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a COND REPORT

OF THE

_ STATE ENTOMOLOGIST

ON THE

NoXioUS AND BENEFICIAL INSECTS

OF THE

STATE OF ILLINOIS

ELEVENTH REPORT OF S. A. FORBES

The Gasetie Pre.
Champaign

1903

i
‘aa
pet

i
vd

IWENTY=SECOND REPORT

STATE ENTOMOLOGIST

NOXIOUS AND BENEFICIAL INSECTS

STATE OF TEEINOIS

PEE VEIN EH REPORT OFS. A.-FORBES

|b OF 7

The Gazelle Press
mpatg

CONTENTS:

PAGE
it LOMUCCOR YA NO Lerten siselielsiel\ccslelsisis vclelas/a(siaielsdlelsesivelocclnesieleeledslesieiseleleise eis selsinacisisieisses see viii
inlays) Crowned Teyillighoeas ma iNtnopococsoonsqooSndqnodecedo0y -0o0dd seocoBoonococoD oReaEbOCDbooReODaGdOs 1
WsualiC onditionsTofelny Unive tO. © OLMes.cccccedecccsslececo-eeresseetinecacecrcecessceceesee: 2
General Features of Life History.......... pasnisie(sesiecsieeicisccsiecet een easfamrcennenicerr cise 2
General Preventive Measure...... Gaatosdconosesoode padaosedqEnN0cN AdoHanIOE ooo BUDDEBeHOORUCCS 3
The Little Brown Bill-bug ; the Blue-grass Bill-bug. (Sphenophorus parvu-
WPS (EN Ale) Songaqcaancoer eeaceece ailceatcutada sores Scrdotscise istincd ces suiee cota Breen ele 3
DISCUSHIONTO fae O MENG LODYscesnesacacecmeccecideceorlinccoccecisessescisicscreciteciscerer ces 3
Occurrences of the Adult Beetle......... Sopncnoas obogqoodaoroncagaaDonjnoOdOEd. 3
Occurrences Of Immature Stages.......-..ccc-cce: ccesccesocesce seresrescees 6
in stancesrOtelny Misys Os OG OUMes-serienseneeececcsoecsececescariocseesceeiieseceerienseecsse 7
DS LENOPNGLUS DIACLAUSUNA YN. ce acacaceoriocs = soseaieeosadosinaneoesetacesscsiessoes clei siesis’sselss 8
The Clay-colored Bill-bug (SALenoPhorus OCHhrEUS LOC,)...+0+.eerececereceereecers 9
InjunystorCorn ine Hord) County; UWSSorccccsece cccecessiivansereas/nasisccssisessesees 9
Experiments with Bill-bugs Om COrm.............0.sesescecececscerseseeeere ssceee. 11
Hinman} Thay TEYS'S) poonoabanocosndoa6a 599000000 aco daaGOD SadoRB obo poDadoaDAEEP;oCRds050 070000008 12
Observations OnMutfe EMIStOr yee. qcsemccenceonsiecawcsncicesesesecerescasscccnacceccses 12
Injuries in Whiteside, Adams, and Schuyler Counties.............-2..sesesee 13
Extraordinary Injury to Corn in Greene COounty....cc..cceeeeeeeeeceesereeeees 14
SUMMA yeO LMU LOVES LO Myprecescleecm mien iieen anise ieeascel ots veacdic selene em sciacieteciomelnesia 16
Deseo) INO St5 cnos00000 SonadosSosoodoscbo nooo SAdOORDOBGCOOGS BGgnOcedeoo HoooKe baGaoC 17
SPRSBOPHOLUs POLulna xe Ova sce ccm smeacesaceer scccenshiacinndcnasciinwe\veceisaesqcssieweasens 17
Sphenophorus cariosus Oliv.......- Doooesqoonagsond soH90090990900R ASooqUSdS dodonbace SbccodoS 19
DesSCriptiOn) Of WAV Aas .co.s-cccccccnsasccscsececessessessspeesenesescecersersssselsesiassees 21
AAditional SPEcies..- ....-.....0.cc2ecacecevsercsecteseverscscvees sverserssesersevecs soveereee 21
Sphenophorus scOparius HOD... .......0:0. see rceses carers sccsecsessaveseses sovesese- 21
Sphenophorus sculptilis Uhler...............ccecvcssseceesccrecscersccccsecraccserors 21
Sphenophorus robustus HOrn...........cceceeee cocecscrcccocrcenscncescseracceeseeces 22
Recent Bibliography.........-....ccscccsecaccecessesccreensrorncassascssnsersaccersernreecoces 23
Methods and Results of Field Insecticide Work against the San Jose Scale,
USB RAISE coscecuna cosaeaddo copaasdadesnecae elelelaiafolsscioisieiaielelen cieicle cai veesioieieiaineesiesielesscisis an 27
Experience with Orchard Fumigation........0.-...sscscssecesscscesseseccscnses soseeees 31
Description Of Equipment..............s.1e+ coscesseccsescesencssnccceccesserencnnes 31
Description Of the Operation.......... ..scccrecesesercereceresccecscsescscesceccerees 32
Preliminary Operation at MOnticell0...........ccesessesecssseceessessseees cnseseeee 33
Orchard Fumigation at Sparta.........c.cceccccoscseseecee reece ssccensseensececceecs 34
Gomera esl tssnersmeriseeisiseieets seleenelilseisclselseieesisctecel ispecies pgoCuONTOONNONDGNC 35
Details of the Work and its Results.........ssssceeseseseessesesecere essences 36
Orchard Fumigation at Richviow..........ssc.sesecsescassccscncessesecesssesnaeeees 38
Details of the Richview Work............sesesseeeee apikqOoOsH00 GOUdONOOEAESHENesd9G000C 39

Comments On the abOve Results.........0..ccccsccoccceccscescccccccccvcccescos cesses 42

PAGE
Cost of Orchard Fumigation.......00csceeeeceeceeeeeee oe Nay ake kaa naan AAS Ava sce 43
Treatment with Whale-oil SOApP.....:.ceecseseeeeesesenseeereeeceneesenaeesaneeeseeeeaaeeses 44
Experience with Kerosene Hmulsion......srssssrrsiseeeseseseeeeesererscesesen esse eneees 45
Kerosene Emulsion at Richview......1+ ccccesecceseserseccesceeresenseeeeeeeeneneres 45
Experience at Carterville, Albion, and Monticello, Spring of 1900........ 47
Experiment with Kerosene Emulsion at Barry ....-s:ssescesesseesereerser eae 47
At Now BOstOn cecccescoccccscscncvccccsensecporsccceccccvcssvevssivessesevsvenvescenecnsssiass 48
Kerosene Emulsion at Quincy......ssescceeersseeeerereeeeeeeers spacnacbeeeueaan nee 48
Kerosene Emulsion, Season Of 1901-O2......ceecececeeeneceeneeeeneeeeenenerenes senewenee 50
Field Use of the Lime, Salt, and Sulphur Wash....scccccccsereercceeseerereeeenneeees 52
The California Wash at Summer field.........- 0. ccceeecesceceee teeter seeeeeseenes 53
The California Wash at Makanda........ccccceceeceeeeeceeeeeceeerceeeeeeeeeeneeesen . 54
The Califormia Wash at AIDION...........0+ sesceececeneeeeceeseeenesesecececnes canes 5D
The California Wash at Browns......crscccececsseceeetecesencees eeveceesseveestecees 5b
General SUMMALY...-.ceeeersesseeeerseneseees Fee feeieilninieies eiluwl tie tleleieins|tislsletelseteicieir sai 56
Experiments with Lime and Sulphur Washes for the San Jose Scale..---:+...-+++ 67
Use of California and Oregon Washes in I]]imOis,,.....00+ ceeeeeee reeset eeee renee 68
Secondary Results of the Experiments....-...seceseeeeeseecee ser seeeeeereeeeeee ees 69
General Features Of the Ex periment..... sc... ceeeeeeeeeee steers tenses ceereeeeees 69
General Statement Of Results,.......scccrccre. steseesscevcecverer cess soseseveresenens 70
Period and Methods of the Experiments....-..ccceeeereeeeeeren ceeesenereeeeeeees 70
Experimental Trees Used......ceeeesseessreeeennereseneesannerscerseeersceserees vainscete 71
Weather of the Period......ccusccerscoseccscccscsccersccencessncsersescvsvcsecssevecsene (hi
Preparation of the [nsecticides......--...ss+seeere ceeseeaeseeeeeenesenennerssenen eens Ue)
The Water Sprays to test Effect Of Rains.........s.sseseeseseeesereserteeeeneeees 73
Explanation Of Tables...---..ssesesseeseeeseeee ee cernaaeeerercer estes sensanens seeserees 73
Experimental Details. ....---...:cssceeeeseeeeeseserenenseecnesssaneseeeneceraneceannecns 74
First Lot of Trees. Califormia Wash........:cecceecesseeeereereeneeneeeees 74
Lot I. Sprayed with Lime, Sulphur, and Salt, March 3.........+- 1D
Second Lot of Trees. Califormia Wash,........+-.:ececeeeeseeeee reer ee enes 78
Lot IL. Sprayed with Lime, Sulphur, and Salt, March 5,......--- 78
General Results of Experiments with Lime, Sulphur, and Salt..........-. 81
Third Lot of Trees. Oregon Wiggers ciccieicicereisisletsieisteteiblors civielcvelstnieisiaieielerGiain si s'etaveraiets . 82
Lot Ill. Sprayed with Lime, Sulphur, and Blue Vitriol, March 3... 83
Fourth Lot of Trees. Oregon Wash.....sscccecsrcereereeesecseeeeeeeneneaeeeeeens 85
Lot IV. Sprayed with Lime, Sulphur, and Blue Vitriol, March 5... 84
The Tent Experiment...........ccccssseseseseeseeeeecnaseceaneesceeenesenaeeceaseccanaes 87
Effects of Rain and Water Sprays in washing off Dead Scales. ..........+- 88
Practical CONClUBiONS........-.c.seececcseseevcenetersessecseeevsesseceeetererenseeesens 89
Experiments and Observations on the Use of Crude Petroleum and Pure Kero-
sene for the San JOBE ScCale........scsscerereceeseeceeeecssteeevenseasasens sen sensenaences 91
At Carterville, Ill.......csccsessccecenssesccereveencesoeusecenscrcanenacsnssnseusoacessenssensenne 91
At Oatawha Island, Ohi0........csceecscsceeeesereeeteeneeeentsseeneneseeseensseenecenever ens 93
Experiments with Summer Washes for the San Jose Sale... ..ccevsssercecerecseseeens 96
On the Principal Nursery Pests likely to be distributed in ANA(s (\nonobocodnantusons 98
Classification and Description of the Insect and Fungus Pests of the
Nursery most Important to the Nursery Trade.......:-s.ssssssesersereeeens 99
Injurious to the Roots..........sscssesssersseeeenseeeranensceseneerseeeseranessesannenens 99
The Woolly Aphi&........::cccseeeeesenecereereeeeseneenansanesueeeueccnscnseecaecey 99
The Black Peach-Aphis........--.+- poten eseeevenacessnceeaseseneesene auunesnnesas 100

The Crown-gall......csssssccecesceeeesersceseeesenceesenerseenseasenecansansenerse ees 100

Vv

PAGH
MMe ENO O tiny OGaraemanan sine titan eicaemtatsitenaseiscmtatretetatsatuneiseniaceiguinvccht 0 aie eoagasite LOO

MMM OMSUOLL OCR ATIC ORV OOO miaanhataiet nslsssnusccabvovceseste bien ts csuvenvse sees LOO
PRULTOM VOOM A DOTS aeneanantnovesseiMeventnlare bee anaseVeceecssccsemseaseenvoas lees LOO
SCHLOMMSGGtSOM save] OOuim smineareneseneueNsaaansaiey goles a8 siseussiienep en sinaiviye 100

IMS CAC U-ULEO MB OLOL econ snuonbormsvndusesselatat saree etecislesscivsiscnissinies sem esis 100

Pear blight, Apple-blight, Fire-blight, Twig-blight.................s0008 101
LASSIE O tereastcerssicnccisiealenetch einen seme stidecanslbideievaeisiea sisters aiaoe’siclsasiicieee veniam 101

Leroy) a ure bh i-f=\ Yo) rragniseinehgboGbrid sn OoHCUCICONDCOO ioc cindcl nop ncanticenoogUnApenonednn 101
ANCOVACH OROTOMMUAS MOLE Vi vvaielarcsceceritsi vneeMeness cries satay tivalsivin sieve 101

EM MULOURAUOMUL OMe cet Clenaannits its see isisiel ils stesteninenieemisciesisiernaeeeussle cisieics 101
ADC RROME AM ML COS secicustucedscisssie’ secede esurisentendarivaisiepeaiivsese ess secs 101

ITO MAN OS LOM e ARO UTM TO LOR osiduibre(enisiete.seciee sels lsleifeins/tnisie caldaltsiepnttianclaavelss nie seit 101

GMA CAMEL OA TMRESLIS UO rtadeialen ne vsivicneelseles sviesslecinicerssenladsiseuineaa slits etavnis ees 102

EMO T- CALE PUL AN cuvenns setae sea smapeliocds sstenntseaniaetectent aia varstetsieni 102

URC MESA Ly Wy ODE waetie deine ceviee ese ee daeinceistesiess th ojesitiecniaonleeemeeaannaeieacesdces 102

VOMIT EH OC KL OL vasiunsinds soanvels elcedseniss/sm cas sssmiasceleaslyNalssaienaa slaves heise secs 102

UTC MAND PICHRCADI mics varantslre poussth eee avpsstecincesiiresisecloasrente sie nacelles visireisiels 102

DU GRE SATII SG reeceusnsaycenistccssrecnaen sacs seteeamseieasieasss(onssanslsanngassien sie seis 102

UMC WBE CSD OLA yevsicetevsisriiasle selsienstesa osia'te/ess)t esto alesse oslais sieisisciansoiea neuen ysbjeeeisie 103

Winter Forms and Appearances of the Principal Nursery Pests..............++ 103
Description And Discussion Of SPOSClOss...ccvccccvcssrcesnevessecsessievestseveasieonetvsue 106
FINO MVNO] WwaEAu Ty LDS srercatsivateiaa'elniscslots dstubistalualsiieraiesisetsictd asene iene lerian ese sledalsanisisiinenat 106
MGR nA GKM CACM AND Ld swdansannesasuegtiaaeentssnsctaclsss sietiesaelseses/sanceristsey 107
MNOLOTOW NO All Acadseridtandiecapectaeasaniaticaseaaemeclnaadendlesn cs wslentesettteraes tiene 110
LMU O OMEN Oleae ay nnemas (arte aenreissviansipeatieeesscanenentesep’ meumavich'esesay egcsvereie 111
NEM SCHLEMUMS SOUS sans cconsinienisie ois bslecists sla cide cotboraisinrasiecaieicleursteMbisense iam seisreasionegouneoeus 112
MMCISAMM MOSES CAlGIAN A ItS) ANLIERs wovmscrsscunsemsiuinedstrecisealaisiiscigs sissies 114
Additional Nursery Scales wintering partly or fully grown........-.. 117
Jommon Nursery Scales wintering in the Weg........cceeseceeeeeeeneenees 118

MDI eS CULL aS CAL OM necadareMeamanthacimn nce steeds isan QeN iis ee creme fasiace 118

PUN ENOVSUSMShOUMN CH Ovecwccerenseeaispcashenclosssssileciieesn els sciessiesaelstte vistas 119

AM nC huey oy): (SEAN \iaocreorcorecodasdcortiocconongo db uscocoopannnagdenonelogseacnr 120

The Rose Scale or Raspberry Scale........csccscceessesreesseveesensnrs 120

PR ERECACUSUneOrh Onolacrardcusmaycncddisensatsieres dendadter sere antetaseassneteanacs 121
Pear-blight, Apple-blight, Twig-blight, Pire-blight............:sseseeceeeeenees 124
PVT Mnes er kce lant © tirstrerisncivepvestevieisicteress verciniststete sis pisieeisfsrar tale lalsis saretn isin arais/daletsalfanisiscealcts eins 125
AMUUUA CHOSE LOL LUA S DELI V cer sree seatssnsleinieeses sen lentie cl isiesiaireteniteleasiisisoiav sie(stey 126
Peach Fruit-spot, Plum-scab, Oherry-scab ......... sccescssceeseccsessnesnecsens 127
NOV AD DIOP LOA MAD UUs arte ne ssiotodasciententideciesanensseaistaseltiias vaissssleinse slat yusiae ces 127
MORO MEV AM Grasse stines camisetas senenseariceutincecessnadtealdudcsiiles sihensixebsiesen 129
PC MIUBA THON UML Glimetrenereiisstan eens east ieehine ssc aenaaniinn sia sauialttisatieseeata tire snneyeine 129
Moye). Leer Ei Le} THE hcg odemonaeo JORG OOLUEIeroc0 UNKIDHLICIONOCUOOS: OB COCR DOAcRORCAmry anon doc 182
PEGE MENT-CATSN PINAY: aicsessnspercenuesersueseapevsse sass sssuesiosloarevededee elsvecteserene 134
PWIND Ee OMYN eeereancniors et pss aahieMuMORrMnis Mensou tiles seltleaplsacreaniesif clave sina iianets eine averse 135
LIT MUM AOC K=O OL Mean testes cnntaEsuunicnsaecroMsldnuxs omnis atu aenesies ere ssa assis 136
Athaye EN pe a WEECe yO) ol eiticapenitriq Sng 80800: CdD Dn OCeTOADOACDDAGANUAL: PCr eraUncic OOBADUnAGenCNCn Con 137
The Canker-worm on Shade and Forest Trees.........ccsseneecssscecscceeeseaseesesscsens 139
Ate DIAC KGOMUILG MU abaagiitasss snes cancancalautacneystsMicada Vises isabalenh a papelddeeiasaneh sles 139
NTL) OC EG TL Ml ea ammatenennccrnerte aaatasisirearlanaldscitasalacnesapahealaniasdmansnis’e suis esladuiee esse cans 143

IDetDe SAnp AMOMehlOneGstsmasmruasets dives sess siispisnsiolrponsosisesuis bas vaNevesiavslensiewes nts ners 143

a An) ee oe = ae ey Le
: ae ge is es a - . e%s

7 eal : -

a ; : » 5

The Colaspis ROO: WOR Mlsgie cae von ce cn deew curs congue cntenan anne nite eiteatieitnn cenm en eatine chine tan eaeem

Tor] UTES GOS Cordyscneccsvaces<ceanacesconcaqnnsi reser ceeeh canter rer caes ‘

General Appearance of the Imsect.......-.....-:eseeeeeeeeeeeee eee eeeeees Ao
Injuries to other Crops......-...- Ns es RR ae See ee

Diktvibution end Life Wistary.<.c..4oc.aceseeiee ee eee ee eee

Description... Lig hb Ctecnauedes saecnenk Rew ee eee et Sek tree wee eee eeeeeeeeeee cccevccencencs

GONGIUSION cone cero cece avec ceccss seicerecdeeceacwsieneclecieGe cuinuiecasqe(cncieacosnschieaasiansueacen
*

mai : 4

INTRODUCTORY NOTE.

In accordance with present provisions for the publication of
the manuscripts of this office, most of the articles of this report
have already appeared, in whole or in part, as bulletins of the Ag-
ricultural Experiment Station, a fact sufficiently shown by foot-
notes from the titles of the separate articles. That ‘‘On the
Principal Nursery Pests likely to be distributed in Trade” was
printed in July, 1901, as Circular No. 36 of the Experiment Sta-
tion ; but the articles on ‘‘ Experiments and Observations on the
Use of Crude Petroleum and Pure Kerosene for the San Jose
Scale”, on ‘‘ Experiments with Summer Washes for the San Jose
Scale”, on ‘‘ The Canker-worm on Shade and Forest Trees”, and

on ‘‘ The Colaspis Root-worm ” have not been previously printed.

tine CORN BILL-BUGS IN TE EINOIS:*

The corn ‘‘bill-bugs” are snout-beetles of various size and
color, but averaging rather large, the majority of them dull black,
with the surface much marked with small pits and narrow grooves.
In form they are somewhat regularly oval, with thick bodies, round-
ed above and beneath, and with rather long ‘‘ snouts ” or ‘‘ beaks ”
of medium strength, bent downward from the front of the head.
They injure and often kill young corn in spring by thrusting the
beak into the stem of the plant near its base and eating out the in-
ner tissue beneath the point of puncture. Their presence in the
field is very soon made manifest by the appearance of circular or
oblong holes running in rows across the blade of the leaf, each row
resulting from a single thrust of the beak when the leaves were
closely rolled together in the young plant. The injury done varies
from insignificance up to complete destruction of practically every
plant in several acres of corn and for two or three successive plant-
ings.

In the Sixteenth Report of this office, for the years 1886-88
(but published in 1890 ), is an article on these insects summarizing
briefly the results of observations then the most recent and the
contents of previously published articles on the subject, but propos-
ing no preventive or remedial measure except a single one for the
prevention of injuries to corn by the clay-colored bill-bug, Sphenoph-
orus ochreus, on newly drained and freshly broken swampy fields.
This preventive measure consists merely in planting the ground
broken up from the swamp grasses to some other crop than corn
for the first year, flax being especially suggested.

For the ordinary injuries to corn on old ground I had at that
time no definite measure to propose, but a fuller knowledge of the
life histories and habits of the bill-bugs and some observations
lately made in both recently subdued swamp lands and old upland

*This article was originally published in October, 1902, as Bulletin No. 79 of
the State Agricultural Experiment Station, .

2)
“

fields have furnished a sufficient basis for a highly useful method
of prevention of the worst of these injuries, and this fact has made
desirable a new treatment of the subject as a whole.

Usual CONDITIONS OF INJURY TO CORN.

While there is in Illinois a little general and unclassifiable in-
jury to corn by the bill-bugs, by far the greater part of it occurs
under one of three conditions. If swamp lands are broken up from
grass in spring and planted to corn the same year, and especially
if the common reed or the club-rush or other thick-stemmed grasses
with bulbous roots are common in the turf, the corn is extremely
likely to be badly injured if not wholly destroyed by one of the
swamp-loving species of this group. If such land is poorly culti-
vated, allowing these bulb-root grasses to grow up again, the
injury may continue for at least another year. If an old timothy
sod, either pure or mixed with some other grass, is plowed in spring
and planted immediately to corn, this crop is likely to be severely
injured by other and smaller species than those which attack
the crop in swamps. I have known but one case of any consider-
able injury by these insects to a field of corn in Ilinois except un-
der one of the above conditions.

GENERAL FEATURES OF LIFE HISTory.

The explanation of these facts is to be found in the life history
of the various species commonest in our region, and in the food and
feeding habits of the larva. The largest of our bill-bugs breed
mainly and naturally in the bulbous roots of two or three large,
grass-like swamp plants, sedges, rushes, and the like. ‘The ma-
jority of the species of medium size live chiefly in fields of tim-
othy, the larve feeding on the root bulbs of that grass; and one
or two of the smallest species may feed either on timothy bulbs or
on roots of blue-grass in meadows, pastures, and lawns.

So far as I know the bill-bugs pass the winter in the beetle
stage, in the ground, under rubbish, or in other protected situations,
and all whose life history has been at all closely observed in Illi-
nois make their appearance in spring, chiefly in fields in which they
have lived as larvie and where they have fed on the roots of grasses
the preceding year.

As the adult beetles feed in nature on the same plants as their
larve there is little to tempt them to migrate from one field to an-
other, and the facts lately collected in this state concerning the
previous history of badly injured fields clearly indicate that the
beetles pass the winter, as a rule, in the same fields in which they

passed through their earlier stages, provided that these fields have
been undisturbed.

GENERAL PREVENTIVE MEASURR.

From this it follows—and experience has amply confirmed the
conclusion—that if a field of grass infested by corn bill-bugs be
plowed in fall before the time of insect hibernation has begun it
will be but lightly infested by them, if at all, the following year.
Karly fall or summer plowing of grass lands intended for corn is
thus an effective measure of prevention against injury to that crop
the following year.

Injury to corn by these beetles has now become so frequent and
in some cases so severe, and the facts concerning the species are so
little known, that a full detail of our present knowledge which
bears on the subject in a practical way seems to be particularly de-
sirable.

Tuer LitrLe Brown BILL-BuG; THE BLUE-GRASS BILL BUG.

(Sphenophorus parvulus Gyll. )

Sphenophorus parvulus, one of the smallest of the bill-bugs, is
essentially an upland species, breeding commonly in the ordinary
cultivated grasses, especially in blue-grass and timothy. It is
sometimes abundant in city lawns ; it is one of the species responsi-
ble for a considerable injury to timothy meadows; and it frequently
infests corn following upon the meadow grasses, although, owing
to its small size, its injuries to this crop are comparatively slight
except while the plant is young,

This little bill-bug is better represented in our collections than
any other species, and as we have repeatedly reared it from the
larva to the imago in confinement we have a comparatively full
knowledge of its life history. On this account it will be convenient
to treat it first in this discussion in order that it may be used as a
standard of comparison for the species whose life histories are less
fully known.

DISCUSSION OF LIFE HISTORY,

Occurrences of the Adult Beetle.—We have forty-one Illinios
collections of the adult beetle of this species recorded, extending
from March 18 to October, and representing thirteen years between
1882 and 1901. A serial account of these collections, in order of
the calendar but disregarding the years, will enable us to trace the
species fairly well through the season and to note the variations
and transformations of its habits and its food.

4

Our earliest collection was made March 18, 1882, at Kappa, in
Woodford county, where living beetles were found among dead leaves
in woodlands, evidently still in hibernation. Next, April 7, 1597,
it was collected at Urbana on blue-grass sod under boards lying
where they had been placed as an attraction to cutworms seeking
shelter by night. On this same date in 1882 it was obtained in a
woodland lot south of Bloomington. April 14, 1897, it was collected
under boards on grass at Normal, and April 16, 1887, at Edgewood,
in Effingham county, in a badly damaged old timothy meadow. It
was here hidden on the ground under dead vegetation, and was
apparently still in its hibernation quarters. Occasional bulbs of
this timothy had been hollowed out the year before in the manner
characteristic of the work of SAhenophorus larvee, but this injury
was comparatively insignificant.

On April 17, 1894, it occurred at Urbana in a tuft of volun-
teer wheat, apparently having left its winter quarters at this time
and resorted to the growing wheat for food. April 19, 1887, a
single specimen was found under a fence rail lying on the grass,
the head of it covered with mites ( Gamaside ) of the kind which
frequently infest old beetles. This specimen was certainly not
fresh, but must have hibernated as an adult. On the 24th and
25th of April, 1884, it was obtained in the course of miscellaneous
entomological collections at Normal and Bloomington, in McLean
county; and again on the 30th of the same month and year, in
sweeping blue-grass at Normal with the insect net. In this last
case, again, it had apparently begun to feed. May 4, 1892, it was
brought in at Urbana from under boards, and May 6, 1887, was
found at the same place on grass.

Our earliest date for an injury to corn is May 15, 1891, report-
ed by S. P. Campbell, of Loami, Sangamon county, Ill. ‘* These
beetles,” says Mr. Campbell, ‘‘insert the proboscis and each leg
into the stalk and absorb all the sap, leaving small holes in the
plant, weakening it very much.” ‘This injury seemed to be gener-
al in Mr. Campbell’s neighborhood, as he says that ‘‘ considerable
interest is taken in the matter,’ and that ‘‘an answer to my in-
quiries will gratify many. ”’

May 19, 1887, it was found at Champaign doing a very con-
siderable injury to corn on sod. A single specimen was taken just
below the surface of the soil with the beak inserted in the stalk.
At Jerseyville on the 20th of May, 1891, another specimen was
taken from about an inch below the surface on a stalk of corn three
or four inches high, which it had injured sufficiently to cause the
leaves to wilt. At Champaign May 21 and 22, 1888, it was ob-

5

tained from corn plants in a field which had lately been plowed
from grass. As these beetles had often been said to suck the sap
of the stalks they pierce, one of these specimens was dissected to
determine the nature of its food, and this was found to consist of
bits of the characteristic epidermis of grass-like plants and of par-
allel-veined vegetation containing spiral vessels—evidence, of course,
that its injuries to corn are done by biting and swallowing the sub-
stance of the plant and not by sucking the sap. This specimen
was a female, well filled with fully matured eggs.

On the 24th of May, 1897, at Union Grove, Whiteside county,
it was found very abundant on corn below the surface ; and at Ur-
bana, May 24, 1889, a specimen was taken from a stem of grass
which it had punctured through the sheath of the second leaf from
the ground. May 25, 1901, at Knoxville, in Knox county, several
specimens were taken from corn growing in sod. ‘The beetle was
doing a rather serious injury throughout the field. On the 26th
of May, 1885, one was taken with its beak thrust into a stalk of
young corn about three inches high, the puncture being made an
inch above the ground. The beetle was so engrossed with its feed-
ing that it remained attached after the corn was pulled up and un-
til it was forcibly picked away. On the 27th of May, 1887, a speci-
men was found under a board on the grass, and on the same day of
the month in 1901 another was taken from young corn at Oneida,
in Knox county. On the 28th of May, 1901, specimens were brought
in as injuring young corn at Buda, Bureau county, and also on the
21st of that month in 1887 at Rankin, in Vermilion county.

June 7, 1884, a beetle was taken near Du Quoin with its snout
inserted in a stalk of wheat close to the ground. June, 8, 14, and
16, 1882, it occurred in miscellaneous collections in McLean county;
and on the 28th of June, 1900, it was seen at Griggsville, Illinois,
feeding on a corn plant eighteen inches high. It was at the sur-
face of the ground with its beak thrust far into the stalk. At the
same place on the next day it was taken from timothy, many of
the plants at this time being infested by the larve of this species.
July 1 to 10, 1883, it was collected at Normal, Illinois, and on the
19th and 21st of July, 1891, it was obtained at Urbana. On the
30th of July, 1900, it appeared in a breeding-cage, reared from
larve which had been taken in timothy bulbs at Griggsville June
26. The transformations of this lot of larvae were not yet com-
plete July 30, the earth containing on this date eight beetles, one
pupa, and four larve—all alive. In August, 1892, it appeared ina
breeding-cage of Professor Webster, in Ohio, bred from larve of
that year. September 20, 1893, a specimen was found on the

6

ground in a corn field near Urbana; and on the 24th of September,
1885, one was seen in a breeding-cage which had been stocked with
larve from timothy bulbs at Normal July 13. The date of trans-
formation is unknown as this breeding-cage had been neglected,
no examination having been made since August 3.

September 25, 1882, a specimen was taken at Elmira, in Stark
county, in the course of general collections of insects on corn. In
October, 1882, it was found at Normal, the conditions not being
recorded ; and on the 5th of October, 1885, it was taken from a
breeding-cage of timothy larvie established July 13, but which had
not been previously disturbed since August 11.

From these data it is plain that this bill-bug hibernates as a
beetle in ordinary situations ; that on coming out from its winter
quarters it takes its first food from blue-grass, young wheat, and
similar vegetation ; that it transfers its attentions to corn with the
first appearance of the plants, affecting that crop most generally
and injuriously on timothy or blue-grass sod; that it may continue
to feed on corn as late as the latter part of June, even when the
plant is eighteen inches high, but that it distributes its attentions
also over the grasses and grains; and that the beetles of the new
generation—which begin to appear as early as August—emerge, at
least in part, from their subterranean cells, and secrete themselves
for hibernation as reported above.

Occurrences of Immature Stages.—Larvex of SS. parvulus have
been noted in the course of our work at various dates from June 11
to October 22, the last a single instance of what was perhaps de-
layed pupation in a neglected breeding-cage. The intermediate
dates are June 13, 16, 26, 27, and 28, July 4, 13, 21, and 30, and
August 10. The larva taken at this last date was boring the
crown of a timothy bulb on the grounds of the Experiment Station
at Urbana. It was transferred to a breeding-cage, where it re-
mained without special attention until October 22, at which time
it was still feeding on the timothy. All our specimens have been
taken from the root bulbs of timothy, but the larva is reported
by Webster (’93) to occur occasionally in wheat, and by Bruner
(92) sometimes to infest blue-grass lawns in sufficient numbers to
kill large patches of sod.

Pup have occurred in the course of our work on July 24 and
30, but eggs have not been seen by us at all. Webster (92) ob-
served oviposition as late as July 1, and inferred that the eggs are
mainly laid late in May and in June.

I find in these data no definite indication of more than a single
brood, unless the facts reported concerning the larva brought in

7

August 10 should be so interpreted. It seems to me more likely,
however, that this was a belated member of the same brood as the
other larve reared by us, and that its pupation was retarded by
neglect. Our failure to find pupw except in the middle of the sea-
son is negative evidence of the absence of a second brood. It is of
course true, on the other hand, that in the absence of numerous
continuous experiments in the breeding of separate individuals, no
final statement can be made with respect to the number of genera-
tions.

Briefly stated, as now understood, the life history is substan-
tially as follows: Hibernating in the imago, the beetle lays the
eggs in early summer, beginning probably in May ; larve hatch
in June and doubtless for some weeks thereafter ; pupation begins
in July, and the final transformations to the adult, beginning late
in that month, continue into August and possibly for some time
thereafter.

INSTANCES OF INJURY TO CORN.

The most definite and serious case of the destruction of corn
by this beetle which has come to my knowledge was reported to me
by Mr. Dalbey, of Taylorville, late in June, 1902.

A visit to this place made June 30 by Mr. E. S. G. Titus
showed that in a field of forty acres the injury was decidedly un-
equal but still very general. In one part of the field nearly every
stalk on several acres had been injured, while in other parts the
damage varied from twenty-five to fifty per cent. of the plants.
This field had been in timothy for the four preceding years, and
was broken up in April, 1902, and planted almost at once to corn.

Some twenty timothy fields in this neighborhood were care-
fully examined, and the root bulbs in all were more or less infested
by the larve of this bill-bug. Fields two years in timothy after
corn or wheat showed ten to twenty per cent. of the plants infest-
ed, while in those three and four years old from fifty to seventy-
five per cent. were more or less injured, and contained larvie vary-
ing in size from medium to apparently full grown.

A second field of corn on timothy sod, plowed early last fall
and planted at the same time as the one first mentioned, contained
not a trace of bill-bug injury, although dead timothy bulbs still in
the ground showed distinctly that they had been hollowed out by
bill-bug larve. The contrast between these two fields of corn
growing on old timothy sod infested with the larve of Sphenoph-
orus the previous year, one of the fields having been plowed in
Aprii and the other in early fall, was particularly significant, and

8

amounted, in fact, toa demonstration of the preventive effect of the
fall plowing of such lands.

SPHENOPHORUS PLACIDUS SAY.

This species has been several times taken on corn in Illinois,
but the most notable instance of its injuries to that crop was giv-
en me by Mr. Joseph Carter, of Rankin, Vermilion county. In a
letter dated May 1, 1887, he incloses a specimen of this beetle with
the statement that he found it below the surface of the ground eat-
ing into a corn plant, and that where the injured leaf appears
above ground it is crossed by parallel rows ot holes. He finds the
beetles, he says, on every plant on an acre or two of corn, and in a
letter of June 5 he adds that the beetle is destroying some five or
ten acres in an eighty-acre field. The corn in this field was plant-
ed on fall plowing after oats. The ground was dry and sandy and
tiled every hundred feet. Subsequently Ilearned that this eighty
lay adjacent to an oldand run-down meadow of timothy with a little
redtop intermixed, and that the injured patch of corn was near this
meadow. It is to be inferred from this statement that the bill-bugs
had scattered out from this field of timothy to the adjacent corn in
search of food.

The life history of this species is not definitely known, its im-
mature stages never having been distinguished so far as my infor-
mation goes. Our earliest collection of the beetles was made April
8, 1892, from overflowed land on a creek bottom near Urbana—evi-
dently a hibernating specimen. The next date of its occurrence is
May 21, 1888, in lately plowed sod near Champaign ; and the next,
May 31, 1887, as given above. June 1, 1895, it was found injuring
corn in Leroy, in McLean county ; June 5, 1887, it wasstill at work
in the field at Rankin ; June 14, 1882, it was taken at Normal in
miscellaneous collections ; June 19, at Spring Valley, from young
corn ; June 30, 1888, from driftwood in a small creek near Urbana
after a flooding storm; and July 7 of the same year, from corn at
Bement, Ill., where it was doing considerable injury. June 19,
1902, it came to us from northern Illinois near Savanna ; June 20,
1888, from corn fields in Whiteside county ; and August 5, 1887,
from Fourth Lake, in northern Illinois, where it was taken from
bulrushes along shore. So far as our data go they indicate a life
history similar to that of the better-known species ; hibernation in
the imago ; and an early attack on corn, with probably a midsum-
mer breeding period of a single generation.

9
Tur CLAY-COLORED BILL-BUG.

(.Sphenophorus ochreus Lec. )

Injury to Corn in Ford County, 1553.—My first knowledge of
the habits and life history of this species began with a letter writ-
ten June 21, 1888, by Mr. J. A. Montelius, of Piper City, Ford
county, to Professor G. E. Morrow, Dean of the College of Agri-
culture at the University of Illinois. In this letter, which was ac-
companied by four specimens of .S. ochreus, Mr. Montelius reported
that these beetles were destroying the corn on new ground in his
locality by eating into the stalk and boring to the heart of it with
the effect to kill the plant. They were present in great numbers,
and had destroyed a large part of the crop—some of it several
plantings in succession on the same land.

Visiting these fields on the 23d of June, 1888, I found them in
a swamp area which had been recently drained by a large ditch.
Some of these fields had been broken up and cropped the preceding
year, but most of them were planted for the first time in 1888. On
the farm of Mr. Montelius, six miles north of Piper City, a field of
twenty-five acres had been once destroyed, and the second planting
was so badly damaged that the crop had been abandoned and the
ground was being sown to millet at the time.

The injury consisted of long slit-like punctures of the stalk,
beneath which the interior leaves and the stalk itself-—that is to
say, all the more succulent and softer parts of the plant-—were ir-
regularly but often completely eaten out. In the worst cases the
plant was killed ; or, if the injury was less severe, the leaves were
finally marked with more or less regular oblong holes extending
lengthwise of the blade but forming rows across it.

The injury thus done varied in position from a little below
the surface of the ground to the middle or upper two thirds of the
larger leaves. The beetles were often seen at work on young
stalks, head downward, with the beak inserted its full length.
They were always on the lower part of the plant from an inch
above the ground to a little below it, and as many as three of
them were sometimes seen on a single stalk. They were not easily
alarmed, but the plant might even be cut away, if care were used,
without disturbing them, Although they clung closely to the
plant, they could readily be picked off by the fingers; and when
thus disturbed they would feign death for a little time.

The damage in this field was heaviest near the drainage
ditch, where nearly every hill was badly eaten. This ground had
been broken from swamp sod that spring, and the injury was slight

10

except where two coarse grass-like plants were abundant, the com-
mon reed, Phragmites communis, and the club-rush, Scerpus fluviat-
eis, An examination of these plants showed an injury to both
which was precisely similar to that done to corn, but affected the
wild grasses much less seriously than the cultivated plant. The
injury to the reed had apparently ceased, but the club-rush in un-
broken sod adjacent was still infested, the beetles being there
found at the upper part of the plant piercing the terminal row of
leaves and eating out the interior asin corn. None were on these
wild plants growing in the plowed fields, the beetles apparently
preferring the corn as food.

In a field separated from the foregoing by two or three rods of
sod, and bearing now its second crop of corn, no appreciable dam-
age had been done by these beetles, and here the reeds and rushes
were wanting, having been completely killed by the second year of
cultivation.

The sexes were pairing at this time, but no eggs were discov-
ered by a careful search of punctures and excavations in all kinds
of injured plants.

On another farm, occupied by Mr. Dennis, a field of fifteen
acres of corn was even more seriously injured. This also had been
broken up the same spring, and the reeds and rushes were very
abundant in the lower ground, growing up through the sod. In
such situations the corn had been completely destroyed, although
replanted several times.

In still another field, two miles away, belonging to Mr. Sulli-
van, which had been broken from sod that spring, no damage by
bill-bugs had been done, but in this field, which had been used as
a pasture for several years, neither reeds nor rushes had grown.

July 27, 1888, these same farms were visited by an assistant
of the office, Mr. John Marten, who found the bill-bugs still pres-
ent in small numbers and injury still in progress, although evi-
dences of fresh work were few.

In a field of a hundred and fourteen acres, belonging to Mr.
Dennis, eighty acres had been sown to millet after the destruction
of the corn, a pulverizer being used to prepare the ground. Here
the millet had been considerably injured—the lower part of the
stem punctured by the beetle and cut off with the effect to
kill the plant. In parts of the field the damage thus done amount-
ed to eighty per cent. of the yield, although the plants had rallied
to some extent by throwing out new shoots from the root. Even
the fox-tail grass ( Sefavéa ) had been similarly attacked to a small
extent, and with the same result.

11

On the next day, July 28, a visit was made to a field of swamp
land which was then being broken up for the first time. Many of
the bulbs of the rushes were cut in two by the plow, and more than
half of these had been excavated by the larve of the bill-bugs, two
of which were brought to the office alive. A considerable number
of adult S: ochreus were crawling in the furrows and over the fresh
sod, aud one dead bulb was found with the remains of an adult in
the burrow.

Experiment with Billbugs on Corn.—Saly 3 a lot of these
beetles from Piper City, sent from there June 29, were placed on
hills of corn growing under large frames covered with wire gauze,
the bases of which were sunk four inches in the earth. By July §
several of these beetles had begun to feed, and on the 14th the corn
was already badly eaten. On the 17th a stalk of this damaged
corn was removed and critically examined, but no eggs were found.
All the beetles were still alive except one male, The injuries to
the corn were at this time numerous and severe, but the plants
seemed rapidly growing away from them, aud the beetles had
moved from the base of the stalk, which had doubtless become too
hard for their jaws, to the termine] leaves and other growing struc-
tures, including the young ears au inch to an inch and a half ig
length. The young husks had been perforated aud the ears were
excavated lengthwise, practically destroying them. Tassels and
terminal leaves showed great recent injury, aud the sheaths of
leaves near the deeper puuctures aud excavations of the stem had
often been guawed into but not far enough to go through the
Sheath, the beetles having apparently found the tissues here too
tough. On the 24th additional search was made for eggs ou sev-
etal stalks which were taken ovt of the earth for the purpose, but
without success; ucither eggs aor trace of breeding operations
could be found in or about any part of the pleat. The usual pyac-
tures and slits were abundant about the base of the stem, with some
small discolored excavations also, but nothing else.

September 10 the remzining contents of this cage were finally
overbavled, but neither live beetles, eggs, nor lerve were found.
The stalks, roots, leaves, ears, and tassels had been auch injured,
the tassel and the upper part of the stalk perbeps most seriously so.

The method of feeding was carefully observed by both Mr.
Marten and myself. Placing itself head dowawa1d, with its stout
legs embracing and firally grasping the stalk, the beetle epplies
the tip of its beak straight against the suriace, cutting the outer
tissue with the mandibles, the action of which is distinctly audi-
ble. Gradwally, with au occasiond twisting motion of the head,

12

it sinks two thirds or more of its snout into the stalk, and then,
slightly rolling its head from side to side with clock-like regular-
ity, it uses its beak as a lever to split the stalk and pry tbe edges
of the slit apart. It pauses from time to time to eat out the soft
tissues within, and by moving forward and backward and twisting
to the right and left it often hollows out an interior cavity much
larger than the surface injury would indicate. Then pulling the
head strongly backward with the compressed beak inserted, the
stalk is split upward as a boy would split a stick witha knife. In
this way a slit an inch long may be made in the stalk of corn, be-
neath which all the softer parts have been eaten out.

Injuries tn 1SSQ.—The following year, 1889, similar and equal-
ly serious injuries were done by this beetle in the Piper City dis-
trict, according to a letter received from Mr. Montelius under date
of May 21. At that time forty acres of corn belonging to Mr.
Towers had already been destroyed, while on the place occupied by
Mr. Dennis the injury done was apparently fully as great as that
of the preceding year.

A letter recently received from Mr. Montelius, dated August 8,
1902, reports that injuries by the swamp-land bill-bugs ceased with
the second year, and that nothing has been seen of them during
the thirteen years since. The temporary nature of their attack on
newly subjugated swamp-lands is thus definitely proven.

Observations on Life History.—Other occupations made it im-
possible to return to this place, but late in the season the life his-
tory of the species was taken up at Urbana by observations in a
swampy field where the club-rush was common.

July 2, nine specimens,two of which were copulating, were found
in a large sedge, Cyperus strigosus, at the margins of a pond near
Urbana. July 16, two eggs and larve which proved later to be those
of this species were discovered by Mr. Marten behind the leaf
sheaths and in stems of S. //wzza/e/’s. Both were placed from two
to four inches above the bulb, the eggs in the softer part of the
stalk just inside the hard woody outer layer. One larva brought
in on this day had already burrowed irregularly downward for
about three inches from the place of its hatching. The following
day two more eggs and another larva were found similarly placed.
On the 22d of July one of these eggs had hatched and the larva
from it had burrowed downward within the stem, and on the 23d
two more eggs had hatched. Unfortunately no further progress was
made with these specimens, both plant and larve having died by
August 20.

July 22, three more larve of this bill-bug were found at Ur-

is

bana in the club-rush, and August 1 several more of various sizes,
from those recently hatched to one four tenths of an inch in length.
One egg was also found on this same day. Two of the larvz were
in one stem. August 14, three more larve were brought in, prac-
tically full grown. One had burrowed completely through a small
bulb of the club-rush, the channel through the bulb being contin-
uous with that in the stalk. August 20, three other full-grown
larve were obtained from the same swampy field, and all had bur-
rowed downward from the place of deposit of the egg to the bulb,
a distance of about three inches, and had passed out of this into a
bulb of last year’s growth, in which they were imbedded at the
time. The plant first attacked was killed in every case. Septem-
ber 10 one of these bulbs was opened and a pupa found within, and
on the 16th of September the pupal cavity contained an adult 5S.
ochreus. On the 17th of September another beetle of this species
was taken from a second of these bulbs. Three specimens were
brought in August 28 in essentially the same condition as those
collected August 20; that is, in each case, young larve hatching
from the egg had burrowed downward through three or four inches
of the stem and to the young bulb at its base, and had passed from
this into that of last year’s growth, traversing a quarter of an inch
or so of earth to reach the older bulb.

Injuries im Whiteside, Adams, and Schuyler Counties.—A
case similar to the foregoing, also from a district recently
drained, was reported to me June 25, 1895, by M. D. John, of the
‘‘ Sterling Evening Gazette,” in Whiteside county. According to
his statement whole fields of corn were almost completely destroyed
in the vicinity of Deer Grove, sixteen miles south of Sterling, by
the clay-colored bill-bug ( SAhenophorus ochreus ) together with
a black species of similar size, in all probability .S. Aertimax. These
bill-bugs, he says, seem to be at home in the water as well as on
land. Two or three thousand acres of corn along Green River
were reported to have been destroyed at this time, and most of the
farmers were replanting so-called ninety-day corn, hoping still to
secure a crop.

The next report of serious injury to corn by this species which
has reached me came by letter dated May 24, 1901, from H. D.
Hill, of Lima, Adams county, Ill., who sent a specimen of this bee-
tle with the statement that it was destroying the young corn on his
farm on bottom-lands which were originally overflowed, but which
had been reclaimed and cultivated for about twelve years.

Another letter of June 25, 1902, from Rushville, Ill., written
by H. E. McLaren, reports these beetles as present in the bottom-

14

lands of a drainage district about the 24th of May, or as soon as
the corn was large enough to afford them food. They made their
appearance, he says, in new ground the previous year, but were
still more numerous and destructive in 1902.

Extraordinary Injury to Corn tn Greene County.—Under date
of May 28, 1902, I received the following letter from John C. Bridge-
water, of Bridgewater, Greene county, IIL:

‘‘Tam sending you to-day about three hundred bugs which
we call elephant bugs. We give them this name because of their
color, the enormous size as compared with that of other pests in-
this section, and the trunk or bill. Their destructiveness is un-
paralleled, as you may judge for yourself when I say that farmers
are paying five cents a dozen for them and the boys are bringing
them in by the thousand. More than ten thousand have been
captured and put to death in less than two days on the Hartwell
ranch alone, the foreman paying five cents a dozen for every one of
them. On Saturday last he was looking over the ranch and thought
that he had one eighty-acre field of corn secure, but on the Tues-
day following there was not enough left to plow.

‘The bugs will lock their legs around a stalk of corn and run
their trunk right through it as if it were a spike driven through a
pine board.

‘* Tt is costing us hundreds of dollars as tribute to bug-hunt-
ing expeditions, plowing our land over and replanting where a
week ago we had as good a stand as heart could wish. ”

Mr. Bridgewater also gives an amusing account of contests be-
tween his ‘‘ elephant bugs” and young chickens, and on this point
his statements are corroborated by a letter from another corre-
spondent received in June, 1900, and accompanied by a specimen.
In both cases chickens had undertaken to devour these beetles, but
the latter had saved themselves by clasping their legs around the
beak of the bird, and holding on so vigorously as to make it impos-
sible for the chicken to open its mouth.

The box of beetles accompanying Mr. Bridgewater’s letter
were mainly S. ochreus, although a few S. pertinax were among
the lot.*

In consequence of this letter I sent Mr. E. S. G. Titus to
Bridgewater early in June to study the outbreak there, and again
early in July. He spent the 11th and 12th of June on the Hartwell
ranch, which is situated on the Illinois River at the mouth of Hur-
ricane Creek, seven miles west of Roodhouse, in Greene county.

*See also the discussion of S, fertinax in the present article,

15

This ranch contains five thousand acres, mostly bottom-lands re-
deemed for cultivation by changing the course of Hurricane Creek,
building eleven miles of levee, and excavating drainage ditches.
One of these ditches, twenty-five feet wide and six feet deep, drains
a large bottom-land lake, the bed of which forms a considerable
part of the property. About 4,500 acres of this tract had been
broken up, much of it in the spring of 1902, and 2,500 acres were
planted to corn this year. The 500 acres not under cultivation com-
prise swamp-lands still unbroken, bluff-lands mainly covered with
trees, and the eleven miles of ditch which drains the ranch.

Several hundred acres of the corn on this place were more or
less infested, and in some of the fields the first planting was com-
pletely ruined and the second also badly eaten. Plants attacked by
‘S. ochreus were usually killed, the effect of the work of pertinax,
a smaller species, being rather to dwarf and distort the growth
than to kill the plant outright.

On one ten-acre piece of corn which the manager wished
especially to save, the beetles had been picked off by boys at a cost
of from three to five cents a dozen, and 10,400 were brought in. In
badly infested fields from one to five beetles were found on every
stalk of corn. Careful search of several hundred plants failed to
discover any eggs in the stalks or about the roots.

An observation of special interest was made at this place with
respect to the effect of fall plowing. Owing to a temporary lack
of employment for the teams on this plantation a piece of sod had
been broken up the preceding fall, the remainder of the tract lying
unbroken until the following spring. On this fall-plowed land,
which was merely a part of an undivided field, the only injured
corn was in the first two or three rows adjoining the land plowed
in spring, and the harm done here was evidently due to bill-bugs
which had come in from the adjacent ground.

The commonest plant on the unplowed lands was the club-
rush ( Scirpus ), and this often grows in considerable quantity on
cultivated land that has been broken only a year. Kggs and young
larvae, evidently those of Sphenophorus ochreus, were found in the
bulbs of these rushes June 12, and the females were still heavy with
fully developed eggs.

July 3, when this place was visited again, larvae were still com-
mon in the bulbs, owing no doubt to continued hatching, and the
average size was little if any greater than at the previous visit.
Beetles also were still abundant, and as much of the corn land was
now overflowed,—-owing to extraordinary high water in the Illinois
River,—most of the bill-bugs had been driven to the higher and

16

drier ground. Many of them, however, were still on the rushes
and on corn under water, apparently little disturbed by their sub-
mersion.

Such of the second planting of corn as had survived the bill-
bug injury was in bad condition—dwarfed and much deformed in
growth. One field which had been planted the third time was al-
ready practically destroyed, and the bill-bugs were still present on
the corn. The crop on the field plowed in fall was in excellent
condition, but considerable damage had been done in some fields
which had been broken up from sod in the spring of 1901 and
plowed for corn again this spring. Their condition was evidently
due to insufficient cultivation last year, many rushes being left to
grow with the crop. This of course kept the bill-bugs in the fields
and enabled them to breed there last year.

From the general condition of this region it is to be inferred
that fall plowing for two successive years with clean cultivation
of the crop will afford substantially complete protection against
this bill-bug injury, except as the beetles from adjacent unbroken
ground may occasionally enter a corn field in search of food.

Summary of the Life History.—Our earliest collections of this
beetle were made on the 21st of May, at which time the sexes were
seen 77 copulo. It has been taken by us in swamps and corn fields
at many later dates up to July 27, although by the 17th of that
month it had practically disappeared from the corn.

Eggs were found by us June 11, but as young larve were pres-
ent at the same time oviposition must have begun as early as the
first of June. Indeed, Webster has found the eggs in Indiana late
in May.* Other eggs have occurred in the course of our work,
either in the field or in breeding experiments, July 4, 16, 17, 22, 23,
and 30, and also August 1, thus covering an interval of about two
months.

The growth of the larve seems to be rather slow, none of those
observed by us having reached full size before the 20th of July.
Other examples of the larval stage were found at intervals to Au-
gust 28; and in Webster’s experiments, to August 30.*

Pup were taken from our breeding-cages September 10; and
in Webster’s observations, from August 21 to 30. Imagos from our
September pupa were observed September 16 and 17, and as our ex-
perimental work was done in the open air, the plants being protect-
ed only by wire screens, no acceleration of the transformations
could have taken place. Webster (’90) found adults, to-

* Webster, F. M., 1890.

17

gether with larvae and pupa, from August 21 to 30. Our
collections contain no specimens of this species taken later in the
year, but as no search of suitable situations has been made in lo-
calities where this bill-bug is abundant this negative evidence
has no special value. It seems probable that the species is
single-brooded, with a long breeding period extending through
about four months, and that hibernation occurs mainly, if not alto-
gether, in the imago stage. There is, however, nothing definite
to show that the beetles emerge from their underground quarters
before the spring of the following year. As other species of bill-
bugs more abundant in ordinary situations but having apparently
a similar life history do occur abroad in fall, it is likely that SPhe-
nophorus ochreus will be found to have a similar habit.

Descriptive Noles.—A description of what was doubtless the
full-grown larva of SPhenophorus ochreus was published by me in
the Sixteenth Report of this office, page 56, but some descriptive
notes made from a living half-grown specimen July 15 may assist
in identification.

Length, extended in crawling, 6mm. Head light mahogany-
color, with mouth parts dark brown, almost black. First segment
behind the head tinged with brown, deepest in the middle. Body
thickest just back of the middle, and sloping somewhat abruptly
to the tip of the abdomen, which is provided with a circlet of weak
brownish bristles; the two preceding segments with similar but
weaker bristles. Lateral folds, extending from the head to the tip
of the abdomen, are quite distinct. The color of the skin is dirty
white, and sufficiently translucent to show the brownish internal
organs.

The egg of SAhenophorus ochreus is 3 mm. long and about half
as wide, swelling somewhat after it is laid. It is at first decidedly
curved, but later assumes an oval form. Color opaque white, with a
faint creamy tinge. Shell transparent, shining, smooth.

SPHENOPHORUS PERTINAX OLIV,

This beetle is evidently a lowland or swamp species in great
part, often breeding, like the clay-colored bill-bug, in the stems
and bulbous roots of coarse semiaquatic vegetation. Dr. Kellicott
reared it repeatedly to the imago several years ago in July and
August from larvae and pupwe found in New York in the common
cat-tail flag, 7ypha latifolia. ‘*'The larva cuts an oblique burrow
near the base of the plant, and pupates in the same.*” Dr. John

* Letter, December 3, 1888.

18

Hamilton has found it common in the salt marshes of New Jersey,
and believes that it breeds in grasses daily wet by the tide.

In Illinois it has been most frequently collected in swampy re-
gions or along the borders of lakes, and in corn fields has been
most abundant on iands recently drained, associated there with the
clay-colored bill-bug. Our Illinois collections were all made in the
central and northern parts of the state, and range from April to
August of several years.

The injury to corn is similar to that of the clay-colored species,
but less severe owing to the smaller size of the beetle. ‘The plant
injured by Pervtznaw is less frequently killed outright, but is com-
monly dwarfed, often becomes badly twisted as it grows, and rarely
forms anear. The beetle attacks the corn plant at the crown be-
low the surface, and is usually nearly or quite buried in the earth.
At Bridgewater, Ill., in 1902 it was about as common on corn as
the larger species, but was frequently overlooked because partially
concealed by its mode of feeding. In swamps it has been found on
young rushes just beneath the surface, making holes in the ground
like minute gopher holes to get at its food.

Parrott (99) reports it as destructive to corn in Nebraska, the
injured stalks failing to produce ears. The beetles were still at
work on the corn plant July 27, and when not eating were to be
found in underground burrows. In this article, published in the
‘*Kansas Farmer” for May 11, 1899, he says that the eggs of fer-
tinax were deposited June 24 to 26 in burrows about an inch under
ground and touching the roots of the corn, and that these eggs
were hatching July 18. His experiments satisfied him that it
thrives equally well in a blue-grass sod. He assumes that it hiber-
nates in the pupa, the evidence on that point being the receipt of
specimens early in May, 1898, some of which had the peculiar
pinkish color characteristic of beetles just from the pupa.*

The life history of this species seems thus not to differ materi-
ally from those of the others treated in this paper, although our
data are too scanty for satisfactory generalization. Parrott’s
statement with regard to the breeding of the species in corn, based
- as it seems to be on experimental data, is of special interest, since
we have no other observation of a northern species laying its eggs
on the corn plant. It will be noticed that in this case the beetles
were under confinement, and that no positive inference can be
made as to their choice of plants for breeding in the field.

*Letter of July 29, 1902.

1g,

SPHENOPHORUS CARIOSUS OLIV.

This bill-bug, though not common in our collections, has been
taken by us in central and southern Illinois from Pekin to Cairo.
It is primarily a southern species, abundant in the Gulf States
and injurious to corn in South Carolina. Through the kindness of
Mr. B. F. Johnson, of Champaign, I received in June, 1888, fifty liv-
ing specimens of it from that state, with the information that it was
there very destructive to young corn. Some of these beetles laid
eggs in captivity June 4.

In Illinois it has been taken but once on corn so far as I am
aware. May 1, 1891, Mr. John Marten, an assistant in my office,
found a specimen of it in Urbana at the base of a very young
plant, where it had gnawed a cavity in the stalk just below the
surface of the ground, and kept over night in a breeding-cage it
left the stalk and made its way into the seed kernel.

The imago has been found by us at various dates from April
23 to September 16. The earliest specimens, collected at Cham-
paign April 23, 1892, were under boards and driftwood on wet
ground. May 1, 1891,a single beetle was taken on very young
corn at Urbana; June 30, 1888, it was obtained from a deposit of
driftwood beside a creek; and July 9 of the same year, from a sim-
ilar situation after a flooding rain. July 26, 1892, it was brought
in from Savanna, in northern Illinois, among collections made in
the Mississippi bottom ; and August 16, 1891, it was found on the
bank of the Ohio River near Metropolis. On the 23d of August,
1899, a number of these beetles, recently transformed, were found
at Urbana, still in their underground pupal cells at the base of
stalks of Cyperus strigosus ; and, finally, September 16, 1879, it was
obtained in the course of general entomological collecting from the
bottoms of the Ohio River opposite Cairo, Ill. It seems thus to be
‘essentially a lowland species, and probably breeds, like S. ochreus,
in coarse grasses and similar vegetation of swamps and bottom-
lands.

My knowledge of the life history of the species is based main-
ly on Mr. Marten’s observations in 1889. On the 25th of July,
1889, four larve which proved to be those of this species were
found in the stems of a large sedge (Cyperus strigosus) growing in
a corn field near Champaign. ‘The larve were just at the crown of
the bulb, which they had almost completely excavated, the largest
of them having, in fact, entirely cut off the stem, and lying ina
cavity formed by the bases of the leaf sheaths.

On the 29th of July cthers were found in the same situation

20

apparently very nearly full grown, together with some quite young
which were just commencing to burrow the stalks. No evidence
could be found that they passed from one stalk to another, but each
apparently got its growth within a single plant. August 8 nearly
all the larve in this field were about full grown, but no pupx were
detected; and eight days later all had apparently gained their
growth, but again no pupx were found. In several plants empty
excavations were seen, and August 20 pupw were detected at the
base of the stem and in the small root bulb. They were too large
for the larval cavity, which had been opened out by eating away
one side, the pupal cell being completed by gnawed chips and ‘ex-
crement closely packed. On August 23d larve of various ages,
together with pup and adults of this beetle still in their pupal cells,
were brought in by Mr. Marten from stalks of C. sérigosus in this
same field. Sometimes the pupal cells were found among the fi-
brous roots of the plant quite outside the cavity formed by the lar-
va in the stem, the walls of the cell being then formed of compact
earth often intermingled with chips from the stem. On the 26th
of August larve of all ages were obtained, some of them scarcely
twice as large as when first hatched, and others fully prepared for
pupation. Pup:e and adults were likewise found, the latter still in
their underground cells which, in some cases, were still contained
within the stem of the sedge, the fragments of the plant having
been tightly packed tcgether to make a compact case, so smooth
within as to suggest that it had been lined by a larval secretion.

September 6, half-grown and full-sized larve, together with
pup in various stages of advancement, were still to be found, and
also eggs, apparently of this beetle, placed in the lower part of the
outer sheath or inserted into that and the second leaf also.
Small round holes were seen in the ground from which adults had
apparently emerged.

From these observations it is to be inferred that the breeding
period of this species is very long, the eggs being laid at intervals
through many weeks. The largest larva noticed July 25 could not
have hatched from the egg later than the middle of that month,
and the very young of August 26 could have been at most but
a few days old. Pupation and the formation of the adult by Au-
gust 23 and the subsequent disappearance of imagos from the
ground, together with their occurrence in the field as late as Sep-
tember 16, warrant us in assuming the hibernation of the imago,
although it is of course possible that some observed as larve may
have hibernated in the pupa stage. There is no evidence in these

21

data for more than a single generation of this species in our lati-
tude.

Description of Larva.—Head pale yellowish brown, darkened
toward mouth parts, mandibles black, other mouth parts brown,
body white except cervical shield, which is slightly embrowned,
paler than head ; spiracles pale brown, first very large, remaining
eight small but gradually larger from before backward, the last,
however, about twice as wide as preceding ; sutural grooves very
distinct below, where they are cut at the sides by about five or
six longitudinal grooves, becoming fainter downwards. Several
long soft hairson head and inferior thoracic region, and some
shorter, stouter ones at tip of abdomen ; elsewhere, body nearly or
quite naked. Form of body short and thick, gradually swollen
posteriorly, segments 7-9 being thickest ; anal segment with quad-
rate excavation above, between the last two spiracles. Tubercles
beneath thorax broad, low, shining, not especially hairy.

Clypeus membranous ; labrum obtusely angled in front, with
two spines on the surface at about middle of antero-posterior
diameter, about equally distant from each other and from the mar-
gins ; two similar spines at front angles, and two other marginal
ones a Short distance within. Two of the inferior spines near the
middle of the margin are furcate. Labium largely membranous,
palpi two-jointed, basal segment a little longer than wide, terminal
one slightly oval, about half as wide as the other. Ligula membra-
nous, densely hairy in front, basal part of maxille bisinuate without,
bearing two long hairs, one near palpus, the other at basal third ;
palpus two-jointed, basal joint broader than long, second small,
ovate, half as wide as preceding ; lobe of maxille semi-oval, with
about ten dagger-like and furcate spines on terminal edge. Man-
dibles triangular, almost equilateral, acute and slightly hooked at
tip, biting edge with a single triangular median tooth.

Length of larva, 15 mm. ; greatest depth, 5 mm.; greatest
width, 5 mm.

ADDITIONAL SPECIES.

Sphenophorus scoparius Horn, found by us but rarely on corn
and grass, has occurred in our collections from June 16 to July 7,
and from northern to central Illinois.

Sphenophorus sculptilis Uhler, described as zee in 1867 because
of its injuries to corn, has been surprisingly rare in our collections,
and has never been taken by us from the corn plant in Illinois.
June 7, 1884, specimens were found on blades and heads of timothy
at Du Quoin, in southern Illinois, and July 9, 1888, a single one

“sto)
“am

was taken in a flood collection on the bank of a small creek at Ur-
bana. It has appeared in our general collections from Chicago to
Villa Ridge in extreme southern Illinois, and on various dates from
June 7 to November 26. Itis, however, doubtless locally destruc-
tive tocorn in this state since it has been reported by entomologists
as injurious to that crop in Massachusetts, New York, New
Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina,
Florida, Alabama, Pennsylvania, Indiana, Ohio, Missouri, Arkan-
sas, Iowa, and Kansas.

In most cases where definite statements have been made con-
cerning its injuries the fact has been noted that the injured crop
was growing on timothy sod.

The larve and pupw have been seen by Hopkins, ( W. ee oF
who calls this species the timothy bill-bug, and thinks that it is one
of the prime causes of the early failure of meadows. He finds the
larva from June to September, and pup and adults from August
to October. In these points of its life history it apparently agrees
very well with Sphenophorus parvulus,

Sphenophorus robustus Horn occurs in our collections but six
times, and in but two of these with a date, one in June and the
other July 1. Although an abundant and destructive species in
the Southern States and ranging with us to extreme northern Ili-
nois, it is apparently too rare in this state to have any economic
significance.

23

RECENT BIBLIOGRAPHY.

1880.

WEBSTER, F. M.—Life History of one of the Bill-bugs, SPhenophorus ochreus
Lec. (Insect Life, Nov. 1889, Vol. 2, p, 132.)

Quotes statement of Forbes in 1888 (see ’90) concerning injuries to young corn
on newly drained swamp lands. Believes serious injury in several situations has
been done for several years in Indiana, hundreds of acres being thus destroyed.
Beetles hibernate as adults, coming forth in spring, feeding on inner parts of
stems of reeds, rushes, and young corn. Eggs laid in or about roots of Sczrfus
late in May and early in June. Larve live within the bulbous roots, and_ beetles
appear in August and September. Has reared adults from the egg in Scz7Pus
bulbs kept in dry earth from the middle of June until the 25th of August. Infers
that larve cannot be starved by midsummer plowing.

1890.
ForBES, S. A.—The Corn Bill-bugs (SPhenophorus sp.). (16th Rep. State Ent.
Ill., for the Years 1887 and 1888, pp. 58-74. )

Contains an analysis of literature concerning each of the species of the genus,
with description of the genus Sfphenofhorus and an analytical key to Illinois
species ; the original description of S. mznzmus;a description of the larve of
ochreus and parvulus ; and an account of the life histories of species so far as
known, of their injuries to corn and other vegetation, of their natural enemies,
and of preventive and remedial measures. It is followed by an economic bibliog-
raphy of sixty-one titles, ranging from 1808 to 1888. The paper is illustrated by
twenty heliotype figures of imagos on three plates.

WEBSTER, F. M.—Notes upon some Insects Affecting Corn. (Insect Life,
Nov. 1890, Vol. 3, p. 159. )

Reports finding of eggs of Sphenophorus ochreus in stems of Scirpus, which
eggs resemble those obtained from ovaries of females. Concludes that eggs may
be deposited in stems of the plant and not always in the root.

I8gI.
SMITH, J. B.—Notes of the Year in New Jersey. (Insect Life, Oct. 1891, Vol.
4, p- 44.)

Reports appearance of corn bill-bug, SAhenophorus sculplilis, in large num-
bers in three New Jersey counties. Destroyed many acres of corn by drilling
holes in young plants at or near the surface of the ground. The second crop,
replanted after short delay, was undisturbed. The beetles were most numerous
on old sod, but not confined to such land.

McCARTHY, GERALD.—Some Injurious Insects. (Bull. 78, N. C. Agr. Exper.
Station, p. 18. )

Paragraph on troublesome bill-bug or corn curculio, Sphenophorus zee.
Says mature bug bites into young plants near the ground and deposits its eggs in
the place bitten, the eggs soon hatching into grubs which burrow into the pith,
dwarfing the plant or killing it outright. Characterizes this species as a semi-
aquatic insect, and seldom troublesome except upon very wet land. Advises
hand-picking, drainage, and thorough cleaning of the fields in fall.

24

1892.
OsBORN, HERBERT, and GOSSARD, H. A.- Corn Bill-bugs. (Bull. Iowa Agr.
Exper. Station, Aug. 1892, No. 18, pp. 507-509.)

Describes injuries to corn and other crops by the clay-colored bill-bug,
Sphenophorus ochreus, and the little brown bill-bug, S. Zarvulus. Quotes from
Webster (’89) and copies his figures of S. ochreus. Also quotes from Forbes (’90)
with respect to failure of beetles to breed in corn. Advises that bulbous roots of
shrubs on recently drained land be examined, and that if larvee of S. ochreus are
found the ground be broken as early in summer as possible, preferably
before June 1. Quotes Webster’s statement (’89 ) concerning early plowing. Re-
gards S. farvulus as likely to become a much more permanent and serious pest
than the preceding. Quotes life history from Forbes (’90) and summarizes facts
concerning injury to wheat and rye from Webster (’92). Says losses to corn due
to this species are often serious, and quotes letter giving description of injuries
to field of corn near Massena, Iowa, 1892. Damaged crop was planted on old
timothy sod broken up in March. First planting taken almost entirely; second
planting, finished June 17, seriously injured but not entirely destroyed. Osborn
concludes that the bill-bug had developed in the timothy or perhaps in other
grasses near the affected fields. Probably in most cases found largely in the im-
mediate locality where issuing. Regards outlook for preventive measures as by
no means encouraging. Suggests, however, that since worse injuries are likely
to occur on land previously in grass or adjacent to such land plowing should be
done as early in the previous season as possible, and that such ground should be
planted late and rather heavy at first. Crop of sod corn might be raised by break-
ing ground first of June and planting at once.

OSBORN, HERBERT.—Notes on Injurious Insects of 1892. (Insect Life, Nov.
1892, Vol. 5, p. 112.)

Bill-bugs have for the first time caused serious injury in lowa, SAhenophorus
parvulus being the most wide-spread and destructive. Seems to have increased
rapidly in late years, and threatens to become a very serious pest. S. ochreus
often seen, but not likely to cause extensive damage in lowa because of compara-
tive scarcity of swampy land bearing rushes.

BEcKwITH, M. H.—The Corn Bill-bug, Sphenophorus sculptitis. (5th Ann.
Rep. Del. Coll. Agr. Exper. Station, p. 102. )

Describes injuries to corn. Says life history is not known. Supposes that
eggs are deposited among the roots of timothy grass, and that the larva feeds up-
on such roots. Describes injury to corn field in Delaware observed May 20, corn
being about three inches high. Experiments with London purple applied tocorn,
and with poisoned bunches of clover placed between the rows produced no ap-
parent result, Cultivation of corn began May 24, and this seemed to arrest in-
jury Juner. Scarcely any beetles could be found in corn fields, although con-
siderable numbers were seen among the roots of timothy on a field adjoining. Be-
lieves that beetles may be driven out of field by cultivation.

WEBSTER, F. M.—Insects which Burrow in the Stems of Wheat. ( Bull. 4o,
Ohio Agr. Exper. Station, p. 72. )

Brief article on Sphenophorus parvulus, here called the grain Sphenophorus.
Speaks of it as doing a little injury in the larval state to wheat, oats, and barley,
also having eaten the bulbous roots of timothy, and puncturing the young roots of
corn. Says female lays eggs in or a little above the roots, probably late in May
or in June, but oviposition had been observed as late as July 1. Larva feeds with-

25

in straw until it becomes too large for its burrow, and then passes to the roots,

often destroying a whole stool of the grain in this way. Pupates beside the roots,

and after two or three weeks transforms to the adult. Has reared these beetles

from wheat stubble in August.

BRUNER, LAWRENCE.—Report on Nebraska Insects. (Bull. 22, U. S. Div.
emit, ps-00;,)

Discusses Sphenophorus parvulus under the name of the blue-grass weevil.
Says it has been increasing quite rapidly in numbers, and is one of the commonest
beetles in the city of Lincoln, Neb. Feeds on roots of common blue-grass, and in
some lawns has killed large patches of sod. Beetles appear in early fall and
spring. Thinks the insect is probably double brooded, but says that some of the
beetles may come out in fall while the remainder may lie overthe winteras pupe,
Found fully mature larve early in June and others in October. Damp and well-
watered lawns infested as badly as those that are dry, although they do not show
the injury so quickly.

SMITH, J. B.—Report of the Entomologist. (12th Ann. Rep. N. J. Agr. Exper.
Station, for the Year 1891, pp. 394-3905. )

Gives report of correspondents concerning injuries to corn. One says ‘‘ Very
much worse where there is wire-grass or quack-grass.’’ Another says that he hears
much complaint of them, confined principally to old mowing-lands. Another
says the beetle is commonly known as the timothy bug, as it only seems to be
bad after an old timothy sod is turned down; and still another reports it
as sometimes very destructive to young corn when planted on timothy sod plowed
in spring or late winter. Said also to be very injurious in Chester county, Pa.
Injuries reported from May 25 to June 17. Smith says nothing is positively
known concerning early stages. Reason to believe that larva lives in timothy
sod. Found no eggs in punctured corn plants. Mentions use of arsenical poi-
sons and kerosene, but is skeptical as to their value. Thinks it poor policy to re-
plant only hills killed by the beetles, because these would be killed in turn.
Recommends plowing sod for corn in falland early winter with a view to killing
out the insects living in or under the sod.

1893.
SMITH, J. B.—Report of the Entomologist. (13th Ann. Rep. N. J. Agr. Ex-
per. Station, for the Year 1892, p. 390. )

Mentions corn bill-bug as again troublesome in some counties, frequently
necessitating the replanting of corn. Injury minimized when fall plowing has
been practiced. Period of injury short ; replantings generally unharmed.
WEBSTER, F. M.—( Ohio Farmer, July 20, 1893, Vol. 84, p. 57.)

Reports on larva of a SPhenophorus sent him by a correspondent who found
it in a root of growing wheat. Probably S. farvulus. Describes injuries by this
insect to wheat and corn. Says field of corn near Jefferson, Ohio, was seriously
injured by it in 1893, and refers to other corn-eating species. Says that in wheat
fields the eggs, which he figures, are deposited just above the roots, but that the
young, after hatching, works its way upward ; and that as it gets larger it crawls
down and eats its way out of the straw, finishing its growth among the roots. Oft-
en eats the underground portion of a whole stool, causing it to wither and die
before the kernels have filled. Mentions occurrence in timothy, and says that
injuries to corn are usually local and not frequent. Surmises that. fall plowing
would probably result in the diminution or prevention of the trouble, and sug-
gests planting some other crop than corn where the occurrence of this injury is
very probable. In Indiana, rye is used in this connection to advantage.

26

1804.
OsBorN, HeRBERT.—Corn Insects, their Injuries, and how to treat them.
( Bull, lowa Agr. Exper. Station, No. 24, p. 997. )

Says clay-colored bill-bug, SAhenophorus ochreus, sometimes causes consider-
able injury to corn. Refers briefly to this species and to S. Aarvu/us, discussed in
previous bulletins, and mentions also S, scu/Atzdzs, which sometimes becomes nu-
merous enough to eat the whole stool tothe root. Refers to suggestion that sand
saturated with kerosene be placed around each hill. Regards it as of doubtful
value, Advises killing corn with kerosene if necessary to destroy the beetles, re-
planting afterwards, thus arresting their increase,

1805.
Weep, Howarp Evarts.—Insects Injurious to Corn. ( Bull. Miss. Agr. Exper.
Station, Nov. 1895, No. 35, p. 154. )

Brief note on corn bill-bugs, with copied figures. Kecommends hand-pick-
ing when beetles occur in small numbers, and spraying with Paris green when on
the base of the stalk if they are numerous. Says second planting of corn wil! be.
but little if at all attacked, and that when sod has been broken up in fall the
beetles will do but little damage the following spring.

1898
Horxkins, A. D.—Some Notes on Observations in West Virginia. (Bull. 17, U.S.
Div. Ent, p. 45.)

Refers to Sphenophorus sculptilis as the timothy bill-bug, and ascribes to it
considerable injury to timothy plants during past three or four years. ‘Thinks it
is one of the prime causes of early failure of meadows. Believes permanent in-
jury can be largely prevented by liberal applications of stable manure, tobacco
dust, lime, or other suitable fertilizer to the sod immediately after hay harvest.
Larve of this species occur in June to September, and the pupz and adults in
August to October.

1800.
PaRRoT, Percy J.—Bill-bugs on Corn. (Kansas Farmer, May 11, 1899, p. 314.)

Reports Sphenophorus fertinax as injurious to corn in Nebraska. Experi-
ments show that it thrives equally well in blue-grass sod. Injured corn often
fails to produce ears. Experiments with kerosene are mainly unsuccessful. Ad-
vises destruction of infested canes if larvae are found in the field, rooting up
and burning over corn stubble in fall to destroy pupe, and cultivation of swamp
tracts to destroy beetles. Reports deposit of eggs June 14 to 26 in the bur-
rows of beetles about one inch below the surface of the ground and touching
the corn. Eggs hatching July 18; beetles still at work July 27, When not eating,
the beetles were to be found in burrows under ground, either at the base of the
corn or elsewhere.

LUGGER, Orro.— Beetles ( Co/eoffera ) Injurious to our Fruit-producing Plants.
( Bull. Univ. Minn, Agr. Exper. Station, Dec. 1899, No. 66, pp. 269 and 301. )

Incidental mention of S. farvudus as very numerous in the roots of grasses
several years previous in Druid Hill Park, Baltimore, Md. Expelled from sod by
application of malodorous manure followed by heavy rain. ‘The next day im-
mense numbers of beetles (.S. Aarvudus Gyll.) could be seen upon all the side-
walks and seats on and about the lawn; they were evidently driven out of the
ground by this offensive manure.” Quotes Professor Smith concerning injury to
corn by bill-bugs. Corn so injured called “ Frenchy” in eastern Maryland and in
Virginia.

Vie RanOows ND RESULTS OF PIBED INSECTI-
CIDE WORK AGAINST THE SAN JOSE
SCALE, 1899-1902."

On April 11, 1899, an emergency bill was approved by Gov-
ernor John R. Tanner of Illinois requiring the State Entomologist
to ‘treat and disinfect once thoroughly,” at the expense of the
State, all orchard property which that officer had reason to believe
had become infested with the San Jose scale before the year 1899,
a fact which marked a new departure in the struggle for the con-
trol of the San Jose scale in Illinois. Unfortunately, the appro-
priation of $6,000 made for the expenses of this work was
insufficient for its purpose, being indeed but half the sum esti-
mated by me as necessary to give a single insecticide treatment to
all the premises then known to be infested. This fact put an
effectual bar upon preliminary experiments with insecticides, since
it was evidently my duty to apply the appropriation at once and as
far as it would go to the immediate purpose expressed in the law,
that of a thorough insecticide treatment of infested premises.

Being thus limited to action on lines fixed by the existing state
of our knowledge of insecticide methods, it was my first duty to
make choice of the procedure which seemed most likely to enable
me to exterminate the scale locally by a single treatment. This
choice necessarily lay between liquid and gaseous insecticides,
applied by spraying and by fumigation respectively.

The liquid insecticides well enough known at the time to make
them practically available for the destruction of the San Jose scale
were the whale-oil soap solution and the emulsions or mechanical
mixtures of kerosene and water. Crude petroleum was then com-
ing into use, it is true, but the results reported were too variable
to entitle it to confidence as both efficient and safe. To extermin-

*This article was originally published as Bulletin No. 80 of the State Agricul-
tural Experiment Station, under date of October, 1902.

28

ate the scale in orchards with a liquid insecticide required that the
fluid should be so distributed as to reach every scale on every tree
in quantity sufficient to kill the insect. This was obviously an
impossible task, especially if we take into account the frequency
with which these minute scales are secreted under bark, behind
buds, etc.; and this conclusion was confirmed by two years of pre-
vious experience with the use of whale-oil soap, during which
orchards and town lots at twenty-one localities in Illinois had been
carefully and thoroughly treated by two of my assistants, Prof. H.
K. Summers, now State Entomologist of Iowa, and Mr. R. W.
Braucher, a graduate in horticulture from the University of Illi-
nois. Subsequent inspections of the premises treated disclosed the
fact that the extermination of the scale was accomplished in no.
case except where every visibly infested tree and shrub was
destroyed, together with all adjacent vegetation to which the scale
might possibly have spread.

The fumigation method had this theoretical advantage over
that with the liquid spray, that an insecticide vapor set free under
a close tent enveloping the infested tree would be carried by spon-
taneous diffusion to all parts of the inclosed space, and would thus
presumably reach every particle of the infested surface and kill
every scale, provided the operation were intelligently and carefully
conducted. There seemed, in short, a reasonable possibility that
expert fumigation would exterminate locally where the conditions
were not unfavorable to thorough work, while such a result seemed
clearly impossible with the liquid spray. I consequently decided
to make a trial of orchard fumigation with hydrocyanic acid gas,
applied after the method which had been in use for several years
in the citrus orchards of the Pacific coast.

The opinion current among entomologists with respect to
fumigation as an orchard method was well shown by statements
of experimental results appearing at about this time, and especial-
ly by those published in August, 1898, in Bulletin 57 of the Mary-
land Experiment Station, and in the fall of that year in Bulletin
No. 17 of the Entomological Division of the U. S. Department of
Agriculture. In the first of these bulletins, entitled ‘‘A Report on
the San Jose Scale in Maryland and Remedies for its Suppression
and Control,” Prof. W. G. Johnson, State Entomologist of Mary-
land, gives an account of various experiments with this insecticide
@as, made in the fall of 1897 and the spring of 1898 on bearing
orchard trees in Maryland. As a conclusion from experiments on
fifty-three dwarf Bartlett pear-trees conducted from September 27
to October 1 by liberating gas under inclosing tents, he says (p. 86)

29

that ‘‘the San Jose scale is entirely destroyed by the gas when
used on calm, dry, sunny or cloudy days”; that ‘‘the cost of
treatment, aside from the equipment, is less than that for whale-
oil soap”; that ‘‘trees treated at night with very strong doses of
gas do not have the foliage or dormant leaf and fruit buds affected
at all, even where double the amount of gas ordinarily used is
generated”; and that ‘‘ trees treated in the morning before 9 a. m.
and in the afternoon after 4 p. m. have the foliage very little
affected by the gas.” These tests were thought by him so grati-
fying that a meeting of those especially interested was called for a
demonstration of the operation, and at a dinner served by the
owner of the infested premises all the speakers ‘‘ were unanimous
in the opinion that the experiment was complete in every respect.”
In a later report on this same experiment, read August 19, 1898, at
the Tenth Annual Meeting of the Association of Kconomic Ento-
mologists, Professor Johnson says: *

‘‘In order that I might report the definite and final results of
these experiments, I made a careful examination of every tree in
the orchard on Tuesday and Wednesday of this week. Where
there were hundreds and thousands of scales breeding on the trees
at this time last year not one can be found now, except upon trees
under 5 feetin height and on those fumigated when the foliage was
wet with dew or fog or immediately after a rain, and even on
these trees the young larve are very few as compared with their
number at this time last year. Where the fruit was much pitted
and scarred by the scale last year not one has been seen upon a pear
thus far this season.

‘‘In all, the experiment is thoroughly satisfactory, in that it
demonstrates by actual trial that this method can be used in our
largest bearing orchards, even under the most adverse conditions,
with excellent results.”

Fourteen very badly infested plum-trees were also treated
March 17 and 18, 1898, with hydrocyanic acid gas liberated under
tents, and no living scales had been found on them three months
later. ‘‘The general outcome of these experiments,” says Profes-
sor Johnson,} ‘‘up to the present time, June 15, is so far satisfac-
tory. We cannot hope to find a remedy for the San Jose scale that
is ‘more effective than hydrocyanic acid gas.” Referring to this
experiment again§$ August 19, five months after the treatment was
given, he says:

* Bull. No. 17, N.S., U.S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., pp. 41 and 42.
+ Md. Bull. 57, p. 90.
§ Bull. No. 17, N. S., U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., p. 42.

30

‘The gas can also be used in the spring in peach, plum, and
apple orchards after the buds have begun to unfold. A block of
one hundred six-year old plum-trees at Annapolis Junction was
fumigated March 17 and 18, 1898, and up to the present time not a
living scale has been found upon any trees, except those sprayed
with 50 and 100 per cent. gasoline. The trees in this orchard
were very badly infested, the most of them being so literally
covered it was impossible to see the bark at any point on the trunk
and larger branches.

‘‘Other experiments were conducted in scale-infested bearing
orchards in May, June, and July, the results of which cannot be
finally reported at this time, except that no living scales have been
found upon any of the fumigated trees.”

The operations reported in the present paper can scarcely be
called experiments, since they were an attempt to make practical
application in the field of methods based on the experimental work
and practical experience of others. Those with hydrocyanic acid
g@as may be taken, however, as a test of the fumigation method as
applied to common orchards and fruit plantations in southern IIli-
nois under conditions more favorable in some respects and less
favorable in others than those of ordinary orchard practice. A
considerable series of operations was carried on over a large terri-
tory by a single party under the direction of one foreman especially
selected and carefully instructed for this work, and his manage-
ment was doubtless more intelligent and exact than that of the
ordinary foreman or owner of an orchard would have been. On
the other hand, the conditions which he had to meet were of course
much more varied than those to which any single orchardist would
be subject, and the limitations of time and expense were such that
the work must move steadily forward whenever at all practicable—
a fact which made it impossible to choose favorable weather and
to suspend operations temporarily when it was likely that the best
results could not be obtained.

It has seemed to me, nevertheless, that the outcome of this
campaign is well worthy of report, since it indicates with approxi-
mate fairness what can be accomplished by practical work on a
large scale by the intelligent fruit grower so unfortunate as to
have become the victim of the San Jose scale. Owing to the fact
that these were not regarded as experimental but practical opera-
tions only, the notes of the work were not as full as I could now
desire. They were, however, carefully made by competent men,
and are entirely reliable so far as they go.

OL

EXPERIENCE WITH ORCHARD FUMIGATION.

Having decided on an extensive practical trial of orchard fumi-
gation with hydrocyanic acid gas, I found it necessary first to pro-
vide expert advice and supervision with respect to the practical
operation, with which none of my office force had any personal
acquaintance, and for this purpose, after considerable correspond-
ence, I secured the aid of Prof. Charles W. Woodworth, Assistant
Professor of Entomology at the University of California and Ento-
mologist of the California Agricultural Experiment Station. Pro-
fessor Woodworth being a graduate of the University of Illinois
was well known to me personally, and was particularly useful to
us because he had made a special study of fumigation operations
in California. He had, in fact, published an elaborate bulletiu on
“Orchard Fumigation,” * which was the principal reliance of
economic entomologists interested, and remains to-day the best
brief practical treatise on the subject.

_ Arriving in May, 1899, he inspected parts of our infested dis-
tricts, planned our equipment and superintended its manufacture,
coached our first fumigating squad, and supervised its practice
work—first on the Experiment Station farm, at Urbana, and later
on premises infested by the San Jose scale at Monticello, in
Piatt county.

Description of Equipment.—Our tents to cover infested trees
and confine the insecticide gas liberated under them were all made
of eight-ounce canvas, treated in two different ways to make them
impermeable to the gas. The first lot were thoroughly sized with
flour paste and covered, when dry, with a thin black paint; and
the second lot were saturated with boiled linseed oil and left spread
out until dry. The latter method of preparation proved the more
satisfactory and durable. The paint was likely to wear and crack
with use, and the sizing and painting were more laborious
and costly than filling with oil. The latter operation was conve-
niently and rapidly performed (as shown in Plate I.) by theaid ofa
common spray pump provided with an adjustable nozzle. Great
care was necessary that the oil in the tents should be thoroughly
dried out before they were folded, as otherwise they were liable to
heat, with the effect to destroy the cloth if not to set up spontane-
ous combustion.

The fumigation outfit consisted of forty-seven tents, three
pairs of lifting poles, and several sets of generators for the prepa-
ration of the gas. All except the smallest tents were flat oblong

* Bull. 122, Calif. Agr. Exper. Station.

32

sheets of canvas, rounded at the corners and sewed with overlap-
ping double seams. Seven of these were 50 x 60 feet in diameter,
ten were 40 < 48 feet, and twenty were 32 < 38 feet. There were
also ten conical tents eleven feet in diameter at the base, used for
the smallest trees. For lifting these tents into place there were
two 14-foot scantlings for the smaller sheet tents, two 20-foot lifts
made of 2 x 4scantlings, spliced and reinforced, and two 30-foot
masts. Each pole when in use was fitted with a pulley, through
which ran a three-fourths inch rope, and was also provided with
from one to three guy-ropes with which to direct its motions as
the tents were being lifted and drawn into place. For trees twelve
feet in height, or less, one 14-foot pole was the most convenient
lift. For those between twelve and eighteen feet one 20-foot pole
was commonly used unless the top of the tree was unusually broad,
when two were necessary. For still larger trees the 30-foot masts
were used, one or both according to the size of the tree.

Description of the Operation.—The method of handling the
tents and of liberating the gas was substantially the same as that
described and amply illustrated in Professor Woodworth’s Bulletin
‘122, already referred to (pp. 20-30). Different phases and varia-
tions of the operation are illustrated in Plates II—VI. At-
tempts were made at first to fumigate very large trees, even when
two tents of the largest size were necessary, one being drawn over
the other so as to lap upon it several feet. (See Plate V.)

In ordinary work with one pole three men were required to
handle the tent, but when two poles were used a fourth man was
necessary. ‘T'wo others were needed for the process of fumigation,
making a squad of six for the entire operation.

For peach- and apple-trees of medium size, that is, 12 to 18
feet in height with a spread of 8 to 15 feet, a squad of three men
with a single 20-foot lifting pole did the work most expeditiously.
The pole was leaned against the tree on the side opposite that
from which the tent was to be raised, and one end of the rope run-
ning through the pulley at the top of the pole was thrown over the
center of the tree and made fast to the nearest edge of the tent.
The pole man then hauled the tent upward to the pulley, or at
least high enough to clear the tree, and fastened his rope, took the
guy-rope hanging from the top of the pole, moved forward far
enough to get the necessary leverage and drew the tent over the
tree, the other two men of the squad, one at each side of the tent,
spreading it over the sides of the tree and adjusting it to the top.
This operation is illustrated by Plate II., taken just as the men
have begun to pull the tent forward over the tree. After the tent

33

had been drawn forward far enough one tent man loosened the
pulley rope and let the pole fall, the pole man detached the rope
from the canvas and set the pole up at another tree, while the tent
men ran a binding rope about the tent below the tree top, drew it
closely, aud tied the ends together. The borders of the tent were
then laid close to the ground, and weighted with earth if high
wind made this necessary, and the tent was carefully searched for
possible leaks.

The fumigator prepared the charge according to the formula
of the California Bulletin for winter treatment. He measured the
circumference of the tent at its largest diameter and estimated the
distance over the top from his knowledge of the length and width
of the tent in use. The ‘‘acid man” measured the required
amount of water and acid, poured them into the generator and held
up the border of the tent while the fumigator put the generator in
place near the trunk, charged it, and withdrew. He then quickly
dropped the tent, seeing that it lay close to the earth, permitting
no gas to escape.

The chemicals used were in the proportions indicated for a
.3% gas in the table on page 28 of the California Bulletin. From
the fact that the tent was usually drawn in below the head bya
rope while the measurement was made round the tcp of the tree at
its greatest diameter, the proportion of gas was in most cases con-
siderably stronger than .3%. After charging the tent with the
gas it was left to stand forty minutes, at the end of which time it
was taken down and moved to another tree.

Preliminary Operation at Monticello.—Fumigation can be done
while the leaves are on the trees only at night or on dark and
cloudy days, and our first attempts being made in June (1899), the
work was done entirely at night. The infested place nearest to
my office and most convenient of access was Monticello, in Piatt
county, where the San Jose scale had been found on a few town
lots containing various species of fruit and ornamental trees and
shrubs.

A brief operation there demonstrated at once the impractica-
bility of satisfactory fumigation work on the miscellaneous stock
of an ordinary town lot. The trees infested were of various shapes
and size, some of them too large to be inclosed by a tent. Trees,
shrubs, and vines were often mingled in thicket-like masses which
could not be covered securely, and the various kinds of vegetation
which it was necessary to treat were variously sensitive to the
withering action of the gas.

After one night’s work of my field party on the grounds of a

34

prominent citizen I was summoned by telegraph both by the fore-
man of the fumigating squad and by the owner of the premises,
and experienced no small difficulty in re-establishing cordial relations
between the parties concerned. To do a thorough piece of work
some destruction of small shrubbery had been necessary, and the
leaves of several kinds of vines and shrubs were badly withered by
the gas.

An inspection made the following year, April 14, 1900, showed
an unexpectedly favorable result. On one tree heavily coated with
scales many living specimens were found under a crust of the dead, |
but elsewhere two hours’ search disclosed but three living scales.
The place had been temporarily saved from serious damage by the
scale, but at a cost exceeding the value of the rescued property,
and the failure to exterminate was evident. No attempt has since
been made by me to treat miscellaneous trees and shrubs on town
lots by the fumigation method.

The trees and shrubbery on twenty-one lots in this town—all
on which the San Jose scale could be found—were sprayed with a
twenty per cent. soap emulsion of kerosene April 10-19, 1900.

Orchard Fumigation at Sparta. — A region of more than
twenty-five square miles about Sparta, in Randolph county, was
known by me to be generally infested with the San Jose scale in
the fall of 1899, this and the neighborhood of Richview, in an
adjoining county, being the most important infested districts
discovered in Illinois up to that time. After the completion
of the the annual nursery inspection of 1899, preparations were
made for a general campaign with the fumigation equipment in
this neighborhood, and my party took the field at Sparta Octo-
ber 18 under the charge of Mr. E. C. Green, with Mr. R. W.
Braucher as inspector. Here it continued actively at work for the
next two months, by which time it was evident that with the
appropriations available it was altogether impossible to treat the
infested premises of this region fully by the fumigation method,
and the party was transferred to Richview, in Washington county,
for work on another plan.

The Sparta district was mainly one of small farm orchards, of
which only here and there one had expanded in a way to make its
fruit an important part of the owner’s crop. Many of the infest-
ed orchards were very old or contained some very old trees of a
size to make fumigation exceedingly difficult or to put it altogether
out of the question (Plate VII.). Taking one orchard with
another, infested trees of every size were to be found, from those
recently set out to giant survivors of the plantings of the early pio-

35

neers, The owners had often neglected their trees until it seemed
a waste of public funds to attempt to save them when infested by
the San Jose scale; but as the law gave me no power to condemn
a tree until its value was altogether gone, I was obliged to treat
such trees whether they were worth the cost of treatment or not.
Osage orange hedges had become extensively infested by the scale
in this district, in one instance at a distance of a quarter of a mile
from the nearest orchard. Thickets of escaped fruit trees were
growing beside the roads in fence corners, or by the borders of
woods, and these were often more or less infested, and as the
country still contained many remnants of its original forest cover-
ing there seemed a considerable probability that the scale was ob-
scurely distributed far and wide through this forest growth.

Notwithstanding the discouraging features of the situation
we made a serious attempt at fumigation here, which presently
took the form, however, of a preliminary operation to show what
was practicable by this method in such a place, and what must be
otherwise provided for.

General FResults.—From our experience at this place it soon
became clear that local extermination of the scale was impractica-
ble by fumigation, or by a single operation of any kind, unless
power were given to destroy utterly everything infested which
could not be cleared of the scale at once; that many of the trees
were too large to fumigate, and hence could be treated only with
a liquid spray; that the fumigation process in such a region was
slow and extremely costly as compared with any other known ; and
that weather conditions often greatly diminished its efficiency by
making it practically impossible to hold the gas under the tents at
full strength long enough to produce the desired effect. In very
windy weather no care in the management could prevent the rapid
escape of the gas, as was shown by the strong smell of it on the
leeward side of the tent and the absence of any such smell when
the tree was uncovered ; and when the weather was very cold the
watery vapor from the generators condensed on the canvas and im-
mediately froze, lining the tents with ice. In this condition they
were likely to break when folded in handling, and the brittle
branches of the tree breaking when the heavy tent was hauled
across the top, the tents were often torn by the jagged stubs.

Furthermore, it appeared from subsequent inspections that the
cases were few in which all the scales on a tree appeared to be
killed, and the frequency with which scales were found alive on the
lower part of the trunk, while all were seemingly dead on the re-
mainder of the tree, showed that the insecticide gas did not diffuse

36

equally under the tent, but tended to rise, leaving near the ground
a layer of insufficiently poisoned air. As this unequal diffusion of
the gas has since been demonstrated in closed rooms, — a fact now
taken into account in the construction of fumigation houses,—it is
evident that we have here a serious objection to the whole process
of orchard fumigation for the San Jose scale. We now know that
peculiar methods and special precautions are necessary to secure an
equal diffusion of the gas, even in the air-tight rooms used in nur-
sery fumigation, and with the varied conditions and rapid work of
orchard fumigation it is clearly impossible to secure a uniform
action even in the average case.

Details of the Work and its Feesults.—The following items con-
cerning thirteen representative orchards fumigated at Sparta are
taken from the field reports of the foreman and inspector.

No. 1. On the place of Alvin Blair three hundred and ninety-
five trees, most of them peach, were fumigated from October 20 to
November 4. They were of medium size except a few of the apple-
trees, which were very large, requiring the use of two of the
largest tents lapped together over one tree and tied down with
ropes. The peach-trees had been severely cut back the preced-
ing spring previous to spraying with whale-oil soap (see Plate
IX.), and the sharp stubs remaining punctured the tents, thus
making necessary constant inspection and frequent repair of leaks.
No doubt some gas escaped and some trees were imperfectly treat-
ed. A high wind was blowing when much of the work was done,
and great embarrassment was also caused by cold and rainy
weather, the tents tearing easily when wet and frozen. This
place was inspected September 10 of the following year (1900),
and badly infested peach-trees were found scattered through the
orchard, the wood of two years’ growth sometimes almost incrusted.
In one row which was carefully examined the scale was found on
seventy-three per cent. of the trees.

No. 2. On J. W. Robinson’s place one hundred and seventy-
seven trees, thirty-six grape-vines, and seven shrubs were fumi-
gated October 18-20. This place had also been sprayed with
whale-oil soap early in May of the same year to check the spread
of the scale. September 10, 1900, twenty-seven trees were inspect-
ed, and scales were found on twenty-one. ‘Two of these were very
badly infested, but it was surmised that these had been left with-
out treatment on the promise of the owner to destroy them as
worthless.

No. 3. The place of Mrs. J. B. Hayer was probably the one
first infested in this whole region, one orchard having been com-

i

pletely destroyed by the owner because of injury by the scale. The
trees remaining were mainly apple and pear, most of them very
. badly infested. One hundred and seventy trees were fumigated
here November 24-27, high winds causing considerable trouble.
September 12 of the following year no badly infested trees were
seen, but living scales were found on thirty per cent. of the trees.

No. 4. On the place of Jefferson Porch both peach- and apple-
trees were badly infested. The fumigation squad was here from
November 28 to December 2, treating eighty trees of medium size.
September 11 of the following year living scales were found on
fifty-three per cent. of the trees, but were numerous on none.

No. 5. On the place of J. K. Blair ninety-one peach-trees were
fumigated November 6 and 8, some of these badly infested and
others slightly so. Twenty-eight large old apple- and peach-trees
were marked for removal. Those fumigated were planted so close
together that they could be treated only with great difficulty, and
the canvas was badly torn in the operation. The treatment proved,
however, to be unusually effective, and living scales were found
September 8, 1900, on only two of the trees. A plum-tree badly
infested when fumigated appeared at this time to be entirely free
of living scales.

_ No. 6. In an orchard of several acres belonging to Sylvester
Brown most of the trees were infested, some of them badly so.
Many of them were large, requiring two of the largest tents to cover
them. Ninety-one trees were fumigated November 8-11, and
thirty-five were marked for removal, eight of them large old apple-
trees. September 10, 1900, but five infested trees could be found
in this orchard, and on one of the old apple-trees badly infested
the preceding year not a living scale could be detected.

No. 7. November 18-23, two hundred and twelve small to
medium trees were fumigated on Mr. James Davidson’s place, a
few apple- and two pear-trees too large to be covered by tents be-
ing left for the spraying gang. September 11, 1900, living scales
were found on four of these trees, but all the others were appar-
ently clean.

No. 8. November 23 and 24, twenty-three trees were fumi-
gated, together with a few grape-vines, on the place of Charles
Lott. Although a strong north wind made the handling of the
tents unusually difficult, no living scales could be found on this
place September 11, 1900, except on one apple-tree left for removal
by the owner as worthless, but which he had failed to destroy.

No. 9. December 4, 1899, seventy small trees were fumigated
on William Wilson’s place, thirty per cent. of which were found

38

infested by a few living scales September 11 of the following year.

No. 10. On Thomas H. Wilson’s place a few trees were re-
ported infested in a six-acre orchard of apple and peach. One hun- .
dred and twenty-six trees were fumigated here December 4 and 5,
and September 11 of the following year living scales were found
on ninety per cent. of them. The wind was troublesome at this
place, the canvas was stiff with ice and easily torn, and lumps of
frozen earth were dug up to hold the bottom of the tent in place.

No. 11. A thirty-five-acre orchard of Thomas Brown’s, in
which a number of infested peach-trees were found along one side,
was treated December 7-16, 348 trees being fumigated here in all.
These ranged from six to twenty-five feet in height, the majority
requiring tents of medium size. On the 14th of December a moist
snow stopped the work, which was resumed the following day in
snow about a foot deep. September 12, 1900, a few scales were.
found on five of the trees, but the others were seemingly clear.

No. 12. On the place of Frank Blair occupied by William
Blair was a badly infested young orchard and two infested hedges
near by. One hundred and eighty-five trees of medium size were
fumigated here November 11-15. September 8 of the following
year twenty-nine of these trees were critically examined, and six-
teen were found very slightly infested. The bases of the trunks of
some were, however, well stocked with living scales, and sprouts
growing up from near the base had thus become heavily infested.

No. 132. On the place of James A. Wood sixty trees, some of
them badly infested, were fumigated December 6, and one was
cut down as worthless because of the scale. A few were very
large, requiring two of the largest tents to cover them. Septem-
ber 11, 1900, four of these trees were still badly infested, and thir-
ty-five per cent. of them showed more or less of the scale.

Orchard Fumigation at Richview.—With the transfer from
Sparta to Richview the problem of local extermination was materi-
ally simplified. The latter town is in the midst of a typical fruit
district. The orchards are large and mainly well kept; they are
comparatively young and uniform and contain but few overgrown
trees ; the infested district was not hopelessly large ; and the sur-
roundings were not unfavorable to thorough work, the presence of
Osage orange hedges being the most unfavorable feature.

With the advantage of two months of active field experience
my party was prepared to do thorough and careful work at this
place, and the instructions were to spare no labor or pains to kill
every scale in every infested orchard. Hydrocyanic acid gas was
used for all trees to which it was adapted, but the attempt to

39

cover very large trees with tents was given up, such trees being
severely pruned and thoroughly sprayed with kerosene emulsion
diluted to contain twenty per cent. of the oil. (See Plate VIII. )

Great care was taken that the tents should be kept in perfect
repair, and every part of the work was carried on under the imme-
diate supervision of Mr. Green, foreman of the squad, or of Mr.
Braucher, the inspector. The treatment was applied thoroughly,
not only to all trees on which the scale could be found but to oth-
ers near enough to stand in any danger of infestation. Owners of
infested hedges were induced to destroy them (Plate IX.); trees
very badly infested were, as a rule, cut out and burned; and, in
short, nothing was omitted which would help to make the work
effective and complete.

We had also at Richview the especial advantage of the coun-
tenance, aid, and influence of Mr. J. W. Stanton, Treasurer of the
State Horticultural Society, himself an owner of large fruit farms,
and a man whose character and experience made his judgment and
advice acceptable to his entire neighborhood.

The work here began December 22, 1899, and continued to
February 10, by which time all premises known to be infested had
been treated, with the exception of one large apple orchard so far
removed from any other fruit plantation that no danger was ap-
prehended of an escape of the scale from it to any other property.
A general inspection of this region was made after a lapse of two
years, in March, 1902, all the places previously infested being then
very carefully examined by Mr. R. W. Braucher, my most acute
and experienced inspector.

Details of the Richview Work.—No. 1. The first place treated
at Richview was an orchard of apples and peaches on the James
Newcome Estate, owned at the time by J. W. Stanton and George
McCoy. 2,087 trees of small to medium size were treated by fumi-
gation between December 22 and January 4. On four of these
days—December 29 and 30 and January 1 and 2—the-weather was
extremely cold, and fires were kept burning in the orchards to keep .
the water from freezing. The canvas was so stiff with ice that it
was easily torn, and it was difficult to bring the skirts of the tent
so close to the ground as to prevent all leakage of gas. When the
tents were removed from the trees, at the end of forty minutes, no
odor of the gas was perceptible during this coldest weather, al-
though at other times it was very distinct. This work was done
under the constant personal supervision of either Mr. Braucher or
Mr. Green.

March 6, 1902, many trees in this orchard were badly infest-

40

ed, and some of them were almost completely incrusted by the
scale.

No. 2. In the apple orchard of Levi Walker, a few trees along
one side were found infested and also an adjoining Osage orange
hedge. This place was fumigated January 8 and 9, during a Jan-
uary thaw following upon two days of rain. January 8 mud and
water were ankle deep in that part of the orchard where the work
was done. The canvas became very heavy and five men were
needed to handle the tents. One hundred and thirty-five trees
were fumigated, ranging in height from twelve to twenty feet,
and the infested Osage orange hedge was cut out about a month
later. Forty-seven rods of high and heavy hedge were cut away,
and the stumps were sprayed with strong kerosene emulsion.

March 7 to 12, 1902, this orchard and hedge were examined by
Mr. Braucher. An occasional tree was found slighly infested with
the scale in that part of the orchard fumigated two years before,
and the hedge, which had grown up from the roots, was again
badly infested.

No. 3. In asmall orchard belonging to I. H. Jones forty-seven
trees were fumigated January 10-12. One old peach-tree was des-
troyed, and two plum-trees were subsequently sprayed with kero-
sene emulsion. March 15, 1902, three trees on this place were
found slightly infested with the scale.

No. 4. January 12, sixty apple- and pear-trees of medium size
and smaller were fumigated in a small infested orchard belonging
to Mr. James Ewing, many of them completely incrusted by the
scale. March 14, 1902, only three infested trees could be found on
this place, and the scale was scarce on these.

No. 5. In the orchard of George McCoy, composed of trees of
medium size or larger, were a few slightly infested trees. All
these were fumigated January 13, together with others around
them for several rows in all directions, one hundred and thirty-
eight trees in all. Owing to the discovery of a single suspicious:
scale on an adjoining Osage orange hedge a considerable section
of the hedge was destroyed February 10. March 6, 1902, the part
of this orchard treated two years before had again become slightly
infested, and the adjoining hedge was reported as in bad condition
from the presence of the scale.

No. 6. The orchard of Jasper Wilgus was generally and vari-
ously infested, many of the trees being in rather bad condition.
Two hundred and seventy-eight small to medium trees were fumi-
gwated here on the 15th and 16th of January, two hundred peach-
and apple-trees were destroyed by the owner as worthless, and one

41

hundred and sixty-one trees too large to fumigate were sprayed
with twenty per cent. kerosene emulsion January 23-26. February
9, three rods of hedge infested by the scale were removed and des-
troyed. This place was inspected February 28 and March 14, 1902,
at which time some of the trees in that part of the orchard which
had been fumigated were again badly infested, as well as a consid-
erable length of the Osage orange hedge. On the large trees
which had been sprayed with kerosene, on the other hand, only a
few scales could be found.

No. 7. Ina small orchard on a town lot belonging to William
Edwards forty-one trees were fumigated January 17, including sev-
eral reported as infested. March 1, 1902, the scale could be found
only on a single tree.

No. 8. In asmallinfested orchard belonging to Thomas Hoke
forty-six badly infested trees were fumigated January 10 to 20, and
fifteen were destroyed as worthless. March 1, 1902, thirty-five of
the trees were re-examined, and thirty-two of them were generally
infested by the scale to an extent to require another treatment
without delay.

No. 9. January 27 one hundred and seventy-two peach- and
apple-trees were fumigated in an infested orchard belonging to
Mrs. E. A. Glenn, and eleven trees were sprayed with 20 per cent.
kerosene emulsion. According to a report of an inspection of
eighty-eight of the fumigated trees made February 28 and March
1, 1902, thirty-two of these were again infested to an extent to re-
quire speedy treatment as a protection to adjacent orchards in
which the scale had not been found.

No. 10. On J. Bennett’s place fifteen trees were fumigated
January 17, and on February 2 one large apple-tree was sprayed
with kerosene emulsion. March 1, 1902, two small trees slightly
infested furnished the only remaining traces of the scale.

No. 11. One hundred and thirteen trees were fumigated Jan-
uary 20 and 22 in an infested orchard belonging to W. H. Grove;
and February 2, sixty-seven trees additional were sprayed with a
twenty per cent. emulsion of kerosene. March 1, 1902, twenty-nine
of these orchard trees were found infested, and also a few peach
sprouts along one side of the place.

No. 12. The pear and apple orchards of J. W. Stanton were
somewhat infested at this time, although they had been extensive-
ly treated with insecticide sprays since the first discovery of the
scale on his premises three years before. Seven hundred and sev-
enteen apple-trees in one corner of an infested orchard were fumi-
gated January 22-25, and about thirty large peach-trees were re-

42

moved. January 27-29 nine hundred dwarf pears were sprayed
with kerosene emulsion, a part of it containing twenty per cent. of
kerosene, and the remainder, by mistake of an assistant, fifty per
cent. With this latter strength over one hundred trees were treat-
ed. Two years later, February 28 and March 4 and 5, 1902, all
these orchards were critically examined and only a few scattering
scales were found. ‘The trees treated with a fifty per cent. emul-
sion had not been injured in the least. It should be said that this
orcbard was in excellent condition, its owner being an experienced
and careful fruit grower, and everything was consequently favora-
ble to effective work.

No. 13. January 25 and 26 thirty-five large trees were fumi-
e@ated in an infested orchard of apple and peach belonging to S. D.
Newcomb. March 15, 1902, Inspector Braucher reported that
eighteen trees were slightly infested, but less so than two years
before.

No. 14. Nineteen trees were fumigated January 26 in an in-
fested apple orchard belonging to Kdward Aplin, and some peach-
trees were destroyed at the owner’s request. March 14, 1902, a few
slightly infested trees were found.

No. 15. January 26 nineteen trees were fumigated on Mrs. R.
R. S. Vasey’s place, and February 6 one very large tree was spray-
ed with kerosene emulsion. March 14, 1902, three slightly infest-
ed trees were found by my inspector on these premises.

No. 16. On Dr. W. Smeaton’s place, in charge of L. D. Allen,
sixty-seven trees, mostly peach and some of them badly infested,
were fumigated January 27. This place was inspected March 12,
1902, and a few trees found slightly infested. A hedge on the
place was now infested and required treatment.

No. 17. January 26 an infested tree on the place of Mrs.
Simeon Shinall was fumigated, but an inspection of it March 15,
1902, showed it to be slightly infested.

Comment on the above Results—The foregoing statements of
conditions found at Sparta and at Richview are not strictly com-
parable with each other because the inspection at Sparta was
made in September, 1900, eight or nine months after the insecticide
treatment, and that at Richview was made in February and
March, 1902. The Sparta region was inspected in the midst of the
first growing season after the trees were treated and before the
time of most rapid multiplication of the scale,—which is usually
the month of October in southern Illinois,—while the Richview
inspection was made after a lapse of two complete seasons of
growth and multiplication.

43

The best results of orchard fumigation obtained by my parties
are shown by the inspection reports on places 5, 6, 7, and 8 in the
Sparta district, and 3, 4, 7, and 12 at Richview. In the four
Sparta orchards, where 317 trees were sprayed in the fall of 1899,
the scale could be found on only 11 of them in September, 1900;
an? in the first three Richview orchards, where 148 trees were
treated, only seven proved to be infested two years later. At Sparta
Nc. 8 a close approximation seems to have been made to a complete
extermination of the scale and the same may be said of Richview
No. 7, and perhaps, also, of No. 12.

The most serious obstacle to work was that offered by cold
and freezing weather, as is shown especially by No. 10 at Sparta
and No. 1 at Richview, High winds were less disadvantageous
(see Nos. 3 and 8 of the Sparta district), and excellent results may
be obtained in spite of them, as shown especially by No.8. Nei-
ther snow nor wet weather diminished noticeably the effectiveness
of the operation, as shown by No. 11 at Sparta and No. 2 at Rich-
view. It would appear from Sparta No. 6 that large trees can be
fumigated effectively by the use of two tents at once, overlapping

-by their edges.

In none of the cases here described was even a single orchard
completely cleared of the scale,—unless possibly at Sparta No, 7,—
a fact which taken in connection with the costliness of fumigation
as compared with other equally if not more effective methods puts
it completely out of the field for ordinary orchard work in Illinois.

Cost OF ORCHARD FUMIGATION.

The expenses of our work are divisible roughly into those for
exploration and inspection of the infested territory, for equipment,
for transportation of the outfit and party from place to place, for
supervision and general management, and for the operation of
fumigation itself. All except the last of these were so largely
special to our undertaking and so little like those of the ordinary
owner of an orchard that they would be of little or no practical in-
terest. For the great variety of trees on which we had to work in
fumigating everything in an extensive district, we needed a
greater variety and a larger number of tents than would usually
be necessary in private work, and the cost of extensive inspection
and that of transportation would be avoided by the orchardist
working only on his own premises. ‘The expenses of actual fumi-
gation, however, would be about the same ordinarily as in our
work, provided that the private owner had to hire all his labor but
made no charge for his own services, and this item of our account
will consequently be useful for comparison. It must be remem-

44

bered, as explained elsewhere, that the necessity we were under
to keep the party at work in good weather and bad, whenever work
was at all possible, increased the average cost of fumigation per
tree above what it would have been if our men could have been
laid by in bad weather without expense, or could have been other-
wise profitably employed. ‘

At Sparta 2,297 trees were fumigated on seventeen different
premises— an average of 135 trees at each place. 1,160 lbs. of
cyanide of potassium and 290 gallons of common sulphuric acid
were used in this work, at a cost of $412; and 1,700 hours of labor
were required, at 10 cents an hour. The total expense was $582—
an average of 25 cents a tree.

At Richview, where the trees were smaller and conditions were
more favorable generally, 3,879 trees were fumigated on seventeen
different places, an average of 228 trees on each. 994 lbs. of cya-
nide of potassium and 248 gallons of sulphuric acid were used, ata
cost of $353; and the bill for labor was $113 for 1,130 hours—an
average, all told, of 12 cents a tree.

Taking both places together, the cost of the mere fumigation of
6,176 trees was $1,048, or approximately 17 centsa tree. Compari-
sons of effectiveness and cost by this and other methods will be made
later in this article, after a detail and discussion of the results of
the use of the fluid insecticides.

TREATMENT WITH WHALE-OIL SOAP.

Our experience in the treatment of many thousand trees with
this well-known insecticide, prepared in the usual strength of two
pounds to the gallon of water, has merely served to confirm the
common conclusions with respect to it. It has proved to be very
efficient for the destruction of the scale, killing practically all
reached by it; has done no injury to trees or shrubs; but has
proven dangerous to the fruit buds of the peach unless applied in
spring after the buds begin to swell. It is much the most expen-
sive of the sprays of which we have made use, costing at the rate
of $6.50 per hundred gallons, and has also been the most inconve-
nient of application in cold weather. This solution is only fluid
while warm, becoming of a semi-gelatinous consistency when
entirely cool, and if, owing to the clogging of the nozzle, it was
necessary to stop its flow for a little time, the delivery hose was
sure to clog and fill if the weather was much below freezing. Our
work was all done with potash soaps, but I have made no compar-
ative tests of these and soda soaps, and have failed to find any pub-
lished evidence in support of the very common preference of the
former as an insecticide.

45

EXPERIENCE WITH KEROSENE EMULSION.

The heavy cost of the whale-oil soap solution, the annoyance
and delay caused by its clogging in the delivery hose in very cold
weather, and the practical certainty that a large proportion, if not
all, of the fruit buds of peach-trees sprayed with it would be killed
except in the comparatively small number of cases where our treat-
ment could be applied in spring, led to the substitution for it dur-
ing the winter of 1899 and 1900 of an emulsion of kerosene diluted
with water and varying in actual practice to contain from 20 to 25
per cent. of kerosene.

Beginning at Sparta and Richview in January, 1900, its use
was continued through February and March at Carterville and
Albion, and at Monticello until April 19, by which time the season
was too far advanced to permit further use of this winter spray
without injury to the unfolding leaves. 5,315 trees were sprayed
with it in these places and at this time. November 8 of this same
year insecticide work was begun at Quincy, where a 25 per cent.
kerosene emulsion was used on one large and three small orchards
November 14 to December 19, and a 20 per cent. emulsion on an-
other at New Boston, in Mercer county, December 29-31. At
Barry, in Pike county, an apple orchard of 500 trees was sprayed
with it, partly as an experiment, January 7-14, 1901. The mix-
ture used there was in three different strengths, containing 20 per
cent., 25 per cent., and 40 per cent. of kerosene respectively.

The orchard insecticide work of the fall of 1901 began Novem-
ber 25, and at first a 25 per cent. emulsion of kerosene was used for
everything. December 9, however, instructions were issued to spray
all peach- and plum-trees with the so-called California wash of
lime, sulphur, and salt, and to use the kerosene emulsion for
other trees only on sunny days, substituting whale-oil soap for it
whenever the weather was dark. Finally, on February 5, 1902,
my chief inspector, Mr. Green, was directed to stop the use of ker-

-osene altogether, and to dispose of his stock on hand. ‘This order
was made in consequence of a report by Mr. Braucher, then en-
gaged in inspecting orchards which had been treated by us in the
fall and winter of the preceding year, to the effect that apple-trees
had apparently been injured in November of that year in the New
Boston orchard mentioned above by a 20 per cent. emulsion applied
by Mr. Green.

Frerosene Emulsion at Richview,—The operations at Richview
in 1900 fairly represent the cost and the results. One thousand
five hundred and thirty-five trees were treated at this place at an
expense of $17.65 for oil, $37.65 for labor at ten cents an hour, and

46

$16.73 for the hire of a horse—a total of $72.03, or an average of
somewhat less than five cents a tree.* The results reported can-
not be readily summarized and are consequently given in detail for
several typical lots of trees.

No. 1. One hundred and fifteen apple-, pear-, and peach-trees,
most of them large and old, treated with 20 per cent. emulsion
January 26-29 and February 1, 1900, on the premises of Mr. G. T.
Hoke—two town lots and an old orchard near by. October 8, 1900,
a few living scales were found on some of the peach-trees that had
been sprayed. March 11, 1902, the trees on the town lots were
slightly infested, and a few scales were found on some of the
orchard trees.

No. 2. Nine trees on a town lot belonging to Mr. K. Mark
were treated February 1, 1900. March 11, 1902, 5 of the 9 trees
were slightly infested.

No. 3. Twenty infested trees varying from medium to large
belonging to Mr. Charles Miller were sprayed February 1 and 2,
1900, and March 11, 1902, scales were found on only one of these
trees.

No. 4. Twelve badly infested peach-trees, small to medium
in size, sprayed February 3, 1900, were found generally infested,
but not heavily so, on March 22, 1902.

No. 5. Of 36 infested peach-trees belonging to Mr. John Gay,
treated February 23, 1900, 20 were found infested March 3, 1902.

No. 6. February 3-6, 1900, 4 infested trees on a town lot be-
longing to Mr. N. F. Tate, and a large pear-tree also infested on
another lot, were sprayed with 20 percent. emulsion. A large apple-
tree was destroyed at this time as practically worthless from the
abundance of the scale. Two years later, March 13, 1902, all 5
of the trees sprayed were slightly infested, as were also sprouts
from the root of the apple-tree destroyed.

No. 7. February 6, 1900, 12 orchard trees belonging to Mr.
C. P. Cooper were sprayed, and March 12, 1902, two years later, the
scale was found on 2 of these trees.

No. 8. Three large peach-trees in an orchard of Mrs. M. A.
Robins were sprayed February 6, 1900, and March 17, 1902, two
years later, 2 of the 3 were slightly infested.

Similar data are given for seven other premises, all pointing to

*The average cost of spraying 5,710 trees, from January, 1900, to January,
I90I, at five different localities was 4% cents atree. The premises treated were
mainly town lots, requiring frequent interruption of operations and consequently
increased expense. In three orchards near Barry 1,486 trees were sprayed,

and at a cost of 3.2 cents per tree.

47

the conclusion that trees were rarely cleared of the scale completely
by this insecticide spray, but that a single treatment would serve as
an efficient protection for at least two years. In several of these
cases another insecticide treatment would be necessary by the end
of another year at the farthest. No injury to trees of any kind
was done by this twenty per cent. emulsion distributed at Rich-
view in January and February of this year.

Experience at Carterville, Albion, and Monticello, Spring of
zgoo.—Beginning with March 5 and continuing to March 17, 2,272
trees, belonging to six owners, at Carterville were sprayed with a
twenty percent. emulsion with Mr. Green in charge. ‘These trees
were of mixed kinds, mainly apple, but including also plum, pear,
and peach. Subsequent visits made in 1901 and 1902 showed that
no injury whatever was done to any of these trees.

At Albion 674 trees were treated, mostly peach but with some
apple, plum, and pear, all receiving a twenty per cent. emulsion
between March 23 and 29. These trees were scattered in small
lots upon twenty-four town premises. This place was repeatedly
visited by inspectors and spraying parties up to the winter of 1902,
and no trace of injury by the kerosene treatment was discovered.

Kssentially the same statement may be made with respect to
Monticello, where 843 fruit trees of various kinds, including apple,
peach, and plum, were sprayed on twenty-two premises from April
10 to 19, no appreciable injury following.

Experiment with Kerosene Emulsion at Barry.—The only
strict experiment with this spray made by us in the winter of 1901
was the last operation of the season—-that in the apple orchard of
Belah Wright, at Barry, Pike county. Five hundred trees were
treated here January 7-14, 150 of them with 20 per cent. emulsion,
223 with a 25 per cent., and 127 at a strength of 40 per cent. Jan-
uary 7 and 8, when the 20 and 25 per cent. mixtures were applied,
the weather was cloudy and rather warm. January 9 asleety rain
fell, covering the trees with ice which continued until January 14,
when the 40 per cent. mixture was applied. This was a clear day
with no wind.

Regarding this as an experimental test of the effects of the
soap emulsion of kerosene, both on the scale and on the tree, I sent
Mr. Braucher for an inspection of this orchard October 2, 1901, be-
fore beginning the fall work of the season. A general view of the
orchard showed that the treatment as a whole had been very ef-
fective, but that more scales had survived in that section of the or-
chard treated with the 20 per cent. emulsion than in either of the
other two. Two trees were found, in fact, in this part which

48

were regarded as badly infested, and on several others scattering
scales were seen. None of the trees had been noticeably injured
even by the strongest spray, if exception be made of a small spot of
deadened bark on a single tree which might possibly have been
due to it. In the section treated with 40 per cent. of kerosene
scarcely a scale escaped, and even where 25 per cent. was used the
treatment was very etfective.

At New Boston.—December 22, 1900, in an orchard belonging
to W. Esley, near New Boston, in Mercer county, both apple- and
peach-trees were found generally infested, some of the former be-
ing practically incrusted. December 24-28 this orchard was
pruned and prepared for spraying by Mr. Green. December 29
and 31, 239 trees were treated with a 20 per cent. emulsion of kero-
sene, the 29th being very cold, clear, and bright, and the 31st cold
and dull, Part of the peach-trees were pruned as a preparation for
treatment and were then thoroughly sprayed, but another lot of
peaches, not known to be infested, were pruned slightly or not at
all previous to the insecticide spray. January 17, 1902, an inspec-
tion by Mr. Braucher showed that ten of the thirteen small peach-
trees which had been pruned were dead and another badly injured,
while the adjacent lot, not pruned, were not reported as injured at
all. Of the 75 young apple-trees generally and badly infested
which had been treated December 29, 20 were dead and 10 were
badly injured, and on 26 there were still small numbers of living
scales. ‘Ten-year-old apple-trees sprayed December 31 were not in-
jured, neither were cherry, pear, and plum sprayed at the same time.

No explanation of this extraordinary occurrence can be sug-
gested. The oil, although bought locally, was said to be of the

me brand and grade as that used elsewhere without injury, and
the treatment was not peculiar in any discernible particular. On
this account, even more than if a satisfactory explanation were
forthcoming, the occurrence suggested caution in the use of the
kerosene emulsion, and Mr. Braucher’s report was followed at once,
as already stated, by orders to substitute whale-oil soap for the
emulsion in all our field work.

Kerosene Emulsion at Quincy.—Two other cases of apparent
injury to trees by kerosene emulsion occurred in the fall of 1900 at
Quincy, .

No. 1. In an orchard mainly of peach-trees, belonging to Mr.
Gustav Klarner, 7 trees were found October 3, 1900, infested with
the San Jose scale, and were destroyed with the owner’s consent
November 8. Mr. Klarner wished to be sure that mo scale re-
mained on his place, and in view of the probability that other trees

49

in the orchard were obscurely infested Mr. Green proceeded to
spray all the trees, 997 in number, near enough those infested to
endanger them in the least. After pruning them carefully as a
means of securing a thorough distribution of the spray, he began
the treatment November 14 with an emulsion containing 23 per
cent. of kerosene.

The weather was unusually variable, but not cold at any time.
The first day of the operation was cloudy and dull, and the second,
November 15, was sunny and bright. Nothing was done on the
16th, 17th, 18th, or 20th because of rains, and only a little on the
19th, which was a damp and misty day. Spraying was resumed
on the 2lst and continued until the 23d, the first two of these
days being bright and the last one dull.

There was nothing uncommon in this operation except that
the brand of oil, purchased in the local market, was different from
that ordinarily used by us elsewhere, and the emulsion was also a
little stronger than the usual 20 per cent.

This orchard was inspected by Mr. Braucher between January
20 and February 17, 1902, that is fifteen months after treatment,
but by this time extensive changes had been made in it by the
owner, who had replaced many trees said to have been injured or
killed, and had dug out a part of a large block, planting the ground
to raspberries. In the part still standing 324 trees were either
wanting or had been replaced by others the preceding spring. Mr.
Klarner himself estimated his loss at 700 peach-trees.

No. 2. On the premises of Wm. C. Burgdorf, near Quincy,
were scattered plots of mixed fruit-trees,-—pear, peach, cherry, and
apple,—among which Mr. Green found November 10, 1900, trees
infested with the San Jose scale. Two small blocks of eighteen-
year old peach-trees, 196 in all, were grubbed out by the owner of
his own accord between November 12 and 21, and 248 fruit trees re-
maining were sprayed by Mr. Green with twenty-five per cent. kero-
sene emulsion November 30 and December 3. The weather was
bright, with little or no wind. February 18 and 19, 1902, Mr.
Braucher found that the trees treated in this orchard were either
killed or injured, the peach having suffered worst. Injury to the
cherry is also especially mentioned. Four or five of these trees
had been grubbed out, and some others were nearly dead. ‘The
San Jose scale was detected at this time on ten peach-trees, all
in one lot which had been sprayed by Mr. Green.

No. 3. On the place of August Burgdorf, at Quincy, was an
orchard of fifteen-year-old apple-trees which, because of its close
proximity to a badly infested tree belonging to a neighbor, Mr.

50

Green regarded as probably infested. Thirty-six of these trees
nearest the infested tree were sprayed by him with a 25 per cent.
emulsion December 4—a fair day with a light breeze—together
with four other trees near by. February 18, 1902, this apple orchard
was found by Mr. Braucher uninjured and apparently free from
the scale, but two trees in an adjacent lot which had not been
sprayed were at this time slightly infested.

No. 4. On Mr. Henry Hoffmeister’s place, near Quincy, H. O.
Woodworth found November 30, 1899, two apple-trees infested by
the San Jose scale, and in November, 1900, Mr. Green reported
three apple-trees badly infested and several peach-trees slightly so.
These apple-trees and a few of the peach-trees were taken out by
the owner and all the remainder were pruned by him preparatory
to the application of the spray. In Mr. Green’s judgment, as ex-
pressed at the time, this pruning was too severe and not according
to his instructions, which he had illustrated by the sample pruning
of a single tree. An emulsion containing twenty-six per cent. of
kerosene was used on this place by Mr. Green December 17 to 19,
the weather of the first day being dull and that of the other two
days bright and fair. February 15, 1902, the trees on this place
were in good condition according to Mr. Braucher’s report, except
for some apparent injury by the spray. It was said, however, by
the tenant in charge that some of the trees sprayed had died and
had been taken out.

All the orchards on the two places just described were sprayed
with the same oil as that used on Mr. Klarner’s place (No. 1), and
the general remarks made concerning that place apply also to these.

KEROSENE EMULSION. SEASON OF 1901-02.

The fact has already been mentioned that from November 25,
1901, to December 9 of the same year a soap emulsion containing
25 per cent. of kerosene was used by our spraying parties on every-
thing treated by them, avd that from December 9 to February 5 it
was applied to all trees but peach and plum, these being treated
with the California wash. At the latter date its use was wholly
abandoned and whale-oil soap was substituted for it, this and the
California wash being the only insecticides applied during the re-
mainder of the season.

The emulsion was used within this period on 6,536 trees at 14
different places in central and southern Illinois. The largest use
of it was made at Makanda and Carterville, where it was applied
to 1,975 and 1,770 trees respectively. August 15 and 16, 1902, Mr.

51

Titus visited these two localities under instructions to look care-
fully into the condition of the trees which had been treated with
this kerosene spray, and according to his report no damage had
been done at either place to trees of any description, while the
effect on the scale was very satisfactory.

January 6-9, 1902, about 700 trees belonging to Dr. H. V.
Ferrell, of Carterville, mainly apple but some of them cherry and
pear, were treated with a 25 per cent. emulsion, and 130 trees, all
apple but one—which was a pear tree—were sprayed at the same
time on the place of Mr. J. W. Ghent. August 15, no injury from
spraying could be detected in these orchards, which bore a crop of
apples equal to the average crop of uninfested orchards in the
neighborhood.

At Makanda 450 trees belonging to S. Y. Dickinson, mainly
apple with a few cherry and plum, received the same kerosene
treatment December 11-28, 1901. The apple orchard was on a
steep clay slope and appeared to have suffered considerably from
the drought of the preceding year, but there was no tangible evi-
dence Aug. 160f any injury due to the insecticide treatment applied.

On the place of Lammer Brothers, about 225 apple- and pear-
trees were treated December 31 with a 25 percent. emulsion, and
owing to some apprehension of injury on the part of the owners
this place was very thoroughly examined by Mr. Titus August 16.
The trees were absolutely uninjured, as were also 530 apple-trees
belonging to Mr. S. A. Carr, treated in the same way and exam-
ined at the same time.

Indeed the only injury done to trees by kerosene during the
winter of 1901—02 of which I have been able to learn, was that to
‘peaches on the place of Mr. Henry Archer, near Beamington,
Sangamon county. A mixed orchard of 513 trees was sprayed
here November 29 to December 4 with a 23 per cent. emulsion of
kerosene. ‘The orchard was variously composed of young and old
trees, and included apple, pear, plum, peach, cherry and quince.
The young trees sprayed—peach, cherry, and pear—were wholly
uninjured, but certain old peach-trees were, with few exceptions,
dead by July 12, when the place was inspected at my direction by
one of my nursery inspectors, Dr. W. C. Bagley. From his report
it appears that the young orchard above mentioned had been cul-
tivated the preceding year, but that the old orchard in which the
dead peach-trees stood had received but little care, not having
been cultivated for several years, and that the trees of various
kinds remaining in it, both those which had not been sprayed and
those which had survived the treatment, were in poor and un-

52

thrifty condition. The weather of the days during which the old-
er peach-trees were sprayed was somewhat unfavorable, with fogs,
mists, and cloudy sky. No harm was done to apple or quince. A few
of the pear-trees had died after being sprayed, but as the blight was
prevalent on the place, their death was probably due to that disease.

An apple orchard belonging to Mr. I. N. Lowe, near Auburn, in
Sangamon county, sprayed with a 25 per cent. emulsion showed
no sign of injury on the 12th of the following July, and a few
peach-trees on these premises treated in the same way and at the
Same time were also unharmed.

FIELD USE OF THE LIME, SALT, AND SULPHUR WASH.

From December 9, 1901, to April 15, 1902, all peach-trees receiv-
ing insecticide treatment by my field parties were sprayed with few
exceptions with a mixture of lime, sulphur, and salt, known as
the ‘‘ California wash, ” and as a matter of convenience in spray-
ing mixed orchards, some trees of other kinds received the same
treatment. This wash was used on 433 different premises in 13
infested districts, but owing to occasional deficiencies in detail in
operators’ reports the total number of trees to which it was ap-
plied cannot be precisely given. Separate mention is made of its
use, however, on 4,976 peach-trees, 463 plum, 586 apple, 111 pear,
31 quince, and various other kinds sufficient to bring the distin-
gcuishable total up to 9,000 trees.

During this period of four months of southern Illinois winter,
the weather was, of course, widely various. The season was, as a
whole, rather unusually favorable to insecticide work, but rains,
sleets, snows, and freezing weather came frequently enough to test
quite fully the general effect of the weather on the efficiency of the
insecticide. Although no exact account of the results over all the
great area treated can now be given, a general statement may be
made that the effect has been excellent and entirely satisfactory so
far as I now can judge.

To secure an exact basis for a general judgment of the out-
come I sent Mr. Titus in August, 1902, to examine orchards
treated with this wash the previous winter and spring, and I have
his report of the results of an inspection of 25 orchards in four dif-
ferent localities,;—Summerfield, Makanda, Albion, and Browns,—
and of many town lots at the first and last of these places. Al-
thou gh these localities inspected formed but a small part of the
number treated, they constitute a larger and more varied experi-
ment with this wash than has hitherto been attempted anywhere

:aS

east of the Pacific region, and a report of results will no doubt be
appreciated at this time.

Formule for the California wash have varied considerably in
the literature of the subject, and asit is possible that conflicting
statements concerning its value may be due in part to these varia-
tions in composition, the following description of the wash used
during the winter in Illinois will have its value in this connection.
The mixture was made as follows: Fifteen pounds of stone lime
were slaked ina kettle over a fire ; fifteen pounds of sulphur were
sifted or stirred in as the lime was slaking, these materials being
boiled vigorously until the lime and sulphur were entirely dissolved
—usually something over an hour; and fifteen pounds of salt were
then put in and the whole was boiled a quarter of an hour longer.
Enough hot water was added to make fifty gallons, and the mix-
ture was sprayed while warm through a nozzle with a large cap
for a coarse spray. When the material first dried on the tree it
gave the bark a saffron-yellow color, which changed in twenty-
four hours toa dull green and then gradually faded to a greenish
gray.

The California Wash at Summerfield.__No. 1. One hundred
and forty-five peach-, plum-, and pear-trees sprayed on the place of
Wm. Hagemann between March 29 and April 2. Practically all of
these trees were badly infested with the scale. On the 29th of
March the weather was clear at first, with the temperature rang-
ing from 48 to 66 degrees, but a hard rain fell in the afternoon
with a light northwest wind. From March 31 to April 2 the
weather was continuously cloudy but there was no rain; the wind,
northwest and west, from brisk to high; and the temperature ranged
from 36 to 62 degrees.

August 16 several peach- and pear-trees were examined on this
place and one thousand scales were carefully examined, pains be-
ing taken, as in all other cases on this trip, to select the scales
from all parts of the tree. Not a living scale was found on this
place.

No. 2. Twenty-three slightly infested peach-trees sprayed
March 22 and 24 in the orchard of Messrs. B. and A. Baer. The
weather was clear on the first of these days but cloudy the second,
the temperature ranging from 42 to 72 degrees. August 16 no
living scales could be found.

