U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM LIBRARY OF Henry Guernsey Hubbard Eugene Amandus Schwarz «^ DONATED IN 1902 ACCESSION NO.V7|.'^...LJ..CJ.A.. c-^ 5^ University of the State of New York TWELFTH REPORT Injurious and Other Insects State of New York KoK THE Year 1896 [From the Fiftieth Report on the New York State Museum] \ By J. A. LIN TNKR, Ph. 1)., State Entomologist ALBANY UNIVERSITY OF J HE STATE OF NEW (XOJ^lf^ 1897 State of New York. No. 50. IN senate:, February 5, 1897. TWELFTH REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST ON THE INJURIOUS AND OTHER INSECTS OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK. Office of the State Entomologist, ^ Albany, February, 1897. ) To the Legislature of the State of Neiv York : I have the honor to present to the Legislature my Twelfth Report on the Insects of the State of New York, which is also presented to the Regents of the University, as required by law. Very respectfully, J. A. LINTNER. TABLE OF CONTENTS. PAQB. INTRODUCTORY 177 Transmittal, 177. Work of the Department, 177. The army-worm, 177. Successive broods of the elm-leaf beetle, 177. Notes on the Insects of the Year, 177. Arrangement and classification of State Collection, 177. Preparation and importance of a biological collection, 177. Additions to the State Collection, 178. Extent and character of the Tenth Report, 178. Eleventh Report being printed, 178. The pub- lications of the Entomologist, 178. Correspondence, 178. Additional shelving for collections and library, 178. Acknowledgment to the Board of Regents for their aid, 179. INJURIOUS INSECTS 181 ■^'Campoxotus Penxsylvanicus " AND "Formica rufa," Carpenter Ant and Mound-building Ant i 181 The large black ant erroneously referred to Camponotus herculaneiis, 181. Dr. MeCook questions the reference, 181. Formica rufa not our common mound-builder, 181. Referred to Formica exsectoides by Messrs. Pergande and McCook, 181. The large black ant believed by Mr. Pergande to be Formica subsericea, 182. Comstock refers our mound- builder to Formica exsectoides, 182. iiEcPANTHERiA SCRIBONIA, the Great White Leopard Moth 183 Bibliography, 183. A native species, 184. The egg described, 184. The fii'st four larval stages described, 184. How the larva prepares for molting, 185. The fifth stage described, 185. The final stages of the larva described, 186. Dates of pupation, 186. Table of last trans- formations of forty individuals <;iven, 187. Time occupied in transform- tions, 188. Pupa described, 188. The imago described and var. demi- • dato mentioned, 188. Life-history, 188. Its various food-plants and dis- tribution, 189. An innoxious insect, 189. 164 Fiftieth Eeport on the State Museum PAGE. Leucania unipuncta, tlae Army-Worm 190 Bibliography, 190. Widespread occurrence over the State, 194. Un- precedented ravages in New York State, 194. List of counties where the army-worm caused losses, 195. The incalculable extent of damages inflicted, 195. Numbers at Easthampton, L. I., 195. Severity of attack in Putnam county, 196. Its operations in Dutchess, Orange and Colum- bia counties, 196. Eavages in Otsego and Chenango counties, 196. Swarming in Chautauqua and Lewis counties, 197. Havoc in Oneida, Wayne and Madison counties, 197. Operations on corn and timothy il- lustrated, 197. Work in rye and oats in Albany county, 197. Telegrams and letters indicate the rapid and grave losses, 198. Attacking corn at Ellerslie and Kinderhook, 198. Ravages in New England states, 198. Damage in other states, 198. Earlier losses in the State of New York, 199. Its extended distribution in the United States, 199. Cosmopolitan in habitat, 200. The eggs described, 200. Characters of the newly hatched larva, 200. Changes after the first molt, 200. Variations and description of full-grown caterpillars, 201. Light and dark varieties figured, 201. The pupa described, 201. Description of the imago and figures, 202. Importance of knowing its life-history, 202. Extended flight of the moths, 202. Attracted to flowers, berries and plant-lice, 202. Place and manner of oviposition, 203. Habits and growth of the young larvje, 203. Marching habit abnormal, 204. Direction of march de- termined by chance, 204. The army-worms travel in a straight line un- less deflected by heat, 205. Will migrate a short distance for pupation at times, 205. Cut-worms associated in an army-worm attack, 205. Members of grass family the favorite food, 205. Other food-plants, 206. Simultaneous pupation, 206. Appearance of the second generation of army-worms, 206. The third brood and number of generations, 207. Life-history summarized, 207. Effect of climatic conditions on army- worm, 208. A bacterial disease, 208. Vertebrates devouring army- worms, 208. Predaceous insects attacking the army- worm, 209. Para- sitic diptera and their habits, 210. Some flies, which are probably not all parasites, reared from army-worms, 210. Hymeuopterous parasites, 210. Destroying hibernating forms by fire, a remedy, 211. Clean culti- vation an excellent preventive, 211. Encouraging natural enemies recommended, 212. Watch for the beginning of an attack, 212. Lime, Twelfth Report of the State Entomologist 165 PAGK dust, etc., for the army-worm, 212. How to use the poisoned bran-mash, 213. The use of ditches, 213. Bauds of tar and poisoned strips, 213. Spraying with kerosene, dragging the rope, 214. Treatment should be adapted to conditions, 214. Steganoptycha Claypoliana, a New Maple-Tree Insect 214 Bibliography, 214. This insect rarely noticed, 214. A larva burrow- ing in petioles of maple leaves referred to this species, 215. At first confused with Proteoteras wsculana, 215. Description of the imago, 216. Characters of the several stages, 216. Operations in the petioles of the buckeye, 216. Its manner of work in the maple, 216. Its habits com- pared with those of Proteoteras cesciilana, 217. Burning the injured leaves possibly of value, 217. OxY'PTiLUS PERiscELiDACTYLUS, the Gartered Plume-Moth 218 Bibliography, 218. Abundance at Menands and in Westchester county, 219. Characteristics of its family, 219. The moth figured and described, 219. The pupa illustrated and its prominent features given, 220. Infested grape-vine tips figured, 2'20. The larva figured, 221. Description by Fitch quoted, 221. Its life-history not well known, 221. May be single-brooded, as in allied forms, 221, Observations on the moths, 221. Earlier ravages by the insect, 222. Distribution and para- sites, 222. Crushing the caterpillars recommended, 222, Additional Notes on Sciara, the Fungus Gnats 223 A number of species received from Dr. J. B. Smith, 223. Sciara multiseta described as a new species and figured, 223. Eeared from mushrooms, 224. Sciara pauciseta reared from decaying potatoes, 224. Described as a new species and figured, 224. Species of Sciara swarming in a mush- room cellar, 225. Sciara agraria described as a new species and figured, 225. Sciara prolijica abundant in a greenhouse, 226, Described as a new species and figured, 226. Sciara fulvicauda reared from decaying blackberry roots, 227. Described as a new species and figured, 227. Phora albidihalteris reared from mushrooms, 228. Described as a new species, 228. Compared with Phora agarici, 229. 166 Fiftieth Report on the State Museum PAGE, PiOPHiLA CASEi, the Cheese Skipper: the Ham Skipper 229* Bibliography, 229. Salt pork infested by some insect, 230. The attack most probably of this species, although the appearance was unusually early, 230. Its activity not hastened by warmth, 231. Not hitherto known to brefd in meat simply salted, 231. The insect described and figured, 231. Place and manner of depositing eggs, 232. Miss Murt- feldt's notes on transformations, 232. The records of others, 232. The food-habits of the insect, 233. Losses inflicted on cheese factories, 233. Injuries in western packing houses, 233. Excluding the flies by nettings 234. Cleanliness and washing cheese rooms with whey or lye, 234. Guard from infestation, 284. Fumigation and kerosene emulsion, 234. Meat attacked not necessarily a total loss, 234. Lebia grandis 23& Bibliography, 235. Extravagant newspaper accounts of its destroy- ing Colorado potato beetles, 235. Figured, 235. The insect described, 236. Long known as an enemy of the potato beetle, 236. Early records of its operations, 236. Distribution, 237. Plagionotus speciosus, the Sugar Maple Borer 237 Bibliography, 237. Prominent markings of beetle and figures, 238. Characteristics of its family, 238. Notorious allies, 239. Description of the beetle by Harris, 239. Its burrows, 239. Ravages at Schoharie, 239. Its operations in several other localities, 240. Formerly rare, 240. Manner of oviposition, 240. Manner of running larval burrows, 241. Larva- hibernate in their burrows, 241. The limited distribution recorded, 241. Infests maple and possibly oak, 242. Natural enemies, 242. Cutting out grubs and applications of washes recommended, 242. Clearing up of underbrush in maple sugar groves followed by attack, 242. Saperda tridentata, the Elm Borer 24S Bibliography, 243. Insidious nature of attack by borers, 243. The turrows of the larvae described and figured, 244, Injuries to elms in Boston, Mass., 244. Enfeebled condition of trees invites attack, 244. Eavages in Illinois and other localities, 245. The beetle described and figured, 245. Description of the larva, 245. Compared with the linden. ' Twelfth Keport of the State Entomologist 167 PAGB. borer, 245, Duration of larval [stage, 246. Final transformations, 246. Neoclytiis erythrocephalus and Magdalis armicollis are associated insects, 246. Its recorded distribution limited, 247. No parasites are known, 247. Burning badly infested trees, 247. Application of washes recom- mended, 247. Barking and applying kerosene emulsion, 247. Experi- ments by M. Robert in France on barking elms, 247. Crioceris 12-punctata, the Twelve-Spotted Asparagus Beetle 248 Bibliography, 248. Crioceris asparagi long known in this country, 249. The twelve-spotted form discovered in Monroe county, N. Y., in 1893, 249. Its ; injuries in 1897, 249, The beetle described, 249. The insect figured, 250. The larva described, 250. Life history and habits, 250. Appearance of over-wintered beetles, 250. Introduction and spread, 251. The known distribution, 251, General distribution of Crioceris asparagi, 251. Infested localities in New York State, 252. The 12-8potted form may occupy a similar range, 252. Air-slacked lime and arsenical com- pounds recommended, 252. Galerucklla luteola, the Elm-Leaf Beetle in Albany and Troy 253 Bibliography, 253. Progress up the Hudson river, 255. The beetles continued feeding and multiiilying throughout the growing season, 255. The first brood completed its transformation in Albany the last of June, 255. Eggs found early in July, 255. Operations of second brood of larvEe on a fresh crop of leaves in August, 256. Continued breeding until into October on old foliage, 256. A probable third brood, 256. Numerous egg-clusters found in Troy during August,?256. Final trans- formations of second brood of larvte, 257, Green leaves infested with larvas November 7th, 257. Record of oviposition of beetles in cages, 257. Period of larval existence, 258. Duration of egg and imago stages, 258. A fungus affecting the beetles, 258. Activity of the insect extended over a length of time ample for the production of three generations, 258. Larvee able to mature on old foliage, 258. Badly eaten leaf figured, 259. American elms injured, 259. Cannibal habit of larvje, 259. Skeletonizing of old leaves by the beetles, 259. Slow spread of the insect in Albany, 259. Severe injuries to both European and Ameri- can elms in Albany, 260. Extent of injury to European elms in Troy, 168 Fiftieth Report on the State Museum PAGE N. Y., 261. Distribution of the pest in Troy aud its vicinity, 261. Gos- syparia nlmi associated with elm-leaf beetle, 261. The injured trees sub- ject to Tremex attack, 282. Insect enemies of elm-leaf beetle, 262. Subject to attack by a fungus, 262. Spraying with arsenites recom- mended for the pest, 263 The best power apparatus for spraying de- scribed, 26.3. Opportunity for individuals to make a business of spray- ing in certain localities, 263. Other means of controlling th? insect, 264. Odontota doesalis 264 Bibliography, 264. Not taken in Albany or Schoharie counties, 265. Abundant on Long Island, 265. Observations of Dr. Hopkins in West Virginia, 265. Its food-habits, 266. Description by Dr. Harris, 266. The larva described, 267. Parasites and distribution, 267. Balaninus proboscideus ; Balaninus rectus, the Chestnut Weevils 267 Bibliography, 267. Wormy chestnuts frequently met with, 268. Value of the chestnut crop, 268. Estimated injury by these insects in certain states, 269. Characters of the genus Balaninus, 269. Two species attacking chestnuts, 269. The larger species described and its distribution given, 270. Distribution and description of B. rectus with figures, 270. Life-history of B. proloscideus, 270. Figure of a wormy chestnut, 271. Habits and life-history of B. rectus, 271. Spraying with arsecites not recommended, 271. Sorting out and destroying infested nuts a good preventive, 271. Use of carbon bisulphide and jarring the trees recommended, 272. Cicada septendecim, the Periodical Cicada 272 Additional bibliography, 272. Its advent of general interest and especially so to scientists, 273. Figured and compared with the dog- day Cicada, 274. Place and manner of oviposition, 274. Punctured twig and youug Cicada figured, 275. Mr. Lawton's observations on the exca- vating of the egg-chambers, 275. The appearance and habits of the young Cicada, 275. The subterranean existence of the Cicada, 276. The appearance of the pupa, and its case figured, 276. A thirteen-year brood in the Southern States, 276. Dr. Riley's experiments witli the thirteen and seventeen-year broods, 277. Location of the transferred eggs, 277. Twelfth Report op the State Entomologist 169 PAGE. Distribution of the Hudson River Valley Brood recorded by Pitch, 277. Its distribution in the State of New York in 1894, 277. The abundance of the insect in the various localities, 278. Its distribution in other States, 278. Occurrence of the variety Cassinii, 279. The duration of the imago state, 279. Discovery of Cicada chambers iu New York State, 279. Previously almost unknown in museums, 280. Extended areas covered by the chambers iu Nyack, 280. Other localities in the State where they were found, 280. Description and figures of the structures, 281. Their distribution in other states, 281. The manner of their construction, '281. Method of repairing an injured chamber, 282. Chambers built on several kinds of soil, 282. May be con- structed only by the earlier appearing individuals, 282. Protection afforded by them, 283. Earliest notice of the chambers, 283. Their occurrence at Eahway, N. J., in a cellar, 283. Certificate procured by Prof. Newberry, 284 His comments on the reason for their building these structures, 284. The abundance of the insects compared with that of earlier appearances, 285. The effect of deep cultivation on the Cicada, 285. The favorite haunts of the insect, 286. The hosts in certain locali- ties, 286. Natural that their numbers should vary from generation to generation, 286. The females deposit eggs in almost all trees, 286. Excessive damages by ovij)osition in certain localities, 287. Reported injuries to persons from " Cicada stings," 287. The female not known to inflict a painful wound, 288. Vertebrate enemies of the Cicada, 288. English sparrow devouring large numbers, 289. The fungus affecting the Cicada widely distributed, 289. Enclosing trees with netting and refraining from setting out trees in Cicada localities for a year or two before their appearance, 289. Pemphigus rhois, the Sumac-Gall Aphis 290 Bibliography, 290. General appearance and reference to different genera, 290. Description of the galls and the immature aphids by Dr. Fitch, 290. Observations on the form of the galls, 291. Description of the imago, 291. Life-history and food-plants, 291. Distribution, 292. OOSSYPARIA TJLMI, the Elm-Tree Bark-louse 292 Bibliography, 292. Associated with the elm-leaf beetle, 293. An introduced insect, 293. History of its spread over the country, 294. Its 170 Fiftieth Report on the State Museum FAGIi,. distribution and abundance, 294. Injuries by the pest, 295. Copious secretion of lioney-dew |and fungus growing therein, 295, The adult females iigured, they and the young described, 295. The male cocoon figured and the imago described, 296. The young appear in July and pass the winter half-grown, 296. Females molt aud the males form their cocoons early in the spring, 296. Pupa of male and appearance of imago, 297. Its spread in Albany aud Troy, 297. Means of distribution, 297. Natural enemies, 298. Kerosene emulsion, whale-oil soap solu- tion, or cleaning off with a brush are the^remedies recommended, 298. Neuronia pardalis 298 Bibliography, 298. Taken at Keene Valley, N. Y., 299. Its recorded distribution, 299. Figured byl^Notman, 299. Its description by Harris, 299. Leptodesmus species 300 A myriapod infesting greenhouses, 300. Means used against it unsuc- cessfully, 300. The species described and figured, 300. Referred to Lep- todesmus aud the name of falcatus proposed, 300. The flattened milliped figured and ita habits given, 301. Habits of some native forms described by Dr. Fitch, 301. Need of study of the Myriapoda, 302. Lime, soot, kerosene emulsion are remedies recommended, 302. The use of various baits described, 302. The infestation probably came from manure brought into the greenhouses, 303. The radical measures found effective, 303. Occasional fumigation of greenhouses recommended, 303. AIPENDIX 305 (A) NOTES ON SOME OF THE INSECTS OF THE YEAR IN THE STATE OF NEW YORK „ 307 The year characterized by the absence of ravages by the more com- mon insect pests, 307. Insect life observed to be remarkably scarce, 307. Red Admiral butterfly imusually abundant in the Adirondacks, 308. The few moths, Coleoptera and Diptera seen, 308. Tenthredo rufopectus 308 Operating in currant stems, 308. Its extended distribution, 308. Twelfth Report op the State Entomologist 171 PAGE. Datana integerrima 309 Its ravages at Bellport, L. I., 309. Food habits of this commou species given, 309. The Army-Worm 309 Its extended ravages over the State, 309. The abundance of the larvae in fields, 309. First reported to me from Albany county, 310. Notes on transformations and j)arasite8, 310. The Wheat-Head Arm y- Worm 310 Reported from St. Lawrence county, 310. Heads of the barley eaten off, 310. Other features of attack, 310. EUFITCHIA ribearia 310 Operations at Pine Plains, 310. Can not be considered a commou insect in this State, 311. Its numbers vary from year to year, 311. The Canker Worm 311 Resistance of the insect to Paris green, 311. Compared with the gyps^y moth, 311. Locally known as "fire-worm," 312. Caccecia rosaceana 312 Eating holes in yonng apples, 312. Xolophana malana probably the other species associated in the attack, 312. Jarring trees of value as ii remedy, 312. A Cecidomyid in Choke-cherries 313 The larvae of this unknown species received in infested fruit, 313. Its abundance in Keeue Valley, 313. A fungus attack usually associated with the insect injury, 313. Euphoria inda 313 A number of larvaj obtained from chip manure, 313. Habits of the larv» previously unknown, 314. They may feed on growing vegeta- tion, 314. The Elaphidion Oak Pruner 314 Its operation on apple trees at Voorheesville very noticeable, 314. The large branches severed by the insect, 314. Work of the maple-tree pruner at Ellerslie, 314. 172 Fiftieth Report on the State Museum PAGE. The Asparagus Beetle 314 Its spread iu tlie central and western counties of the State, 314. Reported from Oneida, Livingston and Erie counties, 315. The Ash-grey Blister Beetle 315 The beetles reported to be injurious to a locust hedge and potato vines, 315. The Chinch Bitg 315 The insect reported abundant at Almond, Allegany county, 315. The San Jose Scale 316 The scale nearly exterminated at Kinderhook, 316. No living insects found on some badly infested trees, 316. Rei>orted from Middletown, Orange county, 316. The Oak Kermes 316 Tlie gall-like scale figured, 316. Its lepidopterous parasite in its several stages reared and figured by Mr. Walton, 317. The Elm-Tree Bark-Louse 317 Reported from several localities in the State, 317. Its abundance and injuries in Albany and Rensselaer counties, 317. Phytoptus pruni 318 Leaves infested with what is probably this European mite were received from Muncy, Pa., 318. The galls are described, 318. (B) ENTOMOLOGICAL ADDRESSES 319 The Mosquito 319 The more common objects in nature least noticed, 319. Almost nothing known by most people about the mosquito, 319. The varied orthog- raphy of its name, 319. Several very different flies known as mosquitoes in various parts of the world, 320. Placed near the head of the Diptera, 320. The common name applied to all species o? CuUddce, 820. Although there are many individuals, the species are comparatively few, 321. Twelfth Keport of the State Entomologist ITS PAGE. The expresBiveuess of their scientific names, 321. The family has received but little study, 321. Mosquitoes occur in every known part of the globe, 321. Their abundance has given name to several localities, 322. Comparatively scarce in England, 322. Various means of protec- tion adopted in foreign countries, 323. Oil of tar and carbolic acid re- commended as a preventive of mosquito bites, 323. Effect of bite varies in individuals, 323. The results of numerous bites are serious, 324. The poison injected into the wound causes the blood to flow more readily, 324. Palliatives for the bite, 325. Interest attaching to the manner of biting, 325. Only the female mosquito is able to bite, 326. The male feeds on the nectar of flowers, 326. The general structure of the mouth- parts of insects, 326. The number found in mosquitoes, 327. The mouth-parts figured, 327. The labrum-epipharynx and hypopharynx de- scribed, 327. The maxillae and their function, 328. The labium the largest of the mouth-parts, 328. Its use in the operation of biting, 328. The relative position of the mouth-parts described and figured, 329. Nothing created in vain, 329. Insects should be destroyed only when excessively abundant, 330. The larval mosquitoes prevent water be- coming foul, 330. Thepreyingof the lower forms oflife upon one another, 330. Newspaper account of mosquitoes preventing yellow fever by inocu- lation, 331. Serves also as a Filaria host, 331. May convey elephantiasis to man, 331. Mosquitoes may have been one of the ten plagues of Egypt, 332. Their numbers and conditions favorable to the theory, 332. The eggs of unusual interest, 332. Their description and manner of deposit, 333. The larvse known as "wigglers" or "wrigglers," 333. The larva and IJupa described, 334. The habits of the latter, 334. The transformation to the imago, 334. Many perish in the final change, 335. A few important references, 335. A Plea for Entomologicai, Study 336 Introductory, 336. The infinity of nature, 336. The value of ento- mological study as a mental discipline, 336. This branch of science demands close, accurate work, 337. Insects for study to be found every- where, 337. They even force themselves upon one's attention, 337. Many may be taken within doors, 338. The ease with which a collection is made, 338. A program suggested for the study, 338. Secure the cocoons of a large moth, as Attacus Fromethea, 338. Allow the moths to 174 Fiftieth Report on the State Museum PAGE. emerge and deposit eggs, 339. Observe the young hirvte and their change as they molt, 339. Watch the operation of spinning the couoon, 339. Note the threads firmly securing the leaf to the twig, 340. The result of cutting the leaf from the twig, 340. Observe the structure of the cocoon and look for the moths when they emerge, 340. The rapid expansion of the wings, 341. The importance of the study, 341. Losses to crops by insect attack, 341. Much of this injury can be prevented, 342. The estimated number of species of insects, 342. The large amount of study needed, 312. Insects omnipresent, 343. The study neglected by the majority, 343. Institutions of learning giving courses in entomology, 343. No text books adapted for young students, 344. Lectures may supply this deficiency, 344. Method of lectiiring at Low ell Institute, 344. The large field for study which entomology oflers, 345. (C) LIST OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE ENTOMOLOGIST 347 On the Girdling of Elm Twigs by the Larvse of Orgyia leucostigma and its Results: Wire-Worms in Corn: A Solution for Killing Worms : The Apple Maggot, Trypeta pomonella, 347. Apple Maggot : The Cheese Skipper: Scale lusects: The Southern Corn-Root Worm, 348. Thous- and-Legged Worms Infesting Greenhouses: A Handbook of British Lepidoptera : Elm-Leaf Beetle : The Harlequin Cabbage Bug, 349. A Plum Mite : The " Fire Worm : " On the Girdling of Elm Twigs by the Larvpe of Orgyia leucostigma and its Results: Fruit Tree Aphides : [Kill the Larvfe of the Elm-leaf Beetle], 350. [Report on the Work of the Gypsy Moth Committee after an examination made in June, 1893] : The Elm-tree Beetle in Albany ; Rose Bugs : Tenth Report on the Injurious and Other Insects of the State of New York for the year 1894, 351. The Army Worm Invasion ; Wire Worm : The Army Worm Invasion, 352. Tent Caterpillar : The Army Worm ; Cut-worms and Borers : More about the Army Worm, 353. Snapping Bugs : Blister Beetles : Willow Butterfly : Caterpillars and Parasites: The Oak Pruner, 354. The Beech-Tree Blight : Elm-Tree Borer : The Cecropia Moth : Imported Scale Insects : Pea Bugs : Rose-Leaf Hopper, 355. The Wheat Wire Worm : Apple- Tree Borers: Notes on some of the Insects of the Year in the State of New York : Eleventh Report on the Injurious and Other Insects of the «tate of New York for the Year 1895, 356, Twelfth Report of the State Entomologist 175 PAGE. (D) CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE DEPARTMENT IN 1896 359 Hymenoptera and Lepidoptera, 359-360. Dipleia and Coleoptera, 361-362. Hemipt6ra and Orihoptera, 363. Neuroptera and Myria- poda, 364. (E) CLASSIFIED LIST OF INSECTS, ETC., NOTICED IN THIS REPORT 365 Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, Diptera, 365. Coleoptera, Hemiptera, Neuroptera, 366. Arachnida, Myriapoda, 367. (F) EXPLANATION OF PLATES 369 ■GENERAL INDEX 373 REPORT. Office of the State Entomologist, ) Albany, December 14, 1896. C To the He gents of the University of the State of New York : Gentlemen. — I have the honor of presenting to your Board my Twelfth R-eport on the Injurious and Other Insects of the State of New York. The work of the department has been dihgently and successfully prose- cuted during the year. A large number of insects have been studied, most of which are of economic importance to the farmer, the fruit-grower, or to the general public. Among these special attention was given to the army-worm in consideration of its distribution and destructiveness throughout the larger portion of the State of New York to an extent not previously recorded. In the pages devoted to the elm-leaf beetle will be found interesting observations upon the long continuance, in successive broods, of the insect in this vicinity — quite at variance with what has hitherto been ascribed to it. Instead of the beetle going into retreat for hibernation in the month of August, the insect has remained with us from its first appearance in May until into November as active larvae and transforming in its subsequent stages. Quite a number of the insect attacks that have come under observation, have been noticed briefly in " Notes on Some of the Insects of the Year in the State of New York," and others, more fully, in their proper place in the body of the report. Work upon the classification, arrangement, and labeling of the Collec- tion has been continued. Some progress has been made in the prepara- tion of a biological collection in the limited time that could be spared ^6 178 Fiftieth EEroRT on the State Museum for the purpose: A well-arranged collection of this character, exhibiting at a glance the entire life-history, habits, transformations, enemies, etc., of each species, would prove both interesting and instructive to those who apply in person at our rooms for information regarding some special insect pest. The material for such an exhibit has been accumulating during past years, and is only awaiting time for its arrangement. The additions made to the State Collection have not been as large as those of the preceding year, from the general paucity of insect life, as noticed in a following page. Their number (in part estimated) aggregates about 2,000. Contributions have been received from forty-two persons aggregating about eight hundred examples. The Tenth Report of the State Entomologist was issued in the early part of July, and forms a part of the Forly-eighth Report of the State Museum. An edition was also printed as separates, for convenience of distribution among agriculturists and entomologists. Ihe report contains 300 pages, 4 plates and 24 figures. Its preparation required an imusual amount of office labor from the extended index given to the ten reports of the Entomologist (1883-1895), occupying 93 pages, and embracing (as estimated) 20,600 references. The Eleventh Report of the State Entomologist for the year 1895, is now being printed, and will, it is hoped, be ready for distribution before the close of the present year. It will contain nearly 250 pages and 16 plates. The usual list of miscellaneous publications by the Entomologist during the current year will be found in the Appendix. Forty- one titles are cited with time and place ot publication, with a brief summary of each. The aggregate number of such publications listed and abstracts given, in the several volumes of this series of reports, including the present, is 909. The correspondence of the office during the year has been as follows: Letters received and filed, 1119; letters sent, so far as recorded, 12 15. Arrangement has been made for an amount of additional shelving required by the increase in the collections and library. These additions Twelfth Report op the State Entomologist 170 will permit a better classification of material, and add greatly to con- venience in the frequent reference to both specimens and publications. In conclusion, 1 desire to express my appreciation of the aid and encouragement extended by your board during the year past, especially in the recent arrangement through which my department has been brought in closer and more satisfactory relations with your Honorable Board, Respectfully submitted, J. A. LINTNER. INJURIOUS INSECTS. * ' Camponotus Pennsylvanicus " and "Formica rufa." Carpenter Ant and Mound-building Ant. (Ord. Hymenoptera : Fam. Formicid^.) In the preceding Report of this series (Eleventh), one of the large ants, Camponotiis herculaneus var. Fdtinsylvaniais, is represented as sometimes entering dwellings from nests built outside near the house. In one instance mentioned by Dr. Riley, a fine old homestead was so overrun with it that it was on the point of being sold, when the source of the infestation was discovered in a large nest of several feet in diameter in the back yard. In all probability the above infestation as cited by Dr. Riley was erroneously referred to C. JLerculaneus. Rev. Dr. H. C. McCook, of Philadelphia, who has made special study of the habits of our N. Ameri- can ants, has modestly questioned the statement in a recent letter received from him : — " I think that I may venture to question the statement respecting Camponotus Pejinsylvanicus on page 113. I am reasonably familiar with the habits of this species, and have never known an example of a nest made in the earth, as implied in your statement. It is a carpenter ant exclusively, and lives in trees and timber. I suspect, therefore, that a mistake must have been made in the species. I have occasionally seen the Pennsylvania carpenter ant in houses, but as a rule, it is not inclined to such resorts, and I very much doubt if it could have proved a house- hold pest. " I make the above statement with some degree of confidence, even though you quote Dr. Riley for your authority. However, if Mr. Theodore Pergande endorses the species, I suppose I should waive my objection, as he is well acquainted with the species of our American Ants.' ' Dr. McCook has also indicated another error made by me, on page 115 of the Report cited, where Formica rufa is given as the " not improb- able " annoying occupant of the soil of a lawn on the south side of Long Island, which " during the summer is alive with ants," and also the arti- ficers of large mounds seen by me in the Catskills and in the Shawangunk range at Lake Mohonk. He writes as follows : " You refer to our American mound-making ants as Formica rufa. That is a blunder which I made when I first published an account of the habits of these species in the Transactions of the American Entomological 182 Fiftieth Report ox the State Museum Society, of 1877. I was misled by Mr. Smith, of the British Museum. Dr. August Forel, however, subsequently corrected my error and des- cribed this species as a new one, viz., Formica cxsectoides. We have F. rufa in this country, I have observed and studied it in Colorado, and know that it is found in the Dakotas, but I have no knowledge of its being found in the New England States or in Eastern New York " In consideration of Dr. McCook's expressed deference to Mr. Per- gande's views, his letter was submitted to Dr. Howard, chief of the Entomological Bureau at Washington, who returned the following com- ments by Mr. Pergande: " Regarding our mound-making ants I will say that the genuine Formica rufa has so far not been found in this country, but that there are numerous forms more or less nearly related to it which occur in dif- ferent sections of the United States. One of these forms, F. exsectoides Forel, appears to be an exclusively eastern species and has so far been found only in Virginia, Pennsylvania, New Jersey and New York, whereas the most common form, occurring in Colorado, Utah, Montana, Wyoming, the Dakotas and Nebraska, is not F. exsectoides, as stated by Dr. McCook, but F. obscuripes Forel, which up to the present time has not been observed east of the Missouri and Mississippi. As to Camr ponottis Pennsylvojiicus, I have never observed it to build extensive nests in the ground, either near dwellings or in the woods, although occasion- ally I have found small nests under stones near the base of large oak trees which were probably connected with breeding chambers m the large and partly decayed roots of the trees. Most commonly I found them in dead trunks or stumps, generally oak, which had been perforated in all directions by wood-boring larvae. Whether the ants which Pro- fessor Riley observed as having built a large nest in the ground of a back- yard in this city really were C. Pennsylvanicus or not, I am unable to say. I incline, however, to the belief that they were Formica snbsericea Say, which has the habit of building large and rather flat nests in the ground." In the recent " Comstock's Manual for the Study of Insects," Formica exsectoides is briefly referred to as being the builder of our largest ant- hills; these are often five or six feet across, and sometimes more than twice that in diameter. The head and thorax of this ant are rust-red, while the legs and abdomen are blackish brown. This species has been supposed to be tlie same as the European wood ant, Formica rufa, and is referred to in many books under that name. Twelfth Report of the State Entomologist 183 Ecpantheria scribonia (Stoll). The Great White Leopard- Moth. (Ord. Lepidoptera : Fam. ARCTiiDiE.) Stoll: Sup. to Cramer's Pap. Ex., 1787, fig. 177, pi. 41, fig. 3 (as Phahj^na). Abbott-Smith: Lepidopt. Ins, Georgia, 1797, p- 137, p'- 69 (as Pha- hena oculatissi?na). Clemens: in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Piiila , xii, i860, p. 523 (description, distribution). Morris: Cat. Lepidopt. North Amer., i860, p. 25; Synop. Lepidopt. North Amer. 1862, p. 347 (synonymy, adult and larva de- scribed). Harris: Ins. Inj. Veg., 1862, p. 349 (moth and larva described). Saunders: in Proc. Entomolog. Soc. Phila., ii, 1863, pp. 28-29 (larva described) ; the same in Canad. Journ., New Ser., viii, 1863, p. 370; Synop. Canad. Arctiidse, 1863, p. 22; in Canad. Entomol., xiv, 1882, pp. 113-115, figs. 12, 13 (brief general account); in 13th Rept. Entomolog. Soc. Ont. for 1882, 1883, pp. 14-15, figs. 4, 5 (brief general account). Packard: in Proc. Entomolog. Soc. Phila., iii, 1864, p. 127 (bibliog- raphy, synonymy, distribution). Riley: in Amer. Entomol. -Bot., ii, 1870, p. 179 (larva briefly described), p. 182 (known as "fever worm"); 4th Rept. Ins. Mo., 1872, pp. 141-143, figs. 62,, 64 (life-history, description of larva); in Amer. Entomol., iii, 1880, pp. 133-134 (notes on life-history, parasites) ; Bull. 31 Divis. Entomol, U. S. Dept. Agricul., 1893, p. 49 (eating leaves of cotton plant). Stretch : Zyg. and Bomb., 1873, p. 174, pi. 7, figs. 20, 21. Siewers: in Canad. Entomol., ix, 1877, p. 128 (feeds on poke berry, will eat cabbage). French: in 7th Rept. Ins. Ill, 1878, p. 184 (brief account). Marten: in loth Rept. Ins. Ill, 1881, p. 116 (brief mention). Slosson : in Entomolog. Amer., iii, 1887, pp. 185, 212 (variety denudata in Florida). Edwards, H. : Bull U. S. Nat. Mas., No. 35, 1889, p. 6r (references) Harrington: in 20th Rept. Entomolog. Soc. Ont, for 1889, 1890, p 48, fig. 23 (brief mention). Riley-Howard: in Insect Life, iii, 1890, p. 155 {0/>h io n arctuc A'&X-im parasitic on). Smith: Cat. Ins. N. J., 1890, p. 294 (not rare); in Canad. En'.omol xxii, 1890. p. 179 (bibliography, synonymy); List Lepidopt Bor. Amer., 1891, p. 27, no. 1122 (listed, synonymy). DvAR : in Psyche, vi, 1891, p. 127 (at Poughkeepsie, N. Y.) ; in Canad Entomol, xxiii, i89r, pp. 106-108 (description of stages). Howard: in Bull t,^ Oftice Exp^ Stat., U. S. Dept. Agricul, 1896, p 345 (feeding on cotton leaves) ; the same in Farm. Bull. 47 U. S. Dept. Agricul, 1897, p. 26. 184 Fiftieth Report on the State Museum Although this handsome insect is native to the State of New York, the moth is rarely seen. The thickly-haired caterpillars of this and allied species are frequently seen in the autumn crawling rapidly, as though in haste to find suitable shelter for the winter before the setting in of cold weather. This particular species can not be considered injurious in this latitude, as it is comparatively rare, but in some of the southern States it is quite abundant, though not destructive. The Egg. Eggs of a moth sent me October 6, 1884, by Mrs. J. P. Ballard, of eastern Pennsylvania, and received by her from Orlando, Florida, proved to be of this insect. They were small, 0.025 """^^"^ (4^0) i" diameter, round, irregularly punctate, changing before hatching from whitish to reddish and finally purplish (Mr. Dyar gives the color as yellowish pearly gray). The duration of this stage was about five days. Less than one-half of the shell was eaten by the larva upon its escape. While many of the Arctians are known to be quite prolific, this one is markedly so, for Mr. Dyar records an instance in which he obtained 2274 eggs from one individual. Notes on the Larval Stages. October 7th. Larva after hatching 0.05 inch long, yellowish, with brown dorsal tubercles on segments 4 and 5 (apodal), 8, 9, 10 and 12, ap- pearing, from above as if two-banded ; head reddish, with a conspicuous black spot on each side over the ocelli; hair nearly as long as the body; legs long. Larva feeds readily on plantain. October i5lh. First molting commenced ; on the i6th, 10 had molted, and the last on the 2oih. Appearance much as before, except that the subdorsal spots on segments 4, 5, 8, 9 and 10 are dark reddish-brown, extending around and below the tubercles — those on segments 4 and 5 also embracing the lateral tubercles, making almost a band upon these segments, except as separated by a pale dorsal line. Terminal segment without brown. Head brownest at the slightly lobed apex. Hairs fuscous, longer than the diameter of the body. October 19th. Second molt commenced; on 20th, 12 had molted. Length, 0.2 in. Hairs black, about the diameter of body in length. Head pale reddish, a blackish crescent over the ocelli. Body honey yellow. Segment 3 with four brown tubercles dorsally; segments 4 and 5 brown dorsally and laterally; segments 8 to 10, brown dorsally only (over the two subdorsal rows of tubercles). The molting was completed on the Twelfth REroRT of the State Entomologist 185 25th, when the earliest had taken the position for the 30! molt, having a length of o 35 in. The preparation for the molt is made by leaving the plant and selecting a place on the top of the jar containing the larvae, where each spins a web of three times the area of its body, in which it may securely fasten its prolegs — such attachment being apparently necessary for its successful escape from the cast skin. October 27th. Third molt commenced. Ended on the 30th. Color dull red. The brown has become black and its area is extending, as segment 3 is also black, in addition to 4, 5, 8 to 10. On the ter- minal segment (12) the two subdorsal tubercles are shining-black. On the evening of the 31st, the first two took position for the 4th molt — length 0.45 in. With very few exceptions (the result perhaps of disturb- ance) the larvae after their molting reverse their position and entirely consume their cxuvia. November ist. Fourth molt commenced — i molted; on 2d, 10 molted; on 3d all of previous molt had ceased feeding, and were in position on the lid and sides of the glass jar, for their approaching molt — a. few only remained upon the leaves. The molting was completed on the morning of the 5th. Portions of about 20 per cent, of the exuvi» were uneaten. In several instances the larv^ were seen to commence feeding upon the spines, biting them off in small pieces, before attacking the skin. The withdrawal from the old skin occupied about a minute. The spines, first appressed to the body beneath the old skin, appear as wet places, but at once begin to expand and dry. Their final adjust- ment is apparently hastened by the contortions in which the larva throws Itself, by resting on three pairs of prolegs, and with the two extremities raised and curved over the back, almost touching one another, frequently twisting, at short intervals, from side to side. In about an hour after emerging, the meal upon the exuviae is commenced. With its longer spines, the caterpillar is nov/ nearly twice as broad as before, but not much increased in length, averaging but 0.5 in. The cen- tral and terminal segments are still red, but diminished in extent and less conspicuous than before — the red of the extremities being nearly con- cealed beneath the long black spines radiating from the tubercles. The legs, prolegs, and ventral surface ate red, the plantae of the prolegs being quite pale — almost a flesh color. The spines on segments 6 and 7 are dusky, interspersed with a few black ones; length of spines equal to the diameter of the body. The head is red with black ocelli, the mandibles black-tipped, and with a few perpendicular black lines on the clypeus. On the 5th the more advanced larvae show the red ring on the 186 Fiftieth Report ox the State Museum incisures characteristic of the adult form. On the 6th a larva took position for its molt, on the 7th two others, and ten on the 8th. At this time they measure 0.9 inch in length. November 8th. Fifth molt commenced — one larva molted; ten more were found to have molted on the morning of the loth; the last molted on the 15th — the molting of this stage extending over seven days. At the end of this stage they average in length 1.6 in. at rest and 2 in. when in motion. All the spines are black, except some lateral ones in a few individuals, which are brownish ; they are minutely barbed to the naked eye and distinctly so under a magnifier (PI. iv, fig. i). The segments are black dorsally, except the thoracic and the last two which are a reddish- brown, as are the sides below the spiracles. The red incisural bands commence behind the 4th segment and continue until after the loth, being seven in number; the central ones being about one-third as long as the black portion of the segment. November 17. Sixth molt commenced — all the larvte remaining upon the leaves. The molting terminated on the 23d — continuing six days. In every instance in this molt, the head-case remained attached to the skin. The exuvia shows distinctly a central lateral patch of dusky scales. Fewer of the exuviae were eaten (26 per cent only), owing doubtless to the stronger and more rigid spines. All the spines are black and all the segments are black dorsally.