rust of
oats) ; id., vi, 1894, p. 343 (injuring carnations').

Thaxtek : in Ann. Rept. Conn. Agr. Expt. Stat, for i88g, 1890, p. 180
{Colcothrips j-fasciata causing a rust on oats; onion Thrips).

Brodie: in 20th Ann. Rept. Ent. Soc. Ont., 1890, pp. 8-9 (Thrips in-
juring cereals).

Edwards: 21st Ann. Rept. Ent. Soc. Ont., 1891, p. 103 (reference to
remedies).

Garman : in Bull. Essex Institute, xxii, Nos. 1-3, 1890, pp. 1-4, fig. (struc-
ture of mouth-parts); in Canad. Entomol., xxii, 1890, pp. 215,
216 (asymmetry ot mouth-parts).

Forbes: T6thRept. Ins. III., 1890, p. ix, pi. v, fig. 4; 17th do., 1891, pp.
xiii, XV (Thrips tritici on strawberries): in Insect Life, v, 1892,
pp. 126, 127 (injuring strawberries and grass).

Hyatt-Arms: Guides for Science-Teaching, No. viii, Insecta, 1890, pp.
113-114, fig. 62 (characters of Thysanoptera).

Mally: Bull. 24 U. S. Dept. Agr. Divis, Entomol., 1891, pp. 30-31
(injuring cotton blossoms).

Ritzema Bos: Tierische Schadlinge und Niitzlinge, 1891, pp. 574-578,
fig 349 (characters, descriptions and habits of several species).

Taschenberg: Brehms Tierleben, Insekten, ix, 1892, pp. 609-611, 2
figs

TowNSEND : in Canad. Entomol., xxiv, 1892, p. 197 (notes on three
species )

HosKiNS : in Psyche, vi, 1S93, p. 557 (ravages of Thripidae, reference).

Bruner : in Rept. Nebr. St. Bd. Agr. for 1893, Ins. Enemies of Small
Grains, p. 457, fig. 96 (7. tritici, Colcthrips trifasciata); Insect
Enemies Apple, in Nebr. St. Hort. Rept. for 1894, pp. 163, 214,
fig. 82 {Thrips tritici on apple).

CoMSTOCKS: Manual Study Insects, 1895, pp. 1 19-120, figs. 137, 138
(characters and habits).

Sharp: in Cambridge Nat. Hist., v, 1895, pp. 173, 175 (systematic posi
tion, characters).

Cockerell: Bull. 15 N. Mex. Agr. Expt. Stat., 1895, p. 71 {Coleothrips
trifasciata on grass).

HoPKiNS-RuMSEv: Bull. 44 W. Va. Agr. Expt. Stat., 1896, pp. 270-271
(injury to grass).

Smith : Econom. Entomol., 1896, pp. 101-103, fig. 73 (characters, several
species mentin.ned, remedies).

Eleventh Report of the State Entomologist 251

Schoturus nivicola (Fitch).
The Snow Flea.

(Ord, Thysanura : Fam. Podurid^.)

Fitch: in Amer. Quart. Journ. Agricul. Sci., May, 1847, v, p. 284; in
id. for Sept., 1847, vi, p. 152; Winter Ins. N. Y. (sep. from
prec.),pp. lo-ii {di% Podnra) ; the same republished in Lintner's
2nd Rept. Ins. N. Y., 1885, p. 244.

Packard : in 5th Ann. Rept. Peabody Acad. Sci., 1873, P- 29-30 (as
Achorutes).

LiNTNER : 2nd Rept. Ins. N. Y., 1885, p. 203-206 (as Achorutes).

MagGillivray : in Canad. Entomol., xxiii, 1891, p. 274 (catalogued as
Achorutes); in id., xxv, 1893, p. 316 {Schoturus ^xo'^oi^^, with
the Podura nivicola of Fitch as type).

In the Second Report on the Insects of New ^ork, 1885, pp. 203-207, a
notice of some Podurids is given, under the heading of Achorutes nivi-
cola (Fitch).

Recent studies given to the Poduridse, by Mr. A. D. MacGillivray*
appear to indicate that different species have hastily been referred to this
species by authors and accepted as identical with the Podura nivicola of
Fitch. It is therefore proper to state that the bibliographical references
that appear on page 203 loc. cit. were merely given on belief, and were not
based on actual knowledge of their correctness.

Dr. Packard, in his Synopsis of the Thysanura of Essex County, Mass.\

referred the Podura nivicola Fitch to the genus Achorutes. Lately, Mr.

MacGillivray, in one of his articles on North Ame?'ican Thysanura has

proposed to retain for Achorutes the species in which the abdomen has

no anal spines, and has named as a new genus, Schoturus, those allied

species having two anal spines, of which Podura nivicola Fitch is taken

as the type.

Observed at Ghent, N. Y.

While it is not certain that the observations of Poduridae recorded on
pages 204, 205 were those of 6". nivicola, the following one may be relied
upon: In 1893, num-
erous examples of a
Podurid were received
from Mr. E. C. Pow-
ell of Ghent, N. Y.
Critical examination
showed that they con- ^. ^^ ^ „ ^ ,-^- u. -^ u,

•' Fig. 21.— The Snow-flea, Schoturus nivicola (Fitch). Possibly

form so closely to the unnaturally swollen, greatly enlarged. (Original.)

* In Canadian Entomologist, xxv, 1893, pp. 313-318.
t In Fifth Annual Report of the Peabody Academy of Science, 18731 PP- 23-51-

252 FoRTY-xixTH Report ox the State Museum

general description given by Dr. Fitch and the more detailed one of Dr..
Packard, as to leave scarcely a doubt of its identity with this species.
The insects were found on April 13th in large numbers on the trunks of
pear-trees. They appeared to be working up from the ground toward the
larger branches. Mr. Powell was fearful that they might injure the trees,
but he was assured that they were harmless and their occurrence on the
trees was probably accidental.

Classification and Characteristics.
The lodurida are among the most degraded forms of insects: indeed,,
some writers have regarded them as not belonging to the Class of Insects,
but as being quite nearly allied to the Myriapoda. Nearly all ncent
authors agree in referring them to the Order Thysanura, established by
Leach in 1796, and in the suborder of CoUembola. Dr. Sharp, in his
late publication in the •' Cambridge Natural History," has revived the
old Linnaean Order of Aptera ; to include the two suborders, (1) Thy-
sanura, and (2) CoUembola. To the former belong the species of
Lepisma and allied genera commonly known as " bristle-tails," and to the
latter, the Poduridce or "spring-tails."

A distinctive feature of the Poduridce, separating them from all other
known insect forms, is a leaping apparatus near the end of the abdomen.
The spring, represented in tigure 22, consists of a basal part usually of a
subtriangnlar form, bearing a pair of appendages composed each ot two
distinct joints. During life it is flexed beneath the body directed forward,,
and held in position by means of a "catch " attached to the under sur-
face of the third abdominal segment. On the sudden release of the spring,
from the catch, its elasticity projects the insect into the air as if rebounding
from a springboard to a distance often of an inch or more. This process is
repeated until the insect finds itself in a position of imaginary security.

Another distinctive feature of this family is " the ventral tube " project-
ing from the first abdominal segment, and appearing as a simple tubercle

divided by a central slit. Various opinions
have prevailed in regard to its functions.
Sir John Lubbock accepts DeGeer's inter-
pretation of it, viz., that it serves as a
Fig. 22. -Spring of Schoturus~nivi- sucker and is used in case its feet do not

COLA, lateral aspect, very greatly rv- i r i • i -i

enlarged. (Original.) Sufficiently perform their purpose while

ascending a smooth surface — an adhesive fluid being emitted from it.

The original description of this species by Dr. Fitch, may be found in

my Second Report, 1885, page 2^, accompanied with a more detailed

o
one by Dr. Packard.

Eleventh Report of the State Entomologist 253

Achorutes diversiceps n. sp.

(Ord. 'J'hysanura: Fam. PoDURiDiE.)

Of examples of a Podurid which came under my observation nearly
twenty-five years ago, at Center, N. Y., now known as Karner — a sta-
tion on the N. Y. Central Railroad midway between Albany and Sche-

y

nectady, — ■ I had written as follows in the Country Geutleniaii for Marcfe-
22, 1879, at page 327 :

"A species closely allied to the above, [referring to Lipiirafimctaria,
now Aphorura annata\ but somewhat larger in size and of a black color,
once came under my observation at .ji^^:^*^^!^^^^^^

Center, N. Y., in most extraordinary <r!g.ci^^y^| I [ f^^^^W,
number. Many millions of individuals j^^^, -^^ — 'f — rfe^^
must have been present, covering a jflf)f ^^^^^'^

<3amp tract of sand in a roadway near Fig. 23.-Achorltes diversiceps, greatly

1 j-i,- ^, ^ J 1 enlarged; possibly unnaturally swollen.

a swamp, and nllmg the ruts made by (Original.)

wagon wheels (to the depth of half an inch or more) in places. The
species has not been determined. It has been referred to the family
Lipurina, and seems very much like the old European species, Podura
aqiiatica, mentioned from Greenland, and may possibly be identical with
it, according to Dr. Hagen, who has only seen dried and shriveled speci-
mens of it."

Recent studies of some of the specimens in which the characters were
well brought out by treating them with a weak solution of potash lead us to
regard it as undescribed, as its characters differ from any description
accessible, and it is therefore described as new.

Achorutes diversicep.s n. sp. Figures 23, 24, 25. — Color a uniform
plumbc' us. Head wider than body, dorsal aspect subtriangular, occiput
high. Antenna about two-thirds the length of the head,
sparsely setose, stout, four-segmented; segments one and
two nearly equal, three and four slii^htly longer and stouter.
Eye-groups high upon the occiput, posterior to insertion
of antennae, each including seven or eight, and possibly
ten, ocelli. Fig. 24— Giaw of

Thorax and abdomen sparsely clothed with scattering Achorutes di-

,. ij- ■ •• ir 111-, versicei's, very

hairs; body increasing m size to the fourth abdominal greatly enlarged,
segment. Legs four-segmented, with scattering hairs, and ^'-'■■'^'"ai.)
bifurcate, curved claws (fig. 24). Ventral sucker prominent, with central
papilla, around which are .several setae. Tenaculum or catch apparently
composed of a pair of broadly triangular pro-
cesses as seen from below. Base of spring or
elater two-thirds the width of the body and
tapering gradually to its apex, which is about
one-half HS wide in ventral view; the paired pro- ""'l^Al^^tv^rl ^r^^^'^^l
cesses arising from the base of the spring are larged. (Original.;

254 Forty-ninth Report on the State Museum

about three times longer than wide and are terminated each by a minute
segment one-fifth its length ; the larger segment of the spring with a few
long setae, posterior margin toothed minutely (fig. 25). Tergite of
terminal segment shorter laterally ; pleurite produced ventrally, shorter
dorsally, and including lateral portions of the tergite. Long setae occur
on the ventral and caudal margins of this segment. Length nearly
0.05 inch.

Described from numerous specimens in the State collection.

The only reference to the above in my Reports is the following inci-
dental one : "I have seen at a glance, in a locality near Albany, within
a small extent of roadway, of a single species of a snow-flea — a Podura,
more individuals as computed by me, than there are human beings on
the entire face of the globe " {Eighth Report on the Insects of New York,
1893, page 266).

My original note regarding the occurrence of this insect has recently
come to light. It reads as follows :

April 26, 1870. Visited Center for the first time this spring. The day
was cold and windy. Took one example of Thecla arsace \Irus\ and two
males of a Geometrid, Aspilates coloraria (Fabr.), of which several were
seen resting on damp ground.

Immense numbers of a very small black Podura were seen in the
wagon-ruts of the road near some standing water, extending perhaps
some three rods from it. For this distance, the Poduridae almost black-
ened the sand, but at several points they were gathered in a dense mass,
of six or eight inches in extent, and nearly half an inch in thickness.
There were undoubtedly millions of the little insect assembled at this
locality. Scarcely any motion was observable in these masses, unless dis-
turbed, when they became quite active, leaping in every direction a dis-
tance of about an inch.

Tyroglyphus heteromorphus n. sp.*
A Carnatiofi Mite.

(Ord. Acarina: Fam. Acarid^.)

A number of carnations in the greenhouse of Samuel Wheeler, Berlin,
Mass., were observed to die gradually at the base, and in time the plants
perished. The stems usually began to decay just below the surface of
the ground. In some cases the whole plant, and in others individual

* Communicated by E. P. Felt.

Eleventh Report of the State Entomologist 255

branches, would show signs of weakness. The number of plants thus
affected in December was so large that the trouble was apparently due to
some agency other than weakness of the plants, improper conditions of
the soil, or similar causes.

The dying of mdividual carnations is by no means new to the
grower of these plants. They are usually reset without further thought,
and the loss attributed to the weakness of the plants or some other cause,
and nothing more thought of the matter. In some cases it may be due
to malnutrition, but in the present instance there appears to be a well-
defined cause, and the same may prove true in other places.

An examination of a number of the affected plants showed several
large burrows in most of them at or near the surface of the ground, and
in these cavities, numerous small white mites, apparently a species
of Tyroglyphus, were found. In most of the stems examined, the mites
were very abundant — in many places they formed a distinct whitish-
appearing layer over portions of the affected parts. A limited number
of eel-worms, Aiiguilhdidce, were associated with the mites. Several
much larger, active, reddish mites were also seen in the course of the
examination; these, however, are predaceous, and belong to a species of
Gamasus — probably undescribed.

Notes on Life-History and Habits.
These mites can live and multiply rapidly on the decaying carnation
roots, provided moisture is present. A number of them were placed in
tightly corked vials with bits of the roots. The vials were kept moist and
in a warm room from the last of December, 1895, till into February, 1896.
While the vials were kept moderately moist, the mites multiplied very
rapidly. During the latter part of the time that they were under observa-
tion, a black, smutty fungus developed upon the decaying carnation roots
and the mites were observed feeding upon it; not only were they seen
feeding on the fungus, but the black spores were within their semi-
transparent bodies. One mite was observed moving slowly through the
accumulated moisture in the bottom of the vial, and turning from side
to side, apparently seeking to capture the infusoria with which the fluid
abounded. From the above it is seen that these mites feed on decay-
ing carnation roots, on fungi, and probably on infusoria. It is also more
than likely that they injure the living tissue of the carnation.

The drying up of the carnation roots was followed by many of the
mites deserting them and betaking themselves to the sides of the vial, where
they became fixed and remained motionless for some time. A few days

256 FoRTY-MXTH RErouT ox THE State Museum

after, some mite skins were found, their occupants having disappeared.
Many of them had assumed characteristic Hypopus forms, to be
•described later.

Forms Assumed by the Mite.

This Acarid appears to have at least five well-defined forms through
which it passes in the process of development or which it can assume
under varying conditions. The mites hatch from eggs as minute six-
legged creatures, as is commonly stated,* which resemble the adults in
all other ways except that they have one pair of legs less. When first
discovered, the mites swarmed on portions of the carnation roots, in the
more common immature form closely resembling the male, but with shorter
hairs and with all the legs similar; males and females were also present.
After the mites had been under observation a few days, a stout form of a
size nearly ec|ual to that of the female was seen, and in which most of the
head was concealed. It had quite short legs, and between the pcjsterior pair
were six ventral suckers. These stout short-legged ones traveled slowly at
first — later they became motionless, extended their legs forward, and as-
sumed the typical form of the larger Hypopus (PI. xvi, fig. 9). Sub-
sequently a female was discovered with one of these nearly developed
larger Hypopi within her body, thus showing the connection between the
two forms, but transformation to the Hypopus was arrested January 27
by placing the individual in alcohol. The change was probably caused
by the poor quality of the food, the mites having fed for a month
upon the same bit of decaying root. It would thus appear that this is
the Hypopus form of the larger or nearly mature individuals. Possibly
this transformation under unfavorable conditions so late in life may be
limited to the female.

Tne last of January the smaller Hypopus was seen (PI. xvi, fig. 7).
Other observers have noted that no Hypopi are to be found until the
mites have passed from the six-legged to the eight-legged stage. If such
be true, the smaller Hypopi can be developed very shortly after the
fourth pair of legs are acquired, as it is usually less than half the size
of the other form and smaller than most of the young mites. That the
smaller Hypopus is the form assumed by the immature mites is rendered
quite certain by the following : January 31st, three of the immature mites
were carefully taken — one at a time on a needle point — from the carna-
tion root and placed in a clean vial with a fre.'ih bit of cheese. The vial

* In this species the smallest examples found possessed eight legs. No eggs were seen at any
■time. It may be viviparous as are Tyros;lypkus longior and T. siro CHowakd: in Bull. 4 Neiu
-Set-., U. S. De/'t. Agy., Div . Ent., 1896, p. loi).

Eleventh Eeport of the State Entomologist 257

was kept tightly corked. The mites did not take kindly to this substance
as food. Nine months later the vial was examined and one well de-
veloped smaller Hypopus was found, with the other two in a partly
transformed condition.

Thus my observations appear to show that there are the larger mites
presumably males and females (two of them were observed apparently-
pairing), the immature and two Hypopal forms to be found in this species.

The Hypopus.

This form has long been a puzzle to naturalists. It was observed by
DeGeer as early as 1735 in great numbers on the house fly. It was
given the name of Acaius muscanuu. Similar mites were also found later
by others on different insects. Much later, in 1834, Duges transferred
the Acarus viitscarum to the genus Hypopus, which he established for a
mite found on Bister. The Hypopi are found abundantly at times
attached to the chitinous body walls of different insects, and some are
even found upon polished fern leaves and other hard surfaces, — places
where they could obtain no nourishment. They are attached by means
of their vemral suckers wath their anterior feet in the air, or, as m the
species studied, they may fix themselves by the suckers upon the feet.
Later studies of the Hypopus reveal other species. In these studies, M,
Dujardin noticed some that were narrower, more transparent, and com-
pletely empty; some of these, but more rarely, showed in the interior
another form of mite, soft and curled up like an embryo ; it occupied the
whole internal cavity of the Hypopus as if the latter were a living egg-
shell provided with feet. From this he derived the conclusion that the
Hypopi were larvae or rather, "if the phrase were allowable, eggs fur-
nished with feet."

In 1868, M. Claparede announced as the result of his researches that
the genus then known as Hypopus was but the male form of certain
Tyroglyphidae. He traced the development of the mite from the egg,
and found that it emerged as a six-footed larva, thus disproving the
interpretation of this form by M. Dujardin. His explanation of the
Hypopus was in turn set aside by the observations of several highly com-
petent men, among whom were Prof. Robin, M. Fumouse and M.
Megnin. It will perhaps be enough to cite briefly the work of the latter.
He witnessed the transformation to the Hypopus of a species of Tyrogly-
phus, when the mushrooms, on which they were feeding, were allowed to
dry. Upon supplying moist mushrooms, the Hypopi transformed back
to Tyroglyphi. Twenty times he witnessed these transformations. It

■258 Forty-ninth Report on the State Museum

would thus appear, that the Hypopus is a form assumed by the mite
when scarcity of food and moisture threaten its extinction. From
the Hypopus having been seen by so.ne within the ordinary mite, this
has led them to claim that it is but a parasite of Tyroglyphus.

During my study of this mite, I was so fortunate as to detect in the above-
mentioned instance the Hypopus within the body of the female. Numbers
have also been seen walking around and finally becoming fixed in their
characteristic attitude. The Hypopus appears so evidently to be but
another form of the mite, that the idea of its parasitic nature is hardly

tenable.

Description of the Mite.

Examples of the mite were submitted to Prof. Herbert Osborn, who
pronounced it a species of Tyroglyphus apparently wtz.x phyUoxer(E Riley,
Taut with which he could not make it agree in all details. He further added
that it might be identical with some of the described European forms.
Failing to find a description of a similar species in the limited European
literature at my command, it is herewith described as new :

Tyroglyphus heteromorphus n. sp. Plate XVI. Male. — Length,
about o. 8 mm.; color, pale white; form, elongated, rounded posteriorly.
Tarsi, of first two and fourth pairs of legs, with terminal spme beside
the curved claw, no sucker visible, last segment elongated, spiny; an-
terior two pairs with two long terminal bristles and with a clavate
appendage near the base (fig. 3); posterior pair with but one long
terminal bristle and no clavate appendage; third pair of legs much
stouter, tarsi short and bearing several long bristles, terminal hook
beak-like and with a short spine opposite (fig. 4). Hairs scattering, equa
in length to the abdomen ; on posterior margin of cephalo-thorax, two
long hairs inclining slightly forward (fig. 2). Posterior to abdominallegs,
two suckers may be seen.

Female (fig. 5). — Slightly longer than male, stouter, abdomen usually
much more distended. Tarsi of all the legs much elongated, those of the
two anterior pair with a clavate appendage as in the male but with no
short spine beside it (fig. 6) ; legs otherwise similar to those of the male,
except that the posterior tarsi bear two long terminal bristles, and that the
basal segment of each leg is more nearly globose. Hairs much shorter
than in the male, scattering.

The immature mite resembles the male in general shape. The hairs
of tne body are not so long and the legs are all similar. The tarsi are not
so greatly elongated proportionately as in the anterior legs of the male.

Hypopus fonns. Quite variable not only in size but also in appear-
ance, the latter perhaps due to more or less complete transformation.
The smaller Hypopus, assumed by immature forms, is suboval from a
dorsal aspect, laterally, it appears much flattened and in some examples
even concave beneath (fig. 7). The snout or beak projects anteriorly,
with parallel margins and is terminated by two long bristles. The ante-

Eleventh Keport op the State Entomologist 259

rior two pairs of legs are extended forward, usually nearly parallel; the
first pair are more elongated, especially the tarsal segments which
are terminated by oval suckers on long pedicels (fig. 8), and at the base
of the suckers a pair of claws. Second pair of legs shorter, similar but
without the oval sucker; both pairs with the clavate organ as observed
in the mature form. Posterior legs much more slender, shorter; at base
of last pair, six ventral suckers arranged in two parallel rows.

Another stouter oval form was also observed. This may be assumed
by the larger females and possibly by the males. The head is nearly
concealed and the legs extended forward (fig. 9) ; the anterior pair,
however, with no trace of suckers (fig. 10). This form is usually nearly
the size of the mature mites, while the smaller Hypopi are less than half
the size. Six ventral suckers may easily be seen near the base of the pos-
terior pair of legs.

It is possible that more than one species may be represented by the

forms above described. But, as they were all intimately associated during

life, and as a direct connection has been shown between two forms and

their Hypopi and in all probability between the forms designated as male

and female, no other way is open than to group them all under a single

species.

An Associated Mite.

Several very active reddish mites were found on the roots of the car-
nations. One was seen within the cavity with the Tyroglyphus and
was probably preying upon it. Specimens of these were submitted to
Prof. Osborn, who pronounced them a species of Gamasus related to
those grouped with G. crassipes (Herm.). As no description of this mite
is accessible to me, it is figured and described ; in the event of its being
new it may be known as Gamasus longipalpoides.

This mite (PL XVI, fig. i) is about i mm. long of a broadly ovate
outline and of a pale red color. Anterior legs much elongated, palpi-
form, terminal segment about twice the length of the precedmg one;
second pair of legs very stout, much shorter and acutely bent, terminal
segment, spiny, chelate, and with a delicate double claw (PI. XVI, fig.
\a) ; posterior legs, spiny and with minute claws.

Remedies.

The trouble at Mr. Wheeler's was confined largely, if not entirely, to
plants which had been set in the greenhouse on soil left in from the
preceding year. Very few plants were affected that had been set on soil
brought into the greenhouse the autumn before. Hence, much of the
trouble from these mites can be avoided by changing the soil, on which
the plants are grown, each season.

It would be well to remove infected plants from the greenhouse as
soon as they exhibit signs of weakness. Their prompt destruction would
tend to prevent the spreading of the mites from one plant to another.

260 Forty-ninth Report on the State Museum

Kainit, or other potash salt, has been recommended by Dr. Smith, of
the N. J. Agricultural Experiment Station, as an insecticide of value
against wireworms in the soil, and also as a substance that will destroy
the pear-midge after it has buried for pupation. If effective against these
insects, a heavy dressing of it would be of value in the greenhouse. Not
only would it destroy the mites in the soil, but it would also stimulate the
carnations to more vigorous growth

APPENDIX

i8

(A)
LIST OF INJURIOUS APPLE-TREE INSECTS.

In the " First Report on the Injurious and Other Insects of the State
of New York," in 1882, a list was given of the apple insects known in the
United States, numbering 176 species. It was then stated: — " The list
will, without doubt, be largely extended ; it is published at this time to
serve as a basis for future additions. An entire exploration of our ento-
mological literature might add nearly or quite fifty species, and careful
observation would unquestionably give us no inconsiderable number
which have not yet been recognized as apple insects." In 1894 with the
above as a basis, a list was published by Professor Lawrence Bruner, of
the Nebraska State University, entitled. — " Insect Enemies of the Apple
Tree and its Fruit," in which were enumerated 280 species.

From the time of publication of the list of 1882, it has been steadily
growing by additions in MS., until as now presented it has more than
doubled its original extent — the number of known species being now
given as 356.

It is hardly necessary to state that not all the species herein recorded,
are to be regarded as specially injurious to the apple-tree and its fruit
but as each one is known to make it, at times, its food-plant from choice
(many others will feed upon it in confinement), the least harmful among
them may at any time, through such sudden and inexplicable multiplica-
tion as is often witnessed in the insect world, become a serious pest.

The authority for including the species in the list is given in each
instance. For convenience of those who may be willing to scrutinize the
list with a view of supplying omissions, the species have been arranged
under their several Orders in systematic arrangement. Additions to the
list would be gladly received as adding to its interest and value.

264 Forty-ninth Report on the State Museum

Hymenoptera.

Tremex columba Linn. Pigeon Tremex Riley: Amer. Ent., ii, 128.

Formica Noveboraceusis Fitch.* New York ant Fitch: N. Y. Repts., i ii, 62..

SoIenopsLsgeminata (Fabe.) McCarthy, in lit.

Polistes fuBcatus (Fabr.) [pallipes St. Farg.] Authors.

Vespa maculata Linn. White-faced hornet Id.

Vespa vulgaris Linn. Telloiv jacket Id.

Lepidoptera.

(Dii(r)iaJs).

Papilio Turnns Linn. Turnus swallow tail Harris: Ids. luj. Ve;r., 268.

LimeDitis Ursula (Fabr ). Ursula butterfly Riley: Aiuor. Ent., ii, 276.

Limenitis Arthemis (Drurt). Arthemis butterjiy Fletcher: in lit.

Limenitis disippus (GODT.). Disippus butterfly Scmlder: Bull. Buff. Soc, ii, 250»

Tbecla calaiius (FIubn.). Banded hair-streak Id., Psyche, 1889, 276.

Thecla strigosa Harris. Streaked Thecla Id., Bull. Buff. Soc, iii, 111.

Sjyiihigidw.

Deilephila liueata (Fabr.). White-lined Sphinx Riley: Amer. Ent., i, 206.

Sphinx drupif'erarum (Sm.-Abb.). Plum Sphinx Lintner: Proc. E. S. Ph., iii, 568.

Sphinx Gordius Cram. Apple Sphinx Harris: Ins. Inj. Veg., 328.

Smerinthus geminatus Say Pack: 5th Rept. Eut. Comru., 257.

Smerinthus excaecatus (Sm.-Abb.). Blind eyed Sphinx Harris: Ins. Inj Veg., 327.

Sesia pyri (Harris) Riley: Proc. E. S. Wash., i, 85.

Bombyddm.

Callimorpha Lecontei Bdv Saunders: Fruit Ins., 198.

Calliniorpha fuWieosta Clem Riley : Mo. Kept., iii, 132.

Spilosoma virgiuica (Fabr.). Virginia ermine moth Walsh: Pract. Eut., ii, 103.

Hyphantiia cunea (Drury). The weaver Fitch: N. Y. Rept, iii, 19.

Hyphantria sp. ? Riley: Ins. Life, v, 17.

Halisidota caryie (Harris\ Hickory tussock moth Fitch: N. Y. Rept., iii, 19.

Halisidota niaculata (Harris). Spotted tussock moth Thaxter: in lit.

Orgyia nova FiTCH [antiqua (Linn.)] Fitch : 8th Rept. Ins. N. Y , 193.

Orgyialeucostlgma (Sm. Abb.). White-marked tussock motA. Harris: Ins. luj. Veg., 366.

Parorgyia parallela Gr.-Rob Coquillett : III. Rept., x, 166.

Ocneria dispar (Linn). Gypsy moth Fernald: Hatch Bull. 19, 109.

Lagoa crispata Packard Saunders: Fruit Ins., 176.

Lagoa opercularis (Sm.-Abb.) Walsh : Amer. Ent., ii, 29.

Parasa cbloris (Her.-Sch.). Greenhag-moth Riley: Amer. Ent., ii, 307.

Eucleaqnerceti Her.-Sch Thaxter: in lit.

Empretia stimulea Clem. Saddle-back caterpillar Riley: Amer. Ent., i. 40.

Phobetron pithecium (Sm.-Abb.). Hag-moth Id., ib., ii, 340.

Limacodes scapb a Harris. Skiff Limacodes Thaxter: in lit.

Lithacodes fasciola Her.-Sch. Banded Lithacodes Id., ib.

Heterogenea textula Her.-Sch [flexuosa Grote] Beut.: Ann. N. Y. Ac. Sci., v, 207.

Thyridopterj's epheraeraeformis (Haw.). Bag-worm Riley: Amer. Ent., ii, 38.

Oiketicns Townsendi Riley MS. Townsetid's bag-ivorm Towusend : Canad. Ent., xxiv. 199.

Chalia Rileyi Heyl^rts Riley : Bui. S. E. Belg., 1884,ccvui.

Datana ministra (Drury). Yellow-necked apple-tree worm. .. Fitch: N. Y. Repts., i-ii, 235.

Datana Integerrima Gr.-Rob Gr.-Rob.: Proc. E. S. Ph., vi. 13.

Datana conti acta Walk Foi bes : 111, Rept. xiv, 95.

* Camponotus herculaneus (Linn. .

Eleventh Report of the State Entomologist 265

CEdemasia concinna (Sm.-Abb.) Harris: Ins. Inj. Vcg., 425.

CEdetnasia esitnia Grote Thaxter : iu lit.

CEdemasia salicisHT. Edw Dyar: Pnycbe, vi, 325.

Schiziira uuiootnis (Sm.-Abb.). TInicorn prominent Harris: Ins. Inj. Veg., 424.

Heterocampa manteo (Walker) Pack.: IslMeni. Bomb. Moths, 229.

Heterocampa guttivilta ( Walker) Packard: id., 235.

Attacus Promethea (Linn.). Promethea moth Minot: Canad. Ent , ii, 100.

Attacas Cecropia (Linn.). Cecropia Emperor moth Harris: Ins. luj Veg., 388.

Te)ea Polyphemus (Linn.). Am,erica7i Silkworm Marten: 111. Kept , x, 125.

Hyperchiria lo (Fabr.). Io Emperor moth Saunders: Ins. Inj. Fr., 139.

Hemileuca Alaia (Drury). Maia moth Marten: 111. Kept., x, 128.

Clisiocarapa Califoriiica Packard H.Edw.: 5th Rep. U.S. Com., 119.

Clisiocampaphivialis Dyar Dyar : Canad. Ent., xxv. 43.