No. 3. Twenty-four badly infested peach-trees belonging to
Mrs. Mary Reibold treated the 15th and 18th of March, the first
day cloudy throughout with a temperature ranging from 54 to 62
degrees, the wind at first south, changing to northwest at four

54

o'clock, rain from noon onward. March 18, clearall day and cool,
temperature from 20 to 34 degrees, with light wind. Se 20, no
living scale to be found.

No. 4. EHighty peach- and plum-trees on the premises of
Daniel Krehbiel sprayed March 6-8 and 14-15. The weather was
cloudy on all these days, and rain began on the afternoon of the
last. Three thousand specimens of the scale examined August 20
and but two found alive, both partly grown. ‘They had evidently
come from an infested hedge in close proximity.

No. 5. On several town lots belonging to Mr. John Eicher 17
trees were sprayed with lime, sulphur, and salt March 10, and
August 20 no living scales could be found.

No. 6. Forty trees were sprayed, a part of them with lime,
sulphur, and salt, on the town property of Thomas Keith March
10. August 20 no living scale could be found.

The California Wash at Makanda.—No. 1. On the place of
Mr. S. A. Carr, near Makanda, 457 peach-trees were sprayed with
lime, sulphur, and salt late in December, beginning with the 24th.
The weather was very bad—cold, with much sleet. August 16
no living scale could be found on these trees.

No. 2. On the place of Mr. S. Y. Dickerson, 1,743 trees treated
with lime, sulphur, and salt at intervals throughout the season
from January 2 to March 10 appeared wholly free from living scale
August 16. In addition to a general inspection of these trees 2,000
scales were critically examined and none found alive.

No. 3. Thirty-three peach-trees were treated December 31
with the California wash in the orchard of Lammer Brothers, near
Makanda, the weather being clear and the temperature about 40
degrees. August 16 no scales were found alive in this orchard
where, besides a general inspection, 2,000 were examined critically.

No. 4. On the place of J. W. and J. EK. Herrn 140 peach- and
plum-trees sprayed with the California wash March 19 and 20,
weather partly cloudy but without rain, thermometer 40 to 50 de-
grees. August 16 no living scale could be found.

No. 5. In the orchard of J. S. Springer about 190 peach- and
plum-trees sprayed with lime, sulphur, and salt at various dates
in January, February, and March. Four thousand scales critically
examined by Mr. Titus August 16, but none found alive.

No. 6. One hundred and sixty-two peach-trees and seven
plums treated March 24 to April 4 on the premises of W. H. Lipe.
Sky cloudy throughout but norain. No living scales found August
16 by general inspection or on a critical examination of 500 speci-
mens.

55)

All the orchards treated by my parties in this section were
found in fine condition, although some of the worst infested trees
had been lately attacked by the bark-borer, Scoly/us rugu/osus—an
occurrence to be attributed to the diminished vitality of the trees
due to the San Jose scale.

The California Wash at Albion.—No. 1. One hundred and
fifty-seven peach-trees treated with lime, sulphur, and salt in the
orchard of Hodgson Brothers, near Albion, April 5-15, the weather
clear throughout. The buds were unfolding at this time, and the
work was suspended at the latest date on account of the appear-
ance of the leaves. August 21 the peach-trees sprayed were in-
spected, but no living scale could be found. Of a thousand scales
examined none were alive.

No. 2. In the orchard of Mr. F. A. Kenyon 225 medium-sized
peach-trees were sprayed March 18 to April 2, Two thousand
specimens examined August 21 and two of them alive. No other
living scales seen in this orchard.

No. 3. On the town lots of Anna C. Ferriman 23 peach-trees
and 4 plums were sprayed April 7 and 8, the weather being fair.
August 21 no living scale was found.

No. 4. On the town lots of Samuel Churchill (administrator)
37 peach-trees and 12 plums were sprayed April 5 and 7, the
weather clear except for rain beginning at 3 o’clock p. m. on the
5th. Five hundred scales critically examined August 21 and no
living ones found.

The California Wash at Browns.—No. 1. ‘Three hundred aud
five peach-trees sprayed February 10-14 on the place of Atkinson
Taylor, the weather being variable, with snow all day on the 10th
and on the evening of the 11th. Four thousand scales examined
August 21 and 22 on the peach-trees sprayed and none found alive.

No. 2. In the orchard of George Briggs 22 peach-trees treat-
ed with lime, sulphur, and salt February 1-5, the weather cloudy
throughout. One thousand scales examined August 21 and none
found alive.

No. 3. Kighty-nine peach-, apple-, pear-, and plum-trees, but
mainly the first, sprayed with lime, sulphur, and salt February 25
to March 4. These trees were very large and badly infested. The
weather was clear throughout except on the 4th, which was cloudy
without rain. Aug. 22no living scales could be found on the peach.

No. 4. Thirteen peach-trees sprayed with lime, sulphur, and
salt on the town lot of Mary E. Marriott February 6, the weather
being clear. Five hundred scales examined and three found alive.
These were armored specimens, the only ones found alive at this

56

place, although several town premises besides those mentioned
above were carefully inspected.

3,931 trees in all had been sprayed with t he California wash by
my field parties on the premises inspected by Mr. Titus in August.
Besides making a careful general examination of these trees and
finding no living scales he critically scrutinized, one by one, 21, 500
individuals and found but seven of them alive. ‘There were no
crawling young, and none of these living scales had reached: the
age of reproduction.

GENERAL SUMMARY.

Four insecticides have been extensively used as winter ap-
plications for the San Jose scale in our general orchard work of the
past three years in Illinois; hydrocyanic acid gas, whale-oil soap,
kerosene emulsion, and the California wash of lime, sulphur, and
salt, the first being applied by fumigation and the others as liquid
sprays.

All are efficient destroyers of the scale under favorable con-
ditions, but the operation of fumigation is practically restricted
to comparatively small trees and to comparatively mild and quiet
weather. The California wash has an evident advantage in per-
sistence of effect, which amounts to an appreciable protection of
the tree against immediate reinfestation.

These four insecticides differ materially in safety, in cost, and
in convenience of application. Fumigation with hydrocyanic acid
gas and spraying with the California wash are perfectly safe to
all trees and shrubs if applied after the old leaves have fallen and
before the young leaves have put forth ; whale-oil soap is likely
to destroy the fruit buds of the peach if used before these have be-
gun to swell in spring; and the kerosene emulsion in strength suf-
ficient to insure the destruction of the scale is uncertain in its ac-
tion on the more delicate kinds of trees,—the peach especially,—
and on those of any kind which are in poor condition. Serious in-
jury has occasionally been done to the peach, and in one case to
apple, by an emulsion containing only 20 per cent. of kerosene,
which is rather below the minimum strength at which this mix-
ture should be used for the destruction of the scale. A twenty-
five per cent. emulsion, on the other hand, is usually harmless to
the apple and pear, but has proved in our work to be highly
dangerous to the peach.

The cost of insecticide treatment includes the expense of the
original equipment, that of the materials consumed, and that of the
preparation and application of the insecticide. In respect to cost

57

of equipment fumigation is by far the most expensive, especially
if the trees to be treated are large, but the three insecticide sprays
are prepared and applied by the aid of practically the same appa-
ratuss*

The cost of preparation and application is not materially dif-
ferent for the four insecticides under discussion, and will at any
rate vary greatly in practice according to individual circumstances.

With respect to cost of materials, the fumigation process is
much the most expensive. At Richview, where the trees treated
were usually of medium size or less, the cost was nine cents a tree
for fumigation materials, while at Sparta, where the trees averaged
much larger, this cost was eighteen cents atree. At the latter place
whale-oil soap, although applied only to the largest trees asa rule,
was used at a cost of seven cents a tree for the soap itself. At
Carterville and Browns the average cost of lime, salt, and sulphur
for the California wash was two to three cents, according to the
size of the trees, while the general average per tree for kerosene
emulsion as applied to over 5,000 trees was two cents each.

In convenience of application the preference belongs clearly to
the kerosene emulsion and the California wash, the use of whale-
oilsoap being frequently embarrassed in very cold weather by the
solidifying of the solution in the hose if the flow is stopped, and
the operation of fumigation being a laborious and complicated one
for trees above medium size.

It follows from the foregoing that of these various insecticide
methods and materials the best for common use against the San
Jose scale is spraying in winter with the California wash.

NEE Ee Eee eee ene eee OE —_— EEO ee
“NOILVOINOA WOH SVANVO ONITIO

58

*y WIwYT T

So

SHIFTING FUMIGATION TENT WITH ONE POLE.

60

‘NUOLS-MONS V NI

SUVOd

OML HILIM

DINUL

NOILVOIWN

91

J

ONILATHS

61

COVERING TREES WITH TWO TENTS

LAPPED.

62

‘AONO LV SAHUYL OML DNIMAAOD ‘HOVId NI SEINUL GdddVT

63

FUMIGATING SMALL TREES.

64

PLATE VII.

PEAR-TREE THIRTY-FIVE FEET HIGH INFESTED BY SAN JOSE SCALE, NEAR SPARTA, ILL.

65

TRIMMING AND SPRAYING PEACH-TREES,

66

“MATINd-dWOLS

HLIM

ADGAdH AALSAANI

LAO

oxryrreytUreyr Or

ONUTIVNd

Up DN. parr viv

EXPERIMENTS WITH LIME AND SULPHUR
Washo POR DHE SAN JOSE. SCALE-*

The ‘‘California wash” of lime, sulphur, and salt, and the
‘Oregon wash” of lime, sulphur, and blue vitriol, have been for
many years the general reliance of the fruit growers of the Pa-
cific Coast for protection against the San Jose scale. Ina letter to
me dated October 22, 1901, Prof. C W. Woodworth, of the Ento-
mological Department of the University of California, said that
‘the lime, salt, and sulphur mixture is the sole dependence in this
state for killing the San Jose scale,” and under the same date Prof.
A. B. Cordley, of the Entomological Department’ of the Oregon
Agricultural College and Experiment Station, wrote: ‘‘With us
the lime, salt, and sulphur compound is a very satisfactory remedy
for the San Jose scale, and is used very extensively. In fact, this
and the lime, sulphur, and blue vitriol compound are practically
the only ones used for winter sprays for thisinsect.” As early as
1889 the California wash was the only winter remedy recommended
for the San Jose scale by the Secretary of the State Board of Hor-
ticulture in the Annual Report of the Board for that year; and in
1896 Prof. John B. Smith, State Entomologist of New Jersey, who
visited California for a special study of the San Jose scale and its
treatment there, found the lime, salt, and sulphur mixture one of
the ‘‘favorite insecticides” for that scale in California and on the
Pacific Coast generally.+

The introduction of these insecticides inthe Kast has been
long delayed, probably owing in large measure to,unfavorable re-

*The results of these experiments were originally published in Bulletins 71
and 72 of the State Agricultural Experiment Station, printed respectively in
April and May, 1902. The first of these bulletins presented the results as appar-
ent March 25; and the second, as shown May 12. In the present article the con-
clusions of Bulletin 72 have been combined with those of 71, and tothis have
been added the results of a later inspection made August 20. This may, con-
sequently, be taken as a revised and enlarged edition of Bulletin 71, and a sub-
stitute for that of Bulletin 72.

tRep. Ent, Dept. N. J. Agr, Exper. Station, 1896, p. 551.

67

68

ports of experiments made in the Atlantic states. In articles pub-
lished in Bulletin 3 of the U. S. Division of Etomology, issued in
1896, and in Bulletin 30 of the same series, 1901, p. 34, the re-
ported failure of the California wash in the Kast is attributed to
the frequent occurrence of rains shortly after the insecticide had
been applied, and chemical testimony is brought forward in sup-
port of this supposition.

USE OF CALIFORNIA AND OREGON WASHES IN
ILLINOIS.

In the fallof 1901, when an appropriation of $15,000 for in-
secticide work on the San Jose scale became available to my office,
I was embarrassed by the fact that no effective insecticide pre-
viously used by us had been found free from serious liability to
injure the more tender fruit trees, or at least their fruiting buds.
The peach and the plum were especially liable to serious damage
by both the kerosone sprays and the whale-oil-soap solution, the
first being injurious to the tree, and the second very commonly de-
structive tothe fruit buds and, of course, to the crop of the fol-
lowing year. At this time I received from Professor Cordley, of Ore-
gon, the above-mentioned letter, in which he suggested that I
should give the lime, sulphur, and salt compound a thorough test
in Illinois, and further said that in Oregon, where this mixture is
thoroughly effective, the climate is as moist during the winter—
when the spray is principally used—as in any part of the East. I
had additional testimony to the same effect from a former student
and assistant of mine, Mr. Fred McElfresh, who informed me,
after a year’s experience in entomological work at the Oregon Agri-
cultural College, that the weather of western Oregon is very similar
to that of the greater part of Illinois.

Under these conditions, I decided last fall to use the lime, salt,
and sulphur mixture, standard in the Pacific states, for all our Illi-
nois insecticide work on the peach and plum, preferring to take
the risk of a possible inefficiency of the insecticide rather than the
much greater one of serious injury to the orchard tree. The sea-
son seemed favorable to the treatment, and highly encouraging
reports came in from the field throughout the entire winter up to
early March. At this time, in order to secure more precise and
comprehensive information as to the value of the Oregon and Cali-
fornia washes, I detailed one of my office assistants, Mr. EK. S. G.
Titus, to carry out a series of experiments with them under various
conditions and sent him to Summerfield, in St. Clair county, where
he remained for three weeks, supervising the treatment of the

69

trees, and making counts of scales and other observations of the
results.
SECONDARY RESULTS OF THE EXPERIMENTS.

It was the principal object of these experiments to test the ef-
fects of rains on the two washes used, but other important results
appeared in the outcome besides those immediately aimed at.
Counts of dead and living scales on the check trees not treated and
on the experimental trees before treatment, showed a surprising
percentage of half grown scales already dead, the ratio of dead.
young to living scales varying on different trees and on different
parts of the same tree from twenty-one per cent. to sixty-nine per
cent This fact had already been observed in other localities where
our insecticide work was in progress, and had, indeed, been noticed
and reported as early as 1898 by another assistant of the office, Mr.
EK. B. Forbes, engaged in distributing to infested trees in southern
Illinois the spores of a fungus parasite of the San Jose scale.

This spontaneous death of many of the scales which might
have been expected to pass the winter alive, was apparently due in
great measure and in both instances to a severe drouth of the pre-
ceding year. Consistently with this explanation the dead scales
were most abundant on trees worst affected by the drouth, and on
parts of trees to which the flow of sap would naturally be least.

Another observation of importance to the investigator was
made with reference to the action of the insecticide in loosening
the scales of the insects killed by it. In most cases where the ap-
plication took fatal effect the scales were so far loosened from the
bark that they were easily rubbed off, and might be washed away
in large numbers by an ordinary rain. Asa consequence, if counts
were made of dead and living scales upon a tree before treatment,
and again after a treatment and after a heavy rain had fallen, the
ratio of living to dead might be as great in the latter case as in the
former. It will be seen that by overlooking this circumstance an
investigator might easily be led to very erroneous conclusions as to
the effects of moisture on the insecticide.

GENERAL FEATURES OF THE EXPERIMENTS

The actual effect of rains was experimentally ascertained by
heavily spraying the trees with water at selected intervals after
treatment with the wash, and by making careful counts of dead
and living scales in each case and comparing the ratios so arrived
at with those found in the beginning. The trees sprayed with
each mixture were treated exactly alike except as to the subsequent
application of water, and in this latter respect the different trees

70

received very different treatment. Some, for example, were watered
but once, and that the next day after the application of the insecti-
cide wash; and others were watered daily for the seven days next
following it. In order to avoid interference with the experiments
by rains, which fell three times during the fortnight covered by
the greater part of the experiments, some of the trees were covered
by canvas tents at night and whenever rain threatened.

GENERAL STATEMENT OF RESULTS.

Details of all forms and variations of the experiment will be
given further on, but it is sufficient for this general statement to
say that the general average result of a single spraying of twenty
trees with lime, sulphur, and salt, as tested at the end of a week
from treatment, was the destruction of 89 per cent of the scales
when no water was applied within five days, and of 86 per cent.
when water was used. Thecorresponding result of the application
of lime, sulphur, and blue vitriol to fifteen trees was the destruction
of 91.2 per cent. of the scales without water, and 90.7 per cent. when
water was applied within the first five days. This statement, how-
ever, does not represent the final results of the experiment, for on
May 12, ten weeks after the trees were sprayed, an average of 99.2
per cent. of the scales alive in the beginning were dead, and there
was no perceptible difference in this respect between the lots
treated with the Oregon wash and those treated with the Cali-
fornia wash, or between those which had simply received the in-
secticide spray and those which had been subsequently sprayed
profusely with water.

Still more conclusive and convincing is the statement of the
result of an inspection of these trees made August 20, at which
time 13,300 scales were examined on 23 of the trees used in the ex-
periment, and of this number only twenty-five scales were alive.
These living scales were, in fact, found only on two trees which stood
close to an infested hedge which had never received any insecti-
cide treatment, and they were only on the branches of these trees
next the hedge and interlacing withit. It is scarcely too much to
say, consequently, that the apparent final result was practically a
complete extermination of the scale on all trees treated.

PERIOD AND METHODS OF THE EXPERIMENTS.

The experiments on which the above statement rests may be
conveniently described in five lots: two with lime, sulphur, and
blue vitriol; two with lime, sulphur, and salt; and one, a special ex-
periment, with both these washes on trees covered by tents. Two

71

of the four experiments above mentioned—one with the California
wash and one with the Oregon wash—were begun March 3, and
the other two (in which also both washes were used) were begun
March 5. The tent experiment was begun on the 21st of the
month. Almost daily observations on the lots treated were con-
tinued until March 25; that is twenty-two days for the first two
lots, twenty days for the third and fourth, and five days for the lot
under tents. A careful examination was made May 12, ten weeks
after the first trees were sprayed, and a final inspection August 20,
more than five months after the time of treatment.

The experiments consisted of a single application of the insec-
ticide in every case, with varying subsequent treatments of the
different trees with water. Frequent counts of dead and living
scales were made for all of the trees, no attention being paid
in these counts to old dead scales, but only to those whose size
and immature character showed that they belonged to the new
generation of the preceding fall. Counts of dead and living scales
were made in all cases either before or shortly after the application
of the insecticide spray. It was in this way ascertained that an
average of about fifty per cent. of the immature scales were al-
ready dead on these trees before the insecticide was applied; and
that the action of the insecticide was scarcely perceptible within
the first twenty-four hours.

EXPERIMENTAL TREES USED.

Forty-three trees were used in all the experiments, twenty-five
of them apple-trees and eighteen peach. They varied in height
from twelve to eighteen feet; in spread of top from eight to twenty
feet; and in diameter of trunk from four to nine inches. The av-
erage height was fourteen feet, and the average spread, thirteen.
The general condition of these trees varied from ‘‘very poor” to
“excellent,” six of them being described as ‘‘very poor,” eight as
‘*poor,” sixteen,.as “fair,” ten, as ‘‘good,” and three, as ‘‘excel-
lent.” Some of the peach-trees were more than half dead, and many
of them in such a condition that the owners were about to remove
them. ‘The dry weather of the preceding summer had killed the
young growth even on otherwise healthy trees, and in some cases
much of the older wood had also died from drouth. All the trees
were, of course, infested with the San Jose scale, eighteen of them
badly so, and the others to a medium degree.

WEATHER OF THE PERIOD.
The weather of the experimental period was the ordinary vari-
able weather of an Illinois March, the temperature at seven o’clock

72

a.m. ranging from 18° F., on the 18th, to 54°, on the 15th, and at
noon, from 34°, on the 18th, to 88°, on the 25th. ‘There was an
unusual amount of wind from the southeast—on not less than
fourteen days out of the twenty-two. Rain fell on six days, and a
light snow on one other. ‘The first rain, on March 7, lasted for
two and a half hours, but was very light—about two gallons for
each experimental tree according to Mr. Titus’s estimate. The
temperature at the time was 56°. On the ninth day after the be-
ginning of the first experiment (March 11) the weather was
showery, with heavy mist most of the day, the temperature 60° to
64°; and on the thirteenth day (March 15) a heavy shower of rain
fell, with hail, for an hour in the afternoon, amounting to ten or
twelve gallons to the tree. The 17th and 18th were cold—26” in
the morning and 24° at noon on the 17th, and 18° in the morning
and 24° at noon on the 18th. ‘Che wind blew strong and cold from
the northwest, with a light snow on the firstof thesedays. A slow
drizzling rain fell on the 20th, beginning at about five in the after-
noon and continuing through the night and all the following day.

The insecticide sprays were applied on the 3d, the 5th, and the
20th. March 3 was a partly cloudy day, with a cold raw wind
from the east and northeast, the thermometer registering 30° at 7
a.m. and 40° at noon. ‘The 5th was a clear day, with a northwest
wind, fairly strong, the thermometer 30° at 7 a. m.and45° at noon.
On the 20th the wind was from the southeast, with a threat of
storm which resulted in rain at five o’clock in the afternoon, The
temperature was 34° at 7a. m. and 57° at noon.

PREPARATION OF THR INSECTICIDES.

The insecticide washes were prepared in substantially the
same manner. lor the California wash, fifteen pounds of stone
iime were slaked ina little very hot water, fifteen pounds of ground
sulphur being slowly poured in during the slaking process with
constant stirring of the mixture. This was then boiled for an
hour, after which fifteen pounds of salt were added and the boiling
continued for fifteen minutes longer. ‘The whole was then poured
into a barrel through a strainer, and enough boiling water was
added to make fifty gallons. In the preparation of the Oregon
wash a pound and a quarter of blue vitriol was used instead of the
salt, the crystals of the blue vitriol being dissolved in hot water
and the solution added slowly to the slaking lime. The apparatus
used was a Morrill and Morley pump, with twenty-five feet of hose
and a twelve-foot extension rod with a double Vermorel nozzle.

73

Tun Warner Sprays To Test Krrner or RAINS.

In wetting down the trees to imitate the effects of rain, fifteen
gallons of water were used to a tree, as a rule, a double amount
being occasionally applied as a variation of the experiment. lor
a tree of the average spread of thirteen feet, fifteen gallons of
water was equivalent to a rainfall of a sixth of aninch, amounting
to a sharp summer shower, ‘The washing and leaching effect of
the application was, however, greater than that of a correspond-
ing’ shower, since the water spray was not distributed equally over
the whole area covered by the tree-top, but was made to wet the
tree equally in all parts—the middle part of the tree much more
freely, consequently, than the outer parts. It would doubtless be
fair to say that the fifteen-gallon portion was equivalent in effect
on the average experimental tree to a rainfall of a third of an inch,
and the double portion, of course, to twice that amount. ‘The
time taken for the application of fifteen gallons varied, according
to the weather and the size of the tree, from twenty minutes to
thirty or thirty-five,and for the thirty-gallon application 1t was never
less than an hour. ‘The water in all cases dripped freely from the
trees for some time after spraying ceased, carrying with it so
much of the insecticide in solution that the drip was of about the
color of the original mixture,

The applications of water were varied systematically as to num-
ber, to frequency, and to period of time between the insecticide
operation and the first general wetting. ‘Tree No. 1, for example,
was wet every day for a week, commencing the next day after the
California wash was applied; tree No. 2 was wet but once, and
that the day after insecticide treatment; tree No. 3 was sprayed on
the 3d with the California wash, and with water on the 6th and
every other day thereafter for three days; tree No. 6 was sprayed
but once, and then with thirty gallons of water, one week after in-
secticide treatment.; and tree No. 9, the same, except that the wa-
ter was applied at the end of two weeks. l*urther particulars may
be obtained from the detailed accounts of the experiments,

KH XPLANATION OF TABLES,

The four tables in the text have been prepared to present in
summary form the detailed results of the treatment for each tree
as shown by successive counts of scales on selected sample twigs
and branches. Against the number of each tree is placed for each
date on which special observations were made, the number of
scales counted and the percentage of scales killed by the insecticide
up to that time. The first count shows always the percentage of

74

scales found alive at the time of treatment. At the bottom of each
table is a series of data for the entire lot of trees, corresponding in
form to those in the body of the table for each tree.

EXPERIMENTAL DRTAILS.
Hirst Lot of Trees. California Wash,

Nine apple-trees sprayed with lime, sulphur, and salt on the 3d
day of March. Weather partly cloudy, with cold raw wind from
the east-northeast, temperature 30° at 7 a. m. and 40° at noon.

Dead and living scales were first counted on these trees the
following day, March +. Although the fact was not known at the
time, it became apparent later, by comparison of percentages of
scales on these trees with those found on check trees and on other
lots counted before insecticide treatment, that no discoverable effect
of the insecticide had been produced at the time this first count
was made. If any scale insects had been killed so soon, their ap-
pearance had not yet sufficiently changed to indicate the fact. The
percentages found on this first day are consequently to be taken as
indicating the ratio, before treatment, of dead and living scales
among the young of the preceding year. One thousand three hun-
dred and fifty such scales were counted in all, and 52 per cent. of
these were alive, 48 per cent. having died from unknown causes,
in most cases probably from drouth.

In determining the effect of the insecticide under the varying
conditions supplied, this first count of living scales was made the
starting point for the calculation of the percentages of scales killed;
that is, if only 50 per cent. of the scales were found alive at the
beginning of the experiment, the destruction of scales by the in-
secticide was figured on this 50 per cent., those dead in the begin-
ning being of course ignored. Counts were made upon carefully
selected specimen twigs or branches, the number counted each time
varying from 100 to 4,000, and the totals foreach tree, from 300 to
5,400, The total number of scales counted from this lot on nine
trees was 24,600.

The effect of the insecticide was only gradually made mani-
fest, and was not fully produced during the period of continuous
observation which ended on the 25th of March. This fact was not
understood at the time but was made apparent by the result of the
visit of May 12, as shown in the last column but one of the table
for Lot 1.

As these various trees were treated subsequent to the insecti-
cide spray by an application of various amounts of water at differ-
ent intervals, it will be necessary to discuss each tree separately.

7

on

Lor 1. SPRAYED WITH LIME, SULPHUR, AND SALT, MARCH 3,

" . | A) fo] wy Ww Q

- SP el teer |e | oe ed = g rs) a ) N i

& Scales BIR IR ISIS ISIE IEISISISEI/ BI 2

— — =— — = Peal
AN Mie ade ae eee > Pa =
ened |
No. counted, , 150] 200} 400... 200) 200).... 200} 350} 300] 500) 4000
1 |Perct. alive..| 40 “if Sc lereieeedl rome Ser Rasta llntealtoran Sed cet lenin lease
Peret. killed, .|....| 75) 84 83) 74. 74| 75} 95} 100] roo
Noy Counted.) 150! TOO) ss vali s siixcan 100), 100} 300; 100} 500/2000
RRS Cty Gav oc | Seined ites sess ya SRE I aac tan etl Korie Ns PRS | ee eco ee
Pep ctakillodeais. salle Policcsty | sls grolltate's SO) cn wel ltrs 95} 87] 92I08.9] 100
No, counted. .| 200) r5ol....).... TSO TOO! ThOln sine: 100} 500} 200
3 Per ct. alive,. BO velate lestecnte'liatets Gil iuintsretliaie bi Nine Neate lanaustalllare ax
IOAN seal elyc] iyseunl ade 79| 8o} 88), 72/98 .6] 100
No, counted..|/ £50}.. 150 300 150 100 200
PROTEC eNO ob AM cai awatal giqnaiiva-a alsin .fpiiea(ia nits ae Sai
emery RUvedera|sct cline sails 80 fore) ol O4 100
_|No, counted, .| 150 150 RO lloattal |stats 150} 500} 500
Ce Rea are || CHI are tail ciatnt| armrest naturel cravat [tava sia |psearmcay|| ate e. ohlfacwanta'l fare acalllstety Ea,
Perct, killed. j|....j..»: 84 86 86} 100] 100
No, counted,.| 150}.. 150 200} 150 150 500
PaO ute UVES vil OSliss walle wel‘ pins Sat toned Mean dodo henealkcrvoleaol lest hes
Meretyelederalic acelin ss 8o 83} 80 92|....| 100
INO COUNTS || TOO LOO|sardaillsaccls« 150 150},...] 150 joo
Se RCO AVG i CA biliniss slain e fiae galls va Sil(taln wah [Patat Fras ast aisil tosis’ lle Graton listener
Perret: killed. .|,.,.| 54i: QO|.++.| 84)....] OF 100
No, ‘counted. .} 150 ROO ae lea | OOW LHC! 300 150} 500] 100
9 |Perct. alive..| 56 eet eve kul he Peel eo cal burton apes SE aa iced ant
Mewetel ederim. aikvetes ots cehilancnil cyl aly aefel 94/99.0} 100
No. counted..| 150} 150 150}... 200 250 150] 500] 700
MOM ACTA emeL LO ree MMOS) ete al ttetatellfaraytre liatsiavalliatursini|oatatacst|[aretern!|fs a's sillavelensil|'s azn/all ta cevnss ee
Per ct. killed..|... i Masacd| latin) dele) 95 92/99.4) 100
| : : tee
4 { No. counted, ./1350] 700 850 450] 650/1400] 450 700) 450} 650 1350/3000 8600
BomPemer gives mat ule. ieee ee le eh Oi oe el oe A atl Iria eae
)

tH \ Rerct killed iin .. 7 82, 86] 82) 87) 88) 92] 85! 83) 88l99.4) 100

Tree No. 1.—A tree sixteen feet high, with a nine-inch trunk

and a twenty-foot top; in fair general condition, but badly in-
fested with the San Jose scale. After insecticide treatment March
3, sprayed with fifteen gallons of water daily for seven days, from
March 4 to 10 inclusive; a total application of one hundred and five
gallons, equal to about half an inch of rainfall over the whole area
beneath the tree-top. Rains falling as above described, added
about fifteen gallons of water to this amount.

Forty per cent. of the young scales of the preceding year were

76

alive on this tree when the treatment began. Three days after, 75
per cent. of these had been killed, and five days after, 84 per cent.
The samples taken on the twelfth and nineteenth days showed an
extraordinary percentage of living scales,—26 per cent. on each
day,—and the average ratio of scales killed by May 12 stands at
100 percent. August 20, four thousand scales were examined, of
which all but nineteen were dead, the living scales being found
only on the lower branches which penetrated an adjacent infested
hedge.

Tree No. 2.—A sixteen-foot tree, with a nine-inch trunk and
an eighteen-foot top; in fair general condition, but badly infested
with the scale. ‘Treated with water but once, and that on March
4, the day succeeding the application of the insecticide spray.
Rainfall of course followed on the 7th, 11th, and 15th, as on all
other trees of this experiment, amounting to about fifteen gallons
of water additional. ‘Thirty-seven per cent. of the scales alive at
the time of treatment; 78 per cent. of these dead three days after;
and 86 per cent. dead on the twelfth day. The final effect was the
killing of 98.9 per cent. of the scales. August 20, two thousand
scales examined were all dead.

Tree No. 3.—An eighteen-foot tree, with an eight-inch trunk
anda thirteen-foot top; in good general condition, but badly in-
fested. Water treatment three days after the insecticide applica-
tion, and twice on alternate days thereafter, making forty-five
gallons of water thus applied. ‘Twenty-nine per cent of the scales
alive when the treatment began; 53 per cent. of these dead on the
third day and 79 per cent. on the seventh; the final destruction of
scales, 98.6 per cent. Of two hundred scales examined August 20,
none were alive.

Tree No. 5.—A fifteen-foot tree, with an eight-inch trunk and
an eleven-foot top; in poor condition, badly infested. Sprayed with
fifteen gallons of water five days after treatment, and again two
days later. Forty-seven per cent. of the scales alive in the begin-
ning; 80 per cent. of these killed by the sixth day, when the first
count was made, 90 per cent. by the twelfth, and 94 per cent. by
the 22d day. Of two hundred scales examined August 20, none
were alive,

7ree No. 6.—A fifteen-foot tree, with an eight-inch trunk and
a twelve-foot top; in poor condition, moderately infested by the
San Jose scale. Treated but once with water, and this on the sev-
enth day after the insecticide spray, when thirty gallons were ap-
plied. Sixty-four per cent. of the scales alive in the beginning; 84
per cent. of these dead by the sixth day and 86 per cent. by the

77

twelfth; ratio of scales finally killed, 100 percent. Of five hundred
scales examined August 20, none were alive.

Tree No. 7.—An eighteen-foot tree with an eight-inch trunk
and a ten-foot top; in poor general condition, moderately infested
by the scale. Fifteen gallons of water on the thirteenth day after
insecticide treatment, and another fifteen gallons on the fourteenth;
before this, only the rainfalls already described. ‘This tree and all
the remaining trees of this lot were practically check trees with
regard to the effects of the water sprays, since these were applied
after the full effect of the insecticide must have been produced.
Sixty-eight per cent. of the scales alive in the beginning; 80 per
cent. of these dead on the fifth day, 83 per cent. on the seventh,
and 92 per cent. on the twenty-first. Of five hundred scales exam-
ined August 20, none were alive.

Tree No. 8.—Seventeen feet high, with an eight-inch trunk
and a twelve-foot top; in fair general condition, but badly infested
with the scale. But one application of water, and that fifteen
gallons on the fourteenth day after insecticide treatment. TF ifty-
four per cent. of scales alive in the beginning, and 54 per cent. of
these dead on the third day; 90 per cent. dead on the sample repre-
senting the fifteenth day, and 91 per cent. on the twenty-first. Of
four hundred scales examined August 20, none were alive.

Tree No. 9.—A sixteen-foot tree, with an eight-inch trunk and
an eleven-foot top; in fair condition, but badly infested. No
water (except rains) until the fourteenth day, when thirty gallons
were applied. Fifty-six per cent. of the scales alive in the begin-
ning; 83 per cent. of these dead on the fifth day and 87 per cent.
on the twelfth; final effect, May 12, 99.6 per cent. destroyed. Of
one hundred scales examined August 20, none were alive.

Tree No. 1o.—A fifteen-foot tree, with a seven-inch trunk anda
thirteen-foot top; in fair condition, moderately infested. No
water was applied to this tree, and the effect of the insecticide was
modified only by the natural rainfall already referred to. Sixty-
nine per cent. of the scales alive in the beginning; 77 per cent of
these dead on the third day and 95 per cent. on the sixth, with a
final result of 99.4 per cent. destroyed by May 12. Of seven hun-
dred scales examined August 2), none were alive.

Taking the entire group of nine trees together, without refer-
ence to differences of treatment subsequent to the insecticide spray,
it appears that an average of 52 per cent. of the scales were alive
in the beginning; that 67 per cent. of these were dead by the third
day, 82 per cent. by the fifth, and 86 per cent. by the sixth; and
that the final average effect of the treatment was the destruction

of 99.4 per cent.

78

A continued effect of the insecticide to arrest re-

production or to prevent the establishment of the young is shown
by the fact that only nineteen scales out of eight thousand six
hundred were found on these trees five months after treatment,
and that these living scales had evidently entered the single tree
on which they were found from an adjacent infested hedge.

California Wash.

Second Lot of Trees.

Nine trees, partly apple and partly peach, sprayed with lime,
sulphur, and salt on the 5th of March. Weather clear, with fairly

Lot Il. SPRAYED WITH LIME, SULPHUR, AND SALT, MARCH 5.

eye ea ee SISSIES) ©

" ivan ~ [on I Ll al nN Nn N N N N Lal N
Z| Scales |e |e |e | & CeCe meemcibe lich Le]

re eta Pee ea eta erate eee erse ese EP ee.)
aa . i pate
No. counted] 100]....].... 200 AOO| pac tll ater creer 200 250, 200

4 |Per ct. alive Dies All svevoral cher Py eee al ee eveal lencar ey] (sienchcdl Poros icecteorch |e Beale sve tohctic)
Per ctwkcilled i eisai oallietarar sic Ol eetnalin one 80 68/....| 100

NOs COumted | 200 |r.) -1-cors)| erent orasels Ce] Maal oop laesallSn alls 100).
FiO PAO CH EWG. UAlpddallpaaallaeculloaghllanoclloood|Spoollauco|loqqb|loonc SBalltroas|(a cos
ere Gey NUE G Salloanallaceallocacloode DI ata avclllearcnexed| (areneyell toneoetaa lice 98) yaarell anelegs
|

No. counted} 200 .. NEO 300 eee eeeiete ACW Oo ad|laaae 200] . 100

27a NSTC tay DULWE| 9 73 Olea inate) | asses [haber ie s\ eisiat| fesnsetall feds) el] fers sebedfakenece) | nse Cnl| etal eoatene ts [teen
Per ct. killed|....]. 62} 80 FBV ee Men tealoaial tees 88} . 100

No. counted| 200 200 200 200 200 135 Ole ferarel| (skater
AOUIBETHCt MaNLVe! (AZ| lererolllsateioletetere errors Be ance Papen (ced mee. indal enialis con
Perct. killed)... 80}. 92 87 98}. . O39] alter

No. counted, 300 ZOO! LOG secs ee rar 25 O| ciate occtare |ieraverst| arate 200} 500] 200

At Pen Gtwalivel! 137 |n<tc| (er: PRA al lodcal food |accdleacniloodallocadllaganllosscllas o-
apc) ole as Sollancoll= Zell Bsiloaasilcovall Ck4sooslreacilesas||sacc 78197 .3| 100
No. counted) 300 300) . 300 200 200 3OO|siiven| aoc

224 Rew Chall Ve eA dll cteiaal| iors) ieiaie’s one ROO ced cea oes ollomee gan ol[éias 4
Penct: killed||venilis «st 69). 86 79]. 89 oy ATER aed bic

No. counted} 300 200 300 ZOO | |e cctel| aerate 300) svelte
BOSIRET Cl AVE) BAS erate Narerana fete care herent lparorace pe ee een nen en ne
Penetakilled|ita se |ster 70}. M70 emer serene Lo ear BZ lier atetes| (eactees OB | sdhiasell ert

No. counted] 200} 200 200) . 300 300 200| 300]....|....

35 Per ct. alive)’ 38)... ¢//. cial sii] aevaitl| aseket [iavave ls [ine 4 loll betaeahel| geetaie! | eid ana
Rene killediiane ci) 02 |e) | moO go 99 QI] -O7 lcs salam

No. counted| 200} 300 200 2OO||\cpafevall eres 200} 200] 500} 200

36 |Per Cts alive] SL) eecalsicce sfie «sie lloce el acre eilisis's | isis a1)» -\~/ai) wir sil's'sterall eraeiel | Sienna
Perct.killed|....] 51 85 7 arte evete reel aversval erases 94| 99} 100] 100

| i ata

< No. counted|2000 500|1050 1000}{200| 650 700| §00| 400} 400} 400|2000]1000| 700

= 41Per ct. alivel 42/..../.... [sii s|ewaie|o56 0] 8b ac] weiee| ~<a ailsiiyellsiaste asta eae
& (|Perct.killed]....] 56 a) 84\ 86} 03] 86] 88) 84}! 94] 93] 89/98.6) 100

79

strong northwest wind; temperature, 30° at 7 a. m. and 45° at
noon. In this case the dead and living scales were counted on
sample twigs and branches froma part of the trees just before the
application of the insecticide, and from another part on the follow-
ing day. The ratios of dead to living scales were practically iden-
tical in these two lots, thus showing, as has been already re-
marked, that scales killed the first day, if any, do not sufficiently
change in appearance within that time to suggest the fact. Sub-
sequent counts of scales were made for this lot on thirteen later
dates, the number counted, as before, ranging from one hundred to
five hundred, and amounting for the lot to 11,500 specimens.

Tree No. 4.—An apple-tree, sixteen feet high, with a nine-
inch trunk and atwelve-foot top; in fair condition, but badly in-
fested by the scale. ‘This tree received but one water treatment,
and that on the 7th of March, two days after the insecticide appli-
cation and on the same day as the first light fall of rain. Fifteen
gallons were applied, and approximately two gallons must be added
for the rainfall. Scales alive inthe beginning, 42 per cent.; 83 per
cent. of these dead on the sample for the fifth day, and but 68 per
cent. on that for the twentieth day. August 20, two hundred
scales examined, all dead.

7Tree No, 20.—A peach-tree twelve feet high, with a six-inch
trunk and a nine-foot spread of top; in very poor condition, though
but moderately infested by the scale. No water except the natural
rainfall. Forty-seven per cent. of the scales were alivein the begin-
ning; 92 per cent. of these were dead on the thirteenth day, when
the first subsequent count was made, and 98 per cent. on the
sample for the twentieth day.

7ree No, 27.—An apple-tree, fifteen feet high, with an eight-
inch trunk and a seventeen-foot top; in good condition, moderately
infested with the scale. This tree was sprayed with water but
once, and that five days after the insecticide application. Thirty-
six per cent. of the scales were alive in the beginning; 62 per cent-
of these were dead on the fourth day, 80 per cent. on the fifth and
88 per cent. on the twentieth. August 20, one hundred scales ex-
amined: all dead.

Tree No, 29.—An apple-tree, twelve-feet high, with a seven-
inch trunk and a fifteen foot top, in bad condition, and heavily in-
fested. Twice treated with water, once on the fifth day after the
insecticide spray and once on the tenth, in each case with fifteen
gallons. Forty-two percent. of the scales alive at the beginning
of the experiment; 80 per cent. of these dead on the fourth day,
92 per cent. on the tenth day, and 93 per cent. on the twentieth.

80

/ree No, 31.—An apple-tree, twelve feet high, with an eight-
inch trunk and a nineteen-foot top; in good general condition, and
moderately infested by the scale. Once treated with thirty gallons
of water, on the next day after the application of the insectide
spray. Thirty-seven per cent. of the scales were alive in the be-
ginning ; 78 per cent. of these were dead on the fourth day and 83
per cent. on the fifth; the final effect of the insecticide 97.3 per cent.
destroyed. August 20, two hundred scales examined, all dead.

7ree No }32.--A peach-tree, twelve feet high, with a six-inch
trunk and a nine-foot top; in fair general condition, but heavily
infested. Treated with fifteen gallons of water a day for three
days in succession, beginning the next day after the insecticide
spray was applied. The second of these treatments coincided with
the first day’s rain. Forty-four per cent. of living scales at the be-
ginning; 69 per cent. of these dead on the fourth day, and 87 per
cent. on the twentieth, according to the sample for that day.

/ree No, 3}3.—A peach-tree, nine feet high, with a three-inch
trunk and an eight-foot top; in good condition, moderately in-
fested by the scale. Sprayed twice in succession with fifteen gal-
lons a day, following immediately upon the insecticide treatment,
the second application coinciding with the first day’s rain. Forty-
five per cent. of the scales alive at the start; 70 per cent. of these
dead on the fourth day, 80 per cent. on the tenth, and 90 per cent.
on the twentieth.

Zree No. 35.—A peach-tree, fifteen feet high, with a five-inch
trunk and a twelve-foot top; in poor condition, and moderately in-
fested by the scale. Treated but once with water, and that on the
tenth day after the experiment began, this treatment coinciding
with the third day’s rain. Thirty-eight per cent. of the scales
alive at the time of the application of the insecticide; 62 per cent.
of these dead on the second day, 90 per cent. on the fifth, and 97
per cent. on the twentieth.

[ree No. 36.—A peach-tree, fifteen feet high, with a six-inch
trunk and an eight-foot top; in poor condition, and heavily in-
fested. ‘Treated with water twice, once on the day following the
insecticide treatment and once on the tenth day of the experiment,
the last treatment coinciding with the third day of rain. Fifty-
one per cent. of the scales alive in the beginning, and 51 per cent.
of these dead on the second day after insecticide treatment; 85 per
cent. dead on the fifth day, with a final destruction of 100 per
cent. of the scales, according to the sample examined after twenty
days. August 20, two hundred scales examined, all dead,

81

Taking this group of nine trees as a whole and averaging all
statements concerning them, it appears that 42 per cent. of the
scales were alive when the experiment began; and that 56 percent. of
these had been killed by the treatment by the second day thereaf-
ter, 71 per cent. by the fourth, 84 per cent. by the fifth, and 89 per
cent. by the twentieth.

On the two trees examined May 12, 98.6 per cent. of the scales
had been killed by the spray, and on the four trees inspected Au-
gust 20, no living scales were found among the seven hundred ex-
amined.

To this lot it will be convenient to add for discussion two
other trees sprayed with lime, sulphur, and salt on the 7th of
March, which, it will be remembered, was the day of the first
rainfall occurring in the experimental period. These trees re-
ceived no water treatment, but were intended as checks on the
other experiments.

Tree No. 38.—The first of these was a peach-tree, nine feet
high, with a five-inch trunk and a ten-foot top. It was in excel-
lent condition, and only moderately infested. Thirty-eight per
cent. of the scales were alive on the day preceding the insecticide
application, and eighteen days after the treatment 85 per cent. of
these were dead.

7rce No. 39.—The second tree of this pair was also a peach-
tree, about nine feet high, with a five-inch trunk anda ten-foot
top, It was in excellent general condition, and moderately in-
fested. Only 27 per cent. of the scales were alive when the ex-
periment began; 94 per cent. of these were dead by the eighteenth
day after treatment.

GENERAL RESULTS OF HXPERIMENTS WITH LIME, SULPHUR,AND SAL’.

An analysis of the data contained in the above descriptions of
Lots 1 and 2 and in the tables of percentages for those lots ena-
bles us to distinguish two groups of trees; those which received
some treatment of water within five days after the insecticide ap-
plication, and those which, if treated with water at all, did not
receive it until the seventh day or later.

There are eleven trees in the first group, namely, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
27, 29, 31, 32, 33, and 36, and nine trees in the second, namely, 6,
7, 8, 9, 10, 20, 35, 38, and 39.

The average effect of the insecticide upon the nine trees of the
second group was the destruction of 92.1 per cent. of the scales by
March 25, and the corresponding destruction on the eleven trees

82

of the first group was 86.5 per cent., making a difference of 5.6 per
cent., apparently due to the action of water on the insecticide when
applied within five days after the original treatment. In other
words and more generally stated, it may be said that in these ex-
periments the effect of thoroughly watering the treated tree dur-
ing the first five days after the experiment began, was to dimin-
ish, at first, the destructive effect of the insecticide by approxi-
mately 5.5 per cent.; but since, as will be presently shown, all
differences finally disappeared, the real effect was merely to delay
the action of the insecticide in a manner which proved entirely
unimportant.

If we regard as asingle group the twenty trees treated with
the California wash, we find that 48 per cent. of the young
scales of the preceding year were dead when the experiment be-
gan; that 43 per cent. of them were killed by the second day after
treatment; 60 per cent. by the third; 84 percent. by the fifth; and
approximately 89 per cent. by the twentieth day. The final effect
of this wash, as shown by an iuspection of eight of these trees on
the 12th of May, was the destruction of 99.2 per cent. of the
scales alive at the beginning of the experiment.

Third Lot of Trees. Oregon Wash.

This lot of experimental trees corresponds to the first in all
particulars except that the Oregon wash of lime, sulphur, and blue
vitriol was used as an insecticide instead of the California wash,
and that the experiment was made with seven trees instead of nine.
The variations in treatment omitted in this lot correspond to those
of Nos. 5 and 7 of Lot 1. All were apple-trees, growing in the
same orchard as those of the first lot.

7ree No. 1z,—An eighteen-foot tree, with an eight-inch trunk
and a twelve-foot spread; in excellent condition, and moderately
infested. Sprayed with fifteen gallons of water daily for seven
days, beginning March 4, the next day after insecticide treatment.
Sixty-seven per cent. of the scales alive at the beginning of the
experiment; 85 per cent. of these dead on the third day, 93 per
cent. on the seventh, and 98 per cent. on the twenty-second. By
May 12 the percentage killed on this tree was found to be 98.8,
and on August 20, out of two thousand scales examined only six
were found alive, and these were on branches next an infested
hedge.

Z/ree No. 12.—A fifteen-foot tree, with an eight-inch trunk
and a twelve-foot top; in fair condition, moderately infested with
the scale, Sprayed but once, with fifteen gallons of water, on the

83

day following the insecticide treatment. Sixty-six per cent. of the
scales alive in the beginning; 85 per cent. of these dead by the
third day, 93 percent. by the seventh, and 95 per cent. by the
twenty-second day; the effect, May 12, the destruction of 99.4 per
cent. August 20, two hundred scales were examined, and none alive.

Tree No. 13.—A twelve-foot tree, with a six-inch trunk anda
thirteen-foot top; in good condition, and but moderately infested.
Sprayed with water three times, beginning March 6, with inter-
vals of one day between applications, the first rainfall coming be-
tween the first and second sprayings. Fifty-seven per cent. of the

Lor IIl. SPRAYED WITH LIME, SULPHUR, AND BLUE VITRIOL, MARCH 3.

O ||

oO ees. isa a 8 Ww Co

‘A + oO (ove) (on - lal — nN Nn ie Le nN
> Scales s/sla|/s & & & ic g c a | & 2
5 tha Eta FN =a ead ai Sm Uo
No; counted’, .| 300] 300|..../|.... 150) I50]....] 150]....} 250] 150] 500/2000

TU Perictwalivery|) O7|is elise sPaars | txealecal lkatetene eee hl oceans Pee liereeecellbevstal lietieoenl eee ce
Percetycillederliy... BS meteiaae 1 OS nOSlae-|) OZle.e.|) Coll OCl0,0)| 100
avo, counted’. .|| 300] 300];...]....]| 250) 300/....1 250)....|....| 200] 500|| 200

TZ Ma rete CUM LINO |b OO sie haveilte a oss'|elevels | ata esnillamgra liners svrevavelltatsttavelloxes sel tatevaul\eyahe fel anaes
Perct. killed. ..... B5/...-|....] 93] 96)-...| 95]...-|---.| 95/99.4] 00
PIG ACOUNECR poi ZOO! hie ail'a ew ills ee | 250], 250) 350 <0. sevis.-| 300! 300) 500! 50D

Trea Nea CRMCeMeUN LNG hee MOE Y7!| erase liar rea ll eae, lbaeallacell ah diexel[tenemtetoal sl svaus'llalensss,|toyoe/e]|'a tove.el|kevetebed|imerere
Mosely, HMicols slheniolleGqollennallesoel, welll “ey Mell aisccol|an ae 96} 9898.9} 100
NOM COUNTER 12) 5QOO0|ha | L5Ol aan L5 Ones «ills ol) 2OO| lier 41) LOO DSO EOD! OO

WAM eceeneeCDameD UVC’. ail) MEQO IH synis ill a'eex0\|lefornvei|aver elle. or> a
ee taMllerels Mo saalloonal tellacoell kelnodallyneal | eelianed| rll) Tefsrore) iol] sifo9)
OM C OUTS GOO| ive. 5Oll, |) 200|) THO VOO| ts a alices «ile. « ZEO letra eet
Teme Ct suave | f OT ax9:| cp olec\- ais arciliee ne |e gh bE AB) (ear nescence paaeilih¥ sid tehare
PPG NE Cie nce, ee el OT lite CON VOU) OF Mercslawaalnnel: OSl ene sews
No. counted...| 300}....| 300]....]....| 300]....| 300)....] 400] 300) 500} 100

Meme DRM t MULT VTC LAG cise pet cheiipa & syniltereneaval|Wedites Uke le-alllanctavail laters titles -o,'elitesareset|pohey ae LO
OCMC Ca icse trellis tel LOW lp, n eilizgs ote | LOZ 012 «vil» OBlene ll) QA) “Q5100,.6). Too
WG oxbiatezols yl) “eleloll AAe%e)| Asal) Wo ool) celeln boa Hefellonnallanc MS Olea etal ates

Ta Aonuma te CM!) ALI geste etal eoille orbs |'strasv clonal |iete emlieje a a lkere's »laees AS i iaokebalteee
eesti Merle sWacanll Chlanoall Yellannell eblleocall Cellseodlean. OO\ apreliag os
n¢\N ; [ah negli JS ec) ne evilierroniaeae
a 0. counted. .|2100} 800 600] 150|1000]1450] 450}1050)... . |1050|1500|2500|2900
Pa CEES | BO\Ciice ome elena ele h 0 |u| inne | tea nines |r ele 4g lessen
e& (|Perct.killed..|.... 79 84| 76] 90] 92] 96 93}----| 90| 97199.3| 100
at

scales alive in the beginning; 89 per cent of these dead on the
seventh day, when the first subsequent count was made, 94 per
cent. on the twelfth, and 98 per cent. on the twenty-second; effect,
May 12, the destruction of 98.9 per cent. August 20, five hundred
scales examined, none alive.

inch trunk and a sixteen-foot top.

84+

Tree No. r4.—This tree was thirteen feet high, with a six-

badly infested by the scale.

ing in this respect with No. 6 of Lot 1.

It was in good condition, but

It was treated but once with water,
thirty gallons being applied seven days after the insecticide, agree-

Forty-nine per cent. of

the scales were alive in the beginning. Eighty-three per cent. of

Lot IV. SPRAYED WITH LIME, SULPHUR, AND BLUE VITRIOL, MARCH 5.
F ce cuesnecn cera ts | ©
|e Scales! ORS UPS eR |S Vom lR a sah ule: lec ie ee
2 [ee ier cet ene yee ec el serellines ltreeae lnc all eames
; | |
No. counted. .} 300] 200}. 300, 400 300 200] 200) 500! 200
LS) RERieth, Alivess) 6 475... o% | sued camels coat | octet lo. sete steel ere el aera ieee ROS occ
Peret: killedo.|) 0c) 15|t 83] 806 3 Sy g1| 87/98 3} 100
|
No. counted. .| 100} 100 TOO LE O|! PLS O! ee cvail Oskcast ee tom liane 200).
AIA PEMCt valves) (STs Mec crsifatcctls cen | mcr |i See sx) | leroy teers Sis vere | eeers
Ire Cm aE IG tes gulloosalinaoall Gell lil Cellscoulldscollacadilacec 97
Nos counted: 300) rece. oe 300 300 200 150| 200
22TPenchwaliviecs|| 44 meet ieee aie 5 oars Pe aici (sic bee alle
Renctcihle dial tase |e lle 88}. 90 98 . 94} 98}.
No. counted..| 300}. 300 PASC A Ello Gaol 300 300 100
23 |Perct. alive..} 4o). SARE Rea cic facto! tas ance ad | earth
Penctiacilled aie cienc. 65 S8 raSaleoee | 92 88 | 100
No. counted. .| 200; 200 200 150) Soilos os | 200 200} 500 200
24 |Per ct. alive.. DI yee ere. Ee hall steel pdovors Eee see aeons epee srooilacerarel| eters
Per ct. killed..|.....| 38]. g2 PAN | ee, go 96| gg} 100
No. counted. .| 300] 200] 200) 200....].... BOO|isjace lees 300] 200]... .}
26 |Per ct.alive.. Ee Geen esa erie aon Weta) aces! lend (Scicalisenol isaac
Perict Killed csi asale) 35 1 Gol pode. O38] kevsvahetanrs 97| 87).
No. counted..} 250). 150, 200 ZOO | ice 5 [ares a 200} 500) 300
ZEHPERICt CAN VIE TS | HOlc cere srece-cilete ellis ctatel| serene) armerall eke acs eae teoaseel ete esa Sates
Perret cilled saeco. cen) 70 or sXe] [Serre haan 83/98 .6) 100
No. counted..| 200].. 300) 200). 200 300] 300) 500! 200
30 |Per ct. alive..| 4q|.. Gee Resales sf Ralls Gea ae icaleteeer a ec
Pernctucwledes| ws, 92]. aoe 83 93} 92) 100} 100
x { No. counted. .|1g50| 700] 500}1550] 750]1000 800 400) 500] 950|/1800/2000} 1000
wc oe a) hee ‘ : ie:
we PeL Cty aliviess|() Ad lsercelne ce Bit sete lanitet locate es iaorcilisterersll cxeveca | teseta| renee
an \ Perct. killed. .|...:.] 22) 66) (86) 93! 90]. 93] ‘91] “o%| 94) (92) Golroa
(

these had been killed by the fifth day, and, according to the sample

count made, 96 per cent. by the twenty-second day.

the percentage of destruction was 99.6.

scales examined; none alive.

By May 12,

August 20, one hundred

85

Tree No. 15.—A thirteen-foot tree, with a six-inch trunk and
an eighteen-foot top; in fair condition, but badly infested by the
scale, ‘This tree received no treatment with water until March 17,
when'15 gallons were applied—fourteen days after the application
of the insecticide, Tree No. 8 of Lot 1 is the companion tree.
Sixty-one per cent. of the scales on No. 15 were alive in the be-
ginning; 87 per cent. of these were dead on the fifth day; and 98
per cent. on the twenty-second day.

Tree No. 16.—A fifteen-foot tree, with an eight-inch trunk and
a fifteen-foot top; in fair condition, but badly infested. This tree
received no water treatment until the fourteenth day, when thirty
gallons were applied. Forty-eight per cent. of the scales alive
March 4; 81 per cent. of these dead on the fifth day, 92 per cent. on
the twelfth, 95 per cent. on the twenty-second day, with a final
average of 99.6 per cent. destroyed by May12. The corresponding
tree of the other lot is No.9. August 20, one hundred scales ex-
amined; none alive.

Tree No. 17.—An eighteen-foot tree, with a nine-inch trunk
and an eighteen-foot top; in poor condition, and badly infested. A
check tree, receiving no water treatment, the effect of the insecti-
cide being consequently modified only by the three rains described.
Forty-one per cent. of the scales alive in the beginning; 68 per cent.
of these dead in three days, 95 per cent. in twelve, and 99 per cent.
in twenty-two days.

Fourth Lot of Trees. Oregon Wash.

This lot is essentially a duplicate of Lot 2 except with respect
to the insecticide treatment, which was identical with that of Lot
3, and also with respect to the number of trees made use of, which
was eight in this lot and ninein Lot 2. All variations of experi-
ments with Lot 2 are represented in Lot 4 with the exception of
that for No. 29.

Tree No. 15.—A sixteen-foot apple-tree, with a nine-inch trunk
and a twenty-foot top; in fair general condition, but badly infested
by the scale. Treated, like No. 4 of Lot 2, with a single applica-
tion of fifteen gallons of water on the second day after the experi-
ment, coinciding with the first shower of rain. Forty-seven per
cent. of the scales alive when the insecticide was applied; 15 per
cent. of these dead on the second day, 83 per cent. on the fifth, and
87 per cent. on the twentieth day. By May 12, 98.3 per cent. of
the scales on this tree had been killed. August 20, two hundred
scales examined; none alive.

86

7ree No. 21.—A_ fifteen-foot peach-tree, with an eight-inch
trunk and an eighteen-foot top; in good condition, and but moder-
erately infested. This received the same water treatment as No. 27
of Lot 2, namely, one application of fifteen gallons of water on the
fifth day after the insecticide. Thirty-one per cent. of the scales
were alive in the beginning. None of them appeared to have been
killed on the second day thereafter, but 90 per cent. of these were
dead on the fifth day, and 97 percent. on the twentieth day.

Tree No. 22.—A peach-tree, thirteen-feet high with a six-inch
trunk and a twelve-foot spread; in poor condition, though but mod-
erately infested. Treated but once, and that on the tenth day after
the insecticide application, fifteen gallons of water being used.
The corresponding tree of the second lot was No. 35. Forty-four
per cent, of the scales alive in the beginning; 88 per cent. of these
dead on the fifth day, 90 per cent. on the thirteenth, and 98 per
cent. on the twentieth day.

Tree No. 23.—A fifteen-foot apple-tree, with an eight-inch
trunk and a fifteen-foot top; in poor condition, moderately infested.
This, like 32, treated with three daily water sprays of fifteen gal-
lons each on three days immediately following the insecticide
treatment—a duplicate in this respect of No. 32 of the second lot.
Forty-nine per cent. of the scales alive in the beginning; 65 per
cent. of these dead on the fourth day and 88 per cent. on the thir-
teenth, and 88 per cent, again on the twentieth day. August 20,
one hundred scales examined; none alive.

Tree No. 24.—A sixteen-foot peach-tree, with a six-inch trunk
and a nine-foot top; in fair condition, moderately infested. Treated
on two successive days, immediately following the insecticide appli-
cation, with fifteen gallons of water on each day, the second of these
treatments coinciding with the first day of rain. Forty-two per
cent. of the scales alive in the beginning; 38 per cent. of these dead
on the second day, 92 per cent. on the fifth, and 96 per cent.on the
twentieth, the final result being the destruction of 95 per cent.
of the scales. May 12, 99 per cent. of the scales on this tree had
been killed. August 20, two hundred scales were examined; none
alive.

Tree No. 26.—A twelve-foot peach-tree, with a six inch trunk
and an eleven-foot top; in very poor condition, though but moder-
ately infested. Treated, like No. 36 of the second lot, with fifteen
gallons of water on the day following the insecticide application,
and another fifteen gallons on the ninth day thereafter, that is, the
15th day of March. This last treatment coincided with the third

87

rainfall. Thirty-three per cent of the scales alive at first; 35 per
cent. of these dead on the second day, 68 per cent. on the fourth, 84
per cent. on the fifth, and 87 per cent. on the twentieth—when the
last count was made.

Tree No. 28.—A fourteen-foot peach-tree, with a five-inch
trunk and a ten-foot top; in very poor condition, though but mod-
erately infested with the scale. This tree was reserved as a check
upon the experiment, without water treatment of any kind, com-
paring in this respect with No. 20 of Lot 2. Fifty-eight per cent.
of the scales were alive on it in the beginning; 76 per cent. of these
were dead on the fifth day, and 83 per cent. on the twentieth. May
12, the ratio of destruction on this tree was 98.6 per cent. August
20, three hundred scales were examined; none alive.

Tree No. 30 —A twelve-foot apple-tree, with an eight-inch
trunk and a fourteen-foot top; in good condition, and but moder-
ately infested. Treated but once with water, that is with thirty
gallons on the next day after the application of the insecticide.
Forty-four per cent. of the scales alive in the beginning; 92 per
cent. of these found dead on the sample examined on the fifth day
after treatment, and the same ratio on thetwentieth day. May 12,
the ratio of destruction on this tree was 100 per cent. August 20,
two hundred scales examined; none alive.

Tue TENT EXPERIMENT.

All the preceding experiments were intended to test the effect
of artificial applications of water on the action of the two insecti-
cides, these applications being made in a way to simulate the ef-
fects of rainfall. They were interfered with slightly by the three
periods of light rain, the effects of which could not be clearly sep-
arated from those of the artificial treatment.

With a view to a test of the effects of rainfall, a small experi-
ment was undertaken in which two trees—one treated with the
California wash and the other with the Oregon wash—were cov-
ered with heavy canvas during the night and whenever rain threat-
ened by day. Two other trees were similarly treated and left at
all times exposed, and still two more, selected because of their
close correspondence to the experimental trees, were reserved with-
out treatment, as checks. ‘This experiment was begun March 20.
The trees selected (the only ones remaining available) were peach-
trees on high ground and light soil, heavily infested, and in very
poor condition. The drouth of the preceding season had affected
them very seriously, the young wood being largely killed, and only
29 per cent. of the young scales on them being still alive.

88

The weather was favorable to the experiment. The insecti-
cides were applied on the afternoon of March 20, and a slow fine
rain began at 5 p.m. of the same day and continued until nine
o'clock and for an unknown time into the night. Rain fell ina
continuous drizzle, broken by showers, the whole of the following
day, March 21, to an amount estimated by Mr. Titus at more than
thirty gallons per tree.

The temperature of the 20th was 24° at 7 a. m. and 57° at noon;
that of the 21st was 44° at 7 a. m. and 52° at noon, the wind from
the southeast both days. Observations on this experiment contin-
ued only until the 25th, but counts of the scales were made daily
up to that time—3,000 scales for the four experimental trees, and
2,050, for the two checks.

In this small experiment no differences of any significance
were made out in the action of the insecticides, the total general
effect being the destruction of approximately 95 per cent. of the
scales at the end of five days, and variations from this average in
the individual trees being too slight to take into account. So far as
any conclusion can be drawn from an experiment on so smalla
scale, we can only infer that a rainfall such as described, occurring
at the time of the insecticide treatment, would have no appreciable
effect on the action of either of the washes.

Errects OF RAIN AND WATER SPRAYS IN WASHING OFF DEAD
SCALES.

Noticing that many scales were loosened and washed away after
insecticide treatment of the trees, Mr. Titus made some careful
counts from day to day of selected lots of scales on the experimental
trees to determine the circumstances and the ratio of their diminu-
tioninnumbers. Selecting, tor example, a definite part of a branch,
counting a hundred scales on it when the insecticide was applied
and marking the area occupied by them, he counted them each day
thereafter for several days, and thus arrived at an exact conclusion
as to the effect of the fluid applications and the incidental rains.
Thus, on No. 1, 300 scales counted March 3 were reduced to 188 by
March 15—a loss of 37 per cent. On No. 11, 400 scales were re-
duced in the same time to 223—a loss of 44 per cent. Both these
trees, it will be remembered, were sprayed with the insecticide
March 3, and daily thereafter for one week with fifteen gallons of
water. On No. 3, 100 scales were re iuced in eight days to 72—a loss
of 28 per cent., this tree having been three times sprayed, with
fifteen gallons of water each time. On No. 6, sprayed once with
thirty gallons, the loss was 25 per cent. in eight days; and on No.

89

14, receiving the same treatment except that the insecticide used
was the Oregon instead of the California wash, the loss for the
same period was 11 per cent. No. 21, sprayed also but once, with
15 gallons of water, lost 20 per cent. of its scales in seven days; No.
42, exposed to rains for a day and a night, lost in five days 11 per
cent. of its scales; and No. 43, similarly exposed, lost 15 per cent.

The check trees 40 and 41, on the other hand, kept without
treatment of any kind, lost within five days but four scales out of
five hundred counted.

It was further apparent from observations made in the field
that a brief but hard and dashing rain would detach many more
scales than a light rain longer continued, and that a fine misty rain
did not loosen the scales at all.

PRACTICAL CONCLUSIONS.

The foregoing described observations and experiments go to
show that both the Oregon wash of lime, sulphur, and blue vit-
riol, and the California wash of lime, sulphur, and salt, prepared
as described on page 72, are extremely valuable insecticides for
winter use in Illinois for the destruction of the San Jose scale; that
their effect is produced gradually, and is not altogether complete
within a period of three weeks; and that frequent rains will not
noticeably diminish their final action even when these come within
the first five days after the insecticide treatment.

Both washes are entirely harmless to any leafless tree, and
hence may be freely used in winter (but in winter only) for all
kinds of trees, shrubs, and vines. Although the effect of these two
washes as shown by an inspection made ten weeks after the appli-
cation, was practically the same—each destroying by that time
about 99.2 per cent. of the scales alive at the beginning of the ex-
periment, there is considerable evidence in my data that the Ore-
gon wash acts a little more promptly than the California wash, as
shown, for example, by a comparison of effects at the end of a
three weeks’ period. Atthis time 88.5 per cent. of the scales had
been killed by the California wash and 94.5 per cent. by the
Oregon wash, a difference of 6 per cent. in favor of the latter;
and if the comparison be limited to those trees which were not
sprayed with water in the earlier days of the experiment, we
find that the corresponding ratios are 90 per cent. of destruction
for the California wash and 95 per cent, for the Oregon wash.

A comparison of the insecticide effect of these washes with
that of the well-known whale-oil soap solution, two pounds to the
gallon, shows that there is a slight difference in favor of the lime

90

aud sulphur washes, the ratios of living scales at the end of ten
weeks being a little more than twice as great for the whale-oil soap
as for the other insecticides. These ratios were, however, so small
in both cases (39 scales out of 5,000 for the soap, and 35 out of 9,000
for the washes) that this difference need hardly be taken into ac-
count.

The cost of the lime and sulphur washes is less than one fifth
that of the whale-oil soap, amounting to $1.12 per hundred gallons
for the former in our experiments, and to $6.50 for the latter. The
quantity of the washes actually used in the Summerfield experi-
ments averaged five gallons per tree, at a cost of five and a half
cents. This is about the same as the average cost of treatment
with the kerosene emulsion, and but a little more than one third
the cost per tree of treatment with whale-oil soap. Over the
emulsion, the western washes have the inestimable advantage that
they never injure the tree; and compared with whale-oil soap they
are not only much cheaper and slightly more effective, but they are
also to be preferred because they leave the fruit buds uninjured—
even those of the peach—at whatever time of the winter they are
applied.

It is possible that their use may be still further cheapeued by
experiments showing the precise amount necessary to produce the
full effect-—a point not covered by our work at Summerfield, where
both washes were used more freely, perhaps, than is meces-
sary in practical work.

EXPERIMENTS AND OBSERVATIONS ON THE
USE Or sCRUDE PETROLEUM AND
PURE “KEROSENE FOR. THE
SAN JOSE SCALE.

AT CARTERVILLE, ILL.

For the purpose of contributing to a knowledge of the val-
ues of these insecticides, and also as a_ basis for recommenda-
tions to Illinois fruit growers, I provided early in 1902 for a
small series of careful experiments to be made at Carterville, on
trees infested by the San Jose scale. The insecticide sprays
were applicd March 12 and 15 by the field entomologist of the
office, Mr. EK. S. G. Titus, and the results were tested by in-
spections made by him April 29 and June 15 of the same year.
It was a part of my object to show the best that these insecticides
could do under ordinarily favorable conditions, and I consequently
chose for the experiment a time commonly regarded as most favor-
able to their use, that during which danger of injury to the most
sensitive kinds of trees is at a minimum. The fruit-buds of all the
trees treated were much swollen at the date of the experiment in
southern Illinois, but neither these nor the leaf buds had as yet
begun to open.

‘The materials used were crude petroleum (an Ohio oil of 36% °

specific gravity by the Beaumé test) and common kerosene——bought
from the Standard Oil Company and flashing at 143° to 145°. A
Morrill & Morley pump was used in the experiment, with a heavy
Ss-inch hose, a 12-foot bamboo rod, and a Caswell nozzle. The
spraying was very carefully done under the immediate supervision
of Mr. Titus, and the smallest possible amount of the oils was used
that would thoroughly coat the tree. On one peach- and one pear-
tree, however, a heavy but very fine spray was applied. None of
the trees were sprayed sufliciently to cause them to drip.

The weather of the time was fair and sunny throughout.

Fifty-two trees were sprayed in all--thirty-one with kerosene
and twenty-one with crude oil. They were in two orchards, one

Ol

9?

belonging to Mr. Rk. H. H. Hampton, a half-mile east of Carter-
ville, and the other to Mr. A. D. McNeill, three and a quarter
miles northeast of thesame town. ‘The Hampton orchard was ona
very adhesive yellow clay, originally in jack oak ( Quercus obtusi-
foba), and a part of it was practically new land, The orchard of
Mr. McNeill was on higher ground, and had been in cultivation
tor many years,

The trees chosen for the experiment were apple, cherry, pear,
and peach, the apple and peach predominating. Only a part of
them were infested by the San Jose scale, the others being sprayed
as a test of the effect of the insecticide on the tree. Thirty-
one trees were treated with pure kerosene,--nine of them
apple-trees, seventeen peach, two cherry, and three pear,——and
twenty-one were treated with the crude oil—ten of them apple,
seven peach, one cherry, and three pear. The trees were very
unequal in size, ranging from five to fifteen feet in height, and
from two to thirteen feet in diameter of top. They were also quite
unequal in condition, two of them being partially dead, two de-
scribed as very poor, seven as poor, sixteen as fair, and twenty-five
as good. But seventeen of the trees were infested with the scale;
eight of them apple-trees and nine peach. The degree of infesta-
tion varied from slight to bad, the greater part of the trees being
only moderately infested.

June 15 no living scales could be found on any of these trees
except on three apple-trees originally badly infested, two of which
had been treated with kerosene and one with crude petroleum; and
on these, living specimens were reported as rare. No injury what-
ever was done by either insecticide to apple-, pear-, or cherry-trees,
the peach being the only kind injuriously affected.

Of the twenty-four peach-trees, only four escaped all injury.
Three of these had been sprayed with kerosene and one with crude
petroleum. Five of the twenty-four trees were dead by June 15,
(two, however, having been partly dead in the beginning); nine
suffered a slight or temporary injury; and the tops of six were
badly damaged, mainly by the killing of the terminal twigs.
Kleven of these twenty-four peach-trees were only two years old
and none of these youngs trees were injured permanently or
seriously. Those reported damaged at the first inspection, April
29, had fully recovered and thrown out a vigorous growth of
young wood by the 15th of June, with the exception of a single
tree which still showed injury to the upper terminal twigs.
Several of the older trees, on the other hand, which appeared un-
injured April 29, were found badly damaged on the second visit.

93

They were evidently more slowly but more seriously affected by
the spray than the younger and more vigorous trees.

By August 20, when a final inspection of these trees was made,
all except the peach were still in good condition, and many were
bearing excellent crops. Four of the peach-trees slightly injured
in the beginning had rallied completely and showed no trace of
the treatment, and thirteen were now dead or nearly so,

So far as this experiment goes it may be held to show that ap-
ple-, pear-, and cherry-trees may be safely treated with either pure
kerosene or crude petroleum—the latter of rather light specific
gravity—provided the application is made after spring conditions
are well established and the fruit-buds have begun to swell, and
provided also that care is taken not to apply the spray more freely
than is necessary fairly to coat the surface of the bark. Both in-
secticides were very effective, killing very nearly every scale on
the infested trees. The peach, on the other hand, was endangered
by both applications even under the favorable conditions indicated,
very young trees suffering somewhat but recovering promptly,
while older ones were either injured slightly or seriously, or, in a
few cases, killed outright.

The McNeillorchard was badly infested with canker-worms, but
it was noticed April 29 that the bark of all trees which had been
sprayed with crude petroleum was coated with a gummy black
residue,—the non-volatile portion of the oil,— and that all trees in
this condition were entirely free from canker-worms. ‘The bark
of a tree sprayed with kerosene, on the other hand, was perfectly
clean, and on this the canker-worms were abundant. [rom this it
would seem that the gummy coating left by the crude petroleum is
an effective protection against these insects.

A’ CATAWBA ISLAND, OHIO,

The above conclusion with reference to the danger of the
use of crude oil for the peach, even under favorable spring con-
ditions, is notably confirmed by a report made to me by Inspector
Ky. C. Green, of my office, of a visit made late in May, 1902, to
the Catawba Island district, in northern Ohio, where about
three car-loads of crude oil had been used in March and April
of this year. Of 40,398 trees examined by him 3,237 had been
killed, 2,878 were dead in the top, 6,232 others had been seri-
ously injured, and 21,603 slightly so, only 6,448 remaining with-
out injury. Or, stated in ratios, 16 per cent. were unhurt, 54 per
cent. were slightly injured and 15 per cent. seriously so, 7 per cent,

94

were killed as to the top, and 8 per cent. were killed outright.

The oil used was from Pennsylvania and known as ‘‘Scio”’ oil,
but the particulars as to its specific gravity were not obtained.
In all cases but one the pure oil had been used. In this excep-
tional instance a 26 per cent. mechanical mixture of crude oil and
water had been applied to 8,700 trees with the effect to injure
practically all of them. ‘The injury was slight in all except about
one hundred trees, fifty of which were killed as to the top, and
fifty more were wholly dead The slighter injuries in this case
took the form of the killing of an occasional branch, as if the oil
had acted unevenly.

One owner, who had been favorably impressed with the results
of the use of crude oil in 1901, applied it very thoroughly this
year, using twelve barrels on 3,000 trees. He sprayed in April,
from four directions, following the changes of the wind, but some
trees were finished by spraying against the wind because a favor-
able change did not occur. At the time of the inspection 75 of
these trees were dead, and 1,000 were killed to the trunk, making it
necessary to grow new heads.

In another instance eight barrels of oil were used on 2,000
trees, the operation being intrusted to an ordinary hired man.
Nine hundred of these trees were dead or worthless when examined,
and 500 more were practically dead to the trunk, requiring the
tops to be renewed. This orchard was sprayed in March and
April, from two directions, with the wind.

In still another, seven barrels were sprayed on 2,500 trees from
two directions, each time with the wind, each tree receiving a little
over a pint of the oil in all. Only about 500 of these trees were
slightly injured, and the remainder were in good condition except
that many living scales were left, the spray apparently not having
reached all parts of the bark.

“The general impression,” says Mr. Green, ‘‘among those who
have used the oil is that the smallest part over what is needed to
dampen the surface of the wood is likely to cause serious injury or
the death of the tree. The inquirer is told to use the finest Caswell
nozzle and, holding this four feet from the branches to be sprayed,
to allow the mist to drift with the wind through the head of the
tree. When the wind changes the other side of the tree may be
treated in like manner, but any attempt, even on a quiet day, to
treat a tree completely at one time is almost certain to cause disas-
trous results. One is further cautioned to start work on the wind-
ward side of an orchard, so that a tree once treated will not get the
drift from a tree subsequently treated on the windward side. It is

95

further advised not to hold the nozzle near a branch, or to pause
at any one place, for in such cases death to the branch usually
results.

‘“To the casual observer it would seem that the people who
have used crude oil devote so much of their attention to the niceties
of spraying, in order to prevent injury to trees, that the original
cause for treatment, the scale, is almost forgotten. [xcept in one
orchard very little thorough work was seen, and I should think it
probable that not over 50 per cent. of the scale insects on treated
orchards throughout the Island had been destroyed.”

EXPERIMENTS WITH SUMMER WASHES FOR
THE SAN JOSE SCATTER,

July 12 and 13, 1902, an experiment with two summer washes
for the San Jose scale was tried in southern Illinois by my field
assistant, Mr. EK. S. G. Titus, the results of which were learned by
an inspection made August 15. The insecticides used were a kero-
sene emulsion with whale-oil soap, containing ten per cent. of
kerosene; and a mixture of soda, potash, sulphur, and whale-oil
soap known as the ‘‘Los Angeles Co. Wash No. 5.”

In the preparation of the latter three pounds of sulphur and one
pound each of caustic potash and caustic soda were boiled for an
hour in two gallons of water. At the same time a solution of
twenty pounds of whale-oil soap was made by boiling, and at the
end of the hour, the materials being all dissolved, they were mixed,
boiled fifteen minutes longer, and then diluted with one hundred
gallons of hot water and used at once, while hot.

Fifty-eight trees infested with the San Jose scale were thor-
oughly sprayed with this wash, forty-nine of them apple and nine
of them peach. The Morrill and Morley pump was used with a
single Vermorel nozzle. ‘The weather was clear and extremely hot
and dry. Theapple-trees were nearly all heavily infested. Sev-
eral of them were almost completely incrusted with the scales,
which extended out to the small limbs not more than a quarter of
an inch in diameter, and were plentifully distributed over the fruit.
The peach-trees were little infested, or not at all, and were sprayed
mainly to test the effect of the application on the tree.

With a view to determining the condition of the insects at the
time, 7,900 scales on ten trees were critically examined, and from
eighty-seven to ninety-nine per cent. of them were found alive, the
average for the lot being ninety-five per cent.

August 15a great many scales on these trees were found to
have been killed, the larger proportioa apparently on trees slightly
infested. The vast majority were, however, still alive, and crawl-

ing young were numerous on the smaller branches, leaves, and
90

97

fruit of those most heavily incrusted. The wash had apparently
taken effect only onthe crawling young, together with a small per-
centage of those most recently fixed. ‘The older insects seemed to
have been uninjured, and reproduction had gone on unchecked, the
young scales establishing themselves upon the tree without seem-
ing hindrance from the treatment given,

Four trees, two apple and two peach, sprayed at the same time
with a ten per cent. kerosene and soap emulsion, were found July
12 in practically the same condition as those treated with the
caustic wash, except that fewer of the scales had been killed.

It appears from this experiment that these summer washes,
thoroughly applied, will destroy only the young scales, and will
thus serve at best asa slight and temporary check upon the in-
crease and spread of the pest. No injurious effect was shown on
any of the trees with the exception of a slight burning of a few of
the leaves by the Los Angeles wash—-just enough to show that it
could not have been safely used in any greater strength.

ON THE PRINCIPAL NURSERY PESTS) Eiae eo
TO- BE, DISTRIBUTED cUN sha ie.

The State of Illinois has now undertaken by legislative enact-
ment to prevent, so far as reasonably practicable, the introduction,
maintenance, and spread in this state of the fungus and insect
parasites of fruit and ornamental trees and shrubs; and as an
important feature of this program of state control a system of nur-
sery inspection has been established substantially identical with
that now maintained in many other American states. It is the
object of this inspection to insure as fully as possible the freedom
of nursery stock, as delivered to customers, from injurious insect
and fungus pests likely to continue as a cause of loss or damage in
the orchard or on the premises of the purchaser.

A distinction must be made in practice between those insects and
fungous diseases injurious to the property of the nurseryman, but
from their nature not likely to be conveyed by the dormant tree
stripped of its leaves, and those which continue on the affected tree
or shrub through the winter ina condition to revive and spread with
the renewal of growth after transplantation. The nursery inspec-
tion is made under our law primarily for the protection of customers
of nurserymen, and only secondarily for the benefit of the nursery-
men themselves; and on this account, first and most careful atten-
tion is naturally given by our horticultural inspectors to those
pests which are capable of being distributed through the nursery
trade. A slight and seemingly insignificant appearance of an
insect or fungus of this description in the nursery rows may be far
more important from the inspector’s point of view than an extraor-
dinary outbreak of some other form highly injurious in the nursery
itself, but left behind when the stock is shipped.

It is greatly to the interest of the nurseryman that he should
be able to detect and recognize on their first appearance all those
injuries and diseases which by conveyance to his customers must
seriously affect his trade, and which, by rendering his premises

liable to an official quarantine, may embarrass his operations at a
98

99

critical time. To meet this requirement I have prepared the fol-
lowing brief paper, which isa re-statement merely of the essential
facts concerning the most important nursery pests likely to occur
in Illinois nurseries and to spread abroad in spring or fall in the
course of the regular nursery trade. Although written primarily
for nurserymen, it may be found useful also to purchasers of nursery
stock as an aid to an intelligent inspection of their own purchases,
and as a means of protection against injury through the unnoticed
admission to their premises of dangerous fungus and insect pests.

In making a choice of subjects for this purpose I have had the
advantage of the results of several years’ nursery inspection in this
state, and have naturally given prominence to those diseases and
pests commonest and most dangerous in Illinois nurseries at the
present time. I have, however, further included under this discus-
sion a small number of both fungus and insect species hitherto un-
known to the nurserymen of this state, but liable to appear here at
any time.

About thirty pests of the nursery have been selected for treat-
ment, and these are nearly equally divided between insects and
fungi. The most important insect species of this list are the San
Jose scale, the woolly aphis, the peach-borer, and the pear-leaf mite
causing the ‘‘blister” of that leaf; and the most important fungous
diseases are the blight of the pear and apple, the crown-gall, the
root-rot, the apple-scab, and anthracnose of the raspberry and black-
berry. These and the less important forms of disease and insect
injury may be distinguished with little difficulty by a careful study
of specimens in connection with the brief descriptions following.

CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION OF THE INSECT AND FUNGUS
PESTS OF THE NURSERY MOST IMPORTANT TO THE
NursSERY TRADE.

INJURIOUS TO THE Roots.

1. Zhe Woolly Aphis (p. 106).

Attacks the apple. Forms irregular knots or swellings of
various sizes on the roots, most numerous on the larger roots and
near their origin. These outgrowths are smooth and soft when
fresh, but become hard and rough when dry. Noots more or less
covered with whitish collections of small sluggish insects, giving
them a moldy look, these insects often appearing above ground,
especially upon knots, scars, or other roughened surfaces of trunks
and branches. Winters on roots as an inactive or dormant insect,
and on the bark as an egg.

100

2. The Black Peach-Aphis (p. 107).
A short, broad, shining brownish-black aphis, infesting the -
_ roots of the peach and plum, and appearing also on the twigs, buds,
and leaves. Winters asa developed insect on the roots.

3. The Crown-gall (p. 110).

A conspicuous wrinkled or roughened knot with a wart-like
surface, growing most commonly from the crown of the tree or its
vicinity. Especially likely to start from a grafting scar or other
place of injury. Sometimes also borne by the larger roots or
appearing on the trunk above ground. Affects nearly all deciduous
fruits, including the apple, peach, apricot, pear, raspberry, black-
berry, cherry, plum, grape, and quince. Believed to be contagious,
and is often fatal, especially to young trees. Not certainly the
same disease, however, on all of these kinds of fruits.

4. The Root-rot (p. 111).

A destructive, contagious, and incurable disease of the roots of
trees, due to certain toadstool fungi, and resulting in the death and
decay of the roots and the gradual destruction of the tree. Strings
and sheets of white fungous growth between the bark and wood of
the dead root, and black threads or cords of fungus mycelium run-
ning over the surface of the roots and through the dirt. Toadstools
spring from the base of the trunk of badly affected trees, and masses
of gum also exude about thecrown. Commonest on old woodlands.

INJURIOUS TO THE BARK OR Woop.
5. The Woolly Aphis (p. 106).
(See above under No. 1).

6. Scale Insects or Bark-lice (p. 112).

Minute inactive insects, in most species concealed beneath thin,
nearly structureless scales which adhere to the surface of bark or
leaf. Colors varying, according to kind, from snow-white to gray
or dark brown or even sooty black, and form likewise varying from
circular to oval or linear. Some species wintering as eggs under
the dry scale, and others as developed but dormant insects partly
or fully grown. Various species infest practically all varieties of
trees and shrubs.

7. Ihe Peach-tree Borer (p. 121).

A yellowish white, grub-like caterpillar, about an inch long,
with dark head and neck and eight pairs of legs. Mines the bark
and sap-wood of the peach, plum, apricot, and cherry, commonly
within a foot or soof the ground, causing profuse exudations of
gum, Winters beneath the bark under ground or within the ex-
uded gummy mass.

101

8. Pear-blight, Apple-bleht, Fire-blight, Twig-blight (p. 124).

A contagious disease of the pear, apple, and quince, caused by
bacteria multiplying within the living substance of the tree. Young
growth dies rapidly, beginning at the tips of the twigs, the leaves
and bark soon becoming first reddish and then almost inky black
and drying up. Continues dormant in the diseased tissues through
the winter, and may revive and spread in spring.

9. Black-knot (p. 125).

A contagious fungous disease of the plum and the cherry, pro-
ducing rough, hard, sooty-black warts or knots on the twigs or
branches, often extending for several inches along one side.

10. Peach Fruit-spot (p. 127).

A fruit disease of the peach, apricot, cherry, and plum due to
the fungus Cladosporium carpophilum. Affects also the twigs of
nursery stock, producing there purple blotches on the bark which
may crack open when the attack is severe. Conveyed from tree to
tree and from twig to fruit. Also attacks the leaves, producing
small holes. On the fruit makes dull brown or black spots, which
may run together, sometimes covering the surface of the peach.
The diseased skin often cracks, admitting spores of the rot fungus.

11. Anthracnose of Raspberry (p 126).

A fungous disease of the raspberry and blackberry, producing
small purple spots on the bark, which become gray with a purple
rim as they expand. Spreads to leaf-stem and leaves. Dormant
on old canes in winter.

INJURIOUS TO THE LEAF OR Bun.

12. Flant-lice, or Aphides (pp. 127-129).

Small sluggish insects, clustered in great numbers on the under
surface of leaves. Most abundant on the younger growth. The
greater part wingless, but most kinds with a varying percentage of
winged individuals intermingled. Often much visited by ants.
Many species, infesting nearly all kinds of plants. Cause curling
of leaves and dwarfing of the season’s growth. Usually pass the
winter in the egg on buds and twigs, hatching in early spring.

13. The Apple Leaf-crumpler (p. 129).

Found in winter as a half-grown caterpillar in clusters of dead
leaves webbed together and fastened to twigs of apple-trees.
Protected by a slender, crooked, leathery tube within this leaf
cluster. Comes out in spring and feeds upon the leaves, the buds,
and even the bark of the youngest growth. Commonest on the
apple, but found also on the plum, cherry, peach, and quince.

102

14. Zhe Pear-leaf Blister (p. 132).

Black blister-like spots on the pear leaf, reddish or green when
young, an eighth of an inch or more in diameter. Thickly sprink-
ling the surface when abundant, or running together to cover
nearly the whole leaf. Caused by a minute four-legged mite,
which winters under the bud-scales and infests the young leaves as
they put forth in spring.

15. The Tent-caterpillar (p. 134).

In winter, a thick belt of eggs encircling the twig in a way to
form a spindle-shaped mass three quarters of an inch in length.
In June, a colony of dark caterpillars, two inches long when full
grown, marked with blue, yellow, and black along the sides. A
close, tent-like web spun asa shelter and retreat across the forks
of branches in spring and enlarged as the growth of the colony
requires.

16. The Bag-worm (p. 135).

In winter, soft, oval, sack-like bodies, one to one and a half
inches long, more or less covered with a layer of leaves. Pointed
at both ends and fastened to the twig or branch by one of them.
Many of these bags contain masses of eggs, which hatch in May or
June. Young caterpillars form for themselves a portable case, en-
larged as they grow, and feed on the leaves of fruit and ornamental
trees in nurseries and orchards. Much the commonest on ever-
greens, but sometimes injurious to the apple and other fruits.

17. The Tussock-moth (p. 136).

A beautiful small caterpillar, strikingly ornamented with long
black tufts of hair from both ends of the body, and with four short
pad-like brushes from the back, behind the coral-red head. Winters
as amass of eggs attached to a gray cocoon and concealed in one
or more dead leaves fastened to a twig of apple, plum, willow, or
other fruit or ornamental tree,

18. The Apple-scab (p. 137).

A disease of the leaves and fruit produced by the scab fungus
(Fusicladium dendriticum). First appearing in early spring on the
leaves in the form of soot-colored spots with indefinite margins and
of various sizes. Causes holes in the leaf, these deadened blotches
breaking through and dropping out; or the whole leaf may blacken,
curl up, and fall. Appears also on the fruit, causing a black crust
or scab. Common in nurseries, especially on the oldertrees. Af-
fects apples of all kinds.

19. The Pear-blight (p. 124).

(See above under No. 8.)

103

20. Zhe Leaf-spots.

Discolored spots and blotches on leaves, due to various fungus
species and affecting various trees. Injurious in the nursery and
carried over the winter either on dead leaves or on the bark of
twigs.

WINTER ForRMS AND APPEARANCES OF THE PRINCIPAL

Nursery PEstvTs.

As nursery stock is prepared for shipment only during the dor-
mant season of vegetable and insect life, the winter location and
condition of the pests and parasites of the nursery is of special
importance to both buyer and seller in the nursery trade. Only
those insects and fungi which pass the dormant season on the tree
or shrub are likely to be delivered with the stock, and the form or
state in which they appear at that time must determine the meth-
ods of inspection, of prevention, and of remedy.

The parasites of tree and shrub which infest the root are
usually to be found there dormant in winter, but alive throughout
the year: the woolly aphis, the black peach-aphis, the crown-gall,
and the root-rot are examples. Those on or in the bark are either
the eggs of such insects as bark-lice or plant-lice; or living stages
of the former, like the San Jose scale; or dormant stages of fungus
parasites, such as the black-kuot, the leaf-spots, and the apple-
scab. In or beneath the bark or wood living borers may some-
times be found inactive through the winter; and fastened to the
twigs are bunches of eggs, like those of the tent-caterpillar, the
bag-worm, or the tusso ck-moth; or partly grown insects hidden in
curious nests—the apple leaf-crumpler for example.

The following synoptical descriptions of these objects will
serve for their identification in winter, as found on the tree.

1. Tufts of dead leaves or similar objects fastened by webbing to
twigs or branches.

A tough, slender, leathery tube within the cluster of dead

leaves and containing a small, dark, living caterpillar. (Iig.16.)

The apple leaf-crumpler.

A grayish empty cocoon within, with a thick patch of white

eggs upon it which are cemented together to form a grayish

smooth mass. (Fig. 25.) The tussock-moth,

A soft bag, an inch or more in length, pointed at both ends,

and fastened by one to a branch or twig. Contains a mass of

several hundred globular eggs. (Fig. 22.) The bag-worm.

104

2. Naked insects’ eggs on the branches, twigs, or buds.
Forming a spindle-shaped girdle around the twig, about three
fourths of an inch long, composed of cylindrical eggs attached
by one end and imbedded ina brownish cement. (Fig. 20.)
The tent-caterpillar.
Minute, slender, oval, shining jet-black eggs, fastened singly
to the twigs and buds. Plant-lice (Aphides).
3. Thin, scale-like objects, fastened to the bark; usually small,
and white, gray, or dark. Some kinds with a mass of minute eggs
beneath; others with a small, living but motionless insect. Also
soft, lump-like, smooth, motionless bodies on the bark, more or less
hemispherical in form. (Fig. 5-12.)
Scale tnsects or bark-lice ( Coccide ).
4. White, grub-like caterpillars, about an inch long or less, with
dark heads. Buried in the bark or sap-wood of the peach ator
below the surface of the ground, or sometimes, when young, in
masses of exuded gum. The peach-tree borer.
5. Living insects on the roots.
Forming whitish, mold-like patches on apple roots; the latter
much deformed by knots, galls, or tubercles of various size.

(Bie. 1, x 4) The woolly aphts.
Small sluggish, wingless black insects, naked on the roots of
peach or plum. (Fig. 2.) The black peach-aphis.

6. Forming knots or galls on the surface of root, trunk, or branch.
Rough, warty black knots and tumors on twigs and branches
of the plum, chiefly along one side. (Fig. 14.) Zhe dlack knot.
Thick, rough, warty outgrowths from the crown of the tree or
shrub, or sometimes from the larger roots near the trunk.
(Mig. 1; Fig. 4 2,3.) The crown-gall,
Irregular gall-like thickenings of the roots or outgrowths from
them; often very numerous. The roots themslves deformed
and contorted. (Fig. 1, 3 4.) The woolly aphis.

7. Trees of unhealthy look; often with gummy exudations and

clusters of toadstools about the base of the trunk. Some of the

roots dead, with sheets or bands of a white leathery growth, smell-
ing like mushrooms, between the bark and wood of the dead root.
The root-rot.

8. Discolored specks, spots, or blotches on the bark, especially

that of the younger growth.

Irregular gray blotches with purple edges on the blackberry
and raspberry. Anthracnose.
Blackish or purplish spots on the young twigs.

Various /ea/-spots or the apple-scad,

CROWN
GALL.

Piet 1.

105

The WooLiy APHIS and the CROWN-GALL.

APHIS
GALL.

(Original .)

106

DESCRIPTION AND DISCUSSION OF SPECIES.

THE Woo.tty APHIs.
(Schizoneura lanigera.)

This insect is especially injurious to young apple-trees, first in
the nursery and then in the orchard. It is most abundant and
does its principal damage on the roots of the trees, but spreads
also to the bark above ground, where it is particularly likely to
appear on the young sprouts which start up from the root of an
injured or unhealthy tree. Where abundant it forms bluish-white
cottony patches, not unlike some kinds of mold, which on careful
examination are seen to consist of a crowd or layer of minute slug-
gish insects, their bodies covered with acottony coating which gives
the general effect described. They are usually most abundant on
the roots, but sometimes appear above ground also on the bark of
the trunk or branches. On the exposed parts of the tree they are
most likely to be noticed about the collar and at the forks of the
principal branches, or wherever an injury to the bark has left a
scar. When trees ina nursery or young orchard havea sickly look—
the leaves dull and yellowish—and are not growing well, the pres-
ence of this insect on their roots may be suspected even though
there may be no appearance of it on the bark above ground. If
the roots of such an infested tree be examined they will commonly
be found distorted and deformed with hard knot-like enlargements,
many of them almost dead, or even in course of decomposition.
(Fig. 1,34.) These gall-like growths occur on roots of all sizes to
a depth of a foot or more beneath the surface. Unless the tree is
so far gone that the insects have deserted it, they will commonly
be found upon these injured roots at all seasons of the year.

The apple is the only tree liable to attack by this insect, the
current supposition that it may live on the roots of forest trees
being an error due to confusion of injury by the woolly aphis with
that by the root-rot. As it lives underground at all seasons of the
year it comes to infest more or less generally the soil itself,
although this may be cleared of it by a few months’ thorough culti-
vation sufficient to destroy effectively all living apple roots. Like
many other plant-lice, the woolly aphis multiplies throughout
the greater part of the year by the birth of living young from gen-
erations of wingless females only, but in October or November
winged females appear somewhat abundantly, and, flying freely,
especially before the wind, distribute the species widely. From
these descend in the same autumn a generation of males and
females, the latterof which eventually lay each a single winter egg.

107

This is commonly placed within a crevice of the bark, and hatch-
ing in spring gives rise to a new colony. ‘There may be more or
less migration back and forth from the groups above ground to
those on the roots at almost any time of the summer and fall.

This insect is universally distributed and extremely common
both in orchards and nurseries, becoming evidently more so to the
southward. Being highly injurious to young trees it is a difficult
pest to deal with in the nursery trade. It probably cannot be
wholly eradicated from an infested nursery, and perhaps can never
be completely and permanently kept out of a new plantation.
Fortunately trees a few years old, once well established, commonly
suffer but little from its presence, and our preventive and remedial
measures must consequently be directed to the preservation of
young stock. No tree whose roots are visibly injured by the woolly
aphis should be allowed to go from a nursery, and none in the least
infested by it should be sent out until the roots have been freed
from it by an insecticide application.

The simplest method of destruction of the aphis on the roots is
dipping for a few seconds in water kept heated to 130°-150° Fahr.
Where heat cannot be conveniently maintained kerosene emulsion,
diluted to contain about ten per cent. of kerosene, may be sub-
stituted, In the nursery, seedlings or graftings may be protected
by using tobacco dust freely in the trenches in which they are
planted, or by sprinkling tobacco dust in a shallow furrow along
each side of the nursery row as closely as possible to the tree, and
afterwards covering loosely with earth. Infested trees should not
be sent out from the nursery except after fumigation with hydro-
cyanic acid gas or after dipping the roots in hot water or in kero-
sene emulsion. Trees with aphis galls or knots on the roots should
be thrown out and burned. ‘Those which have been longest in
the nursery are commonly the worst infested. Culls kept from
year to year are, in most parts of the state, certain to be mere
nurseries for the multiplication of these and other destructive
insects. In preserving overgrown trees in the hope of making a
cheap sale, the nurseryman usually ‘‘saves the penny and loses
the pound.”

THe Brack PrRAcH-APHIs.
(Aphis prunicola. )

The Illinois nursery inspectors have not yet reported the occur-

rence on peach nursery stock in this state of the black aphis of the

peach—a species highly injurious and indeed seriously destructive
to young nursery trees in some of the eastern states, and prac-

108

tically certain to appear sooner or later in Illinois. In fact it may
be already present in our peach orchards, since no especial atten-
tion has lately been given to peach insects in this state.

As it passes the winter upon the roots of infested trees it is
extremely likely to be transmitted in the nursery trade. and it has
been frequently reported to have been introduced into new districts
by this means. Slingerland mentions, for example, a New York
orchardist who brought the black peach-aphis into his orchard by
replacing trees which had died by young trees from an infested
Delaware nursery. As far back as 1892 it was very common
throughout the great peach-growing districts of New Jersey, Dela-
ware, Maryland, and Virginia, ranking in destructiveness next to
the disease known as peach-yellows. Nearly one hundred thou-
sand trees were killed in a single nursery in one of thesestates
within two or three weeks in 1890, while many other large nur-
series were badly affected and some entirely destroyed.

The presence of this peach aphis upon the roots is indicated,
according to Slingerland, by a stunting or dwarfing of the young
trees such that those three or four years old have sometimes made
scarcely any growth. The leaves are light green or yellowish,
more or less rolled at the margin, and often spotted with red and
purple from the effects of fungi. Ifthe aphis becomes very abun-
dant thetree dies outright, and another set in its place takes the
same fatal course. Certain parts of the orchard may thus come

Fig.2. THE BLACK PEACH-APHIS, Fig. 3. THE BLACK PEACH-APHIS,
wingless female. winged female.

to be regarded as ‘‘dead spots,” owing to the continuance of the
black aphis in the earth. The principal injury is done under-
ground, butsome times the insect will appear in great numbers
upon the twigs and leaves, causing the usual curling of the foliage
and dwarfing of the terminal growth.

It occurs in two forms, one wingless (Fig. 2) and the other pro-
vided with large transparent wings (Fig.3). The wingless insect is

CROWN GALL.

Fig. 4. CROWN-GALL: 1, 2, on peacn; 3, 4, two of the amoeboid germs causing crown-gall, with successive figures
showing constant change of form, drawn at intervals of two and one minutes respectively; 5, 6, crown-
galls produced by artificial infection of almond seedlings, the first by inserting bits of galls into slits
in the bark, the latter by mixing the bits with the sand in which it was planted.

110

nearly a tenth of an inchin length and of a shining brownish-black
color, with yellowish bands uponthelegs. It is short and broad for
a plant-louse, and very broadly rounded behind. The winged louse
is of the same shining black color but is more slender than the
form just described, with the abdomen less rounded at the tip.
Several generations succeed each other during the season, the
young being brought forth alive.

If this aphis should make its appearance in the nursery no
peach stock should be sent out without careful fumigation, unless
it should chance to be more convenient to dip the roots in kerosene
emulsion diluted to contain about 5 per cent. of kerosene. Of
course ground from which peach-trees infested by the aphis have
been dug should not be set to peaches again, but should be used
for some other stock. As the insect is not known to attack injuri-
ously any other kind of tree, although it has been found on the
plum, the resulting inconvenience will be slight.

THE CROWN-GALL.

This is a dark, rough, abruptly protruding tumor (Fig. 1, 1.2;
Fig. 4), growing most commonly from the crown of the tree, and
varying in size from that of a pea to that of the fist, or larger—
the latter usually on old and long-infested trees. A badly affected
tree is likely to show signs of starvation, its growth ceasing and
its foliage having a sickly yellow look. Young trees often perish
from this disease, which is certainly contagious in some forms
and perhaps in all, and even large orchard trees may die and
finally break off at the base of the trunk.

Although much the most common about the crown, just below
the surface of the ground, this gall frequently grows on the larger
roots, and is sometimes seen exposed upon the trunk. Appearing at
first as a simple small lump or tubercle, it mayso extend its growth
as to girdle the trunk with its large wart-like excresences. Young
galls while still fresh have at first the color of the root from which
they grow, but later darken from the accumulation of dead bark
on their surfaces. They are at first, while very small, softer than
the healthy tissue of the root, but harden with age, and their inner
structure becomes irregular and confused. On old galls, soft,
white, growing points appear here and there in early spring,
which, enlarging rapidly, become gradually darker and harder, and
by fall take on the general apearance of the older growth.

There is much evidence that the crown-gall of the peach, apri-
cot, and almond is a contagious disease due toa minute parasitic

ak

organism ( Vendrophagus globosus Toumey) belonging to a pecu-
liar group of fungi known as the ‘‘slime molds,” but this conclu-
sion has not yet been fully verified for the apple, the pear, the
raspberry, or indeed for any other of the numerous kinds of fruiting
and ornamental trees and shrubs on which similar wart-like
growths have been observed.

Until experimental work now in progress has been carried so
far as to warrant conclusions on this point, the crown-gall of the
apple, now extremely common in many nurseries of the Mississippi
valley,can be regarded only asa suspicious object, and not certainly
as a dangerous one. But the careful nurseryman, jealous of his
business reputation, will not send out even suspected material, and
in doubtful cases will give his customers the benefit of the doubt.
On this account I strongly advise that no stock of any kind
showing galls of this sort on crown, roots, or trunk should be
placed on the market. All trees growing in close contact with
those thus affected should have their roots dipped in the Bordeaux
mixture as a precautionary disinfectant, and the ground on which
the stock so diseased has grown should be temporarily used for
some other purpose than that of raising nursery trees.

Tuer Roovt-rov.

This is a fungous disease of the roots of many kinds of trees,
frequent and destructive in orchards, particularly in those growing
on old forest land. It is not common in nurseries, but has been
found by us in here and there one, and sometimes establishes itself
as a permanent pest. Probably all varieties of fruit trees are liable
to its attack, many forest trees being also subject to it. A badly
infested tree suffers the general effects ofthe loss of the roots, and
hence has a starved and enfeebled look. Often a mass of gum,
mixed with scales of the bark, will collect about the base of the
trunk. The affected roots, including many of the largest ones, die
and rapidly decay, a fungous yrowth appearing between the bark
and the wood in the form of a white irregular layer or coarse net-
work, with a mushroom-like smell. Blackish cords or strands of a
similar substance often spread over the surface or run through the
earth from root to root.

The fruiting bodies of these rotten-root fungi are umbrella-
shaped mushrooms—Armellaria mellea, Clitocybe parasitica, etc.,
some of which, at least, are, edible species—-which spring in a
dense cluster from the base of the trunk. They seem to be
primarily fungi of rotten wood and often grow profusely around
old oak stumps, continuing until the wood is thoroughly rotted

112

away. They spread from dead and decaying wood to the living
roots of trees, and may thus continue indefinitely in the ground.

Soil on which trees affected by this disease have grown
should of course be abandoned for nursery or orchard purposes,
and old forest land should be avoided for the growth of nursery
stock until it has been cultivated long enough in some other
crop to insure the practical disappearance of rotten wood and of
fungi growing therefrom. No treatment of this disease can be
expected to serve any useful purpose in the nursery, but an affected
tree should be at once destroyed as valueless.

THE SCALE INSECTS.
( Cocctde. )

The scale insects, or bark-lice, are on the whole much the
most important nursery insects from our point of view; the most
likely, that is, to infest the nursery in a way and at a time to make
it probable that they will be conveyed on nursery stock to its pur-
chaser. All here treated are capable of noteworthy injury to
young trees, and one, the notorious San Jose Scale, is the most
dangerous and destructive insect pest of the nursery. Most of them
have an outward appearance so little like that of other insects
that one not correctly informed in advance would never surmise
that they were insects at all, but there is nevertheless a family
resemblance among them such that one to whom the peculiarities
of two or three prominent kinds have been pointed out will usually
recognize most others. A few, however, are so small and other-
wise inconspicuous that they are very little likely to be detected
by the ordinary observer unless they become so abundant as to pro-
duce a notable effect on the health of the infested tree.

The greater part of them are nearly or quite motionless when
full grown, remaining fixed to the bark, or in some cases to the
leaf, like inanimate objects, most of them completely concealed be-
neath a delicate scale, a waxy secretion from the insect’s surface.
For a short time after birth they have considerable power of active
locomotion, of which they make use to distribute themselves over
the surface of the plant and to find a suitable point of attachment.
Having selected this, their long and threadlike beaks are pushed
deep into the living tissue of the tree, from which they proceed to
suck the sap.

The greater part of them hatch from eggs laid by the female
under the scale which conceals her body, and remain there, under
its protection, after the parent has died and dried away. Ina few

3

species, however, the young are brought forth alive—in the San
Jose scale almost always, and at least occasionally in one or two
similar kinds.

One of the insects treated in this paper, the so-called peach
Lecanium, remains exposed upon the surface throughout its life,
secreting noscale. It has the appearance of a stationary lump-like
mass upon the bark, and may be easily crushed and detached.

For the purposes of this economic discussion the scale insects
may be divided into two groups, according to their mode of hiber-
nation ; those which pass the winter as living, developed insects,
fully or partly grown, and those which winter in the egg. Of course,
the state or stage in which the winter is passed is the same as that
in which they go out in the nursery trade, and the fact that these
two groups require separate insecticide treatment makes it particu-
larly important that they should be clearly distinguished. The
developed insect can be readily and certainly killed by a thorough
fumigation process in which hydrocyanic acid gas is the destructive
agent. This insecticide has no effect on the egg, and bark-lice
which winter in the egg stage must be treated with a fluid insecti-
cide—commonly whale-oil soap or kerosene emulsion. To make
this treatment certainly effective it must be applied to the insect
before the eggs are laid, preferably while it is still quite young.

The most destructive nursery scales which hibernate as eggs
are the scurfy scale, the oyster-shell scale, the common elm scale,
and the rose or raspberry scale, the last wintering in the egg to
the north and partly grown to the south. Those which hibernate
in a developed state are the Sau Jose scale, the Putnam scale, the
Forbes scale, the walnut scale, the peach Diaspis, the peach
Lecanium, and the rose scale in part, as just explained.

114

THE SAN JoSE SCALE AND ITS ALLIES

First and most important of the scale insects which winter
partly or fully grown, and which may be destroyed by fumigation
of nursery stock, isa
group of four very
similar kinds of
which the San Jose
scale (Fig. 5) is by
far the most injuri-
ous. The others of
the group are the
Forbes scale (Fig.6),
the Putnam scale,
and the walnut scale
(Fig.7),as mentioned
above. Although
these four species can
be distin gu:shed
from one another by
the entomological
expert with perfect
certainty, they are so
unusually similar in
general appearance,
even under examina-

a aT Cee TTS aus tion by the aid of a
Fig. 5. THE SAN JOSE SCALE: a, natural size; 4,
magnified. (Howard, U. S. Dept. good hand-glass,that
Agriculture.) no reliance can be

placed upon the distinctions of the untrained observer. Indeed
the experienced entomologist is often driven, in individual cases, to
the compound microscope and to the use of minute characters ex-
hibited only by specimens especially prepared for microscopic
examination. Onthe other hand, the four scales of this group
may be recognized by any one as different and distinct from the
other common scales.

In this San Jose group the point at which the young scale was
evidently first formed and from which it has grown is near the
center, and is marked by a minute nipple surrounded by a groove-
like ring. This mark is not so evident on the older scales, but on
the young it may be readily seen with an ordinary magnifier.
From this starting point the scale grows by additions all around

WES

until, in the older females, it may become as broad as the head of a
pin.

It must not be inferred from the foregoing statements that the
scales of this group, similar as they are in appearance, are by any
means equally important to the nurseryman, The San Jose scale
is one of the most destruc-
tive general fruit insects
known to entomology. The
Forbes scale is of minor
economic importance, oc-
casionally becoming injuri-
ous to here and there a fruit
tree, but under ordinary
circumstances scarcely de-
serving of serious notice.
The Putnam scale is not
a general fruit scale. It
has appeared in destructive
numbers on the currant,
but is found mainly on or-
namental trees such as the
ash, beech, hackberry, lin-
den, and maple. It has been
reported from the peach but
it is not known to be de-
structive to that fruit. The
walnut scale is of still less

Fig. 6. THE Forbes SCALE: a, natural practical importance, occur-
size on cherry twig; 6, female ring in nurseries in numbers
scale; c, male scale. to do injury, so far aS we

have seen in Illinois, only on a few ornamental trees. It has
been elsewhere noticed, however, upon pear, cherry, apple, apricot
and plum, and may become generally destructive.

A little close and careful observation and the recollection of
one or two peculiarities of habit will enable the fruit grower to
distinguish these four scales one from another in the majority
of cases, but for positive certainty in their recognition it is
necessary to refer specimens to an entomological expert. In the
Forbes scale the ring-and-nipple mark in the center is usually
snow-white or nearly so, while in the San Jose scale it is almost
always sooty black. The former, moreover, rarely becomes so
abundant on the tree as the San Jose scale usually does. It is
commonest perhaps on the cherry, and hence has been sometimes

116

called the cherry scale, while the San Jose scale may be equally
abundant on the apple, peach, pear, cherry, and plum. The Forbes
and Putnam scales can scarcely be told apart by the appearance
of the scale-like covering, but the latter is commonly found on
shade trees and occurs on but few of the fruits, and then rarely in
any abundance. ‘The final distinction between all these scales is
found in the microscopic characters of the body of the insect be-
neath the waxy covering, and consequently cannot be resorted to
by the ordinary observer.

The fact that these ring-and-nipple scales are not easily dis-
tinguished from each other, and that without expert help the San
Jose scale itself may be readily confused with any one of the other,
relatively harmless, kinds, makes it necessary in winter nursery
work that the nurseryman should take extraordinary precautionary
measures whenever azy ove of these scales is found on his stock.
Whatever may be his own opinion as to the species detected, speci-
mens should be sent at once to the office of the Entomologist for
critical study and precise determination. If they should unfor-
tunately prove to be of the San Jose species, the case becomes one
for legal requirement, under instructions from the State Entomolo-
gist’s office; but even if they prove to be one of the relatively harm-
less species, they are likely to be the cause of grave suspicion to
any customer who may chance to be superficially acquainted with
the characters of the San Jose scale. It is my opinion, conse-
quently, that a complete extermination in the nursery of this entire
group of scales is the only sensible program. It must be admitted,
however, that stock infested with the relatively harmless Forbes or
Putnam scales may be made fit for market by thorough spraying
with a solution of whale-oil soap, made by boiling two pounds of
the potash soapin two gallons of water until the whole is dissolved.
The mixture should be strained to exclude grit and applie: while
hot, since on cooling it becomes too thick to spray. It must be ap-
plied with thoroughness toevery part of an infested tree, including
all the surfaces of every branch and twig.

An almost equally effective application is the kerosene emul-
sion, diluted to contain fifteen per cent. of kerosene and applied
when the leaves are off the trees. Tomake this emulsion, dissolve
eight pounds of hard soap (or five quarts of soft soap) in ten gal-
lons of soft water and heat to boiling. Put ten gallons of kerosene
into the barrel in which the spray pump stands. Strain the boil-
ing soap-water into the barrel and start the pump. By meansofa
short hose with a reducing nozzle the soap solution and oil should
be pumped forcibly back into the barrel. Ten minutes of thus

ik 4

forcing the hot material back into itself will convert it into a
creamy mixture, such that if it is left to stand in a cold glass the
oil will not come to the top. ‘This is the stock kerosene emulsion,
and when diluted with about forty-five gallons of water it is ready
for use. When the dilution water is added the pumping should be
repeated to facilitate thorough mixing.

Fic. 7. THE WALNUT SCALE: a, 6, female and male scales enlarged;

c, male pupa; d, e, male and female scales, natural size.
(Howard, U. S. Dept. Agriculture.)

A cheaper and more efficient insecticide method for these
scales is fumigation with hydrocyanic acid gas. For this an air-
tight inclosure is necessary, and in the nursery business this will
usually take the form of a fumigation house specially prepared for
the treatment of nursery stock. The precise method of procedure
in this case will be furnished on application to this office.

ADDITIONAL NurRSERY SCALES WINTERING PARTLY OR FULLY
GROWN.

Besides this group of four of what we may call the 77ng-and-
nipple scales, two peach scales are to be treated, when they occur
in the nursery, by the most summary processes. The peach
Diaspis, unknown as yet in Illinois, is circular in the female, and
very elongate in the male, with a rib or keel running lengthwise
down the center. The female is gray and not readily distinguished,
being frequently almost covered over by the outside bark of the
twig. The male scale is white and more conspicuous. The female
hibernates full grown, and the eggs are deposited early in May,
hatching about the middle of that month. This is a very injuri-

118

ous scale, and Illinois peach-growers should watch carefully for its
advent and take prompt measures for its destruction if it appears.

The peach Lecanium (ZL. nierofascratum) has come to me fre-
quuently of late, on both peaches and plums, as a very conspicuous,
almost hemispherical, motionless insect clustered thickly upon the
twigs of infested trees. Its general color is red, usually quite dark,
with blackish spotsand bands occupying a large part of the surface.
Sometimes the whole scale is black with the exception of a reddish
middle stripe. The surface is shining and smooth, or nearly so.
The scale is a sixth to an eighth of an inch.in length, and a little
narrower, the outline being slightly oval. I have no exact knowl-
edge of the amount of injury which this scale is likely to cause, but
from its size and its abundance on specimen twigs sent several
times to my office I judge that it may prove to be a decidedly in-
jurious species.

Common NURSERY SCALES WINTERING IN THE EGG..
THE SCURFY SCALE
(Chionaspis furfura.)

The female of the scurfy scale (Fig. 8) isa flat, oval, or nearly
circular, white or grayish white scale, beneath which in winter and
spring a cluster of minute ma-
roon-colored eggs may be found.
Their color is due to their con-
tents, and when one of these
scales is crushed a reddish fluid
exudes. This alone would serve
to distinguish it from others
occurring at this season on the
apple or the pear.

The male scale differs by its
smaller size and elongated nar-
row form, by its whiter color,
: ne and by the presence of a ridge
ee andmaleetsee aetna t) or rib running longitudinally

same enlarged. (Howard, U.S. Dept. down the middle.

oc) The scurfy scale is almost
universally distributed in Illinois orchards, and is very common
ina small way in nurseries as well. Many of the better ones
are wholly free from it, but perhaps most of them contain it in dis-
coverable numbers. It is not seriously injurious to thrifty trees,
except where it becomes decidedly abundant, and the efforts of the
nurseryman should be addressed, for the present at least, to the re-

.

LG.

duction of its numbers and to the exclusion of the scale from new
grounds rather than to its complete extermination on his premises.
Stock badly infested by it should be thrown aside, and care should
be exercised in establishing new plantations that they are not adja-
cent to infested trees, As it spreads only by the locomotion of its
minute young, aided rarely by nesting birds, and as its active period
is limited to a very few days after hatching, it doesnot readily spread
to any considerable distance, and a new plantation can be kept free
from it if some thought is given to the matter in the beginning,

THE OYSTER-SHELL SCALE.
(Mytilaspis pomorum. )

The scale generally known by the above common name is so
called because of
its whimsical re-
semblance to half
an oyster - shell.
(Riio-e 9. ia lt. is
about a sixth of an
inch long, brown-
8 ish, or grayish,
colored about like
the bark of a tree,
not flattened like
the scurfy scale,
but convex from
side to side, and
two or three times
as long as wide.
The eggs under
the scale—- to be
found to the num-
ber of a hundred
or moreatall times
of the winter and

Fig.9. THE OYSTER-SHELL SCALE: a, female scale,

under side, showing the insect and its eggs within;

6, same, from above; c, same, natural size; d@, e, male early spring — are

scale, enlarged and exact size. (Howard,U. S. white or yellow-

Dept. of Agriculture.) ish, and not red
like those of the scurfy scale.

It is less generally distributed in Illinois than the scurfy scale,
and is, on the whole, somewhat more injurious when it becomes
abundant. It is relatively rare in nurseries except on overgrown
and neglected stock. Trees infested by this scale should not be

120

sent out by the nurseryman, but should be unhesitatingly de-
stroyed.
THE GRAPE SCALE.

(Aspidiotus uve.)

eu is an occasional pest, rarely injuring the grape seriously,
: but appearing now and then in a vineyard
in a way to call for effective treatment. It
infests especially the lower part of the vine,
from the ground to the second
year’s growth, and accumulates
in crevices and under loose
pieces of bark. When abun-
dant it comes to cover the sur-
Fig. 10. THE GRAPE face with a continuous crust
ScaLE; female scale resembling a coat of, white-
on Pa wash, and in that case it weak-
ens the vine and may cause its death. (Fig. 10
and 11.)

The female scale is flat and nearly circular,
about a fifteenth of an inch in length, pale yellow-
ish brown or dingy white. When a scale has been
removed a conspicuous white speck upon the bark
marks its former position. As it winters in the
egg this species cannot be destroyed by fumigation,
but may best be treated, where treatment is neces-
sary, with kerosene emulsion or whale-oil soap. Fic. 1. THe
The eggs begin to hatch about the middle of May, GRAPE Scare,
and an insecticide spray may be applied to advan- Patt! Size.
tage late in that month or early in June.

THE RosE SCALE, OR RASPBERRY SCALE.

(Aulacaspis rose.)

The rose scale (Fig.12) is not by any means limited to the rose
but thrives equally well on a considerable number of rosaceous
plants, including especially the raspberry and the blackberry, of
which it is the common scale.

It is circular, snowy white, and very readily recognized by the
striking contrast between its color and the green or reddish brown
of the twigs and branches on which it grows. it is often sent to
my office by raspberry-growers, and has occasionally been reported
by my nursery inspectors as occurring on raspberry and blackberry
plants in the nursery, It is not often a serious pest, especially if

121

old canes are regularly cleared out of the rows when they are done
growing or early in the following year,

It winters in the egg as far north as New Jersey, but in the
latitude of Washington some of the eggs hatch in the fall, the
young hibernating partly grown, while in the extreme south, asin
Florida, this form of hibernation as an immature insect is the
general rule.

Fig. 12. THE ROSE SCALE: a, 0, female and male scales enlarged. (Com-
stock, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture.)

Fumigation cannot be depended upon in Illinois to free infested
plants, but the principal reliance must be placed on the destruction
of all old canes and a rejection of those younger plants which show
the presence of the scale.

THE PEACH-TREE BORER.

(Sanninoidea exitiosa. )

The peach-tree borer (Fig. 13, 14) is well and widely known as
one of the most destructive insects infesting the tree in the orchard,
but it is too little regarded by nurserymen as a pest of serious im-
portance to their trade. Our own observation of its abundance in
nurseries tends, however, to support the statements of Professor

122

Slingerland, made in the most important article on this insect which
has hitherto been published*

Discussing the methods of its spread he says that ‘‘the borer
probably never leaves the tree upon which it is hatched from the
egg laid on the bark, but spends nearly eleven months of its yearly
life cycle onor in the tree. It can thus be easily transported for
long distances on infested trees, and this is doubtless the way in
which it usually reaches new localities. In the spring and fall,
when the trees are usuaily transported, many of the Lorers are
quite small and easily escape casual observation. As large peach-
trees are rarely moved, the growers of nursery stock are most re-
sponsible for the introduction of the insect into new localities.”

It has been found in the roots of the smallest stock taken from
the nursery, and has been noticed on many nursery trees shipped
from one state to another, both in the eastern states and in Cali-
fornia. Mr. V. H. Lowe, of the Geneva Experiment Station, said
in 1897 that it was a common thing to find many young peach-
trees in the packing-shed, waiting to be shipped, which were
infested by borers; and Slingerland adds, ‘‘It is doubtful if there
is a peach nursery to-day east of the Rocky Mountains that is not
more or less infested with the peach-tree borer. It is one of the
most serious of the insect pests that are now being sent out by
nurserymen. When it once gets a foothold in an orchard or local-
ity it may slowly spread from orchard to orchard by the movements
of the adult insects or moths which fly readily but apparently not
for very long distances. Peach- plum- prune- apricot- or cherry-
trees from a nursery should always be carefully examined for borers
before setting them, especially as young trees are often killed by
girdling just beneath the bark under ground. Indeed every borer
weakens the tree more or less, the damage done depending much
on the age of the tree and the kind of care it has received.”

In the Illinois nursery inspection of 1900 these borers were
noticed in thirty-seven nurseries out of eighty in which peach stock
is specially mentioned. Remembering the fact that these nursery
trees were inspected while standing in the rows, and that the
occurence of small borers was doubtless often passed without
detection, we are safe in saying that over half the nurseries grow-
ing peaches are more or less infested by this borer. The cases
reported were not by any means limited to the oldest trees, but
included seedlings, yearlings, and two-year-olds, and also trees in
the packing-shed ready for shipment. The ratio of injured trees

*Bulletin 176, Corneil University Agricultural Experiment Station, Decem-

ber, 1890.

123

ranged from 2 percent. to 95 percent. In most of the infested
nurseries the amount of injury was estimated at from 5 per cent.
to 10 percent.
Injury to the peach by this borer is always followed by a free
exudation of a thick and sticky fluid at the point of injury. This
becomes mixed with pieces of bark and the excrement of the borers,
and dries away
imme) toform a more
or less brittle
gum, usually
most abundant
about the base
of the tree, at
which point the
attack is com-
monly concen-
trated. As
found in the
tree these in-

sects resemble
grubs, but when
closely exam-
ined are at once
seen to be cater-
pillars instead.
Wachis about an
inch long when
full grown, very
| light yellow ex-
cept the head
and the top of
the‘‘neck,” both
of which are brown with smooth and shining surfaces, the former
dark reddish, and the latter very light. ‘There are the usual three
pairs of jointed legs on the segments next behind the head, and
additional to these the soft legs, or so-called prolegs of a caterpillar,
with rows of small black hooks at the tip. ‘There are five pairs of
these prolegs on segments 6 to 9 behind the head and on the last.
The importance of the peach-tree borer from our present point
of view is due to the fact that it passes the winter in the active
borer stage within the infested tree, and is consequently certain to
be shipped to the customer if such a tree is overlooked.

Fig. 13. THe PEACH-TREF BORER, adult males and fe-

males. (Slingerland.)

124

Its size at hibernation will depend in part upon the latitude,
larve in the Southern states passing the winter nearly full grown,
while to the north most are less than half that size. In favorable
seasons, that is when the fallis late and winter frosts are long
postponed, the size of the hibernating larve is of course increased.
The winter is usually spent either in burrows just beneath the
bark and below the surface of the soil, or imbedded in gum outside
the bark at or near the surface of the ground. Thesmaller borers,
according to Slingerland, will be found, as a rule, in the latter sit-
uation and the larger ones beneath the bark. In spring they begin
to eat, mining the bark and sap-wood, and commonly cenfining
their injuries to the trunk and roots a little way underground. In
the Northern states their principal injury may be done in spring,
while the farther south we go the more generally their destructive
work is finished in the fall. When mature the caterpillar makes a
cocoon, which is usually attached to the outside of the bark near
the ground, and within this undergoes the transformation common
to insects of its kind, coming out as a peculiar clear-winged moth
in June and July, or, in the extreme southern part of the state,
even as early as May. Eggs are laid quite promptly on the trunk
of the tree, usually within a foot or two of the ground—the greater
part of them within six or eight imches of it. They are stuck
to the bark, one in a place, by a gummy secretion deposited with
the egg.

It is probably impracticable to protect nursery stock from
attack while this insect is abundant in the vicinity either upon
trees standing in the nursery or in orchards adjacent. It is par-
ticularly likely to infest overgrown nursery stock, and on this ac-
count, if for no other reason, such trees should be destroyed. When-
ever the owner of peach nursery stock controls peach orchards in
the neighborhood he should of course see to it that these trees are
annually inspected and treated as may be necessary to prevent the
multiplication of this insect to an extent likely to cause an invasion
of his nursery. If nursery trees become infested they should of
course be destroyed as dug, and the entire block should be com-
pletely cleared of peach-trees and plauted to something not sub-
ject to attack by this borer.

PEAR-BLIGHT, APPLE-BLIGHT, TWIG-BLIGHT, FIRE-BLIGHT.

This is a true contagious disease, caused by bacteria (Bacillus
amyloyverus) which infest the cells of the plant, multiplying in the
sap and serving as germs to convey the disease to healthy trees.

125

It is best known and most destructive as a pear disease, but is also
common and wide-spread in the apple orchard. It affects likewise
the quince, the mountain-ash, the raspberry, the blackberry, and
some other rosaceous plants.

Its characteristic symptom is a sudden dying and blackening
of the newer growth of twigs and leaves, beginning generally at
or near the tips and thence extending downward. The dead twigs
and leaves presently become almost inky black, and remain con-
spicuous among the green and healthy leaves during much of the
growing season. The disease extends rapidly at times, especially
in the pear, but sometimes more slowly. Insects assist in its dis-
semination, especially when the trees are in bloom. Its bacterial
germ remains dormant over winter in some of the affected trees,
and starts again the following spring. It is mainly an orchard
disease, but occurs occasionally in nurseries, particularly where
these grow adjacent to affected orchards., If it appears in the nur-
sery infected trees should be promptly cut out and destroyed, as no
fungicide or other artificial treatment will serve to check its
progress.

THE BLACK-KNOT.

This is a fungous disease of the branches of plum- and cherry-
trees, appearing first in the form of a thickening or swelling of
the twig, which becomes thicker on one side than on the other, and
here the distended bark presently breaks and a spongy mass grows
out. This generally develops into large sooty-black wart-like
growths, with slightly granular surface broken by deep fissures
running mostly crosswise of the mass (Fig.14), The fungus parasite
causing this disease is technically known as Plowrightia morbosa.

‘Since the knot generally occupies only one side of the limb,
it does not entirely check the life processes, and the limb beyond
continues to
grow and put
forth leaves. It
is only where
the knot ex-

Fig. 14. THE BLACK-KNOT. (Garman.) tends com-
pletely around the twig or branch that the part beyond is killed at
once. When the knots are abundant trees may be killed ina couple
of year, and indeed whole orchards may in the course of a few
years become so infested as to be worthless, although the injured
trees may survive in a feeble way for a longer period.”’

* H. Garman, Kentucky Bulletin No, 80,

126

All varieties of the plum and both tame and wild cherries are
attacked by this disease, the common bird-cherry and the native
choke-cherry being particularly subject to it. It is spread from
tree to tree by means of minute spores light enough to be carried
by the wind. It is consequently of great importance that in every
affected tree, whether tame or wild, the disease be promptly exter-
minated. Where it becomes generally distributed it is one of the
most destructive of all the diseases of the plum, and has obliterated
plum culture over extensive districts in the Kast. It does not af-
fect the tree generally and does not, indeed, extend far beyond the
ends of the knots. ‘‘Hence by cutting of all affected parts it can
be kept from extending, except as it appears at newly infécted cen-
ters. When a tree is badly infected about the main branches it is
often best to remove and burn the entire tree to prevent the disease
spreading.” Ordinarily it is sufficient to cut off diseased branches
a short distance below the last knot, and this may be done at any
time of the year. ‘The cut surface should be washed with Bor-
deaux mixture, and the diseased wood should in every case be
burned, since it has been amply shown that spores may develop on
it to reinfect the trees.

ANTHRACNOSE OF RASPBERRY.

A fungous disease of the bark of the raspberry, blackberry,
and other closely related plants. ‘‘Appears on the canes at or near
the ground as very small purple spots which spread and soon
acquire a grayish-white center and finally grow to a large size,
then with a clearly defined purple rim; often uniting and covering
much of the bark; spreads to the petioles of the leaves when
abundant and eventually to the leaves themselves, occasionally
even to the fruit; spots often a quarter of an inch in diameter; not
penetrating the wood to any distance; surface opaque, slightly
ribbed longitudinally when old and assuming ascab-like character;
when at an advanced stage splitting and admitting water so as to
cause rot to extend into the underlying wood. Due to a well-
known fungus (G/@osportum venetum) which*causes the scab-spots
by attacking the bark, in which it remains dormant over winter.
Young shoots attacked by spores as soon as they-:appear in spring,
and most of the growth and development take place during the
growing season. Attack results in dwarfing growth and reduc-
ing quality and yield of berries. When very bad, berries may
shrivel up about time of picking, and not infrequently the canes
themselves die when the disease is of long standing. Black
raspberries especially subject to it, in some cases to such an extent
that whole plantations are ruined. Anthracnose must not be

127

confounded with black spots due to attacks of pear-blight Bacillus,
such spots sometimes occurring among spotsdue to attacks of the
anthracnose fungus.”

‘This disease is certain to be sent out of the nursery on canes
of raspberry and blackberry if it is present there. It is highly
important, therefore, that our nurserymen keep a close watch on
their stock to prevent its becoming established; and if by chance
it is introduced, to get rid of it promptly. It can be exterminated.
It is only necessary to burn all trimmings and to remove and
burn old canes when they cease growing, rake up all leaves and
burn them, and spray with Bordeaux mixture as soon as the young
shoots push out in spring, following this up by two or three
later sprayings with the same preparation. * * * No diseased
canes should be sent out by the nurseryman.

‘“The buyer is advised to examine any plants he may receive,
and if any of the characteristic blotches appear the whole lot
should be dipped in Bordeaux mixture before planting, the plants
being observed closely when they begin to grow and applications
of Bordeaux mixture be made with a sprayer if any appearance of
the anthracnose is witnessed.

‘Tt is so serious a matter to get the disease established on a
place that one may well hesitate about setting out plants that are
in anywise affected.’*

Pracu Frurir-spot, PLUM-SCAB, CHERRY-SCAB

This is a fungous disease which attacks the fruit of the peach,
apricot, cherry, and plum, and also the leaves and twigs of the
peach, Remaining dormant upon the latter during the winter sea-
son, it is capable of being transmitted with diseased peach stock in
spring. On the young twigs it produces purple blotches, in which
the bark sometimes splits, as does also the skin of the fruit when
affected by the same disease.

It checks the growth of young trees, but is mainly injurious
to the orchardist by its subsequent infection of the fruit when the
trees begin to bear. Peach-trees exhibiting this disease should not
be sent out by the nurseryman, but should be destroyed as harmful
to the nursery trade.

THe APPLE-LEAF APHIS.
(Aphis malt, etc. )

Two kindred species of apple aphis or plant-louse commonly
infest the leaves of this tree in the nursery and in the orchard,

*H,. Garman, Kentucky Bulletin No, 80,

12

io 6)

doing a similar injury by similar methods, but differing especially
in life history. For the purposes of this article they need not be
particularly distinguished, since the treatment of nursery stock
must be the same for both.

If apple stock has been infested by the leaf aphis the preced-
ing year, the fact will be shown at shipping time, in fall or spring,
by the presence on the tips of the twigs of minute, slender, oval,
shining jet-black eggs fastened, perhaps in considerable numbers,
to the bud scales or the surface of the bark, or lodged in crevices
and on roughened places. These eggs will hatch in early spring,
and the young will commence at once to suck the sap from the un-
folding leaves, arresting their growth and causing them to curl.
Considerable injury may thus be done to the young tree, prevent-
ing the tree growth of the twigs and making a scrubby thickly
tufted tip to each infested branch. The tree is thus prevented
from making a suitable season's growth, and its market value is
greatly reduced.

The plant-lice themselves are small sluggish green insects,
thickly clustered on the buds and the under sides of the leaves, and
often attended by ants, which run actively up and down infested
trees, visiting colonies of the plant-lice for the purpose of lapping
up the sweetish fluids which they give forth. Several generations
of these plant-lice are produced duriug a single season, of which
two are peculiar—the first and the last of the year. The first gen-
eration is the only one which hatches from an egg; all are females,
and none of them have wings. The succeeding generations are
born alive. All except the last’are composed of females only, and
many individuals of these generations may have wings and a con-
siderable power of flight. The last generation of the year contains
both sexes, which pair, produce eggs, and perish. The two species
above referred to differ in the fact that the first mentioned, A///s
malt, spends the entire season on the apple, while the second leaves
the tree with the appearance of the third generation, resorting to
grasses and grains, and returning to the apple only in autumn to
produce the egg-laying generation, the last one of the year.

It is practically impossible to destroy the eggs of the plant-
louse, and to keep nursery stock free from it. The insects must be
destroyed in fall while they are on the trees but before the eggs are
laid. This period will vary according to season and latitude, being
of course the later the farther south one goes and the longer the
Summer season lasts. In the latitude of central Illinois most of the
eggs are laid in September and October.

129

A suitable insecticide measure is a thorough spraying with
kerosene emulsion diluted to contain five or six per cent. of kero-
sene, or with one pound of whale-oil soap dissolved in six gallons of
water, or with a tobacco decoction made by soaking a pound of
tobacco in two gallons of water. Considerable force must be used
to bring the spray in contact with all the insects, and many of them
will usually escape at best.

As a prevention of injury to young trees in the nursery rows
the same applications should be made in early spring, commencing
when the hatching of the eggs is well under way. This process
begins with the first swelling of the buds, and an examination of
the tips of the twigs at this time will be sufficient to indicate the
precise time when the spraying had best be done.

Tur CHEerry APHIS.
(Myzus cerast. )

This is a black plaut-louse (Fig. 15) occurring on the ch erry
in early spring as soon as the leaves are fairly started. It hatches
from eggs left on the twigs and buds the preceding fall. It con-
tinues to multiply throughout the year, being usually most abun-

Fig. 15. THe CHERRY APHIS, wingless and winged individuals. (Weed.)
dant, however, in spring and in fall. If it occurs in fall on nursery

stock which is to be marketed that season, it should be killed by
spraying in September or early October, before the eggs have been
laid.
THe LEAF-CRUMPLER.
(Mineola indiginella. )
This insect (Fig. 16) is particularly injurious to nursery stock
and young orchard trees, owing to the fact that it hibernates upon
the infested tree as a half-grown larva and attacks the young

130

leaf and the bud of leaf and: blossom in early spring, thus often
arresting the growth of the branch or tree by destroying the ter-
minal bud. Owing to its early attack, it may doan injury far out
of proportion to its numbers. It is so secreted and protected upon
the young nursery tree that it is certain to be sent with it whether
the latter be shipped in fall or in spring.

The presence of this insect is most easily recognized in winter,
when the trees are bare, by the presence of clusters of brown
shriveled or crumpled and partly eaten leaves, fastened together and
anchored to the trees by means of silken threads (Fig. 17). If one
of these ragged masses is pulled apart, in the center of it will be
found a crooked leathery tube shaped like an irregular horn, and
withiu this again, asmall reddish
brown caterpillar with a dark
brown head. In spring, a badly
infested tree will have its leaves
more or less eaten and fastened
together in bunches, the leaf-
crumpler being commonly secreted
within the bunch.