* November 25. Seventh molt commenced — terminated on December 4th, — continuing nine days. Length 2.4 inches, at rest; when extended in feeding, 3 inches. December i. A caterpillar commenced spinning its cocoon on the side of its feeding cage and the glass cover; for convenience it was trans- ferred to another box. On the 3d inst. a second one had commenced. December 13. The first pupa was observed, from the caterpillar that had commenced to spin up December ist. Two more molted on Decem- ber 14th. On the 30th, tlie last larva was transferred to a box for pupation. * If the preceding notes are compared with Dr. Dyar's descriptioa of the early stages of ihis insect (see Canadian Entomologist, xxiii, 1S9I, pp. 106-107), some differences will be detected. Most of these can undoubtedly be accounted for by the natural variationsof thespecies under differing conditions. Twelfth Bbport of the State Entomologist 187 Table of Last Transformations. SPUN UP. December i 3' January lo. . . . 1 2 . . . .. 12. . . . 12 ... . 12 ... . 12 ... . 15.... 16 id 17.... ?. . . . ? ? 17- 19. 19. 19. 20. 21 . 21 . 22 . 22 - 22. 22 . 22. 25- 27, 27. 30 ■ 3 3- 3- 5- 6. 10. Pupated. December 13 18 20 21 22 2 c 22 22 22 24 25 25 25 25 25 26 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 29 30 30 28 31 3 3 3 4 7 7 8 12 12 15 J anil Emerged. January 15 " ' 16 " 18 18 19 19 21 " 22 " 20 I 30 20 26 I 6 5 31 6 S 22 2 6 1 1 14 26 13 5 7 I 10 20 17 4 February 20 " 25 March i February 17 Crippled February 12 " 12 February January February January I'ebruary January February January February March Sex ^"P^^ ^^^- 1 period. 33 days. 29 " 29 " 28 " 28 " 29 " 30 " 31 u 29 " 39 " 36 " 26 " 32 " 38 " 43 " 41 " 34 " 40 " 39 " 25 " 36 " 40 " 45 " 48 " 29 " 46 " 37 " 39 " 35 " 41 " 48 " 45 " 60 " 47 " 49 " 53 " 40 " 31 " 28 '• In the above table is given in detail the time occupied in the last two transformations of forty individuals of this interesting insect within cases, which had been kept upon my office table at the State Museum 188 Fiftieth Report on the State Museum It will be seen by consulting it, that the shortest period between the spinning up of the larva and pupation was but three days, — the longest fifteen, and the average a little over seven days and one-half. The shortest period of pupation was twenty-five days, and the longest sixty — the average being nearly thirty-eight days. The Pupa. The larva spins a thin netting of yellowish silk with little amber beads at the joining of the threads just before pupating. No description of the pupa was made, but it has been described by Dr. Dyar as follows : " Robust, of normal shape; on the abdominal segments, dorsally and subventrally are ten rows of large tufts of short spiny hairs, the tufts smaller ventrally and less numerous posteriorly; cremaster, two tufts of reddish spines from elevated bases. Color black, reddish in the abdo- minal incisures; the body is smooth and dull, the wing cases more shiny, creased. Spiracles linear, reddish. Length 35 mm., width 13 mm." The Imago. This beautiful insect with a wing-spread of from two and three-quarter inches in the male to three and a half in the female is a desirable addition to the cabinet of a collector. Its lustrous blue abdomen marked with orange down the middle and on the sides, and the sharp black markings of the thorax and wings on a white background, give the insect a striking appearance. There is considerable variation in the markings in difterent individuals as will be seen on plate i, and particularly so when the sexes are compared. The irregular black rings that adorn the thorax and wings of the female, tend to become black spots in the male, as seen in figure 2 of plate i. More often, however, the costal and some of the smaller discal rings on the wings and those of the thorax are re- placed by spots (see figures). It will also be noticed that the posterior thoracic spots of the male are frequently blue, while in the female the corresponding marking are a much darker blue or a black. A variety of this species, denudata Slosson, in which the tips of the primaries are invariably denuded, has been described from Florida. Life-History. So far as known there appears to be but a single annual generation. The nearly full-grown larva are commonly observed in the autumn, and in this stage usually hibernate. Trie caterpillars can successfully with- stand a great degree of cold. They may even be revived after having Twelfth Report op the State Entomologist 189 been frozen stiff and partially encased in ice. In Kentucky the insect spins up about the first of June and the moths emerge about the 15th. Under exceptional conditions the insect pupates in the autumn and the imago is disclosed before winter sets in.' The only recorded parasite of this species appears to be Ophion arctm Ashm., which was reared from it at Columbia, S. C. Food-plants. The insect is a very general feeder in its travels over the ground as it approaches maturity, and eats from almost any plant that it chances to meet with except the coarser ones. It will also climb low trees and feed on the foliage. Among its favorite food plants are some of the Compositae, the wild sun-flower iHelianthus) being one commonly eaten by the larva. It has also been recorded as feeding on the willow, poke berry, and black locust in nature. In confinement it has been reared suc- cessfully on cabbage, the plantain, castor bean [Ricinus conwninis), and the spurge {Euphorbia cyathophora). Distribution. This insect has a wide distribution, being comparatively abundant throughout most of the northern United States and in many parts of Canada. In some of the southern swamps it is quite common, and in those regions it has been known as " Fever-worm " among the negroes from a mistaken impression that this caterpillar is the cause of the ague. An Innoxious Insect. The injuries resulting from this insect are seldom, if ever, serious, as it is nowhere known as a common pest, and it rarely causes any damage worthy of notice. This would naturally result from their restlessness, which does not allow them to remain long in one place, and from their food consisting largely of comparatively valueless plants. 190 Fiftieth Report on the State Museum Leucania unipuncta (Haworth). The Army- Worm. (Ord. Lepidoptera : Fam. NocTuiDiE.) Comstock : Rept. upon Cotton Insects, 1876, p. 11 (mention), pp. loi, 106 (mistaken for Aletia), pp. 202, 203 {Nemorcea Iciicaniic and Exorista flavicauda valuable parasites of Heliophila itinfuiicta). Smith : in Rept. u})on Cotton Insects, 1879, P- ^59 {Leucania unipuncta attracted to sweets); Cat. Ins. N. J., 1890, p. 316 (common all over the State) ; List Lepidopt. Bor. Amer., 1891, p. 46, no. 2280; in Rept. N. J. Agricul. Expt. Stat, for 1890, 1891, pp. 5 [4-515, figs. 27, 28 (remedies) ; in Entomolog. News, vii, 1896, p. 204 (brief notice of ravages in 1896); Economic Entomol., 1896, pp. 294-296, figs. 332, 2)ZZ (brief general account) ; in Rept. N. J. Agricul. Expt. Stat, for 1896, 1897, pp. 433, 434, 449-457, figs. 1-5 (recent injuries in N. J.; general account). Hicks: in Amer. Entomol., iii, 1880, p. 227 (ravages in Queens Co., N. Y. in 1880). Lintner: in Country Gentleman, for July i, 1880, xlv, p. 424 (eggs identified); in id., for June 2, 1881, xlvi, p. 359 (reference); ist Rept. Ins. N. Y., 1883, pp. TfZ-: 53 (remedies), pp. 100, 127, 128, 132, 134-135' 146, 147' 226, 312-313, 314 (references); 2nd do., 1885, pp. 43-44 (injuries in N. Y.); 4th do., 1888, pp. 139, [63 (references); 6th do., 1890, pp. 176, 179-180 (refer- ences); 7th do., 1891, pp. 373, 376 (references); in Country Gentleman, for October 6, 1892, Ivii, p. 750 (remedies) ; 8th Rept. Ins. N. Y., 1893, pp. 265, 293 (references); 9th do., 1893, p. 443 (reference) ; in Country Gentleman, for June 29, 1893, Iviii, p. 508 (reference); loth Rept. Ins. N. Y., 1895, pp. 482, 490, 519 (references); in The Argus [Albany, N. Y.J, for July 8, 1896, p. 8 (ravages in N. Y., remedies); the same, in part, in the New York Recorder, for July 15, 1896 ; in Country Gentleman, for July 16, 1896, Ixi, p. 552 ; in Rome Sentinel, for July 10 and 17, 1896; in Circular of the Department of Agri- culture of the State of New York; in New York Daily Tribune, for July 18, 1896 (injuries in Eastern N. Y., remedies); in Country Gentleman, for July 23, 1896, Ixi, p. 574 (extent of injuries, remedies); in id., for August 6, 1896, Ixi, p. 606 (ravages at Orchard Home, N. Y., remedies) ; in Bull. 6 New Ser., Divis. Entomol., U. S. Dept. Agricul,, 1896, pp. 55-56 (ravages in New York). Mann: in Psyche, iii, 1880, pp. 91, 93, 115, 118 (references to ravages of army-worm in Mass. and vicinity), 1881, p. 226 (reference)"; in do., iv. 1884, p. 210 (reference). Dimmock: in Psyche, iii, 1881, pp. 212, 282 (numerous references to ravages in New England and Nova Scotia), pp. 287, 345 (references); in -do., iv, 1885, p. 295 (reference); in do., v, 1888, p. 141 (reference). Twelfth Report op the State Entomologist 191 Saunders: in Canad. Entomol., xiii, 1881, pp. 198-199 (in Ontario and Western States) ; the same in Ann. Rept. Entomolog. Soc. Ont. for 1881, 1882, p. 6. Thomas: loih Rept. Ins. III., i88[, pp. 5-43, figs. 1-5 (extended account). Coquillett: in nth Rept. Ins. IIL, 1882, pp. 8, 49-64 (habits and life-history). Coding: in Trans. Iowa State Agricul. Soc. for 1882, 1883, separate, p. 9 (brief account). Cooke : Inj. Insects Orch. -Vineyard, 1883, pp. 282-283, fig^- 269-271 (brief general account). Forbes: in Trans. Miss. Valley Horticul. Soc, 1883, separate, p. 7 (strawberries stripped of leaves by army- worms); 12th Rept. Ins. Ill, 1883, p. 102, fig. 22 (ravages in 111.); 13th do., 1884, pp. 9, 40, 61, 84, pi. VI, figs. I, 2 (notes on habits, remedies); 14th do., 1885, p. 5 (mention); 15th do., 1889, pp. 2-3 (mention, as Helioplula iinipuncta) ; i6th do., 1890, p. ix (mention) ; Append. ' to i7ih do., 1891, pp. 25,35 (references to Le Baron) ; i8th do., 1894, pp. X, 14 (mention); 19th do., 1896, p. 76 (experiment on larvre). Reed: in 13th Ann. Rept. Entomolog. Soc. Ont., 1883, p. 52 [Nemorcea leiicanicB a parnsite). Riley: in 3d Rept. U. S. Entomolog. Comm., 1883, pp. 89-156, pis. I, II (an extended account) ; in Canad. Entomol., xv, 1883, p. 173 (duration of transformations); the same in i4ih Ann. Rept. Entomolog. Soc. Ont., 1884, p. 19 ; 4th Rept. U. S. Entomolog. Comm., 1885, p. 19 (mistaken for ^/r//^?), pp. 350-351.pl. V (brief account), Append., p. [102] (note on appearance) ; in Insect Life, iii, 1890, pp. 183-184 (mention); Bull. 31 Divis. Entomol., U. S. Dept. Agricul., 1893. pp. 41, 54, 57 (exhibit of at World's Columbian Exposition) ; in Insect Life vi, 1894, p. 222 (living examples in Mexican cereals at World's Fair). Feknald : in Kingsley's Stand. Nat. Hist., ii, Crust, and Ins., 1884, p. 451, figs. 568, 569 (brief notice, both as HeUophila and Leiicania vnipuncia); in 34th Ann. Rept. Mass. Agricul. Coll., 1897, p. 186 (mention). Hubbard : in 4ih Rept. U. S. Entomolog. Comm., 1885, Append., p. [6] (not in Florida). Van Duzee : in Canad. Entomol., xvii, 1885, p. 80 {Aphis mali attract- ing L. Iinipuncta moths). Webster : in Ind. Agricul. Rept. for 1885, 1886, separate, p. 18. pi. 4, figs. 2, 3 (injuring corn); in Insect Life, iii, 1890, pp. 112-113 (in Indiana, ovipositing in corn); in Bull. 22 Divis. Entomol., U. S. Dept. Agricul., 1890, pp. 45-^6 (damages in Ind., parasites); in Insect Life, vi, 1893, p. 150 (but one brood injurious in Ohio); the samein 24th Ann. Rept. Entomolog. Soc. Ont., 1894, p. 89; Bull. 51 Ohio Agricul. Expt. Stat., 1894, p. 125 (distribution), p. 133 (reference); in Bull. 6 New Ser., Divis. Entomol., U. S. Dept. Agricul., 1896, p. 66 (injuries in Ohio). 192 Fiftieth Report ox the State Museum Cook: in Entomolog. Amer., i, 1886, p. 209 (ravages); Bull. 76 Mich. Agricul. Expt. Stat., 1891, p. 14 (reference). Bethune: in 17th Ann. Rept. Entomolog. Soc. Ont., 1887, p. 59, figs. 33^ 34 (brief mention); in 27th do. for 1896, 1897, pp. 55-56 (damage in Ontario). Bruner : in Insect Life, i, i883, p. 66 (in S. Dak., Nebr. and Wyoming) ; in Bull. 22 Divis. Entomol., U. S. Dept. Agricul., 1890, p. 9S (damage in Nebr., parasites) ; in Bull. 23 do., 1^91, p. 14 (injur- ing beets); in Ann. Rept. Nebr. State liil. Agricul., 1893, pp. 390-394, figs. 35-41 (brief general account); in Bull. 32 Divis. Entomol., U. S. Dept. Agricul., 1894, pp. 14-15 (injuries in Nebr. in '93). Fletcher: Ann. Rept. for 1887, 1888, pp. 11-12, figs, i, 2 (life-history, ravages in Canada, remedies) ; in 19th Ann. Rept. Entomolog. Soc. Ont., 1889, p. 9 (brief mention); Ann. Rept. for 1894, 1895, pp. 192-194, figs. 2, 3 (life-history, ravages in '94 in Canada, remedies); in 27ih Ann. Rept. Entomolog. Soc. Ont. for 1896, 1897, pp. 59-60 (mjuries in Ontario); in Rept. Canad. Experimental Earms for 1896, 1897, pp. 231-234, figs. 3, 4 (general account of, in Canada). Hulst: Bull, xlvi N. J. Agricul. Expt. Stat., 1888, pp. 6-7 (remedies, brief); in Entomolog. Amer., v, 1889, p. 58 (contagious disease of army-worm). Burnett: in Insect Life, i, 1889, p. 287 (in Orleans Co.,N.Y. in 1888). Dyar: in Insect Life, i, 1889, p. 285 (moth attracted to electric light). Dansby : in Insect Life, i, 1889, p. 375 (injuries in Florida). Miller: in Insect Life, ii, 1889, pp. 76-77 (ravages in Indiana). Riley-Howard: in Insect Life, i, 1889, p. 356 (reference); in do., ii, 1889, p. 56 (ravages in Ind.), 1890, p. 258 (mention), p. 351 Rhogas termmalis Cr. reared); in do., iii, 1891, pp. 15, 17,. 153, 154, 156, 157, 460 (reared parasites), p. 478 (mention); in do., iv, 1891, p. 157 (in the island of Jamaica); in do., vi, 1893, p. 41 (ravages in N. Mex. and Va.), 1894, p. 348 (men- tion), p. 374 (injuries reported in various localities) ; in do., vii, 1894, p. 269 (ravages in Va. from May to Sept.), p. 279 (abundance of moths at electric light). TowNSEND : in Insect Life, ii, r889, p. 42 (destmctive in Mich, in '81); in Psyche, vi, 1893, pp. 466, 467, 468 (flies bred from Lencaiiiii unipuncta), Ashmead : in Insect Life, iii, 1890, pp. 53-57 (ravages in Md. in 1880). Howard: in Insect Life, ii, 1890, p. 222 (irrigation for controlling); Circular 4 2d Ser., Divis. Entomol., U. S. Dept. Agricul., 1894^ pp. 1-5, figs. 1-3 (brief general account) ; in Proc. Entomolog. Soc. Wash., iii, 1895, p. 225 (of distribution) ; Bull. 5 Technical Ser., Divis. Entomol., U. S. Dept. Agricul., 1897, pp. n, 50 (mention), p. 51 ( Winthemia 4-pustulata a common parasite). Twelfth Report of the State Entomologist 193 OsBORN : in Bull. 22 Divis. Entomol., U. S. Dept. Agricul., 1890, pp. 20-21 (mention) ; in Insect Life, v, 1892, p. 112 (mention); in Bull. 30 Divis. Entomol., U. S. Dept. Agricul., 1893, p. 44 (in- juries in Iowa in '92) ; in Bull. ^^ lo. Agricul. Coll. Expt. Stat., 1896, pp. 600-603, figs. 3-5 (injuries in Iowa, brief general account); in Bull. 6 New Ser., Divis. Entomol., U. S. Dept. Agricul., 1896, p. 78 (injuries in Iowa). Harrington: in 21st Ann. Rept. Entomolog. Soc. Ont., 1891, p. 67 [Ophioii purgatum a parasite). KoEBELE : in Bull. 23 Divis. Entomol., U. S. Dept. Agricul., 1891, p. 44 (mention). Moffat: in 21st Ann. Rept. Entomolog. Soc. Ont., 1891, pp. 51-54, figs. 21, 22 (ravages in Maritime Provinces and Eastern States); m 27th do. for 1896, 1897, pp. 77-78 (injuries in Ontario, etc.). Cockerell: Bull. 10 N. Mex. Agricul. Expt. Stat., 1893, pp. 10-14 (food-plants and remedies); in Insect Life, vii, 1894, p. 210 (mention). Gillette : in Rept. Col. Agricul. Expt. Stat, for 1893, 1894, p. 53 (brief mention). Thompson : in Insect Life, vi, 1893, p. 37 (in Tasmania). Garman : in 5th Ann. Rept. Ky. Agr. Expt. Stat., 1894, pp. 56-59, fig. 8 (brief account as Heliophila); in 7th do. for 1894, 1895, p. xxxvii (very common in Ky., May 23, June 25-Sept. i). Murtfeldt : in Bull. 32 Divis. Entomol., U. S. Dept. Agricul., 1894, p. 37 (injuries in Mo. in 1893). CoMSTOCKS : Manual Study Insects, 1895, pp. 303-304, figs. 366, 367 (brief notice). FoRBusH : in The Gypsy Moth, a Rept. of the Work Mass. Bd. Agricul, 1896, p. 2^'h (gypsy moth mistaken for army-worm), p. 121 (cyclone burner for army-worm). Lounsbury: Bull. 28 Mass. Agricul. Expt. Stat. (Hatch), 1895, pp. 10- 17, figs. 5-7 (cranberries injured, general account). McCarthy: in Bull. 115 N. C. Agricul. Expt. Stat., 1895, pp. 164-165 (remedies, as Heliophila). Hopkins-Rumsey: Bull. 44 W. Va. Agricul. Expt. Stat., 1896, pp. 261- 262, 310, 312, 316 (brief description, remedies). Johnson: in 9th Rept. Md. Agricul. Expt. Stat., 1896., p. 225 (ravages in Sept.). Kiekland: in Bull. 3 Series of 1896, Mass. Crop Rept., July, 1896, pp. 28-37, figs. 1-6 (general account of m Mass.) ; Bull. 46 Hatch Expt. Stat. Mass. Agricul. Coll., 1897, p. 23 (toads eating army-worms). Lowe : Bull. 104 N. Y. Agricul. Expt. Stat., 1896, pp. 121-129, figs, i, 2, pis. I, II (general account and recent ravages). Lugger : 2d Ann. Rept. Entomol. State Expt. Stat., Univer. Minn., for 1896, pp. 14-20, figs. 8-10, pi. II, fig. II (recent injuries in Minn., general account) ; the same in Bull. 48 Minn. AgricuL Expt. Stat., 1896, pp. 42-48. 14 194 Fiftieth Eeport on the State Museum Perkins: in 9th Rept. Vt. Agricul. Expt. Stat., 1896, pp. 134-142, figs. 20-25 (general account of, in Vermont). Truman : in Entomolog. News, vii, 1896, p. 299 (common in South Dakota). Weed, C. M. : Bull. 39 N. H. Coll. Agricul. Expt. Stat., 1896, pp. 62-75, figs, i-io (general account of, in New Hampshire). Brooks: in 34th Rept. Mass. Agricul. Coll., 1897, pp. 82-84 (damage by, on college farm). Chittenden: Bull. 8 New Ser., Divis. Entomol., U. S. Dept. Agricul., 1897, p. 42 {Canelia leucavicB a common parasite). Dearness : in 27th Ann. Rept. Entomolog. Soc. Ont. for 1896, 1897, p. 23 (injuries in Ontario). Fyles : in 27th Ann. Rept. Entomolog. Soc. Ont. for 1896, 1897, pp. 101-102 (brief mention). Panton : in 27th Ann. Rept. Entomolog. Soc. Ont. for 1896, 1897, pp. 44-51, figs. 45-50, I map (general account of distribution and ravages in Ontario). Britton: in 20th Rept. Conn. Agricul. Exp. St. for 1896, 1897, pp. 236- 238, pi. 3, figs, a-d (in Conn., natural history, remedies). Slingerland : in Proc. 42nd Ann. Meet. West. N. Y. Horticul. Soc, 1897, pp. 23-24 (brief account of ravages in 1896 in New York); in Amer. Agricul., 59, for May 8, 1897, p. 582 (rarely injurious a second year); Bull. 133 Cornell Agricul. Expt. Stat., 1897, pp. 233-258, figs. 68-72 (extended account, in New York). Soule : in Psyche, viii, 1897, p. 11 (moths swarming in New Hampshire and at sea). (The references above are additional to those given in the extended account of this insect by Prof Riley in the 3rd Report of the U. S. En- tomological Commission, 1883, pp. 146-156). The notable entomological event of the year (1896) for the State of New York, has been the occurrence and severe ravages of the army-worm, Leucania unipwicta, over the greater part of the State. This insect is a quite common species, which is widely distributed over the country. When but moderately abundant it is but rarely, if ever, noticed by the farmer; occasionally, however, the caterpillars are so numerous and de- structive as to create much alarm and lead to many wild surmises as to their origin. Unprecedented Ravages in the State of New York. The abundance of the caterpillars and the damage by them to the crops throughout the State is believed to be greater than had ever been observed before. Previous ravages of this insect in the State have been confined to limited portions, but the past year it has been destruc- Twelfth Report op the State Entomologist 195 tive over by far its greater portion, ranging from its extreme east to the west and from the north to the soutli. The insect has been authentically- reported from fifty-five of the sixty counties, but has probably been pres- ent, to a greater or less extent, in all. The following are known to have been infested to a greater or less extent : Albany. Allegany. Broome. Cattaraugus. Cayuga. Chautauqua. Chemung. Chenango. Clinton. Columbia Cortland. Delaware. Dutchess. Erie. Essex. Franklin. Fulton. Genesee. Greene. Herkimer. Jefferson. Kings. Lewis. Livingston. Madison. Monroe. Montgomery. Niagara. Oneida. Onondaga. Ontario. Orange. Orleans. Oswego. Otsego. Putnam. Queens. Rensselaer. Rockland. Saratoga. Schenectady. Schoharie. Schuyler. Seneca. St. Lawrence, Steuben. Suffolk. Sullivan. Tioga. Tompkins. Ulster. Washington. Wayne. Westchester. Wyoming. It has not been reported, so far as known, in the following counties : Hamilton, New York, Richmond, Warren and Yates. From the nature of the attack, and from the reports at hand, it would be useless to estimate the damage caused by this insect to the farming interests of the State of New York the past year. The habit that the caterpillars have of feeding largely under cover of darkness, renders it quite safe to assume that in each of the fifty-five counties from which they liave been reported, considerable injury to the crops has resulted. Besides the injuries reported, there are many individuals who have suf- fered considerable loss in silence. In addition to this, there is also the damage inflicted by the insect unknown even to the owners of the prop- erty involved. The two latter items would swell the total loss caused by this insect in the State the past year to a very formidable sum. The following newspaper items will give some idea of its abundance and de- structiveness in the State of New \ ork in its recent invasion : In the vicinity of Easthampton [L. I.] the army-worm has appeared to the number of many thousands and has destroyed crops belonging to farmers, as well as fields and lawns of private residences. The Journal, July 9. 196 Fiftieth Ebport on the State Museum The so-called army-worm was brought to my notice during the first week in July. It was then attacking the oat fields in northern Westchester and southern Putnam counties. It developed northward into Putnam county with great rapidity, and much alarm was felt, although it was hoped that many fields would escape and be cut later for the grain. On July 1 2th all hope of saving the grain was abandoned and every oat field was hastily cut with scythe and mowing machine to save the straw for fodder. At this time m^any oat fields were utterly ruined on the southern border of the county, and those farther to the north were seriously injured in part. The oats in this section were unusually vigor- ous, the straw in many places measuring five feet in height, with leaves long, broad and succulent. The heads \\ ere heavy and well filled. In fact, the worms were well supplied ^^ iti; ample food and made a rapid development. C. \V. H. Brewster (Putnam county), N. Y. The army- worm has destroyed a considerable portion of the crops in Dutchess and Orange counties within the past two weeks. The Independent, New Paltz (Ulster county) July 24. The much dreaded army-worm has invaded Columbia county and is working havoc with the crops in several towns. Over in Kline Kill the destructive pests have appeared in alarming numbers * * * *. They are also attacking growing vegetation on Abm. Vosburgh's land in Ghent. In Kinderhook tlie Scully farm is overrun with the worms which are spreadmg from field to field, devouring everything in their progress, except potatoes. Several other farms in the same town are also suffering from the pest ^Chatham Republican (Columbia county), July 15. Wherever the worm appears ruin follows its tracks, and many a farmer sees all prospect of abundant harvest fade away in a few hours. From the Plains come numerous accounts of their ravages, which are also reported on the South Side, where H. F. Slade had a fine piece of oats, covering eight acres, and last week estimated to yield 75 bushels to the acre. Sunday the worms were seen in the field f )r the first time. Mon- day their ravages had become so apparent, that it was decided to save the remainder of the crop by harvesting it at once. On Tuesday when it was cut with a reaper, the leaves had all been eaten off, and in many instances the head also, so that the field is nearly a total loss. The Oneonta Herald (Otsego county), July 16. In Chenango county the worms have confined their destructive work to the lowlands. Along the roads and fences, great swarms or droves of the pest may be seen making their way in one great wriggling, squirming mass from field to field. In Oxford the old fair grounds had been sown to oats and corn and also the pieces adjoining them. The worms migrated from one field to another, and in doing so, crawled over the building once used as a grand stand, that being used in place of a fence. The structure was one moving mass and attracted much attention from the village and surrounding country. The Watertown Reformer (Jefferson county), July 18. Twelfth Kepout of the State Entomologist 197 Anyone wishing to see the army worm, should go to the Fairbanks farm on North Main street, near the Catholic cemetery, where the worms may be seen by the million in the oat fields. Every stalk and spear is literally covered with them. Mr. Fairbanks has as fine a piece of oats as is often seen in this section, but the terrible ravages of this pest will, in a few days, destroy the entire crop. The ground is so thickly covered with them, that it is mipossible to step without treading on some. The Jamestown Journal (Chautauqua county), July lo. Farmers owning land on the west side of Black river, just east of Low- ville [Lewis county], will have a new pest to contend with, and one that is making great havoc in pastures and meadows. The pest is a smooth, dark colored worm, about one and one-half inches long, resembling the arm V- worm. They made their appearance about a week ago, and as to numbers represent a vast army. They move in solid masses and devour everything in their track. Pastures that have been attacked are as barren of feed as a street pavement. Oswego Times, July lo. The army-worm has reached South Trenton [Oneida county], and is working sad havoc in the oat and corn fields. One prominent farmer who expected to raise about 400 bushels of oats said this week, after seeing the worms at work in his field, that he probably would not have a solitary oat. The worms appear very ravenous and have been known to eat grass that had matured and turned brown. Utica Semi-Weekly Herald, July 17. The army-worm which is working among farmers' crops in the eastern part of the State, is doing considerable damage at Walworth [Wayne county]. T. G, Yeomans & Sons, the leading farmers in the town of Walworth, seem to be troubled most with the worm, which began eating the grass in the pastures, whereupon the grass was set afire so as to get rid of them. Then the fodder corn was next tackled by the pest. Rochester Democrat and Chronicle, July 22. Earlville [Madison county], July 15 The army- worms have reached this section and are doing their destructive work among the farmers by devouring their corn and oats in large quantities. This is the first time the worms ever appeared in this vicinity, and are thought to be passing by and steadily moving northward. Rome Sentinel, July 17. In the town' of Bethlehem, Albany county, near the farm of Hon. John M. Bailey, they were seen by me on July 7th, completely eating up every hill of corn in their progress over a large field (PI. II, also IV, fig 2). A piece of timothy was badly eaten and rapidly being consumed by the host of hungry caterpillars — the heads bending down beneath their weight. They were found in millions in the field of rye in which they were first noticed, and as the rye was being cut, they were ivi n thousands underneath the sheaves. They were reportedon a farn just outside of Albany on Delaware avenue ^s eating everything before 198 Fiftieth Ebport on the State Museum them — oats, corn, and many vegetables, while they were so thick that one could not take a step without crushing many of them. So abundant were they that if a man stood still for a few minutes, they would crawl upon him in so great numbers that he could not easily divest himself of them. They were also very numerous just beyond the toll-gate on Western avenue where they had stripped all the leaves from a number of fields of fine looking oats, and leaving these, many had wandered on to the plank road where large numbers were crushed by passing vehicles. The serious nature of the ravages of this insect was evidenced by the many telegrams and letters received concerning it, — the replies to which formed a considerable part of the correspondence of the Office for the month of July. In addition, numerous inquiries relating to the new depredator were sent to the Commissioner of Agriculture, to the Experi- ment Stations at Ithaca and at Geneva, and to the branch Station at Jamaica, Long Island. In response to a telegram, the State Entomologist visited Governor Morton's farm at EUerslie, and found that hordes of hungry worms were threatening the destruction of nearly 200 acres of his corn and oats. The condition of affairs was found to be exceedingly alarming, and it was- only by the work of fifty men continued long into the night that the crops were in the main preserved. In a similar manner the army-worms were destroying the corn of George Canaday of Kinderhook, N. Y., at the rate of an acre a day. Mr. Canaday at once sent a special messenger with examples of the caterpillars to the office of the State Entomologist, to learn the proper methods of combating this enemy. The prompt action of this gentleman in accordance with the directions given him, enabled him to protect the greater portion of his fields. Its Work in Other States. The ravages of the army-worm during the year have also been marked ' in other States of the Union. Serious outbreaks occurred in Maine, and in the central and southern portions of New Hampshire and Vermont. In Massachusetts the cranberry crop in the three towns of Dennis, Har- wich and Yarmouth on Cape Cod, was damaged to an estimated extent of $100,000. The injury to the grass and grain crops in the State, was esti- mated at fully $200,000, making a total loss by the army-worm of over $300,000. Serious ravages by this insect were also reported from Con- necticut. In New Jersey the insect was quite destructive in limited localities in different portions of the State. The damage in Pennsylvania appears to Twelfth Report of the State Entomologist 199 have been severe and extensive over a large part of the State — Centre, Tioga, Bradford, Susquehanna, Chester, Dauphin, Perry, Bucks, Lan- caster, York and Cumberland counties, being the most unfortunate in this respect. It was widespread in Ohio, although its injuries were local and could be hardly termed general. It was reported as quite injurious in Marinette, Menomenee and Monroe counties, in Wisconsin. In Minnesota its ravages extended over most of the State, and were repre- sented as very severe. It was reported as more or less destructive in the following additional States : Missouri, California, Maryland and Iowa. In towns of the Province of Ontario, Canada, it was also quite injurious. Earlier Losses in the State of New York. The first authentic record of injury in this State by the army-worm, so far as we have found, was given by the Albany Argus in 1 817. In this year many meadows and pastures in the northern towns of Rensselaer county, and in the eastern portions of Saratoga county were rendered "as barren as heath" by this insect. In 1842 some injury from it, was reported in the western part of the State, It committed severe ravages in the vicinity of Buffalo in 1861, also near the head of Seneca lake, and at several other points in the southern and western counties. In 1871 it was reported from Tioga county. Four years later it attracted attention the latter part of July, and in the middle of August it was quite abundant on Long Island. In 1880, it was again destructive in this State. The caterpillars appeared in June on Long Island, where they caused much alarm by their ravages. At this time they also occurred in some of the southern and eastern counties of the State. It will be seen from the above that all the earlier appearances of this pest have been limited to comparatively small areas in the State, and, although the losses were considerable in some instances, especially in the visitation of 1880, it is believed that none approached in magnitude those of the present year. Its Extended Distribution. The army-worm has a remarkably extended distribution. Dr. Packard, in his map published in 1877, limited its range as follows: north, at lati- tude 48° in Minnesota, and at Cape Rozier in Quebec ; east by the eastern portion of Nova Scotia; south, at the southern point of Texas; west, at parallel 102°. This range can now be considerably extended. It has been reported from Newfoundland, Prince Edward Island, and as widespread all over Canada. In the United States, in addition to the area given by Dr. Packard, the insect has been reported from South Dakota, Nebraska, Wyoming, Colorado, New Mexico ; and the past • 200 Fiftieth Eeport on the State Museum summer, " The Weekly Chronicle " reported ravages of the army-worm in July in the vicinity of Stockton, California. If the latter report can be regarded as authentic, it is safe to infer that the insect is, or may occur very soon, in every State in the Union. Living specimens were also observed to issue from Mexican cereals exhibited at the World's Fair held at Chicago. It has been recorded from the Island of Jamaica, and will probably be found in other islands of the West Indies. Other localities are: various parts of South America, — Venezuela, United States of Colombia, and Brazil; Isle of Wight; Lewes, South England; Maderia; Province of Nepaul, North India; Java; several places in Australia; New Zealand and Tasmania. Leuca7iia nnipimcfa may well be deemed cosmopolitan, although only in the United States does its ravages attract much attention. Description of the Insect. Although the insect is a common one, and occurs in considerable num- bers each year in the State of New York, yet from its seldom attracting particular attention, owing to its ordinary nocturnal habits, it appears to be known to very few persons other than entomologists. The following account of its features in its several stages may serve as a guide to its recognition. The eggs. — They will rarely be seen by the ordinary farmer, but when met with, they may be recognized from the following characters : They are smooth, white when first laid, turning gradually to a pale straw color before hatching, about 0.023 inch in diameter, and usually deposited in masses glued together by an adhesive substance. They may be found between the leaf-sheath and the stem of grasses, — the toughest stalks in the thickest clumps being preferred for their place of deposit They are also at times, laid on other herbage, on dead stems, sticks, and in other less favorable places when the moths are abundant. The young caterpillars. — They are rarely seen and yet it is of great im- portance that the farmer should be able to recogHize them before ex- tensive depredations have proclaimed their true character. The recently hatched army-worms are about 0.07 of an inch (1.7 mm.) long and of a dull translucent white color. The head is brownish-black or yellowish with dark eyes. On both head and body there are minute scattering hairs. The young larvae walk in a looping manner, as the two anterior pairs of abdominal legs are atrophied. After the first molt the larvae are about 0.2 of an inch (5 mm.) long. The head is a little darker in some cases and the striping seen in the full Twelfth Report op the State Entomologist 201 grown caterpillars is becoming apparent. The general color of the body is yellowish-green with three, more or less well defined, rose-brown lines on each side of the body, — the lower line being the broadest and the most conspicuous. In this stage the minute black hairy tubercles of the body may be seen. The caterpillar still loops as it walks and spins a thread as it drops from a leaf when disturbed, as in the first stage. After the second molt the striping is more pronounced, though the general color is the same. The habit of looping when walking and of spinning a thread when it drops is lost : instead of the latter it curls iteelf up as it falls to the ground. After the third molt the caterpillars become a dull, dark green color and the head is mottled with dark brown. The striping is nearly that of the full-grown caterpillar. In the next two molts there is but little change in its markings and other features. The full-grown caterpillar. — When full-grown or nearly full-grown, there is quite a range of coloring to be seen among a large number. Their general appearance is such that once seen they are easily recog- nized. The larger ones are about one inch and one-half (38 mm.) long, but associated with them are many smaller individuals, some of which are only about half the length of the largest. This range in size may be seen at the time when their ravages attract attention. They may be re- cognized in their latter stages by the median white Hne beginning at the head and extending a variable distance along the back^ — in some of the lighter and younger ones it may be traced the length of the body. On either side of the median white line, there is a broad brown stripe more or less distinct (in lighter individuals there may be a white mottling along this stripe), bordered laterally by a narrow one of darker brown. Next is a white line similar to the median one but more constant, and be- tween it and the next white line there is a stripe of variable brown, some- times mottled with white ; it is usually lighter than the stripe on either side of the median white line. Next comes the stigmatal stripe which in well-marked individuals is the most striking, it being as dark as any, and below it is the white substigmatal Stripe ; these two are somewhat variable in color in different caterpillars. The ventral surface is a vari- able yellowish-green : the abdominal legs are brown at the base. The light and dark varieties of the caterpillars are represented in the two lower figures of Plate III. The pupa The mahogany-brown pupa is about three-fourths of an inch (18 to 20 mm.) long. It is rather stout and on the anal extremity there is a pair of slightly converging spines, and on each side of these, two fine curled hooks. The spiracles are nearly black. 