Clisiocampa auibisimilis Utah Id., ib., 43.

Clisiocampa erosa Stretch Id., Psyche, vi, 365.

Clisiocampa thoracica Stretch Koebelo: Bull. Div. Ent, 23,42.

Clisiocampa Americana Harris. Apple-tree tent caterpillar . Harris: Ins. Inj. Veg., 373.

Clisiocampa disstria HiJBN.* Forest tent-caterpillar Id., ib., 375.

Tolype velleda (Stoll). Velleda Inppet-moth Id., ib., 377.

Gastropacha Americana Harris American lappet-moth Packard: Rep Rk. M. Locust 379.

Gastropacha Califoruica Pack. California lappet moth Id., ib., 807.

Xyleutes [Cossu'<] robinse (Peck) French: 111 Rept., vii, 279.

Zeuzera pyrina (Fabr.). Leopard moth Graef: Ent. Amer., iv, 163.

NoctukUV:

Acronycta occidentalis Gr.-Rob Lintner: Ent. Contrib., i, 62.

Acronycta morula Gr. -Rob Lintner: Ent. Contrib., ii, 137.

Acronycta Radcliffci Harvey Thaxter: Papilio, iii, 17.

Acronycta spinigera GuEN French: Canad. Ent., xxvii, 332.

Acronycta luteicoma Gr. -Rob Thaxter: Papilio, iii, 17.

Acronycta brumosa Guen beutenmiiller : loc. cit., 211.

Acronycta clarescen.s GuEN. [is A. pruni JETarm] Thaxter: Papilio, iii, 17.

Acronycta oblinita (Sm -Abb.) Thomas : 7th 111. Rept., 201.

Agrotis placida Grote. Red cut-worm Davis: Bull 132 Mich., A.E. S., 7.

Agrotis saucia (Hubn.). Variegated cut-worm Riley: Mo. Rept., i, 72.

Agrotis clandestina Haeris. W-m,arked cut-worm Id., ib., 79

Agrotis scandens Riley. C limbing cut-worm Id., ib., 77.

Agrotis messoria Harris. Dark-sided cut luorm Id., ib., 75.

Agrotis Cochrani Riley. Cochran's cut-ivorm Id., ib., 75.

Agrotis tessellata Harris. Checkered cut-worm Gillette: Bui. 12 lo. A.E.S.,539.

Mamestra sub.juncta Gr.-Rob. Speckled cut worm Davis : Bui. 132 Mich. A. E. S., 17.

Mamestra picta FIarris. Zebra caterpillar Coquillett : Ids. Life, v, 287.

Mamestra a.ssimilis Morr Thaxter: inlit.

Laphygma frugiperda Guen. Fall army-worm Riley: Amer. Ent., ii, 364.

Nolophanamalana (Fitch). Many-dotted ap.tr . ivorm Fitch: N. Y. Repts., i-ii, 241.

Amphipyra pyramidoides (GuEN.) Guen6e: Noct., iii, 398.

Tseniocampa rufula (Grote) Coquillett: Bui. Div. Ent., 32, 25.

Taeniocampa pacifica Harvey Koebele : Bui. Div. Ent., 23, 43.

Taeniocampa alia Guen. U.istable drab-moth Fitch: N. T. Rept., iii, 26.

Scopelo.soma sidus Guen ^ Riley: 5th Rept. Ent. Coram., 116.

Xylina Bethunei Gr.-Kob. Bethmie's Xylina Thaxter : in H<.

Xylina anteiinata Walk. Ash-grey pinion Riley: Mo. Rept., iii, 135.

Morrisonia coufusa (HObn.) Dyar: Ins. Life, iii, 63

* Cligioeampa sylvatica Harris.

266 Forty-ninth Report on the State Museum

Aletia argillacea HiJBN. Cotton-moth Riley: Amer. Ent., iii, 68.

Heliothns sp Id., Ins. Life, v, 18.

Chamyris cerintha (Tkeits.) Coqiiillett: Papilio, i, 56.

Catocala grynea (Cramer) Id., 111. Kept., x, 184.

Catocala nuptialis Walk Hoy: Tr. Wis. Hort., Soc. ix, 233.

Catocala ultronia (Hubn.) Beutenmiiller: loc. cit., 217.

Palthls angulalis (HiJBN.) Murtfeldt: ?

GeometridcB,

Prochcerodes nnbilata (Pack.) (Reference lost.)

Eunomos magnaria Guen Crane : Ent. Amer., Iv, 13.

Ennomos subsignaria HtJBN. Snoiu-white linden tnoth Dodge: Canad. Ent., xiv. 30. ■

Neniatocampa fllameutaiia Guen Beutenmiiller: loc cit., 220.

Plagodis Kentzingai ia Grote Thaxter : in lit.

Corycia vestaliata Guen. Vestal O or ycia Perkins: in lit.

Eumacaria bninneariaPACK Goodell: Canad. Ent., x, 66.

Boarmia plumigeraria HuLST Coquillett: Bull. 30 Div. Ent.,|i28.

Boarmia pampinaria Guen Beutenmiiller: loc. cit., 222.

Boarmia crepuscularia Treits Id, lb, 222.

Biston ypsilon Forbes Forbes: 111. Rept., xiv, 95.

Amphidasys cognataria Guen Goodell: Canad. Ent., x, 67.

Hybernia tiliaria Harris. Lime-tree winter-moth Harris: Ins. Inj. Yeg., 472.

Hybernia defoliaria (Clerck) Fletcber : Rept. Ent., 1893, 24. ,

Pbigalia ? cinctaria French. Banded Phigalia French: 111. Rept., vii, 241.

Aniaopteryx vcrnata Peck. Spring canker-worm Harris : Ins. Inj. Veg., 463.

Anisopteryx pometaria Harris. Autumn canker-worm Id., ib., 462.

Operophtera boreata Walker Bruce: Ent Amer., lii. 49.

Petropbora diversilineata HiJBN Riley: 5th Rept. Ent. Comm., 189.

Pyralidce.

Eurycreon rantalis GUEN. Pyralid web-caterpillar Popenoe : Kan. R. B. A., 1880, 100.

Phycis fMineola] indigenella (Zell.). Leaf-crumpler Riley : Mo. Kept., iv, 39.

Pempelia Hammondi RiLET. Apple leaf skeletonizer Id.. ib., 44.

Tortricidw.

Teras oxycoccana (Pack.) Riley: Papilio, iv, 71.

Teras Cinderella (Riley) . Green apple leaf tyer Riley : Mo Rept. , iv, 46.

Teras malivorana (LeBaron). [T. minuta Rob.] LeBaron: 111. Rept., 1, 20.

Caccecia rosaceana (Harris). Oblique-banded leaf-roller Harris: Ins. Inj. Veg., 480.

Caccecia rosana (Linn.) Fernald: Cat. Tort., 11.

Caccecia argyrospila (Walk.) Riley: Trans. Am. E. S., x, 12.

Lophoderus triferana (Walk.) Murtfeldt : Fern's Cat. Tort , 15.

Eccopsis permnndana (Clem.). Neat straivberry-leaf roller.. Coquillett: Papilio, iii, 102.

Eccopsis malana Fekn. Apple bud worm Coquillett : Fern's Cat. Tort., 72.

Penthina chionosema Zeller Murtfeldt : Bull. 23 Div. Ent., 51.

Semasia sp Riley: Tr. Mass. Hor. Soc, 1,39.

Proteopteryx spoliana (Clem.) Murtfeldt: Bull. 23 Div. Ent., 51.

Steganoptycha pyricclaua Riley Id., ib., 52.

Tmetocera ocellana (Schiff.). Eye-spotted bud-moth Hariis : Ins. Inj. Veg., 482.

Phoxopteris nubecnlana (Clem.). Apple-leaf folder Riley: Agr Rept. for 1878, 239.

Grapholitha prunivora (Walsh). Plum moth Id., Amer. Ent , iii, 131.

Carpocapsa pomonella (Linn.). Codling moth Linnajus: Syst. Nat., x, 538.

Eleventh Kbport of the State Entomologist 267

TineidcB.

Epheatia interpunctella HfJBN. Indian meal moth Lintner MS. (in dried fruit).

Argyresthia andereggiella F. v. R Beutenmiiller : loc.cit., 228.

Gelechia intermediella Chambers Murtfeldt: Bull. 23 Div. Ent., 53.

Ypsolophus contubernalpllus (Fitch) Fitch: N. T. Repts., i-ii, 231.

Tpsolophua malifoliellus (Fitch). Striped palmer -worm,. Id., ib., 231.

Tpsolophus pometellus (Harbis). Palmer-worm Id., ib., 221.

Anarsia lineatella Zell. Peach-twig m,oth Lintner: Inj. lus. N. Y., i, 154.

Ornix cratfegifoliella Clem Chambers: Canad. Ent., v, 50.

Lithocolletis [Ornix] geminatella Pack Packard: Guide Stud. Ins., 353.

Lithocolletis pomifoliella Zell. Thorn-apple leaf-miner Clem.: Pr. A.N. Sc. Ph., 1860, 208.

Coleophora malivorella Riley. Apple-tree case-bearer Riley : Agr. Rept. for 1878, 253.

Coleophora Fletcberella Fern Fernald : Canad. Ent., xxiv, 122.

Tischeria malifoliella Clem. Apple-leaf miner Stainton: Tineida N. A,, 141.

Bucculatiix pomifoliella Clem. Apple-leaf Bucculatrix Id., ib., 145.

Aspidisca splendoriferella Clem. Resplendent shield-hearer . Comstock : A g. Rep. for 1879, 210.
Mlcropteryx pomivorella Pack. Apple Micropteryx Packard : Inj. Ins. etc., 1870, 6.

Diptera.

Trichocera regelationis (Linn.) Billups: Ent. Mo. Mag., xxii, 284.

Euxesta notata (Wied.) Riley : Ins. Life, vi, 270.

Sciaramali (Fitch). The applemidge Fitch: N. T. Repts., i-ii, 252.

Trypeta [Rhagolites] pomonella "Walsh. Apple maggot Walsh: lU. Rept., i, 29.

Drosophila amoena LoEW. Pretty pomace fly Comstock: Ag. Rept. for 1881, 199.

Drosophila arapelophila LoEW. Pickled-maggot fruit-fly Id., ib., 201.

Coleoptera.

Cucujidce.
Silvanus Surinamensis (Linn.). Grain Silvanvs Glover: Agr. Rept. for 1870, 66.

NiiiduUdw.
Ips fasciatus Oliv. [quadriguttatus Fabe.]. Bandedlps Thomas: 111 Rept., vi, 91.

Trogosiiidce,

Trogoaita [Tenebriodes] nana (Melsh.). Divarf Tenebrioides. Riley: Mo. Rept., iii, 6.
Tenebrioides corticalis (Melsh.) Hopkins: Bull 32'W.Va. Ag.St.,180.

Elaierida;,

Alaus oculatus (Linn.). Eyed Alaus Fitch: N. Y. Rept., iii, 11.

Alaus myops (Fabr.). Blind Alaus Id., ib., 12.

Melanotus incertus Leg. [decumanus Er.] Riley : Mo. Rept., iii, 6.

Melauotus communis (Gyll.). Common snapping beetle Id., ib.

Corymbites caricinus (Germ.) Fletcher: Rept. Expt. Farm,

1892, 146.
Buprestidcp.

Dicerca divaricata (Say). Divaricated Buprestis Glover : Agr. Rept. for 1868, 91.

Chrysobothris femorata (Fabr.). Fl.-head. Apple tree borer. Fitch: N. Y. Rept., i. 25.

Chrysobothris seniisculpta Lec. [contigua Lbc] Blaisdell: Ins. Life, v, 33.

Chrysobothris Californica Lec Id., ib.

Malachidw.
Attains scincetus (Say) Hopkins: loc. cit., 185.

268 Forty-ninth Report on the State Museum I

Ptinidce.

Sinoxylon basilare (Say). Red-shouldered Sinoxylon Riley: Mo. Kept., iv, 54.

Bostrychus bicornis (Web.) HopkiDs: Zoc cii., 185.

Ampbicerus bicaudatus (Sat). Apple-twig-borer Fitcb : N. Y. Rept., iv. 12.

Polycaonconfertus Leg. Twig-borer Riley: Amer. Nat., xvi, 747.

Psoa maculata Lec Coquillett: Ins. Life, iv, 261.

Lucanidw.
Lucanu8 daraa Thdne. Stag beetle Harris: Ins. Inj. Veg., 45.

Scarabceidce.

Serica tricolor (Say). Iridescent Serica Glover: Agr. Rept. for 1868, 87.

Serica valida Harold. Robust Serica Cooke: Inj. Ins. O. V., etc., 101.

Macrodactyliis subspinosus (Fabr.). Rose beetle Harris: Ins. Inj. Veg., 36.

Macrodactylus uniformis Horn Riley: Ins. Life, ii, 115.

Lachnosterna fusca (Frohl.). May Beetle Glover: Agr. Rept. for 1868, 104.

Lachnosterna luicaus- (Enoch.) Id., ib.

Lachnosterna fralerna Harris. June beetle Harris: Ins. Inj. Veg., 32.

Lachnosterna priinina Leg Townsend : Ins. Life, ii, 43.

Lachnosterna rugosa Melsh Brimer: Neb. Hort. Rept., '94, 159.

Lachnosterna jifEnis Leg Id., ib.

Lachnosterna hirticula (Knogh). Hairy May beetle Glover: Agr. Rept. for 1868, 88.

Lachnosterna orennlata Frohl Id., ib.

Lachnosterna tristis [pilisocollis] Fabr Harris: Ins. Inj. Veg., 33.

Poiyphylla variolosa Hentz. Scarred Polyphilla Id., ib.

Polyphylla decemliueata Say. Ten-lined leaf-eater Cooke: Inj. Ins. O. V., etc., 100.

Anomala varians (Fabr.). [undulata Melsh.] Thomas: 6th Rept. Ins. 111., i.

Anomalaraargiuata (Fabr.). Margined Anomala.. Lintner: Inj. Ins. N. Y., 412.

Pelidnota punctata (Linn.). Spotted Pelidnota Bruner: loc. cit., 1894, 159.

Cotalpa lanigera (Linn.). Ooldsmith-beetle Id. ib.

Allorhina nitida (Linn.). Green June beetle Townsend: Bull. 5 N.Me.Ag.St., 10.

AUorhina sobrina Id., ib.

Euphoria melancholica Gory. Melancholy chafer Walsh-Riley: Aiiier. Ent., ii, 61.

Euphoria Inda (Linn.). Indian Euphoria Riley : Mo. Re|)t., iii, 6.

Osmoderma eiei icola (Knogh). Hermit Osmoderma Harris: Ins. Inj. Veg., 42

Osmoderma scabia (Beauv.). Roxigh Osmoderma Glover: Agr. Rept. for 1886. 90.

Trichiussp. ?[ Valgus canalicnlatus, Fabr.] Harris: Ent. Corr., 82.

Sjiondylidce.
Parandra brunnea (Fabr.) Sherman : in lit.

Ceramhyddce.

Orthosoma brunneum Forst. Brown Prionus Riley-Howard: Ins. Life, iv, 270.

Prionuslaticollia (Ueuey). Broad-necked Prionus Riley: Amer. Ent., 1,233.

Prionus imbriconiis (Linn.). Tile-horned Prionus Riley: Mo. Rept., iii, 6.

Chion cinctus (DRifRY). Banded Chion Fitch: N. Y. Rept., iii, 8-

Chion garganicus (Fabr.) Id., ib.

Elaphidion ocellata (Hald.). [awci. Riley] Murtfeldt : Rept. Agr. 1888, 137.

Elapbidion villosum (Fabr.). Apple-tree pruner Riley: Amer. Eut., iii, 239.

Elaphidion parallelum Newm. Parallel Elaphidion Id., ib.

Neoclytus erythrocephalus (Fabr.) Chittenden: Pr. E S. Wash., iii. 97.

Disteniaundata (Oliv.) Lugger: Psyche, iv, 204.

Ipochus fasciatus Leg Coquillett: Ins. Life, iv, 26:i.

Psenocerus supernotatus (Say) Packard: Guide Stud. Ins., 500.

Leptostylus aculiferus (Say). Prickly Leptnstylus Fitch: N. Y. Rept., iii, 8.

Eleventh Report of the State Entomologist 269

Leptostylus macula (Say). Spotted Leptostylus Urackett : Pract. Ent., i, 19.

S^ernidiiis [Liopus] alpba (Say) Kiley : Am. Ent, iii, 270.

Liopus [Lepturges] facetus (Say) Fitch: N. T. Kept., iv, 65.

Hyperplatys macnlatuaHALD Riley: Amer. Ent., iii, 271.

Eupogonius tomentosus Hald Smith : Ins. Lite, iv, 43.

Oncideres cingulata (Say). Twig-girdler Riley: Amer. Ent., iii, 271.

Sapeida calcarata Say. Poplar horer Riley: Prairie Farm., 1867,397.

Saperda Candida Fabr. Bound-headed apple-tree horer Hams: Ins. Inj. Veg., 107.

Saperda cretata Newm Oshorn: Amer. Nat., xv, 244.

Saperda vestitaSAY Zabriskie : Jo. N.T.E. Soc, iv, 96.

Oberea sp Riley: Amer. Ent., iii, 181.

Chrysomelidae.

Syneta albida Leg Lewelliug: Ins. Life, iv, 396.

Coscinoptera douainicana (Fabr.). Dominican case-hearer. .. Riley: Mo. Rept., vi, 127.

Xanthonia 10-notata Say. Spotted Xanthoma Id., Bull. 31 Dept. Ent., 17.

Glyptoscelis crypticus (Say). Cloaked Ghrysomela Fitch: N. T. Rept., iii, 18.

Colaspidca smaragdula (Leg.) Riley-Howard: Ins. Life, vi, 373,

Diabrotica 12-punctata (Guv.) Id., ib., i, 58.

Diahrotica vittata (Fabr.). Striped Cvcumbcr-beetle Riley: Mo. Rept., iii, 6.

Diabrotica longicornis (Say) Forhes ; 12th 111. Rept., 23.

Disonycha Penn.sylvanica Illiger. Id., 18th 111. Rept., xi.

Graptodera [Haltica] chalybea Illigeb. Grapevine fieaheetle. McMillan : Bull. 2Neb. Ex. St., 43.

Haltica foliacea Leg. Apple fieaheetle Cook: Rural N. Yorker, Ixiv, 530.

Haltica punctipennis Leg Riley : Sci. Amer., Ivi, 384.

Crepidodera rufipes (Linn.), lied-footed flea-beetle Lintner: 4th N. T. Rept , 102.

Crepidodera Helxines (Linn.). Violaceus flea-beetle Forbes: 14th 111. Rept., 98.

Epitrix cucumeris (Harr.). Cucu^nber flea beetle.. Id., ib.

Odontota scutellaris Oliv. [dorsalis Thunb.] Riley: Amer. Ent., iii, 151.

Odontota nervosa Panz Hams: Ins Inj. Veg., 120.

Odontota rubra Weber Pimmock : N . E. Homestead, v. 73.

Tenebrionidae.
Helops micans Fabr Riley: Prairie Farm, 1867, 397.

Cistelidae,
Hymenorus obscurus (Say) Lintner; Count. -Gent , 1882, 605.

Melandryidae.
Synchroa punctata (Newman) Hamilton: Can. Ent., xvii, 48.

Anthriddae.

Notoxus calcaratus Horn Jones: Ins. Life, v, 197.

Notoxus monodon (Fabr.) Woodworth : Rep. Cal. A. E. S.,

1894-5, 248.
Meloidae.

Macrobasis iinicolor (Kirby). Ash-grey blister-beetle Glover: Agr. Rept. for 1868, 105

Pomphopoea aenea (Say). Pear-tree blister-beetle Riley: Mo. Rept., iii, 6.

Otiorhynchidae.

Epicserus imbricatus (Say). Imbricated snout-beetle Glover: Agr. Rept. tor 1870, 71.

Anametis grisea Horn [granulatus Say] Riley: Amer. Nat., xvi, 916.

Otiorhynchus sulcatus (Fabr.) Quin : Gard.-Field, xxii. 1896, 25.

Otiorhyuchus picipes (Fabr.) [singularis Linn.] Packard : Rep. Geo. Sur , 1875, 757.

Thricolepis simulator Horn. Grey bark-eating weevil Cooke: Inj. Ins. 0. V, etc., 71.

270 Forty-ninth Report on the State Museum

Curculionidce.

Ithycerus Noveboracensis (Foest.). Neiv York weevil Fitch : N. Y. Kept., iii, 13.

Magdalis {ene-scensLEC Fletcher: Farm. Adv., 1896, 480.

Coccotorus prunicida Walsh. Flum-gouger Bruner: Neb. II or. Kept., 1894, 161.

Tachypterus quadrigibbus SAy. Apple cureuUo Walsh: Ainer. Ent., i, 36.

Pseudanthonomus cratsegi Walsh. Thorn curcuUo Kiley : Amer. Ent., ii, 308.

Anthonomas pomorum (LiNN.). Apple-hlossom weevil Dietz: Tr. Am. Ent. S., xviii, 204.

Conotrachelus nenuphar (Hebbst). Plum curculio Harris: Ins. Inj. Vee., 76.

Scolytidce.

Monarthrum mali (Fitch). Apple bark-beetle Fitch: N. Y. Kept., iii, 8.

Hypotbenemus eruditus Westw Hopkins: Bui. 31 W. V. E. S., 132.

Hypotheuemus erectus Leg Id., ib., 133.

Hypotbenemus dissiinilisZtMM Marten: Prairie Farm., Ixi, 204.

Xyleborus pyri (Peck) [dispar Fabe.]. Pear-blight beetle Harris: Ins. luj. Veg., 90.

Xyleborus obesus Lec Riley: N. Y. Tribune, 1877, 234.

Xyleborus xylographus Say. Wood-engraver bark-beetle Hopkins: loc. cit., 136.

Pityophthorus sp. "h." [Xylocleptes decipiens Lec] Id., ib., 132.

Scolytus rugulosus Ratz. Wrinkled Scolytus Lintner: 4th. Rept. Ins. N. Y., 104.

PhlcEotribus liminaris (Harris) var Cockerell: Ins. Life, vii, 210.

Hemiptera.

(Beterojiiera.)

Broch,\mena annulata (Fabr.) Walsh -Riley : Amer. Ent., i, 227.

Brochymeua Carolinensis Westwood Bruner: loc. cit., 162.

Leptocoris trivittatus (Say). Box-elder plant bug Riley: Bull. 12 Div. Ent., 41.

Nyaius angustatus Uhler, False chinch-bug Id., Mo. Kept, v, 114.

Orophiua disconotus (Say) Gill. -Baker : Hemipt. Col., 24.

Trapezonotus sp Bruner: loc. cit, 162.

Lygus pratensis (Linn.). Little-lined plant-bug- Riley: Mo. Rept.. ii, 114.

Corythuca arcuata Say Slingerland : Rur. N. Y., liv, 425.

Corytbucasp Washburn: Bul.31 Or Ag. St., 87.

Sineadiadema (Fabe.) Dodge: Forest & Field, ii, 67.

(HomojHtra.)

CicadidcB,

Cicada septendecim Linn. Seventeen-year locust Fitch : N. Y. Rept., i, 45.

Cicada tredecim Riley. Thirteen-year locust Riley: Mo. Rept , iii, 6.

Cicada Novseboracensis [rimosa Say] Emmons Cooke: Inj.Ins. O. V. etc., 74.

Cicada tibicen Linn. Dog-day Cicada Uhler : in lit.

Memhracidw.

Ceresabubalus (Fabr.). Buffalo tree-hopper Riley: Mo. Rept., v, 122.

Ceresa taurina Fitch. Calf tree-hopper Fitch: N. Y. Rept., iii, 17.

Thelia cratfBgi Fitch. Thorn-bush tree-hopper Saunders: Fruit Ins., 46.

Enchenopa binotata Say. Two-spotted tree-hopper Goding: Ins. Life, v, 93.

JassidcB. f

Jassus irroratus Say Uhler: in lit.

Eutettix seminuda (Say) GUI. Baker : Hemipt. Col., 102.

Empoasoa albopicta (Forbes). Green apple-leaf hopper Forbes: 111. Rept., xiii, 181.

Empoasca Birdii Goding Goding: Ent. News, i, 123.

Empoasca obtusa (Walsh) Walsh: Prairie Farm., xxvi, 147.

Eleventh Report of the State Entomologist 271

Empoasca viridesceus Walsh Id., ib.

Typhlocyba rosie (Harris). Rose-leaf hopper Riley : Ins. Life, v, 18.

Typhlocyba uiali Prov. Apple-tree leaf-hopper Provancher: Can. Hemipt., 298.

Psyllidix.
Psyllapyricola (FoERST.). Pear-tree P.iylla Glover: Agr. Rept. for 1876, 33.

Aphididce.

Schizoneura lanigera Haus. Apple-root plant-louse Fitch: N. Y. Rept., i, 5.

Lacbnus den tat us LeBaron '. . LeBaron : 111. Rej)!,, ii, 138.

Callipterus mucidus Fitch. Mouldy Aphis Fitch : N. Y. Rej)!., iii, 16.

Aphis mali Fabr. Apple-tree Aphis Id., ib , i. 49.

Aphis malifoliiB Fitch Id., ib., 56.

A leurodidw.
Aleurodes sp Walsh : Pract. Ent., ii, 58.

Coccidoi.

Iceryapurcha« Maskell. Cottony-cushion scale Cooke: Fruit Ins. Cn\., 38.

Lecanium pruinosutn COQUILL. Powdered Leeanium Coquillett: Ins. Life, iii, 384.

Lecanium pyri ScHR Cockerell: Canad. Ent., xxvi, 35.

Lecanium oleae Bernard. Black scale of Calif ornia Comstock: Ag. Rept. for 1880, 336.

Lecanium juglandis BouCHE. Plum scale Slingeilaud : Bui. 83 C. E. S., 687.

Lecanium sp Coquillett: Bull. 2G But. Div., 34.

Ceroplastes Floridensis Comst. Barnacle scale Riley: Ins. Life, i, 326.

Aspidiotus peruiciosus Comst. The pernicious scale Comstock : Ag. Rept. for 1880, 305.

Aspidiotus ancylus Putnam Sirrine: in lit.

Aspidiotus Forljesi Johnson. Cherry scale Johnson: Eutomo. News, vii, 151.

Aspidiotus jiiglans-regiae Comst Cockeiell: Canad. Ent., sxvii, 260.

Aspidiotus oslrefeformis CuRTiS Douglas: Ent. Mo. M., sxiii. 239.

Aspidiotus rapax Comst. Greedy scale Wood.: Rep. Cal. E. S. 1892, 4^6.

Aspidiotus camellife (BoiSD.). Camellia Aspidiotus Howard : Year Book Agr "94,262.

My tilaspis poraorum BoucHE. Apple bark louse Harris : Ins. In.j. Veg., 252.

Chionaspia furfurus (Fitch). Scurfy bark-lause Walsh :-Pract. Ent., ii, 31.

Diaspis ostreseformis Signoeet. Pear-tree oyster-scale Comstock: A g. Rept. for 1880, 312.

Thysanoptera.

Heliothrips hsemorrhoidalis Bouche Pergande: Psyche, iii, 381.

Phlseothrips mali Fitch. Apple, thrips Fitch: N. Y. Rept., i, 102.

Thripstritici Fitch. Wheat thrips Osborn : Ids. Life, i, 141.

Orthoptera.

CEcanthus niveus Harris. White flower-cricket Riley: Mo. Rept., v, 120.

Orchelimum glaberrimum (BuHM.) Bruner: loc. cit., 163.

Microcentrum retiiiervis (BuEM.). Angidar-winged katydid. Riley: Mo. Rept., vi, 158.
Chortophagaviridifasciata (DeGeer). Green striped locust. Sauuders: Fruit Ins., 139.

Caranula pellucida SCUDD. Pellucid locust Riley: U. S. Ent. Com. Rept., i, 445.

Schistocera Americana (Urury). American locust Thomas : Amer. Ent., iii, 250.

Schistocera Shoshone Thomas. Shoshone locust Bruner: inlit.

Melauoplus femur-rubrum (Harris). Redlegged locust Riley: Rept. Ent. Com., i, 445.

Melanoplus spretus (Uhleb). Rocky Mountain locust Id., ib., 253.

Melanoplus atlauis (Riley). Lesser migratory locust Id., ib., 445.

Melanoplus difierentialis (Thomas). Differential locust Bruner: inlit.

272 Forty-ninth Report on the State Museum

Melanoplus bivittatns (Say). Two-striped locust BTUJier : in lit.

Melanoiilus herbaceus Bruner Id. , ib.

MeloQoplus cinereus Scudder Id., loc. cit., 163.

Melanoplus cyaneipes Bruner MS Id., loc. cit., 163.

Melanoplus devastator Scudder. Devastating locust Coquillett: Bull. 27 Div. EdI. 36.

Pezotettixchenopodii Bruneb Bruner: loc. cit, 163.

Forficula auricularia Linn. Earwig Cooke: Idj Iiis. 0. V., etc., 111.

Neuroptera.
Termes flavipc'^ KoLLAR. White ant Riley-Hovrard : Ids. Life, v, 201.

Thysanura.
Symnthurus arvalis Fitch. Fieldflea Fitch: N. Y. Repts., vi-ix, 191.

Arachnida.

Bryobia pratensis Garman. Clover mite Cockerell : Ins. Life, vii, 210.

Bryobia hpeciosa (Koch) Webster : Ins. Life, i, 363.

(B)
PUBLICATIONS OF THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

The following is a list of the principal publications of the Entomologist
during the year of 1895 : 50 are named, giving title, place and time of
publication, and a summary of contents.

Ants in a Lawn. (Country Gentleman, for January 3, 1895, Ix, p. 9, cols.
I, 2 — 34 cm.)

A remedy requested for an infestation of ants in a lawn which was
formerly dense wood'^, at East Williston, N. Y., can not be given with-
out a knowledge of the species. If the yellow ant, Formica rufa, it
may be destroyed in its mound by introducing bisulphide of carbon.
If the ants can not be traced to their mounds or nests, then, at a time
when the lawn "is alive" with them, they may be killed with kerosene
emulsion. Lime or kainit, used as directed, may also prove effective
against them.

[Published in pages 115, 116 of this Report (xi).]

The Apple-Tree Aphis. (Country Gentleman, for January 10, 1895, Ix,
]). 27, cols. I, 2 — 40 cm.)

For an unusually severe attack of aphis in an orchard at George's
Harbor, British Columbia, kerosene and lime applied to the trunks of
the trees had been recommended. This would not be effective, and
why not. The proper remedy is spraying with kerosene emulsion as
the young are hatching.

Can the blackening of the trunks and branches and stickiness of the
leaves result from Psylla attack on pear trees ? It is unusual with
aphis but common vvith Psylla. But the Psylla has not been reported
from British Columbia, while the apple-tree aphis was quite destructive
there (as quoted) in 1893, and its eggs have been received, fairly black-
ening apple twigs from Oregon. Reply to question — the Bordeaux
mixture may follow the application of kerosene, or be combined with
the emulsion.

The Apple-Tree Bark-Louse. (Country Gentleman, for January 10,
1895, Ix, p. 27, cols. 2, 3 — 45 cm.)