This caterpillar may be found
on apple, plum, cherry, peach,and
quince The destruction of the
terminal bud of course stops direct
growth, and results in the forma-
tion of a mass of lateral branches
from the twig, giving the young
tree a stunted and scrubby look,
Fig. 16. THE LEAF-CRUMPLER: a, which injures it for saleasa nur-

tube of larva; 4, cluster of sery tree, and retards its growth
tubes and leaves, c, head ker : : <
end of larva; ¢@, adult moth. and diminishes its vigor 1 7the
orchard. When very abundant
the young caterpillar may not only attack the leaves and swelling
buds, but eat the young fruit and gnaw away the tender bark and
growing twigs. The injury is done mainly at night.

It reaches its growth from the middle to the latter part of
May, being at this time about half an inch in length and entirely
green. It goes through the pupa stage in its larval nest, and the
small grayish moths appear in June and July, laying their eggs
almost at once. These hatch in about a week, and the small
brown caterpillars begin at once to feed upon the younger leaves.
jach presently makes a tube or case about its body by spinning a
silk thread and weaving in with this particles of its own excre-

131

ment and other debris. The horn-shaped case, open at one end
and tapering to a point at the other, is neatly lined with silk. It
is lengthened as the larva grows, by addition to the open end, and
thus is considerably longer than the caterpillar when this is full
grown.

Of course a nursery tree should never be sent out with these
webbed nests upon its bark. By a little attention when the trees
ate dug and stored the nests may be easily picked off. The insect
often becomes
destructively
numerous in
Liewinrsier Vi
rows, doing se-
rious damage
to the stock.
In that case it
mdiy bie die-
Sit Hones cay t
small expense
by sending
boys through
the mur ser y
rows after the
leaves’ “ave
fallen, with in-
structions to
pick off and
collect’ every
clinging tuft
of leaves or
rubbish. They
should then be
thrown upon
the ground at
some little dis-
tance from any
Fig. 17. THE LEAF-CRUMPLER; tube clusters in winter, fruit tree to in-

containing living larvae. (Stedman.) sure the death

of the caterpillar without destroying the parasites by which many
of them will be infested. A cheap and effective remedy is the spray-
ing of the infested trees in early spring, just as the young leaves
appear and before the blossoms open. Experiment has shown
that a single spray of Paris green and lime (one pound of each to

132

one hundred and fifty gallons of water) applied at this season may
destroy practically all leaf-crumplersiu time to prevent noticeable
damage by them.

THE PEAR-LEAF BLISTER. *
(Evriophyes pyri. )

This is a blemish of the pear-leaf, appearing first as reddish
blister-like spots an eighth of
an inch or more in diameter
(Fig. 18),and gradually chang-
ing, through green, to black
corky spots (Fig. 19), often so
abundant as to destroy the
larger part of the affected tis-
sue of the leaves. It is caused
by minute four-legged mites
which live within the substance
of the leaf and pass the winter
in the bud scales at or near the
ends of the twigs. In this sit-
uation they are of course cer-
tain to be sold with the tree,
and delivered alive to the cus-
tomer.

They may be destroyed bya
thorough spraying with kero-
sene emulsion diluted to con-
tain about ten per cent. of
kerosene.

The leaves of an infested
tree are likely to show the pres-

Fig. 18. THE PEAR-LEAF BLISTER ; ence of this disease before they
earlier stage (spots red- 5 : =
dish). fully open in spring. In this

earliest stage red blister-like spots appear on the young leaf,
brightest on the upper surface. Later they change through green
to brown, becoming finally dark brown or black, reaching this last
condition about the middle of June and continuing then unchanged
until the fall of the leaf. These black spots are dead and dried
and often unite to form large blotches, sometimes covering the
greater part of the leaf. The new growth of the summer is likely

*Fora full, illustrated paper on this injury see especially an article by Professor
M. V. Slingerland in Bulletin 61 of the Cornell University Agricultural Experi-
ment Station, December, 1893 pp. 317-328.

133

to be attacked by the disease, which passes then through the same
series of stages described. If the under side of a diseased leaf be
examined with a hand-lens, a minute round hole may be seen in
the center of each discolored spot, and this leads into a chamber
within the thickness of the leaf, in which live the mites that pro-
duce the disease.

The discolorations and appearances of injury above described
are due entirely to the work of a microscopic mite, about one six-
hundredth of an inch in length, belonging to the genus rvophyes,

BS peculiar in its long and almost
worm-like body and in the posses-
sion of only two pairs of legs,
placed close together near the
front end. These minute crea-
tures, which pass the winter be-
tween the bud scales, move to the
young leaves even before these
unfold, go through the epidermis
on the under side, and feed upon
the cellular tissue of the interior
of the leaf. The destruction of
substance and disturbance of
growth thus caused, give rise to
a thickening of the leaf, forming
what is commonly called a gall,
and finally cause the death of the
injured tissue. As the leaves
ripen and dry the mites escape
through the openings of the galls
and take refugein the buds, where
as many as fifteen or twenty may
often be found under a single
scale.

It is often difficult to find a per-

Fig. 19. THE PEAR-LEAF BLISTER ; fectly clean leaf ona badly in-

Rae pals. dare ested tree, and often more than

half the leaf substance may be

killed by midsummer. Badly injured trees shed their leaves sooner

than others, and ‘‘ without its leaves the tree cannot store up the

necessary food in its winter buds to insure a healthy vigorous tree
and a full crop the next season.’’—(SLINGERLAND. )

The progress of the disease can be arrested only.by the destruc-
tion of the mites. This may be accomplished where there are but

134

few infested leaves by picking or cutting them off and burning
them—an operation best done in early spring. A wholesale method
of destruction and an effective one is a very thorough spraying
of the infested tree in winter with kerosene emulsion diluted with
from five to seven parts of water. The tree should be sprayed
thoroughly from every side, especial care being taken to reach the
terminal buds, for this is where the mites are the most numerous.
The same result may be obtained by dipping the trees ina kero-
sene emulsion after they are dug from the nursery rows.

THE TENT-CATERPILLAR.
(Clistocampa americana.)

The twigs of nursery trees are sometimes encircled here and
there with a thick belt or girdle of cylindrical eggs placed side by
side with the broad end outward, and covered with a gummy coat-
ing (Fig. 20) which serves to protect
them from the weather. The mass
thus formed is usually about three

quarters of an inch inlength and some-

Fig. 20. THe TENT-CATERPIL-
LAR; eg g-mass on twig
as seen in winter.

thing over a quarter of an

inch in thickness, but nar-
rows towards the end ina
way to give it the lookofa
brown thickening of the
twig itself. These are the
eggs of the tent-caterpil-
lar, two hundred or three
hundred ina bunch. They
are deposited usually in

July, and are consequently

to be found at any time

during the late summer,

Fig. 21. THE TENT-CATERPILLAR: @, 6,
larve on nest; ¢ egg - mass

fall, or the following win- with gummy covering removed;

ai’

ter. In early spring the @, COCOON.

135

young caterpillars emerge from these imbedded eggs at a date cor-
responding closely to the opening of the buds on the apple or the
pear. Soon they begin to spin sheet-like webs across the forks of
the branches (Fig. 21), and as they grow they gradually make in
this way a tent or nest, an irregularly conical, close-spun, whitish
web, to which the colony resorts at night, and which serves them
at all times for shelter and concealment. This tent does not in-
close the leaves to any considerable extent, but the caterpillars come
out from it to feed. They are very voracious, and rapidly strip the
leaves from atree. In June they are about two inches long (Fig.
21, a, 6), with black head, the body rather dark, with a pale line
along the middle of the back, and marks of blue, yellow, and black
along the sides. The egg-masses, commonest on the apple, are
quite conspicuous on the bare tree, and may be readily destroyed by
cutting. The caterpillars are subject to arsenical poisons sprayed
upon the leaves, but should not, of course, be permitted to hatch.

THE BaG-WwormM.
(Thyridopleryx ephemereformis.)

During the winter, oval, soft, sack-like bodies (Fig. 22, ¢),
an inch or more in length, pointed at both ends and attached
= by one to a twig,
may often be seen
in orchards and on
ornamental trees,
and occasionally
in nurseries also
which have been
infested earlier in
the year. These
are the egg-masses
of the bag-worm,
or basket-worm as
itis sometimes
Fig. 22. THE BAG-WORM: a, tarva removed from case ; called. Such as are

6, chrysalis; c,adult female taken from case; empty have for-
a, adult male : €, cross-section of bag and fe- merly conta ined
male within, latter full of eggs; 7, bag and :
larva from evergreen; very young larve: in the male insect
their cases. Sa (Ries 2200d),3e:S:-
caped from its chrysalis (Fig.22,/) the previous year. Theeggs hatch
in May and June, and the young caterpillars begin at once to feed.
They presently make for themselves a silken covering (Fig. 22, 2°)

oO

136

to which they fasten fragments of leaves, thus forming small port-
able cases (Fig. 23, 24,227). As
they hatch in large numbers
from a single egg-case they may
become very abundant on a tree
and do it serious injury. It is
unlikely that any careful nursery-

Fig. 24. THE BAG-worm;
completed case
of larva, from
apple.

\ man will send out on his trees
Fig. 23. THe BaG-worm; young such conspicuous masses of in-
larvee at work, and one sect eggs. They should, of course,
See acs cnlete ds be picked off and destroyed, if an
earlier insecticide operation, such as spraying with Paris green,
has not killed the caterpillars before they cease to feed.

THE TUSSOCK-MOTH.

(Notolophus leucostigma.)

This notorious shade-tree pest is injurious also to the apple,
but it is mainly known for its
injuries to ornamental trees in
towns. In the winter, masses
of eggs of this insect may be
found fastened here and there,
with a dead leaf or a cluster
of such leaves, to the branch of
a tree and attached to anempty
gray cocoon (Fig.25). Asingle
cluster may contain from three Fig. 25. THE Tussock-morTH; cocoon of

=n ; female and frothy egg-mass
hundred to five hundred white, laid by her upon it.

137

nearly globular cess: nieeed in three or four layers, stuck together

. . and imbedded in a gelat-
inous substance which
gives the mass a grayish
white surface and a con-
vex form. The eggs hatch
about the middle of May,
and the young caterpillars
Fig. 26. Tur TussockK-MorHg, larva. begin at once to devour

the leaves of the tree
on which they are
placed (Fig. 26). A
careful nurseryman
will always strip
from the twigs of
his trees, before ship-
ping, any suspicious
object of this sort,
and the caterpillars
can be poisoned with the usual arsenical sprays.

ic. 27, THe Tussock- Fig. 28. THe Tussock-
MOTH, male. MOTH, female.

Tur APPLE-SCAB.

This is a fungous disease of the leaf and fruit of the apple,
occurring throughout the state wherever this fruit isgrown. The
technical name of the fungus producing it is Husicladium
dendriticum. ‘It forms soot-colored spots with indefinite out-
lines, generally on the upper side of the leaves (Fig. 29).
These spots vary from an eighth to half an inch in diameter, often
fusing and occupying most of the surface, then causing the leaf to
blacken, curl up, and fall; the deadened part sometimes falls out,
leaving holes; the growth sometimes follows the veins, and thus
assumes a branched form. Petioles and young growth of twigs
are attacked. Fruit stems are occasionally injured so that young
apples fall. Spots also appear on growing fruit, producing there
what is known as scab, or black spot. (Fig. 30.)

‘It attacks both young and old trees, being especially preva-
lent in nurseries among trees that have been left in the rows after
they are too old to sell, and have thus become crowded and, it may
also be, weedy. Some varieties are more subject to it than others,
but crowded trees and those on low or badly drained soil are liable
to it without much regard to variety. Its injury to the foliage |
consists in reducing the size of the leaves, in causing them to fall

138

prematurely, and thus checking growth and preventing proper
ripening of the wood and maturing of the buds.” * :

Fig. 29. THE APPLE-SCAB on the leaves.

A disease so abundant and so wide-spread as the apple-scab
probably cannot at present be wholly kept out of either orchard or
nursery, but it is
nevertheless bad pol-
icy to distribute its
germs with nursery
trees if this can be
prevented. It would
probably be sufficient
for practical pur-

Fig. 30. TAE APPLE-SCAB on apples. poses if nursery trees
badly infested with this scab or blight were withheld from market
and destroyed.

* H. Garman, Kentucky Bulletin No. 80.

THE CANKER-WORM ON SHADE AND FOREST
ies S.
At JACKSONVILLE, ILLINOIS.

At a session of the State Farmers’ Institute held in Jackson-
ville, Ill., February 19-22, 1901, information was given me by Mr.
H. S. Weston, Principal of the Jacksonville High School, from
which I inferred that the canker-worm had done considerable in-
jury to elm-trees in that city the preceding year, and this sur-
mise was supported by additional information sent me lebruary
25 by Dr. F. C. Winslow, Superintendent of the State Insane Asy-
lum at that place. Mr. Weston kindly promised to watch for the
adult insects that spring, and to give me notice if they appeared,
and I received from him in consequence the following letter, dated
March 19:

“T send you by mail specimens of the moth which I suppose
is the parent of the worm which has destroyed our fine elms. The
warm sun began to bring them out of the ground last Sunday, the
seventeenth. They make for the nearest tree, and are now to be
found hidden away in the crevices of the bark. Whether the
moths fly into the trees or crawl up Ido not know. At any rate
the eggs are deposited on the twigs, I suppose, where the young
worms hatch just at the time the first foliage appears. ‘This they
completely destroy when present in sufficient numbers.”

The insects sent were the male moth of the canker-worm, and
in my acknowledgment of March 22 I advised Mr. Weston that
the trees might be protected at that season by surrounding the
trunks with an adhesive band which should prevent the females
from ascending the trees, but that if this were not done the only
alternative would be spraying the foliage of the trees with arsen-
ical poisons in May, after all the eggs were hatched. This advice
being published in the local papers, many citizens applied a band
of gas-tar to the trunks of their trees, after smoothing away
the bark in a belt about twelve inches wide and about five feet

from the ground. This was done in most cases late in March or
139

140

early in April, and many thousand adults, both male and female,
were caught in this band of tar, sometimes over a thousand females
on a single tree.

In many cases the outer bark was scraped away too thor-
oughly, making wounds from which the sap flowed for several
weeks. The gas-tar soon dried over in the sun, and many moths
then crossed the belt, and later the heat of the sun caused it to run
down the trunks,

This and similar applications, although made to many trees,
were not used extensively enough to remove the danger of serious
and possibly permanent injury to many hundreds of the magnifi-
cent elms for which Jacksonville is noted, and April 30 an assist-
ant of my office, Mr. KE. C. Green, was sent to that town with in-
structions to inspect the trees, to advise with the citizens, and to
report upon the conditions found, with a view to such emergency
measures as might prove necessary. Many egg-masses of the
canker-worm were at this time scattered over the trees, and thou-
sands of the small caterpillars, from an eighth to a quarter of an
inch long, were already feeding on the slightly opened buds.

As a result of Mr. Green's visitand his interviews with promi-
nent citizens I received May 1 a telegram from W. L. Fay, of the
‘Jacksonville Journal,” asking me to send a spraying machine
and men to spray the elm-trees at Jacksonville with a suitable in-
secticide, and offering to meet all expenses of the treatment. I
also received a letter of the same date from Dr. Winslow, of the
Insane Asylum, to the same general effect, saying that more than
a hundred elm-trees on the Asylum lawn were in danger, and that
the superintendents of the other state institutions at Jacksonville,
and the citizems generally, desired to take the necessary steps to
protect their trees.

The machine sprayer belonging to the office being at the re-
pair shop at the time, | sent, in accordance with these requests,
three orchard sprayers, with Mr. Green in charge, with the under-
standing that the necessary labor should be supplied at Jackson-
ville and that the expenses of the work, including the assistant’s
salary while engaged upon it, should be met by those interested at
Jacksonville. This condition, which I was obliged to make owing
to the fact that the appropriations of the office were not available
for work of this description, was promptly accepted, the equip-
ments were shipped, and May 6 Mr. Green returned to Jackson-
ville and made arrangements for systematic operations on the city
Streets and on the grounds of the state asylums.

A very severe hail-storm which swept the city May 5 seemed

in? ee

141

to have greatly reduced the number of canker-worms on the trees,
knocking off all but very small ones, and so checking the injury
for the time being. The leaves of the infested trees were, how-
ever, already badly riddled, and serious damage was certain to
occur. May8 and 9 the larger worms, half to three quarters of an
inch in length, which had been knocked off the trees, were found
on the trunks and larger limbs, evidently making their way back
to the foliage. Only very small canker-worms could at this time
be found on the leaves, so small, indeed, as to show that eggs must
still be hatching.

Spraying began May 9, workmen being sent up into the trees
by means of forty-foot extension ladders furnished by the fire de-
partment, and then climbing far enough to reach the outer
branches with their spray. The work was laborious, difficult, and
somewhat dangerous, but it was nevertheless continued with very
good success until May 23, after which date the caterpillars had
nearly all got their growth and disappeared, and the operation
was suspended for the season.

The insecticide used was that known as arsenite of lime, a solu-
tion of common arsenic in lime-water. Twenty pounds of arsenic
and 10 pounds of lime were boiled in about 20 gallons of water until
dissolved,—commonly for an hour or more,—and this stock solution
was diluted to contain a pound of arsenic to 300 gallons. The
large sixty-foot elms required about 10 pounds of arsenic each.
Twelve-foot bamboo rods were used iu distributing the spray, with
a Vermorel or Bordeaux nozzleat theend. The effect of the spray
was very quickly seen in the dead and dying worms which fell
from the trees, littering the sidewalks and grounds, where they
were greedily devoured by sparrows and appropriated also by ants
and other insects.

One hundred and ninety-nine trees were treated in all, vary-
ing in height from 20 to 80 feet, and averaging about 60 feet.
The cost of the arsenic used was $2.50; that of the labor employed
was about $99; and the other expenses involved were $65,—making
the cost approximately 84 cents per tree.

Only a small part of the infested trees were covered by this
operation, and many of those not reached by our parties were
nearly defoliated by the end of May.

It was apparent October 2, when a visit was made to Jackson-
ville for an inspection of the elms, that most of the trees had sup-
ported the canker-worm attack without serious injury, only one
being noticed which had apparently been killed by them. Others
somewhat heavily attacked had made no terminal growth of twigs

142

ot branches, but had thrown out lateral twigs along the branches,
from adventitious buds. Trees which had been sprayed were with-
out exception in excellent condition, and those which had been
but lightly infested showed little or no injury.

Notwithstanding the treatment, enormous numbers of the
canker-worms had gone into the earth at the end of May for their
pupation, and were certain to emerge as adults the following
spring to renew the attack on the trees. With a view to setting
on foot early preventive measures, Mr, EK. S. G. Titus was sent
from the office to Jacksonville January 22, 1902, bearing letters to
the superintendents of the state institutions there, and to citizens
prominent in the operations of the preceding year. He was in-
structed to describe and demonstrate a method of banding the
trees which should prevent the females from ascending the trunks,
and to assist in organizing and supervising volunteer work so far
as might be necessary. Previous experiments, made on the state
university campus at Urbana, had served to test various devices,
and asa result it was decided to recommend the use of printers’
ink, made a little more fluent by the addition of oil and spread in
a thick layer upon a belt of paper tied around the tree.

The following is the full procedure used at Jacksonville.
First, a strip of cheap cotton batting, not glazed, 2 or 3 inches
wide, was laid around the trunk of a tree at the proper distance
from the ground, and over this a 4 to 6-inch strip of tarred paper
was lightly tied around the middle with ordinary wrapping twine.
Upon this paper belt was spread, with a flat trowel or a wooden
paddle, a layer a fourth of an inch thick of cheap printers’ ink
which had been mixed with a small amount of railroad car-wheel
oil—just enough to make it easy to spread. It was the special
purpose of this addition of oil to make the ink more sticky in cool
weather. If the surface of the tar belt becomes slightly hardened
by exposure so as to permit an insect to cross it, it may be made
sticky again by brushing it with a little of the same kind of oil.

The mixture was spread on a paper band mainly to keep it off
the bark. Soapplied, the unsightly band could readily be re-
moved when the canker-worm season was over, whereas, if applied
to the trunk directly it would have remained for many months to
disfigure the trees. It is, furthermore, a practice of doubtful pru-
dence to apply any oily substance to the bark of a tree with the ex-
pectation of leaving it there a considerable time, especially toa
tree which is the product of a generation or two of growth, and
which is likely to continue, if properly cared for, as a comfort and
delight to many generations to come.

143

The cotton batting beneath the paper strip was necessary to
keep the canker-worm moths from crawling up behind the paper
where the roughness of the bark would give them passageway.

On the grounds of the Institution for the Deaf and Dumb were
approximately four hundred trees to be banded, the diameter
varying from fourteen inches to three and a half feet. Fifty of
the trees were of this largest size, but the greater part of the four
hundred averaged two to two and a half feet through. The cost of
the operation on these trees-was kindly given us by the officials as
follows:

22 2elOSwprimtersetnkgrapnse.wolshoe sale eed he he ese eeu ALO
Fanollstolstarredeipapernrerm nomics cette ois. eo Sirae oR ei 7.50
LOSWOWS COLON attiMOe gascmeijords Sera sae Week Semape toe 4.90
ithe ORE AAI eet tee rch oe Sento ea Pe A Rea PD aie 7 a eee 1.00
Ga WAN CLL O Uae eee eed wate ower scion NaereRercr aa sec eysn is: ak te 2

MGA Sila OI Ay il. GOn tice cantik oreld felts siete are Geis Servis cwisns ares 13.50

Total cost, $38.25, or approximately Io cents a tree.

Inquiry made by Mr. Titus in January, 1902, brought out the
fact that the canker-worms were first seen at Jacksonville in 1899,
on the county fair grounds, a half-mile west of the Institution for
the Deaf and Dumb. Their progr-ss from this place carried them
to the eastward of this institution in 1900, and by 1901 they had
reached the city square, three quarters of a mile farther east, and
the grounds of the Insane Asylum still farther to the east and
south.

At Decatur, ILLINOIS.

In consequence of reports of injury to elms at Decatur, Illinois,
a visit was made to that place by Mr. Titus May 22, 1902. In
Fairview Park he found the leaves of the elms badly eaten by
canker-worms, though the trees were not defoliated. The custodian
of the park reported that this was the second season of this injury,
little having been seen in 1901 and that noton all the trees. In
1902, however, practically none of the five hundred elm-trees in
the park were free from attack.

These elms varied in size from 15-inch trunks to 2% feet in
diameter. The elms elsewhere in the city seemed also to have
been infested locally, but not seriously or very generally so as yet.

Measures to protect the elms will doubtless be taken in this
town next year, atleast in the public parks.

IN THE SANGAMON FORESTS.

On the the 23d of May a trip was made by Mr. Titus to a
woodland area of several hundred acres lying along the Sanga-

144

mon River in the Calamus Lake district, a few miles from Niantic,
in Macon county, reports having come to me of an injury to elms
in this region apparently attributable to the canker-worm. As
soon as this forest came in sight, when still three miles away,
deadened spots could be seen in the woods where groups of elms
had been defoliated. Im these places all except the youngest elms
had been completely stripped of their leaves, evidently by canker-
worms, of which a few indeed could still be found. The red-haw
(Crategus) and the wild cherry were similarly injured, apparently
by the same insect.

Several of the larger elms seemed to be dead, doubtless owing
to their defoliation for a year or more preceding. Young leaves
had started after the first crop had been eaten away, but had died
and dried up and were still hanging to the trees. The orchards in
this vicinity were also generally infested, and defoliated elms and
orchard trees were seen at intervals all along the way from Niantic
to Decatur, a distance of twelve miles.

The preservation of these forest elms will call for measures
similar to those used at Jacksonville, but here the treatment may
be simplified by merely plastering the printers’ ink directly on the
tree either with or without a smoothing of the surface by the
scraping away of the outer bark. These woodland trees being less
valuable than those in town, and the continued smearing of the
trunk being a matter of indifference, a careful process of banding,
desirable in streets, would be unnecessary here.

THE COLASPIS, ROOT-WORM.

( Colasprs brunnea Fabr.)

The Colaspis root worm is the grub or larva of an insect long
known as injurious to horticulture in its adult stage, eating the
leaves of the grape, strawberry, apple, pear, and other fruiting
plants, and as a larva feeding on the roots of strawberries. The
beetle has been known in horticultural entomology as the grape-
vine Colaspis (Riley ),and in consequence of its injuries to strawberry
roots the larva has been called the strawberry root-worm (Forbes).
We have had no reason until quite lately to include this spe-
cies in the list of the insect pests of agriculture, although minor
injuries done by the beetle to clover, buckwheat, beans, potatoes,
beets, etc., have been noted and reported by entomologists; but the
discovery in June, 1900, that the larva is capable of doing great
damage to young corn by the destruction of its roots has made
this insect an object of considerable interest to the general farmer.

INJURIES TO CORN.

Our first knowledge of this feature of its feeding habits is due
to an inquiry, accompanied by specimens of the larva, addressed to
mein June, 1900, by Mr. John T. Watkins, a farmer living near
Griggsville, in Pike county, in the west-central part of the state.
In consequence of his letter two visits were made to his neighbor-
hood by an office assistant, Mr. EK. B. Forbes, on the 73d and 28th
of June, 1900. From Mr. Forbes’s notes it appears that parts of
several corn fields near Pittsfield, lying in various directions from
town, from the southwest to the northeast, were more or less dam-
aged, and that a few of them were in decidedly bad condition. In
the first field visited, for example, the corn did not average over
eighteen inches high, although in adjacent fields on similar soil it
would reach to the waist. Many injured plants were not more than
six or eight inches high, and the lower leaves of these were dry
and brown. In another field the height of the uninjured corn was
about five feet, but in large irrezular spots—some of them two or

145

146

three acres in extent—the average height was not more thana foot
anda half. The lower leaves were partially dried and the tips of
others were fading and drying up. In all these injured spots the
roots had been gnawed or eaten, and the root-worms were found
sometimes as many as a dozen or eighteen ina hill. In much the
greater number of cases these injured fields were on relatively high
and rolling land, usually, indeed, on the tops of hills where the
soil was light and the growth of the plant comparatively slow;
and in most cases these fields were allin corn for the first year
after sod. ‘Two instances were observed, however, of the occur-
rence of this this root-worm in fields which had been in corn the
year before.

It was difficult to judge of the precise amount of injury to be
attributed to the root-worms owing to the fact that they’ were so
frequently associated with other insects affecting the general vigor
of the plant in asimilar manner. White grubs and wire-worms
were common in some of these fields, and the corn root-aphis
(Aphis mardiradicis) was seemingly more injurious at the time
than any other insect pest.

The actual injury to the roots seems to be somewhat charac-
teristic and not likely to be mistaken for that of any other insect.
The tap-root was certain to be damaged if any harm at all had
been done, the soft outer tissue of the root being eaten away down
one side in an irregular line which sometimes took a more or less
winding course. Usually only the surface tissue was gnawed off,
but in other cases spots were eaten out to the middle of the root.
The larva never cuts the root off or eats it up wholly, as does the
white grub, and never burrows inside of it like the common corn
root-worm.

GENERAL APPEARANCE OF THE INSECT.

As seen in the field in June this root-worm (Fig. 32) is a small,
thick, soft, and fleshy grub, an eighth of an inch in length when
grown, with the head white or reddish or brown according to the time
since the last molt. The head is hard and smooth, and the top or
back of the first segment of the body immediately behind the head
—the ore bearing the first pair of legs—is smooth and leathery and
of the same color as the head, the rest of the body being soft and
wrinkled crosswise. The only insects likely to occur in the same
situation for which this root-worm might be mistaken are very
young white grubs; and these are very readily distinguished by
their more slender form, but especially by the fact that the leathery
shield behind the head is wanting in the white grub, the first seg-
ment being soft and wrinkled like the others.

147

EZ 4

Fig. 31. Adult beetle, the short line at the left
indicating the natural size.

Fig. 32. Larva, greatly enlarged. Fig. 33. Larval and pupal structures:
A, antenna of larva; 4, labium
and maxilla of larva; C, mandible
of larva; DY, labrum of larva; £,
end of larval abdomen; F, end of
pupal abdomen.

THE COLASPIS ROOT-WORM.

148

INJURIES TO OTHER CROPS.

As a larva or root-worm this insect has hitherto been found
‘feeding on the roots of strawberry only, but the field studies of Mr.
Ernest B. Forbes already mentioned show that it feeds freely and -
perhaps primarily on the roots of timothy (/’/ewm pratense), in-
festing other crops most frequently when they follow timothy sod.
He found it also at work on June grass (0a compressa) and Mex-
ican dropseed (J/uhlenbergeta mexicana), and occasionally on
clover roots. In some timothy meadows it was so abundant that
one or more of the larva were turned up with every spadeful of the
soil, but a similar search in fields of blue-grass was withont result.
So far as we can judge from these observations it seems that only
somewhat thick and fleshy roots are likely to be eaten by it, but a
systematic search would doubtless discover it on the roots of other
plants than those here mentioned. These injuries to roots have
amounted to little or nothing, so far as known, except in straw-
berry patches.

In the adult or beetle stage this insect has been found feeding
upon the leaves and other organs of a considerable list of widely
unlike plants, including clover, beans, buckwheat, beets, dock
(Awmen), grape, pear, strawberry, tick-trefoil (Vesmod:um), and
New Jersey tea (Ceanothus). It has also been reported to eat the
leaves of the potato and the silks of corn. One of my field assist-
ants, Mr. KE. S. G. Titus, has this vear found it feeding in early
July in southern Illinois on the cow-pea, the musk-melon, and the
apple, in the last instance seriously injuring the foliage of a single
tree. In most cases the damage done by the beetle has been of
little importance, but it is occasionally serious to the leaves of
strawberries and grapes. Our examples of the injury to apple and
grape show that it eats irregular elongate holes quite through the
leaf.

DISTRIBUTION AND Lire HisTory.

This insect ranges from Nebraska to the Atlantic states and
Canada. It is evidently single brooded, but its state of hibernation
has vot been positively ascertained. The eggs are laid in summer
and fall, and the larve have been found by me half grown in
southern Illinois May 19. It begins to pupate in June, and
lives as a beetle during the summer months. In this stage it
ranges in our collections from June 22 to September 14, but is most
abundant in July and August. We have not found it at all in
winter, even in situations where it had been previously present in
large numbers.

149

DESCRIPTION,

The egg has been described by Chittenden* as ‘‘elliptical,
nearly two anda half times as long as wide, not perceptibly flat-
tened at any point, just perceptibly narrower and less rounded
usually at one eud than at the other, and stramineous in color.
The surface is perfectly smooth, without visible sculpture and
moderately shining. Length, 0.5—.54 mm.; width, 0.21—0.23
mm,”

The larva is 3-4 mm. long by half as wide, white except the
head and first segment, which are usually pale yellowish brown
The first segment is of firmer consistency than the others, leathery
and smooth above, and as long as the two following together. The
head is smooth somewhat flattened in front, with a fewslender scat-
tered hairs. The mandibles are curved and rather narrow, the width
being about two thirds the length. They are broad and bluntat the
tip, where they are more or less clearly notched, sometimes with
one notch and sometimes with two. The under side of the body is
transversely ridged, one ridge to each segment, and at each end of
each ridge are two prominent tubercles, forming lateral rows,
bearing strong spine-like hairs. (Fig. 32.)

The pup are 3.5 mm. long by 2.5 mm. wide, white except the
eyes and mandibles, which show red and black respectively when
the pupew are matured. ‘The last segment terminates in two simple
hooks, the points of which curve towards each other, and in front
of these hooks are two pairs of lateral spines, the first of which
project directly outwards.

CONCLUSION.

It is possible that this beetle may become generally and con-
tinuously destructive to corn, although its serious injuries so far
as known at present have been limited to a single neighborhood in
western Illinois. The wide variety of plants to which the beetle
may resort for food and the general distribution and abundance of
some of these, the abundance also of its larval food in the roots of
timothy grass and corn, and the absence, so far as known, of any
unusual checks on the multiplication of the species, are all condi-
tions favorable to its maintenance in greatly increased numbers.
In the present imperfect state of our knowledge of its habits, of its
food preferences, and of its life history, it is impossible to discuss
satisfactorily the subject of preventive or remedial measures,

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INDEX

A

Almond, crown-gall of, 110.
americana, Clisiocampa, 134.
amylovorus, Bacillus, 124.
Anthracnose of Raspberry and
Blackberry, 99.
appearance of, in winter, 104.
effect on fruit, 126.
fungus producing, 126.
general description of, 101, 126.
means of exterminating, 127.
Aphides, 101, 104, 127-129. See
Plant-lice.
Aphis, Apple-leaf, 127. See under
Apple-leaf Aphis.
Black Peach-, 100, 104, 107-110.
See under Peach-Aphis, Black.
Cherry, 129. See under Cherry
Aphis.
maidiradicis, 146.
mali, 127-129. See under Apple-
leaf Aphis.
prunicola, 107. See Peach-Aphis,
Black.
Woolly, 99, 100, 104, 106. See
under Woolly Aphis.
Apple-blight, 1o1, 124. See under
Pear-blight.
Apple, California wash used on, 55.
crown-gall of, 111.
infested by Tussock-moth, 102,
136.
by Walnut Scale, 115.
injured by Grape-vine Colaspis,
145, 148.
by Leaf-crumpler, 130.
by Tent-caterpillar, 135.

Apple— Continued.
injury to, by kerosene emulsion,
48.
-leaf Aphis, character of injury
by, 128.
description of, 128.
eggs of, 128.
generations of, characterized:
128.
insecticide measures against,
129.
resort to grasses and grains
by, 128.
two species of, 127.
Leaf-crumpler, recognition of, in
winter, IOI, 103.
trees infested by, Io1.
(See also under Leaf-crum-
pler.)
Oregon wash for, 82, 85.
- scab, 99, 103.
appearance of, in winter, 104.
on leaf and fruit, 102, 137.
causes of local prevalence of,
137.
fungus causing, 102, 137.
measure against, 138.
nature of injury, 137.
sprayed with crude petroleum,
92; effect, 93.
with kerosene emulsion, 45~52 ;
effect, 48, 52.
with kerosene emulsion with
whale-oil soap, 96; effect, 97.
with “Los Angeles County
wash No. 5,” 96; effect, 97.
with pure kerosene,92; effect,g3:

Apple— Continued.
treatment of, with hydrocyanic

acid gas, 30, 32, 37, 38, 39, 40, 4I,

42.
-trees, destruction of infested,
40, 46, 50.

Apricot, crown-gall of, Ilo.
infested by Walnut Scale, 115.
subject to attack by Peach-tree

Borer, 100, 122.
to peach fruit-spot, 101.
Armillaria mellea, 111.
Arsenical sprays for Canker-worm,
139.
for Tent-caterpillar, 135.
for Tussock-moth, 137.

Arsenite of lime for Canker-worm,

cost of application, 141.

Ash infested by Putnam Scale, 115-

Aspidiotus uve, 120. See Grape

Scale.

Aulacaspis rosz, 120. See Rose

Scale.

B

Bacillus amylovorus, 124. See
Pear-blight.
Bag-worm, appearance of, at dif-
ferent seasons, 102, 103.
egg-masses of, 102, 103, 135.
measures against, 136,
trees infested by, 102.
Bark-lice, 100, 104, 112. See under
Scale inseets.
Basket-worm, 135. See Bag-worm.
Beans injured by Colaspis brunnea,
145, 148.
Beechinfested by Putnam Scale,115.
Beets injured by Colaspis brunnea,
145, 148.
Bill-bug, Blue-grass, 3. See under
Bill-bug, Little Brown.
Clay-colored, 9-17. See under
Sphenophorus ochreus.
Little Brown, 3-7. See under
Sphenophorus parvulus.
Bill-bugs, Corn, in Illinois, 1-26.
life history, 2.
injury to Corn by, 1,2,3. (See
also under Sphenophorus.)
measures against I, 3.

Bill-bugs, Corn—Condinued.
recent bibliography of, 23-26.

Blackberry, anthracrose of, tot,
126. Se> under Anthracnose.
infested by Rose or Raspberry
Scale, 120.

subject t» crown-gall, 100,

Black-knot, 103.
appearance and effect of, 101,
104, 125%

destructiveness in the East, 126,
fungus parasite Causing, 125.
treatment for, 126.

trees subject to, 101, 125, 126.
Peach Aphis, 100, 103, 104, 107-
110. See Peach-Aphis, Black.

Blue-grass as breeding plant of
Sphenophorus parvulus, 3.

as food plant of larve of bill-
bugs, 2, 3, 18.

Bill-bug, 3-7. See under Sphe-
nophorus parvulus.

Bordeaux mixture as_ protection

against crown-gall, III.

for Blackberry and Raspberry
canes exposed to or affected
by anthracnose, 127.

for cut surfaces in checking
black-knot, 126.

Borer, Peach-tree, 99, 100, 104, I2I-

124. See under Peach-tree Borer.

Borers, 103.

Braucher, R. W., 28, 34, 39, 40, 42,

45, 47, 48, 50.

Bridgewater, John C.,, 14.

Bruner, Lawrence, on Sphenopho-

rus parvulus, 6.

brunnea, Colaspis, 145.

Buckwheat injured by Colaspis

brunnea, 145, 148.

Bulletin of the California Agricul-
tural Experiment Station cited,
BI, 32.

Cornell University Agricultural
Experiment Station cited, 122,
132.

Entomological Division of the
U. S. Department of Agricul-
ture cited, 28, 20, 68, 149.
Illinois Agricultural Experiment
Station cited, I, 27, 67.

Bulletin— Continued.
Kentucky Agricultural Experi-
ment Station cited, 125, 127,138.
Maryland Agricultural Experi-
ment Station cited, 28, 20.
Burning leaves to destroy mite
causing pear-leaf blister, 134.

C

California and Oregon washes for
the San Jose Scale, cost
of, as compared with
that of kerosene emul-
sion and whale-oil soap,
89, 90.

effect of rain upon, ex-
perimental test of, 87.
effect of water sprays up-
on trees treated with, 73.
experiments with, 67-go.
general features of, 69.
period and methods
of, 70.
results of, 69, 70.
tables giving, 73.
(See also under
California wash
and under Ore-
gon wash.)
explanation of, 73.
trees used in, 71.
weather during, 7I.
insecticide effect of, as
compared with that of
whale oil soap, 89.
practical conclusions
concerning use of, 89.
preparation of, 72.
use of, in California and
Oregon, 67.
in the East, 67.
in Illinois, 68-90.
wash, details of experiments
with, 74-81.
formule for, 53, 72.
for San Jose Seale, field use
of, and results, 45, 50, 52-56.
general results of experiments
with, 81.
method of determining effect
of, 74.

xi

California wash— Continued.
tables showing effect of, 75, 78.
used on Apple, 55, 71, 74, 78.

on) Reach) 50; 52) 537. 54, 55,
68, 71, 78.
on Pear, 53, 55-
on Plum, 50, 53, 54, 55, 68.
Canker-worm at Decatur, IIl., 143.
at Jacksonville, Ill, 139-143.
crude petroleum as protection
against, 93.
eggs of, 139, 140..
in the Sangamon forests, 143.
injury by, checked by hailstorm,
140.
to orchards by, 144.
to Red-haw and Wild Cherry,
144.
measures against, 139-143, 144.
on shade and forest trees. 139-
144.

carpophilum, Cladosporium, Io1.

Carter, Joseph, 8.

Cat-tail Flag infested by larva of

Sphenophorus pertinax, 17.

Ceanothus as food plant of Colas-

pis brunnea, 148.
cerasi, Myzus, 129.

. Cherry Aphis, 129.

date of spraying for, 129.
eggs of, 129.
effect of kerosene emulsion upon,
48, 49, 51.
infested by Walnut Scale, 115.
injured by Leaf-crumpler, 130.
-scab, 127. See under Peach
fruit-spot.
sprayed with crude petroleum,
92; effect, 93.
with pure kerosene, 92 ; effect,
93:
subject to attack by Peach-tree
Borer, 100, 122.
to crown-gall, 100.
to peach fruit-spot.
Wild, injured by Canker-worm,
144.
Chickens, attempt by, to eat Sphe-
nophorus ochreus. 14.
Chionaspis furfura, 118. See Scur-
fy Scale.

Chittenden, F. H., description of
egg of Colaspis brunnea by, I4o.

Cladosporium carpophilum, rot.

Clay-colored Bill-bug, 1, 9-17, 18.
See under Sphenophorus ochreus.

Clisiocampa americana, 134. See
Tent-caterpillar,

Clitocybe parasitica, III.

Clover injured by Colaspis brun-
nea, 145, 148.

Club-rush, 2, 12.

infested by Sphenophorus ochre-
US! TO,12, 13, 15.

Coccida, 112-121.
sects.

Colaspis brunnea, 145-1409.
appearance of larva of, 147.
beetle, injuries to horticulture;

by, 145, 148.
to various plants by, 145,
148.
conditions favorable to, 149.
description of egg, larva,and
pupa of, 149.
distribution and life history of
148.
eggs of, 148.
larva, injuries to Corn by, 145,
149.
to other plants than Corn,
145, 148.
Grape-vine, 145.
laspis brunnea.
Root-worm, 145-149. See under
Colaspis brunnea.

communis, Phragmites, Io.

compressa, Poa, 148.

Cordley, A. B., on lime and sulphur
washes for the San Jose Scale, 67,
68.

Corn bill-bugs in Illinois, 1-26. See

under Bill-bugs.
injury to Corn by, I, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,
7, 8, Q-II, 12, 13, 14-16, 21, 22.
injuries to, by Colaspis brunnea,
145-146.
Root Aphis, 146.
Sphenophorus scoparius found
On, 21.
sculptilis found on, 21,

See. Scale in-

See under Co-

xl

Cow-pea as food plant of Colaspis
brunnea, 148.
Crataegus injured by Canker-worm,
144.
Crown-gall, 99, 103.
appearance in winter, 104.
description of, 100, 110.
fruits affected by, 100, 111.
nature of disease, 110.
protection against, IIT.
Crude petroleum as_ protection
against Canker-worm, 93.
effect on Peach in Catawba
Island district, Ohio, 93-95.
for San Jose Scale, 27, 91-95.
sprayed on Apple,Cherry, Pear,
and Peach, 92; effect, 93.
Currant injured by Putnam Scale,
115.
Cyperus strigosus infested by bill-
bugs, 12, I9.

D

Dalbey, D. S., 7.

dendriticum, Fusicladium, 102, 137.
Dendrophagus globosus, III.
Desmodium as food plant of Colas-
pis brunnea, 148.
Diaspis, Peach, 113, 117.
der Peach Diaspis.
Dock as food plant of Colaspis
brunnea, 148.

See un-

E
Eggs of Bag-worm, 102, 103, 135.
destruction of, 136.
of Canker-worm, 139, 140.
of Colaspis brunnea, 148, 149.
of Grape Scale, 120.
of Oyster-shell Scale, 119.
of Peach Diaspis, 117.
of Peach-tree Borer, 122, 124.
of plant-lice, 104, 128, 129.

of Rose or Raspberry Scale, 121.

of scale insects, 100, 104, 112, 113.

of Scurfy Scale, 118.

of Sphenophorus cariosus, f9.

of Sphenophorus ochreus, Io, 11,
M2 se 3S LOT

of Sphenophorus parvulus, 5.

of Sphenophorus pertinax, 18.

Eggs—Continued.
of Tent-caterpillar, 134.
destruction of, 135.
of Tussock-moth, 102, 103, 136,
137.
destruction of, 137.
of Woolly Aphis, go.
Elm injured by Canker-worm, 139-
144.
Scale, Common, winter stage of,
13)
ephemereeformis, Thyridoptery x,
135.
Eriophyes pyri, 132.
blister.
Evergreens infested by Bag-worm,
102.
exitiosa, Sanninoidea, 121.

F

Fall plowing and clean cultivation
as measures against bill-bugs, 16.
Fay, W. L., 140.
Fire-blight, 101, 124.
Pear-blight.
Flax, planting, as measure against
Clay-colored Bill-bug, I.
fluviatilis, Scirpus, 10, 12, 13, 15.
Forbes, E. B., 69, 145.
Forbes, S. A., Report as State En-
tomologist of Illinois cited, 1, 17.
Forbes Scale, 114.
economic importance of, 115.
treatment for, 116.
winter stage of, 113.
Fox-tail grass as food plant of
_ Sphenophorus ochreus, Io.
Fumigation, 120, 121.
for Black Peach-Aphis, 110.
for San Jose Scale, 28, 29, 31-44,
56, 57. (See also under Orchard
Fumigation.)
for scale insects generally, 113.
for Woolly Aphis, 107.
method of procedure in, 117.
on town lots, 33, 34-
Fruit-spot, peach, 101,127. See un-
der peach fruit-spot.
Fungi of Leaf-spots, 103.
Fungus causing apple-scab, 102.
parasite of San Jose Scale, 69.

See Pear-leaf

See under

xiii

Fungus— Continued.
pests of nursery most important
to the nursery trade, classifica-
tion and description of, 99.
furfura, Chionaspis, 118.
Fusicladium dendriticum, 102, 137.

G

Gamaside infesting Sphenophorus
parvulus, 4.
Garman, H., on anthracnose of
Raspberry and Blackberry,
1274
on apple-scab, 138.
on Black-knot, 125.
Gas-tar bands for Canker-worm,
139.
globosus, Dendrophagus, 111.
Gloeosporium venetum, 126.
Grains as resort of Apple-leaf
Aphis, 128.
Grape infested by Grape Scale,120.
injured by Grape-vine Colaspis,
145, 148.
Scale, character of infestation by,
120.
economic importance of, 120.
eggs of, 120.
treatment for, 120,
treatment of, with hydrocyanic
acid gas, 36, 37.
subject to crown-gall, 100.
-vine Colaspis, 145. See Colas-
pis brunnea.
Grass, Fox-tail, as food plant of
Sphenophorus ochreus, 10.
June, as food plant of Colaspis
Root-worm, 148.
Sphenopiorus scoparius found
on, 21.
Grasses as breeding place of Sphe-
nophorus pertinax, 18.
as resort of Apple-leaf Aphis
128.

swamp, I. ?
Green, E. C., 34, 39, 45, 48, 49, 50
140. :

report on effect of crude pe-
troleum on Peach in Cataw-
ba Island district, Ohio, 93-

9O5-

H

Hackberry Putnam
Scale, 115.
Hamilton, John, on Sphenophorus
pertinax, 18.
Hartwell ranch, injury to Corn on,
by bill-bugs, 14-16.
Hedges. See Osage Orange.
Hill (HDi 13.
Hot water for Woolly Aphis, 107.
Hydrocyanic acid gas for the San
Jose Scale, 28, 29, 30, 31-44, 56, 57.
(See also under Orchard Fumi-
gation.)

injured by

I

indiginella, Mineola, 129.

Insect and fungus pests of the nur-
sery most important to the nur-
sery trade, classification and de-
scription of, 99-102. See under
Nursery pests.

Insecticides. See under Remedies
and Preventives and under va-
rious insecticide terms.

J

John, M. D., 13.

Johnson, B. F., 19.

Johnson, W. G., A Report on the
San Jose Scale in Maryland
and Remedies for its Sup-
pression and Control, cited
28, 29.

on hydrocyanic acid gas _ for
the San Jose Scale, 30.
June-grass as food plant of Colas-
pis Root-worm, 148.

K

Kellicott, D, S., on Sphenophorus
pertinax, 17.
Kerosene, effect of soap emulsion
of, 47, 51.
emulsion, cost of, and results
with, 45, 46, 56, 57.
effect of single treatment with,
47.
experience with, 45-50.
for Apple-leaf Aphis, 129.

xiv

Kerosene emulsion—Continued.

for Black Peach-Aphis, Ito.
for destruction of mite causing
pear-leaf blister, 132, 134.
for San Jose Scale, 27, 39, 40,
41, 45-52, 56, 57.
compared with Califor-
nia and Oregon washes ,
90.
during season of IgoI-02,
50-52.
for scale insects generally, 113.
for Woolly Aphis, 107.
formula for, 116.
injury to trees by, 45, 48, 49,
50, SI.
strict experiment with, 47.
with whale-oil soap for San
Jose Scale, 96, 97.
grade of, 48, 49, 50.
pure, for San Jose Scale, 91-95.
sprayed on Apple, Cherry,
Pear, and Peach, 92 ; effect,

93.
L

lanigera, Schizoneura, 106.
latifolia, Typha, 17.
Leaf-crumpler, character of injury
by, 130.
hibernation of, 129.
life history of, 130.
protective measures against, 131.
recognition of, at different sea-
sons, 130.
trees infested by, and
done, 130.

Leaf-spots, 103.
description of, 103, 104.
fungi of, 103.

Lecanium nigrofasciatum, 118.

See under Peach Lecanium.
Peach, 113, 118. See under Peach
Lecanium.
leucostigma, Notolophus, 136.
Lime and sulphur washes for the
San Jose Scale, 67-90. See un-
der California and under Ore-
gon.
arsenite of, for Canker-worm,

I4t.

injury

Lime— Continued.
salt, and blue vitriol for San Jose
Scale. See under Oregon
wash and under California.
sulphur for San Jose Scale.
See under California.
Linden infested by Putnam Scale,
115.
Los Angeles County wash No. 5 for
San Jose Scale, 96; effect of, 97.
Lowe, V. H., on Peach-tree Borer,
122)

M

McElfresh, F. M., 68.
McLaren, H. E., 13.
maidiradicis, Aphis, 146.
mali, Aphis, 127.
Maple infested by Putnam Scale
IIS.

Marten, John, 10, 12, Io.

Meadows injured by Sphenopho-
rus sculptilis, 22.

mellea, Armillaria, 111.

Mexican Dropseed as food-plant of
Colaspis Root-worm, 148.

mexicana, Mublenbergia, 148.

Millet injured by Sphenophorus
ochreus. 10.

Mineola indiginella, 129. See un-
der Apple Leaf-crumpler and un-
der Leaf-crumpler.

Mite causing pear-leaf blister, 102,
132. See under Pear-leaf blister.

Mites infesting Sphenophorus par-
vulus, 4.

Molds, slime, I11.

Montelius, J. A., 9, 12.

morbosa, Plowrightia, 125.

Morrow, G. E., o.

Muhlenbergia mexicana as food
plant of Colaspis Root-worm, 148.

Musk-melon as food plant of Co-
laspis brunnea, 148.

Mytilaspis pomorum, IIc. See un-
der Oyster-shell Scale.

Myzus cerasi, 129. See Cherry
Aphis.

N

New Jersey Tea as food plant of
Colaspis brunnea, 148.

XV

%

nigrofasciatum, Lecanium, 118.
Notolophus leucostigma, 136. See
Tussock-moth.
Nursery and orchard trees infested
by Bag-worm, 102.
inspection in Illinois, 98.
pests, description and discussion
of species of, 106-138.
injurious to bark or wood, Ioo.
to leaf or bud, 101.
to roots, 99.
principal, classification and de-
scription of, 99-102.
likely to be distributed in
trade, 98-138.
winter form and appearance
of, 103-104.
trees, raising of, discontinued on
ground where crown-gall ap-
Pears yshiT.

O

ochreus, Sphenophorus, I, 9, 19.
Orchard fumigation at Richview,
Ill., 38-42.
comments on results of, 42.
details of work in, 39-42.
at Sparta, IIl., 34.
details of work in, and re-
sults of, 36-38.
general results of, 35.
best results of, 43.
comments on results of, 42.
cost of, 43.
description of equipment for,
21.
of operation, 32; illustra-
tions of, 58-66.
experience with, 31-44.
preliminary operation for, at
Monticello, Tl, 33.
test of method of, 30.
trees, destruction of infested, 36,
38, 30, 44, 48. ‘See also under
Apple, Peach, Plum, etc.)
marked for removal, 37.
sprayed with kerosene emul-
sion, 39, 42, 45. (See also un-
der Apple, Peach, etc.)
Orchards injured by Canker-worm,
144.

Oregon and California washes, use
of, in Illinois, 68-90. See also
under California and Oregon.

wash for San Jose Scale, 67, 82-87.
details of experiments
with, 82-87.
preparation of, 72.
tables showing effect
of, 83, 84.
used on Apple, 82, 85.
on Peach, 82, 85.
Osage Orange hedge infested by
San Jose Scale, 35, 38, 39,
40, 41, 42.
destruction of, 39, 40, 41.
treatment of, with kerosene
emulsion, 4o. |

Oyster-shell Scale, distribution in

Illinois, II9.
eggs of, Ilg.
general description of, 119.
protection against, 120.
winter stage of, 113.

Ve

parasitica, Clitocybe, 111.
Paris green and lime, spraying
with for Leaf-crumpler, 131.
spray for Bag-worm, 136.
Parrott, P. J., on Sphenophorus
pertinax, 18.
parvulus, Sphenophorus, 3, 22.
Peach-Aphis, Black, description of
two forms of, 108, I10.
destructiveness in the East,
108.
effect on tree, 108.
infesting roots of Peach and
Plum, 100.
protection against, I10.
winter form of, 104.
California wash for, 50, 52, 53, 54,
55-
crown-gall of, r10.
Diaspis, economic importance of,
117.
eggs of, 117.
general description of, 117.
winter stage of, 113, I17.
effect of whale-oil soap on, 44,
45.

Xvi

Peach — Continued.
fruit-spot, description of, ror.
destruction of stock infected
by, 127.
fungus Causing, IOI.
trees subject to, 127.
infested by Putnam Scale, 115.
injury to by Black Peach-Aphis,
108.
by kerosene emulsion, 48, 51.
by Leaf-crumpler, 130.
by Peach-tree Borer, 100,
104, 122, 123.
Lecanium, appearance on bark,
FER:
economic importance of, 118.
general description of, 118.
winter stage of, 113.
Oregon wash for, 82,. 85.
sprayed with crude petroleum,
g2 ; effect, 93-95.
with kerosene emulsion, 46, 47

52.
with whale-oil soap, 96
effect, 97.

with Los Angeles Count,

wash No. 5, 96; effect, 97.
with pure kerosene, 92 ; effect,
93-
treatment of, with hydrocyanic
acid gas, 30, 32, 36, 37, 38, 39,
Al, 42.
-tree Borer, 909.
appearance of, and charac-
ter of injury by, 100, 104,
123, 124.
description of, 100.
destruction of stock infested
with, 124.
distribution of, 122.
eggs of, 122, 124.
fruit-trees subject to attack
by, 100.
in Illinois nurseries, 122.
methods of its spread, 122.
size and situation of, during
hibernation, 124.
winter stage of, 104, 123.
-trees, destruction of infested, 40
41, 42, 49, 50.
-yellows, 108.

Pear as food plant of Colaspis:
brunnea, 148.
-blight, 99, 102.
appearance of stock infected
with, 1o1, 125; destruction
of, 125.
bacterium causing, 124.
spots due to, 127.
nature and effect of, fol, 124.
trees and plants subject to,
IOI, 125.
California wash for, 53, 55.
crown-gall of, IIT.
effect of kerosene emulsion on,
48, 51, 52.
infested by Walnut Scale, IIS.
-leaf blister, 99.
appearance of, 102, 132.
geli stage of, 133.
mite causing, description of,
133.
destruction of, 134.
winter quarters of, 102)
133.
Mite, 99, 102, 132. See above.
sprayed with crude petroleum,
92; effect, 93.
with kerosene emulsion 42, 46,
47.
with pure kerosene, 92; effect,
93-
treatment of, with hydrocyanic
acid gas, 28, 37, 40.
pertinax, Sphenophorus 13, 14,15,17.
Phleum pratense, 148. See Tim-
othy.
Phragmites communis injured by
Sphenophorus ochreus, Io.
Picking off tufts of leaves for Leaf-
crumpler, I31.
placidus, Sphenophorus, 8.
Plant-lice, 101, 104, 127-129.
eggs of, 103, 104, 128, 129.
winter stage of, 104.
(See also underApple-leaf Aphis
and Cherry Aphis.)
Plowrightia morbosa, 125.
Plum, California wash fer, 50, 53,
54, 55, 68.
infested by Black Peach-Aphis,
100, 110.

xvii

Plum infested— Continued.
by Tussock-moth, 102.
by Walnut Scale, 115.
-scab, 127. See under Peach
fruit spot.
sprayed with kerosene emulsion,
4o; effect, 48, 51.
subject to attack by Peach-tree
Borer, 100, 122.
to crown-gall, 100.
to peach fruit-spot, 107.
treatment of, with hydrocyanic
acid gas, 29, 30, 37-
Poa compressa as food plant of
Colaspis Root-worm, 148. ;
pomorum, Mytilaspis, 119.
Potato infested by Colaspis brun-
nea, 145, 148.
pratense, Phleum, 148.
Printers’-ink bairaés for Canker-
worm, 142; cost of application of,
143.
Prune subject to attack by Peach-
tree Borer, 122.
prunicola, Aphis, 107.
Putnam Scale, 114.
economic importance of, 115.
treatment for, 116.
trees infested by, 115.
winter stage of, 113.
pyri, Eriophyes, 132.

Q

Quince, effect of kerosene emul-
sion on, 52.
injury to, by Leaf-crumpler, 130.
subject to crown-gall, 100.

R

Raspberry, anthracnose of, 101,
126. See under Anthracnose.
crown-gall of, I11.
infested by Rose or Raspberry
Scales 1205

Scale, 113, 120. See under Rose
Scale.
Red-haw injured by Canker-worm,
144.
Reeds, Io.
Remedies and preventives for in-
sect and fungus pests :
arsenical sprays, 135, 136, 139.

Remedies and preventives —Con-
tinued,
arsenite of lime, 141.
Bordeaux mixture, I11, 126, 127.
burning infested leaves, 134.
California wash, 45, 50, 52-56.
Crude petroleum, 27, 91-95.
destruction of insects’ eggs, 135,
136, 137.
fall plowing and clean cultiva-
tion, 16.
fumigation, 28, 29, 30, 31-44, 56,
Be 107. 1LO, Lis 017,
hot water, 107.
gas-tar bands, 130.
hydrocyanic acid gas. See Fumi-
‘gation.
kerosene emulsion, 27, 39, 40, 41,
2, 45-52, 56, 57, 107, II
113, 116, 120, 129, 132, 134,
with whale-oil soap, 06, 97.
pure, OI-95.
lime, salt, and blue vitriol. See
Oregon wash and California.
salt, and sulphur, See under
California,
Los Angeles County wash No. 5
96, 97.
Paris green and lime, 131.
picking off tufts of leaves, 131.
planting flax, 1.
printers’ Ink, 142-143, 144.
rotation, 110, 11t, 124.
summer plowing, or early fall, 3.
tobacco decoction, 1209.
dust, 107.
whale-oil soap, 27, 28, 36, 44, 45,48,
§0, 56, 57,89, 90, 113, 116, 120, 129.
Report of the California State
Board of Horticulture cited, 67.
Entomological Department of
the New Jersey Agricultural
Experiment Station cited, 67.
State Entomologist of Illinois
cited, I, 17.

Ring-and-nipple scales, 114, 115,
110. See under San Jose Scale
and its allies,

robustus, Sphenophorus, 22.
Root-rot, 99, 103.

appearance of, in winter, 104.

Xvill

Root-rot— Continued.
description of, 1oo, IIT.
measures for extermination of,
I12.
trees subject to attack of, 111.
Root-worm, Colaspis, 145-149. See
under Colaspis brunnea.
Strawberry. See Colaspis brun-
nea,
rosx, Aulacaspis, 120.
Rose or Raspberry Scale, 113, 120.
eggs of, 121.
general description of, 120,
measures against, 121.
plants infested by, 120.
winter stage of, 113, 121.
Rotation as protection against
Black Peach-Aphis, f10.
against crown-gall, II.
against Peach-tree Borer,124.
Rumex as food plant of Colaspis
brunnea, 148.
Rushes, 2, 10.
as food plants of bill-bugs, 11, 18.

Ss
San Jose Scale, 99, 103.
and its allies, 114-117.
distinctive appearance
of, 115, 116.
relative importance of,115,
similarity of appearance
of, 114.
experiments and observa-
tions on the use of crude
petroleum and pure kero-
sene for, 91-95.
experiments with
washes for, 96.
fumigation for, 28, 29, 31-44.
(See also under Orchard
fumigation.)
fungus parasite of, 69.
insecticides for, general
summary concerning, 56.
lime and sulphur washes
for, 67-90. See under Cali-
fornia and Oregon.
liquid insecticides for, 27, 56.
loosening ol, by insecticides,
69.

summer

San Jose Scale, loosening of — Covz.
by rain and water sprays,
88.
method of reproduction of,
113.
metnods and results of field
insecticide work against, in
1899-1902, 27-66.
spontaneous death of, 69.
trees equally infested by, 116.
winter stage of, 113.
washes for, 89.
Sanninoidea exitiosa, 121. See
Peach-tree Borer.
Scale insects or bark-lice, 112-121.
eggs of, 100, 103, 104, 112, 113.
(See also under Eggs.)
general description of, 100, 112.
hibernation of, 104, 113.
identification of, in winter, 104.
insecticide treatment for, 113.
methods of reproduction of,
I12, 113.
nursery, wintering in the egg,
118-121.
wintering partly or fully
grown, 114-118.
ring-and-nipple, 114, 115, 116.
See under San Jose Scale and
its allies.
(See also under various
names of scale insects.)
Schizoneura lanigera, 106. See
Woolly Aphis.
Scirpus fluviatilis infested by Sphe-
nophorus Ochreus, 10, 12, 13, 15.
Seurfy Scale, distribution in IIli-
nois, 118.
economic importance of, 118.
eggs of, 118.
general description of, 118.
measures against, 118.
spread of, 119.
winter stage of, 113.
Sedge infested by Sphenophorus
ochreus, 12.
Sedges, 2.
Setaria as food plant of Sphenoph-
orus ochreus, 13.
Shade trees and forest trees, Can-
ker-worm on, 139-144.

Slingerland, M. V., on Black
Peach-Aphis, 108.
on Peach-tree Borer, 122, 124.
on pear-leaf blister, paper
Cited wIgzy 33.

Smith, John B., on lime, salt, and
sulphur wash for San Jose Scale
in Pacific states, 67.

Snout-beetles. See Bill-bugs,

Sphenophorus cariosus, 19-21.

breeding plants of, 19.
dates for imago of, 1o.
description of larva of, 21.
eggs of, To.
life history of, 10.
ochreus, 9-17, 109.
descriptive notes on, 17.
EQES OL, 10; 11.12, 13, 15, 10).17;
experiment with beetles of, on
Corn. 0r,
extraordinary injury to Corn in
Greene county, 14-16.
injuries by, in Whiteside,
Adams, and Schuyler coun-
ties, 13.
injury to Corn in Ford county
in 1888 by, 9-11; in 1880, 12.
life history of, 12, 14.
method of feeding of, 11.
prevention of injury to Corn
by, I.
parvulus, eggs of, 5.
food plants of, 6.
infested by mites, 4.
injury to Corn by, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7.
life history of, 3-7, 22.
pertinax, 13, 14, 15, 17-18.
character of injury to Corn, 18.
eggs of, 18.
life history of, 18.
placidus, injuries to Corn by, 8.
life history of, 8.
robustus, 22.
scoparius found on Corn and
Grass, 21.
sculptilis, injuries to Corn by, 21,
aoe
injury to meadows by, 22.
life history of, 22.
REL ONE
Stanton, J. W., 39.

Strawberry injured by Grape-vine
Colaspis, 145, 148.
Root-worm. See Colaspis brun-
nea.

strigosus, Cyperus, 12, Io, 20.

Summer plowing, or early fall, to

prevent injury to Corn by bill-

bugs, 3.

Summers, H. E., 28.

T

Tanner, John R., 27.
Tent-caterpillar, eggs of, 102, 103,
104, 134.
feeding habits, 135.
measures against, 135.
recognition of, at different sea-
sons, 102, 104, 135.
webs of, 135.
Thyridopteryx ephemereformis,
135. See Bag-worm.
Tick-trefoil as food plant of Colas-
pis brunnea, 148.
Timothy as breeding plant of
Sphenophorus parvulus, 3.
as food plant of bill-bugs, 2, 4, 5,
Tanai
of Colaspis Root-worm, 148.
Bill-bug. See Sphenophorus
sculptilis.
Ditus, ES. G., 7; phate s2, Oos72)
88, gI, 96, 142, 143, 148.
Tobacco decoction for Apple-leaf
Aphis, 129.
dust for Woolly Aphis, 107.
Tussock-moth, description of larva
of, 102.
egg-mass of, 102, 103, 136, 137.
identification of, in winter, 102,
103.
measures against, 137.
trees infested by, 102, 136.
Twig-blight, 1o1, 124. See under
Pear-blight.
Typha latifolia infested by Sphe-
nophorus pertinax, 17.
U
Uvee, Aspidiotus, 120.
Vv
venetum, Glaeosporium, 126.

xx

Ww

Walnut Scale, 114, 117.
economic importance of, 115.
trees infested by, 115.
winter stage of, 113.
Watkins, John T., 145.
Webster, F. M., on life history of
Sphenophorus ochreus, 16.
on Sphenophorus parvulus,
55) O:
Weston, H. S., 139.
Whale-oil soap compared with Cal-
ifornia and Oregon washes for
San Jose Scale, 89, go.
cost of treatment with, 44, 45.
for Apple-leaf Aphis, 129.
for Forbes and Putnam scales,
116.
for San Jose Scale, 27, 28, 29,
36, 44, 45, 48, 50, 56, 57.
for scale insects generally, 113.
soda, potash, and sulphur, mix-
ture of, for San Jose Scale, 96;
effect of,97. See Los Angeles
County wash No. 5.
Wheat infested by Sphenophorus
parvulus, 4.
White grubs, 146.
Wild Cherry, injury to, by Canker-
worm, 144.
Willow infested by Tussock-moth,
102.
Winslow, F. C., 139, 140.
Wireworms, 146.
Woodworth, Charles W., bulletin
on orchard fumigation
cited, 31, 32, 67.
on lime, salt, and sulphur
wash for San Jose Scale, 67.
Woodworth, H. O., 50.
Woolly Aphis, 99, 100, 103, 105,
106-107.
destruction of, 107.
eggs of, 99.
identification of injury by, in
winter, IO4.
injury to Apple by, gg, 106.
migrations of, 107.
multiplication of, 106.
protection against, 107.

*

— my"
hee ert
ie

os

EWENTY=NHIRD REPORT

STATE ENTOMOLOGIST

NOXIOUS AND BENEFICIAL INSECTS

STATE OF ILLINOIS

aw BEE PHO REPORT OF S,:A. FORBES

CHICAGO
R. R. DONNELLEY & Sons Co.
Printers

1905

CONTENTS

BePOC EG COW INOUGr sents aids dh 6s a uhiie ey ae
The more Important Inseet Injuries to Indian Corn.

LD reyaleyvorme} Conn uneven Malye {Eno our sboomo dw teu Yeo ao ooog ae mmo recat

Adaptations and Reactions of the Corn Plant to its
General Effect of Insect Injury................6.
General Measures of Prevention and Remedy...... .
Insect Injuries to Different Parts of the Corn Plant.
Injuries to Corn by the Different Orders of Insects.

Inseet Visitants. .

The Corn Inseets Grouped according to their Heonomic igen ince

DISGUSSIOMMOle SDCGLES tie susan ites taia) airs cies ena seyapiat a} chai vt

Eeonomie Group 1. (The more Important Specie
Insects Injurious to the Plant above Ground. .
SmiG AMON ALINE co ttrcsaie set yeh. dt yeh eae
Pie COnmy CU WORMS cela clin chan wis tion ie say niaets
Hadena devastatrix (The Glassy Cutworm) .

Hadena arctica (The Yellow-headed Cutwor

Agrotis ypsilon (The Greasy Cutworm)... .
Peridroma margaritosa saucia (The Variegat

Ss).
ial) eae

ed C Facer

Noctua c-nigrum (The Spotted Cutworm)...

Feltia subgothica (The Dingy Cutworm). .
Feltia jaculifera (The Western Striped Cut

worm) ‘ are eee

Feltia gladiaria (The Clay-backed Cutworm) .........

Nephelodes minians (The Bronze Cutworm
Le kivakiiQen Opler dao goekoscndcehontuce

Noctua clandestina (The W-marked C cree
Feltia annexa (The Granulated Cutworm. .
Euxoa messoria (The Dark-sided Cutworm)

)

TINA Gave e ent.y cy

Juxoa tessellata (The Common Striped Cutworm) .........
Euxoa ochrogaster (The Red-backed Cutworm)........... atc e an

Mamestra renigera (The Bristly Cutworm)
The Sod Web-worms, or Root Web-worms, (se
The Burrowing Web-worms (Anaphora popea

nella, Hypoclopus mortipennellus) ......

veral Species of tc eS ee
nella, Pseudanaphora arca-

Panoimemamnea, (Uheustalk-borer)): sane. sare sre ace ta we asda.

Leucania unipuncta (The Army-worm) .....
The Corn Bill-bugs (Sphenophorus spp.)....
— Blissus leucopterus (The Chineh-bug) . .
Grasshoppers (A cridide)........ ......
The more Important Insects Injurious to nes Se
Keonomie Group 2. (The less Important Species)

ed and recat nS ee Se

Pegomyia fusciceps (The Seed-corn Maggot).................. ee er hems
REV atoll vets CATE MENT OUNCE SIN: Vieig hoc) 5 st vous Payson dc dyaraytpeeie ecd'wol sige ae

OR PLET ORNs «7 pad peatinrt amine, WG ia) Chay tiwnins Mp soph
E'stigmene acrea (The Salt-marsh Caterpillar)

PRA CEURUL TUT GUNAICG WAGs Y CULO WS BEAT)! c50 0 06) «x scng ere camps ta diteg ace es

Tsia isabella (The Hedgehog Caterpillar) .....

iil

i
i=,

SJIoygqu Ts ~
bo

to

iv

PAGH
A pantests. GNGE 66. ta he Sa iii BOO hgh SEEGER Oe 75
Apantesis phylera s < - iinc wits oP ean. bey eee Te ee ee 76
A pomlesis phaleraea iis sen. te Bewteht alee A el uae ee er eo 76
The Hadena Stalk-borers (Hadena stipata, H. jractilinea, H. mise ng) Re ty UG
FX elovropna sVOnifOrmn71s GU. sé oud aan ak eae ee os Re 78
Prodenia ornithogalli (The Cotton Cutworm) ................00seec sees 79
Laphygma frugiperda (The Grass-worm or Fall Army-worm) ............ 81
Leucania albilinea (The Wheat-head Army-worm) .................... 83
Aichaiodes zee (The Spindle-worm). ..\..... 220.2... «2 ee eee 85
Eprzeunis emula (The Fodder Wort): ©... <2. cane we ee ee 86
Porthetria dispar (The Gypsv-moth) 42% 5 as ee eee ee 87
Loxostege similalis (The Garden Web-worm)................... ath See
Diatrea saccharalis (The Larger Corn Stalk-borer)...................... 91
Elasmopalpus lignosellus (The Smaller Corn Stalk-borer)................ 94
The Burrowing Web-worms (Pseudanaphora arcanella, Hypoclopus mortipen-
nellus, and Anaphora poneanella). 2. oc. c%. osc h is cate ee 95
Ligyrus gibbosus' (The Carrot-beetle) (00. 6.2 os). ee ee 98
Ligyrus rugiceps (The Sugar-cane beetle) ....... 0... 0. eee eee tee 99
The Flower-beetles (Huphoria inda, E. sepulchralis, and 2. melancholica).. 99
The Green June-beetles (A llorhina nitida and A. mutabilis).. 02.00.0000. 101
Myochrous denticollis (The Southern Corn Leaf-beetle).................. 108
Colaspis brunnea (The Colaspis- Root-worm)......................005. 104
The Klea-beetles (Halicint)< co ce cen oot a 106
Systena blanda (The Pale-striped Flea-beetle)........................ 107
Phyllotreta pusilla (The Western Cabbage Flea-beetle)................ 109
Chetocnema pulicaria (The Corn Flea-beetle).............2.......45. 109
Cheetocnema denticulata (The Toothed Flea-beetle) .................. 110
Chatocnema confinis (The Sweet-Potato Flea-beetle).................. 110
The Blister-beetles (2picauta vittata, E.pennsylvanica. and E. marginata) .. 111
Epicerus imbricatus (The Imbricated Snout-beetle)................ Bene Uhh:
The Rhubarb and Dock Cureulios (Lixws concavus and L. mucidus) ..... 114
Corimelena pulicaria (The little Negro-bug)............... 0000s eee 115
Pentatoma uhleri (The Western Green Stink-bug)....................0. 116
ERYGNEG DOFARON 8 a a Pe Ps NL Oe PE ne RT ee ible
Nysvus angusiatus (ihe Ralse Chinch=pum)ieaunescc ser siti nie neem aL ke
Lygus pratensis (The Tarnished Plant-bug)..................0.... os eS
Detphaz matdis’ (The Com Dekahas) 25 7 ee ees teen i 120
The Common Leaf-hoppers (Wassid@) ons eee ee 12]
Aphis: mardrs (The Cor Teatlouse) 00s syon asta. vcs oy sae a eee 123
FieldiObservations’... ... Wiese vegies. oaihe cere ae ie ee 126
Insectany Experiments oo ..c ee ee ony wee ee ce hoe nee ee 128
Toxoptera graminum (The Southern Grain-louse)...................-5: 134
The Thrips Family (Thrigud).< . 2.0252 eae ie en ee cee 135
Grasshoppers s Soe yates soa ee ac Se ae re 136
Melanoplus femur-rubrum (The Red-legged Grasshopper).............. 136
Melanoplus atlanis (The Lesser Grasshopper)...............0+ 0000005 136
Melanoplus spretus (The Rocky Mountain Grasshopper). .............. 136
Melanoplus differentialis (The Olive Grasshopper)..................-. 136
Melanoplus bivittatus (The Two-striped Grasshopper) ..............-. 136
Camnula pellucida (The Clear-winged Grasshopper)................-. 139

The Bird Grasshoppers (Schistocerca americana and S, alutacea)......... 140

PAGE
Hesperotettix speciosus (The Small Green Grasshopper)...............-. 142
Melanoplus scudderi (Scudder’s Short-winged Grasshopper)............ 142

The Katydids (Scudderia texensis, S. pistillata, and S. furcata)............ 143
The Larger Meadow Grasshoppers (Orchelimum vulgare, O. glaberrimum, and
LA SUNT TOE IBD Ny ag ihc ke ep cS ae ON eR Rr Ne 144
The Smaller Meadow Grasshoppers (Xiphidium strictum, X. brevipenne,
COT UG. ALIGN. PASCUAL ee NN AG Rhee teks fal d Scele saw vt bY 2 147
Anabrus simplex (The Great Plains Cricket)... 6.0. cul dave ce eee 148
The Sod Web-worms (Crambus spp.) ...... pe nr 8 hh ea 149
EISseniptives DIStINetONe te ore elie itn one cabs aces PhametaePrriee? © Yara Tlene 149
AN GSd DEWAN ty oleae Sr is, Ge ree Ohta bas DAI. roi ead Oe nrc eeceecaene eomeen ae 150
Pion eti ne rear ence cmb ead cet Nbn hs alia nemoWahe, Hsfaieyilans + 154
CRAIC AEE re ae Cin Aco coe an STEM Erin dunn ited Pata rita ah Weion ripe Cate ete 155
Economie Group 3. (The Unimportant Species)... 0.6... 16s dates 156
VLCILCUISCT OLE ER Re STO eee eee oo as oh nrarencayiys Wena olayegees es 156
TERETE) CEN 5 AAA MSIRE TOM oak Baek clay Wie ca, RV HaHa acd wear Wn Aospaid) Bes cohais 156
Monomorium pharaonis (The Common House-ant)......-.......2.00-.. 157
Monomorium minutum (The Little Black Ant).....................2.4. 157
UAT ICOMES CUI IOUS me LOD ICORILUSi a att tie (eens yeah areas ahe)lt ee 158
1 AE PSNP OUTER TA DEIN gp Oh RO et ceo, BO EE PRP a Oe eT ae ee 158
Pogonomyrmesx barbatus (The Texan Agricultural Ant)................ 159
Aii@iferveneClne Weai-cuttine AMt) yi sek lee we eicteg as @ peg ee oe 159
POR UCONRENIOW IRE Dace ch mt Mae tt ae ots eats OIeRIY | Gaels. Suihagh Wana cat yeaa ap RG ts 161
TSS AUB ratte Dae NAD le ok ee a a A OO ce 161
DLC ACORUS) 1S CAT MEROOW MLAS LOL )inet > ei tumie ci hache easueXs nba silsie ie ei ane A Nae 161
Mesogramma politum (The Corn-feeding Syrphus-fly).................. 162
Wiasiata spy Cobe Com Leat-mimer)* 6. se. 2 se Vb ee Soa name es 164
Chea patarencas (Une SUA MACRO) a .chs oh esa) Tatas Sivas won ele ews 164
ROI Ne OCTAC Rae Nee ie tne e DRA beds RCE bs sss diel hin sabdals oust: 165
dO PROV AU ads 1 By techeme Cerna key LAA Ie PG ae een OT On eR RN oe CR ee 166
LU NAG OMAR Sof Fee PRE ONS aT a Oca RIO A Ree Lon CRE oe: 167
LLU DEC UIC OM MTEL Ue ne ace SOR. a A ce era ern OE ee Fs 168
Celama sorghiella (The Sorghum Web-worm).......................... 169
Acronycta oblinita (The Smartweed Caterpillar) ..................0.004. 170
DMEMNCArO A piGhn ne LCOLA-CALCYDINLAT) for h stacy) e Wide e oela tis Pele ota 171
LOGGED ER GATTT if RSET) sO i OP ee ANAS CR RORY ESPEN, Oo a CHER Ee aA 171
PTV OMA CONLCUNIE) Sot iN ena ee Bee Pia panh pied, © meorasels ate’ oF bey Me 173
Sibine stimulea (The Saddle-back Caterpillar)......................005. 173
Meer OM eTS COLUICTAC) trusts eam eG rele se Se etm digas at snap avewes te 174
Epagoge sulfureana (The Sulphur Leaf-roller)........................ 174
Eulia triferana (The Red-banded Leaf-roller).................. 00005. i 75}
Platynota flavedana (The Rusty-Brown Tortrix)...................... 176
Barachneara rueyt (A Tineid: Leaf-miner)... 05... 6. ee ce ee eee ees 176
Abies, sCamateiays layers a (aN (os fo ty 0 2) Raia 176
mle ITe ST (COCCUNCIUEC Sects vsii'n.o teh 4 2s po Aller wed oa ead ha eae 179
Seavenger-beetles (Clavicornia, Lamellicornia, etc.)........060000 00 vee 180
SLA DNYULUTLAAAUIeMENOV.E-DECULES)) snc. wnstins «Gio des buen «@aee 6 tu tise 180
ELIE OCIA oe eR Seat Hse Ch eM uc aloe Rn vid ae a ha Mie ew bp 180
NET TLL OY en, coh, 5 PES ars BE ahaa, igo Ss gd vf do wat «paler Wyre wate usp 181
LE (ofa HO AHE NE ROMS Ree eit - Sark pc) Bon a ets ged Se OME TROT soe BO Ta ee 182

Ue I ORIT OER Dia, Ree MEO T ORE Nee Callin EF Gio HOR Crise. ds slew as Gites 182

vi

PAGE

Scarabaida 2 055 os CES ae sto tn A ree ee 183
The Leaf-chafers (Searabavda, iInspart) v0. se vee oe vl. ee eee nea 184
Lachnosterna lanceolata (The Sealy Jume-bug)........... 0.0.0.0 000000. 184

Macrodactylus subspinosus (The Rose-chafer)........0.00. 0000 cee ee 184

ANOMALE LARA 66 nts SR Sy te Re oe So Sine daa ere a 185
Unknown Coleopterous Larva (Mlateridm?) ........................-.- 186
The Leafbeetles (Chrysomelidie). cc... ccs woe ee et en ee 186

Melasoma lapponica (The Spotted Willow-beetle).................... 186

Erperodes VaICOTIS (ons esr melees cota Oe Ns care en 187
‘The Root-worm Beetles (Diabrohed). 0... «a. oe cee ee ee 187
Mhe Plea-beetles: (LUau6u8)scs<ss.gos co sckmls foun Goth Seen peg ete ee ee 190
Chelymorpha argus (The Argus Tortoise-beetle)..... 0.0.0... 00.20.00 ns 192
The Snout-pestles) enynchomnora)s «- vn anieincr en) ore eae eas Crane eee Ae ae

Otiorhynchus ovatus (The Strawberry Crown-girdler)........0..0...... 192

Birnnobarts de nlanatass << .c8 cn nin ssa Saw hs pets eosin Rn ene 1938

Brachytarsus variegatus (The Corn-smuf Beetle)... 2... 6.6.0.6 ee 194
Mhew Stinksbugs (Bentatoridan) acct orcas ae corn cena kee re 194

GROAIUS DUG ait s Wie eterna s ten Tete Ai Ca Nee RUN ah, (rep oeene ee 194

BUSGRUSHUSTISSRUAS Bee 5 tired WB le ean RE ea eee Ry ch

EU SERUSLUSSERUUS) oe hae ches oh etree Ah te Scere ge enh ten er 195

HUSCRUSTUS UATLOLOTVUS,. ole. © huss settee Aaya Moe RE es hee tert 195

DVR fEATAEE CUSEOLON 20) 0 555 5 on. 8 5.0.9 Iie aed goat oR ean ecto 196

Murgantia histrionica (The Harlequin Cabbage-bug)... 2.2.0.6... 6... 196
Other -Plant-feeding Weteroprents > i054. . sos rs Se eee ee eee 197

The Leaf-footed Plant-bugs (Leptoglossws) ....... 2... 0... eee 197

EaGyrocorss Sylvesyrass. cos Sars vito ssa tn Reh cas LS ee eee coe 198

SMANAGISHCUS NEDUlOSUS cv ss) hues stom npeaie os ah ety hose eae 198

NEA Cr OLO Nite QUT ALQ ie oo tev os RS SN ee ee 198

Galocoris ragidus, (The Dusky Leaf-bug)).. oun csc 5 ooo) 199

Pecilocapsus lineatus (The Four-lined Leaf-bug)... 2.0.2.0... 6. 200

PLAGLOGNGTNUS OOSCUIUS. 6 cs bas Ae Sg oi OR ee 5, OR) Se 201

Undetermined Leat-bug) (Gapside@)) x. =. cou gue ee teen 202
Triphleps insidiosus (The Common Flower-bug)..................+..053 202
The Nlatas. y's fase sis eccrine CUNT Sr neces Oe oi 202

Ormenis pruinosa (The Mealy Plata)... 0. i ew es .. 203

Chlerochara:conica (The Green Plata)c<. oc 56s. ek ct oo ee 5 20¢
The Leaf-hoppers (Delphacine and Jasside)..... 2... 0.0.6 ee ees ve Oe

DACPAROIUODIS SD W565 05 Mosc esic nan, FN AOS ate LY ROS, ty ths ohne earn 204

TAD UY PUE OPM osc 5 sce srs, (RS ee CRI IND) pe mrele t iat aca .. 204

Oncometoriea Undakan 6 on. Rains a8 Hak Co us Ai 5 ais 90h ee . 204

Dreculacephala mollipes ....... RE RSet MAIC AP Ga) Sh A + eek ee

Phlepsius trroratus — ..... 6. - Pete PPO y/o Sine igo oc . 205

Gnathodus' spp, sc 5c ches os oe een so es Ce SS i ee eee 206
Plant-lice (A phidtda)) 0.55 ie seco cess Set eno ee ee 206

Siphocoryne avene (The European Grain-louse)... 2... 6.6.56 ee 206

Macrosiphum granaria (The English Grain-louse)...... 6.5.6. 66... 6s. 206

Macrosiphum trifolit (The Clover Plant-louse) ©...............--5.+5 208

Mi yaes Och yrantes © 6asiic Wx oni layin) sho. SO as agi ane 209

Chaitophorus flavus (The Yellow Sorghum Plant-louse)..... 6... .% 6.6... 210

Diapheromera velii (The Prairie Walking-stick)................55. ee

vil

PAGH
Coe inter gig CAV MO te 2) oo SEMIN ERRORS ic) 7h ere RT RP aD 212
Dichromor pha viridis (The Short-winged Green Grasshopper). .......... 212

NS ay hargt TELS LS PP, ARADO RR hc, TOI y oo We a. SCI RL 212
MCU BTE LIEU I IU DEI LIEN So ssGiasis SH the ees, Lede esas ate a, she Zo 213
ACAI OUEGCED Nhop wiry t 6 2 Hates ktpaie Wlis Bo gah) edd oA ipa oO 213

MEME MIG t OTE IRATE yen ay aa ai'a 2 acevh pPlepes a pag yh dle ks cas ae Fp a4. one 213
Gryllus pennsylvanicus (The Pennsylvania Field-cricket).............. 214
Nemoviue fasciatus (lhe Striped Cricket) / 10.5 ec os. dees e spe ee 214
Tree-crickets—or White Crickets or Climbing Crickets—(Q@canthina)..... 215
Bynaplical Ken to LUmMOmBROCleR ig. Fs 2rd nee ai CEO betel do tie dS 217
Notes On the Food of the White Crickets: io:, 6. oc sais cen wed one os 219
CYGHNT OA SOL PLIST ELE Pi ADDS ADD OR DS DAD ATS A TOD OY 220
“tzcanthue patel SiMe ere es Sth One ope AN Doe ON & oD Dee nan PHA,
CO UEL UI CON LG Me teennaE: Oe ar Mt Nemes Ass sevke phate tiauiey burs ook ¥e 221

(GSP ANY OTTS VOM, cig tet RRND ke Pe ez ae aa ae, OR cc PY rea Py Pe ae 222
Thousand-legged Worms (Myriapoda).......0. 000 0c ccc ees 222
NAME LTA ALAN CTE we OR ao POL BE EBD OO SOR De: PASE Tae, PI le rt 223
LAG G ALLS SAEED OAS Mee ROC IG HE ETO LO TR Pe Ae ., 220
ATUL ULE BU MOMS ees geen A Neig aF HtsPAatis tachi ase Pa Ld Oe , 228
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HEETCUN IC LIDEMOLITUACLLL QUA ee eon pedis VERO Ate plan xu 2 Old ;.oeivd ie ue 224
TLCUROUITUCHALSETTO LL BLLLG Wee AN A Welsh REIL Ae AGNI, 2 th 7 vid) sR LER ys 8 ees 224

Key to the Discussion of Insect Injuriesto Corn. ........ 0.06 css ens secsesnes 225
General Grouping of InjuriestoCorn............ Nes ace Tne _ 225
MUA UTI SILOM MCU CAVES sls c.t etuneanane etn Oe eve elo al rics ec ob prides 41 « P eah"obe: 0 ob 226
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C. Injuries to the Silks or to Kernels at the Tip of the Har or beneath

DICMATI DK Oueare pane Mek tnas ieee tates sony red LANA uses FIASUAD LEGER Mey stare aides 3.05% 226
ID PERUIN TITLES TOM UARBOUL, a amews dr yAlearis/e 2 key nice elope MAYS Fel? laGenotR Fa anrace tan 227
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I’. Injuries to the Underground Parts of the Plant: the Roots, the Planted
SEEM OM Me SAL MMCAT UNEMROOUB) fs. es named adh vn lee dy oo aes 227
The Leaf-eating Orthoptera of the Corn Field ............... 00... eee esees 229
BIOUMI-DECMESUNIITIONS DO WON: fo nag tds Pes ie hay ald hg oO a Wile dD Waals od 229
SENN eo Re AUTEN ANTELITAIS TO MOGIN Ses. 5 as sh 2 ped iy, hut Grated arin bo Mast ld Die “wus wine, o% 230
Insects eating Irregular Holes in the Leaves or notching the Edges...... . , 230
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Insects injuring the Corn Plant obscurely without Visible Destruction of
ECL ALE MUR aOR. Paths Uy we Re thie pitti elie ck 2 «peali be odawdls 233
A List of Corn Insects with References to Economie Articles:
MRO RETO et Pee Ws Cah AG alee cubes FTF Bile els oF 0a. eiogh Aveta dn 3, bedace 234
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MCU T Ter os Ween AHIR Ce Mee MIU eto has ol ioie 5 273

INTRODUCTOR NOS:

In the Eighteenth Report of the State Entomologist of Ilnois—the
seventh of the present writer—was published the first part of a mono-
graph of insect injuries to Indian corn, treating of injuries to the planted
seed and to the roots. The present report is in continuation of the fore-
going, and relates to injuries to those parts of the corn plant which are
exposed above ground. Both divisions of this text have been made
to include a discussion of more than the strictly injurious species, this
second part especially giving practically equal attention to the corn
insects generally, whether of present economic importance or not. I
have, however, divided them into “the more important,’ “the less
important,’ and “the unimportant” species, and have treated those
notably injurious in a strictly practical manner with a minimum of
technical discussion.

In preparing this paper for publication I have of course drawn
freely on all sources of information known to me, but owing to the large
number of species included it has been impossible to give in so brief and
comprehensive a paper my authorities in detail, or even to distinguish
new matter from old, or contributions of this office from those made by
numerous other workers in this field. I have, however, compensated
for this deficiency as well as I could by printing a list of the species
discussed, with fairly full bibliographical references to the economic
literature of each.

I am under unusual obligations to Mr. C. A. Hart for aid in the col-
lation and organization of the material for this report and in the prepara-
tion of manuscript, especially that on the more technical parts of the
subject. Most of the figures originating in thisoffice—several of which
are here printed for the first time—are from drawings made by Mrs.
L. M. (Hart) Green; and the responsibility of seeing the report through
the press has fallen mainly upon Miss M. J. Snyder, for many years
Secretary of the State Laboratory of Natural History and proof-reader in
my entomological office. I am indebted for many of the illustrations
here used to Dr. L. O. Howard, Professor F. L. Washburn, Mr. Wm.
Beutenmiiller, Professor M. V. Slingerland, Dr. A. T. Neale, Professor
John B. Smith, Director C. E. Thorne, and Dr. W. E. Britton.

S. A. FORBES,
Illinois State Entomologist.

vill

A MONOGRAPH

OF

INSECT INJURIES TO INDIAN Corn

PART II

THE MORE IMPORTANT INSECT IN-
JURIES TO INDIAN CORN.

The Illinois State Mntomologist is by law required to investigate
“the entomology of Illinois,’ and particularly to study “ the history of
the insects injurious to the products of the horticulturists and agricul-

turists of the state,” and to prepare ‘

‘reports of his researches and dis-
coveries in entomology for publication by the state.’ While the main
end of his studies should thus be economic, the whole subject of the
entomology of Illinois is nevertheless open to his investigation and
report. ‘The advancement of entomology as a science and the adap-
tation of entomological knowledge to educational uses, if not his duty,
are clearly within the general field of his privilege. I have accordingly,
in the preparation of this report. taken into especial account the rapidly
rising interest in nature study as a useful feature of the work of the
clementary school, and I have availed myself of the opportunity to
incorporate into the present discussion much matter of little or no
economic interest, but worthy of presentation, nevertheless, as material
of value to the public school teacher in search of information concerning
the commoner objects of his neighborhood.

The corn plant is so conspicuous a feature in the agriculture, and
hence in the civilization, of Ilinois that it must always be an attractive
subject of study to the youth of the state, and suitable in a multitude
of cases for use in the public schools, Like most of the larger and more
abundant plants, it draws to itself a considerable assemblage of insects
which find in it various attractions and advantages contributing to
their maintenance or their pleasure, and which thus, by their common
interest in this one great plant, come to form a kind of associate group,
the group of the corn insects, Very few of them are peculiar to the corn
plant alone, since nearly all of them are equally or even more strongly
attracted to other plants as well. Many of them, indeed, belong to a
considerable number of such plant-inseet groups, visiting or living on
many other plant species, cultivated and wild,

Not one of them is immediately beneficial to the corn plant itself,

although a considerable number, parasitic or predaceous on other in-
sects, are indirectly beneficial to it by relieving it to some extent from
the attacks of insect enemies. Several of them do no appreciable harm
at any time; others are injurious only under special conditions more or
less rare; and still others are injurious to it whenever and wherever they
occur. Their common interest in this one plant of course brings these
insects also into important relations to each other, like those which
influence any local assemblage of animals — those of a pond, of a grove,
or of a barnyard, for example — and make of them a related group in-
stead of a mutually indifferent assemblage.

It is the object of the present report to discuss this entire group of
corn insects, to the end that the teacher and student, of whatever grade,
may find in this paper a clue to the whole system of insect life of which
the corn plant is the center. The study here presented may thus stand
as in many respects a type or example of the relations of a plant to its
insect visitants. While in this treatment the economic features of the
system will receive full attention, this will not be to the exclusion of
features of scientific or educational interest merely; but to avoid encum-
bering the more important economic matter with details and discussions
of secondary interest, the paper is divided into sections, based on the
economic relation.

DIVISIONS OF THE CorN INSECT GROUP.

The entire assemblage of corn insects is much too large and complhi-
‘ated for convenient discussion as a whole, and it may consequently
best be divided into subordinate groups, some corresponding to the
different organs and structures of the corn plant itself, others to different
stages of its growth, and still others to the previous history of the land
on which the corn is grown or to the situation of the field with respect
to other and adjacent crops. There is, for example, a small group of
insects which become abundant in corn fields only where corn is grown

on the same ground year after year — the corn root-worm is an instance
while others, like the wireworms, infest corn injuriously only when this
follows within a year or two upon grass, and others, like the stalk-borer,
may invade corn only from grass-lands outside. The corn root-aphis
makes its main attack on the crop while the plant is young, and the
leaf-aphis usually does not appear until the crop is well advanced, and
continues in rapidly increasing numbers until frosty weather checks its
multiplication.

Among the groups corresponding to the different parts and organs of
the growing plant the most definite distinction is between those especially
adapted to a life under ground, and those which never enter the earth
in search of food. The white-grubs, wireworms, corn root-worms, seed-
corn maggots, and root-lice are on one side of this dividing line, and the

chinch-bug, army-worm, corn-worm, leaf-louse, and a host of additional
species are on the other. Among the subterranean corn insects we may
distinguish a few which feed only on the softened seed in the earth;
others confined to the living roots; other root insects which may extend
their injuries to the underground part of the stalk; and still others which
may also eat the seed.

While the relations of the injurious species of corn insects to the
plant thus differ widely, making it possible to divide the species accord-
ing to these relations, groups so formed are by no means as definite and
sharply limited as those in a classification based on form and structure,
but they overlap and intermingle variously, and may even undergo
radical change with the lapse of time —a change corresponding to a
change of habit in a species with the changing conditions around it.
This is merely saying in other words that the actions, behavior, habits,
and preferences of insects are more flexible and variable and far more
readily adaptable than such of their structures as are used in their
classification.

ADAPTATIONS AND REACTIONS OF THE CoRN PLANT TO ITS

INsEcT VISITANTS.

There is little in the structure or the life history of the corn plant to
suggest any special adaptation to its insect visitants — no lure to insects
capable of service to it, or special apparatus of defense against those
especially liable to injure it. The fertilization of its seed is fully pro-
vided for without reference to the agency of insects, and would be as
well accomplished if none of them ever carried pollen from the tassel of
one plant to the silk of another. Hence the plant secretes no honey
and has no floral odor or colored bloom. It has no armature of spines
or bristly hairs to embarrass the movements of insects over its surface
or to defend against their attack the softer and more succulent foliage at
its growing tip. It secretes no viscid fluids to entangle them, and forms
no chemical poisons or distasteful compounds in its tissues to destroy or
repel them. The cuticle of its leaf is neither hardened nor thickened by
special deposits; its anthers are neither protected nor concealed; and its
delicate styles — the silks at the tip of the ear — are as fully exposed as if
they were the least essential of its organs. Minute sucking insects are
able at all times to pierce its roots and its leaves with their flexible beaks,
and with the single exception of its fruit there is no part of it which is
not freely accessible at any time to any hungry enemy. Only the kernel,
which was lightly covered in the wild corn plant by a single chaffy scale
or glume, has become, in the long course of development, securely inclosed
beneath a thick coat of husks, impenetrable by nearly all insects; and
we may perhaps reasonably infer that among the possible injuries against

which this conspicuous protective structure defends the soft young
kernel those of insects are to be taken into account

There are also, of course, many insect species, even among those
which habitually frequent the plant, which are unable to appropriate
certain parts of its substance to their use, but this is because of the
absence of adaptation on their part and not because of any special
defensive adaptation on the side of the plant. The adult or beetle of the
corn :oot-worm (Diabrotica longicornis) is an example. The larva of
this insect feeds only on the roots of corn, and the beetles consequently
all make their first appearance for the year in corn fields, and find their
food at first on the corn plant. Owing, however, to the weakness of
their jaws they are unable to eat the leaves of corn, and feed only on the
fallen pollen and the young silks just growing out from the husks. Later,
as the pollen disappears and the silk dries up, they are driven to other
plants, or even compelled to leave the field entirely in search of food,
and hence are found at that time on clover heads and on the flowers of
thistles and ragweed and other late-blooming plants.

Thus we may say that with the exception of the ear the whole plant
lies open and free to insect depredation, and that it is able to maintain
itself in the midst of its entomological dependents only by virtue of its
unusual power of vigorous, rapid, and superabundant growth. Like
every other plant which is normally subject to a regular drain upon its
substance from insect injury, it must grow a surplus necessary for no
other purpose than to appease its enemies; and this, in a favorable season,
the corn plant does with an energetic profusion unexampled among our
cultivated plants. Insects, indeed, grow rapidly as a rule, but soon
reach their full size. Many species multiply with great rapidity, but
even these the corn plant will outgrow, if given a fair chance, provided
they are limited to corn itself for food.

The great injuries to corn by insects are done by species which come
into it from other and earlier crops; insects which are in the full tide of
their multiplication, or perhaps at their maximum number for the season,
while the corn plant is still small and young. It is not the corn root-
aphis which injures corn most seriously, although confined to the corn
plant and endowed with a power of multiplication scarcely surpassed
among insects; it is the chinch-bug, which breaks into the field of young
corn from adjoining wheat or oats, where it has already increased a
hundred-fold since spring began; it is the army-worm or the cutworms,
or the wireworms, or the white-grubs, which began and got most of their
growth in grass, and now, by their numbers and voracity, overwhelm
the young corn before the time of its most rapid growth has arrived.
Practically limited to this vigor of growth as a means of escape from
insect attack, anything which checks or retards its growth for a consid-
erable time has, of course, the effect to increase insect injury. Thus,

5

a cold and backward spring after corn-planting increases injury to the
seed and the young plant by wireworms, seed-corn maggots, and the
corn root-aphis; and a midsummer drouth greatly increases the effect,
if not the amount, of injury by chinch-bugs, white-grubs, and the corn
root-worm.

GENERAL EFrects oF Insect INJURY.

With few exceptions, the effects of injury to corn by insects, where
they do not amount to a total destruction of the plant, may be compared
to the effects of simple starvation. Anything which lessens the store
of food laid up in the corn kernel for use in germination and early growth,
or damages seriously the roots or the leaves, or draws away the sap
before it has served its purpose in the plant, practically amounts to a
diminution of the available food supply. An impoverished soil, very
dry weather, the sapping of the cells and vessels of the plant by sucking
insects, destruction of any considerable part of its roots, and ‘the dead-
ening or destruction of any large percentage of its leafage, all have
similar consequences, which may be classed as starvation effects, and
when two or more of them coincide, each serves, of course, to intensify
the effects of the others.

One common result of these starvation injuries to corn is the failure
of the plant to form the ear; the stalk itself, perhaps, making a fairly
vigorous growth, but remaining barren, and hence useless except for
fodder. Injury to the roots, if continuous and severe, has, however,
another effect, of a more special character, in so weakening the hold of
the plant on the earth that the stalk readily falls after it has become top-
heavy with growth, and is not able to rise again. This happens after
soaking rains have softened the ground, especially if accompanied by
heavy winds. It is sometimes a consequence of the destruction of the
roots by the corn root-worm and the white-grubs, and is sometimes
due to chinch-bugs, which, by sucking the sap from the base of the
stem, prevent the formation of the strong “ brace-roots ’’ — the upper
circle of roots — put forth during the last stages of the growth of the
stalk. Actual loss of roots sometimes also delays the development of
the plant, acting in this respect like an unusually cool summer. Thus,
a field infested by grubs or root-worms may remain green after unin-
jured fields are practically ripe. Such backward fields are especially
exposed to injury by frosts, and hence are likely to yield an unusual
amount of soft corn.

Besides this class of general injuries, which diminish the vitality and
lessen the size or delay the growth of the whole plant, there remain only
the more local injury to the ear, caused almost wholly by the caterpillar
known as the corn root-worm, and the damage done to the ear in the
crib or to the kernel in the bin by the weevils and other insects of similar

habit. With respect to their economic mischief, there is probably little
to choose between those insects which, by destroying or weakening the
plant, prevent the development of the ear or diminish its size and those
which destroy the mature product. One deprives the farmer of the
reward of his labors and investments as completely as the other.

GENERAL MEASURES OF PREVENTION AND REMEDY.

From what has been said above with respect to the starvation effect
of most insect injuries. it follows that any management which helps to
maintain and strengthen the plant by furnishing it better or more abun-
dant food will lessen, or perhaps wholly prevent, losses from inseet injury
which must otherwise be serious or complete. A strong, rich soil, weli
cultivated, well watered, and well drained, may grow a good crop not-
withstanding an amount of infestation by chinch-bugs, root-lice, root-
worms, and white-grubs which would be fatal on poor or poorly managed
land. The good corn farmer may thus escape with a profitable yield
under inseet attacks which will leave his less intelligent or less careful
brother in debt after his crop is harvested. This is not merely because
the vigorous plant will easily support an amount of injury under which
the unthrifty one will suffer or seecumb. It is an established fact that
many insects themselves will not thrive as well or multiply as rapidly
on a vigorous, quickly growing plant as on one in feeble condition.

More special measures are a proper rotation of crops, such that corn
shall not be exposed to injury by insects which have bred on the same
ground the preceding year, either in other crops or in corn itself; timely
plowing, to forestall the breeding of insects by destroying them or their
food; timely planting, with reference to the period of the greatest abun-
dance or greatest activity of certain species; and the use of barriers
against the movement of certain destructive species into the corn from
fields adjacent, combined with insecticide measures against hordes or
companies of destructive insects, which if left to themselves will work
great and immediate harm.

Insect [yyurtes TO DrrrERENT Parts OF THE CoRN PLANT.

To the Leaves, — That the abundant, conspicuous, and easily accessible
fohage of the corn plant should attract a large number of hungry insects
and suffer more from their attentions than any other part, is naturally
to be expected, since, as a consequence of its gradual and long-continued
growth, it offers for consumption during many months the most suceu-
lent and nourishing food which the plant produces.

More than one hundred species of insects, representing all of the
orders injurious to corn, have, in fact, been found feeding on the leaves.
The most important differences in their injuries are due to differences in
the mouth-parts of the insects — whether sucking or biting — and the

principal differences subordinate to these are due to differences in size,
number, and feeding habits of the inseets concerned.

A sucking insect, merely piercing the tissue with the delicate bristle-
like structures of its beak and withdrawing from the adjacent parts the
more fluid portions of the cell contents, may, if very small, drain and
deaden only a few neighboring cells, thus causing a minute discolored
speck, insignificant unless these injuries are very numerous. Such are
the injuries done by leaf-hoppers and other minute sucking species of
active habit, each deadened speck evident y representing a single meal
of the insect, which moves to another point, or perhaps to another plant,
for its next. Plant-lice, on the other hand, which change their location
with difficulty and reluctance, each remaining, as a rule, about where it
was born, accumulate in patches or colonies as they multiply, and,
closely occupying a larger surface, so concentrate their injury as to do
much more serious damage. If injuries of this sort are greatly multi-
plied, as by multitudes of the chinch-bugs, the whole leaf is killed outright.

Gnawing and biting insects differ similarly with respect to the mag-
nitude and seriousness of their injuries. Some of the small size with
feeble biting organs merely gnaw away the more superficial and softer
parts of the leaf, leaving the vein structures untouched, and causing
discolored specks not unlike those due to leaf-hoppers; somewhat larger
kinds make small holes through the leaf like pin-pricks or shot-holes;
and still larger ones, such as grasshoppers, eat away the edge of the 'eaf
or gnaw large and irregular holes through it, avoiding nothing but the
heavy midrib and the stronger veins. Grasshoppers sometimes strip the
whole leaf to the midrib, and eat away all but the tougher and thicker
part of this.

Curious parallel rows of precisely similar holes, running across the
corn leaf, are made by the corn bill-bugs, which thrust their stiff snouts,
or “ bills,” into the young plant where its leaves are rolled together, and
eat out the interior by means of minute jaws borne at the tip of the
snout,

To the Stalk. —'The stalk of the plant is injured by the loss of sap
drained away by sucking insects, of which the chinech-bug is the most
destructive; by a mining of its interior by caterpillars, like the stalk-
borers, which enter it from the outside; by the punctures and feedings
of the corn bill-bugs, which sink their beaks into its substance and eat
out its soft interior tissue; and by the gnawing of a few large beetles
(Ligyrus, Allorhina, ete.), which eat out large cavities in its side. It is
similarly gnawed and irregularly eaten, when young, by sod web-worms;
it is cut off at or near the ground by cutworms, and in rare instances
by ants (Pogonomyrmex barbatus); and devoured, with the rest of the
young plant, by army-worms and garden web-worms. Under ground it
may be gnawed out or eaten through from side to side by wireworms,

8

or irregularly mined by the small, soft-bodied larva known as the southern
corn root-worm (Diabrotica 12-punctata).

T'o the Ear. — Injuries to the ear are of two principal kinds: the ker-
nels may be eaten beneath the husk by a large green or striped caterpillar
which bores in from the outside and feeds irregularly about, fouling the
ear with its excrement; or the silks may be gnawed away from the tip
of the cob at a time to interfere with the process of fertilization, and
thus to blight the kernel. Small damage is also done by various beetles,
caterpillars, and grasshoppers, which gnaw away the kernels at the tip
of the ear where these are exposed by the opening of the husks. This
injury, however, is mainly confined to ears upon the ground or to those
which have been previously visited by birds. Sometimes the husks are
largely eaten away by grasshoppers, together with the softer parts of the
young ear itself.

INJURIES TO CORN BY THE DIFFERENT ORDERS OF INSECTS.

Hymenoptera: Bees, Wasps, Ants, etc. — With the exception of a small
bee (alictus lerouxiz) frequently seen gathering corn pollen from the silk,
leaves, and husks, but responsible for neither injury nor benefit to the
plant, various kinds of ants are the only insects of this order which occur
frequently in fields of corn.

Ants are among the most active, observant, and capable of all insects.
Their restless and wide-ranging habits bring them into acquaintance
with every variety of objects in their neighborhood, and little escapes
their notice or their appropriation which can in any way be converted
to their support. The abundance of certain species in corn fields in
spring, shown especially by their burrows in and near the hills of corn,
is a matter of common observation. Even in fall after frost, or during
the warmest days of an open winter, these enterprising rangers may be
seen climbing over the dead stalks or coursing irregularly about upon
the bare earth; and many of them pass the winter in burrows or nests
among the corn roots, where they are turned out in the spring plowing
with eggs and larvee in their possession.

A few corn-field ants are directly injurious to corn by hollowing
out the softened and sprouting kernels in the earth, thus either pre-
venting its germination, killing the young shoot, or weakening it by
appropriating the stored food necessary to its earliest growth. The com-
mon house-ant has been once or twice reported to gnaw the young corn
leaf and drink the sap exuding from the wounds thus made. One species
of Southern leaf-cutting ant bites out pieces of the corn leaf, which it
carries away to its underground burrows, and certain other ants are
found occasionally about the tips of the green ear feeding on kernels
which have been injured previously by other insects or by birds.

Direct injuries of this class are, on the whole, economically insig-

9

nificant, but a few kinds of ants are capable of an indirect injury to corn
which often becomes extremely serious. By the care and assistance given
to plant-lice, or aphides, which infest the roots and leaves of corn, they
greatly extend and increase the injury done by these insects which they
have in charge. This injury is mainly due to ants which live in corn
fields throughout the year, reinforced, as they are, by newcomers from
adjacent grass-lands in early spring. In their underground nests in the
field they collect in fall the eggs of the corn root-aphis, and in spring
they place the young hatching from these eggs on the roots of suitable
food-plants. As these grow and multiply, the ants transfer them from
one plant to another as necessity may arise, devoting themselves to their
welfare with a constancy and patience, due not to charity, as it might
seem, but to an enlightened regard for their own best interests. Through-
out nearly the whole season, indeed, these ants are dependent on their
helpless charges for food, which they find in the abundant fluids given off
by the plant-lice as these suck the sap from the growing plant.

To the ant the plant-lice are living automatic pumps, constantly
drawing from the tissues of the plant excessive quantities of sap, abstract-
ing from this only a part of its food material as it passes through their
bodies, and giving it forth again in condition to serve a second time for
the support of insect life. A similar benefit is derived by other species
of ants from the corn leaf-aphis, but this insect is only slightly injurious
to corn, and the ants are less essential to it. Nothing is known, for
example, to indicate that the eges of the leaf-aphis are cared for by ants,
and, indeed, no eggs of this species have ever been found.

With the exception, therefore, of the various species of ants which
attend the corn root-louse in the earth, injuries to corn by these insects
may be practically ignored as insignificant, and at worst as not serious
enough to require or warrant attempts at measures of prevention.

Diptera: Flies and Gnats. — Among the multitudes of two-winged
flies, or Diptera, only a few are found frequently on or about the corn
plant, and scarcely one of these is likely to do it any serious injury.
The winged insects themselves are never injurious to corn, all the harm
done by these insects to this plant being through their larvee or maggots
only. When corn has followed upon clover, the roots of the young plant
have rarely been injured by the large, dirty-looking, grub-like larvee of
one or two of the crane-flies (Tipulide); the planted seed is sometimes
eaten to some extent by the small seed-corn maggot (Pegomyia fusciceps) ;
the leaves are occasionally mined in a very small way by two or three
mining maggots (Diastata and Ceratomyza dorsalis); and the larva of a
Syrphus fly, which commonly feeds on the fallen pollen’ lodged in the
tassel or at the tip of the ear or at the base of the leaf, is reported some-
times to puncture the leaf for the sake of the sap. Other Syrphus larvee

10

doubtless compensate fully for these small injuries by feeding on the
corn leaf-aphis, of which they are very fond.

The sole measure of prevention suggested by these facts relates to
the so-called meadow maggots, the tipulid larvee mentioned above.
These insects are found in injurious numbers only in meadow-lands
where they have hatched from eggs laid in grass or clover, and corn
should not be planted on sod which was badly infested by these the pre-
ceding year.

Lepidoptera: Butterflies, Moths, and Caterpillars. — Caterpillars of
about fifty-six species have been collected or reported from the corn
plant, feeding on the stalk, the leaf, and the ear, or in some cases devour-
ing the young plant entire. The principal injurious groups are the cut-
worms, the grass-worms, the army-worm, the web-worms, the stalk-
borers, and the so-called corn-worm, which penetrates the husks and
mines in the grain beneath. Of these, the cutworms, the army-worm,
and the corn-worm are by far the most destructive. A few other cater-
pillars (Zadena and Prodenia), allied to the cutworms but having a
different habit, are much less injurious.

Some seventeen species of cutworms have been taken in corn, all of
similar habit with respect to corn, but very considerably different in
life history —a fact which has an important bearing on measures for
their control.

The stalk-borers, which penetrate the stalk and burrow within it, are
the common species of that name (Papartpema nitela), the spindle-worm
(Achatodes zee), the” southern corn-stalk-worm or sugar-cane borer
(Diatrea saccharalis), the smaller corn-stalk-borer (Llasmopalpus ligno-
sellus) — also essentially a southern species — and a caterpillar (Helo-
tropha reniformis) —a northern species which does not injure corn in
Hlinois, but which has been known to destroy it in Michigan by burrow-
ing along the center of the voung stalk. In fact, only the common stalk-
borer is commonly abundant enough in Illinois to rise to economic
importance.

The grass-worm (Laphygma frugtperda) is a pest of common oceur-
rence, but is ordinarily economically insignificant. Occasionally it mul-
tiplies in here and there a place in a way to cause serious mischief, al-
though it has but once been found by us (in 1889) notably destructive
to corn,

The army-worm does not breed in corn fields, and is rarely found there
except when its numbers force it to migrate, but then it often lays the
field absolutely bare by devouring every plant to the ground. The turf
web-worms (Crambus) are sometimes very destructive locally in Ilinois
to young corn after grass, and the garden web-worms (Loxostege) are
even more injurious in the west-central states. The corn-worm (/Helto-

il

this armiger), called also the cotton boll-worm in the South, is very
generally and seriously injurious to corn in the ear.

The only groups of these caterpillars against which it is practicable
or necessary to use special measures of protection in Illinois are the army-
worm, the cutworms, the web-worms, and the stalk-borers, injuries by
other species being either too trivial or too infrequent to warrant special
precautions, or, like those of the corn-worm (//eliothis armiger), wncon-
trollable by any measures as yet devised and tested. Cutworms, web-
worms, and stalk-borers may be virtually prevented from doing serious
damage to corn by a proper arrangement and rotation of crops, and by an
intelligent selection of times and methods of handling and plowing grass-
lands previous to planting them to corn. ‘The army-worm must be
excluded from the field by barriers to its progress when it is on the march,
and destroyed as it colleets before such obstacles. A fuller discussion
of these various measures will be found in connection with the special
articles on the groups themselves.

Coleoptera: Beetles. — Approximately ninety species of beetles have
been identified as corn insects in either the larval or adult stages, a few
of them in both. Not more than one third of these species, however,
need be mentioned in a merely economie list, and if we do not attempt
to distinguish for economic purposes between the different kinds of
white grubs and of wireworms which infest corn under ground, the list
so reduced will contain less than a dozen names.

The habits of the adult beetle and those of its larva are in most cases
so widely different that instances are few in which we find both stages of
the same insect infesting corn, and there is not a single case known to
me in which a similar injury is done to corn by both. The beetle larvie
injurious to corn all live under ground, and their injuries, consequently,
are confined to the planted seed, the roots, and the underground part of
the stalk. The adult beetles, on the other hand, may eat any part of the
plant, from the seed and roots to the silk and kernels of the ear.

By far the most serious injuries due to beetles are done by their
larvee, especially by those known as wireworms, white-grubs, and corn
root-worms. The only injuries by the adults themselves deserving to be
classed with these, are those due to the so-called bill-bugs of the genus
Sphenophorus.

Besides these major enemies, whose attacks are largely preventable,
there is a swarm of minor or occasional enemies against which it is both
useless and needless to contend. Several of the ground-beetles (Carab-
ide), for example, eat the kernel from the tip of the ear, and one small
abundant species (Agonoderus pallipes) has occasionally done consid-
erable harm by devouring the seed and the roots of the young plant.

Several small species of the family Phalacride, and others of the
Nitidulide, similarly infest the ear, and the larva of one of them, ps

12

4-guttatus, has once or twice been known to eat the planted seed. Two
or three of the small dung-beetles and some of the leaf-chafers do similar
injuries to the kernel on the ear or in the ground. A number of the
latter group occasionally injure the young plant by devouring the leaves
or eating into the stalks. Larve of two of the short-horned borers
(Prionus) have been reported as rarely injurious to the roots of corn,
and a considerable number of the plant-beetles, flea-beetles, and the
like (Chrysomelide), are variously destructive to practically all parts of
the plant.

The wireworms, white-grubs, and bill-bugs are all primarily grass
insects (the first and third much more strictly so, however, than the
second), and their attacks, consequently, may be forestalled wholly or
in great part by a proper management of the land with respect to rotation,
and especially by using care in changing the crop from grass to corn.
The corn root-worm, on the other hand, is a corn insect only, and its
mischief may be promptly and completely arrested in any case arising,
by planting corn on land not in that crop the preceding year.

Hemiptera: True Bugs. — Although not less than forty-five recog-
nized species of bugs have been found sucking the sap from some part
of the corn plant in the field, to say nothing of several others which have
not been exactly identified, only one of this long list is a corn pest of the
first class, but this (the chinch-bug) is, on the whole, by far the most
destructive insect enemy of this plant in America.

The false chinch-bug (Nystus angustatus) has occasionally injured
corn severely in our territory, making its way into the field from infested
wheat adjoining, and the tarnished plant-bug (Lygus pratensis) has
rarely been found responsible for noticeable injury. The corn root-
aphis (Aphis matdiradicts) is capable of killing young corn by sucking
the sap from its roots, but more frequently it merely retards the growth
of the plant in spring, or perhaps permanently dwarfs it by this early
drain on its vitality. The corn leaf-aphis (Aphis mardis) may kill
some of the older leaves later in the season, but although it often con-
tinues to increase in numbers until frost checks its multiplication, it can
rarely be said to diminish sensibly the amount or to impair the quality
of the crop. Otherwise, the various sucking insects which are found on
the corn plant obtain from the leaf, the stalk, the tassel, the silk, the
husk, or sometimes from the soft young kernels exposed at the tip of the
ear, an amount of liquid food too small to affect the growth of so vigorous
a plant.

Special preventive measures are necessary or profitable, as a rule,
only against the chinch-bug, and will be discussed in connection with that
insect, although injuries by minor species may be reduced by clean
culture, by the destruction of winter harborage for insects, and by a few

13
other general measures characteristic of intelligent and careful agri-
culture. :

Orthoptera: Grasshoppers, Locusts, and Crickets. — About twenty-five
species of Orthoptera have been noticed as common in corn fields, the
larger number and the only destructive species belonging to the so-called
short-horned grasshoppers (Acridide). Like very many other insect
visitants to the corn field, these Acridide are normal grass insects, and
go into the corn in numbers sufficient to attract attention only when
their usual food threatens to fail, and their injuries are consequently
confined at first to the edges of fields adjoining pastures and meadows.
The great migrating grasshopper of the Western Plains is, of course, an
exception to this statement, and an occasional migrant swarm of certain
Illinois species imitates with some success the practices of this western
insect, settling upon a field like a flock of birds, and doing a general
injury.

The ordinary grasshopper attack on corn is rarely made by the young,
and is consequently postponed, as a rule, until late summer or early fall,
when the corn is practically full grown and the insects are able to fly.
Where the injury is severe the leaves are eaten away to the tough midrib,
the husks are gnawed from the ear, and the latter, if still young, is itself
devoured, little but bare stalks remaining about the edges of the fields.
Fourteen species of short-horned grasshoppers are on our list of those
injuring corn in this way.

The long-horned grasshoppers (Locustide), including the meadow
grasshoppers, climbing crickets, and the like, are not uncommon in corn
fields, but they are only slightly injurious to that plant. One of them,
Orchelimum vulgare, has oceasionally been seen to eat the leaves, silk,
husks, and grain, and many other species sometimes gnaw away a few
kernels from the tip of the ear. Several kinds of these insects frequently
lay their eggs in the slender part of the corn-stalk, in or below the tassel
of the ripened plant, but their food consists mainly of pollen, fungi, plant-
lice, ete., and indicates no injury to corn.

Two of the common crickets (Gryllus pennsylvanicus and Nemobius
jasciatus) sometimes injure the ripened ear, especially where there are
many fallen stalks in the field, by creeping in beneath the husks and
gnawing off the surfaces of the kernels.

The only possible protection to corn against grasshoppers is the
destruction of these insects before they leave the grass-lands adjoining,
or when they first enter the corn field. Once generally distributed in the
fields, practically nothing can be done to arrest the injury. For their
destruction in pastures and meadows, some one of the methods must be
chosen which has been found effective against these insects in the West.
These are, generally speaking, the plowing in fall of ground heavily
stocked with grasshoppers’ eggs, or plowing, even in summer, for the

Ul

destruction of the young, the burning over of grass-lands after the young
have hatehed, the collection of the egg masses where these have been
abundantly deposited, poisoning heavily the outer rows of corn with
arsenic or Paris green, distributing along the edges of the field quantities
of poisoned horse-droppings, the so-called Criddle mixture, and catehing
the insects in meadows and pastures by the use of the “ hopper-dozer.”’
The most important of these procedures will be more fully discussed on
another page.

Newuroptera: Dragon-jflies, Lace-wings, ete. — No insect injurious to
corn belongs to the order Newreptera, which, in fact, need be mentioned
in this connection only to say that the occasional abundance in corn
fields of the delicate and interesting lace-wing fly (Chrysopa) is to be
connected with the occurrence of plant-lice there, upon which both
larval and adult lace-wings feed. The winged insects we have found in
corn fields eating the spores of fungi, the surface hairs of the leaf, and
other delicate vegetable tissues.

Acari: Mites. —'The mites commonly known as the red spiders
(Tetranychus bimaculatus and 7. modestus) have been rarely found inju-
rious to the young corn leaf, causing a rusty or brownish discoloration.
This injury to corn seems to have been too rare, however, (o be worthy
of special attention, although the wide-spread distribution and destruetive
capacity of these insects suggest the possibility that they may be respon-
sible for greater injury to this plant than has been attributed to them,

Myratpoda, — Several species of millipeds and centipeds are oeca-
sionally encountered in corn fields doing a slight and infrequent injury
only, by gnawing into the kernels beneath the husks. They are most
likely to injure ears which touch the ground, but sometimes climb the
stalk as much as two or three feet,

Tur Corn Insects GROUPED ACCORDING TO THETR ECONOMIC
IMPORTANCE.

The number of insects infesting corn is so very large, and the propor-
tion of them which are seriously injurious to that crop is comparatively
so small, that it is necessary, for practical reasons, to separate the impor-
tant msects from the remainder in this discussion, I have consequently
divided the entire list of corn insects into three groups, according to
their economic importance, placing in the first group of “ the more impor-
tant corn insects”? those which do so serious an injury to the crop that
every corn grower should know the principal facts concerning them as
an essential part of his knowledge of farming; in the second group, of
* the less important ” inseets, those which are sometimes definitely inju-
rious but ordinarily do no great harm; and in the third group, of “ unim-
portant ’’ insects, those which do little or no injury to corn as a farm crop,

and which may, consequently, be practically ignored by the farmer as
insignificant.

I have thought it best that the first group should be made as small as
is reasonable and safe, and have placed no species in it which there was
not positive reason to consider as a destructive corn pest. The second
group, on the other hand, I have made to include all of the other species
which are known to have any tangible economic significance whatever.

The first group may be said to contain those species concerning
which every practical corn farmer should know the essential facts; the
second group, those additional species which should be familiarly known
to the economic entomologist; and the third group, those which are of
interest chiefly to the general entomologist — the student of entomological
ecology — who wishes an exhaustive knowledge of the entomology of the
corn plant.

Notwithstanding this distinction, it should be remembered that nega-
tive knowledge is sometimes little less valuable than positive; that it
may sometimes be as interesting, and even as important, for a farmer to
know that a species appearing for the first time in his fields is not defi-
nitely injurious as it is to recognize it at once as an insect enemy. ‘The
more he can learn, consequently, of the great association of corn insects
treated in this report, the better prepared he will be to handle his erop
intelligently under all conditions.

It must, of course, be admitted that the dividing lines between these
groups are more or less arbitrary, and at best but poorly defined, the
division between the first and second being especially hard to establish.
An insect may be highly important to corn culture at some times and in
some parts of the country, and of little or no importance elsewhere and
ordinarily, and differences of judgment will unavoidably arise as to the
group in which a given species should be placed. The history of economic
entomology makes it also virtually sure that certain species now prop-
erly placed in one of the less important groups will require hereafter to be
transferred to a more important one, and the group division here pro-
posed may, on this account, become more or less inaccurate in course of
time.

The reverse proposition is, however, much less likely to be true. It
will rarely occur that a species once recognized as serious'y destructive
to corn will drop to an inferior place on the list. Ii sometimes happens,
indeed, that an alien insect species is much more numerous and destruc-
tive for a few years following upon its first appearance in the country
than it ever is again, but, as a matter of fact, no single corn insect of
any considerable importance is such an alien species — has come into
the country, that is to say, since corn became an important American
crop.

16

It is possible, also, that the normal progress of agriculture may make
virtually universal farming practices which will serve as permanent
preventives of injury by certain insects which have previously done great
harm. If, for example, it should become the general rule to raise corn
on the same ground for only two or three years at a time, injuries by the
corn root-worm would apparently be reduced to insignificance. No such
event has anywhere occurred in this country, however, and the rule of
economic entomology has thus far been “once an enemy always an
enemy,”’ the list of insect pests increasing from time to time, but never
diminishing.

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES.

In the remainder of this report I give all pertinent facts of any impor-
tance known to me concerning the corn insects which frequent that part
of the plant which grows above the surface of the ground, exclusive,
however, of those which infest the grain or the fodder after these have
been removed from the field. In order to make this treatise virtually
complete for the corn insects as a group, | have made references on page
69 to a previous article on injuries to the seeds and roots of Indian
corn, published in my Seventh Report as State Entomologist — the
HKighteenth of the office series — and also, in briefer form, in Bulletin
44 of the State Agricultural Experiment Station. The above-mentioned
Kighteenth Report may be found in volume 31 of the Transactions of
the Illinois State Department of Agriculture, where it is printed as an
appendix.

ECONOMIC GROUP 1.

(The more important insects: those seriously injurious to the crop, either as locally
and occasionally destructive or as widely and frequently harmful.)

Insects INJURIOUS TO THE PLANT ABOVE GROUND.
SyNopsis OF INJURIES.

The plant cut off when young at or near the surface of the ground by
a whitish, grayish, or blackish caterpillar frequently found in
the earth near the injured plant... 1.25. acs. < done osha
eT She weneceesargsagoss « CUtworms (Agrots, Hadena, eto ie
The stalk of the young plant eaten into or irregularly gnawed off.
The leaves also irregularly eaten. A small, spotted, reddish
‘aterpillar found under ground near the base of the plant in a
small mass of earth held together by a web..................
ae ee Sod Web-worms or Root Web-worms (Crambus). 36

Zh

The stalk of the young plant penetrated by a roundyhole which is
more or less plugged by excrement. ‘The interior of the stalk
irregularly eaten out by a striped burrowing caterpillar. .......
AE SR Ses! 4 H52 Jo: v/a hi gd died The Stalk-borer (Papaipema mitela). 44

The entire plant more or less completely eaten, the leaves first and
then the stalk, in June and early July, by hordes of traveling
striped caterpillars commonly coming into the field from one
ISAS eee Fo J Mle ve Mevhstta was oT The Army-worm (Leucania unipuncta). 47

The stalk punctured and slit, the leaves perforated by round or ob-
long holes arranged in parallel transverse rows. Hard-shelled,
oval, black or clay-colored snout-beetles often found, head
downward, on the stalk near the ground or a little beneath the
BUNTAGE <.)...2 BNE ath ais eee sadvetccutee Corn Bill-bugs (Sphenophorus).

Plant wilted or sic kly, leaf-edges and lower leaves turned yellow or
brown, many small red or dusky, or blackish and whitish bugs
behind the leaf sheaths of the corn, or clustered on outer surface
COVAP UCIT <1 0 cag a The Chinch-bug (Blissus leucopterus). 57

The leaves of the plant variously eaten, sometimes stripped to the
midrib, about the borders of the field, in late summer or fall.
The silks and husks also more or less eaten away...............

Be PRES et shied fd. 00. nis: bs pirecrane el B sarap Grasshoppers (Acridida). 64

The husk of the ear perforated by a round hole with the excrement
exuding, the corn mined beneath by a brownish, or greenish,

“(Utell oy to Patek ey OWNED Per ON COICO ameter aera on oe
SORE ranean 2 The Haroon or Corn-worm (feliothis armiger). 67

THE CORN CUTWORMS.
Hadena devastatrix Brace. Nephelodes minians Guen.
HT. arctica Boisd. Hadena lignicolor Guen.

nA
bo

Agrotis ypsilon Rott.

Peridroma margaritosa saucia Hiibn.

Noctua c-nigrum Linn.
Feltia subgothica Haw.
F’, jaculifera Guen.
I’, gladiaria Morr.

Noctua clandestina Harr.
Feltia annexa Tr.

Kuxoa messoria Harr.

E. tessellata Harr.

E. ochrogaster Guen.
Mamestra renigera Steph.

. The caterpillars commonly known as “ cutworms ”’ destroy the young
corn plant by eating the leaves, gnawing into the stalks, and cutting off
the plant close to the ground at night, often dragging the severed part
into their holes near by. They hide by day under clods, or by burying
themselves a little distance in the earth, where they may be easily found
curled up into a close spiral or a Pian disk. They are thick, soft-
bodied, rather sluggish caterpillars, with nearly smooth skins, varying
in color from whitish to dark brown, variously marked, in many cases
with longitudinal stripes, and often with dark dashes and blotches addi-

Is

tional. ‘They are most destructive in corn following on grass or clover,
but sometimes come into the field from meadow or pasture lands ad join-
ing, when the outer rows of corn, of course, suffer worst. Where they
are very numerous it is virtually impossible to obtain a stand of corn
until the period of their active injuries is passed. Many of them, when
they beeome so numerous on any spot as to overtax their food supply,
move out of the overpopulated field in companies not unlike those of the
notorious army-worm., The latter belongs, indeed, to the cutworm
family, and when only ordinarily common lives and feeds, generally
speaking, like the cutworms of this list.

Most of the species pass the winter partly grown, and are consequently
prepared to make their attack on corn as soon as it shows above ground.
They enter the earth for their transformations when full grown, at times
varying for the different species, most of them in late June or early
July. They change in the earth to leathery, brown pup, from which
grayish or brownish night-flying moths — the adults of the species —
emerge later in the season, and, laying their eggs in grass-lands, perish
before the winter. The young hatching from these eges live on the roots
of grasses until cold weather, doing no noticeable injury, as a rule, during
this fall period.

The greater part of them develop, in our latitude, only a single gen-
eration each year, but a few of the most destructive species are two- or
three- brooded. This faet seems to make little difference, however, from
the economic point of view, except as the single-brooded species are less
able than the others to take prompt advantage, by their rate of increase,
of specially favorable conditions of location, crop, or weather of the
season.

Injury to corn by cutworms is best prevented by midsummer or
early fall plowing of grass-lands to be planted to corn; by pasturing pigs
on grass or clover lands to be plowed up for corn; by distributing, by
the aid of a seed-drill, a line of dry bran or middlings, poisoned by mixing
in Paris green at the rate of a pound of the poison to thirty pounds of
the food-stuff, or by scattering poisoned food in spring along the borders
of corn fields next to grass; and by replanting when corn is killed by
them, postponing this step, however, until the cutworm injury has prac-
tically ceased for the season. ‘The earlier the preceding year grass-lands
to be planted to corn are plowed, the less will be the probability that the
cutworm moths will have laid their eggs thereon, and the less, conse-
quently, will be the danger of injury by cutworms the following vear.

The points in the life history of the various cutworms essential to
successful management are thus the time when the greater part of the
eggs are laid for the hibernating brood of the caterpillars, and the time
when this hibernating brood gets its growth in spring, ceases its injuries,
and goes into the ground for its change to the pupa state. The first

be

19

date shows when the ground should be plowed for corn in fall; and
the second, when it may safely be planted or replanted to corn in spring.

Cutworms entering the corn field from pastures or meadows adjoining,
may be effectively and cheaply poisoned by placing along the edges of
the field fresh clover or other succulent vegetation which has been cut
after spraying thoroughly with Paris green stirred up in water at the rate
of a pound to fifty gallons.

The sixteen species whose names are placed at the head of this sec-
tion have all been found injuring corn — only the first nine of them, how-
ever, notably harmful to that crop in Illinois.

Tue GiLAssy Curworm.
Hadena devastatrix Brace.

* This is a translucent, whitish caterpillar (lig. 1), slightly tinted with
bluish green, without body spots or blotches, the head red or red-brown,
and the neck-shield brownish. Its appearance has been quite aptly
characterized as midway between that of a white-grub and a common
cutworm. It is quite similar to the yellow-headed cutworm next de-
scribed, from which it is most readily distinguished by its darker head
and neck-shield, and the lighter color of its
body.

In view of the destructive nature of its
attacks, its wide-spread range and great
abundance, and the numerous published
reports of serious injury to crops, this cut-
worm may be properly regarded as the most
serious pest of its kind to corn and grass.
It is rarely seen above ground, but works
mainly in a burrow beneath the surface,
feeding principally at night, eating off the
roots close to the base of the stem, or cutting
off the latter under ground.

We have found it very destructive to
corn in Peoria and Henry counties, and
frequently occurring in corn hills in various
parts of the state. A. J. Cook reports it as
injurious to corn in Michigan ; Lintner, in iss 2: qthe Giasay Catworm
New York; and Harvey, in Maine. Gillette — side views. Enlarged.
pronounces it the most abundant and destructive cutworm in corn and
grass in lowa; Smith reports it as one of the most destructive of its kind
in New Jersey; and Fletcher finds it injurious in Manitoba. It frequently
becomes so numerous in meadows as to be notably injurious to grass. In

20

Ohio, for example, twenty acres out of thirty of a timothy meadow were
so injured by this cutworm that the grass became dry enough to burn.
In mixed fields of timothy and clover
they have completely destroyed the
timothy, leaving the clover unharmed.
In Indiana a large area in each of three
timothy fields, amounting to fifty acres
in all, was totally destroyed. There was
an evident migration of the cutworms in

Fie. 2. The Glassy Cutworm (Ha- 2 . E i
dena devastatrix), adult. Natural size. this ease out ot the low lands wn which

they originated. They have destroyed lawns in Fargo, North Dakota,
and in Glencoe, near Chicago. In Canada it was found necessary to
plow up several fields of winter wheat which were destroyed by them in
spring, and fields of oats were seriously injured and replanted. A piece
of sod land in Ohio badly infested by these cutworms was broken up in
winter and planted to seedling peaches, but in the following spring
thirty-five per cent. of these young trees were cut off two or three inches
above the roots. Lugger says that they are very destructive to straw-
berry plants in Minnesota, cutting away the crown and causing the plant
to wilt away. They have also injured strawberry plants in the Southern
States and garden vegetables in Mississippi.

Besides these farm crops they may feed upon almost any kind of
herbaceous plants, including cabbages, beans, radishes, hollyhocks, and
lettuce. They evidently develop mainly im grass-lands, especially in
low ground, and do their most serious injury to crops following upon
erass.

The species is found in the United States from the Atlantic to the
Pacific, and also in Canada and in Europe. It is least abundant in the
extreme South.

It appears to be single-brooded. The eggs are laid in the latter part
of the season, mostly, according to Gillette, after August 1, and hatch
before cold weather, the larve making their destructive attack in the
latitude of central Illinois in the following May and the first half of Juné.
They change to the pupa in the ground in June or the early part of July,
oceasionally as late as August. The moths (Fig. 2) begin to appear in
June, become very abundant in August, and may remain until October.
Garman found, November 25, a single cutworm of this species, which
reached the moth stage the following April.

From this it follows that grass-lands must be plowed in August if
they are to remain free from the eggs of this cutworm moth, and that
corn planted late in June will probably remain uninjured by the cut-
worm itself.

Tur YELLOW-HEADED CuTrworM.
Hadena arctica Boisd.

It is very similar in appearance to the glassy cutworm just described,
but may be distinguished by the fact that its body is pale smoky gray
while the head and neck-shield are both tawny yellow. It is without
stripes, spots, or other body colors. It is so similar to the preceding spe-
cies that it has often been confused with it, and it is consequently impos-
sible to separate published statements concerning injuries due to the
two. It lives usually about two inches under ground, cutting off the
roots of grasses, grains, and corn, and the stems below the surface.

It is frequent, but not very common, in Illinois, and is widely dis-
tributed northward in Canada, Labrador, Vancouver, and in subarctic
America and Europe generally. It occurs as far south as New Mexico
and is generally wide-spread east of the Rocky Mountains. In 1895 the
moths were so abundant in western Ontario as to be a general nuisance,
filling lamps and windows and soiling curtains and clothes. In the
following season these cutworms did’ great damage to fields of oats,
wheat, and corn, many of the fields being plowed up and replanted.
Cook has also found it injurious to corn in Michigan. In New York,
Fitch observed that these cutworms would finish first any living grass
remaining in the corn field, but would then attack the crop itself.

Besides grasses and cereal crops, they feed on various herbaceous
plants, such as cabbage, spinach, and lettuce, and on succulent shoots,
like those of roses and currants.

This cutworm lives longer in the stage of destructive activity than
many of the other species, often continuing its injuries beyond the
middle of June, and even into July. It pupates in June or July, and the
moths begin to appear late in June, becoming commonest in July and
early August and lasting until September. Eggs have been deposited as
early as June 13.