202 Fiftieth Report on the State Museum The imago. — The moth is a plain appearing reddish-gray or fawn col- ored insect with a spread of wing, averaging about one inch and one-half. The fore-wing has two large ill-defined spots of a slightly lighter color anterior to its center; behind the outer one, is the small character- istic white spot indistincriy bordered with black. There is a faindy indicated oblique line from the apex to near the outer third of the hind margin of the wing, of which only the portion of the line near the apex is continuous, the remainder being represented by dots. The tips of the veins are usually indigated by black, and the whole surface of the wing is slightly and variably specked with the same. The outer portions of the hind wing is a uniform dark gray ; the basal portion lighter. Fringe with a grayish, silvery luster. Beneath, the wings are a silvery gray. The moth is shown in Plate III, figures a, b and c. Life-history and Habits. The life-history and habits of this, at times, very destructive insect are of the utmost importance in preventing its ravages or in checking it after the destructive work of the larvas becomes apparent. Most, if not all, of its demonstrations are characterized by the sudden discovery of large numbers of caterpillars rapidly destroying the crops, and usually when thus discovered, it is too late to prevent serious loss. The num_ber of broods in a year is controlled largely by the length of the season in con- nection with an abundance of suitable food. In the North there are but two or three generations in a year, while in the South, it is stated that as many as six may occur. The insect may pass the winter, in the northern portion of its range, either as moths or larvae, and possibly in the pupal stage; in the southern portion, it may exceptionally hibernate in the egg. The habits of the imago. — The moths may be seen on the wing in the early evening hours or during the day in cloudy weather. The flight is usually near the ground and is accompanied by a low humming sound, similar to, but less intense than that of the hawk-moths, it is strong, irregular, and plunging. They are probably capable of long-sustained flights, as on one occasion when they were swarming in houses in the vicinity of the Atlantic coast, fishermen reported a great cloud of the moths over their boat out at sea. Their food is quite varied : they have been taken on the blossoms of apple-trees, on honeysuckle, soap-wort [Saponaria officinalis)., and yucca. In August of the present year they were attracted in great numbers to the red berries of the Tartarian honeysuckle [Lonicera Tartarica), in Washington park, Albany, upon which they fed, either by puncturing Twelfth Keport op the State Entomologist 203 or abrading them, as many of tlie berries were more or less bruised, and but few other insects were seen around them. It is quite probable that they are drawn to the nectar of flowers and the juices of various fruits. They are also attracted by plant-lice, probably for the purpose of imbib- ing the honey-dew excreted by these insects. Mr. Van Duzee records an instance {Joe. cit.) of the moths swarming around an apple-tree badly infested with Aphis mali. Dr. Smith, in his Report for 1896, p. 450, mentions their occurrence in large numbers among the plant-lice on melon-vines. The moths seem to require an unusual amount of food, the reason of which may be that the eggs are not developed in recently issued females : no traces of them were found in a number of females dissected during this year. Oviposition is said not to begin until a week or more after the moth has emerged, and it is believed to continue for the remainder of the adult existence, which may amount to several weeks. No eggs were obtained the past season from females which were either reared from caterpillars or from pupae collected in the field, although moths taken at the Tar- tarian honeysuckle berries oviposited within a few days. The eggs are ordinarily deposited by preference in thick tufts of grass, especially such as have been stimulated in growth by the droppings of cattle in pastures, and in other similar localities. The oldest and toughest stalks are selected, and on these the eggs are thrust down between the sheath and the stalk and usually secured in place by a gummy secretion. Early in the season the moth is known to deposit apparently by preference in cut straw of old stacks, in hay ricks, and even in old fodder stacks of corn stalks. Its eggs may also be found in bits of corn stalks on the surface of the ground, and in the preceding year's stalks of grasses; or, the moth may oviposit in the spring in young grain, and at times, on the leaves of plants upon which the larvae rarely feed, as on. clover. The eggs are most frequently deposited late in the afternoon and during the earlier hours of the night, in strings of fifteen to twenty ordinarily, although batches of nearly a hundred, in from three to eight rows on a single stalk have been found. In breeding cages the eggs have been placed in masses of over a hundred, arranged in several rows between two sticks. The first moth dissected by Dr. Riley was found to contain upwards of 200 eggs, but later dissections resulted in finding 562 and 737 eggs respectively, which is probably nearer the average number. Habits of the lafz^ce. — The eggs hatch in from eight to ten days. The young larvae remain in hiding most of the time, feeding only during cloudy weather and at night. They shelter themselves in the folds of leaves, in 204 Fiftieth Keport ox the State Museum stubble, and even under the bark of adjacent posts for the first few days, or they may simply rest at full length along a well-shaded leaf. Their habit of dropping upon the slightest disturbance, renders their detection more difhcult. During their first week, they eat only of the lower epidermis of the leaf in a manner similar to young Crambid larvae — at least such was the habit of those reared the past season. In about a week they begin to eat holes in the sides of the leaves, and thereafter their appetites develop rapidly. There is considerable difference in the growth of the larvae even from the same mass of eggs and under almost identical conditions, some being nearly a molt in advance of the others. This same difference is the more marked in caterpillars growing under natural conditions in the field, where variation is the rule and not the exception. The abundance and the condition of the food has a great influence on the rapidity of their growth, for if abundant and succulent it will be most rapid, while if dry it will be much slower. The parent moth apparently seeks to give her offspring the best conditions when she searches out the thickest and greenest herbage in which to place her eggs, and in most cases it is in just such spots that the destructive armies have their origin. They are really centers of distribution, and should be so regarded. Migrations. — The earlier stages of the army-worm escape observation in most instances, and it is only when they are unusually abundant and after they have become half- grown that they attract attention. It is not until then, and after all the food has been devoured in their immediate vicinity, that they are noticed. The caterpillars are now forced to move elsewhere or starve. In ordinary years this rarely occurs, for they are not sufhciently abundant to work any serious injury, unless it be a slight thinning of the crop. It will be seen, therefore, that the " marching" habit is abnormal, although it may be the one most familiar to many. The uniform movement of the caterpillars in the same direc- tion may be explained as the most natural, because it is the easiest when they are abundant, for otherwise their opposing motions would be a hindrance to one another. The determination of the direction of the march is probably the result of chance to a great extent, and is governed largely by the direction taken by the first to move, although some are in- clined to think that the insects march more frequently toward a certain point of the compass, and others believe that they scent a favorite crop in the distance. The food of the caterpillars is so abundant that it hardly seems necessary to suppose that they are guided to it by a special sense, and it is equally difficult to see how a knowledge of the points of the compass would aid materially in such a search. Twelfth Report op the State Entomologist 205 In their marches the caterpillars move, so far as possible, in a nearly straight line, turning aside for nothing that can be surmounted. It has even been stated that they will climb the trunk of a tree to the lowest fork and descend on the other side. A number of instances have been reported in which they marched over buildings, where in some instances they were so thick as to«cover the sides of the structure. They can not bear the hot sun, and so far as possible, avoid it in their travels, and after crossing a sunny field they may be seen resting in the shade of fences or shrubbery that may offer the desired relief. Water does not deter them. The rear ones push forward over the bridge formed by the dead and dying of the vanguard: if it be a large running stream they perish by the millions. Their march is not a very rapid one; it has been computed at, ordinarily, the rate of 30 yards an hour. Occasionally it happens, that the army-worm will migrate from the fields for the sole purpose of finding a suitable place for pupation, as in instances when there is abundant food in a grain field, but the soil is too hard for the caterpillars to bury in easily. This was noticed to a limited extent in the outskirts of Albany, where after partly stripping the leaves in an oat field, the caterpillars in migrating, inflicted little damage to a corn and grass field adjacent, but later their pupae were found in abund- ance under the leaves and grasses beside the outer fence — 35 being counted within an area of about two square feet. Associates. — It is not an uncommon occurrence, that cut-worms are associated with the army-worm in its ravages. In the nth Illinois Report, Mr. Coquillett records the presence of Agroiis c-nigrum in an army-worm attack, in the proportion of one cut-worm to eight or ten army-worms, while Dr. Howard found the proportion to be as high as one to five.* A single example of Agrotis ypsilon, was detected in a lot of over 100 army-worms received from Ghent, N. Y., early m October of the past year. Food of the Caterpillars. The favorite food of the army-worm is undoubtedly, the green succulent leaves of a luxuriant growth of some member of the true grass family, the Graviinece. In fields of small grain, the greener leaves are quickly stripped from the stalk, and, if the stem is not too hard, the heads will frequently be eaten off and fall to the ground. Occasionally, the heads are partly eaten after they they have been lopped off, but more fre- quently they are left untouched by the caterpillars. This wanton habit of the army-worm, increases its harmfulness in grain fields, without any *In -^rd Rept. U, S. Entomological Commission 1883, p. 135. 206 Fiftieth Keport ox the State Museum commensurate gain to itself. Of the cultivated crops, wheat and oats appear to be the favorites. Corn is perhaps less frequently attacked, for the reason that its method of cultivation is such as to discourage the insect breeding in fields of it, while, as shown before, the attack of any- field after marching has begun is determined largely by chance. Rye and barley are eaten, but apparently with less relish. When pressed by hunger, the army-worm can readily accommodate itself to circumstances and devour many plants differing widely in character from its chosen forage. The most important of these are : flax, clover, beans, peas, strawberry, leaves of fruit-trees, watermelon, cucumber, rag-weed (^w- Irosia arfemisice/o/ia), cva.-nherry, wild Solanum, capsicum pepper, Amar- antus, asparagus, and onions. There are a number of other plants upon which the caterpillars have been successfully reared, and upon which they would probably feed in nature, if nothing else was convenient to them. Some of the food-plants mentioned above, have been reported as not eaten by the army- worm, while others report them as occasionally injured. It is probable that the caterpillars are guided largely by the demands of nature for sustenance, and in proportion to their necessity do they turn to whatever is at hand. Pupation, Many accounts of the army-worm record its sudden disappearance, " as if by magic." A field may be swarming with its hosts, and in a day or two none will be seen. But if one will examine the loose surface soil in a recently infested field or will look beneath the brush and dried grass on its borders, the mahogany-brown pupse will readily be found. The caterpillars have simply entered the ground for pupation and will soon reappear as moths. The duration of the pupa state is governed largely by the temperature; in July of last year, it was about 20 days in this State, while in September it was lengthened to about 30. Number of Generations. In this State there were three broods the past season, which is probably the usual number. No observations were made on the first generation, therefore it is safe to assume that it was quite a limited one. It was the second that attracted attention throughout the State during the first two weeks of July. They completed their growth and pupated before the end of the month. The first of August moths were emerging, and by the 7th, no pupae could be found in searching in what had been a badly infested field, although pupal shells were abundant. Numbers of moths were seen in Washington Park, in Albany, on August 14th and 17th, but a week thereafter they had all disappeared. Twelfth Report op the State Entomologist 207 On September 26th, larvte of the third brood were reported as com- mitting serious ravages on the farm of Jacob Harder, Ghent, N. Y., where the second brood had been destructive in July.* A number of the larvae were sent to my office, of which the last buried for pupation, about October 12th. Moths from these began to emerge the 27th, and continued to do so until November 21st. During this time, 77 moths made their appearance, coming out most abundantly from November 2nd to the loth. The appearance of the adults so late in the season, renders it quite probable that they hibernate in the imago state in Al- bany, as has been observed at Cambridge, Mass,, although a portion of the brood may also winter as pupae. According to Dr. Howard, the insect may exceptionally pass the winter in the egg in some of the Southern States. It will be seen that these observations on the life- history of this insect agree quite closely with those of Prof. Weed, at Durham, New Hampshire ; and other observations render it probable that there are ordinarily three broods each year in the other New England States, with the exception of northern Maine. In New Jersey, Dr. Smith reports three generations as the normal number in the northern portion of the State, while in the southern part a fourth is by no means unusual. Summary of Life-history, ' The life-history of the army-worm, so far as known .in this State and the vicinity, may be briefly summarized as follows : Overwintered moths or recently emerged ones, which may have hibernated as larvae, or possibly pupae, deposit eggs early in the spring, and from them the first brood of larvae develop. From their comparatively small number, they rarely prove very destructive and are consequently unnoticed. They mature, pupate, and the adults emerge and lay the eggs from which is produced the second brood. These in turn become nearly full-grown early in July, and we have the brood usually destructive, and the one which committed such widespread ravages in the State the present year. Pupation occurs in July and the moths emerge early in August. They deposit eggs the latter part of the month, and early in September the third brood makes its appearance, and by the latter part of the month they are full-grown. This is the brood which was quite destructive the present season, at Ghent, N. Y., pupating the last of September, or early in October, — the moths emerging the last of October and into November, and most prob- ably passing the winter in the imago state. ♦They were also reported as destructive on several farms in Berlin, Bolton, Northboro, and other places in Worcester county, Mass., during the last of the month. 208 Fiftieth Report ox the State Museum . Natural Agents Controlling the Army-worm. The inquiries are frequently made: Where do the army-worms come from ? Will they be abundant next year ? The first question has already been answered, but the answer to the second may not be so readily given. The comparative abundance or scarcity of this insect, as well as of others, from year to year is controlled by natural causes. The most prominent of these are the relative abundance and quality of its food, the favorable or adverse climatic conditions, and the number and activity of its natural enemies. Temperature and moisture have an important bearing on the production of its food-plants, and all know that without an amply supply of proper food, the caterpillars would die while young or immature, and no serious injury to crops would result from their presence. Weather conditions have also marked effect upon insect growth and development. Cold and wet serve to impair lepidopterous life, and when such prevails while the insect is in its tender larval stages, great mortality is the result. Hibernation is a severe ordeal for many insects, and alternate freezings and thawings, to which they may be sub- jected, may terminate many insect lives. It is only when the climatic conditions in connection with other controlling causes are favorable to the rapid growth and multiplication of the insect, that the ravages of the army-worm reach the ruinous extent of the present year. Such com- binations can not be predicted. They very rarely occur in consecutive years. The theory has been advanced, that a dry season followed by a wet one, is likely to be an army-worm year, and it is apparently borne out by records made. But the attempt to predict the abundance of the army-worm solely from the amount of rain-fall for the year, ignores the important part that the predaceous and parasitic enemies of this insect have in its control. The army-worm is also subject to a deadly bacterial disease, which may be fatal to large numbers. In the western portion of the State, 25 per cent, were killed by it in some localities (Lowe, loc cit., p. 128). Unfortu- nately, the disease is only effective, it is believed, under certain conditions, and these are rarely favorable in nature to any extended action, or even to artificial propagation. Predaceous Enemies. Fortunately for the farmer, the army-worm has a large number of foes that prey upon it. Swine are said to eat them greedily, and to prefer them to corn. Shrews, skunks, and weasels, are reported as consuming large numbers. Domestic fowls, especially ducks and geese, are valuable Twelfth Report of the State Entomologist 209 allies in fighting an army of these caterpillars. Most, if not all, of the insectivorous birds feed readily on them. Some of the most serviceable are the boboHnk, blackbird, robin, and meadow lark. The English sparrow should be credited with feeding on the army-worm to a certain extent. Others that have been observed are the king-bird, blue-jay, golden-winged woodpecker, phoebe, cow-bird, Baltimore oriole, chip- ping sparrow, chickadee, and quail. Frogs and toads devour them with a relish, the remains of as many as fifty-five having been found in the stomach of one garden toad. A number of predaceous insects are known to prey on the caterpillars. The more common and perhaps the most important belong to the family of Carabidce^ or ground-beetles, which may be found under stones and other shelters in the fields. One of the most efficient of these in this State, is the fiery ground-beetle, Calosoma calidum (Fabr.). This fine beetle may be easily recognized by the six rows of large coppery-red, or golden spots on the wing-covers. Both the beetle and its larva, are fierce enemies of the ordinary cut-worms, as well as army-worms. In the Southern States, the allied Calosoma scrutator (Fabr.), wiih its bright green wing-covers margined with a resplendent coppery-red, is an equally deadly enemy of the army- worm. Two other species of this genus, C. externum (Say) and C. Wilcoxi Lee, have also been observed preying on the caterpillars. A common tiger-beetle in this State, Cicindela repanda Dej., is another of its deadly foes. Besides these, the following ground- beetles have been observed preying on the caterpillars : Elaphrus rus- cariiis Say, Pasimachus elongatus Lee, Pterostichus sculpitis Lee, Amara angustata Say, Platynus shiuatus (Dej.), Craiacanthns diibiiis (Beauv.), Harpalus caliginosus (Fabr.), H. PentisylvaJiiais (DeGeer), Selenophorus pedicularius ( Dej . ,) and Anisodactylus rusticus (Say ") . A large southern bug, Metapodius femoratus (Fabr.), has been observed in large numbers sucking the juices from the army-worms. This rapacious insect, it is said, has the peculiar habit of hanging the caterpillar skins after it has sucked them dry, in the crotches of May-weed in the infested field. The large ground spiders are said to prey freely on the army-worms, and the spinning forms often entrap the moths in their webs for their food. Parasites. The army-worm is subject to the attacks of a large number of true parasites, several of which are very destructive to the caterpillars, and may be classed with natural enemies, having an important part in keeping the insect from becoming excessively abundant. The most important of these 15 210 Fiftieth Report on the State Museum are the red-tailed Tachina-fly, Winthemia ^-pjistulata (Fabr.), formerly known as Nevwnxa leucauice (Kirk.), but which has recently been found identical with this European species; and the yellow-tailed Tachina-fly, which was described as Exorista flavicauda by Riley, but it has recently been pronounced identical with Btlvoisia iniifasciata Desv., by Mr. Coquillett. These two flies are frequently seen in numbers in fields where the army-worm is numerous. They are often so abundant that their buzzing reminds one of a swarm of bees. Their conspicuous white eggs are usually deposited on the head or thoracic segments of the cater- pillar, where they can not be reached by the jaws of the victim for their removal; occasionally they may be found on the anterior abdominal segments. As many as eighteen eggs have been counted on a single caterpillar, but the average is about five. The eggs soon hatch and the young maggots make their way into the body of their host, where they revel in its juices and eventually cause its death. This Tachina oviposi- tion is not, however, necessarily fatal to the larvae, for if it occurs at near the moiling, the eggs may be cast with the skin before the time for their hatching. The proportion of caterpillars parasitized in the vicinity of Albany, was observed to be quite small, probably about 8 per cent., but in the central and western portions of the State, the eggs of these parasites were comparatively abundant. The following flies have been reared from the army-worm : Cisiogaster immaailata Mcq., Ocyptera euchenor Wlk., Afi/togra/iuna argenlifrofis Twns., Myophasia ceiiea Wied., Sarcophaga helicis Twns., Sarcophaga cedipodinis Twns., Sarcophaga (two species), Lucilia ccesar (Linn.). It is more than probable that some of these are not true parasites. Next in importance perhaps to the Tachina flies as parasites, are the minute four-winged Microgasters, several species of which are parasitic on the army-worm. The most abundant of these is the military Micro- gaster, Apanteles 7niUtans (Walsh), which is usually present, wherever the army-worm abounds. From sixty-two to ninety-six of its larvae have been found in the body of one caterpillar. Its whitish cocoons are often attached to the grass, or to the under side of sticks, stones, etc., in small masses surrounded by more or less loose silk, /ipanteles limenitidis (Riley) is another species parasitic on the army-worm. Unfortunately, these two beneficial insects are in turn parasitized by a Chalcid, Glyphe viridascens Walsh, and by a small Ichneumonid, Afesochorus vitreus Walsh. Haltichella perpulchra (Walsh), is also a parasite of one of the Microgasters above-named. Another smaller parasite of the army-worm is the wingless Pezotnachus minimus Walsh, which in turn has its Chalcid Twelfth Report op the State Entomologist 211 parasite, Smicra albifrons (Walsh). Ophion purgatum Say, is one of its larger parasites, and in some localities it is often quite abundant. In Minnesota its cocoons were numerous in the infested fields the past year. The following species are also recorded among its parasites : Ichneumon Uiicanice Yitchznd I. Jlavizonatiis Cress., Hemiteles laticinctus Riley MS., Stibeiitcs gentilis Cress., Limneria oxylits Cress., Mesochorus scituliis Cress., and Rhogas terminaUs Cress. Bassi/s scutellaris Cress, was ob- served apparently ovipositing on the army- worm. Preventives and Remedies. When a field has become badly infested with half-grown army-worms, httle can be done to save the crop beyond cutting at once what remains and promptly removing it from the field. In order to prevent injuries by this insect, the intelligent farmer will, so far as possible, combat it along two lines. In the first place he will endeavor to prevent it breed- ing in numbers in his fields by so cultivating and caring for his crops as to offer the least favorable conditions for hibernation, oviposition, and the subsequent growth and development of the caterpillars. Secondly he will make effort to protect and favor its natural enemies. Destruction of hibernating forms. — Whether the insect passes the winter as a moth or a caterpillar is not so very important to the farmer, provided he can destroy them in either state. In nature both the moths and caterpillars shelter themselves largely under thick grass and rubbish as winter approaches. The burning over of such places late in the autumn or preferably in the early spring must result in the destruction of large numbers of the insects. This measure would at the same time kill many other injurious insects hibernating in such places, and also, unfort- unately, some beneficial forms. It is believed, however, that the benefit resulting from the burning would far outweigh the loss caused by the destruction of our insect friends. Proper cultivation. — It has been shown in the preceding pages that the moth exhibits a decided preference for thick herbage of some kind when about to deposit her eggs, and that such areas are distributing centers to other portions of the infested fields. Many such places are to be found in the neglected weeds and grasses springing up beside fences, or they may occur in the middle of fields, as the result of unequal manuring. The good farmer by keeping his entire fields clean, and avoiding uneven manuring, will not oflTer conditions that invite oviposition. 212 Fiftieth Report ox the State Museum Encouraginf^ natural enemies. — Among the most beneficial may be counted many of our insectivorous birds. They have repeatedly been observed feeding on the army-worms in badly infested fields. If the grain fields are not sown too thickly, not only is a better crop secured, but the birds, having more wing room in the grain, will feed to a much larger extent on the caterpillars. Unfortunately, little can be done toward encouraging the insect enemies of the army-worm beyond pro- tecting them so far as possible, and giving them the favorable conditions that may attract them. Watching for indications. — The measures given above are not to be depended upon entirely, even though carried out to the letter. They should be supplemented by watchfulness. If the army- worm commences its operations in a field in unusual abandance, it is of the utmost import- ance that Its presence should be known at once. The discovery is usually made, and advice sought in the matter, when it is too late to save more than a scanty half or less of the crop attacked. It is not a difficult task to discover the caterpillars some days before they are usually seen, and no man should begrudge the time devoted to the search. The thickest portion of a field should be examined for their small black or brown droppings, and the condition of the lower leaves of the grass or grain noticed. If the leaves are injured or absent, something has been eating them. The enemy may be found hidden under loose shelter of any kind on the ground or just below the surface, or when very small, upon the plants. If they are discovered before serious injury has been done to the crop, it is comparatively easy to decide whether or not to cut it at once. If the field is thickly infested, they will destroy the crop unless it is taken from them. The commencement of an army-worm attack, as above noted, will rarely be detected. It is only when their operations can no longer be hidden from ordinary observation that alarm is excited, and the necessity of active measures for arresting their destructive marches from field to field becomes apparent. Some of the following measures will then be found of service : Lime., dust^ etc. — If the army-worms are numerous in a field — at an early stage in their operations, it would probably be wise to cut the crop at once and save what is left of it, although air-slaked lime, land plaster, or even road dust freely distributed over the vegetation when it is wet with dew or rain, would render it unpalatable to the caterpillars and compel them to seek other food. Twelfth Report op the State Entomologist 213 Poisoned brail mash. — This was used in dififerent localities in the State the present year with considerable success in infested fields. It was re- ported in several instances that the caterpillars would even leave the corn upon which they were feeding and descend to the ground for the purpose of eating the attractive bait. Large numbers were killed by its use and the crops were protected to a considerable extent. The recipe for its preparation is as follows: 35 lbs. wheat bran, i gallon of molasses and I lb. Paris green mixed to a proper consistency with hot water. It should be distributed just before nightfall, as then the caterpillars are usually beginning their feeding. Ditching. — This method is of value only in keeping the army-worms out of fields comparatively free from them, and it is quite effective if properly conducted. The ditch may be made by plowing a rather deep furrow with its perpendicular side towards the field to be protected. At intervals in the ditch of fifteen or twenty feet, holes of about two feet in depth should be made (easily done with a post-hole auger) into which the caterpillars, unable to climb the wall, will fall and die. As often as the holes become filled they may be easily killed and removed. The furrow or ditch should have the perpendicular side clear of all weeds, roots, and other matter that might aid in climbing out. An improve- ment on the single furrow has been recommended by a resident of Dutchess county. The first furrow is turned towards the crop to be protected, and then returning with the plow in the furrow, the perpendic- ular wall is made next to the crop. By this means soft 'crumbly earth is obtained on both sides of the furrow, which will be more difficult for a caterpillar to climb than a smooth firm surface. If the one ditch should by any means prove insufficient, a second, a short distance in advance of the other, could be made. Bands of tar. — Broad bands of tar have been used in some of the Western states in lieu of ditches, but, as they require to be renewed as often as they become bridged or the tar hardened, this method would doubtless be more expensive than the ditching. Another method is the tarring of boards and setting them up on edge as barriers. This is more effectual than bands of tar, but it is more expensive. Poisoned strips. — A field may often be protected by spraying an ex- posed strip heavily with Paris green and water, or by sprinkling it with land plaster and Paris green. In either case it should be heavily poisoned. The poisoned portion of the crop should be carefully destroyed after it has served its purpose, in order to prevent the chance of its being eaten by stock. 214 Fiftieth Report on the State Museum Spraying with kerosene. — A safer way and just as effectual as poisoning strips with Paris green, would be found in spraying a strip with kerosene or a strong kerosene emulsion ; but repeated applications — as many possibly as six in a day might be required to keep the traveling army in check. Draggifig the rope This method has been recommended in former years, but its efficacy may be questioned. It is simply drawing a long rope, held by a man at each end, over the infested field. The grass or grain bows under the weight of the rope and, as it springs back, the caterpillars drop to the ground where they remain for some time. It would need frequent repetition and would prove effective only when the field is not badly infested. As means of protection from the ravages of this destructive pest, a number of methods have been named from which selection may be made of those which seem the most practicable for use in the localities or fields invaded. It not infrequently occurs that a remedy for some insect depredation which fully accomplishes its purpose under certain soil and other conditions, will in places where the conditions are of a markedly different character, prove to be of no value whatever. Steganoptycha Claypoliana (Riley). A New Maple- Tree Insect. (Ord. Lepidoptera : Fam. Tortricid/E.) Riley: in Amer. Nat., xv, 1881, pp. 1009-1010 (compared Xo Froteo- teras (Esculana); in id., xvi, 1882, pp. 913-914 (the name of Proteoteras Claypoliana proposed) ; the same in Scien. Amer., Siippl., No. 363, Dec. 16, 1882, p. 5797; in Amer. Nat., xvii, 1883, p. 978 (compared with Proteoteras cESCula/ia, and referred to .Steganoptycha); reprint of same in Papilio, iii, 1883, p. 191. Claypole: in Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci. for 1881, 1882, pp, 269-270 (abstract of life-history ; erroneously referred to Sericoris instru- tana); in Psyche, iii, 1882, pp. 364-367 (notes on hfe-history). Smith: List Lepidopt. Bor. Amer., 1891, p. 93, No. 4976. Lintner: in Country Gendeman, Ix, 1895, pp. 484-485 (recorded on maple, life-history); nth Rept. Ins. N. Y., 1896, pp. 278, 285 (abstract of preceding, mention). The interesting insect named above is very unobtrusive in its habits, if one may judge from the few notices that have appeared of it. There is no record of its having been observed in the field by more than Twelfth Report of the State Entomologist 215 four different individuals. Although it appears never to have been so abundant as to cause much damage, yet it is most probable that careful observation would reveal its presence in many hitherto unsuspected localities. Burrowing in the Petioles of Maple Leaves. The following communication from a correspondent of the Country Gentkfnan, gives a brief account of the operations of this insect when for the first time detected upon the maple (in 1895), so far as any record is to be found : I enclose leaves of sugar maple, the petioles of which are infested with a minute larva. My attention was first attracted by numerous green and half withered leaves lying on the ground with only a short portion of the petiole attached, which led me to look for the remaining portion; this I found attached to the tree, with a small channel extending towards its base. At the end of this was the larva. About a year ago I passed some rows of sugar maples appearing as mine do now, and I attributed the cause to a fungoid blight, but without examination. W. T. Concordville, Pa. When fallen maple leaves have been noticed during the early part of the year, it has usually been ascribed either to frost or some fungus attack. But in this instance, the leaves affected in the manner stated happening to come under the eye of a close observer, the cause was looked for, and careful search disclosed it in a small caterpillar burrow- ing within the portion of the leaf-stalk remaining upon the tree.* From the examples of the leaves and separate portions of the stems or petioles sent, the operations of the caterpillars have been followed and its species determined. It proves to be the larva of a small Tortricid moth which has received the name of SteganoplycJia Claypoliana — after Prof. Claypole, who had studied and made first publication of the insect when working in the leaf-stalk of the horse-chestnut, in Ohio. Confused with a Closely Allied Insect. This species was confused at first with a closely allied form, Proteoteras cesculana Riley, reared from larvae found boring the leaf-stalks and the tender terminal twigs of the buckeye and maple in Missouri, and was referred to this form. A little later, it was regarded and described by Prof Riley as a distinct species of the genus. Finally it was referred to Steganopiycha by Prof Fernald. * Mr. Zabriskie has placed on record an injury to ttie petioles of maples at Flatbush, L. I., which is most probably the work of this insect {%eeJour?i. N. I'. Entomolog. Soc. iii, 1895, p. 144). 216 Fiftieth Keport on the State Museum It may be distinguished from F. cvscuiana by the following characters, according to its describer : Claypoliana lacks the notch in posterior borders of primaries, the tufts of I'aised scales on the discs of same, and the peculiar tuft or pencil of hairs on the upper surface of secondaries in the male, between the margin and the costal vein. It is a shorter, broader-winged species; the ocellate spot is less distinctly relieved, the median oblique band more broken, the basal-costal portion paler and contrasted along the median vein with a dark shade which may be almost black, and which broadens posteriorly till near the middle of wing, where it is abruptly relieved by a pale space obliquing basally. Description of Several Stages. The moth has been characterized briefly by Prof. Claypole as follows : " It was small, with a peculiar hopping flight, the fore wing mottled black and white, and the hind wing more uniform in color, dusky, and slightly spotted with black near the tip." The light red pupa was inclosed in a rolled up leaf lined inside with silk. Eight abdominal segments were visible. A larva examined May 13th was two-fifths of an inch long with a yellow head and yellowish body. The minute granulations of the skin are smooth, — not pointed as in P. ccsadana. The same general appear- ance was retained until pupation, except that it became a little darker. Operations and Life-History. In the leaf-stalks of the buckeye, .-Esculus glabra. Prof. Claypole found the insect during the early part of May. About the loth, they deserted the petioles through the holes by which they had entered, and betook themselves to the fading leaves. Upon the dying foliage they completed their growth naturally to all appearances. This food- habit is apparently normal, as no nibbled green leaves were found on the infested trees after the larvae had deserted the leaf-stalks. Pupation occurs the latter part of May,— the first pupa being found on the 25th. The moth appears about fifteen days later. Prof. Claypole was not able to ascertain the place and manner of the deposit of its eggs, the number of broods, or the form in which it hibernates. The work of this insect in the maple leaves coincides closely with that in the buckeye. The egg of the parent moth appears to be placed at the base of the leaf, — perhaps at the divarication of the ribs. As the young larva tunnels the petiole, the portion traversed by it shrivels, black- ens, dries, and is broken off by the weight of the leaf. The larva con- Twelfth Report op the State Entomologist 217 tinues its course downward, and on the stalks examined could usually be found at the end of a freshly cut channel of about one-half inch in length. In several instances a small opening was visible in the petiole through which the larva had emerged to undergo its transformations within a fold of a shriveling leaf, or possibly among the leaves on the ground. Its Habits Compared with Those of Proteoteras aesculana. These closely allied insects have ditferent habits that are of value in distinguishing the species. S. Claypoliana bores the leaf-stalk of both the buckeye and maple and very rarely the twigs of the former. It is also known to feed on the blossoms of the buckeye. The larva of P. cesculana bores the slender terminal twigs of both these trees and often forms a swelling or pseudo-gall — the former insect never produces a gall. P. cesculana bores the petioles and terminal twigs for a distance of from one-half an inch to two inches, and lives in the gall, apparently through most of its larval existence. It feeds also on the winged seeds of the maple. .S". ClaypoHafja, on the contrary, seldom or never bores along the leaf-stem more than half an inch, very rarely enters the terminal twigs, and lives in the rolled up leaf after the first two or three days. Remedies. The mining within the leaf-stalk by this insect has caused many leaves of the buckeye and maple to fall in certain localities, yet it is not proba- ble that it will multiply and spread to such an extent as to become a serious pest, although in one of the maple twigs sent, four of the five leaves that it bore contained larvae within the petioles. Should further observations show that many of the fallen leaves carry with them to the ground the infested portion of the petiole or the insect within the folds of the leaf, as they appear to do in some instances, then it would be of service to collect and burn the leaves as soon as they fall, and before the larva has left them. 218 Fiftieth Report on the State Museum Oxyptilus periscelidactylus (Fitch). The Gartered Flume-Moth, (Ord. Lepidoptera: Fam. Pterophorid^.) Fitch: in Trans. N. Y. State Agricul. Soc. for 1854, 1855, pp. 843-847 (larva, pupa, imago, described, habits; as Fterop horns); the same in TSt-2d Rept. Ins. N. Y., 1856, pp. 139-143. Packard: Guide Study Ins., 1869, pp. 356-357, PI. 8, figs, 23, 23^, 23^^ (brief account, as Fterofihonis); Entomol. for Beginn., 1888, p. 150, fig. 179 (as Pterophorus). Riley: ist Ann. Rept. Ins. Mo., 1869, pp. 137-138, PL II, figs. 15^, 16 (common in Mo., description; as Pterophorus); in Amer. Entomol. -Bot. ii, 1870, pp. 234-235, fig. 148 (injuries, life-his- tory ; as Pterophorus) ; the same m 3d Ann. Rept. Ins. Mo., 187 1, pp. 65-68, fig. 27; Bull. 31 Divis. Entomol., U. S. Dept. Agricul., 1893, p. 32 (reference). Saunders: in ist Ann. Re|)t. Entomolog. Soc. Ont,, 187 1, pp. 102-103, fig. 4 >. (life-history, habits; as Pterophorus) ; the same in Rept. Fruit Growers' Assoc, of Ont. for 1870, 1871 ; in 2d Ann. Rept. Entomolog. Soc. Ont., 1872, p. 18, fig. 11 (troublesome in On- tario, as Pterophorus); in Canad. Entomol., v, 1873, pp. 99- 100, fig. 15 (description, life-history; as Pterophorus) ; Ins. Inj. Fruits, 1883, 1889, pp. 268-270, fig. 278 (general account). Perkins: in 5ih Re|)t. Vt. Bd. Agricul., 1878, pp 274-275, fig. 22 (brief account, as Pterophorus). French : in 7th Rept. Ins. 111., 1878, p. 268 (brief notice, as Pterophorus). DiMMOCK : in Psyche, iii, 1882, p. 390 (liability to parasitism), p. 403 (bibliography). Kellicott: in Bull. , Buff. Soc. Nat. Sci., Jan., 1882, separate, p. i (mention). Cooke: Inj. Ins. Orch.