In answer to inquiries with specimens from Pleasant Plains, N. Y.,
the above-named insect, Mytilaspis pomorum, is identified. Instead of
cutting down badly infested trees, as in years ago, we can now kill the
insect and save the trees. The young can be killed by kerosene
emulsion spraying at the proper time. Few persons seem willing to
devote the time to fight insect pests, yet the future of fruit-growing
depends upon its being done. The winter months are favorable for

274 Forty-ninth Report on the State Museum

destro)ing scale insects by the whale-oil soap wash. Directions are
given for its use and its economical home manufacture.
The many food-plants oi M. pomorum are given.

Colorado Beetles. (Country Gentleman, for January lo, 1895, Ix, p. 30,
c. 2 — 5 cm.)

To the inquiry when the potato bug first came to Albany, reply is
made: — its occurrence may safely be given as in 1873. It is recorded
as having entered the western limits of the State in 1871 ; in 1872 as
in Cattaraugus Co.; in 1873 as having reached the extreme eastern
boundary of the State; in 1874 it was seen in Chenango Co.; in 1875
it was present in several of the New England States. In August of
1876 it was so abundant in Albany, that on some of the streets, in
walking a block a number would be crushed under foot.

Attacking Scale Insects. (Country Gentleman, for February 7, 1895, Ix,
p. 108, c. 2 — 21 cm.)

The suggestion is made by a correspondent from St. Lawrence Co.,
that the remedies for the ravages of the apple-tree scale be published
at the present time. We have now a sure remedy for this, and most
other of our fruit-tree scales, in the winter aj^plication of the whale-oil
soap solutions, the formula for which and the manner of use may be
found in the Country Gentleman of January 10th. The formula as
there given will make about 20 lbs. of the soap — not 25 as stated.
Mr. Howard's testimony to the value of this wash is quoted.

Garden Slugs. (Country Gentleman, for February 21, 1895, Ix, p. 147,
CI — 9 cm.)

The best remedy is freshly slacked lime applied to them while feed-
ing during the morning or evening. As they are able to throw off their
shmy coating when obnoxious substances are applied, the application
should be renewed at short intervals until they are no longer able to
excrete a new coating. Lime water is used by English gardeners. They
may also be killed by sprmkling them with salt. Ducks are serviceable
in gardens for hunting the slugs for food.

Rhinoceros Beetle. (Country Gentleman, for March 21, 1895, Ix, p.

230, cols. I, 2 — 10 cm.)

Two "horned bugs" taken alive from a chestnut stump at Har-
mony Grove, Ga., and thought to have killed chestnut trees, are the
rhinoceros beetle, Dynastes Tityus. The larva feeds and transforms,
in decaying cavities in old trees and stumps, and not being a borer, is
not injurious. The beetle may be harmful in plowing off the bark
to feed on the sap-wood. It is said, also, to be a sap feeder. It has
not previously been recorded in chestnut.

Bounty on the English Sparrow. (Albany Evening Journal, for March
■ 21, 1895, p. 8, c. 4 — 23 cm., Scientific American, April 27, 1895.)

In remarks made upon a Bill offering a bounty on English sparrows
killed, under consideration by a Legislative Committee, it was urged,.

' Eleventh Report of the State Entomologist 275

that although the bird was " an unmitigated nuisance " (among other
reasons for the protection it gave to the Orgyia caterpillars), a
bounty was inexpedient: its i eduction could be better reached by
other means indicated. Its extermination or great reduction through
a bounty was impracticable, as shown where bounties had been paid.
A bounty would be detrimental to the agriculturist in driving the
sparrows from cities into the country, and giving it more general distri-
bution. Many insectivorous song sparrows would be mistaken for it
and killed. Careless shooting by boys would endanger lives.

Vermicides [Insecticides for Vermin.]. (Country Gentleman, for April 4^

1895, Ix, p. 266, c. 4 — 8 cm.)

An inquiry for a carbolic acid soKition that will kill vermin on cattle,
sheep, and lambs, is answered by recommending Buchan's Carbolic
soap and Little's Chemical Fluid. Directions as to preparation and
method of use are given on the packages.

The English Sparrow. (Country Gentleman, for April 11, 1895, Ix, p

285, cols. 2, 3 — 19 cm.)

Substantially the same as in the Albajiy Evenmg Journal of March
21, 1895, of which an abstract is given above.

Some Destructive Shade-Tree Pests. (State of New York — Department
of Public Instruction, Arbor Day Manual, May 3, 1895, Albany,
April 6, 1895, pp. 13-17, figs. 6.)

Importance of protecting shade-trees from insect depredations.
The elm is particulary subject to insect attack. Notice and figures of
the elm-leaf beetle, Galeriicella xanthotnelcena \lHteola\, and how to
destroy it; the Orgyia tussock caterpillar — its beauty, abundance, and
control by destruction of eggs ; the ravages of the leopard-moth, Zeiizera
pyrlna; operations of scale insects, illustrated by maple-tree scale,
Piuvinaria innumerabilis ; increase of insect pests and number of species
infestirig different trees, and the importance of the study by young
people for their control.

A Bad Scale on Currant Bushes. (Gardening, for May 15, 1895, iii
p. 263, c. 2 — 9 cm.)

Currant bushes in St. Louis are " completely covered with scales,"
which from examples sent, are identified as Aspidiotus ancylus Putnam
— a scale that closely resembles the San Jose scale, Aspidiotus per-
niciosus, recently introduced into the Atlantic States.

If badly infested, they should be cut down and burned. If but
moderately infested, spraying with kerosene emulsion early in June
will kill the young. All the insects can be killed by a wash in winter
with two pounds of whale-oil soap in one gallon of water.

The Currant Aphis. (Gardening, for May 15, 1895, iii, p. 263, c.
3 — 12 cm.)

The plant-louse reported from Oshkosh, Wis., as curling and blister-
ing the leaves of the red currant, is the currant aphis, Myzus ribis

276 Forty-ninth Report on the State Museum

(Linn.). It can be destroyed by kerosene emulsion or a whale-oil
soap solution if applied at the hatching of the eggs and prior to the
curling of the leaves.

Repelling the attack by mulching the plant with tobacco stems, as
reported, would be a valuable preventive if it should prove, on fur-
ther trial, effective.

The Bean Weevil. (Country Gentleman, for May 16, 1895, Ix, p. 389,
cols. I, 2 — 17 cm.)

To an inquiry from Buder Co., O., of the construction of kilns for
killing the bean weevil, reply is made that any excess of heat used in
killing the weevil in stored beans would endanger their germination.
Professor C. E. Weed's experiments in killing the pea weevil in an oven
exposure of 146'' Fahr. for an hour, are referred to. Exposure of in-
fested beans to the vapor of bisulphide of carbon is preferable to heat.
Where description of the " Tracy House " for killing the weevil
with bisulphide of carbon, may be found.

The Bean Weevil. (Country Gentleman, for May 23, 1895, Ix, p. 408, c.
3 — 6 cm.)

Answer is made to a correspondent from Binghamton, N. Y., that
the weevil comes from eggs deposited upon the pods, and no means
are known for preventing the deposit. As it is a rather local insect,
all bean growers in an infested locality should combine in killing the
insect soon after the gathering of the crop, by the bisulphide of carbon
treatment or some other efficient remedy.

Millepedes and Wire- Worms. (Country Gentleman, for May 30, 1895,
Ix, p. 423, cols. I, 2 — 23 cm.)

From 40 to 60 "black wire-worms" reported as occurring in single
hills of melons, in Pattersonville, N. Y., are millepedes or " thousand-
legged worms." What may be done to prevent them infesting crops,
as in not using manure in which their eggs occur, applying soot, lime-
water, trapping with baskets of damp moss, slices of potato, and cabbage
leaves. Figures of wire-worms and of millepedes are given to show
their difference.

Carpet-Eaung Insects. (Country Gentleman, for May 30, 1895, Ix, p.
423, c. 3 — 16 cm.)

Insects sent from Louisville, N. Y., from underneath carpets, are the
larvge of Tinea pellionella (one of the three species of clothes-moths)
and oi Attagemis piceus, the black-carpet beetle. An account of each
is given and how they may be destroyed. The supposed clothes-
moths attracted to light in the evening are not clothes-moths, but are
species that enter through open windows and are harmless within doors.

Plum-Tree Aphis. (Gardening, for June i, 1895, iii, p. 281, c. 3 — 16 cm.)

The aphides sent from Eaton, O., had all been devoured by the
larval Syrphus flies and a Coccinella p-notata inclosed with them, but

Eleventh Report op the State Entomologist 277

they are undoubtedly, from the statement of their operations, Aphis
pmnifolii. To prevent its injury, the tree should be sprayed with ker-
osene emulsion, soap suds or whale-oil soap solution when the leaves
begin to open and the insect appears. Later, they are sheltered by
the curling of the leaves.

Cutworms. (Country Gentleman, for June 6, 1895, Ix, p. 440, c.

3 — 10 cm.)

As there are fifty or more species of cut worms, the habits and oper-
ations of which are largely influenced by the crops attacked, soil and
seasonal conditions, etc., no general remedy can be given for them.
The preventives and remedies contained in Bulletin No. 6 of the New
York State Museum of Natural History, on •' Cut- worms," are named —
twelve in number.

A Manual for the Study of Insects. (The Nation, for June 6, 1895, Vol.
60, No. 1562, p. 451, cols. I, 2, 3 — 42 cm.)

Notice of the above-named volume by Prof. J. H. Comstock and
Anna Botsford Comstock, 8 vo., 701 pp., 6 plates, and 797 figures :
refers to its new system of classification in Lepidoptera, its tables for the
determination of families in all orders, the numerous figures for the
identification of species, the large number of orders (19) designated,
the syllabication and accentuation of the scientific names, etc.

The San Jose Scale, Aspidiotus perniciosus, and Some Other Destructive
Scale Insects of the State of New York. (Bulletin of the New York
State Museum, Vol. 3, No. 13, April, 1895. Published June 11, 1895,
44- pp., 7 plates.)

As introductory, what scale insects are, is told. The destructive
New York scale insects noticed are: Apple-tree Bark-louse; Scurfy
Bark-louse ; Pine-leaf Scale-insect ; White Scale ; Maple-tree Scale-
insect ; and Plum-tree Scale-msect. Of the San Jose Scale is given :
Introduction and Spread ; Occurrence in the Eastern United States ;
Investigations by the U. S. Department of Agriculture; The San Jose
Scale in New York; The San Jose Scale on Long Island; The San
Jose Scale in New Jersey; The Two Infested New Jersey Nurseries;
The San Jose Scale in Ohio; Description of the Scale; Description
of the Insect; Its Life-history; Its Food Plants; Spread of the In-
sect; Protection from Infested Stock; Proposed Legislation ; Reme-
dies; Bibliography; Plates and their Explanations.

[Published in pages 200-233 of this Report (xi).]

The Asparagus Beetle Goes North. (Country Gentleman, for June 13,
1895, Ix, p. 455, cols. I, 2 — 47 cm.)

This insect is detected for the first time as abundant and destructive
to asparagus in Magnolia, Mass. The locahties where it had pre-
viously appeared are named, as tending to indicate that the northward
distribution will be confined to the "Upper Austral hfe-zone." Mag-

19

278 Forty-ninth Report on the State Museum

nolia and other northern localities named have not hitherto been
embraced within the zone as mapped, but they in all probability should
be. This zone limitation, if it be established, will allay the fear of
several of the more injurious insect pests becoming destructive over a.
large portion of the State of New York. Its limitation of the Saa
Jose scale spread is stated, and it may finally control the Gypsy Moth.
The air-slacked lime remedy for the beetle is given.

[See pages 1 77-181 of this Report (xi).

The Pear Midge. (Country Gentleman, for June 13, 1895, Ix, p. 456,
cols. 2, 3 — 16 cm.)

Pears infested with the larvae of Diplosis pyrivora are received
from Millbrook, N. Y., where the attack is said to be new. The
nature of the attack, and the history of the pest in this country, are
given. No method is known for preventing the infestation of the fruit.
The remedies are, destroying the infested fruit, or killing the insect
after it has entered the ground, as given in detail in the 8th Report on
the Insects of New York.

Pear Midge Again. (Country Gentleman, for June 20, 1895, Ix, p. 472^
cols. I, 2 — ID cm.)

An attack on young pears from Poughkeepsie, N. Y., is recognized
as that of the pear-midge. The larvae at this time have left the fruit
and entered the ground. The remedies for this insect and other partic-
ulars are given on page 456 of this volume of the Country Gentleman.

A New Maple-Tree Insect. (Country Gentleman, for June 27, 1895, Ix,
pp. 484-5, cols. 4, I — 21 cm.)

The stems of maple leaves sent from Concordville, Pa., are found to
be burrowed by the larva of a Tortricid moth, named Steganoptycha
Claypoliana. The history of the species, its life-history in brief, and a
preventive of the attack, are given. It does noi promise to prove a
serious pest, as it does not spread rapidly.

Plum Tree Scale. (Country Gentleman, for June 27, 1895, Ix, p. 485, c.
I — II cm.)

A scale on six-year old plum trees in East Hartford, N. Y., is
what is now regarded (with some doubt) as Lecanium jitglandlfex Fitch.
It was first noticed, in Western New York, last year. The remedies
are, scraping off the scales on sheets early in the year, and spraying
with an insecticide at the hatching of the eggs in June.

The Elm-Leaf Beetle. (Albany Evening Journal, for July 20, 1895,
p. 3, c. 1 — 23 cm.)

The insect has invaded Albany in force. Large numbers of the pupae
were found, July 15th, at the base of elms on Hawk street, with larvae
ready for pupation, and beetles already emerged. Features for recog-

Eleventh Report of the State Entomologist 279

nizing each are given. As the proper remedy — thorough arsenical
spraying will not be generally resorted to, it is urged that every effort
be made to destroy the pupae, which transform upon the pavement and
in crevices where they are easily reached, by kerosene, hot water or
strong soapsuds. Importance of fighting this insect, which is far more
destructive to elms than the Orgyia /eucostigtiia.

Elm-Leaf Beetle. (Country Gentleman, for August i, 1895, Ix, p. 568,
c. I — 10 cm.)

" Small worms about half an inch long that in a short time eat all
the leaves of an elm shade tree" m Oceanport, N. J., are those of
the elm-leaf beetle, Galerucella xanthomelcena \luteola\. The best
remedy for them is spraying the foliage with i lb. of Paris green to
200 gallons of water at the time that the eggs are hatching in early
spring. If the tree is large, a hose 50 to 100 feet long should be car-
ried into the tree and the spray thoroughly distributed therefrom.
When the larvae descend the trunk about the middle of July and change
to small yellow pupae, they should be killed with hot-water, kerosene,
strong soapsuds or tobacco water.

Horn-Tail Borer. (Country Gentleman, for August i, 1895, Ix, p. 568,
cols. X, 2 — 12 cm.)

An example of the insect is sent from Fort Wayne, Ind., for name
and remedy. Trcrnex columba is not regarded as particularly
injurious, for although its larva runs broad burrows in the trunks of
trees, it usually selects for oviposition such as are already diseased.
Fortunately it has effective parasites in the two species of " long
stings" — Thalessa airata and Th. lunator which are drawn to the
infested trees, and by the aid of their long ovipositor insert their eggs
deeply therein. The larvae burrow in search of the Tremex, to which
when found, they attach themselves and eventually consume it. The
"long stings" usually control Tremex attack.

Orchard Insects. (Country Gentleman, for August i, 1895, Ix, p. 568,
c. 2 — 15 cm.)

A remedy is asked, from Augusta, Ga., for " plum and peach trees
of which the fruit is full of worms." From an inquiry so general the
attacking insects cannot be named, and consequently no remedy can
be suggested. The fruit of each harbors the larvae of the plum cur-
culio and the codling moth, and the peach, that of Xylina cinerea.

The Black Peach Aphis. (Country Gentleman, for August 8, 1895, Ix,
p. 583, c. 2— 17 cm.)

This aphis, the Aphis persicae-fiiger, is reported as occurring on the
roots of trees in an orchard, attacking tree after tree in the rows. In
a Maryland nursery one hundred thousand trees were killed in three
weeks' time. Its life- history is briefly given and how its increase may
be prevented.

280 Forty-ninth Report on the State Museum

The Sugar Maple Borer. (Country Gentleman, for August 8, 1895, Ix,
p. 583,0. 2 — 14 cm.)

Insects injuring sugar maples and a linden tree are probably the
maple-tree borer, Glycobiusus \Plagioiiotus\ speciosiis, and ants in the
latter. A preventive of attack by the former is a coating of soapsuds
and carbolic acid to protect from the egg deposit; the remedy is
cutting out as stated. The ants in a cavity of the linden may be
killed by injecting gasoline.

New Scale Insect. (Country Gentleman, for August 8, 1895, Ix, p. 585,
c. 2 — 4 cm.)

The scale from Loudenville, N. Y., noticed on page 425 of this vol-
ume of the C.-G., as probably an undetermined species oi Eriococciis,
proves, on reception of mature forms of the same on the Camperdovvn
elm sent from the same locality, to be Gossyparia ulmi, which has the
present year occurred in several places in Albany.

The Harlequin Cabbage Bug. (Country Gentleman, for August 15, 1895,
Ix, p. 599, c. 2 — 17 cm.)

An insect reported from Forestville, Md., as having nearly ruined a
crop of nearly fifteen thousand cabbages, is identified as Murgantia his-
trionica. It is steadily extending northward, and has appeared in New
Jersey [and on Long Island, N. Y.]. Of the remedies named the best
is believed to be — -drawing the first brood in the spring to rows of
mustard and killing them there with kerosene.

The Carpet Beetle. (Country Gentleman, for August 15, 1895, Ix, p.

599, c. 3 — 32 cm.)

The impropriety of calling this beetle {Afifhrenus scrophularicB)
the " Buffcilo moth," as in the inquiry of it made from Plymouth, Conn. ;
how to destroy the insect and guard against reinfestation; the food of
the beetle; how it may enter or be brought into houses. There is no
reason why it should be confounded with the two-spotted lady-bug, as
in this inquiry. It is possible to free a house from the pest.

A Pugnacious Caterpillar. (Gardening, for August 15, 1895, iii, p. 364,
c. 3 — 10 cm.)

A large caterpillar, which was "pugnacious" when taken from its
voracious feeding upon a fuchsia, is that of the humming-bird moth,
Thy reus Abbotii. Its principal features are given and its peculiar
threatening movements when handled or disturbed which serve as a
means of protection from its enemies.

An Insect Attack on Maples. (Gardening, for August 15, 1895, iii, p.
364, c. 3— 3 cm.)

An attack reported from Wisconsin, observed for two years past,
causing the center-shoots of cut-leaved maples to fall over and wither,

Eleventh Report of the State Entomologist 281

can not be referred to any insect known to operate in this manner on
this variety of maple. If the infested or injured tips can be submitted
for examination, probably the insect can be ascertained.

An Insect Gall. (Gardening, for August 15, 1895, iii, p. 366, c. i — 8 cm.)

A " tiny green burr " taken from a sweet-brier in Georgetown, Ky.,
is a gall made by one of the gall-flies of the genus Rhodites. It is
not of frequent occurrence and no remedy is needed for it. If found
abundant, they should be destroyed before the insect has emerged.

Another Note of Warning [against the Elm-leaf Beetle]. (Albany
Evening Journal, for August 20, 1895, p. 8, c. 5 — 39 cm.)

A second brood of the insect is discovered in Albany and is now
undergoing its last transformations. It is more abundant and destruc-
tive than the first: its numbers and ravages are stated. Killing
the larvae and pupae at the present time is important, if the elms of the
city are to be saved from destruction. Ulmiis Americana has not
been attacked, nor has the insect invaded the city parks.

Caterpillars and Borers. (Country Gentleman, for August 29, 1895, Ix,.
p. 632, c. 2 — 8 cm.)

Inquiry from Springer, N. M., for protection from orchard cater-
pillars and borers, is answered by recommending the cutting off and
burning the nests- with assembled larvae of the fall tent-caterpillar
— destroying the egg-belts and the new nests of the orchard tent-cater-
pillar— and application of carbolic acid soap-wash to prevent egg
deposit by the borers.

Black Blister Beetle. (Country Gentleman, for August 29, 1895, Ix^
p. 632, c. 3 — 7 cm.)

A beetle destroying the petals of china asters in South Montrose,
Pa., is the black blister-beetle, Epicauta Peiuisylvanica (DeGeer).
They can either be controlled by frequent handpicking or by shaking
them two or three times a day into vessels of water and kerosene.
They also quickly yield to pyrethrum or insect powder.

A Scale Insect on Osage Orange Hedge. (Gardening, for September 15,.

1895, iv, p. II, c. 3 — 15 cm.)

This scale was originally described as Puhnnaria fuachirce, but is
now referred by most writers to P. innumerabilis. When the cottony
mass secreted by the female contains the eggs, they may be crushed
by going over the infested plants with a thick, soft mitten. Later, the
young scales may be killed by kerosene emulsion spraying, or in winter,
with a strong wash of whale-oil soap.

To Kill Red Ants in the House. (Gardening, for September 15, 1895,
iv, p. 12, c. I — 15 cm.)

The insect can not be routed from the house in Rochester, even in
winter, through use of corrosive sublimate or any other method tried.

282 Forty-ninth Report on the State Museum

If they can be traced to their nests in the ground they can be de-
stroyed by bisulphide of carbon, but if located within the walls, they
may be baited with some poisonous substance, or attracted to a
sugared sponge to be dropped in hot water wlien the ants gather on
it. How chalk lines may be used as barriers against them,
[Extended in pages 109-114 of this Report (xi).]

A Friend, not a Foe. (Country Gentleman, for September 19, 1895, Ix,
p. 685, c. I — 8 cm.)

A supposed hop vine pest, from Port Kent, N. Y., is the larva of a
lady-bug, Hipp )damia convergens. It is one of the best friends of the
hop-growers. Importance of knowing our insect friends, so as to pro-
tect them as far as possible. Lady-bugs may be so abundant in hop-
yards as to render spraying for the aphis unnecessary.

A Humbug Insect Cure. (Country Gentleman, for September 19, 1895,
Ix, p. 687, c. I — 18 cm.)

Reply to an experience related with the Elm Inoculation Company,
for protecting trees from the elm-leaf beetle.

The absurd ty of the method employed by the ctjmpany is com-
mented upon. The uselessness of the " remedy " is shown. Reference
is made to f >rmer exposures, and to the statements regardmg the in-
efficiency of the material used by the company, made at the recent
meetinij; of the American Association of Economic Entomologists at
Springfield, Mass.

The Squash Bug. (Country Gentleman, for September 19, 1895, Ix, p.
687, cols. 2, 3 — 24 cm.)

[n reply to inquiries from Athens, Pa., relating to the injuries of
Anasa tristis, the two best remedies, viz., trapping the hibernated bugs
and destroying the eggs, are named, and directions for the same given;
also, its egg-laying habit and period of oviposition. The seriousness
of the injury to the plant is explained as due to the poison injected
through the proboscis of the insect.

Squash Bugs — Squash-vine Borers. (Country Gentleman, for October
3, 1895, Ix, p. 719, cols. I, 2, 3 — 31 cm.)

Gives the comparative injury to crops from the two insects ; the
general distribution of the eggs of the squash-vine moth over the
plant, and the large number of larvae that may occur on a single
plant; the greater desirability of preventing attack than applying a
remedy ; the importance of collecting and killing the moths before
egg-laying.

Frail Children of the Air : Excursions into the World of Butterflies : by
S. H. Scudder. (The Nation, for October 17, 1895, No. 1581, pp.
280-281, cols. 3, I — 10 cm.)

The thirty or more chapters of this volume are drawn from the
series of " Excurses " contained in the costly volume of " Butterflies of

Eleventh Keport of the State Entomologist 283

the Eastern United States." As reproduced, they will be enjoyed by
many to whom they were previously inaccessible. They can not fail
of proving delightful popular reading, as may appear from the titles
of some of the chapters cited — "Butterflies as Botanists" (four
others given).

The Natural History of Aquatic Insects: by Prof. L. C. Mial, F. R.
S. (The Nation, for October 31, 1895, No. 1583, pp. 317-318, cols.
3, 1—23 cm.)

In a brief notice of this volume it is commended as a contribution of
more than ordinary value to the knowledge of life-histories and habits
of aquatic insects. While purportmg to draw much from writings of
Reaumur and other "old zoologists," several of the studies are new,
as that, for example, of Simiilium, in which the strange manner of the
escape of the imago from the water is given. That nearly all the
orders of insects are re|)resented in aquatic forms will be a surprise to
many. The author maintains that all insects were originally terrestrial
and that they have gradually invaded both fresh and salt waters, and
cites the Tipulid?e larvae as showing successive stages of this progress.

The Box Elder Plant Bug. (Country Gentleman for October 31, 1895,
Ix, p. 786, cols. I, 2 — II cm.)

Insects sent from McGregor, lo., as annoying from their abundance,
are the above-named plant-bug, Leptocoris irivittatus (Say). Its habits,
history, etc., have been given in the Country Gentleman for September
27, 1894, and in the Fourth Report of the State Ento?noIogist, 1888.
The insect has not been reported from east of the Mississippi riA^er,
but its occurrence on the west shore of that river would indicate that
it may have already extended into Wisconsin and Indiana.

(C)

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE DEPARTMENT IN 1894.

Miscellaneous Insects.

Bomhis Petinsylvanicus DeGeer.
Megachile sp.

Xylocopa Virginica (Drury) 2.
Chalybion cceruleum (Linn.).
Pelopoeus ccementarius (Drury) 4.
Clisiocampa disstria (Hiibner).
Hadena sp.

Gortyita cataphracta Grote.
Eiitrapela transversata (Drury).
Ejirycreon chortalis Grote.
Pseudaglossa lubricalis (Geyer).
Endropia bilinearia (Pack.).
Syrphus arcuatiis (Fallen).
Eristalis tenax (Linn.).
Dytiscus fasciveutris Say.
Phoiurus Pennsylvanica (DeGeer).

Lucajius daina Thung.
Osmoderma scabra (Beauv.) 3.
Elaphidion incertum Newm. 2.
Epicauta PeuJisylvatiica (DeGeer),
Lema trilineata (Oliv.).
Pa'cilocapsns goniphorus Say 2.
Pa'cilocapsus lineatus (Fabr.).
Cicada septendecim Linn., pupa.
Phylloptera oblongifolia Burm.
(Ecafiihus fasciatus ( DeGeer),
QLcanihus niveus (DeGeer).
Cyrtophyllus concavus (Harris).
Melanoplus femiir-rubnim (DeG.).
/Eschna cotistricta Say.
From Mrs. E. B. Smith, Coeymans,
N. Y.

Hymenoptera.

Polistes pallipes (Say). 7 examples. From Mrs. E. C. Anthony,,
Gouverneur, N. Y.

Thalcssa atrata (Fabr.). From John D. Collins, Utica, N. Y,

The currant-stem girdler, Phylloecus flaviventris (Fitch), 2 examples, in'
currant canes, the imago, May nth. From Thomas Tupper, Corning,.
N. Y.

Larva of Cimbex Americana Leach, from a maple. From L. Bower,.
Camden, N. J.

Larvae q{ Lophyrus Lecontii Fitch, feeding on Pinus sirobus, October
1 6th. From Selwyn E. Russell, M, D,, Poughkeepsie, N. Y.

Lepidoptera.

Grapta Progne (Cramer) and Grapta comma (Harris). Dr. C, E.
Webster, Binghamton, N, Y.

Eleventh Report op the State Entomologist 285

Eggs of Orgyia vetusta Boisd. and O. antiqua (Linn.) of Europe.
From H. G. Dyar, New York.

Larva of the hag-moth^ Phobetroii pitheciutu (Sm.-Abb.) from pear,
August 29th. From N. J. Van Hoesen, Gayhead, N. Y.

Cocoons and larvae of Thyridopteryx ephemeraformis (Haworth) from
quince trees, July 25th. From James Shealv, New Oxford, Pa.

Young larvae of Datatia fniiiistra (Drury), July 15th. From Dwight
Stone, Lansing, N. Y. Eggs and larvae of the same, July i8th, from G.
T. Lyman, Bellport, N. Y.

Cocoon of Telea Folvphemus (Cramer). From A. H. Stratton,
Arlington, N. J.

Larvae of Steganoptycha Claypoliana Riley, burrowing in leaf-stalks of
maple, Acer sacchari/nim, May 27th. From William Trimble, Con-
cordville, Pa.

DiPTERA.

Pears containing larvae of the pear midge, Diplosis pyrivora Riley,
May 28th. From George F. Dobreche, Mountainville, N. Y, The
same, from Samuel Thorn, Millbrook, N. Y., June 6th. The same,
from Henry L. Young, Poughkeepsie, N. Y., June nth.

Tabaniis atrata Fabr. From George R. Howell, State Library,
Albany.

Examples of the raspberry-stem maggot, Anthomyia sp., in tips of rasp-
l)erries, June 7th. From D. F. Harris, Adams, N. Y.

Larvae of Drosophila ainpelophila Loew, in grapes, September i6th.
From Prof. C. H. Peck, Menands, N. Y.

Coleoptera,

Cicindela vulgaris Say. From Dr. C. E. Fairman, Lyndonville, N. Y.

Silpha Americana Linn., flew into a drug store. May 3d. From S.
C Bradt, Albany, N. Y. The same, from a stink-horn fungus, Miitiiius
J^aveua/ii Fisch.,a.t Selkirk, August i6th, from Hon. W. L. Learned,
Albany, N. Y.

Stelidota geminata (Say), feeding on injured grapes, September i6ih.
From Prof. C. H. Peck, Menands, N. Y.

Limonius agonus (Say) from grapevines. May 9th. From Ellwanger
& Barry, Rochester, N. Y.

Chalcophora liberta (Germ.), May 13th. From S. C. Bradt, Albany,
N. Y.

The red-necked Agrilus, Agrilus ruficollis (Fabr.), May 7th. From
EsBY Winne, Delmar, N. Y.

286 Forty-ninth Report on the State Museum

Burrows of Agrilus sinuatus Olivier, in young pear trees. From Dr,
John B, Smith, Rutgers College, New Brunswick, N. J.

Examples oi Dinoderus bifoveolatiis VVoll., feeding in bamboo, February
4th. From N. Pomroy, Lockport, N. Y.

Lachjiosterna sp., eating the leaves of strawberry plants, June 13th.
From Augustus Floyd, New York City.

Larvae of Lachtiostenia sp., destructive to lawns, August 8th. From
Prof. D. P. Penhallow, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.

Pelidnota punctata (Linn.) from grapevines, August 5th. From Maria
N. Greene, Adams, N. Y.

Larvse of Allorhina nitida (Linn.), September 28th. From William
Falconer, Glen Cove, N. Y.

Plagionotus speciosus (Say), 2 examples. From Mary J. Leigh, Argyle^
N. Y.

Numerous examples of the asparagus beetle, Crioceris asparagi (Linn.),
and its eggs — abundant at Magnolia, June 31st. From T. Jefferson
CooLiDGE, Magnolia, Mass.

Larvag of the three-lined leaf-beetle, Leina trilineata (Oliv.), on potato
leaves. From Jerome Holmes, South Hamilton, N. Y.

The elm-leaf beetle, Galerucella luteola MiilL, taken within doors May
nth, and mistaken for the carpet beetle. From G. L. Cooper, Meriden,
Conn. The same, April i8th: From W. R. Strong, Golden Bridge,
Westchester Co., N. Y.