THE GREASY CUTWORM.
Agrotis ypsilon Rott.

This is a common, wide-spread, and destructive cutworm, injurious to
garden vegetables and to fruits as well as to corn. When full grown
(Fig. 3) it is about an inch and a half in length, of an almost uniform
dark, greasy gray, with a faint dorsal stripe of dull, dirty yellow. Be-
neath, it is an obscure greenish yellow.

This is a typical cutworm in its feeding habits, and is one of the
commonest of its kind in corn. It feeds also on grass, asparagus, cot-
ton, tobacco, tomato, cabbage, potato, spinach, squash, beans, beets,

99

apple, grape, and strawberries, but has not been reported as injurious
to clover or as breeding in fields of that crop.

It is found throughout the United States
and, indeed, throughout the world, ranging
to the northward as far as Manitoba and
Hudson Bay, to the south as far as Uru-
guay and New Zealand, and the Cape of
Good Hope in Africa. It occurs in India,
Ceylon, and China, and is a common Euro-
pean species also.

While destructively abundant at times
and in especially favorable situations, it is
not, so far as we know, subject to periods of
very extraordinary increase. It is much
parasitized, when abundant, by dipterous
and hymenopterous parasites, and these
must serve as a severe and ready check upon
its multiplication.

This cutworm is apparently, but not
certainly, single-brooded. It passes the win-

’ ter mainly as a caterpillar, in various stages
(iscks Se aries Rea ee LOE erowth; begins to feed, of course, as soon
a i es as spring revives it; and continues more or
less injurious well through June, and sometimes even into July. The
destructive activity of this cutworm usually reaches its height in the
latter half of May and in early June, and then declines gradually through
the first half of July. A few
of the larvee cease feeding, how-
ever, in May, and complete their
changes to the adult stage (Fig. 4)
during that month, but the
transformations of the greater
part of the hibernating generation
occur in June. Egeg-laying be-

A 5 7 Fic. 4. The Greasy Cutworm (Agrotis ypsi-
gins, according to our observa- lon), adult. Natural size.

tions, in July, the new generation sometimes beginning to hatch in the
erass within a fortnight of the disappearance of the last of the cut-
worms of the preceding year. This species may consequently be found
in the cutworm stage at practically all times and seasons. Pup found
in our breeding-cages on the Sth of June gave the moths in four weeks,
and eggs laid July 3 hatched in twenty-two days.

Beginning early in July, the laying of eggs doubtless continues
through August, and possibly into September also. The moths have
been most frequently found by us in July and August, with only occa-

lo
we

sional occurrences in September, the latest on our notes for central
Illinois being September 20.

Breeding almost wholly in grass-lands, its injuries to corn are to be
apprehended only where this crop follows upon grass, or where the corn
field adjoins a pasture or meadow. In the former case the injury may
be generally distributed throughout the field, but in the latter it will be
limited chiefly to the side next to grass. It continues its injuries so
late in spring that it is difficult for the corn grower to escape it by late
planting, and even the first replanting of injured fields may fall a sacrifice
to it; but plantings made as late as the first or second week in June will
be practically safe from serious injury by it. On the other hand, the
early date at which the moth begins to lay her eggs lessens the value of
fall plowing as a preventive measure. Probably pasturing of infested
fields of grass by pigs in fall, before breaking up for corn, is the best gen-
eral preventive measure available in ordinary practice.

THE VARIEGATED CuTWORM.
Peridroma margaritosa saucia Hiibn.
(Agrotis saucia.)

This cutworm, when fully grown, is about an inch and three quarters
long, and is easily recognized by its conspicuous markings. (Fig.5, b, ¢, d;
Fig. 6.) The general effect of its ground-color is grayish or brownish —
usually variable, however, being light or dark as its surroundings expose
it more or less to
the light, those on
trees or bushes be-
ing darker than
those feeding near
the ground on
broad-leaved
herbs. It is most
easily distinguish-
ed, when of aver-
age color, ®y a
row of four to six
pale dots extend-
ing from the neck
half way or more
down the back,
and a velvety spot Ira. 5. The Variegated Cutworm (Peridroma margaritosa saucia):

Sar a, adult; b,c, d, larvee; e,f, eggs. Figure e greatly enlarged; others
on the segment natural size. (Howard, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture.)

next to the last,
sharply defined behind. but shading gradually forward into the dark

24

ground-color of the back. The freshly hatched caterpillars are greenish,
with black heads.

This is a very common species, but is peculiar in its habits. It climbs
plants freely at night to feed, even ascending bushes and fruit-trees, and
devouring any succulent tissue which it
finds, including bud, fruit, flower, leaf, stall,
and root of the plant. It occurs frequently in
corn fields, although not ordinarily common
there. When very abundant it sometimes
migrates in hordes like the army-worm, in
search of food, and under such circumstances
has been known to destroy hundreds of
acres of young corn in a comparatively short
time. It is pre-eminently a garden pest,
however, being particularly destructive to
fruits, vegetables, and flowers rather than
to grain, crops, weeds, and wild plants. A
remarkable outbreak of this cutworm oc-
curred in the year 1900 in the United States
and Canada, especially in the states of the
Pacific coast. Enormous damage was done
by it, particularly to fruit and vegetable
crops. A full account of this occurrence
will be found in Bulletin 29, N. S., U. 5S.
Division of Entomology, and in Bulletin 47°

Fic. 6. The Variegated Cut_ of the Experiment Station of Washington

worm (Peridroma margaritosa : . -
elnucia), back and side views. En- state. Among its leading food plants are
cabbage, tomatoes, potatoes, clover, onions,

peas, beets, and carnations.

It oceurs throughout nearly the whole of the New World, and also
in western and southern Europe, northern Africa, and Asia Minor.

The seasonal history of this species is not yet well understood. It
has been seen in winter as larva, as pupa, and as adult, and entomolo-
gists differ, consequently, in their statements as to its normal hibernating
stage and the number of its broods. It agrees with most of he species,
however, in the fact that it is destructively active in early spring, becom-
ing most injurious in May and early June, pupating in June, and begin-
ning to produce moths (Fig. 5, a) abundantly in the latter part of that
month. The data which we have suggest at least two broods in a year,
but there is nothing conclusive upon that point. Kges (Fig. 5, e, 7) of
this species were sent to us March 27 on an apple twig from Vandalia,
and others were sent us April 17 from Hardin county, in southern IIli-
nois, which were just hetching when received. The young cutworms
were kept on clover until May 26 by which time they had reached an

average length of about one inch, being, in other words, at this date some-
what more than half grown. Female moths, on the other hand, confined
in a breeding-cage with blue-grass July 10, had given origin six days
later to freshly hatched larvee, with which the cage was swarming at the
time. Unfortunately, these presently died — probably because the food
plant offered them was unsuitable. Other entomologists have several
times secured and hatched the eggs of this species in the latter half of the
season. In 1900, cutworms of this species — probably of the second
brood — began to appear early in July, reached their greatest abundance
about July 25, and had disappeared by the end of the following month.
The advent of winter commonly finds individuals in every stage of
growth, and moths, larvee, and doubtless pups also may pass the winter
successfully. We once found four larvee in early December under boards
and weeds in grass and corn. ‘Two of these were about a third of an inch
in length, and the others were approximately an inch and a quarter.
Two full-grown larve were also found January 14 and 24.

Fortunately, this cutworm is not ordinarily sufficiently injurious in
corn fields to require special precautions except when it moves in com-
panies from its breeding grounds, and then it may be déalt with like the
army-worm, by measures to be described in the article on that species.

Tue Sporrep CuTwormM.
Noctua c-nigrum Linn.

The spotted cutworm is a common species, injurious in urope as
well as in America, especially to garden vege-
tables, which it seems to prefer to grasses and
grains. It has occasionally injured Indian
corn in various states, and, like the species
just discussed, is liable to travel in companies
when it becomes very numerous. Under
these circumstances it might require the
especial attention of the corn grower. It is
on record also as injuring wheat in January
and in March. (Webster.)

It may be recognized (Fig. 7) by two
rows of triangular black spots, one on each
side of the back, with the narrow angle to the
front, largest and darkest on the posterior seg-
ments of the body, and fading out before they
reach the head. The general color of the cat- ot
erpillar is pale brownish or ashy gray, and it is Fic. 7. The Spotted Cutworm
about an inch anda half long when of full size. eee arn pete ands isle

It hibernates as a cutworm nearly full grown, and pupates quite
early, in central Illinois late in April and early in May: conse-

26

quently, if injuries to corn are due to this species they will soon
cease, and the first replanting will commonly escape unharmed.
Moths (Fig. 8) from pupse formed in April and early May have ap-
peared in our breeding experiments during the latter part of May and
the first half of June, and, proceeding without much delay to deposit
their eggs, they gave origin to a second brood of cutworms which be-
came fairly well grown about the middle of July. This generation
is not often found in the corn field, and does no injury there worth
noticing. The moths from this sec-
ond brood have appeared in our breed-
‘ ing-cages from late July to the middle
of August. They continue alive in
the fields throughout September, and
lay their eggs in grass for the hiber-
Fic. 8. The Spotted Cutworm (Noctua nating brood of the cutworms.
Se a eT age Early fall plowing of infested
erass-lands may thus be expected to take effect on this cutworm by pre-
venting the laying of many of the eggs, and by causing the starvation of
many of the young which may already have hatched.

Tue Dincy CuTworm.
Feltia subgothica Haw.

THE WESTERN STRIPED CUTWORM.
Feltia jaculifera Guen.
(Agrotis tricosa, A. herilis.)

The dingy and the striped cutworms are remarkably alike in both
appearance and habits, and may well be treated
together. The former (Fig. 9) is dingy gray,
and easily recognized by the dusky band on
each side of the back, obliquely notched on the
inner border like the edge of a serrated leaf.
The broad dorsal space between these bands is a
buffy gray. ‘There are also a well-marked light
band along each side of the body, and dorsal
and lateral pale lines rather feebly marked.

BENG ae

Sic eee
0 2 EERE.

The western striped cutworm is very closely
similar to the preceding, perhaps indistin-
euishable in the caterpillar stage. Riley says,
indeed, that it is more dingy than sub-
gothica, with less conspicuous lines, and with
a more decided buff tint to the dorsal band.
These differences are, however, within the

range of ordinary variation, and the species Fice.9. ‘The Dingy Cutworm

yep . : Feltia subgothica), back and
can apparently be distinguished with cer- Aha a er

27

tainty only by breeding to the adult. The young larve are much
darker at first, sometimes nearly black.

The dingy cutworm is one of the commonest species, especially in
corn, where it shares with the greasy cutworm the principal injury to
that crop. Indeed, there is some reason to believe that the moth may
lay her eggs in fall among the succulent weeds in the corn field, particu-
larly when a severe drouth has made the pasture and meadow lands less
inviting. In accordance with this supposition these cutworms have not
infrequently been found in early spring generally distributed through
corn on old corn ground. Stedman speaks of it in Missouri as the most
destructive cutworm in wheat. In our breeding-cages it has evidently
preferred clover to blue-grass. It is especially fond of early vegetables,
including melons, cabbage, tomatoes, beans, peas, sweet potatoes, tur-
nips, lettuce, celery, and strawberry plants. It occasionally climbs fruit-
trees and shrubs to devour their buds and leaves.

The striped cutworm is also decidedly destructive to corn, according
to Webster, one field in Indiana being completely ruined by it in 1895.
Similar injuries were noticed in the same year in Missouri, Kentucky,
Tennessee, and southern Ohio. It was the most abundant cutworm in
southern [llinois in the outbreak of 1887, and, next to gladiaria, the com-
monest and most destructive throughout the state during that of 1888.
It did much harm to corn in these years, but was especially injurious to
clover, for which it had an evident preference, and to the meadow
grasses. It frequently migrates when abundant in search of food, but
without the concerted movement of the true army-worm.

Both of these species are generally distributed throughout the United
States and Canada east of the Rocky Mountains. The dingy cutworm
is also found on the Pacific coast, and we have specimens of the moth
from Montana, Wyoming, and Utah. The striped species occurs in
British Columbia.

There is but one brood of the dingy cutworm each year. Moths have
been taken throughout July, August, and September, but much the
most abundantly in the latter part of August. Hees are quickly depos-
ited, and hatch in about a week. The caterpillars grow slowly, and
hibernate when quite small. Those taken by us in January, February,
and March averaged less than half an inch in length, but when warm
weather comes they grow apace, and in May become nearly full grown.
In June they cease feeding, mostly in the first half of the month and
enter the ground for pupation. A dingy cutworm kept under observa-
tion'in my insectary from May 15 entered the ground June 16, and
continued as a larva in its earthen cell until August. On the 12th of
this month it was found to have changed to the pupa, and on the 28th
it became an adult. This long-delayed pupation was not due to drouth,
as the earth in the breeding-cage was kept moist, and even wet. Besides

28

the above we have found larvee of different lots in a similar condition in
our breeding-cages June 15, July 2, 19, and 23, and August 3. These
facts indicate an unusually long period of midsummer preparation for
the pupal transformation,

This life history suggests nothing exceptional by way of prevention
or remedy. Where the field has become infested in fall, as shown by the
general distribution of the eutworms in the corn in early spring, replant-
ing, to be safe, should be postponed until towards the middle of June.

THe CLAY-BACKED CuTrworM.
Feltia gladiaria Morr.

This cutworm (Iig. 10) is usually dark in average color, varying,
however, from greenish gray to dark brown. The back is commonly
decidedly light, grayish white or straw-color, or occa.
sionally reddish brown. ‘This light dorsal space is divided
lengthwise by a more or less conspicuous median white
line, which is usually bordered with darker. On each
side of the pale dorsal space are two irregular whitish
lines. The full-grown larva is about an inch and a
quarter in length.

This species is extremely variable in numbers, multi-
plying under some conditions to become a notable and
widely destructive pest, and then occurring in seareely
noticeable numbers for some years thereafter. It was
not distinguished as a cutworm until I8S88, when it was
bred to the adult in our insectary. In 1887 and 1888 it
was the most destructive cutworm in Illinois, especially
to clover and young corn. In 1895 it was by far the
leading species in a general cutworm outbreak in Iwen-
tueky, and caused serious injury to a thirty-acre field of

Ma.10. The Young corn on old sod ground near Champaign. In 1901

Clay-backed ul it was one of the most abundant cutworms in corn fields

combi Mn in western Illinois, and was excessively abundant in
pansy beds at Urbana, cutting off and destroying all the plants. During
its years of greatest abun-
dance here it was especially
notorious for its injuries to
clover, which it preferred to
blue-grass. It likewise ate
oats, grass, and corn, invading
corn fields from adjacent
meadows, and devouring the

plants as it went as thorough-

ia. tl. The Clay-backed Cutworm (Feltia gladi-
ly as does the army-worm., aria), adult. Enlarged.

It fed likewise on potatoes, beans, sweet potatoes, cabbage, tomatoes,
and onions. When very abundant and their food supply had run short,
these cutworms scattered in all directions —a habit common in varying
degrees to most of the cutworms. Its mode of feeding is different from
that of the cutworms generally, the corn leaf being seized by the hang-
ing tip. drawn down, and eaten to the base. In clover fields, it begins
at the tip of the plant and works downward, collecting about the roots.

This species is registered as inhabiting the United States east of the
Rocky Mountains, but we have specimens of the adult from Utah and
Colorado also.

It spends the winter, in our latitude, in the caterpillar stage, and is
active in the destruction of its food plants from the middle of April to
the beginning of June. By the middle of June all the cutworms have
entered the earth for transformation. They do not change forthwith to
the pupa stage, but remain there for a considerable period — more than
six weeks in some cases —in a dormant or torpid condition. Moths
(ig. 11) consequently do not appear until September and early October,
being most numerous in the latter half of September. [Eggs are then
laid without delay, and from these the larvee hatch, which pass the winter
partly grown.

It follows from this life history that the main measure for the protec-
tion of corn against this cutworm must be an impassable furrow along
the margin of the field next to grass or clover, or, in the absence of
this, the distribution of poisoned food — clover particularly — where the
cutworms are likely to be drawn to it. Owing to the lateness of the
period when the eggs are Jaid, a reasonably early fall-plowing will pre-
vent the breeding of the species on that ground.

THE Bronze Curworm.
Nephelodes minians Guen.

This is an unusually large and plump cutworm (fig. 12) about an
inch and three quarters in length, conspicuously marked with alternate
stripes of olive-bronze and yellowish, the former much the broader. A
pale stripe runs along the middle of the back, and there are two such
on each side, the lower below the spiracles. The bronze space imme-
diately above the last is frequently divided lengthwise by a delicate,
broken yellow line. The head is yellowish or gray, the neck-shield
darker, with five pale stripes.

This is essentially a grass cutworm, being one of the commonest of
its kind in grass-lands in early spring. It is somewhat injurious to corn,
especially if this is planted on pasture or meadow lands occupied by it
the preceding year. It eats clover sparingly or not at all, but seems to
have a special preference for timothy. In the corn field it devours the

50

whole plant insead of merely gnawing through the stem. It is not a
garden species, although it sometimes climbs fruit-trees when its normal
food is searce, feeding on the buds and leaves
like other so-called climbing cutworms.

It is generally common and abundant
throughout the United States and Canada:
In Iowa it is regarded by Gillette as the most
abundant species, next to the glassy cutworm,
in fields of grass and corn. It did much injury
to grass in New York in 1881, and worked
unprecedented destruction in 1886 near Co-
lumbus, Ohio, where, late in May, scarcely an
acre of meadow or pasture had a vestige of
erass on it for a distance of several miles,
many fields being dry enough to burn. About
three thousand acres were thus destroyed,
the larve migrating en masse when their
food was exhausted.

Hibernating in our latitude in the Jarval

stage, they are found active in grass-lands in
NS SIAne Reo April and throughout May. They begin to
Pee eer ee disappear about the Ist of June, and all are
gone by about the middle of that month. They remain under ground
for a considerable period without pupating, changing in late July and
August. The moths (Fig. 13) first appear in early August, become most
abundant during the first half of September, and continue into October.
The hibernating caterpillars have the singular habit of sometimes coming
forth in winter and crawling about on the snow and ice. In the South,
adults are frequently taken during
the winter months.

This cutworm is present in very
unequal numbers year after year,
what seems to be a bacterial disease
checking its increase when it becomes
unusually abundant. On this ac- '

: Fic. 13. The Bronze Cutworm (Nephelodes
count, and also because much sub- minians), adult. Natural size.
ject to insect parasitism, it is not likely to be excessively abundant in the
same locality for two successive years.

The facts concerning it suggest no special preventive or »emedial
measures other than those frequently referred to in this article. Where
it is so abundant in grass-lands as to threaten a migratory movement,
this may be arrested by measures usually applied against the army-
worm. In case it scatters into corn from adjacent fields of grass, it may
doubtless be killed by the use of poisoned food, particularly the mixture

51

of middlings and Paris green. In case corn is so injured by it as to
require replanting, this may be safely done any time after the first of
June, or possibly as early as the last week in May. To be sure that a
grass sod shall be virtually free from the eggs, this should be plowed as
early as the first week in September.

HADENA LIGNICOLOR Guen.

This cutworm closely resmebles the glassy cutworm, but has never
been fully described in the caterpillar stage. We have not found it com-
mon in Illinois, but have collected the moths during June, July, and
August. Gillette reports that the moths are very common in Iowa,
They are found generally in the northern part of the United States east
of the Rocky Mountains, and have been reported from Arizona.

A cutworm of this species which was found by Lintner preparing for
pupation May 18, completed its transformations and came out as a
moth on the 29th of June. Females dissected by Gillette July 13 were
well filled with eggs.

These facts indicate a comparatively early close of active life as a
cutworm, and a comparatively early appearance of the adult moth.

THe W-MARKED CUTWORM.

Noctua clandestina Harr.

This caterpillar (Fig. 14) is marked with four longitudinal rows of dark
spots and some dark and pale longitudinal lines. The spots of the outer
row on each side are oblique, and sometimes
unite to form a continuous line; those on the
inner row are more or less triangular (most
evidently so on the hinder segments), and occa-
sionally have the shape of the lett :r W.

This is a very wide-spread species and a
general feeder, but is ordinarily much more
abundant in the East than in the north-central
states. Itis not found in the South. Dr. Lint-
ner regards it as the most injurious corn cut-
worm in New York, where it is said to be com-
mon also on grass and grain, and to feed on
buckwheat and clover. It is fond of garden
vegetables, and feeds on lettuce, cabbage, celery,
pumpkins, and beans. It isa well-known climb-
ing cutworm, ascendingt rees and shrubs to eat a
the buds and leaves, particularly those of the Fic. 14.. The W-marked
apple, box-elder, soft maple, currant, and pacp ony Gyecue clandestine),
gooseberry. Plantain is mentioned as one of its wild food-plants.

9,
52

The larvee winter over about half grown, and mature early, becoming
most injurious in Apriland May. The moths begin to appear soon there-
after, and are most abundant about June 20. The data on record
indicate a probable second brood of the cutworms in midsummer, the
moths appearing in August, September, and October.

The early transformation of the hibernating brood renders precau-
tions against this cutworm virtually unnecessary, since it can injure only
very early plantings of corn.

THE GRANULATED CUTWORM.
Feltia annexa Tr.

This species is best known by its rough, granulated skin, and by a
pair of oblique marks on each segment, diverging backward. (Hig.
I'D, €2)

It is a general feeder, devouring corn, wheat, and other cereals, cotton,
clover, grass, cabbage, peas, beans, and several weeds. It is particularly
well known in the Southern
States as a cotton cutworm,
sometimes so badly injuring
this crop as to compel re-
planting.

It is not common in Illi-
nois, but is found, neverthe-
less, across the country from
Massachusetts to California,
and is abundant from IKen-
tucky southward, and also in

1 : ; x trae Fic. 15. The Granulated Cutworm (Feltia annexa);
C uba and South Amet Ica. a, larva; b, its head, front view; c, d, one segment, top

Seep Ee ee (oo on o and side view; e, surface; f, pupa; g, tip of pupa; h,
Lugge1 recol ds a single cap- adult. Figures a, /, h, natural size, others enlarged.

= * ya J.S. . AL j 5
ture in Minnesota. (Howard, L Dept. of Agriculture.)

The facts with regard to its seasonal history have not yet been clearly
established. It seems to winter as a larva, and is most destructive in
April and May. Moths (Fig. 15, h) of this brood appear in June, July,
and August. From eges laid August 3, moths were reared again by
October. Beutenmiiller says a second brood flies in August, September,
and October.. There are almost certainly two generations in a year in
Illinois, and quite likely three, or more, in the Gulf States.

THe DARK-SIDED CUTWORM.
Euxoa messoria Harr.

The common name of this cutworm (Fig. 16, a) is due to the contrast
of a dark stripe on each side with the ashy gray ground-color. The
small shining spots surounding the hairs are conspicuous and black.

ie

Although one of the great destruc-
tive cutworms of the United States,
this species is not reported as particu-
larly injurious to corn. It is one of the
climbing cutworms, and its most noto-
rious injuries are done to fruits and
garden vegetables. It is charged with
a great destruction of the peach crop
in Illinois, Indiana, and Michigan in
1887, and with devouring about half
the onion crop of Orange, N. J., in
1885 and 1887, and again in 1896. In

‘ ON a P 7 7 Fic. 16. The Dark-sided Cutworm
California it was held responsible in (Huxoa messoria), larva and adult. Nat-
large part for the defoliation of grape- uta! size.

vines in Fresno county. Smith speaks of it as the most injurious cut-
worm in southern New Jersey, especially to sweet potatoes. It ascends
fruit-trees, the apple especially, and eats the buds of both flowers and
leaves. It feeds, besides, on cabbage, spinach, lettuce, potatoes, toma-
toes, beans, peas, radishes, turnips, tobacco, and sugar-beets. Specimens
in confinement have freely eaten grass, corn, clover, buckwheat, cur-
rant, soft maple leaves, and various fleshy weeds. Indeed, it is so gen-
eral a feeder, Gillette remarks, that in confinement it has not refused to
eat any green thing offered it.

This species is not particularly common in Illinois, and has been
rather infrequent in our collections either as caterpillar or as moth. It
has been reported injurious, however, from New York to California and
Washington state, and northward into Canada. It seems to be com-
paratively rare to the southward.

It is evidently a single-brooded species, the caterpillars being most
abundant in May and disappearing by the middle of June. Occasionally
adults (Fig. 16, 6) occur in the latter part of June, but the main body of
them appear late in July, and are most abundant in September up to
about the 20th. The stage of hibernation is not yet positively ascer-
tained. Caterpillars, apparently of this species, were taken by me from
the stomachs of robins shot in February and March, and the species
probably hibernates in the larval stage.

Highly satisfactory experiments for the destruction of this species
and the protection of garden crops have been made by Sirrine, in New
York, who used a mixture of twenty or thirty pounds of middlings or
bran — the former preferred — to one of Paris green. A continuous row
of this poisoned bait was laid along the ground by means of a seed-drill.

34

Tue ComMon Srripep Curworm.
Huxoa tessellata Harr.

About one and a ‘ou:th inches in length, gray in general color, with
a pale central dorsal line and three pale lines each side, the lower one the
broadest.

The recorded food plants of this cutworm are corn, potato, onion,
tobacco, radish, squash, cabbage, lettuce, tomato, cele y, spinach, beans,
flax, cucumber, melon, beet, and parsnip, toge her with smartweed,
Rumex, and various weeds, plum, apple, pear, and cherry. In confine-
ment it feeds freely upon grass, clover, buckwheat, box-elder, and he
fleshy weeds. It is not on record as especially injurious to corn, being
evidently a garden species rather, and my own observations support this
statement. Cook found it injuring corn in Michigan, and Fitch in New
York, the latter treating it in his Ninth Report under the name o the
corn cutworm.

It is essentially a northern species, very abundant in the northern
United States and Canada, but less common in central Illinois and south-
ward. The caterpillar hides in the earth by day,
cuts off the plants by mght about half an inch
above ground (and not below the surface, as do
the Hadenas), and drags the leaves into its hole
to feed upon them during the day.

There is but one brood a year, and the cut-

mae, LR The Common : 6 ; 5
Striped Cutworm (Euzoa Worms pass the winter about half grown, becom-

tessellata), adult. ae .
Mee earae ing most destructive in the latter part of May

and the first of June. The moths (Fig. 17) are most abundant early in
July. They have been taken in Iowa from early June to the beginning of
August, and in Canada during the latter half of July and all of the follow-
ing month.

Tur ReED-BACKED CUTWORM.
Euxou ochrogaster Guen.

This is a very well-marked species, the caterpillar quite large, more
than an inch and a half long, gray or dull brown, with a broad sienna-red
stripe down the middle of the back.

It is a Canada cutworm especially, ranging from Prince Edward
Island to British Columbia, and often excessively abundant in that lati-
tude. It is less abundant in the northern United States, and is not
reported from localities farther south than Missouri, Colorado, and
California.

It is regarded by Fletcher as the worst co-n pest among the Canadian
cutworms. It is also particularly troublesome in gardens, attacking all
garden vegetables and flowering annuals. It has not been found by us

in corn in Illinois, and is, so far as our observations go, scarcely to be
regarded as an economic species in this state.

The larvee are present in the field through May and June, and some-
times into the following month. The moths occur in the latter part of
June and in July and August, with scattering examples continuing into
October. There is apparently but one brood a year.

THe Bristity CutTworm.
Mamestra renigera Steph.

This is a small yellowish gray species (Fig. 18) about an inch in
average length when full grown, marked by two blackish stripes, one on
each side, with an unusually broad pale dorsal area between them,
There are other less conspicuous stripes and
lines, and the hairs are coarse and long, giv-
ing the caterpillar a bristly appearance

This abundant little cutworm has been
occasionally found by us at the base of in-
jured corn plan s, but it is mainly a grass
and garden species, the spring brood of the
caterpillars getting their growth too early to
injure corn materially. It feeds mainly on
the roots of its food plants, especially on
garden fiowers. The food plants list d are
clover, the common grasses, chicory, tur
nips, and comfrey, to which we add corn
and cabbage. Gillette reared specimens on
cottonwood leaves and alfalfa.

Thi species is found from Canada to
Georgia, Colorado, and New Mexico, and
it has been reported as very abundant in
Towa, I] inois, Ohio, and New York.

T} z g ; Se a A : Fic. 18. The Bristly Cutworm
nere are two gener ations each year, (Mamestra renigera), back and side

: : 5 : views. Enlarged.
one of which hibernates as a cutworm par-

tially grown. We have taken young larve at frequent intervals from
December 2 to April. Injury to crops by this species is most serious
in central Illinois in the latter part of April
and early in May. The cutworms pupate
during May, and the moths (Fig. 19) appear
in the latter part of that month, continu-
ing common until the middle of July.

Fic. 19. The Bristly Cutworm . P
(Mamestra renigera), adult. En. Representatives of the second brood of cut-

larged.
sae worms have been found in early August,

and the second brood of moths begins to appear late in that month, and
continues through September and into early October. In Kentucky the

86

first generation of the moths was reported present from April until after
the middle of June, and the second generation in August and September.
In lowa the moths are said to be most abundant in June, and again
about the end of August. In Canada the first generation begins to ap-
pear late in June,

THE SOD WEB-WORMS, OR ROOT WEB-WORMS.
SWVHRAL Spacers OF CRAMBUS.

livery observer of insect life has noticed as he walks through grass on
lawns or meadows in summer, multitudes of small white or grayish moths
(ig, 21, 28) rising before him, flying a short distance, and then lighting
to rest on the grass, head downward, with the body parallel to the blade.
These moths, or millers, if examined when at rest, are seen to have the
wings folded around the body in a way to give them a eylindrical form in-
stead of the usual triangular one of ordinary moths, ‘These are the parent
insects of small, slightly bristly, reddish caterpillars which live abundantly
in the turf, hidden away by day ina silk-lined burrow among the roots of
the grass, but becoming active at night, when they feed especially upon
the underground part of the stem of the plant, sometimes also upon its

roots or blades,

(reneral Description, — These caterpillars (Fig.
20, 22) average about half an inch in length when
full grown, are pinkish red or brownish, and cov-
ered with rows of comparatively smooth dark
spots, from the center of each of which springs
a rather coarse hair, ‘Chey differ from cutworms
in their habit of quickly wriggling away when
picked up or disturbed, and making active efforts
to escape. Cutworms, on the other hand, are
sluggish, and take disturbance quietly, simply
curling up and taking their chances,

Injuries. Not infrequently the web-worms
become so abundant as to cause brown or dead-
ened spots in a lawn or meadow, sometimes,
indeed, in seasons unfavorable to the growth of
erass, deadening the turf as thoroughly as white-
erubs or cutworms can do. When land so in-
fested is planted to corn, this plant is very lkely

to be heavily injured, or even completely de-
Wea, 20, The Sod Web : Z ea
worm (Crambue)s web (a) stroved over considerable areas in early spring.
containing Taeva, at base of = Lia A . ;
young corn plant; , ein he injury done is somewhat like that due to
Juries to leaf and stem , 4

ceutworms, and is largely under ground, but, on
the other hand, the stems are rarely completely severed until the whole

plant is eaten up, Commonty the first injury to the plant is done by

“

47

gnawing the outer surface beneath the ground and about the roots,
Then the caterpillar works upward, eating a superficial furrow or bur-
rowing lengthwise along the center of the stem, ‘The leaves are also
frequently eaten, the lower ones first, and then the upper ones. ‘The
tips are eaten off, or irregular elongate holes are eaten through the
blades. The injury being done at night, search must be made for the
author of it by day by digging around the affected hills. The web-worms
will commonly be found just below the surface (lig, 20, p. 36), each in
a retreat formed by loosely webbing together a mass of dirt, more or
less cylindrical in. shape, an inch and a half to two inches long, and
about half an inch through. Within this mass is a silk-lined tube open
ing at the surface of the ground next to a stalk of corn, and within this
specially prepared domicile a single caterpillar is seereted. Injuries
due to these web-worms are commonly attributed by farmers to cut-
worms, and the caterpillars themselves are similarly confounded, This
error would signify but little except for a single important difference
in the midsummer life history which has its bearing on the proper time
of plowing the sod in spring, and that for planting or replanting the
corn. Cutworms are never protected by an underground web, are much
larger than web-worms, make no active efforts to escape when dis
turbed, but curl up and remain inactive, and are without rows of con-
spicuous shining spots upon the body, these being represented by small
and inconspicuous ones.

The injury to corn by the sod web-worms is not uncommon in fields
planted on sod ground, and as it begins quite early and may last some
weeks, it is fully as serious as a similar attack by cutworms or white
grubs. Irequently more or less extensive replanting is required, and
sometimes whole fields are completely destroyed two or three times in
succession. In Ohio, for example, hundreds of acres of corn and oats
were as completely killed in 1895 as if burned over, and similar injuries
to corn have been reported from New York, New Jersey, Delaware,
Maryland, Illinois, lowa, and Nebraska. In Illinois and Lowa it was
a most serious corn pest in 1887, destroying corn on sod ground in many
fields distributed through several counties in both these states; and
in Pennsylvania it was found destructive to corn in 1891, most injurious
here as elsewhere, in one case at least, on old timothy sod, Besides
its occasional injuries to corn, and to small grain where this follows upon
grass —a rare event, indeed, at least in linois — its principal injuries
are to grass in meadows and pastures. Its injuries here are much greater
than are commonly attributed to it. ‘ This fact is due,” says Dr, lelt,
“to its very insidious methods of work.”

“ Unless the damage they do is very serious it is hardly noticed, or,
if noticed, attributed to other causes. As the larvae live a retired life,
close to the surface, eating mostly at night and remaining in their nests

35

during the day, they are rarely seen. Like most larvee they feed most
voraciously just as they are completing their growth; consequently,
when the damage is noticed most of the larvee are hidden in their retreats
where they pupate. In these places none but an experienced entomolo-
geist would find them, or would think of associating the damage done
with the harmless appearing moths that fly later.

“ Hardly any farmer would think seriously of the loss of only one
stalk of grass in ten, yet the aggregate for the country at large would
be enormous. Not only is the damage to a crop where nothing short of a
serious injury would attract attention, but the damage is distributed
throughout the growing season. As a general rule, each species is most
destructive at a different time from the other species of that locality;
hence, species of Crambus prey upon the grass as a succession of small
armies. Could the loss caused by these species come at one time in the
year their destructive power would be better appreciated. Less than a
third of the species may be classed as of economic importance, but these
possess a capacity to cause almost infinite loss if the conditions are
favorable.”

Additional Examples of Injury. From Office Notes. — At Champaign,
May 28, 1885, Crambus larvee were injuring young corn by gnawing the
outer leaves at the surface of the ground, and also by eating out irregular
holes in the leaves and the blades themselves. Frequently the leaves
were eaten off and lying on the ground or partly drawn into the mouth
of the web. Occasionally a plant was gnawed completely through at
the surface of the ground, as by a eutworm. ‘The injury here was sufh-
cient to cause a partial replanting of the field. This land had been in
pasture for fifteen years, and no damage to the grass had been noticed.
It was plowed about the Sth or 9th of May, and planting was finished
May 15.

At Milan, in Rock Island county, August 13, 1885, farmers reported
the presence of a worm which made a web at the roots of the corn and
ate the leaves while young, after which it worked about the roots, cutting
them off just below the surface of the ground. Seven acres of corn
on sod were almost completely destroyed, only a hill here and there
being left. These larvee fed mostly in the evening and just after a
shower. They had been seen traveling from one hill of corn to another.

At Mt. Pulaski, Logan county, Illinois, according to observations
and statements made June 16, 1885, larvae of Crambus zeéllus (= luteo-
lellus) had so far injured a small field of eight acres of corn that it had
been replanted about the last day of May. On the 16th of June the
worms were still somewhat active, and corn plants were frequently
seen which had been more or less injured by it. Many of the webs were
vacant, however, the larvee evidently having gone largely into the earth

=
eS
<5

for pupation. This field had never been plowed until the preceding fall,
when it was broken up for corn.

A field of corn near Philo, in Champaign county, [llinois, visited
June 1, 1886, was found unevenly infested by this insect, one patch of
about an acre being completely destroyed. This corn was on sod broken
April 7 and planted May 7 and 8

July 31, 1888, blue-grass was found entirely killed over large patches
in a lawn at Urbana, Ill., by the larvee of C.-trisectus, and numerous
webs, some of which still contained the larvee, were exposed by clearing
away the dead grass on the lawns. On one of these lawns, which ten
days before had been thick and as soft as velvet, only a few small spots
of green remained. It was spotted with tufts of dead grass pulled out
by the birds, many species of which were evidently feeding freely on
the web-worms. The larvee, all nearly or quite full grown, were trans-
forming rapidly at the date of this observation.

June 13, 1891, caterpillars of trisectus and mutabilis were found
seriously injurious to forty acres of corn belonging to Mr. W. C. Baker,
near Savoy, Champaign county, Illinois. At least two thirds of the
first planting of the forty-acre field had been destroyed, and much of
the second planting also. This field had been in pasture for eight or nine
years, and was plowed the preceding fall, at just what time my infor-
mation does not indicate.

Another field, of eighty acres, adjoining the foregoing, also broken
in fall, had suffered still more heavily, most of the first two plantings of
corn being devoured, and about a third of the third planting also. The
caterpillars were still somewhat active June 13, but most of them had
ceased their feeding and deserted their webs. It is evident, consequently,
that in this case the proper time for replanting would have been about
June 10, and that corn planted at this time would have escaped serious
injury.

In another field adjoining this, about a fifth of the corn had been
destroyed on sod ground plowed in spring. This field had also been in
pasture for several years.

At Knoxville and Oneida, in Knox county, Illinois, corn on sod ground
examined May 25, 1901, was found damaged by the larve of trisectus
and vulgivagellus, associated with ordinary cutworms, to the amount of
twenty-five per cent.; and at Buda, in Bureau county, May 28, a field
was visited, from fifty to seventy-five per cent. of which had been
destroyed by the same web-worms and striped gophers, necessitating a
second planting.

From Office Correspondence. — The following reports of injuries by the
web-worms are from my office correspondence. All were verified by an
examination of specimens.

10

Galena, Jo Daviess County, Ill., May 23, 1887. I send a box containing worms
which are very destructive to corn planted on spring-breaking. [This was Crambus
luteolellus. |

Hoopeston, Vermilion County, Ill., August 2, 1888. About three weeks ago
noticed that the blue-grass on my lawn was beginning to die in spots. Watering
did no good. On examination I found worms, like those sent you to-day by mail,
averaging one or more to the square inch. ‘They cut off the blue-grass at the top
of the ground, but do not disturb the timothy or white clover.

Payson, Adams County, Ill., May 21, 1886. I find a few of the corn root web-
worms on a piece of clover sod plowed this spring and planted April 30 and May 1.
I find them as often on clover growing in the field?as in the hills of corn, and I think
they may breed in the clover. The field was planted to corn in 1881 and 1882,
sowed to wheat in the fall of that year and again the year following, sowed to clover
in March, 1885, this being plowed up in the spring of 1886 and planted to corn.

Smithfield, Fulton County, Ill., May 31, 1887. I mail specimens of a worm
that is cutting the corn planted on sod. They are likely to take the third planting,
and are working some on stubble. [This was Crambus trisectus. |

Galesburg, Knox County, Ill., May 2, 1887. I send you a few grubs that have
been eating up the sod corn. I find them on meadow plowed up last fall, also on
meadow plowed this spring. They ate up nearly every hill of sod corn, but did not
touch corn on old ground next to it. I replanted ten days ago. The new planting
is now big enough to plow, and is all right as yet. [These larve belonged to C. tri-
sectus and C. mutabilis.]

May 25. I learn that the corn on a large scope of country is injured in the
same way as mine. One man is planting his sod corn to-day for the third time.

Eden, Peoria County, Ill., May 19, 1887. I send by this mail a box of worms
found in a corn field on our farm. The field was an old timothy meadow plowed
this spring and planted about the 5th of May. They are taking the corn here very
rapidly.

Randolph, McLean County, Ill., May 16, 1887. I send you a sample of worms
destroying our corn. ‘The land is timothy sod broken the first two weeks in April,
and planted the first of May. It has been in meadow for five years. On a part of
it considerable clover is growing from seed sown two years ago, and on this part the
worms are not so bad. The rest of the corn is taken clean, eaten off just above the
ground. We find the worms an inch deep in the ground, the dirt being stuck
together. Some of them are very small; others are half an inch long. [C. ¢ri-
sectus and C. mutabilis.|

Hanover, Jo Daviess County, Ill., May 24, 1887. I inclose several specimens
of worms which have done a great deal of damage to corn in this county this spring.
The damage has been exclusively on sod ground, both fall and spring plowing
suffering alike. From reports from different parts of this county I learn that the
ravages of this worm are general throughout the county. The plant is attacked
just af the surface of the ground, where the worm weaves a web to protect itself
from ants and other enemies, and then the stalk is eaten downward. One piece of
ten acres on rich black soil on my own farm I replanted entire on the 14th of May,
and now the worms bid fair to destroy it entirely again. Hundreds of acres have been
replanted in my own town, and the area of ground in the county damaged by this
worm will reach into the thousand acres. [C. luteolellus.]

Hamlet, Mercer County, Ill., May 19, 1887. My corn is infested with a larva
that is a stranger to me. This morning I collected a few of them and put them in
a box directed to you. They do their work at night above ground, and mostly on
the upper part of the leaves, but often cut the stalk off at the base of the leaves.

a

et | 41

Their nest has its mouth close to the corn they are eating, but may run on the
ground an inch before going down. It consists of a web ease, to which the dirt
adheres. ‘They are doing their worst work ona piece of ground on which rye was grown
last year. I often find two or three of them to a single hill of corn. They are
mostly small, but I have found a few over an inch in length.

Glenwood, Cook County, Ill., June 15, 1888. I send you inclosed some cots
which are supposed to belong to the web-worm. I broke up and planted to corn
seventeen acres of timothy sod that had been seeded about twelve years, and I find
these cots lying around on this ground. The cutworms are so plenty that they do
not let the corn get much above ground.

Fic. 20. The Common Sod Web-worm Pines 22.5: be
(Crambus trisectus), back and side views, Striped Sod Web-
Much enlarged. worm (Crambus

mutabilis). Much en-
larged.

Brg: The Common Sod Web-worm Fic. 23. The Striped Sod Web-worm (Cram-
ae trisectus), adult. Slightly en- bus mutabilis), adult. Enlarged.
arge

‘Four species have thus far been bred from corn, namely, Crambus
trisectus Walker (Fig. 20, 21), C. luteolellus Clem., C. mutabilis Clem.
(Fig. 22, 23), and C. vulgivagellus Clem.

Besides the injuries to corn, grass, and oats already mentioned, wheat

42

and rye have been injured by vulgivagellus, tobacco by luteolellus (caligr
nosellus), and cranberry by hortuellus, a species not yet reported from
corn.

There are about sixty species of the genus Crambus in the United
States. So far as known they are of very similar habit, and it is quite
likely that any of them living habitually on grass will injure corn if this
is exposed to their attack. The species notably injurious to this crop
will consequently depend, in all probability, upon those which happen
to predominate in the grass at the time the field is plowed, and as these
predominating species differ from year to year, the list above given is
not to be regarded as final.

Distribution.— The recorded distribution of the four species actually
bred from corn extends from the Atlantic to the Pacific, and from Maine,
Canada, and California, to Texas, Louisiana, and Florida.

More specifically, the known distribution of the species with which
we are here especially concerned is substantially as follows:

C’. mutabilis, from Ontario, Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Dakota,
to New York, Ohio, Dlinois, Kentucky, Florida, Louisiana, Texas,
Nebraska, and California.

C. trisectus, from Canada, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, Dakota,
Wyoming, and Vancouver, to New Jersey and New Mexico.

C. luteolellus,* from Maine, New York, Ontario, Minnesota, and
Colorado, to North Carolina, Hlinois, Texas, Arizona, and California.

C. vulgivagellus, from Maine, Massachusetts, New York, Canada,
Wisconsin, and Vancouver, to North Carolina, Missouri, Colorado, Utah,
and California.

Life History. —The biology of the species has not been sufficiently
studied to give us a comparative knowledge of their life histories, al-
though existing evidence indicates a difference in the species with respect
to the number of annual generations, which varies from one to three
in a season in the same locality. It is possible, however, that ampler
data would remove this impression.

So far as known, all pass the winter in our latitude in the caterpillar
stage, apparently not full grown. In early fall they close the mouth
and thicken the wall of their cylindrical silk-lined nests before going
into hibernation. In the spring they come forth, complete their growth,
pupate near the surface, and later emerge as adults. ‘‘ The eggs,”’ says
Dr. Felt, ‘‘ are usually, if not always, allowed to fall at random in the
grass. They hatch in from ten to twenty days.’ Eggs of various
species have been obtained by us from June 9 (trisectus) to July 22
*A thorough study of authoritatively named adults, of the larve, and of the literature of the
three so-called species caliginosellus, ceéllus, and luteolellus, amply confirm previous conclusions of
this office, that they represent only variations of a single polymorphic species, /eolellus. The

details will be given in a later portion of this report dealing with the data of less economic
importance relating to corn insects

45

(hortuellus), and these have hatched in from ten to fourteen days. Most
of them were laid singly, but occasionally in clusters of five or six. When
first laid they are nearly white, but they change with age to yellowish
orange. The young caterpillars form their web-lined nests imme-
diately upon or just under the surface of the soil, strengthening them by
the addition of bits of grass or particles of dirt to the surface. They
commonly cut off the blades of grass and draw the ends down into the
nest so that they can feed without leaving it.

The data concerning the life histories of the various species are not
sufficiently complete for all to warrant general comparative statements con-
cerning them. It is certain that two of the species, (risectus and mutab-
iis, are at least two-brooded. <A tabulation of the dates of collec-
tion of a very large series of adults made in several successive years,
shows two well-marked periods of maximum occurrence, one in July
and one in August, with a comparatively sparse showing towards the
middle of July. Larve of trisectus have been found abundant in May
and early June, and again in late July and early August. Those of
mutabilis are commonest in the latter half of June. The fact that a
thi d wave of abundance of the moths of trisectus was noted one year in
early October suggests the possibility of a third brood of this species at
least. Vulgivagellus, on the other hand, appears to be a single-brooded
species. The larvae mature late in May, but remain, as a rule, in their
underground cells, like some cutworms, dormant through midsummer,
emerging as adults in August anid September. The eggs are then laid
for the hibernating brood of the caterpillars, which will be found in
young corn most abundantly during the latter part of May and early in
June.

The data concerning luteolellus also indicate, so far as they go, a
single brood, the moths appearing most abundantly in June and July,
with only scattering occurrences in August, and none in the later months.
Our breeding-cage results are likewise consistent with this supposition.

The points of especial economic interest in the life histories of these
various species are virtually the same as in the case of cutworms. It is
desirable to know at what time in fall the eggs are laid for the hiber-
nating brood of caterpillars, since this will fix the time when grass-lands
should be plowed as a preparation for corn-planting the following year.
It is also desirable to know at what time in spring the hibernating cater-
pillars cease their work, and when eggs are laid for the next generation.
The first of these dates fixes the time of planting or replanting corn on
infested land, and the second determines when grass-lands may be plowed
in spring to the best advantage if the sod was not broken up the preceding
year.

Prevention and Remedy. — The facts concerning these web-worms all
admonish the farmer to break up a grassy turf as early in the fall as

At

practicable preliminary to planting the ground to corn; the middle of
September is as late as safety permits. If, however, this is not done
until spring, it may best be postponed, so far as web-worm injury is con-
cerned, in most cases until the latter part of May. If an infested meadow
or pasture is plowed earlier than this, when the larve are still young,
they will probably live to attack the corn when it appears; and if plowing
is postponed later, until the first brood of moths have emerged, they are
likely to lay their eggs in the grass before plowing, and thus to give origin
to a brood of caterpillars which, being quite young when the corn comes
up, will make a long-continued attack upon it, against which replanting
will be of no avail.

THe BurrowinG WEB-WorRMs.

Anaphora popeanella Clem.
Pesudanaphora arcanella Clem.

Hypoclopus mortipennellus Grote.

These species, treated among
the less important insects of the
corn plant, are mentioned here
merely to distinguish the larva
of this group (Fig. 24) from the
other web-worms, which it re-
sembles somewhat in habit and
injury to corn. It inhabits, how-
ever, a vertical cylindrical bur-
row penetrating the earth to a
depth varying from six inches to
two feet or even more. It is
about the size of a common cut-
worm, but differs by its dull vel-
vety surface and its colors, vary-
ing from silvery gray to brown,
by the rows of polished spots on
the body, and by its greater ac-

Fic. 24. A Burrowing Web-worm (Pseuda- tivity and more loosely jointed
naphora or Hypoclopus), back and side views. < ou es
Much enlarged. strueture.

THE STALK-BORER.
Papaipema nitela Guen.
(Hydroecia nitela, Gortyna mitela.)

This well-known caterpillar, often called the ‘“ heart worm” because
of the character of its injury to corn, may be at once known wherever it
is seen by the peculiar break in the striping of the body at the mid-

45

dle (Fig. 25, 6). It is about an inch long when full grown. The
general color varies from purplish brown to whitish brown, according
to age, and it is
marked with five
white stripes, one
running down the
middle ofthe
back, and two on
each side. These
sde stripes are
interrupted, being
absent on the first
four segments
of the abdomen,
giving the larva
an appearance as
if. it had been
pinched or injured
there. The stripes
nearly vanish

—— ne Fie. 25. The Stalk-borer (Hydroecia nitela): a, adult; b, half-grown
as the larva ma larva; c, mature larva in burrow; d, side of one of its segments; e,
tures (Fig. ay c) ; pupa. Allslightly enlarged. (Chittenden, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture.)

The head and top of the neck, and the leathery anal shield at the op-
posite end of the body are light reddish yellow, with a black stripe on
each side.

Its presence in a young stalk of corn is very clearly indicated by the
wilting, breaking down, and death of the top, and by the presence of a
round hole in the side of the stalk (Fig. 25, c), plugged with the b:own
excrement of the caterpillar within.

It infests a great variety of other plants in a precisely similar way.
It is most noticeable in early spring in blue-grass, by roadsides or around
the borders of a field, its presence there being betrayed by the whiten-
ing of single heads of the grass while all the rest of the plant is green.
At this time it is of small size, and finds sufficient food within the grass
stem; but later it is compelled to resort to thicker-stemmed plants, and
it is at this time that it may appear in fields of corn.

Going in usually from outside the field, its injury is, as a rule, almost
wholly confined to the outer rows. It rarely does any serious general
damage to corn, although it is reported to have once destroyed fifteen
acres of that crop near Elmira, Illinois, and it has also been occasionally
found injuriously abundant in fields of wheat. It is probable that where
the injury is not limited to the margins of the field, but is general through-
out its area, the eggs were laid in fall in grass or thick-stemmed weeds in
corn fields. where these have sprung up profusely after the corn has been

16

laid by. The burrow which the stalk-borer makes within the stem runs
upwards from the entrance opening, and of course varies in size with
the growth of the larva. Sometimes in leaving a stalk it makes a new
hole above that by which it entered, and it may in this way burrow in
succession several different stalks and several different kinds of plants.
Corn is injured by it while from two to ten inches high.

Besides the corn, wheat, and blue-grass already mentioned, it may
infest oats and timothy, various garden crops — including potatoes,
tomatoes, rhubarb, and spinach — blackberry and raspberry canes, the
thick-stemmed weeds — such as ragweed, burdock, and cocklebur — a
considerable variety of garden flowers, and also the new growth of the
peach, currant, grape, apple, willow, ete. Indeed, its food plants are so
numerous as to indicate a practical indifference to kinds, the only neces-
sary condition being a relatively thick stem, soft enough to allow it to
enter and feed freely within. In the small grains and larger grasses,
like oats and timothy, it makes its presence manifest by killing or even
cutting off the stem within an ensheathing leaf, thus causing the head
and the whole plant above the injury to turn white, and presently to dry
up. It is only one of several insects which produce this general effect
at this time, but its own injury may be at once distinguished by the
round hole which it leaves in the stem of the infested plant.

It occurs throughout the United States and Canada east of the
Rocky Mountains, but is most destructive in our own latitude, the adult
moth having been, in fact, originally described from specimens sent from
Illinois to France.

The caterpillar, when full grown, pupates, as a rule, within its last
burrow, commonly below the opening at which it entered — seemingly a
precaution against its destruction by the withering and breaking away of
the upper part of the injured plant. The pupa (Fig. 25, e) is light
mahogany-brown, about three fourths of an inch in length, and bears at
the tip of the body a pair of spines. From it comes out a fawn-gray or
mouse-colored moth (ig. 25, a), with the outer third of the wings paler
and bordered within by a whitish cross-line. Other specimens (var.
nebris) have some white spots on the disks of the wings. The moth is
nocturnal, and has been taken by us flying about eleetrie lights, and also
at sugar. The eggs have not as yet been found.

There is but one brood in a year, and by the end of June the cater-
pillars are over half grown, and have mostly left the grasses in which
they made their start and entered the thicker-stemmed plants, of course
including corn. They live in this stage until late in July, when pupation
begins, but larvee have been found until August 28. The moths begin
to appear about the middle of August, and continue throughout Septem-
ber and Oetober. They have never been found in hibernation, and it

ee

N7

seems likely that they lay their eggs in fall in grass-lands, and that these
hatch in fall or the following spring.

The stalk-borer is much infested by parasites, both dipterous and
hymenopterous, access being got to the caterpillars, doubtless, during
their intervals of wandering while outside the infested plants.

Fortunately, injuries by this insect are not of a kind to require spe-
cial measures of prevention or remedy. It is, of course, impossible
to poison the larva in the corn field, and the breeding habits of the insect
are not such as to enable us to destroy it in the pupa state by any ordi-
nary operation. If headlands and other grassy lots adjoining corn
show in early spring an unusual abundance of these insects, it might be
worth while to mow the infested turf and carry away and feed the cut
grass promptly, before the caterpillars could escape to enter the corn.

A number of other stalk-borers besides the one especially referred to
in this discussion, occur in Illinois, all closely related to the preceding,
extremely like it in general appearance, and injuring vegetation in an
identical manner. Their life histories, so far as we may infer from
scattered observations and breeding-cage notes, are practically the same
as those of the common species. None of them have been noticed in
corn, although some of them may easily have been confused with nitela
in corn-field collections. These related stalk-borers differ from nitela
especially in the fact that the longitudinal lines are less developed in
some of the species and more so in others.

THe ARMY-WworM.
Leucania unipuncta Haw.
(Heliophila wnipuncta.)

(Plate IL.)

This notorious entomological raider and marauder, although one of
the most destructive of the insect pests of American agriculture, is
actually noticed and distinguished by individual farmers only when. it
becomes so numerous as to travel in companies, that is, once in some
ten or fifteen years, or so, in any given locality. Indeed, many Illinois
farmers of several years’ experience have never seen the army-worm at
all to know it, and many more would not recognize it with any certainty,
if found within their fields and meadows, until it got practically beyond
control. It is often very desirable, however, that its presence in grass-
lands should be detected before it has begun its career of general destruc-
tion, and a good and plain description of it is consequently very much to
be desired. .

This caterpillar should be looked for especially in the coarser, ranker
grass growing in the lower, moister parts of the meadow. In the lati-
tude of central Illinois, it appears in three broods or successive genera-

48

tions each year; the first about the middle of May, the second during
the latter part of June, and the third in August and September. But one
of these generations is seriously injurious during the same year, some-
times the first and sometimes the second, while the third, with rare
exceptions, is economically insignificant. The earliest generation (May
and early June) is most likely to be the destructive one in southern
Illinois, and the second generation (late June and early July) in the
central and northern parts of the State. The third generation (August
and September) has never been injurious, to my knowledge, in Illinois,
but has sometimes been so in New Jersey and New York. The abun-
dant generation moves in hordes or ‘‘ armies ”’ out of its breeding grounds
and into adjoining fields, destroying virtually every green thing as it goes.

Description of the Army-worm (See Pl. I1).— This caterpillar has
the general appearance of a cutworm, to which, in fact, it is closely.
related, and whose habits and injuries to vegetation it imitates in ordi-
nary years when it is not unusually abundant. It is readily distin-
guished, however, from ordinary cutworms by its much more distinctly
striped markings, in colors ranging from light greenish yellow to greenish
black and black. Looking at the side of the caterpillar, one sees three
such stripes very distinctly marked, of which the central one is dark,
and the others are lighter. The back of the caterpillar is greenish black,
and along the middle of it runs a narrow white stripe, broken and usually
indistinct except at each end. Of the three side stripes, the lower one,
which is just below the spiracles, is hght greenish yellow and is narrowly
edged with white. The upper one is a little darker, also edged with
white, and with its center greenish black. The middle one of these three
stripes, which has the spiracles at its lower edge, is black, sometimes a
little lighter along its center. The head is of a greenish brown color,
with coarse black mottlings, and with blackish lines where the pieces of
the head seem joined together. The belly of the larva is lighter than
the back and more or less mottled with blackish. This description
applies quite closely to ordinary. examples, which the colored plate in
this report correctly illustrates. Sometimes, however, paler specimens
are found, in which all the colors are less intense, but the pattern is
unchanged.

The Army-worm Moth (See Pl. 11). — The army-worm hatches from
eges laid by very common night-flying moths. These are yellowish
brown, with a white speck near the middle of each fore wing, as shown
distinctly in the colored plate. They are fond of sweets, and may be
captured in large numbers at night by using sugary substances as a bait.

Habits of the Army-worm. — Army-worms are present every year, and
are among the most numerous of our native insects. When present in
only ordinary numbers they feed singly in grass-lands like cutworms,
remaining hidden during the day, and are then little likely to be seen.

PEATE IT

The Army-worm, with pupa, moth, and egg.

49

Indeed, their stripes and colors make them difficult to distinguish among
their food plants, and their habit of dropping when disturbed serves still
further to conceal them. Their ordinary injuries thus pass unnoticed
and their presence undetected unless the grass is so badly damaged as
to turn brown in patches, when a close examination may disclose them
in their retreats.

Their traveling habit, which has given them their common name, can
scarcely be called normal to the species, since they resort to it only under
circumstances which are, for them, little less than desperate. When,
by extraordinary multiplication, they become so numerous in their
breeding ground as to devour their own food supply before they have
attained their growth, they must search for more food elsewhere. Un-
like many insects under similar circumstances, they exhibit a gregarious
habit, and instead of dispersing separately in every direction, as would
seem to be the more rational course, they move off together in a definite
direction in almost solid phalanx, putting themselves thus to the serious
inconvenience of traveling great distances to find their necessary food,
and exposing themselves likewise to wholesale destruction by birds
and other enemies and to wholesale infestation by insect parasites.
Fortunately for agriculture, they likewise expose themselves by this
same act to destruction by the farmer, who can annihilate a compact
mass of traveling caterpillars although he might be helpless against
their attack if they separated and dispersed to all parts of the compass.

eeding ordinarily upon grasses, they prefer these and grass-like
grains, even on their desperate marches. They seem to eat with almost
equal relish blue-grass, timothy, wheat, oats, corn, rye, and barley, and
will likewise readily take sorghum, Hungarian grass, millet, and flax.
In confinement they have grown and completed their transformations
when fed exclusively on poppy, beet, lettuce, cabbage, raspberry, onion,
parsnip, radish, carrot, or pea, but have declined cotton and grape.
Ordinarily clover is not eaten by them, and it is said that the timothy in
a mixed field is often eaten to the ground, leaving uninjured the clover
scattered through it. A remarkable exception is reported, however,
from New Jersey, where in 1880 clover was generally eaten by army-
worms in some localities. In the field, besides the plants above men-
tioned, they have also eaten cranberry, strawberry, bean, sugar-beet,
sweet potato, parsley, watermelon, cucumber, apple, pepper, honey-
suckle, ragweed, wild Solanum, and amaranth.

When they enter a field of young corn they first climb up the plants,
ating the blades of the leaves on each side of the midrib, but presently,
as they become more abundant, they may virtually devour the whole
plant to the surface of the ground. “ Fully to realize the destructive
vapabilities of this insect,’ says Slingerland, ‘ one must see (no descrip-
tion will suffice) an army of the worms on the march and at work. In

50

most cases the caterpillars in each of these armies must have been num-
bered by the millions; even an approximate estimate of the worms of a
single army would have been impracticable. Oftentimes when an army
was marching across a lane or roadway, nearly the entire surface of the
ground for several rods would be covered by a mass of worms; one could
not step without crushing several of them.’’ They feed mostly at night
and on cloudy days, although not by any means refraining from travel
and feeding in bright weather.

Geographical Distribution. —'The army-worm is apparently a North
American species, and was well known in New England before the Revo-
lution, where, indeed, measures for the arrest of its movements were
adopted which are still the best we can suggest. The species is now
distributed throughout nearly the whole world, but it is only in the
United States east of the Rocky Mountains and in Canada that it multi-
plies to a number such as to compel its movements en masse in search of
food. It is particularly abundant throughout the region from Iowa and
Maine to Texas, Alabama, and North Carolina, and in this region there
is rarely a year in which it does not somewhere become numerous enough
to do serious injury.

Life History of the Army-worm. — The yearly history of the species is
not fully known as yet, some diversity of opinion prevailing as to the
stage in which it hibernates. Many accurate observations on this sub-
ject relate to partly grown caterpillars found late in fall, winter, or early
spring, and hibernation in this stage seems to be a somewhat general
occurrence. On the other hand, we have taken the moth in March in
Illinois, and have once seen it common at lights on April 11. It is
also said by Prof. John B. Smith to have been found in New Jersey
during the entire winter in sheltered places. We have seen no satisfac-
tory evidence of its hibernation in the pupa stage, although this fact is
likewise asserted by some.

When a brood of the caterpillars becomes full grown they rapidly dis-
appear, entering the ground an inch or so, and forming there smooth
‘avities by twisting about, or making a slight cocoon under clods or
other shelter. There they change to smooth brown pupeze (See Pl. IT),
from which later the moths emerge.

The eggs for the first generation are laid, in our latitude, about the
middle of May. These hatch in from eight to ten days. The life of the
caterpillar is twenty to thirty days; that of the pupa, twelve to fifteen
days; and the moths begin oviposition about a week after they emerge.
This gives about seven to eight weeks for the life cycle in midsummer.
The eggs (See Pl. II) are placed by the mother moth behind the sur-
rounding sheath of the leaf of grass or grain, from ten to fifty or more
together, imbedded in a gummy substance which fastens them also to the
leaf surface and closes the sheath around them. It is said that “‘ early

51

in the season the moths prefer to oviposit in the cut straw of old stacks,
in haystacks, and even in old fodder stacks of corn, or in old bits of corn-
stalks scattered about in pastures.” Eggs have also been found in the
spring in young grain. Slingerland reports that as many as 737 eggs
have been found in the body of a single moth — a fact which goes far to
account for the tremendous power of reproduction exhibited by this insect.

Until after the second molt the young caterpillars have the looping
habit of the measuring-worms, and spin down at the end of a thread
when disturbed, as do the canker-worms. They often leave their feed-
ing grounds when they are scarcely more than half grown. They may
travel at the rate of five to ten rods an hour.

Prevention and Remedy. — The fact that two successive generations
of the army-worm are never injurious in the same locality is due to the
sudden check placed upon their multiplication by a concentration and
increase of their enemies of various kinds, the most important of which are
insect parasites and parasitic diseases. Birds and ground-squirrels gather
for their destruction, but these larger animal enemies are rarely numerous
enough to produce any very marked effect upon the traveling horde.
Their insect parasites and fungous diseases, on the other hand, presently
come to affect them so generally that they perish wholesale either before
or after entering the ground for pupation, the soil in such cases stinking
with their decayed remains. Parasitic insects have been seen to swarm
about them in such numbers that the sound of their flight was like that of
a hive of bees.

In case by watchfulness and good luck a farmer detects a colony of
army-worms. before it has left its native field of grass or grain, he may
to advantage surround it by a few deep furrows so plowed that the dirt
shall be thrown inward towards the colony, and then either kill the
caterpillars as they collect in this furrow in their efforts to escape, or
poison them in a body by spraying the vegetation on which they feed
with an arsenical poison, like Paris green.

To stop them and destroy them after they have taken up their line
of march, deep furrows are plowed in front of them. The straight side
of each furrow, which should be the side away from the worms, is trimmed,
if necessary, with a spade so that the dirt shall be perpendicular or
overhang a little, and post-holes are made in the bottom at intervals of
ten or fifteen feet where the caterpillars may collect in quantity as they
travel up and down the furrow seeking to escape. Here they may be
readily killed by pouring a little kerosene upon the struggling mass in
each post-hole, after which they should be shoveled out to make room
for another collection.

Prompt and vigorous action is essential to success, since the pres-
ence of these insects is often not detected until they are well under way,
and their rate of movement is such that acres of corn may be sacrificed
by a few hours’ delay.

ee

THE Corn BILL-BUGS.

Sphenophorus parvulus Gyll.
S. venatus Say. (S. placidus.)
S. ochreus Lee.

S. pertinax Oliv.

S. cariosus Oliv.

S. scoparius Horn.

S. sculptilis Uhl.

S. robustus Horn.

(Plate III.)

The corn ‘“ bill-bugs’’ are snout-beetles of various size and color
(see Pl. IIT, and Fig. 27 to 34), but averaging rather large, the majority
of them dull black, with the surface much marked with small pits and
narrow grooves. In form they are somewhat irregularly oval, with thick
bodies, rounded above and beneath, and with rather long and thick
“ snouts’ or “ beaks ”’ of medium length, curving downward from the
front of the head. This so-called snout is really a part of the head itself,
and bears always at its tip a pair of minute jaws or mandibles, used in
taking in food. The beetles injure and often kill young corn in spring
by thrusting the beak into the stem of the plant near its base and eating
out the inner tissue beneath the point of puncture. Their presence in
the field is very soon made manifest by the appearance of circular or
oblong holes running in rows across the blade of the leaf, each row result-
ing from a single thrust of the beak when the leaves were closely rolled
together in the young plant. (See Pl. III.) The injury done varies
from insignificance up to complete destruction of practically every plant
in several acres of corn and for two or three successive plantings.

The larvee of these beetles (See Pl. III, and Fig. 26) are rarely found in
corn fields except in some of the Southern States, where one of the species,
robustus, may live as a larva in the pith of the stalk. The others feed in
the larval stage, so far as known, upon the bulbous roots of grasses,
sedges, and the like, or, in the smaller
species, upon the fibrous roots of the
smaller grasses. These larvee are thick-
bodied, oval, footless grubs, with hard,
brown or blackish heads, the first seg-
ment behind the head being leathery
and smooth and slightly tinged with
brown. They are most frequently
seen imbedded in the root-bulbs of
timothy, or, in swampy situations, in es 26. «The, CompBul aa (Gree
the thick root-bulbs of the common _ iarged.
reed, the club-rush, and other very coarse sedges and swamp grasses.

eA Es ile

Corn Bill-bugs and larva, with injured corn plant.

53

Fie. 27. Sphenophorus parvulus,
adult, back and_ side _ views. Fic. 28. Sphenophorus venatus, adult,
Greatly enlarged. back and side views. Greatly enlarged.

}
Fie. 29. Sphenophorus ochreus, Fic. 30. Sphenophorus pertinax,
adult. back and side views. adult, back and side views. Greatly

Greatly enlarged. enlarged.

Cpe pam airman

SPOS IS AI A ENS Ae

Sphenophorus scoparius,

. Greatly

32.

©

‘IG.

arged.

I
1dult, back and side view

enl

€

Sphenophorus cariosus, adult, back
Greatly enlarged.

Sos
ind side views.

Ir

2
é€

55

‘

Injuries to Corn. — With the exception of the southern species men-
tioned above, the injuries to corn are done entirely by the beetles, and
are commonly limited to the first year after grass. In some cases where
freshly drained swampy tracts have been broken up, the injury may
continue in diminished quantity the second year, provided that the crop
has not been sufficiently well tilled to kill out thoroughly all the coarse
native sedges and erass-like plants. The adults of all the species feed in
substantially the same manner, as far as observed, and inflict a similar
injury on the plants they infest. Placing itself head downward, with
its stout legs embracing and firmly grasping the stalk, the beetle applies
the tip of its beak straight against the surface, cutting the outer tissue
with the jaws, the action of which is distinctly audible. Gradually, with
an occasional twisting motion of the head, it sinks two thirds or more of
its snout into the stalk, and then, slightly rolling its head from side to
side with clocklike regularity, it uses its beak as a lever to split the stalk
and pry the edges of the slit apart. It pauses from time to time to eat
out the soft tissues within, and by moving forward and backward and
twisting to the right and left, it hollows out an interior cavity much
larger than the surface injury would indicate. Then, pulling the head
strongly backward with the compressed beak inserted, the stalk is split
upward as a boy would split a stick with a knife. In this way a slit an
inch long may be made in the stalk of corn, beneath which all the softer
parts have been eaten out.

The injury thus done varies in position from a little below the surface
of the ground to the middle or upper two thirds of the larger leaves.
The beetles are often seen at work on young stalks, head downward,
with the beak inserted its full length. They are always on the lower part
of the plant, from an inch above the ground to a little be'ow it, and two
or three of them are sometimes seen on a single stalk. They are not
easily alarmed when thus engaged, and a plant may even be cut away
if care is used, without disturbing them. Although they cling closely
to it, they ean readily be picked off with the fingers, and when thus
detached they do not seek to escape, but feign death for a little time.

The effect on the corn plant of such injuries varies according to the
size and number of the beetles. A small species like the abundant
parvulus (Fig. 27) may do little more than to leave a trace of its visit in
the form of a series or two of ob'ong parallel holes across one of the
leaves; but the larger species, especially if several beetles attack the
same plant, may so rag and deform the young leaves that no ear is
matured, or may kill the plant outright.

While there is in Illinois a little general and unclassifiable injury to
corn by the bill-bugs, by far the greater part of it occurs under one of
three conditions. If swamp lands are broken up from grass in spring
and planted to corn the same year, and especially if the common reed

ob

or the club-rush or other thick-stemmed grasses with bulbous roots are
common in the turf, the corn is extremely likely to be badly injured if
not wholly destroyed by one of the swamp-loving species of this group.
If such land is poorly cultivated, allowing these bulb-root grasses to grow
up again, the injury may continue for at least another year. If an old
timothy-sod, either pure or mixed with some other grass, is plowed in
spring and planted immediately to corn, this crop is likely to be severely
injured by other and smaller species than those which attack the crop
in swamps. I have known but one case of any considerable injury by
these insects to a field of corn in Illinois except under one of the above
conditions.

The damage on swamp sod is frequent'y so serious and extensive as
to require the repeated replanting of large fields of corn. On timothy
sod it is not often so complete, a badly infested field rarely having as
much as fifty per cent. of the plants injured, and these less seriously be-
‘ause the bill-bugs breeding in timothy average much smaller than those
living in swampy situations.

Injuries to Grass and Grain. — The injury to timothy meadows by the
work of both beetles and larvee is sometimes considerable, the former
killing the stalk, and the latter destroying an entire stool by hollowing
out the bulbous root.

In West Virginia, according to Hopkins, injuries by one of these
beetles (sculptilis) are among the prime causes of the early decay of
timothy meadows. One of the smaller species, parvulus (Fig. 27), has
also been reported as slightly injurious in the larval state to wheat, oats,
and barley. The grub feeds within the straw until it becomes too large
for its burrow, and it then passes to the roots, often killing an entire stool
of grass in this way.

Distribution. — The known distribution of these beetles is very gen-
eral throughout the United States and Canada, and in Illinois they may
occur anywhere within our boundaries if local conditions permit them to
breed.

Lije History. — So far as known to me, all our bill-bugs pass the winter
in the beetle stage on the ground under rubbish or in other protected
situations, and all whose life history has been closely observed, make
their appearance in spring usually in fields in which they have lived as
larvee, and where they have fed on the roots of grasses or grass-like
plants the preceding year. As the adult beetles feed on the same plants
as their larvee, there is little to tempt them to migrate from one field to
another, and the known facts clearly indicate that they pass the winter,
as a rule, in the same fields in which they went through their earlier
stages, provided that these fields have been undisturbed. All whose
life history has been traced with sufficient fullness to warrant an opinion
are apparently single-brooded, although the long breeding period and the

57

frequency, as a consequence, with which the insects may be found in
various stages at the same time have sometimes led to the inference that
there were several generations in a year. Injury to corn, however, is in
all cases limited to spring and early summer, ceasing altogether by the
middle of July even in the most serious cases. Corn not killed or erip-
pled by these insects while it is young soon grows beyond their reach,
and they then leave the field in search of more practicable food.

The eggs of the Illinois species studied, are laid mainly in May and
June in the roots or stems of the plants; larva may occur throughout
June, July, and August; and the beetles emerge in late summer and in fall.

Measures of Prevention and Remedy. — Probably no steps could be
taken to arrest the injury to corn in spring by these beetles, and the
only resource at that time must be replanting of the injured hills. To
avoid repeated destruction, this should be postponed as late as prac-
ticable, but it would be virtually safe after the middle of June. The
swamp bill-bugs are likely to continue their destructive work through
June and well into July, and with them, consequently, this measure
would usually fail, and the only alternative remaining is the planting of
the ground to some crop not liable to injury by these beetles. It appears,
from observations made in 1902, that injury by the swamp species may
be forestalled by breaking up the sod in early fall, and it has also been
repeatedly observed that corn growing upon timothy sod of early fall
plowing was relatively — usually, indeed, completely — free from bill-bug
injury the following spring.

For details concerning the several species the reader is referred to
an article on the corn bill-bugs published in my Fifth Report, the six-
teenth of this office (1890), and to another on ‘‘'The Corn Bill-bugs in
Illinois,” in my Kleventh Report — the twenty-second of the office (1903).

THE CHINCH-BUG.
Blissus leucopterus Say.
(Plate I.)

This notorious insect, one of the very worst enemies of American
agriculture, is, on the whole, the most destructive to corn of all the
insect species to whose attack that crop is subject. It is true that in
some parts of the state it has now been virtualky unknown for many
years, and that where it is most commonly destructive, periods of several
years may succeed each other with no noticeable loss to the corn farmer
on its account. There are considerable districts, however, in which
it is permanently present in numbers sufficient to do every year more
or less injury in corn fields, varying from what may be described as
trifling to the total destruction of the entire crop over many square miles
of territory. It is estimated that the total agricultural losses due to the

58

ravages of this insect have amounted in single states to from ten to
twenty million dollars in a season, and throughout the whole range of
the insect to a hundred million dollars or more in a single year.

It must be admitted, however, that the weather conditions under
which its injuries become serious are such that the corn would suffer
materially from drouth if it were not infested by chinch-bugs at all, and
as the effect of the insect attack is virtually indistinguishable from that
of excessive dry weather, it is usually quite impossible to separate the
effects of these cooperating causes. Estimates of injury by chinch-bugs
are therefore exceptionally uncertain.

Description of the Chinch-bug.—Although this insect is so abundant
and destructive at certain times and places, its appearances in numbers —
sufhicient to attract attention are often separated by intervals 0’ many
years, and multitudes of farmers consequently do not know it at sight.

When fully grown (see Plate 1) it is readily distinguished from
other insect of its region by its size and form, and by the peculiar distri-
bution of the white on its back. Looked at from above, the outline of
the entire insect is an elongate oval with rather straight sides and
broadly rounded ends. Its length is three twentieths of an inch or a
little less, and its breadth about a fourth as much. The head and
thorax are black, and all the surface is minutely hairy except that of the
wings. ‘The wing-covers, which conceal the abdomen, are milk-white,
with a triangular black scutellum between them in front, and a black
blotch at about the middle of each side. These invasions of the white
area give it roughly the form of the letter X, and this cross mark of
white on the back is the characteristic mark of the species. In winged
specimens which have recently changed by molting from the preceding
stage, the black of the above description is represented by a dull pink,
the wing-covers, however, being wholly white, with pinkish veins.

The chinch-bug molts four times after hatching, and changes its
appearance materially with each molt. There are thus five distinguish-
able stages, the first three of which together are often called the red
stage of the insect.

In the first of the red stages the young chinch-bug is pale red through-
out, with a band of yellowish across the base of the abdomen.

In the second stage the red of the head and the prothorax changes to
a dusky tint, and the abdomen becomes a bright vermilion with a pale
yellow band across its base, and with faint dusky patches on its poste-
rior segments.

In the third stage, small rounded pads appear on the thorax, pro-
jecting backward in the place of the future wings. The head and the
thorax are wholly black or dusky, and the abdomen is a dusky red with
a patch of darker red near the middle, the light band across its base still
remaining, although partly concealed by the wing-pads at its ends.

PLATE I,
The Chinch-bug: five stages of development and the egg.

-

59

In the fourth stage the original red color has wholly disappeared,
the general tint varying from dusky gray behind to black in front, with
a remnant of the pale band across the base of the abdomen showing
behind the much enlarged wing-pads. This is sometimes called the pupa
stage, and is, of course, the next preceding that of the winged insect.

The egg (see Pl. 1) is a veryslender oval, about .03 of an inch in
length, rather narrowly rounded at one end, and slightly docked or
squared at the other, where, under a high magnification, four small
rounded tubercles may be seen. Its color is at first whitish and trans-
lucent, but later darkens to amber, and finally, as the insect develops
within, becomes definitely red.

Food Plants and Injuries to Crops.—TVhe chinch-bug injures all the
grasses and cereal crops, but is strictly limited for food to plants belong-
ing to the grass family and to certain wild sedges. It is most destruc-
tive to wheat, and next, probably, to corn, although it is likely to damage
oats very severely. It infests the meadow and pasture grasses generally,
and may destroy them as completely as any other crop; but owing to
their perennial growth they afford in spring much less fresh and succu-
lent herbage than the young and delicate plants in fields of corn and
wheat. Where spring and winter wheat are grown in the same region,
the chinch-bug is more likely to destroy the former, mainly because
spring-sown grain is exposed for a longer time to chinch-bug attack
before it is harvested. The chinch-bug never injures clover, the cow-
pea, or any forage crop which would not commonly be recognized as
erass; neither does it injure potatoes, beans, or fruiting plants of any
description.

There is probably never a year in which the chinch-bug does not
injure grass or some cereal in some part of its territory. It is, however,
subject to very wide fluctuations in number, becoming at irregular
intervals a pest of such frightful character as to appall the agriculturist
and reduce whole districts to temporary poverty. It has, indeed,
modified in important ways the agriculture of large sections of our
country, leading to the permanent abandonment of wheat culture in
many counties of Illinois, and forcing in others the use of leguminous
forage plants in place of the grasses and a substitution of orchard culture
for the raising of grain and grass.

There is no very definite regularity in the recurrence of its periods
of greatest destruction. These are, however, clearly dependent on the
periodicity of the weather, injury by the chinch-bug reaching its maxi-
mum after several dry years; and being suspended by the occurrence of
two or three wet years in succession. The chinch-bug period is, how-
ever, less definite and tangible than the weather period, since not every
such change in the weather is followed by a notable corresponding change
in the chinch-bug situation. The rise and the fall of a wave of chinch-bug

60

abundance occupy unequal times, the period of annual inerease being
longer than the period of decline. ‘Three or four or even five years of
notable injury to crops may succeed one another, each worse than the
preceding, before the maximum is reached, and then, within a year or
two, hordes of these insects which may seem to have taken permanent
possession of the fields and meadows over an immense district may
disappear so completely that it will be difficult to find a few living
specimens.

The injuries by this insect are done by sucking the sap from the
plants. Being without jaws for biting, t can only appropriate fluid food
by piercing the tissues of its food plant with the hair-like stylets of its
beak, and then sucking out the sap from the lacerated cells. Owing to
its immense numbers, it may so rapidly drain a strong and thrifty corn
plant a foot or two in height that this will wither and fall to the ground
as if cut off at the root.

Life History of the Chinch-bug.—The points of special economic inter-
est in the life history of the chinch-bug are the stage and place of its
hibernation, and the method of its escape from fields of wheat and other
erains at harvest-time. It passes the winter as a full-grown winged
insect among the roots of tufted grasses; under stones on grassy knolls;
under leaves, sticks, logs, and bark; in thickets and the borders of
woods; beneath the rails and boards of fenees; and in similar sheltered
situations. Irom these winter quarters if emerges in spring, the exact
time varying according to the weather, flies freely about in every direc-
tion and to considerable distances, settles most generally in fields of
wheat, the young growth of which affords it an abundant and attractive
food, deposits its eggs there on the ground about the base of the plant,
on the roots a little under the surface, or sometimes on the lower part
of the plant above the ground (see Pl. I), and presently dies. The eggs
are thus laid, in central and southern Hlinois, during the last days of April
and the whole of May. They begin to hateh about the middle of the
latter month, and by th» middle of June the old chinech-bugs which had
wintered over are virtually all gone.

At harvest-time the young of the new generation are in various
stages of development, due to the fact that the eggs are laid at intervals
through a period of about a month. There are at wheat-harvest some
winged bugs in the field, but the great majority of them are of ages
varying from those just hatched up to the stage preceding the last molt.
Forced out from these fields of small grain by the ripening of the plants
and the consequent pressure of starvation, they enter fields of oats and
corn adjoining in a continuous throng, making their migration almost
wholly on foot. They thus concentrate in overwhelming numbers on
the plants at the borders of the newly entered field, draining and killing
everything as they go. It is at this time that the principal injury to

G1

corn is done, and it is the method of this. migratory movement which
gives us our special opportunity to protect the corn by destroying the
invading army.

When the majority of the brood have acquired wings, flights of the
adults occur, resulting in their dispersal through the field. The eggs for
a second generation are laid most commonly in corn fields, particularly
on roots of grass-like weeds growing among the corn. This second gen-
eration of the year reaches the winged stage late in August and early in
September, and leaves the fields in search of winter quarters from the
middle of the latter month to about the middle of October.

It should be noted, however, that none of these movements are made
simultaneously by all the chinch-bugs of a locality. Even the move-
ment from the winter quarters is a gradual one, and in some cases the
chinch-bugs have not all placed themselves for the laying of their eggs
before the oats are sown, or even by the time the corn is planted. These
crops are consequently likely to become somewhat infested in
spring by the first generation of the year, even though there may be an
abundance of wheat growing also at the time.

If the weather is very dry at harvest, and especially if drouth and
the abundance of the bugs have combined to kill both grain and grass-
like weeds by harvest-time, chinch-bugs will desert such fields almost
as fast as they can get out of them. If, on the other hand, the grain
ripens gradually and normally, and the stubble is left with green weeds
interspersed, the bugs are likely to linger for days and even for weeks
before the harvested field is completely free of them.

The effect on corn varies with the gravity of the attack. Often in
the migration movement every plant of several rows next an infested
field of wheat or oats will be blackened by the invading hordes. In such
a case the corn is completely killed, and the bugs move forward row by
row, carrying the injury, it may be, from one side to another of a field
of twenty or thirty acres, and leaving scarcely a living stalk behind.
Where they are less abundant, however, they are commonly to be found
first and most numerous behind the boots or sheaths of the leaves,
where they drain and possibly kill the lower leaves of the plant, checking
but not fully arresting its growth.

The second generation, hatching in the corn field, does much less
injury to corn than the migrating one, not because it is less numerous,
but because it is more widely dispersed, and because the corn plant
is larger and more thrifty at that season of the year, and can support a
loss of sap which would be fatal to younger plants.

A serious minor effect of chinch-bug infestation during the latter
part of the season is a consequence of the clustering of the bugs about the
base of the stalk of corn where the so-called brace-roots are putting forth.
The growing tissues at this point are then so drained of sap that these

62

roots do not develop, and the corn, lacking their support, falls to the
earth in the first heavy wind, and often fails to form a perfect ear.

Preventives and Remedies.-Without attempting to give in this special
article any full program of procedure for the restriction of chinch-bug
multiplication or the protection of crops against it, three measures will
be discussed as particularly applicable to the corn crop.

A considerable mass of evidence has been accumulated, of both a
popular and a se‘entifie character, to the effect that the growing of wheat
is favorable to the chinch-bug. This is seemingly due to the fact that
the wheat plant offers in April and early May a perfect food to the
adult, and likewise to the delicate young as they hatch from the ege,
whereas, if the crop is not grown, the bulk of the hibernating bugs
must distribute themselves over the meadow grasses, only the later ones
establishing themse’ves in fields of oats and corn. ‘The grasses seem at
this season of the year to afford a less abundant and perhaps less nutri-
tious food than does the young wheat plant, and general chinch-bug
injury of the first or even of the second grade is rare in districts where
no wheat is raised. The abandonment of wheat culture is too drastic a
measure, however, for general use, since it would result in the oblitera-
tion of that crop over a great part of the so-called wheat belt in the
central and north-central states.

The hibernating habit of the insect suggests at once the advantage of
what is commonly known as clean farming—the destruction, that is, of
all waste and rubbish of every description which may form a winter
protection to hibernating inseets, and the burning over of all waste
places and accumulations of rubbish in early spring before the bugs have
scattered abroad. The maintenance of thickets and of woodlands with
their coating of leaves and masses of fallen brush is especially favorable
to these hibernating insects, and an old rail fence will afford winter
harborage to millions of them.

The main dependence of the corn farmer, however, must be the
destruction of the bugs as they seek to enter his corn after the ripening
of the small grain has foreed them to migrate in search of food. As soon
as the ripening of badly infested fields of small grain compels the chineh-
bug to desert them, if the weather is dry,so that the ground may be
thoroughly pulverized and kept in a dusty condition, a strip of ground
six to ten feet wide should be deeply plowed along the side of the infested
field adjoining corn. This strip should then be thoroughly and deeply
pulverized, first with a disk harrow and then with a brush, until itis
reduced as nearly as possible to the condition of dust. Next a short log
eight or ten inches in diameter, or a triangular trough made by nailing
two boards together, and afterward loaded with stone, should be dragged
endwise back and forth in this strip, the driver riding the log or trough
if necessary, until a deep groove or furrow has been made across the line

of march of the chinch-bug host. The sides of the furrow should be
dressed here and there with a hoe, as may be needful to make sure that
no passageway out is left for the chinch-bugs which will presently accumu-
late in the bottom,

If the furrow has been well made, its dusty sides will prove impassable
to the bugs which tumble into it, especially as those move at this time
almost wholly on foot. If it is so placed that it is directly exposed to
the sun, in very warm weather the great majority of the chinch-bugs
caught in it will be speedily killed by the heat, the youngest succumbing
first, but even adults finally perishing. Nevertheless, to insure their
destruction, holes a foot in depth should be made in the furrow with a
post-hole digger at intervals of about twenty feet, to serve as traps for
the bugs. Here they will accumulate by pints and quarts or even by
pecks in a place, according to the number in the traveling horde, and in
these holes they may easily be killed by pouring a little kerosene upon
them. The post-hole digger may be conveniently used for removing
them when dead and for dressing up the holes again.

As the myriads of bugs attempt to escape from the furrow, climbing
its dusty wall again and again with desperate persistence, they will
gradually lessen the slope by dragging drown the dust as they fall back,
and some of them may thus make their way out in time. It is conse-
quently necessary that the barrier should be continuously watched and
occasionally rectified here and there with a hoe. After a time it will
perhaps be most convenient to make another furrow parallel with the
first, abandoning the latter or using it for the coal-tar strip presently to
be described.

This furrow and post-hole barrier will work to practical perfection
so long as the ground can be kept thoroughly pulverized, but even a
slight shower of rain is sufficient to destroy it, releasing the imprisoned
chinch-bugs and giving free passageway into the threatened field. As a
safeguard against this contingency, a barrel of coal-tar should be brought
to the field, together with a watering-pot with a tubular spout, and a
dipper for dipping out the tar. If a slender line of coal-tar be poured
along the bottom of the furrow or on a hardened strip of ground out-
side, it will serve as a barrier to the progress of the bugs no less complete
than that above described. When first applied it will soak speedily
into the ground, but a hardened crust will thus presently be formed
which will hold the tar until it slowly dries out. It must commonly be
renewed about twice a day. Along this strip post-holes may be made
as before, in which the chinch-bugs will be caught even though the
ground may be thoroughly wet. <A single man or boy can guard from
eighty to one hundred and fifty rods of the barrier, but he must be in
the field early and late.

This method may seem troublesome and costly to the reader of this

64

description, but the actual expenditure of labor and money is practically
insignificant as compared with the loss of crops which may thus be pre-
vented. Such a coal-tar barrier kept up for a fortnight will commonly
protect a field completely, and the average cost for tar at three dollars
and a quarter a barre! (the current price in southern Illinois) will be
twenty-five cents a day for a line of a hundred rods in length.

If, as a consequence of mismanagement or accident, chinch-bugs
succeed in crossing this barrier or enter the corn before it is made,they
will accumulate upon the nearest rows, where they may be klled at
slight expense by spraying or sprinkling the plants with a mixture of
kerosene and soap-suds known as the kerosene emulsion. This is made
and applied as follows:

Dissolve a half-pound of soap (hard or soft) in a gallon of water by
boiling. Remove from the stove and add two ga'lons of coal-oil and
mix thoroughly by pumping this fluid back into itself by means of an
ordinary spray pump. When the emulsion is formed it will look like
buttermilk. To each quart of this mixture add fifteen quarts of water
and sprinkle or spray upon the corn, preferably before 10 o’clock A. M.
or after 3 o’clock p. M. The bugs should be washed off so that they will
float in the emulsion at the base of the plant. A teacupful to a hill is
generally sufficient but the quantity must vary with the number of
bugs infesting the corn.

The cost of material per acre of corn treated, will be about seventy
cents where the plants are practically covered with chinch-bugs, and
about thirty cents per acre where it is moderately infested.

By the use of these various measures corn can be effectively pro-
tected against chinch-bug injury, and if so handled, will become infested
only by flying bugs which, having been allowed to mature, are scattering
over the country in search of food and a place of deposit for their eggs.
Even this ‘njury, if serious enough to demand treatment, may be arrested
by the use of the kerosene mixture just described.

GRASSHOPPERS.
ACRIDID®.

Injuries to corn by grasshoppers are rarely sufficient in Illinois to
require special attention. These insects do not breed in corn, but come
into it, if at all, from grass-lands near

by. They first injure the outer rows
by eating away the silks and kernels
from the tip of the ears and by eating

Fie. 35. The Red-legged Grasshop- up the blades of the leaves, somet mes
per (Melanoplus femur-rubrum). Nat- :
ural size. devouring the husks of the young ear.

The effect of the first injury is to prevent the fertilization of the kernel,

“65

thus blasting the ear. At long intervals, when a series of dry years
has favored the multiplication of these insects, they become locally
destructive in midsummer to grass and small grain, and later to corn.
Under these circumstances several of our native species may fly from
place to place for short distances in considerable swarms, imitating
ina small way the habits of the notoriously destructive Rocky Mountain
locust. This latter species does not occur in Illinois, and no grasshopper
injury to which we are subject approximates that which sometimes
overtakes the agriculturist of the Western States. Our Illinois erass-
hoppers are subject to
destruction by a mul!ti-
tude of enemies, which
become, of course, more
numerous as the grass-

hoppers themselves in-

crease in number. AS a Ira. 36. The Olive Grasshopper (Mclanoplus differ
entialis). Natural size.

consequence, two ‘

hopper years,” so called, rarely succeed each other in the same locality.

‘orass-

The standard means for destroying grasshoppers has been until
quite recently the use of a long, narrow, shallow pan or tray of sheet-
iron, commonly called a ‘ hopper-dozer,” with a high back of iron or
cloth, dragged across the field by hand or by horse-power, after a little
kerosene has been placed in the bottom of the pan. Recently, however,
a poison mixture particularly attractive to grasshoppers is taking the
place of this apparatus, and is doubtless more likely to be used in Illinois
wherever active measures against these insects are found necessary.

This mixture, known as the Criddle mixture, is composed of one part,
by measurement, of Paris green to 120 parts of horse droppings, prefera-
bly fresh; or about a pound of Paris green to half a kerosene barrel of the
droppings, with a pound of salt additional if the material is not fresh.
Knough water is added to
make the m’xture soft without
being sloppy, and it is then
scattered about the field in
quantities according to the
number of the insects which

ee) aye Ai a » attracted to it for ¢
(Pa, 37, Phe 4 bor ain ad eeadltn cae: (Moline will be attracted to it for a
plus bivittatus). Natural size. (Riley, U. 8. Dept. of icetancee of forty fe ryt.
Is hada distance of forty feet. This

poison is most effective when
fresh, but it will do excellent work when"several weeks old.

In speaking of the use of the Criddle mixture, Dr. Fletcher, Dominion
Entomologist of Canada, says: “In this section all used the poison and
only a few acres of crops were destroyed.” f 1 am convinced that had we
begun the test earlier, hardly a bushel of grain would have been lost.

66

It is not exaggerating to say that dead locusts could be gathered up in
wagon-loads, and at times be smelt a half-mile.”’

The ordinary method of making and using the hopper-dozer is thus
given in the Third Report of the State Entomologist of Minnesota, that
for 1897:

‘A sheet of ordinary sheet-iron, such as is used for making stove-
pipes, is turned up one and a half inches around the edges and riveted at
the corners. This makes a shallow pan about eight feet long, two feet
broad, and
one and one-
half inches
deep. To the
bottom of
this -aane
riveted six
small strips

which ean be
fastened to
the three runners on which the pan rests. To the rear side of the pan
is screwed a light wooden frame, as long as the pan and one and one
half feet high. Over this frame a piece of canvas is stretched. This
frame serves the important ofhce of throwing back all those locusts

Fic. 38. The Bird Grasshopper (Schistocerca americana). Slightly enlarged.

that otherwise jump clear over the pan, and to throw them into the oil.
The runners on which the pan rests are usually made from saplings
or small pieces of boards having an upward curve in front to prevent
them from catching in the ground. The front ends of the runners are
all fastened by screws to a cross-piece, which is, in turn, drawn by two
ropes, one at each end. These ropes are joined in front and fastened
to a singletree. Sometimes two hopper-dozers are fastened to a long
pole by means of short ropes; this is very easily drawn by one horse.
Just in front of the pan is fastened a piece of rope which sweeps the
eround a few inches in advance and serves to stir up the hoppers and
make them jump into the pans. In the pan is laid a piece of cloth,
which is first thoroughly saturated with water. About a pint of kero-
sene oil is then thrown in and the upright sheet or sail of canvas is also
moistened with it. The machine is drawn over the fields or wherever
the locusts are thickest. In a short time it is usually partially filled
with dead or dying insects.

‘The slightest touch of kerosene oil, either from the pan or from the
canvas sheet behind it, means death to the ocust, for the oil spreads
over its body in the same way that a single drop of it will spread over a
large surface of water. . . . <A very large proportion of the locusts
that come in contact with the oil in the pan immediately jump out again,
but they invariably die in the course of a few seconds or minutes.”

»*

PEATE: LY:
The Corn Worm: light and dark individuals, pupa, moth, and egg, with

injured ear of corn.

67 .

The various species of grasshoppers injurious to corn in Illinois are

so similar in their habits and life history that it is not necessary for any
practical purpose to distinguish them, but all may be treated, so far as
the corn crop is concerned, as a single economic group. It may be of
some interest to know, however, that the most abundant species in corn
is the red-legged grasshopper ((/ elanoplus jfemur-rubrum, Fig. 35),
everywhere the commonest of its family in this state. With it is ordi-
narily associated the heavier and more sluggish olive grasshopper (/.
differentialis, Fig. 36), with a sprinkling of the two-striped grasshopper
(M. bivittatus, Fig. 37). In the southern part of the state the lesser
migratory locust (V7. atlanis) and the large conspicuous bird grasshopper
(Schistocerca americana, Fig. 38) also become abundant, and, like the
species femur-rubrum, sometimes collect in considerable swarms and
make short flights across the country.

THE EAR-WORM OR CORN-WORM.
Heliothis armiger Hiibn.
(Plate IV.)

This insect, known also as the cotton bol!-worm, the tobacco bud-
worm, the tomato-worm, etc., is a slender. n arly hairless caterpillar
(see Pl. IV), an inch and a half to two inches long, varying in color
from light green to brown, and marked with alternating light and dark
stripes and lines running lengthwise of the body. A common type has
a dark-brown stripe down the middle of the back. with a fine white line
in its center, and bordered on each side by a pale brown stripe, and
below the latter a distinet whitish stigmatal stripe. Inconspicuous
shining tubercles, each bearing a delicate hair, are arranged in transverse
rows on each segment of the body. The head is amber-yellow, and the
legs are dark.

As an ear-worm this caterpillar feeds on the corn beneath the husk,
from the time the ear is formed until after it is thoroughly ripe, and it
also eats the husk, the leaf, the tassel, and the tender stalk. Although
it probably prefers corn to any other of its food plants, it is likewise fond
of cotton, tobacco, beans, and the fruit of the tomato, and feeds freely
upon a great variety of other plants, including pumpkin, squash, peanut,
pea, cow-pea, hairy vetch, pepper, okra, jimson-weed (Datura), aspara-
gus, ground-cherry, hemp, morning-glory, gladiolus, mallow, mignonette.
geranium, sunflower, poppy, and peach. It sometimes devours soft-
bodied insects, such as the ‘abbage-worm and cotton-worm, and has
been known to eat the young of its own kind even when vegetable food
was plentiful. As a bean insect its injuries in the South are of the most
serious character, whole crops being destroyed, and it is also one of the
standing and most destructive pests of cotton and tobacco. In the

OS

truck-garden its injuries to green tomatoes are notorious, although in
this work it is aided by a number of other kinds of caterpillars.

It is a cosmopolitan insect, being now found in virtually every part
of the world. It is very common in Illinois, where it is most widely known
because of its injuries to green corn in the garden and to field corn,
particularly in the southern half of the state.

Karly in spring it feeds on corn leaves, filling them full of holes the
size of small shot, and later in the season it enters the tips of the ears,
gnawing away the silk and eating out irregular winding channels among
the soft kernels, thus often making its way down below the middle of
the ear. A single caterpillar does not confine itself to a single ear, but
leaves its work of destruction to be continued by other insects and by
fungi, which are likely to follow up its injuries. It bores a round hole
through the husk at the side of the ear, and infests others in succession.
There are sometimes two or three caterpillars in the same ear, but in that
case they are commonly of different ages.

There are three annual generations of these caterpillars in the North,
and in the South from four to six, besides a series of broods preceding
these, which come from a few individuals that pass the winter as adults.
The species hibernates in the pupa stage, and emerges to lay eggs in
early April. These range from two hundred to five hundred in number
for each female, and are shaped like an inverted teacup (see Pl. IV),
with the vertical ribs converging towards the apex and broken up by
concentric grooves into little knobs. The caterpillars reach their growth
in from two to four weeks, and the moths (see Pl. IV) appear about two
or three weeks later. The first brood of caterpillars in Illinois feeds on
the leaves and the tender shoots of corn, the second brood devours the
tassel, the silk, and the ear, and the third infests the hardened ear. The
fourth and fifth broods, where they occur, all attack various plants,
particular y the cotton-boll in the South. <A sixth generation is reported
from Texas. The caterpillar enters the earth for pupation to a depth
of from two to five inches, where it forms a slender cocoon by lining the
end of the burrow with a few threads of silk. (See Pl. IV.)

The mastery of this pest in the corn field is still an unsolved prob-
lem. It is believed that late fall plowing of corn fields which have been
infested by this insect will destroy it in the pupa stage by breaking up
its underground shelter and exposing it to the vicissitudes of the weather.
It is not often practicable, however, to p!ow corn ground in fall in Hhi-
nois, and the effect of such a measure at best can only be to diminish
the number of moths in the neighborhood the following year

RIUATESV..

\

4 Lydia Moore Hart
PLATE VI
Fig. 1—JZyochrous denticollis. Fig. 2—THE CORN WIREWORM, JZelanotus cribulosus
Figs. 8-5—CLICK BEETLES, adults of other Corn Wireworms; 3 Drasterius elegans ; 4 Agriotes

mancus ; 5 A, pubescens.

69

THe More Important Insects INJURIOUS TO THE
SEED AND Roots.

The following insects injurious to the seed and roots of Indian corn
and belonging in this seetion of “the more important species,” have
been treated at length in the Kighteenth Report of this office, published
in 1894 as an appendix to the, Report of the State Department of Agri-
culture, and also in Bulletin 44 of the Illinois Agricultural Experiment
Station, printed in May, 1896:

Wireworms (Hlateride). 18th Rep., pp. 28-51; Bull. 44, pp. 224-233.
(See Pl. VI., Fig. 2-5.)

The White-grubs (Lachnosterna and Cyclocephala). 18th Rep., pp.
109-144; Bull. 44, pp. 257-279. (See Pl. V.)

The Northern Corn Root-worm (Diabrotica longicornis). 18th Rep.,
pp. 154-165; Bull. 44, pp. 287-296.

The Southern Corn Root-worm (Diabrotica 12-punctata). 18th Rep.,
pp. 146-154; Bull. 44, pp. 282-287.

The Corn Root-aphis (Aphis maidiradicis). 18th Rep., pp. 58-85;
Bull. 44, pp. 237-256.

7()

ECONOMIC GROUP 2.

(Phe less important inseets: those sometimes injurious to a corn crop, but not
seriously or widely or frequently destructive in Illinois.)

THE SEED-CORN MAGGOT.

Pegomyia fusciceps Zett.
(Anthomyia zew Riley, Phorbia Jusciceps.)

Since my publication of a brief article on this inseet in my Seventh
Report (1804) additional facts of interest have been learned with refer-
ence to its life history and its ceconomie relations, such as require further
mention of the species as a corn insect.

The larva is a footless cylindrical maggot, narrowed in front and
enlarging gradually to the hinder end, — Tt is about a quarter of an
inch in length, and a sixth as wide at the thickest part, Alcoholic
specimens are pale yellow, with the harder parts at the ends usually
considerably darker.

This maggot, originally reported only as injurious to the corn kernel
in the earth, is now known to infest planted seeds and young sprouting
plants in considerable variety, preferring perhaps, on the whole, young
beans, corn, cabbage, and peas. Tt also feeds on turnips and radishes,
at least on such parts of these plants as are in process of decay in conse-
quence of injury by other insects. Beets, onions, sweet potatoes, and
mustard are other known food plants. The amount of injury to corn
is too slight and oceasional to require treatment,

The life history has not been fully made out, but it seems certain
that at least two generations are ordinarily produced in a year,

(Pl. VIL., Fig. 1, adult.)

THE WOOLLY BEARS.
Aretiide sp,

The “woolly bears’? are several species of hairy caterpillars of medium
sive, belonging to the family of the tiger-moths (retiid@), They are
covered with long coarse hairs, which “spread out on all sides lke the
bristles of a bottle brush, and grow in clusters or tufts on little warts
arranged in transverse rows on the surface of the body. They run very
fast, and when handled roll themselves up almost into the shape of a
ball. .. . When about to transform they ereep into the chinks of walls
and fences, or hide themselves under stones and fallen leaves, where they
‘nelose. themselves in rough oval cocoons [ig. 39, 6], made of hairs
plucked from their own bodies interwoven with a few silk threads.
The chrysalis is smooth and not hairy, and is jointed and movable.”

* Harris's “Insects Injurious to Vegetation,” 8d ed., p, Sd.

71

One of the best known of these woolly bears is the hedgehog cater-
pillar (ig. 89, a), Lsia isabella, a large, densely hairy caterpillar, orange
brown on the middle and black at each end, common and conspicuous
in late fall, when it is seen hur-
rying about in search of winter
quarters, It gets its common
name from its habit of rolling
itself into a ball as if relying
upon the protection of its dense

coat of stout bristles, which then

radiate in all directions like the
spines of a hedgehog. This species
winters in the caterpillar stage,
but most of the other common
forms hibernate as pup, and

are consequently less frequently

; ZA
noticed,
ry y ive hace ‘ a. 3 The Wedgehog Onaterpillar Ista
c » Upe erbaceous , Via. 39. gehor pillar, faa
| h y live pon h rb yu dsabella: a, larva; b, pupa; ¢c, adult. Natural size.

plants in great variety, and do a
damage correspondent to their numbers and the kinds of economic plants
which they happen to encounter as they travel about in search of food,
They are rarely notable as corn insects, their injuries to that crop being
either strictly local or merely occasional. Six of the more abundant speeies
have been reported from time to time as injurious to the corn plant,
and it is very likely that none of them would refuse it as food if it came
in their way. HH, by dispersal from some adjacent field, a number of
these caterpillars should threaten injury to corn, they could doubtless
be excluded from that crop by a clean furrow with a vertical inner face,
as is the army-worm; or they may be poisoned on their food plants. by
the usual arsenical insecticides,

A few notes on the known corn species will be consistent with the
plan of this report.

HUBAPHE ROSA French,

(Crocola rosa.)

Several larvie of the woolly-bear type, about an inch long (Mig. 40),
were sent to us from Mdgewood, IIL, by a correspondent who had found
them feeding on corn leaves. When placed in a breeding-cage with
young growing corn they ate the leaves but little, gnawed an exposed
seed kernel, and soon pupated, appearing before long as moths (ig. 41,
42) of the above species. Another example was bred by us two years
previously from grass.

The larvee are much like those of Apantesis (Aretia), except in their

Tig. 41. Wubaphe rosa. Two and one
half times natural size.

» a b
\ " ¢ > :
ia. 42. Wing outline: a,
‘ 7
se) Ita. 40. Hubaphe rosa, larva. of HBubaphe rosa; b, of LF.
Twice natural size. brevicornis.

smaller size. Their covering of long black hairs is rather sparse, and

there is a conspicuous narrow white line along the middle of the back.
Our larvee were collected April 25 and May 14. The latter lot began

to pupate early in June. The former became adult June 8; the latter,

92

June 23. Another adult was taken June 5.

Tur SALT-MARSH CATERPILLAR.

(Mstigmene acrea Dru.)

THe YELLOW BEAR.

(Diacrisia virginica abr.)

THe Hrperuoa CATERPILLAR.
(sia isabella Sm. & Abb.)

These common species are sufficiently sim-
ilar in their habits and life history to make it
convenient to treat them as one. They are
one and a fourth to one and three fourths inches
long, and are covered with erect hairs. In the
salt-marsh caterpillar (Mig. 48), the head (Fig.
48, a,b) is more or less black, the hair is com-
monly dark brown, and the body is blackish,

with pale stripes along the sides and one down
ia. 43. The Salt-marsh the middle of the back. » The hairy covering of

Caterpillar, Hstigmene acrea.

Nattvpal dine: the yellow bear (Fig. 46) is of nearly uniform

: 73

color, commonly yellow-brown but varying from white to deep blackish
brown, the body beneath it often with dusky stripes, and the head
(Fig. 48, c) varying from white to brown and even deep blackish brown,
this and the body conform-

Fi x ¢ = - ~~

ing in color in general to : > < ;
i s elaine ; pees 74 > ’

the color of the hairy cov- Meo atie SE, hd

ering. In the hedgehog cat- Nei a ie Behe:

erpillar (Fig. 39, a) the , ’

hairs on the first four and ‘ y a

he last three segments of ia aie yk

the last three segments o v

the body are black, and

: : Ita. 44. The Salt-marsh Caterpillar, Ustigmene
those on the intermediate Berea: female. Natural size. 5 daatis

rings are tawny red or

orange-brown. The head Sob sine se)
(Fig. 48, d) and the skin eh
beneath the hairs are also en
black. Nard

These caterpillars are
commonly and widely dis-
tributed, and are very ‘gen- Fic. 45. The Salt-marsh Caterpillar, Hstig-

mene acrea, male. Natural size.

eral feeders on the leaves
of a variety of garden
vegetables, small
fruits, vines, and young
trees. When quite
young they merely
gnaw away the sur-
face of the leaves, but
when older they make
large holes in them.
The species are all
double-brooded, the
larve of the first
brood being common-
est in June and July,
and those of the sec-
ond in September. The
hedgehog caterpillar differs from
the others in the fact that it
hibernates in our latitude as a

Ita. 46. The Yellow Bear, Diacrisia virginica: a, larva;
b, pupa; c, adult. Natural size.

full-grown larva, while the yellow
bear and the salt-marsh cater-

pillar pupate in autumn and pass

. : Via. 47. The Yellow Bear, Diacrisia vir-
the winter im the pupal stage. giniea, adult, Natural size,

74

The salt-marsh caterpillar feeds freely on garden vegetables as well
as on corn. The young eat away all the substance of the corn leaf
except the upper cuticle, and the older specimens make holes quite
through the leaf. This caterpillar also eats clover, cabbage, lettuce,
cotton, ragweed, burdock, sweet clover, plantain, ete., and in the Mast

c

I’'ia. 48. Faces of Woolly-Bear larvee: a and b, Estiqmene acrea, showing
extremes of coloration; c, Diacrisia virginica; d, [sia isabella.

was formerly a very destructive pest on the swampy grass-lands along
the coast.

The moths of this species (ig. 44, 45) have emerged in our breeding-
cages in the latter part of April, but are most abundant at electric lights
in the latter part of May and the first half of June. Caterpillars appear
in late June and July, the second brood of moths following in late
July and in August, and the second brood of larvie in September and
October,

The yellow bear eats the leaves of Indian corn (Fig. 49), and also
those of peas, beans, plantain, and various grasses; and grape, currant,
cabbage, gooseberry, butternut, lilac, sorrel, convolvulus, sunflower,
smartweed, verbena, and geranium are among the other plants men-
tioned as eaten by this voracious feeder. Beutenmiiller says of it, that
it eats all kinds of low plants growing in gardens and fields.

The hedgehog caterpillar, like the preceding, eats almost all kinds

of low plants, including clover, cabbage, lettuce, spinach, and grass,

75

It is on record particularly for serious
local injury to young corn in Iowa, the
only published report of the kind for the
species.

APANTHSIS ARGE Dru.
(Aretia arge.)

Thisis the caterpillar of the large tiger-
moth, and seems to have received no
HMnglish name. Though not uncommon in
Illinois, it is especially a southern species,
and was reported many years ago as some-
times very destructive to Indian corn in
the Southern States. It is distributed
throughout the United States as far west
as the Rocky Mountains.

The spreading hairs are placed in
clusters on rows of dark gray warts. The
hairs on the back are brown: those on the
sides are tinged with red. The surface of
the body is marked by three longitudinal
stripes of reddish white on the back and

a row of kidney-shaped spots of the same Frc. 49. Corn leaf eaten by the
Yellow Bear, Diacrisia virginica.

os
Na as eae

She Cage eet

We

ok SR Ne a

gee PEE
a

—

1

H

j
Pa
Z

eek
jum

color on each side. The general color of
the skin is greenish gray, and the head
and neck-shield are black. The full-grown larva is an inch and a half
in length by about a quarter of an inch in transverse diameter.

In addition to corn, it is known to feed upon plantain, evening prim-
rose, smartweed, dock, cactus, lamb’s-quarters, and pea.

This species is double-
brooded, passing the winter
in our latitude as a cater-
pillar partly grown, and
changing to the pupa in
March and April of the fol-
lowing year. After a pupal
period of about fifteen days
the moth emerges and lays

Vic. 50. Apantesis arge. Slightly enlarged. her eggs until late in May.

These hatch in fifteen to
twenty days, producing a second brood of the caterpillars in the
middle part of June, and the pups from these are formed early in July.
Late in this month and early in August the moths (Fig. 50) appear,

76

after a pupal period of twenty days, and lay the eggs which, in Septem-
ber, produce the hibernating brood of caterpillars.

APANTESIS PHYLLIRA Dru.

(Aretia phyllira.)

This caterpillar, a woolly bear of medium size, with body jet-black*

and hair also black, is an uncommon species in Illinois, but is more

Fie. 51. Apantesis phyllira. Slightly enlarged.

abundant in the South, where
it is recorded as feeding on
corn, Wheat, peas, and various
other kinds of low plants.

It has been taken through-
out the country, from Massa-
chusetts, Canada,and Michigan
on the north, to Colorado and
Texas on the west.

It is at least double-brooded

throughout the greater part of its range, the moths (Fig. 51) appearing
in May and again in July. Adult larvee are recorded in the South early
in April and late in May, apparently representing the first and second
broods respectively. Caterpillars taken April 4

became adults on the 29th of that month, and
others taken May 27 completed their transforma-

tions by June 16.

APANTESIS PHALERATA Harr.

(Arctia phalerata, A. nais phalerata, A. vittata

phalerata.)

This is a black or dark brown hairy cater-
pillar (Fig. 52,53), about an inch and a quarter
long, with a line of pale yellow—sometimes almost
along the middle of the back. Its long
whitish or brownish hairs, with short, black, spiny

white

bristles intermixed, spring rather sparsely in tufts
from transverse rows of warts. It is most abun-
dant in grass, and is known as a corn insect only
beeause it has been found to eat readily of that
plant in confinement. It has also eaten, in breed-

Fic. 52. Apantests

phalerata, larva.
twice natural size.

About

ing-eages, the leaves of peach, elm, grape, and knotweed (Polygonum

aviculare).

*A figure given by Abbot and Smith has a row of yellow spots along the back and sides,—

Beutenmiuller,

ea

The species. ranges from the Gulf of Mexico to Canada and from the
Atlantic to the Pacific.

The eggs have been found in clusters of thirty or more on strawberry
and dandelion plants. The larva is commonest in fields and gardens.
When full grown it spins a loose cocoon in some
sheltered place, within which it changes to a
black pupa about three quarters of an inch in
length, with a dense tuft of hooks at the tip of
the abdomen. The species winters in the cater-
pillar stage, partly grown. Adults appear in May
and the early part of June. The second brood of
caterpillars are most abundant in July and early
August, and produce moths in late July, August, Dhateaie fee Oe as.
and September. Our dates for the moth range 7" enlsteet.
from May 5 to June 26 for the first brood, and from July 9 to October
8 for the second, the larger numbers occurring near the middle of May
and August.

GM. farl

THE HADENA STALK-—BORERS.

Hadena stipata Morr.
H. fractilinea Grote.

H. misera Grote.

Besides the common stalk-borer of this region treated on page 44,
the spindle-worm, on page 85, and the two stalk-borers of the
South, on pages 91 and 94, the above three species of Hadena have
been observed by Mr. F. M. Webster* causing serious injury to corn
by burrowing lengthwise in the heart of the plant.

Unlike the common glassy cutworms, which belong to the same genus,
these caterpillars are striped with brownish, and are rather slender and
active, resembling the common stalk-borer. There is no indication,
however, of the abrupt obliteration of the lateral stripes on the middle
part of the body, as in the latter species. H. stipata has four stripes,
one on each side and two near together on the back.

In various parts of central Indiana H. stcpata killed young corn in
1889 on clover, timothy, and prairie sod, but not on blue-grass. Both
low and high lands suffered severely, and some fields were totally ruined,
the injury continuing until it was too late to replant. The larvee gnaw
into the stem under ground and bore upward through the heart, ulti-
mately killing the plant. They sometimes go from plant to plant, and
may thus destroy an entire hill.

*Bull. 22, U.S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., p. 47; ‘‘Insect Life,”’ Vol. II.. pp. 134, 383; Bull. 51,
Ohio Agr, Exper. Station, p. 139,

78

H. fractilinea and H. misera were bred from larvee reported
to be common and destructive to corn in northern Ohio. The
fields infested were mostly timothy sod, plowed in spring, some
arly and some late. Corn on fall-plowed land was affected only at
the margins; that on clover land, but
little or not at all. Instead of entering
% Lape wet 48 the stalk from beneath, these caterpil-
= lars ascend the plants and burrow down
through the heart to about the point of
entrance of the preceding species. If the
plant be only a few inches high they may
enter the tubular opening formed by the

Fic. 54. Hadena fractili , adult. - “ ‘fos
Slightly ealkened: 1 fractilinea, adult. +1 nermost leaf; but if it be older and

PSY
oz

tougher, they will eat downward along
the edges of a leaf until more tender tissues are reached within the
plant.

The larvee of stipata were first seen May 28, but had apparently been
active for the greater part of the month. They continued to feed
throughout June, pupated in July, and emerged on the 25th of that
month. Our specimens of the adult have been taken July 29, August
3, 4, and 7, and September 4. Gillette took the moths in Iowa from
July 25 to August 13. Beutenmiiller says that the moth flies in July
and August. The larvee of the other two species occurred in June, and
gave moths in late July and early August. Moths of fractilinea (Pig. 54)
have been collected from June to September, most abundantly in
August, and those of misera in August. The species are presumably all
single-brooded.

The moths are not common in collections, a fact perhaps due to their
alertness and habits of concealment, as illustrated by fractilinea.
H. stipata is known to range from Maine to Colorado; fractilinea has
been taken from Canada and Maine to New Jersey, Ohio, and New
Mexieo; and misera, in New York, Ohio, Illinois, Wisconsin, Minnesota,
and Colorado.

HELOTROPHA RENIFORMIS ATRA Grote.

The title of this species to appear in a list of corn insects rests upon
a note published by Professor A. J. Cook, of Michigan, in the agricul-
tural report of his state for 1888 (page 166). In this report it appears
that, acting as a corn stalk-borer, this cutwormlike caterpillar damaged
sone corn quite seriously for at least two successive seasons in several
counties of northern Michigan. It is said to be striped much like a
cutworm, gray, and marked with darker lines.

This is a northern species, occurring in the middle and central states,

2 79

and thence north to Canada and Alaska. The moth is reported as
common in New York, New Jersey, and Minnesota, and as appearing
very abundant “at sugar” in Canada. It is not uncommon in Illinois,
although the caterpillar has never been distinguished here.

According to our collection records the period for the moth extends
from the last of June to the middle of September, with the greatest
abundance in the early part of August. We have, however, a single
instance of a moth taken May 19. The species is apparently single-

brooded.

THE COTTON CUTWORM.
Prodenia ornithogalli Guen.
(Prodenia lineatella, P. eudiopta.)

These caterpillars are not typical cutworms in habit, as they are
often active by day, especially in cloudy weather, and they eat holes in
the leaves of their food plants
instead of cutting off the stems.

They are smooth, brownish,
striped caterpillars (Fig. 55-57),
about an inch and a half long,
marked with a double row of
oval-triangular velvety black
spots down the back. The
first abdominal segment, the
fourth back of the head, bears
amore or less evident lateral
black patch (Fig. 56). This part
of the body is somewhat en-
largedin younger larve.They ©! qe. 65. The Cotton Cutworm, Prodenia ornitho-
are quite general feeders, and oa act: PONE aR et
have occasionally injured corn.

The species is common in the South, and extends northward into
Illinois, being fairly common throughout the state. It is found from
Massachusetts to Minne-
sota and California, and
south to the Gulf of
Mexico.

eke,

Se

5 FS Es

It has been several
Fic. 56. The Cotton Cutworm, Prodenia ornithogalli, : " kat xt ahem ie
showing lateral black patch. Twice natural size. times reported as 1njurl-
ous to corn in_ Iowa,

Louisiana, Indiana, and Kansas, feeding both on the lower leaves and
on the tender unfolding leaves at the tip of the plant. In Kansas it was

found in early June eating both leaves and stalk of late-planted corn

80

devouring, in fact, the entire plant down to the ground. It has a varied
list of additional food plants, including wheat, potato, cabbage, beets,
asparagus, salsify, peach, raspberry, cotton, pea-vines, rape, the fruit of
the tomato, violet, cucumber,
morning-glory, pigweed, cotton-
wood, rye, and the grasses.

The variety eudiopta (Fig. 57)
has been bred by us from larve
found eating leaves of clover and
corn. It has also been taken
rating tomato leaves and boring
into the fruit. Among the pub-
lished food plants of this variety
are wheat, pokeweed, turnip,
sastor-bean, and various grasses.

Fic. 57. Prodenia ornithogallt eudiopta, adult The species gene rally passes
and larep. Natural sine: (Chittenden, U.S. othe: winter 3S a, Calet lly ame
sometimes, according to Riley,

as a pupa or imago. The caterpillars have been seen from June 26
onward, but are commonest in Illinois in July and August, where there
is perhaps but a single brood. In the South, however, there seem to
be at least two generations annually, one in April and the other in
June. Pup were found in our {breeding-cages in an earthen cell
about half an inch below the surface. The adults (Fig. 55, 57, 58) are
of nocturnal habit, being often taken at lights and at “sugar.’’ - In
Illinois the species
is remarkable in the
fact that specimens
are very rarely
taken in any stage
in the early part of
the season up to
about the first of
July. In the South
they are common

throughout the sea Fie. 58. ike Cotton Cutworm, Prodenia ornithogalli, adult.
¢ sea- Twice natural size.

son, a fact strongly «
indicating that the species does not survive our Illinois winters, and
that scattering moths flying northward lay their eggs in our latitude
and produce a midsummer brood of larvee from mid-June to early
September.

These larvee give origin to an abundance of moths in August, Septem-
ber, and October. Eggs obtained August 22 hatched, according to
Chittenden, three days later, indicating the occurrence in the District

$1

of Columbia of a second brood of caterpillars produced in late fall. A
full-grown larva taken September 2 in Illinois entered the ground for
pupation September 9 and emerged October 16; another, taken by us
on clover August 18, entered the ground August 26 and emerged Sep-
tember 12. In warm weather the pupal stage ordinarily lasts about
two weeks. The earliest appearances of the moths in our local collec-
tions have been May 29, June 12, and July 11, after which no more have
occurred until August 15, when they became common.

THE GRASS-WORM OR FALL ARMY-WORM.
Laphygma frugiperda Sm. and Abb.

This caterpillar, occasionally and locally very destructive, appears
so infrequently in threatening numbers as to be virtually unknown at
each of its appearances to ordinary observers of insect life. The facts
of its occurrence and its life history in the
Southern States point to the conclusion that it
does not winter in our latitude, all remaining
here after one of its destructive periods seem-
ingly perishing before the following spring. As
it lives continuously in the Southern States, its
appearance in Illinois is probably due to the
migration of the parent moths from the South
in spring and early summer.

The caterpillar (Fig. 59) is about an inch
and a half in length, blackish or grayish in
general color, with three narrow whitish lines {|
the entire length of the back. The head (Fig. Rre."69.< The ‘Grasssworm,

. . Lapl -ugiperda: a, larva,
60, a) is black or dark brown, with a white jgRhwmatupperda: a larvae

A-shaped mark on the face: The skin is £3,737 ,Spdominal segment,
smooth, with rather- prominent tubercles, each
bearing a single hair. This caterpillar resembles the common army-
worm and the corn ear-worm both in habits and in appearance. From
the ear-worm it is readily distinguished by its smooth skin (F ig. 60, b),
the skin of the former (Fig. 60, d) being finely but roughly granulate,
and from both it may be told at once by the white face-mark (Fig.
60, a), which is present in neither of the other species (Fig. 60, c; 63, b).
This caterpillar is not a common corn insect, but, nevertheless, oeca-
sionally does considerable injury to that crop, eating down into the-
growing tip of the young plant, and later in the season feeding upon the
leaves, entering the ears like the ear-worm, and burrowing among the
kernels beneath the husk. In. 1889 it did considerable damage in
broom-corn fields in Douglas county, Illinois, in one case diminishing
the crop by fully a third. Later in this season it became generally

82

abundant throughout the state, greatly injuring lawns in the towns and
larger cities, especially in Quiney and Chicago. Its preference for
grasses is so strong that it often eats them out from among other weeds
and eultivated erops. Broom-corn, sorghum, sugar-cane, Kafir corn,
timothy, rice, wheat, rye, millet, and sometimes oats and barley, are
among the crops
subject to injury
by this caterpil-
lar. It has also
been known to
feed upon buck-
wheat, alfalfa,
clover, cow-pea,
chick-pea, tobae-
co, sugar-beet,
cotton,asparagus,
sweet potato,
spinach, turnip,
kale, tomato, po-
tato, cucumber,
cabbage, beet,
strawberry,
erape-vine, apple,
peach, orange,
purslane, — holly-
hock, lamb’s-
quarters, pig-
Fic. 60: a, the Grass-worm, Laphygma jrugiperda, face of larva; weed, and cockle-

b, surface of larval skin under microscope; ¢, the Corn Ear-worm, Heli- a mm *
othis armiger, face of larva; d, surface of larval skin under microscope. bur. The cater-

pillars even eat
‘ach other freely, not only when confined in company, but in the open
field when they become abundant.

The life history is as yet imperfectly known. We have no record of
the occurrence of the species in Illinois before the middle of July, at
which time larvee appeared in considerable numbers in broom-corn
fields, mostly pupating by the end of that month. These emerged in
the winged stage (Fig. 61) early in August, after a pupal period of about
ten days. A general outbreak of the caterpillar in grass lands occurred
in the latter part of the August following. These caterpillars pupated
late in August and early in September, and from them moths emerged
late in the latter month after a pupal life of about two weeks. Eggs
were obtained from these September 26 and 27, and began to hatch
October 5, the caterpillars continuing into December. Three successive
venerations were thus clearly traced in central Illinois, beginning with

83

about the middle of July. The female moths evidently do not distribute
their eggs, but deposit them in large numbers on comparatively small
areas, and the caterpillars hatching are likely to overtax their food sup-

ply, and thus to be forced to migrate in search
of more. On this account they are sometimes
called fall army-worms, although they do not
move in fixed directions and in conspicuous
armies like the army-worm, properly so called,
but tend to spread in all directions from an
overstocked area.

This appears to have been originally a
tropical insect, and it now ranges from Brazil
across Central America to the West Indies
and throughout the United States. Cater-
pillars are occasionally found destructively
numerous as far north as New York and the
upper peninsula of Michigan, and the adult

HiGs.. (ol: The Grass-worm,
Laphygma frugiperda: a, adult;
b, c, two color-varieties. Natural
size.

moth has been taken in Montana, Minnesota, Maine, and Canada. It
has also been collected in California and Arizona.

lic. 62. The Wheat - head
Army-worm, Leucania albilinea:
a, a, larvee, b, eggs, both natural
size; c, d, eggs enlarged, top and
side views.

THE WHEAT-HEAD ARMY-—WORM.
Leucania albilinea Hibn.

(Heliophila albilinea.)

This caterpillar (Fig. 62, a, a) differs from
the common army-worm especially in its
peculiar preference for the heads and seeds
of grasses and small grains. It is often
seriously injurious to these crops, and also
sometimes does considerable harm to corn
by burrowing down into the growing top of
the plant. Larvee taken here and there in
the corn field feeding in this way were bred
by us to this species in two different years.
Miss Murtfeldt found it doing great dam-
age to corn, sorghum, and small grain in
1888, sweet corn especially being seriously
and generally injured. It may be easily
distinguished from the army-worm, which
it closely resembles, by its more slender
form and larger head, by the straight dark
bands each side the middle of the head
(Fig. 63), and by the clear-cut narrow brown
and yellowish lines on the sides of the body.

84

Its injuries to corn can be searcely regarded as more than occasional,
its principal damage being done to wheat, barley, rye, and timothy, the
leaves of which are eaten by the young larvae, while the older cater-
pillars seem to prefer the heads, especially when the grain is in the milk.
[It is nocturnal in habit and feeds mainly after dark.

Its natural food is thought by Professor John B. Smith to be the
heads and seeds of wild grasses, but it sometimes becomes so abundant
as to compel it to migrate in search of food, when it is likely to infest
the cultivated crops.

The species is gener-
ally common and _ fre-
quently destructive from
Texas, New Mexico, Col-
orado, and Nebraska east
to the Atlantic States,
and north into Canada.

. Lhe eggs. ig. 625.26,
c,d) are thrust between
Ira. 63. Taces of Army-worm larvee: a, the Wheat-head the sheath and the stalk
Army-worm, Leucania albilinea; b, the true Army-worm, L. of the food plant, and are
unipuncta. HWnlarged.
placed in one to three
rows, with from five to fifty eggs in each. They are flattened, eylindri-
‘al, irregularly corrugated, pale yellow at first, but become. slate-
colored as the embryo develops.

The life history is well defined. The species winters in the pupa
state, and the moths come out in May, being usually most abundant
about the middle of that month. Eggs are soon laid, and hatch in three
to five days. The caterpillars gain their growth in three or four weeks,
which brings them to full size in July. The pupal stage is ten to fifteen
days in length, moths emerging from late July to August, and laying
eggs for the second brood of larvae, which come out in September and
pupate before winter sets in. The pupa for the summer brood is found
under weeds and rubbish, or just under ground, but the hibernating
pupee are found about six inches below the surface. They are mahogany-
brown, the abdomen terminating in a stout horny point.

The only notable injury to corn done by these caterpillars is evidently
due to migration at times of excessive abundance,—a movement which
could be arrested, if necessary, by measures found efficient against the
army-worm.

oe
F 85

THE SPINDLE-WORM.
Achatodes zew Harr.

The habits of this caterpillar are similar to those of the common
stalk-borer, already treated (pages 44-47); but, although it occurs in
Illinois and is at times quite injurious to elder bushes, it has not yet
been found by us injuring corn in this state, and its attacks on that crop
are probably only occasional. The caterpillar is about an inch long,
yellowish white, with black head, neck, and anal shield, and with a double
row of small, smooth, elevated shining black dots across each of the other
segments. It is thus easily distin-
guishabie from the stalk-borer, which,
it will be remembered, is livid brown,
with conspicuous white stripes.

Maturing earlier in the season
than the stalk-borer, it attacks only
young corn, which it enters near the
ground, and, working up or down in
the stalk, cuts off the growing tip so
that the withered tuft of terminal © sea saci, One halloween nate
leaves may be pulled out of their
sheath. It also makes round holes in the opening leaves as it eats its
way downward, and destroys the developing ears, so that none form on
stalks which have been thus attacked.

Little is on record of actual injury to corn by this species except the
original report by Harris of its work in New England, where, he says,
its ravages generally begin before the corn spindle rises much above the
tuft of leaves in which it is embosomed. Besides corn and elder, it was
found by him to infest the stems of dahlia, and it probably occurs in many
other thick-stemmed plants.

When it breeds in elder twigs, the caterpillar gnaws towards the
surface at some point when full grown, until only the thin bark remains,
when it pupates within its burrow. Afterward the stem gives away
at this point, allowing the part above to hang downward. In our breed-
ing-cages one out of a number of these caterpillars pupated in the earth;
the remainder, in their larval channels. The shining mahogany-brown
pupa, three quarters of an inch long, is armed in front with a pair of
roughened tubercles, probably used to break the cuticle left by the larva
at the point of escape.

The life history of this species is very imperfectly recorded. The cater-
pillar was abundant in elder twigs May 27, and pupated in our breeding-
cages about June 8, and the moths appeared from June 23 to June 26,
when the experiment was interrupted with living pups still in the cage.

SO

We have taken a few of the moths (lig. 64) at lights from June 238: to
July 20, and Lintner has recorded it in New York as occurring up to
August 14.

Webster suggests for it, as he does for the common stalk-borer,
treatment with pyrethrum, an ounce of the powdered drug to be mixed
in two gallons of water and so applied that the fluid shall run down
among the young unfolding leaves of an infested plant.

THE FODDER WORM.
Npizeucis amula Wiabn.

This interesting snout-moth exhibits a peculiarity found in several
microlepidoptera but rare in the macros,--a fondness for dead or dry
food material. It is generally common throughout the United States.
Smith locates it “east of the Rocky
Mountains,” but we have it also from
Salt Lake City, Utah, and Las Vegas, New
Mexico. Riley says that it has been
found feeding on the dry leaves of various
plants in woods, also on a number of
fodder plants in winter, and it has been
bred by him from dead leaves. It has
been colleeted by Packard twice from
spruce, possibly eating dead tissues, and
Wdwards gives phlox as the food plant.
It is most notable, however, for its in-

juries to corn fodder in Mississippi. In

Ira. 65. The VPodder Worm,
Npizeuvia amula: a, e, larva and
moth, enlarged as indicated; 6, e, f ane "7 0 : ;
segment of larva, dide and top views: are \sUtlpped Of,! dried ih i whe: eu, and

1, tip of pupa, '(Riley, U. 8. Dept. 4s q ;
BP a edgiliara tn aa “Ph “tied in small bundles, these being piled

this state the corn leaves used for fodder

up in cylindrical stacks about a central
pole, butts next the pole and tips out. The larva works in the interior
of the stack, especially where this is most compact, eating any of the
leaf tissue except the midvein, but not touching moldy or spoiled
portions or venturing out on the exposed tips. Thus the whole
interior of an apparently sound stack may become filled with a mass
of worms and filth,

The larva (Mig. 65, a@-e) is about an inch long, not noticeably hairy,
dull brown, distinetly striped with darker lateral and mediodorsal lines.
It spins a cocoon, and the pupa (Mig. 65, d, tip) whieh is formed within
is about half an inch long and peculiarly colored, being green with two
parallel dorsal whitish stripes and two white stripes on each side. The
sugar.” It is about

ae

adult (ig. 65, e) is often taken at lights and at
an inch across the wings, and marked as shown in the figure. The

87

ground color is a rather uniform dull smoky gray, varying to paler gray
with a brownish tint. The light color of the outer line throughout, and
the usually paler and contrasting slightly yellowish reniform spot on
the fore wings, are important characters.

The species is apparently single-brooded. The larvee winter over,
finding excellent opportunities to feed during warmer days on dead and
drying vegetable tissue. In Mississippi they do their most serious injury
in March, and then spin up, from April 1 in Mississippi to June in New
York. After a brief pupal stage the moth is produced, most abundantly
in this latitude in late June and in July, though seattering individuals
have been found as late as October 4. These moths produce the hiber-
nating brood of larve. There is a bare possibility of an August brood
of larvee preceding the fall brood, and the longer season in the South
would easily admit of an extra brood.

Infested portions of fodder should be promptly destroyed, worms
and all, before the whole mass is invaded and ruined, and waste should
be cleaned up and burned, so that no materials may remain for the
maintenance of the insect.

THE GYPSY-MOTH.
Porthetria dispar \inn.

This notorious insect is an introduced species, which made its first
lodgment in Massachusetts by an aecidental
escape from the laboratory of a naturalist,
and has now become a most destructive
and almost uncontrollable pest over a con-
siderable area of that state, to which it seems
still to be confined.

Although primarily a forest insect, it
feeds upon an immense variety of plants,
and is apparently capable of injury to corn.
It is a native of temperate Murope and Asia,
ranging from Ingland, where it is rare, to
Algeria, and from France to Japan.

Although efforts to exterminate this
pest in Massachusetts, quite unexampled
in the history of the world, were made for
a series of years at an expense of over a
million dollars to the state, it is now virtually
certain that it will gradually spread through-
out the country. Like the canker-worm it hao Bi Trae ho ga

, . , ize. (Howard, U. 8. Dept. of
spreads very slowly when left to itself, but ‘4¢riculture) wore as

88

may of course be taken great distances
by wagon or railroad transportation.

It eats the leaves of nearly every
kind of tree, wild and tame, and when
this food fails, it resorts to herbaceous
plants of all deseriptions. Its latest
published list of food plants contains
five hundred and thirty-six different
kinds of trees and other plants.

The eges are about one twentieth
of an inch in diameter, They are placed
in clusters of four hundred or five
hundred, or even as many as one thou-
sand, covered with the yellowish hairs
of the moth, so that the cluster looks
like a bit of sponge. These clusters
are laid on tree trunks, logs, and rocks,

particularly in erevices and sheltering
Mia. 67. The Gypay-moth, Portheria angles. The larvee (Fig. 66) are hairy;
Ce Dante of PR retin (Howard, like the tent- vaterpillar or fall web-
worm, and about two inches long. They
feed mostly by night, and, except when young, descend to the ground
by day, hiding under trash about the base of the tree. The full-grown
larva spins a few threads on the bark as a sort of cocoon, and therein
changes to a dark brown pupa (Mig. 67). ‘The male and female moths are
quite unlike. The former (Iig. 69) is slender bodied, olive-brown,
freckled with black. The female (lig. 68) is larger and heavier,
whitish or buff, simi-
larly marked with
black. She is unable
to fly from plaee to
place, the spread of
the species being
mostly due to the ac- -
tivity of the caterpillar,
There is but one

brood. The eggs are

laid in the latter part

of summer, and winter
eat. , ia. 68. The Gypsy-moth, Porthetria dispar, female. Nat-

Over, the larvae hateh- ural sive. (Howard, U. 8. Dept. of Agriculture.)

ing and feeding in

spring and producing moths in late July and August. In 1889 we reared

a lot of this species, very carefully isolated, from eggs sent us the

previous winter. The eggs began to hatch April 19, and were nearly all

a.