-Vin., 1883, pp. 191-192, fig. 177 (brief account^ as Pterophorus). Fernald : in Kingsley's Stand. Nat. Hist., ii, Crust, and Ins., 1884, p. 437 (brief account); Bull. 12 Hatch Expt. Slat. Mass. Agricul. Coll., 1891, ]i. 32, fig. 26 (brief account). Smith: in 10th Ann. Rept. N.J. State Agricul. Expt. Stat, for 1889, 1890, pp. 288-290, fig. 16 (brief account of, in N. J.); Cat. Ins. N. J., 1890, p. 359 (common) ; List. Lepidopt. Bor. Amer., 1891, p. 88, no. 4594; Econom. Entomol., 1896, pp. 318-319, fig. 366 (brief account). Lintner: in Country Gent., Ivi, 1891. p. 497 (general notice); 8th Rept. Ins, N. Y., 1893, p. 284 (abstract of precedmg),p. 297 (reference) ; 10th do., 1895, p. 516 (reference). RiLEY-HowARD : in Insect Life, iii, 1891, pp. 469-470 (brief mention as Pterophorus, one annual brood). Bruner : in Rept. Nebr. State Hort. Soc. for 1895, pp. 72, 147-148, fig. 77 (brief account, after Saunders). CoMSTOCKS : Man. Study Insects, 1895, p. 238, fig. 284 (brief account). Dyar: in Psyche, vii, 1895, p. 253, fig. 4 (larval tubercles, setae). Twelfth Keport of the State Entomologist 219 Among the many insects that prey upon the grapevine, this, in the winged form, notwithstanding its small size, is one of the prettiest and most peculiarly formed of the many species that have the vine for their food-plant. It is not ordinarily very destructive, although widely distrib- uted and more or less injurious from year to year. The present season, however, State Botanist Peck, found it in unusual abundance in his garden at Menands, N. Y,, necessitating his going over the vines and destroying the larvae in the young tips (by pinching with the thumb and forefinger), six times during the season, whereas in former years, only two inspections were needed to keep them under control. This species was unusually destructive in Westchester county, N. Y., in 189 1, as appears from the following letter to the Country Getitlernan : I inclose bud and leaf of grapevine, in which you will find a small white hairy worm, which in its first stage appears to be black or brownish, and has the habit of spinning a web and gluing the buddmg leaves together. It is a voracious feeder, and soon destroys the leaves of the vines and young grapes. To-day, I sprayed the vines with whale oil soap suds, and if this is not effective in destroying the pests, I will try Paris green. Perhaps, Dr. Lintner can give the name, and suggest some good way to destroy this enemy of the grape. D. J. G. The insect was readily identified as the gartered plume-moth, Oxyptilus periscelidactylus (Fitch), and reply was made giving its general family characters, habits, and distribution, together with the best remedies. Characters of the Family. This moth and its closely related species, comprising the small family of Pterophoi'idcc, are easily distinguished from all others, by their wings being split into two or more long narrow lobes. From this peculiar wing-structure, Latreille, many years ago, termed them Fissipermes, or Split-wings. The borders of the wings are densely ciliated, the hind margin of the fore-wings, and the fore and hind margins of the lobes of the two pairs of wings have very long cilias. The long slender legs arc provided with stout spines at the apex of the tibi», a single one on the fore tibia, a pair at the apex of the remaining, and the hind tibice with an additional pair of spines midway of their length. Description of the Moth. " The moth, which is shown in figures 8, 9, PL V, is an elegant little insect, its wings measuring, when expanded, about seven-tenths of an inch across. The fore wings are long and narrow, and cleft down the middle about half-way to their base, the posterior half of the wing having a 220 Fiftieth Report on the State Museum notch in the outer margin. Their color is a yellowish brown, with a metallic lustre, and several dull-whitish streaks and spots. The hind wings are similar in color to the anterior pair, and are divided into three lobes; the lower division is complete, extending to the base, the upper one not more than two-thirds of the distance. The outer and hind margins of the wings, as well as all the edges of their lobes, are bordered with a deep whitish fringe, sprinkled here and there with brown ; the body is long and slender, and a little darker than the wings. The antennae are moderately long and thread-like, nearly black, but beautifully dotted with white throughout their whole length. The legs are long, banded alternately with yellowish brown and white, the hind ones ornamented with two pairs of diverging spines, having at their base a garter-like tuft of long brown scales, from which feature the moth derives its name." (Saunders.) The Pupa. The greenish or yellowish pupa of this insect has a very peculiar form. It may be found hanging from the leaves or bark of the grape, as an irregular, ragged lookmg object with an inclination to the supporting surface of about 40°. The head is obliquely truncate, from which the body tapers, slightly curving dorsally to the tip (fig. 5, PI, IV). It is ridged, angulated, and with numerous projections — the most prominent of which is the dorsal, located about midway of its length. Dr. Fitch has com- pared it to the dead fragments of a little scraggy twig. The pupse vary considerably in color, being either green or some shade of brown. It is said that the green ones are found only on the green leaves and the brown on the brown bark of the twigs; in each case they harmon- ize so perfectly with their surroundings that it is not easy to detect them ; and such was found to be the rule among a large number reared re- cently. The changing of the numerous larvce to this state under such protective conditions, has frequently led to the statement that the insect had suddenly disappeared. The duration of the pupa state is usually six or eight days, but it may be prolonged to fourteen by cold or other unfavorable conditions. The Larva. In the early spring as the leaves of the grape begin to unfold, here and there some of them may be seen webbed together. Within these clusters of developing leaves, represented in figure 3, PL IV, the greenish white-haired larvae of this insect may be found. As an aid in identifica- tion, its description by Dr. Fitch is herewith transcribed. Twelfth Report op the State Entomologist 221 The larva when full grown measures about half an inch in length. It is almost cylindrical, sixteen-fooied, of a very pale green color, divided into fourteen segments by rather deep wide transverse constrictions. It has two rows of elevated white spots along the back, and one along each side, each segment having one spot in each row, or four spots in all, and between the spots is a smaller white elevated dot, and another similar dot below the lower spots. From each of these elevated spots and dots white bristles of different lengths stand out in all directions. (PL IV, fig- 4-) Life-history of the Insect. There seems to be very little definite knowledge of the life-history of this insect. The larvae may be found soon after the leaves begin to appear, and complete their growth during the last of May or early in June. Prof Riley gives the duration of the larval existence as about three weeks. Several larvae received from Prof. Peck the past season pupated May 25th and others June ist. The moths emerge about the middle of June. From this time until the appearance of the caterpillars on the vines the following spring, nothing definite seems to be known of the life-history of this insect. There is but a single brood in a season, according to Dr. Fernald. Mr. Saunders is of the same opinion and he suggests that it may pass the winter in eggs deposited on the canes of the vines near the base of the bud from which the next year's branch is de- veloped. Prof. Riley, reasoning from analogy, suggests that the insect has two annual broods and that the second hibernates in the adult form. According to Furneaux,* the late feeding Pterophori emerge in the autumn and hibernate as moths, but of the hibernation of the earlier appearing ones no hint is given. It is in the imago state that the second brood of the English Agdistis befuietii passes the winter (see Fernald loc. cit.). No one has reported examples of a second brood of O. periscelidaclylus, although several careful observers have looked for them. The moths of the single-brooded Alucita hexadactyla emerge in England during August, and remain on the wing until October, and then hibernate. After making due allowance for the difference in climate between this country and England, it seems reasonable to suggest that our gartered plume may fly through July into August under normal con- ditions, and then pass into hibernation, or, as suggested by Mr. Saunders, it may winter in the egg state. There appears to be little ground for supposing the insect to be double-brooded. Of a large number of the moths which were reared during the latter half of June — a few days after they had emerged, several were observed *Butterflies and Moths (British), 1894, p. 294. 222 Fiftieth Report on the State Museum in coition. No eggs were apparently deposited by them, and in the course of about ten days the adults were all dead. As they had no proper food, this probably hastened their death and might also account for the non- production of eggs. Earlier History and Nature of its Injuries. The operations of the insect first came under ihe notice of Dr. Fitch in 1854, and at that time it seemed to him more destructive than any other grapevine feeding species whose life-history had hitlierto been given. It was reported in 1869 as very common in Missouri by Prof Riley, and the following year it was more injurious than usual in that section. The same year it was very troublesDme in Canada, according to Mr. Saunders. The principal injury by this insect is the destruction of the unfolding leaves in the early spring, and if unmolested the young larvae will later devour the forming blossoms. Distribution. The gartered plume has a wide distribution throughout Canada, the Eastern United States, and westward at least as far as Missouri. It is also known to occur in Nebraska, and California, and it will probably be found in all of the Northern and Middle States of the Union. Parasites. Several parasites have been reared from this insect by Dr. George Dimmock, who simply records the fact without giving the names. None were obtained by me the past season, and there is no record at hand of rearings by others. From this, it may be inferred, that the parasites of this insect are not abundant. Remedies. The presence of the larvse, is readily indicated by the webbing together of the terminal leaves. The caterpillars are so sheltered within the inclosing leaves, that arsenical spraymg would be of little value against them. The most practicable method of keeping the insect in check, appears to be the simple one of gomg over the vines a few times in the early spring and crushing the concealed caterpillars by hand within their nests, which are easily detected. Twelfth Report op the State Entomologist 223 Additional Notes on Sciara.* The Fungus Gnats. (Ord. DiPTERA : Fam. Mycetophilid^.) A number of species of this genus were noticed in the Tenth Report mi the Injurious and Other Insects of the State of New York, and two, believed to be new to science, were described. During the present year several other forms were received from Dr. J. B. Smith, of the New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station, who had bred them from mushrooms^ decaying potatoes, and decaying blackberry roots. On his request they have been given some study. The species of Sciara are so similar to one another in many respects, that it is difficult to recognize the various species from some of the descriptions published. Those bred from the mushrooms and potatoes, however, do not agree with any descriptions accessible to me, of either European or American species of this genus, and they are herewith described as new : Sciara multiseta n. sp. Head and thorax fuscous; abdomen a variable dark ochreous; antennce brownish with a thin whitish pubescence; palpi yellowish ; wings somewhat iridescent, hyaline, anterior veins dark ochreous; halteres fuscous apically, pale yellowish at the base; coxa yellowish, femur darker, tibia still darker, and tarsi fuscous distally. Antennae longer than the head and thorax; basal segments enlarged; first, cuboidal; second, globose; third to fifteenth nearly cylindrical, length, about twice the thickness, pediceled distally ; terminal segment conical. Palpi : basal segment short ; second broadly ovate, apically with a large, sensory pit ; third, elliptical, shorter than the second ; fourth, one-third longer than the preceding ; each with scattering large setae and numerous minute ones which have a verticillate arrangement on the last two segments. Thorax with scattering hairs ; on the scutum of the mesothorax there are three rows of fine setae on its dorsal surface. Wings, subcosta (ist longitudinal) short, not extending to the fork of the second branch of radius (3rd longitudinal) and media (4th and 5th longitudinals). First branch of radius (2nd longitudinal) extending a little beyond the middle of the wing and just beyond its middle, joined by the small cross-vein to the second branch, and joining costa before the fork of media. Second branches of radius and media, about equidis- tant from the apex of the wing. Second branch of media (5th longitudi- nal) and the two branches of cubitus (6th and 7th longitudinals) reachmg border of wing at nearly equal distances from each other in the fe- male— in the male, the branches of cubitus are a little nearer each other. The anal vein (8th longitudinal) over half, in the female, and two-thirds in the male the length of the preceding vein (PI. VI, Figs, i, 2). •Communicated by E. P. Felt, D. Sc. 224 Fiftieth Report on the State Museum Fore coxa nearly three-fourths the length of the femur or tibia; tarsi longer, first segment nearly as long as the remaining four; middle legs about as the fore legs; posterior tibia longer than the slightly elongated femur; first segment of the tarsi, equal to the remaining segments, h'tjjljf Abdomen of both sexes sparsely invested with setae. That of the female enlarges to the fourth segment from which it tapers to the slender ovipositor. Terminal portion of the genital plates oval. Abdomen of the male nearly cylindrical and bearing the usual en- larged segment with claspers which are terminated by single stout curved spines. The whole of the terminal segment is more setose than are the preceding segments, especially the claspers on their tips and inner margins. On the median line of the ventral sclerite there is a thick group of stout setae. (PI. VI, Fig. ii.) Near the basal third of the clasper there is a very long seta, extending nearly to the median line. There is also a pair of long, stout setae, a dorsal and a ventral one, at the base of each clasper. Length: male, body, 2.5 mm., wing, 2.4 mm.; female, body, 3 mm., wing, 2.8 mm. This species was reared by Dr. Smith from mushrooms. The specimens reared by him from decaying potatoes resemble the preceding species in many ways; however, on further study it was found to be quite distinct. Its description follows: SciARA pauciseta n. sp. Head, thorax and abdomen black; anten- nae light brown with a thin whitish pubescence; palpi hght brown; wings hyaline, somewhat iridescent, anterior veins nearly black; halteres fuscous apical ly, yellowish at the base; coxa and femur yellow- ish, tibia darker, tarsi nearly black. Antennae longer than head and thorax; basal segments enlarged, first, cuboidal; second, globose; third, about one-fourth longer than fourth ; fourth to fifteenth nearly cylindrical ; proximal segments barely twice as long as thick ; distal, nearly two and one-half times as long as thick ; apical segment nearly conical. Paipi : basal segment short ; second elliptical oval, apically with a large sensory pit; third subellipti- cal, one-third shorter than either preceding or terminal segment; fourth slender; each with a few large setae and numerous minute ones, which have a verticillate arrangement on the third and fourth segments. Thorax with scattering hairs on the scutum of the mesothorax; the three rows of minute setae are easily seen on its surface in some speci- mens. Wings: subcosta (ist longitudinal) short, not extending to the fork of the second branch of radius (3d longitudinal) and media (4th and 5th longitudinals). First branch of radius (2d longitudinal) joining costa before the fork of media near the middle of the length of the wing and joined beyond its middle to the second branch by the short cross- vein. Tip of second branch of media (5th longitudinal) nearer apex of wing than is the point where the second branch of radius joins costa. The two branches of cubitus (6th and 7th longitudinals) and the second branch of media reaching the margin of the wing nearly equi- distant. Anal vein (8th longitudinal) two-thirds the length of the second branch of cubitus in the female, in the male it is but one-half (PI. VI, Figs. 3, 4.) Twelfth Report op the State Entomologist 225 Fore coxa a liitle over one half the length of femur or tibia, tarsi about one-fourth longer, first segment nearly equal to the remaining seg- ments; middle legs nearly the same; posterior tibia one-fourth longer than the slightly elongated femur; first segment of tarsi equal in length to the remaining segments. Abdomen of both sexes sparsely invested with setae. The abdomen of the female enlarges shghtly to the fourth segment, from which it tapers moderately to the slender ovipositor; the terminal portion of the genital plates oval. Abdomen of the male nearly cylindrical and bearing the usual en- larged segment with claspers which are terminated by a single stout curved spine. The setae are thickest on the claspers, especially on the apical portion and along the inner margin. On the median line of the ventral sclerite of the last segment there is a sparse group of stout setae, each arising from an enlarged base (PI. VI, fig. 12). Near the basal third of the clasper there is a very long seta on its inner margin, extending nearly to the median line. There is also a pair of long stout setae, a dorsal and a ventral one, at the base of each clasper. Length: male, body 2.75 mm., wing 2.5 mm.; female, body 3.5 mm.^ wing 3 mm. This species may be separated from the preceding by the darker color of the palpi, thorax, and abdomen, by the greater length of the third antennal segment, and by the few setae in the group on the median line of the ventral sclerite of the terminal segment in the male. Numerous small flies of this genus were found in the mushroom cellar of Dr. Wm. Hailes, of Albany, N. Y., June 6, 1896. It was stated that at times the cellar would be almost black with this and other species, although they were by no means so abundant when the cellar was visited by me. With the advent of hot weather the flies become so numerous as to destroy the mushrooms quickly and render their further culture unprofitable. The flies agree with no description of American forms known to me. The species is evidently closely related to Sciara villosa Winnertz, though apparently different. Sciara agraria n. sp. Head and thorax a very dark brown, nearly black, shining; abdomen a variable dark brown, base of terminal seg- ment and base of claspers in male with a yellowish cast; antennae dark brown with a dense whitish pubescence; palpi dark brown, terminal segment a little lighter; wings iridescent, tinged with fuscous, anterior veins nearly black, the others pale yellowish : halteres fuscous apically, yellowish at the base; coxae smutty yellow, anterior pair lighter, femora and tibiae a little darker, and tarsi fuscous distally, tibial spurs yellow. Antennae half the body's length in the male, in the female about one- third ; the enlarged basal segments globose ; the third to the fifteenth as long as thick, cylindrical, terminal one subconical. Palpi; second seg- ment subelliptical, with a medium sized sensory pit; third suboval, 16 226 Fiftieth Report on the State Museum shorter; fourth slender, almost linear and equal in length to the second; each with a few scattering long setae and numerous small ones having a more or less verticillate arrangement. Thorax with a few longer setse and a number of shorter ones which show traces of being arranged in three longitudinal rows on the scutum of the mesothorax. Wings: subcosta (ist longitudinal) short; first branch of radius (2nd longitudinal) joined to the second branch (3d longitudinal) at two-thirds its length by the short cross-vein and uniting with costa about the middle of the wing, some little distance before the fork of media (4th and 5th longitudinals). Second branch of media (5th longitudinal) nearer the apex of the wing than the tip of the second branch of radius. The distance between the two branches of cubitus (6ih and 7th longi- tudinals) along the margin of the wing is greater than between the second branch of media and the first branch of cubitus. The anal vein (8th longitudinal) about half the length of the second branch of cubitus (PI. VI, figs. 5. 6). Fore coxa a little over half the length of either femur or tibia ; tarsi one-fourth longer than tibia, first tarsal segment shorter than the remain- ing four; segments of the middle pair of legs a little longer than in the first, those of the posterior pair still longer, the first tarsal segment nearly equal to the remaining ones. Abdomen of both sexes sparsely clothed with fine setae. The female abdomen enlarges gradually to the fourth segment and then tapers to the slender ovipositor. Terminal portion of the genital plate elliptical. Abdomen of the male nearly cylindrical. Terminal segment some- what enlarged ; claspers curved, each armed with an apical curved spine and with numerous stout ones along the inner margin. Near the basal third of the clasper there is a very long seta on its inner margin, extend- ing nearly to the median line. There are also a pair of long stout setae, a dorsal and a ventral one, at the base of each clasper (PI. VI, fig. 10). Length: Male, body, 2.5 mm., wing, 2.25 mm. ; female, body, 3 mm., wing, 2.5 mm. The following species was quite common in the greenhouse of Mr. J. A. Otterson, Berlin, Mass., and in others in the vicinity. During the winter the flies were more or less abundant, and their larvae could be found in the soil. Under the influence of the higher temperature of the early spring the flies became very abundant. As giving an idea of their prolificacy, it may be interesting to note that over 625 eggs were found in the distended abdomen of a female. In this dissection no count was made of a number (estimated at approximately 200) of what appeared to be partly developed eggs. This species, described below, is closely related to Sciara obscura Winnertz. SciARA PROLIFICA n. sp. Female. Head and thorax dull black ; abdomen brownish black, posterior margins of 4th to 6th segments, occasionally others, bordered with yellovyish white; ventrally the abdo- men is lighter and frequently its yellowish contents show through the distended lateral membranes. Antennae and palpi nearly black, the former with a short whitish pubescence. Wings somewhat iridescent, Twelfth Report of the State Entomologist 227 thickly specked with fuscous; anterior veins black, the others a smutty yellow. Knobs of halieres fuscous, pedicel yellowish. Coxae and legs dark brown to black, the anterior coxse sometimes lighter ; tibial spurs yellow. Antennae equal in length to head and thorax ; the two enlarged basal segments globose ; 3d to 15th segments nearly cylindrical, about twice as long as thick; terminal segment subconical. Palpi; basal segment short ; second irregular, rounded dorsally ; third a little shorter than second, subrectangular in outline ; terminal segment as long as second, slender; both large and small setae exceptionally stout and numerous; smaller, verlicillately arranged. Thorax with scattering setae. Wings: subcosta (ist longitudinal) short; first branch of radius (2d longitudinal) joined to the second branch (3d longitudinal) about midway of its length by the short cross-vein and uniting with costa at the outer third of the wing just beyond the fork of media (4th and 5th longitudinals); second branch of media (5th longitudinal) nearer the apex of the wing than the tip of the second branch of radius; the distance between the two branches of cubitus (6th and 7th longitudinals) along the margin of the wing is greater than that between the second branch of media and the first branch of cubitus (PL VI, figs. 8, 9). Fore coxa a little over half the length of either femur or tibia; tarsi one-fourth longer than tibia; first tarsal segment shorter than the remaining four; femur and tibia of middle pair longer, of the posterior still longer, than those of the anterior legs ; first segment of middle tarsi not quite so long as the remaining segments, while that of the posterior is longer. Abdomen sparsely clothed with fine sets. The distended abdomen of the female enlarges to the third or fourth segment, and then tapers gradually to the slender ovipositor, — terminal portion of the genital plates oval. The male differs in having a nearly cylindrical abdomen which is vested with stouter setae. The basal portion of the enlarged terminal segment is unusually stout and the claspers are comparatively weak and irregular. Tips of the claspers terminated by a stout recurved spine and by numerous straight bristles on its inner margin. Length: male, body 4.4 mm., wing 3.7 mm.; female, body 5.6 mm., wing 5 mm. Males of the following species were reared by Dr. Smith from decaying blackberry roots. They resemble Sciara ochrolabis Loew closely, but differ from the types in the antenuce being barely as long as the head and thorax, while in ochrolabis they are longer. The basal joints of the antennae in Loew's species appear to be much shorter than in the insect under discussion. It will also be found that the terminal abdominal' segments are more hairy and the claspers more triangular than in ochrolabis. SciARi FULvicAUDA n. sp. Face ochreous ; vertex dark ochreous ; scape of antennae yellow, flagellum dark ochreous with a rather dense whitish pubescence ; palpi fuscous ; dorsum of thorax yellowish to rufous, the scutellum of the metathorax with variable dark stripes, in some 228 Fiftieth Report on the State Museum specimens hardly discernible; pleura yellow; wings hyaline, iridescent, anterior veins fuscous, the lighter veins brown ; knob of halteres fuscous with yellowish tip, pedicel yellowish; tip of trochanter black; coxa and femur dull yellow; tibia darker; tarsi fuscous apically ; abdomen fuscous except the yellow terminal segment bearing the large ochreous claspers which are tipped with fuscous. Antennae barely as long as head and thorax ; first segment cuboidal, second globose, third about one-fourth longer than the following; fourth to terminal one are nearly cylindrical, the proximal ones slightly gibbous and not twice as long as thick, length of distal ones about twice their thickness. Palpi ; the small basal segment was not seen ; the second is flattened, narrow at its base and is broadly oval distally, nearly equal to subsequent segments in length; third suboval, nearly equal to last; terminal segment rectangular in outline, about one-fourth longer than wide ; each with a few scattering large setse and numerous minute ones, which on the last segments have somewhat of a verticillate arrangement. Dorsum of thorax invested with a number of large scattering hiirs. Wings; subcosta (ist longitudinal) indistinct, short; first branch of radius (2nd longitudinal) joined before its middle by the short cross-vein to the second branch (3rd longitudinal), and uniting with costa be- yond the middle of the wing and about on a level with the fork of media (4th & 5th longitudinals); tip of second branch of radius and media about equidistant from the apex of the wing; the second branch of media (5th longitudinal) and the two branches of cubitus (6th & 7th longitudinals) about equidistant on the border of the wing. Anal vein (8th longitudinal) about one-third the length of the second branch of cubitus (PI. VI, fig. 7). Fore coxa about three-fourths the length of either femur or tibia ; tarsi longer, first segment not so long as the remaining ones; middle legs about the same; posterior tibia about one-fifth longer than the slightly elongated femur, first segment of tarsi equal to the remaining one?. Abdomen with numerous stout setae. The enlarged terminal segment more thickly clothed with setae and bearing large, subtriangular claspers (PL VI, fig. 13). Length of body 4 mm., of wing 2.75 mm. Female unknown. Phora albidihalteris n. sp,* A Mushroom Phora. (Ord. DiPTERA : Fam. Phorid^.) This insect was reared in numbers by Dr. J. B. Smith, from mushrooms. It is believed to be another form .new to science and is herewith described. Phora albidihalteris. — Head and thorax jet black; palpi orange yellow ; abdomen black in some specimens, in others the lateral margins and dorsum of terminal segments are dull yellow; wings hyaline, irides- cent, heavy veins ochreous; capitulum of halteres yellowish white; legs a variable ochreous with the terminal segments darker. *By E. p. Felt, D. Sc Twelfth REroRx of the State Entomologist 229 Ocellar tiiangle defined by a deep suture which extends down the front; three transverse rows ot bristles occur on the front; six in the posterior row, consisting of a median pair and four lateral; the middle row is composed of four nearly equidistant bristles; six nearly so in the anterior row, the median pair and the smaller ones just in front point downward. Eyes bordered behind and below with a single row of bristles, — very minute setae occur at the angles of the facets. Antennae five-segmented; first short, irregular; second very large, subspherical ; third and fourth cylindrical, slightly expanded apically; basal portion of the fifth cylindrical and more slender than the preceding, distal portion setaceous, much elongated, plumose. Labium yellow, usually re- tracted; palpi yellowish brown, somewhat fusiform and bearing several apical bristles; basal portion short, obscurely divided into several sub^egments. Dorsum of thorax thickly pubescent, several stout bristles occur near the posterior border of the scutum of the mesothorax and near the base of the wings. Costal vein less than half the length of the wing; first heavy vein joining costa near apical third of same; second heavy vein forked near the apex; costal margin fringed with stout sette to tip of second heavy vein; the four wing pores on this vein are even more dis- tinct than in Phora agarici Lintn. ; first light vein nearly straight ; second curved at basal fifth and apical fourth; third, fourth, and fifth, sinuate. Basal portion of halteres brownish-black, apical portion inflated, yellowish- white. Several apical bristles occur on the front and outer portions of the coxse ; fore tibiae unarmed ; middle and posterior tibiae fringed with stout spines posteriorly, each with a large apical spine^ tarsi about one- fourth longer than the tibiae. Abdomen rounded dorsally, tapering from a broad base. Length of body 1.92 mm. ; of wing 2.4 mm. Described from a number of specimens, all females. The puparium of this species resembles closely that of Phora agarici except that it is a little larger,— being about 2.4 mm. long. PiopMla casei (Linn.). The Cheese Skipper: The Ham Skipper. (Ord. Diptera: Earn. Piophilid^e.) Macquart: Hist. Nat. Ins. — Dipt., ii, 1835, pp. 541-542 (common). Westwood: Introduct. Class. Ins., ii, 1840, pp. 573-574 (mention). Kirbv-Spence: Introduct. Entomol., 1846, p. 168 (mention as Tyro- phaga casei). PTreat: in Harper's New Month. Mag., xxii, 1861, p. 609, fig. 2 (popular account). Harris: Ins. Inj. Veg., 1862, p. 621 (brief mention). LoEW : in Amer. Journ. Sci.-Art., 2d Ser., xxxvii, 1864, p. 320 (accom- panying man; translation by Baron Osten Sacken). OsTEN Sacken: in Amer. Journ. Sci.-Art., 2d Ser., xxxvii, 1864, p. 318 (common to Europe and America) ; Cat. Dipt. N. Amer., 1878, p. 199. 230 Fiftieth Report ox the State Museum Packard : Guide Study Ins., 1869, pp. 4 [3-414, fig. 335 ; Entomol. for Beginn , 1888, p. 128, fig. 149 (brief mention), Riley: 2nd Rept. Ins. Mo., 1870, p. 10 (an imported pest); in Amer. Entomol., ii, 1870, pp. 78-79 (habits of skippers; their natural food), pp. 180, 339 (nieniiop.) ; in id., iii, 1880, pp. 23-24 (injuring smoked hams). Willard: in Amer. Entomol., ii, 1870, p. 78 (treatment of skippery cheese). Glover: MS. Notes from My Journ., 1874, p. 40 (said to have been bred from salt alone by Germar). : Country Gent., xliv, 1879, p. 727 (general account). Jacobs : in Comp.-Rend. des Seances, Soc. Ent. Belg., 18S2, pp. cx.xiv- cxxv (synonymy, notes). Mann : in Psyche, iv, 1884, p. 207 (reference). Fyles; in i7ih Ann. Rept. Eniomolog. Soc. Ont., 1887, p. 38 (brief notice). Ritze:\Ia Bos: Tiersche Schiidl. Niltzlinge, 1891, pp. 620-621 (brief mention). Kellogg: in Insect Life, v, 1892, p. 116 (injuring smoked meats, dura- tion of stnges), Murtfeldt: in Insect Life, v, 1892, pp. 135-136 (bred from ham); in id., vi, 1893, pp. 170-175 (detailed account); the same in 24th Ann. Rept. Entomolog. Soc. Ont., 1895, pp. 98-102. Riley-Howard : Insect Life, vi, 1894, p. 209 (damage by, duration of stages), p. 226 (mention.) CoMSTOCKS: Manual Study Insects, 1895, pp. 486-487 (brief mention). Howard : in Bull. 4 New Series, Div. Entomol., U. S. Dept. Agricul., 1896, pp. 102-104, fig. 48 (general account). Lintner : in Country Gentleman, Ixi, 189$, p. 293 (general account). Smith : Econom. Entomol., 1896, pp. 367-369, fig. 423 (habiis, remedies). A gentleman writing from Moorefield, W. Va., states, that about the 15th of January, some meat in his cellar which had lain in salt two months, was found infested with '• skippers." He was of the opinion that " the insect was in the meat when butchered, and if the meat had been properly cured by salt, the germ would have been destroyed." Request was made for some of the infested meat containing the " skippers," but answer was returned that there was none of it left, — what disposition had been made of it was not stated. It was learned that the meat was pork, and was on the point of being removed for con- verting into bacon, when the infestation was discovered. There can be but little doubt that the insect was the " cheese-skipper," which is also known as the "ham-skipper" from its frequent occurrence in smoked hams. There would be no hesitation in referring it, without question, to this insect, were it not, first, for the unusual time of its appearance — early in January, — the earliest record heretofore given of it. It was thought that its early appearance may have been the result of a furnace-heated or otherwise unusually warm cellar drawing the flies. Twelfth Keport of the State Entomologist 231 prematurely from their winter hiding-places; but it was learned from the gentleman that the cellar was not particularly warm, but that it was a dry one. Second ; it has not hitherto been reported, so far as we know, upon meat simply salted and not yet smoked, nor has the experiment to rear it thereon been successful. Miss Murtfeldt has written : " I have not been able to make it oviposit on fresh meat of any kind, nor does it seem able to breed upon that which is simply salted, but not smoked, not even when such meat is folded in wrapping papers." Description of the Insect. The perfect insect is a small black fly about 5 mm. long, with a rather large head bearing reddish, prominent eyes, shown in both sexes at d and e in fig. i. The veins of the wings are nearly colorless and much weaker than those of the common house-fly ; it is also about half the size of the latter. The lower side of the head, the basal portions of the legs, portions of the tibiae and tarsi of the posterior two pairs are a variable Fig. I.— PiopHiLA CASE!: «, larva; ^, puparium ; r, pupa; d^ male fly; ^'"'"^^ figs, i-ii (general account of, in Ohio). Wheeler: in Psyche, vi, 1893, p. 510 (Malpighian vessels in embryo). Davis, W.T.: in Proc. Nat. Sci. Assoc. St. Isl., iv, 1894, pp. 13-15 (appearance on St. Isl.); in Journ. N. Y. Entomolog. Soc, ii, 1894, pp. 38-39 (appearance of different broods), p. 96 (pupae found) ; in id., iii, 1895, p. 143 (song and distribution). Garm.^n: in 6th Ann. Rept. ivy. Agricul. Expt. Stat, for 1893, 1894, p. 95 (mention). Krom : in Scientif. Amer., Ixxi, 1894, p. 295 (reason for Cicada chambers). Lander: in Scientif Amer., Ixxi, i89;,pp. 233-234, fig, p 327 (Cicada chambers; in Journ. N. Y. Entomolog. Soc, iii, 1895, pp. 33-3'^' PI- ^^ (Cicada chambers). CoMSTOCKS : Manual Study Insects, 1895, p]). 150-151 (brief notice). Love: in Journ. N. Y. Microscop. Soc, xi, 1895, pp. 37-45, PI. 49 (habiis, stridulalion and chambers). ScHWARz: Circular 22 2nd Sen, Divi-. Entomol., U. S. Dept. Agricul., 1897, pp. T-4 (distribution of broods expected in 1897). Slingerl.^\nd : in Rural New Yorker, Ivi, 1897, p. 437 (btoods in Ohio, injuries). The appearance of the periodical Cicada in an\- k'cality is of great popular interest on account of the number of years the insect spends in the larva or immature form under ground. The loud noise made by the adults and their occurrence usually in large numbers, brings them to the attention of even the most casual ob.5erver. The appearance of the in- sect is followed by a flood of local literature on its advent, and the many 19 274 Fiftieth Report ox the State Museum stories of all kinds concerning it and its ways find ready credence among the people. Each return is also of interest to scientists as it gives, for a brief time, an opportunity for studying the ways of this singular insect. It is only by carefully observing their number as they appear from time to time, that an approximate idea can be obtained of the rate at which the insect is diminishing in number with its successive returns. Thanks to the studies of the late Dr. Riley, we know pretty closely the distribu- tion of the different broods of the insect in this country and are able to foretell their appearance. The advent of the Hudson river valley brood in i8g4 is of special interest to us, because it is the widest in range and the most numerous of any of the six or seven broods known to occur in the State of New York. Characteristics of the Insect. Most people have seen a Cicada (commonly known as a locust) and many have seen both pupseand adults of the "periodical Cicada." The wing- less, red-eyed pupa will be readily recognized with the aid of figure 2 of plate IX, and needs no further description. The perfect insect may easily be distinguished from the common dog-day Cicada or harvest-fly. Cicada tibicen, by the eyes and the veins of the wings being a bright red. More or less of the ventral surface of the abdomen (especially in the male) and the legs are of a dull red. 'i'he dorsal surface of the body is almost entirely black. If we compare the periodical Cicada with the dog-day Cicada or harvest-fly, we will find that the latter is a considerably stouter insect with green markings on the thorax, greenish eyes, and the veins of the wings bright green, while the ventral surface is more or less covered with a white powdery substance. 'J'he male and female of the periodical Cicada with their wings expanded, and one with its wings closed as in rest, are represented in figure i of plate IX. Oviposition. The female, when ready for oviposition, selects a small branch, prefer- ably of oak or apple, but almost any tree except the pines, and placing herself near its tip she proceeds to deposit her eggs. With her ovi- positor she saws a series of oblique holes in the twig with splintered outer edges, as represented in figure 5. In each she places from ten to twenty eggs, in pairs side by side, but separated from each other by portions of woody fibre, and inserted somewhat obliquely so that their ends point upward. A fissure is made and filled with eggs in from fifteen to forty minutes, when at a slight distance on the twig the opera- tion is repeated. Twelfth Report of the State Entomologist 275 The following account of the manner of oviposition of the Cicada is based on some interesting observations communicated to me in a letter by Mr. Ira H. Lavvton, Superintendent of Schools at Nyack: After finishing one fissure the female moved slowly forward about two steps, depressed her ovipositor about 45°, and setting her saws in motion, first alternately and then simultaneously, rapidly penetrated the bark, but the ovipositor was soon elevated to 25°. After penetrating to the full length of her ovipositor and filling that chamber with eggs, she swung a little to one side and through the same hole in the bark excavated the opposite chamber and filled it with eggs. The making of each chamber occupied a little over 20 minutes or a total of 45 minutes for the whole. During the cutting of a fissure, the saws made about 80 strokes to the minute, and after making four, the female would rest for a time. The head of the Cicadas WcS directed, in the main, from the tree but not invariably so, as some worked with their head toward the trunk of the tree. Fig. 5. Sometimes fifty of these fissures maybe made by the same Cicada punctures female in a twig, provided it is suitable to her needs. After in twig, depositing her complement of from 400 to 500 eggs, she drops exhausted from the branch and dies. Natural History. The time required for the hatching of the eggs has been variously stated at fifty-two days, forty-two days, and even so brief as four- teen days. The newly hatched Cicadas are slender, grub-like creatures about one- sixteenth of an inch long (Fig. 6). They are as lively as ants, and after running about on the tree for a short time they drop to the ground where they bury. Their strong fore legs are ad- mirably adapted for digging, and by their use they burrow in search of the tender, succulent rootlets into Fig. C. y tuns Cicada, greatly enlarged. which they insert their beaks and extract their modicum of needed nourishment. The larvae" grow so slowly and require so little food, that they cause but slight injury to the trees or the shrubs to which they attach themselves. Ordinarily they remain at a moderate depth, especially during the earlier and later portions of their existence, though at times they have been found a number of feet below the surface. 276 Fiftieth Report ox the State Museum Seventeen years, less the few weeks spent in the adult and egg states above ground, are passed by this insect in slow growtli and development below the surface. There is but little change, except increase in size, in the appearance of the larva during this long ])eriod, but toward its close there may be noticed four scale-like appendages which represent the rudimentary wings. These ha\-e been gradually developed during the later stages of the larval existence. The emergence of the insect from its underground retreat, although separated by such a long period of years, is remarkably punctual, rarely varying more than a few days from the usual time. In the spring of the seventeenth year the larva makes its way, sometimes with great difficulty from obstacles encountered, to near the surface through a circuitous, smooth, and firmly compacted gal- lery, of a diameter barely sufficient to permit its passage. In its upper portion, at the proper time, it transforms to the pupa, which in turn for.-akes the gallery just before it is ready to assume the perfect form and climbs the nearest tree or other support.