Galerucella cavicollis Leconte, injuries to foliage of cherry trees, June
loth. From Mrs. H. D. Graves, Ausable Forks, N. Y.

The grapevine flea-beetle, Graptodera chalybea (111.). From G. E.-
Brown, Mountainville, N. Y., May 9th. The same from J. F, Karraker,.
Dongala, 111.

The bean weevil, B melius obtecius Say. From O. Q. Flint, Athens,.
N. Y.

The oil-beetle, Meloe angusticollis Say. From Mrs. Emilia C-
Anthony, Gouverneur, N. Y.

Examples (6) of Macrobasis unicolor (Kirby), July 12th. From
George T. Powell, Ghent, N. Y.

Epicauta Pennsylvanica (DeGeer) on asters, August i8th. From'
J. L. Butterfield, Montrose, Pa. The same, from asters and potatoes,,
from W. C. Pierce, Richford, N. Y. The same, from asters, from J. D.
Lyons, Monticello, N. Y.

Eggs of Xyleborus dispar (Fabr.) within its burrows in pear. From.
Norman Pomroy, Lockport, N. Y.

Eleventh Keport of the State Entomologist 287

Scolytus rugulosus (Ratz.), infesting an apple tree at Ripley, O. From
D. S. Kellicott, Columbus, O.

Hemiptera.

Larvae and imagoes of the squash-bug, Anasa tristis (DeGeer), August
2oth. From L. Morse, Athens, Pa.

The Harlequin cabbage-bug. Murgantia histrionica (Hahn.), from
Olympus, Texas. From P. C. Lewis, Catskill, N. Y. The same, from
J. N. Young, Forestville, Md.

Examples (i88) of the box-elder bug, Leptocoris trivittattis (Say) occur-
ring in Topeka, Kans, From S. C. Bradt, Albany, N. Y.

Benacus griseus (Say). From Prof. W. M. Chester, Hamilton, N. Y.

The hickory stem gall-louse. Phylloxera carycecatdis (Fitch) crowding
numerous galls in stems of hickory, June 3d. From Theo. A. Cole,
Catskill, N. Y.

Larvae of Gossyparia u/mi Geoff., on elm. May 28th. From Dr. E.
Moore, Loudonville, Albany Co., N. Y.

Mature scale of Gossyparia ulmi, on elm, June loth. The same, from
H. D. Cunningham, I Sprague place, Albany, N. Y. The same, June
13th, from W. F. Aspinwall, Loudonville, N. Y. The same, June 27th^
from W. R. Faulker, Catskill, N. Y.

The maple-leaf louse, Pseiidococcus aceris (Geoff.), August 27th. From
Dr. Selwyn a. Russell, Poughkeepsie, N. Y.

The barnacle scale, Ceroplistes cirripediformis Comst., abounding on
the China-tree, J/"^//a Azedarach, March nth. From H. A. Morgan,
Baton Rouge, La.

Lecaniiim hesperidiim (Linn.) on a fern from California — Nephlodepsis.
From W. C. Coleman, Albany, N.Y.

The white scale, Aspidiotus nerii Boiiche, on Cyperus. From Miss
Betteridge, Albany, N. Y.

Aspidiotus ancylus Putnam, on red currant, at St. Louis, Mo. From
William Falconer, Glen Cove, N. Y.

The San Jose scale, Aspidio/us peniiciosus Comstock, on the following
food-plants: Spiraea, Japan quince, Cratcegus, cherry, and peach. Also^.
ancylus, on olive. From F. A. Sirrine, Jamaica, L. L

Aspidiotus perniciosus on apple, from Abel Dauce, New York city.
The same, from L. L. Morrell, on apple, November 9th, Kinderhook,
N. Y.

The apple tree scale, Mytilaspis pomorutn (Bouche), on lilac, Syringa
vulgaris. From A. H. Straiton, Arlington, N. J. The same, from

"288 Forty-ninth Report on the State Museum

Dr. E. Moore, Loudonville, N. Y. The same, from C. F. Goodman,
Fort Ann, N. Y.

The Euonymus scale, Chionaspis euonymi Comstock. From A. H.
Stratton, Arlington, N. J.

The scurfy bark-louse, Chionaspis furfurus (Fitch), on apple twig.
From R, D. Van Buren, Stockport, N. Y. The same, on pear, from
Mr. Van Slyke, New Baltimore, N. Y.

Orthoptera.

Eggs of the white flower cricket, CEcanthtis 7iiveus (DeGeer), in grape-
vine. From Joseph Strong, Urbana, N. Y.

The oblong-winged katydid, Amblycorypha oblongifolia (DeGeer), Sep-
tember yth. From George H. Ellwanger, Rochester, N. Y.

Eggs of Alicrocetitnim retinervis (Burm,), on Cydonia Japonica. From
A. H. Stratton, Arlington, N. J.

Neuroptera.

The Hellgrammite fly, Corydalis cornuta (Linn.), July 9th. From
R. F. Gale, Karner, N. Y.

Pseudoneuroptera.

Examples of the small snow-fly, Capnia pygmcea (Burm.), occurring
abundantly on the snow and on windows, March 6th, at Canaan, N. Y.
From Mrs. H. H. Ballard, Pittsfield, Mass.

Examples of Ischnura verticalis (Say) taken at Annandale, N. Y., June
19th. From Mrs. C. W. Throop, Albany, N. Y.

Epitheca prificeps Hagen, taken within doors, July 5th. From Mrs.
Abram Lansing, Albany, N. Y.

Arachnida.

Eggs of Bryobia pratensis Garman, on peach twigs. From ^L J.
Conallen, Tarrytown, N. Y.

Uropoda Americana Riley infesting the Colorado potato beetle. From
T. Jefferson Coolidge, Magnolia, Mass.

Crustacea.
Gamniarus fasciatus Say, from the water supply of Albany. From F.
H. Wentworth, Albany, N. Y.

(D)

CLASSIFIED LIST OF INSECTS, ETC., NOTICED
IN THIS REPORT.

Hymenoptera.

Pimpla conquisitor {Sa^).

Sigalphus tibialis {Hald.').

Microdus laticinctus Cresson.

Chalcis fulvipes [flavipes] Fabr.

Chalcid parasites of Cecidomyia betulae.

Camponotus herculaneus [Linn.)^ the large black ant.

Formica rufa Linn., the fallow ant.

Monomorium Pharaonis {Lifin.), the little red ant.

Honey bees.

Lepidoptera.

Orgyia leucostigma {Sm.-Abb.), the white-marked tussock-moth.

Eudioptis nitidalis {Cramer), the pickle caterpillar.

Eudioptis hyalinata [Linn.), the melon caterpillar.

Pyrausta futilalis Lederer, a dogbane caterpillar.

Mecyna reversalis Giiejice., the genista caterpillar.

Pyralis costalis {Fabr.), the clover-hay caterpillar: gold-fringe moth.

Grapholitha interstinctana {Clemens), the clover-seed caterpillar.

Antispila nyssaefoliella Clemens, the sour gum case-cutter.

Tischeria malifoliella Clemetis, the apple-leaf miner.

Diptera.

Cecidomyia betulae Wbmertz, the birch-seed midge.
Diplosis cucumeris Lintner, the melon-vine midge.
Diplosis pyrivora Riley, the pear midge.
Diplosis setigera Lintfier, the hairy melon-vine midge.
Anthomyia sp., the raspberry-cane maggot.

Coleoptera.

Anthrenus scrophulariae {Linn.), the carpet beetle.
Pyrophorus noctilucus {Linn.), the cucuyo.

290 Forty-ninth Report on the State Museum

Chauliognathus marginatus {Fabr.), the margined soldier beetle.
Crioceris asparagi {Linti.), the asparagus beetle.
Lina scripta [Fabr.), the cottonwood-leaf beetle.
Galerucella luteola Mull., the elm-leaf beetle.
Galerucella cavicollis Lee, a cherry-leaf beetle.

Hemiptera.

Blissus leucopterus {Say), the chinch bug.

Pulvinaria innumerabihs {Rathv.), the maple-tree scale-insect.

Lecanium juglandis Bouche, the plum-tree scale-insect.

Aspidiotus nerii Bouche, the white scale.

Aspidiotus perniciosus Comst., the San Jose scale.

Mytilaspis pomorum {Bouche), the apple-tree bark-louse.

Chionaspis furfurus {Fitch), the scurfy bark-louse.

Physopoda.
Thrips tabaci Lindeman, the onion Thrips.

Neuroptera.

Dendroleon obsoletum {Say).

Myrmeleon immaculatus DeGeer.

Myrmeleon species.

Ascalaphus species.

Thysanura.

Achorutes diversiceps Lintner.
Schoturus nivicola {Fitch), the snow flea.

Arachnida.

Gamasus longipalpoides Felt.

Tyroglyphus heteromorphus Felt., a carnation mite.

(E)
EXPLANATIONS OF PLATES.

Plate I.
Cecidomyia betulae.

The Birch-seed Midge.
Fig. I. — Birch seeds : a, showing cavity from which the insect emerged ;

b, galled seed showing window-like spot; c, ditto with two

window-like spots; d, normal seed (x 2).
Fig. 2. — Lateral aspect of female midge, greatly enlarged.

Fig. 3. — Tip of male antenna, very greatly enlarged.

Fig. 4. — Ditto of female.

Fig. 5. — Ventral aspect of empodium and claws of tarsus, very greatly

enlarged.
Fig. 6. — Lateral aspect of last tarsal segment, very greatly enlarged.
Fig. 7. — Dorsal aspect of male genitalia, very greatly enlarged.

Plate II.
Diplosis cucumeris.

The Melon-vine Midge.

Fig. I. — Lateral aspect of female, greatly enlarged.

Fig. 2. — Antenna of male; drawn to same scale as the preceding.

Fig. 3. — Two segments of female antenna, very greatly enlarged.

Fig. 4. — A single segment of male antenna drawn to the same scale as
the preceding ; a, b, portions of dorsal setae ; c, d^ portions
of dorsal arched filaments; e,f,g, arched filaments.

Fig. 5. — Tip of last tarsal segment, very greatly enlarged.

Fig. 6. — Penis very greatly enlarged.

Fig. 7. — Dorsal aspect of terminal abdominal segment of male show-
ing the large claspers crossed and the tip of the intromit-
tent organ, very greatly enlarged.

292 Forty-ninth Report on the State Museum

Plate III.
Diplosis setigera.

The Hairy Melofi-vine Midge.

Fig. I. — Normal segment of male antenna; a, a, arched filaments^.
" filets arques;" s, s, ordinary setae.

Fig. 2. — Two normal segments of female antenna showing the ar-
rangement of the setae and special sense organs, two of
which are shown in projection at y,y.

Fig, 3. — Extruded ovipositor ; c, tip much more enlarged.

Fig. 4. — Lateral aspect of empodium and claws.

All figures greatly enlarged.

Plate IV,
Map, showing the Upper Austral Life -Zone in the State of New York^

Plate V.
Cottonwood beetle collecting machine, to be drawn by a horse.

Plate VI.
Cottonwood beetle collecting machines, to be propelled by hand.

Plate VII.
Collecting the Cottonwood beetle from a field of willows.

Plate VIII.

Fig. I. — The apple-tree bark-louse, Mytilapsis poinorwn (Bouche), on
apple bark. (After Comstock.)

Fig. 2. — The scurfy bark-louse, Chionaspsis furfnrus (Fitch): a, the
female scales, and b, the male scales, in natural size on twigs;
c, the female scale, enlarged ; d, the male scale, enlarged.
(From the Division of Entomology, U, S, Dept. Agr. at
Washington.)

Fig. 3 — The scurfy bark-louse : [<?], the male; <:, the young larva;/,
the male pupa; g, the female, from beneath — all enlarged;
b, d, e, k, structural details of legs and antenna, in greater
enlargement. (From the Division of Entomology, Washing-
ton, D, C.)

Report XI. N. Y. State Entomologist.

Plate I.

Cecidomyia betulae.

Report XI. N. Y. State Entomologist.

Plate 11.

Diplosis cucumeris.

Report'"XI. N. Y. State Entomologist.

Plate III.

Diplosis setigera.

Report XI. N. Y. State Entomologist.

Plate VIII.

Apple Tree Bark Louse — Scurfy Bark Louse.

Report XI. N. Y. State Entomologist.

Plate IX.

Fig. I.

Pine Leaf Scale Insect — White Scale Insect.

Report XI. N. Y. State Entomologist.

Plate'X.

Maple Tree Scale Insect.

Re]:ort XI. N. Y. State Kntomologi.-^t.

Plate XI.

Plum Tree Scale Insect.

Report XI. N. V. State Entomologist,

Plate XII.

San Jose Scale.

Report XI. N. Y. State Entomologist.

Plate XIII.

San Jose 'Scale.

Report XI. N. Y. State Entomologist.

Plate XIV.

Fig. J.

San Jose Scale Insect.

Report XT, N. V. State Entomologist.

Plate XV

Onion Thrips.

Report XI. N. Y. State Entomologist.

Plate XVI.

Tyroglyphus and Gamasus.

Eleventh Eeport of the State Entomologist 293

Plate IX.

Fig. I. — The pine-leaf scale-insect, Chionaspis pmifolii (Fitch): 2, the
scales on the leaves in natural size : a, leaves not stunted by
the presence of the scales ; b^ scale of female of usual form,
enlarged; c, wide form of the same, enlarged; d,z. male
scale enlarged. (After Comstock.)

Fig. 2. — The white scale, Aspidiotus nerii Bouche, on an Acacia twig, in
natural size: a, the male insect, enlarged; b and c, the male
and female scales, enlarged. (After Comstock.)

Plate X.

Fig. I The maple-tree scale-insect, Pulvinaria itmumerabilis (Rath-

von), with extruded egg-masses, on grape, natural size.
(After Comstock.)

Fig. 2. — The same, on osage orange and on maple. (After Walsh and
Riley.)

Fig. 3. — The same : a, a twig with mature female scales and egg-
masses, natural size; b, mature female scale from above,
enlarged; <:, female scale from below, more enlarged; d', the
thread-like setae of the proboscis. (From the Seventh
Report on the Insects of Illinois.)

Fig. 4. — The same : a, a twig with half-grown female scales, in natural
size; b, autumnal female scale from above, enlarged; c, the
same from beneath; d, the male insect enlarged. (From the
Seventh and Thirteenth Illinois Reports.)

Plate XI.

The plum-tree scale-insect, Lecanmin ?J2iglandis Bouche
in natural size, on plum. (From Garden and Forest.)

Plate XII.

Fig. /, the San Jose scale, Aspidiotus perniciosus Comstock, infesting a
pear twig ; 2, the scales on a leaf; j, scattered scales on a.
pear; 4> a female scale, enlarged; 5, a male scale, enlarged.
(From the Cornell University Agr. Exper. Station, and by
permission of the California State Board of Horticulture.)
20

294 Forty-ninth Report on the State Museum

Plate XI II.

Fig. I. — The San Jose scales, in natural size on an apple branch; scales

somewhat enlarged on apple bark at above on the left.
Fig. 2. — San Jose scales on a pear showing the surrounding ring; the
female scale, enlarged.

Plate XIV.

Fig. I — Enlarged view of the young larva of the San Jose scale-insect,
seen from beneath, with a greater enlargement of an antenna
at b.

Fig. 2. — An enlarged view of an adult female of the San Jose scale-
insect, containing young; at d, a still greater enlargement of
a portion of its anal fringe.

Fig. 3 A greatly enlarged view of the adult male of the San Josescale-

insect; its natural size shown in the inclosed crossed-lines at
right-hand side.
(The figures of this Plate and the preceding one are from the
U. S. Dept. Agriculture — Division of Entomology.)

Plate XV.
Thrips tabaci.

Onion TJirips.

Fig. I. — Female very greatly enlarged.

Fig. va. — Terminal segments of antenna of do., more enlarged.
Fig. 2. — Lateral aspect of head and prothorax of do., more enlarged.
Fig. 3. — Lateral aspect of terminal segments of abdomen of do., more
enlarged.

Plate XVI.

I. — Gamasus longipalpoides, greatly enlarged.

la. — Chelate claw of second foot of same, more enlarged.

— Tyroglyphus heteromorphus, male, greatly enlarged.
— Anterior tarsus of same, more enlarged.

— Third tarsus of same, more enlarged.

— Tyroglyphus heteromorphus, female, greatly enlarged.

— Third tarsus of same, more enlarged.

— Smaller Hypopus of T. heteromorphus, very greatly enlarged.

— Anterior tarsus of same more enlarged.

— Larger Hypopus of T. hetero7tiorphus, greatly enlarged.

— Distal segments of anterior leg of same, more enlarged.

I'lg-

I.-

Fig.

\a

Fig.

2.-

Fig.

3--

Fig.

4-

Fig.

5-

Fig.

6.

Fig.

7-

Fig.

8.

Fig.

9-

Fig.

10.

GENERAL INDEX.

Abbotii, 'J'hyreus, 280.
abdominalis, Brachnemurus, '^38.
Acacia : insects injurious to,
Aspidiotus nerii, 204.
Aspidiotus pernifiosus, 223.
Lecanium sp., 222.
Acaridffi, 254-256.
Acarina, 254-260.

Acariis uiiiscarum (Hypopalform), 257.
Acer dasyoarpum, Pulvinaria innumer-

abilis on, 204.
acericola, Lecanium [Pulvinaria iu-

nunierabilis], 205.
aceris, Pseudococcus, 287.
Achorutes diversiceps, description,
253-254.

immense numbers of, 254.

observed at Karner, N. Y., 253.
Achorutes [Schoturus] ni\ncola, 251.
Acrouycta brumosa, 265.

clarescens [i)runi], 265.

iuteicoma, 265.

morula, 265.

oblinita, 265.

occitientalis, 265.

Eadeliffei, 265.

spini^era, 265.
Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora

Fennica, cited, 166.
aculiferus, Leptostylus, 268.
Adirondacli Mountains, collections in,

104, 106.
senea, Pomi>hopcea, 269.
senesceus, Magdalis, 270.
j^Escbna constricta, 284.
affinis, Bombus, 104.

Lachnosterua, 268.
agonus, Limonius, 285.
Agricultural Gazette of New South

Wales cited, 232.
Agrihis riificollis, 285.

sinuatus, 225, 286.
Agrotis clandestina, 121, 265.

Cochrani, 265.

niessoria, 121, 265.

placida, 265.

saucia, 121, 265.

Bcandens, 121, 265.

species, 173.

tessellata, 265.
Alans myops, 267.
J oculatus, 267.

Albany Evening Journal, abstracts
:r from, 274, 278, 281 ; cited, 233.
albida, Syneta, 269.
albopicta, Empoasca, 270.

Alder, Aspidiotus perniciosus on, 224.
Aldrich, J. M., cited, 182.
Aletia argillacea, 266.
Aleurodes species, 271.
Aleurodidse on apple-trees, 271.
alia, Tasniocampa, 265.
allii [tabacij, Thrips, 242, 243.
AUorhina nitida, 268, 286.

sobrina, 268.
Almond, Aspidiotus perniciosus on,

223.
Alnus, Aspidiotus perniciosus on, 224.
alpha, Liopus, 2t)9.

Sternidins [Liopus], 269.
Alwood, W. B., cited, 233.
ambisimilis, Clisiocampa, 265.
Amblycorypha oblongii:olia, 288.
American Entomologist, cited, 126, 145,
146, 177, 181, 248.
Florist cited, 242.
lappet-moth, 265.
locust, 271.
Naturalist cited, 174, 177, 240.

reprint from, 124-126.
Quarterly Journal of Science and

Agriculture cited, 251.
silk-worm, 265.
Americana, Cimbex, 284.
Clisiocampa, 121, 265.
Gastropacha, 265.
Schistocera, 271.
Silpha, 285.
Uropoda, 288.
amcena, Drosophila, 267.
ampelophila, Drosophila, 267, 285.
Araphicerus bicaudatus, 268.
Amphidasys coguataria, 266.
Amphipyra pyramitloides, 265.
Auametis granulatus, 270.

grisea [granulatus], 269.
Anarsia lineatella, 267.
Anasa tristis, 282, 287.
ancylus, Aspidiotus, 213, 271, 276,

287.
andereggiella, Argyresthia, 267.
Audrenidse, 103.
Anguillulidse, 255.
angulalis, Palthis, 266.
Angular-winged katydid, 271.
angustatus, Nysius, 270.
angusticollis, Meloe, 286.
Anisopteryx pometaria, 266.

vernata, 121, 266.
AnnalesdelaSoci6t6Entomologiquede

France, cited, 109, 177, 241.
annulata, Brochymeua, 270.

296

Forty-ninth Report on the State Museum

Anomala marginata, 268.

umlulata, 268.

variaus [undulata], 268.
antenuata, Xylina, 265.
Ant, fallow, 115.

large black, 113. 114.

little black, 113.

little red, 109-114, 281.

New York, 264.

pavement, 113.

yellow, 273.
Anthomvia fly larva, 172.

species, 170-172, 285.
Anthoniyiidffi, 170-172.
Antbonomus i)omorum, 270.
Anthony, Mrs. E. C, insects from, 284,

286.
Authreni. 173.

Authrenns scropbularise, development
and deposit of eggs, 173.

eating lace curtains, 173.

fondness for dead insects, 173.

habits and transformations, 174.

reference, 280.

rhubarb as a lure, 172-173.
Anthiicid* on apple, 269.
antiqua, Orgyia, 285.
Antispila coruifoliella, 157, 159.

nysssefoliella, allied, 159.
bibliography, 157.
larva and its mine, 158.
larva described, 157-158.
life-history, 158-159.
moth described, 157.
pupating cases, 158.
remedy, 159.
Ant-lions, appearance and habits, 234.

capture of prey, 235.

habits of European species, 239.

life-history, 236-238.

literature of Myrmeleonidse, 240-
241.

number of species, 234.

pitfall, 235.

transformation, 236.

United States species (of Ascala-
phinfB), 239.
Ants in lawns, 115-116.

number of in United States, 115.

on fruit trees, 115.

reference, 235, 280.
Apanteles eongregatus, 142.
Apathus, 104.
Aphelinus, 232.
Aphididte, 200, 225, 271.
Aphis cucnmeris, 168.

mali,271.

malifoliie, 271.

persicfe-niger, 279.

prunifolii, 277.
Aphorura armata, 253.
Apida3, number of species, 103.

social members, 104.

State collection of, 104.
Apocynum androstemifolium eaten by
Pyrausta futilalis, 139.

Apple bark-beetle, 270.

blossom weevil, 270.

bud-worm, 121, 266.

curculio, 270.

flea-beetle, 269.
Apple : insects injurious to,

Auisopteryx veinata, 121.

Aspidiotus perniciosus, 206, 207,
224, 287.

Aspidisca splendoriferella, 159.

Agrotis claudestina, 121.

Agrotis messoria, 121.

Agrotis saucia, 121.

Agrotis seandens, 121.

Cacoeeia rosaceana, 121.

Catocala gryuea, 121.

Catocala ultronia, 121.

Chionaspis furfurus '203, 288.

Clisiocampa Americana, 121.

Coleophora malivorella, 122.

Conotrachelus nenuphar, 122.

Eccopsis malana, 121.

Ennomos subsignaria, 121.

Mineola indigenella, 121.

Mytilaspis pomorum, 202.

Orgyia leucostigma, 121.

Scolytus rugulosus, 287.

Teras minuta, 121.

Thrips tritici, 250.

Tischeria malifoliella, 160.

Tmetocera ocellana, 121.
Apple-leaf Bucculatrix, 267.

folder, 266.

miner, 160-162, 267.

skeletouizer, 266.
Apple maggot, 267.

Micropteryx, 267.

midge, 267.

root plant-louse, 271.

Sphinx, 264.

Thrips, 271.

twig borer, 268.

worm, 121, 133.
Apple-tree Aphis, 271, 273.

bark-louse, 201-202, 271, 273-274,
277.

case-bearer, 122, 267.

insects, list of, 265-272.

leaf-hopi)er, 271.

pruner, 268.

scale, 274. 287.

tout-caterpillar, 121, 265.
Apricot, Aspidiotus perniciosus on, 206,

223.
Aptera, revived by Dr. Sharp, 252.
Aquatic insects, 106.
Aquatic Insects, Natural History of,

abstract of notice of, 283.
aquatica, Podura, 253.
Arachnida, 272, 288.
Arched filaments of Diplosia, 166,

168.
Arctia virgo, 106.
arcuaia, Corythuca, 270.
arcuatus, Syri>hus, 284.
argillacea, Aletia, 266.

Eleventh Keport of the State Entomologist 297

Argyresthia auderesjgiella, 267.

argyrospila, Caeoecia, 266.

armata, Apboriira, 253.

Army-worm, 145.

arsace [IrusJ, Tbecla, 254.

Arsenic in blossoms killing honey-bees,

^1 117, 122-124.

Arsenical spray on potato vines fatal

to honey-bees, 118.
Arsenical spraying of fruit trees while
in blossom ;
apple pests to be combated at tbih

time, 1-^0-123.
blighting of blossoms, 119.
honey-bees killed, 117-118, 122-124.
legislation against, 119.
Prof. Cook's experiments, 118.
Prof. Webster's experiments, 117-

118, 122.
satisfactory examinations, 118.
urgency of, 120.
Arthemis buttertiy, 264.

Limenitis, 264.
arvalis, Smynthurus, 272.
Ascalaphidte, 240.
Ascalapbinee, U. S. species, 239.
Ascalaphns buugaricns, 239.

[Helicomitus] iusimulaus, 239.
longicornis, 239, 240. 241.
macMTonius [hungaricns], 240.
Macleayanus, 240.
species, 239, 240, 241.
Ash (white and black) injured by My-

tilaspis pomornm, 202.
Ash-grey blister-beetle. 269.
Ashmead, W. H., cited, 127, 134, 241,
248.
quoted, 136-137.
referred to, 131.
AsilidsB, 117.

Asopia [Pyralis] costalis, 145, 146,
147.
[Pyralis] farinalis, 146.
asparagi, Crioceris, 177-181, 286.
Asparagus beetle, 177-181, 277, 286.
Aspidiotus ancylus, 213, 271, 275, 287.
camelliae, 271.
Forbesi, 271.
juglaus-regiai, 271.
nerii, 203-204, 287.
ostreiBformis, 271.
peruiciosus (see San Jos6 scale),

206-233, 275, 277, 287.
rapax, 271.
tenebrieosus, 221.
Aspidisca splendoriferella, 1.59, 267.
Aspilates coloraria, 251.
Aspinwall, W. F., insects from, 287.
assimilis, Mamestra, 265.
Association of Economic Entomolo-
gists, 103, 181, 189.
Asters, Epicauta Pennsylvanica on,

286.
atlanis, Melanoplns, 271.
atrata, Tabanns, 285.
Thalessa, 279, 284.

Attacus Cecropia, 265.

Prometbea, 265.
Attagenus piceus, 276.
Attains srincotus, 267.
auriculiiria, Forficula, 272.
Austrian j)ines injured by pine-leaf

scale-insect, 203.
Autumn canker-worm, 266.

Bag-worm, 265.

Baker, C, cited, 242.

Ballard, H. H., insects from, 288.

Bamboo, Diuoderus bifoveolatus in

286.
Banded Chion, 268.
hair-streak, 264.
Lithacodes, 264.
Phigalia, 2u6.
Banks, Nathan, cited, 105, 234, 241.

note'* by, 238.
Barker, T. C., insects from, 165, 167,
Bark-lice. 200.
Barnacle scale, 271, 287.
Barrett, G. C, cited, 146; quoted, 149.
Barry, W. C, insects from, 205.
basilare, Sinoxylon, 268.
Basket-making industry, 186.
Beach, S. A., cited, 206.
Beal's Grasses of North America cited,

146, 152.
Bean weevil, 276, 2-^6.
Beckwith, M. H., cited, 233.
Bed-bugs, 112.
Bees, 103.

honey, 117-124.
Bee-slayer, 117.

Beitriige zur Kenntniss der nordameri
kauischen Nacihifalter, besonders der
Microlepidopteren, cited, 152.
Bellevoye, M., cit.-d, 109.
Bemis, W. L., studies of Bombus and

Psithyrns, 104.
Benacus irriseus, 287.
Bennet, A. VV., cited, 248.
Bethune, Rev. C. J. S., cited, 109, 248.
Bethunei, Xyliua, 265.
Betteiidge, Miss, insects from, 287.
Betula alba infested by Cecidomyia
betulse, 163.

l)endula var valecardia infested
by Cecidomyia betula, 162, 164.
betulse, Cecidomvia, 162-165.
Benteumuller, VV., cited, 138, 140, 141.

182.
Bibliography of,

Antispila nysssefoliella, 157.

Cecidomyia betula, 162.

Crioceris asparagi, 177-178.

Diplosis cucnmeris, 165.

Eudioptis hyalinata, 134-135.

Eudioi)ti8 nitidalis, 126-127.

Grapbolitlia interstinctana, 152.

Liua. scriptii, 181-182.

Mecyna re versa is, 142,

Monomorinm Pharaonis, 109-110.

298

Forty-ninth Report on the State Museum

Bibliography of — {Continued):

MyrmeleouidsB, 240-241.

Pyralis costalis, 145-147.

Pyraiista fiitilalis, 138-139.

Pvrophorns iiocfilncus, 174-175.

Till ipida), 247-2:0.

Thrips tabaci, 241-242.

Tiscberia lualifoliella, 160.
bicaudatus, Aiiiphicerns, 268.
biconiis, Bostrichiis, 268.
bifoveolatus, Dinoderns, 286.
bilinearia, Endropia, 284.
bimaculata, Oberea, 170, 171.
bimaculatus, Boinbns, 104.
biuotata, Euchenopa, 270.
Birch (white), infested by Cecidomyia

betulfe, 162, 163.
Birch, Mytilaspis pnmorum on, C02.
Birch-seed midge, 162-165.
Birdii, Empoasca, 270.
Biro-c, E. A., cited, 240; quoted, 238.
Biston ypsilon, 266.
bivittatus, Melanopjus, 272.
Black ant, large. 113, 114.

aut, little, 113.
Blackberry mined by Tiscberia mali-

foliella, 163.
Black blister beetle, 281.

carpet-beetle, 276.

cherry, ( ;hionasi)is furfnriis on, 203.

flies, 106.

peach Aphis, 279.

scale of California, 271.
Blanket-flower (Gaillardia), Thrips

tabaci on, 245.
Blind Alans. 267.
Blind-eyed Sphinx, 264.
Blissns lencopterns, hibernation of, 199.

iDJnries in New York, 198.

remedies, 199.
Boarmia crepusciilaria, 266.

pampiuaria, 266.

pliimi^eraria, 266.
Bombus, 104.

afifinis, 104.

bimaculatus, 104.

borealis, 104.

consimilis, 104.

Pennsvlvanieus, 284.

Ridingsii, 104.

ternarius, 104.

terricola, 104.

vagaus, 104.
Bombycidf© iujuriug apple-trep, list of,

264.
Bombycids, 106.
Bombylids, 106. '
borealis, Bombus, 104.
boreata, Operophtera, 266.
Bordeaux mixture in blossoms fatal

to honey-bees, 123.
Bos, Dr. .J. Kitzema. cited, 178, 241,

242, 250.
Boston Journal of Natural History

cited, 109; quoted, 110.
Bostrichus bicornis, 268.