89

hatched by April 25. The larvae to
the number of several hundred were
about half grown by the middle of
May, and by June 22 nearly all had
reached full size and many had
pupated. This day the first moths

emerged, and by July 8 nearly all Fra, 60. The Gypsy-moth, Porthetria. dis-
were out. I%ggs were laid by the Bete atk oinleanes Rae Ty
moths in large numbers. ‘The entire
rearing was put into alcohol at different stages of growth, except the
moths, which were all killed and mounted or else destroyed. As the
larve neared maturity they daily devoured large quantities of apple
leaves, upon which they were bred.

The egg masses are destroyed by an application of creosote oil or by
fire. The larvee are trapped by bands of burlap as they descend or
ascend the trees, and are poisoned by sprays of arsenate of lead.

THE GARDEN WIEB-WORM.
Loxostege similalis Guen.

This widely distributed and common insect is especially notable
because of its occasional outbreaks in the West, one in 1885, for
example, and another, less serious, in 1892, in which garden and _ field
crops generally were eaten up, corn suffering chiefly. Though the
general corn crop for that year was larger than ever before, the yield
per acre in five states,—Missouri, Arkansas, Nebraska, Kansas, and
Texas,—as well as in Indian Territory, was much reduced because of the
injuries of this species. Corn was quickly replanted, but some farmers
had two and three plantings destroyed. As the larve do not climb far,
older corn was not so seriously injured. According to Snow, a crop would
usually be destroyed in five to ten days after the appearance in it of
the worms. Although generally
distributed and very common
in Illinois, it seems to be par-
ticularly destructive in the states
along the Mississippi River in the
South. It is common through-
out the United States, and occurs
also in South America.

Its ordinary food plants are a

number of common weeds, espe-
Via. 70. The Garden Web-worm, Loxostege : ‘
similalis: a, larva; b, a middle segment of same, cially plgweeds (Amarantus and
side view; c, last segment, top view; d, ¢, pupa, ’ F
and its tip enlarged; f, adult. Larva and pupa Chenopodium) anid purslane, but
twice natural size; adult enlarged as indicated.
(Riley, U. 8. Dept. of Agriculture.) when these are used up because

90

of exceptional abundance of the larvie, the latter readily devour culti-
vated herbaceous crops, including cotton, cabbage, cucumber, melon,
squash, pumpkin, sweet and Irish potato, eggplant, tomato, beet,
bean, pea, lettuce, onion, castor-bean, tobacco, flax, sugar-cane, red
clover, alsike, alfalfa, orchard-grass, timothy, meadow oat-grass, and
millet. They have also eaten apple leaves, scarlet verbenas, and a few
weeds—dogbane (A pocynum cannabinum), Grindelia squarrosa, cocklebur
(Nanthium strumarium), and burdock (Aretiwm). They are especially
fond of the finer and softer grasses in the South, such as the buffalo,
crab, and joint grasses.

The mature larvie (ig. 70, a-c), about five eighths of an inch long,
are whitish, or dusky, or even greenish, with black dots. They spin a
loose but evident individual web—rarely more than one occupying the
same web—inclosing more or less of the foliage of an infested plant.
On beets, a single leaf is often spun over lightly with a webbed retreat
along the midrib, where the leaf narrows into the stem. Most commonly,
however, especially if the plant be small, the entire base is inclosed in a
thin web, with a tubular retreat extending into the loose earth close by,
or the plant may be completely webbed up. When very young the
larvee gnaw the surface of the leaves, but later they rag them with large
irregular holes, or even devour them almost wholly, leaving a dead,
web-covered skeleton. The larvae are very active, feigning death when
disturbed, or spinning a thread and dropping to the ground, and slipping
out of sight in crevices or in loose earth. Most of the feeding is done
at night, the larvee usually resting in the web by day, until the last stage,
when they are active during the daytime. The full-grown larva spins a
delicate brownish cocoon within its silken retreat in the earth, changing
there to a brown chrysalis (Fig. 70, d) with a terminal pair of promi-
nences (ig. 70, e), each bearing three short spines. The moth (Fig. 70, /)
is buffy or grayish brown, with darker markings as in the figure. Like
the other moths of its family it is strongly attracted by lights.

According to Sanderson, the web-worm hibernates not in the pupa
stage, as Bruner indicates, nor in the adult condition, as was Riley’s
supposition—whieh we have previously followed—but as a dormant
larva in the cocoon, pupating in spring and emerging soon after. This
does away with the necessity of assuming an unobserved first brood of
larvee in spring. The probable number of broods is four. The annual his-
tory, thus amended, is as follows: The hibernating larvee pupate in May,
and the adults emerge in a week or ten days, that is, in late May and early
June. The first brood of larvee, previously called the seecond—the most
destructive brood in the Western outbreaks—follows in June, maturing
in about ten days after hatching and reaching the adult stage early in
July. The second brood of larvie, which, according to Sanderson, is
ordinarily the most destructive brood, comes about the middle of July,

91

and has been observed active in Illinois July 13 and 14. Adults of
this brood have been taken by us abundantly in late July and in August.
Larve found August 11 in Kansas probably represented the third brood
of the season. Larvae of this brood, taken by us on soy-beans August
27, had nearly all pupated by September 4, and gave adults Septem-
ber 10-13. On September 2, full-grown larvee and moths were very
common, also some very young larve, the latter probably represent-
ing the fourth generation.

“Deep plowing or thorough harrowing in the fall after the larvee
have entered the cocoons in the earth will destroy large numbers of them.
When the worms appear in destructive numbers upon the foliage, they
may be controlled by a spray of Paris green or other arsenite, using
one pound to 125 gallons of water, providing, of course, that the tops
are not to be fed to stock, An under-spray nozzle should be used, so as
to reach all parts of the plant in an effective manner. When present in
large numbers and doing serious injury, the worms can be more quickly
killed by spraying with strong kerosene emulsion, but this will only kill
those hit, and an arsenite should also be applied without delay.’’—
Sanderson.

Since they breed especially on the pigweed or “careless weeds”’
(Amarantus), the destruction of these weeds will usually prevent serious
injury.

THE LARGER CORN STALK-—BORER. :
Diatrwa saccharalis Vabr.

This is a large dirty-white caterpillar (Fig. 71), from three fourths of an
inch to one inch in length, with transverse rows of large brown or black shin-
ing spots on each seg-
ment. It becomes
almost pure white
after the last molt
and as seen during
the winter. The
head and neck-
shield vary from
honey-yellow to
black.

This is essentially
a Southern species,
and is unknown as
a corn insect in SIli-
nois. The northern

limi “4, z. Vic. 71. The Larger Corn Stalk-borer, Diatrwa saccharalis:
imit of its range 15, a, b, c, varieties of larva, enlarged as indicated; d, 3d thoracic seg-
h fi t ment; ¢, 8th abdominal; f, g, a middle segment, side and top views,
oOwever, xed at (Howard, U. 8. Dept. of Agriculture.)

”

92

Maryland on the east and Kansas on the west, and it is consequently
possible that it may at some time be noticeably injurious in southern
Illinois. Thence it extends southward to the Gulf, and through Mexico
to the northern coast of South America.

It injures corn by boring the young stalks (lig. 72), and later in
the season by entering the old stalks and working down into the tap-
root, where it passes the
winter. In the young plant
it tunnels the center of the
stalle and often bores out,
re-entering elsewhere.
Young corn is thus distorted
and badly stunted. It in-
jures older plants by weak-
ening the stalks so that they
are easily blown down.
“Most of the corn fields
from Alabama to Virginia
suffer to some extent almost
every year from the work of
this species. In seasons of
abundance there is frequent-
ly a loss of twenty-five to
fifty per cent. of the erop.”
In 1895 a Virginia corn-
planter estimated his loss
from this insect at over
nine hundred dollars, and

severe injury to corn was
Hr. 72. Tho Larger Corn Stalk-borer, Diatraa sac- again reported in Maryland
chorale. pened popoctance of milk nese’ ane < in 1808, many fields Belne
FELT ois De OP aii ahr OR ue i practically abandoned — be-
sause of its work. It was
also destructive in Georgia in 1899. Although it apparently prefers
corn as a food plant, it is more widely known for its injuries to sugar-
cane. It has, in fact, received its fullest treatment as a sugar-cane
borer in the British West Indies. (West Indian Bulletin, Vol. I., No. 4.)
It also infests various species and varieties of sorghum, including com-
mon sorghum (S. saccharatum), Johnson grass, Indian millet, and
guinea-corn, and a closely related species, gama-grass (7'ripsacum dacty-
loides):
Wintering as a full-grown larva in the tap-root of the plant, the adult
insect appears in spring, and soon after the young corn comes up it lays
its eggs on the leaves in clusters of four to more than fifty, usually about

93

ten to thirty in three or more overlapping rows fastened by a mucilagi-
nous matter to the leaf. The eggs are about a millimeter long, oval,
flattened, light yellow at first, but changing through orange to brown
with a black center. The egg stage lasts about a week. The young larve
spin a fine thread when traveling. They eat or mine the leaf at first,
but quickly disappear within the stalk and commence to tunnel, usually
upward, through the center. They
grow rapidly, and are very active,
frequently. leaving the stalk at = em
one place and entering it at an- aeons |%
other, cach thus making several Ltn |
holes in the corn plant during its UA
growth. They mature in about gg le
a month, then boring an opening
for the eseape of the moth and
spinning a few threads across it.
They pupate in their burrows
about the middle of July, the
pupa lying with its head near the
opening. It is naked, shining
Deon nine yaue), women Hall) wasrsuchorcie “attewsder b tinge of male;
’ d . . c, pups. Enlarged ae indicated, (Howard,
to three fourths of an inch long, U. s. Dept. of Agriculture.)
with abdominal spines and tuber-
cles. It is capable of violent contortions when disturbed. When about to
hibernate, the caterpillar burrows down into the tap-root of the plant,
and winters at or a little below the surface of the ground. In Virginia
the pupa state is usually reached from the middle of July on, and the
moths (lig. 73, a,b) issue in from ten days to two weeks later. The
eggs for the second generation are laid soon afterwards on the well-grown
stalks, and these larve are full grown by harvest time. From ten days
to two weeks later, moths of the second brood begin to appear, and lay
eggs on the old corn for another generation of caterpillars.

Marly planted corn is said to be more liable to infestation than later
plantings, and corn grown on ground where the crop was infested the
previous year is particularly exposed to attack. The United States
Division of Entomology computed in 1891 an average loss of ten
per cent. to corn on sod Jand, and of twenty-five per cent. to corn fol-
lowing upon corn. If, notwithstanding a judicious rotation of crops,
a field should become noticeably infested, the insects could be com-
pletely destroyed in hibernation by plowing out, raking up, and burn-
ing the corn stubble in the field in fall or early spring.

4

THI SMALLER CORN STALK—BORER.
Mlasmopalpus lignosellus Zell,

Although the moths of this species have been occasionally taken in
Mlinois and in other states of our latitude, this is primarily a Southern
insect, and in the United States breeds principally, if not exclusively,
in the south Atlantic and Gulf States, where it is occasionally very
destructive to corn,

The caterpillar (lig. 74, d,¢) is nearly eylindrical, something more
than half an ineh long when full grown, about eight times as long as

e Oa TG vit Cty
Wee Ei el! wa iy :

ieAy iy aN aN"
i i
mio

ak

we °f

ia. 74. The Smaller Corn Stalk-borer, Hlaamopalpua Wanosellia: a, male; b, fore
wing of dark female; 66, antenna of female; ¢, male at rest; de, larva, and side view of a
middle segments 7, cocoon, Wolarged as indicated, (Chittenden, U. 8. Dept, of
\erioulture,)

wide, ‘The head is dark brown, considerably narrower than the first
thoracic segment, the neck shield is black, polished, with a pale median
line, and the anal shield is inconspicuous, ‘The surface is sparsely cov-
ered with moderately long hairs,

Although chiefly injurious to young corn, destroying many stalks
and necessitating much replanting, these caterpillars continue active
work throughout the stummer and fall until October, boring through
the stalk in every direction, weakening or severing it so that the
slightest gust of wind blows it to the ground; and the ears are often
rendered worthless by contact with the wet earth, From six to
fifteen of the caterpillars are usually found in a single stalk, ‘They are
extremely active, and upon the slightest disturbance retreat into
their burrows with @reat rapidity,

“Their operations on the stalk when young are principally below the
surface, their attacks being confined to the outer erast, whieh they
sometimes completely girdle (lig. 75), ‘They generally commence to

a)

— work between the rootlets, whereby these are also often girdled and die in
consequence, This injury to the outer surface of the root-stalk extends,
occasionally, as far down as the depth of two inches. After the worm
has attained about half its size, it bores into the stalk, also below the
surface, generally above and very close to one of the rootlets, in a more
or less straight line, until it reaches the opposite hard parts, or it works
gradually upwards, widening the channel more and more, until some-
times there is formed «a large
cavity, leaving only the rind
of the stalk untouched, The
nearly full-grown larva seems
to prefer to work just above
the surface of the ground.” It
has also been found injurious
to the bean, peanut, cow-pea,
and turnip.

The life history of — the
species is imperfectly known,
In Texas the moths have ap-
peared in Mareh, and larvee
found injuring corn late in July
gave the first moths August 4,
and others sent in August I6
produced moths August 31
and early in the following
month, Adults of this species
have been taken by us in Ili-
nois August 11 and September A hoo iS isdiie lero: rth idk ane satin
4. JLarvesentinto Riley from ine Aa baby: size, (Kijey, U, 8. Dept, of Agr
September 25 to October 28
may belong to a succeeding brood, and from those collected at the latter

date moths emerged as late as January 31, and larva: were occasionally
seen up to January 25. rom these data it would appear that the
insect hibernates t all three stages of larva, pupa, and adult,

THE BURROWING WiB-WORMS,
Pecudanaphora arcandla Clem,
Hypoclopus mortipenncdlusg Grote,
Anaphora popeandla Clem.

In examining injuries to young corn on sod ground resembling that
of cutworms or web-worms, one will sometimes find a tubular web
opening at the surface and leading down into a vertical cylindrical
burrow about the diameter of a lead-pencil, and six inches to two feet,

a

0

or even more, in depth, The oecupant, known as the burrowing web-
worm, is active in retreat when disturbed, and must usually be dug out

to capture it. It is about
an inch long (ig. 76), of a
soft, indefinite velvety gray or
velvety brown color, darken-
ing forward, and conspicuously
marked with several large,
irregular shining white areas
on the thoracic region, the
head and neek-shield being
black.

The principal food of these
caterpillars is grass, corn being
injured by them only when
planted on sod, or oceasionally,
much less so, the next year
thereafter, ‘They have several
times been found by us in
sod, commonly when thrown
out of their burrows by the
plow,

They were the cause of no-
biceable injury to young corn
near Urbana, but so far as

ia, 76. A Burrowing Webeworm, Paeudanaph our own observations go they

ora or Hypoclopua, back
(imem natural aive,

and aide viewa, ‘Three

seareely deserve serious men-

tion as agricultural insects,

That the species is, nevertheless, capable of considerable injury to corn,

is shown by a communication from a farmer of Seott county, Hlinois,

who wrote me May

27, ISS7, that a great deal of his corn had been

destroyed by this inseet within the preceding ten days, the injury being

confined entirely to sod land and to the higher and drier parts of the

field, AS many as
one to three were
found in each hill,
When they reach
i hill of eorn they
surround the base
of each plant with
a fine web mixed
with dirt and pel
lets, building this up
to the lower blades,

hacve. A Burrowing Web-worm, Pseudanaphora arcanelia, adult,
Three times natural aise,

97

which they slowly eat away. As they get larger they eat the stripped
Plant to the ground. Though there may be a dozen destroying a
hill of corn, each has its separate home, and on the least disturbance
retreats to the depths of its web-lined burrow. They are said to feed in
the evening, after sunset, the larger ones eating only next the ground,
sometimes in this way cutting off the plant like a cutworm, while the
smaller ones feed on the tender leaves and do not cut the stem. In a field
of eighty acres of corn, from one to twenty larvee were found in and
about virtually every hill. The injuries of these insects to grass are
inconspicuous so far as known, and have never been definitely reported.

The several species placed at the head of this article have not been
distinguished in the larval stage, but as they have all been bred from
burrowing web-worms
of extremely similar
appearance and virtu-
ally identical habit
they may be properly
considered together in
this article.

The species appear

be commonly dis-
tributed over the een-

? ‘ Via. 78. A Burrowing Web-worm, IHypoclopus mortipen-
tral and Southern nellus, adult. Three times natural size.

States. So far as one

may judge from the collection data on record, the species hibernate in
the larval stage. The caterpillars are most active in May. They
pupate in their burrows. Hxamples collected April 26 gave a moth
of Pseudanaphora (Vig. 77) July 17. Others obtained April 17
emerged as moths of Hypoclopus mortipennellus (Wig. 78) June 17 and
18. One taken May 25 had changed to the pupa by July 8. This
pupa was about six tenths of an inch in length, pale brown, slender,
wing-pads extending about two fifths of the length, and the wing
veins distinctly showing through. The thoracic region is smooth,
abdominal segments three to eight, each with an acute transverse dorsal
ridge at about the anterior fourth, set with a close row of fine, sharp
teeth. Tip truncate, with four blunt tubercles, of which the ventral
pair are farther apart than the dorsal. Adults of all three of the species
have appeared in our breeding-cages in June and July, and have been
taken quite abundantly at electric lights, especially in the latter half of
June. Our latest record of the adult moth was that of Anaphora popea-
nella, taken August 8 in southern Illinois. Hggs were obtained by us
June 26 and July 12 from moths of Pseudanaphora arcanella taken at

electric light. In a breeding-cage supplied with earth and a tuft of

blue-grass, the eggs on both occasions were deposited abundantly, being

OS

seablered on the earth, and looking like fine white sand. These eggs
beean to hateh about ten days after they were laid. We have found
the larvee onee at the beewinning of Oetober, and an abundanee of them
during the last week of that month; and also early in April, ‘The species
are thus apparently single-brooded, and similar in seasonal history,

THE CARROT-—BIETLE.
Ligyrus gibbosus DeG,

This beetle (ig, 79) has the general appearance of one of the common
May-beetles or June-bugs (Lachnosterna) except that it is of much smaller
sive, andis darker and thicker, with a more robust body, It measures from
ahalf to five eighths of an ineh in
loneth, and more than half as mueh in
width, It has a minute pithke de-
pression at the middle of the front
edge of the thorax. Its color varies
from reddish brown to nearly black
above, and is reddish brown below,

It is common. throughout Illinois,
but has only onee been reported as
injurious to corn in this state, its in-
juries to that plant indeed being
otherwise recorded only from Minne-
sota, Louisiana, and Arkansas. It was

found in) Christian county, Lhnois,
May 9, S96, cating the kernel and
p ERGs TR. ene Concgt neater Agr Mev 5 1a g young shoot of corn under ground.
~ An examination of injured kernels
showed that the germ had been eaten out, with little disturbance of
the rest of the erain, In Minnesota it ate the roots and gnawed the
stalks of sweet corn in August, causing the plant to wilt and preventing
the maturing of the ears, It works mainly under ground, commonly
about three or four inches below the surface, but sometimes reaching a
depth of seven inches, It has been reported, however, in Louisiana to
injure the corn-stalk just above the ground, and also to cut off the plant
just above the roots, Tt has nowhere been found generally destructive
to this erop, its favorite cultivated food being carrots, parsnips, celery,
beets, sweet potatoes, and similar thick-rooted plants, ‘To the carrot
erop especially it is often extremely destructive, Cotton, sunflower,
dahlia, and pigweed (dmarantus) are to be included among its food
plants,
lis range extends throughout the greater part of the country from
New York, Wisconsin, and Oregon, to Louisiana, ‘Texas, and Arizona,

Vt)

Its life history is imperfectly known, although the species is in all
probability single-brooded, Mees found June &, hatehed ten days later,
The larvie feed in the earth on decomposing roots, the tap roots of herba
ceous plants, manure, and even simple dirt. Pupation takes place in
the earth, the beetles emerging in fourteen or fifteen days during the
warm weather of June and early July, The species apparently hiber
nates as an adult.

THE SUGAR-CANK BEETLE,
Ligyrus rugiceps Lee,

This is a smaller insect than the carrot-beetle above deseribed, anc
is not found in Ulinois, ts injuries to corn are of the same character
as those of the carrot-beetle, but seem to be more wide-spread and severe,
It was reported by Riley in E885 as cutting into young corm in North
Carolina, killing the center blades but not cutting down the stalk, Sue
cessive plantings were destroyed, and even stalks in ear were caused to
fall. It has also been reported similarly destructive to corn in Missis
sippl, Arkansas, and Louisiana, although tts injuries to sugar-cane in the
latter state are much more serious and important,

In North Carolina the eves are laid among the corn roots from June
27 to July 9, and adults have been taken from the middle of Mareh to
December 1,

THE FLOWER-BEETIIS.
Nuphoria inda Linn,
Nuphoria sepulchralis Wabr.
! Nuphoria melancholica Gory.

These large buzzing beetles (ig. SO, a;

)

SI), resembling June-bugs,
but shorter, more flattened, and variously spotted above, are often
abundant in spring and fall, feeding on the juices or the very soft tissues

of plants. They are especially fond of sappy exudations from pre
) | y PP; |

a

her -
ven} os yO aad
ya a.

ia, 80. The Common lMower-beetle, Muphoria inda: a, adult; b, outline of
one; ¢, newly hatched larva; d, mature larva; ¢, pupa, (Chittenden, U, &,
Dept, of Agriculture.)

100

viously damaged surfaces, a fact which has caused them to be charged
with injuries of which they are incapable. They sometimes burrow into
the tips of loosely closed ears of corn in the milk, and also eat into soft
ripe fruit. ‘They are thus somewhat troublesome at times, although as
a rule they do comparatively little harm.

The common species in central and northern Illinois is the brown
fruit-chafer, M7. anda, distributed through the northern part of the
country from the Atlantic to the Rocky Mountains. This beetle (Fig.
SO, a) is about five eighths of an inch in length and a little more than half
as wide as long, with the upper surface flattened and slightly ridged,
clay-brown, with small black spots and transverse dashes on the wing-
covers. The thorax is black. Be-
neath is a conspicuous coating of
short yellow-brown hair, which gives
a brownish color to the entire sur-
face.

The two other species charged
with injury to corn are similar to
the preceding but smaller, a half
inch long or less, moderately shining
and not noticeably hairy, blackish
brown above, with a few chalky yel-
lowish cross-dashes on the wing-

eee. ee covers.
A cameras ccs Sh trbare E. sepulchralis (Fig. 81) is com-
mon in southern Illinois and through-
out the South, extending into New Mexico. It has frequently been con-
fused with the third species, 4. melancholica, which is found in the
southwest from Kansas to Mexico. The latter may, however, be
known by the much smoother sculpture of the wing-covers and the
sides of the thorax, and by the entire absence of hairs on the thorax above.
Lintner speaks of #.inda as a pernicious corn pest in New York,
devouring the kernels from the tip of the ears to the butt, and quotes
from a correspondent a statement that twenty of these beetles were
picked from two ears of corn, Osborn experimented in Iowa, however,
with beetles of this species by confining them on corn ears, and found
that they had great difficulty in penetrating the husks unless these were
quite loose or had previously been opened up for their entrance. The
burrows of the corn ear-worm are often used by these beetles as a means
of access to the soft grains ‘and exuding fluids. The pollen from the
tassel and exudations from the stalks also furnish them food.
E. sepulchralis was occasionally found by one of my assistants early
in 1898 on ears of corn near Carbondale, Ill, gnawing the husks or ker-
nels or drinking the sap in an ear-worm burrow. In Mississippi it is

101

said to be found most commonly inside the base of the corn leaf, drinking
the moisture accumulated there. In Riley’s unpublished notes EL. melan-
cholica is reported to feed on the unripe kernels and the leaves of corn
in the South.

The usual food of anda seems to be the sap exuding from the wounds
of trees. This beetle has often been noticed in great numbers on ash,
elm, maple, beech, birch, red haw, and oak, and has been taken burrow-
ing into the fruits of apple, peach, pear, plum, strawberry, raspberry,
persimmon, and tomato, and feeding on cotton bolls and the seed cap-
sules of cocklebur and ragweed. Fruits spread out to dry are visited
by them, and also decomposing vegetables, and they are common on
flowers of thistle, goldenrod, etc., feeding on the pollen. EF. sepul-
chralis and inda are said to injure cotton bolls, and the former has been
seen burrowing into ripe apples, peaches, and pears.

The early stages are known for inda only. The adults of this species
winter over, emerging in early spring, buzzing like bumble-bees as they
fly about. Eggs, laid mostly in May and early June, hatch after about
eleven days (Fig. 80, b,c). The natural food of the larve (Fig. 80, d)
is evidently manure or other decomposing matter, but they have been
accused of cutting off the roots of corn. They resemble the common
white-grubs very closely, but are more robust and have shorter legs.
There is also a triangular yellow horny plate on each side of the neck
shield in front of the spiracle. They live under ground, and make a
substantial oval cocoon there preparatory to pupation. The larve get
their growth in eight or nine weeks, and continue in the pupal stage
(Fig. 80, e) about sixteen days, making a total period of approximately
twelve weeks from the time the eggs are laid to the appearance of the
beetles. These appear in late July in southern Illinois, are most abun-
dant in August, and usually go into winter quarters in September.
E. sepulchralis, with its more southern range, makes its first appearance
in June and July, and is most common in September and early October.

THE GREEN JUNE=BEETLES.
Allorhina nitida Linn.

Allorhina mutabilis Gory.

In central and in northern Illinois the June-beetles or June-bugs are
brown, smooth, shining, thick-bodied beetles, parents of the common
white-grubs. In the southern part of the state, and from thence south-
ward, this name is applied to a large, beautiful, velvety green beetle,
A. mitida (Fig. 82, c), the parent likewise of a thick-bodied under-
ground grub, but chiefly notorious as an adult because of its injuries to
ripe fruits. It also does considerable injury to corn, particularly to
garden varieties, sometimes as many as a dozen of the beetles being

102

found at}work on a single ear, where they feed, head downward, gnawing
the grains away often well down to the bases of the ears. The western
green June-beetle, A, mutabilis (Fig. 83), inhabits the arid Southwest,
and the common green June-beetle, A. nitida, ranges thence eastward
to the Atlantic, and northward to the latitude of St. Louis, in the Missis-
sippt Valley, and somewhat farther north near the Atlantic coast. These
beetles are about the size of our common June-bugs, or a little larger,
but have a much more flattened form and a different horizontal outline.
They are especially broad across the bases of the wing-covers (between
which the shield of the thorax extends in a broad point), and taper

Ire. 82. The Common Green June-beetle, Allorhina nitida: a, larva,
crawling on back; 6, pupa; ec, adult; d, e, f, g, mandible, antenna, leg, and
manxula of larva; a, 0, and ¢ about natural size.

thenee notably backwards. A. mtida is three fourths of an inch to an
inch in length and about half an inch wide. The upper surface is
smooth, and the thighs and lateral pieces of the thorax beneath are dull
yellowish. A. mutabilis is slightly larger than the other, and the under
side is uniform metallic green.

The western species (mutabilis) feeds on the stalks of growing corn
when fruits are not available in sufficient quantity, and its food habits
are apparently about the same in other respects as those of the more
‘astern species. Both are very destructive to ripe fruit, mutabilis
sometimes occurring in fruit trees in thousands. Peaches, grapes, and
figs are its favorite fruits, and the crop of these is in some years
badly injured, or even locally destroyed. Apricots, prunes, plums,
nectarines, pears, apples, raspberries, blackberries, and even tomatoes
and melons also suffer. A. nitida feeds on the flowing sap of oak,
maple, and fruit trees, and is said to burrow into tender branches. — Its
fondness for sweets sometimes tempts it to enter a beehive.

The larve (Fig. 82,@) closely resemble ordinary white-grubs, but
differ from those of the flower-beetles in being less robust and in having
a different shaped chitinous spot on the first body-segment, as shown in
the figures. From common white-grubs (Lachnosterna) they may be
distinguished by their shorter heads and smaller legs, and by the absence
of the peculiar double row of short, stiff spines extending forwards under
the tip of the abdomen. ‘They are perhaps most easily known by their

105

peculiar mode of surface locomotion. They come up out of the ground,
especially at night, and travel upon their backs, with their legs upper-
most as shown in the figure. The dorsal surfaces of their segments are
furnished with stout bristles, by the aid of which they may move along
with considerable speed.

The species hibernate as larvee in
the ground, and pupate (Fig. 82, b)
in spring in earthen cells, the beetles
emerging about a month — later,
those of A. nitida in May and June,
according to Howard, and in July,
according to Garman, in Kentucky.
As they fly through the remainder
of the summer and until September
and October, the period of egg-
laying is supposed to be correspond-
ingly prolonged. The larvae hatch-
ing from these eggs may be about
two thirds grown when cold weather
begins. They live in burrows through
the winter, a few inches under the

surface, and come out to feed when- Fic. 83. The Western Green June-beetle,
: Allorhina mutabilis. 'Twice natural size.
ever the weather permits.

The direct cause of unusual injury by these beetles seems to be the
near proximity of manure and similar material. This forms a suitable
medium for the breeding of numerous larvae, which, on reaching the
beetle stage, resort for food to fruit or corn nearest at hand. In small
plats much good may be done by going over the ground at intervals
and knocking off these conspicuous beetles into a pail of water covered
with a film of kerosene.

THE SOUTHERN CORN LEAF-BEETLE.
Myochrous denticollis Say.

This beetle (Fig. 84; Pl. VI., Fig. 1) is about three sixteenths of an
inch long and about a third as wide, black, with slightly bronzed luster,
and densely covered with stout whitish hairs with which the dirt some-
times becomes so interinixed that the surface of the beetle is almost
completely hidden. These insects injure young corn by gnawing the
bases of the plants at or near the surface of the ground, and also by
feeding on the leaves. Serious damage has been done in Ohio and in
some of the Southern States, even the second planting sometimes being
almost totally destroyed. They have also injured young corn in Kansas,
and young broom-corn is said to be subject to their injury. In breed-

104

ing-cages these beetles will feed freely not only on corn but on timothy
and other grasses.

Injury to corn by this species has been reported to us from Edge-
wood, Ill., and the beetle has been occasionally found on corn or in corn
fields in the central and south-
ern parts of the state. In Ohio
a peculiar outbreak of injury,
extending over an area of
about three square miles, was
observed by Mr. Webster in
June, 1887. The beetles be-
gin their work early in May, as
soon as the corn plants appear
above ground, and feed during
the early morning, towards
evening, and on cloudy days.
They are timid and drop to
the ground when disturbed, are
sensitive to sunshine, and con-

ceal themselves during the
Mig. 84. The Southern Corn Leaf-beetle, A yo- middle of the day, but may
chrous denticollis. Length about three sixteenths : s
aaah come out and begin their dep-
redations if the sun is hidden
by a passing cloud. The injury seems almost strictly limited to lands
in grass the preceding year, and is worse on the higher parts of the field.
The immature stages of the insect are unknown, and, of course, the
life history also, but the beetles have been taken at various dates from
May to late October, and also in hibernation December 8.
The species is found from the District of Columbia, Ohio, southern
Iowa, Kansas, New Mexico, and Arizona, to all the states bordering upon
the Gulf.

THE COLASPIS ROOT
WORM.

Colaspis brunnea Fabr.

The small grub-like larva
(Fig. 85, 86) of this common
and well-known beetle has
lately shown itself capable of
a decided injury to young corn
by destroying the roots, and

a full account of the species
Fie. 85. The Colaspis Root-worm, Colaspts brun-

with special reference to this nea. Length about one eighth inch.

105

fact was published in the Twenty-second Report of this office. The
species is treated here, out of its proper relation as a corn-root insect,
as a convenience to those consulting these reports.

This root-worm in the larval stage is a white thick-bodied grub, an
eighth of an inch long, with head and neck-shield smooth and harder
than the remaining surface, both white after a molt, but soon becoming
brownish or reddish. The remainder of the body is soft-skinned, and
wrinkled crosswise. Young white-grubs resemble these, but are longer
and more slender, and lack the smooth and leathery neck-shield.

These root-worms injure
corn by gnawing away the soft
surface tissue of the tap-root
in an irregular, more or less
winding line down one. side.
Spots may also be eaten out to
the middle, but the root is
never cut off, as by white-
erubs, or burrowed lengthwise,
as by the corn root-worm.
The plant is thus, of course,
stunted in its growth, and per-
manently injured to an extent

varying with the severity of I'ic. 86. The Colaspis Root-worm, Colaspis brun-
} attack Thus . Pike nea, larval and pupal structures; A, antenna of
the attack. us, 1D Ke larva; B, Jabium and maxilla; C, mandible; D,

. J 19( | labrum; /, tip of abdomen beneath; a, b, abdominal
county, In June, 0) )0, when tubercles; J’, tip of pupa beneath. Enlarged.

uninjured corn was waist high,

injured plants averaged not over eighteen inches, and many were not
more than six or eight inches high, with the lower leaves dry and brown.
In another field, where uninjured corn stood about five feet in height,
patches some two or three acres in size injured by these grubs, averaged
only about eighteen inches high, the roots being gnawed and the lower
leaves more or less dry. As many as twelve to eighteen root-worms were
sometimes found in a single hill. These injured fields were in most cases
on relatively high and rolling land, where the soil was light and the
growth of the plant was slow; and usually the land had been in sod the
previous year. In two instances, however, the root-worm was found in
fields which were in corn the year before.

The larva has long been known as injurious to strawberry roots, and
our recent field studies show that it feeds especially on timothy roots,
most frequently infesting corn planted on timothy sod. In some timothy
meadows one or more of the root-worms were turned up with every
spadeful of sod.

The adult (lig. 87) is a small, short, thick clay-yellow beetle, with
fine lines of punctures on the wing-covers, It is common on the lower

106

leaves of grape-vines, and on the leaves of the strawberry, the apple,

and a variety of other plants, eating irregular rounded or elongate small
holes, often causing appreciable damage to these plants.

The species ranges from Nebraska to the Atlantic States and Canada.

It is evidently single-brooded, but its stage of hibernation has not been

positively ascer-

vt Une Stee Mi tte
[ \ tained. The eggs
\ ' are laid in summer

} F4 | and fall, and the
——— y | larve have been

' found half grown in

southern Illinois by
the middle of May.
It begins to pupate
in June, and lives
, as a beetle during
the summer months.
Dates of capture of
specimens in our
collections range
from June 22 to
September 15, the
ereater number fall-

ing in July and
August. It has
never appeared with

,

}
| :
bees eae «=©6us among hibernat-

ing insects, even in

Fra. 87. The Colaspis Root-worm Celaspis brunnea, adult. . . :

Length about one fifth inch, situations where it

had been abundant

up to the close of the season, and it probably hibernates as a larva

partly grown. ‘The pups are about an eighth of an inch in length, white

except the eyes and the mandibles, the former of which are red and the

latter black at maturity. The abdomen terminates in a pair of incurved

hooks, in front of which, on each side, is a large spine directed backward
(Fig. 86, F).

THE FLEA-BEETLES.
Haltreine.

Several kinds of minute hopping beetles feed on corn leaves, and
some are occasionally abundant enough to riddle the leaves so severely
as to kill them, and even to destroy the entire plant when it is quite
small, They are from a twentieth to an eighth of an inch long, with

"

107

the hind thighs greatly thickened, giving them the power to leap sud-
denly, like a flea, when disturbed. One of the most injurious species,
the pale-striped flea-beetle, Systena blanda, is about an eighth of an inch
long, rather slender, pale brown, with two creamy stripes down the
back, the abdomen bl: ick beneath. The others here treated are smaller
and more robust, with a uniform metallic green or bronze luster. ‘The
corn flea-beetle, one of the smallest of these, is not over a twentieth of
an inch long. The beetles injure corn by gnawing away the surface of
the leaf. On account of their small size they frequently do not
entirely through the leaf, but merely cup or channel it out beneath. If
they are not too numerous the plant is hardly injured; but when the
spots become too dense the corn leaf wilts, turns brown, and finally dries
up, and the plant is either killed or is seriously checked in its growth.

The larvee are slender, worm-like grubs, white and soft-bodied, but
with smooth heads and a leathery smeld upon the neck. The
pale-striped flea-beetle has been reared by me from roots of corn,
but this is probably not its principal food plant. These beetles pass the
winter, as a rule, in the adult stage, and are found feeding in early sum-
mer, producing larvee in June or July, from which adults appear again
in the latter part of the season. The pale-striped beetle, however,
probably winters in the larval stage. The species here treated are all
apparently single-brooded.

THe PALE-STRIPED FLEA-BRETLE.
Systena blanda Mels.

This light colored, shghtly elongate striped flea-beetle (ig. S88) be
comes at times excessively abundant over considerable areas, and may,
notwithstanding its small size, completely destroy an otherwise promising
crop. Corn, beans, peas, sugar-beets, and other crop plants have been
thus destroyed by it. It gnaws small round pits in the leaf surface,
and may not eat entirely through the
blade, but holes are nevertheless likely to
be made by the death of the leaf tissue
at the injured spot. Many injuries of
this kind soon cause the leaf to blacken

Sc

and shrivel away. Fields of growing corn
were thus damaged in Illinois in the ’70’s,
and several reports of similar injury to
corn have come from Indiana and
Pennsylvania. In one Pennsylvania field
the plants were eaten away to the bare
stalks. ta. 88. The Pale-striped Flea

: . beetle, Systena blanda. Length about
These beetles are said to have killed Gneeizhth inch, :

108

twenty thousand apple seedlings in New York, and to have destroyed
almost the entire carrot crop of two New Jersey counties and forty acres
of tomatoes in Maryland. A large part of the sugar-beet acreage in
Illinois was destroyed by them in 1899, necessitat-
ing a second, and in some cases a third, plant-
ing. They have been reported destructive to
potatoes, cotton, young pear-trees, turnips, melons,
radishes, cucumbers, peas, strawberry and black-
berry plants, alfalfa, lettuce, parsnip, eggplant,
summer savory, sweet potatoes, peanuts, oats, and
white clover. They also feed on pigweed, rag-
weed, plantain, purslane, cocklebur, lamb’s-quar-
ters, nightshade, fleabane, and the sand-bur.

Larve (Fig. 89) were found by me in 1886
among corn roots, one boring into a sprouting
kernel.* They were fed on sprouting corn, and
thus reared to the adult. The United States
Kntomologist found the larvee at roots of lamb’s-
quarters, and apparently also at those of James-
town weed. They are about a fourth of an inch
long, slender, pale yellowish, broadening from the
head to near the posterior end, which terminates
in a blunt process with a crown of short spines
and four stiff hairs.

The beetle has never yet occurred in any of
our winter collections. Larve taken May 17
became beetles a month later, and those colleeted

Fira. 89. my Pale- ‘ $ 9 “)
striped Flea-beetle, Sys. July 11 and 12 yielded adults on the 22d and 23d

Bhan iteagtneeios dength of that month. The beetles became abundant

and destructive rather abruptly about the middle
of June, continued thus throughout July, and finally vanished in
September. Eges were laid by the beetles at Washington June 10
to July 8, singly or in very small batches on leaves of plants in their
breeding-cage. From the facts now on record it would seem most likely
that larval hibernation is the rule, that the beetles appearing in June
and July have recently transformed, and that the midsummer eges give
origin to the larvee which pass the winter in the earth. The species
ranges from the Atlantic to the Pacific, but probably does not reach
south to the Gulf. It is apparently most destructive in the latitude of
Illinois.

*Pighteenth Rep. State Ent. Ill., p. 21.

109

THE WESTERN CABBAGE FLEA-BEETLE.
Phyllotreta pusilla Horn.

(P. albionica in error.)

This species is included among the less important corn insects because
of its injuries to corn in Nebraska in 1897. It appeared locally in swarms
like black clouds, covering garden and other plants, and destroying from
ten to twenty acres of corn on one farm in twenty-four hours. The
beetle (Fig. 90) is only about a fifteenth of an inch long, uniform deep
polished green above, and without stripes. It is
most destructive to cabbage and other cruciferous Gs WM
plants, but it is also known to injure peas and \ |
sugar-beets. Its immature stages are unknown. »
Beetles noticed late in June disappeared about a
month later. The species is found from the
Dakotas to Mexico and thence to the Pacific coast.

Tue Corn FLEA-BEETLE.

Chatocnema pulicaria Mels.

: 5 7 ; 7 Fic. 90. The Western

This minute bronzed species seems quite partial Cabbage Flea-beetle, Phyl-

ah Bes lotreta albionica. Enlarged

to corn leaves, and is in some years abundant as indicated. (Riley, U.S.
enough in Illinois to check the growth of young Zi 82 lara

plants, and occasionally to destroy them by riddling the leaves with

minute holes. The beetle (Fig. 91; Pl. VIL, Fig 2) is less than a

twentieth of an inch in length, oblong-oval, shining greenish-bronze

above, except the thorax, which is notably dull. It feeds on the

under side of the leaf, usually leaving the upper epidermis unbroken,

but sometimes eating through the blade. The

stalk is also occasionally injured.

In various years, but especially in 1891, re-
ports of marked injury to corn by this flea-
beetle came to us from many Illinois locali-
ties, in twelve different counties. About Jack-
sonville it appeared in corn fields within a
radius of thirty miles from town. Whole
fields were wilted more or less, and some hills

Fic. 91. The Corn Flea-

bestle’ “Chatocnenia glk entirely killed. As many as forty beetles were
caria. J.ength about one is x >
Geontioth ach, counted on one hill. An infested field near

Manchester, in Scott county, was visited by an
assistant July 19, 1892. The beetles were quite abundant in it, and
the corn was very small (not over ten inches high) and pale and
unhealthy looking. In 1891 similar injuries were recorded in Missouri

110

and Indiana. In Maryland, in 1897, the first plantings of corn were
ruined in parts of six counties. This flea-beetle seems especially fond
of sweet corn, and also injures broom-corn and millet. It has been
found by us on sorghum in Illinois; we have seen it abundant on oats,
blue-grass, and ragweed; and have noticed it on wheat, sugar-beet, and
a few other plants. It ranges from the middle Atlantic coast westward
to Colorado and Texas. It hibernates as a beetle, and has been found

destructively numerous from early
May to October. Its early stages
are unknown.

Tue ToorHep FLEA-
BEETLE.

Chatocnema denticulata Il.

This beetle (Fig. 92) is about
a tenth of an inch long, oval,
shining bronzed. It feeds prin-
cipally on grass and grain, but
has done conspicuous injury to
corn, and has also noticeably
damaged sugar-beets. In the
East it has been reported as in-
jurious to sweet corn, broom-corn,

Fig. 92. The Toothed Flea-beetle, Chetoc- : Tr
nema denticulata. Length about one tenzh inch. and millet. We have found the

beetles in illinois on wheat, oats,
strawberry, and melon plants. The species is generally distributed over
the United States east of the Rocky Mountains, and is also reported from
Montana, Utah, and California. We have several times found the beetle
in winter quarters, the hibernating individuals attacking corn in May
and June. The eggs were obtained by Chittenden early in July, but other ~
stages are as yet unknown. The beetles—doubtless of a new brood—
become abundant again in August and September in the latitude of
Ihinois.

THE SweeEet-Potato FLEA-BEETLE.
Chetocnema confinis Cr.

This common little species has been found by Webster doing con-
siderable, though occasional, injury to corn leaves in Indiana and Louisi-
ana. It is very minute (Fig.93; Pl. VII., Fig. 3), about a twentieth
of an inch long, blackish bronzed above, with a distinct flattened
thickening or truncation of the front angles of the thorax. The
beetles do not eat holes in the leaf of the corn; they simply gnaw out

AWS VAI

Fig. 1—Ture SEED-CoRN Maccor, Pegomyia Susciceps,

FLEA-BEETLE, Chetocnema pulicaria. Fig. 3—C. confinis.

Lydia Moore Hart

‘ig. 2—THE CORN

Wi

the tissue from beneath, leaving the veins and upper surface intact.
They are most notable for their severe injuries to sweet potatoes, the
leaves of which they eat out in narrow channels. The larve probably
breed upon the roots of this plant and upon morning-glory and others
of that family.

The worst injuries are done on low lands
and near the winter shelters of the beetles.
We have seen considerable injury done by
them to raspberry plants, and Webster has
recorded injuries by this species to buck
wheat and to wheat. We have taken it in
Illinois on sugar-heets, oats, timothy, red
clover, blue-grass, box-elder, and wild straw-
berry. Raspberry and morning-glory leaves
are riddled with small holes by it. 14,03, The SWeet-Potato

It is generally distributed east of the pameyeetlen (iatoonemd. confinis:
Rocky Mountains, and also occurs in Col

orado and California. The beetles winter over, and are abundant in
May, when they pair and doubtless lay their eggs. They disappear by
the first of July, but a new brood comes on in the latter part of this
month, becoming abundant in August and continuing until the close
of the season. The injury to corn is done by these beetles principally
in early summer, shortly after they come out of their winter quarters.

THe BLISTER BEETLES.
pica vittala Vabr.
picasa pornsylwonedg De,
Kypwwutas margin Vay.

The old-fashioned potato-bugs, or “long
Johns,’ as they are called, are closely related

” and their body

to the medicinal “Spanish flies,
fluids have the same irritating property, raising
blisters when crushed against the skin. These
beetles are readily recognized by their cylin

drical slender form, soft bodies, and flexible

wing-covers, and by the tnusual roundness

Via. 94. The Striped Blie 4 ye , ‘ rt
terbwctile, Kyicaua vias. 8nd distinctness of their heads. They average

~~ ai as indiesed. (Bri Half an inch, or a little more, in length.

Their larve feed on grasshoppers’ eggs in
the earth, and the beetles consequently vary in number from year to
year according to the abundance of grasshoppers the preceding season.
Years in which they are a temporary local pest are followed by seasons
in which scarcely a specimen will be seen, The beetles feed on the

112

leaves of a great variety of plants, among which corn is to be included.
They are especially destructive to potatoes and tomatoes and cultivated
flowers, but their injuries to corn are usually unimportant except when
the plant is still quite small. The species
known to attack corn are the striped blister-
beetle (Fig. 94, 97), vellow above, with black
stripes; the black blister-beetle (Fig. 95), solid
black throughout; and the margined_ blister-
beetle (Fig. 96), black above, with a narrow
eray edge round each wing-cover except at the
base.

The striped species was unusually abundant
in Michigan in late June and early July of 1900,
and as the potatoes of that region had not yet

come up the beetles heavily attacked young

Fic. 95. The Black Blis- . . .
ter-beetle, Epicauta pennayl. corn (about six inches high) and clover. They

Pa accommo eau catod are fond of pigweed (Amarantus), and will feed

on it in the corn fields, as long as it lasts,
without molesting the corn. The margined blister-beetle exhibits a
similar preference.

The black species is often very common on corn late in the season,
eating the leaves, the silk at the tip of the ear, and even the husks and
the soft kernels beneath. It may pos-
sibly do some harm by destroying the
silk before the kernel is fertilized. The
striped blister-beetle has also been
noticed eating corn silks. The corn
leaf is eaten away by these beetles
from the edges until only the midvein
is. left. Potatoes, beets, and asters
are among the principal cultivated
plants attacked, but most — gar-
den vegetables are lable to injury by
them. The black species is especially
common on blossoms of the goldenrod

in fall.

These blister-beetles are widely

distributed over the United States
. y Fic. 96. The Margined Blister-beetle,

east of the Rocky Mountains. Epicauta marginata. Enlarged as indi-

ee ae sf ‘ ; cated.

Their life history is highly pecu-
liar. The larvee pass through five distinct and unlike stages, all but the
last of which are shown in Fig. 97. The winter is passed in the fourth
stage (lig. 97,9), in which the larva is inactive. In the fifth stage it

changes, in spring, to a pupa of the usual form. The adults of the

mp)

113

striped and margined blister-beetles are abroad from June to October,
and are especially abundant late in July and in August. The striped
species is the earliest of the three to appear. The black blister-beetle
comes out about a month behind the others, being most abundant in

Via. 97, The Striped Blister-beetle, Hpicauta vittata: a, adult; b, eggs; c, first larval stage
(triungulin); d, second (caraboid) stage; e, same as /, as doubled up in pod; f, third (scarabm«oid)
stage; g, coarctate larval stage. All but e, enlarged. (Chittenden, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture.)

August and September. The black and striped species are apparently
single-brooded with us, but the margined blister-beetle is said to be
double-brooded in this latitude.

Injuries to corn by these insects are not likely to call for treatment.
In the garden they are readily poisoned by arsenical insecticides. The
usefulness of their larvee as powerful checks upon the increase of grass-
hoppers is such as to make their destruction a measure of doubtful
value, even though the adults may be locally injurious.

THE IMBRICATED SNOUT-BEETLE.
Epicerus imbricatus Say. ‘

This weevil or snout-beetle (Fig. 98, a,b) is about three eighths of
an inch long, strongly convex in form, brownish, with grayish cross-
bars on the back. It is not usually common but becomes locally abun-
dant, and though feeding upon a variety of food plants is sometimes
considerably injurious to corn, eating out notches in the edge of the
leaf, and even virtually devouring the young corn plant. It also does
more or less injury to sugar-beets, beans, peas, onion, radish, cabbage,
cucumber, melon, squash, potato, and tomato; to apple, cherry, and
pear; and to raspberry, blackberry, gooseberry, and strawberry, besides
feeding on a number of kinds of common weeds.

The species is generally distributed in the United States east of the
Rocky Mountains except to the extreme north, and is especially abun-
dant west of the Mississippi. It is single-brooded and hibernates as an
adult, emerging in early spring, and becoming most injurious in May.

The eges (ig. 98,
e,f/) are laid from
April to July. ‘They
are placed on the
surface of the leaf,
where they are con-
cealed and protect
ed either by folding
the leaf over them

and gumming the
ha, 88. The Imbrieated Snout-beetle, Mpleamrus imbricatua: a, .
b, adult, top and side views, three times natural sive; e, d, larva, flap nh place or by
top and ade views, onlarged: e, }, oes, twice natural sive on leaf, hres cee
and e more enlarged, (Chittenden, U.S. Dept, of Agrioulture.) fastening two leaves
together with the
eges between them. ‘The rate of multiplication is unusual, A single
female laid while under observation, five hundred and forty eggs. ‘The
larvee (Pig. 9S, e, @) hatch in ten to fifteen days. The adults of the year
appear in September and October,

THE RHUBARB AND DOCK CURCULIOS.
Lixus concavus Say.
Lixvus mucidus Lee.

These are two closely similar, large, smooth, black snout-beetles,
elongate and eylindrical, about five eighths of an inch in length, and
more or less dusted over with a yellowish or whitish bloom, ‘The larvee

yy

roa Aa
Gag; kd Win (\"

Ira. 90. The Rhubarb Curculio, Liwus concanus: a, adult; 0, ome) ¢ ad, newly
hatehed and full grown larvany e, pupa; /, tip of pupa from above, About twice
natural sive, (Chittenden, U.S. Dept, of Agrioulture,)
are footless soft-bodied grubs (ig. 99, ¢,@) which breed in the stems
of stout weeds, but the adults feed on the soft tissues of plants, eating
away the edges of leaves, and boring into stalks for food and oviposition,

WS

Ligus mucidus seriously injured young corn in a Kansas locality by
puncturing the stalk and eating out the heart like the ordinary corn
bill-bugs (Sphenophorus), described in another section of this report,
L. concavus (Vig. 99,0) likewise injures corn, The two species are
readily distinguished by the difference in superficial color, L. concowus
having a bright yellow bloom and L. mucidus « whitish. This bloom is
due to a powdery pubescence, easily rubbed away when the insect is
handled, The former species has a deep depression in the thorax at
the base of the wing-covers, that in mucidus being much less marked,
The eggs of concavus (Vig. 99,6) are deposited singly in cavities made by
sinking the snout into stems of dock, wild sunflower, and rhubarb.
Oviposition in rhubarb causes a copious flow of sap which apparently
prevents the hatching of the egg, but the larvae of both species have
been reared from dock, and concavus from wild sunflower also.

L. concavus vanges from Canada to North Carolina, and westward to
lowa, Kansas, and Louisiana. Mucidus is known from Kansas, Illinois,
and Ohio,

Concavus seems to be single-brooded. Uggs have been found in
May, June, and July, and adults appear as early as August 12, C. M.
Weed found the larva: of mucidus in dock in the latter part of July and
the first adults August 1. October 2 an adult and three pups were
found in roots of the same plant. Wibernation seems to be in the beetle
stage, although observations on this point are very few.

THE LITTLE NEGRO-BUG,
Corimaanas pulicariva Geri,

This is a smooth, black, shining, nearly hemispherical little insect
(lig. 100), often abundant during the greater part of the summer on a
great variety of weeds and cultivated plants, the juices of which it sucks
through its tubular beak to the occasional serious injury of a crop. We
have frequently found it on corn in late June and in July, but never in
numbers sufficient to do noticeable harm. It was reported to me, how-
ever, by Mr. F'. S. Karle, in 1885, as injuring
young corn near Cobden, in southern Illinois.
The adults are about a tenth of an inch long
and not quite so wide, with very convex sur-
faces. The back is protected by a large, con-
vex, horny plate, the scutellum, beside which
the small, narrow wing-covers are placed, each
marked Jengthwise by a line of white. The
young are very similar, but the wing-covers ss
are absent and the scutellum is small, leaving Warteeie: Oana vile

CMV, Length about one

the red-marked surface of the abdomen ex- — tenth inch.

116

posed. The favorite food plants of the species seem to be New Jersey
tea (Ceanothus americanus), Spanish needles, and a small dooryard
weed, Veronica peregrina. It is probable that the insect breeds prin-
cipally on these plants. Wheat, blue-grass, strawberry, and celery
have been injured by them, and they often oecur on cultivated berries,
to which they give a disagreeable taste. The species is single-brooded,
and is widely distributed east of the Rocky Mountains. The adults
hibernate and appear in early spring, laying eggs in May and June.
The young which hatch from these eggs rarely fail to reach maturity
by the early part of July, after which the adult inseet is common until fall.

THE WESTERN GREEN STINK-BUG.
Pentatoma uhleri Stal.

This is a broad, oval, flattened, green bug (Fig. 101), about half an
inch long and five sixteenths of an inch wide. It occurs from South
Dakota to Texas and westward to California, and is more abundant in
the eastern part of its range. It occasionally
becomes exceedingly destructive, attacking
almost every kind of cultivated erop. Its
most serious recorded outbreak was that of
1897 in South Dakota, when over a thou-
sand acres of corn in one locality were badly
damaged or destroyed, while many other
fields suffered severely but recovered under
the influences of favorable weather sufficiently
to make a light crop. Twenty-five or more
of the bugs sometimes gathered around a
single stall of field corn, as near the ground
as possible, and in a few hours this would
ia. 101. The Western Green Wilt and break off where they had perforated

Stink-bug, Pentatoma ublent, Three. «; : ;
‘imesnancalace SCAG With: their beaks. Stalks an inch angen

half in diameter were thus killed. It is in
their immature stages that the greatest damage is done to corn. The
adults are first light green, darkening to a deep red by the close of the
season, ‘There is always, however, a narrow paler margin. The imma-
ture stages resemble the adults, but the back is marked with three dark
cross-bars. Among garden vegetables these bugs have shown a prefer-
ence for sweet corn, turnips, radishes, peas, beans, and potato blossoms.
Wheat is sometimes greatly injured, and oats are also attacked. The
adults hibernate variously under the bark of trees, in crevices, in piles of
manure, and buried in the soft earth, which they penetrate to a depth of
several inches—in one case to three feet. In late March and early April
they appeared in South Dakota under weeds and rubbish, and in a few

117

days began laying eggs, which hatched within a fortnight. By the
middle of June the half-grown young began to overspread the fields and
to injure cultivated plants. By July 10 the adults were developed,
and the bugs began to gather on the wheat. About August 1, eggs were
laid for a second brood, principally on Russian thistle, wheat, and corn-
stalks, the thistles being sometimes fairly white with eggs. Adults of
this generation commonly hibernate.

THYANTA PERDITOR Fasr.

” not known to oceur in Illinois, is

This small green ‘stink-bug,
reported by Sanderson* to have appeared in extraordinary numbers in
northern Texas in 1903, seriously damaging
oats, corn, and sorghum. It is common in
central and northern Texas, where it injures
various crops, including milo-maize and cow-
peas, in a manner similar to that of Penta-
toma uhleri.

It is of the usual oval-triangular form
of these insects (Fig. 102), a half inch or less
in length, the shoulder angles spiny, and not
rounded as are those of our common Illinois
species, 7’. custator, which it otherwise greatly
resembles. It is found from Colorado and
Nebraska southward, through Texas, Ari-
zona, and Mexico, to Venezuela and the Beene at Mib tee.
West Indies. Three times natural size.

THE FALSE CHINCH-BUG.
Nysius angustatus Uhl.

Although occasionally mistaken for the chinch-bug, this insect is
readily distinguishable from it by one who knows the latter species.
It is a nearly uniform light gray (Fig. 103; Pl. VIII., Fig. 1), while
the chinch-bug is black, with milky white wing-covers except for a
pair of black spots on the sides of the latter, giving the effect of
a white X-mark on the back. The false chinch-bug at times does a
considerable injury to crops similar to that of the chinch-bug proper.
The adults are light gray speckled with blackish, the young similar
in general color but streaked lengthwise with fine dark lines (Fig.
104, b). They injure plants by sucking the sap from small punctures,
thus causing rusty specks (lig. 104, a), due to a deadening of the
tissues drained. We have found them several times in small numbers

*Bull. U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., N. S., No. 46, p. 94.

118

on corn, onee (in 1895) seriously

injurious to if in Logan and Mason

counties. In the vicinity of New

Holland several fields of corn a few

inches high were found late in May

swarming with young and adults.

The insects had evidently come into

the corn from a field adjoining which

was in wheat the previous year, since

the two or three marginal rows next

this field were much the most in-

jured. They had evidently found

their later food on the weeds grow-

ing in this wheat stubble, and had

Fic. 103. The False Chinch-bug, Nysius passed the winter there, moving
angustatus. Length about one eighth inch. c

into the corn in search ‘ofgfood, and

concentrating heavily on the outer rows. The plants in these rows,

which were nearly covered by the bugs, were wilted and brown and
blackened with excre-

ment. Cruciferous plants
Aha

fa,

(YN)

such as cabbages and
radishes seem to be pre-
ferred by them, though
potato and strawberry
plants have also been

Me a ry
notably injured. rhe
Ira. 104. The False Chinch-bug, Nystus angustatus: a
injured leaf; b, nymph; c, adult; 6 and c enlarged as indicated

species probably winters,
as a rule, in the adult
stage, laying its eges early in spring. The first brood matures the latter
half of May. Osborn has noticed another brood, developing to the adult
in July. In midsummer all ‘ages and stages may be found together.
There are thus two generations in a season, and possibly three. The
species is widely distributed throughout the United States from Cali-
fornia to New Jersey and south to Texas.

THE TARNISHED PLANT-—BUG. '
Lygus pratensis Linn.

This is a very active, rather fragile looking, soft-winged bug (Fig. 105),
about a fourth of an inch long and half as wide, brassy brown, and
variably streaked and spotted with yellow. The wingless young are
greenish, and, except in the first stage (Fig. 107), there are five black
spots.on the back, as shown in the figure (Fig. 108). This sap-sucking
bug infests a wide variety of food plants in nearly every sort of situation

te

119

Fic. 105. The Tarnished Plant-bug, Lygus Fie. 106. The Tarnished Plant-
pratensis. Length about one quarter inch. bug, Lygus pratensis, head and suck-
ing beak: a, eye; b, base of antenna;

d—4, parts of beak.

Ita. 107. The Tarnished Plant-
bug, Lygus pratensis, nymph, first
Stace. Denath about one fifteenth ic. 108. The Tarnished Plant-bug, Lygus pra-
inch. tensis, nymph, last stage. Length about one sixth inch.

from the Atlantic to the Pacific, and from Mexico to British America.
Fruits and garden vegetables are particularly subject to its attack, but
corn and other field crops are also appreciably injured now and then.
It sucks the sap from the leaves of the corn plant, and also from the silk
and anthers and the kernels at the tip of the ear in the milk. It can
scarcely be said, however, to be really injurious to corn, although A. J.
Cook, of Michigan, reports that in 1876 it did noticeable damage to corn
and wheat in some parts of Michigan.

The adults pass the winter under sticks and leaves and in tufts of
plants and among other rubbish on the ground. They become active
with the first warm days of spring, and lay their eggs on various plants,
The young hatch late in April and early in May, and begin to reach the
adult condition before the end of the latter month. From this time
forward all ages may be found together throughout the season until
frost puts an end to further breeding. Most of the young then mature,
and all go into hibernation as adults. Phe number of suecessive genera-
tions has not yet been made out,

THE CORN DELPHAX.
Delphax maidis Ashi,

Injuries to corn by this little leaf-hopper have been reported from
Morida and Louisiana, where considerable injury resulted from = their
draining the leaves of sap and slitting the midrib for the insertion

a
nF,
rps 4 Li Te kTeegh
ct eye Bs ny
vind J [ens
es “ fiers Ah

\ vane Ay t 4
rey} AN at ys
—— Geen rabus|

eS LS ake

{
t

c

Wig. 100. The Corn Delphax, Delphax maidis: a, exes in midrib of corn leaf; 6, nymph; e, adult,
longth about one tenth ineh; d, face of adults e, /, tip of female and male abdomen, from beneath;
gv, fore wing of short-winged form. (Ashmead,)

of their eges. This inseet (lig. 109) resembles a large winged plant-
louse. [t is about a fourth of an inch long, varying from greenish
to brownish, with large, semitransparent membranous wings, clouded
at the tip with a dark pattern along the veins, ‘These insects move very
actively when alarmed, by leaping or by quick sidewise movements
around the stem or leaf. Two to four of the small curved eggs (ig.
109, @) are inserted in slits, which are often cut in large numbers in
reeular rows along the midrib of the leaf. These injuries and the loss
of sap from the tissues of the plant give the corn a yellow, diseased
appearance, and check its growth to such an extent that the ears pro-
duced are poor; or, in extreme cases, the plant is killed outright. The

121

sap exuding from the wounds thus made attracts numbers of ants, which
often give the cultivator the first warning of injury to his corn,

The species probably fed originally on coarse grasses, among which
it can frequently be found. Old and young occur in all stages virtually
throughout the year, one generation following another in the mild
southern climate, with scarcely any interruption for the winter. The
development from egg to adult requires about a month in midsummer
and two months in an open winter.

THE COMMON LEAF-HOPPERS.
Jassida.

Among these minute insects, which swarm like tiny grasshoppers on
grass and grain, five may be selected as sufficiently injurious to corn
to merit some attention. These are Dellocephalus inimicus and D. nigri-
rons, Cicadula seanotata, Agallia 4-punctata, and the apple leaf-hopper,

Pia. 110. Agallia 4-punctata: a, adult; b, c, nymph, side and dorsal views; enlarged as indicated
for adult; d, face of adult; e, elytron; /, y, female and male genitalia. (Osborn and Ball.)

Empoasca mali. The first four of these were mentioned by me in the
Fourteenth Report of this office as sufficiently common on young corn
to cause some injury to the leaves, and the last becomes at times so
excessively abundant on the corn plant, and on other crops, that it
-must produce a noticeable effect. These leaf-hoppers are not over an
eighth of an inch long, brownish or greenish, and variously marked
according to species. <Agallia 4-punctata (Vig. 110, a) is wedge-
shaped, with the head very broad and short, yellowish brown, with a
pair of round black dots on the head and another pair on the thorax.
The young, which live over winter under boards and rubbish, are black-
ish, and curiously horned and erested (Fig. 110, b,c). Deltocephalus
inimicus (Vig. 111, a) is gray-brown, the wings whitish, with brown bor-
ders to the cells. It may be recognized by six blackish dots, a pair on

Wia, 112. Deltocephalus nigrifrons.
Mnlarged as indicated.

Via. dil. = =Deltocephalus inimicus: a, adult, en-
larged as indicated; 6, face; ¢, top of head; d, e,
female and male genitalia; /, elytron; g, nymph.
(Osborn and Ball.)

‘

\
™s L
Bi ‘vied LS
Iia. 114. The Apple Leaf-
Via. 113. Cicadula sexnotata. Wn- hopper, Mmpoasca mali. Wn-
larged as indicated, larged as indicated.

the head, another pair on the prothorax, and still another on the trian-
gular seutellum. The young (Fig. 111, 9) are light yellowish, with a
broad black border on each side. The other three species are green,
with small distinetive markings. Dellocephalus nigrifrons (Fig. 112) has

123

a row of six small, black, nearly equal dots along the front of the head,
as seen from above, and the face is barred with black. Cicadula sexno-
tata (Fig. 113) has a pair of black dots at the back of the upper surface
of the head, and in front of each of these a pair of short black cross-bars.
The apple leaf-hopper (Fig. 114) is rather translucent green, with six
white spots along the front edge of the prothorax.

These leaf-hoppers injure vegetation by inserting a tiny beak and
sucking out the sap. Minute whitish or yellowish dots usually appear
at these punctures, which sometimes become numerous enough to
whiten the whole leaf. The growth of the plant is of course checked
to a corresponding degree. The eggs are usually inserted under the
epidermis of leaves or of soft stems, minute elevations of the surface
being thus made.

The five species differ greatly in life history. Agallia is single-brooded
and winters partly grown. The eggs are laid by the middle of July.
The other species probably winter in the egg stage, like most leaf-hoppers.
At any rate, neither adults nor young have ever been found by us in
extensive winter collections. Deltocephalus and Cicadula are double-
brooded. The eggs of D. inimicus hatch early in May in grass lands,
and the adults are abundant from the first of June to the middle of July.
A second brood of adults begins to appear the middle of August.
D. nigrifrons and Cicadula sexnotata have a similar life history. Hmpo-
asca mali matures more rapidly, completing its growth from the egg
within a month. There are probably four or five broods in a season,
the first becoming adult in late April
or early May.

All these species are widely dis-
tributed, Agallia quadripunctata and
Cicadula sexnotata being more distinctly
northern in their range than the
others.

THE CORN LEAF-LOUSE.
Aphis maidis Fitch.

In the latter part of the summer
this bluish green plant-louse may
occasionally be found on the younger
leaves, the tassel, and upper part of
the stalks of corn, and more abun-
dantly and frequently on broom-corn
and sorghum. Multiplying in place by
the birth of living young, which do Bina -widulaan tereels; crentiy enlace.

with antenna and tip of abdomen more

not wander from their place of origin, — enlarged.

124

these leaf-lice may become abundant
enough to kill the leaves and to affect
to some extent the health of the plant.
The insect is, however, rarely seriously
injurious to corn, but there is some
evidence, drawn from- field observa-
tions of infested ears, that it may pre-
vent the fertilization of the kernel by
sucking the sap from the silk and kill-
ing it before it has performed its fune-
tion. Heavily infested corn-leaves turn
yellow or red, and may shrivel and die,
particularly if the weather be dry at
the time. Broom-corn is considerably
. damaged by a reddened discoloration

WOE GHN ie, Wrealeen Fone cig oe) cofethe\ brush, due!to.a bactenallsaves
janged,, with antenns, end tip of sbdomen. tion following) upon the plantains
punctures. The growth of the brush

is also doubtless sometimes checked and the crop thus injured. — In Texas
this insect has been found injuring barley as well as corn and sorghum.

The wingless form of this aphis is about 2 mm. long and half as wide
at the widest part, the body being somewhat ovate in outline. The

Fic. 117. The Corn Leaf-louse, Aphis maidis, winged female, greatly
enlarged, with antenna more enlarged.

general color is pale green, with the cauda, cornicles, and the greater
part of the rostrum, antenni, and legs black. The head is marked with
two longitudinal dark bands, and the abdomen with a row of black
spots on each side and a black patch about the base of the cornicles.
The latter are swollen in the middle, making the outlines convex, The

125

cauda is somewhat spoon-shaped, narrowing behind the middle. The
beak is short, seldom reaching the middle cox. The lateral tubercles
of the thorax and abdomen are slender and minute.

The winged form is somewhat different in color, the head being black
and the thorax chiefly black above. The abdomen is pale green, bluish
at the sides, with two transverse black marks preceding the cauda, and
the segments behind it edged with dark. The antenne are rather long,
the fourth and fifth segments longer than the basal part of the sixth.
The sensory pores of the third antennal segment are thirteen to sixteen

Fig. 118. The Corn Root-louse, Aphis maidiradicis, winged female,
greatly enlarged, with antenna more enlarged.

in number, variable in size, and irregularly distributed along the under
side of the segment.

The distinctions between this leaf-aphis and the corn root-aphis are
sufficiently indicated by the accompanying figures of both.

Aphis maidis has been reported at various times as a corn insect,
from New York to Texas, Minnesota, and California. The species
makes its appearance in midsummer, our earliest date being July 9,
when specimens were found on young leaves of corn. We have no record
whatever to show whence it comes or where it lives preceding this time.
Having once begun to breed on the food plants mentioned, it continues
there until freezing weather overtakes it, when, with the death of its
food plants, it gradually disappears, leaving neither eges nor hibernating
adults on or about these plants, and passing the winter we do not know
how or where. The latest to develop in the field largely acquire wings,
and as the sap supply in the plants diminishes they fly ay yay. Wingless
females, on the other hand, perish on the spot. Indications are thus
very strong that this is a migrating species whose second food plant is

126

thus far unknown. In view of this facet, detailed observations of its
occurrence are worth reporting here.

‘Two lines of investigation have been carefully followed up at my
office: the first, that of systematic observation in the field as the
season closed and the plant-lice disappeared; and the second, that of
insectary experiments carried on throughout the fall and winter. The
most connected and careful series of field observations on the species
was made under my direetion in 1884 by Professor TH. Garman, then an
assistant in my office.

inLp OBSERVATIONS.

July 25, Aphis maidis was reported present on corn (the earliest
observation of the year) in all its summer forms—winged and wingless,
adults, pup, and undifferentiated young. July 28, the winged louse
was found in a field of small corn beneath the rolled terminal leaves of
two stalks out of many examined. August 2, it was found on sorghum
and broom-corn in all stages, the adults being both winged and wingless.
August 11, it was common in all stages on the leaves and tassels of corn.
August 21, 1t was again observed on corn at Effingham, and on the 29th,
at Carmi, winged adults were seen on corn leaves. September 5, at
Anna, in Union county, in southern Illinois, it was common in the field
on corn, the winged form being moderately abundant. September 8,
wingless females and young were observed on corn at Urbana, often with
a single dead winged specimen among them—probably the parent female
of the colony. ‘September 18, sorghum maturing and being cut.
Plants previously infested by large colonies—as shown by cast skins—now
have but few of the leaf-lice on them, and these mostly winged.” They
were most abundant on the greener parts of stunted plants. The winged
lice were flying freely in the evening at this time. On corn they were
commoner than on sorghum—mostly wingless specimens among the
husks of the greener ears. September 19, an examination of large num-
bers of the winged lice showed that they were all viviparous females.
Most of the growing young were developing wing-pads at this time.
September 22, Still very abundant on corn, nearly all wingless vivip-
arous females and their voung. September 25. At Godfrey, Madison
county, UHhnois, common beneath the corn husks—all wingless females
and their young. October 6. Still present on corn, concentrating,
however, on the younger plants. Sometimes found on the greener ears
of stalks which had been cut and shocked. Winged, wingless, and young
all present. Living young obtained from bodies of both winged and
wingless adults, and even, in one case, from a pupa which had not yet
made its last molt. The winged ones fly very readily, and the wingless
are often seen wandering restlessly about the plants. Ants in attendance
(Lastus niger and Cremastogaster lineolata) make no attempt to carry

127

them away. “At this time most of the sorghum cane in central [linois
was ripe and ready for the mill. Aphis maidis had been during the season
abundant on the blades, and to save itself must now depart. Upon
examination the species was found to be represented mostly by pups
and alate females. The pupe, as was found by confining them, were
rapidly maturing, and the winged adults were leaving the sorghum and
scattering in all directions. While standing at the edges of such fields
at this time one’s person interrupted the flight of many of these winged
lice. . . . Whole plants were searched with the glass for eggs, and,
though some of them had afforded nourishment to hundreds of aphides
during the summer, no eggs could be found. The lice which were thus
forced to leave the sorghum field doubtless resorted to the corn, which
was less advanced, and for some time afterward continued to furnish
them appropriate food.” (fourteenth Rep. State Int. Ill, p. 27.)
October 7. Greener ears still considerably infested, often quite heavily
so. Young produced by both winged and wingless forms, both indoors
and in the field.

October 25. Several heavy frosts have lately occurred, and corn is
nearly all dead and dry. Winged and wingless females, both containing
young, still present on the greener stalks of corn, usually behind the
boot, or ensheathing part of the leaf. Many actively wandering about
over the plants during the warmer part of the day. No trace of eggs.
About fifty samples dissected, three fourths of them wingless and six
of them pup. All contained young except two parasitized specimens.
October 30. Several very severe frosts of late. Lice on corn, as before,
many of them parasitized. Young comparatively few. All the adults
dissected were viviparous females, as before. November 1. No change
except that plant-lice are less abundant, and a great many are dead
between the corn husks. November 6. Clear and cold since yesterday.
Dead plant-lice found, but none alive. The apple aphis, on the other
hand, was still maturing and active on apple-leaves. November 7, at
Normal, McLean county, a long search on corn and among rubbish in
the field showed that the leaf-lice had completely disappeared from fields
where they were not uncommon three days before. [xamples kept
indoors all continued viviparous, even the smallest containing embryos.
Those kept in unheated rooms still produced living young. November
9, Urbana. Winged and wingless viviparous females, and pupw with
wing-pads found under husks of nubbins, especially those which are
somewhat moist. ‘‘These were the last seen alive out of doors. Pre-
vious to this date there had been severe frosts, and the corn was nearly
all dry and hard. The lice obtained at this time were found chiefly
among the husks of nubbins and in crannies between the ensheathing
part of the leaves. They were evidently restless, and the warmth of
the sun at midday aroused some of them to endeavors to find better

128

quarters. ‘These were found wandering about the stalks. An almost
microscopic examination of stalks which had supported thousands of
aphides was made after the lice disappeared, without finding an egg.”
(Fourteenth Rep. State Ent. Ill., pp. 27, 28.) November 17. Lice
(mostly winged viviparous females) kept within doors still active.
November 20, Careful search of grasses about corn fields revealed various
plant-lice but no Aphis maidis. Notwithstanding the closest search
and the dissection of hundreds of plant-lice of all forms and stages, no
traces of eges were found, and the conclusion was reached that the
species certainly does not hibernate in the ege stage on or about corn,

INSHCTARY [CX PHRIMENTS.

Insectary experiments were begun in October, 1888, with a view
to ascertaining whether an oviparous generation could be produced in
fall, or at any time during the winter, by continuous breeding accom-
panied by changes of temperature. This work, placed in charge of
Mr. John Marten, was carried on by him from October 9 to Mareh 19.
These experiments were conducted on seven lots of specimens, which
may be numbered accordingly. All these lots were kept in the Univer-
sity greenhouse, to which they were transferred October 11.

In No. 1, young corn stocked with Aphis maidis was grown in pots in
the open air, no precautions being taken to prevent the escape of the
insects. In No.2 the insects were confined under a small bell-glass,
over an earthen pot containing corn, wheat, grass, purslane, and apple.
It was the object of this experiment to ascertain whether the plant-lice
would leave eorn for any one of the other plants mentioned, maturing
there a bisexual generation. No.8 contained plant-lice under a bell
glass with only wheat and apple at first, young corn being added later.
In No. 4, wheat and corn only were used, and in No. 5, wheat alone, In
No. 6 an isolated winged female was placed on wheat plants, under a
separate bell-glass, with a view to following the series of generations
throughout the winter. No. 7 was identical with 6, except that this lot
was exposed to cold in’ the open air, with a view to determining
whether a bisexual generation might thus be produced,

Kaperiment 1. Open-air experiment. October 9, 1888. — Adult
Aphis maidis transferred from broom-corn, brought in from the field
about two weeks ago, to young corn growing in pots. Most of the lice
wandered away from the corn and persisted in leaving it, although
replaced several times. Only five remained on the plant at the close of
the day. October 10. Hight adults and ten young on the corn, the
latter doubtless born during the night. October 12. Young still appear-
ing, but total number of plant-lice does not seem to inerease, some
apparently wandering away. October 18. Additional plant-lice trans-
ferred from broom-corn and ears of corn to the young corn in pots,

fi

129

October 15, More winged individuals than were previously noticed,
These and a few wingless ones persist in leaving the corn, October 16,
A few more winged specimens have appeared, most of which leave the
corn, October 18. A number of wingless lice on one corn plant in the
cavity formed by the half-opened terminal leaves. Purslane placed in
the pots to-day. October 20, No lice on the purslane plants in the
pots. October 22, Cast skins abundant on the corn, and but few of
the lice. Most have disappeared, doubtless developing wings and flying
away. None have settled on the apple or purslane. October 28, Corn
not under cover almost entirely deserted by the lice, Placed wheat
near the corn in the open pots. Found one winged Aphis maidis on the
glass of the greenhouse roof. October 24. Corn completely deserted by
the lice this morning. Not a living specimen to be found on it or on
apple, purslane, or wheat. Afternoon. Two wingless Aphis maidis
and one winged specimen have returned to the uncovered corn, Octo-
ber 26. Corn not under cover entirely deserted this morning, except
that two young were found far down in a rolled central leaf. lxposed
wheat and apple leaves had no plant-lice on them. October 27.
Removed all the apple twigs from the pots, having obtained no trace
of transfer to the apple. No Aphis maidis in uncovered corn or wheat.
Caught two winged lice on the glass roof of the greenhouse. October 29.
Qn corn not under cover no lice were found, One wingless louse feed
ing on wheat. October 80. Corn not under cover, free from. lice,
Wheat with no increase since yesterday. October 31. Corn and wheat
the same as yesterday. ‘Transferred a few lice from wheat to corn not
under cover. November 1. Wheat has one winged louse on it this
morning. Lice transferred to corn doing well. Afternoon. Winged
louse gone from wheat. Most of those transferred to corn have wandered
away. Some remain, apparently feeding far down in the central rolled
leaf, November 2, Wheat deserted, Lice transferred to corn seem far
down in central leaf. November 3. Both corn and wheat not under
cover entirely without plant-lice. Similar entries are made for the 5th,
6th, and 7th, but’ on November 8 a single louse was seen on the wheat.
November 9, the corn was still free from insects, and the louse noticed
the preceding day remained on the wheat plant; but the following day
it had disappeared, and both wheat and corn remained destitute of lice
from that time forward,

Kxeperiment 2, A_ bell-glass experiment begun October 12 on infested
corn, to which purslane was added the 18th, apple, the 19th, and wheat
and grass, the 25d. The apple twigs were removed October 26,—October
27. Many lice on corn and wheat; only one or two on grass. October
29. Many plant-lice, both winged and wingless, have deserted their
food and are collected in the top of the bell glass. Mnormous increase
of young on wheat since last observation. Lice also plentiful on corn,

130

and a few on grass. October 30. Further increase on wheat and grow-
ing corn, and some wandering over the grass. A very few on the purslane.
October 31. More lice on wheat and corn, but no inerease on purslane
or grass. November 1. Wingless specimens disposed to wander from
their food plants. No inerease on grass or purslane. Winged females
erushed, are found with living young. November 3. Corn and wheat
continue fairly well stocked. Very few on grass and purslane. Novem-
ber 5. More winged females, mostly in the top of the glass. Wingless
ones fewer than Saturday. November 6. One additional young one on
erass; also some winged females. Corn and wheat about as before
except for a slight increase of winged specimens. November 7. Grass
with only one winged louse upon it. Wheat and corn with many winged
and wingless and young. November 8. About the usual number of
winged plant-lice in the top of the glass, with grass entirely deserted
and corn almost so. Wheat more thickly stocked than previously.
November 9. None on corn or grass; a few remaining on the wheat.
November 10. Marked decrease in numbers. November 12. Only two
winged specimens, and very few wingless. None on grass or corn,
November 13. The only living specimen remaining is a winged louse.
The whole colony had thus disappeared from all these plants within a
month. Wheat and corn had both supported them for this period,
with the production of numerous young, but none had bred on apple,
erass, or purslane with the exception of a single young one born on
erass. For a repetition of this experiment this bell glass was restocked
with plant-lice obtained from sorghum in southern Illinois November
14. November 15. Lice have gone from sorghum to wheat, corn, and
grass. November 16. Have almost all left the grass and gone deeper
into the leaves of corn and wheat. November 17. Lice on corn and
wheat but none on grass. No winged ones seen. Temperature of green-
house, 44° Fahr. November 19. Lice dying or disappearing. One
winged specimen seen this morning, the only one since sorghum was
introduced. Most of the lice are on the corn; a very few on grass. No-
vember 21. Several winged specimens. Corn and wheat fairly well
stocked. From November 23 to the 27th the plant-lice diminished
rapidly, and on the latter date were practically all gone.

Kxperiment 3. Begun October 25, with wheat alone, under bell glass.—
On the 10th of December the inseets remaining were transferred to
another pot, containing young corn and wheat. October 27. A few
lice on wheat and on grass. October 29. A few on the wheat, both
winged and wingless, have left their food and are collected in the top
of the bell glass. A number of cast skins on the earth beneath. No-
vember 1 and 8. Increasing number of young. November 5. Both
winged and wingless specimens. November 8. Quite a number of
wingless on all parts of the wheat, and the winged individuals have

131

disappeared. Moved this lot into the office, where it was kept at the
usual temperature of a living-room. November 9. Lice molting and
appearing with wings. Fungus-covered specimens under this glass.
November 10. Increase in number of winged specimens. November
12. Still larger number of winged lice, but no increase in number on
the wheat. November 13. Winged lice numerous but very few wing-
less. Some young born last night. November 14. Increased number
of very young, evidently from winged females. November 15. Young
lice plenty. Winged ones few. November 17. Some very young lice
this morning, but no fresh winged specimens. November 20. Insects
growing slowly; perhaps because of colder weather. November 21. A
few winged lice this morning. Ten young found by dissection in body
of wingless female. November 23. No winged lice this morning, but
wingless ones numerous, and all full grown. November 24. Additional
young born. November 26. One winged louse present. Adults grow-
ing very slowly. November 27. ‘Two winged lice and numerous wing-
less. November 29. But one winged louse seen. Wingless of almost
all ages, some very young, only a few hours old. November 30. Two
winged lice and a large number of wingless ones. December 1. A
number of wingless and young this morning, but none winged. Decem-
ber 3.
black and dying, as in other cages. December 4. More winged lice

Increasing number of winged lice and young, but many turning

than yesterday. December 6. Increased number of winged lice, and
also of very young. December 11. Lice changed to fresh plants doing
well. Look fresher and more active. December 12. Several winged
lice under this glass and many wingless ones. December 13. Very
large increase in number of winged lice. All seem to be in the best
condition. December 14. Notso many to be seen this morning. Decem-
ber 17. Lice dying. Dead blackened, like those brought in on sorghum
when they died. Very few left alive. From this time forward insects
in this lot died rapidly, and presently all disappeared.

Experiment 4. Begun November 13
glass. Supplied with plant-lice from sorghum brought in from Pulaski
county.—November 14. Well stocked with Aphis maidis. November
15. Lice spread all over the corn. November 20. Nearly all dead.
Blackened bodies numerous under the plant. Only one winged specimen
seen alive. November 29. Two winged and very few wingless. Several
of latter alive on earth beneath the plants. Careful search of surface
roots of both corn and wheat was made for eggs, but none were found.
November 30. Three winged and a very few wingless. A number dead
on corn and wheat. December 1. A few of both winged and wingless
plant-lice yet alive. December 3 and 4. Similar entries made. Decem-
ber 6. Three wingless and one winged specimen living. December 10.
All dead and gone.

, with corn and wheat under bell

Kaperiment 5. An experiment with wheat alone, placed under a_ bell
glass October 26,.— October 27. Some winged specimens, but no young.
November 1. Mostly winged females. November 3. Increasing number
of young, many of which have wandered to the top of the glass. _Novem-
ber 5. Both wingless and winged specimens present, but not much
change in numbers. November 7. Iewer winged than previously.
Wingless ones about the same. November 8. Winged specimens have
gone. Very few wingless remaining. November 10 and 12. A few
Wingless specimens were detected, but by the 13th all were gone.

Experiment 6. A winged Aphis maidis isolated on wheat under a
bell glass November 15, young corn being introduced December 3.— Novem-
ber 14. Gives birth to one young. November 16. Young still living.
November 19. Female yet living, with rather feeble young. November
20. Female still alive, with three young. November 21. A fourth
young one alive. Some cast skins show the molting of the others.
November 22. Winged louse still living, and the four young increasing
in size. November 24. Young lice molted again. The mother still
living. November 26. Fresh young. Winged parent still living.
November 27. The winged female and five young living. November
29. Winged parent and six young alive, the oldest of these almost
full grown. November 80. More young, with the winged female still
alive. December 1. Winged louse has disappeared, but two of her
wingless descendants have each given birth to one young since the last
observation. These are of the third generation, counting the winged
isolated female as the first. December 8. Apparently fewer than on
the Ist, but a large number of young. Growing corn placed in the
sarthen pot. December 4. Some very young of the third generation
are feeding on the corn. December 5. Six wingless, young and old,
this morning are inclined to wander from the wheat. One found creep-
ing out under the bell glass. December 6. Two of the young plant-
lice on the corn. December 10. Saw only four wingless plant-lice,
three of them full grown. December 12. More young of the third
generation. Some of the oldest of this generation have disappeared.
Only one of the second generation now alive. December 13. Some of
the third generation have molted again and seem about full grown.
December 17. Third generation molted again, oldest one almost full
grown. December 18. Two of the largest of this generation have dis-
appeared. December 19. Only three of the third generation still alive.
December 20. One young of the fourth generation has appeared. Jan-
uary 3. Several of the fourth generation more than half grown. Younger
specimens more numerous. January 5. Two young of the fifth genera-
tion present. January 7. More of the fifth generation have appeared.
January 17. Young of the sixth generation noted. January 21.
Many young of the sixth generation present. January 29. Sixth gen-

' 4 | 133

‘eration notably increased in size. January 30. Winged aphis of sixth
generation appeared this morning. January 31. First young of the
seventh generation appeared; also second winged specimen of the sixth
generation. February 4. Placed stalk of corn in this pot. Another
winged female in this lot. February 5. More winged ones appearing.
February 8. Crushed a winged louse and found it full of young. Feb-
ruary 18. Eighth generation under this bell glass now appearing. All
these are progeny of winged parents except those of one wingless female.
Number seems to be diminishing. March 5. Plant-lice increasing and
growing slowly. March 8. Number decreasing very much. March
11. Ninth generation has appeared since last observation. A consid-
erable number of plant-lice in good condition. March 19. This lot
fairly numerous, with one winged specimen. With this day the experi-
ment closed. This series of observations is, on the whole, consistent
and satisfactory, and establishes quite definitely the appearance of nine
successive generations between November 13 and March 11 at intervals
ranging from twelve to twenty-two days, with an average of seventeen.
Differences in apparent interval are in some cases due to the death of
the oldest of a generation without reproduction. The conditions under
which these insects were maintained being of course far from the opti-
mum, their rate of multiplication was small and the total number
appearing very few. In this, as in other cases, the parent did not long
outlive the reproductive maturity of her oldest young.

Experiment 7. An isolated winged female placed on wheat under a
bell glass November 13.—November 16. Winged female dead, but a
young louse feeding on the wheat. [rom this time forward growth
and reproduction proceeded steadily but slowly, with some interruption
from an attack of fungous disease, until February 14, at which time the
pot and covering bell-glass were placed outdoors to test the effect of a
change of conditions. On the 16th fewer insects were alive, and but
few of these were wingless. No further examination was made until
March 4, by which time everything had died—seemingly a week or so
before. Careful search of the earth and plants yielded no trace of plant-
louse eggs.

The foregoing data confirm our ignorance more than they increase
our knowledge, showing, as they do, the failure of all attempts to find
or produce a bisexual generation or an alternative food plant of Aphis
maidis, or to learn how and where it normally passes the winter. Its
willingness to feed on winter wheat and ability to breed freely on that
plant, its indisposition towards grass or the foliage of the apple, and the
natural frequency of successive generations, are the principal other
facts evident from these observations.

134

THI SOUTHERN GRAIN-LOUSK.

Toxoplera graminum Rond.

Although found occasionally in Hlinois, this plant-louse (Mig. 119) r
is a species of the Southern States. It also oceurs in southern Hurope,
whence it has probably been introduced into this country in recent years.

‘

|

Mia, 119. The Southern Grain-louse, Toxoplera graminum: a, wingless female; b,

young; ¢, pupa; d, winged female, All greatly enlarged, with antenna more enlarged,
(Pergande, U.S, Dept, of Agriculture.)

It is primarily an inseet enemy of wheat and oats, but breeding-cage
observations by Mr. I’. M. Webster show that it will feed on corn, and
maize is listed among its Wuropean food plants. So far as known to
me, however, there has been no positive identification of it among plant-
lice actually taken from corn in the field, and its status as a corn inseet
is consequently somewhat uncertain.*

"Since the foregoing was sent to press, one of my assistants has found this species abundant
on corn in early July,

135

The species apparently lives the year through on wheat and grasses.
A migration of winged individuals sometimes takes place in the Southern
States in May. Oviparous females were reared by Webster in breeding-
cages on wheat, where they first appeared October 21, and deposited
eggs—at first glossy green, but later turning to jet-black.

THE THRIPS FAMILY.
Thripidae.

These very minute, slender, delicate insects, a sixteenth of an inch
in length or less, belong to various species and range in color from
black to yellow. Several species have been found by us on corn at
different times (May 25 to Sep-
tember 23), in some cases in-
juring appreciably the more
delicate tissues of the plant
by sucking out the sap. They
were frequently seen clustering
in the shelter of the base of
the uppermost leaf and suck-
ing the sap from the lower
part of the tassel. They infest
grasses in a similar way, there
causing the whitening of the
heads commonly known as
“silver-top.” Their injury is
similar in this respect to that
produced by leaf-hoppers and
other small suctorial insects.
The young resemble the adults,
except in size and the lack of
wings; but the adults them- itd. .,2ullripn trite. Length, shout one
selves are often wingless. The
wings, when present, are narrow, delicate, and feather-like, with long and
heavy fringes (Fig. 120). By sucking out the sap the Thripida cause
a whitening at the point of injury, and as they move, in feeding,
lengthwise of the leaf, a characteristic streaked appearance is produced.
They are frequently found on flowers and growing fruits, and feed to
some extent on other insects. They are charged with injuring young
cotton bolls, and with causing that deformity of the strawberry
known as “buttoning” of the fruit. This they do by sucking out the
sap from the immature receptacle, thus preventing the filling out of
the berry.

The winter is passed by them under convenient shelter, either as

136

adults or in various immature stages. In any case the eggs are laid
in early spring, commonly inserted beneath the epidermis of the leaf in
a cut made by the ovipositor. We have found them thus placed on the
inner side of the boot or sheathing base of leaves of corn, The young
prefer concealment within the bases of the leaves, but the adults are
more active and pass quite freely from plant to plant. Males are often
rare, and these Vhripide produce young without their aid, much as
plant-lice do. The period of oviposition is somewhat prolonged, but a
month is commonly sufficient to bring a generation to maturity, and
there are consequently several broods in a season. We have seen eggs
hatching in corn fields September 28. The Uhripida have recently
been treated by W. I. Hinds, in Volume XXVI. of the Proceedings of
the United States Museum, and of the species there enumerated several
have been recognized on corn, MWuthrips nervosa Uzel (Uhrips maidis
Beach) was deseribed by Miss Beach, as she informs us, from examples
taken under husks and leaf-sheaths of corn. 17'. perplexus Beach was
also deseribed from specimens found on corn and on other plants, /u-
thrips tritict (Wig. 120) we have seen abundant under the corn leaf-sheath
about the silk, and especially at the base of the tassel; and Anaphothrips
striata has been found quite common on the young corn plant.

GRASSHOPPERS.

THe Rep-Leaanpd GRASSHOPPHR.
Melanoplus Jemur-rubrum DeG.
TH Lasser GRASSHOPPHUR,
Melanoplus allanis Riley.
THe Rocky MouN'rTAIN GRASSHOPPER.
Melanoplus spretus Uhler,
TH OLive GRASSHOPPHR,.
Melanoplus differentialis Thom.
THe 'TwWo-striphbd GRASSHOPPHR.
Melanoplus bivitlatus Say.

The above five species, which have been already mentioned in the
Nhe al { hich | been already mentioned in the

general discussion of grasshopper injury to corn in the first seetion of -

this report (pages 64-67), are here again referred to in order to a fuller
discussion, Among the near allies of these grasshoppers are katydids
and meadow grasshoppers. ‘These are, however, easily distinguished
by the fact that they are of a grass-green color, with threadlike antenna,
longer than the body, while the common corn grasshoppers are dull
brown or olive-ereen, with thicker antennas, only a third to half the
length of the body. From their nearer relatives of their own family

|

|
|
{

137

(Acridide) the latter may be known by the lack of striking colors on
their hind wings. The upper wings are never conspicuously variegated,
although in bivittatus (Vig. 122) a yellowish stripe runs along the angle
of the wing, and the
under wings are clear
or very faintly tinted
—never in part yellow,
red, or black, as they
are in other members
of the famil y. - thd a ’ The Olive Grasshopper, Melanoplua differentials.
The first three spe-
cies of the above list (femur-rubrum, atlanis, and sprelus) are about an
eighth of an inch thick at, the base of the wings, dull brownish in
color, with a line of dark specks on ‘the middle of the wing-covers.
The remaining two (differentialis and bivittatus) are about a fourth of
an inch through the body at the base of the wings. Differentials (Vig.
121) is dull greenish, with yellow tibi#; and bivittotus ( Fig. 122) has
a yellowish stripe along each side of the back. The western, typical
form of the latter has the
tibie yellow, but the eastern
variety (femoratus), the com-
mon form in Illinois, has
bright red tibie.
Melanoplus femur-rulrum

‘4 i ; ¢ ’
Sorte 122, io ipl ha Grasshopper, Melanopluas (f If. 123) 18 by far our com-
us. Natural size. (Riley, U. 8. Dept. of Agri- monest species of grasshop-

culture.)

per. Atloms (Vig. 124) re-
places it on dry hillside slopes. The Rocky Mountain grasshopper,
sprdus (Vig. 125, 126), is a migratory species, having its home within
the Rocky Mountain region, from which it has descended in swarms
upon the plains of the eastern slope; but this invasion is only tempo-
rary, the species quickly dying out in this region. M. femur-rubrum
closely resembles atlanis and spretus. The males of these three species
are readily distinguished by the structure of the last segment of the
abdomen. In femur-rubrum the tip has
a smooth rounded edge; in atlanis it
is pointed above, with a notched apex;
in spretus it ends more squarely, with
two more widely separated points. The Fro. 123. The Red-legeed Grass:
females show no marked differences hopper, Melanoplus femur-rubrum. Nat-
in this segment, and are separable only
by a number of less definite characters foundin both sexes. Kemur-
rubrum is not very closely related to atlanis, and is usually readily distin-
guished from it, The finger-like projection just back of the mouth,

—

138

between the fore legs, called the prosternal spine,
tapers but slightly and not at all in the outer half,
so that the rounded tip is comparatively large; in
allanis the spine tapers throughout or the outer half
is slender, so that the tip is small and narrowly
rounded. The transverse grooves of the thorax are
stronger in atlanis, and the fine, smooth, elevated
median longitudinal line, although strong on the
posterior half, is nearly or quite absent on the
anterior half. In side view the notch between these
two halves is broad, and the outline continues beyond
it at a slightly different angle. In femur-rubrum,
on the other hand, the smooth line is nearly always
present on the front half and almost as strong as
on the posterior half. In side view the notch is small,
and there is no angle in the outline at this point.
The black bar on each side of the thorax is usually
solid in femur-rubrum, but has a light spot on the
middle division in atlanis. Spretus is closely related

to atlanis, and shows all the differences which exist
Fra. 124. The Lesser between the latter and femur-rubrum but in a more

Grasshopper, Mela - ,
noplut. utanis, Hn. marked degree. The wing-covers of atlanis are slightly

ined ss Imeated. — Tonoer than those of femur-rubrum; in spretus they are
much longer, being half as long again as the body.

The eges of these grasshoppers are laid in the earth (lig. 126), the
short, hooklike structures at the tip of the female abdomen being used
to penetrate the ground, into which the abdomen is thrust, usually to
its full length. A large number of cylindrical eggs are then extruded
in a mass, forming an elongate-oval body imbedded in a tough secretion,
fluid at first but hardening when exposed to the air. Tirm dry ground
is chosen by the female for the deposit of her eggs, unplowed borders of
fields, pasture paths, and farm roadways being favorite locations. The
two larger species, differentialis and bivittatus, lay their eggs in one or
two masses, irregularly arranged, the former as many as 170 eggs in a
mass, and the latter 54 to 72. The three smaller species deposit from
two to four masses, the eggs in
which are regularly arranged in four
lengthwise rows. Commonly not

over a hundred eggs are laid by each
Mia. 125. The Rocky Mountain Grass-
hopper, Melanoplus spretus. Natural size.

female.

The ege masses of all these spe-
cies remain over winter. Those of bivittatus begin to hatch in March;
those of spretus in the latter half of that month in latitude 35°, and

about four days later for each degree northward. Those of femur-

139

rubrum hatch mostly in May, the young feeding and growing during
June and July and maturing in about seventy days. Scattering adults
may appear in late June and in July, but the bulk of the species
mature early in August. Dzfferentialis has a similar history. Bivittatus
and atlanis, on the
other hand, appear as
adults early in July,
and disappear at a
correspondingly early
period in fall. All
these grasshoppers are
single-brooded as a
rule, but atlanis and
spretus may be two-
brooded southward.
The Rocky Moun-
tain species, as every

one knows, is very de- Fic.126. The Rocky Mountain Grasshopper, Melanoplus spre-
: : : tus: a, a, a, females ovipositing; b, egg-pod removed from ground,
structive during 1tS with end broken open showing eggs: c, eggs: d, e, egg masses in
creat migrations to the she eons /, egg mass completed and covered up. Natural
east. Atlanis is also
migratory and destructive now and then in some eastern localities. The
three smaller species prefer open country and short grass. The two larger
ones are more common in moist rank grass along fences, among tall weeds,
and near streams. The permanent home of the Rocky Mountain grass-
hopper is in the mountain country, from which it migrates at irregular
intervals; that of atlanis is on dry slopes and lesser hills and mountains;
while femur-rubrum, which is not common in the Atlantic region, prefers
the low, level lands of the Mississippi valley. The two last mentioned
occur in nearly all parts of the United States, except that femur-rubrum
is replaced by another species in Florida and its neighborhood. Dvffer-
entialis is especially central and western in its range but has been taken in
New Jersey. ivittatus proper, the form with yellow tibiz, is principally
western; but femoratus, with red tibie, is mostly eastern, and is the
common form in Illinois.

THe CLEAR-WINGED GRASSHOPPER.
Camnula pellucida Seudd.

This is the most destructive grasshopper of northern North America,
and barely reaches at times within the northern boundaries of Indiana
and Illinois. It has the migratory habit, but its migrations are not
definitely directed like those of the Rocky Mountain.grasshopper. — It
is often excessively abundant, and frequently destroys considerable

140

areas of corn and other crops, particularly in the mountainous regions
of the Northwest. It is a rather small species (ig. 127), about an inch
long to the tips of
the closed wings,
which are conspic-
uously marked with
large dark spots,
with yellowish
brown spaces be-
tween. The back
of the elosed wings
is bordered each side
by a yellowish
stripe. The eggs
are laid in the
eround in fall in
BE a Rt Ne eee ta al Grasshopper, Camnula pellucida. the usual podlike
masses, about
twenty or thirty in each mass. They hatch late in May pa in June,
and the adult stage is reached in the North about July 1.

Tur Brrp GRASSHOPPERS.
Schistocerca americana Dru.
Schistocerca alutacea Harr.
These immense grass hoppers, two or three inches long to the win
bd ten]

tips, are much the largest in Illinois. They are common only in the
southern half of the state and in the southern part of the country gener-

ia. 128. The Common Bird Grasshopper, Schistocerca americana. Slightly
enlarged.

ally. They feed freely on the leaves of corn, but as they develop late
in the season their injuries, even when severe, reduce the yield but
little except for fodder. Schistocerca americana (Vig. 128) is very similar
to the dreaded migratory locust of the Old World and is closely related
to it. It never becomes excessively abundant, but occasionally moves
short distances in swarms or flights in search of food,

hk ans lame ©) eee he) ai el A

ee a. ee re ee ae

=

PE Ss SPSS Se ee

>

ay

141

Both these grasshoppers are brown, with a central pale stripe, usually
conspicuous the whole length of the back, but americana is larger and
darker brown, with pale stripings on the head and thorax, and the
wings heavily spotted with dark brown on a nearly transparent ground.
Alutacea (Vig. 129) is a nearly uniform red-brown throughout, except
for the central stripe.

Injury is done to corn by eating
the leaves, and to some extent
also the husks and silk, and even
the kernels at the tip of the ear. In
1884, americana was occasionally
found in southern Illinois doing
considerable damage to corn in the
borders of the fields, sometimes com-
pletely stripping the stalks of leaves;
and alutacea was also found by us
in corn in Clinton county, feeding
on the leaves, but not seriously in-
jurious. In 1876 very considerable
damage was done by S. americana
in this same region; but its most
destructive recorded outbreak was
in 1894 in a restricted district of
Virginia. Within this infested area !
corn was almost entirely stripped of Pie Laph sch fetopatin. ubacadir Mattel
its leaves, the older plants, curiously" “seer
enough, being apparently preferred to the younger. The silks and
husks were in some instances eaten away, and the ears thus exposed
were attacked by molds. The loss of fodder here was estimated at
from a third to half a crop. Fields of oats and clover were also de-
stroyed, and fruit trees were defoliated and seriously injured, even the
twigs and fruit being more or less gnawed. Where the grasshoppers
were not very numerous their injury to corn was principally limited
to the outer rows adjoining clover and grain.

The life history of Schistocerca americana has some unusual features.
The insect hibernates as an adult, pairs in spring, and lays its eggs in
May. The places of appearance of the newly hatched young in the
Virginia outbreak clearly showed that the eggs were hatched in grass
and clover fields and not in the corn. | Winged individuals begin to appear
early in August, but do not become abundant until late in that month
and in September. Immature specimens have been found as late as
October 15 to 21. The life history of alutacea is not definitely known,
but it is probably similar to that of the other species.

During the Virginia outbreak a migration of americana was observed

oF

“A

SS

ee,
= a=

—

/

142

at one of the worst-infested points. The winged insects started off
in the early part of the afternoon, in groups here and there, until thou-
sands were flying before the wind, fifty or eighty feet in the air. Sc&rcely
a winged specimen remained at last, and none returned so far as known.
Similar migrations on a smaller scale were elsewhere observed.

Both these species are wide-spread. Americana occurs everywhere
vast of the Great Plains of the United States from about the fortieth
parallel south to the Argentine Republic. Alutacea is found from New
Mngland to California, especially to the southwest. In central [lhnois
it prefers sandy localities, and is very common there. Like americana,
it has a long and powerful flight, and is likely to rest in bushes, trees,
or tall herbaceous growths. In the Virginia outbreak already men-
tioned, it was noticed that it was easily destroyed by the use of poisoned
bran mash.

THE SMALL GREEN GRASSHOPPER.
Hesperotetlix speciosus Seudd.

This species occurs in Illinois, but only in small numbers and in
sandy situations. It is found from Texas and New Mexico to Wyoming
and South Dakota, and east to
Illinois. It has been known to

sorghum crop in southern WKan-
sas, but it is too rare in Illinois
to be destructive here. The adult
(Fig. 130) is grass-green through-
Fig. 130. The Small Green Grasshopper, OUt except for some sheht” red
ae ig Santee reste See ero dusky markings. The thorax
and top of the head are rough-

ened, and the wings do not quite reach the tip of the abdomen. It
frequents roadsides and fence rows, especially in sandy soil, and shows
a preference for wild sunflowers (Helianthus) and for the sorghum plant.

SCUDDER’S SHORT-WINGED GRASSHOPPER.
Melanoplus scudderi Uhl.

This species closely resembles the common red-legged grasshopper
in its general appearance and its red tibie, but the wings are only about
half as long as the abdomen. It might easily be mistaken for a young
jemur-rubrum, but may be at once distinguished from the fact that the
wings, though short, have the structure and position of those of the
adult insect. It is common in dry situations along fences and roadsides
in Illinois, and has twice been found eating the leaves of corn. It occurs
from August until late fall, and, like the other common field species,

do considerable injury to the.

145

it lays its eggs in the ground in a podlike mass, to hatch the following
summer. The species ranges from the Atlantic to the Great Plains
and from New England to Texas.

THE KATYDIDS.

Scudderia texensis Sauss.-Pict.
Scudderia pistillata Brunn.

Scudderia furcata Brunn.

These insects may be classed as katydids, as distinguished from the
meadow grasshoppers, although their song is but a single note, quite
different from that of the familiar katydid of our most abundant species.
They are nearly uniform green, with long, threadlike antenne, and long,
slender legs, and with larger wings than those of the meadow grass-
hoppers. The commonest species in corn fields, S. furcata (Fig. 131),
is about an inch and a half long;
the other species about two inches,
measuring to the tips of the closed
wings. As compared with the
meadow grasshoppers, there are rel-
atively few of these katydids in corn
fields. Furcata has been found by
us several times feeding on corn and maj” Raiurel aon Cones re Tureata,
laying its eggs in the leaves, and
pistillata is said by Bruner to be quite common in Nebraska corn fields.
We have noticed two cases of small injury to corn by texensis. In
one, the kernels at the tip of the ear had been eaten beneath the
husks, a space being thus excavated as large as the insect’s body.
The eggs are inserted in the margins of the leaves of various plants.
The corn leaf is used for this purpose by furcata, and probably also
by other species. The leaf edge is first gnawed away, the strongly
curved, knifelike, short, flat ovipositor is carefully forced into the cut
edge of the leaf between the upper and the lower epidermis for a
distance of nearly a fourth of an inch, and the large flattened egg is
then deposited in the pocket thus formed. Several eggs are some-
times laid in succession along the margin of a leaf. The young are
said to be found in July, feeding on corn like the adults, and mostly
reaching maturity about the middle of that month. The winged insects
are found thereafter until fall. The eggs are laid in September, remain
in the leaves over winter, and hatch the following summer. Adults
of furcata frequent the borders of thickets and fence rows and weedy
fields. Texensis chooses similar haunts, but resorts perhaps more fre-
quently to the open fields. It is very troublesome in cranberry bogs,
mutilating the berries for the sake of the seeds, and ovipositing chiefly

144

in the leaves of two species of grasses of the genus Panicum, after the
manner of furcata. Pistillata is most common about the swampy lake-
shores. We have taken it near Urbana.

Texensis and furcata are found from the Great Plains to the Atlantic,
while pistillata seems limited to the northern half of the country.

THE LARGER MBADOW GRASSHOPPERS.
Orchelimum vulgare Harr. (O. agile.)
O. glaberrimum Burm.
O. silvaticum MeNeill.

The larger meadow grasshoppers are often heard singing in the corn
fields, where they are frequently quite abundant, eating the leaves and
enawing the silks and kernels at the tip of the ear. They also make
their presence conspicuous by laying their eggs abundantly in the tassel
joint, until it looks as if it had been riddled by a charge of shot.

Like their relatives, they have long, threadlike antenne, which
extend beyond the wings, often twice the length of the body. In color
they are greenish, with a brown stripe on the thorax. The ovipositor
is shaped like the blade of a sickle but varies in curvature. In vulgare

Ira. 182. Orchelimum vulgare, female. Nat- Vie. 133. Orchelimwm vulgare, male. Nat-

ural size. (Lugger.) ural size. (Lugger.)

(ig. 132, 133), which is by far the commonest species, the tips of the

hind thighs and of the two pairs of wings are all about in line, while in

glaberrimum the thighs, the upper wings, and the lower wings form a

series of noticeably increasing length. Silvaticum differs from vulgare
having spines on the lower edge of the hind thighs.

These grasshoppers are common in meadows and pastures, and their
injury to corn is often most marked at the borders of fields adjoining
grass lands.

Ordinary observation of these insects in the field apparently does
not indicate accurately their average food, since dissection exhibits a
considerable proportion of insects in it. Fourteen specimens of Orchel-
imum vulgare and oblongifolia, eight of the first and six of the second,
were examined for me by Mr. R. G. Mills in 1903. Four of vulgare
had eaten mainly insects, two of them, indeed, nothing else. These
were mostly plant-lice. The vegetable constituent of the food of this

ee

145

group was made up almost wholly of the pistils and leaf tissues of grasses
except that pollen and fungus spores had been eaten by one specimen.
The six examples of oblongifolia had eaten only an insignificant quantity
of insect food, and most of the vegetation taken was derived from grasses
and grasslike plants.

In placing her eggs the female of vulgare gnaws
and breaks up the fibers of the hard crust of the stems
of weeds or of the uppermost joint of the corn plant
just beneath the tassel, making a roughened spot an
eighth to a quarter of an inch across (Fig. 134). The
elongate eggs are then inserted into the pith length-
wise of the stem, one or two above the opening and
the same number below, two to four in all. These
openings are made at short intervals in a slightly spiral
row along the stem, and the joint is often completely
riddled with them. In one field visited by us fully
one fifth of the stalks contained these eggs.

These and other marks very like them, made by
tree-crickets laying their eggs in stalks of corn, are
often noticed by farmers in fall, especially if horses
and cattle are suddenly attacked by disease while run-
ning in fields of stalks from which the corn has been
husked. Horses are especially liable to serious or even
severe sickness shortly after they have been turned
into a field of stalks, and in searching for the cause
the farmer sees the curious marks made by meadow
grasshoppers, and by tree-crickets also, in laying their
eggs. Specimen stalks so scarred have been sent to
me many times with the inquiry whether these eggs Wala
are injurious to the health of animals. Under date of Fic. 134. Orcheli-
November 11, 1898, Mr. W. B. Lloyd, editor of Farm, ™um mulaare, eae
Field and Fireside, of Chicago, wrote me: eee

“The inclosed was sent to me by a subscriber at
Smothersville, Ill., with the statement that it was a section of a corn-
stalk filled with the eggs of an insect. He. wished to know if they
were injurious to his stock, and what they would hatch out, stating ©
that the late corn was full of them, and that some in that locality
thought they were the cause of so many deaths among the stock in
that section. . . . . Will you please examine it and see if you can
help me out in any way?”

To this I replied:

“The piece of corn-stalk which you send with yours of November 11
is like a great number which have come to me this fall from farmers
throughout the state with statements and inquiries similar to those

146

you report. Beneath the roughened spots a careful examination will
disclose the eggs of the meadow grasshopper (Orchelimum vulgare), which
is evidently very common this year. »

“There is of course not the slightest reason to suppose that they
have any injurious effeet upon stock. What it is that kills animals so
frequently shortly after they have been turned into corn fields in the
fall I am unable to say, and I am told that experts differ on that matter.
Their death is not infrequently attributed to any extraordinary cir-
cumstance which the farmer may notice in the field at the time. Some
years it is believed to be the cast skins of chinch-bugs; this year it is
the eggs of meadow grasshoppers.”

We have found egg masses of these grasshoppers in stems of dog-
bane, lamb’s-quarters, Spanish needles, horse-nettle, elder, crab-grass,
raspberry, blackberry, timothy, Boltonia, Baptisia, and Cuina arundi-
nacea. They have also been found in large numbers in cotton stalks
in Louisiana. The other species, so far as known, oviposit in a similar
manner. It is stated of glaberrimum that only a single egg is laid in each
opening, but this needs verifying.

The eggs are elongate, slightly curved, about 6 mm. long by about
75 mm. thick, differing from those of the smaller meadow grasshoppers
(Xiphidium) in being somewhat depressed. They are smooth, opaque,
pale drab or bluish. They are usually laid in the first half of September
and may be found thereafter during the winter, hatching somewhat
late the following season, the young then scattering in search of food.
The young are most abundant in July and August.

The adults begin to appear about the middle of July, becoming most
abundant in September, when they lay their eggs, and by October they
have mostly disappeared.

Silvaticum is known from Illinois only. The other species range
from the Rocky Mountains to the Atlantic, vulgare being very common
and glaberrimum comparatively rare.

Orchelimum vulgare is treated as a sugar-beet insect in the Twenty-
first Report of this office (p. 135). By an error in marking drawings
the figure (Fig. 58) of the egg cluster of Gicanthus latipennis was there
used for this species.

MUNG tS OND alah nmS. MORE RL ele BA a

147

THE SMALLER MEADOW GRASSHOPPERS.
Niphidium strictum Seudd.
X. brevipenne Seudd.
X. nemorale Scudd.

X. fasciatum DeG.

The small, slender grasshoppers of this genus are often seen in fall
in corn fields, where they feed freely on the leaves and husks and even
enaw the grains at the tip of the ear; but because of their small size
and relative infrequency their injuries to corn are probably of very
little consequence. The four species above mentioned have been found
by us injuring corn in this way.

Forty specimens of this genus were dissected at my office for a study
of their food, all the above species being represented in this collection.
Vegetable food was
in excess of that
derived from in-
sects in every
species. Of the
fifteen specimens
of fasciatum, three

had eaten only Fig. 135. Xiphidium strictum. Twice natural size.
insects, and in

seven these made the greater part of the food. In six instances vege-
tation predominated, and in one of these it was wholly of fungus
origin. Pollen was found in the food of five specimens in amounts vary-
ing from a mere trace to almost fifty per cent. Fragments of grass
blades and the anthers of grasses made the greater part of the food in
one case, and in two others considerable amounts of dead vegetable
tissues had been eaten. A single specimen of X. brevipenne had taken
both insect and vegetable food, but less of the former than of the latter,
which was all derived from grasses or grasslike plants. Six examples
of X. nemorale had taken vegetable food, chiefly of a miscellaneous char-
acter, and so far as recognizable all derived from graminaceous plants.
Two of this species had eaten more insects than vegetation, and a third
almost as much. Pollen and fungi were found in six specimens out of
twenty. X. strictum had fed mainly on insects, and, as usual, these were
chiefly plant-lice, with fragments of a few larger insects. In six, pollen
composed a minor part of the food, but predominated in three
more, two of which were caught on flowers. Fungi in considerable
variety and varying quantity occurred in the food of seven. By
far the largest element of the food of these twenty specimens consisted
of vegetable tissues, comparatively little of which had been derived

148

from floral organs. In one case it was penetrated by a fungus mycelium,
indicating a decaying condition of the tissue devoured.

These grasshoppers may be readily known by the long, straight, and
slender ovipositor of the female, longer than the body in one of the
commonest species. The antenn are threadlike, and two or three times
as long as the body. The above four species differ in the length of this
ovipositor in the females, in the form of the terminal pair of stylets in
the males, and in the length of the wings. In fasciatum the wings are
longer than the body; in the others, usually much shorter than the body;
in brevipenne the ovipositor is about as long as the body, in fasciatum and
nemorale it is less than half as long, and in strictum (Fig. 135) slightly
longer. The latter species has very short wings, about half the length of
the abdomen in the male and one third or less in the female. In the
males the terminal stylets of brevipenne curve strongly outward; in
strictum they curve inward; while in the other two they are not curved
but are nearly parallel.

The species with short ovipositors, such as nemorale, deposit their
eggs usually in soft stems. Those with long ovipositors insert their
eggs in small groups between the stem and leaf-sheaths of grasses,
and also between the appressed scales of the cone-galls of the willow.
We have found them thrust down between the leaf-sheath and stalk of
wheat, in the situation where the “flaxseeds” of the Hessian fly occur.
The eggs are about 4 mm. (one sixth inch) long and vary in thickness
according to species. Those found by us in wheat were somewhat
spindle-shaped, about seven times as long as thick, one end tapering and
quite pointed. These were taken in September and hatched early in
June of the following year. The young were probably those of strictum.
Nymphs are observable from June into fall and adults from late July
until frost. The species are quite similar in their life histories and
habits, though fasciatwm and brevipenne seem to be more fond of low
ground along streams, while strictum and nemorale often abound on
drier slopes in woods and weedy grounds. "

X. jasciatum is found throughout the greater part of both North and
South America; brevipenne is generally distributed east of the Rocky
Mountains; and nemorale is especially a species of the northern, and
strictum of the western, United States. All are common in Illinois.

THE GREAT PLAINS CRICKET.
Anabrus simplex Hald.
The so-called western crickets, which inhabit the arid regions of the
West, are not true crickets, but heavy-bodied wingless insects of the

same family as the meadow grasshoppers (Locustide). The species above
mentioned breeds in the great sage-brush plains of the interior valleys

149

of the Rocky Mountains, in Utah, Idaho, and their vicinity, migrating
when abundant into adjacent cultivated regions, which it desolates as it
goes. It has also appeared in Washington, Oregon, and Wyoming, but
never, as yet, on the eastern slope of the Rockies.

These insects are rather long-legged, of a dull gray-brown color, the
upper surface of the thorax leathery, projecting backward, with a rounded
margin. In their migrations they press forward regardless of irrigation
ditches or other passable obstacles, and only a large stream can cause
them to change their direction. Their migrating armies are often very
large, ten to twenty miles long and one to three miles wide. The eggs
are laid in hard ground—probably about fifteen to eighteen in each lot—
in an elongate cavity made by means of the ovipositor. Egg-laying
begins in July and continues into September, individuals ovipositing at
intervals of several days. Migrations usually begin in July. Since the
country they invade is not their natural home they disappear after a
time, and nothing more is seen of them until the next migration.

They can be herded like a drove of sheep and driven out of fields,
especially when young, but this must be done repeatedly. Being wing-
less and poor “high Jumpers” they are easily stopped by low barriers.
A six-inch board with an overhanging strip of tin to prevent their
climbing over will completely check them, and the accumulating masses
may be crushed by a heavy drag drawn in front of the barrier.

THE SOD WEB-—WORMS.
VARIOUS SPECIES OF CRAMBUS.
DESCRIPTIVE DISTINCTIONS.

The accumulation, from time to time, of a considerable collection of
sod web-worms representing various localities, has given me a favorable
opportunity to distinguish species and to connect them, by breeding,
with the adult Crambus. The results of a study of this material, under-
taken at my request by my assistant, Mr. C. A. Hart, are presented here
for the information of entomologists.

Dr. Felt has described* and illustrated the eggs of a large number of
New York species of Crambus, and also the young larvee which hatched
from them. Unfortunately these all died before reaching maturity.
Similar experiments begun at this office ended in the same way; and
even in our attempts to rear maturing larve to the adult, the proportion
failing to complete their transformations was unusually large. In his
monograph of the North American species of the family,t Fernald has
included all published descriptions of their immature stages, among
them, those of Felt. As is usually the case, however, these independently

*“On Certain Grass-eating Insects.” Bull. 64 (1894), Cornell Univ. Agr. Exper. Station.
t‘‘The Crambide of North America.’’ Mass. Agr. Coll., 1896.

150

prepared descriptions are more or less occupied with characters of wide
application, and contain but little that is sufficiently precise and reliable
for specific identification. Biological notes on the adults of Ohio species
have been published by Hine.*

The Larva.

In the collections of the Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History
are 215 larvee apparently of this genus, mostly from pastures and corn
fields. These represent at least four or
five species, three of which we have rec-
ognized and bred to the adult.

Body subeylin-
drical, usually about 12—25 mm. long, and
2-3 mm. thick, unicolorous, or with pale
median line or irregular striping, no clear-

Common Characters.

cut pattern; finely granulate; setiferous
corneous spots all present and very large,
occupying nearly the full widths of the
lobes bearing them, feebly elevated, rather
smooth and shining, usually darker than
the ground color; setz pale, dark at base,
puncture ringed with blackish. On each
side of the third abdominal segment (first
leg-bearing), as a typical segment, two of
these spots are dorsal, one on the anterior
lobe, and one behind it on the posterior
o : lobe; two lateral, both anterior, one above,
Fic. 136. Crambus trisectus, larva, ONe below the spiracle, the lower bisetose
dorsal and ‘side, views: “bout four” ‘(ot unisetose as. in the: figure), anqasame
subventral, one posterior, the other lower
down, exterior to the leg base and trisetose. These spots are unise-
tose except as otherwise stated. Often a similar but non-setose
accessory spot on the posterior lobe behind the upper or each.of the
lateral spots, and a smaller one (the stigmatal) Just behind the spiracle,
evidently a detached part of the suprastigmatal, with which it is often
still connected. Spiracles oval, with a raised blackish rim of uniform
thickness, the prothoracie much larger than the rest, which are about
equal in size.

Head sub-alutaceous (Fig. 139, a), basally with some fine impressed
reticulations which break up the color pattern more or less into smaller
spots. A whitish V just outside the Y-shaped suture. Color pattern,
when visible, of dark basal markings, with five anterior extensions,
alternately tapering, as follows: A discal triangular extension with

*“Ohio Crambide.”’ Journ. Columbus Hort. Soe., Vol. 12, pp. 24-27. 1897.

hye a

151

apex more or less enlarged, encircled by two arcuate extensions curving
in toward its enlarged tip, which with them forms a more or less distinct
broken semicircle, the upper are bordering the whitish V-mark; a taper-
ing extension toward the ocelli, and below this a blunt extension.
Clypeus whitish; anterior margin of front and the labrum and mandibles
usually dark. Ocelli six, about equal, three in a vertical row behind
the antenna, the upper two of these closer together; one behind the
lowermost; and a horizontal and more distant pair above and slightly
behind the vertical row. Antenne four-jointed, first two joints large
and subequal in length, second bearing on inner side of apex the very
small third, fourth joint minute. Labrum about twice wider than long,
consisting of two rounded lobes separated by a deep V-shaped» notch;
a U-shaped carina encircles the notch, and each lobe is obtusely ridged
centrally. Palpi two-jointed. Mandibles with latero-dorsal ridge ending
in a saw-tooth on the broad cutting edge, which bears several smaller
similar teeth, fading out downwards, one above the ridge-tooth.
Labium styliform, straight, about as long as fore tarsus and its claw
combined.

Cervical shield well developed, smooth, markings consisting of pale
median line, darker hind margin, dark setiferous points and a dark
dot near the lateral margin. Posterior pair of dorsal spots united or
contiguous on three succeeding segments; a large dark one on each side
below cervical shield, deeply emarginate to receive the spiracle. Legs
yellowish to black above, ending in an appendiculate
claw.

False feet (Fig. 137) short-cylindrical, bearing a
complete ring of about fifty hooks with adnate bases,
the smallest irregularly alternating with one or two
others approximately two, three, or four times as We 187. Boonie
large. Their dark chitinous bases all begin at the oe, Beka a
outer margin and extend inwards, the nearly vertical
moderately arcuate hook rising from their inner ends, and half to two
thirds as long as the base. Ring of posterior pair open behind. Anal
shield subtriangular. On the leg-bearing segments a small black
cicatrix behind the spiracle, and one on the inner part of the anterior
dorsal corneous spot, also certain other variable small smooth scars
near the spiracle.

Three other larve in the collection, taken from grass and supposed
to be Crambus, probably represent some other genus of this or a related
family. The surface is microscopically densely wavy-striate, not granu-
late; the dorsal corneous spots are more conspicuous than the others,
rounded, surrounded by a vague pale ring, accessory spots wanting; the
head markings differ slightly in form; the antenne are longer, the labium
is shorter and slightly arcuate; and the foot hooks differ only in that

152

the ring is open (outwardly). They are larger than the average in

Crambus.

Specific Characters. —The ground color varies considerably ; the young
are more or less pink, with heads darker, usually black, the corneous

Fre. 188. Crambus
mutabilis, larva, dor-
sal view. About four
times natural size.

spots smaller as a rule, and the accessory ones fewer
than in the adult. In well-grown larve, an accessory
spot may in certain cases grow smaller on successive
segments of the same larva until it vanishes, or a
similar variation may occur on the same segment of
different individuals of a species. However, these
spots may be used to some extent in the recognition
of species, and those here recognized are separated
by means of them into two groups. Taking the first
leg-bearing segment (the third abdominal) in all
‘ases, in the first group of species (Fig. 141, b,c) the
spots are smaller than in the second, sometimes quite
small; there is very rarely even a trace of an acces-
sory spot behind the substigmatal, the stigmatal is
usually absent, and even the suprastigmatal acces-
sory may also be wanting. In the second group (lig.
141, a) the spots are usually large and well marked,
with two accessory lateral spots present on the
posterior fold behind the two setiferous ones, and
usually the extension of the suprastigmatal behind
the spiracle, often detached, herein called the stig-
matal spot.

The head markings of the first group (ig. 189, a),

except in pale specimens apparently freshly molted, are well defined and
clearly composed of aggregations of small spots; the lower setiferous
puncture of the two in the substigmatal spot (lig. 141, b, ¢) is normally
only slightly in advance of the upper, but when the body is shrunken and
contracted the line connecting them is more oblique. In this group,

Crambus mutabilis (Pig. 141, ¢) is easily known by its color pattern of

whitish blotehes in
six lines along the
dark colored body,
giving it a striped
appearance. In the
23 specimens of this
species the acces-
sory tubercles, ex-
cept rarely the stig-
matal, are wanting.
Of the remaining

i

Vra. 1389.
Snlarged.

Heads of Crambus larvie: a, C. trisectus; b, C. luteolellus.

eS — a

ee, eae

oe.

ee ea as 2

€ wes:

153

174 specimens of this group, a few have the suprastigmatal accessory very
small or absent, or else have a small stigmatal one present, but nothing
was found to justify further specific separation. Typical larve of this
group, carefully assorted, have been
repeatedly reared by us to the adult
of trisectus, and at least the bulk of
this lot undoubtedly belongs to this
very common species.

In the second group the head
markings (lig. 189, b), when trace-
able, are not clearly formed of small Rie Addie tinny abdominal todesente os
spots, and the substigmatal setifer- ie es Fa hH uca e G la
ous punctures are diagonally placed
(Fig. 141, a). In this group, luteolellus (under which name caliginosellus
and zeéllus are included for reasons discussed further on) is recognizable
by its distinetly coarser and broader granulation, by its yellowish head
with markings usually present, and by the equidistant dorsal tubercles,

Iie. 141. Side of third abdominal segment of Crambus larvee: a, C. vulgivagellus
(as in luteolellus); b, C. trisectus; c, C. mutabilis. VWnlarged.

‘
usually with parallel inner margins, leaving only a narrow median
avenue between (lig. 140, b). Fifteen of our specimens belong here.

The remaining thirty-three have red to black heads, the head pattern
nearly or quite obliterated. One lot of five smaller larvee have red
heads, and may be ruricollellus. The others have the heads entirely
black or more or less castaneous near the white V-mark, and appear
to belong to vulgivagellus, according to published descriptions.

1d

These differences are tabulated in the following key:

Substigmatal non-setiferous accessory spot of posterior fold of third abdom-
inal absent, stigmatal accessory small or usually absent (ig. 141, b),
head yellowish with darker markings clearly aggregations of well-de-
fined small spots (lig, 139, a); lower seta of substigmatal setiferous spot
nearly underneath the upper in unshrunken speeimens (Tig. 141, 6).

Surface without definite markings other than corneous spots; supra-

stigmatal accessory usually present (Iig. 141, 6). .triseetus (bred).

Surface with six lines of irre@ular and broken whitish markings on

sides and back, alternating with five darker lines, one median and
four alone the rows of dorsal and suprastigmatal spots; suprastig-
matal accessory wanting (Mig. 141,¢)..........08. mutabilis (bred).

Substigmatal and suprastigmatal non-setiferous accessory spots present,
stigmatal usually present (iig. P4t,a); head yellowish to black,
small spots composing markings more or less obscure (ig, 139, b);
lower seta of substigmatal spot about as far in advance as it is
beneath the upper (lig. Tal, a).

Head reddish to black, markings very obscure or invisible; @ranu-
lutions very slightly coarser than in preceding group; posterior
dorsal tubereles of third abdominalas in preceding group, narrow!y
Nounded inwardly and more distant than anterior pair (lie. 140, a).

Head orange-brown or red-brown... 0... cece eee ae ee ruricollellus?

Head black to very dark red-brown. ............0005 vulgivagellus,

Head vellowish, with darker markings; skin granulations relatively

coarse; dorsal tubercles of third abdominal narrowly and equally

separated, both pairs usually with straight and parallel immer mar-

PINS CET. WOLD cs a0. & va attientn Naber aie eerie hee luteolellus (bred),
The Pupa,

The number of pupw at hand is too small for definite specific separa-
tion, although two distinguishable species are apparently present, jJudg-
ing from differences in’ the peculiar and
probably generically characteristic terminal
structure, ‘Phe pups are red-brown, smooth,
with some very finely wrinkled areas, and
terminate ventrally (ig. 142) in a subquad-
rate projection, surmounted by a longer
snouthike dorsal termination, In the hollow
each side of the base of the latter is a nostril-
like sht-shaped aperture from whieh a deep

arcuate groove extends forward, outward,
Mra, 142. Crambus trisectus, tip ah . . :

of pupa, seon from above, and downward, The snoutlke termination

is blunt apieally and bears a lateral pair of

short sete and a terminal spinose pair, The biological significance of

these structures deserves investigation,

-_

oy

i ee

_

I SSE

—
a
wt

The Adult.

The paper by Fernald already mentioned, is an illustrated mono-
graph of our North American Crambida, with a key to the species. That
by elt, in the Bulletin of the Cornell experiment Station, illustrates
the wings and genital struetures of the local species, and gives tables for
identification of the adults. Studies made at this office indicate that
three closely allied forms listed as species by lernald, luteolellus, zeéllus,
and caliginosellus, are not specifically distinet. The form and. color
pattern of the wings are the same in all. Caliginosellus is dark fuscous
on both pairs of wings, with brown markings; zeéllus is ashy gray and
light brown or yellow-brown; lutcolellus is yellowish or whitish, its variety
wa slightly ashy on the outer part of the fore wing, the fore wings
sometimes becoming nearly white, with very faint markings. The two
extremes, caliginosellus and luteolelus, were originally deseribed in a
paper by Clemens.* A moth reared by us from corn crambid larvie in
IS8S4 was of the intermediate type, and on it and other specimens was
based lernald’s deseription of zeéllus, published in the Pourteenth Report
of this office (page 15), and also in the “Canadian Mntomologist,’’ Vol,
XVIL. (page 55). In the following summer all three forms, together
with all possible intergradations, were quite common at the same time
at electric lights near the University. A large number were sent to
Professor Vernald, who made an attempt at separation of the three
forms, but wrote: “You will see that these vary and run into each
other so that [ am in doubt whether they are anything more than
varieties, trimorphie forms, or something of that kind.”

Melt did not distinguish zeéllus in New York, THe puts the other two
in separate groups, but an examination of his key shows that the differ-
ence between these two species narrows down to that of ground color
wlone. He figures the male genitalia of both, but says that structurally
they are most closely related, and ean be separated only on the form of
the seaphium, the form of the other organs being almost identical, In
his two figures, the unlike dotted areas about the lower limb of the
unecus merely represent membrane. [ have examined, in our collection,
males of all these forms as determined by lernald, but could make out
no especial differences in the proportions of the seaphium, the structures
being in all very close to those figured by Velt for his /uteolellus,

It would therefore seem best to treat these three as varieties of a
single species, unusually variable in ground color but not especially so
in wing pattern nor in the genital structures, under the name luteolellus-
the first given by Clemens.

"Proc, Phila. Acad, Sei,, 1460, pp, 203, 204,

156

ECONOMIC GROUP 38.

(The unimportant corn insects: visitants whose presence is not merely acci-
dental, but which, on the other hand, do not injure the corn plant in a way to give
them any appreciable economic consequence. A few species are included which
have been once or twice locally injurious, but which are searcely deserving of a
place in the preceding section of this report.)

WILD BEES.
Halictus lerouavw Lep.

This small, dull, blackish bee, with narrow white or yellow bands
across the abdomen, has been seen by us occasionally crawling over the
silks, leaves, and husks of corn, gathering the pollen of the plant, appar-
ently the only object of its visit. It appears very early in spring and
continues until quite late in fall, making its collections from a great
variety of flowers, evidently with no special preference for the corn plant.

ANTS.
Formicide.

Most direct injuries to corn by ants are economically insignificant.
Their attentions to the corn plant-louse, Aphis maidis, found on the
leaves, tassels, and silks of corn, are doubtless helpful to these insects
as well as to themselves, but the corn leaf-louse is itself of slight impor-
tance, rarely doing any injury deserving of special attention. The corn
root-louse (Aphis maidiradicis), on the other hand, is one of the most
dangerous insects infesting the roots of corn, and often greatly dimin-
ishes the yield of the infested field. The ants which attend it are indis-
pensable to its prosperity, and are thus indirectly highly injurious to the
crop. These root injuries, however, have been treated in an earlier
report.

Ira. 143. The Common
Hlouse-ant, Monomorium

PECORE; worker. Wn- Ira, 144. The Common House-ant, Mono-
arged as indicated. (Mar- morium pharaonis, female. Enlarged as in-
latt, U. 8S. Dept. of Agri- dicated. (Marlatt, U. S. Dept. of Agricul-

culture.) ture.)

S

157

Tur Common Hovuse-aAnt.
Monomorium pharaonis Linn.

This minute insect, the common small red ant (I’ig. 143, 144) which
frequently infests the kitchen and the pantry and sometimes becomes
an almost uncontrollable nuisance there, has been once reported as
seriously injuring corn by gnawing the blades when they were but a few
inches high for the purpose of drinking the sap which flowed from the
wounds. In 1850 it was so numerous and active in some New York
corn fields as to threaten to destroy every blade of corn in them.* It
was first described from Kgyptian specimens, and is world-wide in its
distribution.

ie. 145. The Little Black Ant, Monomorium minutum: a, female; b, same, with
wings; c, male; d, workers; e, pupa; f, larva; g, egg of worker. Enlarged as indicated.
(Marlatt, U. 8. Dept. of Agriculture.)

Tue Litrte Buack ANT.
Monomorium minutum Mayr.

This species closely resembles the troublesome small red ant of the
kitchen and pantry except that it is entirely black (Fig. 145). It is also
a house pest, but to a much lesser degree. It is frequently found in

*Virst and Second Report on the Noxious, Beneficial, and other Insects of the State of New
York,” p. 129. By Dr. Asa Fitch. 1856.

158

fields, where its nests may be recognized by the little pyramids of fine
grains of soil which surround the entrances. These ants are not uncom-
mon on ripe ears in fall, about the exposed tips and under the husks.
No appreciable damage by them has been noted, however, except to
soft and imperfectly developed kernels, which they sometimes gnaw and
hollow out.

MyRMICA SCABRINODIS LOBICORNIS Nyl.

In the discussion of the subterranean corn insects, this common,
medium-sized, rough-bodied red ant (Fig. 146) was treated as injurious
to the planted seed and as an attendant ant of the corn root-aphis.*
It is mentioned here because of its occasional sight injury to corn grains
in the ear in fall. In most cases, however, the kernels in which these
ants have been found at work have apparently been previously injured
by other insects or by birds. The species also attends the corn leat-
louse. It is distributed around the world in the northern hemisphere.

lc. 146. Myrmica_ scabrinodis lobi-

cornis, worker, Length, about three six- lic. 147. Prenolepis imparis, worker.
teenths inch. Length about one eighth inch.

PRENOLEPIS IMPARIS Say.
(Prenolepis nitens, in America.)

This small, shining, yellow and piteh-brown ant (Fig. 147) was found
near Urbana, by Mr. John Marten, attending the corn leaf-louse Septem-
ber 25, and injuring corn grains at the tip of the ear in September and
October. In the latter cases the grains had evidently been previously
injured, one by an ear-worm which was still present in the ear. Web-

*Kighteenth Rep. State Ent. Ill., pp. 11, 66.

ster has found this ant feeding on broken grains at the tip of the ear.
We have seen it in wheat and strawberry fields and on grasses and red
clover. It resembles the small brown ant (Lasius niger) common in
grass lands, but is much more shining, and the abdomen expands for-
wards strongly at the base, the scale of the nodal segment being corre-
spondingly reduced. The head and abdomen are pitchy brown and
darker than the thorax.

Tue Texan AGRICULTURAL ANT.
Pogonomyrmex barbatus Smith.

The curious agricultural ant of Texas bares the ground about its nest
by cutting down and removing all vegetation, completely clearing a
space often seven to twelve feet in diameter. Its nests occur in a great
variety of situations, and cultivated crops, including corn, are some-
times seriously injured where the ants are abundant.