* Here the pupa fixes itself firmly and awaits the time for the final change. The pupal shell (PI. IX, fig. 2) soon splits along the back and the creamy-white adult with its red eyes and the black spots on the thorax works itself slowly out of the old case. It is soft just after emerging, and as it dries, the parts begin to harden and slowly to assume the colors natural to the perfect insect. The cold weather that prevailed for the first week or two of their appearance, in 1894, resulted fatally to many, and large numbers of the dead might be seen lying upon the ground or cHnging to the trees, — in the latter case often half-way out of the pupal shell. The adults Hve several weeks, feeding at will by means of their beak on the sap of trees. After pairing, oviposition occurs, and the long life-cycle of another brood is commenced. A Thirteen-Year Brood. In the Northern States of the Union this insect occupies seventeen years in completing its round of life as stated above, but in the Southern States, ranging as far north as southern Illinois, there is a form which re- quires but thirteen years for its transformations. It is to all appearances identical with the one occurring in the Northern States, except in a few minor detai's. The greater length of the growing season in the south may perhaps account for the cjuicker development of the larva. Dr. Riley was of the opinion that the thirteen-year for n was but a race of C. septendecim, and not a distinct species. * Under certain conditions the larva extends tlie (jallery into an above-ground earthern chamber, which will be noticed hereafter. Twelfth Report of the State Entomologist 277 It will here be opportune to refer to the attempt by Dr. Riley to deter- mine by experiment, whether these two broods were really distinct species or only races. In 1885, eggs of the thirteen-year brood were sent to several places in the Northern States, and similar transfers of the eggs of the seventeen-year brood were made to the Southern States. The object of the transfer was to test the question whether the change from a warm latitude to a colder, and vice versa, would have any marked effect in retarding or hastening the life-period of the insect. Two lots of eggs of the thirteen-year brood were received by me in July from Dr. Riley and were placed in the apple orchard of Mr. Erastus Corninir, at Kenwood, near Albany. The tree under which they were placed bears the follow- ing inscription on a zinc label: '' Thirteen -ye a7' brood of Cicada ( Riley's Brood, No. VII) — eggs from Oxford, Mississippi, planted July 4, 1885." Additional eggs, together with the larvae that had hatched while in transit, were placed under the same tree July 21. If any of the insects have lived and remain true to their period, their appearance may be expected in May or June, 1898. Should thty fail to appear at that time, search will be made for them, if need be, for tw^o or three successive years, and the results reported to the Entomological Division of the Depart- ment of Agriculture at Washington. Eggs of this same brood were also sent by Dr. Biley, to Ithaca, N. Y.; Boston, Mass.; Kittery Point and Brunswick, Me., and Ames, Iowa. Distribution of the Hudson River Valley Brood. Dr. Fitch, in 1856, gives as the limits of this brood, the valley of the Hudson liver, from the vicinity of Schu) lerville and Fort Miller* on the north, southward along both sides of the Hudson to its mouth, where it extends northeastwardly, at least to New Haven in Connecticut, and southward across the northern j): rt of New Jersey and into Pennsylvania. Later observations enabled Dr. Riley to extend the limits of this brood, — including the greater pari of the State of New Jersey most ])robabIy; localities in Faii fax, Albemarle, Campbell, and Fulvanna counties, Vir- ginia; Charles county, Maryland, and the District of Columbia. Observations and reports upon the occurrence of this brood in 1894 enable us to give the following as its distribuiion so far as known: In New York the brood was reported from the Rural cemetery four miles north of Albau}-, and thence southward in localities on both sides of the Hudson river to New York City; at New Brighton, * Forty-seven miles north of Albany. 278 Fiftieth Report on the State Museum Staten Island, in millions, and also in abundance at Bay Ridge, Flushing, and Queens, on Long Island. 1 he occurrence of the brood along the Hudson may be briefly indicated by the following notes: New York county, abundant in certain localities in Woodlawn cemetery ; ^^'estchester county, in great numbers north to Croton ; Rockland county, abundant at Palisades-on-the-Hudson, millions at Nyack; Orange county, millions at Highland Falls, West Point, Corn- wall-on-Hudson, New Windsor, Newburg, and Middletown ; Dutchess county, very abundant at Beekman, Poughkeepsie, Johnsville, Bangall, Annandale, Rhinebeck, Rock City, Redhook, Pine Plains, and Barrytown; Ulster county, abundant at Wallkill, millions at Marlboro, and large numbers at Milton, some at New Paltz, a few at Saugerties, abundant at Quarryville; Columbia county, very abundant at Clermont, and Claver- ack, millions at Hillsdale, reported from Livingston and Stuyvesant ; Greene county, many at Catskill, very abundant at Athensand New Balti- more ; Rensselaer county, abundant at Bath-on-Hudson ; Albany county, swarms at New Scotland, many found at Voorheesville, large numbers, at Bethlehem Center, some at Kenwood, abundant near Clarksville, and in the Albany Rural cemetery at Menands. It will be seen from the above given data that the Cicada was quite numerous in localities near the river up to Putnam county. In Orange county they were reported very numerous at Middletown, twenty miles back from the river, and also at several places nearer the Hudson, show- ing that this is one of the strongholds of this brood. Tliere was no report from Putnam county and they were probably not abundant there. The northern portion of Dutchess county is another stronghold of the brood, as they were found in numbers extending back nearly fifteen miles from the river. In the southern portion of Ulster county the Cicadas were in large numbers at Wallkill, ten miles from the Hudson, and at other places nearer the stream. The insect was found in force in the southern portion of Columbia county, at Hillsdale at a point about ten miles from the Hudson. In Greene county it was not observed far from the river. It was abundant on the Forbes Manor grounds at Bath-on-Hudson in Rensselaer county, and in Albany county it occurred in a number of places, but plentifully in only a k\v. So far as known it was not seen north of Troy.* In New England it was reported from localities in the vicinity of New Haven, Southington, New Britam, Farmington and Winsted, Connecticut, thus extending its range north nearly across the State to the Massa- chusetts line. It doubtless occurred north of this locality but no account of its presence was received. Twelfth Report op the State Entomologist 279 In New Jersey they were observed in every county in the state, accord- ing to Dr. Smith, although it was only in the eastern portion that they were abundant. They were the most generally distributed in Bergen, Hud- son, Essex, Union and Morris counties. From Pennsylvania reports of its presence were received from Tunkhannock and Blue Mountain. Distribution of the variety Cassinii. In response to the inquiry instituted by me in a circular distributed in June, 1894 (republished in my loth Report, pp. 420-425) of the occurrence of the above-named variety, a few replies only were returned, their small number doubtless not indicating the absence of the variety, but more probably their non-recognition by the ordinary observer. None were observed at Nyack, Bangall or Hillsdale. A few were seen by Mr. Livingston at Clermont, and at Clarksville, Mr. Bagley reported about an equal number — Cassinii being rather the more numerous. Time of Appearance and Continuance of the Brood. The regulaiity of the time of the appearance and disappearance of this insect is remarkable when its long term of life is considered.* Both in this and in the adjoining states of Connecticut and New Jersey, it was quite true to its appointed time ^ the first examples of the perfect insect being seen the week following the 20th of May.f The peculiar cry of the male which has been often described, was first heard late in May in some places, and in others not until June 15th, and continued until July ist in some localities,. and in others until the i6th, from indi- viduals which were the last to mature. None were reported as having been seen after the 20th of July. Thus the entire lime during which living adults were to be found hardly exceeded two months. Pupee were first seen by Miss Emily Morton, of New Windsor, in the early part of March and during April as they dug their way through the soil of a green-house on the heights of Storm-Kill mountain. The Cicada Chambers. The interest aroused by the advent of this brood was greatly augmented by the discovery of a number of places in this State of their peculiar clay * As an exception to this marl Fig. ■Neikonia pardalis. (After Noiman.) New Hampshire. Dr. Hagen has given " Nova Scotia (Redman) " as its habitat in his enumera- tion and description of the eight North American recorded species. Mr. Banks has added Canada and Labrador to its localities. At a meeting of the Cambridge Entomological Club in October, 1874, Dr. Hagen mentioned among the rare captures for the year, an example of this species, of which he remarked: "The only nearly related species live in Japan, the northern part of Europe, and in Liberia. They have the peculiarity to fly very high; this specimen was taken on top of a stage coach." The following is Dr. Harris' description of the insect : Body dark brown, antennae, with the upper part of the head and thorax, black, the latter having two abbreviated fulvous lines; upper wings brown, with numerous large, rounded, tawny spots in rows between the nervures; hind wings brown, with a broad, tawny, tranverse band near the tip, and attaining the margin at the anal angle; base spotted with tawny yellow upon and behind the anterior edge ; head beneath, with the palpi, coxse, anterior thighs and tibise and bases of the intermediate and posterior thighs, fulvous. 300 Fiftieth Eeport. ox the State Museum Leptodesmus sp. ? Thfliijand-leggcd Worm Infesting Green-houses. (Class Myriapoda : Ord. Chilognatha : Fam. Polydesmid^.) A gentleman in charge of some private greenhouses in Kansas City made complaint of " a pestiferous, repulsive pest" which is proving very injurious, and which it has not been possible to control. Accompanying the specimens sent he has written : We have used ammonia — one tablespoonful to four quarts of water, soapsuds, and slacked lime. We have taken off the pots from the benches in this particular house and covered them with powdered lime — then put on two inches of cinders and replaced the pots, and still the worms come, lying under each pot on top of the cinders. The benches were also cleaned and flooded with boihng water, and even steamed with a hose attachmeat. Can you tell me what the species is and how to eradicate it ? One of the greenhouses contains three beds of earth that was mixed with sheep manure from stock yards here, by a florist employed. They are eve'-ywhere \\\ this house, and nearly everything planted in beds is dead or dying; but begonias, geraniums, colias, heliotrope, etc., in pots, are doing well in spite of the pests sticking to the bottom of the pots." The greenhouse pest of the above communication proves to be, upon examination of the specimens sent, one of the numerous species of " thous- and-legged worms" that occur in the United States. Those that usually come under observation have rounded, cylindrical bodies, as seen in the family fulidas. Those received, are flattened and spreading out at the sides, wliere the numerous short legs with which they are furnished have so lie whit the appearance of a fringe (PI. XV, fig. i). Description of the Millepeds. Most of them are about three-quarters of an inch long, of a reddish- broivn color, and are apparently full-grown, while others are about one- half inch in length and whitish. The head bears six-jointed attennae sparsely clothed with coarse setae (PI. XV, fig. 3), and the body of the male 30 pairs of legs, — a pair on the first, second, fourth, and seventh, and two pairs on the fifth, sixth, and eighth to the eighteenth segments inclusive ; the last two segments legless (apodal); the female has 31 pairs of legs, there being two pairs on the seventh segment ; the hinder angles of the segments are acute. Repugnatorial pores surrounded by slight swellings occur on segments 5, 7, 9, 10, 12, 13, 15-19 inclusive. The smooth convex dorsal plates with only a slight transverse sulcus are characters of the genus Leptodesmus, to which this form is referred. At the bottoai of the transverse sulcus there is a minute tuberculate ridge. Twelfth Report of the State Entomologist 301 The lateral carin^e are yellowish, feebly sulcate with two minute serra- tions, the anterior one bearing a small seta (PI. XV, fig. 4). The rhom- boidal gnathochilarium is re[)resented in fig. 7 of plate XV. The copulatory legs of the male are abruptly flexed and terminate in four slender, curved processes (PI. XV, fig. 6), which are nearly colorless, and vary slightly in form in different individuals. In the event of this being a form new to science, it may be known as Leptodesvius falcatus, in allusion to the hook-like shape of the first process of the copulatory legs. This species was also found swarming in soil containing house plants in Albany, N. Y., the following season. The Allied Genus Polydesmus. It is evidently closely allied to the genus Polydesmus, of which a com- mon form in Europe is Polydesmus complaiiatus, or " the flattened mil- lipede " (fig. 8) — represented by Curtis and other writers as being one of the most destructive of its kind, feed- ing upon the roots of wheat, onions, pansies, and several garden products. Dr. Fitch, in his loth Report on the Insects of New York, has given a Fig. 8.— Polydesmus complanatus. slightly , ., , r- 1 1 1 • r enlarged. (From Brehms Tierlebcn.) detailed account 01 the habits of one of the "flattened centipedes" which he regarded as identical with the European complanatus. It seems, however, to be different, for that species has not been recognized as yet in our country. It is thought that the form that Dr. Fitch wrote of (without any accompanying description) may have been the Polydesmus Canadensis Newport, — ■ figured and briefly described by Dr. Packard in his Guide to the Study of Insects, page 677, and referred by Bollman to Polydesmus serratus Say. He represents it as " crawling everywhere over the damp surface of the ground by night, in search of the nicest, daintiest food it could discover and withdrawing into the crevices under chips, stones, and similar situations during the daytime." The underside of cucumbers lying on the damp ground were often almost covered with them and the skin much eaten. The roots of onions when lifted were found eaten entirely off by them — completely arresting the growth of the bulb. From finding many of the worms in the stalks of cabbage distorted with warty swellings and cracks, Dr. Fitch was led to believe that they were the cause of the disease known as " anbury " or '• club-foot " in cabbage. oU2 Fiftieth Report ox the State Museum Study of American Myriapoda Desired. The Myriapoda, a class embracing the centipedes and milh'pedes, have not been given much study in this country, and therefore comparatively little is known of them, either scientifically or in their economic relations. Many of the millipedes feed only on decaying vegetable matter and are, therefore, of minor economic importance. Of those recognized as in- jurious to vegetation from attacking living plants, we are still without knowledge of such approved methods of dealing with them as will ensure protection from their varied forms of attack — especially when so severe and general as above reported in the Kansas City greenhouses. To meet such an emergency, we can only give a few remedies that have been recommended, and suggest some methods which give promise of being aidful if not entirely eiticient. Remedies. Lime has been represented as a remedy by several writers, yet it has not apparently been of particular service in the present infestation. John Curtis, the eminent author of " Farm Insects," states that soot spread over the surface of the ground will drive the plant-feeding milli- peds away, and also recommends spreading old cabbage leaves as a bait for attracting them, when they may be killed with hot water. As they are mainly nocturnal feeders, many can be killed by lifting the pots and sprinkling diluted or pure kerosene on the worms gathered beneath, or wherever they may be seen on the benches or elsewhere. The kerosene may be diluted by shaking it briskly in a pot, or better still by making it into a strong emulsion. Pyrethrum and powdered hellebore might each be experimented with as a contact insecticide, either in its powdered state or mixed with water. Probably the best results would be obtained by the use of traps or baits. Small pieces of board laid on a damp surface would be attractive as hiding places. Dr. Fitch states : " On raising up a chip or fragment of board that happens to be lying anywhere in the garden, you will probably find lurking under it a dozen or it maybe fifty of these worms." The traps would be much more eflficient if made more attractive by placing beneath them slices of potatoes, turnips, or carrots. In England, slices of mangolds have proved to be one of the best baits that could be employed. If the baits were poisoned by dipping them into a Paris green mixture, it would not be necessary to visit them so often for the collec- tion of the worms. TwELB^TH Report of the State Entomologist 303 I think it probable that the infestation of the greenhouses has come from the piles of manure brought into them, as milHpeds are known frequently to abound in manure, and are believed to breed in it. If on examination they prove to be present in large numbers in the manure, some efficient measure that may suggest itself should be taken for destroy- ing them in it, and the manure should be removed to some distance from the houses. The following thorough measures proved, as might be expected, an effectual means of ridding the greenhouses of the pests. (See Garden and Fores f, v, 1897, p. 348): In the spring we removed all plants from the greenhouses, also all wooden benches, and everything but the bare brick walls and the glass roofs. The floors had been concreted. We burned sulphur in liberal quanti- ties three times a week for several weeks. Then we dusted all interiors thoroughly with hellebore, and in the fall, just before replacing plants in the houses, we coated all interiors with whitewash. Since then we have not found a single one of these unpleasant pests. Kansas City. J. G. C. The above-mentioned treatment should exterminate almost any pest to be found in a greenhouse. Such a fumigation might well be given greenhouses that are empty or nearly so during the summer as a pre- ventive to the undue abupdance of any injurious animal or plant form the coming season. Then if a little care be exercised when the house is filled in the autumn, not to introduce any pests, very little trouble should be experienced in keeping the plants in a healthy growing •condition. APPENDIX 21 NOTES ON SOME OF THE INSECTS OF THE YEAR IN THE STATE OF NEW YORK.* The year has been characterized by the absence of attacks of the usual severity of a considerable number of our common insect pests — partic- ularly those that infest our fruit trees. I do not recall a year before the present one in which reports have not been received by me of abund- ance of the apple-tree aphis, Aphis mali Linn., and of injuries feared from it. The eye-spotted bud-moth, Tmetocera ocellana (Schitf.), which has become so destructive to orchards in the western counties of the State, has hardly been heard from. No abundant presence of the apple- leaf Bucculatrix, Biicculatrix pomifoliella Clemens, has been reported to me, nor of the apple case-bearer, Coleophora Fletchei-ella Fern. The apple-tree tent-caterpillar, Clisiocampa Americana Harris, has been less injurious than in preceding years. The hop-vine aphis, Phorodon hunmli (Schrank), made its appearance late in the season — in August, in portions of Madison and Oneida counties, and the blackening of the leaves from deposit of honey-dew excited some alarm, but it is not believed that seri- ous harm has been done. So far as my observation has extended — confirmed also by the observa- tion of several collectors and others, — with a few notable exceptions, the year has also been remarkable for a scarcity of insect life. Some short excursions made in the vicinity of Albany specially for collecting, were without any satisfactory results. My Adirondack collections were unusu- ally limited. Apparently not one-fourth of the usual number of insects were abroad (exceptions to this were the common house-fly and grass- hoppers). Mosquitoes, the gray-gnat [Ceratopogon) and the black-flies {Simuiitim), were among the rarities, even in the month of July. The scarcity of butterflies was particularly noticeable, and was remarked upon by others than entomologists. Not a single Papilio Turnus was seen nor any of the other Papilios, except one Asierias. No Graptas were taken, * Read at the Eighth Annual Meetinff of the Association of Economic Entomologists at Buf- falo, N. Y., August 22d, i8g6, and published in Bulletin 6 New Series, U. S. Department of Agri- culture, Division of Entomology, 1896. A few additions have since been made to the paper. 308 Fiftieth Report on the State Museum when in former years hundreds could have been captured. The Argynnids were very few and mainly Atlantis. Feniseca Tarquinii/s, for which Keene valley is a noted locality, was not seen. Colias Philodice was comparatively rare, while Pieris rapce was abundant in the fields and about the blossoms of the burdock. The presence and capture of sev- eral examples of Pieris oleracea was welcomed as evidence that our once familiar native species had not been entirely driven away by the hosts of the foreign invader. In part compensation for the absence of so many of our diurnals, the beautiful "red admiral," ^7'(7;//m Atatanta, was un- commonly abundant in the last week of July and in early August. The night-flying species — the moths— were also very few, and it Avas only possible to secure a few of the attractive Plusias that abound at these high elevations; but among them were several examples of the resplendent Phisia balluca Geyer. In each of the other orders was there an equally poor representation of the species commonly met with — quite noticeable in the families of the Cicindelids, Coccinellids, Cerambycids, in the BombylidcB and Syrp/iidt. of Agricul., Division 0/ Entomology.) 22 322 Fiftieth Report on the State Museum render life a burden. In the frozen regions of the north where winter reigns, their numbers have been compared to a snow-storm when the flakes fall thickest, or to the dust of the earth. There are localities which they are entitled to claim as their own, for explorers have been driven back in agony from the attempt to penetrate them. To other localities they have given name, as to Mosquito, a township in Illinois; Mosquito, a village in Newfoundland ; Mosquito Creek in Indiana, another of the same name in Iowa, and still another in Ohio ; and the Mosquito Country of Central America. In certam districts of Louisiana and other of the Southern States, their abundance diminishes by one-half the value of the plantations. Those who have traveled in summer on the lower Missis- sippi or in the Northwest, have experienced the torment which these frail flies can inflict : at times they drive everyone from the boat, and trains can sometimes be only run with comfort on the Northern Pacific rail- road by keeping a smudge in the baggage car and the doors of all the coaches open to the fumes. "The brav'est man on the fleetest horse dares not to cross some of the more rank and dark prairies of Minnesota in June" (Riley). The marsh lands of New Jersey and portions of Long Island, you will remember are particularly noted for their abundance, and the frequenter of the Adirondacks knows of their powers of annoy- ance, as they compel him if particularly sensitive to their sting, to seek relief in flight. It would seem that our English cousins have much less to endure from this tormenting pest than we, for Professor Westwood has written : "The mosquito is far more annoying in its attacks upon the inhabitants of America than our European species is to us ; it is there requisite to have their beds inclosed in a curtain of fine gauze to defend the sleeper from their attacks." The Rev. Mr. Kirby, in his delightfully fascinating work entitled " Introduction to Entomology," after a graphic recital of the torments endured in various parts of the world from the mosquito's poisonous sting, and the inferential conclusion that it were " a lesser terror that the forest should resound with the roar of the lion or the tiger than with the hum of the gnat," closes with this pceon of gratitude : " With what grateful hearts ought the privileged inhabitants of these ihappy islands to acknowledge and glorify the goodness of that kind Providence which has distinguished us from the less favored nations of the globe, by what may be deemed an immunity from this tormenting pest ! " Evidently the fogs of England and London smoke are not agreeable to the mosquito. Twelfth Report of the State Entomologist 323 Means of Protection. In that portion of the world which we occupy, and in the localities where this insect occurs in annoying numbers, comparative immunity from its attack is attainable by the use of mosquito nettings, but there are countries where these luxuries are not procurable, nor would their employment afford the desired protection. The inhabitants of some of the districts of Brazil, at certain seasons, can only obtain sleep at night by burying their bodies several inches beneath the sand, and covering their heads with a thick cloth. On the west coast of Africa the natives swing their hammocks from elevated posts with fires burning beneath them to repel the insects with the smoke and heat. In Guiana the poorer classes find a degree of protection in covering their bodies with paint and varnish. Russian soldiers in the neighborhood of the Crimea resorted to sleeping in sacks as a protection, but this served only as a palliative of the unendurable torments to which they were subjected by the attacks of the insatiable blood-suckers of that region. In Lapland, a writer states, that it is impossible to eat or sleep or keep a light burning in the hut without constant fumigation, and the additional resort to a coating of the exposed portion of the person with rein-deer cream, rancid fish-oil and tar. For the benefit of those whose summer wanderings may lead them into the haunts of the mosquito, under circumstances when heavy gloves and veils and nets may not be conveniently worn, I would state, that when the annoyance becomes too serious to be longer borne, protection may be procured by making oneself disagreeable to the mosquito through means not quite so pronounced as that to which the Laplander resorts, but by applying to the hands and face a small quantity of oil of tar com- bined with a little carbohc acid. This is, perhaps, the best application that can be used, as a preventive of mosquito attack under conditions above named. Severity of the Bite. The effects of the bite vary greatly in different persons. There are those who are scarcely affected by it, and indeed are rarely bitten, either by this insect, the bed-bug or the flea, although in situations exposing them to attack and with their companions suffering from the infliction I have no explanation to offer for the attractiveness of some persons for these pests and the reverse in others, but it would seem that it might result from some peculiar emenation from the person, as no attempt is made to draw the blood or pierce the skin of those exempt from attack. 324 Fiftieth Report ox the State Museum While in some, only a slight and brief irritation follows the bite, in others, the well-known itching sensation becomes intense, and is accom- panied with serious inflammation and swelling which may be continued for several days. Again, the resultant effect of the bite often depends upon the general condition of the system at the time, and upon the particular portion of the person where it is received. I do not know of any fatal result attending the bite of a single mosquito, but we have a well-authen- ticated instance where death ensued as the consequence of the stmg of a hornet inflicted in the scalp of a bald head. When the occasional mosquito, which we find a trial, is multiplied a thousand-fold, the wounds against which the victim is powerless to defend himself, become a most serious matter. The swollen hands almost lose their service ; the bloated face scarce admits of recognition. Mortification of the limbs has ensued, rendering amputation necessary, and cases are recorded where death has resulted. Professor Jeager relates that on one occasion when traveling on the banks of a river in Russia, his servant was driven to such a degree of madness by his suffer- ings from the dense cloud of mosquitoes in which they were enveloped, that he was only prevented from shooting himself as an escape from his misery, through the united strength of two athletic Cossacks. The severe stinging sensation and subsequent inflammation and itching of the bite, is owing to a poisonous fluid injected into the wound through the proboscis at the time of its insertion to aftect the blood and cause it to flow more readily. This opinion, advanced by Reaumur long ago, was for a long time held as probable. Very recently, however, it has been verified, by Dr. Macloskie, of Princeton College, New Jersey, in the discovery of two poison-glands, the duct through which it is conveyed into the hypopharynx and the escape of the fluid, in oily globules from an aperture near the tip of that organ which is subapical like that in the rattlesnake's fang, so as not to weaken or impair the delicacy of its point. Of the effects of this poison, and the reason for believing in its existence before it had been demonstrated. Dr. Dimmock, has written as follows: " After having experimented a large number of times with the living mosquito, I am convinced that there is use made of a poisonous saliva ; for, when biting, if the mosquito fails to strike blood, which it often does on parts of the back of my hand, although it may have inserted its proboscis, nearly full length, in from one to six directions in the same and withdrawn it, yet, in such cases, if no blood be drawn, no more effect is produced upon my skin than is produced by the prick of a sharp needle — a red point appears only to disappear in a few hours. Certainly there Twelfth Report op the State Entomologist 325 has been as much tearing of tissues in such a case as the above men- tioned, as there is, when Culex settles on a place rich in blood, and, with a single probing, draws its fill. The amount of poisonous efTect upon me, as proved by numerous experiments, is in direct proportion to the length of time the Culex has occu[)ied in actually drawing blood. The above-mentioned facts would indicate a constant outpouring of some sort of poisonous fluid during the blood-sucking process." Palliatives of the Bite. Various applications have been recommended and are employed to alleviate the effects of the bite, such as vinegar, lavender water, salt and water, spirits of camphor, ammonia, etc. Pressing the puncture and forcing out some of the blood, and with it the injected poison, has also been prescribed, but beyond doubt the best method that may be adopted is the following : When the bite is first felt, resist the natural impulse to crush the creature and stoically endure the trifling pain, while you add to the stock of your entomological knowledge by critically observing the extreme delicacy and the entire modus operandi of the performance, particularly noting the disposition made of the sheath while the contained case of instruments are being buried in the flesh. A brief period of forbearance will suffice to fill the abdomen of the skillful phlebotomist to its utmost capacity — the gradual enlargement and the deep purpling of which through its thin and distended walls you may watch. The fill obtained, the lancets will be leisurely withdrawn and repacked in their case, and with the prolonged draught taken through them most of the injected poison will have been withdrawn. If you are not able at this juncture to say with Sterne's Uncle Toby, " go, poor insect, the world is wide enough for you and me," then, if your study has failed to repay you, revenge yourself in her death as she assays with her stolen burden to fly slowly away. If you terminate her existence while the lancets are buried in your flesh, their barbed ends together with most of the poison will remain in the wound to irritate and exact of you the penalty of a wasted opportunity and an unscientific proceeding. You might, at least, if you feel that you have no contribution to make to Madame, intimate to her by a gentle touch of the finger, that it would be quite as agreeable to you if she would present that little bill somewhere else. A million lessened by one, would aid but slightly in the extermination of the species in your immediate vicinity. 326 Fiftieth Report on the State Museum The Female only, Bites. I would not bethought as reflecting in the slightest — even through innuendo — upon the gentler sex — "Heaven's best gift to man" — without whose presence Eden was incomplete ; but a proper treatment of my topic and inexorable science demands of me the statement to which the use of the feminine pronoun has been leading me up and preparing the way, to wit : all the annoyances, pains, tortures, which the world endures from the mosquito, is solely chargeable upon Madame Culex. I cheerfully admit that the natural taste of Mr. Culex may be equally blood thirsty, but alas, poor creature ! he has been left without the means of gratifying a sanguinary desire. He is, therefore, compelled to forego the exquisite relish of the royal repasts in which his consort finds so great delight, and be content with the juices of plants and the nectar of lilies, and of other flowers to which he is particularly addicted. He has not been favored by nature with that delicate and complicated piece of apparatus which is so admirably adapted, as has been graphically expressed, to being driven " through crushed and bleeding capillaries, shrinking nerves and lacerated tissues." With a becoming humility, therefore, he rarely visits us in our apartments, or even obtrudes his presence upon us when we seek his haunts; and few of us know of the branching plumes, fit for a knight, that adorn his front and make him far more beautiful than his unpretentious mate. The Biting Organs. By this time you may desire to be told something of the character of the biting organs of which the effects have been related to you. Let me preface by stating that the mouth-parts of insects consist, normally, of six pieces, viz., four lateral pieces consisting of a pair of upper jaws denominated mandibles, a pair of lower jaws named maxilht (which in biting insects that feed on solid matter move horizontally), an upper lip known as the labnim and the lower lip, the labiutn — these two cover- ing the mouth from above and beneath. Some of these bear appendages which need not at the present be referred to. These organs, of course^ are greatly modified in the different orders of insects, to adapt them to the different methods of taking their food — whether fitted for gnawing or tearing in pieces solid substances, as in the beetles — transformed into a sucker with expanded disc for sipping its food as in the house-fly — extended into a long, flexible tube coiled up in a spiral when at rest, for drinking the nectar from the bottom of tubular flowers, as in the butter- flies, or forming a long, firm, jointed proboscis for thrusting into plants or Twelfth Report of the State Entomologist 327 animals through which to draw their juices, as in the Hemiptera or bugs. These parts exist in all insects, although at times some of them may be but rudimental. The mouth-parts of the female Culex represent all of these typical parts of different insects, and in the formation of its pro- boscis, two other organs unite (as in most of the Diptera) which are the pharyngeal sucking organs, named the epipharynx and the phyopharyjix. It therefore appears that the proboscis of the mosquito, which in its normal condition seems but a single piece, upon dissection or close examination is found to consist of seven distinct pieces — eight pieces in reality, but two so combine as to form one. Some authors have stated the number of pieces at four, five, or six, but there certainly are as many as seven in Ctilex pipiens, C. ciliatiis and C. riffns which have been carefully studied, and it is not probable that the number will be found to differ in other species when examined. These pieces are shown in the accompanying figure. The upper piece, pointed and gradually tapering from the base to the apex, is the labrum- Fig. 9. — Mouth parts of the mosquito, lateral aspect. (After Dimmock.) epipharynx, made up by the close union of the labrufu and the epipharynx. Below it is the hypopharytix, a linear, lanceolate, transparent plate, having a longitudinal rod (appearing as if tubular in some species) traversing it in the middle, through which, it is thought, the poisonous fluid which we 328 Fiftieth Report on the State Museum have referred to is conveyed into the wound. With these two pieces pressed together, a channel is formed through which the blood passes as it is inunped up by the sucking-bulb, located in the head. The mandibles are the most delicate of the mouth-parts, consisting only of thin, linear-lanceolate blades of transparent chitin, slightly tapering in their width from their base outwardly. The existence of very fine serrations on their upper part (about forty-two on each) has lately been announced.* The maxillce are tapering, transparent blades of chitin, thickened on its upper edge and apparently toothed or serrated at the tip. Careful observation with a powerful microscope shows them to be not serrated at the edge, but the apparent teeth — about fifteen near the tip of each, are really papilLx placed on the upper surface of the blade. Aided by these papillae, the service performed by the maxillae is doubtless to draw the other mouth parts into the skin,' as a slow gliding motion may be observed in first one and then in the other as all the parts are gradually buried. They are provided with muscles appropriate for the purpose. The labium is the largest of the mouth-parts. It opens along its upper side in order to receive the other parts and to serve as a sheath for holding and protecting them when not in active use. When the proboscis is to be inserted, it acts in this manner : Its tip, consisting of two lobe-like appendages called label/cB, is closely pressed upon the surface. At once it is seen to bend backward or downward at the middle, releasing the contained parts — the setae— which are held firmly together as they are driven into the flesh, guided and kept in place by the above named labellce serving as a pair of fingers for the purpose. As they penetrate deeper and deeper, the labium or sheath bends more and more until when they have been buried to nearly their entire length — from having been at first elbowed, it is now bent double beneath the body. The operation as above described is an exceedingly interesting one to watch. The labium is easily recognizable in any female mosquito that you will examine, appearing as a long projected beak, nearly as long as the abdomen, clothed with dark colored scales, and extending in front of the two delicately feathered antennae given out from between the two large black eyes. The relative position of the mouth-organs which I have briefly des- cribed, arid the manner in which they are arranged in the sheath, may be * American A'aturalist, xxii, 1888, p. 884. Twelfth Report of the State Entomologist 329 / HO Ti ^'' ^::^"'""^ Fig. 10 —Mouth parts of tlie luusquito, cross-section. (After Dimmock.) ■understood from an examination of the accompanying figure, which represents a transverse section throLigh the proboscis of the female at about its middle.