Botis erectalis [Pyrausta futilalis], 138.

[Mecyna] reversalis, 142.
Botys [Pyrausta] futilalis, 138.
Bower, L., insects from, 284.
Bowles, G. J., cited, 109.
Box-elder plant-bng, 270, 283, 287.
Brachnenmrus abdominalis, 238.

uigrilabris, 238.
Bracon veruonise, 156.
Bradt, S. C, insects from, 285, 287.
Brauer, F., cited, 240.
Brebms Tierleben, Neunter Band, Die
Insekten, Tausendfiitzer und Spiu-
nen, cited, 175, 178, 241. 251.
Bristle-tails, 252.
British Flies, An Account of (Theobald ),

cited, 162.
Broad-necked Prionus, 268.
Broehyiuena annulata, 270.

Caroliuensis, 270.
Brodie, Dr., cited, 250.
Bruchus obtectus. 286.
brumosa, Acronycta, 265.
Bruner, L., cited, 182.250,263.
Brnnn, A. E., cited, 160; qnoted, 161,

187.
brunnea, Paranda, 268.
bruunearia, Eumacaria, 266.
brunnenm, Orthosoma, 268.
Bryobia pratensis, 272, 288.

speciosa, 272.
bubalus, Ceresa, 270.
Bucculatrix i)oniifoliella, 267.
"Buffalo moth," 280.
Bufi^alo tree-ho])p('r, 270.
"Bng-catcher," 188-189.
Bulletin Agricultural Experiment Sta-
tion of Nebraska cited, 182, 187.
Agricultural Experiment Sta-
tion of the University of Minne-
sota cited. 182.
Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences

cited, 135, 146, 152.
Colorado Agricultural Experiment

Station cited, 182, 242.
Cornell University Agricultural Ex-
periment Station cited, 205, 249.
Delaware College Agricultural Ex-
periment Station cited, 233.
Department < f Agriculture, Cent-
ral Experimental Farm, Ottawa,
Canada, cited, 170.
Essex Institute cited, 250.
Florida Agricultural Experiment

Station cited, 127, 135, 233.
Georgia Agricultural Experiment

Station cited, 127, 135.
Hatch Expermient Station of the
Massachusetts Agricultural Col-
lege cited, 109.
Illinois State Laboratory Natural

History cited, 2.33.
Iowa Agricultural Experiment Sta-
tion cited, 146, 147, 152, 242.
Maryland Agricultural Experiment
Station cited, 177, 233.

Eleventh Repobt of the State Entomologist

299

Bulletin Michigan State Agricultural
College Experiment Station cited,
233.
Miscellaneous Information, Royal

Gardens, cited, 241.
New Jersey Agricultural College
Experiment Station cited, 216,

231, 232, 233.

New Mexico Agricultural College
Experiment Station cited, 222,

232, 233, 250.

New York Agricultural Experiment
Station cited, 178, 233, 242.

New York State Museum, Vol. 3,
No. 13, abstract of, 277 ; reprint
of, 200-233.

North Carolina Agricixltural Ex-
periment Station cited, 146.

Ohio Agricultural Experiment Sta-
tion cited, 122,116, 152, 178,219,

233, 242.

Ontario Agricultural College Ex-
periment Station quoted, 119.
Soci6t6 Eutomologique de France,

cited, 166, 177, 240.
Soc. Imper. Natur. Mosc, cited,

249.
South Dakota Agricultural College
and Experiment Station cited,
182.
United States Department of Agri-
culture, Division of Entomology,
cited, 110, 127, 133, 134, 145, 146.
152, 194, 226, 232, 233, 250, 256 ;
reprint from, 182-184, 189-196.
United States Entomological Com-
mission cited. 160, 181.
United States Geological and Geo-
graphical Survey of the Terri-
tories cited, l;58, 142, 146, 160,
241.
United States National Museum
cited, 127, 134, 138, 146, 241, 248.
Virginia Agricultural Experiment

Station cited, 233.
West Virginia Agricultural Experi-
ment Station cited, 127, 135, 147,
178, 250.
BuprestidsB injuring the apple-tree, list

of, 287.
Butterfield, J. L., insects from, 286.
Butterflies, Excursions into the World

of (Scudder), noticed. 282-283.
Butterflies of the Eastern United States
(Scudder), 282-283.

C

Cabbage : insects injurious to,

Murgantia histriouica, 280.

Thrips tabaci, 242, 243, 244,
Caccecia argyrospila, 26b.

rosaceana, 121, 266.

rosana, 266.
cacti. Coccus, 201.
csementarius, Pelopceus, 284.
cseruleum, Chalybion, 284.

csespitum, Tetramorium, 113.
ealanus, Thecla, 264.
calcarata, Saperda, 269.
calcaratus, Notoxus, 269.
Calf tree-hopper, 270.
California lappet moth, 265.
Califoruica, Chrysobothris, 267.
Clisiocampa, 265.
Gastropacha, 265.
Callimorpha fulvicosta, 264.

Lecontei. 264.
Callipterus mucidns, 271.
Calvert, P. P., list of Odonata of New
York, referred to, 104-105. H

Cambridge Natural History cited, 241,

250.
Camellia Aspidiotus, 271.
camellise, Aspidiotus, 271.
Camiiula pellucida, 271.
Campbell, J. P., cited, 127, 135.
Camponotus herculanens, 264.

herculaneus var. peunsylvanicus,
113.
Canada Department of Agriculture,
Central Experimental Farm, Eeport
of tlie Entomologist and Botanist,
cited, 250.
Canadian Entomologist cited, 127, 134,
135, 138, 1H9, 146,^157, 160, 177, 182,
232, 234, 240, 241, 249, 250, 251.
caiialiculatus. Valgus, 268.
Candida, Saperda, 269.
Candy-tuft, Thrips tabaci on, 244.
Canker worm, 121.
Canteloupe, Eudioptis nitidalis on, 127,

131, 132.
Capuia pygmiea, 288.
Capsini, 248.

caricinus, Corymbites, 267.
Carnation, injured by Tbrips, 250; by

Tyroglyphus heteromorphus, 254.
Carnation mite, 254-260.
Carolinensis, Brochymena, 270.
Carpet beetle, 172-174, 280, 286.
Carpocapsa pomonella, 266.
Carteria lacca, 201.
caryee, Halisidota, 264.
caryjecaulis, Phylloxera, 248, 287.
Cashaws, Eudioptis hyalinata, injuri-
ous to, 136.
Cassidy, J., cited, 182.
Catalogue des Chenilles Europ^enes
Connues (Roiiast), cited, 149.
of the Described Coleoptera of the

United States cited, 181. 222.
of Insects found in New Jersey

cited, 135, 157, 177, 241.
ou Enum6ration Methodique des
L^pidopteres' qui habitent le
Territoire de la Fauna Euro-
p6enne, cited, 146.
cataphracta, Gortyna, 284.
Catnip, Thrips tabaci on, 245.
Catocala grynea, 121, 266.
uuptialis, 266.
ultronia, 121, 266.

300

Forty-ninth Report on the State Museum

Cauliflower, Thrips tabacl ou, 242, 243,

244.
cavleollis, Galeruca [Galerucella], 197.

Galerucella, 197-198, 286.
Cecidoiiiyia betiilaj, bil)liography, 162.

identical with the European insect,
163

imago descrihed, 164-16>.

iufesting bircli catkins, 162-163.

larva discribed. 164.

larval development, 163.

life-historv, 163-164.

parasites, 165.
Cecidomyia [Dijilosis] cucumeris, 165.

<lestructor, 165.

legiiniinicola, 155, 249.
Cecidomyid larvae, 164.
Cecidomyida?, 162-170.
Cecropia, Attaciis, 265.

Emperor moth, 265.
celatns, Psithyrns, 104.
Cerambvcids! injurious to apple-trees,

list of, 268-269.
cerealium, Thrips, 248, 249.
Ceresa bubalus, 270.

taurina, 270.
ceriutlia, Chamyris, 266.
Ceroplastes cirripeditormis, 287.

Floridensis, 271.
Ceto, Melittia, 135.
Chalcids. 165, 167.
Chalcis fulvipes [ovata], 132.
Chalcophora liberta, 285.
Chalia Eileyi, 2(14.
chalybea, Hsiltica, 26;^, 286.
Chalybiou csernleum, 284.
Chambers, V. T., cited, 157, 160;

referred to, 158, 159.
Chamyris cerintha, 266.
Chapin, S. F., cited, 232.
Chanliognathns raargiijatus, 133, 138.
Check List of-the Coleoptera of Amer-
ica, North of Mexico, cited, 186.
Checkered cut-woim, 265.
cheuopodii, Pezotettix, 272.
Cherry: insects injurious to,

Asjudiotus nerii, 204.

Aspidiotus i)erniciosu8, 224, 287.

Galerucella cavleollis, 197, 286.
Cherry-leaf beetle, 197-198.
Cherry scale, 271.
Chester, W. M., insects from, 287.
Chestnut, Dynastes Tityus on, 274.
Chilocoms, 232.
China asters, Epicauta Pennsylvanica

on, 281.
China-tree, Ceroplastes cirripediformis

on, 287.
Chinch-bng, 198-199.
Chiou cinctus, 268.

garga ulcus, 268.
Chionaspis euonvmi, 28S.

furfurus, 202-203, 271, 288.

l)iiiitblii, 203.
chlonosema, Pembina, 266.

Chittenden, F. H., cited, 182.

chloris, Parasa, 264.

Choke cherrv, Chionaspis furfurus on,

203.
chortalis, Eurycreon, 284.
Chortophaga viridifasciata, 271.
Chrysobothris Californica, 267.

coiitigua, 267.

femorata, 267.

semisi'ulpta [contigua], 267.
Chrysomela [Lina] scripta, 181.
Chrysomelida?, 177-198, 269.
Cicada Novajboracensis, 270.

septendecim, 270, 284.

tibicen,270.

tredecim, 270.
CicadidEe injurious to the apple-tree,

list of, 270.
Cicindela vulgaris, 285.
Cicindelidfe, 106.
Cimbex Americana, 284.
Cincinnati Quarterly Journal of

Science cited, 160.
cinctaria, Phigalia, 266.
cinctus, Chiou, 268.
Cinderella, Teras. 266.
cinerea, X,\lina, 279.
cinereus, Melanoplus, 272.
cingulata, Oiicideres, 269.
Cinquefoil, Thrips tabacl on, 244.
Circular Unite<l States Department of
Agriculture, Division of Entomolog^'^,
cited, 220.
cirri))edifoimi8, Ceroplastes, 287.
Cistelidfe on apple, 269.
citriuus, Psilhyius, 104.
claudestina, Agrotis, 121, 265.
clarescens [pruiii], Acronycta, 265.
Claypoliana, Steganoptycha, 278, 285.
Clemens, B., cited, 152, 157, 160;

quoted, 157-1.58, 161.
Climbing cut-worms, 121, 265.
Clisiocampa aml)isimilis, 265.

Americana, 121, 265.

Callfiirnica, 265.

disstrla. 265, 284.

erosa, 265.

pluvialis, 265.

thoracica, 265.
Cloaked Chrysmnela, 269.
Clothes moth, 276.
Clover-hay catt-rpillar, 145-151.
Clover: insects injurious to,

Cecidomyi.i leguu.inicola, 155.

Grapholitha liiterstinctaua, 152.

Pyralis coslalls, 14^t.

Pvralis fariiialis, 151.

reference to list of, 149.

Thrips on, 249.
Clover-leaf caterpillar, 152.
Clover-seed cateipillar, 152-156.
Clover-seed midge, 155.
Clover mite, 272.
Clover-worms, 145.
Coccidffi, 20U-233, 271.

Eleventh Report op the State Entomologist 301

Coecinella 9-Botata, 276.
CoccinellidsB, 106.
Coccotorus prnnicida, 270.
Coccus cacti, 201.

[Pulvinaria] inuuiiierabilis, 204.
Cochineal, from Coccus cacti, 201.
Cocliraiii, A^rotis, 265.
CochraB's cut-worm, 265.
Cockerell, T. D. A., cited, 146, 232,

233, 250.
Cockroaches, 112.
Codliug moth, 120, 133, 266, 279.
cognataria, Amphidasys, 266.
Colaspidea smaratrdula, 269.
Cole, Theo. A., insects from, 287.
Coleman, W. C, insects from, 287.
Coleophora Fletcherella, 267.

malivorella, 122, 267.
Coleoptera contributed, 285-287.

injuring ap])le-trees, list, 267-270.

species treated of, 172-198.
Coleothrips trifasciata, 248, 250.
Collection in Adirondack Mountains,

104, 106.
CoUembola, 252.

Collier, Dr. P., insects front, 205.
Collingwood, H. W., cited, 233.
Collins, John D., insects from, 2H4.
Colorado potato beetle, 274, 288.
coloraria, Aspilates, 254.
columba, Tremex, 264, 279.
comma, Grapta, 284.
Common snapping beetle, 267.
communis, Melanotus, 267.
Complete writings of Thomas Say,

cited, 109, 240 ; quoted, 110.
Composita? frequented b.v Grapholitha

interstinctana, 155.
Comstock, J. H., cited, 109, 127,
134, 152, 222, 232, 241, 249.

notes on ant-lions by, 238.

quoted, 153, 206.
Comstocks, cited, 110, 135, 147, 178, 241,

250.
Couallen, M. J., insects from, 288.
concavus, Cyrtopliyllus, 284.
concinua, CEdemasia, 265.
Cone-flower, Thrips tabaci on, 245.
confertus, Polvcaon, 268.
confusa, Morrisouia, 265.
congregatus, Apanteles, 142.
Couotracbelus nenu[)har, 122, 270.
conciuisitor, Pimpla, 134, 138.
Conservatories infested by white scale,

203.
consimilis, Bombus, 104.
constricta, ^sehna, 284.
contigua, Chrysobothins, 267.
contracta, Dataiia, 264.
Contributions to the Department, 107.
contubernalelliis, Ypsolophus, 267.
convergens, Hippodamia, 282.
Cook, A. J., cited, 146, 152, 248.

on arsenical spraying of blossoms,
117; referred to, 117.

Cooke, M., cited, 127, 134, 222, 232,

249.
Cooledge, T. Jefferson, insects from,

286, 288.
Cooper, G. L., insects from, 267.
Coquillett, D. W., cited, 177, 232, 242.
Corisia?, 248.

Corn injured by Thrijts cerealium, 249.
cornifoliella, Antispila. 157, 159.
coruuta, Corydalis, 288.
corticalls, Tenehrioides, 267.
Corycia vestaliata, 266.
Corydalis coruuta, 288.
Corymbitcs caricinus, 267.
Corythuca arcuata, 270.

species, 270.
Coscinoptera dominicana, 269.
Cossns robiniee, 265.
costalis, Asopia [Pyralis|, 145, 146, 147.

Hypsopygea [Pyralis], 145, 147.

Plialffiha [Pyralis], 145, 147.

Pyralis, 14.5-151.
Cotalpa lauigcra, 268.
Cotoneaster, Aspidiotus perniciosus on,

224.
Co*tton moth, 266.
Cotton, Thrips injuring, 248, 250.
Cottonwood, Liiia scripta on, 183.
Cotton wood-leaf beetle, 103, 181-189.
Cotton worm, 138.
Cottony-cushion scale, 271.
Country Gentleman, abstracts " from,
273v3), 274(4), 275^2), 276(4>,'277(2),
278(4), 279(4), 280(4) 281(2), 282(4),
283(1) ; cited, 115, 127, 134, 146, 152,
160, 162, 165, 177, 241, 242, 248, 249.
Cramer cited, 126.
crassipes, Gamasus, 259.
cratEegi, Psendanthonomus, 270.

Tbelia, 270.
cratfegifoliella, Ornix, 267.
Crataegus: insects injurious to,

Aspidiotus perniciosus, 224,'_287.

Tisoheria malifuliella, 162.
crenulata, Lachnosterua, 268.
Crepidodera Helxines, 269.

rufipes, 269.
crepnscularia, Boarmia, 266.
Cresson, E. T., cited, 109.

List of Apidffi, 103, 104.

studies of bees, 103, 104.
cretata, Saperda, 269.
Crioceris asparagi, at Magnolia, Mass.,
178.

bibliography, 177, 178.

limitation by life-zones, 180.

occurrence in Upper Austral life-
zone in New England, 180, 181.

progress of, in Eastern United
States, 179. 'Atj't.

probably an Upper Austral insect,
179-180.

reference, 286.

remedies, 181.
crispata, Lagoa, 264.

302

Forty-ninth Report on the State Museum

Cropliiiis tlicoiiotns, 270.
Crotch, G. E., cit.-.l, 181.
Crustacea contribute*!, 288.
crynticus, GlyptoscelivS, 269.
CucujidiB, injuring; apple-trees, 267.
Cucumber tiea-beetle, 269.
Cucumber : iusects injurious to,

Eudioptis bvalinata, 136.

Eudioptis uitidalis, 130, 131, 132.

Thrips tabiici, 244.
CvTCumber plant-lou-«e, 168.
cucumeris, Apbis, 168.

Cecidomyia [DiplosiHJ, 165.

Crepidodera [Epitrix], 269.

Diplosis, 165-168.

Epitrix, 269.
cucurbitay>liidi.s, Lysipblebus, 167.
Cucuyo, 174-177.
cunea, Hypbantria, 264.
Cuuningbam, H. D., iusects from, 287.
Curculio ego;s destroyed by Thrips, 248.
Curculionidfe injurious to the apple-
tree, list of, 270.
Curiaut Aphis, -4175-276.
Currant : insects injurious to,

Aspidiotus aucylus, 275.

Aspidiotus nerii, 204.

Aspidiotus peruiciosus, 207, 224.

Myzus ribis, 275.

Phylloecus tJaviventris, 284.
Curraut-steni girdler, 284.
Curtis, J., cited, 248.
Cut-worm moth, 173, 277.
cyaneipes, Melanoplus, 272.
Cydonia Japouica, efjpfs of Microcen-

trum retinervis on, 288.
Cyperus, Aspidiotus nerii on, 287.
Cyrtophyllus concavns, 284.
Cytisus, Mecyna reversalis on, 142.

dama, Lucanus, 268, 284.
Dark-sided cut-worm, 265.
Darwiu, F., cited, 248.
Datana contracta, 264.

iutegerrinia, 264.

ministra, 264, 285.
Davis, G. C, cited, 147, 197; quoted,

171.
Davis-Taft, cited, 233.
decemlineata, Polyphylla, 268.
decipiens. Xylocleptes, 270.
decora, Galerncella, 198.
decumanus, Melanotns, 267.
defoliaria, Hybernia, 266.
Deilephila lineata, 264.
Dendroleon, 239.

obsoletum, 237, 238, 240.

pantherinus, 239.
dentatus, Lachnus, 271.
Dermestes, 171.
Dermestidse, 172-174.
destructor, Cecidomyia, 165.
Devastating locust, 272.
devastator, Melanoplus, 272.

Dewberry mined by Tischeria mali-

foliella, 162.
Diabrotica longicornis, 269.

12-punctata, 269.

vittata, 269.
diadenia, Sinea, 270.
Diaspinse, 200.
Diaspis ostreseformis, 271.
Dicerca divaricata, 267.
Diehrorampha scitaua [Grapholitha

iuterstinctana], 152.
Die am Getreide Lebcnden Thrips-

Arten Mittelrusslands, cited, 249.
Differential locust, 271.
differentia] is, Melanoi)lus, 271.
Dimmock, G., cited, 175, 181.
Dinoderus bitbveolatus, 286.
Diospyros, Aspidiotus perniciosus on,

224.
Diplosis cucumeris, arched filaments
of, 166.

bibliography, 165.

emergence of iuuigo, 167.

filets arqu^s of, 166.

imago described, 166, 167.

injuringmuskmelon vinos, 165-166.
Diplosis pyrivoia, 119, 166, 169, 170,

278, 285.
Diplosis setigera, compaied with pear-
midge, 169-170.

imago described, 168-169.

injuring muskmolons, 168.
Diptera contributed, 285.

injurious to apple-trees, 267.

new species described, 166-167, •
168-169.

reference, 237.

scarcity at Keene Valley, 106.

species treated of, 162-172.
Diptera North America, cited, 248.
Dipteron raspberry girdler, 171.
discouotus, Crophius, 270.
Disippus butterfly, 264.
disijipus, Limeuitis, 264.
Disonycha Pennsylvanica, 264.
dispar, Ocneria. 264.

Xyleborus, 270, 2H6.
dissimilis, Hypothenemus, 270.
disstiia, Clisiocampa, 265, 284.
distema [iuterstinctana], Grapholitha,

152.
Distenia undata, 268.
Distribution of, Aspidiotus nerii, 204.

Aspidiotus perniciosus, 207-219.

Cecidomyia betulse, 162-163.

Crioceris asparagi, 179.

Diplosis cucumeris, 167.

Diplosis setigera, 168.

EudioptiM hyalinata, 138.

Eudioptis nitidalis, 132.

Galerucella cavicollis, 197.

Galerucella decora, 198.

Galerucella luteola, 189-190, 195.

Grapholitha iuterstinctana, 155.

Lecanium juglandis, 206.

Lina scripta, 182-183.

Eleventh Report of the State Entomologist

303

Distributiou of,

Mecyna reversalis, 145.

Monomorinm Pliaraoni^, 110.

Pyralis costalis, 148, 149, 150.

Pyrophoius uoctiliicus, 176.

raspberry-cane maggot. 172.

Tbrips tab:ici, 245.

Tiscberia inalifoliella, 162
divaricata. Dice tea, 267.
Divaricnied Bnprestis, 267.
diversalis, Mecyna, 144.
diversiceps, Achorutes, 253-254.
dirersilineata, Petioiihora, 266.
Dobrecbe, George F., insects from, 285.
Dodge, C. R., citnd, 134.
Dogbane caterpillar, 138-142.
Dogbane, Pyrausta f titilalis on, 139.
Dog-day Cicada, 27U.
Dogwood, Afspidiotus periiieiosus on,

224.
Dominican case-bearer, 269.
dominicana, Coseinoptera, 269.
"Doodle" (ant-lion), 241.
"Doodlelwgs," 106.
dorsalis, Odimtota, 269.
Dragon-flies in State of New York, 104
Drosophila amcena, 267.

ampelopliila, 267, 285.
dnipiferaruni, Spbinx, 264,
Dwarf Teuebrioides, 267.
Dyar, H. G., insects from, 157, 285.
Dynastes Tityns, 274. ,
Dytiscus fasciventris, 284.

Eccopsis malana, 121, 266.

permuudana, 266.
Economic entomology, 103.
Economic Entomology (Smith), cited,

110, 127, 177, 233, 241, 242, 250.
Edge, T. J., cited, 127, 134.
Edwards, H., cited, 127, 134, 138, 146,

250.
Eel -worms, 255.

Eggs of, Authrenus scrophularise,
174.

Ascalaphns species, 239.

Aspidiotus perniciosus, 222.

Eudioptis nitidaiis, 133.

Lina scripta, 187-188.

My tilaspis poniorum, 202.

Pulvinaiia innumei-abilis, 204.

Pyralis costalis, 150.

Pyrausta fntilalis, 139.

raspberry-cane maggot, 170.
Elaphidion inceitnm, 284.

fObf'rea] ocellata, 268.

parallelum, 268.

j)ruuers, 125.

viliosnm, 268.
Elater [Pyrophorus] noetilucus, 174.
Elaterid^, 174-177, 267.
EUwanger and Barry, insects from,

285.
EUwanger, George H., insects from,
288.

FAm : insects injiirions to,

Aspidiotus perniciosus, 224.

Gal erne ell a hiteola, 102, 103, 189-
195, 275, 279.

Gossyparia ulmi, 280, 287.

Mvtilaspis pomorum, 202.

Orgyia leucostigma, 124-126, 279.
Elm Inoculation Comnanv, 282,
Elm-leaf beetle, 102, 103.' 125, 189-196,

278-279.
Emertou, J. H., cited, 240.
Empoasca albopicta, 270.

Birdii, 270.

obtusa, 270.

viridescens, 270.
Empretia stimulea, 264.
Encbenopa biuotata, 270.
Encyclop^die Melhodiqne. — Histoire

Naturelle des Insect es, cited, 174.
Endropia bilinearia, 284.
English elms, Galerucella luteola on,
191.

ivj"^, Aspidiotns nerii on, 204.

sparrow, 274-275.

walnut, Aspidiotus ijerniciosns on,
224.
Ennomos mngnana, 266.

subsiguaria, 121, 266.
Entedon species, 165.
Entoniol. Biolog. Studien, cited, 162,

164.
Entomologica Americana cited, 249,

250.
Entomological News cited, 225, 232, 233.
Entomologist, The, cited, 146.
Entomologists, Association of Eco-
nomic, 103, 181 , 189.

labors of, 103.
Entomologist's Monthly Magazine

cited, 146.
Entomology for Beginners (Packard),

cited, 109, 240, 248.
ephemerseformis, Thyridopteryx, 265,

285.
Ephestia interpunctelhi, 267.
Ephippiphora [Grapholitba] iuter-

stinctana, 152.
Epicserus imbricatus, 269.
Epicauta Pennsylvanica, 281, 284, 286.
Epitheca princeps, 288.
Epitrix cucumeris, 269.
erectalis, Botis [Pyrausta futilalis], 138.
erectus, Hjpothenemus, 270.
eremicola, Osmoderma, 268.
Eriococeus, 280,
Eristalls tenax, 284.
erosa, Clisiocampa, 265.

Phymata, 117.
eruditus, Hypothenemus, 270.
erythrocephalus, Neoclytits, 268.
Erythroneura [Typhlooyba] mali, 271.
Euclea querceti, 264.
Eudioptis hyalinata,

bibliography, 134-135.

characteristics of attack, 135-136.

Gueu6e's description of moth, 137.

304

Forty-ninth Report on the State Museum

Eiidioptis hyiilinata — (Continued):

insect described, 136-137.

life-history, 137.

natural euemics, 138.

ravages of, 137.

references, 128, 131, 132.

remedies, 138.
Endioptis iiitidalis,

blbliogravihv, 126-127.

description of larva, 129-130.

description of moth, 130.

distribution, 132.

food-plants, 132.

injuries, 1-^7-128, 131-132.

life-history and habits, 131.

natural enemies, 132-133.

remedies and preventives, 133.

reference, 134, 136, 137, 138.

resemblance to anoiher larva, 128.
Eumacaria brnnnearia, 266.
euonymi, Chionaspis, 288.
Euonvmus, Aspidiotus peruiciosus on,

223'.
Enonymns scale, 28!^.
Euphoria Inda, 268.

nielancholica, 268.
Eupoiionius tomentosus, 269.
Eurycieon chortalis, 284.

rantalis, 266.
Euteltix seminudii, 270.
Eutrapela tninsversata, 284.
Euxesia notata, 267.
Eviilence of Mr. James Fletcher, Ento-
mologist and Botanist, * * *
cited, 233.
exeaecatus, Smeiinthns, 264.
eximin, Qi^demasia, 26ri.
Experiment Station Kecord cited, 147.
Eyed Alans, 267.
Eye-spotted bud-moth, 121, 266.

Fabricius cited, 126, 134, 145, 174, 181.
facetns, Lepturges, 269.

Liopiis [Leptnrges], 269.
Fairman, Dr. C. E., insects from, 2d5.
Falconer, Wm., insects from, 142, 143,

286, 287.
Fall army-worm, 265.

tent cater|)illar, 281.
Fallow ant, 115.
False chinch-ltug. 270.
farinalis, Asopia [Pyralis], 146.

Pyralis, 151.
Farm Insects (Curtis), cited, 248.
Farmer and Fruit-Grower cited, 112.
fascia tns, Gammarus, 288.

Ipocbus, 268.

[quadriguttatus], Ips, 267.

CEcanthus, 284.
fasciola, Litbacodes, ^64.
fasctventris, hytiscus, 284.
Faulker, W. R., insects from, 287.
Felt, E. P., apjiointed assistant, 105.

papers by, 138-142, 254-260.
femorata, Chrvftobothris, 267.

femur-rubrnm, Melanoplns, 271, 284.
Fern leaves, Hypopi on, 2.i7.
Fernald, C. H., cited, 109, 127, 134,

152, 233 ; referred to, 104, 105.
Field and Forest cited, 134.
Field dea, 272.
Figuier, L., cited, 174, 240, 248 ; quoted,

176.
Figures of Achorntes diversiceps, 253.
Anthrenus scrophularise, 172.
Antis])ila nysstefoliella, 158.
Aspidiotus nerii, plate ix, fig. 2.
Aspidiotus peruiciosus, plates xii,

xiii, xiv.
Cecidomyia betulte, plate i.
Chionaspis furfnrus, plate viii,

fig. 2.
Chionaspis pinifoiii, plate ix, fig. 1.
Ciioceris asparagi, 178.
Dii)losis cucnmeris, plate ii.
Diplosis setigera, plate iii.
Eudioptis hyalinata, 137.
Eudioptis uitidalis, 129.
Gamasns lougipalpoides, plate xvi,

fii^s. 1, la.
Genista caterpilhir, 144.
Genista moth, 144.
Grapholitha interstinctana, 153.
Lecanium juglandis. plate xi.
Lina scripta, 182, 183, 184.
Mecyna reversalis, 144.
melon caterpillar, 137.
Monomorinm Pliaraonis, 111.
M\rnieleon iminnculatns, 2.36
Myrmeleon sp., 234, 235, 236.
Mytilaspis pomorum, i)late viii,

fig. 1.
Pyiophorus noctilucus, 175.
Pyralis costalis. 148.
Pulvinaria innumerabilis, plate x,

figs. 1, 2,3, 4.
])ickle caterpillar, 129.
red ant, the little, 111.
San Jos6 scale, plates xii, xiii, xiv.
Sclioturus uivicola, 251,252.
Thrips tab;ici, plate xv.
Tyroglvpbus heteromorphns, plate

'xvi, figs. 2-10.
Upper Austral life-zone, plate iv.
filamentaria Nemntocampa, 266.
Filets arques, of Diplosis, 166, 168.
flujbrialis [costalis], Pyralis, 145.
fimetaria, Lipura [Aphorura armata],

•253.
Fitch, Dr. Asa, cited, 109, 203, 241,

248, 251.
Flat-headed apple-tree borer, 267.

])ear-tree borer, 225.
flavi[)es,Termes, 272.
fiaviventris, Phyllcecus, 284.
Fletcher, James, cited 152, 250.
quoted 170-171.
referred to, 119, 170.
Fletcberella, CoJeophora, '267.
Flint, O. Q., insects from, 286.

Eleventh Report of the State Entomologist

305

rioridensis, Ceropliistes, 271.
Flowering Curraut, Aspi<!iotU8 per-

niciosus ou, 224.
Flowering quince, Aspidiotuspernicio-

SU8 on, 224.
Floyd, Agiistus, insects from, 286.
foliacea, Haltica, 269.
Food-plants of, Autispila uysssefoliella,
157.

Aspidiotns perniciosus, 206, 207,
223, 224.

Cecidomyia betiilae, 162. 164.

Chiouaspis fnrfuras, 203.

Chionaspis piuifoUi, 203.

Crioceiis asparagi, 178.

Diplosis cucumeris, 165, 166.