The mature inmates of a nest are the males, females, and minor and
major workers, the latter being distinguishable especially by the large
size of the head. The workers are wingless, dark claret-brown; the minor
ones five sixteenths of an inch long, the major, seven sixteenths. The
sexed individuals are winged, at least at first, paler in color; the males
half an inch long; the females five eighths of an inch. These ants have
a peculiar long beard on the under side of the head, which gives them
their species name. They have been carefully studied by McCook,
who has given us an interesting account of them and of their remarkable
habits.* Farmers have reported to him the destruction of sweet pota-
toes, sorghum, and squashes, and in one case quite a serious injury to
corn.

They open roadways—often radiating from the disks for hun-
dreds of feet—a few inches wide at the starting-point, narrowing and
branching as they go. Scattering over the surrounding area by means
of these roadways, they harvest the fallen seeds of buffalo-grass and
other grasses and store them in their nests. A growth of needle-grass
or “ant-rice,”’ supposed by some authors to have been planted by the ants,
often springs up in their cleared areas. McCook thinks, however, that
this is a voluntary growth which the ants permit for the sake of its seeds.

This ant occurs in Texas and Mexico, and probably northward into
Indian Territory and New Mexico.

THe LEAF-cuTTING ANT.
Atta fervens Say.

In this species we have another Texan ant of remarkable and inter-
esting habits which is known to injure corn. It cuts out fresh leaves—

*The Agricultural Ant of Texas,” Philadelphia, 1880.

160

sometimes from the corn plant—and stores the fragments in the nest,
smooth leaves being preferred,

The worker ants are reddish brown, a third of an inch long, with
disproportionately large heads, The winged females are about twice
this size,

Oak» and peach-trees are often completely defoliated by them, and
they cut up the leaves of wheat, young corn, rose-bushes, and a variety
of garden plants, and other smooth-leaved vegetation, Sugar, grain,
dried tobacco, and berries are very attractive to them, but lettuce, figs,
cedar, and mulberry are disliked,

The nest is opened in the morning, & procession issues to the plants
to be attacked, and a return procession laden with leaf fragments soon

appears, ‘Their spoil is stored in large cavities under ground, where it
seems to serve as a culture bed for fungi, which are used by the ants as
food, ‘They make deep excavations to reach a water supply, and also

|
\ etn '
»,.\ Pct tare eR
\ aR A
S \ Ye) 1A
f bo] &) t \
INU Bs Nay (
) 4 ’
< ah
WN
\ m My
/, Wy | v4 h i
ra, 148. Mormica sehaufussd, worker, length about one fourth inch; a, portion of
surface of abdomen, as seen under miaroseope,
.

161

underground tunnels hundreds of feet in length, sometimes passing under
streams, and thus gain access to orchards and gardens and other im-
portant food supplies,

They are very shy of poisons, and can seareely be killed in their large
and complicated nests by insecticide fumes, but can only be controlled
by the expensive operation of digging out and. destroying the breeding
centers of their underground establishments.

The species occurs from Mexico northward to Vexas and Arizona,

Formica scHAUrUBSE Mayr.

This common, medium-sized, smooth, yellowish brown ant (ig, 14%)
is referred to elsewhere as athending the plant-lice of both the roots and
leaves of corn, It is mentioned here to record the fact that it is one of
the insects which have heen found several times by us gnawing the
exposed kernels on ears of corn in fall, Sometimes these ants were
merely enlarging injuries previously caused by grasshoppers, but in
other cases they had evidently gnawed into exposed but unbroken grains,

This species is generally distributed over the United States,

PLIES.
Liphaa,
A Mnanow Maacaor,
Tipula costalia Bay.

The meadow magyots or leather-jackets (ig, 149),
notorious for their various agricultural injuries in the
Old World, have not been classed among the more
important crop pests of America, the habits of our
species seeming to be, as a rule, those of vegetarian
scavengers, Occasional instances have been reported,
however, of serious injuries to grass
crops, but only one, so far as | know, to corn,

, clover, and cereal
These maggots are thick-skinned, wrinkled, dirty
gray, footless Jarvw, without color markings of any
kind, an,inch or a Jittle more in length when full
grown, rather blunt behind, and somewhat narrowed
forwards to the head, which is very small but distinet Rd Aeph
and hard, yellowish or brown in color, and commonly Meadow Maggot,
ay Pt a. Nyula bh eor ma,
much withdrawn within the following segment. The Three times nat-
general surface is without warts or other processes, but ace get
there are a few fleshy or finger-shaped lobes at the hinder end of the
body, and in full-grown specimens a pair of small horny hooks. These
maggots move with considerable activity, stretching out the body and pull-
ing themselves forward by the aidof the hooklike jaws beneath the head.

162

Webster reports a case of possible injury to corn by the larvae of
Tipula costalis* on ground which had been in clover the year before.
An unusual abundance of meadow maggots had been noticed in the
clover by the owner, and was by him believed to be the cause of a con-
siderable reduction of the clover crop. The tipulid larvee were also
present in considerable numbers in the clover turf the following May,
when the ground was planted to corn. The erop continued thrifty until
August, when it ceased to grow, the roots being eaten in a way to suggest
that the meadow maggots were responsible. As the adults of this crane-
fly appear in September, laying their eggs in fall, the life history of the
species is consistent with this interpretation. The immunity of the corn
in the early part of the year may have been due to the fact that the
debris of the clover turf furnished at first a sufficient food for the larvee.
The case is a doubtful one, however, and mention of the matter is made
merely to call attention to the possibility of injury to corn under such

conditions.

Tur CORN-FEEDING SYRPHUS-FLY.
Mesogramma politum Say.
(Mesograpta polita.)

The soft, fleshy maggots (Fig. 150, a) of the syrphus- or flower-flies
are very often seen preying on plant-louse colonies, and it is an excep-
tional fact that the above member of this
eroup feeds, in the larva state, on the pollen
and juices of corn. This very common spe-
cies is widely distributed, ranging from Con-
necticut to Kansas, and south to Georgia,
Mississippi, Florida, and Cuba. Its presence
on corn has been noticed in Illinois, New
Jersey, Delaware, Virginia, Florida, and Mis-

lia. 150. The Corn-feeding . : a3 t
Syrphue-fly, Mesogramma pol. SOuri, Sometimes in great abundance. In

earl LE AM a a re En one case “the stalks were literally covered
BO ert OF Sena by them,’”’ but in no case was there proof
that they had done any serious injury.

Like other syrphus larvee, these are broadest posteriorly, tapering
forwards to a comparatively small head. They are about a fourth of
an inch long, yellowish, and many-ringed. They congregate upon the
tassel, in the bases of the leaf-sheaths, on the husks, and wherever
fallen pollen has collected. Examination of the alimentary canal of
specimens collected by us showed that they had fed upon the pollen
erains.

Ashmead found in Florida that instead of eating the pollen of corn

*Bull. No. 26, U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., p. 74.

oe

163

they were puncturing the tissues and drinking the sap. He also reports
them as feeding on cotton pollen in Mississippi.

(is |

“The whole transformation from egg to fly,’ says Ashmead, ‘is

completed within a comparatively short
period of less than three weeks. The
eggs hatch in from three to four days;
the larva matures in from eight to ten
days; and the fly appears in from eight
to thirteen days.”’* His studies were
made in May and June, but in the
Atlantic States larve have been re-
ported from late August to September
15, after which no more were seen.
A puparium was found on corn in south-
ern Illinois July 29.

The brownish puparia (Fig. 150, 6)
are club-shaped, with the head at the
small end, and are formed among the
florets of the tassel (Fig. 151) and upon
the surface of leaf or stalk. The adult
flies (Fig. 152), like most others of this
family, are prettily marked with yellow
and black, giving them a suspicious re-

Fic. 151. The Corn-feeding Syrphus-
fly, Mesogramma politum, x, x, puparia on
corn tassels. (Sanderson.)

semblance to small bees or wasps, because of which they are often
mistaken for the so-called ‘“sweat-bees’”’ (/Halictus). They often cause

Fic. 152. The Corn-feeding Syrphus-fly, Mesogramma _ politum.

Length about one third inch.

annoyance when very abundant by alighting on the hands, face, and
clothing, especially when one is perspiring. We have taken them from
July 15 to October 5; most frequently in August and September.

*Insect Life, Vol. I., p. 7.

164

Tur Corn LEAF-MINER.
Diastata sp.

Not infrequently corn leaves are marked by serpentine light-colored
tracks, caused by minute larvee burrowing within the leaf, devouring
the inner tissues, and leaving the semitransparent epidermis intact.
Larve from burrows of this kind observed by us in Illinois have usually
been those of leaf-mining moths.

The present species, however, is a fly belonging to the Geomyzida, a
family closely related to the frit-flies (Oscinide). The other larvie of
the family live, so far as known, in the stems of plants. Those of this
species were found by Comstock* in corn leaves int the south part of
Washington, D. C. The mines were about a tenth of an inch wide and
five or six inches long. They were quite abundant, three or four to a
leaf, and situated near the edge. The larve were about a fifth of an
inch long, greenish white, with arched back and a pig-like anterior end.

These mines were noticed late in June. About July 12 the larve
began to mature and break through the upper epidermis, dropping to
the ground. Just beneath the surface they transformed to oval brown
puparia, and three weeks later a shining black adult fly about an eighth
of an inch long emerged, apparently an undescribed species of Drastata,

The same species was reported by Ashmead as quite frequently met
with in corn leaves in Florida.

THE STALK-MAGGOT.
Chetopsis enea Wied.

The yellowish maggots of this very common and widely distributed
fly are frequently found in the stalks and under the leaf-sheaths of a
number of crop and other plants, usually in the midst of more or less
decaying tissue. In many cases, possibly in all, they are acting as
scavengers in a previous injury, but they undoubtedly greatly aggravate
the original wound, and there is reason to believe that healthy plants
are also attacked by them.

These larvee (Fig. 153, a) are about a quarter of an inch long and a
twenty-fifth of an inch thick, footless, yellowish, the head end tapering
and slender, the posterior end suddenly and bluntly rounded off, with
two short, brown, cylindrical projections. They are found in the corn-
stalk, usually not far above or below the surface of the ground, or
behind a leaf-sheath. Young larvee apparently of this species have been
found by us in broom-corn roots, and once in a burrow in a corn root.

Their injury is often common and conspicuous in wheat and oats, the
upper part of the affected plants withering and whitening. In 1894 it

*Rep. U.S. Ent., 1880, p. 245.

——

ad

165

was reported from Florida that five per cent. of the sugar-cane sprouts
were infested by them, and in Michigan they have been charged with
an extensive injury to onions, including the destruction of two thousand
acres of this crop. Rushes and wild grasses are also infested by them.

Fic. 153. The Stalk-maggot, Chatopsia wnea: a, larva; b, puparium,;
c, adult. Enlarged as indicated. (Riley and Howard, U. 8. Dept. of
Agriculture.)

We have bred the flies from larve# in a large-stemmed grass and in the
common reed, Phragmites communis.

The species is common throughout the United States east of the
Rocky Mountains, and ranges from Canada to Cuba.

The slender, pointed eggs are inserted singly or in groups of two to
five just beneath the leaf-sheath. The mature larva changes to a yel-
lowish or brownish puparium (lig. 153, 6), from which, in due time,
emerges a handsome, bright metallic-green fly (Fig. 153, c) about a fifth
of an inch long, the transparent wings crossed by three blackish bars.
Larve found in infested onions in Michigan in October wintered over
and emerged the following spring. In Illinois the adults are common
in May and the larve in late June and early July. Very few adults
have been taken in June, but they are again common in July. This is
probably the second brood, as Garman suggests. Larve taken by us
in September and early October yielded adults, by breeding, in late
September and October. None were taken in August, but they are
again recorded in our notes as common in decaying tissue of corn Noverm-
ber 6. There are therefore at least three broods, and possibly four.

CERATOMYZA DORSALIS Loew.
(Odontocera dorsalis.)

This leaf-mining maggot has been twice reared to the adult. The
egg is inserted near the tip of the corn leaf, whence the larva burrows
downward in a sinuous path (Fig. 155), eating away the green inner

tissue as it goes. Its course is evident as a lighter colored track, gradu-
ally widening as the larva increases in size, One mine was nearly
twenty inches long. Corn in a greenhouse at the Connecticut Agr-

4

Fie. 154. Ceratomyza dorsalis: a, adult; 6, larva; c,
puparium, Length about one eighth inch. (Britton.
cultural Experiment Station was extensively
tunneled by this insect in July, and a few
mines were also seen on garden corn. In West
Virginia it did considerable damage to timothy
in LSOS.

The larva (Fig. 154, 0) is pale yellow, foot-
less, about an eighth of an inch long. It forms
in the mine a darker colored puparium (Tig.
154, c), from which the adult fly emerges
(Fig. 154, a). This is blackish varied with
brown or yellow, with transparent wings. — It
has been found in New Jersey and the Dis-
trict of Columbia.

LEREMA ACCIUS Sm. & ABB.

(Pamphila acevus.)

Fig. 155. Ceratemyza dor-

rere ‘ . . , salis, mine in cor af. at-
This little skipper butterfly inhabits the {isin in eee wy

region bordering the Gulf and Atlantie coasts
from New England to Mexico. It has been taken by Freneh in south-
ern Llinois, but its occurrence in our state must be altogether excep-
tional. Its caterpillar is said by Abbot to eat the leaves of Indian
corn, and it is also recorded from a leguminous plant (Wistaria fru-
tescens) and from the woolly beard-grass (Hrianthus alopecurordes).

Both the larva and pupa are whitish or pale green, the larva with
some darker markings. The pupa has the anterior end remarkably

7 167

rawn out to a long, slender point. In the South the butterfly is said
to occur from early spring till Jate in autumn. Seudder infers from the
data obtainable that it hibernates in the pupa stage, the adults appear-
ing in April and again in late June and in fall (September and October),
three broods in all. The pupa stage lasts eight days in midsummer,
according to Abbot.

THERETRA TERSA Lis.
(Chaerocampa ters.)

The caterpillar of this species (Fig. 156), which resembles the com-
mon tomato-worm but is smaller and differently marked, was found by
us in southern Illinois feeding on late corn, in the crown of the plant.

; _ 16.157. Therdra teria, pups. Natural
¥ia.156. Vhercra tere, Narva. Natural siz. #iZe.

The genus is essentially tropical, and the present species ranges from
South America through Central America and the West Indies to the
southern United States, and thence sparingly to Colorado, Minnesota,
and eastern Canada. In the South and West it is common, but in our
latitude it is met with infrequently. Beutenmiller says that it is rare
in New York, where it is sometimes found flying in flower-gardens. Its
favorite food plants seem to be of the madder family. We have bred it
at Urbana from Galivm, and in the University greenhouse from Bouvar-
dia. In the South it feeds on buttonweed, Spermacoce glabra.

The larvae are about two and a half inches Jong. As in the green
grape-sphinx (Lveryx myron), a pair of pale lines, one on each side, rise
and converge behind to the base of the caudal horn. Instead of a line
of dark dots down
the middle of the
back (as in the
grape-sphinx) the
back is covered
with short longi-
tudinal black lines,
and the pale side-
line bears a row of
eye-spots ringed
with black, that on

the fourth being Fic. 158. Theretra teraa, adult. Natural size.

168

the largest, with a conspicuous black center. When full grown the
vaterpillar forms an imperfect cocoon in the earth, at or near the surface,
by loosely webbing together particles of earth, leaves, or rubbish.

The species is evidently two-brooded, hibernates in the pupal stage
(Fig. 157), and the first moths (Fig. 158) are produced in May and
early June, and caterpillars of the first brood late in July and in August.
The second brood of caterpillars
appears in September and October
and pupates before winter sets in.

HYPERCHIRIA IO Fasr.
(Automeris 10.)

This large and conspicuous
spiny caterpillar (Fig. 159) is wide-
ly distributed, although not espe-
cially common, throughout the
country. It has a wide range of
food plants, largely trees, but is
not rare in cotton and corn fields,
feeding on the leaves. On one
occasion in Louisiana thousands

of them stripped cotton plants
ave Hyperchiria to, larva. Slightly of their leaves. It is a very

miscellaneous feeder, and nearly
one hundred kinds of plants have been reported as eaten by the cater-
pillar.

The young larvee are dull yellow, with black spines and head. They
arrange themselves in a row, side by side, across a leaf, beginning at the
tip and eating towards the base. They keep close together, and when
changing position on the plant travel single file. They rest by day, and
when about to molt draw together with silken threads a few leaves for
a protecting shelter. As they approach maturity they no longer keep
together, but they make
clean work of a plant or

branch before leaving it.
They are then pale’ green
in color, with a dusky
white stripe each side,
edged above with lilae or
red. On each segment is
a row of usually six tufts
of spiny bristles, about

thirty in a tuft, more or

169

less branched, and green tipped with black. These spines are sharp and
poisonous, and unless the larve are handled very carefully or with
gloves will puncture the skin, causing white elevated blotches, some-
times followed by swelling, inflammation, and pain, continuing for days.
The full-grown larva is about two and a half inches long. It descends
to the ground and forms a rough covering in the loose leaves and

Fic. 161. Hyperchiria io, female. Natural size.

rubbish, within which it spins a slight cocoon of tough, gummy silk, soon
changing to the pupa.

Except possibly in the extreme South, this species is single-brooded.
A few moths (Fig. 160,161) emerge in fall, but most continue in the
pupal stage over winter, emerging in June and July. The caterpillars
are found with us from the middle of June to the middle of September,
the average larval life being about two months.

THE SORGHUM WEB-WORM.
Celama sorghiella Riley.
(Nola sorghiella.)

This troublesome pest of the sorghum plant, which webs the brush
and seeds together, may be mentioned here because it has been taken
by Ashmead from tassels of corn. In sorghum numerous delicate tubes
are formed, through which the caterpillars pass, feeding primarily on the
germ but sometimes devouring the whole seed.

The mature caterpillar is half an inch long, yellowish or light greenish
yellow, with a small yellowish head. There is a sulphur-yellow line along
the middle of the back, and on each side a brownish longitudinal stripe
and a transverse row of six tubercles on each segment, each tubercle
bearing a yellow bristle tipped with brown. These caterpillars are
active when disturbed, and transform on the ground in delicate
cocoons covered with particles of foreign material,

170

THE SMARTWEED CATERPILLAR.
Acronycta oblinita Sm. & Abb.

This is a brightly colored hairy caterpillar (Pig. 162, a) one and a
fourth to one and a half inches long, black, striped and spotted with
yellowish, especially common on smartweed and willow but also feeding
on corn and a great vari-
ety of other plants. It
has shown no sign,
however, of becoming
troublesome as a corn in-
sect. It oceurs through
the United States east of
the Rocky Mountains and
in Canada. It is reeorded
from three species of
smartweed, eating leaves
and. blossoms, and we
have taken it on five
species of willow, which
it often seriously defoli-

ates. It is also injurious
ria. 162. The Smartweed Caterpillar, Acronyecta oblinita:
a, larva; 8, cocoon; c, adult. Natural size. to poplar and cotton-
wood, as well as to peach,
apple, and strawberry. Other food plants recorded are grape, bean,
asparagus, cotton, buckwheat, wheat, wild and cultivated raspberry,
blackberry, grasses, button-bush, pear, Lombardy poplar, hazel, oak,
butternut, elm, alder (Alnus serrulata), and pitch-pine, to which list
recent observations in Chicago parks have added canna, lilac, honey-
suckle, and soft maple.

In this latitude there are two broods in a year, but studies in Canada
indicate that there the species is single-brooded. Pup are formed in
fall and winter over, emerging the following spring from the beginning
of April to the last of May, most abundantly about the middle of May,-
in Canada not until June. The first brood of larvee occur in June and
July, but are not usually so numerous as the second brood. The next
brood of moths may be taken from late June to September, especially
in July and August. The second brood of larvie are scattered through
late August, September, and October, and pupate before winter sets in,
In Canada the larvee from the June moths spin up and pupate early in
fall, ready for hibernation,

PSEA nctee -

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ee

ae © 4a.’ } ay

<

Pq

at.

Ve

THE ZEBRA-CATERPILLAR.
Mamestra picta Harr.

This caterpillar (ig. 163, a) is a highly miscellaneous feeder, most
notable for its injuries to cabbages, but reported also as sometimes
abundant in timothy, and in one case destructive to oats. It is included
among the corn insects by
reason of reports from va-
rious entomologists of its
actual, but occasional, ap-
pearance on that plant.
Webster found the caterpil-
lar gnawing away the silk

September from ears of
growing corn in Indiana, and
Harvey reports that the
species eats the silks of
sweet corn in Maine. It
was treated in the Twenty-
first Report of this office
(page 153). The known Nic. 163. The Zebra-caterpillar, Mamestra picta:

‘ a, larva; b, adult. Natural size. (Riley, U. 8. Dept.
food plants not mentioned of Agriculture.)

that article are cabbage,
strawberry, rose, sweet clover, lucerne, alsike and alfalfa, lettuce, and
goldenrod, lily, gladiolus, and columbine.

The moths (ig. 163,b) appear in April, May, and June, the first
brood of the caterpillars in June and July, and the second in September
and October. Most of the latter pupate before winter and emerge
the following spring, but in the latitude of Michigan those which fail
to mature before cold weather may pass the winter as larve, and get
their growth the following spring.

LEUCANIA PSEUDARGYRIA Guen.
(Heliophila pseudargyria.)

Of this common and widely distributed relative of the army-worm,
the obtainable data are remarkably imperfect, and further information
is much to be desired. The species is generally distributed east of the
Rocky Mountains, north into Canada, but seems not to occur in the
Southern States. Beutenmiiller says that it is common in New York,
and that the larva feeds on grass, corn, wheat, oats, timothy, ete. _Web-
ster swept it from young wheat in Arkansas. All records agree that
it feeds on species of the grass and grain family,

172

The larva is not conspicuously striped. It is dull greenish gray,
sprinkled with dark brown above, the subdorsal and lateral areas lighter
and freer from dots. There is a faint, clear whitish dorsal line, and
sometimes another each side above the spiracles. There is a brown
patch at the base of each abdominal leg. The head is like the body
in color, with two brown streaks. The piliferous spots are small. The
pupa is formed without a cocoon,
both in the ground and under dry
erass on its surface.

The adults (Fig. 164) are about
the size of the army-worm moth,
but the ground color is cold gray
rather than brownish. In the army-

worm there is a distinct blackish line
pee} Detentii BRenAOn ues See leading from the outer edge of the
fore wing, just behind its apex,
diagonally inward to a variably distinct curved row of blackish dots
crossing the wing, and exactly in line with this row, back of the

meeting-point. In the present species this row of dots is straighter
and a quite conspicuous feature, and the black line is represented only
by a small isolated blackish cloud between it and the margin. There
is also a zigzag dark line across the wing at its basal third, nearly or
quite absent in the army-worm moth. The moth is seldom seen at
lights, but is common on sugary mixtures spread on trees as baits. The
males are uniformly larger than the females.

All the recorded larvee were taken in early spring, having evidently
spent the winter in this condition. They pupated in March or April,
in one case without taking food, and, after a pupal life of twenty-seven
days in two cases, emerged April 18 and May 20. Moths are recorded
from this time on until September 18, sparsely in May, June, and the
early part of July, more abundantly in the remainder of July and in
August, sparsely in September. The August and September data are
mostly in our own records for central Illinois. The species is probably
double-brooded, the moths appearing in April and May producing a
brood of larvee in June and July, of which we have no record, these
changing to moths in later July, August, and September, from which
come in fall the hibernating brood of larvee. Beutenmiiller says that
there are two or three broods.

173

SPANWORMS.
Geometride.

It is odd that not a single spanworm is listed by name among corn-
feeding larve. J. B. Smith,* however, mentions a strongly marked
“spanworm, the larva of a Geometrid,” eating seed-corn and young
corn plants. The correspondent sending it said that he felt certain
that he had seen it in previous years in the stalks of dahlia and

pigweed.
THE SADDLE-BACK CATERPILLAR.

Sibine stimulea Clem.
(Empretia stimulea.)

The saddle-back caterpillar is widely distributed throughout the
United States but is not common. The red-brown larva (Fig. 165),
about an inch long, is easily recog- ;
nized by its footless, sluglike char-
acter, and by the peculiar markings
upon its back, which suggest a green
saddle-cloth with a brown saddle in
the center.

It has been frequently found
feeding on the leaves of corn, and
also eats the leaves of a few Com-
posite and of a great variety of trees
and shrubs. Fic. 165. The Saddle-back Caterpillar,

. Sibine stimulea: a, as seen from above;

The eggs are found in masses on , cide view. Natural size. (John B. Smith.)
the upper side of the leaf. The
larva is a broad flattened caterpillar, and uses its entire fleshy under-
surface for crawling. At either end of the body are two long stout
horns armed with poisonous spines, and beside these is a row of spiny
tubercles. The ends and sides of the body are brown, and a square green
patch, edged with white, bearing an oval velvety-brown spot in the
center, nearly covers the back. The larve
feed in colonies until after the last molt,
when they scatter over the surface.
They lie, while feeding, upon the upper
surface, and work from the tip to the
base of the leaf. The cocoon is of tough,
Fic. 166. The Saddle-back Cater. brown, parchmentlike material, and is

Pa ee cemiien seni NR ae aa short, oval, and flattened against the

*Insect Life, Vol. VI., p. 188.

174

tree-trunk or other support to which it is fastened. It has a large
circular flap ‘at the anterior end, cut out by the larva so as to be easily
pushed open by the emerging moth (Fig. 166).

LEAF-—ROLLERS.
Tortricide.
Tue SuLPHUR LEAF-ROLLER.

Epagoge sulfureana Clem.

(Dichelia sulfureana.)

Leaf-roller larvee roll or fold up leaves or parts of leaves in various
ways, making more or less of a web within the cell thus formed, to hold
the leaf in position and to make a convenient and safe retreat. These
larvee are slender, greenish, and active. They venture forth to feed
on the near-by leaf tissue, but do not destroy much of it. Unless very
abundant, therefore, their injury is altogether insignificant. Corn leaves
may occasionally be found folded or rolled lengthwise, and if the leaf is
opened the larva or brown pupa may be seen in its web. ‘Two or more
species affect corn in this way. The present species is one of the com-
monest leaf-rollers, but, although too common at times on clover and
celery, it has never been known to cause any injury of consequence to
corn.

It is a slender, active, yellowish green or translucent green larva,
half an inch long or more, which rolls and webs the corn leaf length-
wise, and, when disturbed, spins a thread for its escape.

It is recorded from most of the states in the northern half of the
country, from Maine to the Mississippi River and south to Virginia;
also from Missouri, Colorado, and Texas. Besides the food plants men-
tioned, it feeds on strawberry, cotton, salsify, asparagus, grape, orange,
willow, locust, pine, and a variety of common weeds and wild plants,
including Ranunculus acris, Erigeron canadense, Verbena urticefolia and
hastata, Monarda fistulosa, and burdock.
It seems quite partial to opening
flowers, as of clover and_ fleabane
(Erigeron). It has been found inhab-
iting large cecidomyiid galls on willow.

The larva tapers each way, and is
Fic. 167. The Sulphur Leaf-roller, translucent or yellowish green, with
Hradege. sulmuncons, ecules poutine pale head and no definite markings.
It pupates in the rolled leaf, the pupa

being very dark in color—almost black. The adult (Fig. 167), with
folded wings, is about a quarter of an inch long, somewhat flat and
squarish, the wings being rather broad. Their ground color is sulphur-

+,

175

yellow, the purplish markings conjointly forming an X, usually quite
distinct.

From the records of about twenty-seven rearings and a large number
of dates for the adult, the species seems to be imperfectly three-brooded
in Illinois. In the District of Columbia it is three-brooded, according
to Comstock, in Michigan two-brooded (Cook), and in Maine probably
single-brooded (Fernald), as also in Minnesota, judging from Lugger’s
statements. Davis’s supposition that it winters as a pupa is apparently
wrong, as its first records for the season are all of the larval stage. Very
probably it winters as a larva, as Comstock suggests. The first brood
of moths in the District of Columbia and New Jersey appears in the
latter part of May and early June; in Illinois, from June 10 to the begin-
ning of July; still later in Michigan (Cook); and in Minnesota in July
(Lugger). The second brood comes about a month and a half later;
in Illinois, from late July to the beginning of September. In Michigan,
larve of this brood probably hibernate, but in Illinois a part, at least,
reach the imago stage in late September and early October, as is indi-
cated by a slight increase at that time in the number of imagos present
at lights. In the District of Columbia there seems to be a full third
brood of adults in September. The larve with us are found from the
middle of May until after the middle of June; the second brood, in July
and the first part of August. A single larva taken early in September,
which became an adult September 17, probably belonged to the third
brood.

THe ReED-BANDED [LEAF-ROLLER.
Eulia triferana Walk.
(Lophoderus triferanus.)

This is another wide-spread leaf-roller which includes the corn plant
among its diversified food resources. It has lately caused a very unusual
and severe injury to green pop-corn in New York by infesting the ear and
destroying the kernels. Over a fourth of the crop was involved, and
about three eighths of the corn on the infested ears was destroyed.

This species is found from Maine to New Jersey and west to Missouri,
and also in Texas. It has a large and varied list of food plants, including
among trees, the apple, oak, elm, soft maple, and
Osage orange; among garden crops, beans, asparagus,
salsify, and tomato; among field crops, corn, pop-
corn, and clover; also raspberry, cranberry, Gnapha-
lium polycephalum, rose, chrysanthemum, lobelia, ee
and honeysuckle. Raspberry and tomato have not — Bulia triferana, adult.

A z Twice natural size.
previously been recorded.

The larve are light green. They pupate in the rolled leaf accord-
ing to an observation made at this office. The adult (Fig. 168) is a

176

small, deep reddish brown moth, about half an inch across the expanded
wings.

Felt surmises that the species is probably two-brooded, and, with
numerous records of collection and breeding to judge from, this seems
likely to be correct. Moths have been taken in April, larve in May,
moths bred and collected in June, larvee appearing again in July and
early August, and these bred on five different occasions to the adult
in late July and in August. The adults of this brood probably winter
over, reappearing in April and producing larvee in May.

Tut Rusry-Brown Torrrrx.
Platynota flavedana Clem.

This is a small, dark greenish caterpillar, not uncommon in the
eastern part of the country as a leaf-roller on the strawberry, raspberry,
and red and white clover. It is said by Titus and Pratt* to feed in
ears of green corn, no further details being given.

The full-grown larva is about half an inch long, dark yellowish green,
and covered with minute brown granulations. The head and neck-
shield are reddish, and the anal plate colored about like the body, with
three dusky spots near its anterior margin. The piliferous tubercles
are a little lighter. The larvee pupate early in September, and soon
afterwards the moths appear. The sexes are unlike: the males, dark
brown, with the tip and base of the fore legs reddish yellow; the females,
dull rust-red, with three oblique bands. The hind wings are rust-red.

A TINEID LEAF-—MINER.
Batrachedra rileyi Wlsm.

This tineid has been bred by the U. 8. Department of Agriculture
from larvee injuring corn in the husk, both in field and in storage, and
also cotton bolls in Texas and probably other parts of the South. No
further biological information about the species has been published.

THE GROUND-BEETLES.
Carabide.

The ground-beetles are of medium size, usually black or green. They
may be seen actively running for other shelter when boards or sticks
are lifted from the ground, or scurrying through the grass or over the
ground in the fields. They are generally regarded as predatory in habit,
and they often capture caterpillars and other soft-bodied insects and
suck out their juices and softer portions, or else devour their bodies

*Bull. No. 47, N. S., U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., p. 56.

Lig

entire. Many of them, however, feed more or less on vegetation, prin-
cipally the seeds and tissues of grasses and grains, including corn; and
some common genera, notably Anisodactylus, Harpalus, and Amara, derive
the greater part of their food from such sources. Species of these genera
are often seen on the tops of grasses and other plants, feeding on the

Fic. 169. Pterostichus permundus. Vive times _ Fic. 170. Pterostichus lucublandus. Five
natural size. times natural size.

seeds. So far as the habits of the larvee are known they seem to be
much the same as those of their respective adults.

Several species have been seen by us in fall hollowing out grains
of corn, especially on fallen ears or broken-down stalks or where decay
or previous injury facilitated their work. Pterostichus permundus (Fig.
169) was found eating away the side of a fallen kernel, beginning at a
point of previous injury. P. lucublandus (Fig. 170) was seen on fallen
ears, eating into a number of grains and leaving only a thin shell. Amara
musculus was found with other insects among husks and on the ears of
standing corn. Individuals of Platynus crenistriatus were seen on a fallen
and slightly decayed ear of corn, feeding freely on the grains. Platynus
cincticollis, found on an ear of corn on the stalk, had completely hollowed
out two of the kernels. Anisodactylus rusticus was found beneath the
husks of an ear of corn on the stalk, in a cavity which it was making
in one of the grains, and other grains were seen similarly injured.

178 |

Agonoderus pallipes (Fig. 171) has already been treated in the
Hiehteenth Report (page 12) as injurious to the seed and roots of corn;
and it was also found by us injuring corn in the ear—especially fallen

ears—more frequently than any
other ground-beetle. Often the
enwrapping husks are eaten away
by it, and then the grains be-
neath are eaten out. Serious
| injury to sprouting corn in Texas
: by this beetle has lately been re-
ported by a correspondent of the
U.S. Bureau of Entomology, in-

. We volving a loss of about nine
mast esol Suintea mate dicctoac, lury, “2 tenths of mene crop on fifty acres

planted. It has been noticeably in-
jurious to planted seed-corn in several Illinois counties during the spring
of the present year (1905). It may well be ealled the seed-corn beetle.

A remarkable charge of injury to corn has been made against Omo-
phron labiatum (Fig. 172). The ground-beetles of this genus live in wet
sandy places, especially along shores, and are usually predaceous. The
subfamily Carabine, to which they belong, is otherwise exclusively
predaceous so far as known. The Omophron beetles are hemispherical,
and quite unlike typical ground-beetles. The larva of this species,
which is not known to
occur in Illinois, is said
to be very destructive to \ Pts
young corn in the South- r+ N "ae |
ern States. One author '
says that it feeds on the
erains, and another, on
the young shoots.

The adult ground-
beetles usually winter
over; sometimes, perhaps, a Ss
the larve. Eggs of some “i
species are known to be
laid in early summer in
the ground. The larvee
live in burrows and ma-
ture in the latter part of
theseason. They are rath-

er long-legged and active, /

whitish to brownish,some-

Fic. 172. Omophron labiatum. Length about one

times more or less black. — fourth inch,

179

THE LADYBUGS.
Coccinellida.

The common black-spotted red or yellow ladybugs are well-known
enemies of plant-lice, upon which both larve and adults generally feed.
They also eat larvee and soft-bodied insects of various kinds, together
with the pollen and floral organs of grasses and some
other plants, and spores of fungi and lichens. They
have been repeatedly reported in different parts of the
country, eating corn kernels, especially when in the
milk, and occasionally, also, the leaves of the plant. Fig, 173. Cocet=
Megilla maculata has been seen by us hollowing out lo Se
exposed kernels at the tip of the ear, following upon
some previous injury. Pergande saw several beetles and larvee eating
young corn kernels near Washington, and in Maryland this ladybug has
done considerable injury by eating holes in the leaves of corn. Coc-
cinella novemnotata was once seen eating the leaf, and has also been taken
by us within the husks on the standing ear.

The common ladybug, Megilla
maculata (Fig. 174), is rather nar-
rowly oval, about a quarter of an
inch long, a bright pinkish red,
spotted with black. The thorax is
distinctively marked with two oval
black spots, one each side of the
middle. On the wing-covers are
ten black spots, alternately three
and two in four transverse rows.
The nine-spotted ladybug, Coccinella
novemnotata (ig. 173), is of about
the same size, but broadly oval and -

very convex, and yellowish or orange.
Fic. 174, ‘The Common Ladybug, Megilla Lhe thorax is black, with an irregu-
NIGER coer a eenove tines, seixtepnths 1, yellowish margin in front. The
wing covers bear a black central

spot on the suture in front, and four spots in diamond-shaped arrange-
ment on each wing-cover. The larve are elongate, marked with black,

ellow, and red, and bear rows of small tubercles and short, stiff hairs.
) )

180

SCAVENGER-BEETLES.
Clavicornia, Lamellicornia, ete.

A large number of our common very small beetles come under this
general head, the club-shaped antenna, which suggested the term Clavi-
cornia, being usually, though not always, associated with a preference
for dead animal and vegetable substances. Very few of them are ever
serious crop pests, although a number are quite destructive to stored
grain and to other vegetable and dry animal substances. Occasional
species have appeared on corn plants for various reasons, sometimes
causing minor injuries, such as the gnawing of ripe grains in the ear.
These belong to the families Staphylinide, Phalacride, Nitidulide, Latri-
diide, Trogositide, and Scarabaide.

THe RovE-BEETLES.
Staphylinide.

These active beetles are remarkable for their very short wing-covers,
which leave a large part of the abdomen exposed above. They are
rather elongate, mostly quite small, and very common under sticks
and boards lying on the ground. Sometimes they fill the air, looking
like small gnats, and cause much annoyance by getting into the eyes
of people in motion. They are usually scavengers, or predatory on
other insects. Two species have been noticed in numbers in corn ears,
but were very likely feeding on exudations or organie debris.

Professor Harvey, of Maine, found Anecyrophorus planus feeding on
the exudations in an old burrow of the corn ear-worm.,

A number of specimens of a species identified for us by Casey as
Bolitochara sp. were found by us on ears of fallen corn.

PHALACRID®.

These tiny, polished, black or brown, nearly hemispherical, oval
neetles are found on flowers and leaves of various plants, and under
boards and sticks on the ground in early spring. They are believed to
subsist mostly on pollen and fungus spores and similar vegetable sub-
stances.

Phalacrus politus, a common black species, has been taken by us
eating corn pollen and the smut on broom-corn. Lintner mentions its
feeding on wheat smut in Nebraska. Hustilbus apicalis, a black species,
with yellow-brown tips to the wing-covers, was found by. us in injured
corn grains at the tip of the ear and on the leaves, and very abundantly
in shocked wheat at Anna, Illinois. Orthoperus scutellaris we have found
crawling in numbers over corn silk and excavated grains probably
previously injured by some insect. It was also reported to us as very
abundant on apple-trees at Petersburg, Ill., especially on blighted twigs.

|

181

NITIDULID”®.

These are moderately small flattened beetles, usually oblong, some-
times oval or elongate, yellowish to blackish brown, often with one or
more pairs of small spots above. The wing-covers are usually cut
squarely off, not reaching the tip of the
abdomen, but they are rarely so short as
in the rove-beetles. The larve are rather
broad and flattened, with short legs.
These insects feed on a ‘great variety of
organic substances, notably fungi, bones,
skins, exuding sap, and damaged stored
grain, and at times extend their injuries
to sound fruit and grain.

Species of Carpophilus occur on corn
in the ear, and may gnaw the ripe
grains. They are from an eighth to a perth sioGh one Cente ee,
sixth of an inch long, a fourth to a third
of the body length being exposed above, behind the wing-covers. C.
pallipenmis (Fig. 175), dark brown with pale wing-covers, is found in
Illinois, but is more common in the Southern States, where it is said to
be numerous in late summer and fall on corn, feeding on grains injured
by the corn ear-worm, and in cotton bolls that have been eaten by the
boll-worm. It is known to feed readily on decaying cotton and fruits,
and on the juices of bruised fruits and injured tree-trunks and limbs.
Stored grain is eaten by it, especially if at all unsound from injury or
decay. C. dimidiatus and antiquus are small brown species, which we
have frequently found with other insects on injured corn ears in fall.
The former is common in the Southern
States, and has been noticed in injured cot-
ton bolls and in figs and other fruits. It is
a cosmopolitan species.

Colastus semitectus has been found in
decaying cotton bolls and corn ears in the
Southern States, and also in injured figs.
It probably feeds on fungi and rotten matter.

Ips quadriguttatus (Fig. 176), a larger
species, already fully treated as a seed-corn

Fic.176. Ips 4-guttatus, sect in the Eighteenth Report of this
Lepath ‘about three sixteenths office (fasciatus, page 23), is often very com-
mon about ripe ears in fall, especially on

injured, fallen, or partly decayed corn; and the same fact has been
reported by Harvey from Maine. An exceptional outbreak of this
Species was reported to us by Dr. F. W. Goding, who found the beetles

182

in myriads in corn fields, swarming over stalks, leaves, and tassels, and
feeding on the stalks. This beetle is sometimes very common in houses,
and occasions much annoyance by getting into milk and other foods,

LATRIDILD AS.

These minute, elongate, light brownish beetles are quite common
under boards and leaves in spring, on plants, and at times fly in numbers
at dusk. Some species feed on stored cereals and on other vegetable
or animal products. Others probably feed
on pollen.

A species called by Lintner* ‘the
Corn Beetle,” and doubtfully identified by
him with Cartodere ruficollis Marsh (Latrid-
ius pulicarius), was reported by him as
feeding on corn just from the field. The
specimens sent him indicated, however,
that it merely followed a previous injury.

Melanophthalma distinguenda (Vig. 177;
Pl. VIIL., Fig. 4), the commonest species
of the family with us, has been taken by

us several times on injured corn kernels
Fra. 177. Melanophthalma dietin- in the ear, on the silk at the tip of the
guenda. Length about one sixteenth oor gnd on corm lying om theveroumd

It has been confused with a northern
species (M/. pumila), and under the latter name Webster has mentioned
what is probably this species as abundant in Indiana in August and

September, feeding on the kernels at the tips of ears of young corn.

'TROGOSITID AB.

The species of Tenebrioides (ig. 178) are flattened, elongate, black
beetles, about a fourth of an inch long. One of them, thé ecadelle (7.
mauritanica), is a cosmopolitan insect in stored grain and meal. Our native

Www)

e

species live under bark. One

of them, 7’. corticalis dubia,

is said by Glovert to destroy
)

(Waa), Ke |

details are given 1n either Fria. 178. Tenebrioides corticalis: a, larva; b, adult;
—- c—f, larval structures, and g—J, structures of adult, more
Case, enlarged; a and b, enlarged as indicated.

wheat, corn, and other
grain, in Maryland. In a
later report) he indicates
that the injury is done in

the larval stage, but no

*Sixth Report, pp. 183, 184. tRep. U. S. Dept. Agr., 1868, p. 83.
+Rep. U. S. Dept. Agr., 1887, p. 151. \Idem, 1870, p. 66.

183

SCARABAID AS.

The greater part of these large beetles are leaf-chafers, but among
the members of this extensive family is a group of scavengers, of which
the tumblebug is a common ex-
ample. These feed on dung and
other dead organic matter, and the
dung feeders occasionally turn their
attention to ripe corn in the ear or
on the ground. The club of the
antenne in this family is not solid,
but is composed of several thin
leaves, which can be separated like
those of a book.

Aphodius granarius has been
known to eat the planted corn
kernel, and is therefore treated in
the Eighteenth Report of this office
(page 14). The muck-beetles (li-
gyrus) are discussed on another page.
The following other species, which

may be included in this group, have
been found by us eating corn grains ER higedie, Leng
in the field in fall.

Onthophaqus hecate (Fig. 179) resembles a small tumblebug. Jt has
a blunt forward-projecting horn on the thorax. It is generally abundant,
most so about decaying animal or vegetable matter. It was found in
September, near Urbana, hollowing out the kernels in a number of ears
of corn, all of them softened, how-
ever, by dampness or decay.

Kxamples of Atwnius cognatus
(Fig. 180), a small species for-
merly confused with the very com-
mon <A. stercorator, were taken
from wet, decaying husks of a
fallen ear of corn at Farina,
[linois, and another specimen
emerged July 23 from a pupa
found among corn roots on the
21st.

Another species of this fam-

ily, Cremastochilus knochii, has

a

been taken by us more than once

Fic. 180. Atenius cognatus. Length about . . .
one sixth inch. on fallen ears of corn. It is a

184

black beetle about half an inch long and less than a quarter of an inch
broad, with a flattened rough back. Little is known of its habits
except that it occurs in ants’ nests. It is not common.

Aphonus tridentatus Say resembles the smaller muck-beetle, Ligyrus
gibbosus, treated on page 98 of this report, except that it has no trace
of any indentation on the front part of the thorax. Its habits appear
to be very similar to those of the muck-beetles. ‘Two correspondents
of Professor F. L. Harvey,* in Maine, sent him specimens of the adults
taken in late June and early July from injured hills of corn. The stalks
had been cut off after the manner of cutworms, but lower down and
nearer the seed kernel. Cutworms were present in one case only, and
the injury appeared to be due, in large part at least, to the beetles.
In both cases the land had been treated with barnyard manure, and
in this the larve probably bred, as is the case with Ligyrus.

The species ranges from Maine to Texas, but is rarely found in Illinois.
It is more common in the Eastern States.

THE LEAF-CHAFERS.
(Scarabeide, in part.)

The most important group of the leaf-chafers, the common June-
bugs or white-grubs, has already been treated herein. Three other
species remain to be considered among the unimportant corn insects.

THe Scaty JUNE-BUG.
Lachnosterna lanceolata Say.

This curious June-bug is quite rare in Illinois, having been taken
by us but once in the central and once in the southern part of the state.
It is more common in the West and Southwest, and has been recorded
from New Mexico, Texas, Kansas, and Colorado. In New Mexico the
beetle was brought to Cockerellt with the statement that it injured corn
by eating the growing cob. In Texas it often occurs in large swarms,
cutting off the young cotton plants over considerable areas. It differs
from all our other June-bugs in having a sparse covering of minute
whitish seales, giving it an ashy gray and speckled appearance.

THE ROSE-CHAFER.
Macrodactylus subspinosus Fabr.

The rose-chafer is an abundant and destructive pest in the United
States and Canada in the region north of a line from Virginia to Col-
orado, and including Illinois. Its favorite food plants are rose, grape,
blackberry, raspberry, ete., but when excessively abundant it often

*Rep. Maine Agr. Exper. Station, 1891, p. 199.
tBull. 15, N. Mex. Agr. Exper. Station, p. 69.

185

turns for food to a great variety of garden and other plants. Various
authors report that corn is one of the plants thus injured, and it is one
of a number of plants upon the roots of which the larve are known to
feed. A correspondent at Elgin, Illinois, once sent us specimens of the
beetle with the statement that they were found on corn.

Fic. 181. The Rose-chafer, Macrodactylus subspinosus: a, female; b, fore part of
male, side view; c, tip of male from above; d, same from below; e, pupa; f, larva. En-
larged as indicated. (Chittenden, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture.)

The beetles (Fig. 181,a-d) bear some resemblance to June-bugs.
They are about a third of an inch long, rather slender and long-legged,
and dull yellowish brown. The larve (Fig. 181, 7) are subterranean,
‘and also resemble those of June-bugs,—the common white-grubs,—but
are much smaller and more slender.

ANOMALA UNDULATA Mels.

This small leaf-chafer (Fig. 182)
is not uncommon locally in I[linois
and throughout the country gener-
ally. It is recorded as infesting a
variety of crop plants, often to their
serious injury. A correspondent of
Home and Farm, writing from
Chapel Hill, Arkansas, to the editor
(who forwarded the specimens to
me for determination), reports that
these beetles were feeding on the
corn silk, cutting it off as if with a
knife. Twelve of them were found
in a single ear, burrowing down natuciseg, A770 undulata. Six times

186

and eating the silk. In 1887 they had almost ruined a patch of early
corn.

They are similar to June-bugs in form, but are much smaller-—about
a third of an inch long. The thorax is black, with a yellowish border;
the wing-covers yellowish, with two cross-rows of ill-defined dark spots,
sometimes almost wanting. These beetles have been found stripping
the leaves from plum- and pear-trees in Ohio, and from cherry-trees in
southern Illinois. They are said to be not infrequently injurious to
wheat and other grains. In Kansas they onee caused serious injury

Ct 4

to wheat, feeding on the heads when the grain was ‘‘in the dough,”
destroying thus a thousand bushels on one farm. They are reported
as destructive to grape-vines also.

The immature stages are unknown. In Illinois the beetles have been
taken from the middle of April to the last of June. They feed in the
evening and hide under boards and the like by day.

UNKNOWN CoLroprERous LARVA.
Hlateride?

Mr. C. H. T. Townsend has reported* that in the latter part of July,
1891, the corn ear-worm was present in nearly every ear of corn in a
patch on the farm of the New Mexico Agricultural College, and that
it was almost invariably accompanied by large numbers of coleop-
terous larvee, doubtfully determined as belonging to the Hlateride (wire-
worms). These seemed to work independently of the ear-worms, and
bored all through the ripening kernels, causing much destruction.

THE LEAF-BEETLES.
Chrysomelide.

A considerable number of these beetles are known to injure corn,
and several of them have already been treated herein as corn insects
of more or less importance.

THE Sporrep WILLOW-BEETLE.
Melasoma lapponica Linn.

The foliage of our willows is often devoured by two species of plant-
beetles about the size of ladybugs. The larvee and pups of these two
are scarcely distinguishable, and bear a general resemblance to those
of ladybugs. One of these beetles (elasoma scripla) is usually yellow-
ish, streaked with black. The other one (Fig. 183), dark red, with black
spots, closely resembles the common ladybug, and has been identified
with the Melasoma lapponica of Kurope. Examples of this were sent
us by Mr. Fred 8. Allen, of Delavan, Illinois, in June, with the state-

*Insect Life, Vol. IV., p. 26.

187

ment that they had nearly denuded ten rods of willow fence along a
corn field, and were then entering the field and eating the young corn.

The larve are elongate, oval, blackish, and rough, with small tuber-
cles. They emit, when disturbed, along each side, a row of white globules
of a very strongly odorous milky secre-
tion. The beetles are more regularly
oblong than the common ladybug, the
black spots of the wing-covers are differ-
ent in number and arrangement, and
there is only one large black spot on
the thorax, instead of two.

On coming out of their winter
quarters the beetles lay their eggs upon
the young leaves as they unfold, and
the larva soon hatch and develop
rapidly. Several broods are matured
in the course of a season.

LUPERODES VARICORNIS Lec.

(Luperus brunneus.) Fic. 183. The Spotted Willow-

This is a species of southern range Pera oe te MERINO Ir, ever

—from North Carolina to Kansas, and

southward. A correspondent at Manhattan, Kansas, wrote to the
American Entomologist® in 1880 that the beetle had been quite abundant
a few years previously, feeding on the silk of sweet corn and on holly-
hock, but that at the time of writing it had almost disappeared. In
1892 it was sent to the U. 8. Department of Agriculture from Georgia,
where it was apparently doing great damage to cotton blossoms. It
is a small oval or oblong beetle, about an eighth of an inch long, varying
in color from yellowish to brownish. Its life history is unknown.

THE ROOT-—WORM BEETLES.
Diabrotica.

We have four common species of this genus in Illinois, the larve
of two of which, longicorms and 12-punctota, are seriously destructive
as corn root-worms, and as such have been treated in the Eighteenth
Report of this office. A third, the striped cucumber-beetle, is also a
serious pest, the larva eating the roots of cucurbitaceous plants. The
adults of these and other members of the genus are more varied in their
food habits, and several have been known to infest corn.

Diabrotica tenella occurs only in the extreme Southwest, and is very
closely related to our southern corn root-worm. In Arizona the beetles

*Vol. IIL, p. 77.

188

are said to cause the greatest injury to young melon vines, to feed also
to some extent on the leaves of corn, and to have caused considerable

injury to the foliage of apricots and peaches.

Mra. 184. The Southern Corn
» Root-worm, Diabrotica 12-punctata,
adult. Length about one fourth inch.

The larvee are reported
to live in the ground and to be more or
less injurious to the roots of corn and
New Mexico the adult
has been recorded as feeding on pea,
squash, sorghum, and allied plants, and,
in one locality, as generally injurious to
trees, potatoes, and miscellaneous vege-
tables.

The southern
12-punctata, is frequently found in the
adult stage (ig. 184) on the corn plant,
longitudinal

other plants. In

corn root-worm, D.

sating small irregular or
holes in the leaves or gnawing away the
edges, cutting off the silk, devouring the
pollen, and sometimes eating the unripe
kernels. We have seen it quite numerous
in red clover, eating the leaves and blos-
soms. Iurther details are given in the

Kighteenth Report of this office (page 148).

D. soror is very similar to the preceding, and replaces it on the Pacifie

coast, where it injures corn in the same manner, both in the larval and

adult stages, as does its eastern relative.
The adult striped cucumber-beetle, D. vittata (Fig. 185), has several
times been found by us eating the leaves, pollen, silk, or unripe kernels

of corn, but not to any serious extent.
The beetle of the common corn root-worm, D. longicornis (Hig. 186),

the leaves of corn to
extent,

freely on the pollen and silk,

sats
a small and feeds
occasionally injuring also the
kernels at the tip of the
young ear where this is not
covered by the husk. When
corn has been heavily in-
by the
itself, the beetles often col-

fested root-worm
leet in surprising numbers
in the silk, a fact
which has given them the
name of the “silk-fly” in
extreme southern Illinois. In

ereen

Fra. 185.
vittata:
view.
of Agriculture.)

The Striped Cucumber-beetle, Diabrotica
a, adult; 6, larva; c, pupa; d, tip of larva, side
Enlarged as indicated. (Chittenden, U. 8S. Dept.

189

a field in Saline county, an assistant, Mr. 1. B. Forbes, found July 29,
1899, an average of seven or eight beetles eating the fresh silk at the
tip of each young ear. “The beetle,” he says, ‘makes its way as fast
as possible into the closely compressed silk, which it then feeds upon.
As the threads are cut off they dry up and fall to the ground in brown
locks, the tip of the ear being left denuded.”

It has been supposed that this injury must result in the blasting of
the ear through failure of fertilization, but this conclusion is rendered
doubtful both by observations
made in the field and by
known facts concerning the
growth of the corn silk. We
have noticed, for example, that
the beetles usually begin their
injury at the center of the
tuft of silk, first cutting off the
inner filaments, which fertilize
the smaller and poorer kernels
at the tip of the ear. Again,
in fields of fairly early corn,
very many of the ears are
fully fertilized before the beetles
appear in any considerable
numbers, and these ears are
of course not injured in the Rea, 186, The Northerw Corn! Root-worm, Dia-
least by the loss of their silks. bigeiee longicormis, adult, Length about one fifth
It is further well known that the
corn silk grows indefinitely until it is effectively acted upon by the pollen,
and that its growth thereupon ceases. It is consequently quite possible,
as suggested to me by Professor P. G. Holden, that the silks will continue
to grow after mutilation, presenting a fresh effective surface to the pollen
grains, and that unless continuously eaten away until the power of
growth is exhausted, no final injury to the ear may be done. Compara-
tive observations, backed by experiment, will be needed to show whether
an injury of any economic consequence is done by the various insects
which eat the fresh corn-silk, or by those which kill it by sucking its sap.

Diabrotica atripenms is the last of the four Illinois species here
referred to. It is a black beetle with reddish or black thorax. The
larval habits are unknown. The adult was seen by Webster eating corn
pollen and corn silk before fertilization had taken place. It usually feeds
on the pollen of Composite and has been taken on Silphium. Chittenden
found the adults devouring blossoms of Lima beans in Maryland.

190

THE FLEA-BEETLES.
Halticini.

The important corn flea-beetles have been treated on pages 106-111
of this report. In addition to these, the following species have been
found on corn.

The potato flea-beetle, Hpitrix cucwmeris
(Fig. 187), breeds on the roots of potato and
tomato and of arelated weed, Solanum nigrum.
The adults feed on the leaves of potato and
other garden plants and weeds, and have been
seen by us on corn leaves. Professor Cyrus
Thomas, writing of this beetle to the Prairie
Farmer for June 22, 1878, says: “It attacks

Fic. 187. The Potato the corn soon after it comes out of the ground,
Meee er emt cnies riddling the leaves with minute holes. I had a
tenden, U. S. Dept. of Asti fF ald of corn that was considerably injured by

them.” This species is discussed in the
Twenty-first Report of this office (page 117) in connection with its
injuries to sugar-beets. It has lately been found seriously injuring
tobacco and petunias.

The smartweed flea-beetle, Systena hudsonias (Fig. 188), has also
been treated in the article on sugar-beet insects in the Twenty-first
Illinois Report (p. 119). The larvee are unknown. The adults feed

Neetae

Fia. 188. The Smartweed Flea-beetle, Sys- Fria. 189. Glyptina brunnea. Enlarged as indi-
tena hudsonias. Enlarged as indicated. cated.

.

ee ee Sl) een 2 ae, ey ew

~~ >=) 4

;
? e
‘
;
E

| z
y
E

191

primarily on smartweed and dock, but also infest a large number of

other plants.
corn, but he did not see them feeding.
the pale-striped flea-beetle were sent
him by an Indiana correspondent,t who
charged them with injuring corn in his
neighborhood. On the other hand, in
one New York locality, serious damage
was done by them to pole-beans, while
sweet corn and other plants in the vicin-
ity remained exempt.

Glyptina brunnea (Fig. 189), a mi-
nute brown flea-beetle, was found in
considerable numbers on very young
corn and in the loose soil about the
plants May 24, near Champaign. The
beetles were eating holes in the leaves
and cutting off the central leaf. The

injury was quite noticeable, but not especially serious.

Chittenden* repeatedly found stragglers on growing
Examples of this species and of

Fic. 190. convertor.

Psylliodes
Length about one twelfth inch.

This beetle

has been previously mentioned by ust as found in July and as being

ort

Fie. 191. Psylliodes punctulata. Length about
one twelfth inch.

*Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., Vol. III., p. 266.

quite abundant in October on
sugar-beets in Illinois. It is
known to occur from Georgia to
Texas and Wisconsin. Its life
history is unknown.
Chetocnema parcepunctata,
a small brassy flea-beetle only
about a sixteenth of an inch
long, was found by Chittenden
feeding on corn leaves in Penn-
sylvania. It was not seen on
any other plant, and the ex-
tent of injury is not given. It
is known from Massachusetts
to Texas, but has not been
taken by us in Illinois.
Psylliodes convexior (Fig.
100 Pl Vani Mies) amd: ie:
punctulata (Fig. 191), two com-
mon flea-beetles, have been
taken on corn, the latter sev-

TBull. No. 33, N. S., U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., p. 113.

tTwenty-first Report, p. 122.

192

eral times. P. convexior (interstitialis) was found by Webster in
Indiana* in June, feeding on corn leaves and on a grass (Panicum crus-
galli). It worked almost exclusively on the lower leaves, but gnawed
the tissues from beneath, leaving the upper skin and the veins intact.
Both these species are treated in relation to their injuries to sugar-beets
in the Twenty-first Report of this office (p. 124). They are small,
elongate-oval, bronzed flea-beetles, about a twelfth of an inch long.
Nothing is known of their immature stages.

THE ARGUS TORTOISE-BEETLE.
Chelymorpha argus Licht.

This is a convex oval leaf-beetle (Fig. 192), resembling a large lady-
bug. It is about three eighths of an inch long, yellowish to red, with a
number of small black dots. It has been charged with feeding on corn
and other plants in New York, and has been taken on
corn in Iowa. Its native food is known to be the
species of the morning-glory family (Convolvulacee),
and it also feeds commonly on milkweeds. Dr. John
Hamilton says, as quoted by Webster,t that the
beetles wander from their natural food plants to
others, on which they occasionally feed. They seem
very fond of the water held in the axils of corn
Fic. 192. The Ar- leaves, but it is not certain that they injure the

gus ‘Tortoise - beetle, : . ‘ See 4
Chelynorpha argue. plants. The species occurs in Illinois, but is not

Twice natural — size.
(S aunders.) known to be common.

THE SNOUT-BEETLES.
Rhynchophora.

In addition to the bill-bugs and curculios already treated in this
report, the two following species have been found injuring corn in a
similar manner, by gnawing or puncturing the surface of the stem.

THE STRAWBERRY CROWN-GIRDLER.
Otiorhynchus ovatus Linn.

Adults of this species were found at Urbana July 22 by Mr. J. 5.
Terrill, an assistant of this office, in hills of corn. One of them was
enawing the surface tissues at the base of a corn-stalk, the others were
found among the roots. Placed in a breeding-cage with corn plants,
one of the beetles burrowed down at the base of the stalk, which was
afterwards found to be slightly gnawed. In a few days all died.

*Rep. U.S. Ent., 1887, p. 150. tEnt. News, Vol. IV., p. 227.

oa

ee eee ee

193

This snout-beetle (Fig. 193) is about a fifth of an inch long, red to
pitch-brown, rough-surfaced, but somewhat shining. The thorax is
nearly globular, and the part of the body behind the thorax is oval.
The beak is short, broad, and flattened.

We have found the beetle frequently in blue-grass, on apple leaves,
on wheat, and at the roots of pumpkin. At the Michigan Agricultural
College, the larvee were found in May
and June girdling the crowns of straw-
berries. These were reared to the adult
by Mr. C. M. Weed, who published a full
account of the species.* Similar injuries
to the strawberry have been reported from
Massachusetts and Minnesota. In Illinois
it has lately been found eating straw-
berry roots. The adult is said to have
done serious damage to cabbage and
shrubbery in New York, and it has been
taken feeding on rose leaves and borage.

According to Mr. Weed, the larve
found in May and June were full grown :
from the middle to the last of June. The Wig) 193, ‘The Strawberry Crowne
pupa is formed in an earthen cocoon in feet apogee ean ira
the soil near by, and the adult emerges
eight or ten days later. The stages overlapped, however, so that all
three could be taken at the same time. Our collection contains exam-
ples of the adults taken from March to the middle of August, and also
in October. Probably there is but a single brood, the species hiber-
nating in the beetle, and possibly also in the larval, stage.

The species is a native of Siberia and Europe, whence it has invaded
this country, and is now widely distributed in the United States and
Canada westward to the vicinity of the Rocky Mountains. It is common
in the Kast, but not especially so in Illinios.

LIMNOBARIS DEPLANATA Casey.

A single example of a small, slender, dark gray snout-beetle, about
an eighth of an inch long, was found at Urbana September 18, by an
assistant of this office, behind a corn leaf-sheath at the second joint
above the ground. Numerous small punctures of the form usually pro-
duced by snout-beetles—opening into small cavities but not perforating
the leaf-sheath—were found at this point, doubtless the work of this
beetle. It agrees fairly with Casey’s description of deplanata, but is
possibly an undescribed species.

*Rep. Mich. Hort. Soc., 1884, a. 84.

194

Tue Corn-sMuT BEETLE.
Brachylarsus variegatus Say.

This little snout-beetle (lig. 194) is mentioned here because it is
found on corn, although it merely breeds in and feeds upon the smut of
corn and wheat. It is also known to eat freshly stored wheat. It is
about a tenth of an inch long, oval,
brownish, with lines of alternating yel-
lowish white and dark brown marks,
a pair of squarish dark brown spots
near the middle of the wing-covers, one
on each side of the suture, and a second
pair at their base. It has a very broad,
short snout. The species is common
in [linois.

THE STINK-—BUGS.

Pentatomide.

v6

The wing-covers of this group are

separated at the base by a triangular Fre. 194. The. “Com-antieaeeeiey

Brachytarsus variegatus. Length about
one tenth inch.

scutellum, of relatively large size in
the larger forms, and beyond this their
membranous outer portions overlap. Most of the species spend the
winter as adults, producing nymphs in spring. The number of broods
in a year varies, but the adults are usually most abundant in the latter
part of the season. Some are predaceous, capturing other insects and
sucking their blood; some con-
we fine themselves to plants for
food; and others divide their
attentions between the two.
Of the plant-feeding species,
some are confined to one or
two plants, and others have an
extremely varied diet.

AN (G°BaLus PUGNAX Fabr.

iiss This “stink-bug@”’ (Fig. 195)
is especially injurious to grasses

and wheat, often interfering

seriously with the development

of the heads. It has been

ain seen by Ashmead ‘feeding on
Fie. 195. Qdbalus pugnax. Five times natural yy: + :
size. corn pollen” in Florida, and we

besarte

195

have taken it in corn fields in Illinois. It is also known to attack insects.
The species is common in the South, but is rarely seen in central Illinois,
although it has appeared in injurious numbers on wheat as far north as
Minnesota. It may be known at once from other stink-bugs by the
forward direction of the sharp shoulder-spines.

Euscuistus rissitis Uhl.

We have taken specimens of this common Illinois “stink-bug” on corn
—in one case feeding on corn ears—and on various other plants. It has
been known to cause considerable injury to wheat. The adults have been
taken by us from April 20 to December 8, most frequently in June and
July, and again in September, thus indicating two broods in a season.
The front margin of the head is slightly notched, and the abdominal
segments have no median black spots in either sex. It occurs quite
generally throughout the United States from Maine to California.

EUSCHISTUS SERVUS Say.

Ashmead has reported finding this species on corn in Florida. He
supposed it to be predaceous, but it was more probably feeding, in part
at least, upon the corn. The beak is quite slender, suited to plant-feed-
ing, and very unlike the strong beak of the distinctively predaceous
species, such as Podisus. It inhabits the Southern States, and has not
occurred in our Illinois collections. It is closely related to F. fissilis,
but the front margin of the head is not notched. As in /fissilis, the
shoulders are rounded or very obtusely angled.

EVUSCHISTUS VARIOLARIUS Pal. Beauv.

This is one of our commonest species of “stink-bug”’ (Fig. 196).
It is known to suck the sap from a great variety of plants, including
corn, and by reason of its large
size and abundance it fre-
quently does some noticeable
injury to the plants infested.
We have repeatedly found it
on corn, sucking sap from the
leaves, from the husks and
kernels at the tip of the ear,
and from other parts of the
plant.

In Kentucky it has been
found feeding at the base of
tobacco leaves, causing them
to become limp and the stalk

Fic. 196. Huschistus variolarius Your times

to wilt and fall. Lugger says natural size.

196

that asparagus plants have been killed by it, and that considerable
damage was done to the wheat crop in one field. We have also taken
the adults on rye, red clover, broom-corn, oats, thistle, grasses, and
flowers; and they have been reported to eat tomatoes, red raspberries,
peaches, mullein, and T'hermopsis.

The adults hibernate, and have been taken by us from February 20
to December 20, most abundantly in spring and in July, August, and
September. The nymphs we have taken during the summer with the
adults. Kges supposed to be of this species were found on corn as
late as August 13.

The species is common in the United States east of the Rocky Moun-
tains. It closely resembles the two other species of this genus, but the
shoulders are more or less acute, the head is not notched, and the male
has a round black spot on the last segment beneath, the female being
unmarked. In color it is light brownish, dotted with darker punctures.
All three are of about the same size, half an inch long and a fourth of an
inch wide, broad and flattened, with large central triangular scutellar
plate.

THYANTA CUSTATOR Fabr.

This insect is not very common in Illinois. It resembles the preced-
ing species but is smaller, with rounded shoulders. In color it varies
from brownish, with a paler median streak, to grass-green with a red
stripe across the thorax from shoulder to shoulder. We have found it
several times on corn, in one case sucking the sap from a leaf; also on
wheat, grasses, and weeds. Chittenden reports it as injuring asparagus
in South Carolina. We have taken it from April 20 to December 10.
It is widely distributed over the
country, but.more commonly to

Lsocssia!
e the south and west.
a
a a © THe HARLEQUIN CABBAGE-BUG.

Murgantia histrionica Hahn.

This well-known enemy (Fig.
197) of cabbage and other crucif-
erous plants in southern Illinois
and the South at large has been

Fie. 197. The Harlequin Cabbage-bug, Mur- IF pls f
gantia histrionica: a and b, young, enlarged as cnown to feed on a val lety 10)

indicated; c, eggs, natural size; d and e, same, Sipe oes 3
enlarged, from side and above; f and g, adults, other plants when its normal food

les BL Dept oe AeeaIeura open Hlew- Heeame exhausted. Corn has been

thus infested in Delaware, Ken-
tucky, and Virginia. In the latter state it was said to have injured
shoots of late corn, and was also present in large numbers about the

young silk. It is rarely seen north of southern Illinois.

:
.
4
.
r
|
|
.

eS

197

OTHER PLANT-FEEDING HETEROPTERA.
THe Lear-FooTeD PLANT-BUGs.
Leptoglossus.

The leaf-footed plant-bugs resemble the common squash-bug but are
somewhat larger, and the bases of the hind shanks are dilated into flat,
leaf-like expansions. JL. oppositus Say ranges from Virginia to Kansas
and southward to the Gulf, and is
locally, though not generally, common
in central Illinois. It prefers cucur-
bitaceous plants, especially their fruits,
for food, but early in the season it is
often found on fruit trees. Plums,
peaches, cherries, apricots, grapes, and
tomatoes suffer more or less, and green
corn is frequently infested. L. phyllopus
does not range so far north as its rela-
tive, being confined mostly to the states
bordering on the Gulf. Our collection
contains, however, two examples taken
in Kansas. Its natural food plant is the Fic. 198. A Leaf-footed Plant-bug,

: ; y Leptoglossus oppositus. Twice natural
yellow thistle, but a variety of orchard, size. (Chittenden, U. S. Dept. of Agri-
garden, and field crops are eaten by it, seg
including sorghum, wheat, and rice, so that its occurrence on corn is to

be expected. It is especially injurious to oranges and melons.
L. oppositus (Fig. 198) has a pair of white dots above, one near the
center of each wing-cover; phyllopus (Fig. 199) has a whitish cross-band
in place of the dots. These insects

&
have the odor of the squash-bug, but

in a comparatively slight degree. Op-
positus was reported in 1886 as work-
ing in clusters of twenty or thirty on
stalks of corn in Virginia, and recently,
in two successive seasons, it was
noticed there several times in corn
distant from other crops, on the stalks
and puncturing kernels ‘in the milk.”

This insect appears to poison the
tissues at the point of puncture, caus-
ing in fruits a circular discoloration and
a distortion of growth. In 1896, at
Lincoln, Ill., it was found by us July

Fic. 199. A Leaf-footed Plant-bug, SC ee ret = a
Leptoglossus phyllopus. Twice natural 2¢ Very common on apricots, peaches,

size. (Chittenden, U. S. Dept. of Agri- : : :
eaieret : ; and plums, and was said to have oc-

19S

curred there also on corn and watermelons. The infested trees had
promised good crops, but the fruits were then largely rotten and spotted
with a fungous growth, Similar injuries are caused by L. phyllopus in the
South.

The life history and immature stages are similar to those of the
squash-bug. The singular eggs are bronze to bronze-brown in oppositus,
golden in phyllopus. They are cylindrical, about a sixteenth of an inch
long, and are placed end to end in rodlike chains from three eighths to

over one inch in length. The adults appear in July, and nymphs appear

in Illinois in the latter part of this month and in August. ‘These mostly
become adult in September. There is but one brood a year. Tuller
accounts of these species are given by Chittenden.*

LiGYROCORIS SYLVESTRIS Linn.

We have taken this small gray-brown plant-bug on corn silk in July.
It is widely distributed, occurring over most of North America and in
Murope. In Illinois it has been taken from March to September, most
commonly from the middle of June to the middle of July. It probably
hibernates as an adult.

SPHRAGISTICUS NEBULOSUS Fall.

The favorite food of this pale gray and black plant-bug (Tig. 200) is
the white pigweed (Chenopodium album), but we have also found it
puneturing corn leaves, causing sear brown-
ish spots. It is of an even long-oval form
and about a fifth of an inch in length. It is
common in Illinois, and is found over most
of North America and of Europe. It has
been taken from February 4 to December
19, and evidently hibernates in the adult
stage. It has been discussed as a sugar-
beet insect in the Twenty-first Report of this
office (p. 94).

MicroroMaA ATRATA Goeze.

ria, 200. Sphragisticus nebu Sake Fe E . é
losus. Length about one fifth This inseet resembles the preceding in
inch, (Bruner.) , ‘ 2 ‘

form but is entirely black. It is credited to
the Mastern States but is not uncommon in Illinois. — Adults and nymphs
were taken by us in September on the husks and grains of the ear, once
with the beak inserted. We have found it from February 1 to Noyvem-
ber 2. The adults hibernate under bark and similar shelter.

*Bull. U.S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., No. 19, N. 8., p. 44 (oppositus and phyllopus); No. 33,
p. 18 (oppositus); and No. 40, p. 118 (phyllopus notes).

199

Toe Dusky Lear-Bua.
Calocoris rapidus Say.

We have seen this common leaf-bug (Mig. 201) many times on corn
leaves, silks, and ears, often with beaks inserted in the kernels at the
tip of the ear. Webster reports a similar occurrence in Indiana, as many
as ten being counted on a single ear.

It is about a quarter of an inch long, blackish brown, with a very
narrow yellow border, the prothorax pale reddish, with a black cross-

Fic. 202, The Dusky Leaf-bug,

Mic, 20). The Dusky Leaf-bug, Calocoris Calocoria rapidus, nymph.
rapidus. Length about one fourth inch. larged.

Greatly en-
bar, often divided into two spots. The young (I*ig. 202) are pale green
marked with red. The species also feeds on cotton blooms, beets,*
strawberries,t celery, buckwheat, cabbage, alfalfa, rye, buckeye, evening
primrose, thistle, goldenrod, ragweed, and sumac (Rhus glabra), and has
been taken on mulberry, red clover, and various grains and grasses.
There are probably two broods, much as in the tarnished plant-bug,
one maturing rather early in the season, the other somewhat later, the
two overlapping to a considerable extent.

It ranges from the Atlantic to the Pacific.

*Twenty-first Rep. State Ent. Ill., p. 92.
{Vhirteenth Rep. State Ent. Ill., p. 135.

‘

200

Tue Four-LINED L&AF-BUG.

Pecilocapsus lineatus Fabr.
Bulletin 58 of the Cornell Agricultural Experiment Station contains
an exhaustive account of this prettily striped leaf-bug (lig. 205). Its
injury to gooseberry and currant and their relatives is especially severe,

Fic. 203. The Four-lined Leaf-bug, Pecilocapsus lineatus, immature stages: a, first stage,
recently hatched; b, second stage; c, third; d, fourth. Enlarged as indicated. (Slingerland.)

more or less of the foliage often being destroyed. In addition, a remark-
ably long list of cultivated and wild plants are more or less injured by
it, and Fletcher quotes a correspondent as saying that this species and
the tarnished plant-bug will feed on young sweet corn kernels when
they can get at them. We have seen dock leaves entirely riddled and
seared by their punctures.

It is about a third of an inch long, green (yellow in dried specimens),
with four large black stripes and two dots on the wing tips. The eggs
(Fig. 206) are inserted nearly vertically in stems, in short longitudinal

Fic. 204. The Four-lined Leaf-bug, Pacilocapsus
lineatus, nymph, fifth stage. I!nlarged as indicated. Fic. 205. The Four-lined Leaf-bug, Pecilocapsus
(Slingerland.) lineatus, natural size and enlarged. (Slingerland.)

i A

201

rows in midsummer, and remain over winter, hatching the following
May. The adults appear in June and disappear by the end of July,
there being but one brood a year.

—
Fic. 206. The Four-lined ) >

Leaf-bug, Pecilocapsus linea- J \

tus, eggs in currant stem, and h

one greatly enlarged. (Chit-

tenden, U.S. Dept. of Agricul- Fic. 207. Plagiognathus obscurus. Length about one

ture.) eighth inch.

PLAGIOGNATHUS OBSCURUS Uhl.

Kxamples of this little leaf-bug (Fig. 207) have been observed by us
several times in fall with their beaks inserted in corn kernels at the
tip of the ear, in one case as many as half a dozen on a single ear. No
appreciable injury was noticed.

The species is shaped much like the tarnished plant-bug, but is
smaller, dull blackish and yellowish, without definite markings. It is
generally distributed over the United States east of the Rocky Moun-
tains, and is recorded from a considerable variety of plants. The data
of our collections indicate the development of two successive broods
and hibernation in the egg. We have found it occasionally on sugar-
beets, and it is therefore discussed in the Twenty-first Report (p. 89).

202

UNDETERMINED LEAF-BUG.

Capside.

Ashmead* reports an undetermined capsid taken feeding on corn

pollen in Florida.

THE COMMON FLOWER-BUG.

Triphleps insidiosus Say.

In the Twenty-first Report of this office (page 86) it was said that
while there is undoubted evidence of the value of this species (Fig. 208)

Fre. 208. The Common
Flower-bug, Triphleps in-
sidiosus.. Enlarged as in-
dicated. (Osborn, U. §.
Dept. of Agriculture. )

The Flatas are
above.

broad and are concealed in a woolly excretion.

as a predaceous insect it has been charged with
injury to plants, and its fairly common occurrence
on beets renders it an object of suspicion. The
same is true of it as a corn insect. Webstert
reports that it may frequently be found, in all
stages, literally swarming among the silks, with
no other visible food supply. We have also found
it several times, sometimes in great numbers, on
corn silks, on the tips of the ears and on the
leaf-sheaths, and also on broom-corn. It is a
minute, flattened, blackish bug with yellowish
wing tips, and is found throughout the United
States. The nymphs are reddish brown.

THE FLATAS.

odd-looking insects, wedge-shaped as seen from

The two species known to feed on corn have been discussed
in treating the sugar-beet insects.}

The young are very short and
They live in groups

Fie. 209.
pantie inch.

The Green Flata, Chlorochara conica.

Length about three

*Bull. No. 14, U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., p. 16.

+‘Insects Affecting the Corn Crop,”’ p. 20.

(From Ind. Agr. Rep. for 1885.)

iTwenty-first Rep. State Ent, Ill,, p. 83,

Ludia Moore Hart

PLATE VIII

Fig. 1—THE FALSE CHINCH BuG, Wystus augustatus, Fig. 2—THe MEALY FLATA,
Ormenis pruinosa, \isht colored example. Fig. 8—Psyldiodes convexior, Fig. 4—Alelanoph

5

thalma adistinguenda

203

on leaves or stems and breed on trees and shrubs, but also occur on
herbaceous plants. Probably these species hibernate in the egg, which,
according to Riley, hatches about the middle of May. The record
strongly indicates that there is but one brood a year, nymphs occurring
from about the middle of May to late in July and imagos from July
to the end of the season.

That these insects are especially sensitive to the effects of rainy
weather and are not sufficiently protected from it when on the corn
plant, was strikingly shown by colonies of Chlorochara conica observed
by us. After a heavy rain very few could be found on corn-stalks where
they had been common before, while on plants which afforded them
better shelter their numbers were little diminished.

THe Meaty FLAta.

4)

Ormenis pruinosa Say.

Miss Murtfeldt found this Flata (Fig. 210; Pl. VIII., Fig. 2) especially
destructive to dahlias, which were injured beyond recovery. We have
taken it once on corn and once on sorghum, but not doing appreciable
injury. The eggs (Fig. 211) are laid in a lengthwise row
in a slit in the bark of twigs. The adults are about
a quarter of an inch long, at first pale bluish green,
darkening to slate color or sooty brown, with a whitish = ga ot
“bloom.” The species is found in the United States, Mealy Flata, Orme-

nis pruinosa. En-

Mexico, and the West Indies. larged as indicated.

THE GREEN FLATA.
Chlorochara conica Say.
(Chlorochroa conica.)
This species was found by an assistant of this office,
Mr. C. C. Adams, breeding quite abundantly in one
corner of a corn field near Urbana on the corn-stalks,

and also on ragweed, catnip, and milkweed, and the
adjacent hedge. They formed large colonies on the
bases of the corn-stalks not more than a few inches
from the ground. After a heavy rain had _ swept
most of them off the corn they were still abundant on
the ragweed and catnip. Later they became more
Fro, 211. The abundant on the hedge, which probably affords them a
ey tee more suitable food. The year following they were
pass; 6, in batt again found in the same place in smaller numbers on
size. the corn and weeds and on the hedge.
The woolly secretion develops only on the abdominal surface of the

nymph. The adults (Fig. 209) are about three eighths of an inch long,

204 i|

with very broad wings, clear yellowish green throughout. Chittenden
says that their favorite food is the hop plant. The eggs described by
us in the Twenty-first Report (p. 84) as perhaps those of this species
have since been determined by the U. 8. Division of Entomology to
belong to Ceresa taurina. The species is only locally common, but is
known to oceur from Texas to Lowa and Ohio and in Virginia.

THE LEAF—HOPPERS.
Delphacine, Jassida.

The important corn leaf-hoppers have already been treated on pages
121-123. Five others, which follow, have been taken on corn.

DiICRANOTROPIS Sp.

Examples of this delphacid have twice been noticed on corn in southern
Illinois, in one case apparently feeding.

le
LIBURNIA ORNATA Stal.

Occasional specimens have been taken by us on corn, in one case
in the act of feeding. This insect was erroneously determined for us
as Stobera tricarinata, and
the record concerning corn
under that name in the
Twenty-first Report (page
67), should be transferred.
The species ranges from the
Mississippi to the Atlantic
and is frequently taken in
Illinois. It apparently hiber-
nates as an adult and has
two broods a year. It oc-

Fig. 212. Liburnia ornata; also head and thorax .
seen from above. Enlarged as indicated. curs on grasses, grains, and

weeds. The adult (ig. 212)
is slender, about an eighth of an inch long, orange-brown trimly
marked with white and black, the wings clouded with blackish.

ONCOMETOPIA UNDATA Fabr.

This large leaf-hopper (Fig. 213) is full half an inch
in length, with purplish wings, the head and seutellum
orange reticulate with black. It seems to be especially
a grape insect, but has been taken on corn, broom-corn,
; ¢ a : Vic. 213. Onco-
and other plants. It is discussed as a sugar-beet insect — metopia _undata,

. m : ; : ; Res Natural size.
in the Twenty-first Report of this office (page 70).

b Tae

205

DRA&CULACEPHALA MOLLIPES Say.
(Diedrocephala mollipes.)

This large dull green species is one of the commonest of our large
leaf-hoppers. It feeds principally on sedges, grasses, and grains, includ-
ing corn, and especially in low grounds, but is hardly abundant enough
to cause any appreciable injury
to the crop. Its corn-feeding
habits have been observed by
Garman in Kentucky.* Nymphs
and adults were found abundant
in July on corn in low ground, as
many as twenty to a single plant
in some fields, when the corn was
about two feet high. Near the

E f Bia. 214. Dreculacephala mollipes: a,
end of July a fungous clisease young; 6, half grown; c, adult. Enlarged as
2 indicated. (Osborn.)

similar to that which is seen on

house-flies on window-panes greatly reduced their numbers. — In Illinois
we have found it quite common on corn in late June, in one case laying
its eggs in a corn leaf; also on sorghum leaves.

The adults (Fig. 214, c) are from a quarter to three eighths of an inch
long, the wings dark green, with bluish veins and yellow edges, the
thorax, scutellum, and front of head yellowish, the first with some fine
black lines irregularly placed. The nymphs (Fig. 214,a,6) are light
green or yellowish. The species is discussed as a sugar-beet insect in
my Twenty-first Report (page 71). It ranges from Canada to Mexico

and Cuba. The eggs are laid mostly in

4

rank grasses and sedges, and in this stage
as a rule the winter is passed. There
are two broods in a season, the adult
stage being reached in June and July
and again in fall.

: PHLEPSIUS IRRORATUS Say.
A nymph of this genus, and very prob-
ably of this species, was taken by Garman
on young cornat Normal, Iinois, in June.

4 The species is treated in my Twenty-first

Report (page 76). It attacks a great

i rariety of plants, and causes .on some

Fee ee a dark purple spotting of the leaves.
Fic. 215. Phlepsius irroratus. m

Enlarged as indicated. There are probably two broods, and the

*Second Rep. Ky. Agr. Exper. Station, p. 12,

206

winter is presumably passed in the egg state. The species is of north-
erly distribution in the United States.

GNATHODUS spp.

The statement in the Twenty-first Report that some species of this
genus feed on corn is unwarranted.

PLANT-LICE.
Aphidide.

Several root-lice on corn, including the common corn root-aphis,
were fully treated in the Eighteenth Report of this office. The so-called
corn leaf-louse, which seems to be more especially a broom-corn and
sorghum insect, and the southern grain-louse, which is primarily a
wheat insect, have been discussed as of secondary importance to corn-
growers on pages 123-135 of this report. Six other species, which
chiefly infest other plants and whose presence on corn is apparently
unusual or accidental, are here briefly mentioned.

THE EKUROPEAN GRAIN-LOUSE.
Siphocoryne avene: Fabr.

This plant-louse (Fig. 216), according to Pergande,* is our common
apple-aphis, and is taken also on grains, grasslike plants, and a few
weeds. The broods revert in the fall of alternate years to the apple,
upon which the sexed individuals appear. Kggs are laid by the ovip-
arous females on twigs of apple and related trees and hatch the follow-
ing spring. The return migration is completed early in July, after which
none of the lice are to be seen on the trees until about September 15,
when individuals descended from apple-lice of the previous year migrate
to the trees and produce oviparous females. These mature and are
then joined by male migrants. Winged females from corn August 29
were pronounced by Mr. Pergande to be of this species. They are said
to be found most frequently on wheat.

THE ENGLISH GRAIN-LOUSE.
Macrostphum granaria Buckt.
(Nectarophora avene, in part.)

On two occasions winged examples of this species (Fig. 217) have
been taken on corn, and in one of our large corn breeding-cages a small
colony of wingless individuals showing the maculation of the abdomen
found in this species was observed on the leaves.

*Bull, No, 44, N. S., Div. Ent., U. S. Dept. Agr., p. 5.

Fra. 216. The European Grain-louse, Siphocoryne avene: a, winged viviparous female; c, its
antenna; b, sexual female; d and e, tip of male abdomen from side and beneath; /, tip of femile
abdomen from beneath. Enlarged as indicated. (Pergande, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture.)

In a letter from Dr. C. M. Weed, dated at Columbus, Ohio, November
2, 1888, he informs me that he found the grain-aphis early in the season
establishing colonies on the older leaves of corn plants; but since Per-
gande* has shown that three or four species have until lately been con-
fused under this common name the identity of the species observed
by Weed is doubtful. | Our specimens of grain-aphis from Illinois belong
as a rule to the present species as described by Pergande. It occurs
principally on wheat and oats but also on grasses and wild rye.

*Bull, No, 44, N, S., U. S. Dept. Agr., Div, Ent., p. 5,

Fic. 217. The English Grain-louse, Macrosiphum granaria; winged female
(a) and its antenna (6). Enlarged as indicated. (Pergande, U. 8. Dept. of
Agriculture.)

THE CLoveR PLANT-LOUSE.
Macrosiphum trifolii Pere.

On the upper leaves of experimental corn in an inclosed frame at
the University of Illinois Mr. H. Garman found colonies containing
young, pups, wingless females, and characteristic winged females of
this species (lig. 218), recently described by Pergande in the paper
just cited. Another winged example was taken by us on a corn leaf
at Urbana. This is a pale green species with unusually long cornicles,
and with numerous sensoria crowded along the outer side of the third
antennal joint. It is common on red clover, strawberry, dandelion,
and sow-thistle, and has also been found occasionally on wheat and oats,

owe ee

209

>

Fic. 218.. The Clover Plant-louse, Macrosiphum trifolii. Enlarged as indicated. (Pergande,
U.S. Dept. of Agriculture.)

Myzus ACHYRANTES Monell.

Colonies of this species appeared on corn in a large experimental
breeding-cage at my office August 19. Some females were giving birth
to young. All that could be found there on this and the following day
were killed. However, on August 29 winged examples and young were
abundant, mostly on the under sides of the upper leaves. September
12 they were still abundant, and examples were also taken by sweeping
in a corn field in June. I have previously treated this as a sugar-beet
insect,* the colonies of leaf-lice occasionally found by us on sugar-beet
leaves all belonging to this species. It. was originally described from
examples found in Missouri on a plant of the pigweed family, and has
been found on the common pigweed, Amarantus. ‘These are probably

*Twenty-first Report State Ent. Ill., p. 82.

210

its natural food plants. The inner side and angle of the antennal tubercle
is strongly prominent, rounded, and finely serrate, and the first antennal
joint is similarly modified but in a less degree (Fig. 219). There is a
large dark patch on the disk
of the abdomen.

RHOPALOSIPHUM DIANTHI
Schrank.

This species has been
observed by Williams in a
greenhouse in Nebraska on
a number of different plants,
including corn. It is else-
where reported from a few
greenhouse and garden

/

Vig. 219. Myzus achyrantes, head and antenna. lants
Greatly enlarged. plants.

THE YELLOW SORGHUM PLANT-LOUSE.

Chaitophorus flavus Forbes.

.

This lemon-yellow, short, bristly plant-louse (Fig. 220, 221), some-
times abundant and destructive on sorghum and broom-corn, has been
found by us in small numbers breeding on leaves
of corn also, in late June and early July. In
September it occurred in all stages on corn leaves
in an experimental breeding-cage. It rarely infests
corn, however, even in the near vicinity of seri-
ously infested sorghum fields.

Cornicles are present but quite short, not
longer than broad. The species resembles the
box-elder plant-louse, Chaitophorus negundinis, but
that has six distinet antennal joints, not count-
ing the terminal spur, while flavus has only five
joints, or often but four in wingless females. It

was found by me in June on young sorghum plants

- : : . . Fic. 220. The Yellow

only three or four inches high, and in each gorghum Plant-louse,
. 5 ° ‘ Chaitophorus flavus, wing-
of the following months up to late September, (ee ene’ “Grey en:

5 ° larged.
but in October none were to be seen. The winter “""

history remains unknown. It also occurred on foxtail- and panic-grass
(Setaria and Panicum) in the vicinity of infested sorghum plants, and
has been taken by us breeding on grass in May, and on wheat in Sep-
tember.

Although most plant-lice prefer the growing tops of their host plants,

7.

211

this species has the remarkable habit of infesting especially the lower
| 8

and older leaves, usually their under sides. Ants which often attend
plant-lice for their sweetish excretions seem to pay no attention to this
species.

BS \ -

MSE 747
Sov WHS

Fic. 221. The Yellow Sorghum Plant-louse, Chaitophorus flavus, winged female; a, antenna.
Greatly enlarged.

THE PRAIRIE WALKING-STICK.

Diapheromera velii Walsh.
(D. veliez.)

Gillette reports this species* as abundant on two occasions in Col-
orado, once on corn and once on grass. It prefers weedy open situa-
tions in marked contrast with the habits of D. femorata, which is a
forest species. We have found it common on open sandy ground in

y

Fic. 222. The Prairie Walking-stick, Diaph- Fic. 223. The Common Walking-stick,
eromera velii: a, fore femur of female; b, tip Diapheromera femorata: a, fore femur of
of male abdomen; c, of female abdomen. Much female; b, tip of male abdomen; c, of female
enlarged. abdomen. Much enlarged.

*Bull. 94, Col. Agr. Exper. Station, p. 22.

212

Illinois. It has been taken by us at various Illinois localities, and on
open ground at Lake Geneva, Wisconsin. It ranges from Maryland
to Georgia, and thence to the Rocky Mountains and Mexico. It may
be either green or brownish, and the males have usually a pale stripe
each side. Their middle thighs are neither dilated nor banded, as in
the common walking-stick, D. Jemorata. The fore thighs of the females
are narrower (Fig. 222, a) and the cerei much longer (Fig, 222, c) than
in D. femorata (Fig. 223, a,c). We have collected nymphs and adults
at Urbana July 30, and adults in August and September.

GRASSHOPPERS.
Acridide.

The general subject of grasshoppers has been treated elsewhere in
this report (see pages 64 and 136), but two additional species of this
family have been knwn to cause minor injuries to corn, and two
others are under suspicion.

Tub SHORT-WINGED GREEN GRASSHOPPER.
Dichromorpha viridis Seudd.

This species (Fig. 224) is readily distinguished from
other grasshoppers of its kind by its short wing-covers,
—only about half the length of the abdomen in the
female,—and by the oblong flat upper surface of the
thorax, sharply separate from the vertical sides, its side
margins nearly straight and parallel to each other and
to a median raised line. The color is either grass-green
or gray-brown. It is especially common in central and
southern Illinois about the edges of woods and roads
and in weedy places, particularly near water. It has
several times been found eating corn leaves in Septem-
ber, and has been taken in general collecting from a
variety of wild plants and flowers. Our earliest record
of its occurrence is July 10, at Urbana, and we have

repeatedly taken the adults at various dates from this

time forward until September 24. The eggs are doubt- cvonniphe casual

less laid in fall. Bolargeds ie
BOOPEDON NUBILUM Say.

Gillette says* that this western grasshopper is rather common along
the Arkansas River valley below Pueblo on moist ground where grasses
erow, and that it has also been taken in wheat and corn fields. It
ranges along the eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains from ‘Texas to
Nebraska.

*Bull. Col. Agr. Exper. Station, No. 94, p. 27.

ty or

Se i, i

213

DISSOSTEIRA LONGIPENNIS Thom.

The permanent breeding-grounds of this species are in the Rocky
Mountains, from Montana to New Mexico, and from these it is known
to migrate in large numbers into the states bordering the mountains on
the east. It has never entered Illinois.

It has occurred in great numbers early in the season in grain and
corn fields, but does little damage, feeding principally on the grama-
grasses and buffalo-grass, and later, to some extent, on corn. Alfalfa
and potatoes are also eaten. The species is closely related to our
common black-winged Carolina grasshopper, but differs from it in that
the wing-covers are pale, with numerous brown blotches, and the dark
area of the hind wings is bluish and does not cover so much of the wing.

CAMPYLACANTHA OLIVACEA Scudd.

This short-winged green grasshopper, with rounded thorax, has not
hitherto been reported east of the region extending from Nebraska to
Texas, in which it is often common. It is nevertheless not infrequent
in Illinois, but has probably been overlooked because of its close resem-
blanee to the nymphal forms of the common species. It has been taken
at Havana, Mdgewood, and Ashley, in west-central, southeastern, and
southwestern Illinois respectively, in sandy grass-land and on wheat
and corn in August and September. In the West it feeds on sunflower
and lamb’s-quarters and is suspected of injuring beets.

THE CRICKET FAMILY.
Gryllide.

This family includes the common black and brown house- and field-
crickets (Gryllus and Nemobius), and the whitish and greenish white
climbing crickets of the genera Zicanthus and Xabra. Numerous as these
insects often are, they are of but little importance to the corn farmer.
Some trifling injury now and then to the leaves of corn, and the occa-
sional eating of a few kernels at the tip of an ear, usually when the stalk
has fallen to the ground, are practically all the damage to corn which
can be laid to their account.

The family is readily distinguished from other principal members
of its order by the fact that the wing-covers are flat above and bent
downwards at the sides; that the antenne are long, slender, and many-
jointed; that the foot is three-jointed and has no pads between the
claws; that the ears are not in the abdomen, as in the grasshoppers,
but in the tibia of the fore-leg; and that the body ends with a pair of
slender-jointed appendages, the cerci, while the ovipositor of the female,
when present, is a long spear-shaped structure, consisting of four pieces

214

so grooved within that they form, when brought together, a tube through
which the eggs are passed. The crickets travel mostly by jumping,
and the hind thighs are usually enlarged. The males all make a peculiar
rasping noise by rubbing the veins of one wing-cover upon those of the
other.

TH PENNSYLVANIA FIELD-CRICKET.

Gryllus pennsylvanicus Burm.

This common black cricket has been many times found in September
and October injuring corn grains at the tip of the ear, in no case, how-
ever, except where the ear was wholly or partly on the ground. It is
very closely related to the common field-cricket, and quite possibly
some of the nymphs found eating corn may be of the latter species.
Field-erickets are much more generally injurious to other plants, to the
tomato, for example, which they may cut off close above the ground, and
to strawberries, which they occasionally spoil by eating the seeds. They
sometimes make their way into houses, where they do injuries identical
with those of the common domestic cricket. They have also been
known to injure clover, and have shown traces of a carnivorous habit
in the destruction of young grasshoppers.

The eges of this species are laid in midsummer, the young hatching
in July and August and mostly maturing the following spring. The
adults remain until the advent of frost. They are most common in
open woods among leaves.

This cricket has a short body, about three fourths of an inch long,
with a large and globose head and large and rounded eyes. The ovi-
positor is from half to three fifths of an inch in length. The whole
surface is shining black except the wing-covers, which are often more
or less grayish or reddish.

THe STRIPED CRICKET.
Nemobius fasciatus DeG.

A small blackish species (Fig. 225, 226), about three eighths of an
inch long. On the head are four pale longitudinal stripes, often indis-
tinct, and there is also a black line on each side of the prothorax con-
tinuous with a line of the same color along the sides of the wing-covers.
The ovipositor is straight and pointed obliquely upwards, and is as
long as the hind femora. The hind wings of one
variety are over twice the length of the wing-covers,
and project beyond them like tails. In another

Te variety of the species these wings are aborted and

broadly rounded at the end. This latter form is the
Via. 225. The Striped , ‘ ‘ i
Cricket, Nemobiue fas. More abundant in Illinois, and has been found late

“iatua, female. About «a clears se oats
SEI en" in September feeding on the corn grain in fields at

215

Urbana where many stalks had fallen. Wherever
the ear touched the ground, one or more of these
crickets were beneath the husks, sometimes at a

considerable distance from the tip. In such cases .

the substance of the grains had been gnawed away, Striped Ce We
sometimes deep enough to destroy the germ. This "is, /ascatus, . male.
species was at the same time even more abundant

in timothy and blue-grass fields, in woods, on thistle, iron-weed, and
other wild plants, and in orchards, where it is .occasionally slightly
injurious to the fruit of the pear, apple, peach, and quince.

TREE-CRICKETS.
(Hcanthine.

The white crickets, or tree-crickets, or climbing crickets (Fig. 227,
228), as they are variously called, are so numerous and vociferous every-
where from midsummer onward that their rhythmic shrilling is a constant
feature of the summer night’s experience. In town
and country, all night long, the air rings with the
ceaseless beat of their social song, all in a given
spot keeping time with each other like trained
musicians—an entomological choral union. Consist-
ently with their habit of nocturnal song. they are
attracted to electric lights, and often visit the
sugary lures of the night collector of insects. They

Fic. 227. A Tree- are little seen by day, although not completely |
cricket, (Heanthus, dormant then, and are rarely charged with feeding
to any noticeable extent upon the vegetation of the

garden or the farm. They are, in fact, in considerable measure insec-
tivorous, especially when young. Plant-lice are evidently one of the
favorite objects of their food, and other soft-bodied insects are said to
be eaten by them. Dissections show
that they feed largely on fungi and on

the pollen, anthers, and pistils of

eae Fic. 228. A Tree-cricket, Qcanthus,
flowers. female. Natural size.

These crickets are rarely common
enough in corn fields to attract attention except for the row of punctures
made in laying their eggs in the slender, naked part of the corn-stalks
just below the tassel.

There are three forms of these egg punctures in the corn-stalks, two
of them those of climbing crickets, and the other those of the meadow
grasshoppers (Orchelimum). The eggs of the common white crickets
of the fields G’canthus nigricornis, for example), are closely placed in
somewhat irregular rows running lengthwise of the stalk (Fig. 229), the

216

punctures separated from each other a fifth of an inch or less, and often
almost touching by their borders. The surface tissue of the stalk is
torn and lifted Where the puncture is made, causing a continuous line
of tufted, roughened spots. The scars made by the broad-winged climb-
ing cricket (latipennis) are larger than those Just described, arranged
in more or less regular rows, or sometimes irregularly scattered, and

separated from each other by considerable dis-

tances—from a third to half an inch or more.
_The common meadow grasshopper (Orchelimum),
on the other hand, makes a row of large blotches
or patches of torn tissue, each a quarter of an
inch aeross (Fig. 134), the fibers of the surface
being broken and lifted and the eges thrust into
the pith beneath. The eggs of all these insects
may of course be readily found by carefully split-
ting the stalks containing them. They are slender,
cylindrical, slightly curved, blunt at both ends,
shining yellow, with a darker roughened cap at

the end nearest the surface. The snowy cricket

lays one egg for each puncture, making a single

row (Fig. 229). The broad-winged cricket pushes
out from two to six eges in two sets to the right
and left (fig. 230), and the meadow grasshopper
does the same.

SEWERS Ea

Assistants have several times found these
crickets at the injured tips of ears of corn in
the field, but dissection of specimens so found
indicates that they are feeding on the fungi which

Fic 229. Eggs of Tree- :
cricket, @canthue, inrasp. develop on the broken kernels, and not on the
berry cane: a, twig with ‘rain itself
row of eggs; b, section grain itself.
along row of eggs, show-

Sa Th anmomorncres con They are injurious chiefly to trees, shrubs, and.
egg enlarged; d, sculpture : : . hed x : o ‘
St Capiaiondanlarced: vines, in whose twigs and branches they may lay

their eggs. Raspberries, blackberries and grape
vines are sometimes considerably injured by them. Where their eggs
have been laid in a close row of punctures the twig is likely to split
to the center after a little, and to die beyond the point of injury.
Half the canes in a raspberry field were thus affected in one case re-
ported to me.

These eges are also laid almost indiscriminately in a considerable
number of thick-stemmed annual weeds. All the species hibernate in
the egg so far as known, and the young, hatching in early spring, get
their growth from the middle of summer to early fall.

Hight species of climbing crickets are known for Illinois, seven of them
belonging to the genus Gfcanthus and one to Nabea. But two of them

217 :

have been certainly noticed in corn fields, G!. nigricornis and C2. lati-
pennis. (4. niveus has been frequently reported from corn, both here
and elsewhere, but not, so far as I know, by those who were aware at

Pi

4 5

6
Fic. 230. Egg mass of Gcan- Tlic. 231. Basal joints of antennsze of species
thus latipennis in stem of corn of (canthus and Xabea: 1, GQ. nigricornis; 2,
tassel, enlarged; also single egg, @. quadripunctatus; 3, Xabea bipunctata; 4,
more enlarged. . niveus; 5, G2. angustipennis; 6, G2. latipennis.

the time of the differences between this species and nigricornis. Niveus
and angustipennis are usually found in orchards and similar situations.
(. 4- punctatus, on the other hand, like nigricornis, is found in open
situations and in the vicinity of corn fields, and in all probability occurs
on corn.

The species may be distinguished by the following synoptical key: *

A. Hind legs slender, and tibee having weak spines.
B. First two segments of antennee with black markings beneath.

C. First joint of antennae with a single straight black line on the
inside beneath, second joint with two parallel lines beneath;
third joint of maxillary palpi nearly or quite as long as fourth
and fifth united; pale yellowish; wings much longer than
wing-covers; wing-covers flattened above, transparent, and
very narrow; the abdomen and leg not marked with black.
Gooch CRO RECAST REI ER emetic ee ee (Heanthus forbesi.t

CC. Third, fourth, and fifth joints of maxillary palpi subequal.

D. First and second joints of antennz each with a single mark.

K. Wholly pale whitish green, with a single dot on under side
of each of first two antennal joints (Fig. 231, 4); wing-
covers about twice as long as abdomen, wings as long
PVE raise 0) 0) 3s ay ea a Ree Ra ra (EH. niveus.

" *Prepared by E. 8. G. Titus.
7Can. Ent., Vol. XXXYV., p. 260.

218

INE. Pale greenish white, generally with a brownish yellow
spot on top of head; wing-covers very ‘arrow, sides
almost parallel, wings about as long as wing-covers; the
first joint of antennse with J-shaped mark beneath, the
hook turning inward, mark on second joint elongate

and slightly curved (Fig. 281, 5) ....d2. angustipennis.
DD. First and second joints of antenne each with two black
marks.

Ii. Virst joint of antennee beneath with a long, slender black
mark inside and a dot outside, the second joint with two
short, nearly equal parallel lines (Tig. 231, 2), remaining
antennal joints brownish; pale yellowish green, some-
times with dark markings on abdomen; wings always
somewhat longer than wing-covers...... (E. 4-punctatus.

Who. First antennal joint with a line inside, a bar outside,

I’. Dark yellowish green, head and thorax with several
brown or black longitudinal stripes, body beneath
brownish or all black, legs varying from yellow. to
black, wings longer than wing-covers, The two black
marks on the under side of first joint of the antenne
are connected at the top with black, giving a mark
having the shape of an iavcittc L; on the second joint
they are long and peralle!, te outer one the shorter
Ce cal) sini ca iere mrad cae poten eee (EH. nigricornis.

I'l’, Dark yellowish green, head an] antennse reddish brown,

thorax dark brown sometimes marked with black
lines on each side above, body black beneath, sides
yellowish green, above black with a central green-
ish stripe; wing-covers transparent, with bright grass-
ereen veins, wings very little longer than wing-covers;
first joint of antennwe beneath with straight longi-
tudinal line inside, and near the top on the outside a
short oblique line; second joint with two parallel
LIMOS <..c4s5.w: cB cs Sak eid) > APS Eas a Ueee ne nie an (E. pint.
BB. No black marks on first two antennal joints beneath, these

joints and the top of the head distinetly pinkish (lig. 231, 6).

Pale yellowish green; wing-covers very broad as compared with

other species of the group and extending beyond the abdomen,

longer than the wings in the male, about equal to them in the

female. This species is generally longer than any other of

the PONS cha Gn vslegdsisin e Sealy cee Aree eee (Hf. latipennis.

AA. Hind legs slender, and tibe having no spines. General color pale
pinkish brown, wing-covers in female with two large brownish

or black spots on each, those of male without spots; head

|

broader than thorax, which is long with the sides parallel,
wings almost twice as long as wing-covers. Maxillary palpi with
the third joint very long and slender, but shorter than the fifth
- joint, which is obliquely truncate at the end, fourth joint very
short. Antenne have on basal joint, beneath, a short tubercle
MENG eee hee Fat cle nero car Wish conta Raed Nabea bipunetata.

Nores ON THE Foop oF THE WHITE CRICKETS.

The food of four species of white crickets has lately been investi-
gated by Mr. EH. 8. G. Titus and myself, and by Mr. Ralph G. Mills, a
student working under my direction. Our materiml consisted partly
of freshly collected specimens, and partly of pinned
specimens from my office collection which were
softened up by boiling in potash’ solution. ‘These

were then dissected and the contents of the ali-
mentary canal were displayed in glycerine on glass

ia, 232. Mandible ys : ! : f etre
of a White Cricket, Slides, and examined under the microscope.

(Ecanthus 4-punctatus.
Greatly enlarged.

Generally speaking, the food of the genus (vcanthus
is highly miscellaneous, consisting largely of the floral
organs of grasses and other plants, quantities of pollen, various fungi,
many plant-lice, with traces of other insects, and occasional fragments
of leaf tissue not definitely recognizable as to their origin but derived

from both veined and parallel-veined plants. Serious injuries to vege

lia, 2838. Mandible of the Mia, 234. Mandible of the Red
Common Field -cricket,. Gryllus legged Grasshopper, Melanoplus Je
pennsylvanicus, Greatly enlarged. mur-rubrum, Greatly enlarged.

tation by these insects are virtually impossible owing to the weak-
ness of their mandibles, which, while permitting them to eat stamens
and pistils of plants and soft-bodied insects, are not adapted to the
biting and mastication of resisting vegetable ‘tissues. The difference
in this respect. from the ordinary herbaceous Orthopltera is shown by
figures 232 to 234, comparing the mandible of the white cricket
(Heanthus) with that of the common field-cricket (Gryllus pennsylvanicus)
and the red-legged grasshopper (elanoplus femur-rubrum),

(Heanthus angustipennis Fitch.

The food of eighteen specimens was examined by Mr. Mills. Remains
of insects predominated in nine, the food of the other nine being almost
wholly vegetable, largely fungi in four. Pollen of various kinds was
present in eleven cases and was the principal food in two. Miscel-
laneous vegetable fragments, consisting largely of stamens and _pistils,
were detected in eight cases, in three of which they composed the prin-
cipal part of the food. In a single case dead vegetation was present,
penetrated by fungus threads.

* (eanthus quadripunctatus Beut.

No.1. An adult specimen taken in wheat stubble at Duquoin,
in Perry county, September 7, 1883, had fed mainly on plant-lice,
remains of which consisted of antenns, legs, and recognizable parts of
heads with beaks attached. There were also pieces of anthers, with
trilobed pollen grains and a fragment of leaflike vegetation.

No.2. An adult from a strawberry field at Anna, in Union county,
September 17, contained a quantity of fungus spores and fragments
of anthers and styles, together with a great amount of large globular
pollen, all evidently graminaceous in origin.

No.3. A nymph from the same place as No. 2 had eaten mainly
anthers and styles of a graminaceous plant, the anther tissue and pollen
largely predominating.

No. 4. Asmall nymph taken August 6 at Centralia, in Marion county,
from wheat stubble, had fed on obscure vegetable matter containing
scalariform and spiral duets, together with plant hairs, pollen, ete.,
-a few fungus spores and pistil tissue, and a little black mycelium. Some
of the cellular vegetation was penetrated by mycelial threads in a way
to show that it was in a state of decay.

No. 5. A nymph of this species obtained at Anna July 17 contained
only minute fungus debris, mainly a black mycelium, with occasional
small spores.

No. 6. Another nymph collected at the same time and place as No.
5 had, like that, fed mainly on spore-bearing fungi, including Alternana,
but contained also some very minute fragments of plant-lice.

No. 7. Another nymph, obtained at Anna, July 17, had made its
last meal largely on plant-lice, as shown by minute but unmistakable
fragments. Some additional parts of the food were unrecognizable.

No. 8. Collected from wheat stubble July 5, at Duquoin. The
food consisted wholly of various fungus spores, some of them thick-
walled and oval and others clavate and septate.

No.9. The same as No. 8 and from the same place, containing
a larger quantity of virtually the same food.

No. 10, Another specimen from southern Illinois, in August, a full

we oe ee

2 ——E————

221

grown female, contained spores and mycelia of various fungi, together
with some other vegetation, fragments of plant-lice, and traces of other
insects.

No. 11. A specimen from Milan, in Rock Island county, obtained
August 13, had fed on plant-lice, and also contained fragments of cellular
vegetation, with spiral cells and large scalariform ducts.

Four specimens of this species taken in August had fed mainly on
the pollen of various plants. Fungi were found in all, and were the entire
food of a single ‘specimen and the greater part in another. Miscella-
neous vegetable tissues, about equally divided between the leaves and
the floral organs of grasses, predominated in one case and were present
in two others. In one specimen was a piece of vegetable tissue pene-
trated by threads of the mycelium of a saprophytic fungus. Insect
remains were found in three specimens, but in very small amounts.

(Heanthus nigricornis Walk.

Seven specimens were dissected by Mr. Titus with the following
results:

No.1. An adult female from Milan, Rock Island county, obtained
August 13, had fed mostly on vegetation, the fragments of which con-
tained spiral ducts. The structure suggested the leaves of a grami-
naceous plant, possibly corn.

No. 2. Another specimen, an adult female, collected from a milk-
weed in the field at Champaign August 27, had eaten little else than
the anthers of grass.

No. 3. A third specimen of this species, taken at the same time
and place as the preceding, had fed on pollen of a graminaceous plant,
and contained also some vegetable fragments with spiral cells.

No. 4. In a third specimen of the same origin as the preceding,
only pollen grains, some spherical and others triangular, were found.

No.5. An adult male specimen from Champaign county, taken
August 28, contained only fungus spores and mycelia of various kinds.

No. 6. Origin and food identical with those of No. 5.

No.7. An adult female taken on corn at Neoga September -27.
Many Alternaria spores, and also large pollen grains together with
fragments of anther tissue.

Kighteen specimens, taken from five localities in central and southern
Illinois at various dates from August 10 to October 10, were studied by
Mr. Mills. In but one of these was there a preponderance of insect
food, though mifor percentages were found in ten others. The greater
part of this consisted of plant-lice, but occasional fragments were noticed
of insects provided with a heavy chitinous crust. Fragments of vegeta-
tion predominated in seventeen cases, and made nearly half the food
in the eighteenth. Fungi were noticed in but two specimens, and in

222
these in comparatively small amount. Miscellaneous vegetable tissues
largely derived from floral organs of grasses were present in all speci-
mens, and formed a greater part of the food in eleven. There was little
evidence that this species eats the leaves or other more solid tissues of
the plants.

(Heanthus pint Beut.

No. 1. A nymph collected at Normal, MeLean county, July 20,
from a field of oats, contained only fungus spores, a majority of them
unicellular but some of them clavate.

No. 2. A specimen collected from grass near Tolono, Champaign
county, July 25, had eaten the tissues of grass blossoms, as shown by
fragments of the very slender filamentous pistils of that plant,

It will be noticed that in this little collection of twenty specimens
plant-lice were found a more important element in the food of the young
than in that of the adult; and that ordinary cellular vegetation is in-
significant in amount, the greater part of the vegetable food consisting
of the floral organs of grasses—and possibly of other plants—and minute
fungi of various descriptions, such as are found on leaves and on deeay-

ing vegetation.

THOUSAND-LEGGED WORMS.
Myriapoda,

These many-jointed, wormlike forms, crawling more or less rapidly
by means of a multitude of small legs, feed on both decaying and living
vegetable matter, but in this country their injuries to cultivated plants
are rarely serious. Several species have been taken feeding on planted
seed-corn, and also in ears on the stalk, especially those fallen or rest-
ing on the ground.

Some species eat tubers, roots, and other underground plant strue-
tures; others feed above ground on fruits, stems, and leaves. Potatoes,
cucumbers, squashes, melons, ripe raspberries, and strawberries are
favorite objects of their food. They sometimes cause trouble by feeding
on flowers and foliage in greenhouses.

We have found myriapod eges under ground April 27 in small rounded
cavities a little less than half an inch in diameter and about three or four
inches below the surface. The young hatched next day, and by May
10 were strong enough to burrow into the ground. The species was not
determined, as we failed to rear them to maturity.

223

JuLUS c@RULEOCINCTUS Wood.

This myriapod seems to have a preference for garden vegetables,
and especially for tubers and roots. It has been reported by Lintner
as feeding on kernels of ripening corn at Madison, Wisconsin. We
have not taken it in Illinois.

PARAJULUS VENUSTUS Wood.

This is one of our commonest species (Fig. 235). We have found it
in fall inside the husks and on ears of corn, burrowing in raspberry
and currant stems in May, and about clover roots in September. Most
of our specimens were collected in April and :

May; the remainder from September to
December. It is a species of northern range,
not known to occur south of Kentucky,
while the closely related P. impressus is
southern, and rare in this latitude. The

specimens reported upon by Coquillett*
. . Fie. 235. Parajulus venustus.

under the name Julus UNPLessus, which he Three times natural size.

calls the corn myriapod, were very probably

this species. He found them feeding on kernels of corn on ears lying

upon the ground, and says they are frequently found beneath shocks

of corn and other grain.

PARAJULUS DIVERSIFRONS Wood.

This species is common in Illinois and has been taken eating
corn grains in the ear, both on the ground and on the stalk. ~ We have
found it under the husks between the rows of kernels.

THE RED SPIDERS.
Tetranychus.

Injuries by the tiny pale mites (Fig. 236, 2837) commonly called the
red spider are most serious on greenhouse plants and trees and shrubbery
of various kinds, especially in unusually hot and dry weather. The
leaves and stems of infested plants are coated with a very delicate, almost
invisible web, and the under surface is dirtied with numerous fine dark
particles, which, under a lens, are seen to be empty ege-shells and excreta.
The mites themselves are easily seen moving about over the surface of
the leaf. In hot dry weather almost any herbaceous plant is lable
to infestation, but rarely to serious injury. On two occasions in fall
we have found them at work on corn in Illinois. The same injury has
been noted on sugar-beets, and a full treatment of the species from

*Eleventh Rep. State Ent. Lil., p. 44.

224

Fie. 236. The Common Red Vig. 237. The Common Red
Spider, Vetranychus bimaculatus, Spider, V'etranychus bimaculatus,
female. Greatly enlarged. (Har- male. Greatly enlarged. (Har-
vey.) vey.)

this point of view may be found in the Twenty-first Report of this office
(page 58).

These insects are believed to winter as adults among dead leaves,
in the crevices of sticks, and in similar shelters. They begin to breed
as soon as the weather favors their multiplication and
continue active throughout the season. The eggs are
red and are laid on buds and twigs.

TETRANYCHUS BIMACULATUS Harv.

This is by far the most abundant and troublesome
species of red spider throughout the United States.
It is the species mentioned as found by us on corn
and on sugar-beets. It is also recorded by Banks as
occurring on corn at Washington, D. C.

TeErRANYCHUS MODESTUS Banks.

Fic. 238. The This species was deseribed from examples found
: \d Spi- : : .
Se ee causing a rust-like appearance on blades of corn at

tad Ce Washington, D. C., in August.

ee

225

\
KEY TO THE DISCUSSION OF INSECT INJURIES TO CORN.

The following analysis of insect injuries to the corn plant is intended
to aid the observer of such injuries to find the essential matter relating
to any one of them contained either in the present report or in the Kigh-
teenth Report of this office—devoted to insect injuries to the under-
eround parts of the plant. The use of this synopsis or key will be easy
to those accustomed to the determination of species, either of plants or

of animals, by means of ordinary analytical tables; but to others, some
explanation may be necessary.

With an example of an injury under examination, the observer will
first refer to the ‘‘General Grouping of Injuries to Corn,” on this page, and
will ascertain under which of the six groups there given his example be-
longs. Against the description of each of these groups is a reference to
a page where the group is further analyzed, and to this analysis he
will of course turn next.

Suppose, for example, that he has a corn plant the leaves of which
have rows of similar holes running across the blade. Referring to the
general groups below, he finds that injuries to the leaves are analyzed
on page 226. Going to this analysis and reading the first two items of
the table, he assigns his specimen to the first,—that of “Injuries to the
ereen leaf,’’—and is thence referred to the series of items numbered ‘2,’
under the second of which—‘‘ Regular parallel rows of similar holes run-
ning across the leaf of the young plant’’—he gets a reference to colored
Plate III. of this report, and to page 229, where snout-beetles injurious
to corn are partially analyzed by a supplementary key, which requires
that the insect itself should bein hand. Evenif the beetle responsible for
the injury has not been detected at work, the facts concerning this class
of injuries may be found by following up the page references under the
rarious items of this table, since this will give an exhaustive account of
all the insects producing this injury.

It will be seen that in the preparation of this key no technical terms
have been used except where necessary to an intelligible expression of
the meaning. It will also be noticed that the character of the injury
to the plant has been depended upon, so far as plain and available, the
insects themselves being used to help out where the injuries are not clearly
distinguishable and recognizable.

GENERAL GROUPING OF INJURIES TO CORN.

Nemes etOnihn esLedvieseiaamints toatahi sue tina vide ie,c cee sc iss se Sate aie wlarere,s p. 226
ee nuMe LO Mime Abas ADOVE STOUNG: .hiiai- «aes say oy Qagslc yeh es bwed sae p. 226
C. Injuries to the silks or to the kernels at the tip of the ear or beneath the

NUN At CRs Ey et tdi healed Asis Reid Gosia aus oop) ah Gente a p. 226
EOE bon er MAscGl ttre Morel iby. aici os ceuhiaaescalt “ov viayelscacely si al bonis ache ean p- 227

OT

ail

Hemjumes amecting the whole plant: c.eS.. 5). be ook ce ee yee wlyss ;
F. Injuries to the underground parts of the plants—-the roots, the planted
seed, or the stalk near the roots .............. SAE ee Soe ee pe2ec

226

A. INJURIES TO THE LEAVES.

Injuries to the green leaf. Z
The dry leaf eaten in the fodder stack, mostly inside the stack, by a dull
brown striped caterpillar about an inch long (Fig. 65)..................
ee tree SN ON GHENT hc eat The Fodder Worm (i pizeuxis emula), p. 86
2. Leaves coarsely ragged in late summer or fall, often eaten away to the
midrib, injury much the worse at the edge of the field...............
ig FA Ae Ee ‘“The Leaf-eating Orthoptera of the Corn Field,” p. 229
Regular parallel rows of similar holes running across the leaf of the
ounce plant, Ce NL) oso chy ee yet ee eee The Snout-beetles, p. 229
Leaves of young plant irregularly peppered with small holes or surface
pits, made by small jumping beetles (Fig. 88, 90-93, 187-189) .......
SP sa cecceck «i EEE peat aN eee, OPE The Flea-beetles, pp. 106, 190
Leaves marked with winding pale streaks like worm tracks, a footless
maggot within the leaf (Fig. 154, 155) ........ .Ceratomyza dorsalis, p. 165
TET Ma ee eer ea The Corn Leaf-miner (Diastata sp.), p. 164
Leaves folded, the sides of the fold fastened together, and a cater-
pillar concealed withing . S503. eic sp cee wey oy eee cee Leaf-rollers, p. 174
Leaves gnawed superficially between the veins in small oblong patches
(Fig. 49) by young caterpillars, especially by young garden web-worms
(p. 89) and by the white hairy young of the yellow bear (Fig.'46), ..... Hpeiz
Leaves eaten at the edge, or irregular holes made. 3
Leaves with minute, specklike discolorations, due to small sucking
INSECiS Se eee eee “Tnseets injuring the Corn Plant obscurely,” p. 283
3. Injury to the young plant, the stem often gnawed; a webbed nest at the
base of the plant made of particles of dirt held together by webbing
(Fig. 20), with a tubular retreat in the center, opening at the surface
near the plants ances eysc) eae ene The Sod Web-worms, p. 230
A silk-lined tubular burrow opening at the base of the plant and going at
least several inches into the earth; leaves or stalk eaten.............
es Sasa Drea beth ean eet ee nn iE The Burrowing Web-worms, p. 95
Miscellaneous leaf injuries not above included (See ‘‘ The Corn Cut-worms,”’
p: 231,,and “The Stalk-borers,’p/ 232)... =: She. Aon eee eee
Sneha Ap ceeach th Reco tea Alee Pe ‘Insects Eating Irregular Holes,” ete., p. 230

B. INJURIES TO THE STALK ABOVE GROUND.

Stalk of young plant cut off smoothly at the surface of the ground. Cutworms, p. 231

Pesce cit SEP aS au kN Ns cE NE, ENC pee ee es The Burrowing Web-worms, p. 95
Stalk irregularly eaten into, sometimes irregularly severed, leaves also irregularly
exten, (Rig 20) 00 2s ig clean eye eee te The Sod Web-wormas, p. 230
ee ACE ee ee So eo Aas The Burrowing Web-worms, p. 95
Stalk penetrated and burrowed within by caterpillars. ... . The Stalk-borers, p. 232
Decaying cavities in stalk due to footless maggots usually found working
woreeria, (Omit, UGE) oc obusecotososcct The Stalk-maggot (Chetopsis nea), p. 164

C. INJURIES TO THE SILKS OR TO KERNELS AT THE TIP OF
THE HAR OR BENEATH THE HuSks.

Round hole through husks, with excrement exuding; kernels eaten beneath by
a brownish or greenish striped caterpillar (Pl. IV.).......................

Ne ME. ertahncnce sia Oey ot Te ee The Ear-worm, or Corn-worm, p. 67

se de a RES che FEN RUE, iAP SA OED SPEEA WUE ar Reh ces Re er oe The Grass-worm, p. 81

Other injuries to the growing ear, and to the silk.

Other injuries to the ripened ear in fall, especially to the exposed grains at the tip

or to ears on fallen stalks. 3

2. Injuries to the tip of the ear by grasshoppers, katydids, ete...............

CAS A Oe een fl an ein Te “The Leaf-eating Orthoptera,” p. 229

The ear penetrated at the tip by broad green or brown beetles half an

inch long or more, and the kernels eaten beneath the husks. 4

The growing cob eaten by an ashy gray June-bug..The Sealy June-bug, p. 184

The ripening kernels burrowed in all directions by beetle larve. New

MEXICO) 2. seeder ae haces A eR Se ee een ee eee eae p. 186

Small dark green caterpillars about half an inch long feeding in the

PTOWINGLCAnE ty, tates eyes The Rusty Brown Tortrix, p. 176

221

The silk eaten by a black or dark green caterpillar with two yellow
stripes on each side connected across the back by numerous fine

wove Ihiovesy (Others IGE). A pe hee am oo Boe oe The Zebra-caterpillar, p. 171

By green or yellow, black-spotted or -striped beetles about a quarter of

an inch long (Fig. 184-186). ........... The Root-worm Beetles, p. 187

By a small oval or oblong beetle, yellowish to brownish, about an
eichuhvotean in chelOn enti ere ee aes: Luperodes varicornis, p. 187

By a beetle about a third of an inch in length (Fig. 182) and shaped

ice Ara IMC-DUPe cet sie he Rew cidts ho aves sols Anomala undulata, p. 185

By slender, soft-bodied, cylindrical beetles, black or striped (Fig.
Oi art aera Se ee esr aed oor a Ley aes, yet Blister-beetles, p. 111
SEAMS Holo wine soll crams OnmeHten sare Ser wee enc sce aeens aa p. 159

Very small caterpillars eating kernels on the ear... . Batrachedra rileyi, p. 176
Active ground-beetles of medium size hollowing out the ripened grain, p. 176
Minute beetles of various kinds common on corn in the ear, sometimes in-
juring the kernels, but usually feeding on fungi due to previous
MAMI APR a ee son ees. are nae ON See eh etree Sen Me Neg Bs p. 180
A black beetle with four yellow spots (Fig. 176), occasionally common
on ripe ears, especially those fallen, injured, or partly decayed.......
Ee ee ene ete Se a a Te a Ips 4-quttatus, p. 181
Dung-beetles and related species, a sixth to a half inch long, feeding
Gre OuUC HOC MAlleTINCOED, sory ttyet: 2m picks ae tac cys een eh Gos te ao et p. 183
Crickets, black or white, hollowing out the grains. ................ p. 213
Dark, cylindrical, hard, many-jointed worms, with many pairs of legs
(Fig. 235), eating the green silks, or feeding on corn in the ear, par-
ticularly when fallen or touching the ground........... Millipeds, p. 222
4. Green beetles nearly an inch long, with dull yellowish margin to thorax
and wing-covers (Fig. 82, 83) ............ The Green June-beetles, p. 101
Brownish beetles about half an inch long (Fig. 80, 81)...............
5b eS OWS hag ee Elen ie dic ae eg Sr (Flower-beetles), p. 99

D. INJURIES TO THE TASSEL.

Stem with row of small roughened patches containing elongate eggs (Fig. 134)
YPN SES, C8 coe Morera os Tree-crickets and Meadow Grasshoppers, pp. 215, 144
Tassel covered by web and eaten by active yellowish caterpillars about half an
Si Cw On Semin rea es mires 2 The Sorghum Web-worm (Celama sorghiella), p. 169
Fallen pollen eaten by insects of various kinds......... pp. 156, 162, 179, 180, 188

E. InguRIES AFFECTING THE WHOLE PLANT.

Plant not inclosed in web. The entire plant more or less completely eaten, the
leaves first and then the stalk, in June and early July by hordes of striped
caterpillars commonly coming into the field from one side (PI. II.; Fig. 63, 5).

2 feats EO CL OES The Army-worm (Leucania unipuncta), p. 47

Young shoots eaten by an oval beetle (Fig. 172). Southern States............
che Bh deeao. gett RAO actin inc SP Cae gE em ere eer Omophron labiatum, p.178

The young plants eaten by an elongate, long-legged, buff-colored beetle (Fig. 181)
1 Pe eee an eis The Rose-chafer (Macrodactylus subspinosus), p. 184

The young plant, or the base of older plants, more or less completely inclosed in a
distinct web, and the leaves eaten by small, active, slender caterpillars five
Pim ote ANE OTC NLcIg Ml) pirys eye, bac iy. aoa ced © pb roctva -eteoes sitter, b egies oe 4
2b 1 ey eee ee ee Oe The Garden Web-worm (Lozostege similalis), p. 89

Plant dwarfed or apparently unhealthy, generally or diffusely discolored, or wilted,
or merely dwarfed without notable discoloration. No local loss of substance
under or above ground sufficient to account for its condition...............
ete Sak, As oe eee “ Insects injuring the Corn Plant obscurely,” p. 233

F. INJURIES TO THE UNDERGROUND ParTS OF THE PLANT: THE
Roors, THE PLANTED SEED, OR THE STALK

NEAR THE Roots.
Injuries to the seed. 2
Roots injured or destroyed, with evident loss of substance. 6
Growth of plant retarded or arrested; roots stunted or deadened without ap-
parent loss of substance. Ants burrowing among hills; plant-lice on roots.
it, PLIES A REG SE ORME OSA Corn Root-lice, Eighteenth Report, p. 55
Injuries to the stem under ground. ff

od

‘es

228
Seed gnawed, superficially penetrated, or bored through, by long, cylin-
drical, smooth, hard larvee, yellowish white to chestnut-brown, half an
inch to about an inch in length, with three pairs of distinet short legs
just back'of,the-head. (Pl. VIL. igs 2x Dyas 00 eelnn s aiaeniciata wee tae
BEd ARR ee aks Getee eaaiS Pele, See Wireworms, Kighteenth Report, p. 28
Seed gnawed by cylindrical, very many-jointed and many-legged worm-
like creature, with a distinct head, hard crust, and generally brown
color. Curls up into a disk or coil when disturbed................-.
CAS adh a SO ct! lad eee RC R eR ie at Thousand-legs (Myriapoda), p. 222
The kernels gnawed from without by beetles, injury commonly beginning
at the germ. 3
Seed injured by footless whitish maggots which bury themselves in the
kernel. |
Seed gnawed or bored through by soft larvie about a fourth of an inch long,
with three distinct pairs of short legs just back of the head. Pupa
with free wing-pads. Adult a beetle. 5
Seed injured by small ants which hollow out the kernel ...............
sed Fpreaaisecr nary ac Laon Se Solenopsis debilis, Eighteenth Report, pp. 9, 66
Reger Rad aeaie Myrmica scabrinodis lobicornis, Eighteenth Report, pp. 11, 66
A small yellowish beetle, head darker, thorax and wing-covers blackish cen-
tral, cei crouteiw gabon pieces Agonoderus pallipes, Eighteenth Report, p. 12
An elongate uniformly dark reddish beetle with neck-like separation of
thorax and abdomen. Clivina impressijrons, Eighteenth Report, p. 15

germ of the planted kernel and the young shoot. Ligyrus gibbosus, p. 98

EDT Ae eh Aa Black-headed Grass-maggot, Eighteenth Report, p. 19
A slender, yellowish, worm-like larva, thickening slightly backwards and
ending ins: TOUNGEd, POM. 62 oaks ste cep ask coe el toepee ne ARLece eee ane
eaten Pale-striped Flea-beetle, p. 107, and Eighteenth Report, p. 21
A rather broad and short flattish larva with short, wide joints, sides with
a row of blunt points, ending in two short forked NIMES... Oe Cotati
Reet ee ene Tps quadriguttatus (fasciatus), Kighteenth Report, p. 2:
Roots eaten away, not burrowed or perforated, and without rotten or
withered tips. Tap-root commonly eaten off. — Large white grubs in soil
among or beneath roots. The White-grubs, Eighteenth Report, p. 109
Roots deficient, often withered at tips or dried up. — Not visibly penetrated
or perforated from without. Principal injury interior to the root in the
form of a minute longitudinal burrow usually containing a small, slender
white larva with distinct head and six short legs.................5.
BD asytsta a PRR: The Northern Corn Root-worm, Pighteenth Report, p. 154
Roots penetrated, perforated, irregularly burrowed, and more or less eaten
off or eaten up. Underground parts of stalk also usually similarly
injured. Small, slender, soft-bodied yellowish white larva, about half
an inch long, with three pairs of short legs back of head, a brown head,
and brown patches on neck and on last segment, to be found in the
roots and ‘adjacent eartin = 25 2 hia kph nke enn Ora tie oie see nk ee E
bd a ena, igs Se oe The Southern Corn Root-worm, Bighteenth Report, p. 146
Tap-root irregularly gnawed but not severed or burrowed lengthwise. In-
jury by white thick-bodied grubs an eighth of an inch long, with brown
or reddish head and neck-shield, and with six jointed legs (Fig. 85). .
Ut SEE eee eee Bees. try eek we Ee Oneal e The Colaspis Root-worm, p. 104
The roots eaten away by thick-skinned, wrinkled, dirty gray footless mag-
gots about an inch long when full grown, narrowed forward to a very

Shoat Mlldneene laveschol (tty AON SEG A oh Ci kocdor Meadow Maggots, p. 161
Stalks deeply gnawed, or cut off at the base under ground, by large dark-
Colored: beetles (Hie Dice we cit cn ah aeen esi eciee oec Ligyrus, pp. 98, 99

ee es or tte Cart et 2 er ee ern ts BURBS TN ae {phonus, p. 184
Stalk gnawed at base by a blackish snout-beetle with round thorax and
Oval abdomen. GhIo- OSes. oly as sine nine Otiorhynchus ovatus, p. 192

229
Young plants gnawed at the base by a black beetle a fifth of an inch
long, slightly bronzed, dirty, or white-hairy, with margins of thorax
LOOUL CMa mer Mem tubes rere eta, ela rdinus Myochrous denticollis, yy. 108
Stalk penetrated and burrowed by an clongate larva. 8

8. Larva, hard, smooth, shining, cylindrical, brown or yellowish. ......
eT er Resetting akties Gora sn * Wireworms, Kighteenth Report, p 28
Larva, soft, yellowish white, with brown head, and brown patch at tip of
loxoxe lies eile eae The Southern Corn Root-worm, Highteenth Report, p. 146

THe LAF-EATING ORTHOPTERA OF THE CoRN FIELD.
Antenne not over half as long as the body; color usually brownish (A cridide,

pp. 64, 136, 212). 2
Antenne ‘at least as long as the body; colors green or greenish (Meadow Grass-
hopp ers, Katydids, and Walking-sticks). 5

2. Wings nearly or quite as long as the abdomen. 3
Wings not over half as long as the abdomen. |

3. Smaller species about an eighth Omran CH cwiACow cruise ae sewrieancy asters
Re rf RA trea 8 The Red-legged Grasshopper, pp. 67, 136
SU Ala otdity btpe Gale Wey at te ae a I a A The Lesser Grasshopper, pp. 67, 136
TMT DN Se cert nel he ta ee bya ney The Rocky Mountain Grasshopper, p. 136
She Seb eln EYEE BU rae CORR BP RoR THEO eTEC IO The Clear-winged Grasshopper, p. 139
PER tate tA cepa NT cinta ae ant arate Bodpedon nubilum (western), p. 212
Larger species a quarter of an inch, or more, wide.................. :
SN Pec stent ccmnen ekarss sale apres trses eh ge The Olive Grasshopper, pp. 67, 136
ET PN Terentia: tus aren iad: The Two-striped Grasshopper, pp. 67, 136
+ ot Pag Bt a AO RC en ea The Bird Grasshoppers, pp. 67, 140
A hn OH SONS! ROE AE CIOL . Dissosteira longipennis (western), p. 218

4, Grass-green (Fig. 130).............. The Small Green Grasshopper, p. 142
37 Siac acd OB aa IRENE RTO REN Re nee Campylacantha olivacea, p. 213
(Greenron DrOwne Ch Ip 2an)ice aeons ink. als Dichromorpha viridis, p. 212
ea V mPOA Kee eer cuale tN Scirdt ya ed oh ds ale aoe Melanoplus scudderi, p. 142

5. Winged species. 6
Wingless species. 7

6. Wings green, hind legs two or three inches long, ovipositor pointed up-
wards (Fig. 131). Eat leaves and soft kernels, and insert flattened
REORMMICMCeOnmMeneatn rater hs ge fh fsun cc sikii is uetenselels Katydids, p. 143

Wings merely tinted with green, hind legs about an inch and a half long,
Ovipositor curved (Fig. 132, 133). Hat leaves, silks, and young ker-
nels. Deposit eggs in stall of tassel (Fig. 1: a) 5 RR Arpt I pre

RENE Nei tiart verse ages Featavels bak ahs The Larger Meadow Gr: isshoppers, S; Pp. 144
Wings tinted with green, hind legs nat over an inch long, ovipositor nearly
straight, often very long (Fig. 135). Leaves, husks, and grain eaten.

Dea ius Pets xe gcpatame te i eel otsie The Sm: aller Meadow Grasshoppers, p. 147
7. Large, wingless, heavy-bodied grasshoppers, migr: an in hordes and de-

stroying vegetation. Western Lie CoN Re The Great Plains Cricke t, p. 148
Very slender cylindrical insects with very long ees and no wings (Hig.
PBPLPAN aha epondh ORES Then RERG Cd Pe CSC The Prairie Walking-stick, p. 211

SNOUT-BEETLES INJURIOUS TO CORN.