* The labium is seen wrapping itself nearly around the other parts. Above it lie the two maxillae, partly inclosing the parts above it. Above them are the two mandibles, and above these, centrally, is the hypopharynx, with its thickened, middle, sup- posed saliva, channel- Above this is the labrum- epipharynx — the epiphar- ynx of an omega-form, hav- ing the labrum closely at- tached to it. With the labrum-epipharynx slightly brought from its position as shown for convenience in the figure, so as to rest on ^the hypopharynx, the channel for the passage of the blood, as has been described, is formed. In the continuation of this sucking-tube into the head, "in the posterior part of the head, it is enlarged in a large pumping-organ, which forces the imbibed fluid backward into the oesophagus and stomach " (Macloskie). Uses of the Mosquito. I have spoken of the mosquito as the most universally annoying of all ■our insect pests. Why then, it may be asked, was it created, and does it serve any possible good in the economy of the world? The naturalist, as his acquaintance with nature becomes more extended, and the range of his studies widens so as to open up to liim an insight into the interdependence of all animated nature, is led to accept the belief that nothing was made in vain, and that not a single one of the typical forms now in existence could be withdrawn without breaking the chain that binds all nature together in one harmonious (if properly interpreted) whole. This belief brings to him a faith that compels him to accept as of use whatever object owes its existence and preservation to the hand of its Creator and Guardian, although in» his limited knowl- * This and the preceding figure are copied from Plate i of The Anntomy of the Mouth-parts ■ and of the Sitckiitg Apparatus of Some Diptera, by George Dimmock, Boston, i88i. 330 Fiftieth Report on the State Museum edge, he may not be able, in all cases, to assign the purposes for which it was made. Do not misunderstand me. I do not object to the destruction of noxious animals when our lives are endangered by them, nor to a very great reduction — even to the extreme extent of our ability — of the overwhelming numbers in which some of our insect enemies present themselves, depriving us of comfort, withholding from us luxuries, and robbing us of material wealth and at times of the necessities of life. To such a reduction, my studies and labors as you know, are being con- stantly directed. But it is only against excessive numbers that the economic entomologist contends — an excess that did not exist when iirst " God saw that all was good" — which could not exist under the opera- tions alone of the laws of nature, but which do exist as the result of the unnatural, excessive, and often improper demands of our present form of civilizition and society. Briefly, it is right and proper to restrain ; it would be wrong, we think, had we the power to utterly exterminate. But to return to the question. We do know one purpose which the mosquito serves, and one of considerable importance in a sanitary point of view. It serves to purify standing waters and to a great extent to lessen their malarial influences. The natural habitat of the larval mos- quito is the stagnant water of our miasm itic s. vamps. The entire food of the creature from its birth to its maturity is believed to consist of the decaying vegetable matter which is here found in abundance, together with other impurities which it draws from such waters. Its agency in the purification of standing water may be easily shown. If during the summer months two barrels of rain-water be placed side by side — the one open to the atmosphere and the other covered with a thin netting, the following result will be obtained : The open one, after a few days has elapsed, will be found to abound with the larvae and the pupae of the mosquito, and its water sweet ; the other, the netting of which prevented the visits of the mosquitoes for the deposit of their eggs, and conse- quently without larvae, will have become foul and offensive. We need not refer to an important role which the insect in its super- abundance plays, as food for fishes, since that is but in accordance with a seemingly universal rule controlling all of the lower orders of animated nature, viz., " eat and be eaten." In view of this general law, seemingly fraught with so much sufferings how fortunate it is, we may remark incidentally, that many of the lower orders which are doomed to a jjerpetual sacrifice to the Moloch, appe- tite— insects, for example — have organisms so constituted that thjey are Twelfth Eeport of the State Entomologist 331 almost without a consciousness of pain. Thus the rapacious dragon- fly— the hawk of the insect world — would quite as readily eat its own abdomen, as actual experiment has shown, could it conveniently be brought within range of its powerful jaws, as to indulge in its favorite and ordinary mosquito diet. Newspaper authority — not always the best in matters of science — has lately (last year) given us another mosquito " boom," in the an- nouncement of the discovery that the Cuban mosquito was about to signalize a great advance in the science of Therapeutics — to serve no less a purpose than an effectual preventive of the fearful disease of yellow fever. The method of protection was simple in the extreme. A bottled mosquito must be applied to the person of a yellow fever patient and permitted to imbibe a little of his blood. Transferred, after a few hours, to the arm of the individual to be protected, the virus received would be conveyed with or through the proboscis, and a successful and complete vaccination against yellow fever will be accomplished. The Mosquito as a Filaria Host. If the above be only a fanciful conception of some "newspaper man," as it possibly may be, the fact that the mosquito may communicate dis- ease, or aid in its distribution, rests on a scientific basis. Some recent anatomical investigations of a species known as Cnlex 7nosquiio inhabit- ing tropical regions, have shown it as serving a most unexpected purpose in acting as an intermediary host in the life-development of a thread- like worm, — a species of TvArrm. This hiematozoon, bearing the name oi Filaria sanguinis-hominis, is found in its immature or larval stage in the blood of persons afflicted with elephantiasis and some of the allied dis- eases which are endemic over the more thickly populated tropical por- tions of the world. Before the filarias can undergo their full development they have to enter some other organism quite different from that occupied by their larvae. The female mosquito above named (and probably other species also) acts as the host in this instance. As she drinks the blood of the diseased person, she imbibes with it the larval filaria. Within her abdo- men they undergo further transformations. Six distinct stages have been recognized within her. As she returns to the water for the deposit of her eggs — with her death occurring soon after oviposiiion, the filariae which she bears in their perfected stage, are consigned to the water. In drinking the water, the parasites are received into the human stomach,, from which they pass to, and enter, the lymphatic vessels, and by their 332 Fiftieth Report on the State Museum presence, under suitable conditions, produce the painful, loathsome, and often fatal disease of elephantiasis. (See Science, for May i8, 1883, i, pp. 419-420, for an extended notice and illustration.) The Mosquito Perhaps One of the Ten Plagues of Egypt. Professor Westvvood, of London, an eminent entomologist, and the author of a volume on insects of such exceeding value that it is known as " The Entomologist's Bible," has endeavored to show that the mos- quito was the insect that composed the " swarms of flies " that were sent upon Pharaoh and his i)eople as one of the ten plagues of Egypt. In evidence of this, he cites the expression " swarms of flies," and remarks: "We are sure that every one who has seen a swarm of gnats at eventide, will perceive the aptness of the expression, supposing the Egyptian fly to be a species of gnat, or in other words, the mosquito. We next read of their making their way into the houses, which shall be full of flies. This is also precisely the habits of the Culiciday The distinguished Doctor of Science (like an eminent Doctor of Divinity of our own city), evidendy favors "a reduction of the miraculous in the Bible to the minimum," and a non-resort to a miraculous interpretation of such phenomena as may be explained by natural causes ; fur he finds the fullest corroboration of his view of the mosquito being the plague insect, in the fact that the land of Goshen, in which the people ot Israel dwelt, was to be exempt from the swarrns of flies that invaded the land of the Egyptians. The latter, he remarks, was subject to a periodical overflow of the Nile — a condition most favorable to the production of mosquitoes; while the land of Goshen, was not overflowed and was a sandy soil entirely unsuited to the mosquito, and even at the present time, a favorite place of refuge for cattle from its attack. Others, who have written of this plague, entertain different views — among which, Rev, Mr. Kirby, finds strong evidence of its having con- sisted of cockroaches. Opinions might differ as to which would be the greater plague. Eggs of the Mosquito. The transformations of the mosquito, to which we now pass, are of much interest, as I hope to be able to show you. While the eggs of a large proportion of our insects, either from their form, color-markings, sculpture, or manner of deposit, offer many attractive features, those of the mosquito possess special and unusual interest from the singular disposition made of them. Twelfth Report of the State Entomologist 333 The individual egg is of an elongate-oval form, rather pointed at the upper end, broader at the lower. They are deposited in a mass, on the surface of the water, in the form somewhat of a boat, and left to float freely about. The little egg-boat, not exceeding a tenth of an inch in length, yet bearing nearly a hundred lives, is built in the following manner : The insect takes her position on some object in the water — a floating leaf or stick it may be — holding to it by her anterior legs, while her long abdomen rests on the water with its tip slightly elevated. Crossing her posterior pair of legs (which are much longer than her body) behind her in the form of an x, she places an egg in a perpendicular position at the point of crossing — the inner point, nearest the tip of her abdomen : this forms the keel of the boat. To this two eggs are next attached in the form of a triangle. The eggs are coated with a glutinous matter, causing them to adhere closely and firmly to one another. Successive additions are made to these in a gradually enlarging outline, as regulated by the angle or curve formed by the legs. When the boat is about half built, the legs are uncrossed and placed side by side I underneath for better support, and in this position the remaining portion of the boat is completed in a symmetrical form, although unaided by the eye and only guided by the delicacy of touch. When finished, the supporting legs are withdrawn, and the tiny craft is launched,, and left to be driven about hither and thither by the winds, yet ever drifting securely, without the sHghtest risk of sinking to the bottom or of being overturned. For experiment's sake, you may place one in a basin of water and pour gallons of water on it, without being able to overturn it. You may even thrust it by force to the bottom of the vessel, whence, as soon as released, it will rise to the surface, right side up and not hold- ing in its concavity a particle of fluid. It is a veritable life-boat. The Larval Mosquito. The eggs hatch ordinarily in from two to three days, dependent, of course, on the temperature of the water. The larvce that they produce are familiar to all who have been in the habit of using rain-water during the spring or summer months which had been exposed to the open air for a few days. Children living in the country often know them under the appropriate names of " wigglers " or " wrigglers," drawn from their peculiar jerking motions as they come to the surface of the water to draw in a supply of air and to hang motionless, head downward, for awhile, or with the same motion descend to the bottom to feed. They have a distinct rounded head with mouth-parts, antennae and ciliated ap- 334 Fiftieth Eeport on the State Museum pendages, an enlarged thoracic region, and a long ten-jointed abdomen, slightly tapering, with each segment bearing bundles of hairs. J'rom the ■eighth abdominal segment a long tubular organ is given out, ending in a star-like structure bearing a number of cilins. This is its organ of res- piration— all the air that it receives being supplied to the tracheal vessels only through this opening. The terminal joint of the abdomen bears five conical plates which are used in its locomotion. The Pupal Mosquito. After several moltings, while they rapidly increase in size, the larvae enter upon their third stage of existence, in assuming the pupal stage. At this time they present an uncouth aspect. Their thoracic region has become greatly enlarged, and in front of it are grouped, in separate cases, the legs, wings, mouth-parts and antennae. They still continue in an active state, unlike the quiescent pupal condition of many insects, and even many other Diptera — but they are incapable of feeding. A striking and interesting change has taken place in their breathing apparatus. They suspend themselves from the surface of the water, as before, for respiration, but the air is now taken in through two horn- shaped organs proceeding from the upper part of the thorax. Before, they hung head downward; now, as they have made a material advance in development, more fittingly, head upward. In about two weeks, usually, from the deposit of the eggs, the pupal stage is completed, and the insect is prepared to enter upon its final state, a perfect, winged insect. With so brief a period required for its develop- ment, you will perceive that there is ample time for several generations of the insect during the spring and summer months. The Final Development. The pupa having fully matured, it rises to the surface of the water where it floats with its thorax elevated above the surface. Exposure to the air dries the exposed portion, and, aided by movements within, it splits along the middle line, and the head and thorax of the inclosed in- sect are thrust out. Slowly the wings, legs, other organs and abdomen are drawn forth through alternating muscular extension and contraction — all the while balancing itself in an upright position with the utmost care, for the problem of how to maintain the center of gravity when elevated so high above its frail and unstable base must necessarily be an exceed- ingly difficult one — it would seem to be an impossibility. The slightest Twelfth Report of the State Entomologist 335 •excess of lateral deviation, either from defective instinct or from a current of air, is at once fatal. The float — a mere transparent film — with its occupant, is thrown upon its side ; the wings are wet and no longer serviceable, and the new life just opening, is ended. This fatality is common — in- deed it is represented as the rule — the contrary, the exception. Each such occurrence, although a tragedy, need not evoke our sympathy although so oft repeated. Food is thereby furnished fishes and other liv- ing forms, and there will always be quite as many mosquitoes left as are required for sanitary uses. With those that are so fortunate as to escape this perilous evolution, a short time suffices for the expansion of their wings through the entrance into their veins of air and blood, and to dry and fit them for flight. Just the manner in which the pupal-case is abandoned, is not definitely known ; it may be with the feet resting upon its edge ; or it may be as repre- sented in some illustrations, that, carefully preserving its equilibrium, the in- sect bends forward and rests with its fore-legs on the water — a moment passed, perhaps, in admiration of the delicate form mirrored therein — when the wings are spread, and with their rapid vibration of five hundred beats a second emitting music though familiar yet not sweet to human ears — it launches forth into its new element, in quest, as it may be, of nectar, or of blood. The mosquito is gone ! Are you not glad, for with her flight ends my paper. [Those who would like to consult some recent publications and studies upon this interesting insect are referred to the following: Howard: in Bull. 4 N. Ser., U. S. Dept. AgricuL, Division of Entomo- logy, 1896, pp. 9-24, figs. 1-4. Lugger: 2nd Rept. Entomol. St. Exper. Stat. Minn., 1896, pp. 182-195, figs. 152-158. OsBORN : Bull. 5 N. Ser.jU. S. Dept. AgricuL, Division of Entomology, 1896, pp. 25-30, figs. I, 2.] 336 Fiftieth Report ox the State Museum A PLEA FOR ENTOMOLOGICAL STUDY. [Read before the Agassiz Association of the State Normal College, Albany, May i8, 1S94.] The Association which I have the honor and privilege of addressings I have the right to beheve, from its connection with an institution which, in the annals of education, has won an enviable reputation for the care- ful, sjstematic and thorough training it aims to give to all its pupils — is not only desirous of promoting to the extent of its ability investigations in various departments of Natural History, but that it is also able to do excellent work and render good service toward this desired end. I therefore esteem it a privilege to appear before you to-day, and ask your earnest co-operation in that department of study in which I am specially interested, and to which so large a portion of my life has been devoted. I appreciate, to some degree at least, the almost infinite extent and variety of the Museum of Nature. On every hand and in every direction, objects of interest invite our observation and study. Exclud- ing what lies beyond the sphere upon which we dwell — there are the rocks to which we owe our basis for study, and their contained fossils, teUing of the forms that peopled this globe eons of ages ago; the vegetable world instinct v/ith life and beauty and wonderful processes of growth and development, and crowned with the dignity of being the agency through which alone, directly or indirectly, existence is possible for each and every mammal, bird, reptile, fish, insect, myriapod, crustacean, worm, mollusc, protozoan — of all the myriad living forms that people our globe. In each of the several classes of the mineral, vegetable and animal kingdoms, there is abundant work for the earnest student. There are collections to be made; elements, form and structure to be studied; habits to be observed ; preparations for study and for preservation ; com- parisons to be instituted, forms new to science to be detected and illus- trated; descriptions to be drawn and published, and name and syste- matic place to be given to each and every one. Why, then, should I make a special plea for the study of the Insect world ? I would not presume to do so, unless I felt that I could give you sufficient reasons for making the claim; of these, I offer, I. The Mental Discipline that the Study Affords, This should especially commend it to the young student, where the intellectual faculties are to be developed and strengthened, and the mind Twelfth Report of the State Entomologist 337 guided and formed into proper habits of observation, thought and expres- sion. To these ends, I believe entomological study to offer better discipline than the study of mathematics or the classics to which so much time is devoted and far beyond what may, by any possibility, in a lai-ge majority of students, be of any material practical importance. But why may this be accomplished through the study of the insect world, better than by some other branch of natural history ? Weanswer^ because of the greater number of objects that in a given time may be brought together for study — the insect world presenting, as it does, by far a larger number of species than all the other classes of the animal kingdom combined. With this almost boundless number of species, it follows that there must often be but minute differences between them, not perceptible but through careful comparison, and often demanding the microscope for their detection. It is impossible that any one who has made a collection of insects of considerable aize — separated them in their usually accepted seven orders, named such as he has been able to with the literature at his command or by comparison with other scientific collections, and arranged them systematically in proper cases, in their families, genera, species, and varieties — could have done this without having greatly strengthened his faculties of observation, comparison, dis- crimination, memory, and having acquired habits of study, industry, delicate manipulation, order, neatness, precision, and the like, which shall serve him in whatever position in life he may be placed, and cling to him to his life's end. II. The Facilities for Entomological Study. The entomologist, if unable to search for his material — we will not say, if not caring to seek it, for a lazy naturalist would be an anomaly — may have abundant material come to him unsought. As he walks the street, " the shard-borne beetle with its drowsy hum " flies in his face or alights upon his clothing ; the moth sits at rest upon a tree-trunk or fence- paling as if asking for admiration and capture ; the caterpillar drops upon him by its silken thread from an overhanging branch, or exposes itself as it travels over the sidewalk, to his meditative downcast gaze. Rapt in study in the seclusion of his room, the sudden thrust of the sharp lancet of Stomoxys calciirans, causes its capture and invites examination of the curious projecting blood-sucking apparatus which, without critical obser- vation, seems the only difference between it and the harmless common house-fly ; or, curiously plumed creatures of delicate forms and colors, attracted by the light upon his study-table, will flit over his paper to mar 23 338 Fiftieth Report on the State Museum his penmanship and perhaps end their Hfe in a bath of ink, as they are doing at this present while writing of their obtrusiveness. The invahd, who may be held a captive within his home through physical weakness'or other infirmity, during the months when the insect world holds its hey-day in the fields and forest, may still make ample collections for study and enricliment of his cabinet even within the con- fines of his chamber. Should the year be favorable for insect life (the years vary greatly in this respect), at least five hundred species could be taken by him. Does this surprise you, as an indoor collection for a single year ? I believe it a moderate estimate. To many of you, perhaps, all the flies of our window seem alike, or the smaller forms are regarded as the young of the common house-fly. Yet I would engage that from the windows of a single room of one's house, during the months of March to November inclusive, there could be taken one hun- dred species of Diptera alone. Insect collections are easily made, and with simple and inexpensive material. For our ordinary walks in the requirements of business or study, the "cyanide bottle," that comparatively recent invention, yet now regarded as indispensable to the collector's all that is needed for securing most of our insects. To the cyanide bottle, of a size convenient to be carried in a pocket, should be added a small tin box for inclosing caterpillars or other larvee, with some of their food if desired to rear them. For field excursions, we would multiply our bottles and boxes, and add a suitable net, a pin-cushion with insect pins of two sizes, and a box hanging from a button or belt in which to pin the collections. III. The Interest Attaching to the Study. I dare not urge this topic as I feel to do, for fear that you would re- ceive what I might say as the extravagance of enthusiasm. If not pre- pared to accept the assertion, that in no department of natural history can you find so much to interest you, and to interest you so deeply, as in the study of insects, their transformations and their habits, then, if willing to test the truth of the assertion, will you please accept for guid- ance the following program : Get the cocoons of some one of our larger silk-spinning moths, of the family oi Bombycida;, — let them be, if you please, of Attacus Ft'omethea, which you may find at the present time upon your lilac bushes, infolded in dried-up leaves of last year's growth. Before you cut the cocoons from the twigs (you can hardly tear them off" by hand) first observe the silk extending from the cocoon, enveloping the leaf-stalk and then encir- Twelfth Report op the State Entomologist 339 -cling the twig, binding the leaf securely to it, and holding it there during the falling of the other leaves and through all the winter's storms. In- close the cocoons in a box of sufficient size to admit of the expansion of the wings of the moth and some freedom of motion when it comes from its cocoon. On some morning in the month of June, (earlier if they have been kept in a warm apartment) if your cocoons contained living pupse, you will find that the moths have emerged, and deposited a large number of eggs, cementing them to the sides of the box. Note the regularity of form and size of the eggs, each with its yellowish spot upon its somewhat flattened upper side. When two or three weeks thereafter, the eggs com- mence to hatch, with a magnifier in hand, watch the enclosed caterpillars eating their way out of the shells, always at one side, and through a some- what oval hole. Transfer them carefully to some tender leaves of their food-plant, and observe their social habit of grouping themselves side by side like soldiers on parade, and their manner of eating. After you have watched them for a week, and noticed perhaps with fear of the result lest it should be- token incipient disease, their fasting for a day or two, you will find them materially increased in size and in a new dress of light green with bands of yellow, bordered with black, and rows of white-bristled tubercles stud- ding their body. Tliis is their first molting, or casting of their skin to admit of increased growth. Four or five times you may observe a similar molting, followed each time by a new and more beautiful garni- ture. As the caterpillar approaches maturity you will surely be com- pelled to regard it as a beautiful creature, with its creamy pruinescence, its bands of dark blue tubercles on each ring, its four rich coral-red horns on the front of its body and a yellow black-ringed one at its other extremity. Carefully observe the row of spiracles or breathing pores upon the sides of the body through which the air is admitted to the tra- cheal vessels, and the peculiar structure of its many-hooked clasping legs. It is indeed a wonderful creature, — not " a worm " as ordinarily stig- matized, but a being which its Creator has dignified with the possession of eight times the number of muscles that are to be found in the human body ; and in every way worthy of your study and admiration. When through your watchful care, your little colony have attained their growth, to your great relief from providing them with an adequate supply ot their daily food, do not fail to have your eyes upon them as they throw out the first threads that are to bend the leaf in shape for enfolding their cocoons, preparatory to passing to their pupation. The leaf may hardly be more than marked as the chosen one, before you may see the busy 340 Fiftieth REroRT ox the State Museum spinner leaving it, and commencing to cover the leaf-stalk with a firm envelope of silk, which, when completed, will be stronger than you car> break without forcible pulling. You will now be given a favorable oppor- tunity as the caterpillar's head sways from side to side, to note the two silken semi-fluid threads emitted from the pair of projecting, spinnerets beneath the mouth, but uniting and drying at once in a single thread. The intelligence that leads the caterpillar next to bind securely the enveloped leaf-stem to the twig by throwing band after band abou it, and in the event of the twig being a delicate one and liable to be broken off, then, in addition, securing the twig by the process above mentioned to its parent stalk — can not fail of amazing you. Do you think it simple instinct, working in one unvarying line inherited from its- ancestors, and incapable of adapting itself to different or changed con- ditions ? Then try the experiment that I once made, and learn your error. When all of this preparatory work has been completed, each lashing examined over and over again, and finally pronounced all right by its artificer — then with a sharp blade of your knife, quietly and neatly sever the leaf-stalk just where it is bound to the twig and, replacing it with accurate adjustment, insert a fine insect pin to hold it in place. You will not have long to wait before the spinning of the cocoon will be arrested and a reconnoitering expedition commenced. Your treacherous work is discovered as soon as the point is reached. The situation is at once taken in — the danger, the necessity of meeting it, and how best to do it, fully comprehended. You may not read in the microscopic eyes of the caterpillar, the successive phases of anxiety, alarm, distrust, annoy- ance, anger, resolve, triumph, but you may see him apply himself to the task of lashing anew the foot-stalk to the twig and thus bid defiance to your perfidious pin, around which he throws his silken threads, until the severed stem is stronger than before. What else is this than reason ! The shaping and formation of the cocoons will be of interest to watch, until the thickening walls have hidden the larva from your view. During the winter, you may sacrifice one or more of the number by making sections of them, that you may observe the structure of the double cocoon — ■ one within the other, with the intermediate loosely-threaded non-conducting air-chamber, and the contained pupa, with its wing, leg^ and antennge-cases folded upon its breast, and the cast-oft" caterpillar skin compacted in a pellet behind it. Your study of this life-history will not be fully carried out to its proper completion until, in the following spring, you can see the moth emerge from its cocoon. A strange looking object will it seem in your eyes, as with a brisk movement of its legs, it clambers upward to some position where its unexpanded wings may hang downward, limp and wet, over its- Twelfth Report of the State Entomologist 341 back. Watch the gradual but rapid expansion of the wings, as they grow before your eyes — the two membranes of which they are com- posed steadily distending as the circulation from the body is forced into the veins that lie between. The innumerable wrinkles of the mem- branes are smoothed out; the scales that are implanted in them also in- crease in size, until within perhaps half an hour the wings have assumed their full development, and display their perfect ornamentation, in pat- terns resulting from the combination of nearly half a million of individ- ual -scales — the most delicate imbrication that may be found in nature, and far surpassing any thing that art can produce. If not deterred by my long recital you will undertake what I have proposed — to follow out the life-history of one of our silk-worms, and having done so, if you do not find that the study has been one of surpass- ing interest, leading you to further study of the kind, and wedding you to entomology — then you have been given or have acquired a nature that I can not comprehend. IV. The Practical Importance of the Study, It is universally conceded that Agricultural pursuits form the basis of National prosperity, and that upon the products of the soil our existence is dependant. The existence of the insect world also depends upon vegetable life : hence arises that constant antagonism of man to the insect world, which becomes so intensified when through his agency as a cultivator of the soil, there results excessive multiplication of injurious species preying upon crops which he deems essential to him. Every crop grown is exposed to their attack. It has been estimated that there are upon an average, six species of attacking insects to each known plant. From their minute size and the secrecy of their depreda- tions, we can not fence them out, as we do our large domestic animals. Probably there is no cultivated crop which is not lessened by one-tenth through insect injury. Often there is a diminution in yield of one fourth; frequently of one-half, and at times there is a total loss, as when during the prevalence of the wheat-midge, forty years ago, entire fields of wheat were left uncut in New York and other of the wheat states, and for a term of years wheat could not be grown. In one year, in our State .(1S54), the loss from this tiny insect was calculated at fifteen millions of dollars. Illinois suff"ered in a single year, in its wheat and corn crops, to the amount of seventy-three millions of dollars, according to estimate, from the ravages of the chinch-bug {Blissus lencoptenis). True, these were exceptional years, but from another insect pest, the cotton-worm 342 Fiftieth Report on the State Museum {Aletia argillacea), annual losses to the cotton-crop of the Southern States are sustained, it has been calculated, of thirty millions of dollars. From careful computations based upon the census returns of agri- cultural products of the United States, the startling aggregate is presented of an annual loss in these products of three hundred millions of dollars. A large proportion of this loss — this onerous tax upon industry — need not be sustained — need not be exacted. It is preventable through the use of means which have been and are being indicated by those who^ have undertaken the study of methods of prevention and remedy. In consideration of the progress that has been made in the knowledge of insects, the discovery of insecticides and [of mechanical appliances for their application to field crops, as well as to orchards and gardens, I dare to assert that the insect does not exist, the injuries from which may not be materially lessened whenever its habits and life-history have become fully known. The need of the study^of these insect depredations, the importance of it, and the absolute necessity thereof, will be more evident when we con- sider, next V. The Extent of the Study. A comparative idea of the magnitude of the insect world, as contrasted with the entire animal kingdom, has already been given you. It may enable you to form a better idea of its extent, to state, that judging from the number of species now named and described — about 330,000 (we know and possess in our collections thousands of others awaiting study) ^ and at the rate that new species have been added to our lists within the last half-century — it will not be an extravagant estimate, if for the present, we place the probable number of species existing in the world at one million. Although this figure is largely in excess of those made by other entomologists, I believe it to be a moderate one, in considera- tion of the limited study as yet given to some of the orders, and the still unexplored regions of the globe — entire continents in which scientific exploration has barely commenced. Its realization would but necessitate less tJian the trebling of the at present known species, with all future time available for the work ; while during the years that have followed my boyhood, the number of described species has been quintupled. From a scientific point of view, each species as discovered demands- description that will give it positive recognition, and assignment to its proper place m classified lists. For economic purposes, but a small pro- portion williequire the elaborate study that shall tell us all that we need to know of them. But what patience, what persistence, what an amount of study — extending it may be over several years — is often needed for the acquisition of a single life-history. Each of the four stages under Twelfth Eepout op the State Entomologist 343 which insect life is presented to us — the egg, the larva, the pupa, and the imago, must receive its share of attention. The varied habits are to be observed and noted, under the comphcations frequently existing of change under changed conditions of focd-plant, climate or locality. The extent of the study will further appear from a consideration of the omniprescence of insects. As I have elsewhere written, " they abound in our homes, our gardens, orchards, fields, vineyards and forests. In the vegetable kingdom, they are found in the seed, the root, the stalk or trunk, the pith, the bark, the twig, the bud, the leaf, the blossom, and the fruit — within or upon every portion of the vegetable organism. They are parasitic on our persons and upon or within all of our domestic animals. They attack and destroy fishes and birds. They have their natural home in many articles of food. By their digusting presence and annoyance they may render our homes untenable. They burrow within our household and agricultural implements. They destroy our furniture and our clothing. They occasionally take possession of our books. No asylum is so secure that they may not intrude; no condition in life is ex- empt from their presence and attack." VI. The Study has not been given its proper Share of Attention. If you have followed me as I have attempted, in the brief time that I dare claim on this occasion, to show you the value of the Study of Ento- mology as a mental discipline — the facility with which it may be pursued — the interest attaching to it — its great practical importance — and the broad range that it embraces, you will, I thmk, agree with me, that it is very far from receiving the attention that it deserves and may justly claim. Notwithstanding the enormous losses annually sustained from insect dep- redations, how very few comparatively there are among us who can properly apply the familiar names of " bug," " beetle," or " butterfly." There are those whose crops are annually depleted, needlessly, to the amount of hundreds of dollars, who do not know that the caterpillar is but an immature stage of the winged moth or butterfly. This day, I find in a pretentious journal a notice of a destructive insect to this eftect: " The insect appears first in the form of a small moth. In a few days, it sheds its wings and becomes a caterpillar, and a week thereafter it lays its eggs, each caterpillar producing two hundred." In how many of our public schools and academies is Entomology given place? I do not know of one. In nearly all of our higher institutions and private schools, Botany is taught, and yet the former is certainly of far greater importance in the broad range of its economic applications. The State Normal College at Albany and the Oswego Normal School, have given excellent entomological instruction. Cornell University sus- 344 Fiftieth Eeport on the State Museum tains a Professorship in Entomology, with courses of lectures, laboratory work and Museum. Lectures in course upon it are given at Harvard University, the State College of Maine, the Massachusetts Agricultural College, the Michigan State Agricultural College, Purdue University at Lafayette, Ind., the Illinois Industrial University, the Iowa Agri- cultural College, the Kansas State Agricultural College, and the Leland Stanford Jr., University in California. In each of these State Institutions particular attention is paid to the economic aspect of the science. The above, with the exception of some academic instruction in other States is the sum, so far as known to me, of what is being done in our institutions of learning in this department of Natural Science. The reason for its almost entire neglect in our schools, is, undoubtedly the want of text books adapted to the young student. It might have rivaled Botany in popularity could its collections be named with the facility of plants. But for this we may never hope. The volumes that would be required for the simple identification by means of three- or four- lined diagnoses ol the known United States species of insects, would be, at least, twenty of the size of Gray's School and Field Book of Botany — a series which would certainly prove inconvenient for general class use. A reference catalogue alone of the Diptera (flies) of North America, forms a volume three-fourths the size of the one above named; and a catalogue of the known Insects of the small State of New Jersey, giving name and oc- casionally brief annotations of locality and distribution, fills 486 pages octavo. We should not wait for the desired text-books, such as will enable us to name our collections, for there is much else to learn of insects besides their names, as, for example, their structure, habits, transformations, and economic value. With " Packard's Guide to the Study of Insects" and " Comstocks Manual for the Study of Insects," in the possession of the student for reference, and with the insects before him upon his table, the teacher, having qualified himself for the work, may, in a series of lectures give to his class a better foundation for future study than could be acquired from books alone. I lately had the privilege of attending one of the Lowell Institute Free Course ot Lectures on Zoology, at Boston, given to the teachers of the Public Schools. Each of the about three hundred teachers in attend- ance had upon his or her table a box containing a half-dozen represen- tative species in the order of Neuroptera, and a vessel of water in which were some macerated specimens with which to study structure. The lecture was further illustrated by diagrams and charts upon the wall. I was delighted with the lecture, and with the promise that it gave of the Twelfth Repoht ok the k^tate Entomologist 345 good to result, when these trained teachers would form centres of similar instruction to other classes elsewhere. In conclusion, if my plea for entomological study shall meet its desired response in inducing some of you to become faithful laborers in this broad field, where so large an amount of virgin soil is to be upturned, so much tillage is required, and such abundant fruit to be gathered — then, let me further ask of you, not to rest contented to gather for your- selves alone, but that from your superabundant stores you may make large contribution to others. Emulate the example of him whose honored and revered name your association bears. Ever find your greatest incentive to study, not in that it enriches yourself, but that you may impart to others. So gather from Nature's exhaustless stores and so distribute that your fellow-men shall be made the better, wiser and happier from your having been permitted to serve as Nature's interpreters. More of honor than regal crown can bestow is in that single word, chiseled on a glacial block borne from beyond the seas to mark, so fittingly, the grave of Agassiz at Mount Auburn — Teacher. (C) LIST OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE ENTOMOLOGIST. The following is a list of the principal publications of the Entomol- ogist during the year 1896 — thirty-eight are named — giving title, jjlace and time of publication, and a summary of contents. On the Girdling of the Elm Twigs by the Larvae of Orgyia leucostigma and its Results. (American Naturalist, xxx, January, 1896, pp. 74- 75—17 cm.) Its annual depredations in Albany ; a new form of attack noticed in 1883, viz., girdling of the tips of the twigs; cause of the girdling; the girdling operations of a second brood of the Orgyia in August, 1895; a second brood not previously recorded in Albany; a feature shown in the twigs girdled by this brood; no similar girdling seen on any other of the Orgyia food-plants. [Republished in pages 124-126 of the Eleventh Report.] AVire-Worms in Corn. (Country Gentleman, for February 20, 1896, Ixi, p. 144, c. I — 18 cm.) Wire-worms reported as injuring corn seriously at Mullica Hill, N. J., the previous year. Buckwheat and mustard crops as preventives of wire-worms. Kainit possibly a remedy, although it gave unsatisfactory results at Cornell University. Baits of poisoned clover for the beetles recommended ; midsummer plowing for destroying pupal cells and their occupants; rotation of crops ; keeping fields in sod but a year or two at a time ; thorough cultivation in autum.n. A Solution for Killing Worms. (Gardening, for March 15, 1896, iv, p. 199, c. 2—5 cm.) Replying to an inquiry of a solution for killing worms, grubs, etc., in potted plants and on benches of greenhouses, several are named, as pyrethrum water {}4 ounce to two gallons of water), quassia water, to- bacco water, mustard water, and lime water. Vegetable solutions would be less liable to injure the roots of the plants. The Apple Maggot, Trypeta pomonella. (Gardening, for April i, 1896, iv, p. 218, cols. 2, 3 — 21 cm.) The insect is stated to ruin annually in Western Massachusetts the fruit of several varieties of apples; inquiry is made of remedies. Reply is given that preventive measures must be mainly relied on. The parent insect flies from early July until frost, — the females 348 Fiftieth Report ox the State Museum depositing their three to four hundred eggs singly beneath the skin on all parts of the apple. The eggs hatch in four or five days ; mining habits of larvae; they naturally pupate under ground. Destroying fallen fruit at once, using decoy trees for receiving the eggs, compact- ing the soil beneath trees or stirring it frequently, is recommended. Apple Maggot. (Country Gentleman, for April 2, 1896, Ixi, p. 270, c. 3 — 13 cm.) It is reported as doing much damage to young apples in Fond du Lac county, Wisconsin ; spraying is proposed. In reply, it is stated, that arsenites are of no value against this insect \Trypcta pomonella\; a good coating of the fruit with the Bordeaux mixture might prevent oviposition. General failure of the crop would probably reduce the numbers of the fly the following year, as it is sluggish and would hardly fly far. It can also breed in wild haws and crab apples. Best remedies : destruction of fallen fruit and using decoy trees. Arsenical spraying should not be neglected because of comparative exemption from insect attack. The Cheese Skipper. (Country Gentleman, for April 9, 1896, Ixi, p. 293, c. 2 — 28 cm.) In response to inquiry, the meat-skipper is identified as the one found in cheese, viz., Ptophila casei (Linn.). The perfect fly hibernates, appearing in warm weather in spring to oviposit; duration of stages. Long known only in cheese; in recent years infesting meat; losses caused in packing houses. Skippers reported from Moorefield, W. Va., on salted meat in January. Remedies : storing these products in darkness ; excluding the flies. The Avork of the skippers does not produce ill