Diplosis setigera, 163.

Eudioptis hvaliuata, 136.

Eudioptis nitidalis, 132.

Galerucella cavicollis, 197, 198.

Galeriieella decora, 198.

Galerucella liiteola, 193.

Grapholitha interstinctana, 155.

Lina scripta, 182-183.

Mecyna reversalis, 142.

Mytilaspis pomorum, 202.

Pulvinaria iununierabilis, 204.

Pyralis costalis, 150-151.

Pyrausta futilalis, 139.

Pyrophorus noctiluens, 177.

raspberry-cane maggot, 170.

Tischeria malifoliella, 162.
Forbes, S. A., cited, 178, 250.
Forbesi, Aspidiotns, 271.
Forest tent-caterpillar, 265.
Forficnla auricular! a, 272.
Formicaleo sp. [Myrmeleon], 240.
Formica Noveboracensis [(Jamponotus
bcrculaneus], 264.

[Monomorium] Pharaonis, 109, 110.

rufa, 115, 273.
Formicidge, 115-116.
Four o'clock , Tbrips tabaci ou, 245.
Frail Childreu of the Air (Seudder),

notice of, 282-283.
fraterna, Lachnosterna, 268.
French, G. H., cited, 126, 146.
Frey-Boll cited, 160.
Fruit blossoms injured by Thrips,

249.
Fruit-trees, spraying of Avhile in blos-
som, 117-124.
frumeutaria, Phlasothrips, 246.
frugiperda, Jjaphygma, 265.
fuivicosta, Callimorplia, 264.
fnlvipes [ovata], Cbalcis, 132.
Fungns, Tyroglyphus feeding on, 255.
furfurus, Chionaspis, 271, 202-203.
fusca, Lachnosterna, 268.
fuscatns [])allipes], Polistes, 264.
futilalis, Botis [Pviansta], 138.

Pyrausta, 138-142.

G

Gale, R. F., insects from, 288.
Galeruca [Galerucella] cavicollis, 197.

Galeruca rufosunsuinea, 197.

tsanguinca [Galerucella cavicol-
lis]. 197.
sanijuiDea [LochmiBa crattegi],

197.
xanthomeljena [Galerucella lu-
teola], 102.
Galerucella cavicollis, distribution,
197.
feeding on cherry, 197.
feeding on chestnut, 198.
j)robably single-brooded, 197-198.
reference, 286.

resemblance to other species, 197,
198.
Galerucella luteola, abundance of in
July, 1895, 190.
attracting attention to economio

entomology, 103.
destructivenessin Albany, 102, 103.
elms destroyed by, 102, i03.
larvae dropping from trees, 192.
occurrence in and near Albany,

190, 195.
preference for certain species of

elms, 193.
progress up the Hudson river, 189-

190.
reference, 275, 279, 286.
remedies, 195-196.
second brood in Albany, 102, 191-

192.
spread in Albany, 102, 194.
transformations, 192.
Galerucella xanthomelsena [luteola],

275, 279.
Galerucini of Boreal America (Horn),

cited, 197.
Gall-flies, 281.
Gall-making Diptera of Scotland

(Trail), cited, 162.
Gamasus crassipes, 259.
longipalpoides, 259.
species, 2.^5.
Gammarus fasciatus, 288.
Ganiiett's Nine-sheet contour Map, 179.
Garden and Forest cited, 206, 212, 232,

233.
Gardening, abstracts from, 275, 276,

280, 281; cited, 109.
Gai'den leek, Thrips tabaci ou, 245.
Garden slugs, 274.
garganicus, Chion, 268.
Gannan, H., cited, 250.
Gastropacha Americana, 265.

Californica, 265.
Gelechia infermediella, 267.
geminata, Solenopsis, 264.

Stelidota, 285.
geminatella. LithocoUetis [Oruix], 267.

Ornix, 267.
geminatus, Smerinthus, 264.
Genera of British Moths popularly
described and illustrated, cited, 145.
Genista caterpillar, 142-145.

306

Forty-ninth Report on the State Museum

Genista : insects injurious to,
Mecyna polyftonalis, 142.
Mecyna reversalis, 142.
Genista linctoria, Mecyna reversalis

on, 142.
Geometridae, injurious to apple-trees,

266.
Gillette, C. P.. cited, 152, 242.
glaberrimum, Orchelimnm, 271.
glaueinalis, Pyralis, 148.
Glover, T., cited, 126, 146, 174. 248.
Glycobius [Plagionotus] speciosus,

280.
Glypta leucozonata, 156.
Glyptoscelis crypticus, 269.
Gold-fringe moth, 145-151.
Golden rods, 106.
Goldsniitb beetle, 268.
goniphorus, Pcecilocapsus, 284.
Goodman, C. F., insects from, 288.
Gooseberry, Aspidiotus perniciosus on,

207, 224.
Gordius, Spliinx, 264.
Gortyna entaphracta, 284.
Gossard, H. A., cited, 152, 155.
Gossyparia ulmi, 280, 287.
Grain injured by Thrips, 249.

by Siivanns, 267.
granulatus, Anametis, 269.
Grape: insects ir.jnrious to,

DrosopLila anipelo))hila, 285.
Limonius agonus, 285.
CEcantbus iiiveus, 288.
Pelidnota punctata, 286.
Puh'inaria innumerabilis, 204.
Stelidota geminata, 285.
Grape-vine bark-louse, 204.

flea-beetle, '269, 2!-6.
Grapholitha caterpillars, 156.

distema [interstinctana], 152.
iuterstinctana, bibliography, 152.
broods, number of, 154-155.
distribution, 155.
imago described, 154.
infesting clover, 15'2-X53.
larva described, 153.
life-history and habits, 154.
mammoth clover not attacked,

155.
parasites, 157.
preventives, 155-156.
pupa describe*!, 153.
prunivora, 266.
Grapta comma, 284.

Progne, 284.
Graptodera [Haltica] chalvbea, 269.
Grass injured by Thvips, 249, 250.
Graves, Mrs. H. D., insects from, 197,

286.
Gray gnat, 106.
Greedy scale. 271.
Green apple-leaf hopper, 271.
apple leaf tyer, 266.
hag-moth, 264.
June beetle, 268.

Green-striped locust, 271.

Greene, Maria N., insects from, 286.

Gregorson. D., cited, 232.

grisea [granulatus], Anametis, 269.

griseola, Leueopis, 164.

griseus, Beuacus, 287.

Grote, A. E., cited, 127, 134, 138, 142,
146, 152 ; quoted, 154.

grynea, Catocala, 121, 266.

Guen^e, A., cited, 126, 132, 134, 145.
qvioted, 137, 142.

Gu^rin-M^neville, cited, 240.

Guide to the Study of Insects (Packard)
cited, 109, 146, 174, 240, 248.

Guides for Science Teaching (Hyatt-
Arms), cited, 241, 250.

Guilding, L., cited, 240.

guttivitta, Hoterocampa, 265.

Gypsy moth, 180, 227, 264, 278.

H

Hadena species, 284.
ha?morrhoidalis, Heliothrips, 271.
Hagen, Dr. H. A., cited, 234, 240, 248.
Hag-moth, 264, 285.
Hairy May beetle, 268.
Halisidota caryse, 264.

maculata, 264.
Haltica chalybea, 269, 286.

foliaeea, 269.

punctipeunis, 269.
Hammondi, Pempelia, 266.
Handbook of British Lepidoj)tera

(Meyrick), cited, 142, 147.
Handbuch der Pal^sontologie, Zittel's,

cited, 241.
Harlequin cabbage bug, 280, 287.
Harris, D. F., insects from, 170, 285.
Harris, T. W., cited, 145, 248.
Hart, W. E., cited, 249.
Hawthorn, Aspidiotus perniciosus on,

224.
Hay-stack moth, 148.
Heal-all, Thrips tabaci on, 245.
Hedges, Dr. C. H., cited, 231.
Helicomitus iusimulans, 239.
Heliothrips ha^morrhoidalis, 271.
Heliothus species, 266.
Hellgrammite fly, 288.
Helops micans, 269.
Helxines, Crepidodera, 269.
Hemileuca Maia, 265.
Hemiptera, contributions of, 287.

injurious to the apple-tree, list
of, 270.

reference, 106, 248.

species treated of, 198-233.
Henshaw, S., cited, 178.
herbaceus, Melanoplus, 272.
herculaneus, Camponotus, 264.

var. pennsylvanicus, Camponotus,
113.
Hermit Osraoderma, 268.
hesijeridum, Lecanium, ^22, 287.
Heterocampa guttivitta, 265.

manteo, 265.

Eleventh Report of the State Entomologist 307

Heterogenea textula [flexnosa]. 264.
Heteromorplms, Tvroglyphus, 254-260.
Heteropteia, 198-199, 200.
Hickory, Phylloxera carvascaulis 287.
Hickory-stem gall-loiise, 287.
Hickory tussock-moth, 264.
Hicks,!., citetl, 177.
Hippodamia convergens, 282.
hirticula. Lacbiiosterna, 268.
Hister, Hypopi on, 257.
Hlstoire natnrelle g<5n6rale et particii-
liero des Crustaces et des Insectes
(Latreille), cited, 240.
histrionica, Miirgautia, 280, '287.
Holmes, Jerome, insects from, 286.
Homoptera, iujmious to the apple-
tree, list of, 270-271 ; species treated
of, 2C0-233,
Honey-bees, arsenic in blossoms, effect
on, 117.
examined for arsenic, 118.
experiments of Prof. Cook, 118.
experiments of Prof. Webster, 117-

118, 122-124.
killed by arsenical spraying of

blossoms, 122-124.
legislation to protect them, 119.
Hooker, C. M., insects from, 205.
Hopkius-Rumsey cited, 127, 135, 147,

178, 250.
Horn, G. H., cited, 197.
Horned-bugs, 274.
Horn-tail borer, 279.
Horse-chestnut: insects injurious to,
Mytilaspis pomorum, 202.
Orgyia leucostigma, 124.
Hoskius, T. H., cited, 250.
House fly, Hypopi on, 257.
House plants infested by white scale,

203.
Hovey's Magazine of Horticulture

cited, 248.
Howard, L. 0., cited, 133, 167, 178, 202,
210, 223, 226, 232, 233, 249, 256;
on San Jos6 scale, 210, 223, 229,
231.
Howard-Marlatt, cited, 233.
Howell, George H., insects from, 285.
Hubbard, H. G., cited, 249.
Humbug insect cure, 282.
Humming-bird moth, 280.
Humphreys, H. W. N., cited, 145.
hungaricus, Ascalaphus, 239.
Hunt, T. F., cited, 109.
hyalinata, Eudio|)tis, 134-138.
Margaronia [Eudioptis], 135.
Phalasna [Eudioptis], 134.
Pyralis [Eudioi>tis], 134.
hyalmatalis, Pbacelliira [Eudioptis
hyalinalal, 134.
Phakellura [Eudioptis hyalinata],
134, 135.
Hyatt-Arms, cited, 241, 250.
Hybernia defoliaria, 266.
tiliaria, 266.

Hymenopteia, contributed, 284.

injuring apple trees, 264.

species treated of, 109-124.
Hymenorus obseurus, 269.
Hyperchiria lo, 265.
Hyperplatys maculatus, 269.
Hypbautria cnnea, 264.

species, 264.
Hypopus, 256, 257, 258.
Hypotbeuemus dissimilis, 270.

erectus, 270.

eru'litus, 270.
Hypsopygea [Pyralis] costalis, 145, 147.

I
Icerya Purcbasi, 271.
Ichneumon-flies, 138.
Ichneumonids, 156.
Imago described of,

Antispila nyssiefoliella, 157.

Aspidiotusnerii, 204.

Aspidiotus perniciosus, 220-221.

Cecidomyia betulte, 164-165.

Cbionaspi.s furfurns, 202.

Cbionaspispinifolii, 203.

Diplosis cncumeris, 164-165.

Diplosis setigera, 168-169.

Eudioptis hyalinata, 137.

Eudioptis nitidalis, 130.

Grapholitha interstinctana, 154.

Lina scripta, 184.

Mecyna reversalis, 144-145.

Mouomorium Phar.ioiiis, 110.

Mytilaspis pomorum, 201, 202.

Pulviuaria iunuuierabilis, 204.

Pyralis costalis, 148.

Pyrausta futiialis, 141.

Tbrips tabaci, 245.

Tischeria malifoliella, 160.

Tyroglypbns heteromorphus, 258.
Imbricated snout-beetle, 269.
imbricatus, Epicserus, 269.
imbricornis, Prionus, 268.
immacnlatus, Myrmeleou, 236, 237, 238,

240.
incertum, Elaphidion, 284.
incertus [decumanus], Melanotus, 267.
luchbald, P., referred to, 163, 165.
Inda, Euphoria, 268.
Indian Euphoria, 268.

meal moth, 267.
indigeneUa, Mineola, 121, 266.

Phycis [Mineola], 266.
lufusoi'ia, Tyroglyphus feeding on, 255.
ingeniosus, Myrmeleon, 238.
Injuries by, Anthrenus scrophularise,
173. •

Antispila nyssfefoliella, 157.

ants in lawns, 115.

Aspiiliotus nerii, 204.

Aspidiotus perniciosus, 206.

Blissus leucopterus, 198.

Cecidomyia betulse, 162-163.

Chionaspis furfurus, 202, 203.

Chionaspis piuifolii, 203.

Crioceris asparagi, 178.

308

Forty-ninth Report on the State Museum

Injuries by. — ( Continued):

Diplosis cuciiiiiefis, 165-167.
Diplosis setijiei-ii, 168.
Eudioplis hy.ilir.atn, 1.35-136.
Eiidioptis iiitidalis, 127-128, 131.
Galenicellii cavicollis, 197.
Galerucella decora, 198.
Galerucella luteola, 189-190, 191.
Grapholitba iuterstiuctaua, 152-

153.
LecaDium jnglandin, 205.
Liiia scripta, 182-183, 184, 186.
Mecyua reverssilis, 142.
Monomorium Pharaouis, 111-112.
Orgyia leucostigma, 124-125.
Pulviiiaria inmiinerabilis, 205.
Pyralis costalis, 149, l.')0-151.
Pyrausta futihilis, 139-140.
raspberiv-cane maggot, 170.
Tbrips t abaci, 243, 244.
Tischeria malifolielln, 161.
Tyroglyiiluis heteromorpbus, 254.
lujurioiis Insects of tbe Orcbard, Vine-
yard, FieW, Garden, etc. (Cooke),
cited, 127, 134, 222, 232, 249.
inuumerabilis. Coccus [Pulviuaria],
204.
Pulviuaria, 204, 275, 281.
Insect Arcbitecture (Reunie), cited,

241.
Insect Enemies of tbe Apple Tree and

its Fruit (Bruuer). cited, 263.
Insect Life cited, 109, 110, 111, 117, 118,
134, 135, 142, 146, 152, 1.55, 157, 160,
171, 177, 178, 181, 182, 197, 199, 207,
210, 222, 223, 229, 231, 232, 233, 242,
244, 247, 248, 250 ; reiu-int from, 117-
122, 249.
Insect "World (Figuier), cited, 174,

240,248.
Insects Abroad (Wood), cited, 174, 241,

248.
Insects Affecting tbe Orange (Hub-
bard), cited, 249.
Insects and Insecticides (Weed), cited,

110, 178, 249.
Insects at Home (Wood), cited, 248.
Insects Injurious to Forest and Sbade

Trees (Packard), cited, 197.
Insects Injarious to Fruits; (Saunders)

cited. 127, 134, 160, 171, 249.
Insects Injurions to Vegetation (Har-
ris), cited, 145, 248.
Insects introduced,

Aspidiutus perniciosus, 206.
Monomorium Pbaraonis, 110.
Pyralis costalis, 148.
Insects preying upon,
Apbis prunifoUi, 276.
Eudioplis byalinata, 138.
Eudioptis nitidalis, 133.
Lina scripta, 181.
Insects received from New York locali-
ties:
Adams, 170, 285, 286.

Insects received from NevF York locali-
ties — ( Continued):

Albany, 162, 285, 287, 288.

Argyle, 186.

Atbens, 286.

Ausable Forks, 197, 286.

Bell port, 285.

Bingbauiton, 284.

Canaan, 288.

Catskill, 287.

Coeymans, 237, 284.

Corning, 284.

Delm^ir, 285.

East Hartford, 278.

Gaybead, 285.

Geneva, 205.

Gbeiit, 284.

Glen Cove, 142, 287.

Golden Bridge, 286.

Gouverneur, 284, 286.

Hamilton, 287.

Jamaica, 287.

Karner, 288.

Kinderbonk, 287.

Lansing, 285.

Lockport, 286.

Louisville, 276.

Louden viUe, 208, 287, 288.

Lyudinville, 285.

Menands, 285.

Millbrook, 278, 285.

Monticello, 286.

Mountainville, 285,

New Baltimore, 288.

New York, 157, 286.

Pnleuville, 237.

Pleasant Plains, 273.

Port Kent, 282.

Pougbkeepsie, 278, 284, 285, 287.

Ricbford, 286.

Roebester, 205, 285, 288.

Scbenectady, 160.

Sherwood, 147.

Soutb Hamilton, 286.

Stock))ort, 288.

Syracuse, 182.
Tarrvtown, 288.
Urbana, 288.
Utica, 284.
Insects received from other localities:
Arlington, N. J., 285, 287, 288.
Atbens, Pa., 287.
Baton Rouge, La., 287.
Camden, N. J., 284.
Columbus, O., 287.
Concordville, Pa., 285.
Dongala, 111., 286.
Eaton, Ohio, 276.
Europe, 285.
Falls Churcb, Va., 234.
Forestville, Md., 287.
Fort Wayne, Ind., 279.
GlenOuoko, Pa., 237.
Island of San Domingo, 175,
Lowell, Mass., 165, 168.

Eleventh Report of the State Entomologist

309

Insects from otlier States — {Con-
tinued):

Ma<>u()lia, Mass., 178, 286, 288.

McGief);'»r, Iowa, 283.

Midrtlebiirv, Vt., 173.

M out real, 'Can;i(la. 286.

Montrose, Pa., 286.

New Brunswick, N. J., 286.

New Oxford, Pa., 285.

Pendleton, S. C, 127.
insimnlans, Ascalaphns [HelicomitusJ,
239.

Helicoinitus, 239.
integerrima, Datana, 264.
intermediella, Gelecbia, 267.
interi)uuetella, Epliestia, 267.
interstiuctaua, Epbippiphora [Graplio-
litha], 152.

Grapbolitha, 152-156.

Stigmonota [Grapbolitha], 152.
Introdncliiin to Entomology (Com-
:r stock), cited, 241, 249.
Introduction to Entomology (Kirby-

Spence), cited, 174, 240.
Introduction to tbe Modern Classifi-
• cation of Insects (Westwood), cited,
•^ 134, 174, 240, 247.
lo Emperor moth, "265.
lo Hyperchiria, 265.
Ipocbus fasciatns, 268.
Ips fasciatns [quadriguttatus], 267.

quadriguttatus, 267.
iricolor, Serica, 268.
Iridescent Serica, 268.
irroratus, Jassus, 270.
Irus, Tbecla, 254.
Iscbnura verticalis, 288.
Isocratus vulgaris, 167.
Ifhycerus Noveboraceu.sis, 270.
Ivy, Aspidiotus neru on, 204.

Jamestown weed Thrips tabaci on, 245.
Janet, C, cited, 166.
Japan quince, insects injurious to,
Aspidiotus pi-rniciosus, 287.
Cbionaspis furfurus, 203.
Jassidae injurious to the apple-tree,

list of, 270.
Jassus irroratus, 270.
Johuson, W. G., cited, 233.
Journal Liuueau Society of Zoology,

cited, 240.
Jonrnal New York Microscopical

Society cited, 18'2.
juglandifex, Lecanium, 278.
juglaudis, Lecanium, 205-206, 271.
juglaus-regife, Aspidiotus, 271.
June berry, Aspidiotus perniciosus on,

224.

K

Kale, Thrips tabaci on, 244.
Kalteubacb, J, H., cited 149.
Kan-aker, J. F., insects from, 286.
Keene Valley, Diptera of, 106.

21

Keene Valley, Lepido])tera of, 106.
Kellicott, D. S., insects from, 287.
Kent, G. H., cited, 1:15.
Keutzingaria, Playodis, 266.
Kieffer, J. J., cited, 166.
Kirby-Spence, cited, 174, 240.
Kitchener, F. E., cit^d, 249.
Klee, W. G., cited, 222, 232.
Koebele, A., cited, 233.

lacca, Carteiia, 201.

Lace window curtains injured by Au-

threnus, 173.
Lachnosterna affinis, 268.

crenulatn. 268.

fraterna, 268.

fusea, 268.

hirticula, 268.

micaus, 268.

prnnina, 268.

rugosa, 268.

species, 286.

tristis, 268.
Lachuns dentatus, 271.
Lady- birds, 203.
Lady-bug, 203, 282.
Lagoa crispata, 264.

opercularis, 264.
Landberg, A. von, insects from, 182.
lanigera, Cotalpa, 268.

Sehizoneura, 271.
Lansing, Mrs. Abram, insects from,

288.
Laphygma frugiperda, 265.
Large black ant, 113, 114.
Larva of Anthrenus scrophularije, 174.

Antispila ny(?S8efoliella, 157-158.

Aspidiotus perniciosus, 222-223.

Cecidomyia betul^, 164.

Eudiopr.is hyalinata, 136-137.

Endioptis nitidalis, 129.

Galerucella luteola, 192.

Grapholith.i interstmctana, 153.

Lina scripta, 183.

Mecyna leversalis, 143-144.

Myrmeleon, 234-235.

Pyralis costalis, 148.

Pyrausta futilalis, 139-140.

raspberry-cane maggot. 170.

Tischeria nialifoliella, 160.

Tyroglyphus heteromorphus, 258.
Lasioptera galls, 248.

vitis, 248.
Lasins sp., Il3.
laticinctus, Microdus, 156.
laticollis, Prionus, 268.
Latreille cited, 240.

Laurel-leaved willow, Aspidiotus per-
niciosus on, 224.
Leaf-crnmpler, 121, 266.
Learned, Hon. W. L., insects from, 285.
Lecanium acericola [Pulvinaria innu-
merabilis], 205.

hesperidum, 222, 287.

310

Forty-ninth Report on the State Museum

Lecaninm jiiglandifex, 278.

juglan'dis 205-206, 271.

Maclurse [Pulviuaria iuuiimer-
abilis], 205.

oleffi, 271.

platycerii, 222.

pruinosum, 271.

pyri, 271.

species, 20.^, 22"^, 271.

tulipiferse, 222.
LeConte, J. L., cited, 197.
Lecontei, Calliniorpha, 264.

Lophyrus, 284.
Lederer, J., cited, 138.
Jegiimiuicola, Cecidomyia, 155, 249.
Leigli, Mary J., insects from, 286.
Lema trilineatn, '284, 286.
Lemons, Aspidiotns iierii on, 204.
Leopard moth, 265, 275.
Lepidoptera contributed, 284-285.

Heterocera in tlie British Museum,
Part iv (Lord Walsiuj;ham),
cited. 152.

scarcity of at Keene Valley, 106.

species treated of, 126-162, 289.
Lepisma species, 252.
Leptocoris trivittatus, 270, 283, 287.
Leptostylns aculiferus, 268.

macula, 269.
Lepturges facetus, 269.
Lesser ajiple-leaf folder, 121.

migratory locust, 271.
Leucopis griseola, 164.
leucopterus, Blissus, 198-199.
leucostigma, Orgyia, 121, 124-126, 264,

279.
leucozonata, Glypta, 156.
Lewis, P. C, insects from, 287.
liberta, Clialcophora, 285.
Life-history of,

Anthreuus scrophularife, 174.

Antispila uysssefoliella, 159.

Ascalaphus sjiecies, 239.

Aspidiotns peniiciosus, 221-223.

Cecidomyia betula^, 163.

Diplosis cucunieris, 167.

Eudioptis hyaiinata, 136.

Eudioptis nitidalis, 131.

Galerucelia luteola, 191, 192.

Grapholltha interstinctana, 154.

Lina scripta, 184, 186-187.

Mecyua reversalis, 142-143.

Mononiorium Pharaonis, 112-113.

Myrmeleon species, 236-238.

Mytilaspis pomorum, 202.

Pyralis costalis, 150.

Pyrausta futilalis, 139, 140-141.

raspberry-cane maggot, 170, 171.

Thrips tabaci, 245-246.

Tischeria malifoliella, 161.

Tvroglyphus heteromorphns, 255-
'256.
Life-zones, range of insects limited by,

179, 180.
Life-zone, Upper Austral, 102, 180, 181.

Lightning-bug, 175.

of Tropical America, 175.
Lilac, Mytilaspis pomorum on, 287.
Limacodes scapha, 264.
Limenitis Arthemis, 264.
disippus. 264.
Ursula, 264.
Lime-tree winter-moth, 266.
liminaris var , Pbloeotribus, 270.
Limonius agonus, 285.
Limothrips, 247.

tLiimothrips sp. [Thrips tabaci], 242.
tLimothrips trilici [Thrips tabaci],.

241, 242, 243.
Lina scripta, at Liverpool, N. Y., 182-
183.
basket-making industry, injured

by, 186.
beetle described, 184.
bibliography, 181-182.
bug-catcher, 188-189.
destructiveness at Liverpool N. Y.,

184.
eggs — abundance and where laid,

187-188.
European willow food-plant, 185.
extent of willow cultivation in.

Western New York, 185.
larva described, 183.
occurrence in New York, 183.
reference, 103.
remedies, 184, 188-189.
steady increase of beetle, 186.
successive broods, 184.
transformations and habits, 186-
187.
Lindeinan, Dr. K , cited, 242, 249.
Linden : insects injurious to,
Aspidiotns peruieiosus, 223.
Mytilaspis pomorum, 202.
Plagionotus speciosus, 280.
lineata, Deilephila, 264.
liueatella, Anarsia, 267.
lineatns, Pcecilocapsus, 284.
Linnsea,Entom(dogica cited, 162, 164.
Linnajus cited, 109, 127, 134, 174.
Lintner, J. A., cited, 109, 127, 134,142,
146, 152, 157, 160, 162, 165, 177,
182, 233, 241, 242, 249, 251.
publications of, in, 895, 105, 273-
283.
Liopus alpha, 269.

[Lepturges] facetus, 269.
Lipura fimetaria [Aphorura armata],

253.
Li])nrinje, 253.

List of Lepidoptera of Boreal America
(Smith), cited, 127,135, 139, 142, 146,
152.
List of the Lepidopterous Insects in
the Collection of the British Museum
(Walker), cited, 152.
Lithaeodes fasciola, 264.
Lithocolletis [Ornix] geminatella, 267».
pomifoliella, 267.

Eleventh Keport op the State Entomologist 311

Little l)lack ant, 113.

Little-liued plant-bus-, 270.

Little red aut, 109-114.

Loew, F., cited, 162, 164.

Long stings, 279.

lougicornis, Ascalaphus, 239, 240, 241.

Diabrotica, 269.
longioi-, Tyroglypbus, 256.
lougipalpoides, Gamasus, 259.
Lopboderns triferana. 266.
Lopbyrus Lecontci, 284.
Lounsbury, C. P., State Entomologist

at Cape Cobmv, 105.
Lowe, V, H., cited, 178.
lubricnlis, Pseiidaglossa, 284.
LucanidtB injuring apple-trees, 268.
Lucauus daina, 268. 284.
Lucas, H., cited, 177.
Lugger, O., citerl, 182.
lunator, Tbalessa, 279.
Lupines, Mecyna reversalis on, 142.
luteicoma. Acrouycta, 265.
luteola, Galeruceila, 102, 189-196, 275,

279, 286.
Lygaiidffi, 18S-189.
Lygiis pratensis, 270.
Lyman, G. T., insects from, 286.
Lyons, J. D., insects from, 286
Lysiphlebus cucurbitapbidis, 167.

M

macaronins [hungaricus], Ascalaplius,

240.
MacGillivray, A. D., cited. 251.
MacLacblan, R., cited, 240.
Macleayanus, Ascalaphus, 240.
Maclurse, Lecanium [Pulvinaria in-
numerabilis]. 205.

[innumerabilis], Pulvinaria, 281.
Macrobasis uni color, 269, 286.
Macrodactylus subspinosus, 173, 268.

nniformis, 268.
macula, Leptostylns, 269.
maculata, Halisidota, 264.

Megilla, 181.

Psoa, 268.

Vespa, 264.
niacnlatus, Hyperplatys, 269.
Magdalis aenescens, 270.
maguaria, Ennomos, 266.
Magnolia, Aspidiotus nerii on, 204.
Magnolia glauca, northernmost habitau

of, 180.
Maia, Hemilenca, 265.
Malacbidie injuring apple-trees, 267.
malana, Eccopsis, 121, 266.

Nolophana, 265.
mali, Aphis, 271.

Erytbroueura [Typblocyba], 271.

Monarthrum, 270.

Pblgeothrips, 248,271.

Sciara, 267.

Typblocyba, 271.
malifolise, Aphis, 271.
malifoliella, Tiscberia, 160-162, 267.
malivorana [minuta], Teras, 266.

malivorella, Coleopbora. 122, 267.
Mally, F W., cited, 250.
Mamestra assimilis, 265.

pi eta, 265.

subjuncta, 265.
Mammotb clover free from Grapbo-

litba, 155.
Mann, B. P., cited, 134.
manteo, Heterocampa, 265.
Manual for the Study of Insects (Corn-
stocks), abstract of review, 277^
cited, 110, 135, 147, 178, 241.
Manual of British Butterflies and Moths

(Stainton), cited, 145, 149.
Manual of Injurious Insects with
Methods of Prevention and Remedy
(Ormerod), cited, 249.
Many-dotted apple-tree worm, 265.
Many-striped palmer-worm, 267.
Maple : insects injurious to,

Aspidiotus nerii, 204.

Aspidiotus tenebricosus, 221.

Cimbex Americana, 284.

Mytilaspis pomorum, 202.

Steganoptycha Claypoliana, 278,
285.

unknown insect on, 280-281.
Maple-leaf louse, 287.
Maple-tree scale-insect, 204-205, 275,

277.
Margaronia [Eudioptis] hyalinata, 135.

[Eudioptis] nitidalis, 127.
marginata, Anomala, 268.
raarginatus, Chaulioguathus, 133, 138.
Margined Anomala, 268.

soldier beetle, 133.
Marlatt, C. L., cited, 110, 112; quoted,

199.
Massachusetts Agricultural College

referred to, 105.
May beetle, 268.
McCarthy, G., cited, 146.
Mealy-bngs, 200.
Mecyna diversulis. 144.
Mecytia polygonalis, 142.
Mecyna reversalis, bibliography, 142.

cocoon, 144.

distribution, 145.

feeding on Genista, 142.

imago described, 144-145.

larva described, 143.

life-history, 142-143.

pupa described, 144.

reference to figure of, 140.

remedies, 145.

synonym, possibly, of M. diversalis,^
144.'
Meehan, T. B., cited, 181.
Megacbile species, 284.
Megilla maculata, 181.
melancboliea, Euphoria, 268.
Melancholy chafer, 268.
Melandryida3 ou apple, 269.
Melanoplus atlanis, 271.

bivittatus, 272.

ciuereus, 272.

312

Forty-ninth Report on the State Museum

Melanopluscyaneipes, 272.

devastator, 272.

dift'erentialis, 271.

femur-ruhrnni, 271, 284.

berbaceiis. 272.

spretiis, 271.
Melaiiittus commmiis, 267.

deciimanus, 267.

inceitns [decuimanns], 267.
Melasoma [Lina] scripta, 181, 182.
Melia Azedaracb, Ceroplastes cirri-

pediforniis on, 287.
MelittiaCeto, 135
Meloe angusticoUis. 286.
Meloidai on apple, 269.
Melon caterpillar, 133, 134-138.
Melon : insects injurious to,

Endioptis nitidalis, 130, 131, 132.

Eudioptis livalinata, 135.

Thrips tabaci, 244.
Melon-vine midge, 165-168.
Melon worm, 135.
Melsbeiiner, Dr. F. E., cited, 181.
Membracidffi iniarious to the apple-
tree, list of, 270.
M^moires pour servir a I'bistoire des

Insectes (Reauuiur), cited, 240.
Merisus, 165.

Merriam, Dr. C. Hart, quoted, 179.
messoria, Agrotis, 121, 265.
Meyrick, E., cited, 142, 147.
micans, Helops, 269.

Lacbnosterna, 268.
Microceiitrum retinervis, 271, 288.
Microdus laticinetus, 156.
Micropteryx pomivorella, 267.
Midge, 106.

Mignonette. Tbrips tabaci on, 244.
Millepedes, 276.
Mineola indigenella, 121, 266.
ministra, Datana, 264, 285.
miuuta, Teras, 121, 266.
minutnm, Monomoriuui, 113.
Miscellaneous Essays on Economic

Entonmlogy [Illinois], cited, 109.
Mites 225
Moffat,"j A., cited, 127, 135, 139, 146,

241.
inolesta,Mvi'mica [Monomorium Pbara-
onis], 109, 110.

Solenopsis [Monomorium Pbara-
onis], 109.
Monarthrnni mali, 270.
mouodon, Notoxus, 269.
Monomorium Pharaonis, Bellevoye's
observations on, 112-113.

bibliography, 109-110.

description of, 110-111.

earlier history, 110.

figure of. 111.

habits, 111.

life-history, 112.

other species in houses, 113.

remedies, 113-114.

Monomorium Pliaraonis — (Continued):

Say's description of female, 110.

ubiquitous cbaracter, 110.
Moody, H. L., cited, 240.
Moore, Dr. E., insects from, 287, 288.
Morgan, H. A., insects from, 287.
Morrell, L. L., insects trom, 287.
Morrisonia confusa, 265.
Morse, L , insects from, 287.
morula, Acronycta, 265.
Mosquitoes, 106.
Mouldy Aphis, 271.
Mound-building ant, 115.
Mountain ash, Chionaspis furfurus on,

208.
mucidus, Callipterus, 271.
Murgantia histrionica, 280, 287.
musearum, Acarus (Hypopal form),

257.
Mushrooms, Tyroglyphi on, 257.
Muskmelon : insects injurious to,

Ai)his cucumeris, 168.

Diplosis cucumeris, 165-166.

Dijilosis setigera, 168.

Eudioptis hyalinata, 1^5.

Eudioptis nitidalis, 127, 132.
Mutiuus Ravenalii, Silpha Americana

on, 285.
Myobia i)umila, 177.
Myops, Alans, 267.
Myriapoda, 252.

Myrmeleon immaculatus, 236, 237, 238,
240.

ingeniosus, 238.

larva, 237.

pumilus, 238.

rusticiis, 238.

S|>eeies, 234-241.

tetragrammious, 240.
MyrmeieouidtB, bibliography, 240-241.

species treated of, 234-240.
Myrmica molesta [Monomorium Phar-

aonis], 109, 110.
Myrmicida?, 109-114.
Mytilasi)is pomornm, 201-202, 271, 273-

274, 287.
Myzus ribis, 275-276.

nana, Tenebrioides, 267.

Trogosita [Tenebrioides], 267.
Nasturtium, Thrips tabaci on, 244.
Nation, The, abstracts from, 277, 282,

283.
Natural History of Aquatic Insects

(Miall), abstract of, review, 283.
Neat strawberry-leaf roller. 266.
Nematocampa tilameutaiia, 266.
nenupbar, Conotrachelus, 122, 270.
Neoclytus erythrocephalus, 268.
Nephlodespis, Lecanium hesperidum

on, 287.
nerii, Aspidiotus, 203-204, 287.
Neuroptera, 234-241, 272, 288.

Eleventh Keport of the State Entomologist 313

New Check Lisr. of North American
Moths (Grote). cited, 127, 134, 138, 142.
New- York ant, 264.

Weekly Tribune, cited, 181.

weevil, 270.
nigra, Phlceothrips, 249.
nigrilabris, Brachuemnrns, 238.
9-uotata, Cocciiiella, 276.
nitida, Allorhina, 268, 286.
nitidalis, Endioptis, 126-133, 136, 137,
138.

Margaronia [Eudioptis], 127.

Phacellura [Endioptis |, 126, 127.

Phakellura [Eiidioptisl, 126, 127,
13.5.
Nitidulidse injuring apple-trees, 267.
nivicola, Achorutes [Sehoturus], 251.

Podiira [Sehoturus], 251.

Sehoturus, 251-252.
niveus, (Ecanthus, 271, 284, 288.
noctilucus, Elater [Pyrophorus], 174.

Pyrophorus, 174-177.
noctuella, Nomopliila, 143.
NoctuidEe on apple-trees, 265.
Nolophana malana. 265.
Nouiopliila noctnella, 143.
DOtata, Euxesta, 267.
Notoxus calcaratus, 269.

monodon, 269.
nova [antiqua], Orgyia, 264.
NoviBboracensis, Cicada, 270.
Noveboracensis, Eormi'-a [Campouotus
hercnlaneus], 264.

Ithycerns, 270.
nubecniana, Phoxoiiteris, 266.
nubilata, Prochcerodes, 266.
nuptialis, Catocala, 266.
Nyssa niultiflora [sylvatica] injured by

Autispila n.vsssefoliella, 157.
nysssefoliella, Antispila, 157-159.
Nysius angustatus, 270.

o

Oats injured by Thiips, 250.
Oberea bimaculata, 170, 171.

species 269.
obesus, Xyleborus, 270.
oblinita, Acronycta, 265.
Oblique-b;mdp«"l leaf-roller, 121, 266.
oblongifolia, Aiublveorypha, 288.

Phylloptera, 284.
Oblong-winged katydid, 288.
obscurus, Hvnienorus, 269.
Observer of Nature cit<d, 126, 134, 181.
obsoletum, Denriroleon, 237, 238, 240.
obtectus, Brnchns, 286.
obfusa, Empoasca, 270.
occidentalis, Acron\cta, 265.
ocellana, Tnietocera, 121, 156, 266.
ocellata, Elaphidion [Oberea], 268.
Ocneria dispar, 264.
oculatns, Alaus, 267.
Odouata of New York, 104-105.
Odontota dorsalis, 269.

nervosa, 269.

Odontota scut ellai'is [dorsalis], 269.

rubra, 269.
fficanthns fasciatnp, 284.

niveus, 271, 284, 288.
CEdeniasia concinua, 265.

eximia, 265.

salicis, 260.
Oiketicus Townscndi, 264.
Oil beetle, 286.
olejB, Lecanium. 271.
Oleander, Aspidiotus uerii on, 203^

204.
tolinalis [costalis], Pyralis, 145, 149.
Olive, Aspidiotus anc.ylus on, 287.
Olivier on habits of Anthreni, 174.
Olliff, A. S., cited, 232.
Oncideres cingulata, 269.

twig-girdler, 125.
Onion Thrips, 241-247.

Thrips tabaci on, 242, 243, 245.
opercularis, Lagoa, 264.
Opernphtera boreata, 266.
Orange Insects (Hubbard), cited, 241,

248.
Orange, Thrips on, 218, 249, 250.
Orchard tent-caterpillar, 281.
Orchelimum glaberrlmum, 271.
Orcutt-Aldrich, cited, 182.
Orgyia antiqua, 285.

leucostigma, 121, 124-126, 264, 279.
second brood at Albany, 125.

nova [antiqna I, 264.

tussock caterpillar, 275.

vetusta, 285.
Onnerod, Miss E. A., ciced, 147, 148,

249.
Oruix crattegifoliella, 267.

geminatella, 267.
Orthoptera contributed, 288.

injurious to the apple-tree, list
of, 271.
Orthosoma brunneum, 268.
Osage orange: insects injurious to,

Aspidiotus perniciosus, 224.

Pulvinaria innutuerabilis, 281.
Osborn, Herbert, cited, 146, 152, 247,.

249.
Osborn-Gossard cited, 146, 152.
Osborn-Mally cited, 242, 246.
Osborn-Sirrine cited, 147, 152.
Osburn, W., cited, 181.
Osnioderma eremicola, 268.

scabra, 268, 284.
Osten Sacken, C, E., cited, 248 ; quoted,.

164 ; referred to, 163.
ostrefeformis, Aspidiotus, 271.

Diaspis, 271.
Otiorhynchidte injurious to the apple-
tree, list of 269.

pieipes [singularis], 269.

singularis, 269.

sulcatus, 269.
Ox-eye daisy, Thripidte on, 247.
oxvcoccaua, Teras, 266.
Oyster-shell bark-louse, 201-202.

314

Forty-ninth Keport on the State Museum

pacifica Tpeuiocainpa, 265.
Packard. Dr. A. S., cited, 109, 126, 146,
157, 160, 174, 181, 197, 240, 248, 251,
pallidicornis, Torymus, 164.
pallipes, Polistes, 284.
Paluier worm, 267.
Palthis angulalis, 266.
paiupinaria, Boiirmia, 266.
Pausy (wild), fertilized by Thrips, 248,

249.
pautberiuus, Deiidroleon, 239.
Pantou, J. H., quoted, 119.
Papilio Tiirmis, 264.
Parallel Elapliidion, 268.
parallela, Paror<;yia, 264.
paralleliim, Elaphidion, 268.
Parandra briiiineu, 268.
Parasa chloris, 264.
Parasite of. Aphis cuenmeris, 168.

Cecidoiuyia betulge, 164, 165.

Crioceris asparagi, 177.

Eudioptis byaliuata, 138.

Eudioptis iiitidalis. 132.

Grapholitha interstinctana, 156.

Pyraiista fntilalis, 142,

Tmetocera dcellaiia. 156,

Tremex coluuiba, 279.
Parasitic insects,

Apanteles coiigregatus, 142.

Bracon vernoniaj, 156.

Chalcis flavipes [ovata], 132.

Eutedon tp., 165.

Glypta leucozoiiata, 156,

Isocratus vulgaris, 167,

Leucopis griseola, 164.

Lysiphlebus ciicurbitapbidis, 167,

Merisus sp., 165.

Microdus laticinctus, 156.

Myobia pumila, 177.

Phanerotonia tibialis, 156.

Pimpla couquisitor, 134, 138.

Tachina fly, 136.

Tetrastichus sp., 165.

Thalessa atrata, 279.

Thalessa lunator, 279.

Torymus palliilicornis, 164.

Torymus sp., 165.
Paris green injurious to blossoms, 119.
Parorgyia parallela, 264.
Parsley, Thrips tabaci on, '244.
Payne, W. H., iusects from, 162,
Peach: insects and mite injurious to.

Aphis persicae-niger, 279.

Aspidiotus perniciosus, 206, 207,
223, 287.

Bryobia pratensis. 288,

Xyliua cinerea, 279,
Peach -twig moth, 267.
Pear-tree Psylla, 273.
Pear-blight beetle, 270.
Pear : iusects injurious to,

Agrilus siuuatus, 286.

Aspidiotus perniciosus, 207, 224.

Chionaspis furfurus, 203.

Pear: insects injurious to — (Contin'd):

Diplosis pyrivora, 285,

Mytilaspis pomorum, 202,

Phobetron pilhecium, 285.

Xyleborus dispar, 286.
Pear midge, 119, 169, 170, 227, 260,

278, 285.
Pear-tree blister-beetle, 269.

ovster-scale, 271.

Psylla, 271.
Pecan nut, Aspidiotus perniciosus on,

224.
Peck, C, H., iusects from, 285,
Peliduota punctata, 268, 286.
pidlionella, Tinea, 276.
pellucida, Camnula, 271.
Pellucid locust, 271.
Pelopoeus csemeutai-ius, 234,
Pempelia Hammondi, 266,
Peuhallow, D, P., insects from, 286,
Peunsylvanica, Disonycha, 269,

Epicauta, 281, 284, 286,

Photurus. 284.
Pennsylvanicus, Bombus, 284.
Penthina, chiuuosema, 266.
Peonies, carpet beetles on, 173,
Pepperidge, Antispila nyssaBfoliella

on, 157.
Pergande, T., cited, 242, 244. 249,
permundana, Eceopsis, 266.
perniciosus, Aspidiotus, 206-233, 275,

277, 287,
persicae-niger. Aphis, 279,
Persimmon, Aspidiotus perniciosus on,

224,
Prtrophora diversiliueata, 266,
Pet tit, J., cited, 240.
Pezotettix ehenopodii, 272.
Pflanzenfeinde aus der Classes der

lusekten, cited, 149.
Phacellura hyaliuatalis [Eudioptis
hyalinataj, 134.

[Eudioptis] nitidalis, 126, 127,
Phakellura hyaliuatalis [Eudioptis
hyalinata], 134, 135.

[Eudioptis] nitidalis, 126, 127, 135.
Phauerotoma tibialis, 156.
Pharaonis, Formica [Monomorium],
109, 110.

Monomorium, 109-114.
Phigalia cinctaria, 2ii6,
Phl«othrips, 247.

frumentaria, 246.

mali, 248, 271,

nigra, 249,
Phlceotribus liminaris var., 270.
Phobetron pithecium, 264, 285.
Photurus Penusylvanica, 284.
Ph'>xopteris niibeculana, 266.
Phycis [Mineola] indigenella, 266.
Phylloecus flaviventris, 284,
PhvUoptera oblongifolia, 284,
Phylloxera, 248, 249

carysecaulis, 248, 287.
phylloxerte, Tyroglyphus, 258,

Eleventh Report of the State Entomologist 315

Phyniata erosn, 117.

physodenis, Pyro))horus, 175.

Physopoda, 247, 249.

piceus, Atta<reinis, 276.

picipes [sinjiiilaiis], Otiorbvucbus, 269.

Pickle caterpillar, 126-134,' 136.

worm, 127, 132, 135, 136, 138.
Pickled-fruit fly, '267.
picta, Mamestra, 265.
Pierce, W. C, insects from, 286.
Pigeon Treinex, 264.
pilosicollis [tristis], Lachnosteraa, 268.
Pimpla conqiiisitor, 134, 138.
Pine-leaf scale-insect, 203, 277.
pinifolii, Chionaspis, 203.
Pinns Auhtriaca, jiine-leaf scale-insect

ou, 203.
Pinus strobus, Lophyriis Lecontei feed-

inj? on, 284.
pitLeciiiui, Phobetron, 264, 285.
Pityopbtborus sp. "h" [Xylocleptes

decipit-ns], 270
placida, Agroiis, 265.
Plagiodera [Lina] scripta, 181, 182.
Plajiionotus speciosiis, 286.
Plagodis Keutziiigaria, 266.
Plant-lice, 200, 225, 275.
platycerii, Lecanium, 222.
.Plum curculio, 122, 270, 279.
Plum-gouger, 270.
Plum: insects injurious to,

Apbis prunifolii, 276.

Aspidiotus nerii, 204.

Aspidiotus perniciosus, 206, 207,
224.

Lecanium jiiglandis, 205.

Mvtilaspis pomorum, 202.
Plum Spbinx, 264.
Plum motb, 266.
Plum-tree Aphis, 276.
Plum-tree scale-insect, 205-206, 271,

277, 278.
plumigeraria, Boarmia, 266.
pluvialis, Clisiocampa, 265.
Podura, 254.

aquatica, 253.

[Seboturus] nivieola, 251.
Poduridae, classification and charac-
teristics, 252.

species treated of, 251-254.
Pcecilocapsus goniphorns, 284.

lineatus, 2d4.
Poey cited, 134.
Polistes fuscatus [pallipes], 264.

pallipes, 284.
Polycaon confertus, 268.
polygoualis, Mecyna, 142.
Polyphemus, Telea, 265, 285.
Polypbylla decemlineata, 268.

variolosa, 268.
pometaria, Anisopteryx, 266.
pometellus, Ypsolophus, 267.
pomifoliella, Bucculatrix, 267.

Lithocolletis, 267.
pomivorella, Micropteryx, 267.

pomouella, Carpocapsa, 266.

Ehagolites, 267.

Trypeta [Rhagolites], 267.
pomorum, Anthonomus', 270.

Mytilaspis, 201-202, 271, 273-274,
287.
Pompbopoea senea, 269.
Pomrov, Norman, insects from, 286.
Poplar borer, 269.

Poplar, Mjtilaspis pomorum on, 202.
Populus m'jnilif'era, Lina scripta on,

183.
Potato bug, 274.
Potato : insects injurious to,

Epicauta Pennsylvanica, 286.

Lema trilineata, 286.
Powell, E. C, insects from, 251.
Powell, G. T., insects from, 286.
Practical Eutomologi.st cited, 145, 197,

248.
Prairie Farmer cited, 145, 249.
Prairie Farmer Annual cited, 145.
pratensis, Bryobia, 272, 288.

Lygus, 270.
Pratt, Mrs. H. A., on habits of carpet

beetle, 172.
Predaceous insects, . Chauliognathus
maiginatus, 133, 138.

Coccinella 9-uotata, 276.

Megilla macula ta, 181.

small red ant, 138.

Syrphns iarvaj, 276.
Pretty pomace fly, 267.
Preventives for,

ants in houses, 114, 281.

clover baj' caterpillar, 151.

clover-seed caterpillar, 155-156.

cottonwood-leaf beetle, 188.

millepedes, 276.
Preventives of insect depredations :

air circulating beneath haystacks,
151.

avoiding infested manure, 276.

carbolic acid, 114.

cbalk-line, 114, 281.

kerosene, 114.

lime, 188.

lime-water, 276.

napthaline, 114.

new crops remote from old, 156.

pasturing fields in autumn, 156.

salting hay, 151.

soot, 276.

using manure that will not shelter
insects, 156.
Prickly Leptostylus, 268.
Prmula, Tbrips on, 248.
princeps, Epitheca, 288.
Priouus imbricornis, 268.

laticollis, 268.
Proceedings of the Albany Institute
cited, 241.

Academy of Natural Sciences of
Philadelphia cited, 152, 156, 157,
160, 197, 240.

316

Forty-ninth Keport on the State Museum

Proceedings, etc. — (Continued):

Aniericau Assoei.ition for the
Advancement of Science cited,
232.

Eutomological Society of Philadel-
phia cited, 248.

Entomological Society of Washing-
ton cited, 178, 182.
Prochoerodes nuhilata, 266
Progne, Grapta, 284.
Prometliea, Attaens, 265
Proteopterys spoliana, 266.
Provancher, L'Abbe, cited, 109.
pruinosum, Lecaniuiii, 271.
pruuicida, Coccotorns, 270.
prunifolii, Apliis, 277.
Ijrunina, Lachnosterna, 268.
pruuivora, Graph(ditha, 2(56.
Psenocerns supernotatus, 268.
Psendaglossa Iiibricalis, 284.
Pseudauthouounis cralsBgi, 270.
Pseudococciis aceris, 287.
Pseudoiieuroptera contributed, 288.

reference, 106.
Psithyrus cehitus, 104.

citrinus, 104.

studies of, 104.
Psoa niaculata, 268.
Psocids, 248.
Psyche cited, 134, 157, 160, 178, 181,

182, 248, 249, 250.
Psylla pyricola, 271.
Psyllidaj on apple, 271.
Ptinid» injuring api)le-trees, 268.
Puguacions caterpillar, 280.
Pulvinaria, 204,
Pulvinaria innumerabilis, 204, 275,

281.
Pulvinaria maclurse [innnmerabilis],

281.
pumila, Myobia, 177.
pnmilus, Myrmeleou, 238.
punctata, Pelidnota, 268, 286.

Synchroa, 269.
punctipennis, Haltica, 269.
"Punky,"106.
Pnrchasi, Icerya, 271.
Pupa of Anthrenus scrophularise, 174.

Antispila nyssiiefoliella, 158.

Diplosis cucuineris, 167.

Eudioptis byalinata, 137.

Eudioptis nitidalis, 131.

Galerucella luteola, 192.

Grapholitba interstinctana, 153.

Mecyna reversalis, 144.

Pyralis costalis, 147.

Pyrausta futilalis, 140-141.

ra.spl)erry-cane maggot, 170.

Tischeria malifoliella, 161.
pygmwa, Capnia, 288.
Pyralid, 144.

Pyralid web-caterpillar, 266.
Pyralidse, family characteristics, 147.

injuring apple-trees, 266.

species treated of, 145-151.

Pyralis costalis,

American history, 149-150.

an associated species, 151.

an European insect, 147.

bibliography, 145-147.

characters of its family. 147.

European history, 148-149.

injuries by, 150-151.

larva describe'!, 148.

lite-history, 150.

moth described, 148.

remedies and preventives, 151.
Pyralis farinalis, 151.

fimbrialis [costalis], 145.

glancinnlis, 148.

[Eudioptis] hyalinata, 134.

tolinalis [c stalls], 145, 149.
Pyramidal grapevine cater|»illar, 266.
pyramidoides, Amphipyra, 265.
Pryausta futilalis, bibliography,' 138—
139.

eggs, 139.

enemies of, 141-142.

generations, number of, 141.

larvae, habits of, 139-140.

larval stages described, 140.

motli described, 141.

pupa, 140-141.
Pyraiistidse, 126-142.
pyri, Lecanium, 271.

Sesia, 265.

[dispar], Xyleborus, 270.
pyricola, Psylla, 271.
pyricolana, Steganoptyclia, 266, 78,.

285.
pyrina, Zeuzera, 265, 275.
pyrivora, Diplosis, 119, 166, 169, 170,

'278, 285
Pyrophorus noctilucus, a single species
in U. S. of the genus, 175.

a tropical insect, 175.

bibliography, 174-175.

duration of life, 176-177.

food hah.ts, 577.

number of tropical species, 175.

remarkable luminosity, 175-176.
Pyrophorus physoderus, 175.
Pyrus japonica, Chionaspis fiirfuru*
on, 203.

Q

quadrigibbus, Tachypterus, 270.
quadriguttatus, Ii)8, 267.
Quaiutance, A. L., cited, 127, 131, 135.
querceti, Enclea, 264.
Quince: insects injurious to,

Aspidiotus perniciosus, 207, 224.
Tbyridopteryx ephemeri^formis
285.

R

Radcliffei, Acronycta, 265.
Ragonot, M , cited, 241.
rantalis, Eurycreon, 266.
Raspberry-cane girdler, 170, 171.

Eleventh Report op the State Entomologist 317

Easpberry-Ciuie maggot, characteris-
tics of attack, 171.

distributiou, 172.

injuring raspberry-canes, 170.

observed in Canada, 170.

observed in Michigan, 171.

probably in Pennsylvania, 172.

remedy, 172.
Raspberry : insects injurious to,

Anthoniyia sp., 170, 285.

Aspidiotus perniciosns, 207, 224.

Oberea bimaculata, 171.

Tischeria malifoliella, 162.
Raspberry-stem maggot, 285.
rapax, Aspidiotus, 271.
Reaumur, cited, 240.
Red ant, the little, 109-114, 281-282.
Red-bay, Lecanium on, 222.
Red clover, Thripidas on, 247.
Red currant: insects injurious t^,

Aspidiotus aucylus, 287.

Mytilaspis pomorum, 202.
Red cut-worm, 265.

Red humped apple-tree caterpillar, 265.
Reg-legged flea-beetle, 269.
Red-legged locust, 272.
Red-necked Agrilus, 285.
Red-shouldered Sinoxylon, 268.
regelatiouis, Triehocera, 267.
Remedies for insect depredations :

air-slacked lime, 181.

arsenites, spraying with, 195, 279.

baiting witb greasy bones, 114.

baiting with slices of potato, cab-
bage leaves, etc., 276.

baiting with sweetened water in
sponge for ants, 114, 281.

bisulphide of carbon, 113-114, 116,
273, 276, 281.

borax and sugar, 114.

Bordeaux mixture, 273.

Buchan's Carbolic Soap, 275.

"bug-catcher," 188.

burning grass lands, 199.

burning infested leaves, 162.

burning infested stock, 275.

collecting egg-clusters, 188.

crushing the young, 281.

destroying eggs, 133, 282.

destroying infested tips. 172.

destruction of larvte, 133.

ducks for garden slugs, 274.

early cutting and stacking, 155.

employing fowls, Idl.

j'reshly slacked lime for ants, 116.

gasoline, 280.

hand-picking, 188, 281.

hellebore powder, 145.

hydrocyanic acid gas 208, 230-
'231.

jarring frow foliage, 188.

kainit, 116, 260. 273.

kerosene emulsiou, 114, 116, 145,
196, 205, 208, 273, 275, 276, 277,
279, 280, 281.

Remedies for insect depredations —

{Continued):
lime, 273, 278.

lime, salt and sulphur wash, 208,
lime water, 274.
Little's Chemical Flnid, 275.
London purple, 133, 138, 188.
London purple and lime, 18d.
maple sj'^rup and London purple,

114.
mulching of tobacco stems, 276.
Paris green, 119, 133, 138, 145, 184,

188.
poisoning iirst brood on leaves, 138.
potash wash, 230.
pyrethrum in water, 247.
pyrethrum powder, 114, 151.
removal of seed-stems, 181.
removing infested plants, 259.
resin wash, 208.
salt, sprinkling with, 274.
scraiiiug off the scales, 278.
shaking into vessels of kerosene

and water, 281.
soap suds, 277, 279.
soap suds and carbolic acid wash,

280, 281.
summer washes, 230.
tartar emetic and sugar, 114.
tobacco water, 279.
trapping hibernated bugs, 282.
trapping in damp moss, 276.
whale-oil soap, 210, 229, 274, 275,

276, 277, 281.
winter washes, 228-229.
Remedy for

ants in houses, 113-114.
ants in lawn, 116.
ants in trees, 280.
apple bnd-worm, 121.
apple-leaf miner, 162.
apple-tree case-beartr, 122.
apple-tree tent-caterpillar, 121,
asparagus beetle, 181, 278.
bean weevil, 276.
black blister-))eetle, 281.
canker-worm, 121.
carnation mite, 259-260.
chinch-bug, 199.
climbing cut- worms, 121.
clover-hay caterpillar, 151.
clover-seed caterpillar, 155-156.
codling moth, 120.
cottonwood-leaf beetle, 184, 188.
currant Aphis, 276.
cnrrant scale, 275.
elm-leaf beetle, 195-196,279.
eye-spotted bud-moth, 121.
garden sings, 274.
Genista cateridliar, 145.
harleqnin cabbai^e bug, 280.
large black ant, 113-114.
leaf-crumpler, 121.
lesser apple-leaf folder, 121.
little red ant, 114.
maple-tree scale-insect, 281.

318

Forty-ninth Repobt on the State Museum

Eemedy for — {Continued):
melnu caterpillar, 138.
millepedes, 276.

oblique-banded leaf-roller, 121.
pear midge, 119.
pickle catei'pillar, 133.
plum curculio, 122.
plum-tree Aphis, 276.
plum-tiee scale-insect, 205, 276.
raspberry-cane maggot, 172.
red ants, 281.

San Jos6 scale, 208, 210, 228-230.
sour gum-tree case- cutter, 159.
squash bug, 282.
sugar maple borer, 280.
vermin on stock, 275.
white Eiigonia, 121.
white-marked tussock-moth, 121.
wire-worms, 276.
yellow-ant, 273.
Eennie, J., cited, 241.
Eepagula of Ascalaplms, 239.
Keport of the Colorado Agricultural

Experiment Station, cited, 242.
Report of the Connecticut Agricultural

Experiment Station, cited, 242, 250.
Report of the Department of Entomol-
ogy of the Cornell University Ex-
periment Station, cited, 160.
Report of the Entomological Society
of Ontario, cited, 109, 134, 146, 152,
233, 248, 249, 250.
Report of the Entomologist and Bot-
anist, Central Experimental Farm,
Canada Department of Agriculture,
cited, 250.
Report of the Los Angeles (Cal.) Horti-
cultural Commission, quoted, 209.
Report of the Nei>raska State Board of

Horticulture, cited, 250.

Report of the New Jersey Agricultural

College Experiment Station, cited,

173, 177, 211, 2:i3, 241, 242.

Report of the New York Agricultural

Experiment Station, cited, 178, 242.

Report of the New York State Museum

of Natural History, cited, 160.
Report of Observations of Injurious
Insects and Common Farm Pests,
cited, 147, 148, 249.
Report of the Peabody Academy of

Science, cited, 251.
Report of the Pennsylvania State
Board of Agriculture, cited, 127, 134.
Report of the State Board of Agricul-
ture of the State of Michigan, cited,
118.
Report of the State Board of Horti-
culture of California, cited, 222, 232.
Report of the State Entomologist to
the Regents of the University of the
State of New York for the year 1893,
cited, 101.
Report of the State Pomological So-
ciety of Michigan, cited, 248.

Report of the United States Depart-
ment of Agriculture, cited, 126. 127,
134, 146, 152, 174, 177, 181, 198, 206,
222, 232, 248, 249.

Report of the United States Entomo-
logical Commission, cited, 145, 157,
181, 240, 241, 248.

Report of the United States Geological
and Geographical Survey of the Ter-
ritories, cited, 126, 135.

Report of the United States Geological
Survey of the Territories, cited, 241.

Report on the Injurious and Beneficial
Insects of Massachusetts, cited, 241.

Report on the Injurious and Other
Insects of the State of New York,
cited, 109, 126, 127, 134, 142, 146,
152, 157, 160, 162, 165, 171, 177,
181, 182, 198, 203, 205, 241, 242,
249, 251, 283; quoted, 254; referred
to, 101, 115.

Report on the Noxious and Beneficial
Insects of Illinois, cited, 126, 146,
160, 250.

Report on the Noxious, Beneficial and
Other Insects of the State of Mis-
souri, cited, 109, 126, 129, 145, 248.

Report on the Noxious, Beneficial and
Other Insects of the State of New
York, cited, 109, 203, 248; quoted,.
202.

Resplendent shield-bearer, 159, 267.

retinervis, Micmcentrum, 271, 288.

Reuter, Dr. E., cited, 166.

reversalis, Botis [MecynaJ, 142.
Mecyna, 140, 142-145.

Rhagolites pomonella, 267.

Rheum rhapoaticum, carpet beetles on,
172.

Rhinoceros beetle, 274.

Rhodites, 281.

ribis, Myzus, 27.5-276.

Rice plants, Thrips on, 249.

Ridingsii, Bombus, 104.

Riley, C. v., cited, 109, 126, 129,
145, 152, 177, 181, 194, 198, 222,
232, 241, 248; referred to, 113, 127,
131; quoted, 129, 130, 131.

Rilev-Howard, cited, 110, 131, 146,
152, 177, 232, 242, 250.

Rileyi, Chalia, 264.