Beetles with head drawn out in the form of a curved cylindrical beak, or snout,
with a pair of minute jaws at its tip.
Wing-covers rather distinctly ridged, punctured, and_ striated; surface often
coated with a hard earthen crust (Fig. 27-34, The Corn Bill-bugs, p. 52). 2,
Smoother snout-beetles, over half an inch long, slender, covered only with a
whitish or yellowish bloom easily rubbed off (Fig. 99). 3
Small snout-beetle, an eighth of an inch long, which punctures the corn leaf-
lS Hal Recon Ag Sa: ROR RRS a ae aR Ee a Limnobaris deplanata, p. 193
2. A large clay-yellow species over half an inch long, found on swampy
PLO Cee wel pen mere: NIC ZO) evans cies wt bje.ed aden
BS Fup ental ie The Clay- colored Bill- bug (Sphenophorus ochreus), p. 52
Medium-sized black species frequent on corn, with at least three smooth
MdSEs-On: The Thora igs ce. BUSO4) ss cnc eisce ee ne ne ses cs hin ope
A Nek eape cata ueap ree Cuem eerie hte yong Various Corn Bill-bugs (Sphenophorus), p. 52
A small black species a quarter of an inch long, with a fine, smooth me-
dian ridge on its otherwise evenly punctured thorax (Tig. 27) .....
4 A APE Bee Oe ie The Timothy Bill-bug (Sphenophorus parvulus), p. 52
DUM MCOND DLIGI VEMOW. «sts slaee ac ewwee oles: ees Lixus concavus, p. 11
Mice ORO CU AIIEOIEINNY cc Se a avis aoe eft ete afi vinass » SRM + 8 Lixus mucidus, p. 11:

230

Sop Werps-worms INsuRIOUS TO CORN.

Small, active, reddish brown caterpillars, an inch long or less, with conspicuous
shining brown spots, each with a strong hair arising from near its center
(Fig. 20, 22).

Head pale, with darker markings. 2
Head“blackseta tans sees. teeters The Vagabond Crambus (vulgivagellus), p. 41

2. A smooth shining spot behind the substigmatal spot (Fig. 141, a@)......
Gre Preah er iis retort GS LAT told Gide Crambus luteolellus, p. 41
No smooth shining spot behind the substigmatal spot (Fig. 141, b). 3

3. No stripes except for the rows of shining spots (Fig. 20)...............
ARSE be: hse Men horn Sher Clete The Common Sod Web-worm, p. 41

A dark dorsal line; an indefinite pale border about each dark spot (Fig. 22).
EMS SR eR LRA ie meted eth IGe The Striped Sod Web-worm, p. 41

Insects Eatinc IRREGULAR HOLES IN THE LEAVES
or NOTCHING THE EDGES.

Caterpillars either smooth or hairy. 2
Beetles (Coleoptera). : 15
Pieat=cubtine ants! .o..o.ctale, ae cheney tcueee ate eek, Be oenellobe enecenetinteraehe nec itenetor tamer . 159
2. Caterpillars conspicuously hairy, more than six long hairs on the back of
each segment (Fig. 39, a; 159). 3
Caterpillars nearly smooth, not more than six long hairs on the back of

each segment. 11

3. The hairs of the caterpillar dense, at least partly concealing the body
(Woolly Bears, p. 70).
The hairs of the caterpillar not dense nor concealing the body.
4. Hairs very dense, projecting like a bottle-brush. Orange-red on middle
part of body, black at ends, (Fig. 39, a,) head black, often lighter on

the middle line (Fig. 48, d)............ The Hedgehog Caterpillar, p. 72
Hairs less dense, color longitudinally uniform. 5

5. Head not entirely black, no conspicuous white line down the back. 6
Eleadm black -shainsieal Sono lac kenmore isn ne rr Apantesis phyllira, p. 76

Head black, a whitish line down the middle of the back.

6. Head whitish to brownish (Fig. 48, c), hairs white to dark brown (Fig.
BG OARS se tee enue ete nee es SCO eer eT The Yellow Bear, p. 72
Head with a broad black band extending back on each side, clypeus with
at least the middle line and sides pale (Fig. 48, a, b), hairs brown to
blacka(hne yas) Ga cce tenes tne as a ene The Salt-marsh Caterpillar, p. 72

. Caterpillar over an inch long when mature. 8
Caterpillar not over an inch long, hairs black (Fig. 41)... Hubaphe rosa, p. 71
8. Hairs of back blackish, those of sides brown (Fig. 52, 53)

“J

Se eee Sor AID Hii Oe La es otic Ginko oct A pantesis phalerata, p. 76
Hairs of back brown, those of sides reddish white, dorsal stripe broad...

Se OU rin i tee enn aoe i a iia eyo LEE, fo

. The head, body, and hairs greenish, the latter spiny, black-tipped, poison-

ous, arising from a tapering base. Mature caterpillar two and a half

ve)

inches long (Hig< 59). n-ne eat eae Hyperchiria v0, p. 168
The head marked with black; the hairs soft, arising from rounded
cushions, not poisonous. 10

10. A bright yellow stripe each side (Fig. 162). The Smartweed Caterpillar, p. 170

Sides not striped with yellow (Fig. 66), caterpillar defoliating trees and

spreading to other plants. Hastern............ The Gypsy-moth, p. 87

11. A thick, short caterpillar, flattened beneath, without evident feet, the back

brown, with a green saddle-mark, each end with a pair of projecting
horns armed with poisonous spines (Fig. 165)....................;

Se ee ite EET ene Le ee . The Saddle-back Caterpillar, p. 173

A large cylindrical caterpillar with a sharp tail-horn and a row of eye-like

Spots each side: Chig 156)... act qutet et ane eecie Theretra tersa, p. 167
Caterpillar smooth, without projecting horns. 12

12. Head brown or black, without longitudinal stripes. 13
Head pale, with a pair of longitudinal dark lines. 14

13. A striped caterpillar with a row of brown patches each side of the
back, and a brown patch on the side of the fourth segment behind
lave) Joveryod (UN ea bys ao MBO Ps adie aenk maces The Cotton Cutworm, p. 79

231

A striped caterpillar with black head, bearing a white A-mark (Fig.
60, a), five uninterrupted white lines running backward from the head
(Fig. 59; 60,6). Eats into the growing tip of the partly grown plant
PROMI MOM MON ey” crime ut aa ee A tee Bees The Grass-worm, p. 81

Ground color livid brown (paler when full grown); five longitudinal white
lines, the dorsal line continuous, the others absent on several segments
in front of the middle of the body. Head with dark lateral bands.
Enters very young plants at tip and eats downward into the “heart”
(hence called ‘“heart-worm’’). Later, eats into stalk from without. .
Pea Pe cpa tet tee. SPATE YANO Sa yO The Common Stallk-borer, p. 44

Grayish, with a faint whitish line at the middle of the back, a broad dark
patch at the base of each leg.:........... Leucania pseudargyria, p.171

Striped brown and yellowish, with a distinet narrow black line on each side
of the body (lig. 62). Head with parallel bands (Fig. 63, a)........

HR Nee ee IO ae MILKS) Saved Gicec as fess, Shes & The Wheat-head Army-worm, p. 83

Plant covered by a web, caterpillars dotted with black................
RPE! OMI) tama Set ae Bs hg. oa Bree ever Garden Web-worms, p. 89

. Small beetles a quarter of an inch long or less. 16

16.

fe

18.

19.

A black-spotted beetle, like a ladybug, about three eighths of an inch
long, sometimes found on corn (Fig. 192) ..The Argus Tortoise-beetle, p. 192
Slender beetles, over half an inch long, eating the leaves, especially
between the veins (Fig. 94-97, Blister-beetles, p. 111). 19
Broad, flat, heavy beetles, clay-brown, with small black spots and
CE SHLOS eens Seppe e hides Sivas ante Beste Gl tarts Rie le ek IL Euphoria inda, p.99
A dark grayish beetle, with three or four toothlike projections of the
sides of the thorax (Fig. 84)...... The Southern Corn Leaf-beetle, p. 103
Yellow or greenish elongate beetles, rarely blackish, eating the leaves,
silks, pollen, and immature grain. 7
teddish or yellowish black-spotted oblong or oval beetles. 18
A grayish, banded, inflated beetle with broad snout eating the leaves
GE OOS erie tie eee cre ea oy de ts The Imbricated Snout-beetle, p. 113
Green no markings (Fig. 186)... ss. 260s: Diabrotica longicornis, p. 188
Yellowish; eleven or twelve black spots (Fig. 184)....................

Blackishrthrowchouteeayene oe eee a sents Diabrotica atripennis, p.189
An oval red beetle with two oval black spots on the thorax and ten black
spots on the wing-covers (Fig. 174).......The Common Ladybug, p. 179
A convex, oval, yellowish beetle, with one black spot on the thorax and nine
on the wing-covers (Fig. 173)......:......... Coccinella 9-nolata, p. 179

Gblong, yellowish or reddish, with one spot on the thorax (Fig. 183).
So PC OE Katee at oe OC eae eee The Spotted Willow-beetle, p. 186
Yellowish, striped with black (Fig. 94,97) .......................
Spd cua OAT Oe Nat a ee ee The Striped Blister-beetle, p. 111

Black throughout (Fig. 95)... 0.0.8.4... The Black Blister-beetle, p. 112
Black, with gray border to wing-covers (Fig. 96).....................
Ses OWA i Oa a a The Margined Blister-beetle, p. 112

THE Corn CuTWoRMS.

These are thick, soft-bodied, smooth, sluggish caterpillars, whitish to dark
brown in color, variously marked, in many cases with longitudinal stripes.
When disturbed they curl up without attempting to escape.

A glassy whitish or slightly smoky caterpillar without stripes or other markings
and with a red head. Cuts off the plant below ground.

A smooth caterpillar marked only with even stripes. 3

A caterpillar with spots or distinctly irregular markings, the head pale, with

a network of dark lines on each side and a distinct narrow dark stripe each

side of the middle. 9
2. Neck shield blackish brown (Fig. 1)........... The Glassy Cutworm, p. 19
Neck shield the same color as the head. .The Yellow-headed Cutworm, p. 21
Distinctive characters not known...............+. Hadena lignicolor, p. 31
3. Pale stripes not of similar width; head not entirely pale. 4

Five uniform pale stripes, with intervals about twice the width of the

dark bronze-brown, and the stripes darker; head uniformly pale
CEES eee rs NE ah SIM SIN 8s vost aie daie yo onatet alsa ste The Bronze Cutworm, p. 29

4. Dorsal stripe not distinetly reddish. 5
A broad sienna-red dorsal stripe.......... The Red-backed Cutworm, p. 34

5. Subdorsal dark stripes including the posterior piliferous spots and not
widely separated; head mostly dark. 6
Subdorsal dark stripes not including the dorsal piliferous spots, sepa-
rated by a broad pale stripe. 8

6. Body color dark greasy gray, with vague lateral stripes (hig s3) eee
fed 5 SAT LER rot oe Man ae OER, Acts ee eae The Greasy Cutworm, p. 21

Within the pale dorsal stripe a pale median line with dark border.
Three pale lines below the subdorsal dark stripe, the lowest the
broadest.

Head with broad dark stripe eaeh side of middle, sides of head pale,
with network of dark lines (Fig. 10)....The Clay-backed Cutworm, p. 28

Head shimine: black.) Avnorthemlspecies\ esi ane cen een ieee

The Common Striped Cutworm, p. 34

=I

8. A broad lateral dark stripe (Fig. 16)....... The Dark-sided Cutworm, p. 32
A narrow black lateral stripe; hairs coarse and long; length about one
INCHAGHIO: US) ia Cee), Se eae ee The Bristly Cutworm, p. 35

9. Dorsal stripe narrow, with a pair of diverging oblique marks on each seg-
MSN A ooay Roby Pagvatlenieyel (Idee NW). sf sou aacconcoscesnsoucces-
PRON acs AER AAR ee gine ge ae The Granulated Cutworm, p. 32

Dorsal pale stripe broad, including the dorsal piliferous spots; each seg-
ment with an oblique mark on each side leading from the lateral dark
stripe, in front of which this stripe is obliquely notched Wigs9) eee
PG RIO BE NCO REE 4 eee, Sade PAL Cera The Dingy Cutworm, p. 26
SPR eens Re ARTA RN ACRE Th she The Western Striped Cutworm, p. 26

Lateral dark stripe broken up into narrow streaks. <A large dark patch
near the posterior end and a row of yellow dots at the middle on the
anterior half of the*body.Giic: 5.16) .e. eis ee ee eee
mS as Neer eth oN Matric ie BA Ameen h The Variegated Cutworm, p. 23

Body pale, with indefinite markings except for a row of dark brown
subtriangular spots each side of the back, beginning near the pos-
terior end and fading out before reaching the head (Fig. 7)..........

Fe SE ok eR Sea en CaCO ae The Spotted Cutworm, p. 25

Body pale, two rows of similar dark spots each side, not fading out
forwards but stopping abruptly on the fourth segment behind the
esa 214) ine Brad eee <. LENS) ee ee The W-marked Cutworm, p. 31

THE STALK-BORERS OF CoRN.

Under this heading are brought together several caterpillars which injure corn
by burrowing inside the young stalk.
The heart of the corn-stalk bored lengthwise. 2
The base of the stalk, throughout the season, gnawed and tunneled in all
directions by small, slender, active caterpillars (Fig. 74, 75), causing it
to break down readily. A southern species... .....2.2.ce0-+see ses oee
LeNid Soote loves Hoare ORAS nhs Ugo eeu The Smaller Corn Stalk-borer, p. 94
2. A striped caterpillar one or two inches long when full grown. 3
A smaller, pale caterpillar, with darker shining piliferous spots. 1
3. The interior of the stalk irregularly eaten out, the leaves with irregular
holes and the terminal leaf often killed; the side of the stalk often
penetrated by a round hole which is more or less plugged by excre-
ment. Within the stalk a purplish brown caterpillar with longi-
tudinal white lines (Fig. 25, b, c). . The Stalk-borer or ‘“‘ Heart-worm,” p. 44
A gray, striped, cutwormlike caterpillar. ..//elotropha renijormis atra, p. 78
A slender caterpillar with four complete brown stripes, two lateral and
two near together on the back. Eats the stem of the plant under
ground and bores upward, often killing several plants in succession... .
RT ee eer ee ae Ar ALen wean, Be Hadena stipata, p. 77
A slender caterpillar with brown stripes, which feeds on the rolled leaves
of the growing tip of the plant and bores downward to its base... .
Hadena fractilinea, p. 77
Ss Pati foi ptt RO Ga eh a ices ogee ee tie oe men Hadena misera, p. 77
4. The young corn entered near the ground, the heart of the stalk eaten
out, round holes made, and the opening leaves and the growing tip
cut ofitandviilled Po Prt he sts oe ole eee The Spindle-worm, p. 85

—ee oe Se ee

233

The young stalks entered and tunneled lengthwise, distorting and
stunting them (Fig. 72), the old stalks bored by caterpillars (Fig. 71)
which pass the winter in the tap-root. A southern species...........
EDA SONS eh eget nace. one eo are. The Larger Corn Stalk-borer, p. 91

Insects INJURING THE CORN PLANT OBSCURELY, WITHOUT VISIBLE
DESTRUCTION OF ANY ParT oF IT. Trur Bucs (Hemrerera,
INCLUDING PLANT-LICE), WHICH SUCK THE SAP
THROUGH A JOINTED BEAK; ALSO THRIPS
AND ANTS.

Minute slender insects not over a sixteenth of an inch long, yellowish to black
wingless or with delicate feathery wings (Fig. 120). Found under leaf-
sheaths, especially at the base of the tassel joint. On a corn leaf they
CAME WiRILISNSITCAKR. 75. 2s oe cae eS ks nye ese The Thrips family, p. 135

Corn leaves pale above, or with paler patches, and often shrunken or curved;
surface seemingly dirty and very finely webbed beneath. Minute rounded
mites, visible with a glass, on under surface (Fig. 236).....................

eee er Te oR. The Ked Spiders (Tetranychus), p. 223

Insects with a jointed beak at the front end of the head (Fig. 106); more or less
leathery wings closely applied together, nearly or quite flat on the back
and separated at the base by a triangular or hemispherical piece: tips of
wings distinctly membranous, and overlapping when folded. 2

Front of head prominent, usually extending forward in a more or less con-
spicuous point, a jointed beak directed backwards from the lower hind
angle of the head (Fig. 110, 6; 209), the wings often meeting roof-shaped,
not overlapping at the tip. Visible injury in the form of whitish dots on the leaf. 4

Minute, oval, soft-bodied, sluggish insects, clustered in colonies of old and

young together on leaf or stalk, usually attended by ants. Individ-
uals wingless or with delicate membranous wings. Growth of heavily infested
leaves often stunted, belated, and discolored.........................-.
Sa SA cia te an eae eee Plant-lice (A phidide), pp. 123, 134, 206
. Asmall black bug less than an eighth of an inch long, the hind part of
body covered by a single large plate grooved at the edges to receive
the wings (Fig. 100). The Little Negro- bug (Corimelena pulicaria), p.115
Large broad- backed ill- -smelling bugs, about half an inch long and a
fourth of an inch wide, with large central triangular shield on back.
EE 5 Ns Ps US nN The Western Green Stink-bug (Fig. 101), p. 116
OWE opie cig eh tact eS bere ue ta: oe Thyanta perditor (Fig. 102), p. 117
EN EE A eI Other Stink-bugs (Pentatomide, Fig. 195-197), p. 194
Large elongate bugs with leaf-like expansions on the hind legs (Fig.
OS CUCM Eee Aa ease tant rece ee Leaf-footed Plant -bugs, p 197
Small plant-bugs, about a quarter of an inch long or less. 3
3. Plants infested by small red or dusky bugs or somewhat larger blacix-
ish ones with irregular white blotch on the back. These insects
cluster behind the leaf-sheaths of the corn on the outer surface of
the stalk or on the surface of the leaves, the plants wilted or other-
wise unhealthy, lower leaves yellow or brown (PI. 1 eee ar see
Bo hs Ede al lp Srry CAR ee g e e aaa S a The Chinch-bug, p. 57
Insects similar to the foregoing but gray rather than black, the wing-
less ones streaked with gray (Fig. 103, 104). . The False Chinch-bug, p. 117
Plant-bugs without whitish wing-covers, found on corn but rarely causing
ASH O Lepage tices mare ee eho en Lagyrocoris sylvestris, p. 198
ty 0:10:90, 53, Cate en POR EEE ee Sphragisticus nebulosus (Fig. 200), p.198
EY: Pa Met cd MAS ety etek Gla Mau lace ess Microtoma atrata, p. 198
ob Dee The Tarnished Plant-bug (Lygus pratensis, Fig. 105-108), p. 118
Li eps tea ic The Dusky Leaf-bug (Calocoris rapidus, Fig. 201, , p- 199
..The Four-lined Leaf-bug (Pecilocapsus lincatus, Fig. 203- 306)" p- 200
Matec hohe tet cee ee eee Plagiognathus obscurus (Fig. 207), p. 201
Aare ee ee ee Bs oe hen dag h SE An undetermined Leaf-bug, p. 202
Baa Se The Common Flower-bug (Triphleps insidiosus, Fig. 208), p. 202
4. Large wedge-shaped green or brownish species about three “eighths of an
inch long CE eS AMO ar eee taAE ON eS ae The Flatas, p. 202
Elongate, and usually small, leaping species (Fig. 109-114 and 212-215.)
ete MS ig MEE me avatoe oe The Leaf-hoppers, pp. 120, 121, 204

234

A LIST OF CORN INSECTS, WITH REFERENCES TO
ECONOMIC ARTICLES.*

GENERAL ARTICLES.
1856. Fircu, Asa.—Indian Corn. Affecting the Stalks. See. Rep. Ins. N. Y.,
pp. 310-320.
1878. Tuomas, Crrus.—Notes on Corn Insects. Seventh Rep. State Ent. I1.,
pp. 15-106.
1885. Forspes, 8S. A.—On New and Little-known Corn Insects. Fourteenth
Rep. State Ent. Ill., pp. 11-33.
1886. Hunt, T. F.—Partial EKeonomic Bibliography [and List] of Indian Corn
Insects. Misc. Essays on Ee. Ent. by State Ent. Ill. and Assts., pp.
57-126.
Wesster, F. M.—Insecets affecting the Corn Crop. Rep. Ind. State Bd.
Agr., 1885, pp. 180-215; also as separate.
1887. AsumEap, Wm. H.—Report on Insects Injurious to Garden Crops in
Florida. Bull. No. 14, U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., pp. 15, 16.
~ 1890. Wesster, F. M.—Notes upon some Insects affecting Corn. Insect Life,
Vol. III., pp. 159, 160.
Wesster, F. M.—Report of Observations upon Insects affecting Grains.
Bull. No. 22, U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., pp. 42-72.
1892. Bruner, L.—Report of the Entomologist. Rep. Neb. State Bd. Agr.,
1891, pp. 240-309; also as separate.
1893. Wepster, F. M.—Insect Foes of American Cereal Grains, with Measures
for their Prevention or Destruction. Insect Life, Vol. VI., (corn
insects) pp. 152-157.
1894. Osporn, H.—Corn Insects. Their Injuries and how to treat them.
Bull. No. 24, Iowa Agr. Exper. Sta., pp. 991-1005.
Fores, 8. A.A Monograph of Insect Injuries to Indian Corn. Part I.
Lighteenth Rep. State Ent. Ill. 170 pp.
1895. Weep, H. E.—Insects Injurious to Corn. Bull. No. 36, Miss. Agr. and
Mech. Coll. Exper. Sta., pp. 147-159.
1896. Fores, 8. A.—Insect Injuries to the Seed and Root of Indian Corn.
Bull. No. 44, Ill. Agr. Exper. Sta. 88 pp. (209-296).

LIST OF SPECIES.
Hymenoptera.
Halictus lerouxii Lep., p. 156.
Solenopsis debilis Mayr.
1884. Forses, 8S. A.—Thirteenth Rep. State Ent. IIL, pp. 112, 113. (fugaz.)
1886. Werster, F. M.—Insects Affecting the Corn Crop. Rep. Ind. State
Bd. Agr., 1885, p. 181; separate, p. 2. (fugaz.)
1890. Wessrer, F. M—Bull. No. 33, Ind. Agr. Exper. Sta., p. 45. (fugaz.)
1894. Forses, 8S. A.—Eighteenth Rep. State Ent. Ill., pp. 9-11, 66.
1896. Forsss, S. A.—Bull. No. 44, Ill. Agr. Exper. Sta., pp. 214, 215. (mo-
lesta.)
Monomorium pharaonis Linn.
1865. Frrcu, Asa.—Trans. N. Y. Agr. Soc., 1865, p. 183. (Myrmica molesta.)
1896. Lintner, J. A.—Eleventh Rep. State Ent. N. Y., in 49th Rep. N. Y
State Mus.; also as separate.

*Page numbers immediately following species names refer to this report.

235

Monomorium pharaonis Linn.—continued.
Maruart, C. L.—Bull. No. 4, N. §., U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., pp. 95-97.
1898. Maruartr, C. 1..—Cire. No. 34, Sec. Ser., U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent.,
pp. 1, 2.

Monomorium minutum Mayr.
1896. Maruart, C. L.—Bull. No. 4, N.S., U.S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., p. 97.
1898. Maruarrt, C. L.—Cire. No. 34, Sec. Ser., U.S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., p. 3.

Myrmica scabrinodis lobicornis Nyl.
1894. ForsBes, S. A.—Eighteenth Rep. State Ent. IJl., pp. 11-12, 66.
1896. Forses, S. A.—Bull. No. 44, Ill. Agr. Exper. Sta., p. 215.

Prenolepis imparis Say.
1888. Wrssrer, F. M.—Rep. [U. S.] Comm. Agr., 1887, p. 150; also in sep. ed.
Rep. Ent. (nitens.)

Pogonomyrmex barbatus Smith.
1880. McCoox, H. C.—The Natural History of the Agricultural Ant of Texas.
208 pp.

Atta fervens Say.
1860. Bucxuey, 8. B.—Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, pp. 233-236. (Myr-
mica texanda.)

1879. McCoox, H. C.—Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1879, pp. 33-40.

Lasius niger Linn.
1894. Forses, 8S. A.—Eighteenth Rep. State Ent. Il., pp. 82-85.
1896. Forses, 8. A.—Bull. No. 44, Ill. Agr. Exper. Sta., pp. 253-256.

Lasius interjectus Mayr.
1894. Forbes, 8. A.—Eighteenth Rep. State Ent. Ill, p. 66.

Formica fusca Linn.
1888. Wesster, F. M.—Rep. [U. S.] Comm. Agr., 1887, p. 149; also in sep. ed.
Rep. Ent.
1894. Forsers, 8. A.—EHighteenth Rep. State Ent. Ill., p. 66.

Formica schaufussi Mayr.
1888. WerssTer, F. M.—Rep. [U. 8.] Comm. Agr., 1887, p. 149; also in sep. ed.
Rep. Ent.
1894. Forses, 8S. A.—Eighteenth Rep. State Ent. IIl., p. 66.
1900. Forszrs, S. A.—Bull. No. 60, Ill. Agr. Exper. Sta., p. 509; 21st Rep.
State Ent. IIL, p. 161.

Diptera.
Tipula costalis Say.
1892. Wexsster, F. M.—Bull. No. 26, U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., pp. 73, 74.
1902. SanpEerson, EH. D.—Insects Injurious to Staple Crops, p. 90.

Sciara sp. .
1884. Fores, S. A.—Thirteenth Rep. State Ent. Ill., pp. 57-59.
1894. Fornes, S. A.—Highteenth Rep. State Ent. Ill., pp. 19-21.
1896. Fores, 8. A.—Bull. No. 44, Ill. Agr. Exper. Sta., p. 220.

Pegomyia fusciceps Zett.
1877. Packarp, A. S.—Rep. U.S. Geol. and Geogr. Surv. Terr., 1875, p. 718.
(Anthomyia zew.)
1894. Forres, 8S. A.—Kighteenth Rep. State Ent. Ill., pp. 16-19. (Anthomyia
zee.)
1896. Fores, 8S. A.—Bull. No. 44, Ill. Agr. Exper. Sta., pp. 218, 219. (Phorbia
Juscipes.)
1902. CHITTENDEN, F. H.—Bull. No. 33, N. S., U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent.,
pp. 84-92. (Phorbia.)
1903. CarrTrEnDEN, F. H.—Bull. No. 43, U.S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., pp. 68-70.
1904. Garman, H.—Bull. No. 114, Ky. Agr. Exper. Sta., pp. 45, 46.
Mecsogramma politum Say.
1888. Rinry, C. V., and Howarp, L. O.—Insect Life, Vol. I., pp. 5-8.
1889. Riney, C. V., and Howarp, L. O.— Insect Life, Vol. IL, p. 115.
1895. AsHmpap, Wm. H.—Insect Life, Vol. VII., p. 326.
1897. Howarp, L. O.—Bull. No. 7, N. S., U.S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., p. 86.
1900. Smriru, J. B.—Rep. N. J. Agr. Coll. Exper. Sta., 1899, pp. 442, 443; also
as separate.
1901. Sanpgerson, EH. D.—Twelfth Rep. Del. Coll. Agr. Exper. Sta., pp. 202-205.
Diastata sp.
1881. Comsrock, J. H.—Rep. [U. S.] Comm. Agr., 1880, pp. 245, 246; also as
separate.
Chetopsis nea Wied.
1890. Ritey, C. V., and Howarp, J.. O.—Inseect Life, Vol. II., p. 281.
1895. Howarp, L. O.—Insect Life, Vol. VII., pp. 352-354.
1896. Garman, H.—Eighth Rep. Ky. Agr. Exper. Sta., pp. XLIII., XLIV.
1902. Perrit, R. H.—Bull. 200, Mich. Agr. Exper. Sta., pp. 206-208.

Ceratomyza dorsalis Loew.
1895. Brirron, W. k.—Rep. Conn. Agr. Exper. Sta., 1894, pp. 143-145.
(Odontocera.)
1898. Hopkins, A. D.—Bull. No. 17, N. S., U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., p. 45.
(Odontocera.)

Lepidoptera.
Lerema accius Sm. & Abb.
1889. Scupprr, 8S. H.—The Butterflies of the Eastern United States and Canada,
Vol. Ii ps 76s.

Theretra tersa Linn.
1881. Coquitterr, D. W.—Tenth Rep. State Ent. Ill, p. 159. (Charocampa.)
1895. BevreNMULLER, WM.—Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. VII., pp. 287, 288.
Hyperchiria to Fabr.
1869. Packarp, A. S.—Guide to the Study of Insects, p. 299.
1874. Reep, E. B—Can. Ent., Vol. VI., pp. 227-229. (Saturnia.)
1878. Frencu, G. H.—Seventh Rep. State Ent. Ill., p. 195.
1881. CoquitueTT, D. W.—Tenth Rep. State Ent. Ill., p. 169.
1884. BreuTENMULLER, Wm.—Papilio, Vol. IV., pp. 155-157.
1890. Packarp, A. S.—Forest Insects. Fifth Rep. U.S. Ent. Comm., pp. 394—-
395, 451.
1898. BreuTENMULLER, Wm.—Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. X., p. 488.
(A utomeris.)
1899. Luaeer, Orro.—Fourth Ann. Rep. as Ent. of State Exner. Sta., Univ.
Minn., pp. 126-129.

237

Celama sorghiella Riley.
1882. Ritey, C. V—Rep. [U. S.] Comm. Agr., 1881-82, pp. 187-189; also as
separate. (Nola.)
1887. AsHMEAD, Wm. H.—Bull. No. 14, U. 8S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., p. 16.
(Nola.)

Eubaphe rosa French.
1890. Frencu, G. H.-—Can. Ent., Vol. XXII., p. 133. (Crocota.)
1893. Frencu, G. H.—Can. Ent., Vol. XXV., p. 25. (Crocota.)
1898. BEUTENMULLER, WmM.—Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. X., p. 365.
(aurantiaca brevicornis.)

Estigmene acrea Dru.
1869. Harris, T. W.—Insects Injurious to Vegetation, pp. 351-355. (Arctia.)
1878. Frencu, G. H.—Seventh Rep. State Ent. Ill., pp. 79-80, 183. (Leuc-
arctia.)
1881. CoquitterT, D. W.—Tenth Rep. State Ent. Ill., p. 170. (Leucarctia.)
1898. BrEUTENMULLER, WmM.—Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. X., p. 372.
(Leucarctia.)
1899. CHITTENDEN, F. H.—Yearbook, U.S. Dept. Agr., 1898, p. 258. (Leuc-
arctia. )
Luaeerr, Orro.—Fourth Ann. Rep. as Ent. of State Exper. Sta., Univ.
Minn., p. 79. (Leucarctia.)
1900. Forsers, 8. A.—Bull. No. 60, Ill. Agr. Exper. Sta., pp. 504-506 ; 21st
Rep. State Ent. Ill, pp. 156-158. (Leucarctia.)
1903. CaiTreNDEN, F. H.—Bull. No. 43, U.S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., pp. 43, 44.
(Leucarctia.)
1904. Hinps, W. E.—Bull. No. 44, U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., pp. 80-84.

Diacrisia virginica Fabr.
1881. Marten, Joun.—Tenth Rep. State Ent. Ill., p. 116. (Spilosoma.)
CoquitteTtT, D. W.—Tenth Rep. State Ent. Ill., p. 169. (Spilosoma.)
1890. Packarp, A. S.—Forest Insects. Fifth Rep. U. S. Ent. Comm.,
pp. 340, 341. (Spilosoma.) :
1891. Lintner, J. A.—Seventh Rep. Ins. N. Y., in the 44th Rep. N. Y. State
Mus., pp. 304, 305; also as separate. (Spilosoma.)
1898. BEUTENMULLER, Wm.—Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. X., p. 374.
(Spilosoma.)
1899. CuirrenpEN, F. H.—Yearbook, U.S. Dept. Agr., 1898, pp. 257, 258.
(Spilosoma.)
Lueerr, Orro.—Fourth Ann. Rep. as Ent. of State Agr. Exper. Sta.,
Univ. Minn., pp. 79-81. (Spilosoma.)
1900. Fores, S. A.—Bull. No. 60, Ill. Agr. Exper. Sta., pp. 504-506; 21st
Rep. State Ent. Ill, pp. 156-158. (Spilosoma.)

Isia isabella Sm. & Abb.

1894. Osporn, H.—lowa Homestead, May 25, 1894. (Pyrrharctia.)

1898. BruTENMGLLER, Wm.—Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. X., p. 373.
(Pyrrharctia.)

1899. Luacer, Orro.—Fourth Ann. Rep. as Ent. of State Agr. Exper. Sta.,
Univ. Minn., pp. 77-79. (Pyrrharctia.)

1900. Fores, 8S. A.—Bull. No. 60, Ill. Agr. Exper. Sta., pp. 504-506; 21st
Rep. State Ent. Ill., pp. 156-158. (Pyrrharctia.)

1903. CurrrenpEN, F. H.—Bull. No. 43, U.S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., pp. 44, 45.

A pantesis
1881.

1892.

1898.

A pantesis
1837.
1898.

A pantesis
1878.
1889.

1898.

Acronycta
1871.
1878.
1881.

1884.
1890.

1898.
1899.

1901.

Cutworms.

1875.
1877.
1878.
1885.

1886.
1888.
IS9L.

1892.

1895.

1899,

238

arge Dru.

Marten, Joun.—Tenth Rep. State Ent. Ill., p. 115. (Aretia.)

Coquititetrr, D. W.—Tenth Rep. State Ent. Ill., p. 170. (Arctia.)

Brunrr, L.—Rep. Neb. State Bd. Agr., 1891, p. 244; also author’s
reprint. (Arctia.)

BruTENMULLER, Wm.—-Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. X., pp. 379, 380.
(Aretia.)

phyllira Dru.

Drury, Dru.—tHlustr. Exot. Ent., Vol. I., p. 15. (Callimorpha.)

BEUTENMULLER, Wm.—Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. X., pp. 380, 381.
(Arctia.)

phalerata Harr.

FrencuH, G. H.—Seventh Rep. State Ent. Ill., pp. 181-182, 280. (Arctia.)

Weep, C. M.—Bull. Ohio Agr. Exper. Sta., Tech. Ser., Vol. I., No. 1, p. 21.
(Arctia.)

BEUTENMULLER, WmM.—Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. X., p. 381
(Arctia nais), p. 382 (Arctia phalerata).

oblinita Sm. & Abb.

Ritzey, C. V.—Third Rep. Ins. Mo., pp. 70 —72.

Frencu, G. H.—Seventh Rep. State Ent. Ill., p. 201.

Tuomas, Cyrus.—Tenth Rep. State Ent. Ill., p. 131. (Apatela.)

CoquitteTr, D. W.—Tenth Rep. State Ent. Ill., p. 170.

Forses, 8. A.—-Thirteenth Rep. State Ent. Ill, pp. 82-84. (A patela.)

Bruner, L.—Bull. No. 14, Neb. Agr. Exper. Sta., pp. 65-68.

Garman, H.—Bull. No. 31, Ky. Agr. Exper. Sta., pp. 25, 26. (A patela.)

Packarp, A. §.—Forest Insects. Fifth Rep. U. S. Ent. Comm., p.
567. (A patela.)

Smita, J. B., and Drar, H. G.—Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XXI., pp. 169-
171; also authors’ reprint.

Luacer, Orro.—Fourth Ann. Rep. as Ent. of State Exper. Sta., Univ.
Minn., pp. 155-157.

BEUTENMULLER, WmM.—Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. XIV., pp. 260,
261. (Apatela.)

Cook, A. J—Thirteenth Rep. See. State Bd. Agr. Mich., pp. 109-111.

Packarp, A. S.—Rep. U.S. Geol. and Geogr. Surv. Terr., 1875, p. 717.

Frencu, G. H.—Trans. Ill. State Hort. Soc., 1877, pp. 185-198.

LintNER, J. A.—Forty-fourth Rep. N. Y. State Agr. Soc., 1884, pp. 56-80;
also as separate.

Wesstrer, F. M.—Insects Affecting the Corn Crop. Rep. Ind. State Bd.
Agr., 1885, pp. 190, 191; separate, pp. 11, 12.

LInTNER, J. A.— Bull. No. 6, N. Y. State Mus. 36 pp.

Aupricu, J. M.—Insect Life, Vol. LV., p. 67.

Bruner, L.—Rep. Neb. State Bd. Agr., 1891, pp. 247-252; also as
separate.

Smiru, J. B.—Rep. N. J. Agr. Coll. Exper. Sta., 1894, pp. 541-549; also
as separate.

GarMAN, H.—Bull. No. 58, Ky. Agr. Exper. Sta., pp. 89-107.

SLINGERLAND, M. V.—Bull. No. 104, Cornell Univ. Agr. Exper. Sta.
45 pp. (555-600).

Howarp, L. O.—Yearbook, U. 8. Dept. Agr., 1898, pp. 140-142,

239

Hadena stipata Morr.
1890. Wesster, F. M.—Bull. No. 22, U.S. Dept Agr., Div. Ent., p.47. (Lupe-
rina.)
Wesster, F. M.—Insect Life, Vol. II., p. 184.
Riury, C. V., and Howarp, L. O.—Insect Life, Vol. II., p. 383.
1893. Wenster, F. M.—Bull. No. 51, Sec. Ser., Ohio Agr. Exper. Sta., pp. 138,
141; also author’s ed.

Hadena devastatrix Brace.

1875. Coox, A. J.—Thirteenth Ann. Rep. Sec. State Bd. Agr. Mich., p. 111.
(amputatriz.)

1878. Frencu, G. H.—Seventh Rep. State Ent. Ill., p. 96.

1885. Ritey, C. V.—Rep. [U. S.] Comm. Agr., 1884, pp. 296, 297; also as
separate.

1887. Wezster, F. M.—Rep. [U. 8.] Comm. Agr., 1886, pp. 578-580; also in
sep. ed. Rep. Ent.

1890. Forbes, 8S. A.—Sixteenth Rep. State Ent. Ill., p. 96.

1891. GitueTTe, C. P.—Bull. No. 12, Iowa Agr. Exper. Sta., p. 543.

1892. Harvey, I’. L.—-Rep. Me. State Coll. Agr. Exper. Sta., 1891, pp. 191, 193.

1893. Lintyer, J. A—Eighth Rep. Ins. N. Y., in the 45th Rep. N. Y. State
Mus., p. 235; also as separate.

1899. Luacer, Orro.—Fourth Ann. Rep. as Ent. of State Exper. Sta., Univ.
Minn., pp. 163, 164.

Wesster, F. M., and Matuy, C. W.—Bull. No. 20, N. S., U. S. Dept.

Agyr., Div. Ent., p. 72.

1901. BeurenMijtLeR, Wu.—Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. XIV., pp. 305,
306.

1902. FLercuer, JAmMes.—Rep. Exptl. Farms Canada, 1901, pp. 217, 218; also
as separate.

Hadena arctica Boisd.

1878. Frencu, G. H.—Seventh Rep. State Ent. Ill., pp. 96, 97.

1890. Fores, S. A.—Sixteenth Rep. State Ent. Ill., p. 97.

1893. LintnEeR, J. A.—Ninth Rep. Ins. N. Y., in the 46th Rep. N. Y. State
Mus., p. 447; also as separate. (Mamestra.)

1899. FLercHer, JAMES.—Rep. Exptl. Farms Canada, 1898, p. 180; also as
separate.

1900. FLercHer, JAMES.—Trans. Roy. Soc. Can., Sec. Ser., Vol. V., Sec. IV.,
pp. 209, 210.

1901. BreureENMiLLER, WM.—Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. XIV., p. 306.

Hadena lignicolor Guen.
1874. Lintner, J. A.—Twenty-sixth Rep. N. Y. State Mus., p. 161.
1891. GitLEeTTE, C. P.—Bull. No. 12, lowa Agr. Exper. Sta., p. 544.

Hadena fractilinea Grote.
1893. Wesster, I’. M.—Bull. No. 51, Sec. Ser., Ohio Agr. Exper. Sta., pp. 139-
141; also author’s ed.
Wesster, F. M.—Insect Life, Vol. VI., pp. 154-156.

Hadena misera Grote.
1893. Wesster, I’. M.—Bull. No. 51, Sec. Ser., Ohio Agr. Exper. Sta., p. 140;
also author’s ed.
Wepsster, F. M.—Insect Life, Vol. VI., p. 156,

240

Helotropha reniformis atra Grote.
1888. Cook, A. J.—Twenty-seventh Ann. Rep. (’87—’88) Sec. State Bd. Agr.
Mich., p. 166. (ZH. atra.)
1902. BreuTENMULLER, Wm.—Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. XVI., pp. 426,
427.

Prodenia ornithogalli Guen.

1890. Wesster, F. M.—Insect Life, Vol. IIL., p. 149. (lineatella.)

1892. Wessrer, F. M.—Bull. No. 45, Sec. Ser., Ohio Agr. Exper. Sta., p. 187.
(lineatella.)

1895. AsumMEap, Wm. H.—Insect Life, Vol. VII., pp. 324, 325. (lineatella.)

1900. Fores, 8S. A.—Bull. No. 60, Il. Agr. Exper. Sta., pp. 496, 497.; 21st
Rep. State Ent. Ill., pp. 148, 149.

1901. CurrrenpEN, ¥. H.—Bull. No. 27, N. S., U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent.,
pp. 64-71.

1902. BreuTENMULLER, Wm.—Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. XVI., pp. 422,
423.

1903. CHITTENDEN, F. H.—Bull. No. 48, U.S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., pp. 33, 34.

Laphygma frugiperda Sm. & Abb.
1885. Forses, 8. A.—Fourteenth Rep. State Ent. Ill., pp. 55-67.
Hupsarp, H. G.—Insects affecting the Orange, pp. 150, 151.
1890. Wessrer, F. M.—Bull. No. 22, U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., p. 46.
1899. Luacer, Orro.—Fourth Ann. Rep. as Ent. of State Exper. Sta., Univ.
Minn., p. 164.
1900. Forses, S. A.—Bull. No. 60, Ill. Agr. Exper. Sta., pp. 497, 498; 21st
Rep. State Ent. Ill., pp. 149, 150.
CHITTENDEN, F. H.—Bull. No. 23, N. S., U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent.,
pp. 78-85.
1901. CuirrenpEN, F. H.—Bull. No. 29, N. S., U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent.,
pp. 5-45.
1902. Sanperson, E. 1).—Insects Injurious to Staple Crops, pp. 84-89.
BEUTENMULLER, Wm.—Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. XVI., pp.421, 422.

Agrotis ypsilon Rott.

1878. Frencu, G. H.—Seventh Rep. State Ent. Ill., pp. 93-94, 210-211.

1885. Ritny, C. V.—Rep. [U. $.] Comm. Agr., 1884, pp. 294, 295; also as
separate.

1890. Forsrs,.S. A.—-Sixteenth Rep. State Ent. Ill., p. 93.

1891. GruLerTr, C. P.—Bull. No. 12, Iowa Agr. Exper. Sta., p. 540.

1892. Harvey, F. L.—Ann. Rep. Me. State Coll. Agr .Exper. Sta., 1891, p. 194.

1893. Lintner, J. A—Eighth Rep. Ins. N. Y., in the 45th Rep. N. Y. State
Mus., pp. 188-191; also as separate.

1895. Garman, H.—Bull. No. 58, Ky. Agr. Exper. Sta., p. 97.

1899. Luaecer, Orro.—Fourth Ann. Rep. as Ent. of State Exper. Sta., Univ.
Minn., 1898, pp. 159, 160.

1900. Gurercio, G. pEL.—Nuove Relaz. R. Staz. Ent. Agr., 1 ser., No. 2,
pp. 269-303.

Forses, S. A.—-Bull. No. 60, Ill. Agr. Exper. Sta., p. 452; 21st Rep.

State Ent. Ill., p. 104.

1901. BruTENMULLER, WmM.—Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. XIV., p. 270.

1904. Garman, H.—Bull. No. 114, Ky. Agr. Exper. Sta., pp. 35, 36.

241

Peridroma margaritosa saucia Hiibn.

1878.
1890.
1895.
1899.

1901.

1902.

1904.

FreNcH, G. H.—Seventh Rep. State Ent. Ill., pp. 94-95, 211-213.
(Agrotis saucia.)

Fores, 8. A.—Sixteenth Rep. State Ent. Ill, pp. 93, 94. (Agrotis
SaUCIG.)

SLINGERLAND, M. V.— Bull. No. 104, Cornell Univ. Agr. Exper. Sta.,
pp. 579-584. — (saucia.)

LuaGcer, Orro.—Fourth Ann. Rep. as Ent. of State Exper. Sta., Univ.
Minn., p. 160. (saucia.)

CHITTENDEN, F. H.—Bull. No. 27, N. S., U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent.,
pp. 50-54. (saucia.)

FLETCHER, JAMES.—Rep. Exptl. Farms Canada, 1900, pp. 215-227; also
as separate. (saucia.)

Doane, R. W., and Bropiz, D. A.—Bull. 47, Wash. Agr. Exper. Sta.,
pp. 3-16. (saucia.)

CHITTENDEN, F. H.—Bull. No. 29, N. S., U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent.,
pp. 46-64. (saucia.)

StrepMAN, J. M—Thirty-fourth Rep. Mo. State Bd. Agr., pp. 118-124;
author’s reprint, pp. 66-72. (saucia.)

GarRMAN, H.—Bull. No. 114, Ky. Agr. Exper. Sta., pp. 34, 35. (mar-
garitosa.)

Noctua c-nigrum Linn.

1878.
1885.

1890.
1891.

1895.
1900.

1901.

1903.

Frencu, G. H.—Seventh Rep. State Ent. Ill., pp. 89, 202-203. (Agrotis.)

Forbes, 8. A.—Fourteenth Rep. State Ent. Ill., pp. 93,94. (Agrotis.)

Lintner, J. A.—Cutworms, p. 6. (Agrotis.)

Forbes, 8. A.—Sixteenth Rep. State Ent. Ill., pp. 86, 87. (Agrotis.)

GILLETTE, C. P.—Bull. No. 12, Iowa Agr. Exper. Sta., p..541. (Agrotis.)

GarMAN, H.—Bull. No. 58, Ky. Agr. Exper. Sta., p. 98. (bicarnea.) _

Forses, S. A.—Bull. No. 60, Ill. Agr. Exper. Sta., pp. 451, 452; 21st
Rep. State Ent. Ill., pp. 103, 104. :

WesstTeER, F. M.—Bull. No. 26, N.S., U. 8. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., p. 85.

CHITTENDEN, F. H.—Bull. No. 27, N. S., U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent.,
pp. 54-59.

FLETCHER, JAMES.—Rep. Exptl. Farms Canada, 1900, pp. 227-229;
also as separate.

BEUTENMULLER, Wm.—Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. XIV., p. 274.

CHITTENDEN, F. H.—Bull. No. 43, U.S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., pp. 31, 32.

- Noctua clandestina Harr.

1871.
1878.
1881.
1885.

1890.
1891.
1895.
1899.

1901.

SaunpErs, W.—Can. Ent., Vol. III., pp. 35, 36.

Frencu, G. H.—Seventh Rep. State Ent. Ill., pp. 95, 96. (Agrotis.)

Tuomas, Cyrrus.—Tenth Rep. State Ent. Ill., p. 135. (Agrotis.)

Ritey, C. V.—Rep. [U. S.] Comm. Agr., 1884, pp. 293, 294; also as
separate. (Agrotis.)

Lintner, J. A~—Cutworms, pp. 6, 8. (Agrotis.)

Forbes, 8. A.—Sixteenth Rep. State Ent. Ill, pp. 85, 86. (Agrotis.)

GILLETTE, C. P.—Bull. No. 12, Iowa Agr. Exper. Sta., p. 541. (Agrotis.)

GarMAN, H.—Bull. No. 58, Ky. Agr. Exper. Sta., p. 99.

SLINGERLAND, M. V.—Bull. 104, Cornell Univ. Agr. Exper. Sta., pp. 571-—
574.

Luaecer, Orro.—Fourth Ann. Rep. as Ent. of State Exper. Sta., Univ.
Minn., p. 161.

BEUTENMULLER, WM.—Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. XIV., p. 277.

Feltia subgothica Haw.

1869. Ritey, C. V.—First Rep. Ins. Mo., pp. 82, 83. (Agrotis jaculifera.)

1878. Frencu, G. H.—Seventh Rep. State Ent. Ill., pp. 89, 90. (Agrotis.)

1885. Linrner, J. A.Cutworms, p. 6. (Agrotis.)

1890. Fores, S. A.—Sixteenth Rep. State Int. Ill., pp. 88, 89. (Agrotis.)

1891. GituteTrE, C. P.—Bull. No. 12, lowa Agr. Exper. Sta., pp. 539, 540.
(A qrotis.)

1895. SuinceRLAND, M. V.—Bull. 104, Cornell Univ. Exper. Sta., pp. 574-579.

1899. CHITTENDEN, F. H.—Yearbook, U.S. Dept. Agr., 1898, p. 257.

1901. BEUTENMULLER, WM.—Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. XIV., p. 277.
(Noctua.)

1902. SrepMaAn, J. M.—Rep. Mo. State Bd. Agr., 1902, pp. 115-117; separate,
pp. 63-65.

Feltia jaculifera Guen.
1895. GarMAN, H.—Bull. No. 58, Ky. Agr. Exper. Sta., pp. 95, 96.
Feltia jaculifera herilis Grote.
1869. Ritey, C. V.—First Rep. Ins. Mo., pp. 81, 82. (Agrotis subgothica.)
1878. Frencu, G. H.—Seventh Rep. State Ent. IIL, p. 90. (Agrotis herilis.)
1890. Wesster, F. M.—Bull. No. 22, U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent:, pp. 43, 44.
(Agrotis herilis.)
Forses, S. A.—Sixteenth Rep. State Ent. Ill, p. 89. (Agrotis herilis.)
1895. Wensrer, F. M.—Bull. No. 2, N.S., U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., p. 85.
(herilis.)
1901. BeuTENMULLER, Wm.—Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. XIV., p. 278.
(herilis.)

Feltia gladiaria Morr.
1890. Forses, S. A.—Sixteenth Rep. State Ent. Ill., pp. 89-93. (Agrotis
morrisoniana, A. gladiaria.)
1891. Grete, C. P.—Bull. No. 12, lowa Agr. Exper. Sta., p. 542. (Agrotis.)
1895. Garman, H.—Bull. No. 58, Ky. Agr. Exper. Sta., pp. 93-95.
1901. BruTrENMULLER, Wm.—Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. XIV., p. 279.

Feltia annexa Tr.
1882. Frencu, G. H.—Can. Ent., Vol. XIV., pp. 207-210. (Agrotis.)
1885. Ritry, C. V.—Rep. [U. S.] Comm. Agr., 1884, pp. 291, 292; also as
separate. (Agrotis.)
1895. Garman, H.—Bull. No. 58, Ky. Agr. Exper. Sta., pp. 99, 100.
1899. CockERELL, T. D. A.—Bull. No. 32, Ariz. Agr. Exper. Sta., pp. 288, 289.
1901. BeurenmMULitER, Wm.—Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. XIV., p. 280.

Euxoa messoria Harr.
1875. Coox, A. J.—Rep. See. State Bd. Agr. Mich., 1874, pp. 144, 145. (Agrotis
cochrani.)
1878. Frencu, G. H.—Seventh Rep. State Ent. Ill., pp. 92, 98. (Agrotis.)
1885. Lintner, J. A—Cutworms, p. 7. (Agrotis.)
Ritey, C. V.—Rep. [U. S.] Comm. Agr., 1884, pp. 290, 291; also as
separate. (Agrotis.)
1891. Gmterrr, C. P.—Bull. No. 12, Iowa Agr. Exper. Sta., pp. 538, 539.
(Agrotis.)
1893. Smrru, J. B.—Rep. Sec. State Bd. Agr. N. J., 1892, pp. 168, 169. (Agrotis.)
1897. StmrrinE, F. A.—Bull. No. 120, N. Y. Agr. Exper. Sta., pp. 186-196.
(Carneades.)
SrrrinE, F. A.—Rep. N. Y. Agr. Exper. Sta., 1896, pp. 628-635.
(Carneades.)
1900. Doan, R. W.—Bull. 42, Wash. Agr. Exper. Sta., pp. 12-14. (Carneades.)

, ew?

243

Eucxoa tessellata Harr.

1865.

1878.
1885.
1891.
1900.

1901.

Fircu, Asa.—Ninth Rep. Ins. N. Y., pp. 237, 243-249. (Agrotis nigri-
cans.)

Frencu, G. H.—Seventh Rep. State Ent. Ill., pp. 91, 92. (Agrotis.)

Lintner, J. A.—Cutworms, p. 7. (Agrotis.)

GILLETTE, C. P.—Bull. No. 12, Iowa Agr. Exper. Sta., p. 539. (Agrotis.)

Wesster, F. M.—Bull. No. 26, N.S., U.S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., p. 85.
(Carneades.) ;

BEUTENMULLER, Wm.—Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. XIV., p. 284.
(Carneades.)

GILLETTE, C. P.—Thirteenth Ann. Rep. Agr. Exper. Sta. Col., p. 127.
(Carneades.)

Euxoa ochrogaster Guen.

1889.

1892.
1900.

1901.

1902.

Mamestra
1881.
1883.
1886.
1889.

1890.

1893.
- 1898.

1899.
1900.

1903.
1904.

Mamestra
1869.
1878.

1890.
1891.
1895.

1901.

FLetTcHEeR, JAMES.—Rep. Exptl. Farms Canada, 1888, p. 71. (Agrotis
turris.)

FLetrcuHerR, JAMES.—Insect Life, Vol. V., p. 124. (Agrotis.)

FLETCHER, JAMES.—Trans. Roy. Soc. Can., Sec. Ser., Vol. V., Sec. IV.,
p. 214. (Carneades.)

BEUTENMULLER, Wm.—Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. XIV., p. 285.
(Carneades.)

FiLetcHer, JAMES.—Rep. Exptl. Farms Canada, 1901, pp. 217, 220; also
as separate. (Carneades.)

picta Harr.

CoquiLitEtTT, D. W.—Tenth Rep. State Ent. Ill., p. 185. (Ceramica.)

RitEy, C. V.—Rep. [U. S.] Comm. Agr., 1883, pp. 124, 125; also as

separate. (Ceramica.)

WessteR, F. M.—Insects Affecting the Corn Crop. Rep. Ind. State Bd.
Agr., 1885, p. 197; Separate, p. 18. (Ceramica.)

Lintner, J. A:—Fifth_ Rep. Ins. N. Y., in 42d Rep. N. Y. State Mus.,
pp. 206-210; also as separate.

Wesster, F. M.—Insect Life, Vol. III., p. 149.

Davis, G. C.—Bull. 102, Mich. Agr. Exper. Sta., pp. 44-47.

Harvey, F. L.—Thirteenth Rep. Me. Agr. Exper. Sta., p. 173.

Fret, E. P.—Fourteenth Rep. State Ent. N. Y. Bull. N. Y. State Mus.,
Vol. V., No. 23, pp. 201-207.

FERNALD, H. T.—Bull. No. 48, Pa. Dept. Agr., pp. 9, 10.

Fores, S. A.—Bull. No. 60, Ill. Agr. Exper. Sta., pp. 501, 502; 21st
Rep. State Ent. Ill., pp. 153, 154.

CHITTENDEN, I’. H.—Bull. No. 43, U.S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., pp. 42, 43.

GarMAN, H.—Bull. No. 114, Ky. Agr. Exper. Sta., pp. 31, 32.

renigera Steph.

Rizry, C. V.—First Rep. Ins. Mo., pp. 86, 87. (Celcna.)

Frencu, G. H.—Seventh Rep. State Ent. Ill., pp. 215, 216.

Lintner, J. A.—Thirtieth Rep. N. Y. State Mus., p. 161.

Forbes, 8. A.—Sixteenth Rep. State Ent. Ill, pp. 95, 96.

GILLETTE, C. P.—Bull. No. 12, Iowa Agr. Exper. Sta., p. 543.
GARMAN, H.—Bull. No. 58, Ky. Agr. Exper. Sta., p. 100.
BEUTENMULLER, WM.—Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. XIV., p. 298.

Nephelodes minians Guen.

1878.
1882.

FrencuH, G. H.—Seventh Rep. State Ent. Ill, p. 99. (violans.)
Lintner, J. A.—First Rep. Ins. N. Y., pp. 99-110. (violans.)

244

Nephelodes minians Guen.—continued.

1887. ALwoop, W. B.—Fifth Ann. Rep. Ohio Agr. Exper. Sta., pp. 219-221
(violans.)

1888. Lintner, J. A.—Fourth Rep. Ins. N. Y., in 41st Rep. N. Y. State Mus.,
pp. 54-57; also as separate. (violans.)

1890. Fores, 8. A.—Sixteenth Rep. State Ent. Ill, p. 85. (violans.)

1891. Riury, C. V.—Rep. [U. S.] Comm. Agr., 1890, pp. 244-246; also as
separate. (violans.)

GILLETTE, C. P.—Bull. No. 12, lowa Agr. Exper. Sta., p. 544. (violans.)

1893. Fernaxup, C. H.—Fifth Ann. Rep. Hatch Exper. Sta., Mass. Agr. Coll.,
p. 150.

1895. GARMAN, H.—Bull. No. 58, Ky. Agr. Exper. Sta., p. 101.

1902. BEUTENMULLER, WM.—Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. XVI., pp. 425, 426.

Leucania unipuncta Haw.
1881. THomas, Crrus.—Tenth Rep. State Ent. Ill., pp. 5-48.
1882. CoquitLettT, D. W.—Eleventh Rep. State Ent. Ill., pp. 49-64.
1883. Forses, S. A.—Twelfth Rep. State Ent. Ill., p. 102.
Ritry, C. V.—Third Rep. U. 8. Ent. Comm., pp. 89-156.
1884. Forses, S. A.—Thirteenth Rep. State Ent. Ill., p. 84.
1889. Bruner, L.—Bull. No. 5, Neb. Agr. Exper. Sta., pp. 25-33; Rep. Neb.
State Bd. Agr., 1888, pp. 110-114.
1894. Howarp, L. O.—Cire. No. 4, Sec. Ser., U.S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent. 5 pp.
1895. Lounssury, C. P.—Bull. No. 28, Hatch Exper. Sta., Mass. Agr. Coll.,
pp. 10-15.
1897. Lintner, J. A—Twelfth Rep. Ins. N. Y., in the 50th Rep. N. Y. State
Mus., pp. 190-214; also as separate.
SLINGERLAND, M. V.—Bull. 133, Cornell Univ. Agr. Exper. Sta. 26 pp.
(233-258).
KirkLaNnp, A. H.—Rep. Sec. Mass. State Bd. Agr., 1896, pp. 264-274.
Lower, V. H.—Fifteenth Ann. Rep. N. Y. Agr. Exper. Sta., pp. 583-605.
1898. Wesster, F. M., and Matty, C. W.—Bull. 96, Ohio Agr. Exper. Sta.,
pp. 4-13.
Forsems, 8S. A.—Twentieth Rep. State Ent. Ill., pp. 106-109.
1900. Trron, Henry.—Queensland Agr. Journ., Vol. VI., pp. 135-147.
Fornes, S. A.—Bull. No. 60, Ill. Agr. Exper. Sta., pp. 495, 496; 21st
Rep. State Ent. Ill., pp. 147, 148. ;
1902. SanpERson, E. D.—Insects Injurious to Staple Crops, pp. 79-84.
BEUTENMULLER, Wm.—Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. XVI., p. 443.
(Heliophila.)
Leucania pseudargyria Guen.
1881. Frency, G. H.—Can. Ent., Vol. XIII., pp. 24, 25.
1890. BruTENMULLER, Wm.—Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., Vol. V., p. 214. (Heli-
ophila.)
1902. BruTENMULLER, Wm.—Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. XVI., pp. 448,
444, (Heliophila.)
Leucania albilinea Hiibn.
1877. Ritey, C. V.—Ninth Rep. Ins. Mo., pp. 50-57.
1889. Murrretpt, M. E.—Ann. Rep. State Hort. Soc. Mo., 1888, pp. 127, 128.
Osporn, Hersertr.—Ann. Rep. Iowa State Agr. Soc., 1888, pp. 674-676.
1894. OsporN, HerBertT.—Bull. No. 32, U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., p. 50.
1902. BeEuTENMULLER, WmM.—Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. XVI., pp. 444,
445. (Heliophila.)

OS

245

Achatodes zee Uarr.

1869.
1877.

1878.
1886.

1896.
1902.

Harris, T. W.—Insects Injurious to Vegetation, p. 489. (Gortyna.)

PackarD, A. S.—Rep. U. 8. Geol. and Geogr. Surv. Terr., 1875, yoy, lig).
(Anthomyia.)

Frencu, G. H.—Seventh Rep. State Ent. Ill, pp. 100, 222-223.

Wessrter, F. M.—Insects Affecting the Corn Crop. Rep. Ind. State Bd.
Agr., 1885, pp. 193, 194; Separate, pp. 14, 15.

Sairs, J. B.—Economie Entomology, p. 299.

BEUTENMULLER, Wm.—Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. XVI., p. 439.

Papaipema nitela Guen.

1877.
1878.
1882.
1883.
1885.
1890.
1893.
1894.

1898.
1899.

1902.

Packarp, A. S.—Rep. U.S. Geol. and Geogr. Surv. Terr., 1875, p. 719.
(Gortyna.)

Siru, E. A.—Seventh Rep. State Ent. Ill., pp. 112-114. (Gortyna.)

Frencu, G. H.—Seventh Rep. State Ent. IIL., pp. 221, 222. (Gortyna.)

Lintner, J. A.—First Rep. Ins. N. Y., pp. 110-116. (Gortyna.)

Fores, 8S. A.—Twelfth Rep. State Ent. Ill., p., 103. (Gortyna.)

Wesster, F. M.—Rep. [U. 8.] Comm. Agr., 1884, pp. 392, 393; also in
sep. ed. Rep. Ent. (Gortyna.)

Lintner, J. A.—Sixth Rep. Ins. N. Y., in 43d Rep. N. Y. State Mus.,
p. 168; also as separate. (Gortyna.)

Lintner, J. A.—Kighth Rep. Ins. N. Y., in 45th tep. N. Y. State Mus.,
pp. 191, 192; also as separate. (Gortyna.)

Osporn, Hersert.—Bull. No. 24, Iowa Agr. Exper. Sta., pp. 1000, 1001.
(Gortyna.)

Birp, Henry.—Can. Ent., Vol. XXX., pp. 127, 128. (Hydrecia.)

Luacer, Orro.—Fourth Ann. Rep. as Ent. of State Exper. Sta., Univ.
Minn., pp. 167, 168. (Gortyna.)

BruTeNMULLER, WM.—Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. XVI, pp. 438,
439. (nebris.)

Luaerr, Orro.—Bull. 77, Minn. Agr. Exper. Sta., pp. 46, 47. (Hy-
drecia.)

CHITTENDEN, F. H.—Bull. No. 33, N. S., U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent..
pp. 11, 12. (Hydrecia.)

Heliothis armiger Hiibn.

1878.
1879.
1882..
1889.
1890.
1893.
1894.
1895.

1896.

THomas, Crrus.—Seventh Rep. State Ent. IIL, pp. 102-106.

Comstock, J. H.—Report on Cotton Insects, pp. 287-291.

Frencu, G. H.—Eleventh Rep. State Ent. IIL, pp. 82-104.

Ritey, C. V.—Rep. [U. 8.] Comm. Agr., 1881-82, pp. 145-152; also as

separate.

Breckwitu, M. H.—Bull. No. IV., Del. Coll. Agr. Exper. Sta., pp. 17-19.

Bruner, L.—Rep. Neb. State Bd. Agr., 1888, pp. 95-97.

Neal, J. C_—Bull. No. 9, Fla. Agr. Exper. Sta., p. 8.

OLuFF, Sipney.—Agr. Gaz. New S. Wales, Vol. pe lab:

= Agr. Gaz. New S. Wales, Vol. IV., pp. 213, 214.

CuamBiss, C. E.—Bull. Agr. Exper. Sta. Tenn., Vol. VI., No. 4, pp. 83-85.

Mauiy, F. W.—Bull. No. 29, U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent. 73 pp.

OsBorN, Hersert.—Bull. No. 24, Iowa Agr. Exper. Sta., pp. 1003, 1004.

Lounssury, C. P.—Bull. No. 28, Hatch [xper. Sta., Mass. Agr. Coll.,
pp. 16, 17.

Howarp, L. O.—Bull. No. 33, U. 8S. Dept. Agr., Office Exper. Stations,
pp. 328-334.

246

Heliothis armiger Hiibn.—continued.
Lowe, V. H., and Strrine, F. A.—Fourteenth Ann. Rep. N. Y. Agr.
Exper. Sta., pp. 559-565.
Luaarr, Orro.—First Ann. Rep. as Ent. of State Exper. Sta., Univ.
Minn., pp. 100-104.
1898. WerssterR, I. M., and Matty, C. W.—Bull. 96, Ohio Agr. Exper. Sta.,
pp. 15-18.
1899. CuirreNnDEN, F. H.—Yearbook, U.S. Dept. Agr., 1898, pp. 255, 256.
1901. QuaInTANCE, A. L.—Thirteenth Ann. Rep. Ga. Exper. Sta., p. 362.
(armiger.)
1902. Sanperson, E. D.—Insects Injurious to Staple Crops, pp. 151-154, 201,
220.
1904. QuainTaNnceE, A. L..—Farmers’ Bull. No. 191, U. S. Dept. Agr. 24 pp.
1905. Quarntancr, A. L., and BisHopp, F. C.—Farmers’ Bull. No. 212, U.S.
Dept. Agr. 32 pp.

Epizeuxis emula Hiibn.
1886. Packarp, A. S.—Rep. [U. 8.] Comm. Agr., 1885, pp. 325, 326; also in
Fifth Rep. U.S. Ent. Comm., pp. 8438, 844.
1889. Rinny, C. V., and Howarp, L. O.—Insect Life, Vol. II., pp. 18, 19.
UTelia.)
1891. Riney, C. V.—Insect Life, Vol. IV., p.111. (Helia.)

Porthetria dispar Linn.
1890. Ritey, C. V., and Howarp, L. O.—Insect Life, Vol. II., pp. 208-211.
(Ocneria.)
1897. Howarp, L. O.—-Bull. No. 11, N.8., U.S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent. 39 pp.
1901. Feit, E. P.—Sixteenth Rep. Ins. N. Y. Bull. N. Y. State Mus. No. 36,
Vol. 7, pp. 955-962.

Geometrid.
1893. Smirn, J. B.—Insect Life, Vol. VI., p. 188. [ = Papatpema nitela?]

Sibine stimulea Clem.
1878. Frencu, G. H.—Seventh Rep. State Ent. Ill, p. 187. (Hmpretia.)
1883. SaunpERS, Wm.—Insects Injurious to Fruits, pp. 113, 114. (#mpretia.)
1888. BEUTENMULLER, Wm.—Ent. Amer., Vol. IV., pp. 75, 76. (Hmpretia.)
1890. Packarp, A. S.—Forest Insects. Fifth Rep. U.S. Ent. Comm., pp.
146, 147. (Empretia.)
1892. Wesster, F. M.—Bull. 45, Ohio Agr. Exper. Sta., pp. 166, 167.
1898. BruTENMULLER, Wm.—Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. X., pp. 394, 395.
1899. Barrows, W. B.—Bull. 175, Mich. State Agr. Coll. Exper. Sta., pp. 350,
351. (Hmpretia.)
Luacer, Orro.—Fourth Ann.-Rep. as Ent. of State Exper. Sta., Univ.
Minn., pp. 98, 99. (Hmpretia.)

Loxostege similalis Guen.

1886. Ritry, C. V.—Rep. [U. S.] Comm. Agr., 1885, pp. 265-270; also as
separate. (Hurycreon rantalis.)

1891. Kent, Gro. H.—Insect Life, Vol. III., p. 338.

Bruner, L.—Bull. Agr. Exper. Sta. Neb., No. 16, pp. 55-59. (Hu-

rycreon rantalis.)

1892. Bruner, L.—Bull. Agr. Exper. Sta. Neb., No. 24, pp. 3-7. (Hurycreon
similis.)

1900. Forses, S. A.—Bull. No. 60, Ill. Agr. Exper. Sta., pp. 456, 457; 21st
Rep. State Ent. Ill., pp. 108, 109.

247

Loxostege similalis Guen.—continued.
1902. Sanpverson, I. D.—Insecets Injurious to Staple Crops, pp. 260, 261.
CHITTENDEN, F. H.—-Bull. No. 33, N. S., U. S. Dept Agr., Div. Ent.,
pp. 46, 47.
1903. CuirrenpEN, F. H.—Bull. No. 43, U.S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., pp. 39, 40.

Crambus.
1894. Surry, J. B.—Rep. Ent. Dept. N. J. Agr. Coll. Exper. Sta., 1893, pp. 473-
478.
Fert, E. P.—Bull. 64, Cornell Univ. Agr. Exper. Sta. 56 pp.
1895. Wesster, F. M.—Bull. No. 2, N.S., U.S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., p. 86
1896. FerNAup, C. H.—The Crambide of North America. 81 pp.

Crambus vulgivagellus Clem.

1882. Rinny, C. V.—Rep. [U. S.] Comm. Agr., 1881-82, pp. 179-183; also as
separate.

1883. Lintner, J. A.—First Rep. Ins. N. Y., pp. 127-149.

1893. Osporn, Hersert.—Rep. Bd. Direc. Iowa State Agr. Soc., 1892, pp. 675,
676.

1894. Feit, EK. P.—Bull. 64, Cornell Univ. Agr. Exper. Sta., pp. 69-71.

1898. Hine, J. S.—Proc. Columbus Hort. Soc., 1897, p. 26.

Crambus mutabilis Clem.
1894. Feit, BE. P.—Bull. 64, Cornell Univ. Agr. Exper. Sta., pp. 64, 65.

Crambus trisectus Wall.
1882. LintNER, J. A.—First Rep. Ins. N. Y., pp. 149-151. (easiccatus.)
1888. Osporn, Hersert.—Rep. [U. 8.] Comm. Agr., 1887, pp. 154-160; also
in sep. ed. Rep. Ent. (exsiccatus.)
1894. OssporNn, HerBerT.—Bull. No. 24, lowa Agr. Exper. Sta., p. 999. (inter-
minellus.)

Crambus luteolellus Clem.
1885. Forsers, S. A.—Fourteenth Rep. State Ent. Ill., pp. 12-17. (zeéllus.)
FERNALD, C. H.—-Can. Ent., Vol. XVII., pp. 55, 56. (zeéllus.)
1891. Becxwiru, M. H.—Insect Life, Vol. IV., p. 42. (zeéllus.)
1894. Freir, EK. P.—Bull. 64, Cornell Univ. Agr. Exper. Sta., pp. 61, 62. (luteo-
lellus and caliginosellus.)
1896. Wesster, I’. M.—Bull. 68, Ohio Agr. Exper. Sta., pp. 44-46. (zeéllus
and luteolellus.)
1897. Wresster, F. M.—Fifteenth Rep. Ohio Agr. Exper. Sta., pp. 44-46.
(zeéllus and luteolellus.)
JoHnson, W. G.—-Bull. No. 9, N.S., U.S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., pp. 84,
85. (caliginosellus.) :
1898. Jounson, W. G.—Bull. No. 57, Md. Agr. Exper. Sta., p. 9. (caligino-
sellus.)
1899. Jonnson, W. G.—-Bull. No. 20, N.S., U.S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., pp. 99-
102. (caliginosellus.)
1902. SanpERSoN, EK. D.—Insects Injurious to Staple Crops, pp. 130-134.
(caliginosellus.)

Iiatrwa saccharalis Fabr.
1881. Comstock, J. H.—Rep. [U. S.] Comm. Agr., 1880, pp. 240-245; also as
separate.
1890. CorRESPONDENTS and Eprrors.—Insect Life, Vol. ITI., p. 64. (Chilo.)

248

Diatrea saccharalis Fabr.—continued.
1891. Howarp, L. O.—Insect Life, Vol. IV., pp. 95-103.
Morean, H. A.—Bull. No. 9, See. Ser., La. Agr. Exper. Sta., pp. 218-228.

(Chilo.)

1896. Howarp, L. O.—Cire. No. 16, Sec. Ser., U.S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent. 3 pp.

1898. JoHnson, W. G.—Bull. No. 17, N.S., U.S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., pp. 93,
94,

1899. QuainTanceE, A. L.—Bull. No. 20, N. S., U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent.,
p. 58.

1900. Maxwe.i-Lerroy, H.—West. Ind. Bull., Vol. I., No. 4, pp. 327-353.

1902. SanpERSON, EK. D.—-Insects Injurious to Staple Crops, pp. 146-150.

1905. Smirx, R. I.—Bull. No. 16, Ga. State Bd. Ent., pp. 37-40.

Klasmopalpus lignosellus Zell. ;
1882. Ritey, C. V.—Rep. [U. 8.] Comm. Agr., 1881-82, pp. 142-145; also as
separate. (Pempelia.)
1900. CHITTENDEN, F. H.—Bull. No. 23, N. S., U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent.,
pp. 17-22.
1903. CHirTeNDEN, F. H.— Bull. No. 40, U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., p. 119.

Epagoge sulfureana Clem.
1881. Comstock, J. H.—Rep. [U. 8.] Comm. Agr. 1880, pp. 255, 256; also as
separate. (Tortriz.) ,
1885. Forsers, S. A.—Fourteenth Rep. State Ent. Ill., pp. 17-20. (Dichelia.)
Husparp, H. G.—Orange Insects, p. 154. (Dichelia.)
1890. Packarp, A. §.—-Fifth Rep. U. 8. Ent. Comm., pp. 789, 780. (Di-
chelia.)
1893. Davis, G. C.—Bull. 102, Mich. Agr. Exper. Sta., pp. 49, 50. (Dichelia.)
1899. Luaerer, Orro.—Fourth Ann. Rep. as Ent. of State Exper. Sta., Univ.
Minn., pp. 232, 233. (Dichelia.)
Platynota flavedana Clem.
1899. LuaerR, Orro.—Fourth Ann. Rep. as Ent. of State Exper. Sta., Univ.
Minn. pp. 231, 232.
1904. Tirus, E. 8. G., and Prart, F. C._—Bull. No. 47, U.S. Dept. Agr., Div.
Ent., p. 56.
Eulia triferana Walk. :
1885. Forses, 8. A.—Fourteenth Rep. State Ent. IIL, pp. 20, 21. (Lopho-
derus.)
1890. Packarp, A. S.—Forest Insects. Fifth Rep. U. S. Ent. Comm., pp.
195, 196. (Lophoderus.)
1899. Luacrer, Orro.—Fourth Ann. Rep. as Ent. of State Exper. Sta., Univ.
Minn., p. 231. (Lophoderus.)
1901. Frit, KE. P.—Sixteenth Rep. Ins. N. Y. Bull. N. Y. State Mus., No.
36, Vol. VIL., pp. 998, 999. (Lophoderus.)
Batrachedra rileyi Wism.
1897. CHITTENDEN, F. H.—Bull. No. 8, N. S., U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent.,
m p. 33.
Hypoclopus mortipennellus Grote.
1890. Forbes, 8S. A.—Sixteenth Rep. State Ent. Ill., p. 101. (Canogenes.)
Anaphora popeanella Clem.
1890. Riupy, C. V., and Howarp, L. O.—Insect Life, Vol. III., p. 27.

Pseudanaphora arcanella Clem.
1890. ForsEs, 8. A.—Sixteenth Rep. State Ent. Ill., pp. 98-101.

ta

249

Coleoptera.
Omophron labiatum Fabr.
1869. GLovrerR, TowNEND.—Rep. [U. 8.] Comm. Agr., 1868, p. 79.
1874. LeBaron, Wm.—Fifth Rep. State Ent, IIL, p. 42.

Clivina impressifrons Lec.
1890. Wesster, F. M.—Insect Life, Vol. III., p. 159.
1894. Forsss, 8. A.—Eighteenth Rep. State Ent, Ill., pp. 15, 16.
1896. Fores, S. A.—Bull. No. 44, Ill. Agr. Exper. Sta., p. 217.
1900. Forres, S. A.—Bull. No. 60, Ill. Agr. Exper. Sta., p. 484; 21st Rep.
State Ent. Ill., p. 136.

Pterostichus permundus Say.
1894. AsHMEAD, Wo. H.—Insect Life, Vor. VII., p. 246.

Pterostichus lucublandus Say, p. 177.
Amara musculus Say, p. 177.
Platynus cincticollis Say, p. 177.
Platynus crenistriatus Lec, p. 177.

Agonoderus pallipes Fabr.
1894. Fores, S. A.—Highteenth Rep. State Ent. Ill., pp. 12-14.
1896. Forses, S. A.—Bull. No. 44, Ill. Agr. Exper. Sta., p. 216.
1904. Howarp, L. O.—Bull. No. 44, U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., p. 90.

Anisodactylus rusticus De}., p. 177.
Bolitochara sp., p. 180.

Ancyrophorus planus Lec.
1894. Harvey, F. L.—Rep. Me. State Coll. Agr. Exper. Sta., 1893, Pt. II.,
p. 147.

Phalacrus politus Mels.
1890. Lintner, J. A.—Sixth Rep. Ins. N. Y., in 48d Rep. N. Y. State Mus.,
p- 170; also as separate.
1894. AsHmEAD, Wo. H.—Insect Life, Vol. VII., p. 246.

Hustilbus apicalis Mels., p. 180.
Orthoperus scutellaris Lee., p. 180.

Megilla maculata DeG. .
1881. Forsss, S. A.—Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. I., No. 3, p. 159.
(Hippodamia.)
Ritey, C. Vi—Am. Nat., Vol. XV., p. 326.
1883. Forses, S. A.—Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. I., No. 6, pp. 51, 52.
(Hippodamia. )
Riney, C. V.—Am. Nat., Vol. XVII., p. 323.
1885. Forssrs, S. A.—Fourteenth Rep. State Ent. Il., pp. 21, 22. (Hippo-
damia.)
.1886. Wesstrr, F. M.—Insects Affecting the Corn Crop. Rep. Ind. State Bd.
Agr., 1885, p. 202; Separate, p. 23.
1888. Lintner, J. A.—Fourth Rep. Ins. N. Y., in the 41st Rep. N. Y. State
Mus., pp. ; Separate, pp. 80-84.
tiLEY, C. V.—Insect Life, Vol. I., pp. 101, 102.
1891. Ritry, C. V.—Insect Life, Vol. III., p. 430.

250
Coccinella 9-notata Hbst., p. 179.

Carpophilus pallipennis Say.
1891. WrEp, H. E.—Bull. No. 17, Miss. Agr. and Mech. Coll. Exper. Sta., pp.
SO:
1895. StepMAN, J. M.—Bull. No. 61, Ala. Agr. Exper. Sta., pp. 58, 59.

Carpophilus dimidiatus Fabr.
1889. Ritey, C. V.—Insect Life, Vol. I., p. 253. (mutilatus.)
1896. CuiTrENDEN, F. H.—Bull. U.S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., Tech. Ser., No. 4,
p. 28.

Carpophilus antiquus Mels., p. 181.

Colastus semitectus Say.
1869. Guover, TowNEND.—Rep. [U. S.] Comm. Agr., 1868, p. 83.

Ips quadriguttatus Yabr.
1861. Waxsu, B. D.—Insects Injurious to Vegetation, p. 14. (quadrisignata.)
1894. Harvey, F. L.—Rep. Me. State Coll. Agr. Exper. Sta., 1893, Pt. IL., p.
147. (Pithyophagus.)
Forses, S. A.—Highteenth Rep. State Ent. Ill, pp. 23-28. (fasciatus.)
1896. ForBss, S. A.—Bull. No. 44, Ill. Agr. Exper. Sta., pp. 222-224. (fascia-
tus.)
1899. Horxins, A. D.—Bull. 56, W. Va. Agr. Expr. Sta., p. 266.
1901. Harvey, F. L.—Rep. Me. Agr. Exper. Sta., 1900, p. 35. (fasciatus.)

Cartodere ruficollis Marsh.
1890. Lintner, J. A.—Sixth Rep. Ins. N. Y., in 43d Rep. N. Y. State Mus.,
pp. 183, 184; also as separate. (Lathridius pulicarius.)

Melanophthalma distinguenda Com.
1888. WessterR, F. M.—Rep. [U. 8.] Comm. Agr., 1887, p. 151; also in sep.
ed. Rep. Ent. (Corticaria pumila.)

Tenebrioides corticalis dubia Mels.
1869. GLovEeR, TOowNEND.—Rep. [U. S.] Comm. Agr., 1868, p. 83. (Trogosita
dubia.)
1871. GLover, TowNEND.—Rep. [U. 8.] Comm. Agr., 1870, p. 66. (Trogosita
dubia.)

Wireworms.

1877. Packarpb, A. S.—Rep. U. 8. Geol. and Geogr. Surv. Terr., 1875, p. 718.

1891. Comstock, J. H., and SiinceRLAND, M. V.—Bull. 33, Cornell Univ.
Agr. Exper. Sta. 80 pp. (193-272).

1894. Fores, S. A.—Eighteenth Rep. State Ent. Ill., pp. 28-51.

1896. Fores, 8. A.—-Bull. No. 44, Ill. Agr. Exper. Sta., pp. 224-234.

SLINGERLAND, M. V.—Bull. 107, Cornell Univ. Agr. Exper. Sta., pp. 37-

56.

1898. Wesster, F. M.—Bull. No. 17, N. S., U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., pp.
101, 102.

1900. Forsss, 8. A.—Bull. No. 60, Ill. Agr. Exper. Sta., pp. 509-511; 21st Rep.
State Ent. Ill, pp. 161-163.

1901. CuitreNDEN, F. H.—Bull. No. 27, N. S., U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent.,

Aa Alar d

18)95. Hels, Ths
1902. SanperRson, E. D.—Insects Injurious to Staple Crops, pp. 48-52.

1903. CuiTrenpEN, F, H.—Bull. No. 48, U.S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., pp. 66-68.

201

Cardiophorus sp.
1894. Forses, 8. A.—Eighteenth Rep. State Ent. Ill., pp. 32-34.
1896. Forsrs, S. A.—Bull. No. 44, Ill. Agr. Exper. Sta., p. 226.

Drasterius elegans Fabr.

‘1891. Comstock, J. H., and SLINGERLAND, M. V.—Bull. 33, Cornell Univ.
Agr. Exper. Sta., pp. 267-270.

1894. Forses, S. A.—Eighteenth Rep. State Ent. Ill., pp. 34-36.

1896. Forsxs, 8S. A.—Bull. No. 44, Ill. Agr. Exper. Sta., pp. 224, 225, 226.

SLINGERLAND, M. V.—Bull. 107, Cornell Univ. Agr. Exper. Sta., pp. 54, 55.

1900. Forsxs, 8. A.—Bull. No. 60, Ill. Agr. Exper. Sta., pp. 510, 511; 21st

Rep. State Ent. Ill., pp. 162-163.

Agriotes mancus Say.
1891. Comstock, J. H., and SitincerRuANp, M. V.—Bull. 33, Cornell Univ.
Agr. Exper. Sta., pp. 251-258.
1894. Forpes, 8. A.—Eighteenth Rep. State Ent. Ill., pp. 36-39.
1896. Forzers, S. A.—Bull. No. 44, Ill. Agr. Exper. Sta., pp. 226, 227.
SLINGERLAND, M. V.—Bull. 107, Cornell: Univ. Agr. Exper. Sta., pp. 51, 52.
1900. Wesster, F. M.—-Bull. No. 26, N. 8., U. 8. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., p. 85.
1901. CuriTTENDEN, F. H.—Bull. No. 27, N.8., U.S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., pp.
UU Tsk

Agriotes pubescens Mels.
1894. Forsss, S. A.—EKighteenth Rep. State Ent., Ill., p. 39.

Melanotus communis Gyll.
1891. Comstock, J. H., and SiInGeRLAND, M. V.—Bull. 33, Cornell Univ.
Agr. Exper. Sta., pp. 262-267.
1894. Forsss, S. A.—Eighteenth Rep. State Ent. IIll., pp. 39-41.
1896. Forses, S. A.—-Bull. No. 44, Ill. Agr. Exper. Sta., p. 230.
SLINGERLAND, M. V.—Bull. 107, Cornell Univ. Agr. Exper. Sta., pp.
53, 54.

Melanotus fissilis Say.
1894. Fores, 8S. A.—Eighteenth Rep. State Ent. Ill., p. 41.

Melanotus infaustus Lec.
1894. Forsers, S. A.

Kighteenth Rep. State Ent. Ill., p. 42.

Melanotus cribulosus Lee.
1894. Forses, 8. A.—Highteenth Rep. State Ent. IIl., pp. 42-44.
1896. Forses, S. A.—Bull. No. 44, Ill. Agr. Exper. Sta., p. 230.
1900. Forses, 8. A.—Bull. No. 60, Ill. Agr. Exper. Sta., pp. 510, 511; 21st
Rep. State Ent. Ill., pp. 162, 163.

Asaphes decoloratus Say.
1891. Comsrock, J. H., and StinceRLAND, M. V.—Bull. 33, Cornell Univ.
Agr. Exper. Sta., pp. 258-262.
1894. Forses, 8. A.—Highteenth Rep. State Ent. IIl., pp. 45-47.
1896. Forses, 8S. A.—Bull. No. 44, Il. Agr. Exper. Sta., p. 228.
SLINGERLAND, M. V.—Bull. 107, Cornell Univ. Agr. Exper. Sta., pp. 52, 53.

Elateride? sp.
1891. TownsEnp, C. H. T.—Insect Life, Vol. IV., p. 26.

Onthophagus hecate Panz., p. 183.

Atenius cognatus Lec., p. 183:

252

Aphodius granarvus Linn.
1894. Forsrs, 8. A.—Eighteenth Rep. State Ent. Il., pp. 14, 15.
1896. Fores, S. A.—Bull. No. 44, Ill. Agr. Exper. Sta., p. 217.
1901. CairtenpEN, F. H.—Bull. No. 27, N. S., U.S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent.,
p. 83.

Macrodactylus subspinosus Fabr.
1878. THomas, Cyrus.—Seventh Rep. State Ent. Ill., pp. 34, 35.
1890. Ritry, C. V.—Insect Life, Vol. II., pp. 295-302.
1891. Smiru, J. B.—Bull. 82, N. J. Agr. Exper. Sta. 40 pp.
1895. CHITTENDEN, F. H. —Cire. No. 11, Sec. Ser., U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent.
4 pp.
1896. Maruarr, C. L.—Yearbook, U. 8. Dept. Agr., 1895, pp. 396-398.
1899. Wessrrer, F. M., and Matty, C. W.—Bull. No. 20, N. S., U.S. Dept.
Agr., Div. Ent., p. 70.
Luacer, Orro.—Fifth Ann. Rep. as Ent. of State Exper. Sta., Univ.
Minn., pp. 80-82.

Lachnosterna.
1890. Wesstrer, F. M.—Bull. No. 22, U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., pp. 48-51.
1891. Forses, S. A.Seventeenth Rep. State Ent. Ill., pp. 30-53.
1893. Ritey, C. V.—Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., Vol. IT., pp. 132-134.
1894. Forsrs, S. A.—Eighteenth Rep. State Ent. Ill., pp. 109-144.
1896. Fores, S. A.—Bull. No. 44, Ill. Agr. Exper. Sia., pp. 257-279.
1898. Forses, 8S. A.—Twentieth Rep. State Ent. Ill., pp. 26-34.
1900. Forses, S. A.—Bull. No 60, Ill. Agr. Exper. Sta., pp. 511-513; 21st
tep. State Ent. Ill., pp. 163-165.
1902. SanpERson, H. D.—Insects Injurious to Staple Crops, pp. 44-48.

Lachnosterna lanceolata Say.
1895. CocKERELL, T. D. A.—Bull. No. 15, N. Mex. Agr. Exper. Sta., p. 69.
1904. SanpERson, E. D.—Bull. No. 46, U. 8. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., p. 95.

Lachnosterna Jusca Frohl.

1886. SmrirH, J. B.—Insect Life, Vol. I., pp. 180-185.
1894. Forses, S. A.—Highteenth Rep. State Ent. Hl., pp. 113, 138, et al.
1896. Forsers, S. A.—Bull. No. 44, lll. Agr. Exper. Sta., pp. 262, 263, 265, 268.
Lachnosterna inversa Horn.

1894. Fores, 8S. A.—LHighteenth Rep. State Ent. Ill., pp. 113, 138, e¢ al.

1896. Forsegs, S. A.—Bull. No. 44, Ill. Agr. Exper. Sta., pp. 262, 263, 265, 268.

Lachnosterna rugosa Mels.
1894. Forses, S. A.—Highteenth Rep. State Ent. Ill., pp. 113, 139, et al.
1896. Fores, S. A.—Bull. No. 44, Ill. Agr. Exper. Sta., pp. 261, 262, et al.
1900. Forses, S. A.—Bull. No. 60, Ill. Agr. Exper. Sta., p. 512.; 21st Rep.
State Ent. Ill., p. 164.

Lachnosterna hirticula Wnoch.
1894. Forses, 8S. A~—EFighteenth Rep. State Int. JIl., pp. 118, 139, et al.
1896. Forprs, 8. A.—Bull. No. 44, Ill. Agr. Exper. Sta., pp. 263, 265.
Lachnosterna gibbosa Burm.
1894. Forsers, S. A.—Eighteenth Rep. State Ent. Ul., pp. 113, 139, et ad.
1896. Forsss, S. A.——Bull. No. 44, Ill. Agr. Exper. Sta., pp. 263, 265, 268.
Anomala undulata Mels.
1898. Weszsrmr, F. M., and Matty, C, W.—Bull. No. 17, N. 8., U. S. Dept.
Agr., Div. Ent., p. 98.

253

Cyclocephala immaculata Oliv.
1891. Forsss, S. A.—Seventeenth Rep. State Ent. Ill., pp. 40-46.
1894. Forsss, S. A.—Eighteenth Rep. State Ent. Ill., pp. 121, 138, et al.
1896. Forses, S. A.—Bull. No. 44, Ill. Agr. Exper. Sta., pp. 259, 269.

Ligyrus gibbosus DeG.
1889. Wesster, F. M.—Insect Life, Vol. I., p. 382.
1891. Bruner, L.—Bull. No. 23, U.S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., p. 17.
1894. Wesster, F. M.—Insect Life, Vol. VII., p. 206.
1895. Weep, H. K.—Highth Ann. Rep. Miss. Agr. and Mech. Coll. Exper. Sta.,
0) oy PALE VPs.
Weep, H. E.—Bull. No. 36, Miss. Agr. and Mech. Coll. Exper. Sta., pp.
156, 157.
1898. Howarp, L. O.—Bull. No. 18, N. S., U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., pp.
92, 93.
1900. Forses, S. A.—Bull. No. 60, Ill. Agr. Exper. Sta., p. 513; 21st Rep.
State Ent. Ill., p. 165.
1902. CarrrenpDEN, F. H.—Bull. No. 33, N. 8., U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent.,
pp. 32-37.
WasuHpurn, F. L.—Bull. No. 77, Minn. Agr. Exper. Sta., pp. 47-49.
1903. CHITTENDEN, F. H.—Bull. No. 43, U.S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., pp. 65-66.

Ligyrus rugiceps Lec.
1880. Ritry, C. V—Am. Ent., Vol. III., p. 130.
1881. Comstock, J. H.—Rep. [U. S.] Comm. Agr., 1880, pp. 236-240; also as
separate.
1888. Howarp, L. O.—Insect Life, Vol. I., pp. 11-13.
1890. Wesster, F. M.—Insect Life, Vol. III., p. 159.
1898. Howarp, L. O.—Bull. No. 18, N.S., U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., p. 92.
Aphonus tridentatus Say.
1892. Harvey, F. L.—Ann. Rep. Me. State Coll. Agr. Exper. Sta., 1891, pp.
199-202.

Allorhina mitida Linn.

1884. Forses, 8S. A.—Thirteenth Rep. State Ent. Il., pp. 149, 150.

1887. AsHMEAD, Wm. H.—Bull. No. 14, U.S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., p. 16.

1893. Ritry, C. V.—Bull. No. 23, Md. Agr. Exper. Sta., pp. 77-81.

1894. Forsers, 8S. A.—Eighteenth Rep. State Ent. Ill., pp. 144, 145.

1896. Forses, S. A.—Bull. No. 44, Ill. Agr. Exper. Sta., pp. 280, 281.

Garman, H.—Highth Rep. Ky. Agr. Exper. Sta., p. 39.
Smiru, J. B.—Rep. N. J. Agr. Coll. Exper. Sta., 1895, pp. 510, 511.

1898. Howarp, L. O.—Bull. No. 10, N.S., U.S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., pp. 20-
26, 93.

1899. LuceEr, Orro.—Fifth Ann. Rep. as Ent. of State Exper. Sta., Univ.
Minn., pp. 99-101.

1901. CuitrENDEN, F. H.—Bull. No. 27, N. S., U. 8. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent.,
10) Oy TAG (Arh

1905. Garman, H.—Bull. No. 116, Ky. Agr. Exper. Sta., pp. 67-73.

Allorhina mutabilis Gory.

1897. CocxrreEtt, T. D. A—Bull. No. 9, N. S., U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent.,
p- 25.

1898. Howarp, L. O.—Bull. No. 10, N.S., U.S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., pp. 20-
26.

1899. CockERELL, T. D. A.—Bull. No. 32, Ariz. Agr. Exper. Sta., pp. 279, 280.

1900. Howarp, L. O.—Bull. No. 22, N.S., U.S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., p. 104.

254

Euphoria inda Linn.
1862. Harris, T. W.—Insects Injurious to Vegetation, p. 40 (Cetonia.)
1882. Lintner, J. A.—First Rep. Ins. N. Y., pp. 232-239.
1888. Coox, A. J.—Rep. Sec. State Bd. Agr. Mich., 1887-88, p. 166.
1890. Ritry, C. V., and Howarp, L. O.—Insect Life, Vol. II., p. 277.
1891. Osporn, Herspert.—Bull. No. 15, Iowa Agr. Exper. Sta., pp. 255-258.
1894. Lintner, J. A.—Country Gent., Vol. 59, Sept. 27, 1894, p. 701.
1896. Scurept, R. C.—Rep. Pa. Dept. Agr., 1895, p. 583.
Lintner, J. A.—Bull. No. 6, N.S., U.S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., p. 58.
Luaeer, Orro.—Bull. No. 48, Minn. Agr. Exper. Sta., pp. 54, 55.
1897. SLINGERLAND, M. V.—Can. Ent., Vol. XXIX., pp. 50, 51.
1899. Luaerr, Orro.—Fifth Ann. Rep. as Ent. of State Exper. Sta., Univ.
Minn., pp. 101-103.
CHITTENDEN, F. H.—Bull. No. 19, N. S., U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent.,
pp. 67-74.
1901. FLercuer, JAMes.—Thirty-first Ann. Rep. Ent. Soe. Ont., p. 74.

Euphoria sepulchralis Fabr.
* 1890. Wesster, F. M.—Insect Life, Vol. III., p. 159.
1895. Wrrp, H. E.—Bull. No. 36, Miss. Agr. and Mech. Coll. Exper. Sta.,
p. 157.
1899. Luaeer, Orro.—Fifth Ann. Rep. as Ent. of State Exper. Sta., Univ.
Minn., pp. 103, 104. (melancholica.)

Ewphoria melancholica Gory.
1880. Horn, G. H.—Synopsis of the Euphorize of the United States. Proce.
Am. Philos. Soc., Vol. XVIII., p. 404.
1891. Mauuy, F. W.—Bull. No. 24, U.S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent:, p. 29. (=se-
pulchralis?)

Cremastochilus knochii Lec., p. 183.

Prionus laticollis Drury.

1870. Ritey, C. V.—Sec. Rep. Ins. Mo., pp. 88-89, 91.

1890. Packarp, A. S.—Forest Insects. Fifth Rep. U. S. Ent. Comm., pp.
437, 438.

1894. Forsrs, 8. A.—Eighteenth Rep. State Ent. Ill., p. 146.

1896. Forses, S. A.—Bull. No. 44, Ill. Agr. Exper. Sta., p. 281.

1899. Luaeer, Orro.—Fifth Ann. Rep. as Ent. State Exper. Sta., Univ. Minn.,
pp. 109-111.

Prionus imbricornis Linn.
1870. Ritry, C. V.—Sec. Rep. Ins. Mo., pp. 89-91.
1894. Forses, 8S. A.—Highteenth Rep. State Ent. Ill., p. 146.
1896. Forses, S. A.—Bull. No. 44, Ill. Agr. Exper. Sta., p. 281.

Myochrous denticollis Say.
1888. Wepstrer, F. M.—Rep. [U. S.] Comm. Agr., 1887, p. 150; also in sep.
ed. Rep. Ent.
1900. Wesster, F. M.—Bull. No. 26, N. S., U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., p. 87.
1901. Wrsster, F. M.—Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., Vol. [X., pp. 127-132.

Colaspis brunnea Fabr.
1871. Ritey, C. V.—Third Rep. Ins. Mo., pp. 82-84. (flavida.)
1884. Forses, 8. A.—Thirteenth Rep. State Ent. Ill., pp. 156-159.
1890. Garman, H.—Bull. No. 31, Ky. Agr. Exper. Sta., pp. 22-24.
1895. Wesster, F. M.—Bull. No. 2, N.S., U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., p. 90.

a ——

255

Colaspis brunnea Fabr.—continued.

1900.

1903.

Forsus, S. A.—Bull. No. 60, Ill. Agr. Exper. Sta., p. 473; 21st Rep.
State Ent. Ill., p. 125.

Forbes, 8. A.—Twenty-second Rep. State Ent. Ill., pp. 145-149.

CHITTENDEN, F. H.—Bull. No. 48, U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., pp. 18, 14.

Luperodes varicornis Lec.

1880.
1892.

Riney, C. V.—Am. Ent., Vol. III., p. 132. (Luperus brunneus.)
Rinry, C. V., and Howarp, L. O.—Insect. Life, Vol. V., p. 47. (Lu-
perus brunneus.)

Melasoma lapponica Linn.

1890.

Diabrotica
1892.
1893.

Diabrotica
1883.
1890.
1891.

1893.
1894.
1896.
1898.

1899.
1900.

1901.
1902.
1903.
1905.

Diabrotica
1890.
1891.

Diabrotica
1890.
1896.

1898.

1899.

Bruner, L.—Bull. No. 14, Agr. Exper. Sta. Neb., pp. 91, 92. (Lina.)

tenella Lee.
TownsEnD, C. H. T.—Insect Life, Vol. V., p. 39.
Toumey, J. W.—Bull. No. 9, Ariz. Agr. Exper. Sta., pp. 8, 9.

12-punctata Oliv.

Forses, 8S. A.—Twelfth Rep. State Ent. Ill., p. 104.

Wesstrr, F. M.—Insect Life, Vol. III., p. 150.

Fores, S. A.—Seventeenth Rep. State Ent. Ill., pp. 71-73.

GarMANn, H.—Psyche, Vol.VI., pp. 28-30, 44-49.

MurtrEvptT, M. E.—Bull. No. 30, U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., p. 50.

Forses, 8. A.—Kighteenth Rep. State Ent. Ill, pp. 146-154.

Forses, 8. A.—Bull. No. 44, Ill. Agr. Exper. Sta., pp. 282-287.

CHITTENDEN, F. H.—Bull. No. 10, N. S., U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent.,
pp. 30, 31.

CHITTENDEN, F. H.—Bull. No. LG NewS. U. 8 Dept. Aor. Div. Ent.
p. 86.

Howarp, L. O.—Yearbook, U. 8. Dept. Agr., 1898, p. 144.

Forses, S. A.—Bull. No. 60, Ill. Agr. Exper. Sta., pp. 473, 474; 21st Rep.
State Ent. Ill., pp. 125, 126.

Quarintance, A. L.—Bull. No. 26, N. S., U. 8S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent.,
pp. 35-40.

Quaintance, A. L.—Thirteenth Rep. Ga. Agr. Exper. Sta., pp. 366-371.

Sanperson, KH. D.—Insects Injurious to Staple Crops, pp. 129, 130.

Currrenpen, F. H.—Bull. No. 43, U.S. Dept. Agr., Div Ent., pp. 12, 13.

Currrenpen, F. H.—Cire. No. 59, U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent., pp. 1-5.

Smira, R. I.—Bull. No. 16, Ga. State Bd. Ent., pp. 40-42.

soror Lee.
Korse.e, A.—Bull. 22, U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., p. 87.
KorBeE.LeE, A.—Insect Life, Vol. III., p. 468.

vittata Fabr.

Wesster, F. M.—Insect Life, Vol. III., p. 149.

Lows, V. H., and Sirrine, F. A.—Fourteenth Rep. N. Y. Agr. Exper.
Sta., pp. 567-573.

CHITTENDEN, F. H.—Cire. No. 31, Sec. Ser., U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent.
7 pp.

CHITTENDEN, F. H.—Bull. No. 10, N. S., U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent.,
pp. 26-30.

CHITTENDEN, F’. H.—Bull. No. 19, N. S., U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., pp.
48-51.

Strrine, F. A.—Bull. No. 158, N. Y. Agr. Exper. Sta. 32 pp.

256

Diabrotica vittata Fabr.—continued.
1900. Forsrs, S. A.—Bull. No. 60, Ill. Agr. Exper. Sta., pp. 474, 475; 21st
Rep. State Ent. Ill., pp. 126, 127.
1901. SanpeRson, E. D.—Twelfth Rep. Del. Coll. Agr. Exper. Sta., pp. 208,
209.
GARMAN, H.—Bull. No. 91, Ky. Agr. Exper. Sta., pp. 3-15.

Diabrotica longicornis Say.

1882. Wesster, F. M.—Am. Nat., Vol. XVI., p. 514.

1883. Forsers, 8. A.—Twelfth Rep. State Ent. Ill., pp. 10-31.

1889. Bruner, L.—Rep. Neb. State Bd. Agr., 1888, p. 110.

1890. Bruner, L.—Bull. No. 22, U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., p. 100.

1894. Fores, 8S. A.—Eighteenth Rep. State Ent. IIL, pp. 154-165.

1896. Forsss, S. A.—Bull. No. 44, Ill. Agr. Exper. Sta., pp. 287-296.

1899. WesstER, F. M., and Maury, C. W.—Bull. No. 20, N. S., U. S. Dept.
Agr., Div. Ent., p. 69.

1900. Forses, S. A.—Bull. No. 60, Ill. Agr. Exper. Sta., p. 475; 21st Rep.
State Ent. Ill., p. 127.

1902. Sanperson, E. D.—Insects Injurious to Staple Crops, pp. 125-129.

1905. CHITTENDEN, F. H.—Circ. No. 59, U.S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent., pp. 1, 6-8.

Diabrotica atripennis fossata Lee.
1882. Wesster, F. Mi—Am. Nat., Vol. XVI., p. 514. (fossata.)
1902. CarTTENDEN, F. H.—Bull. No. 33, N. S., U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent.,
p. 103. (atripennis.)

Epitrix cucumeris Harr.

1878. THomas, Crrus.—Prairie Farmer, June 22, 1878. (Haltica.)

1893. Davis, G. C.—Bull. 102, Mich. Agr. Exper. Sta., p. 41. (Crepidodera.)

1895. WEED, C. M.—Bull. 29, N. H. Coll. Exper. Sta., pp. 3, 4-7. (Crepido-
dera.)

1896. Stewart, F. C.—Bull. No. 113, N.S., N. Y. Agr. Exper. Sta., pp. 311—
317. (Crepidodera.)

1897. Strr1NE, F. A.—Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci., pp. 170-172. (Crepidodera.)

1899. CHITTENDEN, F. H.—Bull. No. 19, N. S., U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent.,
Dp. oo.

1900. Forses, S. A.—Bull. No. 60, Ill. Agr. Exper. Sta., p. 465; 21st Rep.
State Ent. Ill., p. 117.

1904. CuirTENDEN, F. H.—Bull. No. 44, U.S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., p. 96.

Systena hudsonias Forst.

1893. CHITTENDEN, F. H.—Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., Vol. II., p. 266.

1899. Sronz, J. L.—Bull. 166, Cornell Univ. Agr. Exper. Sta., p. 425.

1900. Forsrs, S. A.—Bull. No. 60, Ill. Agr. Exper. Sta., p. 467; 21st Rep.
State Ent. Ill., p. 119.

1902. CHITTENDEN, F. H.—Bull. No. 33, N. S., U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent.,
pp. 113, 114.

1903. CHITTENDEN, F. H.—Bull. No. 43, U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., p. 17.

Systena blanda Mels.
1874. GLovER, TOWNEND.—Rep. [U. S.] Comm. Agr., 1873, p. 152.
1884. Forses, 8S. A.—Thirteenth Rep. State Ent. Lll., p. 86.
1888. Lintner, J. A—Fourth Rep. Ins. N. Y., in 41st Rep. N. Y. State Mus.,
pp. 155, 156.
1889. Casstpy, JamMES.—Bull. No. 6, Col. Agr. Exper. Sta., p. 18. (mitis.)
1891. Bruner, L.—No. 16, Bull. Agr. Exper. Sta. Neb., p. 60,

257

Systena blanda Mels.—continued.
1893. SmrrH, J. B.—Insect Life, Vol. VI., pp. 188, 189.
GILLETTE, C. P.—Bull. No. 24, Col. Agr. Exper. Sta., pp. 10-12. (deni-
ata.)
1894. Forpes, S. A.—Eighteenth Rep. State Ent. Ill, pp. 21-23. (teniata.)
1895. Wesster, F. M.—Bull. No. 2, N.S., U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., p. 87.
(teniata.) 5
1900. CuitTeNDEN, F. H.—Bull. No. 23, N. S., U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent.,
pp. 22-29.
Forbes, S. A.—Bull. No. 60, Ill. Agr. Exper. Sta., pp. 468-470; 21st
Rep. State Ent. Ill., pp. 120-122. (teniata.)
1902. CarrrenpEN, F. H.—Bull. No. 33, N..S., U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent.,
pp. 110, 111.
1903. CairrenDEN, F. H.—Bull. No. 48, U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., p. 16.

Phyllotreta pusilla Horn.
1898. Howarp, lL. O.—Bull. No. 10, N. S., U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., pp.
92, 93.
1900. Forses, S. A.—Bull. No. 60, Ill. Agr. Exper. Sta., p. 471; 21st Rep.
State Ent. Ill., p. 123. (albionica.)
1903. CHITTENDEN, F. H.—Bull. No. 43, U.S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., pp. 18, 19.

Chetocnema denticulata Il.

1897. CuriTreNDEN, F. H.—Bull. No. 9, N.S., U.S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., p. 22.

1898. CuirreNDEN, F. H.—Bull. No. 17, N. S., U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent.,
p. 85.

1900. Forses, 8S. A.—Bull. No. 60, Ill. Agr. Exper. Sta., p. 466; 21st Rep.
State Ent. Ill., p. 118.

1902. CHITTENDEN, F. H.—Bull. No. 33, N. S., U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent.,
pp. 114, 115.

Chetocnema pulicaria Mels.

1885. Fores, 8S. A.—Fourteenth Rep. State Ent. Ill., p. 22.

1891. Ritry, C. V., and Howarp, L. O.—Insect Life, Vol. III., pp. 336, 484.

1897. CuITTENDEN, F. H.—Bull. No. 9, N. S., U.*S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent.,
p. 22.

Jounson, W. G.—Bull. No. 9, N. S., U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., p. 81.

1898. CHITTENDEN, F. H.—Bull. No. 17, N. S., U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent.,
pp. 84, 85.

1900. ForseEs, S. A.—Bull. No. 60, Ill. Agr. Exper. Sta., pp. 466, 467; 21st
Rep. State Ent. Ill., pp. 118, 119.

1902. CuitTTENDEN, F. H.—Bull. No. 33, N. S., U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent.,
pp. 115, 116.

Chetocnema parcepunctata Cr.
1897. CuiTTENDEN, F. H.—Bull. No. 9, N. S., U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent.,
p: 22.

Chetocnema confinis Cr.
1888. WessterR, F. M.—Rep. [U. 8.] Comm. Agr., 1887, p. 150; also in sep.
ed. Rep. Ent.
1897. CHITTENDEN, F. H.—Bull. No. 9, N. S., U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent.,
p. 22.
1900. Fores, S. A.—Bull. No. 60, Ill. Agr. Exper. Sta., p. 467; 21st Rep.
State Ent. Ill., p. 119.

258

Glyptina brunnea Horn.
1900. Forses, S. A.—Bull. No. 60, Ill. Agr. Exper. Sta., p. 470; 21st Rep.
State Ent. IIL, p. 122.

Psylliodes punctulata Mels.

1867. Fircn, Asa.—Eleventh Rep. Ins. N. Y., in Trans. N. Y. State Agr. Soc.,
1866, Pp. 494-496.

1897. CHITTENDEN, F. H.—Bull. No. 9, N. S., U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent
p. 22.

1900. Doanr, R. W.—Bull. 42, Wash. Agr. Exper. Sta., pp. 11, 12.

Forbes, S. A.—Bull. No. 60, Ill. Agr. Exper. Sta., p. 472; 21st Rep.

State Ent. Ill., p. 124.

Psylliodes convexior Lec.
1888. Wesster, F. M.—Rep. [U. S.] Comm. Agr., 1887, p. 150; also in sep.
ed. Rep. Ent. (interstitialis.)
1900. Forses, S. A.—Bull. No. 60, Ill. Agr. Exper. Sta., p. 472; 21st Rep.
State Ent. Ill., p. 124.

Chelymorpha argus Licht.

1887. Lintner, J. A.—Fourth Rep. Ins. N. Y., in 41st Rep. N. Y. State Mus.,
p. 201; also as separate.

1890. Osporn, Hersperr.—Orange Judd Farmer, Sept. 6, 1890, p. 148.

1893. WessterR, F. M.—Ent. News, Vol. IV., p. 227.

1897. CHITTENDEN, F. H.—Bull. No. 9, N. S., U. S. Dept: Agr., Div. Ent.,
p. 23.

1899. SanpERSon, EH. D.—Bull. No. 59, Md. Agr. Exper. Sta., pp. 140-141.

Epicauta vittata Fabr.

1878. Ritny, C. V.—Am. Nat., Vol XII., pp. 282, 283.

1883. Fores, 8S. A.—Twelfth Rep. State Ent. Ill., p. 104.

1886. Wesster, F. M.—-Insects Affecting the Corn Crop. Rep. Ind. State
Bd. Agr., 1885, p. 198; Separate, p. 19. :

1890. Lintner, J. a — Sixth Rep. Ins. N. Y., in 48d Rep. N. Y. State Mus.,
pp. 132- 134° also as separate.

1900. Forsrs, S. A.—Bull. No. 60, Ill. Agr. Exper. Sta., p. 488; 21st Rep.
State Ent. Ill., p. 140.

1902. SanpErRsSoN, EK. D.—Insects Injurious to Staple Crops, pp. 266-268.

1903. CuirreNDEN, F. H.—Bull. No. 43, U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., pp. 22,
23.

Epicauta marginata Fabr.
1886. Wesster, F. M.—Insects Affecting the Corn Crop. Rep. Ind. State
Bd. Agr., 1885, p. 198; Separate, p.19. (cinerea.) [=? marginata.]
1900. Forses, S. A.—Bull. No. 60, Ill. Agr. Exper. Sta., p. 489;. 21st Rep.
State Ent. Ill., p. 141.
1903. CuHITTENDEN, F. H.—Bull. No. 48, U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., p. 24.

Epicauta pennsylvanica DeG.
1882. WressteR, F. Mi—Am. Nat., Vol. XVI., p. 51
1883. Forbes, 8. A.—Twelfth Rep. State Ent. fie p- “104.
1900. Forsers, S. A.—Bull. No. 60, Ill. Agr. Exper. Sta., p. 489; 21st Rep.
State Ent. Ill., p. 141.
1903. CuirreNDEN, F. H.—Bull. No. 48, U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., p. 25.

T

259

Epicerus imbricatus Say.
1880. Ritey, C. V.—Am. Ent., Vol. III., p. 200.
Comstock, J. H.—Rep.[U.8.] Comm. Agr., 1879, p. 249; also as separate.
1883. Forses, S. A.—Twelfth Rep. State Ent. Ill., p. 104.
1889. Bruner, L.—Rep. Neb. State Bd. Agr., 1888, p. 117; also as separate.
1890. BEUTENMULLER, Wu.—Can. Ent., Vol. XXII., p. 200.
1896. OsBorN, HERBERT, and Matuy, C. W.—Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci., Vol. III.,
pp- 206-208.
1899. CuiTreNDEN, F. H.—Bull. No. 19, N. S., U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent.,
pp. 62-67.
Luacer, Orro.—Fifth Ann. Rep. as Ent. of State Exper. Sta., Univ.
Minn., pp. 182, 183.
1900. CuITTENDEN, F. H.—Bull. No. 23, N. S., U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent.,
pp. 31, 32.
Forses, 8S. A.—Bull. No. 60, Ill. Agr. Exper. Sta., pp. 491, 492; 21st
Rep. State Ent. Ill., pp. 143, 144.
1903. CurrrenpEN, F. H.—Bull. No. 43, U.S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., pp. 28, 29.

Otiorhynchus ovatus Linn.

1853. LaBouLBEnn, A.—Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., 111. Sér.; I. Bull., p. 48.

1885. WEED, C. M.—Rep. Sec. State Hort. Soe. Mich., 1884, p. 84; also in
author’s separate. (ligneus.)

1895. Lintner, J. A.—Tenth Rep. Ins. N. Y., in 48th Rep. N. Y. State Mus.,
pp. 416-419; also as separate.

1899. Luaerr, Orro.—Fifth Ann. Rep. as Ent. of State Exper. Sta., Univ.
Minn., pp. 184, 185.

Lizus mucidus Lec.
1890. Weep, C. M.—Bull. Ohio Agr. Exper. Sta., Vol. III., No. 8, pp. 232-235.
(concavus.)
1898. Wesster, F. M., and Mauiy, C. W.—Bull. No. 17, N. S., U. S. Dept.
Agr., Div. Ent., p. 100.

Lixus concavus Say.
1889. Wrsster, F. M.—Ent. Amer., Vol. V., pp. 11-16.
1900. CHITTENDEN, F. H.—Ent. Amer., Vol. VI., p. 169.
CHITTENDEN, F. H.—Bull. No. 23, N. S., U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent.,
pp. 61-69.

Limnobaris deplanata Casey, p. 193.

Sphenophorus cequalis Lec.
1889. Wepster, F. M.—Insect Life, Vol. II., pp. 132-134; abstract, 22d Rep.
State Ent. Ill., p. 23. (ochreus.)
1890. WxessterR, F. M.—Bull. No. 22, U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., pp. 52-55;
abstract, 22d Rep. State Ent. IIl., p. 23. (ochreus.)
Forses, 8. A.—Sixteenth Rep. State Ent. Ill., pp. 58, 59, et al. (ochreus.)
1894. Osporn, HERBERT.—Bull. No. 24, Iowa Agr. Coll. Exper. Sta., p. 997;
abstract, 22d Rep. State Ent. Ill, p. 26. (ochreus.)
1902. SanpERsoN, E. D.—Insects Injurious to Staple Crops, pp. 143-146.
(ochreus.)
Fores, S. A.—Bull. No. 79, Ill. Agr. Exper. Sta., pp. 436, 443-452, et al.;
also in 22d Rep. State Ent. Ill., pp. 1, 9-17, et al. (ochreus.)

260

Sphenophorus pertinax Oliv.

1886. Wessrer, F. M.—Insects Affecting the Corn Crop. Rep. Ind. State Bd.
Agr., 1885, p. 195; Separate, p. 16.

1890. Forbes, 8. A.—Sixteenth Rep. State Ent. Ill., pp. 58, 60, eé al.

1899. Parrot, P. J.—Kansas Farmer, May 11, 1899, p. 314; abstract, 22d
Rep. State Ent. Ill., p. 26.

1902. Forses, 8S. A.—Bull. No. 79, Ill. Agr. Exper. Sta., pp. 452, 453; also in
22d Rep. State Ent. Ill., pp. 17, 18.

1905. CHITTENDEN, F. H.—Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., Vol. VII.. pp. 52, 53.

Sphenophorus maidis Chitt.

1881. Ritey, C. V.—Am. Nat., Vol. XV., p. 915. (robustus.)

1882. Ritey, C. V.—Rep. [U. S.] Comm. Agr.,'1881, pp. 138-142; also as
separate. (robustus.)

1885. Ritey, C. V.—Rep. [U. 8.] Comm. Agr., 1884, p. 413; also as separate.
(robustus. )

1887. AsHMEAD, Wm. H.—Bull. No. 14, U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., p. 16.
(robustus.)

1890. Fores, 8. A.—Sixteenth Rep. State Ent. Ill., pp. 60, 71, etal. (robustus,
except Ill. references.)

1905. CHITTENDEN, F. H.—Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., Vol. VII., pp. 57, 59.

Sphenophorus cartosus Oliv.
1871. Guover, TOowNEND.—Rep. [U. 8.] Comm. Agr., 1870, p. 68.
1882. LintnER, J. A.—First Rep. Ins. N. Y., p. 261.
1890. Forses, 8S. A.—Sixteenth Rep. State Ent. Ill., p. 58, 71, et al.
1902. Forses, 8. A——Bull. No. 79, Ill. Agr. Exper. Sta., pp. 453-456; also in
22d Rep. State Ent. Ill., pp. 19-21.

Sphenophorus zee Uhl.

1877. Packarp, A. S.—Rep. U. 8. Geol. and Geogr. Surv. Terr., 1875, p. 718.

1882. Lintner, J. A.—First Rep. Ins. ., pp. 253-263. (sculptilis.)

1885. Ritey, C. V.—Rep. U. 8. Comm. Agr., 1884, p. 413; also as separate.
(sculptilis.) SB

1889. Beckwitu, M. 8.—Sec. Ann. Rep. Vel. Coll. Agr. Exper. Sta., p. 129.
(sculptilis.)

Bruner, L.—Rep. Neb. State Bd. Agr., 1888, pp. 117, 118; also as

separate. (sculptilis.)

1890. Forses, 8. A.—Sixteenth Rep. State Ent. Ill., pp. 58, 61, et al. (sculp-
tilis.)

1891. McCartruy, GERALD.—Bull. No. 78, N. C. Agr. Exper. Sta., p. 18; ab-
stract, 22d Rep. State Ent. Ill., p. 23.

1892. Becxwitu, M. H.—Fifth Ann. Rep. Del. Coll. Agr. Exper. Sta., p. 102;
abstract, 22d Rep. State Ent. Ill., p. 24. (seulptilis.)

1898. Hopkins, A. D.—Bull. No. 17, N.S., U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., p. 45;
abstract, 22d Rep. State Ent. Ill., p. 26. (sculptilis.)

1900. Wesstsr, F. M.—Bull. No. 26, N.S., U.S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., p. 86.
(sculptilis.)

1902. Forses, S. A.—Bull. No. 79, Ill. Agr. Exper. Sta., p. 456; also in 22d
Rep. State Ent. Ill., p. 21. (sculptilis.)

Sphenophorus scoparius Horn.
1890. ForpeEs, 8. A.—Sixteenth Rep. State Ent. IIl., pp. 58, 68, et al.
1902. Forses, 8. A.—Bull. No. 79, Ill. Agr. Exper. Sta., p. 456; also in 22d
Rep. State Ent. IIl., p. 21.

261

Sphenophorus venatus Say.
1890. Forses, S. A.—Sixteenth Rep. State Ent. Ill, pp. 58, 62, et al. (placi-
dus.)
(1902. Fores, 8S. A.—Bull. 79, Ill. Agr. Exper. Sta., p. 442; also in 22d Rep.
State Ent. Ill., p.8. (placidus.)
1904. CHITTENDEN, F. Ene: Ent. Soc. Wash., Vol. VI, .p. 133.

Sphenophorus parvulus Gyll. e

1882. Ritny, C. V.—Rep [U. S.] Comm. Agr., 1881, p. 139; also as separate.

1886. Wesster, F. M.—Rep. [U. 8.] Comm. hee 1885, pp. 315, 316; also in
sep. ed. Rep. Ent.

1887. WesstEeR, F. M.—Rep. [U. S.] Comm. Agr., 1886, p. 580; also in sep.
ed. Rep. Ent.

1890. Bruner, L.—Bull. No. 22, U.S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent, , p. 99.

Forsss, 8. A.—Sixteenth Rep. State Ent. Ill., pp. 58, 63, et al.

1892. OsBorN, HERBERT, and Gossarp, H. Ae: No. 18, lowa Agr. Exper.
Sta., pp. 509-512; abstract, 22d Rep. State Ent. IIl., p. 24.

1902. Fores, 8. A.—Bull. No. 79, lil. Agr. Exper. Sta., pp. 487-442; also in
22d Rep. State Ent. IIl., pp. 3-8.

Brachytarsus variegatus Say.
1885. Lintner, J. A.—Second Rep. Ins. N. Y., pp. 139-141.
1890. BEuTENMULLER, WM.—Can. Ent., Vol. XXII., p. 261.
1897. CaiITTENDEN, F. H.—Bull. No. 8, N.S., U.S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., p. 31.

Hemiptera.

Corimelena pulicaria Germ.
1875. Ritny, C. V.—Seventh Rep. Ins. Mo., p. 48.
1884. Forses, 8. A.—Thirteenth Rep. State Ent. Ill., pp. 106-111. (Thyreo-
coris.)
1885. Wepstrer, F. M.—Ind’¥armer, July 18, 1885.
1893. LInTNER, J. A—Righ’ sep. Ins. N. Y., in 45th Rep. N. Y. State Mus.,
p. 213; also as sep ~e+
Davis, G. C.—Bull. 1° , mich. Agr. Exper. Sta., pp. 13-18.
1897. QuainTANcE, A. L.—Bull. No. 42, Fla. Agr. Exper. Sta., pp. 583, 584.
1900. Forszes, S. A.—Bull. No. 60, Ill. Agr. Exper. Sta., pp. 447, 448; 21st
Rep. State Ent. Ill., pp. 99, 100.

(Ebalus pugnax Fabr.
1887. ASHMEAD, Wm. H.—Bull. No. 14, U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., p. 16.
1891. Garman, H.—Psyche, Vol. VI., p. 61.
1900. Luacrr, Orro.—Sixth Ann. Rep. as Ent. of State Exper. Sta., Univ.
Minn., pp. 91, 92.

Euschistus fissilis Uhl.
1886. WesstreR, F. M.—Rep. [U. 8.] Comm. Agr., 1885, p. 317; also in sep.
ed. Rep. Ent.

Euschistus servus Say.
1887. AsHmEap, Wm. H.—Bull. No. 14, U.S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., p. 16.

Euschistus variolarius Pal. Beauv.
1893. WessteR, F. M.—Bull. 52 and 12th Ann. Rep. Ohio Agr. Exper. Sta.,
p. XXXVI.
1897. Garman, H.—Bull. No. 66, Ky. Agr. Exper. Sta., pp. 33, 34.
1899. Howarp, L. O.—Yearbook, U. 8. Dept. Agr., 1898, p. 136.

262

Euschistus variolarius Pal. Beauv.—continued.
1900. Howarp, L. O.—Farmers’ Bull. No. 120, U. 8. Dept. Agr., p. 18.
Luacer, Orro.—Sixth Ann. Rep. as Ent. of State Exper. Sta., Univ.
Minn., p. 91.
1902. SanpERson, E. D.—Insects Injurious to Staple Crops, pp. 219, 220.

Thyanta custator Fabr.
1898. CuirrenDEN, F. H.—Bull. No. 10, N. 8., U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent.,
p- 62.

Thyanta perditor Fabr.
1904. SanpEeRson, E. D.—Bull. No. 46, U.S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., p. 94.

Pentatoma uhleri Stal.
1898. Saunpers, D. A.—Bull. No. 57, Exper. Sta. 8. Dak., pp. 36-47. (Lio-
derma.)
1900. Fores, 8S. A.—Bull. No. 60, Ill. Agr. Exper. Sta., pp. 445-447; 21st
Rep. State Ent. Ill., pp. 97-99.
Howarp, L. O.—Bull. 10, N. S., U. 8. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., p. 94:
(Lioderma.) >

Murgantia histrionica Hahn.
1885. Ritry, C. V.—Rep. [U. S.] Comm. Agr., 1884, pp. 309-312; also as
separate.
1889. BeckwitrH, M. H.—Sec. Ann. Rep. Del. Coll. Agr. Exper. Sta., p. 130.
1892. MurtreLpT, M. E.—Bull. No. 26, U.S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., pp. 37, 38.
1893. LintnER, J. A.—Ninth Rep. Ins. N. Y., in 46th Rep. N. Y. State Mus.,
pp. 315-317; also as separate. ms
1895. Howarp, L. O.—Cire. No. 10, Sec. Ser., U.S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent. 2 pp.
1896. Garman, H.—Eighth Rep. Ky. Agr. Exper. Sta., pp. XLIV—XLVIII.
1897. Wrpstrer, F. M.—Bull. 74 and 15th Ann. Rep. Ohio Agr. Exper. Sta.,
p. XXXIV.
Smiru, J. B.—Bull. 121, N. J. Agr. Exper. Sta. 14 pp.
1899. FERNALD, H. T.—Bull. No. 48, Pa. Dept. Agr., pp. 12-14.
1902. CHITTENDEN, F. H.—Bull. No. 33, N. S., U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent.,
p. 82.
1904. Garman, H.—Bull. No. 114, Ky. Agr. Exper. Sta., pp. 40, 41.

Leptoglossus phyllopus Linn.

1890. Nau, J. C.—Bull. No. 9, Exper. Sta. Fla., p. 9.

1896. Quaintrance, A. L.—Bull. No. 34, Fla. Agr. Exper. Sta., pp. 300, 301.

1899. CHITTENDEN, F. H.—Bull. No. 19, N. S., U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent.,
pp. 46-48.

1901. Garman, H.—Bull. No. 91, Ky. Agr. Exper. Sta., pp. 36, 37.

1903. CHITTENDEN, F. H.—Bull. No. 40, N. S., U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent.,
pp. 113, 114.

1904. SanpERson, E. D.—Bull. No. 46, U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., p. 96.

Leptoglossus oppositus Say.

1886. Lintner, J. A.—Country Gent., Vol. 51, Oct. 7, 1886, p. 753.

1899. CuitreNDEN, F. H.—Bull. No. 19, N. S., U.:S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent.,
pp. 44-46.

1901. Garman, H.—Bull. No. 91, Ky. Agr. Exper. Sta., pp. 35, 36.

Howarp, L. O.—Yearbook, U. S. Dept. Agr., 1900, p. 727.

1902. CarrrenpEN, F. H.—Bull. No. 33, N. S., U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent.,

pp. 18-25.

263

Nysius angustatus Uhl.

1884.
1885.
1890.
1900.

Forsers, 8. A.—Thirteenth Rep. State Ent. Ill., pp. 104-106.

Rivey, C. V.—Rep.[U.8.]Comm. Agr., 1884, pp. 315-317; also as separate.

Wesster, F. M.—Insect Life, Vol. III., p. 160.

Luacer, Orro.—Sixth Ann. Rep. as Ent. of State Exper. Sta., Univ.
Minn., pp. 74-76.

Forses, 8. A.—Bull. No. 60, Ill. Agr. Exper. Sta., pp. 448, 444; 21st
Rep. State Ent. Ill., pp. 95, 96.

Blissus leucopterus Say.

1883.
1889.
1890.

1891.

1895.
1898.

1899.
1901.

1902.

Forsers, 8. A.—Twelfth Rep. State Ent. Ill., pp. 32-63.

Bruner, L.—Rep. Neb. State Bd. Agr., 1888, pp. 88-94; also as separate.

Forsss, 8. A.—Sixteenth Rep. State Ent. Ill., pp. 1-57, and App., pp.
1-122.

Forsss, 8. A.Seventeenth Rep. State Ent. Ill., pp. 74-87.

Forsess, 8. A.—Nineteenth Rep. State Ent. Ill., pp. 5-189.

Forses, S . A.—Twentieth Rep. State Ent. Ill., pp. 35-102.

Wesster, F’. M.—Bull. No. 15, N.8., U.S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent. 82 pp.

Howarp, L. O.—Bull. No. 18, N.S., U.S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., pp. 97, 98.

Wesster, F. M.—Bull. 106, Ohio Agr. Exper. Sta. 20 pp. (237-256).

Maruatt, C. I..—Farmers’ Bull. No. 132, U. S. Dept. Agr., pp. 6-13.

Wesstpr, F. M.—Proc. 22d Ann. Meet. Soc. Promotion Agr. Sci.,
pp. 47-57; also as separate.

SanpERson, E. D.—Insects Injurious to Staple Crops, pp. 52-58.

Ligyrocoris sylvestris Linn., p. 198.

Sphragisticus nebulosus Fall.

1890.

1900.

Bruner, L.—Bull. No. 22, U. 8. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., p. 96. (Tra-
pezonotus. )

Forses, 8S. A.—Bull. No. 60, Ill. Agr. Exper. Sta., p. 442; 21st Rep.
State Ent. Ill., p. 94.

Microtoma atrata Goeze, p. 198.

Lygus pratensis Linn.

1883.

1884.

1885.

1886.

1890.

1891.
1893.

1894.

1898.

1899.

1900.

1903.

Forbes, 8S. A.—Twelfth Rep. State Ent. Ill, p. 104. (lineolaris.)

Forbes, 8. A.—Thirteenth Rep. State Ent. Ill., pp. 115-135. (lineolaris.)

Ritey, C. V.—Rep. [U. 8.] Comm. Agr., 1884, pp. 312-315; also as
separate. (lineolaris.)

Forbes, 8. A.—Fourteenth Rep. State Ent. Il., pp. 79, 80. (lineolaris.)

Wesster, F. M.—Insects Affecting the Corn Crop. Rep. Ind. State Bd.
Agr., 1885, p. 200; Separate, p. 21. (Capsus lineolaris.)

WoopwortH, C. W.—Sec. Rep. Ark. Agr. Exper. Sta., pp. 147-158.
(lineolaris.)

Ritry, C. V., and Howarp, L. O.—Insect Life, Vol. III., p. 348.

Wesster, F’. M.—Bull. 45, Ohio Agr. Exper. Sta., pp. 213-216.

FLETCHER, JAMES.—Rep. Exptl. Farms Can., 1893, pp. 180, 181;
author’s ed., pp. 26, 27.

LintNnER, J. A.—Thirteenth Rep. State Ent. [N. Y.], in 51st Ann. Rep.
N. Y. State Mus., pp. 351-357; also as separate.

SrepMAN, J. M.—.Bull. No. 47, Mo. Agr. Exper. Sta., pp. 77-87.

LueeErR, Orro.—Sixth Ann. Rep. as Ent. of State Exper. Sta., Univ.
Minn., pp. 55-57.

Forses, 8. A.—Bull. No. 60, Ill. Agr. Exper. Sta., pp. 488-440; 21st
Rep. State Ent. Ill, pp. 90-92.

CHITTENDEN, F’. H.—Bull. No. 43, U.S. Dept Agr., Div. Ent., pp. 52-54.

264
Calocoris rapidus Say. ’
1884 Forsrs, S. A.—Thirteenth Rep. State Ent. Il., pp. 135-138. (Dere-
ocoris.)
1890. Wesster, F. M.—Insect Life, Vol. III., p. 159.
1900. LuacEer, Orro.—Sixth Ann. Rep. as Ent. of State Exper. Sta., Univ.
Minn., p. 65.
Forses, S. A.—Bull. No. 60, Ill. Agr. Exper. Sta., p. 440; 21st Rep.
State Ent. Il., p. 92.

Pecilocapsus lineatus Fabr.

1882. Lintner, J. A.—First Ann. Rep. Ins. N. Y., pp. 271-281.

1888. Lintner, J. A—Fourth Rep. Ins. N. Y., p. 200.

1893. SuincERLAND, M. V.—Bull. 58, Cornell Univ. Agr. Exper. Sta., pp. 207—
237.

1894. FLercuEer, JAMEs.—Rep. Exptl. Farms Can., 1893, pp. 180, 181; author’s
ed., pp. 26, 27.

1899. FiercHer, JAMES.—Rep. Exptl. Farms Can., 1898, pp. 196, 197; also as
separate.

Plagiognathus obscurus Uhl.
1890. Rrury, C. V., and Howarp, L. O.—Insect Life, Vol. III., p. 351.
1900. Forses, S. A.—Bull. No. 60, Ill. Agr. Exper. Sta., p. 437; 21st Rep.
State Ent. Ill., p. 89.

Capsid.
1887. AsHMEAD, Wm. H.—Bull. No. 14, U.S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., p. 16.

Triphleps insidiosus Say.
1886. Fores, S. A——Can. Ent., Vol. XVIII., p. 176.
Wesster, F. M.—Insects Affecting the Corn Crop. Rep. Ind. State Bd.
Agr., 1885, p. 199; Separate, p. 20. (Anthocoris.)
1888. Riney, C. V.—Insect Life, Vol. I., p. 122.
1900. Luacer, Orro.—Sixth Ann. Rep. as Ent. of State Exper. Sta., Univ.
Minn., pp. 53, 54.
Forbes, 8. A.—Bull. No. 60, Ill. Agr. Exper. Sta., p. 434; 21st Rep.
State Ent. Ill., p. 86.

Ormenis pruinosa Say.

1873. Ritny, C. V.—Fifth Rep. Ins. Mo., p. 122. (Peciloptera.)

1887. Murtretpt, M. E.—Bull. No. 13, U.S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., pp. 61, 62.
(Peciloptera.)

1890. Packarp, A.8.—Forest Insects. Fifth Rep. U. S. Ent. Comm., p. 281.
(Peciloptera.)

1900. Forsrs, S. A.—Bull. No. 60, Ill. Agr. Exper. Sta., pp. 481-433; 21st
Rep. State Ent. Ill, pp. 83-85.

CHITTENDEN, F. H.—Bull. No. 22; N. S., U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent.,

pp. 98, 99.

Chlorochara conica Say.
1887. MurtreLtpt, M. E.—Bull. No. 13, U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., p. 61.
(Flata.)
1900. CuirrenpEen, F. H.—Bull. No. 22, N. S., U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent.,
pp. 98, 99. (Chlorochroa.)
Forbes, 8. A.—Bull. No. 60, Ill. Agr. Exper. Sta., pp. 431-433; 21st
Rep. State Ent. Ill., pp. 838-85. (Chlorochroa.)

3
a”
eerie.

265

Dicranotropis sp., p. 204.

Liburnia ornata Stal.
1900. Forses, 8. A.—Bull. No. 60, Ill. Agr. Exper. Sta., p. 415; 21st Rep.
: State Ent. Ill., p. 67.
Delphax maidis Ashm,
1888. AsHmeap, Wm. H.—Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., Vol. XV., p. X. (Kormus
maidis.)
1890. AsHmMEAD, Wm. H.—Psyche, Vol. V., pp. 323, 324.
1897. Morean, H. A.—Bull. Agr. Exper. Sta. La., Sec. Ser., No. 48, pp. 153,
154.
1898. QuainTaAnce, A. I..—Bull. No. 45, Fla. Agr. Exper. Sta., pp. 61-67.
Agallia 4-punctata Prov.
1885. Forsrs, 8S. A.—Fourteenth Rep. State Ent. Ill., p. 22. (Macropsis
nobilis.)
1898. Osporn, HersBert, and Bau, E. D.—Rep. Iowa Agr. Exper. Sta., 1897,
pp. 113, 114; Separate, pp. 2, 3.
Osporn, Herspert, and Bauu, E. D.—Proc. Dav. Acad. Nat. Sci.,
Vol. VII., pp. 48-50.
1900. Forsrs, S. A.—Bull. No. 60, Ill. Agr. Exper. Sta., p. 416; 21st Rep.
State Ent. IIl., p. 68.

Oncometopia undata Fabr.
1886. Rinry, C. V.—Bull..No. 12, U.S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., p. 42. (Proconia.)
1890. Ritey, C. V., and Howarp, L. O.—Insect Life, Vol. ITI., p. 123. (Pro-
conta. )
1900. Luccer, Orro.—Sixth Ann. Rep. as Ent. of State Exper. Sta., Univ.
Minn., pp. 136, 137.
Dreculacephala mollipes Say.
1890. Garman, H.—Sec. Ann. Rep. Ky. Agr. Exper. Sta., pp. 12, 13. (Tet-
tigonia. )
1891. OsBporNn, HERBERT.—Bull. No. 13, Iowa Agr. Exper. Sta., pp. 98, 99.
(Diedrocephala.)
1900. Forsrs, S. A.—Bull. No. 60, Ill. Agr. Exper. Sta., pp. 419, 420; 21st
Rep. State Ent. Il., pp. 71, 72. (Diedrocephala.)
Deltocephalus inimicus Say.
1885. Forsxs, S. A.—Fourteenth Rep. State Ent. Ill., pp. 22,67. (Jassus.)
1891. Ossorn, Herpert.—Bull. No. 13, lowa Agr. Exper. Sta., pp. 99, 100.
1896. ScuiEpT, R. C_—Rep. Pa. Dept. Agr., 1895, p. 582. (Jassus.)
Wesster, F. M.—Bull. No. 68, Ohio Agr. Exper. Sta., p. 43. (Also in
App. to 15th Rep. of Station.)
1900. Fores, S. A.—Bull. No. 60, Ill. Agr. Exper. Sta., pp. 422, 423; 21st
Rep. State Ent. Ill., pp. 74, 75.
Deltocephalus nigrifrons Forbes.
1885. Fores, 8. A.—Fourteenth Rep. State Ent. Ill., pp. 22, 67,68. (Cicad-

ula.)
1897. OsBorN, Hersert, and Batu, EH. D.—Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci., 1896,
pp. 218-220.

1900. Forses, 8. A.—Bull. No. 60, Ill. Agr. Exper. Sta., p. 423; 21st Rep.
State Ent. Ill., p., 75.
Phlepsius trroratus Say.
1900. Fores, 8S. A.—Bull. No. 60, Ill. Agr. Exper. Sta., p. 424; 21st Rep.
State Ent. Ill., p. 76.

266

Cicadula 6-notata Fall.
1885. Forses, 8. A.—Fourteenth Rep. State Ent. Ill, pp. 22, 68-69. — (quadri-
lineata.)
1891. Ossorn, Hersert.—Insect Life, Vol. IV., p. 197. (quadrilineata.)
1893. Davis, G. C.—Bull. 102, Mich. Agr. Exper. Sta., p. 8. (quadrilineata.)
1900. Forses, 8. A.—Bull. No. 60, Ill. Agr. Exper, Sta., p. 425; 21st Rep.
State Ent. Ill., p. 77.

Empoasca mali LeB.
1893. Davis, G. C.—Bull. 102, Mich. Agr. Exper. Sta., p. 8.
1899. CurrrenpEN, F. H.—Yearbook, U.S. Dept. Agr., 1898, p. 260.
1900. Luaerr, Orro.—Sixth Ann. Rep. as Ent. of State Exper. Sta., Univ.
Minn., p. 131.
Forbes, 8S. A.—Bull. No. 60, Ill. Agr. Exper. Sta., pp. 425-427; 21st
Rep. State Ent. Ill., pp. 77-79.

Siphocoryne avene Fabr.
1904. PercanprE, THEo.—Bull. No. 44, U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., pp. 5-13.

Macrosiphum granaria Bucekt.
1904. Pereanpr, THro.—Bull. No. 44, U. 8. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., pp. 18, 14.

Macrosiphum trifolii Perg.
1904. Perganpr, THro.—Bull. No. 44, U. 8. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., pp. 21-28.

Myzus achyrantes Monell.
1879. Monet, J.—Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., Vol. V., No. 1, pp. 18, 19;
Supp. 8th Rep. State Ent. Ill., p. 187. (Stphonophora.)
1900. Forsus, S. A.—Bull. No. 60, Ill. Agr. Exper. Sta., pp. 480, 481; 21st
Rep. State Ent. IIll., pp. 82, 83.

Aphis maidiradicis Forbes.
1891. Fores, 8. A.—Seventeenth Rep. State Ent. Ill., pp. 64-70.
Weep, C. M.— Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. III., Art. XII. 8 pp.
(207-214). (maidis.)
ForsBus, S. A.—Insect Life, Vol. III., pp. 283-288.
1894. Forums, 8S. A.—Fighteenth Rep. State Ent. Ill., pp. 58-85.
1896. Forsss, 8S. A.—Bull. No. 44; Ill. Agr. Exper. Sta., pp. 237-256.
1902. Sanpprson, Ei. D.—Insects Injurious to Staple Crops, pp. 134-141.

Aphis maidis Fitch.
1856. Fire, Asa.—-Sec. Rep. Ins. N. Y., pp. 318-320.
1884. Forses, 8. A.—Thirteenth Rep. State Ent. Ill., pp. 43-50.
1885. Garman, H.—Fourteenth Rep. State Ent. Ill., pp. 23-33.
1888. Wrsster, F. M.—Rep. [U. S.] Comm. Agr., 1887, pp. 148, 149; also in
sep. ed. Rep. Ent. (Rhopalosiphum.)
1894. Forsns, 8S. A.—Eighteenth Rep. State Ent. Il., pp. 69-74.
1904. SanpERson, E. D.—Bull. No. 46, U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., p. 93.

Rhopalosiphum dianthi Schrank.
1891. Witutams, T. A.—Special Bull. No. 1, Univ. Neb., Dept. Ent., p. 9.
1896. Strrine, F. A.—Fourteenth Rep. N. Y. Agr. Exper. Sta., p. 602.

Toxoptera graminum Rond.
1890. Wrsster, F. M.—Bull. No. 22, U.S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., p. 70.
1892. Wesster, F. M.—Insect Life, Vol. IV., pp. 245-248.
1902. PerGanpE, THEo.—Bull. No. 38, N. S., U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent.,
pp. 7-19:

267

Chaitophorus flavus Forbes.
1884. FORBES, 8S. A.—Thirteenth Rep: State Ent. Ill., pp. 41, 42-43.
1885. Fores, 8. A.—Fourteenth Rep. State Ent. Ill., p. 70.

Schizoneura panicola Thom.
1879. Tuomas, Crrus.—Highth Rep. State Ent. Ill., pp. 138, 139.
1890. OsBorn, HerBERT.—Bull. No. 22, U.S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., pp. 32-41.
(corni.)
1894. Fores, 8. A.—Eighteenth Rep. State Ent. Ill., pp. 85-93.
1896. ForBes, S. A.—Bull. No. 44, Ill. Agr. Exper. Sta., pp. 256, 257.

Trama erigeronensis Thom.
1879. THomas, Crrus.—Eighth Rep. State Ent. Ill., pp. 168, 169. (Tychea.)
1894. Forses, S. A.—Eighteenth Rep. State Ent. Ill., pp. 938-95.

Forda occidentalis Hart.
1894. Forbes, 8. A.—Eighteenth Rep. State Ent. Ill., pp. 95-97.

Tychea brevicornis Hart.
1894. Forsrs, 8. A.— Eighteenth Rep. State Ent. Ill., pp. 97, 98.
19038. CurrreNDEN, F. H.—Bull. No. 48, U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., p.
62.

Geoica squamosa Hart.
1894. Forbes, 8. A.—Eighteenth Rep. State Ent. Ill., pp. 98-104.

Rhizobius spicatus Hart.
1894. Forsss, 8. A.—Highteenth Rep. State Ent. Ill., pp. 104-106.

Dactylopius sorghiellus Forbes.
1884. Forsrs, S. A.—Fourteenth Rep. State Ent. Ill., p..71. (Coccus.)
1894. Forses, 8. A.—Highteenth Rep. State Ent. Ill, pp. 106-108.

Euthrips tritict Fiteh.
1890. Forsss, 8. A.—Sixteenth Rep. State Ent. Ill:, p. IX. (Thrips.)
1891. Fores, S. A.—Seventeenth Rep. State Ent. Ill., p. XIII. (Thrips.)
1892. Fores, S. A.—Insect Life, Vol. V., pp. 126, 127. (Thrips.)
1898. QuartnTaNceE, A. L.—Bull. 46, Fla. Agr. Exper. Sta. 14 pp. (77-103).
1902. Hinps, W. E.—Contribution to a Monograph of the Thysanoptera of
North America. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XXVI., pp. 148-152.

Euthrips nervosus Uzel.
1896. Bracu, Arice M.—Proe. Iowa Acad. Sci., Vol. III., pp. 219, 220. (Thrips
maidis.)
Hinps, W. E.—Contr. to a Monograph of the Thysanoptera of N. A.
Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., Vol. XXVI., pp. 155, 156.

Anaphothrips striata Osb.
1900. Fernatp, H. T., and Hinps, W. E.—Bull. No. 67, Hatch Exper. Sta.,
Mass. Agr. Coll: 12 pp. :
1902. Hinps, W. E.—Contr. to a Monograph of the Thysanoptera of N. A.
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XXVI., pp. 161-166.
Cary, L. R.—Bull. No. 83, Me. Agr. Exper. Sta., pp. 97-128.

Thrips perplecus Beach.
1896. Bracu, Axice M.—Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci., Vol. III., pp. 216-218. (Seri-
cothrips?)
1902. Hinps, W. E.—Contr. to a Monograph of the Thysanoptera of N. A.
Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., Vol. XXVI., pp. 184-186.

268

Orthoptera.
Diapheromera velit Walsh.
1864. Wausu, B. D.—Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila., Vol. IIT., pp. 409, 410.
1904. GILLETTE, C. P.— Bull. 94, Col. Agr. Exper. Sta., p. 22.

Dichromorpha viridis Seudd.
1898. LuaeEer, Orro.—Third Ann. Rep. as Ent. of State Exper. Sta., Univ.
Minn., p. 124.
1903. Buarcuitey, W. 8.—The Orthoptera of Indiana. Twenty-seventh Ann.
Rep. Dept. Geol. and Natural Resources Ind., pp. 238, 239.

Boépedon nubilum Say.
1904. GuitueTre, C. P.—Bull. 94, Col. Agr. Exper. Sta., p. 27.

Camnula pellucida Seudd.

1880. Ritry, C. V., and THomas, Crrus.—Sec. Rep. U.S. Ent. Comm., pp. 243-
246.

1891. Bruner, L.—Insect Life, Vol. IV., p. 19.

1893. Bruner, L.—Bull. No. 28, U.S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., pp. 34-36.

1896. Luaarr, Orro.—First Ann. Rep. as Ent. of State Exper. Sta., Univ.
Minn., pp. 48, 49.

1898. Luaerr, Orro.—Third Ann. Rep. as Ent. of State Exper. Sta., Univ.
Minn., pp. 148-150.

1903. Smuupson, C. B.—Cire. No. 53, U. 8. Dept Agr., Div. Ent. 3 pp.

BiarcuLtey, W. 8.—The Orthoptera of Indiana. ‘Twenty-seventh Ann,

Rep. Dept. Geol. and Nat. Res. Ind., pp. 262, 263.

Dissosteira longipennis Thom.
1891. Bruner, L.—Insect Life, Vol. IV., pp. 18, 19.
Porrnog, E. A.—Insect Life, Vol. IV., p. 41.
1893. Bruner, L.—Bull. No. 28, U.S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., pp. 36-39.

Schistocerca americana Dru.
1885. Fores, 8S. A~—Fourteenth Rep. State Ent. IL, p. 23. (Acridium.)
1893. Bruner, L.—Bull. No. 28, U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., pp. 10, 11.
1894. Garman, H.—Bull. No. 49, Ky. Agr. Exper. Sta., pp. 11-17.
Howarp, L. O.—Insect Life, Vol. VII., pp. 220-223.
CoquinLtEeTT, D. W.—Insect Life, Vol. VII., pp. 223-229.
1895. Howarp, L. O.—Insect Life, Vol. VII., p. 429.
1898. Luaarr, O.—Third Ann. Rep. as Ent. of State Exper. Sta., Univ. Minn.,
pp. 174-176.
1903. Buarcatey, W. 8.—The Orthoptera of Indiana. Twenty-seventh Ann.
Rep. Dept. Geol. and Nat. Res. Ind., pp. 290-293.
Schistocerca alutacea Harr.
1898. LuacEer, Orro.—Third Ann. Rep. as Ent. of State Exper. Sta., Univ.
Minn., pp. 172, 173. (alutacea + emarginata.)
1900. Fornesy, S. A.—Bull. No. 60, Ill. Agr. Exper. Sta., p. 480; 21st Rep.
State Ent. Ill., p. 132.
1903. Buarcuiry, W. 8.—The Orthoptera of Indiana. Twenty-seventh Ann.
Rep. Dept. Geol. and Nat. Res. Ind., pp. 294-296.

Campylacantha olivacea Seudd.
1897. ScupprER, 8. H.—Revision of the Melanopli with Special Reference to N.
Am. Forms. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Vol: XX., pp. 51, 52.
1900. Forbes, 8. A.—Bull. No. 60, Ill. Agr. Exper. Sta., p. 483; 21st Rep.
State Ent. IIL, p. 135.

269

Hesperotettix speciosus Seudd.
1893. Bruner, L.—Bull. No. 28, U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent§ pp. 12, 18.
(Acridium frontalis.)
1897. ScuppER, 8S. H.—Revision of the Melanopli with Special Reference to N.
Am. Forms. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XX., pp. 66-68.

Melanoplus femur-rubrum DeG.

1885. Forses, S. A.—Fourteenth Rep. State Ent. Ill., p. 23. (Pezotettix.)

1889. Werp, C. M.—Fifteenth Rep. State Ent. Ill., pp. 40-44. (Pezotettix.)

1891. Ritny, C. V.—Bull. No. 25, U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., pp. 27, 28.
(Caloptenus.)

1893. Bruner, L.—Bull. No. 28, U.S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., pp. 30-32.

1897. ScuppER, 8. H.—Revision of the Melanopli with Special Reference to N.
Am. Forms. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XX., pp. 278-285.

1898. Luacrr, Orro.—Third Ann. Rep. as Ent. of State Exper. Sta., Univ.
Minn., pp. 195-198.

1900. Forszs, S. A.—Bull. No. 60, Ill. Agr. Exper. Sta., pp. 481, 482; 21st
Rep. State Ent. Ill., pp. 133, 134.

1903. Buarcutey, W. S.—The Orthoptera of Indiana. Twenty-seventh Ann.
Rep. Dept. Geol. and Nat. Res, Ind., pp. 317-319.

Melanoplus atlanis Riley.

1884. Ritny, C. V.i—Rep. [U. S.] Comm. Agr., 1883, pp. 170-180; also as sepa-
rate. (Caloptenus.)

1885. Forsers, 8. A.—Fourteenth Rep. State Ent. Ill., p. 23. (Pezotettix.)

1891. Ritry, C. V.—Bull. No. 25, U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., pp. 26, 27.
(Caloptenus.)

1893. Brunur, L.—Bull. No. 28, U.S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., pp. 29, 30.

1897. ScuppErR, 8S. H.—Revision of the Melanopli with Special Reference to N.
Am. Forms. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XX., pp. 178-183.

1898. Luacrer, Orro.—Third Ann. Rep. as Ent. of State Exper. Sta., Univ.
Minn., pp. 190-193.

1900. Forseus, 8. A.—Bull. No. 60, Ill. Agr. Exper. Sta., p. 482; 21st Rep.
State Ent. Ill., p. 134.

1903. Buarcutey, W. 8.—The Orthoptera of Indiana. Twenty-seventh Ann.
Rep. Dept. Geol. and Nat. Res. Ind., pp. 314-316.

Melanoplus spretus Uhl.

1878. Rinny, C. V., Packarp, A. §., and THomas, Cyrus.—First Ann. Rep.
U.S. Ent. Comm. (Caloptenus.)

1880. Rruny, C. V., Packarp, A. S., and THomas, Cyrus.—Second Ann. Rep.
U.S. Ent. Comm. (Caloptenus.)

1891. Ritzy, C. V.—Bull. No. 25, U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., pp. 9-26. (Ca-

loptenus.)

1893. Bruner, L.—Bull. No. 28, U. 8. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., pp. 27-29.

1897. ScuppER, S. H.—Revision of the Melanopli with Special Reference to N.
Am. Forms. Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., Vol. XX., pp. 184-190.

1898. Luccrr, Orro.—Third Ann. Rep. as Ent. of State Exper. Sta., Univ.
Minn., pp. 198, 194.

Melanoplus differentialis Thom.
1885. Forses, 8. A.—Fourteenth Rep. State Ent. Ill., p. 23. (Caloptenus.)
1886. CoquitteTT, D. W.—Rep. [U. S.] Comm. Agr., 1885, pp. 295, 296; also
in sep. ed. Rep. Ent. (Caloptenus.)
1889. WrEp, C. M.—Fifteenth Rep. State Ill., pp. 40-44. (Pezotettix.)
1891. Rinzy, C. V.—Bull. No. 25, U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., pp. 30, 31.
(Caloptenus.)

270

Melanoplus differentialis Thom.—continued.

1893. Bruner, L.—Bull. No. 28, U. 8. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., pp. 15-17.

1897. Scupppr, 8S. H.—Revision of the Melanopli with Special Reference to
‘N. Am. Forms. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XX., pp. 349-354.

1898. Luaarer, Orro.—Third Ann. Rep. as Ent. of State Exper. Sta., Univ.
Minn., pp. 204—206.

1900. Forbes, 8. A.—Bull. No. 60, Il. Agr. Exper. Sta., pp. 480, 481; 21st
Rep. State Ent. Ill., pp. 132, 133.

1901. Morean, H. A.—Bull. No. 30, N.S., U.S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., pp. 7-26.

1902. Sanpprson, Ki. D.—Insects Injurious to Staple Crops, pp. 69, 70-7

1903. Buarcutey, W. 8.—Orthoptera of Indiana. ‘Twenty-seventh Ann. Rep.
Dept. Geol. and Nat. Res. Ind., pp. 326-331.

19)

Melanoplus bivittatus Say.
1886. Forbus, S. A.—Misce. Essays on Ec. Ent. by State Ent. Ill. and Assts.,
pp. 127, 128. (Pezotettizx.)
1891. Ritey, C. V.—Bull. No. 25, U.S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., pp. 31, 32.
(Caloptenus.)
1893. Bruner, L.—Bull. No. 28, U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., pp. 19-21.
1897. Scupppr, 8S. H.—Revision of the Melanopli with Special Reference to
N. Am. Forms. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XX., pp. 363-368.
1898. Luaeeer, Orro.—Third Ann. Rep. as Ent. of State Exper. Sta., Univ.
Minn., pp. 206-208.
1900. Forsers, S. A.—Bull. No. 60, Ill. Agr. Exper. Sta., p. 481; 21st Rep.
State Ent. Ill., p. 1383.
1903. Buarcatey, W. 8.—Orthoptera of Indiana. Twenty-seventh Ann. Rep.
Dept. Geol. and Nat. Res. Ind., pp. 329-331.
Puiuuies, J. L.—Bull. No. 40, N. S., U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., p. 87.
(Jemoratus.)

Melanoplus scudderi Uhl.
1898. Luacrr, Orro.—Third Ann. Rep. as Ent. of State Exper. Sta., Univ.
Minn., pp. 184, 185.
1903. Buarcutey, W. 8.—Orthoptera of Indiana. Twenty-seventh Ann. Rep.
Dept. Geol. and Nat. Res. Ind., pp. 802-305.
Scudderia furcata Brunn.
1898. Luagmr, Orro.—Third Ann. Rep. as Ent. of State Exper. Sta., Univ.
Minn., pp. 218, 219.
1903. Buarcutry, W. 8.—Orthoptera of Indiana. ‘Twenty-seventh Ann. Rep.
Dept. Geol. and Nat. Res. Ind., pp. 348, 349.
Scudderia texensis Sauss.-Pict.
1898. Luacrer, Orro.—Third Ann. Rep. as Ent. of State Exper. Sta., Univ.
Minn., pp. 216, 217. (curvicauda.)
1903. Smirn, J. B—Farmers’ Bull. No. 178, U. S. Dept. Agr., pp. 26-29.
BuarcuLey, W. 8.—Orthoptera of Indiana. Twenty-seventh Ann. Rep.
Dept. Geol. and Nat. Res. Ind., pp. 344, 345.
Scudderia pistillata Brunn.
1892. Bruner, L.—Ann. Rep. Neb. State Bd. Agr., 1891, pp. 305, 306; also as
separate.
1898. Luacrr, Orro.—Third Ann. Rep. as Ent. of State Exper. Sta., Univ.
Minn., pp. 220, 221.
1903. BLuarcutpy, W. 8.—Orthoptera of Indiana. Twenty-seventh Ann. Rep.
Dept. Geol. and Nat. Res. Ind., pp. 347, 348.

271

Orchelimum vulgare Harr.

1885. Fores, S. A.—Fourteenth Rep. State Ent. IIL, p. 23.

1890. Wressrrr, F. M.—Insect Life, Vol. III., p. 160.

1892. Bruner, L.—Ann. Rep. Neb. State Bd. Agr., 1891, p. 305; also as

separate.

1893. WuErreter, W. M.—Journ. Morph., Vol. VIII., p. 35.

1898. Luacrr, Orro.—Third Ann. Rep. as Ent. of State Exper. Sta., Univ.

Minn., pp. 234, 235.

1900. Fores, 8. A.—Bull. No. 60, Ill. Agr. Exper. Sta., p. 483; 21st Rep.
State Ent. Ill., p. 135.

1901. Morean, H. A.—Bull. No. 30, N. S., U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., p. 30.
(agile.)

1903. BuarcHitEy, W. 8.—Orthoptera of Indiana. Twenty-seventh Ann. Rep.
Dept. Geol. and Nat. Res. Ind., pp. 383-385.

Orchelimum glaberrimum Burm.
1890. Wesster, F’. M.—Insect Life, Vol. IIT., p. 160.
1893. Ritry, C. V., and Howarp, L. O.—Insect Life, Vol. V., p. 204.
1903. Buarcuitey, W. 8.—Orthoptera of Indiana. Twenty-seventh Ann. Rep.
Dept. Geol. and Nat. Res. Ind., pp. 385, 386.

Orchelimum silvaticum MeNeill.
1891. McNeiLu, JErRomE.—Psyche, Vol. VI., p. 26.

Xiphidium fasciatum DeG., p. 147.

Niphidium brevipenne Seudd.
1894.. BEUTENMULLER, Wm.—Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. VI., pp. 283, 284.
1898. Luacer, Orro.—Third Ann. Rep. as Ent. of State Exper. Sta., Univ.
Minn., p. 239.
1903. Buarcuiry, W. 8.—Orthoptera of Indiana. Twenty-seventh Ann. Rep.
Dept. Geol. and Nat. Res. Ind., pp. 373, 374.

Xiphidium nemorale Seudd.
1903. Buarcaiey, W. 8.—Orthoptera of Indiana. Twenty-seventh Ann. Rep.
Dept. Geol. and Nat. Res. Ind., pp. 374, 375.

Niphidium strictum Seudd.
1898. Luaerr, Orro.—Third Ann. Rep. as Ent. of State Exper. Sta., Univ.
Minn., p. 242.
1903. Buarcniey, W. 8.—Orthoptera of Indiana. Twenty-seventh Ann. Rep.
Dept. Geol. and Nat. Res. Ind., pp. 378, 379.

Anabrus simplex Hald.
1880. Packarp, A. §.—Sec. Ann. Rep. U. 8. Ent. Comm., pp. 164-168.
1883. Bruner, L.—Third Ann. Rep. U.S. Ent. Comm., pp. 61-64.
1892. Bruner, L. Ann. Rep. Neb. State Bd. Agr., 1891, p. 305.
Bruner, L.—Bull. No. 27, U.S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., pp. 30, 31.
1893. Mrtiixken, Ropert.—lInsect Life, Vol. VI., pp. 20-24.
1904. Maruatt, C. L.—Insect Life, Vol. VII., p. 275.
Doren, S. B.—Bull. No. 56, Nev. Agr. Exper. Sta. 10 pp.

Gryllus pennsylvanicus Burm.
1898. Luacer, Orro.—Third Ann. Rep. as Ent. of State Exper. Sta., Univ.
Minn., pp. 264, 265.
1903. Buarcuitey, W. 8.—Orthoptera of Indiana. Twenty-seventh Ann. Rep.
Dept. Geol. and Nat. Res. Ind., pp. 437-439.

272

Nemobius fasciatus DeG.
1898. LuaceErrR, Orro.—Third Ann. Rep. as Ent. of State Exper. Sta., Univ.
Minn., pp. 261, 262.
1903. Brarcutry, W. S—Orthoptera of Indiana. Twenty-seventh Ann. Rep.
Dept. Geol. and Nat. Res. Ind., pp. 421-423.

Nemobius fasciatus vittatus Harr.
1870. Ritny, C. Vi—Am. Ent. and Bot., Vol. II., p. 373. (vittatus.)

(Wcanthus niveus DeG.
1878. Rivey, C. V.—Fifth Rep. Ins. Mo., pp. 120, 121.
1898. LuegreR, Orro.—Third Ann. Rep. as Ent. of State Exper. Sta., Univ.
Minn., pp. 269-271.
1903. Buarcuitey, W. 8.—Orthoptera of Indiana. ‘Twenty-seventh Ann. Rep.
Dept. Geol. and Nat. Res. Ind., pp. 446—450.
1904. Garman, H.—Bull. No. 116, Ky. Agr. Exper. Sta., pp. 64-67.

@eanthus nigricornis Walk.
1898. LueerR, Orro.—Third Ann. Rep. as Ent. of State Exper. Sta., Univ.
Minn., pp. 271, 272. (fasciatus.)
1903. BuarcHitEy, W. S8.—Orthoptera of Indiana. Twenty-seventh Ann. Rep.
Dept. Geol. and Nat. Res. Ind., pp. 450-452. (jasciatus.)

(Heanthus 4-punctatus Beut.
1894. BeurENMULLER, Wm.—Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. VI., pp. 250, 251.
1900. Howarp, L. O.—Farmers’ Bull. No. 120, U. S. Dept. Agr., p. 25.
1903. BuarcuLtey, W. 8.—Orthoptera of Indiana. ‘Twenty-seventh Ann. Rep.
Dept. Geol. and Nat. Res. Ind., pp. 452, 453.
1904. Howarp, L. O.—Bull. No. 44, U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., p. 97.

(Ecanthus latipennis Riley.

1873. Ritey, C. V.—Fifth Ann. Rep. Ins. Mo., pp. 119, 120. (Orocharis
saltator.)

1889. MurtretpT, M. E.—Insect Life, Vol. II., pp. 130, 131.

1898. Luecrer, Orro.—Third Ann. Rep. as Ent. of State Exper. Sta., Univ.
Minn., p. 273.

1903. BuarcuiEy, W. S.—Orthoptera of Indiana. Twenty-seventh Ann. Rep.
Dept. Geol. and Nat. Res. Ind., pp. 445, 446.

Myriapoda.
Julus coeruleocinctus Wood.
1895. Lintner, J. A——Tenth Rep. Ins. N. Y., in 48th Rep. N. Y. State Mus.
pp. 445, 446; also as separate.

Parajulus venustus Wood.
1882. THomas, Crrus.—Eleventh Rep. State Ent. Ill., pp. 44. 45. (Julus
impressus.)
Wesster, F. M.—Prairie Farmer, Apr. 15, 1882, p. 114. (Julus im-
Pressus. )
1884. Forses, 8. A.—Thirteenth Rep. State Ent. Ill, p. 140. (ulus im-
pressus.)
1886. Wesstrrer, F. M.—Insects Affecting the Corn Crop. Rep. Ind. State
Bd. Agr., 1885, p. 202; Separate, p. 23. (Juluws impressus.)
1893. Bottman, C. H.—The Myriapoda of North America. Bull. No. 46, U.S.
Nat. Mus., p. 144. (Julus impressus.)
1905. Wrsster, F. M.—Can. Ent., Vol. XX XVIL., p. 172. (ulus impressus?)

"

A a ae

213
Parajulus diversifrons Wood. :
1867. Woop, H. C.—Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, p. 43. (ulus.)

Acarina.

Tetranychus bimaculatus Harv.
1900. Banxs, NaTHAN.—Bull. No. 8, Tech Ser., U. 8. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent.,
pp. 73, 74.
Forsss, S. A.—Bull. No. 60, Ill. Agr. Exper. Sta., pp. 406, 407; 21st
Rep. State Ent. Ill., pp. 58, 59.
1901. Currrenpen, F. H.—Bull. No. 27, U.S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., pp. 35-42.
1903. CuirrenDEN, F. H.—Bull. No. 43, U.S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., pp. 70, 71.

Tetranychus modestus Banks.
1900. Banks, NatHan.—Bull. No. 8, Tech. Ser., U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent.,
p. 73.

XI

IN DES

Acari, 14.
aeccius, Lerema, 166.
Pamphila, 166.
Achatodes zexe, 10, 85-86.
achyrantes, Myzus, 209.
acreea, Estigmene, 72.
Acridide, 13, 17, 64, 137, 212,229.
Acronycta oblinita, 170.
Adams, C. C., 203.
zemula, Epizeuxis, 86, 226.
senea, Cheetopsis, 164, 226.
Agallia 4-punctata, 121, 123.
agile, Orchelimum, 144.
Agonoderus pallipes, 228.
injury to Corn by, 11, 178.
Agricultural Ant, Texan, 159.
Agrotis, 16.
herilis, 26.
tricosa, 26.
saucia, 23.
ypsilon, 17, 21-23.
albilinea, Heliophila, 83.
Leueania, 83.
albionica, Phyllotreta, 109.
album, Chenopodium, 198.
Alder as food plant of Smartweed Caterpillar,
170.
Alfalfa as food plant of Dissosteira longipen-
nis, 213.
of Dusky Leaf-bug, 199.
of Garden Web-worm, 90.
of Grass-worm, 82.
of Zebra-caterpillar, 171.
Bristly Cutworm reared from, 35.
destroyed by Pale-striped Flea-beetle, 108.
Allorhina, character of injury to Corn by, 7.
mutabilis, 101.
nitida, 101.

Alnus serrulata as food
Caterpillar, 170.
Alsike as food plant of Garden Web-worm, 90.

of Zebra-caterpillar, 171.
Alternaria as food of white crickets, 220, 221.
alopecuroides, Erianthus, 166.
alutacea, Schistocerca, 140.
Amara, food of, 177.
Amaranth as food plant of Army-worm, 49.
Amarantus as food plant of Carrot-beetle, 98.
of Margined and Striped blister-beetles,
il Ge
destruction of, as measure against Garden
Web-worm, 91.
Myzus achyrantes found on, 209.
americana, Schistocerca, 67, 140.

plant of Smartweed

americanus, Ceanothus, 116.
Anabrus simplex, 148.
Anaphora popeanella, 44, 95, 97.
Anaphothrips striata found on Corn, 136.
Ancyrophorus planus feeding on Corn, 180.
angustatus, Nysius, 12, 117.
angustipennis, (ecanthus, 217, 218, 220.
Anisodactylus, food of, 177.
rusticus feeding on Corn, 177.
annexa, Feltia, 17, 32.
Anomala undulata, 185, 227.
Ant, Common House, injury by, 8, 157.
Leaf-eutting, 159-161.
Little Black, 157-158.
-rice, 159.
Texan Agricultural, 159.
Anthomyia zez, 70.
antiquus, Carpophilus, 181.
Ants; 156, 211, 227,233:
attendant on Corn Leaf-aphis, 126, 156.
on Corn Root-louse, 156, 158.
attracted to Corn injured by Corn Delphax,
PAE
injury to Corn by, 7, 8, 9, 156.
leaf-cutting, 159, 230.
nests of, infested by Cremastochilus knochii
184.
Apantesis, 71.
arge, 75, 230.
injuries to Corn by, 75.
phalerata, 76, 230.
phyllira, 76, 230.
Aphidide, 206, 233.
Aphis maidiradicis, 12, 69, 156.
maidis, 12, 123-133, 156.
Aphodius granarius, 228.
seed-corn eaten by, 183.
Aphonus, 228.
tridentatus, 184.
apicalis, Eustilbus, 180.
Apocynum ecannabinum as food plant of Gar-
den Web-worm, 90.
Apple-aphis, 127, 206.
Apple as food plant of Army-worm, 49.
of Common Striped Cutworm, 34.
of Grass-worm, 82.
of Greasy Cutworm, 22.
of Red-banded Leaf-roller, 175.
buds, flowers, and leaves eaten by Dark-sided
Cutworm, 33.
and leaves eaten by W-marked Cutworm,
eile
infested by Stalk-borer, 46.
injured by Imbricated Snout-beetle, 113.
by Smartweed Caterpillar, 170.

XII

Apple— Continued,
Leaf-hopper, 123.
injury to leaves of Corn by, 121.
leaves eaten by adult Colaspis bminnea, 106.
by Garden Web-worm, 90.
Gypsy-moth bred on, 89.
Strawberry Crown-girdler found on, 193.
-seedlings killed by Pale-striped Flea -
beetle, 108.

-trees infested by Orthoperus scutellaris,
180.
twigs, eggs of European Grain-louse laid |

on, 206.
Apples burrowed by Euphoria sepulchralis, 101.
injured by Striped Cricket, 215.
by Western Green June-beetle, 102.
Apricot as food plant of Diabrotica tenella,
188.
Apricots injured by
197, 198.
by Western Green June-beetle, 102.
areanella, Pseudanaphora, 44, 95.
Arctia, 71.
arge, 75.
nais phalerata, 76.
phalerata, 76.
phyllira, 76.
vittata phalerata, 76.
aretica, Hadena, 17, 21.
Arctiids sp., 70.
Arctium as food plant of Garden Web-worm,
90.
arge, Apantesis, 75, 230.
Arctia, 75.
Arge Tiger-moth, 230.
argus, Chelymorpha, 192.
Argus Tortoise-beetle, 192, 231. —
armiger, Heliothis, 10, 11, 17, 67.
Army-worm, 3, 4, 7, 10, 11, 17, 18, 47-51, 172,
227.
description of, 48.
distribution of, 50.
Fall, 81-83. See under Grass-worm.
habits of, 48-50.
life history of, 50-51.
moth, description of, 48.
preventive and remedial measures against,
Dike
Wheat-head, 83-84, 231.
Army-worm.
Arsenate of lead for Gypsy-moth, 89.
Arsenic on outer rows of Corn to destroy grass-
hoppers, 14.
Arsenical insecticides for Blister-beetles, 113.
arundinacea, Cuina, 146.
Ash infested by Euphoria inda, 101.
Ashmead, Wm. H., 162, 163, 164, 169, 194,
195, 202.
Asparagus as food plant of Cotton Cutworm,
80.
of Ear-worm, 67.
of Grass-worm, 82.
of Greasy Cutworm, 21.
of Red-banded Leaf-roller, 175.
of Smartweed Caterpillar, 170.
of Sulphur Leaf-roller, 174.

leaf-footed plant-bugs,

See Wheat-head

Asparagus— Continued.
injured by Thyanta custator, 196.
killed by Euschistus variolarius, 196.
Aster as food plant of blister-beetles, 112.
Atzenius cognatus infesting husks and roots of
Corn, 183.
stercorator taken on Corn, 183.
atlanis, Melanoplus, 67, 136.
atrata, Microtoma, 198, 233.
atripennis, Diabrotica, 189, 231.
Atta fervens, 159-161. See Leaf-cutting Ant.
Automeris io, 168.
avens, Nectarophora, 206.
Siphocoryne, 206.
aviculare, Polygonum, 76.

B

Banks, Nathan, 224.
Baptisia, eggs of meadow grasshoppers in stems
of, 146.

barbatus, Pogonomyrmex, 7, 159.

Barley as food plant of Army-worm, 49.
damaged by Wheat-head Army-worm, 84.
injuries to, by Corn Leaf-aphis, 124.

by larva of Sphenophorus parvulus, 56.
subject to injury by Grass-worm, 82.
Barriers to progress of Army-worm, 11.
of Bronze Cutworm, 30.
of Clay-backed Cutworm, 29.
of Great Plains Cricket, 149.
of Wheat-head Army-worm, 84.

Batrachedra rileyi, 176, 227.

Beach, Alice M., 136.

Bean as food plant of Army-worm, 49.

of Clay-backed Cutworm, 29.

of Common Striped Cutworm, 34.

of Dark-sided Cutworm, 33.

of Dingy Cutworm, 27.

of Garden Web-worm, 90.

of Glassy Cutworm, 20.

of Granulated Cutworm, 32.

of Greasy Cutworm, 21.

of Red-banded Leaf-roller, 175.

of Seed-corn Maggot, 70.

of Smartweed Caterpillar, 170.

of Western Green Stink-bug, 116.

of W-marked Cutworm, 31.

of Yellow Bear, 74.
crops destroyed by Ear-worm, 67.
destroyed by Pale-striped Flea-beetle, 107.
injured by Imbricated Snout-beetle, 113.

by Smaller Corn Stalk-borer, 95.

Beech infested by Euphoria inda, 101.

Bees, 8.
wild, 156.

Beet as food plant of Army-worm, 49. {

of Blister-beetles, 112. }
of Carrot-beetle, 98.
of Common Striped Cutworm, 34.
of Cotton Cutworm, 80.
of Dusky Leaf-bug, 199.
of Grass-worm, 82.

Ju tworm, 21.
of Seed-corn Maggot, 70. .
of Variegated Cutworm, 24.

\

ATE - .

Beet— Continued. ;
Campylacantha olivacea suspected of injury
to, 213.
infested by Common Flower-bug, 202.
method of injury to, by Garden Web-worm,
* 90:
Beetles, number of species of,
corn insects, 11.

Beutenmiiller, Wm., 32, 74, 78, 167, 171, 172.

bicornis, Tipula, 161.

Bill-bug, Clay-colored, 229.

Timothy, 229.
Bill-bugs, corn, 12, 52-57, 115, 192, 229.
character of injury to Corn by, 7, 11, 17.
distribution of, 56.
injuries to Corn by, 52, 55-56, 57.
to grass and grain by, 56.

life history of, 56-57.

preventive and remedial measurés against,
Sie

bimaculatus, Tetranychus, 14, 224.

bipunctata, Xabea, 219.

Birch infested by Euphoria inda, 101.

Birds, 158.

as enemies of Army-worm, 49, 51.
sod web-worms eaten by, 39.
bivittatus, Melanoplus, 67, 136.
Black Ant, Little, 157-158.
Blister-beetle, 112, 113, 231.
Blister-beetles.
-headed Grass-maggot, 228.
-winged Carolina Grasshopper, 213.
Blackberries injured by Western Green June-
beetle, 102.
Blackberry as food plant of Rose-chafer, 184.
of Smartweed Caterpillar, 170.
canes infested by Stalk-borer, 46.
eggs of meadow grasshoppers in stems of,
146.
injured by Imbricated Snout-beetle, 113.
by tree-crickets, 216.
plants destroyed by Pale-striped Flea-
beetle, 108.

blanda, Systena, 107.

Blissus leucopterus, 57-64.

Blister-beetle, Black, 112, 113, 231.

Margined, 112, 113,.231.

Striped, 112, 113, 231.
Blister-beetles, 111-113, 227, 231.

species of, which feed on Corn, 112.
Blue-grass as food plant of Army-worm, 49.

fields, Striped Cricket abundant in, 215.

infested by Corn Flea-beetle, 110.

by Sweet-Potato Flea-beetle, 111.

injured by Little Negro-bug, 116.

killed by sod web-worms, 39, 40.

sod, Corn on, not killed as on other sods, 77.

Strawberry Crown-girdler found on, 192.
Bolitochara sp. infesting fallen ears of Corn,

identified as

See also under

180.

Boll-worm, Cotton, 11, 67. See under Corn-
worm.

Boltonia, eggs of meadow grasshoppers in stems
of, 146.

Boépedon nubilum, 212, 229.

|.

Borage as food plant of Strawberry Crown-
girdler, 193.
Borer, Sugar-cane, 10.
Box-elder as food plant of Common Striped
Cutworm, 34.
buds and leaves eaten by W-marked Cut-
worm, 3l.
infested by Sweet-Potato Flea-beetle, 111.
Brachytarsus variegatus, 194.
brevipenne, Xiphidium, 147.
Bristly Cutworm, 35, 232.
Bronze Cutworm, 29-31, 231.
Broom-corn as food plant of Corn Leaf-louse,
206.
infested by Common Flower-bug, 202.
by Euschistus variolarius, 196.
injuries to, by Corn Flea-beetle, 110.
by Corn Leaf-aphis, 124.
by Grass-worm, 81.
by Southern Corn Leaf-beetle, 103.
by Toothed Flea-beetle, 110.
by Yellow Sorghum Plant-louse, 210.
Oncometopia undata taken on, 204.
smut eaten by Phalacrus politus, 180.
Stalk-maggot found on roots of, 164.
subject to injury by Grass-woerm, 82.
Bruner, L., 90, 143.
brunnea, Colaspis, 104.
Glyptina, 191.
brunneus, Luperus, 187.
Buckeye as food plant of Dusky Leaf-bug, 199.
Buckwheat as food plant of Common Striped
Cutworm, 34.
of Dark-sided Cutworm, 33.
of Dusky Leaf-bug, 199.
of Grass-worm, 82.
of Smartweed Caterpillar, 170.
of W-marked Cutworm, 31.
injured by Sweet-Potato Flea-beetle, 111.
Bud-worm, Tobacco, 67.
Buffalo-grass as food plant of Dissosteira longi-
pennis, 213.
of Garden Web-worm, 90.
Bumblebees, 101.
Burdock as food plant of Garden Web-worm,
90.
of Salt-marsh Caterpillar, 74.
of Stalk-borer, 46.
of Sulphur Leaf-roller, 174.
Burning egg-masses of Gypsy-moth, 89.
infested fodder and waste as measure against
Fodder Worm, 87.
grass-lands to destroy young grass-
hoppers, 14.
Burrowing web-worms, 44, 95-98, 226.

over

Cc

Cabbage and other cruciferous plants as food
of Harlequin Cabbage-bug, 196.
as food plant of Army-worm, 49.

of Bristly Cutworm, 35.

of Clay-backed Cutworm, 29.

of Common Striped Cutworm, 34.

of Cotton Cutworm, 80.

of Dark-sided Cutworm, 33.

of Dingy Cutworm, 27.

XIV

Cabbage as food plant— Continued.
of Dusky Leaf-bug, 199.
of Garden Web-worm, 90.
of Glassy Cutworm, 20.
of Granulated Cutworm, 32.
of Grass-worm, 82.
of Greasy Cutworm, 21.
of Hedgehog Caterpillar, 74.
of Salt-marsh Caterpillar, 74.
of Seed-corn Maggot, 70.
of Variegated Cutworm, 24.
of W-marked Cutworm, 31.
of Yellow Bear, 74.
of Yellow-headed Cutworm, 21.
of Zebra-caterpillar, 171.
-bug, Harlequin, injury to Corn by, 196.
destroyed by Western Cabbage Flea-beetle,
109.
Flea-beetle, Western, general
injuries, and range of, 109.
injured by False Chinch-bug, 118.
by Imbricated Snout-beetle, 113.
by Strawberry Crown-girdler, 193.
Cactus as food plant of Apantesis arge, 75.
Cadelle, 182.
ealiginosellus, Crambus, 42, 153, 155.
Calocoris rapidus, 199, 233. See Dusky Leaf-
bug.
Camnula pellucida,
Grasshopper.
Campylacantha olivacea, 213, 229.
canadense, Erigeron, 174.
e-nigrum, Noctua, 17, 25.
Canker-worm, 87.
ecannabinum, Apocynum, 90.
Capside, 202.
Carabide, 11, 176-178.
Carabine, 178.
eariosus, Sphenophorus, 52.
Carnations as food plant of Variegated Cut-
worm, 24.
Carpophilus antiquus found on injured ear of
Corn, 181.
dimidiatus, 181.
pallipennis, 181.
Carrot as food plant of Army-worm, 49.
-beetle, description of, 98.
injuries by, and food plants and range of, 98.
life history of, 99.
crop destroyed by Pale-striped Flea-beetle,
108.
injured by Carrot-beetle, 98.
Cartodere ruficollis, 182.
Castor-bean as food plant of Garden Web-
worm, 90.
of Prodenia ornithogalli eudiopta, 80.
Caterpillar, Hedgehog, 71.
Salt-marsh, 72.
Catnip as breeding plant of Green Flata, 203.
Ceanothus americanus as food plant of Little
Negro-bug, 116.
Cecidomyiid galls inhabited by Sulphur Leaf-
roller, 174.
Celama sorghiella, 169, 227.
Celery as food plant of Carrot-beetle, 98.
of Common Striped Cutworm, 34.

description,

139. See Clear-winged

Celery as food plant— Continued.
of Dingy Cutworm, 27.
of Dusky Leaf-bug, 199.
of Sulphur Leaf-roller, 174.
of W-marked Cutworm, 31.

injured by Little Negro-bug, 116.
Ceratomyza dorsalis, 165, 226.
Ceresa taurina, 204.

Cherocampa tersa, 167.
Chetocnema confinis, 110-111.

denticulata, 110.

parcepunctata feeding on Corn leaves, 191.

pulicaria, 109-110.

Chetopsis znea, 164-165, 226.
Chaitophorus flavus, 210.
negundinis, 210.
Chelymorpha argus, 192.
Chenopodium album as food of Sphragisticus
nebulosus, 198.
as food plant of Garden Web-worm, 89.
Cherries injured by Leptoglossus oppositus,
197. ’
Cherry as food plant of Common Striped Cut-
worm, 34.

injured by Imbricated Snout-beetle, 113.

-trees defoliated by Anomala undulata, 186.
Chick-pea as food plant of Grass-worm, 82.
Chicory as food plant of Bristly Cutworm, 35.
Chinch-bug, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 12, 17, 57-64, 233.

crops and plants immune from injury by, 59.

description of different stages of, 58-59.

estimates of injuries by, 58.

False, 12, 117-118, 233.

food plants of, and injuries to crops by,

59-60.
life history of, 60-62.
preventive and remedial measures against,
12, 62-64.
rank of, as an economic species, 57.
relative damage to wheat, corn, oats, and
grasses by, 59.
Chittenden, F. H., 110, 189, 191, 196, 198, 204.
Chlorochara conica, 203. See Green Flata.
Chlorochroa conica, 203.
Chrysanthemum as food plant of Red-banded
Leaf-roller, 175.
Chrysomelide, 12, 186.
Chrysopa, 14.
Cicadula sexnotata, 121, 123.
injury to leaves of Corn by, 121.
cincticollis, Platynus, 177.
clandestina, Noctua, 17, 31.
Clavicornia, 180.
Clay-backed Cutworm, 28-29, 232.
worm, Clay-backed.
Clay-colored Bill-bug, 229.
Clear-winged Grasshopper, 139, 229.
Clemens, Brackenridge, 155.
Climbing crickets, 13, 213, 216.
Clivina impressifrons, 228.
Clover as food plant of Army-worm, 49.
of Bristly Cutworm, 35.
of Common Striped Cutworm, 34.
of Dark-sided Cutworm, 33.
of Dingy Cutworm, 27.
of Granulated Cutworm, 32.

See Cut-

XV

Clover as food plant—Continued.

of Grass-worm, 82.

of Hedgehog Caterpillar, 74.

‘of Red-banded Leaf-roller, 175.

of Salt-marsh Caterpillar, 74.

of Sulphur Leaf-roller, 174.

of Variegated Cutworm, 24.

of W-marked Cutworm,* |.
destroyed by Schistocere’ americana, 141.
immune from Chinch-bug injury, 59.
infested by sod web-worms, 40.
injured by Clay-backed Cutworm, 28.

by field-crickets, 214.

by meadow maggots, 161, 162.

by Striped Blister-beetle, 112.

by Western Striped Cutworm, 27.

leaves of, eaten by larve of Prodenia orni-

thogalli eudiopta, S80.
Plant-louse, 208.
Red, as food plant of Garden Web-worm, 90.
infested by Dusky Leaf-bug, 199.
by Euschistus variolarius, 196.
by Prenolepis imparis, 159.
by Sweet-Potato Flea-beetle, 111.
and White, leaves of, rolled by Rusty-
Brown Tortrix, 176.
leaves and blossoms of, eaten by adult of
Southern Corn Root-worm, 188.
roots, Parajulus venustus found about, 223.

Sweet. See Sweet Clover.
White, destroyed by Pale-striped Flea-
beetle, 108.

Club-rush as food plant of larve of corn bill-
bugs, 52.
Coal-tar strip as barrier against Chinch-bug,
63.
Coccinella 9-notata, 231.
eating Corn leaf, 179.
Coccinellide, 179.
Cockerell, T. D. A., 184.
Cocklebur as food plant of Euphoria inda, 101.
of Garden Web-worm, 90.
of Grass-worm, 82.
of Pale-striped Flea-beetle, 108.
of Stalk-borer, 46.
caruleocinetus, Julus, 223.
cognatus, Atsnius, 183.
Colaspis brunnea, 104-106.
Root-worm, 104-106, 228.
injury to Corn by, 104, 105.
Colastus semitectus found on Corn ears, etc.,
181.
Coleoptera, 230.
number of species of, identified as corn in-
sects, 11:
Coleopterous larva destructive to Corn, 186.
Columbine as food plant of Zebra-caterpillar,
abel
Comfrey as food plant of Bristly Cutworm, 35.
communis, Phragmites, 165.
Comstock, J. H., 164, 175.
concavus, Lixus, 114, 115, 229.
confinis, Chetoenema, 110.
conica, Chlorochara, 203.
Chlorochroa, 203.
convexior, Psylliodes, 191, 192.

Convolvulus as food plant of Yellow Bear, 74.
CookwAS J-. 19. 215 34°78, WO 75:
Coquillett, D. W., 223.
Corimelzena pulicaria, 115, 233. See
Negro-bug.
Corn bill-bugs. See Bill-bugs, corn.
Delphax, 120-121.
ears, EKuschistus fissilis feeding on, 195.
green, fed in by Rusty-Brown Tortrix, 176.
infested by Parajulus venustus, 223.
thousand-legged worms feeding in, 222.
Flea-beetle, 107, 109-110.
general effect of insect injury to, 5.
grouping of injuries to, 225.
in husk injured by tineid leaf-miner, 176.
injuries to, affecting the whole plant, 227.
to ear of, 8.
to leaves of, 6, 226.
to silks of, or to kernels at tip of ear or
beneath husks, 226.
to stalk of, 7.
above ground, 226.
to tassel of, 227.
to underground parts of plant of, 227.
insect group, divisions of, 2.
most destructive to, 57.
insects eating irregular holes in leaves of,
or notching edges of same, 226, 230-231.
grouped according to economic import-
ance, 14-16.
injurious to the plant above groun1, 16-17,
subterranean, 3.
the less important, 70-155.
the more important, 16-69.
the unimportant, 156-224.
kernels as food of Dusky J.eaf-bug, 199.
of Julus coeruleocinctus, 223.
of Plagiognathus obseurus, 201.
eaten by Paraiulus diversifrens, 223.
gnawed by Formica schaufussi, 161.
punctured by Leptoglossus oppositus, 197.
key to the discussion of insect injuries to,
225-233.
Leaf-aphis, 2, 3, 12, 123-133.
field observations on, 126-128.
injuries by, 123-124, 125.
insectary experiments with, 128-133.
on life history of, 125, 133.
Leaf-beetle, Southern, 103-104, 231.
leaf, eggs of Drzeculacephala mollipes de-
posited on, 205.
Leaf-louse, 123-133.
as Broom-corn and Sorghum insect, 206.
Leaf-miner, 164, 226.
leaves as food of Hyperchiriaio, 168.
bred on by Yellow Sorghum Plant-louse,
210.
colonies of Clover Plant-louse found on,
208.
cut up by Leaf-cutting Ant, 160.
eaten by larva of Lerema accius, 166.
by larva of Prodenia ornithogalli eudi-
opta, 80.
by Seudder’s Short-winged Grasshopper,
142.
by Short-winged Green Grasshopper, 212.

Little

XVI

Corn leaves— Continued.
injuries to, by leaf-hoppers, 7.
by plant-lice, 7.
by Sweet-Potato Flea-beetle, 110.
mined by Ceratomyza dorsalis, 166.
punetured by Sphragisticus nebulosus,
198.
measures of prevention and remedy for in-
sect injury to, 6.
myriapod, 223.
plant, adaptations and reactions of, to in-
sect visitants, 3-5.
insect injuries to different parts of, 6-8.
insects injuring obscurely, 226, 227, 233.
pollen and sap of, as food of larva of Corn-
feeding Syrphus-fly, 162, 163.
as food of G2balus pugnax, 194.
eaten by capsid, 202.
by Phalacrus politus, 180.
Root-aphis, 2, 4, 5, 6, 12.
discussion of, cited, 69, 206.
root-lice, 227.
Root-worm, 2, 5, 12, 16.
Northern, 4, 228.
discussion of, cited, 69.
Southern, 8, 188, 228, 229.
discussion of, cited, 69.
root-worms, 6, 187.
-smut Beetle, food habits and description
of, 194.
Stalk-borer, Larger, 91-93, 233.
Smaller, 10, 94-95, 232.
stalk-borers, 226, 232-233.
-stalk gnawed by Strawberry Crown-girdler,
192.
-stalk-worm, Southern, 10.
-stalks, eggs of tree-crickets and meadow
grasshoppers deposited in, 215-216.
eggs of Western Green Stink-bug laid on,
alse
forms of egg-punctures in, 215-216.
tassels, Sorghum Web-worm taken on, 169.
-worm, 3, 10, 67-68. See under Ear-worm.
eorticalis dubia, Tenebrioides, 182.
costalis, Tipula, 161, 162.
Cotton as food plant of Carrot-beetle, 98.
of Cotton Cutworm, 80.
of Garden Web-worm, 89.
of Grass-worm, 82.
of Greasy Cutworm, 21.
of Salt-marsh Caterpillar, 74.
of Smartweed Caterpillar, 170.
of Sulphur Leaf-roller, 174.
blooms as food of Dusky Leaf-bug, 199.
damaged by Luperodes varicornis, 187.
Boll-worm, 11, 67, 181. See also under Ear-
worm.
Cutworm, 79-81, 230. See under Cutworm,
Cotton.
declined as food plant by Army-worm in
confinement, 49.
destroyed by Pale-striped Flea-beetle, 108.
Ear-worm destructive to, 67.
eggs of meadow grasshoppers in stalks of, 146.
injured by Granulated Cutworm, 32.
plants cut off by Scaly June-bug, 184.

Cotton plants—Continued.
defoliated by Hyperchiria io, 168.
pollen as food of larva of Corn-feeding Syr-
phus-fly, 163.
Cotton-bolls, Carpophilus pallipennis feeding
bey) ae tle
decaying, Colastus semitectus present in, 181.
injured by Euphoria inda and B. sepulchralis,
101.
by late broods of EKar-worm, 68.
by Thripide, 135.
by tineid leaf-miner, 176.
Cottonwood injured by Smartweed Caterpillar,
170.
leaves, Bristly Cutworm reared from, 35.
Cow-pea as food plant of Ear-worm, 67.
of Grass-worm, 82.
immune from Chinch-bug injury, 59.
injured by Smaller Corn Stalk-borer, 95.
by Thyanta perditor, 117.
Crab-grass as food plant of Garden Web-worm,
90.
eggs of meadow grasshoppers in stems of,
146.
Crambus, 10, 16, 36—44.
adult, 155.
ealiginosellus, 42, 153, 155.
descriptive distinctions between species of,
149-155.
hortuellus, concerning life history of, 42, 43.
larva,characters of, 150-154.
luteolellus, 153, 154, 230.
bred from Corn, 41.
distribution of, 42.
injury to Corn by, 38, 40.
life history of, 42, 43.
synonym of, 42, 153, 155.
Tobacco injured by, 42.
mutabilis, 152, 154.
bred from Corn, 41.
distribution of, 42.
injuries to Corn by, 39, 40.
life history of, 43.
number of species of, in United States, 42.
pupa, 154.
ruricollellus, 153, 154.
species of, notably injurious to Corn, 42.
trisectus, 153, 154.
bred from Corn, 41.
destructive to Blue-grass, 39.
distribution of, 42.
injuries to Corn by, 39, 40.
life history of, 42, 43.
Vagabond, 230. See also C. vulgivagellus.
vulgivagellus, 153, 154, 230.
bred from Corn, 41.
| distribution of, 42.
| injury to Corn by, 39.
life history of, 42, 43.
| Wheat and Rye injured by, 41, 42.
zeéllus, 38, 42, 153, 155.
Cranberries injured by Seudderia texensis, 143.
Cranberry as food plant of Army-worm, 49.
| of Red-banded Leaf-roller, 175.
| injured by Crambus hortuellus, 42.
| Crane-flies, injury to Corn by larvee of, 9.

wf

~~

XVII

Cremastochilus knochii on fallen ears of Corn,
183.
Cremastogaster lineolata in attendance on Corn
Leaf-aphis. 126.
crenistriatus, Platynus, 177.
Cricket family, 213-222.
Great Plains, 148-149, 229.
Snowy, egg-punctures by, 216.
Striped, 214. See Striped Cricket.
Crickets, black or white, 227.
climbing, 3, 213, 215. See also Tree-crickets
and White crickets.
common, 13, 213.
white, 215. See White crickets and Tree-
crickets.
Criddle mixture for destruction of grasshoppers,
14, 65.
formula for, 65.
Crocota rosa, 71.
Crown-girdler, Strawberry, 192. See
Strawberry.
erus-galli, Panicum, 192.

under

Cucumber as food plant of Army-worm, 49.
of Common Striped Cutworm, 34.
of Cotton Cutworm, 80.
of Garden Web-worm, 90.
of Grass-worm, 82.
injured by Imbricated Snout-beetle, 113.
Cucumbers as food of thousand-legged worms,
222%
destroyed by Pale-striped Flea-beetle, 108.
Cucumber-beetle, Striped, 231.
food habits of, 187, 188.
ecucumeris, Epitrix, 190.
Cuina arundinacea, eggs of meadow grass-
hoppers in stems of, 146.
Cureulios, rhubarb and dock, 114-115. See
Lixus.
Currant as food plant of Yellow Bear, 74.
of Yellow-headed Cutworm, 21.
buds and leaves eaten by W-marked Cut-
worm, 31.
eaten by Dark-sided Cutworm, 33.
infested by Stalk-borer, 46.
injured by Four-lined Leaf-bug, 200.
stems burrowed by Parajulus venustus, 223.
custator, Thyanta, 117, 196.
Cutworm, Bristly, 35, 232.
Bronze, 29-31.
Clay-backed, 28, 232.
Common Striped, 34, 232.
Cotton, 79-81, 230.
Dark-sided, 32-33, 232.
Dingy, 26-28, 232.
Glassy, 19-20, 31, 231.
Granulated, 32, 232.
Greasy, 21—23, 27, 232.
Red-backed, 34, 232.
Spotted, 25, 232.
Variegated, 23-25, 232.
W-marked, 31, 232.
Western Striped, 26, 232.
Yellow-headed, 21, 231.
Cutworms, 4, 7, 11, 16, 36, 48, 95, 184.
and sod web-worms contrasted, 36, 37.

Cutworms— Continued.
associated with sod web-worms in
Corn, 39.
climbing, 24, 27, 30, 31, 33.
corn, 17—36, 226, 231—232.
measures against, 18-19.
number of species of, taken in Corn, 10.
Cyclocephala, discussion of, cited, 69.

D

dactyloides, Tripsacum, 92.
Dark-sided Cutworm, 32-33, 232.
Datura as food plant of Har-worm, 67.
Davis, G. C., 175.
debilis, Solenopsis, 228.
Delphacine, 204.
Delphax, Corn, 120-121.
maidis, 120-121.
Deltocephalus inimicus, general description of
adult and young of, 121—122.
injury to leaves of Corn by, 121.
on life history and distribution of, 123.
nigrifrons, general color of adult of, and dis-
tinective markings, 122-123.
injury to leaves of Corn by, 121.
on life history and distribution of, 123.
denticollis, Myochrous, 103, 229.
denticulata, Chatoenema, 110.
deplanata, Limnobaris, 193, 229.
devastatrix, Hadena, 17, 19.
Diabrotica, 187-189.
atripennis, 189, 231.
12-punctata, 8, 187. See Southern Corn Root-
worm.
longicornis, 4, 187, 188, 231.
Corn Root-worm.
soror, injury to Corn by, 188.
spotted, 231.
tenella, range of, and injuries by, 187—188.
vittata feeding on Corn, 188.
Diacrisia virginica, 72. See under Yellow Bear.
dianthi, Rhopalosiphum, 210.
Diapheromera femorata, 212.
veliei, 211.
velii, 211.
Diastata sp., 226.
mining leaves of Corn, 9, 164.
Diatrea saccharalis, 10, 91-93.
borer, Larger Corn.
Dichelia sulfureana, 174.
Dichromorpha viridis, 212, 229. See
winged Green Grasshopper.
Dicranotropis sp. taken on Corn, 204.
Diedrocephala mollipes, 205.
differentialis, Melanoplus, 67, 136.
dimidiatus, Carpophilus, 181.
Dingy Cutworm, 26-28, 232.
Dingy.
Diptera, injuries to Corn by, 9, 161-166.
Dipterous parasites of Greasy Cutworm, 22.
of Stalk-borer, 47.
Disease of Bronze Cutworm, 30.
of Army-worm, 51.
of Dreeulacephala mollipes, 205.
dispar, Porthetria, 87.
Dissosteira longipennis, 213, 229.

injury to

See Northern

See Stalk-

Short-

See Cutworm,

XVIII

distinguenda, Melanophthalma, 182.
diversifrons, Parajulus, 223.
Dock and rhubarb curculios, 114-115.
as breeding plant of Lixus concavus, 115.
as food plant of Apantesis arge, 75.
of Smartweed Flea-beetle, 191.
leaves riddled by Four-lined Leaf-bug, 200.
Dogbane as food plant of Garden Web-worm,
90.
dorsalis, Ceratomyza, 165, 226.
Odontocera, 9, 165.
Dreeculacephala mollipes, 205.
Dung-beetles, 227.
injurious to Corn kernel, 12.
12-punctata, Diabrotica, 8, 69, 187.
Dusky Leaf-bug, 199, 233.

E
Earle, F. S., 115.
Ear-worm, Ancyrophorus
burrows of, 180.
or Corn-worm, 67-68, 158, 186, 226.
Edwards, Henry, 86.
Beeplant as food of Garden Web-worm, 90.
destroyed by Pale-striped Flea-beetle, 108.

Bees of Agallia 4-punctata, 123.

of Apantesis phalerata, 77.

of Army-worm, 50, 51.

of Bronze Cutworm, 31.

of burrowing web-worms, 97, 98.

of Carrot-beetle, 99.

of Ceresa taurina, 204.

of Chinch-bug, 59, 60, 61.

of Clay-backed Cutworm, 29.

of Clear-winged Grasshopper, 140.

of Colaspis brunnea, 106.

of common leaf-hoppers, 1238.

of corn bill-bugs, 57.

of Corn Delphax, 121.

of Corn-feeding Syrphus-fly, 163.

of Corn Leaf-aphis, 9.

of Corn Root-aphis, 9.

of Cotton Cutworm, 80.

of Crambus hortuellus, 43.

of Crambus trisectus, 42.

of Crambus vulgivagellus, 43.

of crickets, 214, 215, 216.

of cutworms, L&. a

of Deltocephalus inimicus, 123.

of Dingy Cutworm, 27.

of Dreeculacephala mollipes, 205.

of Ear-worm, 68.

of Euphoria inda, 101.

of European Grain-louse, 206.

of Euschistus variolarius, 196.

of False Chinch-bug, 118.

of Flatas, 203, 204.

of Four-lined Leaf-bug, 200.

of Glassy Cutworm, 20.

of Granulated Cutworm, 32.

of grasshoppers, 13, 111, 138, 148.

of Grass-worm, 82, 83.

of Greasy Cutworm, 22, 23.

of Great Plains Cricket, 149.

of Green June-beetles, 103.

of ground-beetles, 178.

planus feeding in

Eggs— Continued.
of Gypsy-moth, 88, 89.
of Hadena lignicolor, 31. Se
of Imbricated Snout-beetle, 114. “x
of katydids, 148. ‘
of Larger Corn Stalk-borer, 92-93. i
of leaf-footed plant-bugs, 198.
of Little Negro-bug, 116. %
of Lixus conecavus, 115. ra
of meadow grasshoppers, 145, 146, 148. \

of meadow maggots, 10.

of myriapods, 222.

of Pale-striped Ilea-beetle, 108.

of Phlepsius irroratus, 206.

of Plagiognathus obscurus, 201.

of Pseudanaphora areanella, 97.

of red spiders, 224.

of Saddle-back Caterpillar, 173.

of Schistocerca americana, 141.

of Short-winged Grasshopper, 212.

of sod web-worms, 42, 43, 44.

of Southern Grain-louse, 135.

of Spotted Cutworm, 26. .

of Spotted Willow-beetle, 187.

of Stalk-borer, 45, 46, 47.

of Stalk-maggot, 165.

of Sugar-cane Beetle, 99.

of Sweet-Potato Flea-beetle, 111.

of Tarnished Plant-bug, 120.

of Thripidee, 136.

of Tipula costalis, 162.

of Toothed Flea-beetle, 110.

of tree-crickets, 145, 215, 216.

of Variegated Cutworm, 24, 25.

of Western Green Stink-bug, L17.

of Wheat-head Army-worm, 84.

of Yellow-headed Cutworm, 21.
Elasmopalpus lignosellus, 10, 94-95.

borer, Smaller Corn.
Elaterids, 186. See Wireworms.
Elder-bushes, injuries to, by Spindle-worm, 85.
Elm as food plant of Apantesis phalerata, 76.

See Stalk-

of Red-banded Leaf-roller, 175. j

of Smartweed Caterpillar, 170.
infested by Euphoria inda, 101.
Empoasea mali, color of adult of, and distine- :

tive markings, 123.
injury to leaves of Corn by, 121.
on Wife history and distribution of, 123.
Empretia stimulea, 173.
English Grain-louse, 206-207.
Epagoge sulfureana, 174-175.
Epiceerus imbricatus, 113-114.
Epicauta marginata, 111.
pennsvivaniea, 111.
vittata, 111.
Ppitrix cuecumeris, 190.
Epizeuxis emula, 86, 226.
Erianthus alopecuroides, Lerema accius record-
ed from, 166.
Erigeron canadense as food plant of Sulphur
Leaf-roller, 174.
Hstigmene acrea, 72.
Iubaphe rosa, 71, 230.
eudiopta, Prodenia, 79.
Eulia triferana, 175.

XIX

Euphoria inda, 99, 231.
melancholica, 99.
sepulchralis, 99.
European Grain-louse, 206.
Euschistus fissilis, 195.
servus, 195.
variolarius, 195-196.
Eustilbus apicalis, 180.
EKuthrips nervosa and E. tritici taken on Corn,
136.
Euxoa messoria, 17, 32-33.
ochrogaster, 17, 34-35.
tessellata, 17, 34.
Evening Primrose as food plant of Apantesis
arge, 75.
of Dusky Leaf-bug, 199.
Everyx myron, 167. ~

F

Fall Army-worm, 81-83. See under Grass-
worm.
Web-worm, 88.
False Chinch-bug, 12, 117, 233.
fasciatum, Xiphidium, 147.
fasciatus, Ips, 181, 228.
Nemobius, 13, 214.
Felt, BE. P:;'37, 42, 149; 155; 176.
Feltia annexa, 17, 32.
gladiarix, 17, 27, 28-29.
jaculifera, 17, 26-27.
sul-gothica. 17, 26-28.
femorata, Diapheromera, 212.
femur-rubrum, Melanoplus, 67, 136, 142, 219.
Fernald, C. H., 149, 155, 175.
fervens, Atta, 159.
Field-cricket, Common, 214, 219.
Pennsylvania, 214.
Field-erickets, 214.
fissilis, Euschistus, 195.
fistulosa, Monarda, 174.
Fitch, Asa, 21, 34, 157.
Flata, Green, 203-204.
Mealy, 203.
Flatas, 202-204, 233.
flavedana, Platynota, 176.
flavus, Chaitophorus, 210.
Plax as food plant of Army-worm, 49.
of Common Striped Cutworm, 34.
of Garden Web-worm, 90.
Fleabane, flowers of, infested by Sulphur Leaf-
roller, 174.
Flea-beetle, Corn, 107, 109-110.
Pale-striped, 107-108, 228.
Potato, 190.
Smartweed, 190-191.
Sweet-Potato, 110-111.
Toothed, 110.
Western Cabbage, 109.
Plea-beetles, 12, 106-111, 190-192, 226.
general description of corn species of, 106—
107.
Fletcher, James, 19, 34, 65, 200.
Flies doing unimportant injury to Corn, 161—
166.
Tlower-beetle, Common, 99.
F lower-beetles, 99-101, 102, 227.

Flower-beetles— Continued.
early stages of, 101.
food of and injuries by, 100-101.
general description of, 99.
Flower-bug, Common, 202.
Fodder plants as food of Fodder Worm, 86.
Worm, 86-87, 226.
Forage crops, 59.
plants, leguminous, cultivated instead of
grasses to lessen losses by Chinch-bug, ~
59.
Forbes, E. B., 189.
forbesi, Gieanthus, 217.
Formica schaufussi, kernels of Corn gnawed
by, 161.
Formicide, 156-161.
Four-lined Leaf-bug, 200, 233.
Foxtail-grass, Yellow Sorghum Plant-louse found
on, 210.
fractilinea, Hadena, 77, 78, 232.
Frit-flies, 164.
frugiperda, Laphygma, 10, 81.
Fruit-chafer, Brown, 100. See Euphoria inda.
Fruit destroyed by Variegated Cutworm, 24.
infested by Thripide, 135.
injured by Dark-sided Cutworm, 33.
by Greasy Cutworm, 21.
by Schistocerca americana, 141.
ripe, destroyed by Green June-beetles, 102.
small, leaves of, as food of woolly bears, 73.
subject to injury by Tarnished Plant-bug,
119.
trees, injury to, by Dingy Cutworm, 27.
injured by Schistocerca americana, 141.
Fruits as food of flower-beetles, 100.
bruised and sound, as food of Nitidulids,
181.
decaying, as food of Carpophilus pallipennis,
181.
frutescens, Wistaria, 166.
Fungi as food of Leaf-cutting Ant, 160.
of meadow grasshoppers, 145, 147.
of tree-crickets (or white crickets), 215,
216, 219, 220, 221, 222.
Fungus spores as food of ladybugs, 179.
of scavenger-beetles, 180, 181.
fureata, Seudderia, 143.
fusciceps, Pegomyia, 9, 70.
Phorbia, 70.

G

Galium, Theretra tersa bred from, 167.
Gama-grass infested by Larger Corn stalk-
borer, 92.

Garden flowers infested by Stalk-borer, 46.
plants as food of Rose-chafer, 185.
vegetables as food of Julus cceruleocinctus,

2256
destroyed by Variegated Cutworm, 24.
injured by blister-beetles, 112.

by Dark-sided Cutworm, 33.

by Greasy Cutworm, 21.

by Red-backed Cutworm, 34.

by Spotted Cutworm, 25.

by Tarnished Plant-bug, 119.

by W-marked Cutworm, 31.

XX

Garden vegetables— Continued.
leaves of, as food of woolly bears, 73.
Web-worm, 89-91, 226, 227.
web-worms, 7, 10, 226, 231.
Garman, H., 20, 103, 126, 165, 205, 208.
Geometridx, 173.
Geomyzidex, 164.
Geranium as food plant of Kar-worm, 67.
of Yellow Bear, 74.
sibbosus, Ligyrus, 98, 184, 228.
Gillette, €. P., 19, 30, 31, 33, 35, 78, 211, 212.
glabra, Rhus, 199.
Spermacoce, 167.
glaberrimum, Orchelimum, 144.
gladiaria, Feltia, 17, 27, 28.
Gladiolus as food plant of Ear-worm, 67.
of Zebra-caterpillar, 171.
Glassy Cutworm, 19—20, 231.
Glover, Townend, 182.
Glyptina brunnea, 191.
Gnaphalium polycephalum as food plant of
Red-banded Leaf-roller, 175.
Gnathodus spp., 206.
Goding, F. W., 181.
Goldenrod as food plant of Dusky Leaf-bug,
199.
of Zebra-caterpillar, 171.
blossoms infested by Black Blister-beetle,
2:
by Euphoria inda, 101.
Gooseberry as food plant of Yellow Bear, 74.
buds and leaves eaten by W-marked Cut-
worm, 31.
injured by Four-lined Leaf-bug, 200.
by Imbricated Snout-beetle, 113.
Gophers, striped, 39.
Gortyna nitela, 44.
Grain destroyed by Tenebrioides corticalis dubia,
182.
eaten by Toothed Flea-beetle, 110.
injuries to, by corn bill-bugs and their larve,
56.
by grasshoppers, 65.
by Wheat-head Army-worm, 83.
-louse, English, 206, 207.
European, 206.
Southern, 134-135.
stored, as food of Nitidulide, 181.
Grains as food of Dreculacephala mollipes,
205.
European Grain-louse found on, 206.
infested by Dusky Leaf-bug, 199.
by Liburnia ornata, 204.
Grama-grasses
pennis, 213.
graminum, Toxoptera, 134.
granaria, Macrosiphum, 206.

as food of Dissosteira

longi-

granarius, Aphodius, 183, 228.
Granulated Cutworm, 32, 232.

Grape as food plant of
76.
of Greasy Cutworm, 22.
of Rose-chafer, 184.
of Smartweed Caterpillar, 170.
of Sulphur Leaf-roller, 174.
of Yellow Bear, 74.

Apantesis phalerata,

Grape— Continued.
infested by Stalk-borer, 46.
leaves eaten by adult Colaspis brunnea, 106.
-sphinx, Green, 167.
-vines defoliated by Dark-sided Cutworm,
oo
destroyed by Anomala undulata, 186.
eaten by Grass-worm, 82.
injured by tree-crickets, 216.
Grapes injured by Leptoglossus oppositus, 197.
by Western Green June-beetle, 102.
Grass as food of burrowing web-worms, 96, 97.
of Hedgehog Caterpillar, 74.
of Thrips family, 135.
eaten by Common Striped Cutworm, 34.
by Dark-sided Cutworm, 33.
by Toothed Flea-beetle, 110.
Foxtail-, Yellow Sorghum Plant-louse found
on, 210.
Hungarian, as food of Army-worm, 49.
infested by Prairie Walking-stick, 211.
injured by adult corn bill-bugs and their
larve, 52, 56.
by meadow maggots, 161.
by sod web-worms, 37.
injuries to, in Illinois by grasshoppers, 64.
Johnson, infested by Larger Corn Stalk-
borer, 92.
-lands, Campylacantha
2USe
-maggot, Black-headed, 228.
-worm or Fall Army-worm, 81-83, 225, 230.
description of, 81.
injuries to crops, grass-lands, and lawns
by, and list of food plants, 81-82.
life history of, 81, 82.
migration of, 81, 83.
range of, 83.
-worms, 10, 226, 230.
Yellow Sorghum Plant-louse breeding on, 210.
Grasses and grasslike plants eaten by meadow
grasshoppers, 145, 147.
as breeding plants of Scudderia texensis, 144.
as food of Bristly Cutworm, 35.

olivacea taken in,

of Cotton Cutworm, 80.
of Garden Web-worm, 90.
of Granulated Cutworm, 32.
of Greasy Cutworm, 21.
of Leucania pseudargyria, 171.
of Smartweed Caterpillar, 170.
of Prodenia ornithogalli eudiopta, S80.
of Yellow Bear, 74.
as original food of Corn Delphax, 121.
devoured by Clay-backed Cutworm, 28.
eaten by Dreeculacephala mollipes, 205.
by Southern Corn Leaf-beetle in confine-
ment, 104.
eggs of meadow grasshoppers deposited in,
148.
English Grain-louse found on, 207.
floral organs of, as food of tree-crickets (or
white crickets), 219, 221, 222.
infested by Dusky Leaf-bug, 199.
by Euschistus variolarius, 196.
by Liburnia ornata, 204.
by Prenolepis imparis, 159.

XxI

Grasses— Continued.

injured by CGibalus pugnax, 194.

injuries to, by Chinch-bug, 59.
by Glassy Cutworm, 19.
by Yellow-headed Cutworm, 21.

meadow, injured by Western Striped Cut-
worm, 27.

seeds of, harvested by Texan
Ant, 159.

Thyanta custator found on, 196.

W-marked Cutworm common on, 31.

wild, heads and seeds of, as natural food of

Wheat-head Army-worm, 84.
infested by Stalk-maggot, 165.
Grasshopper, Black-winged Carolina, 213.

Clear-winged, 139, 229.

Lesser, 136, 229.

Olive, 67, 136, 229.

Red-legged, 67, 136, 142, 219, 229.

Rocky Mountain, 65, 136, 229.

Seudder’s Short-winged, 142-1438.

Short-winged Green, 212.

Small Green, 142, 229.

Two-striped, 67, 136, 229.

Grasshoppers, 64-67, 136-149, 161, 212-213,
226.

bird, 67, 140-142, 229.

character of injury to Corn by, 7, 8, 17, 64.

enemies of, 65.

injuries to grass and small grain by, 65.

injurious to Corn in Illinois, specifie dis-

tinctions of, 136-139.

larger meadow, 144-146, 229.

long-horned, 13.

meadow, 227, 229.

means for destroying, 13, 65-66.

migrating, 13, 65, 67.

short-horned, 13.

smaller meadow, 147-148, 229.

young, as food of field-crickets, 214.

destroyed by Pennsylvania Field-cricket,
214.
Greasy Cutworm, 21-23, 232.
Great Plains Cricket, 148-149, 229.
Green Flata, 203-204.

Grape-sphinx, 167.

Grasshopper, Short-winged, 212.

Grasshopper, Small, 142.

June-beetles, 101-103, 227.

cause of unusual injury by, 103.
described, and contrasted with common
June-bugs, 102.
larve of, 102.
mode of locomotion and life history of,
103.
measure against, 103.
See also under Allorhina.

Stink-bug, Western, 116-117, 233.
Greenhouse plants injured by red spiders, 223.
Grindelia squarrosa as food plant of Garden

Web-worm, 90.
Ground-beetles, 227.
food habits, injuries, and life history of,
176-178.

injuries to Corn by, 11, 177, 178.

Ground-cherry, as food plant of Ear-worm, 67.

Agricultural

Ground-squirrels as enemies of Army-worm, 51.
Gryllide, 213.
Gryllus, 213.
pennsylvanicus, 214, 219.
Guinea-corn infested by Larger Corn
borer, 92.
Gypsy-moth, 87-89, 230.

Stalk-

H

Hadena, 10, 16, 34.
arctica, 17, 21.
devastatrix, 17, 19-20.
fractilinea, 77, 232.
destructive to Corn, 78.
lignicolor, 17, 31, 231.
misera, 77, 232.
destructive to Corn, 78.
stalk-borers, 77-78.
stipata, 77, 232:
Hairy Vetch as food plant of Har-worm, 67.
Halictus, 163.
lerouxii, 8, 156.
Halticini, 106, 190.
Hamilton, John, 192.
Harlequin Cabbage-bug, injury to Corn by, 196.
Harpalus, food of, 177.
Harris, 1. W., 70, 85.
Mart. Ca Awe 149)
Harvey, F. L., 19, 180, 181, 184.
hastata, Verbena, 174.
Haw, Red, infested by Euphoria inda, 101.
Hazel as food plant of Smartweed Caterpillar,
170.
Heart worm, 44, 231. See Stalk-borer,.
heeate, Onthophagus, 183.
Hedgehog Caterpillar, 72, 230.
description and hibernation of, 71, 73.
food plants of and injury by, 74, 75.
Helianthus as food plant of Small Green Grass-
hopper, 142.
Heliophila albilinea, 83.
pseudargyria, 171.
Heliothis armiger, 10, 11, 17, 67-68.
Helotropha reniformis, 10.
hil, Wisi Pasi A
Hemiptera, 233.
number of species of, feeding on Corn, 12.
Hemp as food plant of Kar-worm, 67.
herilis, Agrotis, 26.
Hesperotettix speciosus, 142.
Heteroptera, 197—202.
Hinds, W. E., 136.
Hine, J. S., 150.
histrionica, Murgantia, 196.
Holden, P. G., 189.
Hollyhock as food plant of Glassy Cutworm, 20.
of Grass-worm, 82.
of Luperodes varicornis, 187.
Honeysuckle as food plant of Army-worm, 49.
of Red-banded Leaf-roller, 175.
of Smartweed Caterpillar, 170.
Hop as food plant of Green Flata, 204.
Hopkins, A. D., 56.
Hopper-dozer for destruction of grasshoppers,
14.
method of making and using the, 66.

XXII 4

Horse-nettle, eggs of meadow grasshoppers
in stems of, 146.
hortuellus, Crambus, 42, 43.
House-ant, Common. See under Ants.
Howard, L. O., 103.
hudsonias, Systena, 190.
Hungarian Grass as food plant of Army-worm,
49.
Hydreecia nitela, 44.
Hymenoptera, injuries to Corn by, 8-9.
Hymenopterous parasites of Greasy Cutworm,
929
of Stalk-borer, 47.
Hyperchiria io, 168, 230.
Hypoclopus mortipennellus, 44, 95, 97.

I

Imbricated Snout-beetle, 113, 231.
imbricatus, Epicserus, 113.
imparis, Prenolepis, 158.
impressifrons, Clivina, 228.
impressus, Julus, 2238.
inda, Euphoria, 99, 231.
Indian Millet infested by Larger Corn Stalk-
borer, 92.

inimicus, Deltocephalus, 121, 123.
insidiosus, Triphleps, 202, 233.
interstitialis, Psylliodes, 192.
io, Automeris, 168.

Hyperchiria, 168, 230.
Ips fasciatus. See I. 4-guttatus.

4-cuttatus, 227, 228.

devouring planted seed-corn, 11-12.
feeding on corn-stalks and troublesome in
houses, 181-182.

Ironweed, Striped Cricket on, 215.
irroratus, Phlepsius, 205.
isabella, Isia., 71, 72.
Isia isabella, 71, 72.

J

jaculifera, Feltia, 17, 26.
Jamestown Weed (or Jimson-weed)
plant of Ear-worm, 67.
roots of, infested by Pale-striped Flea-
beetle, 108.
Jassidee, 121-123, 204.
Johnson Grass infested by Larger Corn Stalk-
borer, 92.
Joint-grass as food plant of Garden Web-worm,
90.
Julus eceruleocinctus, 223.
impressus, 223.
June-beetle, Common Green, 102.
Western Green, 102.
June-beetles, 101.
green, 101-103, 227.
June-bug, 228.
Sealy, 184, 226.
June-bugs, 98, 101, 184, 186.

as food

K

Kafir Corn subject to injury by Grass-worm, 82.
Kale as food plant of Grass-worm, 82.

Katydids, 143, 226, 229.
distinguished from corn grasshoppers, 136.
Kerosene emulsion for Garden Web-worm, 91.
for Chinch-bug, 64.
for green June-beetles, 103.
formula for, 64.
to kill Army-worm in post-holes, 51.
Chinch-bug in post-hole traps, 63.
knochii, Cremastochilus, 183.
Knotweed as food plant of Apantesis phalerata,
76.
L
labiatum, Omophron, 178, 227.
Lace-wing fly, relations to plantélice, 14.
Lachnosterna, 98, 102.
discussion of, cited, 69.
lanceolata, 184.
Ladybug, Common, 231.
injury to Corn by, and description of, 179.
Ladybugs, food habits of and injury by, 179.
Lamb’s-quarters as food plant of Apantesis
arge, 75.
of Campylacantha olivacea, 213.
of Grass-worm, 82.
of Pale-striped Flea-beetle, 108.
eggs of meadow grasshoppers in stems of, 146.
Lamellicornia, 180.
lanceolata, Lachnosterna, 184.
Laphygma frugiperda, 10, 81-83.
lapponica, Melasoma, 186.
Larger Corn Stalk-borer, 91-93, 233.
Lasius niger, 159.
in attendance on Corn Leaf-aphis, 126.
latipennis, G{canthus, 146, 216, 217, 218.
Latridiide, 180, 182.
Latridius pulicarius, 182.
Lawns, injuries to, by sod web-worms, 36.
Leaf-beetle, Southern Corn, 103-104, 231.
Leaf-beetles, 186-187.
Leaf-bug, Dusky, 199, 2338.
Four-lined, 200, 233.
feeding on Corn pollen, 202.
Leaf-chafers, 183, 184-186.
injurious to Corn, 12.
Leaf-footed plant-bugs, 197, 233.
Leaf-hopper, Apple, 121.
Leaf-hoppers, 204—206, 238.
character of injuries to Corn by, 7.
common, 121-123.
Leaf-miner, Corn, 226.
general description of different
164.
tineid, injuries by, 176.
Leaf-mining moths, 164.
Leaf-roller, Red-banded, 175-176.
Sulphur, 174-175.
Leaf-rollers, 174-176, 226.
Leather-jackets, 161.
Lepidoptera, injuries to Corn by, 10-11.
Leptoglossus, 197.
oppositus, 197, 198.
phyllopus, 197-198.
Lerema accius, 166-167.
lerouxii, Halictus, 8, 156.
Lesser Grasshopper, 136, 229.
Migratory Locust, 67.

stages of,

en Med

=

KOE

Lettuce as food plant of Army-worm, 49.
of Common Striped Cutworm, 34.
of Dark-sided Cutworm, 33.
of Dingy Cutworm, 27.
of Garden Web-worm, 90.
’ of Glassy Cutworm, 20.
of Hedgehog Caterpillar, 74.
of Salt-marsh Caterpillar, 74.
of W-marked Cutworm, 31.
of Yellow-headed Cutworm, 21.
of Zebra-caterpillar, 171.
destroyed by Pale-striped Flea-beetle, 108.
Leucania albilinea, 83-84.
pseudargyria, 171, 231.
unipuncta, 17, 47—51, 227.
leucopterus, Blissus, 57.
Liburnia ornata, 204.
Lichens, spores of, as food of lady-bugs, 179.
lignicolor, Hadena, 17, 31, 231.
lignosellus, Elasmopalpus, 10, 94.
Ligyrocoris sylvestris, 233.
found on corn silk; distribution of, 198.
Ligyrus, 228.
character of injury to Corn by, 7.
gibbosus, 98, 184, 228.
rugiceps, 99.
Lilac as food plant of Smartweed Caterpillar,
170.
of Yellow Bear, 74.
Lily as food plant of Zebra-caterpillar, 171.
Limnobaris deplanata, 229.
found on Corn, 193.
lineatella, Prodenia, 79.
lineatus, Poecilocapsus, 200, 233.
lineolata, Cremastogaster, 126.
Lintner, J. A., 19, 31, 86, 100, 180, 182, 223.
Little Negro-bug, 115, 233.
Lixus concavus, 114, 229.
mucidus, 114, 229.
Lloyd, W. B., 145.
Lobelia as food plant of Red-banded Leaf-roll-
er, 175.
Locust as food plant of Sulphur Leaf-roller, 174.
Lesser Migratory, 67.
Rocky Mountain, 65, 136.
Locustide, 13, 148.
Lombardy Poplar as food plant of Smartweed
Caterpillar, 170.
longicornis, Diabrotica, 4, 69, 187, 188, 231.
longipennis, Dissosteira, 213, 229.
Long Johns. See Blister-beetles.
Lophoderus triferanus, 175.
Loxostege, 10.
similalis, 89-91, 227.
Lueerne as food plant of Zebra-caterpillar, 171.
lucublandus, Pterostichus, 177.
Lugger, Otto, 20, 132, 175, 195.
Luperodes varicornis, 187, 227.
Luperus brunneus, 187.
luteolellus, Crambus, 38, 40, 41, 42, 43, 153
154, 155, 230.
Lygus pratensis, 12, 118-120, 233.

See Army-worm,

M

McCook, H. C., 159.
Macrodactylus subspinosus, 184, 227.

Macrosiphum granaria taken on Corn, 206.
trifolii, 208.
maculata, Megilla, 179.
Madder family as favorite food plants of The-
retra tersa, 167.
Maggots, leaf-mining, 9.
maidiradicis, Aphis, 12, 69, 156.
maidis, Aphis, 12, 123, 156.
Thrips, 136.
mali, Empoasca, 121, 123.
Mallow as food plant of Ear-worm, 67.
Mamestra picta, 171.
renigera, 17, 35.
Maple infested by Euphoria inda, 101.
Soft, as food plant of Red-banded
roller, 175.
of Smartweed Caterpillar, 170.
buds and leaves eaten by W-marked Cut-
worm, 31.
leaves of, eaten by Dark-sided Cutworm, 33.
margaritosa saucia, Peridroma, 17, 23-25.
marginata, Epicauta, 111.
Margined Blister-beetle, 112, 113, 231.
Marten, John, 158.
mauritanica, Tenebrioides, 182.
May-beetles, 98.
Meadow grasshoppers, 13, 145, 146, 147, 227,
229.
distinguished from corn grasshoppers, 136.
egg-punctures made by, 215, 216.
larger, 144-146, 229.
smaller, 147, 148, 229.
Oat-grass as food plant of Garden Web-
worm, 90.
Meadows, injuries to, by sod web-worms, 36.
Mealy Flata, 203.
Megilla maculata, 179.
melancholica, Euphoria, 99, 100.
Melanophthalma distinguenda infesting Corn,
182.
pumila, 182.
Melanoplus atlanis, 67, 136.
bivittatus, 67, 136.
differentialis, 67, 136.
femur-rubrum, 67, 136, 142, 219.
scudderi 142, 229.
spretus, 136, 138, 139.
Melasoma lapponica, 186.
seripta, 186.
Melon as food plant of Common Striped Cut-
worm, 34.
of Dingy Cutworm, 27.
of Garden Web-worm, 90.
infested by Toothed Flea-beetle, 110.
injured by Imbricated Snout-beetle, 113.
-vines injured by Diabrotica tenella, 188.
Melons as food of thousand-legged worms, 222.
destroyed by Pale-striped Flea-beetle, 108.
injured by Leptoglossus phyllopus, 197.
by Western Green June-beetle, 102.
Mesogramma politum, 162-163.
Mesograpta polita, 162.
Mmessoria, Euxoa, 17, 32.
Microtoma atrata, 198, 233.
Mignonette as food plant of Ear-worm, 67.
Migratory Locust, Lesser, 67.

Leaf-

XXIV

Milkweed as breeding plant of Green Flata, 203.
Milkweeds as food of Argus Tortoise-beetle,
192.
Millet as food plant of Army-worm, 49.
of Garden Web-worm, 90.
Indian, infested by Larger Corn Stalk-borer,
92.
injured by Corn Flea-beetle, 110.
by Toothed Flea -beetle, 110.

subject to injury by Grass-worm, 82.

Millipeds, 14, 227.

Mills, R. G., 144, 219, 220.

Milo-maize injured by Thyanta perditor, 117.
minians, Nephelodes, 17, 29.

minutum, Monomorium, 157.

misera, Hadena, 77, 78, 232.

Mites, 14.

modestus, Tetranychus, 14, 224.

mollipes, Diedrocephala, 205.

Dreeculacephala, 205.

Monarda fistulosa as food plant of Sulphur
Leaf-roller, 174.
Monomorium minutum, 157.
pharaonis, 157.
Morning-glory as breeding plant of Sweet-
Potato Flea-beetle, 111.
as food plant of Cotton Cutworm, 80.
of Ear-worm, 67.
family, species of, as food of Argus Tortoise-
beetle, 192.
mortipennellus, Hypoclopus, 44, 95, 97.
mucidus, Lixus, 114, 115, 229.
Muck-beetles, 183-184.
Mulberry infested by Dusky Leaf-bug, 199.
Mullein as food plant of Euschistus variola-
rius, 196.
Murgantia histrionica, injury to Corn by, 196.
Murtfeldt, M. E., 83, 203.
Mustard as food plant of Seed-corn Maggot, 70.
mutabilis, Allorhina, 101.

Crambus, 39, 40, 41, 42, 48, 152, 154.
Myochrous denticollis, 103-104, 229.
Myriapoda, 14, 222, 228.

Myrmica seabrinodis lobicornis 228.
injuries by and distribution of, 158.

myron, Everyx, 167.

Myzus achyrantes, 209-210.

N

nais phalerata, Arctia, 76.

nebulosus, Sphragisticus, 198, 233.

Nectarines injured by Western Green June-
beetle, 102.

Nectarophora avenew, 206.

Needle-grass, 159.

Negro-bug, Little, 115, 233.

negundinis, Chaitophorus, 210.

Nemobius, 213.

fasciatus, 13, 214.

nemorale, Xiphidium, 147.

Nephelodes minians, 17, 29-31.

nervosa, Euthrips, 136.

Neuroptera, 14.

New Jersey Tea as food plant of Little Negro-
bug, 116.

niger, Lasius, 126, 159.
Nightshade as food plant of Pale-striped Flea-
beetle, 108.
nigricornis, (ieanthus, 215, 217, 218, 221.
nigrifrons, Deltocephalus, 121, 122, 123.
nigrum, Solanum, 190.
nitela, Gortyna, 44.
Hydreecia, 44.
Papaipema, 10, 17, 44.
nitens, Prenolepis, 158.
nitida, Allorhina, 101.
Nitidulids, 180, 181.
infesting Corn, 11.
niveus, (ecanthus, 217.
Noctua e-nigrum, 17, 25-26.
clandestina, 17, 31-32.
Nola sorghiella, 169.
Northern Corn Root-worm, 4, 228.
discussion of, cited, 69.
injury by adult of, 188-189.
9-notata, Coccinella, 179, 231.
nubilum, Boédpedon, 212, 229.
Nysius angustatus, 12, 117-118.

(0)

Oak as food plant of Red-banded Leaf-roller,
175.
of Smartweed Caterpillar, 170.
infested by Euphoria inda, 101.
-trees defoliated by Leaf-cutting Ant, 160.
Oat-grass, Meadow, as food plant of Garden
Web-worm, 90.
Oats as food plant of Leucania pseudargyria,
i7/Al.
Clover Plant-louse found on, 208.
damage to, by Chinch-bug, 59, 60.
by Thyanta perditor, 117.
destroyed by Pale-striped Ilea-beetle, 108.
by Schistocerea americana, 141.
eaten by Army-worm, 49.
by Clay-backed Cutworm, 28.
by Western Green Stink-bug, 116.
English Grain-louse on, 207.
infested by Corn Flea-beetle, 110.
by Euschistus variolarius, 196.
by Stalk-borer, 46.
by Sweet-Potato Flea-beetle, 111.
by Toothed Flea-beetle, 110.
injured by Stalk-maggot, 164.
by Yellow-headed Cutworm, 21.
injury to, by Glassy Cutworm, 20,
by larva of Sphenophorus parvulus, 56.
killed by sod web-worms, 37.
Southern Grain-louse as enemy of, 134.
subject to injury by Grass-worm, 82.
oblinita, Acronyeta, 170.
oblongifolia, Orchelimum, 144, 145.
obseurus, Plagiognathus, 201, 233.
ochreus, Sphenophorus, 52, 229.
ochrogaster, Euxoa, 17, 34.
Odontocera dorsalis mining leaves of Corn. 9,
165. See also Ceratomyza dorsalis.
(Ebalus, 233.
pugnax, injuries by, 194-195.
(Beanthine, 215.

XXV

(Ecanthus,: 213, 216, 219. Oscinide, 164.
angustipennis, distinctive characters of, 218. | Otiorhynchus ovatus, 192, 228.
determination of food of, 220. ovatus, Otiorhynchus, 192, 228.
situations found in, 217.
food of, 219, 220. Pp
forbesi, distinctive characters of, 217.
latipennis, 146. Packard, A. 58., 86.
distinetive characters of, 218. Pale-striped Flea-beetle, 107-108, 228.
egg-punctures of and oviposition by, 216. pallipennis, Carpophilus, 181.
noticed in corn fields, 217. pallipes, Agonoderus, 11, 178, 228.
nigricornis, determination of food of, 221. Pamphila accius, 166.
distinctive characters of, 218. Panic-grass, Yellow Sorghum Plant-louse found
eggs of, 215. on, 210.
noticed in corn fields, 217. Panicum as breeding plant of Scudderia tex-
niveus, distinctive characters of, 217. ensis, 144.
situations found in, 217. c erus-galli as food plant of Psylliodes con-
pini, determination of food of, 222. vexior, 192.
distinctive characters of, 218. Yellow Sorghum Plant-louse found on, 210.
4-punctatus, determination of food of, 220- | Pansy destroyed by Clay-backed Cutworm, 28.
PPA. Papaipema nitela, 10, 17, 44-47.
distinctive characters of, 218. Parajulus diversifrons eating Corn grains, 223.
situations found in, 217. venustus, situations found in, 223.
Okra as food plant of Ear-worm, 67. Parasites and other enemies of Greasy Cut-
olivacea, Campylacantha, 213, 229. worm, 22.
Olive Grasshopper, 67, 136, 229. of Army-worm, 49, 51.
Omophron beetles, 178. of Bronze Cutworm, 30.
labiatum, 178, 227. | of Stalk-borer, 47.
Oncometopia undata, 204. parcepunctata, Chetocnema, 191.
Onion as food plant of Army-worm, 49. Paris green for Army-worm, 51.
of Clay-backed Cutworm, 29. for cutworms, 91.
of Common Striped Cutworm, 34. for Garden Web-worm, 18, 31, 33.
of Garden Web-worm, 90. for grasshoppers, 14.
of Seed-corn Maggot, 70. Parsley as feod plant of Army-worm, 49.
of Variegated Cutworm, 24. Parsnip as food plant of Army-worm, 49.
crop damaged by Dark-sided Cutworm, 33. | of Carrot-beetle, 98.
injured by Imbricated Snout-beetle, 113. of Common Striped Cutworm, 34.
by Stalk-maggot, 165. | destroyed by Pale-striped Flea-beetle, 108.
Onthophagus hecate eating grains of Corn in | parvulus, Sphenophorus, 52, 55, 56, 229.
field, 183. Pastures, injury to, by sod web-worms, 37.
oppositus, Leptoglossus, 197, 198. Pasturing with pigs to clear ground of cut-
Orange as food plant of Grass-worm, 82. worms, 18, 23.
of Sulphur Leaf-roller, 174. Pea as food plant of Apantesis arge, 75.
Osage, as food plant of Red-banded Leaf- of Apantesis phyllira, 76.
roller, 175. of Army-worm, 49.
Oranges injured by Leptoglossus phyllopus, of Dark-sided Cutworm, 33.
_ ARR, of Diabrotica tenella, 188.
Orchard-grass as food plant of Garden Web- of Dingy Cutworm, 27.
worm, 90. of Ear-worm, 67.
Orchards, Striped Cricket abundant in, 215. of Garden Web-worm, 90.
tree-crickets found in, 217. of Granulated Cutworm, 32.
Orchelimum, 215, 216. of Seed-corn Maggot, 70.
agile, 144. of Variegated Cutworm, 24.
glaberrimum, 144. of Western Green Stink-bug, 116.
oblongifolia, food of, 144-145. of Yellow Bear, 74. ;
silvaticum, 144, 146. destroyed by Pale-striped Flea-beetle, 107,
vulgare, 13, 144. 108.
Ormenis pruinosa, 203. injured by Imbricated Snout-beetle, 113.
ornithogalli eudiopta, Prodenia, 80. by Western Cabbage Flea-beetle, 109.
Prodenia, 79. -vines as food of Cotton Cutworm, 80.
Orthoperus scutellaris found on Corn and on | Peach as food plant of Apantesis phalerata, 76.
apple-trees, 180. of Cotton Cutworm, 80.
Orthoptera destructive to Corn, 13. of Diabrotica tenella, 188.
of the corn field, leaf-eating, 226, 229. of Ear-worm, 67.
Osage Orange as food plant of Red-banded of Grass-worm, 82.
Leaf-roller, 175. crop destroyed by Dark-sided Cutworm, 33.

Osborn, Herbert, 100, 118. infested by Stalk-borer, 46.

XXVI

Peach— Continued.
injured by Smartweed Caterpillar, 170.
-trees defoliated by Leaf-cutting Ant, 160.
Peaches burrowed by Euphoria sepulchralis and
E. inda, 101.
eaten by Euschistus variolarius, 196.
injured by Western Green June-beetle, 102.
by leaf-footed plant-bugs, 197, 198.
by Striped Cricket, 215.
seedling, destroyed by Glassy Cutworm, 20.
Peanut as food plant of Ear-worm, 67.
injured by Smaller Corn Stalk-borer, 95.
Peanuts destroyed by Pale-striped Flea-beetle,
108.
Pear as food plant of Common Striped Cut-
worm, 34.
of Smartweed Caterpillar, 170.
injured by Imbricated Snout-beetle, 113.
-trees defoliated by Anomala undulata, 186.
young, destroyed by Pale-striped Flea-
beetle, 108.
Pears burrowed by Euphoria sepulchralis and
E. inda, 101. :
injured by Striped Cricket, 215.
ripe, injured by Western Green June-beetle,
102.
Pegomyia fusciceps, 9, 70.
pellucida, Camnula, 139.
Pennsylvania Field-cricket, 214. See Field-
cricket, Pennsylvania.
pennsylvanica, Epicauta, 111.
pennsylvanicus, Gryllus, 214, 219.
Pentatoma, 233.
ubleri, 116-117.
Pentatomide, 194, 233.
Pepper as food plant of Army-worm, 49.
of Ear-worm, 67.
perditor, Thyanta, 117, 233.
peregrina, Veronica, 116.
Pergande, Theo., 179, 206, 207, 208.
Peridroma margaritosa saucia, 17, 23-25.
permundus, Pterostichus, 177.
perplexus, Thrips, 136.
Persimmons burrowed by Euphoria inda, 101.
pertinax, Sphenophorus, 52.
Petunias injured by Potato Flea-beetle, 190.
Phalacrids, 180.
infesting ears of Corn, 11.
Phalacrus politus, food of, 180.
phalerata, Apantesis, 76, 230.
Arctia, 76.
pharaonis, Monomorium, 157.
Phlepsius irroratus, 205-206.
Phlox. as food plant of Fodder Worm, 86.
Phragmites communis as breeding plant of
Stalk-maggot, 165.
phyllira, Apantesis, 76, 230.
Arctia, 76.
phyllopus, Leptoglossus, 197, 198.
Phyllotreta albionica, 109.
pusilla, 109.
picta, Mamestra, 171.
Pigweed as food plant of Carrot-beetle, 98.
of Cotton Cutworm, 80.
of Grass-worm, 82.
of Margined and Striped blister-beetles, 112.

Pigweed as food plant—Continued.
of Pale-striped Flea-beetle, 108.
destruction of, as measure against Garden
Web-worm, 91.
family as natural food plants of Myzus achy-
rantes, 209-210.
favorite food of Sphragisticus nebulosus, 198.
infested by spanworm, 173.
Pine as food plant of Sulphur-Leaf-roller, 174.
pini, Gicanthus, 218, 222.
pistillata, Seudderia, 143.
Pitch-pine as food plant of Smartweed Cater-
pillar, 170.
placidus, Sphenophorus, 52.
Plagiognathus obsecurus, 201, 233.
Plantain as food plant of Apantesis arge, 75.
of Pale-striped Ilea-beetle, 108.
of Salt-marsh Caterpillar, 74.
of W-marked Cutworm, 31.
of Yellow Bear, 74.
Plant-beetles, 12.
Plant-bug, Tarnished, 12, 118-120, 199, 233.
Plant-bugs, leaf-footed, 197-198, 233.
Plant-lice, 233.
and ants, relations of, 126, 156, 158, 227.
as food of ladybugs, 179.
of tree-crickets, 215, 220, 221, 222.
character of injuries to Corn by, 7.
colonies of, preyed on by larve of syrphus~
flies, 10, 162.
eaten by larger meadow grasshoppers, 144.
on Corn, 206-211.
Plant-louse, Clover, 208.
Yellow Sorghum, 210.
planus, Aneyrophorus, 180.
Platynota flavedana, 176.
Platynus eincticollis and P. crenistriatus feed-
ing on Corn, 177.
Plowing, to destroy Garden Web-worm, 91.
early fall or midsummer, to prevent injury
by cutworms, 18, 20, 26, 29, 31.
or late spring, as measure against injury
by sod web-worms, 43-44.
late fall, as measure against Ear-worm, 68.
to destroy eg¢s and young of grasshoppers,
13.
Plum as food plant of Common Striped Cut-
worm, 34.
-trees defoliated by Anomala undulata, 186.
Plums burrowed by Euphoria inda, 101.
injured by leaf-footed plant-bugs, 197, 198.
by Western Green June-beetle, 102.
Podisus, 195.
Pecilocaptus lineatus, 200, 233.
Pogonomyrmex barbatus, 7, 159.
Poisoned baits for destruction of cutworms, 18,
19, 29, 30.
bran mash effective against Schistocerea alu-
tacea, 142.
Pokeweed as food plant of Prodenia ornitho-
galli eudiopta, 80.
Pole-beans damaged by Smartweed Flea-beetle,
191.
polita, Mesograpta, 162.
politum, Mesogramma, 162.
politus, Phalacrus, 180.

es ee ee

al

XXVITI

Pollen, Corn, as food of Corn-feeding Syrphus-
fly, 162, 163. -
of (balus pugnax, 194.
of capsid, 202,
of Phalacrus politus, 180.
eaten by meadow grasshoppers, 145.
polycephalum, Gnaphalium, 175.
Polygonum aviculare, 76.
Pop-corn injured by Red-banded Leaf-roller,
Win
Poplar injured by Smartweed Caterpillar, 170.
Lombardy, as food plant of Smartweed Cat-
pillar, 170.
Poppy as food plant of Army-worm, 49.
of Ear-worm, 67.
Porthetria dispar, 87-89.
Potato as breeding and food plant of Potato
Flea-beetle, 190.
as food plant of blister-beetles, 112.
of Clay-backed Cutworm, 29.
of Common Striped Cutworm, 34.
of Cotton Cutworm, 80.
of Dark-sided Cutworm, 33.
of Dissosteira longipennis, 213.
of Garden Web-worm, 90.
of Grass worm, 82.
of Greasy Cutworm, 21.
of Variegated Cutworm, 24.
blossoms as food of Western Green Stink-
bug, 116.
-bugs, old-fashioned. See Blister-beetles.
destroyed by Pale-striped Flea-beetle, 108.
Flea-beetle, breeding plants of, and injuries
py, 190.
infested by Stalk-borer, 46.
injured by False Chineh-bug, 118.
by Imbricated Snout-beetle, 113.
Sweet. See under Sweet Potato.
Potatoes as food of thousand-lezged worms,
222.
injured by adult Diabrotica tenella, 188.
Prairie Walking-stick, 211, 229.
pratensis, Lygus, 12, 118, 233.
Prenolepis imparis, 158-159.
nitens, 158.
Prionus injurious to roots of Corn, 12.
Prodenia, 10.
eudiopta, 79.
lineatella, 79.
ornithogalli, 79-81.
eudiopta, 80.
pruinosa, Crmenis, 203.
Prunes injured by Western Green June-beetle, -
102.
Pseudanaphora areanella, 44, 95, 97.
pseudargyria, Heliophila, 171.
Leucania, 171, 231.
Psylliodes convexior feeding on Corn, 192.
interstitialis, 192.
punctulata taken on Corn, 191.
Pterostichus lucublandus and P. permundus
feeding on Corn, 177.
pugnax, (balus, 194.
pulicaria, Chetoecnema, 109.
Corimelzena, 115, 233.
pulicarius, Latridius, 182.

pumila, Melanophthalma, 182.
Pumpkin as food plant of Ear-worm, 67.
of Garden Web-worm, 89, 90.
of W-marked Cutworm, 31.
Strawberry Crown-girdler found at roots of
193.
punctulata, Psylliodes, 191.
Purslane as food plant of Garden Web-worm,
89.
of Grass-worm, 82.
of Pale-striped Flea-beetle, 108.
pusilla, Phyllotreta, 109.
Pyrethrum for Spindle-worm, 86.

Q

4-cuttatus, Ips, 11-12, 13, 181, 227, 228.
4-punctata, Agallia, 121, 123.
4-punctatus, (icanthus, 217, 218, 220.
Quinces injured by Striped Cricket, 215.

R

Radish as food plant of Army-worm, 49.
of Common Striped Cutworm, 34.
of Dark-sided Cutworm, 33.
of Glassy Cutworm, 20.
of Seed-corn Maggot, 70.
of Western Green Stink-bug, 116.
destroyed by Pale-striped Flea-beetle, 108.
injured by False Chinch-bug, 118.
by Imbricated Snout-beetle, 113.
Ragweed as breeding plant of Green Flata, 205.
as food plant of Army-worm, 49.
of Dusky Leaf-bug, 199.
of Buphoria inda, 101.
of Pale-striped Flea-beetle, 108.
of Salt-marsh Caterpillar, 74.
of Stalk-borer, 46.
infested by Corn Flea-beetle, 110.
Rape as food plant of Cotton Cutworm, 80.
rapidus, Calocoris, 199, 233.
Raspberries as food of thousand-legged worms,
222.
burrowed by Euphoria inda, 101.
eaten by Euschistus variolarius, 196.
injured by Western Green June-beetle, 102.
Raspberry as food plant of Army-worm, 49.
of Cotton Cutworm, 80.
of Red-banded Leaf-roller, 175.
of Rose-chafer, 184.
canes infested by Stalk-borer, 46.
eggs of meadow grasshoppers in stems of, 146.
injured by Imbricated Snout-beetle, 113.
by Sweet-Potato Flea-beetle, 111.
by tree-crickets, 216.
leaves rolled by Rusty-Brown Tortrix, 176.
stems burrowed by Parajulus venustus, 223.
wild and cultivated, as food plant of Smart-
weed Caterpillar, 170.
Red-backed Cutworm, 232.
description, range, injuries, and life his-
tory of, 34-35.
-banded Leaf-roller, 175-176.
Haw infested by Euphoria inda, 101.
-legged Grasshopper, 67, 136, 142, 219, 229.
spiders, 223, 233.

XXVIII

Reed, common, as food plant of corn bill-bug
larve, 52.
infested by Stalk-maggot, 165.
Remedies and preventives for insect depreda-
arsenate of lead, 89.
arsenic, 14.

tions :

arsenical insecticides, 113.
barriers, 11, 29, 30, 84, 149.
burning egg-masses, 89.
infested fodder and waste, 87.
over grass-lands, 14.
clean culture, 12.
farming, 62.
coal-tar, 63.
collecting egg-masses, 14.
creosote oil, 89.
Criddle mixture, 14, 65.
destruction of Pigweed, 91.
of winter harborage, 12, 62.
digging out and destroying breeding cen-
ters, 161.
dusty strip and furrow, 62-63.
early mowing and feeding of grass, 47.
furrow and post-hole barriers, 51. 63.
furrows, 29, 51.
harrowing in fall, 91.
hopper-dozer, 14, 65, 66.
kerosene, 51, 63, 108.
emulsion, 64, 91.
modification of agricultural practice, 59.
Paris green, 14, 19, 51, 91.
mixed with bran or middlings, 18, 31,
Soe
pasturing with pigs, 18, 23.
plowing, 13, 31.
deep fall, 91.
early fall, 18, 26, 29, 43, 57.
late fall, 68.
spring, 44.
midsummer, 18.
poisoned baits, 18, 19, 29, 30, 142.
pyrethrum, 86.
rotation of crops, 11, 12, 16.
trapping by bands, 89.
reniformis atra, Helotropha, 232.
Helotropha, 10.
renigera, Mamestra, 17, 35.
Rhopalosiphum dianthifound on
other plants, 210.
Rhubarb and dock curculios, 114-115.
as breeding-plant of Lixus coneavus, 115.
infested by Stalk-borer, 46.
Rhus glabra as food plant of Dusky Leaf-bug,
199.
Rhynchophora, 192.
Rice as food plant of Leptoglossus phyilopus,
197.
subject to injury by Grass-worm, 82.
Riley, C. V., 26, 86, 90, 95, 99, 101, 203.
rileyi, Batrachedra, 176, 227.
Robins, Dark-sided Cutworm as food of, 33.
robustus, Sphenophorus, 52.
Roeky Mountain Locust (or Grasshopper), 65,
136, 229.
Root-lice, Corn, 227.
Root-louse, Corn. See Corn Root-aphis,

Corn and

Root web-worms, 36-44.
-worm beetles, 187, 227.
Jolaspis, 104-106, 228.
Northern Corn, 4, 228.
discussion of, cited, 69.
Southern Corn, 8, 188, 228, 229.
discussion of cited, 69.
rosa, Crocota, 71.
Eubaphe, 71, 230.
Rose as food plant of Red-banded Leaf-roller,
75:
of Rose-chafer, 184.
of Yellow-headed Cutworm, 21.
of Zebra-caterpillar, 171.
-chafer, 184, 227.
leaves cut up by Leaf-cutting Ant, 160.
eaten by Strawberry Crown-girdler, 193.
Rotation of crops for bill-bugs, white-grubs,
and wireworms, 12.
for Corn Root-worm, 16.

for cutworms, stalk-borers, and web-
worms, 11.
Rove-beetles, general description and food

habits of, 180.
ruficollis, Cartodere, 182.
rugiceps, Ligyrus, 99.
Rumex as food plant of Common Striped Cut-
worm, 34.
ruricollellus, Crambus, 153, 154.
Rushes infested by Stalk-maggot, 165.
Russian Thistle, eggs of Western Green Stink-
bug laid on, 117.
rusticus, Anisodactylus, 177.
Rusty-Brown Tortrix. See Tortrix,
Brown.
Rye as food plant of Army-worm, 49.
of Cotton Cutworm, 80.
of Dusky Leaf-bug, 199.
infested by Euschistus variolarius, 196.
injured by Crambus vulgivagellus, 42.
by Wheat-head Army-worm, 84.
subject to injury by Grass-worm, 82.
wild, English Grain-louse on, 207.

s

saccharalis, Diatrzea, 10, 91.
saccharatum, Sorghum, 92.
Saddle-back Caterpillar, 173, 230.
Salsify as food plant of Cotton Cutworm, 80.
of Red-banded Leaf-roller, 175.
of Sulphur Leaf-roller, 174.
Salt-marsh Caterpillar, 72, 230.
Sand-bur as food plant of Pale-striped Flea-
beetle, 108.
Sanderson, BE. D., 90, 91.
Sap of trees as food of Common Green-June-
beetle, 102.

of Euphoria inda, 101.

of Nitidulids, 181.
saucia, Agrotis, 23.
seabrinodis lobicornis, Myrmica, 158, 228.
Scarabeide, 180, 184.
Scavenger-beetles, 180-184.
schaufussi, Formica, 161.
Schistocerea alutacea, 141.

americana, 67, 140.

Rusty-

XXIX

seripta, Melasoma, 186.
secoparius, Sphenophorus, 52.
Scudder, 8.-H., 167.
seudderi, Melanoplus, 142, 229.
Scudderia fureata, 143-144.
pistillata, 143-144.
texensis, 143-144.
Seudder’s Short-winged Grasshopper, 142-143.
sculptilis, Sphenophorus, 52.
seutellaris, Orthoperus, 180.
Sedges as food of Chinch-bug, 59.
of larve of corn bill-bugs, 52.
eaten by Dreculacephala mollipes, and eggs
laid on same, 205.
Seed-corn as food of thousand-legged worms,
222!
beetle, 178.
injured by Agonoderus pallipes, 178.
Maggot, 2, 5, 9, 70, 228.
semitectus, Colastus, 181.
sepulchralis, Euphoria, 99, 100.
serrulata, Alnus, 170.
servus, Euschistus, 195.
Setaria, Yellow Sorghum
on, 210.
sexnotata, Cicadula, 121, 123.
Short-winged Green Grasshopper, 212.
Shrubbery injured by red spiders, 223.
by Strawberry Crown-girdler, 193.
Shrubs and trees as breeding place of Flatas,
208.
buds and leaves of, as food of W-marked
Cutworm, 31.
injured by tree-crickets, 216.
injury to, by Dingy Cutworm, 27.
leaves of, as food of Saddle-back Caterpillar,
IF/R3.
Sibine stimulea, 173.
Silk-fly, 188.
Silphium, Diabrotica atripennis taken on, 189.
silvaticum, Orchelimum, 144.
similalis, Loxostege, 89, 227.
simplex, Anabrus, 148.
Siphocoryne avene, 206.
Sirrine, F. A., 33.
Slingerland, M. V., 49, 51.
Small Green Grasshopper, 142, 229.
Smaller Corn Stalk-borer, 10, 94-95, 232.
meadow grasshoppers, 147-148.
Smartweed as food plant of Apantesis arge, 75.
of Common Striped Cutworm, 34.
of Smartweed Caterpillar, 170.
of Smartweed Flea-beetle, 191.
of Yellow Bear, 74.
Caterpillar, 170, 230.
Flea-beetle, food plants of and injury by,
190-191.
Smith, J. B., 19, 33, 50, 84, 86, 173.
Snout-beetle, Imbricated, 113, 231.
Snout-beetles, 192-194, 226.
injurious to Corn, 229.
Snout-moth. See Fodder Worm.
Snowy Cricket, 216.
Sod Web-worm, Common, 230.
Striped, 230.

Plant-louse found

Sod— Continued.
web-worms, 36-44, 230.
descriptive distinctions for
149-155.
general description of, 36.
injuries by, 36-42.
life histories of, 42, 43.
methods of injury by, 37, 38, 226.
prevention and remedy for, 43.
Solanum nigrum as breeding plant of Potato
Flea-beetle, 190.
wild, as food plant of Army-worm, 49.
Solenopsis debilis, 228.
sorghiella, Celama, 169, 227.
Nola, 169.
Sorghum as food plant of Army-worm, 49.
of Diabrotica tenella, 188.
damage to, by Thyanta perditor, 117.
destroyed by Texan Agricultural Ant, 159.
eaten by Leptoglossus phyllopus, 197.
infested by Corn Flea-beetle, 110.
by Mealy Flata, 203.
injuries to, by Corn Leaf-aphis, 124, 206.
by Small Green Grasshopper, 142.
by Sorghum Web-worm, 169.
by Wheat-head Army-worm, 83.
by Yellow Sorghum Plant-louse, 210.
leaves, eges of Dreculacephala mollipes de-
posited on, 205.
saccharatum infested by Larger Corn Stalk-
borer, 92.
subject to injury by Grass-worm, 82.
Web-worm, 227.
food habits and deseription of, 169.
soror, Diabrotica, 188.
Sorrel as food plant of Yellow Bear, 74.
Southern Corn Leaf-beetle, 103-104, 231.
Root-worm, 8, 188, 228, 229.
discussion of, cited, 69.
Stalk-worm, 10.
Grain-louse, 134, 206.
Sow-thistle, Clover Plant-louse on, 208.
Spanish flies, 111.
Needles as food plant of Little Negro-bug,
116.
eggs of meadow grasshoppers in stems of,
146.
Spanworms, 173.
speciosus, Hesperotettix, 142.
Spermacoce glabra as food plant of Theretra
tersa, 167.
Sphenophorus, 11, 17, 115, 229.
eariosus, 52.
ochreus, 52, 229.
parvulus, 452, 55, 229.
pertinax, 52.
placidus, 52.
robustus, 52.
scoparius, 52.
seulptilis, 52.
venatus, 52.
Sphragisticus nebulosus, 198, 233.
Spiders, red, 223, 233.
Spinach as food plant of Common Striped Cut-
worm, 34.
of Dark-sided Cutworm, 33.

species of,

XXX

Spinach as food plant—Continued.
of Grass-worm, 82.
of Greasy Cutworm, 21.
of Hedgehog Caterpillar, 74.
of Yellow-headed Cutworm, 21.
infested by Stalk-borer, 46.
Spindle-worm, 10, 77, 85-86, 232.
Spotted Cutworm, 25-26, 232.
Diabrotiea, 231.
Willow-beetle, 186, 231.
spretus, Melanoplus, 136.
Spruce, Fodder Worm collected from, 86.
squarrosa, Grindelia, 90.
Squash as food plant of Common Striped Cut-
worm, 34.
of Diabrotica tenella, 188.
of Har-worm, 67.
of Garden Web-worm, 89.
of Greasy Cutworm, 21.
injured by Imbricated Snout-beetle, 113.
Squashes as food of thousand-legged worms,
999

destroyed by Texan Agricultural Ant, 159.
Stalk-borer, 10, 44-47, 77.
injury to Corn by, 17, 231.
Larger Corn, 91-93, 233.
Smaller Corn, 10, 94—95, 232.
Stalk-borers, 2, 7, 10, 11.
Hadena, 77-78.
of Corn, 226, 232-233.
Stalk-maggot, 164, 226.
Staphylinide, 180.
Stedman, J. M., 27.
stercorator, Atzenius, 183.
stimulea, Empretia, 173.
Sibine, 173.
Stink-bug, 117.
Western Green, 116-117, 233.
Stink-bugs, 194-196, 233.
stipata, Hadena, 77, 78, 232.
Stobera tricarinata, 204.
Strawberries as food of Dusky Leaf-bug, 199.
of thousand-legged worms, 222.
burrowed by Euphoria inda, 101.
injured by field-crickets, 214.
by Thripide, 135.
Strawberry as food plant of Army-worm, 49.
of Dingy Cutworm, 27.
of Grass-worm, 82.
of Greasy Cutworm, 22.
of Sulphur Leaf-roller, 174.
of Zebra-ecaterpillar, 171.
Clover Plant-louse common on, 208.
Crown-girdler, 192-193.
and roots injured by
Crown-girdler, 193.
eggs of Apantesis phalerata found on, 77.
infested by Toothed Flea-beetle, 110.
injured by Imbricated Snout-beetle, 113.
by Little Negro-bug, 116.
by Smartweed Caterpillar, 170.
leaves eaten by adult Colaspis brunnea, 106.
rolled by Rusty-Brown Tortrix, 176.
plants destroyed by Glassy Cutworm, 20.
by Pale-striped Flea-beetle, 108.
injured by False Chinch-bug, 118.

crowns Strawberry

Strawberry— Continued.
roots injured by Colaspis Root-worm, 105.
wild, infested by Sweet-Potato Flea-beetle,
1h lake
striata, Anaphothrips, 136.
strictum, Xiphidium, 147.
Striped Blister-beetle, 112, 113, 231.
Cricket, 214-215.
Cucumber-beetle, 231.
food habits of, 187, 188.
gophers, 39.
Sod Web-worm, 230.
strumarium, Xanthium, 90.
subgothica, Feltia, 17, 26.
subspinosus, Macrodactylus, 184, 227.
Sugar-beet as food plant of Army-worm, 49.
of Dark-sided Cutworm, 33.
of Grass-worm, 82.
destroyed by Pale-striped Flea-beetle, 107,108.
infested by Corn Flea-beetle, 110.
by Glyptina brunnea, 191.
by Sweet-Potato Flea-beetle, 111.
injured by Imbricated Snout-beetle, 113.
by Toothed Flea-beetle, 110.
by Western Cabbage Flea-beetle, 109.
insect, Dreeculacephala mollipes. as a, 205.
Myzus achyrantes as a, 209.
Oncometopia undata as a, 204.
Plagiognathus obseurus as a, 201.
Sphragisticus nebulosus as a, 198.
red spiders as, 223.
Potato Flea-beetle injurious to, 190.
Sugar-cane as food plant of Garden Web-worm,
90.
Beetle, 99.
Borer, 10.
injured by Larger Corn Stalk-borer, 92.
by Sugar-cane Beetle, 99.
sprouts infested by Stalk-maggot, 165.
subject to injury by Grass-worm, 82.
sulfureana, Dichelia, 174.
sulfureana, Epagoge, 174.
Sulphur Leaf-roller, 174-175.
Sumace as food plant of Dusky Leaf-bug, 199.
Summer Savory destroyed by Pale-striped Flea-
beetle, 108.
Sunflower as food plant of Campylacantha
olivacea, 213.
of Carrot-beetle, 98.
of Ear-worm, 67.
of Small Green Grasshopper, 142.
of Yellow Bear, 74.
as breeding plant of Lixus conecavus, 115.
Sweet Clover as food plant of Salt-marsh Cat-
erpillar, 74.
of Zebra-caterpillar, 171.
Potato as food plant of Army-worm, 49.
of Carrot-beetle, 98.
of Clay-backed Cutworm, 29.
of Dingy Cutworm, 27.
of Garden Web-worm, 90.
of Grass-worm, 82.
of Seed-corn Maggot, 70.
destroyed by Pale-striped Flea-beetle, 108.
Flea-beetle, 110-111.
injured by Dark-sided Cutworm, 33.

XXXI

Sweet Potato injured— Continued.
by Sweet-Potato Flea-beetle, 111.
sylvestris, Ligyrocoris, 198, 233.
Syrphus-fly, 162-163.
Syrphus larve, food of, 9, 10, 162.
Systena blanda, 107-108.
hudsonias, 190-191.

T

Tarnished Plant-bug, 12,

° 201, 233.

taurina, Ceresa, 204.

Tenebrioides corticalis dubia, 182.
mauritanica in stored grain and meal, 182.
spp., general description of beetles of, 182.

tenella, Diabrotica, 187.

Tent-caterpillar, 88.

Terrill, J. S., 192.

tersa, Cherocampa, 167.

Theretra, 167, 230.

tessellata, Euxoa, 17, 34.

Tetranychus, 223, 233.
bimaculatus, 14, 224.
modestus, 14, 224.

texensis, Scudderia, 143.

Theretra tersa, 167, 230.

Thermopsis as food plant of Euschistus vario-

larius, 196.
Thistle as food plant of Dusky Leaf-bug, 199.
flowers of, infested by Euphoria inda, 101.
infested by Euschistus variolarius, 196.
Russian, eggs of Western Green Stink-bug
laid on, 117.

Striped Cricket abundant on, 215.

Yellow, as food plant of Leptoglossus phyl-
lopus, 197.

Thomas, Cyrus, 190.

Thousand-legged worms, food and eggs of, 222.

Thousand-legs, 228.

Thripide, 135.

Thrips family, 135, 233.
maidis, 136.
perplexus, 136.

Thyanta custator, 117, 196.
perditor, 117, 233.

Tiger-moth, Arge, 75.

Tiger-moths, 70.

Timothy as food plant of Army-worm, 49.

of Garden Web-worm, 90.

of Leucania pseudargyria, 171.
Bill-bug, 229.
damaged by Wheat-head Army-worm, 84.
destroyed by Glassy Cutworm, 20.
eaten by Southern Corn Leaf-beetle, 104.
eggs of meadow grasshoppers in stems of, 146.
fields, Striped Cricket abundant in, 215.
infested by Stalk-borer, 46.

by Sweet-Potato Flea-beetle, 111.
injuries to, by Sphenophorus sculptilis, 56.
root-bulbs of, infested by larve of corn bill-

bugs, 52.

roots as food of Colaspis Root-worm, 105.
subject to injury by Grass-worm, 82.

Tineid leaf-miner, injuries by, 176.

Tipula bicornis, figure of larva of, 161.
costalis suspected of injury to Corn, 162.

118-120, 199, 200,

Tipulide, injuries to Corn by, 9, 162.
Titus, E. S.4G., 217, 219.
Tobacco as food plant of Common Striped Cut-
worm, 34.
of Dark-sided Cutworm, 33.
of Garden Web-worm, 90.
of Grass-worm, 82.
of Greasy Cutworm, 21.
Bud-worm, 67. -
Ear-worm destructive to, 67.
injured by Crambus luteolellus, 42.
by Euschistus variolarius, 195.
by Potato Flea-beetle, 190.
Tomato as breeding plant of Potato Flea-beetle,
190.
as food plant of Clay-backed Cutworm, 29.
of Common Striped Cutworm, 34.
of Cotton Cutworm, 80.
of Dark-sided Cutworm, 33.
of Dingy Cutworm, 27.
of Garden Web-worm, 90.
of Grass-worm, 82.
of Greasy Cutworm, 21.
of Red-banded Leaf-roller, 175.
of Variegated Cutworm, 24.
destroyed by Pale-striped Flea-beetle, 108.
infested by. Stalk-borer, 46.
injured by field-crickets, 214.
by Imbricated Snout-beetle, 113.
leaves and fruit eaten by Prodenia ornitho-
galli eudiopta, 80.
-worm, 67. See under Corn-worm.
Common, 167.
Tomatoes as food of Ear-worm, 67.
burrowed by Euphoria inda, 101.
eaten by Euschistus variolarius, 196.
injured by Leptoglossus oppositus, 197.
by Western Green June-beetle, 102.
Toothed Flea-beetle, 110.
Tortoise-beetle, Argus, 192, 231.
Tortricid#, 174-176.
Tortrix, Rusty-Brown, 176, 226.
Townsend, C. H. T., 186.
Toxoptera graminum, 134.
Tree-crickets (climbing crickets or white crick-
ets), 145, 215-222, 227.
Trees and shrubs as breeding place of Flatas,
203.
fruit, infested by Leptoglossus, 197.
injured by adult Diabrotica tenella, 188.
by red spiders, 223.
by tree-crickets, 216.
leaves of, as food of Saddle-back Caterpillar,
W786
of young, as food of woolly bears, 73.
tricarinata, Stobera, 204.
tricosa, Agrotis, 26.
tridentatus, Aphonus, 184.
triferana, Eulia, 175.
triferanus, Lophoderus, 175.
trifolii, Macrosiphum, 208.
Triphleps insidiosus, 202, 233.
Tripsacum dactyloides infested by Larger Corn
Stalk-borer, 92.
trisectus, Crambus, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 153, 154.
tritici, Euthrips, 136.

XXXIT

Trogositidse, 180, 182.
Tumblebug, 183. .
Turf web-worms, 10. See Sod web-worms.
Turnip as food plant of Bristly Cutworm, 35.
of Dark-sided Cutworm, 33.
of Dingy Cutworm, 27.
of Grass-worm, 82.
of Prodenia ornithogalli eudiopta, 80.
of Seed-corn Maggot, 70.
of Western Green Stink-bug, 116.
destroyed by Pale-striped Flea-beetle, 108.
injured by Smaller Corn Stalk-borer, 95.
Two-striped Grasshopper, 67, 136, 229.

U

uhleri, Pentatoma, 116, 117.

undata, Oneometopia, 204.

undulata, Anomala, 185, 227.

unipuncta, Heliophila, 47.

Leucania, 17, 47, 227.

urticifolia, Verbena, 174.

U. S. Department of Agriculture, 176, 187.
Division of Entomology, 93, 204.
Entomologist, 108.

Vv

Vagabond Crambus, 230.

varicornis, Luperodes, 187, 227.
Variegated Cutworm, 23-25, 282.
variegatus, Brachytarsus, 194.
variolarius, Euschistus, 195.

veliei, Diapheromera, 211.

velii, Diapheromera, 211.

venatus, Sphenophorus, 52.

venustus, Parajulus, 223.

Verbena as food plant of Yellow Bear, 74.

hastata and V. urticifolia as food plant of Sul- |

phur Leaf-roller, 174.
Searlet, as food plant of Garden Web-worm,
90.
Veronica peregrina as food plant of Little Ne-
gro-bug, 116.
Vetch, Hairy, as food plant of Ear-worm, 67.
Vines injured by tree-crickets, 216.
_ leaves of, as food of woolly bears, 73.
Violet as food plant of Cotton Cutworm, 80.
virginica, Diacrisia, 72.
viridis, Dichromorpha, 212, 229.
vittata, Diabrotica, 188.
Epicauta, 111.
_ phalerata, Arctia, 76.
vulgare, Orchelimum, 13, 144,
vulgivagellus, Crambus, 39, 41, 42, 43, 153, 154,
230.

Ww

Walking-stick, Prairie, 211, 229.

Walking-sticks, 229.

Wasps, 8.

Watermelon as food plant of Army-worm, 49.

Watermelons infested by Leptoglossus oppos-
itus, 198.

Webster, EF. M., 25, 27, 77, 86, 104, 134, 158,
162, 182, 189, 192,.199, 202.

Web-worm, Fall, 88.
Garden, 89-91, 227.
Sorghum, 169, 227.
Web-worms, 10, 11, 95.
burrowing, 95-98, 226.
distinguished from sod web-worms and
cutworms, 44.
garden, 7, 10, 226, 231.
sod, 16, 36-44, 226.
Weed, C. M., 193, 207.
Weeds as food of Common Striped Cutworm, 34,
of Dark-sided Cutworm, 33.
of False Chinch-bug, 118.
of Garden Web-worm, 89.
of Imbricated Snout-beetle, 113.
of Sulphur Leaf-roller, 174.
devoured by Granulated Cutworm, 32.
eggs of tree-crickets deposited in, 216.
infested by Green Flata, 203.
by Liburnia ornata, 204.
by Stalk-borer, 46.
rhubarb and dock curculios breeding in stems
of, 114.
Thyanta custator found on, 196.
Weevils, injury to Corn by, 5, 113.
Western Cabbage Flea-beetle, 109.
Green June-beetle, 102.
Stink-bug, 116, 233.
Striped Cutworm, 26-27, 232. See Cutworm,
Western Striped.

| Wheat as food plant of Apantesis phyllira,§{76.

of Army-worm, 49.

of Cotton Cutworm, 80.

of Granulated Cutworm, 32.

of Leueania pseudargyria, 171.

of Prodenia ornithogalli eudiopta, 80.

of Smartweed Caterpillar, 170.
Campylacantha olivacea taken on, 213.
Clover Plant-louse found on, 208.
culture favorable to Chinch-bug, 62.
damaged by Euschistus variolarius, 196.

by Tarnished Plant-bug, 119.

by Wheat-head Army-worm, 84.
destroyed by Chinch-bug, 59.

by Dingy Cutworm, 27.

by Tenebrioides corticalis dubia, 182.
eaten by Leptoglossus phyllopus, 197.
eggs of meadow grasshoppers deposited in, 148.

of Western Green Stink-bug laid on, 117.
English Grain-louse found on, 207.
European Grain-louse found on, 206.

fields, Boépedon nubilum taken in, 212.
-head Army-worm, 83, 231.
infested by Corn Flea-beetle, 110.
by Toothed Flea-beetle, 110.
injured by Anomala undulata, 186.
by Crambus vulgivagellus, 41-42.
by Euschistus fissilis, 195.
by larva of Sphenophorus parvulus, 56.
by Little Negro-bug, 116.
by Gibalus pugnax, 194.
by Spotted Cutworm, 25.
by Stalk-maggot, 164.
by Sweet-Potato Plea-beetle, 111.
by Western Green Stink-bug, 116.

by Yellow-headed Cutworm, 21.

Wheat— Continued.
leaves cut up by Leaf-cutting Ant, 160.
shocked, infested by Eustilbus apicalis, 180.
smut as food of Phalacrus politus, 180.
bred in and fed on, by Corn-smut Beetle,
194.
Southern Grain-louse as enemy of, 134.
spring and winter, relative liability to injury
by Chinech-bug, 59.
stored, eaten by Corn-smut Beetle, 194.
Strawberry Crown-girdler found on, 193.
subject to injury by Grass-worm, 82.
Thyanta custator found on, 196.
winter, destroyed by Glassy Cutworm, 20.
Yellow Sorghum Plant-louse breeding on,
210.
White-grubs, 2, 4, 5, 6, 11, 12, 36, 37, 101, 102,
105, 184, 228.
diseussion of, cited, 69.
Williams, T. A., 210.
Willow as food plant of Sulphur Leaf-roller, 174.
-beetle, Spotted, 186, 231.
cecidomyiid galls on, infested by Sulphur
Leaf-roller, 174.
denuded by Spotted Willow-beetle, 187.
eggs of meadow grasshoppers deposited in
galls of, 148.
infested by Stalk-borer, 46.
injured by Smartweed Caterpillar, 170.
Wireworms, 2, 4, 5, 7, 11, 12, 186, 228, 229.
discussion of, cited, 69.

‘

XXXII

Wistaria frutescens, Lerema accius recorded
from, 166.
W-marked Cutworm, 31-32, 232.
Woolly Beard-grass, Lerema accius recorded
from, 166.
Bears, 70-77, 230.

x
Xabea, 213, 216.
bipunctata, 219.
Xanthium strumarium as food plant of Garden
Web-worm, 90.
Xiphidium brevipenne, 147-148.
fasciatum, 147-148.
nemorale, 147—148.
strictum, 147-148.

¥:

Yellow Bear, 72, 226, 230.
-headed Cutworm. See Cutworm,
headed.
Sorghum Plant-louse, 210-211.
Thistle as natural food plant of Leptoglossus
phyllopus, 197.
ypsilon, Agrotis, 17, 21.

Yellow-

Z

zee, Achatodes, 10, 85.
Anthomyia, 70.

Zebra-caterpillar, 171, 227.

zeéllus, Crambus, 38, 42, 153, 155.

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