odors or putresence. [Extended in pp. 229-234 of this Report (xii).] Scale Insects. (Gardening, for April 15, 1896, iv, p. 234, c. i — 14 cm.) Scales on apple trees from Milwaukee, Mich., are identified as Myiilaspis pomorum and Chionaspis furfurus. Remedies are, cutting down when badly infested ; for moderate attacks spray vvith kerosene emulsion reduced with nine parts of water when the young insects appear, or else from the middle to the end of May, for the latitude of Michigan. The Southern Corn-Root Worm. (Country Gentleman, for April 30 1896, Ixi, p. 353, cols. 2, 3 — 40 cm.) "Bud-worms" which had nearly destroyed a field of corn in Fauquier Co., Va., are " the twelve-spotted Diabrotica," D. i2punLtata (Oliv.). The closely allied northern corn-root worm, Diabrotica longi- cornis (Say), is more destructive in the Northern States. Characters of the two species are given. The southern beetle is sometimes com- mon North, and is a well-known pest of squashes, melons and cucumbers. The larvae attack the corn just beneath the surface and cause wilting of the central leaf. Infested fields should not be replanted. No effective remedy is known. Twelfth Report op the State Entomologist 34&' Thousand-Legged Worms Infesting Greenhouses. (Gardening, for Ma)r I, 1896, iv, pp. 251, 252, cols. 2, 3, 1 — 47 cm.) Thousand-legged worms are reported as abounding in greenhouses at Kansas City, Mo., and not controlable by ordinary applications. From examples sent, the Myriapod is briefly described and identified as one of the flattened millepeds near to Polydcsmus coniplanatiis of Europe, which has not been recognized in this country. Polydesuius Canadensis is probably the species found to be so injurious by Dr. Fitch in this country. Many of the Myriapods feed only on decaying vegetable matter. Soot is said to drive them away. Kerosene or a strong kerosene emulsion will kill them ; pyrethrum and hellebore might be tried. Baiting with chips, slices of carrots, etc., recom- mended Removal of the manure in the house in which they may have bred is advised. [Extended in pp. 300-303 of this Report (xii).] A Handbook of British Lepidoptera. By Edward Meyrick. (The Nation, Ixii, May 14, 1896, p. 385, cols. 2, 3 — t^t^ cm.) In a review of the above work, its comprehensiveness, completeness,, and general excellence is commended. It contains descriptive text of 2061 species Analytical keys for the determination of the higher groups so complete have rarely if ever been given Its new system of classification is noticed, based on the author's study for years, of the Lepidoptera of the World. The system is so revolutionary as to be almost startling, but it is presented as a natural one, as based on re- semblances resulting from traced community of descent. It is in accordance with the views advanced in Darwin's " Origin of Species," and has apparently been so carefully elaborated that in all probability it will have to be generally accepted by American Systematists. From . the intimate relationship of the Lepidoptera of Great Britain and of the United States, the volume will be almost indispensable to American Students of Lepidopterology. Elm-Leaf Beetle. (Country Genileman, for May 14, 1896, Ixi, p. z^d, c. 3 — 6 cm.) Examples sent with inquiry from Gaylordsville, Conn., taken on an attic window, are identified as Galeriicella xaiitJwmelcena, now G. Inteola. They had doubtless just wakened from their winter's sleep in the attic and when found were seeking to escape to the elm for feed- ing and subsequent oviposition. The Harlequin Cabbage Bug. (Gardening, for May 15, 1896, iv, p. 266, cols. 2, 3 — 26 cm.) Insects destructive to cabbage and cauliflower in Tracy City, Tenn., are the harlequin cabbage bug, Miirga?itia histrionica. Its northward spread from Mexico is noticed, also its habits, and method of destroy- ing it by drawing the early insects to mustard, cabbage stumps and sprouts for convenient killing, and by crushing the eggs. S50 Fiftieth Report on the State Museum A Plum Mite. (Country Gentleman, for May 21, 1896, Ixi, p. 406, c. 2 — 16 cm.) Leaves of a Chickasaw plum from Muncy, Pa., are deformed with galls showing on both surfaces of the leaf, produced by a gallmite which is seen under a powerful glass. Judging from the character ot the gall, it is identical with that oi Phytoptus pruni Amerl., which has not been previously detected in this country. For the destruction o! the mite, hand-picking and burning the infested leaves early in the season, and winter spraying with kerosene emulsion are recommended. [See page 318 of this Report (xii).] The " Fire Worm." (Country Gentleman, for May 28, 1896, Ixi, p. 431, cols. 3, 4 — 12 cm.) The canker-worm, Anisopte)yxvernata (Peck), is defoliating orchards in Amenia, N. Y., where it has previously been abundant. It is prov- ing quite resistant to Paris green, and one pound of the green to 100 gallons of water has been required for killing it. Its habit of dropping from the foliage and being carried on its thread by the wind to other trees is noticed. It is known in Amenia, as the " fire worm," as the trees after the infestation, look as if they had been swept by fire. [See pages 31 1-3 12 of this Report (xii).] -On the Girdling of Elm Twigs by the Larvae of Orgyia leucostigma and its Results. (Proceedings of the American Association for the Advance- ment of Science — Forty-fourth meeting, held at Springfield, Mass., August-September, 1895. May, 1896, p. 156 — 5 cm.) A brief abstract of the paper under the above title was published in the American Naturalist for January, 1896. See page 347 of this Report. Fruit Tree Aphides. (Country Gentleman, for June 11, 1896, Ixi, p. 466, cols. 3, 4 — 12 cm.) Some black aphides on cherry from East Harlford, N. Y., are iden- tified as the cherry-tree aphis, Myzus cerasi (Fabr.), and the green ones on plum as Aphis prunifolix Fitch. The former is a common and widely distributed pest, while the latter is much less so. Spraying the plant-lice with whale-oil soap solution or strong tobacco water on their first appearance is effective. After the leaves curl, the spray is not effective. The Syrphid larvae found preying on the aphides would probably soon destroy them all. {Kill the Larvae of the Elm-leaf Beetle.] (Albany Evening Journal, for June 24, 1896, p. 4, c. 4 — 16 cm.) The larvae of the first brood are now descending for pupation, and by killing them with hot water or kerosene, the ravages of the second brood may be largely prevented. This method is simple, while general spraying is impracticable. Infested trees — confined almost entirely to European elms, are indicated by small spots on sidewalks ordinarily Twelfth Report of the State Entomologist 351 left by the larvae trodden under foot. The American elm in Albany is so far exempt from attack. [Extended in pages 253-264 of this Report (xii),] [Report on the Work of the Gypsy Moth Committee after an Examin- ation made in June, 1893.] (The Gypsy Moth, Porthetria dispar (Linn.) — A Report of the Work by E. H. Forbush & C. H. Fernald [June], 1896, Appendix D, pp. xxxii-xxxv). The'pages cited contain (in part) a report made by the N. Y. State Entomologist, following an examination, at the request of the Com- mittee, of their operations. As the result of the examination of the field and office work, and at the Insectary, nothing was found to criti- cise. Liberal appropriations by the State Legislature and a continu- ance of the work of the Committee were recommended. Two suggestions were offered, viz.; that the entire service of the Entomol- ogist, Prof. Fernald, be secured, if possible, and that the cultivation of parasites be entered upon and vigorously prosecuted, somewhat on the plan of which an outline is given. Possibly by this means only, can extermination of the moth be efifected. The Elm-tree Beetle in Albany, (iVlbany Express, for July i, 1896.) Gives the progress of the insect up the valley of the Hudson river since its appearance at Newburg, N. Y., in 1879, until its invasion of Albany in 1892 ; also, its slow spread in Albany and best methods for its destruction. Rose Bugs. (Gardening, for July i, 1896, iv, p. 311, c. 2 — 11 cm.) A correspondent, Mrs. Chrisman, states that rose-bugs may usually be traced to a hatching ground, where they could be killed by the application of a few sacks of salt. The editor requests comment on the above. It is given to the eff'ect that the correspondent has un- doubtedly been successful in tracing the rose-bugs in her neighborhood to a common hatching ground in a swamp, and draining the locality is suggested as a remedy for the continued breeding. Salt, as suggested, may prove effectual, and it would be well to experiment with it. Tenth Report on the Injurious and Other Insects of the State of New York for the Year 1894. Albany, 1895. [Issued July 8, 1896.] Pages 297, plates 4, figures 24. (Forty-eighth Report on the New York State Museum, for the year 1894. Albany, 1895, pp. 297, plates 4, figs. 24.) The contents are : Transmittal. Injurious Insects, etc.: Ants on Fruit-Trees. Derostenus sp ? Operations against the Gypsy-Moth in Massachusetts. Gortyna immanis, the Hop Vine Grub. Gortynacata- phracta, as a Raspberry-cane borer. Collections in the Adirondack Mountains in 1893. Sitotroga cerealella, the Grain-Moth. Diplosis pyrivora, the Pear-Midge. Notes on Sciara. Sciara coprophila, the Manure-Fly. Sciara caldaria, the Greenhouse Sciara. Phora agarici, 352 Fiftieth Report on the State Museum the Mushroom Phora. Agrikis rufioollis, the Gouty-Gall Beetle. Anomala lucicola, the Light-loving Grapevine Beetle. Anomala mar- ginata, the Margined Anomala. Diabrotica vittata, the Striped Cucumber Beetle. Dibolia borealis, a Plantain-Leaf Miner. Otiorhyn- chus ovatus, the Ovate Snout-Beetle. Conotrachelus crataegi, the Quince Curculio. The Seventeen-Year Locust in the State of New York in 1894. Psylla pyricola, the Pear- Tree Psylla. Remarkable abundance of Aphides or Plant-Lice in 1893. Are Aphides Eaten by Spiders ? Pentatoma juniperina, the Juniper Plant-Bug. Leptocoris trivittatus, the Box-elder Plant-Bug. The Grasshopper Plague in Western New York. Julus caeruleocinctus, with Associated Potato- Scab. Mites Attacking Mushrooms. Mites Infesting Potatoes. Tyroglyphus Lintneri, a Mushroom-Infesting Mite. Phytoptus pyri, the Pear-Leaf Blister-Mite. Appendix. (A) The Scorpion-Flies; Panorpa rufescens; Bittacus strigosus. (B) List of Dates OF Collections of Lepidoptera (Heterocera). (C) List of Publications of the Entomologist. (D) Entomological Pub- lications OF J. A. Lintner, 1862-1869. (E) Contributions to the Department in 1893. (F) Contributions to the Depart- ment in 1894. (G) Classified list of Insects noticed in Reports I-X. (H) Errata (Additional) in Preceding Reports. Index to Reports I-X. The Army Worm Invasion. (The Argus [Albany, N. Y.], for July 8, 1S96, p. 8, c. 3—28 cm.; the same, in part, in New York Recorder, for July 15, 1896 — 18 cm.; Country Gentleman, for July 16, 1896, Ixi, p. 552, c. I — 24 cm.; Rome Sentinel, for July 17, 1896 — 12 cm. ; Circu- lar of the Department of Agriculture of the State of New York.) The army-worm appears in Washington County, N. Y., the first week in July, and in other localities near Albany, in immense numbers and quite injurious. Crushing them and ditching to arrest their pro- gress is recommended, also spraying narrow strips in advance of their march with Paris green. Its injuries will soon cease. None of its parasites seen as yet. [Extended in pages 190-214 of this Report (xii).] Wire Worm. (Country Gentleman, for July 9, 1896, Ixi, p, 540, cols, i, 2-13 cm.) Examples sent from Hackeltstown, N. J., where they have been quite injurious to corn, are identified as wire-worms and their gener- al characters given. No entirely effective remedy for them has been found. Kainit is said to be a remedy. Salt is of doubtful value. Plowing in the autumn and attracting to baits recommended. The Army Worm Invasion. (New York Daily Tribune, for Saturday, July 18, 1896 — 57 cm.) The presence of the army worm \Leiicania unipunctd\ in eastern New York. The caterpillars unusually abundant and destructive. Lime, plaster, rolling the ground, ditching, etc., recommended. No> Twelfth REroRT op the State Entomologist 35;{ parasites observed. Favoring meteorological conditions responsiMe for their immense numbers. Not likely to be so numerous another year. [Extended in pages 190-214 of this Report (xii).] Tent Caterpillar. (Country Gentleman, for July 23, 1896, Ixi. p. 571, c. 4—5 cm.) An example of a moth occurring in great numbers sent for identifica- tion from Baltimore, Md., was the apple-tree tent-caterpillar \Clisio- campa Americana]. Some particulars relating to the cocoon and the moth were given in reply. The Army Worm. (Country Gentleman, for July 23, 1896, ixi, p. 574, cols. 3, 4—32 cm.) The caterpillars were reported in the last week of June. The week following, many had nearly attained their growth and were destroying grains and grasses in most of the southeastern counties of the State. Ditching, rolling, spraying infested strips with Paris green, and appli- cations of air-slacked lim.e, plaster, or even road dust, recommended. The most serious injury has already been committed. The moth, Z'"'^ X The Great White Leopard Moth. Report XII. N. Y. State Entomologist. Plate II. Army- Worms at Work on Corn. Report XII. N. Y. State Entomologist. Plate III. Army-Worm Moths and Caterpillars. Report XII. N. Y. State Entomologist. Plate V. Kermes — Euclemensia — Oxyptilus. Report XII. N. Y. State Entomologist. 'late VI. New species of Sciara. Report XII. N. Y. State Entomologist. Plate VII. -^<1 J5X' Maple and Elm Tree Borers. Report XII. N. Y. State Entomologist. Plate IX. The Seventeen-year Cicada. Report XII. N. Y. State Entomologist. Plate X. '^*iiC' ^%.,*v loVt Cicada Chambers, at New Baltimore, N. Y. ■V I .. '--f ^ •*sS '13E2IS' ^mi%m^ 'ftv Report XII N. V. State Entomologist. Plate XIII. m Cicada Chambers, at New Baltimore, N. Y. Report XII. N. Y. State Entomologist. Plate XIV Pemphigus and Gossyparia. Report XII. N. Y. State Entomologist Plate XV Leptodesmus. (F) EXPLANATION OF PLATES. Plates I, IV, V, VII, VIII, IX, XIV, are from photographs by E. P. Felt Plates X, XI, XII. XIII, are from photographs by W. W. Byington. Plate I. Ecpantheria scribonia. The Great White Leopard Moth. The upper three figures are males; the lowest two, females: showing the variations in maculation in this species. Plate II. Leucania unipuncta. The Army- Worm Army-worms at work on acorn plant, nearly natural size (after Slinger- land). Plate III. Leucania unipuncta. The Army- Worm. Fig. a. — Moth at rest, natural s'ze; <^, moth with wings expanded ; c. moth twice natural size; lower figures, light and dark varieties of army-worms, twice natural size (after Slinger- land). Plate IV. Fig. I — Larval spines ot Ecpantheria scribonia, 'Oci\x\.)'-'a-^& times nat- ural size. Fig. 2. — Heads of timothy eaten by army-worms, nearly natural size. Fig. 3. — Tips of grape vines infested with larvai of Oxyptilus perisceli- dactytus, natural size. Fig. 4. — ^ Young and nearly full-grown larvae of Oxyptilus, -dbont three times natural size. Fig. 5. — Pupae of sauie, about three times natural size 25 370 Fiftieth Report of the State Museum Plate V. Fig. I. — Kermes gallifor?nis on twig, natural size. Fig. 2. — Imago of Euclemensia Bassettella (Clemens). Figs. 3, 4, 5 — Larvae of same. Fig. 6. — Larva within the Kermes. Fig. 7 — Pupa (Figs, i to 7 from colored drawings by W. R. Walton), Fig. 8. — Oxyptilus periscelidactylus, twice natural size. Fig. 9. — The same in natural position, twice natural size. Fig. I. Fig. 2.- Fig. 3-- Fig. 4- Fig. 5- Fig. 6. Fig. 7-- Fig. 8.- Fig. 9-- Fig. 10.- Fig. II.- Fig. 12.- Fig. 13- Plate VL — Wing of Sciara mu/fisefa, male. female. " S. fauciseta, female. — " " " male. — " S. agraria, female. • — *' " " male. — " 6". fulvkanda, male. — '' S. prolijica, male. " " " female (Figs, i to 9 inclusive thirty-five times natural size). — Genitalia, dorsal aspect, of S. agraria (enlarged). — Group of setae of S. fnultiseta (much enlarged). — Group of setae of S. paiiciseta (much enlarged). — Genitalia, dorsal aspect, of S. fulvicauda (enlarged). Plate VIL Fig. I. — Plagionoiiis speciostis ; the upper two females, natural size. Pig. 2 Saperda iridentata, male and female, twice natural size. Fig. 3. — Neoclytus eryihrocephalus, male and female, twice natural size. Fig. 4. — Work of Saperda and Neoclytus under the bark in elm, one-half natural size. Fig. 5. — Cross-section of limb showing work of Saperda and Neoclytus, one-half natural size. Twelfth Report of the State Entomologist 371 Plate VIIT. Fig. I. — Under surface of elm-leaf showing eggs, the larvae and their work, of ihe elm-leaf beetle (nearly natural size) ; in the lower left-hand corner a group of eggs is represented three times natural size. Fig. 2. — Locust leaves skeletonized by Odo?itota dorsalis, nearly nat- ural size. Fig. 3. — Odonfota dorsalis, three times natural size. Fig. 4. — Lateral view of male and feinale chestnut weevil, Bdlaninus rectus^ twice natural size. Fig. 5. — Chestnuts injured by weevil, one opened to show work inside, nearl}' natural size. Fig. 6. — Dorsal view of female chestnut weevil, Balani?ius rectus, twice natural size. Plate IX. Cicada septendecim. The Seventee/i- Year Cicada. Fig. I. — Male and female with wings spread (the left fore-shortened in photographing) ; one with wings closed, nearly natural size. Fig. 2. — Dorsal, lateral and ventral aspects of pupal shells, nearly- natural size. Plate X. Vertical views of Cicada chambers taken at New Baltim )re, N. Y.; the lower one nearly one-half natural size, the upper one much reduced. Plate XL Cicada chambers collected at New Baltimore, nearly one-half natural size. Plate XII. Cicada chambers at New Baltimore. Plate XIII. Cicada chambers at New Baltimore, another view. 372 Fiftieth Report of the State Museum Fig. I Fig. 2 Fig. 3 Fig. 4 Fig. 5 Fig. I.- Fig. 2. Fig. 3- Fig. 4- Fig. S- Fig. 6. Fig. 7- Plate XIV. — Galls of Petnphigus rkois, natural size. — Gossyparia iiltiii, full-grown females, taken June 7, slightly- enlarged. — Male cocoons of Gossyparia, three times natural size. — Half-grown females of Gossyparia, taken Sept. 7, four times natural size. — Full-grown females of Gossyparia, about three times natural size. Plate XV. Leptodesmus falcatus. — Male, three times natural size. — Leg (x 24). — Palpus (x 17).' — Dorsum of segment (x 7). — Dorsum of terminal segment (x 7). — Lateral view of copulatory leg of male (x 65). — Gnathochilarium (x 35). INDEX Abboiii, Thyieiis, 359. Abbott-Smith, cited, 183. Acliorutes dive! sleeps, 357. Accn'iis infested bv Balaninus rectus, 271. Adalia bipimctata, 298. Additional No'es ou Sciara, 223-228. adelphus, Gomphiis, 361. Adirondack colleetious limited, 307. Aedes, 321. ffiuea, Myopbasia, 210. a-sciilana, Pioteoteras, 214, 215, 216, 217. JEscalns glabra, Stegauoptycha Clay- poliana iMJiu'in 347. Apple-ieaf Bucculatrix, 307, 360. Apple-leaf miner, 357. Apple maggot, 347-348. Apple-tree aphis, 307. Apple-trte boreis, 356. Apple-tree case-bearer, 360. Apple-tree te!it-caterpiliar, 307, 353. Apple-worm, 360. arctiee, Opliion, 183, 189. Arctiidte, species treated of, 183-189. argentifions, Miltogranima, 210. ai'gillacea, Alefia, 342. Argynuids, scarcity of, 308. Argynnis, Atlantis, 308. Arhopalus [PlagionotusJ speciosus, 237. armatus, Urosigalphus, 271, armicollis, Magdalis, 246. Army-worm, biblio,i;rapliy. 190-194. counties injured by, 195. description of the various stages, 200-202. distribution, 199-200. fignres, plates ii, iii and iv, tig. 2. food-habits, 205-206. life-liistory and habits, 202-205, 206-207. natural controlling agents, 208- 211. Army- worm — (Continued) : preveutivfs and remedies, 211-214. ravages in New York State, 194— 198, 199, 309-310.. ravages in other States, 198-199. reierence, 177, 352, 353, 360. Arsenical spraying of fruit-trees wbile- in blossom, 357. Ash-grav blister beetle, 315, 362. Ashmead, W. H.. cited, 192. asparagi, Crioceris, 249, 250, 251-252,. 314-315, 356, 357, 362. Asparagus beetle (common), 249, 250, 251-252, 314-315, 357. Asparagus: insects injurious to, Crioceiis asparagi, 249, 251-252,. 315. Crioceris 12-j)unctata, 249, 250. Lencauia unipnncta, 206. Aspidiotus juj;!ans-regia% 316. pernicious, 316, 356, 357, 363. Asterias, Papilio, 307. Atalanta, Pyrameis, 308. Atlantis, Argynnis. .308. Attacns Cecropia, 355. Attacus Promethea, cocoons of, 338- 339, 340. experiment with larva, 340, larva3 of, 339-340. life-history of, 3::8-341. Atwater, W. 6., cited, 254. Australasife, Periplaneta, 363. AverillPark, elm-leaf beetle there, 261. IJ Bacon, smoked, Piophila casei infest- ing, 233. Bacterial disease of army-worm, 208. Bailey, J. S., insects from, 360. Balaninus caryatrvpes [])roboseideu8], 267, 268'. 269. ohtusus, 271. Balaninus proboscideus, bibliography, 267-268. characteristics of the genus, 269. extent of injuries. 269. life-history of the two species, 270-271. remedies and preventives, 271-272. two species attacking chestnuts, 269-270. value of crop atiected, 268-269. Balaninns rectus (see B. proboscideus), 2(i7-272. uuiformis, 268. Ballard, Mrs. J. P.. insects from, 184. balluca, Plnsia, 308. Baltimor.; oriole feeding on army- worn\ 209. Banks, N., cited, 298; referred to, 285,. 299. Bark borers, 244. Barking elms for boiers. 247-248. Barley: in^icets injurious to, Leucania albilinea, 310. Leucania unipnncta, 206, 309. Twelfth Report of the State Entomologist 375 Barnard, W. S., cited, 254. Bassettella, Eiicleiuen.sia, 317, 363. Bassus scntellaris, 211. Batrachedra salicipomonella, 360. Bayer, J. W., iusects from, 363. Beans, aiuiy-wmru feedinf;; on, 206. Beekwith, M. H., cited, 251. Bed-bug-, bite of, 323. Beech : iusects injurious to, Datana integcrrima, '.'■09. Odontota dorsalis, 266. Pemphigus imbricator, 355, 363. Beech-tree blight, 355. Bees, reference to humming, 210. Beet : insects injurious to, Anthomyia sp., 361. Epicanta cinerea, 354. Epicauta viitata, 354. Beetles, month parts of, 326. Bell, J. T., cited, 238. Belvoisia unifasciata, 210. beunetii, Agdistis, 221. Bennington, Vt., ravages of Plagio- notus speciosus at, 240. Bethune. C. J. S., cited, 192. Bethunei, Xylina, 360. betulfe, Cecidomyia, 357. Bibliography of, Balauiims probosci- deus, 267-268. Balaninns rectus, 267-268. Cicada septendecim, 272-273. Crioceris l2-pnnctata, 248-249. Culex s|iecies, 335. Ecpantheria scribonia, 183. Galerucella lutcola, 253-254. Gossypiiria. ulmi, 292-293. Lebia gramlis, 235. Leucaida iiMi])nncta, 190-194. Neuronia pardalis, 298. Odimtota doisalis, 264-265. Oxyptilu.s periscolidactylus, 218. Pemphigus rbois, 290. Piophila casci, 229-230. Plagionotiis speciosus, 237-238. Saperda tridentata, 243. bicaudatns, Araphicerus, 362. Biennial Report of the State Board of Horticulture of the State of Califor- nia cited, 293. Beitriige zur keunfniss der Phrj'gaui- den (Hagen) cited, 298. bipiinctat:i, Adalia, 298. Birch : insects injurious to, Hylotoma. pectoialis, 359. Odontota dorsalis, 26i». Bireh-seed midae, 357. Birds cairying Gogsyparia ulmi, 297. feeding on army-worm, 209. insectivorous, encouriiging, 212. Bittacns strigosns, 352. bivulnerus, Cliilocorus, 361. Blackberrv, Sciara fulvicanda bred from roots, 227, 361. Blackbird feeding on aimv-worm, 209. Black-flies, scarcity of, 307. Blackfly termed a mosquito, 320. Black locust, Ecpantheria scribonia feeding on, 189. Blanchard, F., cited, 268. Blatchley, W. S., cited, 265. Blissus leucopterus, 315, 341, 3.57, Blister beetles, 354. Blue-jay feeding on army-worm, 209. Bobolink feeding on army-worm, 209. Bombylida?, 308, 338. borealis, Dibolia, 352. Gryilotalpa, 363. Borers, remedies for, 353. Bos, J. Ritzema, cited, 230. Boston Journal of Natural History cited, 264. ;;_ w/n Boston, Mass., ravages of Saperda tri- dentata at, 244. iJI""v I Boston Society of Natural History, Proceedings cited, 298. Box-elder plant-bug, 352. Bracon sp., 359. Brewster, G.W. H., on army-woim, 196. Britton, W, E,, cited, 194. ^ : r :^ Brooklyn Entomological Society, Bul- letin cited, 268. Brooks, M., on Cicada chambers, 280- 281. Brooks, W. P., cited, 194. Bruchus obtecius, 362. pi^oi um, 355. Brncophagus sp , 359. Brnner, L., cited, 192, 218, 2.54. Brunswick, Me., ravanesof Plagiouotus speciosus at, 240. Buccnlatrix pomifoliella, 307, 360, Buckeye: insects injurious to, Pioteoteras fe.sculana, 215, 217. 1 Steganoptycha Claypoliana, 216, 217. Buffalo .'Society of Natural Sciences, Bulk-tin cited, 2l8. Bugs, mouth-parts of, 327. Bullard, W. S., spia\iiig trees, 264. Burnett, H. S., cited, 192. Burt, Silas W., insects from, 363. Butterflies and Motiis (British), by Furneaux, cited, 221. Butterflies, mouth- parts of, 326. scarcity of, 307. Bulletin Agiiciiltural Experiment Sta- tion (if tlie University of Tenn- essee cited, 273. Brooklyn Entomological Society cited", 268. Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences cited, 218. Connecticut Agiieultural Experi- ment Station cited, 254. Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station cited, 194, 254. Geological and Natural History Survey of Minnesota cited, 290. Hatch Experiment Station of the Massacbusetts Agricultural Col- lege cited, 193, 218, 254, 293. 376 Fiftieth Report of the State Museum Bulletin Illinois Slate Lahoratory of Natural History cited, 293. lowM Agricultural College Experi- iiiont Station cited, 193. Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station cited, 243. Massachusetts Crop Report cited, 193, 238, 293. Michigan State Agricultural Col- lege Experimeut Statiou cited, 192. 254. Nevada State University, Agricul- tural Experiment Station, cited, 293. New Hampshire College Agricul- tural Exi)eriineut Statiou cited, 194, 238. New Jersey Agricultural College Experiment Station cited. 192, 2.->3. 268, 272. New Mexico Agricultural College Experiment Station ciied, 193. New York Agricultural Experi- ment Station cited, 193. North Carolina Agricultural Ex- periment Station cited, 193, 268. Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station <-ifed, 191, 248, 265, 273. Slorrs Agiicultural p]xperimeut Station (C(mn.) cited, 254. United States Department of Agri- culture, Division of Entomology, abstract from, 3.16; cited, 183, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194, 218. 230. 231, 235, 248, 253, 254, 264; 265; 272, 273, 292, 307, 321, 335. United States Dep-irtment of Agri- culture, Office of Experiment Stations, cited, 183. United States Entomological Com- mission cited, 237, 243. United States National Museum cited, 183. University of Minnesota, Agricul- tural Experiment Station, cited, 193. We,st Virginia Agricultural Experi- ment Station cited, 193, 265. Byrsocrypta [Pemphigus] rhois, 290. Cabbage, Ecpantheria fed on, 183, 189- Cabbage: insects, etc., injurious to, Murgantia histrionica, .349. Polydesmus serratns, 301. Cacoecia rosacenna, 312, 356, 360. CEemeutarins, Pelo))oeus. 359. CEeruleocinctns, Jnlus, 352. Cferulenm, Chalybinn, 359. csesar, Lncilia, 210. Calandria granaria, 362. calcitrans, Stomoxys, 337. caldaria, Sciara, 351. calidum, Calosoma, 209, 361. California State Board of Horticulture, Biennial Report cited, 293. caliginnsus, Harpalus, 209. Calosoma calidum, 209, 361. externum, 209. scrutator, 209, 361. Wilcoxi, 209. Campbell, J. G., insects from, 364. Caniponotns herculaneus, 181. lie'culaneus, var. Peunsylvanicus, 181-182. Pennsylvanicus, 181-182. Canaday, G., insects from, 198. Cau'densis [serratus], Polydesmus, 301, 349. Canadian Entomologist cited, 183, 186, 191, 218, 237, 238, 243, 218, 249, 253, 254, 265. 268, 293. Canadian Journal cited, 183. Canajoharie, N. Y., ravages of Plagi- onotus speciosus at, 240. Candida, Saperda, 239, 246, 356. Canker-worm, 311-312, 350, 360. Caunibalism of elm-leaf beetle larvae, 259. Capsicum pepper, army-worm feeding on, 206. ' Carabidae preying on army-worm, 209, 353. species treated of, 235-237. Carabus family, habits, 236 Ctircplia leucaniie, [Winthemia 4- pustidita] 194. Carnation mite, 357. carpenter ant, 181-182. Carpet-beetle, 357. Carpocapsa pomonella, 360. Carrots for trapping millipeds, 302, carvatrypes [proboscideus], Balaninus, 267, 268, 269. Case, A. P., insects from, 315, 362. casei. Piophila, 229-234, 318. Tyro]diaga [Piophila], 229. Cassiuii, Cicada septendccim var., 279. Castor bean, Ecpantheria fed on, 189. Catalogne of Insects found in New Jersey cited, 183, 190, 218, 238, 243, 290, 344. Catalogue of the described Lepidoptera of North America (Morris) cited, 183. Catalogue of the speciniensof Ncurop- terous Insects in the collection of the British Museum (Walker) cited, 298. Catalogns Cok^opf erornm Enrop8e,Cau- casi et Armcnise rossicae (Reitter) cited, 254. catauhracta, Gortyna, 351. Cat-birds feeding on Cicada, 289. Cats feeding on Cicada pupje, 288. Caulfield, F. B., otte(l asparagus beetle, 249. Chittenden, F. H , cited, 194, 249, 254, 265. 266. Chlamys plicata, 362. Choke-cherries, Cecidomyid in, 313, 356, 361. Chortopbaga viridifasciata. 363. Chrysobothri^ feniorata, 356. Chrysomela scutellaris [Odontota dor- sal is], 264. Cbrysomelida?, species treated of, 248- 267. Chrysopa species. 262. Chryaops nigra, 361. Chrysops s)) , 361 Cicada septendecim, abundance of chamber.^, 280-281. additional bib'iography, 272-273. appearance ai.d continuation of a brood, 279. eharacteiisticsof the Cicada. 274. comparative numbers of successive broods, 285-286 constiuetion of chandlers, 281-282. damtiyes by ovi[)osiMon, 286-287. distribution of Hudson riA'er val- ley brood, 277-279. distribution of var. Cflssinii, 279. earthen chambers in New York, 279-280. first notice of ciianibers, 283-285. interest in ih>' appearance of a brood, 273-274. natur.il .-nemies, 288-289. natural history, 275-276. oviposition, 274-275 preventives ot injury, 289. purpose of the chambers, 282-283. leference. 274. stings of Cicada, 287-288. thirteen-year brood, 276-277. Cicada tibicen, 274, 363. Cicadidte. species treated of, 272-289. cicndiua, Massospora, attacking Ci- cada, 289. Cicindela repanda, 209. Cicindelida3, 320. Cicindelids, scarcity of, 308. ciliatns, Culex, 327. cinerea, Epicanta, 354, 361. Circular of the Department, of Agri- culture of the State of New York, abstract from, 252; cited. 190. Circular United Slates Department of Agricnltnie, Di\ ision of Entomology, cited, 254. Cistogaster immaculata, 210. 378 Fiftieth Report op the State Museum Clarliiotns] speciosus, 237,238. c-ninrnni, A<;rotis, 205. Cocc'dte, species treated of, 292-298. Coccids. reference, 295, 298. Cocciuella 9-n'>tata, 361. Coccinellids, scarcity of, 308. Coccus [Gossvparia] nlmi, 292. Cockerel). T.*D. A., cited, 193, 293. Cock loaches, 332. Coboes, elm-leaf beetle tliere. 261. Colastes, parasite of Gossviiaria, 293. Coleophora Fletcherella, 3U7. 360. Coleoptera, cnitiibutions of, 361-362. refei( nee. 320. species treated ef, 235-272. Coleopterous laiva, 361. Colins Pliilo^'iee, 308. Collection, State, 177-178. Collections in the Adir Cncunihers: insects, etc., iujinious to, Diabrotica 12-pinietatii, 348. Leucauia iiiiiimucta, 206. Pol.N desmns seri'alns, 301. cucuuicris, Dij>losis, 357. Cucnyo, 357, 362. Culex, 320, 321, 325, 326, 327. ciliatus. 327. (laiimosiis [tEenioihyncliiis], 321. excitaiis, 321. excruciaiis. 321. hyenialiH, 320. iiiipatiens, 321. implf'caliilis, 321. mosquito, 331. pertiirbaiis, 321. pipieiis, 321, 327. provocaiis, 321. pniK'tdr, 321. pnnp.etis, 321. rufns, 327. stimiil lis, 321. Ctilicidffi, 320, 321, 332. Curculio [Balaninus] proboseideus, 267. Curculioilid infesting elm, 246. Curcnlionida?, species treated of, 267- 272. Ciirraiif : insects injniions to, Enliicliia libeiiria, 311. Jaim.s intejicr, 308. TeuMiiedo infopectus, 308, 359. Currani span-wurm, 360. Curraut-stcm gi idler, 308. Currant-worni, 311. Curr.nts, diied, Silvanus Surinanien- sis iiifestiujr, 361. Curtis, John, referred to. 302. Cut-worms, reference, 205, 314. remedies for, 353. Cyclone burner for army-werm, 193. Cyrtopliyllns concaviis, 363. dama, I.ucanus, 362. daninosns [tseuiorliynchus], Culex, 321. Dana Nntnral History Society, paper read before, 31H-335. Dansby, J. V., cited, 192. Datana inteocrrima, 309. Davis, G. C., Gossyparia foniul by in Michigan. 294. Davis, W. T., cited, 273. Dearuess, J., cited, 194. DeFreest, Lewylleu, insects from, 363. Deilepliila chatngeiierii, 359. Pelaware Colb'ge Aj;riculturfll Ex- periment Station, Kejiort cited, 254. Department of Afiriciiltnre of tbe State of New York, Circular of, abstract from, 252; cited, 190 Derosteniis a jiarasite of Odoutota dorsalis, 265. Derosteniis primus, 267. Derosteniis sp., 351. Description of North Ameiican Curcu- liouides * * * (y.,y) cited, 267. Devrie, W. B., on Cicada, 284. Dewey, Melvil, insects IVom, 360, 361. Diabrotica longicoini.s, 348. 12-i.iinciata, 348. vittara, 352. Diaplieromeia femorata, 363. Diaspis lanatiis, 355. Dibolia borcalis, 352. Dieerca divaricata, 361. Dioger-wasp, lar<^e, 359. Dimmock, G., cited, 190, 218, 235, 238, 264: quoted, 324; referred to, 222, 266. Diplosis encnmeris, 357. pyiivora, 351, 361. setigera, 357. Diptera, 334, 338, 344. contributions of, 361. moutb-parts of, 327. . species treated of, 223-234, 319-335. Dipterous maggots, 262. Distribution of, Balaninus probosei- deus, 270. Balaninus rectus, 270. Cicada, septendecim, 277-279. Crioceris asparagi, 251-252. Crioceris 12-punctatii, 251. Kcpanlbeiia scribonia. 189. Galerucella luteola. 255, 259-260. Gossypaiia ulmi, 294. Lebia grandis. 237. Leucauia uniimneta, 199-200. mosquitoes, 321-322. Nenronia p;irdalis, 299. Odoutota dorsalis. 2«7. Oxyptilns peii«celidaclylus, 222. Peiui)higus rhois, 2^2. Plagionotus s))eciosi's, 241. Saper(!a tiidentata, 247. Diuruals, scat city of, 308. divaricata, Diceica, 361. diversiceps, Acliornies, 357. Division df Entomology, United States Depiirtmeiit of Agriculture,Bulletin, abstract f-om, 356; cited, 1S3, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194, 218,230.231,235, 248, 253, 254, 264, 265, 272. 273, 292, 307, 321, 335; Circular cited, 2.51, 273. Dogbane caterpillar, 357. Dog-day Cicada, 274, 363. Dog-fl. a, 361. Dogs feeding on Cicada pnpa*, 288. Domestic fowls feeding on Cicada piiptB, 288. feeding on army w^rni, 208. dorsalis, Odoutota, 264-267. Doryphora, 2;">7. Downy woodpecker preying on Pla- gionotus speciosus, 242. Dragon flies, 308, 331. dubins, Ciatacantbus, 209. Ducks feeding on army-worm, 208. 380 Fiftieth Report of the State Museum Dutchess coiiuty, anuv-worm ravages iu, I9ii. Dyar, 11. G., cit(>(1, 183, 1H6, 192. 218; quoted, 188; referred to, 184, 265. Eacles iiiii)eri;ilis, 360. Easthninpion, L. I., army-worm rav- ajjes in, 195. Economic Kntomology (Smith) cited, I'JO, 218, 230, 235, 248, 268, 272. Ecpaiitiieriii seribonia, bibliograpliy, 183. di.«tiilnition, 189. eggs described. 184. figuiei<, plates i and iv, fig. 1. food-i)li.iits, 189. imago described, 188. innoxious, 189. larv.il trausform;itions, 184-188. life-history, 188-189. pni)a described, 188. table of last transformations, 187. var. denudata. 183, 188. Edwards, H., cited, 183. Gossyparia found hy in N. Y. Citv, 294. Eggs of, Attacus Proinethoa, 3.39. Cicada septendccim, 274-275, 277. Ecpantheiia seribonia. 184. Galerncella luteola, 256, 257. Gos.sypjiria ulmi. 295. Lencania unipnncta, 200. mosquitoes, :532-333. Odoiitota dorsalis, 206. Pioidiila casei, 232. Plagionotus speciosns, 240-241. Seiaia. prolitica, 226. Egyptian plague, mosquitoes may have been one, 332. Elaphidinii oak prnner, 314. parallelnm, 2,>9, 314, 354, 362. villi isum, 314, 356 Elaplirns ruscarins, 209. Elm borev, 239, 243-248. Elm : insects injurious to, Gaierucella Juteola, 293, 349. Gossvi)aria nlmi, 293, 297. Magdalis armicollis 246, Neoclytns crythrocei)l'alas, 246. Orgvia lencostigma, 347, 350. Snp.-nia tridentata, 243, 244, 355. Scoiytns species, 248. Trenu'S eolumha, 262. Elm-leaf beetle, 177, 253-264, 265, 293, 294, 295, 318, 349, 350. 351, 357. Elm-treo bark-lonse, 292-298, 317-318. Elm -tree borer, 3.')5. clongatus, Pasimacbus. 209. Em|)retia stimnlca, 360. Engle, H. M , growing chestnuts, 268. English elms : insects injurious to, Galerncella luteola, 255, 256, 257, 260, 261. Gossyparia ulmi, 295. Englisli sparrow carrying Gossyparia ulmi, 297. feeding on Cicadas, 272. 289. feeding on army-worm, 20l*. EntomologijB Systematica* emendatse et auetge (Fabricius) cited, 267. Entomologica Americana cited, 183, 192, 264, 272. Entomological Bureau at Washington, 182. Entomological Corresi)ondence of Thaddens William Harris, M. D. (Scudder) cited, 298, Entomological News cited, 190, 194 248, 249, 253, 272, 293. Entomological Society of Ontario, Re- port cited. 183, 191, 192, 193, 194, 218, 230, 235, 237, 238, 243, 253, 272. Entomological Society of Pliil;idelphia, Proceedings of, cited, 183, 290. Entomological Society of Washington, Proceedings cited, "l92, 253, 254, 272. Entomological study, extent of, 342- 343. facilities for, 337-338. interest attacbing thereto, 338. mental discipline affordi-d hy, 336- 337. outfit necessary, 338. practical importan-e of, 341-342. ]>roi>er attention not given to, 343. Entomologie, on histoire r.atnrelle des insects, etc. (Olivier), cited, 264. Entomology: courses in, at Cornell University, 343-344. Harvard University, 344. Illinois Industrial Uuivrrsity, 344. Iowa Agricultural <:;errima feeding on, '609. Falca*a comosa, Odontota dorsalis feediii.u im, 266. falcaius, Leptodesmus, 301. Polyde«mns [Lei)todesmns], 364. Farm Insects (Curtis) referied to, 302. Farmers' Bulletin, United States De- parlmi'ut of Agriculture, cited, 183. Felt, E. P., papers by, 223-229. femor;ita. Chrysobothris, 356. Dianheromera, 363. femora t us, Metapodius, 209. fenestra lis, Sceimpinus, 361. Feniseca Tarqninius, 308. Fernald, C. H,, cited, 191, 218, 254; referred to, 221. Fever- worm (Ec]»autheria), 189. Fiery ground-beetle, 209. Figures of, Balaniuus rectus, plate viii, tigs. 4-6. Cicada septendecim, 275, plates ix-xiii. Crioceris asparagi, 250. Crioceris 12-pnuctata, 250. Ecpantheria scribonia, plate i, plate iv, fig. 1. Euclemensia Bassettella, plate v, figs. 2-7. Galerucella luteola, 259, plate viii, fig. 1. Gossyparia ulmi, plate xiv, figs. 2-5. Kermes galliformis, plate v, fig. 1. Lebia grand is, 235. Leptodesmus faicatus, plate xv. Leucania unipuncta, i)lates ii, iii and iv, fig. 2. mosquito, 327, 329. Neoclytus erythi'ocephalus, plate vii, figs. 3, 4, 5. Neuronia pardalis, 299. Odontota dorsalis, plate viii, tigs. 2,3. Figures of — ( Continued) : Oxyi)iilus pejisceli(hictylns, plate iv, figs. 3, 4, 5 ; plate v, figs. 8,9. Pemphigus ihois, plate xiv, fig. 1. Piophila casei, 231. Pliigionotus speciosus, plate vii, fig. 1. Polydesmns complanatns, 301. Saperda tridentata, plate vii, figs. 4, 5; plate viii, fig. 2. Sciarn agraria, plate vi, figs. 5, 6. 10. Sciara fulvicauda, plate vi, figs. 7, 13. Sciara mnltiscta, plate vi, figs. 1, 2, Scif.rapauciseta, plate vi, figs. 3. 4, 12. Sciara prolifica, plate vi, figs. 8, 9. Filaria sanguiuis-hominis the cause of elt'idi.intiasis, 331-332. immature forms in mosquitoes, 331. "Fire worm" (canl^2. obscnriiies, 182. rufa, 181-182. siibsericea, 1S2. Formicidas, species treated of, 181-182. Four-lined leaf-bug, 363. 4-pustulata, Wiiithemia, 192, 210, 310, 354. Fremd, Charles, Gossyparia in nur- sery of. 293. Freiicli, G. H., citetl, 183, 218. Frogs feediug ou army-worm, 209. Frost kfeCo., H. L., spraying trees, etc., 264. Fruit Growers' Association of Ontario, Eeport cited, 218. Fruit-tree leaves, army-worm feeding on, 206. fucosa, Hypoprepia, 360 fulvicau.h'i, Sciara, 227-228, 361. Fumigation for greenhouses, 303. Fungus attacking Cicada, 289. Fungus gnats, 223-228. Fungus killing elm-leaf beetle, 258, 262. Fungus, possibly original food of Pi- oi)hil:i casei, 233. furfurus, Cliioniis[)is, 348. Furneaux, W., cited, 221. futilalis, Pyi'austa, 357. Fyle.-, T. W., cited, 193, 238. Galeruca xnnthomelfena [Galerucella luteola],253. Galerucella cavicollis, 357. Galerucella luteola, bibliography, 253- 254. associated insects, 261-262. broods iu Albany, 255-256. destructive iu growing season at Albany, 255. feeding throughout growing sea- son at Albany, 255. food habits of larvee and beetles, 258-259. injuries in Troy, 261. natural enemies, 262. observations in Troy, 256-257. oviposition, 257. • ravages in Albany, 260. reference, 2it3, 34*9, 357. remedies, 263-264. spread iu Albany. 259-260. transformations, 257-258. Galerucella xanthomelsena [luteola], 253, 254, 349, gallitbrmis, Kermes, 316-317, 356,363. Gallinip))('r, 321. Garden and Forest cited, 243, 268, 292, 303. Gardeners' Chronicle and Agricidtural Gazette cited, 247 ; quored, 248. Gardening, abstracts from, 347 (2), 348 (1), 349 (2), 351 (1); cit.d, 238. Garman, H., cited, 193, 243, 273. Gartered plume- moth, see Oxyptilus periscelidactylus, 218-222. Garth, D. J., insects from, 363. Gasolene motor for spraying, 263. Geese feeding on army- worm, 208. Genista caterpillar, 357. geutilis, Stibeutes, 211. Geoffroy, E. L., cited, 292. Geological and Natural History Survey of Minnesota, Bulletin cited, 290. Gillette, C. P., cited, 193. Girdling of elm twigs by Orgyia, 357. Glens Falls, N. Y., ravages of Plagi- onotus speciosus at, 240. globuliferum, Sporutrichum, aflfecting chincli-bug, 262. Glover, T., cited, 233, 235, 267. on Lebia grandis, 236. Glycobius [Plagionotns] speciosus, 237, 238. Glyphe viiidaseens, 210. Gnats, mosquitoes thus termed in Eng- land, 320. Coding, F. W., cited, 191. Goff, E. S., insects from, 361. Golden rod, Lel>ia grandis liis, 307. gi'ub, ;!ol. Phorodoii liumuli injnrinii, 307. Horu, G. H., cited, 248^ 264,^268; re- ferred to, 207. Horse not harmed by Cicada, 288. Houck, J. A., insects from, 362. House-tiv, 307, 326, 337, 338. Howard,' L. O., cited, 183, 192, 230, 231, 248, 254, 263, 264, 292, 317, 321, 3.S5 ; referred to, 182, 205, 207, 233, 255, 261, 267. Howell, G. I?., insects from, 361. Hoysdradt, Lyman H., insects from, 360. Hubbard, H. G., cited, 191, 243. Hudson River \Hl!ey brood of Cicada septendecim, 277-283. Hulst. G. I)., cited, !92, 253. hurctdaneiis v:ir. Peimsylvanicns, Cam- ponotus, 181-182. byaliuata, Eudio|)tis, 357. Lyemalis, Culex, 320. Hylotoma pectoralis, 359. Hymenopleia, contributions of, 359, species treated of, 181-182. Hypoprepia fucosa, 360. Iclinenmon tiavizouatus, 211. leucauia^ 211. Ichneuinoi id, 210. lUiLois Industrial University, course in eDtoniolo,<;y at, 344. Hliuois 8tate Laboratory of Natural Hit-toiy, Bulle!iu cited, 293. niustrations of the Zygjeuidis and Bom- bycidaa of North America (Stretch), cited, 183. Imago of, Balaninus ]3robo&cideus, 269- 270. Balaninns rectus, 270. Cicada seyiteiideciui, 274. Crioceris 12-punctaia, 249. Eci)antlieria scribonia, 188. Galerucella Inteola, 257, 258, 259. Gossyparia nlmi, 295, 296. Lobia grandis, 236. LeptO(lesnius falcatus, 300-301. Leucania uiiipnncta, 202. Neuronia pardalis, 299, Odontota doisalis, 266-267. Oxjjxilus periscelidactvlus, 219- 220. Ptnnphi^ius rhois, 291. Phora albidilialleris, 228-229. Piophila casei, 231. Plajiioiiotus speeiosus, 239. Saj.erda tridentata, 245. Sciara ajriaria, 225-226. Sciaia fnlvicauda, 227-228. .^ciar.i multiset.