Ritzema Bos, Dr. J., cited, 178, 241,
242, 250.

Robber flies, 117.

Robertsou, Charles, determinations by,
103.

robinise, Cossus, 265.

Xyleutes [Cos-us], 265.

Rocky Mountain locust, 271.

Rolfs; P. H., cited, 233.

rosana, Caccecia, 266.

rosaceana, Caccecia, 121, 266.

Rough Osmoderma, 268.

Round-headed apple-tree borer, 269^

roste, Typhlocyba, 271.

Eleventh Report of the State Entomologist 31^

Rose beetle, 268.

Rose-buff, 173.

Rose, Aspidiotus perniciosus on, 207,

224.
Rose-leaf hopper, 271.
Roiiast, cited, 149.
rubra, Odoutota, 269.
Rnbiis Canadensis ruiued by Ti>cheria

malifoliella, 162.
riifa, Formica, 115, 273,
ruficollis, Agrilns, 285.
rufipes, Crepidodeva, 269.
rufosanguinea, Galemca, 197.
rufula, Tgeniocampa, 265.
rngosa, Lachnosterna, 268.
rugulosiis, Scolvtus, 270, 287.
Rural New Yorker cited, 145, 209, 217,

218, 219, 233, 242.
Russell, Dr. Selwyn E., insects from,

284, 287.
rusticus, Myrmeleou, 238.

Saddle-back caterpillar, 264.
salicis, CEdemasia, 265.
Salsify, Thrips on, 249.
Sau Jos^ scale, appearance in Atlantic
States, 101, 207.

bibliography. 231-233.

bulletin on, 102, 105.

carried by birds, 224-225,

Comstock, J. H., on, 206.

condition of Long Island nurseries,
213-215.

described, 219-221.

distributed in New York State,
101.

distributed in nursery stock, 225.

female described, 221.

food-plants. 223-224.

gas treatment for, 230.

infested New Jersey nurseries,
216-219.

in Florida, 208-209.

injurious character of, 101.

in Maryland, 208.

in New Jersey, 215-216.

in New York. 210-212.

in Ohio, 219.

in several other States, 209-210.

introduction and spread, 207.

investigation by U. S. Dept. Agri-
culture, 207-208.

Legislative appropriation for, 102.

life-history, 221-223.

limited to Upper Austral life-zone,
102, 179.

male described, 220-221.

nursery stock, treatment of in-
fested, 231.

on Loug Island, 212-213.

potash-wash for, 230.

proposed legislation on, 226-228.

protection from infested nursery
stock, 225-226.

San Jos^ scale — (Continued):

reference, 180, 201, 275,
287.

remedies, 228-231.

spread of, 102, 224-225.

summer washes for, 230.

whale-oil soap for, 229.

winter resin wash for, 229.

winter washes for, 228-229.
tsanguinea. Galeruca [Galerucella cavi-

collis], 197.
sanguinea, Galeruca [Lochmsea cra-

t8Bgi],197.
Saperda calcarata, 269.

Candida, 269.

cretata, 269.

vestita, 269.
saucia, Agrotis, 121, 265.
Saunders, W., cited, 127, 134, 146, 160,

249-
Say, Thomas, cited, 109, 240 ; cruoted,

110.
scabra, Osmodetma, 268, 284.
Scale insects, characters, 200.

classification, 200.

development, 200-201.

New York species, 277.

number of species, 201.

reference, 274, 275.

species treated of, 201-233.

useful species, 201.
Scale Insects of the Orchard (Howard),

cited, 202.
scandeus, Agrotis, 121, 265.
scapha, Limacodes, 264.
Scarabaeidje injuriug the apple-tree,

list of, 268.
Scarred Polyphylla, 268.
Schadlichsten Insekten des Tabak in

Bessarabieu, cited, 242.
Schistocera Americana, 271.

Shoshone, 271.
Schizoneura lauigera, 271.
Schizura unicornis, 265.
Schoturus uivicola, bibliography, 251.

identity of species, 251.

observed at Ghent, N. Y., 251.
Schwarz, E. A., cited, 109, 197, 233.
Seiara mali, 267.
Scientific American cited, 109.
scincetus, Attains, 267.
scitana, Dichroranipha [Grapholitha

intets(;inctana], 152.
Scolytidte injiu'ious to the apple-tree,

list of, 270.
Scolytus rugulosus, 270, 287.
Scopelosoma sidus, 265.
Scotch elm injured by Galerucella

luteola, 190, 191, 193.
Scottish Naturalist cited, 162.
scripta, Chrysomela [Lina], 181.

Lina, 103, 181-189.

Melasoma [liina], 181, 182.

Plagiodera [Lina], 181, 182.
serophulari£B, Authrenus, 172-174, 280.

320

Forty-ninth Report on the State Museum

Scudder, S. H., cited, 241.

Scurfy bark -louse, 202-203, 271, 277,

288.
scutellaris [dorsalis], Odontota, 269.
Seym 11 us, 232.
secaliua, Thrips, 246.
Seeley, H. M., insects from, 173.
Semasia species, 266.
seminuda, Entetfix, 270.
semisculpta [contigua], Chrysobothris,

267.
septendecim, Cicada, 270, 284.
Serica iricolor, 268.

valida, 268.
Sesia pyri, 264.
Seventeen-year locust, 270.
Sbade-tree pests, 275.
Sharp, D., cited, 241, 250.
Shealy, James, insects from, 285.
Shellac from Carteria lacca, 201.
Shipley, Prof., cited, 241.
Sh(.rt-tf>ngned bees, 103.
Shoshone locust, 271.
Shoshone, Schistocera, 271.
gidus, 8copelosoma. 265.
Sigalphus [Phaueiotoma] tibialis, 156.
Silpha Americana, 285.
Silvauus Surinamensis, 267.
Silver-top caused by Thrips, 249.
simulator, Thricolepis, 269.
Simnliuni, 283.
Sinea diadema, 270.
singnlaris, Otiorhynchns, 269.
Sinoxylon basilare, 268.
Binuatus, Ayrilns, 225, 286.
siro, Tyroglyphus, 256.
Sirrine, F. A., cited, 233, 242.

insects from, 287.
Skitf Liraacodes, 264.
Skirret, of Peru, Eudioptis nitidalis

on, 132.
Slingerlaud, M. V., cited, 205, 233, 242.
•Small red ant, 109, 133.
Small snow-fly. 288.
smaragdula, Colaspidea, 269.
Smeiinthus exciecatus, 264,

geminatns, 264.
Smith, J. B., cited, 110, 127, 134, 139,

142, 146, 152, 157, 173, 177, 211, 216,

232, 233, 241, 242, 250; quoted, 225;

insects from, 286.
Smith, Mrs. E. B.. injects from, 284.
Smyntiiurns arvalis, 272.
Snow flea. 251-252.
Snow, F. H., cited, 126, 134, 181.
Snow white lin<l(n moth, 266.
sobriiia, Allorbina, 268.
Soft maple, Pulviuaria iiiuamerabilis

on, 204.
Solenopsis geminat;i, 264.

molesta [Mouomorium Pharaonis],
109.
Sour gum-tree case-cutter, 157-159.
Spanish potato, Eudioptis nitidalis on,

132.

Sparrow, English, 274-275.
Species General des L^pidopteres
Tome Huitieme, Deltoides et Pyra-
lites, cited, 126, 134, 142, 145.
speciosa, Biyobia, 272.
speciosus, Glyeobius [Plagionotus],
280.

Plagionotus, 286.
Speckled cut-worm, 265.
Sphingidie, 264.
Sphinx drupiferarum, 264.

Gordius, 264.
Spilosoma Viroinica, 264.
spinigera, Acronycta, 265.
Spiraea, Aspidiotus perniciosus on, 224,

287.
Spiraeas, carpet beetles on, 173.
splendonfeiella, Aspidisca. 159, 267,
spoliana, Proteopteryx, 266.
Spondylidpe injuring ai>ple-trees, 268.
Spotted Leptostylus, 269.

Pelidnota, 268.

tussock-moth, 264.

Xaathonla, 269.
Spraying fruit-trees while in blossom,

apple pests to be combated at this
time, 120-122.

blighting of blossoms, 119.

deadly to bees, 117-118, 122-124.

diverse interests involved, 122.

experiments on, 117-118, 122-124,

legislation against, 119.

value of, to fruit-grower, 120.
spretus, MelaDO|>lus, 271,
Spring canker-worm, 266,
Spring-tails, 252.
Squash bug, 282, 287.
Squash: insects injurious to,

Eudioptis nitiilalts, 132.

Melittia Ceto, 135.

Thrips tabaci, 244.
Squash-vine borei-, 135, 282,

moth, 282.
Stag beetle, 268.
Stainton, H. T., cited, 145, 149.
Standard Natural History, vol. ii,
Crustacea and Insects, ed. bv J. S.
Kingsley, cited, 109, 127, 134, 175,
240.
State Collection of Apidse, 104.
State Entomologist, publications of,

ill 1895, 105, 273-2-^3.
Staudinger-Wocke cited, 146.
Steganoptvcha pvricolana, 266, 278,

285.
Stelidota geniinata, 285.
Steriiidius [Liopus] aljiha, 269.
Stettiner Entomologisclie' Zeitung,

cited, 160, 234, 240.
Stismonota [Grapholiiha] interstinc-

taua, 152.
stimnlea, Empretia, 264.
Stink-born fungus, Silpha Americana

on, 285.
Stone, Dwight, insects from, 285.

Eleventh Eeport of the State Entomologist

321

Stoiiecrop, Thiips tabaci on, 244.

Stratton, A. H., insects from. 285, 287,
288.

Strawberry : insects injurions to,
Lachnosterna sjiecies, 286.
Thrips species, 249, 250

Stray Notes on MyrmeleoiiidjB (Hagen),
cited, 234.

Streaked Thecla, 264.

t striata [tabaci], Thrips, 242.

strigosa, Thecla, 264.

Striped cncnmber-beetle, 269.

Strong, Joseph, insects from, 288.

Strong, W. R., insects from, 286.

subjuncta, Mamestra, 265.

subsignaria, Ennonios, 121, 266.

subspinosus, Macrodactylus, 173, 268.

Sugar maple borer, 280.

Susrar maple, Phigionotus speciosus in,
2'80,

sulcatus, Otiorhynchus, 269.

supernotatns, Pseiiocerus, 268.

Surinamensis, Silvan us, 267.

Sweet-brier galled by Rhodite.s, 281.

Sweet clover, Thrips tabaci on, 244.

Sweet-scented crab, mined by Tischeria
malifoliella, 162.

Synchroa pnncta+a, 269.

Syneta albida, 269.

Synopsis, Catalogue and Bibliography
of the Neuroi)teroid Insects of Tem-
perate North America (Banks),
cited, 234; referred to, 105.

Synopsis of the Families and Genera
of the Hymenoptera of America,
North of Mexico (Cressou), cited, 109.

Synopsis of the Neuroptera of North
America (Hagen), eited, 240.

Syracuse Journal cited, 182.

Syrintra vulgaris, Mytilaspis pomorum
on, 287.

Syrphidfe, 106.

Syi^phns arcuatus, 284.
flies, 276.

tabaci, Thrips, 241-247.
Tabanus atrata, 285.
Tachina fly, 138.
Tachypterus quadrigibbus, 270.
Tseniocampa alia, 265.

rufula, 265.

paciflca, 265.
Taschenberg, Dr. E. L., cited, 175, 178,

241, 250.
taurina, Ceresa, 270.
telarius, Tetranvchus, 249.
Telea Polyphemus, 265, 285.
tenax, Eristalis, 284.
Tenebrioides corticalis, 267.

nana, 267.
TenebrionidsB on apple, 269.
tenebricosus, Aspidiotus, 221.
Ten-lined leaf eater, 268.
10-notata, Xanthonia, 269.

Teras Cinderella, 266.

malivoraua [niinuta], 266.

miuuta, 121, 266.

oxycoccana, 26l).
Termes flavipes, 272.
ternarius, Bombus, 104.
terricola, Bombus, 104.
tessellata, Agrotis, 265.
tetragramniicus, Myrnieleon, 240.
Tetiamorium caespitum, 113.
Tetranychus telarius, 249.
Tetrastichus species, l(i5.
textula [flexuosa], Heterogenea, 264.
Thalessa atrata, 279, 284.

hinator, 279.
Thaxter, Dr. R., cited, 242, 250.
The weaver, 264.
Thecla arsace [Irus], 254.

calanus, 264.

Irus, 2.54.

strigosa, 264.
Thelia cratajgi, 270.
Theobald, F. V., cited, 162.
Thii teen-year locust, 270.
thoracica, Clisincampa, 265.
Thorn-apple leaf-miner, 267.
Thorn-bush tree-hopper, 270.
Thorn curculio, 270.
Thorn, Samuel, insects from, 285.
Three-lined leaf -beetle, 286.
Thricolepis simulator, 269.
Thripidae, characters of, 247.

literature of, 247-250.

si)o.cies treated ot, 241-247.
Thrips, 247.

allii [tabaci], 242, 243.

cerealium, 248, 249.

in Lasioptera galls, 249.

secalina, 246.

species, 241, 242, 249.

tstriata [tabaci], 242.
Thrips tabaci, attacking cabbages, 242-
243.

bibliography, 241-242.

description, 245.

distribution, 245.

earlier injuries to onions, 243.

food-plants, 244-245.

introduced from Europe, 243-244.

life-history, 245-247.

number of generations, 246-247.

remedies, 247.
Thrips tritiei, 248, 249, 250, 271.
Thyreus Abbotii, 280.
Thvridopteryx ephemerae for mis, 264,

285.
Throop, Mrs. C W., insects from,

288
Thysanoptera, 241-250, 271.
Thysanura, 251-254, 272.
Thysanura of Essex Co., Mass, (Pack-
ard), cited, 251.
tibialis, Phanerotoma, 156.

Sigalphus [Phanerotoma], 156.
tibicen, Cicada, 270.

1^22

Forty-ninth Report on the State Museum

Tierische Schadling:e und Niitzlinge
(Ritzema Bos), cited, 178, 241, 242,
250.

Tile-borned Prionus, 268.

tiliaria, Hybernia, 266.

Timothy, Pyralis costalis in, 150.

Tinea pellionella, 276.

TineidsB, 157-162, 267.

Tineina of North Auierica (Clemens),

^ cited, 157, 160.

TipulidfB liirvas, 283.

Tisclieria malifoliella, bibliography,
160.
distribution, 162.
food-phmts, 162.
injuries, 161.
insect described, 160.
life-history, 161.
mines, 161.
reference, 267.
remedy, 162.

Tityus, Dynastes, 274.

Traetocera ocellana, 121, 156, 266.

Tobacco, Thrips tabaci on, 245.

Tolype velleda, 265.

Tomato, Thrips tabaci on, 245.

toinentosus, Eupogonius, 269.

Tortricid moth, 278.

Tortricida?, 152-156, 266.

Torynms pallidicornis, 164.
species, 165.

Townsend, C. H. T., cited, 181, 222,
232, 250.

Townsendi, Oiketicus, 264.

Townsend's bag-worm, 264.

Trail, J. W. H., cited, 162.

Transactions of the American Entomo-
logical Society, cited, 152, 197,234,
241.

Transactions of the Illinois Depart-
ment of Agriculture, cited, 146.

Transactions of the Illinois State
Horticultural Society, cited, 126.

Transactions of the Kansas Academy
of Science, cited, 126, 134, 181.

Transactions of the Linnean Society of
London, cited, 240.

Transactions of the London Entomo-
logical Society, cited, 240.

Transactions of the Massachusetts
Horticultural Society, cited, 233.

Transactionsof the New York State Ag-
ricnliural Society, cited, 109, 146, 248.

transversata, Eutrapela, 284.

Trapezouotus species, 270.

Treatise on the Insects Injurious to
Fruit and Fruit-trees of the State of
California (Cooke), cited, 232.

Treatise on the Insects Injurious to
Vegetation (Harris), cited, 145.

tredecim. Cicada, 270.

Treiease, W., cited, 182.

Trernex columba, 264, 279.

Trichius sp. [Valgus canaliculatns],
268.

Trichocera regelationis, 267.
trifasciata, Coleothrips, 248, 250.
triferana, Lophoderns, 266.
Trifolium repens, Grapholitha inter-

stinctana on, 155.
trilineata, Lema, 284, 286.
Trimble, William, insects from, 285.
tristis, Anasa, 282, 287.

Lachnosterna, 268.
Uritici, Limothrips [Thrips tabaci],

241 242 243
tritici', Thrips," 248, 249, 250, 271.
trivittatus, Leptocoris, 270, 283, 287.
Trogosita [Tenebrioides] nana, 267.
Tvogositidse injuring api)le trees, 267.
Trypeta (Khagolites) pomonellaj 267.
tulipiferffi, Lecauium, 222.
Tupper, Thomas, insects from, 284.
Turnip, Thrips tabaci on, 244. .
Turnus, Papilio, 264.

swallow-tail, 264.
twelve-punctata, Diabrotica, 269.
Twice-stabbed lady-bird, 203.
Twig-borer, 268.
Twig-girdler, 269.
Two-spotted lady-bug, 280.

tree-hopper, 270.
Two-striped locust, 272.
Typhlocyba niali, 271.

rosje, 271.
Tyroglyphidfe, 257.

Tyroglyphus heteromorphus, carna-
tions injured by, 254.

description of the mite, 258-259.

Gamasus associated with Tyro-
glyphus, 259.

Hypopal forms, 256-257.

Hypopus, studies of, 257-258-

life-history, notes on, 255-256.

observed at Berlin, Mass., 254.

remedies, 259-260.

varied forms of the mite, 2.56-257.
Tyroglyphus lougior, 256.

phylloxerge, 258.

siro, 256.

species, 257.

U

ulmi, Gossyparia, 280, 287.

Ulmus Americana injured by Galeru-

cella luteola, 193.
Americana, Orgyia, leucostigma

girdling twigs of, 124-126.
carapestris injured by Galerucella

luteola, 191.
montana injured by Galerucella

luteola, 190, 191, 193.
ultronia, Catocala, 121, 266.
undata, Distenia, 268.
uudulata, Anomala, 268.
unicolor, Macrobasis, 269, 286.
Unicorn prominent, 265.
unicornis, Schizura, 265.
uuiformis, Macrodactyius, 268.
Unstable drab-moth, 265.

Eleventh Report of the State Entomologist

323

Upper Austral life-zone, 102, 179.
Uropoda Americaua. 288.
Ursula, Liraenitis, 264.
Ursula butterfly, 264.

vasfins, Bombus, 104.
Valgus caualiculatus, 268.
valida, Serica, 268.
Vau Bureu, R. D., iusects from, 288.
Vail Duzee, E. P., cited, 135.
Vau Hcesen, N. .J., iusects from, 285.
Vau Slyke, Mr., iusects from, 288.
varians [uudulata], Anomala, 268.
Variegated cat-worm, 265.
variolosa, Polypbylla, 268.
Velleda lappet-motb, 265.
velleda, Tolype, 265.
Verbandluiigeu der k. k. zoologisch-
botauischeu Gesellschaffc in Wieu,
cited, 162, 164, 240.
Vermicides, 275.
veriiata, Auisopteryx, 121, 266.
veriiouia3, Bracon, 156.
verticalis, Ischuura, 288.
Vespa maculata, 264.

vulgaris, 264.
Vestal Corycia, 266.
vestaliata, Corycia, 263.
vestita, Saperda, 269.
vetusta, Orgyia, 285.
villosum, Elapbidiou, 268.
Violaceous flee-beetle, 269.
Virginia ermiue moth, 264.
Virgiuica, Spilosoma, 264.

Xylocopa, 284.
virgo, Arctia, 106.
viridesceus, Empoasca, 271.
viridifasciata, Chortopliaga, 271.
vitis, Lasioptera, 248.
vittata, Dlabrotica, 269.
von Laudberg, A., iusects from, 182.
vulgaris, Cicindela, 285.

Isocratus, 167.

Vespa, 264.

w

Wachtl, cited, 162, 164.

Walker, P., cited, 152.

Walsh, B. D., cited, 645, 197, 248;

quoted, 148.
Walsh-Riley, cited, 126, 146, 248.
Walsingbam, Lord, cited, 152, 160.
Watermelons, Eudioptls uitidalis in-
jurious to, 132.
Waters, G. P., cited, 157; quoted, 158.
Webster, Dr. C. E., insects from, 284.
Webster, P. M., cited, 146. 178,
233, 242, 249.
on arsenical spraying of blossoms,

117-118, 122-124.
quoted, 123-124 ; referred to 117.

Weed, C. M., cited, 110, 146, 152, 160,

178, 249.
Weed, H. E., cited, 142.
Weeping willow, Aspidioius pernicio-

sus on, 224.
Westwood, J. O., cited, 131, 174, 240,

247; quoted, 237.
Went worth, P. H., insects f'-om, 288.
Wheat, Thrips ou, 249.
White ant, 272.

birch, Cecidomyia betulse in, 162,

163.
clover, Grapholitha iiiterstiuctana

in, 155.
Eugonia, 121.
White-faced boruet, 264.
White flower-cricket, 271, 288.
White-lined Sphiux, 264.
White-marked tussock-moth, 121, 124-

126, 234.
White scale, 203-204, 277, 287.
Wickham, H. P., cited, 182.
Wiener Entomologische Mouatschrift,

cited, 138.
Wild cherry: iusects injurious to,
Galerucella cavicollis, 197.
Mytilaspis pomorum, 202.
Wild gooseberry, Mytilaspis pomorum

on, 202.
Willet, J. E., cited, 134 ; quoted, 135-

136.
Williams, T. A., cited, 182.
Willow, Basket, from Europe, 185.
extent of cultivation, 185.
how grown, 185,
yield and value, 185.
Willow, Mytilaspis pomorum on, 202.
Winne, Esby, insects from, 285.
Winuertz, J., cited, 162, 164.
Wire-worms, 276.
W-marked cut-worm, 265.
Wood-engraver bark-beetle, 270.
Wood, Rev. .1. G., cited, 174, 241, 248.
Wrinkled Scolytus, 270.

xanthomelgena, Galeruca [Galerucella

luteola], 102.
xanthomelasna [luteola], Galerucella,

275, 279.
Xauthonia 10-notata, 269.
Xyleborus dispar, 270, 286.

obesus. 270.

pyri [dispar], 270.

xylographus, -70.
Xjleutes [Cossus] robiuiae, 265.
Xylina antennata, 265.

Bethunei, 265.

cinerea, 279.
Xylocleptes decipiens, 270.
Xylocopa Virgiuica, 284.
xylographus, Xyleborus, 270.

324

FOKTY-NINTH EePORT ON THE StATE MuSEUM

Year Book of the United States De-
partment of Agriculture, cited, 233.
Yellow ant, 273.
jacket, 264.
Yellow-necked apple-tree worm, 264.
Younp:, Henrj' L., insects from, 285.
Young, J. N., insects from, 287.
ypsilon, Biston, 216.

Ypsolophus contubernalellus, 267.

pometellus, 267.
Yucca, Aspidiotus nerii on, 204.

Zebra caterpillar, 265.
Zeller, P. C, cited, 152.
Zeuzera pyrin a, 265, 275.

Eleventh Report of the State Entomologist 325

ERRATA

Page 121, bottom line, for fifty-six read sixty.

Page 132, bottom line, iox fuhipes (Fabr.), read ovata Say.

Page 142, line 7, for (Guen.). read Guenee.

Page 157, line i, for (Clem.), read Clem.

Page 162, line 19, for (Winnertz). read Winnertz,

Page 263, line 16, for 356 read 360 (See Addenda below).

Page 266, line 5 from bottom, for pyricclana read pyricolana.

Page 267, line 24, dele maggot-^ and read Picklcd-fruit fly.

Page 267, line 15 from bottom, for Tenebriodes read Tenebrioides.

Page 268, line 22, for [pilisocoUisJ read [pilosicol/is Kn.).

Page 268, line 8 from bottom, before ocellata insert [Oberea].

Page 270, line 6 from bottom, after Jassidae dele the interrogation.

Page 272, line 11, for Symnthurus read Smynthurus.

Page 284, line 5 from bottom, for Lecontii read Lecontei.

Page 289, line 8, for fulvipes [flavipes] Fabr. read ovata Say.

ADDENDA.

In List of Injurious Apple-Tree Insects, — on page 269, after lines 4,
12 and 17, insert the following: Graphisurus fasciatus (DeGeer), Orso-
dachna atra (Ahr.), and Typophorus canellus (Fabr.), — on the author-
ity of Dr. John Hamilton.

On page 270 of the same list, after line 9, insert, Monarthrum fascia-
tum (Say) Davis : Mich. Hort. Rept, 1895, 17. ___

List of Reports of the Entomologist of the
State of New York.

First Annual Report on the Injurious and other Insects
of the State of New York. Made to the State Legislature, pur-
suant to Chapter 377 of the Laws of 1881. Albany: Weed, Parsons
and Company, Printers. 1882. Pages xxii, 381, figures 84.

Second Report on the Injurious and other Insects of the
State of New York. Made to the Legislature, pursuant to Chapter
377 of the Laws of 1881. Albany: Weed, Parsons and Company,
Legislative Printers. 1885. Pages xiv, 265, figures 68.

[Reports of the State Entomologist to the Regents of the
University of the State of New York, for the years 1884
and 1885, are published (only) in the 38th and 39th Annual Reports
of the New York State Museum of Natural History, for the above-
named years, pages 67-76^ 77-125.]

[Third Report of the State Entomologist.] Report of the
State Entomologist to the Regents of the University of the
State of New York, for the year 1886. Albany: The Argus
Company, Printers. 1887. Published in the 40th Annual Report of
the New York State Museum of Natural History, 1887, pages 79-154;
also in 200 separates, with cover and title-page.

Fourth Report on the Injurious and Other Insects of the
State of New York. Made to the Regents of the University,
pursuant to Chapter 355 of the Laws of 1883. Albany: James B.
Lyon, Printer. 1888. Pages 237, figures 68. Also as Report of the
State Entomologist to the Regents of the University, State of New
York, for the year 1887, in the Forty-first Annual Report of the
State Museum of Natural History. 1888. Pages 123-358.

Fifth Report on the Injurious and Other Insects of the
State of New York. Made to the Regents of the University,
pursuant to Chapter 355 of the Laws of 1883. Albany: The Troy
Press Company, Printers. 1889. Pages 205; double-paged as 145-347,
figures 50. Also as Report of the State Entomologist to the Regents
of the University, State of New York, for the year 1888; in the Forty-
second Annual Report of the State Museum of Natural History, for
the year 1888. 1889, Pages 145-348.

Reports of Entomologist of the State of Neiv York. — Coniinued.

Sixth Report on the Injurious and Other Insects of the
State of New York. Made to the Regents of the University,

pursuant to Chapter 355 of the Laws of 1883. AU^any: James B.

Lyon, State Printer. 1890. Pages 107 (97-203), figures 25. Also as

Report of the State Entomologist to the Regents of the University,

State of New York, for the year 1889; in the New York State

Museum Forty-third Annual Report, for the year 1889. 1890.
Pages 99-205.

Seventh Report on the Injurious and Other Insects of the
State of New York. Made to the Regents of the University,
pursuant to Chapter 355 of the Laws of 1883. Albany: James B.
Lyon, State Printer. 1891. Pages 211 (195-405), figures 40. Also as
Report of the State Entomologist for the year 1890; in the Forty-
fourth Annual Report, New York State Museum, for the year 1890.
1892. Pages 197-405.

Eighth Report on the Injurious and Other Insects of the
State of New York, for the Year 1891. Albany, University
of the State of New York. 1893. Pages 218 (103-350), figures 53.
Also as Report of the State Entomologist for the year. 1891; in the
New York State Museum, Forty-fifth Annual Report, for the year

1891. Albany; James B. Lyon, Printer. 1892. Pages and figures
as above.

Ninth Report on the Injurious and Other Insects of the
State of New York, for the Year 1892. Albany, University
of the State of New York. 1893. Pages 206 (289-494), figures 34.
Also as Report of the State Entomologist for the year 1892; in the
New York State Museum, Forty-sixth Annual Report, for the year

1892. Albany: James B. Lyon, State Printer. 1893. Pages and figures
as above.

Report of the State Entomologist to the Regents of the
University of the State of New York, for the Year 1893.

Albany, University of the State of New York. 1894. Pages 25 (173-
197). Also as Report of the State Entomologist for the year 1893;
in the New York State Museum, Forty-seventh Annual Report, for the
year 1893. Pages 175-197. Albany: James B. Lyon, State Printer.
1894.

Tenth Report on the Injurious and Other Insects of the
State of New York, for the Year 1894. Albany, University of
the State of New York. 1895. Pages 300 (337-636), plates 4, figures
24. Also as Report of the State Entomologist for the year 1894; in the
New York State Museum Forty-eighth Annual Report, for the year 1894.
Albany, University of the State of New York, 1895. Pages 339-636.

Some Entomological Publications of J. A. Lintner.

Entomological Contributions. Albany: Weed, Parsons and
Company, Printers, 1872. Pages 90, plates (lithographic) 2. Also in
the Twenty- third Annual Report on the New York State Cabinet of
Natural History [for the year 1869]. 1873. Pages 137-222.

Entomological Contributions — No. II. Albany: The Argus
Company, Printers, 1872. Pages 76. Also in the Twenty-fourth Annual
Report on the New York State Museum of Natural History [for the
year 1870]. 1872. Pages 109-170.

Entomological Contributions — No. III. Albany: The
Argus Company, Printers, May, 1874. Pages 80 (i 13-192), figures 17.
Also in the Twenty-sixth Annual Report of the New York State
Museum of Natural History [for the year 1872]. 1874, Pages
117-192.

Entomological Contributions — No. IV. Albany : Weed,
Parsons & Company, Printers, June, 1878. Pages 144. Also in the
Thirtieth Annual Report of the New York State Museum of Natural
History [for the year 1876]. 1878. Pages 117-254.

Report on the Insects and other Animal Forms of
Caledonia Creek, New York. Albany: 1878. Pages 26, plates
(lithographic) 3. Also in the Tenth Annual Report of the New York
Fishery Commissioners, for the year 1877. Albany: 1878. Pages
12-36, plates 1-3. (For summary of contents, see the Seventh Report
on the Insects of New York, 1891, page 373.)

Lepidoptera of the Adirondack Region. Albany: 1880.
Pages 28. Also in the Seventh Annual Report of the Topographical
Survey of the Adirondack Region of New York, by Verplanck Colvin.
Albany: 1880. Pages 375-400. (See Sixth Report on the Insects of
New York, 1890, page [82] 178.)

The Insects of the Clover Plant. Albany: i88r. Pages 17,
figures 6. Also in the Transactions of the New York State Agricultural
Society for the years 1877-1882, xxxiii, 1884. Pages 187-207. (See
Sixth Report on the Insects of New York, 1890, page [88] 184.)

The White Grub of the May Beetle. Bulletin of the New
York State Museum of Natural History, No. 5. Albany : November,
1888. Pages 31, figures 5 Also in the Transactions of the New York
State Agricultural Society, xxxiv, for 1883-1886. Pages 5-33.

Cut-Worms. Bulletin of the New York State Museum of Natural
History, No. 6. Albany : November, 1888. Pages ^6, figures 28. Also
in the Transactions of the New York State Agricultural Society, xxxiv,
for 1 883-1 886. Pages 66-100.