- , 223-224. Imago of — (Continued) : Sciara pauciseta, 224-225. Sciara prolitica, 226-227. imbricator, Pemphi<;us, 363. Schizoneura [Pemphijius], 355. immaculata, Cistogasttr, 210. imuiauis, Gortyua, 351. impatiens, Cnlex, 321. im]ierialis, Eacles, 360. imidacablis, Culex. 321. Inda, Euphoria, 313-314, 356, 362. ludeiiendent. The [New Paltz, N. Y.], qiroted, 196. Indiana State Board of Agriculture, Report cited, 191. rrijuiious Insects of the Orchard, Vine- yard, Field, Garden, etc. (Cooke), cited, 191, 218. Insect Life cited, 183, 191, 192, 193, 218, 230, 235, 248, 254, 268, 272, 273, 290, 291,292,293,317. Insectivorous birds encouraging, 212. feeding on Cicada pupa?, 288. Insects, estimated number of, 342. Insects, etc., received from New York localities: Adams, 363. Albany, 225, 359, 360, 361, 362, 363, 364.' Albion, 359, 360. Amen i a, 360. Ausable Forks, 359. Heliport, 362. Bethlehem, 361 . Cambridge, 359, 360. Canandaigua, 363. Chalhani, 360, 364. Coeymans, 359, 360, 361, 362, 363,. 364. Coming, 359. DeFreestville, 363. Delmar, 359, 360. Factoryville, 362. Fort Edward, 364. Geneva, 362. Ghent, 205, 207. Gouverneur, 359, 360, 361, 363, Kinderhook, 198, Lockport, 246. Loudonville, 363. Mannsviile, 362. Menands, 361. Middletown, 360, 362, 3^63. New York citv, 362, 363. Pine Plains, 360. Port Keat, 359. Poughkeepsie, 359, 360, 362, 363> Rochester, 361, Saratoga Springs. 363. Scarsdale, 355, 363, Sincla-rville, 363. South Butler, 362. Tanneisville, 360. Vernon, 362. Walcott, 360. Twelfth Keport of the State Entomologist J85 Insects received from New York local- ities — (Continued) : Wemplc, 360. West Somerset, 360. Yaphauk, 265. Insects, etc. received from other localities : Arliii^lon, N. J., 360, 361. Aubiii'u, Ala., 359. Berlin, Mass., 226. Hackettsiowii. N. J., 352, 361. Kansas City, Mo., 300, 364. Madison, N. J., 354. Madison, Wise., 361. New Brunswick, N. J , 361. Orlando, Florida, 184. San Domingo, W. I., 362. Tracy City; Teun., 363. Insects, extended study necessary to work out life-liistories, 342-343. injuries l)y. 341-342. Insects Injurious to Forest and Shade Trees (Packard) cited. 247. Insects Injurious to Fruits (Saunders) cited, 218. Insects Injurious to the American Elm (Perkins) cited, 292. Insects introduced, Crioceris 12-|junctnta, 251 Gossyparia ulmi, 293. Insects, omnipresence of, 343. instrntaiia, Sericoris [Steganoptycha Claypoiiana], 214. integer, Janus, 308. integerrima. Datana, 309. iuterpnnctella, Ephestia, 360. interstinctana. Grn|)hGlitha, 357. Introdnction of Crioceris 12-pnnetata, 251. Gossyparia ulmi, 293. Introduction to Entomology (Kirby- Spence) cited, 229, 322. Introdnction to the Modern Classitlca- tion of Insects (Wcstwood) cited, 229. Iowa Academy of Sciences, Proceedings cited, 273. Iowa Agiicultural College, course in entomology at, 344. Iowa Agricultural College Experiment Station, Bulletin cited, 193. Iowa State Agricultural Society, Transactions cited, 191. Irvin, Earnest F., insects from, 363. Jack, J. G.. cited, 292; referred to,[294. Jacobs, J. C, cited, 230. Janiesto.wn Journal, The, quoted, 197. Janus inteuer, 308. Jaques, Alonzo, Cicada chambers in cellar of, 283, 284. Johnson, W. G., cited, 193, 248, 254. Journal of Natural History, Boston, cited, 261. Journal of tlie New York Entomo- logical Society cite.l, 215, 273. Journal of the New York Micro.icnpical Society cited, 273 ; quotc, 352. Kansas State Agricultural College, course in entomologv at, 344. Kellicott, D. C, cited,' 218. Kellog, D. I)., insecis from, 359. Kellogg, V. L., cited, 230 ; referred to, 232, 233. Kentucky Agricultural Expeiiment station, Bulletin cited, 243; Re- port cited, 193, 243, 273. Kermes galliformis, 316-317, 356, 363. Kessler, H. F., referred to, 232. King-bird feeding on army-worm, 209. fef-ding on Cicada, 289. King, insects from, 364. Kirby-Speuce cited, 229. Kirby, W., quoted, 322; referred to, 332. Kirkland, A. H., cited, 193, 238, 240, 293; referred to, 241, 242, 294. Koebele, A., cited, 193. Krom, S. A., cited, 273. Lace-wing flv, 262. Lady l)irds, 298, Lalier, W. A., insects from, 360. lauatns, Diaspis, 355, Land turtle feeding on Cicada, 289. Lander, B., cited, 273. discovery of Cicada chambers by, 280. observations on Cicada chambers, 281,282-283. Lansiugburg, elm-leaf bretle there, 261. Large digger-wasps, 359. Larva of, Attacus Promethea, 339-340. Cicada septeudeciuj, 275. Crioceris 12-pnnctata, 250. Ecpautheria seribonia, 184-188. Gal erne el la luteola, 257-258, 259. Gossyparia ulmi, 295-296. Leucania unipuncta, 200-201. mosqiritoes, 333-334. Odoutota dorsalis, 266-267. Oxyptilus periscelidactyius, 220- 221. Pemphigus rhois, 290-291. 25 386 Fiftieth Report of the State Museum Larva of — {Continued) : Piophila casei, 232. Plagioiiotiis spcciosns, 241. Saperda tridentata, 245. laticiiictns, Heiniteles, 211. Laurent, P., cited, 248. Lavender water for ruosqnito bite, 325. LawDS injured by aruiy-wonus, 195. Lawion, 1. H.. observations ou Cicada, 275, 280, 282. Leaf-cutter bee, 359. LeBaron, W., cited, 235, 237. Lebia <;randis, bibliograpliy, 235. description, 236. distribution, 237. figure of, 235. preying on potato beetle, 235-237. Lecanium sp., 363 LeCoute-Horn cited, 269. LeConte, J. L., cited, 243. Lee, L. M., insects from, 364, Lelaud Stanford Jr., University, course in etomology at, 344. Leopard motb, 360. great '.vbite, 183-189. Lepicloptera, contributions of, 359-360. reference, 352. species treated of, 183-222. Lepidopterous Insects of Georgia, The natural liistorv of the rarer (Abbott- Smith) cited, "183. Lepidopterous parasite of Kermes, 317. Leptocoris trivittatus, 352, Leptodesnius falcatus, 301. Leptodesmns species, abounding in greenlionses, 300. description of the milliped, 300- 301. falcatus proposed if undescribed, 301. figures, 300, 301. habits of Polydesnms species, 301. Myriapocba need study, 302. remedies, 302-303. Lencania albilinea, 310, 356. Leucania unipuucta, bibliography, 190-194. description of the various stages, 200-202. distribution, 199-200. tignres, jilates ii, iii and iv, fig. 2. food-habits, 205-206. life-bistory and habits, 202-205, 207. natural agents controlling, 208. number of generations, 206-207. parasites, 209-211. jiredaceons enemies, 208-209. l)reventives and remedies, 211- 214. pupation, 206. ravages in New York State, 194- 198, 199. 309-310. rnvages in otber States, 198-199. reference, 352, 353, 356, 360. leucanise, Curcelia [Wintliemia 4-pus- tulata]. 194. Ichneumon, 211. Nemora^a [VVinthemia 4-pustu- lata], 190, 191, 210, 354. leucopterus, Blissus, 315, 341, 357. Icucostitrma, Orgyia, 347, 350, 357. Lewis county, army-worm ravages in, 197. Lewis, H. D.. not stung by Cicada, 288. on trees injurt.'d by Cicada, 287. Life-histories of insects, study de- manded by, 342-343, Life history of, Attacus Promethea, 338-341. Balaninus proboscideus, 270-271. Balauinus rectus, 271. Cicada septendecim, 275-277. Crioceris 12-punet;ita, 2.50-251. Ecpanrheria scriboiiia, 188-189. Galerncella Inteola, 255-259. Gossypariaulmi, 296-297. Leucania unipuncta, 202-205, 207. mosquitoes, 332-".535. Odontota dorsalis, 26.5-266. Oxvptilus periscelidactylus, 221- 222. Pemphigus rhois, 291. Piophila casei, 232. Plagionotus speciosns, 240-241. Saperda tdctentata, 246. Light-loving grapevine beetle, 352. Ligyrus relictus, 313. Lilac, Attacus Promethea on, 338. Lilies, male mosquitoes taking nectar of, 326. limenitidis, Apanteles, 210. Limueria oxyliis, 211. Lina scripta, 357. Linden borer, 245. lineatns, Poecilocapsus, 363. Linnsens cited, 248. Lintner, J. A., cited, 190, 214, 218, 230, 235, 238, 243, 248, 253, 264, 265, 268, 273, 290, 292. Lintneri, Tyroglyphns, 352. List of Lcpidoptera of Boreal America (Smitii) cited, 183, 190, 214, 218. List of the Coleoptera Observed and Collected in the Vicinitv of Buffalo (Zesch-Reinecke) cited, 238, 243. Little red ant, 356. Livingston, Clermont, observations on Cicada, 286. Locust (Cicada), 274. Locust, honey, Macrobasis unicolor at- tacking, 362. Locust : insects injurious to, Macrobasis unicolor, 315. Neocl.^tas erytbrocepbalus, 246. Odontota dorsalis, 265. Locust, yellow, Odontota dorsalis feed- ing on, 265-266. Locw, F., cited, 229. logicornis, Diabrotica, 348. Loug-liorned borer, 238-239. Twelfth Report of the State Entomologist 387 Louicera Tartarica, army-worm moths feediug on fniit, 202, 203. Losses caused by insects, 341-342. Loimsbury, C. P., cited, 193, 293. Love, E. G., cited, 273. Lowe, V. H., cited, 193, 208; insects from, 362. Lowell Institute, lectures of, 344. Lucauus daiua, 362. lucicola, Auom:ilH, 352. Lueilia ceesar, 210. Lugger, O, cited, 193, 335; referred to, 251. Lunate long-sting, 262. Lunated long-sting, 359. lunator, Thalessa, 262, 359. luteola, Galerucella, 253-264, 293, 349, 3.57. Lygus prateiisis, 363. Lyman, Geo. T., insects from, 362. Macloskie, G., quoted, 329 ; referred to, 324. Macquart, J., cited, 229. Macrobasis uuicolor, 315, 356, 362. Macrodactyliis subspinosns, 362. maculatus, Couthopliilus, 363. Madison county, army-worm ravages in, 197. Magdalis armicollis, 246. Maine, army-worm ravages in, 198. Maine State College, course in ento- mology at, 344. naalana, Nolopbaua, 312, 356. mali. Aphis, 191,203, 307. malifoliella, Tiscberia, 357. man ens, Agriotcs, 356. Mangolds for trapping millipeds,'302. Mann, B. P., cited, 190, 230. Manual for the Study of Insects (Com- stocks) cited, 193,' 218, 230, 235, 238, 268, 273, 344 ; referred to, 182. Manure-fly, 351. Manure, millipeds breeding in, 303. Manuscript Notes from Mv Journal, * * Diptera (Glover), cited, 230. Maple: insects injurious to, Elaphidion paralielum, 314, 354. Lecanium sp., 363. Plagionotns speciosus, 238, 239- 240, 242. Proteoteras tesculana, 215, 217. Saperda tridentata, 243, 245. Maple, Norwav. Elaphidion paralielum attacking, 362. Maple (sugar) borer, see Plagionotns speciosns, 237-242, 243. Maple, sugar, Steganoptycha Clay- poliana injuring, 215, 217. Maple-tree borer, 3tj2. Maple-tree insect, a new, 214-217. Marching of army-worm, 201-205. marginata, Anomala, 352. Margined Anomala. 352. blister-beetle, 354. Marlatt, C. L., cited. 254. Marten, J., cited, 183. Maryland Agricultural Experiment Station, Report cited, 193, 248. Massachusetts Agricultural College, course in entomology at, 344. Hatch Experiment Station, Bulle- tin cited, 193, 218, 254, 293. Report cited, 191, 194, 254. Massachusetts, army-worm ravages in, 198. Massachusetts Crop Report, Bulletia cited, 193, 238, 293. Mrtssospora cicadiua attacking Cicada, 289. Mauritanica, Tenebrioides, 362. Mav-weed, dead army-worms hunsr in. 209. McCarthy, G., cited, 193, 268: referred to, 270. McCook, II. C, quoted, 181-182. McHarg, J. N., insects from, 360. Meadow lark feediug on army-worm, 209. Meadows injured by army-worm, 197. Meat skipper, 348. Mechanicville, elm-leaf beetle there, 261. Mecyna reversalis, 357. Megachile montivago, 359. Megarrhina. 321. Melaphis [Pemphigus] rhois, 290. Melon caterpillar, 357. Melon-vine midge, 357. Melons, Dia'jrotica 12-punctata injur- ing, 318. Meuands, elm-leaf beetle there, 261. Meut;il discipline afforded by entomo- logical study, 336-337. Meromyza Americana, 361. Mesochorus scitulus, 211. vitreus, 210. Metapodius femoratiis, 209. Michigan State Agricultural College Experiment Station, Bulletin cited, 192, 254. Michigan State College, course in ento- mology at, 344. Microgasters, 210. Migration of army-worm, 204-205. militaiis, Ai)anteles, 210. Military Microgaster, 210. Miller, I. M., cited, 192. Millipedes, habits of, 302, 349. Miltogramma argentitVons, 210. minimus, Pezomachus, 210. Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station, BiiMetin cited, 193. Minnesota, army-worm ravages in, 199. Minnesota, Report of the Entomologist of the State Experiment Station cited, 193, 335. Mississippi Valley Horticultural So- ciety, Transactions cited. 191. Mites attacking mushrooms, 352. .attacking potatoes, 3.")2. 388 Fiftieth Report of the State Museum Moffat, J. A., cited, 193. Mole cricket, 863. Moiiohiimnius cDnt'iisor, 238, 361. Monoiuoriuin Pli.-iiaonis, 356. Monthly Journal of the New York State Agriciiltui-iil Society cited, 290. raontivngfo, Megacliile, 359. Moore, iJr. Edward, insects from, 363. Morris, B., observations ou Lubia grar.dis, 236. Morris, J. G., cited, 183. Morton, Miss Emily, observations on Cicada, 279, 280, 286, 287. Moscheto, 320. mosquito, Cnlex, 331. Mosquitoes, annoyance by, 322, bite, severity of, 323-325. biting organs described and figured, .326-329. distiibntion, 321-322. eggs of, 332-333. elephiiutiasis sprend by, 331-332. expressiveness of specific names, 321. females only bite, 326. figures of biting organs, 327, 329. Filaria hosts, 331-332. final develo[)ment, 334-3.35. food for fishes, 330. larvae described, 333-334. localities named from, 322. manner of biting, 325. number of S])ecie8, 321. palliatives of bite, 325. plague, one of the Egyptian, 332. poison glands of, 324. Ijrotcctive measures from, 323. puppe described, 334. purifying vi^ater, 330. reference, 307. systematic position, 320. universally obnoxious, 322. uses of, 329-331. varied orthography of common name, 319-320. yellow fever, vaccinating against, 331. Moths, scarcity of, 308. Mottc, L. S., 273. Mound-l.uilding ant, 181-182._ Mountain ash, Chilocorus bivulnerns on, 361. Mouth-piirts of insects, 326-329. Muck-worm (Ligyrus relictus), 313. mulliseta, Sciara'. 223-224, 311. Murgantia histrionica, 349, 363. Murtfeldt, M. E., cited, 193, 230; quoted, 231, 232; referred to, 232, 233. Mushroom Phora, 352. Mushrooms: insects, etc. injurious to, mites, species of, 352. Phora albidihalteris, 22-', 361. Sciara multiset.T, 224, 361. Tyroirlvphus Lintneri, 352. Musketo,' 319. Musqnito, 319. Mycetophiiida^, species trtnlid of, 223- 228. Myophasia renea, 210. Myriapod, 336. Myna])oda, species treated of, 300-303, 349. Myrmeleosi sp., 357. Myron, Ampeloi)liaga, 354, 339. Mytilaspis pomoi-nm, 448. Myzus cerasi, 350. Narrative of an Expedition to the source of St. Peter's river, * * » under Long (Say) cited, 237. Nathurst, E. A., insects from, 363. National Mnscnm, Cicada chamheis in, 280. Natnriil Mgents controlling army-worm, 208. Natiirnl enemies of, Cicida septende- cim, 288-289. Galeiucclla Intcola, 262. Gossyparia ulmi, 29S. Natnral Science Association of Staten- Island, Proceedings cited. 273. Nebraska State Board of Agricnltuie, Eeporc cited. 192. Nebraska St-ite Hoard of Horticulture,^ Report cited, 218, 254. Nemori'ea leucanise [Wintheinia 4-piis- tulata], 190, 191, 210, 354. nenuphar, Conotrachelns, 271. Neoclvtus erytliroceph;ilus, 240. Neuronia paidalis, 298-299. Neuropteraof North America, Synopsis of the (Hagen), cited, 298. reference, 344. species treated of. 298-299. Nevada State University, Agricultural Experiment Station, Bulletin cited, 293. New Hampshire College Agricultural Experiment Station, Bulletin cited, 194, 238 ; Report cited. 254. New Jersey Agricultural College Ex- periment Station. Bulh'tin cited, 192, 253, 268, 272 ; Report cited, 190, 218, 235, 248, 253, 272. New Jersey, army-worm ravages in, 198. New Mexico Agricultural College Ex- periment Station, Bulletin cited, 193. New species described, Leptodesmus- falcatns, 301. Phora albidihalteris, 228-229. Sciara agraria, 225-226. Sciara fnl vicauda 227-228. Sciara mnltiseta, 223-224. Sciara pauciseta, 224-225. Sciara prolific;!, 226-227. New York Agiicnltnral Experiment Station, Bulletin cited, 193. Now York Daily Tribune, absti'acfc from. 352-353; "cited, 190. New York Entomological Society,. Journal cited, 215-273. Twelfth Report of the State Entomologist 389 New York Microscopical Society, Jour- nal cited, 273. New York Recorder, abstract from, 352; cited, 190. New York State Agricnltural Society, Monthlv Journal cited, 290; Traus- aclious"cited, 218, 24;5, 264. Newberry, J. S., on Cicada chambers, 283-285. nigra, Cliiysops, 361. 9-uotatii, Coccinella, 361. nitidalis, Eiulioi)tis, 357. nivicola, Sclioturns, 357. uoctilucus, Pyiophorus, 357, 362. Noctnidse, species treated of, 190-214. Nolopliana malaua, 312, 356. North Carolina A^iicnUnral Experi- ment Station, Bulletin cited, 193, 268. Northern corn-root worm, 348. Nortim, E., referred to, 308. Norway maple, Ehiphidioii parallelum attacking, 362. Notes on some of the Insects of the Year in the State of New Y^ork, 177, 307-318. Notinan, Howard, tignre of Neuronia pardalis by, 299. Nurserv stock carrying Gossyparia nlmi', 297. uycs»foliella, Antisplla, 357. Oak: insects injurious to, Cicada septendecim, 274, 287. Dataua integerrima, 309. I'^lapliidion villosuni, 314. Piagiouotus speciosus, 238, 242. Oak Kermes, 316-317. Oak i.runer, 239. 354. O.ik, red, Odontota dorsalis feeding on, 266. white, Odontota dorsalis feeding on, 266. scrub, Kermes galliformis on, 363. Oats iniined by army-worm, 196, 197, 198, 206, 809. Psocid in, 364. Oblique-banded leaf-roller, 312. oblongifolia, Amblycoiypha, 363. obscuia, Sciara, 226. obscnripes, Formica, 182. obtoctns, Bruchus, 362. obtusiis, Balaniuus, 271. oei'llana. Tmetocera, 307. ochrolabis, Sciara, 227. oculatissinia, Phaltena [Ecpantheria scribonia], 183. oculatns, Alaus, 361. Ocyptera enchenor, 210. Odontota dorsalis, bibliography, 264- 265. description of beetle and larva, 266-267. distribution, 267. Odontota dorsalis — (Continued) : figures of, 265, 267. ibod-plants, 266. in West Virginia, 265-266. on Long Island, 265. parasites, 267. Odontota scutellaris [dorsalis], 264, 265. sutnralis [dorsalis], 264, 265. oilontotse, Smicra, 267. Si)ilocI)alcis [Smicra], 267. Trichograunna, 267. cedipodiuis, Sarco]>liaga, 210. ffinothera biennis, Deilephila chamsen- erii on, 359. Oestlund, O. W., cited, 290. Office of Experiment Stations, United Slates Department of Agriculture, Bulletin cited, 183. Ohio Agricultural Ex]ierimeut Station, Bulletin cited, 191, 248, 265, 273, Ohio, army-worm ravages in, 199. oleracea, Pieris, 308. Olivier, A. G., cited, 264. Oneida county, army-worm ravages in, 197. Oneonta Herald, The, quoted, 196. Onion: insects, etc. injurious to, Leucania nnipuucta, 206. Polydesmus complanatns, 301. Polydesmns serratus, 301. Onion Thrijis, 357. Ophiou arctiie, 183, 189. pnrgatnm, 193, 211. Orange countv, aimv-worm ravages in, 196. Orange County Farmer cited, 235. Orgyia leui-ostignia, 347, 350, 357. oricntalis, Periplaueta, 363. Origin of Species (Darwin) referred to, 349. Oriole, Baltimore, feeding on army- worm, 209. Oriole feeding on Cicada, 289. Orthoptera, contributions of, 363. Osmodernia scabra, 361. Oshorn, H., cited. 193, 273, 335. Ostcn Sacken, C. K., cited, 229; re- ferred to, 321. Oswego Normal School, (iourse in en- tomology at, 343. Oswego Times quoted, 197. Otiorhynchus ovatus, 352. Otsego county, army- worm ravages in, 196. Ovate snont-beetle, 352. ovatus, Otiorhynchus, 352. oxylus, LMuneria, 211. Oxyptilus periscelidactylus, bibliog- raphy, 218. description, 219-221. distribution, 222. family characteristics, 219. figures, PI. iv, figs. 3, 4, 5; PI. v, figs. 8, 9. life-history, 221-222.' 390 Fiftieth Report of the State Museum Oxyptilusperiscelidactyhis — {Confd) parasites, 222. ravages, 219. remedies, 222. Pacl 292. Pemphigus ihois — {Continued) : food-plants. 291-292. gall and in)matuie aphides des- cribed, 290-291. imago described, 291. life-history, 291. Pennsjdvauia, army-wcrm ravages" in, 199. Pennsylvania soldier beetle, 362. Pennsylvauicus, Carnpouotus, 181-182. Chanliognatlins, 362. Harpalus, 209. Pentatoma juniperiua, 352. Pergande, Theodore, quoted, "^182 ; re- ferred to, 181. Peridermiura cerebrum, Brncophagus sp. reared from, 359. Periodical Cicada (see C.^septeudecim), 272-289. Periplaneta Anstralasite, 363. orientalis, 363. periscelidactylus, Oxyptilns. 218-222. Pterophorus [Oxyi)tilus], 218. Perkins. G. H., cited, 192, 218, 292 -^ refeired to, 294, 298. peruiciosus, Aspidiotus, 316, 356, 357, 363 perpulchra, Haltichflla, 210. ])eitnrbans, Ciilex, 321. Pezouiachus minimus, 210. Phalsena [Eci)anthena] scribonin, 183. oculatissinia [Ecpautheria scii- bonia], 183. Pharaonis, Monomorinm, 356. Philodice, Colias, 308. Phoraagarici, 229, 351. albidihalteris, 228--229, 361. Phoebe feeding on army-worm, 209. Phorid larva, 361. Phoridffi, species treated of, 228-229. Phorodon liumuli, 307. Phryganiche, si)ecies treated of, 298-299. Phytoptus pruni, 318, 350. pyri, 352. Pickering, C, cited, 238. Pickle caterpillar, 357. Pieris oleracoa, 30."<. rap«, 308. Pig-nut hickory, Elaphidion paralle- Inm attacking, 362. Pigeon Tremex, 262. Pines not oviposited in by Cicada si-p- tendecim, 274, 287. Piophila casei, bibliography, 229-230. food habits, 233. infesting salt pork. 230. insect described. 231-232. insect figured, 231. life-history, 232-233. losses caused by, 233. preventives and remedies, 234. reference, 348. PiopbilidaB, species treated of, 229^ 234. l.ipiens, Culex. 321, 327. j)isorum, Bruchus, 355. Twelfth Report op the State Entomologist 391 Plagionotus speciosus, bibliography, 237-238. description of tbe beetle, 239. distribution, 241. family characteristics, 238-239. food plants, 242. formerly a rare insect, 240. life-history, 240-241. natural enemies, 242. ravages of the insect, 239-240 reference, 243, 362, remedies, 242. Plantain, Ecpantheria fed on, 189. Plantain-leaf miner, 352. Plant-lice, abundance of, 352. Adalia bipuntata preying on, 298. armv-worm moths attracted by, 203. preyed on by Syrphid larvse, 350. Platynus sinuatns, 209. Plea" for Entom.ological Stndy, A, 336- 345. plicata, Chi amy s, 362. Plum (Chickasaw), Phytoptus pruni on, 318. Plum curculio, 266, 271. Plum : insects injurious to, Aphis prunifoliie, 350. Aspidiotus perniciosus, 316. Plum mite, 350. Plusia balluca, 308. Plusias, scarcity of. 308. Podisus spinosus, 262. Pcecilocapsus lineatns, 363. Poke berry, Ecpantheria scribouia feeding on, 183, 189. politum, Trypoxylon, 359. Pollenia rudis, 361. PolvdesmidEe. siiecies treated of, 300- 303. Polydesmus Cauadensis [serratus], 301. 349. complanatus, 301, 349. falcatus, 364. habits of species, 301. serratus, 301. pomifoliella, Bucculatrix, 307, 360. pomonella. Carpocapsa, 360. Trypcta, 347-318. pomorum, Mytilasins, 348. Pomroy, N., insects frona. 246. pomum, Poutania, 359, 360. Pontania pomum, 359, 360. Pork, salt, Pio))liila casei infesting, 230. Potato beetle, Colorado, 235, 236, 237. Potato: insects injurious to, Epicauta cinerea, 354, Epicauta vittata, 354. Lygus pratensis, 363. Macrobasis uuicolor, 315, 362. mites, 352. Sciara paiicisefa, 224, 361. Power sprayers tor elm-leaf beetle, 263. Practical Ilntomologist cited, 235. pratinsis, Lygus, 363. Predaceous enemies of army-worm, 208. Preston, E. J., insects from, 311, 360. Preventives for, apple-tree borers, 356. army-worm, 211-214, 353. cheese skipper, 234, 348. Chrysobothris femorata, 356. Cicada septendecim, 289. elm-borer, 247, 355. ham skipper, 234, 348. Leucania uuipuncta, 211-214, 353. maple borer, 242. mosquitoes, 323. periodical Cicada, 289. Piophila ca.sei, 234, 348. Plagionotus speciosus, 242, Saperda Candida, 356. Saperda tridentata, 247, 355. sugar maple borer, 242. wire-worms, 347. Preventives of insect depredations: bands of clotb, paper, etc. for boiers, 356. Bordeaux mixture for a|)ple mag- got, 348. buckwheat and mustard crops for wire-worms, 347. burying in sand and covering with cfoth, 323 cleanliness, 234. dragging tbe rope, 214. dust, 212, 353. enclosing in netting, 289. encouraging natural enemies, 212. heavy gloves for mosquitoes, 323. lime, 212, 352, 354. mosc(uito netting, 323. oil of tar and carbolic acid for mosquitoes, 323. painting body as a protection from mo.squitoos, ,323. plaster for army-worm, 3.52, 353, 354. preserving underbrush for shade, 242. proper cultivation, 211. rancid li^h-oil for mosquitoes, 323. reindeer cream lor mosquitoes, 323. sacks as a protection from mosqui- toes, 323. setting out no young trees just be- fore advent of Cicadas, 289. smoke for mosquitoes, 323. soft-soap and carbolic acid wash, 242. storing in darkness, 348. tar for mosquitoes, 323. thick, close coverings, 234. veils and nets for mosquitoes, 323. fM-' Ji varni.shing body as a protection from mosquitoes, 323. washing with wiiey or lye, 234. watching for indications, 212. whitewash for boriMs, 353, wire screens, 234, 348. primus, Derostenus, 267. 392 Fiftieth REroRT of the State Museum proboscidoiis, Balaiiinus, 267-272. CuiPiilio [Balaniiuis], 267. Proceedings of the Acnfleiiiy of Natural Sciences of Philadelpliia cited, 183. American Assneintion for the Ad- vancement of Science, abstract from, 350 ; cited, 214. American Philosophical Society cited, 268. Boston Society of Natural History cited, 298. Entomological Society of Phila- delpliia cited, 183, 290. Entomological Society of Wash- ington cited, 192, 253, 254, 272. Iowa Academy of Sciences cited, 273. Natural Science Association of Staten Island cited, 273. Western New York Horticultural Society cited, 194. piolifica, Seiara, described, 226-227. Fromethea, Attacus, 338-341. Projjer CTiltivation for army- worm, 211. Proteoteras a^sculana, 214,^215,216,217. [Steganoptycba] Claypoliana, 214. provocans, Culex, 321. ]>riini, Phytoptus, 318, 350. j>rnniroli?5, Apbis, 350. Prunus Simoni, Lecnniiim sp. on, 363. Viroinianus, Cecidomyid in fruit, 313. I'seudimago of Gossyparia ulmi, 295, 297. Psocid in oats, 364. Psyche cited, 183, 190. 192, 194, 214, 218, 230. 238, 243, 254, 265, 273, 298. PysUa pyricola, 352. I'lerophori, hibernation of, 221. Pterophnrida?, family characteristics, 219. species treated of, 218-222. Pterophorus [Oxyptilns] periscelidae- tylns, 218. Pterostichus seulptus, 209. Pnlex serraticeps, 361.' punctata, Pclidnota, 362. jiunctor, Culex, 321. pimgens, Culex, 321. Pupa of. Cicada scptendecim, 276. Ecpantheria seribonia, 188. Leucania unipnncta, 201. mosquitoes, 334. Oxyptilns periscelidactylns, 220. Piopbila casei, 231. Purdue University, course in entomol- ogy at, 344. pnrgatum, Ophion, 193, 211. Putnam county, army-worm ravages in, 196. Pyralis eostalis, 357. Pyrameis Atalanta, 308. Pyrausta futilalis, 357. pyri, Phytoptus, 352. pyricola, Psylla, 352. pyrina, Zenzera, 360. pyri%'ora, Diplosis, 351, 361. Pyrophorus noctilucus, 357, 362. Q Quail feeding on army-worm, 209. Qnercus alba, Odontota dorsalis feed- ing ou, 264. Quereus rubra, Odontota dorsalis feed- ing ou, 266. Quince curciilio, 352. Rag-weed, army-worm feeding on, 206. Eahway, N. J., appearance of Cicada at, 283. Raisins, Silvanus Surinamensis infest- ing, 361. rapse, Pieris, 308. Raspberry-cane borer, 351. Rasi)berry-cane maggot, 357. Rathvon, S. S.,on Cicada chambers,283. rectus. Balaninus, 267-272. Red admiral, 308. ant, little, 356. clover, Odontota dorsalis feeding on, 266. oak, Odontota dorsalis feeding: on, 266. Red-tailed Tachina-fly, 210. Reed, E. B., cited, 191, 235, 287. Eeinecke, Ottomar. insects from, 315. Reitter, E., cited, 254. relietus, Ligyrus, 313. Remedies for, Agriotes mancus, 356. Anisopteryx vornata, 350. Aphis prunifolia^, 350. apple maggot, 347, 348. apple-tree borers, 356. army-worm, 211-214. 352, 353. asparagus beetles, 252. Balaninus proboscideus, 271-272. Balaninus rectus, 271-272. beccb-tree blight, 355. borers, 353. Bruehus pisorum, 355. canker-worm, 350. cheese skipper, 234. cherry-tree aphis, 350. chestnut weevils, 271-272. Chionaspis furfurus, 348. Cbrysobothris t'emorata, 356. Crioceris asparagi, 252. Crioceris 12-puuctata, 252. cut-worms, 353. Elaphidion parallelum, 354. elm-leaf beetle, 263-264, 350. elm-tree bark-louse, 298. elm-tree borer, 247-248, 355. Epicauta cinerea, 354. Epicauta vittata, 354. Galerucella luteola, 263-264. gartered plume-moth, 222. Gossyparia ulmi, 298. ham skijiper, 234. Leptodesmns falcatus, 302-303, 349. Twelfth Eeport of the State Entomologist :VXl Remedies for — (Coiithiitcd) : Lencaiiia niiipnncta, 211-214, 352. njiiple borer, 242. niiitj;ined blister-beetle, 354. iiiiilipede in greenhouses, 302-303, 349. Mnrgaiitia liistrioiiicn, 319. Mytiiaspis ])<)nH)rum, 348. M.yzns cerasi, 350. oak prune.', 354. Odontnta dorsalis, 266. Oxyp^iln^s periscelidactyliis, 222. pea-weevil, 355. IMiytoptuh prnni, 350. Piopliila casei, 234. Pl.igii)notns speciosns, 242. rtise-bnjjs, 351. rose-le.if hopper, 356. Saperda Candida. 356. Saperda trideutata, 247-248, 355. Scbizoneura imbricator, 355. snapping bugs, 354. striped blister beetle, 354. sugar maple borer, 242. Trypeta pomonella, 347, 348. twelve-spotted asparagus beetle, 252. Tvplilocyba rosse, 356. wire-worms, 352. 356. Remedies for depredations of insects, etc.: air-slacked lime, 252, 300, 352, 353. ammonia, soapsuds and slacked lime for niillipeds, 300. iirsenate of lead, 252. arsenites, spraying with, 213, 214, 252, 263, 266. attracting to early cabbage or mus- tard and destroying, 349. baiting with cabbage leaves, etc., 302, 349. bands of tar, 213. barking trees, 247, 248. bisulphide of carbon, treating with, 272, 355. boiling water for millipeds, 300. brushing olf for Gossyparia, 298. burning infested brandies, 354. burning infested wood, 242, 247. carbolic acid and Paris green, 247. chloroform for pea-weevil, 355. compacting or stirring soil, 348, corn or bran luasli, 354. crushing eggs, 349. crushing the insects, 3.52, 353, 355. crushing within nest, 222. cutting out grubs, 242. dendrolene for borers, 356. destroying eggs by rubbing, 234. destroying infested fruit or trees, 271, 348. destroying pupal cells by mid- summer plowing, 347. destruction of hibernating forms, 211. digging out cut-worms, 353. Remedies for depredations of insects, etc. — {Continued) : ditching for army-worm, 213, 352, 353. fumigating with sulphur, 234, 303. furrows plowed for army-worm, 213, 352. hellebore, 302, 303, 311, 349. hot water, 264, 300, 350. .iarring from trees, 266, 272, 312. kainltt'orwii"e-worms, 347, 352, 356. kerosene, 214, 302, 349, 350. kerosene emnlsion, 214, 234, 247, _ 264, 298, 302, 348, 349, 350, 355. lime water for worms in green- houses, 347. mustard water for worms in green- houses, 347. Paris green, 213, 214, 252, 263, 311, 350, 353. picking and burning infested leaves, 350. jjlasttr and Paris green, 213. plowinii' in autumn, 352, 356. poisone'dbaits, 302, 347,353, 354, 356. poisoned strips, 213, 353. ])yrethrnm, 302, 315, 349, 356. l)yrethrum water for worms in greenhouses, 347. quassia water for worms in green- houses, 347. salt, 351, 352. Saunders wash for borers, 356. soft-soap, carbolic acid and Paris green for borers, 353, 355, 356. soot for millipeds, 302, 349. steam lor millipeds, 300. stream of cold water, 356. tarred boards, 213. toliacco water, 347, 350, 356. trapping beneath boards, etc., 302. using decoy trees and destroying fruit, 348. whale-oil soap solution, 298, 350, 356. wheat bran mash for army-worm, 213,353. whitewash, 303. repanda, Cicindela, 209. Report, Annual, on tiie Injurious and Peneficial Insects of Massachusetts (Packard) cited, 267. Report of the Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station cited, 193. Report of the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station cited, 194. Report of the Delaware College Agri- cultural Experiment Station cited, 2.54. Re "ort of the Entomologist and Botan- ist, Central Experimental Farm, Canada Department of Agriculture, cited, 192, 238. Report of the Entomologist of the State Experiment Station of the University of Minnesota cited, 193, 335. 394 Fiftieth Report of the State Museum Report of fcbe Entomological Society of Outaiio cited, 183, 191, 192, 193, 194, 218, 230, 235, 237, 238, 243, 253, 272. Report of the Fruit Growers' Associa- tion of Ontario cited, 218. Report of the Indiana State Board of Agriculture cited, 191. Report of the Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station cited, 193, 243, 273. Report of the Maryland Agricultural Experiment Station cited, 193, 248. Report of the Massachusetts Agricul- tural College cited, 191, 194, 254. Report of the Nebraska State Board of Agriculture cited, 192. Report of the Nebraska State Board of Horticulture cited, 218, 251. Report of the New Hiimpshire Agri- cultural Experiment Station cited, 254. Report of tlie New Jersey Agricultural College Experiment Station cited, 190, 218, 235, 248, 253, 272. Report of the United States Depart- ment of Agriculture cited, 235, 254, 267. Report cf the United States Entomo- logical Commission cited, 191, 194, 205, 237, 243, 265, 267. Report of the Vermont Agricultural Experiment Station cited, 194. Report of the Vermont State Board of Agriculture cited, 218, 292. Report on the Injurious and Other In- sects of the State of New York, ab- stracts from, 351-352, 356-357 ; cited, 190, 214, 218, 223, 235, 238, 239, 243, 248, 252, 253, 264, 265, 268, 273, 290, 292, 314. Report on the Noxious and Beneficial Insects of Illinois cited, 183, 191, 205, 218, 235, 237, 243, 290, 314. Report on the Noxious, Beneficial and Other Insects of tho State of Mis- souri cited, 183, 218. 230, 235, 268. Report on the Noxious, Beneficial and Other Insects of the State of New York cited, 218, 243, 264, 301. Report upon Cotton Insects (Comstock) cited, 190. reversal is, Mecyna, 357. Reynolds, James, insects from, 359.- Rhogas termiualis, 192, 211. rhois, Byrsocrv))ta [Pemphigus], 290. Melaphis [Pemi.higus], 290. Pemphigus, 290-292. Rhus glabra, Pemphigus rhois on, 291. typhina. Pemphigus rhois on. 291. Rhynchoj)h()ra of North America North of Mexico (LeConte-Horu) cited, 269. ribearia, Eiifitchin, 310-311, 360. Richardson, M. T., insects from, 362. Ricinus communis, Eciiantheria fe(5 on, 189. iir,,; Riggs, F. J., insects from, 359, 361, 362, 363. Rilev, C. v., cited, 183, 191, 194, 214, 218, 230, 235, 248, 254, 264, 268, 272, 283; quoted, 216,322; referred to, 181, 182, 203, 221, 222, 233, 237, 260, 267, 274, 276, 277, 279, 312. Rilev-Howard cited, 183, 192, 218, 230, 248, 268, 273, 290, 293. Ritzema Bos, J., cited, 230. Robbins, S. J., on 12-spotted asparagus beetle, 249, 250. Robert, M., quoted, 248. Robinia, Odnutota dorsalis feeding on, 264, 265, 266. Robins feeding on army-worm, 209. feeding on Cicada pupa?, 288. Robinson, J. F., insects from, .360. Rochester Democrat and Chronicle quoted. 197. Rogers, R. V., cited, 238. Rome Sentinel, abstract from, 352; cited, 190; quoted, 197. rosaceana, Cacoecia, 312, 356, 360. rosse, Typhlocyba, 355-356. Rose-biig, 362, 351. Rose-leaf hopjier, 355-356. Rose, Typhlocyba rosi¥ injuring, 355. Rosy Flispa, 267. Round-headed apple-tree borer, 239, 245, 246, 356. Ro.vce, T. C, insects from, 363. riidis, Polleuia, 361. rufa, Formica, 181-182. rufescens, Panor[)a, 352. ruficollis, Agrilus, 352. rufopectus, Teuthredo, 308, 359. rufus, Culex, 327. rugulosus, Scolylus, 362. Rural New Yorker cited, 273. ruscarius, Elaphrus, 209. Russell, Dr. S. A., insects from, 360, 363. rusticus, Anisodactylus, 209. Rye injured by army- worm, 197, 206. salicipoinonella, Batrachedra, 360. Salt, Piophila casei said to have been reared from, 230. Salt pork, Piophila casei infesting, 230'. Sam)>: insects infesting, Ephestia interpuuctella, 360. Silvanus Surinamensis. 361. San Jos^ scale, 316, 357, 363. Sand Lake, elm-leaf beetle there, 261. Saperda, 246. Saperda Candida, 239, 246, 356. Saperda tridentata, associated insects, 246. bibliography, 243. described, 245. distribution. 247. Twelfth Keport of the State Entomologist 395 Saperda tridcutata — (Continued) : figure, PI. vii, fiars. 4, 5; PI. viii, fig. 2, ;; injuring elms, 243-245. lile-history, 246. parasites, 247. reference, 239, 355. remedies, 247-248. Saperda trilineata [trideiitata], 243. vestitn, 245. Saponaria oliflciualis,army-worm mot lis on, 202. Sarcopliaua lielicis, 210. cedipodinis, 210. siiecies, 210. Sargent, C. S., cited, 268. Sargent, C. W., insects from, 361. Saunders, W., cited, 183, 191, 218, 235, 237; quoted, 219-220; referred to, 221, 222. Sa\Y-lly larvae 359. Say, T., cited, 237, 267 ; referied to, 240. scabra, Osmodermn, 361. Scale insects, 348. Seenopinus fenestralis, 361. Scbizoneura imbricator, 355. Scbobaiie, N. Y., ravages of Plagionotus speciosus at, 239. Scbool girl not harmed by Cicada, 288. School of Mines Quarr.erly cited, 283. Scboturus nivicola, 3.57. Schwaiz, E. A., cited, 273. Sciara, Additional Notes on, 223-228. agraria described, 225-226. caldaria, 351. eoprophila, 351. fulvicaiida, 227-228, 361. multiseta, 223-224, 361. notes on, 351. obsciira, 226. ochrolabis, 227. pauciseta, 224-225, 361. prolifica, 226-227. villosa, 225. Science cited, 332. Scientific American cited, 214, 273. scitulus, Mesocborns, 211. Scolytiis beetle, 248. Scolytus rugulosus, 362. Scorpion-flies, 352. Scotch elm : insects injurious to, Galerncella luteola, 260, 261. Gossyparia ulmi, 295, 317. scriboiiia, Ecpantheria, 183-189. Plialrena [Ee2>antlieria], 183. var. denudata, Ecpantheria, 183, 188. scripta. Lina, 357. scrophularia?, Anthrenus, 357. Scrub oak, Keimes galliformis on, 317, 363. scrutator, Calidum, 209, 361. sculptus, Pterostichus, 209. scutellaris, Anoplitis [Odoutota dor- salis], 264. Bassus, 211. scutellaris, Chrysomela [Odontota dorsalis], 264. [dorsaliJ^J, Odontota, 264, 265. Seelye, C. W., insects fiom, 361. Seleiiophorus peilicubirins, 209. septenliaua, 215, 217. Sumac-gall Aphis, 290-292. Sumac, Pemphigus rhois forming galls on, 290. Surinamensis, Silpha, 301. Silvanns, 361. suturalis, Hispa [Odontota dorsalis], 264, 266. [dorsalis], Odontota, 264, 265. Swine, feeding on army-worms, 208. Sympiezus uroplataB, 267, Synopsis of Canadian Arctiidse (Sauu- 'ders) cited, 183. Synopsis ol the Described Lepidoptera of North America (Morris) citefi, 183. Synopsis of llie Neuroptera- of North America (Hagen) cited, 298. Svrphid laryge preying on pla.it-lice, "350. Syrphidse. scarcity of, 308. Systcma Nuturse (Lini)feus) cited, 248. tabaci, Tlirips, 3.57. Tachina flies, 210. Taehina-lly, red-tailed, 210. vellow-tailed,210. Taft-Davis, 254. Tannin in galls of Pemphigus rhois, 291. Tarquiniiis. Feuiseca, 308. Tartarian honeysuckle beri'ies, army- worm mollis feeding on, 202, 203. Ten plagues of Egypt, mosquitoes may ha\'e been one, 332. Tenebrioides Mauri tauica,362. Tent ejiterpillar, 353. Tentiiredo lufopectus, :^08, 359. terminalis. Rliogas, 192, 211. Tliacker, W. A., in.sects from, 360. Tlialessa lunator, 262, 3.59. The Argus [Albany, N. Y.], abstract from, 352; cited," 190, 253. Tbe Independent [New Paltz, N. Y.] quoted, 196. Tbe Jamestown .lournal quoted, 197, The Journal [Eastliampton, L. I.] quoted, 195. Twelfth Report of the State Entomologist 397 The Mosquito, 319-335. The Nation, iibstiact fiom, 349. The iiiitnral history of the, runv Lepi- doptoroiis Insects of Geor<;ia (Ab. bott-Sinith) cited, 18;'.. The Oneoiita Herald ()rt cited, 218, 292. vernata, Anisopteryx, 311-312, 350, 356, 360. vestita, Saperda, 245. villosa, Sciara, 225. villosum, Elaphidion, 314, 356. Vinegar for mosquito bite, 325. Virgiuiensis, Chalcophora, 361. viridascens, Glyphe, 210. viridifasciata, Chortoplaaga, 363. vitis, Typblocyba, 363. vitreus, Mesocborus, 210. vittata, Diabrotiea, 352. Epicauta, 354, Walker, F , cited, 298; referred to, 321. Walnut (Juglans), Datana integerrima injaring, 309. Walnuts, Balaninus sp. feeding on, 269. Walsb, B. D., cited, 235, 290; on Lebia gr.mdis, 236; qiioteil, 291 ; re- ferred to, 312. Walsli-iv'ilev cited. 237, 290. Walton, W. R., insects from, 317, 362, 363. Wasbbnru, J. B., insects from, 317, 363. Watert'ord, elm-leaf beetle there, 261. Watermelon, army-NA'orm feeding on, 206. Watertown Reformer, The, quoted, 196. Waterv^liet, N Y., ravages of elm-leaf beetle in, 261. elm-tree bark-loi:se there, 261. Wayne county, army-worm ravages in, 197. Weasels feed in a' on arm v- worm, 208. Webster, F. M., cited,' 191, 248, 251, 265, 273; referred to, 267, Weed, CM. cited, 194, 238, 254; re- ferred to, 207. Welch, Mrs. M. B., insects fi-om, 362.- West Virii'inia AgricultTiral Experi- ment Station, Bulletin cited, 193, 265. Western New York Horticultural So- cietv, Proceedings cited, 194, 243. Westwood, J. O., ^cited, 229; quoted, 322 ; referred to, 322. Wheat liour, Silvanus Snriuamensis in, 361. Wheat germ meal infested by Ephestia interpunctella, 360. Wbeat-bead army-worm, 310. Wbeat : insects injurious to, Agriotes mancus, 356. Leucania unipuncta, 206. Meromyza Americana, 361. Polydesmus complauatus, 301. Wbeatlet, infested by Ephestia inter- punctella, 360. Wheat-midge, losses caused by, 341. Wheat wire-worm, 356. Wheeler, W. M., cited, 273. Whitcomb, J. S., insi'cts fiom, 360. White oak, Odoniota dorsalis feeding on, 266. Wickham, H. F., cited, 249, 265. " Wiggiers,"mosqiiiio larv;e, 333. Wilcoxi, Calosoina, 209. Wild haws, Trypeta pomouella breed- ing in, 348. Wild Solanum, army-worm feeding on, 206. WildsuQ-flower, Ecpantheria scribonia feeding on, 189. WiUard, X. A., cited, 230, 233; (luoted, 233. Williams, A. P., insects from, 362. Willow apple gal! saw-fly, 359. Willow-apple Tineid, 360. Willow biitteifly, 354. Willow: insects injurious to, Datana integerrima, 309. Ecpantheria scribonia, 189. Gossyparia ulnii, 292. Vanessa Auti^ / '. 8^0 Seventh Report on the Injurious and Other Insects of the State of New York. Made to the Regents of the University, pur- suant to Chapter 355 of the Laws of 1883. Albany: James B. Lyon, State Printer. 1891. Pages 211 (195-405), figures 40. Also as Report of the State Entomologist for the year 1890; in the Forty-fourth Annual Report, New York State Museum, for the year 1890. 1892. Pages 197-405- 3s..u - ;£■.. Eighth Report on the Injurious and Other Insects of the State of New York, for the year 1891. Albany, University of the State of New York. 1893. Pages 218 (103-350), figures 53. Also as report of the State Entomologist for the year 189 1 ; in the New York State Museum, Forty-filth Annual Report, for tlie year 1891. Albany: James B. Lyon, Printer. 1892. Page| and figures as above. Ninth Report on the Injurious and Other Insects of the State of New York, for the year 1892. Albany, university of the State of New York. 1893. Pages 206 (289-494), figures 34. Also as Report of the State Entomologist for the year 1892 ; in the New York State Museum, Forty-sixth Annual Report, for the year 1892. Albany: James B. Lyon, State Printer. 1893. Pages and figures as above. Js^ocC ^\co\^ l£Qtf Report of the State Entomologist to the Regents of the University of the State of New York, for the year 1893. Albany, University of the State of New York. 1894. Pages 25 (173- 197). Also as Report of the State Entomologist for the year 1893 ; in the New York State Museum, Forty-seventh Annual Report, for the year 1893. Pages 175-197. Albany: James B. Lyon, State Printer. 1894. /yC^V:% : t.' , VJ'''-^ Tenth Report on the Injurious and Other Insects of the State of New York, for the year 1894. Albany, University of the State of New York. 1895. Pages 300 (337-636), plates 4, figures, 24. Also as Report of the State Entomologist for the year 1894 ; in the New York State Museum, Forty-eighth Annual Report, for the year 1894. Albany, University of the State of New York, 1895. Pages 339-636. Jbij. :^ -L lS^f4 Eleventh Report on the Injurious and Other Insects of the State of New York, for the year 1895, Albany, University of the State of New York. 1896. Pages 243 (84-326), plates 16, figures 25. Also as Report of the State Entomologist for the year 1895; in the New York State Museum, Forty-ninth Annual Report, for the year 1895. Albany. University of the State of New York, 1896. Pages 85-330. \^\^ !■>+;: