Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2011 with funding from LYRASIS members and Sloan Foundation http://www.archive.org/details/reportofstateent315conn .5 4-3 Bulletin 315 April, 1930 I V TWENTY-NINTH REPORT CONNECTICUT STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1929 W. E. BRITTON, Ph.D. State Entomologist Qluuuertirut Agricultural iExpmnmtt 8>tattmt Nftu Ifatten The bulletins of this station are mailed free to citizens of Connecticut who apply for them, and to other applicants as far as the editions permit. CONNECTICUT AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION BOARD OF CONTROL His Excellency, Governor John H. Trumbull, ex-officio, President Elijah Rogers, Vice President Southington George A. Hopson, Secretary '. Mt. Carmel Wm. L. Slate, Director and Treasurer New Haven Joseph W. Alsop Avon Edward C. Schneider Middletown Francis F. Lincoln Cheshire S. McLean Buckingham Watertown Administration. Analytical Chemistry. Biochemistry. Botany. Entomology. Forestry. Plant Breeding. Soils. Tobacco Substation at Windsor. STAFF E. H. Jenkins, Ph.D., Director Emeritus. Wm. L. Slate, B.Sc, Director and Treasurer. Miss L. M. Brautlecht, Bookkeeper and Librarian. Miss Dorothy Amrine, B.Litt., Editor. G. E. Graham, In Charge of Buildings and Grounds. E. M. Bailey, Ph.D., Chemist in Charge. C. E. Shepard ^ Owen L. Nolan Harry J. Fisher, A.B. > Assistant Chemists. W. T. Mathis I David C. Walden, B.S. J Harriet C. Yale, General Assistant. Frank C. Sheldon, Laboratory Assistant. V. L. Churchill, Sampling Agent. Mrs. A. B. Vosburgh, Secretary. H. B. Vickery, Ph.D., Biochemist in Charge. George W. Pucher, Ph.D., Assistant Biochemist. Mrs. Helen Cannon Cronin, B.S., Dietitian. G. P. Clinton, Sc.D., Botanist in Charge. E. M. Stoddard, B.S., Pomologist. . Miss Florence A. McCormick, Ph.D., Pathologist. Harold B. Bender, B.S., Assistant A. D. McDonnell, General Assistant. Mrs. W. W. Kelsey, Secretary. W. E. Britton, Ph.D., Entomologist in Charge, State Entomologist. H. B. Walden, B.Agr. ~\ M. P. Zappe, B.S. I . . Philip Garman, Ph.D. [ Assistant Entomologists. Roger B. Friend, Ph.D. J John T. Ashworth, Deputy in Charge of Gipsy Moth Work. R. C. Botsford, Deputy in Charge of Mosquito Elimination. J. P. Johnson, B.S., Deputy in Charge of Asiatic and Japanese Beetle Quarantines. Mrs Gladys Brooke, B.A., Secretary. Walter O. Filley, Forester in Charge. H. W. Hicock, M.F., Assistant Forester. J. E, Riley, Jr., M.F., In Charge of Blister Rust Control. Henry Bull, M.F., Assistant. Miss Pauline A. Merchant, Secretary. Donald F. Jones, Sc.D., Geneticist in Charge. W. R. Singleton, S.M., Assistant Geneticist. H. R. Murray, M.Sc, Assistant. Mrs. Catherine R. Miller, M.A., Secretary. M. F. Morgan, M.S., Agronomist in Charge. H. G. M. Jacobson, M.S., Assistant Agronomist. Herbert A. Lunt, Ph.D., Assistant in Forest Soils. Dvvight B. Downs, General Assistant. Paul J. Anderson, Ph.D., Pathologist in Charge. T. R. Swanback, M.S., Agronomist. O. E. Street, M.S., Plant Physiologist. Miss Dorothy Lenard, Secretary. the tuttle, morehouse & taylor company, new haven, conn. CONTENTS Page Letter of submittal 483 484 Financial statement Department staff and work Exhibits 487 Collection of insects 488 New equipment 488 Summary of office and inspection work 488 Publications of the department, 1929 489 Entomological features of 1929 490 Fruit insects 491 Vegetable insects 493 Shade and forest tree insects 495 Insects attacking ornamental shrubs and vines 497 Insects attacking flowers and greenhouse plants 498 Field and lawn insects 499 Household insects 499 Miscellaneous insects 500 Convention of entomological workers 500 Inspection of nurseries in 1929 502 Connecticut nursery firms certified in 1929 508 Inspection of imported nursery stock 516 Inspection of apiaries in 1929 519 Gipsy moth work in Connecticut in 1929 529 The cost of spraying woodland in Connecticut for the control of the gipsy moth 543 The spread and control of the European corn borer in Connecticut .... 563 Tests of various apple sprays 569 A study of various oils and emulsions for killing the eggs of the Euro- pean red mite 571 Experiments with oils on a double infestation of aphids and European red mites at the experiment farm at Mount Carmel 576 Notes on life history and control of the pine leaf scale 578 The Mexican bean beetle in Connecticut 581 Fuller's rose beetle in Connecticut 585 An outbreak of small aquatic flies in a filter plant 587 The Japanese beetle : scouting and quarantine enforcement 588 The Asiatic beetle : quarantine and inspection 599 The revised insect pest law 604 Spread of the satin moth 605 482 CONTENTS Page The Asiatic garden beetle in Connecticut 607 Mosquito control in Connecticut in 1929 608 Miscellaneous insect notes 614 European pine shoot moth in Hamden 614 Leaf rollers on rose 614 Strawberry whitefly 614 Lyctus beetles 614 Injury to young coniferous trees by white grubs 614 Kermes on black oak 615 Aphids on ferns 615 Rose midge in greenhouse 615 Stalk borer infesting a corn field 615 Injury to golf greens by Crambus larvae 616 Grass injured by white grubs 616 The pit-making oak scale 617 Index 619 Authorship For bibliographical purposes all material published in this bulletin, unless otherwise indicated, should be credited to W. E. Britton. Illustrations The illustrations in this bulletin are from the following sources : Figures, all from line drawings ; 45, 50, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57 and 58, maps prepared by B. H. Walden; 46, 47, 48 and 49 by R. B. Friend; 51 by Philip Garmah. Plates, all from photographs ; XIII, a, from Massachusetts Department of Agriculture; XXI, a and c, from Burgess and Crossman, Bureau of Ento- mology, United States Department of Agriculture ; XVI, XVII, and XIX, a, by J. P. Johnson; XXV, b, by W. O. Filley ; XIII, b, and XIV by W. E. Britton ; XXVIII by R. C. Botsford ; all others by B. H. Walden. TWENTY-NINTH REPORT CONNECTICUT STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1929 To the Director and Board of Control of the Connecticut Agricul- tural Experiment Station: I have the honor to transmit herewith my twenty-ninth report as State Entomologist of Connecticut. A comprehensive account of the Oriental peach moth, prepared by Doctor Garman, has been published as Bulletin 313. The official inspection and control operations prescribed by Statute are given in some detail, as well as a review of the various quarantines and their enforcement. One important development of the year was the discovery in Connecticut of the Mexican bean beetle. Other brief papers indi- cate the research and observations of members of the department staff. Respectfully submitted, W. E. Britton, State and Station Entomologist. 484 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 315 FINANCIAL STATEMENT Report of Receipts and Expenditures of the State Entomologist July 1, 1928', to June 30, 1929. Receipts Insect pest appropriation, biennial period ending June 30, 1929 $60,000.00 Deficiency appropriation 15,000.00 Miscellaneous receipts, refunds, etc 570.68 $75,570.68 Expended to June 30, 1928 38,915.41 Balance available July 1, 1928 Expenditures Salaries $18,710.00 Labor 7,936.43 Stationery and office supplies 142.39 Scientific supplies (chemicals) 22.94 Scientific supplies (other laboratory supplies) 22.58 Scientific supplies (photographic supplies) 95.11 Insecticides, etc. 804. 1 1 Lumber and Small Hardware : 3.40 Miscellaneous Supplies 110.46 Automobile Oil 144.53 Fertilizer 10.00 Telegraph and Telephone 188.02 Postage .- 71.50 Travel expense (outlying investigations) 2,759.29 Travel expense (meetings, conf., etc.) 364.14 Travel expense (gasoline for automobiles) 731.44 Freight, express and parcel post 38.98 Publications (bulletins, annual reports) 33.25 Electricity 39.24 Furniture and fixtures (new) 491.19 Furniture and fixtures (repairs) 23.45 Library (books and periodicals) 89.44 Scientific equipment (new) 570.39 Scientific equipment (repairs) 1.35 Automobiles (new) 581.00 Automobiles (repairs) 339.99 Tools, machinery and appliances (new) 145.49 Tools, machinery and appliances (repairs) 2.25 New buildings and structures 709.69 Build'nes (repairs and alterations) 15.15 Rent of land and buildings 58.75 Contingent insurance 54.92 Miscellaneous contingent expenses 131.84 Total disbursements $35,442.71 Balance on hand June 30, 1929 1,212.56 $36,655.27 DEPARTMENT STAFF AND WORK 485 DEPARTMENT STAFF AND WORK W. E. Britton, Ph.D., State and Station Entomologist. B. H. Walden, B.Agr., Photographic and General Work. ) M. P. Zappe, B.S., Inspection and General Work. ( Assistant Philip Garman, Ph.D., Research Work. ( Entomologists. Roger B. Friend, Ph.D., Research Work. ' J. F. Townsend ) B. W. McFarland f ~ 7 . • t T r c„TT -\/r c r I e clinicians. John C. Schread, M.S. ( W. Theodore Brigham, B.S. ' J. Peter Johnson, B.S., Deputy in Charge of Asiatic and Japanese Beetle Quarantines. John T. Ashworth, Deputy in Charge of Gipsy Moth Work. James A. McEvoy, Assistant in Gipsy Moth Work. Robert C. Botsford, Deputy in Charge of Mosquito Work. Mrs. Gladys Brooke, B.A., Secretary. H. W. Coley, Westport) A-biarv Inspectors A. W. Yates, Hartford] apiary mspectoi s. Mr. Walden has continued as chief photographer for the depart- ment and has been in charge of the office during the absence of the Entomologist. He has had charge of certain exhibits, and devoted a part of his time to the identification of insects and work on the collection, together with inspection and general work of the department. He has also continued his researches on the imported currant worm, Pteronidea ribesi Scop. Mr. Zappe has continued as chief nursery inspector and with his helpers has inspected all stock in the nurseries of the State. The number of nurseries has increased from year to year. He has also inspected the nursery stock imported into Connecticut from foreign countries. With Mr. Stoddard, of the Botany Department, he has visited a number of orchards in order to gather data on the prevalence of insect pests and to advise owners regard- ing treatment. Mr. Zappe has spent considerable time identifying insects and caring for the collection as a specialist in the order Coleoptera, or beetles. With Mr. T. M. Cannon and other Federal men, he has helped distribute information regarding the European corn borer throughout the infested area and will have charge of clean-up work next spring, as in former years. Doctor Garman has devoted some time to mites and dragonflies, but most of his efforts have been placed on the control of the Oriental peach moth, Laspeyresia mdlesta Busck, which has increased in abundance and caused serious injury in many peach orchards. Doctor Garman has succeeded in rearing several para- sites of the Oriental peach moth, two of which are quite common in certain orchards and can be reared artificially for liberation in orchards where they are not abundant. In late summer the peach growers requested the Station to undertake the rearing of these parasites, made contributions to a fund and obtained a state appro- 486 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 3l5 priation for this purpose. Equipment has just been installed for parasite work and will be described later. Doctor Garman has also given much attention to the subject of oil sprays. Doctor Friend has continued his observations and experiments on treating lawns with lead arsenate as a control for the Asiatic beetle, Anomala orientalis Waterhouse. He has also continued observations on the life history and habits of the imported birch leaf -miner, Fenusa pumila Klug, which we hope can be completed in another season. Doctor Friend has experimented in the control of the cabbage maggot and the squash-vine borer at the Station farm at Mount Carmel and in cooperation with the gipsy moth men has gathered data on the cost of spraying woodland areas. During the year Doctor Friend has given two courses in ento- mology in Yale University, and has given considerable attention to the Diptera in the Station collection. Mr. John T. Ashworth has continued as deputy in charge of gipsy moth control work with headquarters at Danielson, with Mr. J. A. McEvoy as assistant. This work includes scouting and creosoting egg-clusters, spraying around infestations, collecting parasitized material, liberating parasites, and is conducted in cooperation with the Federal Plant Quarantine and Control Administration and Bureau of Entomology; it has been carried on vigorously during the past season. Mr. J. Peter Johnson has continued in charge of the quarantine enforcement and control of the Japanese beetle and the Asiatic beetle that is conducted in cooperation with the Federal Plant Quarantine and Control Administration. An office has been main- tained in Shelton, but on July 1, 1929, it was moved from the Hurley Building to the Pierpont Building on Howe Street. Mr. Johnson has had a force of men sufficient to make the necessary inspections, issue the required certificates, patrol the principal highways leading out of the quarantined area, visit growers, and in summer to scout for beetles in other cities and towns in Con- necticut outside of the quarantined area. Mr. Robert C. Botsford has continued as deputy in charge of the work of eliminating mosquitoes. He makes preliminary sur- veys, supervises the ditching work, and maintains the ditches that have been accepted for state maintenance under Section 2, Chap- ter 68, Public Acts of 1923. Important new work has been done during the season in Old Lyme and Hamden. Four technicians are now employed : B. W. McFarland, on Asiatic beetle investigations and control ; J. F. Townsend, on Oriental peach moth investigations and control ; J. C. Schread and W. Theodore Brigham, on Oriental peach moth parasites, beginning late in the season. Mr. A. F. Clark was employed from July 1 to August 31 ; Mr. J. G. Conklin from June 18 to September 21, and Mr. Harold DEPARTMENT STAFF AND WORK 48? B. Bender from July 1 to September 30, to assist Mr. Zappe in the work of inspecting nurseries. Mr. W. E. Devine was employed for the school vacation as a general helper in office and laboratory. Mr. Neely Turner, who is employed by the Crop Protection Institute on horticultural oil spray investigations, has been asso- ciated with the department and has been furnished office and laboratory facilities by the Station. Mr. A. W. Yates, Hartford, and Mr. H. W. Coley, Westport. have continued to serve as apiary inspectors as in former seasons on a per diem basis. Mrs. Gladys Brooke has served as Secretary to the department. During her vacation, Mrs. A. D. McDonnell was employed for part time to attend to the correspondence and other necessary work. Miss Hazel B. Gillespie, a graduate student in Yale University, was employed during the summer vacation period to index the entomological literature in the journals, and the bound volumes are now nearly all indexed. All members of the department staff and others mentioned have rendered faithful and efficient services, without which it would have been impossible to obtain the results already accomplished. To them the Entomologist hereby expresses his appreciation and thanks. The attention of the Entomologist has been given to the office correspondence and to directing the research, inspection, quaran- tine and control work of the department. Much time has been devoted to meetings and conferences regarding some phase of insect control. The Entomologist has retired from the associate editorship of the Journal of Economic Entomology, but he is still chairman of a committee on the project of horticultural oil sprays of the Crop Protection Institute, insect pest reporter in Connecticut for the Insect Pest Survey of the Bureau of Entomology, chair- man of the Tree Protection Examining Board of Connecticut, and Superintendent of the Connecticut Geological and Natural His- tory Survey, and has devoted some time to each of these matters. The principal activities of the department appear- in greater detail in the following pages of this report. Exhibits Several exhibits were made by the department during the sea- son. The New Haven Garden Club requested that an exhibit of the Asiatic beetle be made at the spring flower show in Trinity Parish House, New Haven, on May 17. This exhibit was shown and later was repeated at the New Haven Lawn Club. The same material was shown for two weeks in the show window of a hardware store. 488 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 315 On August 5, an exhibit under the auspices of the Litchfield Garden Club was set up in the high school at Litchfield and remained for a week. On October 8 an exhibit was made at the meeting of the Madison Garden Club, at Madison. A small exhibit of insects attacking vegetable crops was shown in Hartford, December 3 and 4, at the annual meeting of the Connecticut Vegetable Growers Association. A small exhibit of European corn borer and injury caused by this pest was arranged for a meeting to consider the corn borer quarantine, held at the Station, November 7. An exhibit of Oriental peach moth material was also prepared for use in Glastonbury. Collection of Insects Additions to the Station insect collection are constantly being made by members of the staff and by correspondents. Though no important collecting trips were made, Doctors Garman, Friend and Britton collected in Portland, East Haddam, Salem and Montville in June. Mr. W. E. Manchester, Pleasant Valley, sent in some specimens of mayflies, flies and dragonflies taken near his home. Prof. C. P. Alexander of Amherst, Mass., collected in Norfolk and Granby chiefly for craneflies, but saved all Diptera and sent many speci- mens for our collection. Dr. E. P. Felt and Mr. S. W. Bromley, of Stamford, also contributed many specimens of Diptera and some captures in other orders. New Equipment Some second-hand filing cabinets and book sections were pur- chased and a portion installed in the office of the department ; the remainder and our old adding machine were assigned to the Japanese beetle office in Shelton. A new adding machine and typewriter were purchased for the office and a new high-power compound microscope and 5x7 view camera for the laboratory of the department. An engineer's dumpy level and planimeter were bought for use on mosquito elimination work. Late in the season, there was purchased for the parasite work a large electric refrigerator and a humidifier. Several incubators, breeding cages, and a constant high-temperature room were con- structed by our own technicians. SUMMARY OF OFFICE AND INSPECTION WORK 409 samples of insects received for identification. 288 nurseries inspected. 288 regular certificates granted. 222 duplicate certificates issued for filing in other states. DEPARTMENT STAFF AND WORK 489 1 special raspberry certificate granted. 8 special miscellaneous certificates granted. 104 nursery dealer's permits issued. 258 shipper's permits issued to nurserymen in other states. 352 parcels of nursery stock inspected and certified. 42 bales of mountain laurel and other decorative material inspected and certified for shipment. 22,000 narcissus bulbs inspected and certified. 1,084 shipments of corn and other seed inspected and certified. 334 blister rust control area permits issued. 32,926 Japanese beetle certificates on nursery and floral stock and farm • products. 855 Asiatic beetle certificates on soil and plants. 76 orchards and gardens examined. 23 shipments, containing 225 cases, 2,022,475 plants imported nursery stock inspected. 11 shipments or 47 per cent found infested. 990 apiaries, containing 9,559 colonies, inspected. 2 apiaries and 3 colonies found infested with European foul brood. 46 apiaries and 115 colonies found infested with American foul brood. 4,369 letters1 written on official work. 942 circular letters sent out. 270 post cards sent out. 23 reports to Federal Plant Quarantine and Control Administration. 2,453 bulletins, etc., mailed on request or to answer inquiries. • 36 packages sent by mail or express. 54 lectures and addresses at meetings. PUBLICATIONS OF THE DEPARTMENT, 1929 W. E. Britton: Twenty-Eighth Report of State Entomologist, Bull. 305, 100 pages, 16 plates, 8 figures. June, 1929. The European Corn Borer, a Menace to Corn, Vegetable and Garden Plants, Bull. Imm. Inf. 63, 4 pages, 2 figures, 12,000 copies. April 17, 1929. Japanese Beetle Quarantine, Bull. Imm. Inf., 4 pages, 4 figures, 6,250 copies. May 1, 1929. Asiatic Beetle Quarantine, Bull. Imm. Inf. 65, 4 pages, 4 figures, 5,000 copies. May 3, 1929. Satin Moth Quarantine, Bull. Imm. Inf. 66, 3 pages, 2 figures, 1,200 copies. May 3, 1929. Control of Ant Invasions, Bull. Imm. Inf. 67 (Revision of No. 17), 6 pages, 2 figures, 5,000 copies. August 22, 1929. Report of Committee on Injurious Insects, Proceedings 38th Annual Meet- ing Conn. Pom. Society, 28. April, 1929. Insects Injuring Vegetable Crops in 1928, Report of Committee on Insects, Conn. Veg. Growers Assn., 26. Thirteenth Biennial Report of the Commissioners of the State Geological and Natural History Survey, 1927-1928, Bull. 45, 32 pages, 3 plates, 2,500 copies. August 13, 1929. Three Corn Crop Pests, Rural New-Yorker, 88: 1225. October 5, 1929. 1 Including 1,078 written at the Shelton Japanese Beetle office. 490 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 315 Philip Garman : The Oriental Peach Moth Situation, Proceedings, 38th Annual Meeting, Conn. Pom. Society, p. 102. April, 1929. The Use of Oil Sprays, Proceedings, 38th Annual Meeting, Conn. Pom. Society, SO. April, 1929. M. P. Zappe: Russeting of Apples in 1928, Proceedings, 38th Annual Meeting, Conn. Pom. Society, 54. April, 1929. Philip Garman and M. P. Zappe : Control Studies on the Plum Curculio in Connecticut Orchards, Bull. 301, 68 pages, 8 plates, 12 figures. May, 1929. R. B. Friend: The Asiatic Beetle in Connecticut, Bull. 304, 84 pages, 4 plates. June, 1929. Control of the Asiatic Beetle in Lawns, Bull. Imm. Inf. 62, 6 pages, 5 figures, 4,000 copies. March, 1929. Control of Insects Affecting Truck Crops, Report Conn. Veg. Growers Assn. for 1928, 28. R. C. Botsford: Progress in Mosquito Elimination in Connecticut during 1928, Proceedings, 16th Annual Meeting N. J. Mosquito Exter. Assn., 120. July, 1929. Neely Turner: Tests for Oil Sprays, Proceedings, 38th Annual Meeting, Conn. Pom. Society, 49. Variation in Resistance of Aphids to Toxic Sprays, Jour. Econ. Ent., 22: 323. April, 1929. ENTOMOLOGICAL FEATURES OF 1929 The weather for the season of 1929 was unusual. After a rather mild winter without heavy snowfall or very low tempera- tures, the growing season started with cool and moist weather during April and May. Then higher temperature prevailed, but there was a shortage in precipitation for the months of June, July and September. The rainfall for August was only slightly below normal, but nearly all of it fell in one shower on August 11. In general, aphids were present and caused considerable damage. There was a marked spread of the European corn borer, and the Mexican bean beetle was discovered in the state for the first time. For the insect notes on the following pages, the writer is indebted to Mr. Zappe and Doctor Garman (fruit insects) and to Mr. A. E. ENTOMOLOGICAL FEATURES OF 1929 491 Wilkinson, Vegetable Specialist, extension department, Connect- icut Agricultural College, Storrs (vegetable insects), for a part of the information. Fruit Insects As the apple crop was rather light, other things being equal, insect injury to the fruit was perhaps more conspicuous than in a year of heavy yield, and the percentages of perfect fruit were smaller. Early in the season, eggs of the green apple aphid, Aphis pomi DeGeer, were abundant in apple orchards in New Haven County. After the eggs hatched, this species and the rosy apple aphid, Annraphis rosens Baker, were rather abundant, but both Syrphid larvae and lady beetles were present and feeding upon them. It seemed probable that these predatory insects would control the aphids so that little or no aphid injury would result. But later in the season both kinds were very abundant in some orchards and the foliage was severely curled, though this happened too late to result in serious injury to the fruit crop. Mr. Zappe reported the rosy aphid as being present in apple orchards as follows : Bantam, May 13; Meriden, May 16; Branford and Guilford, May 29; Niantic, June 5 ; Farmington and Somers, June 6 ; East Hampton, June 10; Montville and Lebanon, June 12; Ledyard and Center Groton, June 13, and Waterbury, August 13. The writer observed a heavy infestation of rosy aphids on a large apple tree in a city yard in New Haven, June 18. Lady beetles were abundant. Specimens of the green apple aphid were received from Hamden, April 18. The woolly apple aphid, Eriosoma lanigerum Hausman, was present in usual numbers, and specimens were received from Hamden, June 22. The currant aphid, Mysus ribis Linn., and the cherry aphid, Mysus cerasi Fabr., are usually present each year throughout Connecticut. Specimens of the former were received from Wood- bury and of the latter from New Haven on June 3. The pear psylla, Psylla pyricola Forst., was reported as being prevalent and injurious in the eastern part of the state. Accord- ing to Doctor Garman, this insect was fairly abundant in one orchard, but rather scarce in all other orchards visited in New Haven County on May 24. In Fairfield and New Haven Coun- ties it seemed to be present in average abundance on July 24, though less abundant than in 1928. The apple red bug, Lygidea mendax Reut., was absent in nearly all apple orchards throughout the state. The San Jose scale, Aspidiotiis perniciosus Comst., is now rather scarce and hard to find, but it was present in several nurseries and specimens were received from Waterbury, August 13. 492 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 315 The European fruit scale, Lecanium corni Bouche, and the rose scale, Aulacaspis rosae Bouche, were both received on blackberry canes from West Haven, on June 14. The strawberry whiteny, Trialeurodes packardi Morrill, caused considerable injury in a strawberry field at Branford. The pear midge, Contarinia pyrivora Riley, was present in certain orchards and caused the immature fruit to drop. Work of this insect was observed at Branford, May 29, and specimens were received from Mystic, June 10. There was perhaps more than the usual amount of injury from the apple maggot or railroad worm, Rhagoletis pomonella Walsh. The best control is obtained by sprays of lead arsenate in July and early August and by the destruction of drops. Specimens were received from Plantsville, September 24; New Haven, September 28 and October 11, and from Vernon, November 6. In Wallingford early in the season, slight injury was reported to fruit from green fruit worms, Xylina antennata Walker. The Eastern tent caterpillar, Malacosoma americana Fabr., has at last become scarce over a greater portion of the state. A few nests were observed in Litchfield County, where several succes- sive freezes killed the cherry leaves and the caterpillars died. These nests failed to increase in size and they did not contain living caterpillars. This insect may be considered as having now reached its minimum. In a few years it will probably again become prevalent. Larvae of one of the lappet moths, Tolype velleda Stoll., feed- ing upon apple foliage were received from Woodmont, August 2, and from Waterbury, August 13. This insect is never sufficiently abundant to be considered as a pest. Occasionally apple trees are found with large burrows of the leopard moth, Zeuzera pyrina Linn., in trunk or branches. Speci- mens of such injury were received from South Manchester, May 31, and from Milford, August 29. The fall cankerworm, Alsophila pometaria Harris, though less prevalent than last year, was present and caused some damage in certain localities. This was true in portions of New Haven and New London Counties, where trees were stripped in 1928. Speci- mens were received from Clintonville, May 16, and from East Hampton, June 10. The bud moth, Tmetocera ocellana Schiff., caused some injury in the vicinity of Litchfield, in May, by devouring the buds on young trees. It was also reported from Kensington, May 16. There was little injury in other portions of the state. Considerable surface injury to stored apples by the red banded leaf roller, Eulia velutinana Walker, was noticed about November 1, in New Canaan and Wilton. This insect was reported as being rather abundant in Fairfield County. ENTOMOLOGICAL FEATURES OF 1929 493 Rather more than the usual proportion of fruit was injured by the codling moth, Carpocapsa pomonella Linn. Not only was this true of the first brood but there was also considerable side injury by the larvae of the second brood. On the whole, this insect was well controlled where the trees were properly sprayed. One of the most destructive insects of the year is the Oriental peach moth, Laspeyresia molesta Busck, which was prevalent in the central portion of the state and caused serious injury in some of the peach orchards. In certain orchards in Wallingford, it caused less damage than five years ago, but in other orchards not many miles distant between 75 and 100 per cent of the peaches were wormy at har- vest time. Quinces were also ruined. Twig injury to peach trees was prevalent in June and July in Hartford and New Haven Counties. Unusually abundant everywhere in 1929 was the plum curculio, Conotrachehis nenuphar Herbst, which injured a large proportion of the fruit in apple orchards, especially near woodlands. Mr. Zappe reports it as being very abundant on apple in the following localities : Niantic, June 5 ; Somers, June 6 ; East Hampton, June 10; Ledyard, June 13; a few at Lebanon, June 12. Reported as present at South Windsor, and Farmington, June 6 ; Glastonbury and Montville, June 12; Burlington and Unionville, June 26; Waterbury, August 13; Collinsville, August 26, and Norwalk, August 27. It was reported on peach from Putnam, July 26, and Collinsville, August 26. The pear leaf blister mite, Eriophyes pyri Pag., is usually pres- ent to some extent on pear and apple. Specimens were received on pear from Glastonbury, May 22. The European red mite, Paratetranychus pilosus C. and F., was probably less prevalent than in 1928, though moderately abun- dant in apple orchards in Hartford and New Haven Counties. There were many eggs in orchards in New Haven County in March, and there was a rather heavy infestation in Kensington in May. Mr. A. T. Henry, of Wallingford, reports few eggs pres- ent this winter, 1929-1930, but Prof. J. A. Manter of the Con- necticut Agricultural College at Storrs writes that the eggs are abundant there. Vegetable Insects Perhaps the most important item to include under this heading is the discovery that the Mexican bean beetle, Epilachna corrupta Muls., has appeared in Connecticut. It was first discovered and reported by Dr. E. P. Felt, and afterwards found to be distrib- uted throughout the western half of the state. A more complete account is given in another part of this report, page 581. 494 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 315 Flea beetles, Epitrix cucumeris Harris, were very abundant and caused injury to crops of potato, tomato, egg-plant, cucumber, early squash, melon and tobacco. Sprays of pyrethrum-soap preparations have been successfully used as a remedy by some growers. The striped beetle, Diabrotica vittata Fabr., was very abundant at the Station farm at Mount Carmel. The Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa dccemlineata Say., was unusually abundant in most localities throughout the state. The asparagus beetle, Crioceris asparagi Linn., was present in the usual abundance. Specimens were received from Rockville, May 28, and from West Haven, July 30. The squash lady beetle, Epilachna borealis Fabr., was received from Higganum, July 15. The margined blister beetle, Epicauta marginata Fabr., was reported as injuring Swiss chard at Hamden, July 23. In general, cutworms were less troublesome than usual at the time when cutworms usually cause injury, but in late June and early July, certain kinds, especially a black cutworm, appeared in certain fields in New Haven County and caused considerable injury to sweet corn and potatoes. Such injury was reported from Meriden, Yalesville, Wallingford, Foxon, Branford, Highwood, Woodbridge, Woodmont, Orange, and North Haven. Though specimens were collected, we were unable to rear the adults. The squash vine borer, Melittia satyriniformis Hiibner, was very abundant at the Station farm at Mount Carmel. The stalk borer, Papaipema nitela Guen., was exceedingly abun- dant throughout the state and in the stems of various plants. Specimens were received in corn from Bethlehem, Cheshire, Dur- ham, Hamden, New Haven, Shelton, Wallingford, Waterford, Westport and Winsted ; in tomato, from Cheshire, and in beans from West Haven. The corn ear worm, Heliothis obsoleta Fabr., was more abundant than usual and was present over a longer period. The first specimens were received on July 15, and from then until frost, it was observed. Specimens were received from Hamden, Hartford, New Haven, Plainville, Plantsville, West Suf- field and Woodbridge. It was also reported from Niantic. The zebra caterpillar, Mamestra picta Harr., feeding upon the shoots of asparagus, was received from Meriden, June 10. The cabbage worm, Pontia rapae, Linn., and the cabbage looper, Autographa brassicae Riley, were present in usual abundance. The diamond-back caterpillar, Plutella maculipennis Curtis, was unusually abundant and was present in nearly every field where cabbages were grown. The European corn borer, Pyrausta nubilalis Hiibn., has spread rapidly in 1929? and 38 new towns have been placed under ENTOMOLOGICAL FEATURES OF 1929 ' 495 quarantine. This insect will be discussed in greater detail in another part of this report. Larvae were received from Uncas- ville, October 7 . A green noctuid larva eating into a green pea pod was received from West Hartford, June 3. The army worm, Heliophila unipuncta Haw., was brought to the Station, June 24, from Woodmont, where it was injuring corn in connection with cutworms. The cabbage maggot, Hylemyia brassicae Bouche, was every- where abundant throughout the state and untreated plants were ruined. Plants kept treated with corrosive sublimate after set- ting produced a good crop. No reports were received of injury by the carrot rust fly, Psila rosae Fabr., and there was little or no damage from the spinach leaf miner, Pegomyia hyoscyami Panz. The squash bug, Anasa tristis DeGeer, was present in usual numbers. Specimens were received from Higganum, July 15. Aphids caused great injury to potato, tomato, egg-plant and turnip during midsummer and later. Early in the season, though aphids were present, Syrphid larvae and lady beetles were abun- dant and were expected to keep the aphids in check. Shade and Forest Tree Insects The arborvitae leaf miner, Argyresthia thuiella Pack., continues to injure trees in certain portions of Connecticut. Specimens were received from Old Lyme, May 15, and from Riverside, May 18. The larch case bearer, Coleophora laricella Hiibner, was received from Middlebury, May 18; Norfolk, June 5, and from Storrs, August 5. It was reported from Greenwich by Dr. E. P. Felt. The European pine shoot moth, Rhyacionia buoliana SchifL, is becoming rather common on Scotch and red pine in Fairfield County. Specimens on red pine were received from Darien, August 27, and it was found on red pine in Hamden and vicinity by Doctor Friend. The white oak leaf miner, Lithocolletes hamadryadclla Clemens, was received from South Manchester, August 5. The spiny elm caterpillar, Euvanessa antiopa Linn., was received from Fairfield, June 4. The fall webworm, Hyphantria cunea Dru., was reported by Mr. Zappe as being very abundant in the western half of the state. A small moth, Nepticula sericopesa Zell., was reared from the petioles of Norway maple by Doctor Felt, of Stamford. The larva is a leaf miner in the stems and causes many leaves to drop. The bronze birch borer, Agrilus anxius Gory, continues to kill 496 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 315 white birch trees on private grounds. These trees are chiefly the cut-leaf form of the European white birch. Specimens were received from South Glastonbury, May 22. The white pine weevil, Pissodcs strobi Peck, was unusually abundant throughout the state'. The imported willow leaf beetle, Plagiodera versicolora Laich., has skeletonized many smooth-leaf willows throughout Connecti- cut. Specimens were received from Wallingford, June 6, and from Southport, July 22. A small Scolytid beetle, Pity o genes hopkinsi Swains., was found breeding under the bark of some dying white pines in a flooded area in Middlebury, May 18. The imported sawfly birch leaf miner, Fenusa pumila Klug., which has spread throughout the state, causes an unsightly appear- ance to small paper and gray birches often planted for ornamental trees. Specimens were received from Bridgeport, June 10, and from Bantam, August 22. The larch sawfly, Lygaeonematus erichsoni Hart., was received from Gilead, July 2. Pine sawflies were rather common in 1929. One species, Neo- diprion pinetum Norton, was received from Portland, July 18, and from New Haven, August 29. The catalpa leaf miner, probably Agromyza clara Mel., has become rather abundant and was found in 31 nurseries, chiefly on Catalpa bungei. Specimens were received from Manchester, September 12. Aphids were rather abundant on trees in 1929. One species, probably Dilachnns strobi Fitch, on white pine, was received from Sufneld, October 8. The cockscomb elm gall, Colopha ulmicola Fitch, was received from Stamford, July 5. The beech woolly aphid, Prociphilus itnbricator Fitch, which is common on the under sides of the leaves of purple beech, was received from New Haven, June 10. The pine bark aphid, Adelges pinicorticis Fitch, is common on the needles and bark of white pine trees everywhere. Specimens were received from New Haven, May 29 and June 3, and from Waterbury July 1. The spruce gall aphid, Adelges abietis Linn., is becoming increasingly common on Norway and white spruce and was found in 85 nurseries. Specimens were received from Riverside, May 28 ; Woodbury, July 22 ; Branf ord, September 16, and Greenfield Hill, Fairfield, November 18. The blue spruce gall aphid, Gillettea cooleyi Gill., is also on the increase and was found in 62 nurseries. The oyster-shell scale, Lepidosaphes ulmi Linn., continues to be one of the most prevalent of all insect pests. It was found in 78 nurseries in 1929, and was received on willow from New Haven, and on poplar from Greenfield Hill, Fairfield. The pine leaf scale, Chionaspis pinifoliae Fitch, is common on ENTOMOLOGICAL FEATURES OF 1929 497 young pine trees growing in protected situations. Specimens on red pine were received from Old Lyme. The tulip tree scale, Tourney ella liriodendri Gmel., is fairly abundant on tulip tree and magnolia throughout the state. During the season, specimens of this scale were received from Torrington and Bridgeport, and it was reported by Doctor Felt as being locally abundant around Stamford. Maple trees, especially silver maple, are often attacked by the terrapin scale, Lecanium nigroj 'as datum Perg. This scale occurs on the small twigs. Specimens were received from Wallingford, July 16. There are several species of oak gall scales in Connecticut that are globular and attached to the twigs. Specimens identified as Kermes galliformis Riley, on pin oak, were received from Wal- lingford, July 16, and similar gall scales were very abundant on black oak trees in East Rock Park, New Haven. The golden oak scale, Asterolecanium variolosum Ratz., was reported on April 25, as being very abundant on native chestnut oak around New Haven. The cottony maple scale, Pulvinaria vitis Linn., was reported by Dr. E. P. Felt as being locally very abundant in the vicinity of Stamford. It occurs chiefly on silver maple. Another scale, Leucaspis japonica Ckll., is reported by Doctor Felt to have injured Norway and soft maples in Greenwich. During the past few years there has been much injury to coni- ferous trees from the attacks of the spruce mite, Paratetranychus ununguis Jacobi. Possibly spruce is more commonly injured than other kinds, but occasionally it also attacks pine, arborvitae, and other trees. Specimens of this mite were received from Bristol, June 13. Insects Attacking Ornamental Shrubs and Vines A leaf roller, Archips rosana Linn., on privet was rather com- mon around New Haven during the season. Specimens were received from New Haven, May 28, and the insect was noticed on several hedges. The box leaf miner, Monarthro palpus buxi Labou., is now pres- ent in several localities in Connecticut. Specimens were received from New Canaan, June 1. The abbot sphinx, Sphecodina abbotii Swains., was prevalent on Virginia Creeper and grape throughout the state. Specimens were received from New Haven, July 9; Shelton, July 16; Granby, July 27, and Clinton, July 29. A mite, Phyllocoptes schlectendali Nalepa, was found on the writer's privet hedge in May. Specimens were also received from New Haven, June 13. This mite curls the leaves on the new tips but on trimming the hedge, most of these tips are clipped off. 498 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 315 On the writer's hedge, evidence of the pest wholly disappeared later in the season. The black vine weevil, Brachyrhinus sulcatus Fabr., and the strawberry weevil, Brachyrhiiius ovatus Linn., are rather abun- dant and cause injury to young conifers by eating the bark of the roots. Larvae of the former were received from Norwalk, and the latter from Cromwell. The euonymus scale, Chionaspis euonymi Comst., is reported by Dr. E. P. Felt as being locally abundant around Stamford. The white scale or West Indian peach scale, Aulacaspis penta- gona Targ.-Tozz., has for a number of years infested privet, flowering peach, Catalpa bungei, and other trees and shrubs in Fairfield County. Doctor Felt reports that a scale, probably this species, has been injurious at Greenwich. Insects Attacking Flowers and Greenhouse Plants The verbena bud worm, Olethreutes hebesana Walker, was received July 23 from Durham, where considerable injury was caused to plants in a verbena bed. The iris root borer, Macronoctua onusta Grote, was received from New Haven, August 27. The variegated cutworm, Peridroma margaritosa Haw., var. saucia Hiibn., was very abundant and injured various plants in greenhouses during April. The greenhouse leaf tyer, Phlyctaenia ferrugalis Hiibn., was reported as causing considerable injury to plants in greenhouses in Shelton, May 24. The chrysanthemum gall midge, Diarthronomyia hypogaea Loew, was received from Norwich, July 19, where it caused injury in a greenhouse. The columbine leaf miner, Phytomysa aquilegiae Hardy, was present in many gardens in 1929. Specimens were received from Bridgeport, August 27. The tarnished plant bug, Lygus pratensis Linn., causes con- siderable injury by sucking the sap from various kinds of plants, especially dahlia and aster. Specimens were received from Thomaston, July 13 ; Naugatuck, July 29, and from Harwinton, August 3. The four-lined leaf-bug, Poecilocapsus lineatus Fabr., is always present in gardens and injures the tender terminal leaves by suck- ing out the sap, which results in circular transparent spots. Specimens were received from Hamden, June 12, and from New Haven, July 29. The cottony cushion scale or fluted scale, I eery a purchasi Mask., on acacia in greenhouse, was received from Norwalk, September 5. The common mealy bug, Pseudococcus citri Risso., was received on Impatiens, from Hartford, September 17. ENTOMOLOGICAL FEATURES OF 1929 499 The margined blister beetle, Epicauta marginal a Fabr., was received from West Haven, July 29, where it was feeding upon the leaves of a variegated foliage plant. Fuller's rose beetle, Pantomorus godmani Crotch, was brought to the Station on September 5 from a greenhouse in Norwalk, where it was feeding on the blossoms of acacia. The bulb mite, Rhizoglyphus hyacinthus Banks, is commonly injurious to bulbs and was received from Ridgefield, July 25. The garden or greenhouse red spider, Tetranychns bimaculatus Harv., is very common on phlox, and specimens were received from Old Saybrook, August 7. The cyclamen mite, Tarsonemus pallidus Banks, is a trouble- some pest of cyclamen, larkspur, chrysanthemum, and other plants. Specimens were received from Norwalk and Branford. Field and Lawn Insects The Asiatic beetle, Anomala orientalis Waterhouse, was found in a small private lawn in Bridgeport, May 17 and 25. This is the first infestation discovered in Connecticut outside of New Haven and West Haven. On July 23 an adult was received from New Haven, outside of the former infested area. White grubs, Phyllophaga sp., were responsible for considerable injury to lawns in Connecticut in 1929. Specimens of grubs in soil were received from Greenwich, April 25 ; from East Hampton, May 1 ; from Salisbury, August 15, and from Stafford Springs, September 11. Lawns in Glastonbury were injured and reports received September 18. The grubs from Salisbury and Stafford Springs were nearly all Phyllophaga fusca Froh., according to Doctor Friend. Two adults of P. gracilis Burm. were received from Clinton, August 26. The chinch bug, Blissus leucopterus Say., is responsible for killing the grass in a small spot on a lawn in Hartford. Adults and nymphs were very abundant in this spot. Specimens were received October 1. Wireworms caused some injury to corn at North Haven. Mr. Walden visited the field July 6 and collected material which he identified as Melanotus sp., probably communis Gyll. Tobacco plants were seriously injured by flea beetles, Epitrix cucumeris Harris, at Windsor in July. Household Insects The dog flea, Ctenocephalus canis Curtis, often infests dwelling houses and bites human beings. It was seemingly more abundant than usual in 1929. Specimens were received from Hartford, August 16, and from New Haven, August 19. Specimens of the carpet beetle, Anthrenus scrophulariae Linn., 500 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 315 were received from Norwalk, July 1, and from West Haven, November 30. The saw-toothed grain beetle, Oryzaephilus surinamensis Linn., which feeds upon cereals and stored grains, was received from Southington, August 2, and from Norwich, August 24. One species of "silver-fish" or "fish-moth," Thermobia domes- tica Pack., was received from Meriden, October 16, and a small spider-beetle, Ptinus fur Linn., from Hartford, November 30. The former injures books by feeding upon the paste used on the bindings and the latter damages wool, fur, clothing, stuffed furni- ture, seeds and other plant products. Miscellaneous Insects An adult of the northern mole cricket, Gryllotalpa hexadactyla Perty, was received from Hamden, August 29. The Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica Newman, was somewhat more abundant in Stamford, Bridgeport, New Haven, Hartford and New London, than in 1928. Though nearly all of the cities and larger villages were scouted in 1929 the only new locality for this insect is Willimantic. One specimen was received from Hartford, August 27. Grubs of the Asiatic garden beetle, As erica castanea Arrow, were discovered in soil in the towns of New Canaan, Fairfield, Ridgefield, Mansfield, Cromwell and Manchester. Adults were collected in New Haven and New London. The brilliant green-gold beetle, Chrysochus auratus Fabr., was thought to be the Japanese beetle, and specimens were received from Warren, July 10; Avon, July 30, and from Woodbury, August 12. This beetle feeds upon milkweed and dogbane, and is much smaller than the Japanese beetle. The large aquatic bug, Benacus griseus Say., leaves the water and is attracted to electric lights. Adult specimens were received from New Haven, June 17, and from Norwalk, July 12. The leather beetle, Dermestes vulpinus Fabr., was received Sep- tember 30, from Danbury, where it was feeding upon stored rabbit hides. The cherry tent-maker, Archips cerasivorana Fitch, was very abundant on choke-cherry sprouts in Cheshire. One of the powder-post beetles, Lyctus opaculus LeC, was reported in May as injuring the ash wood of an ice box that had been used in the family eight years. Convention of Entomological Workers The sixth annual convention of entomologists working in Connecticut was held in the Community House at the Connecticut Agricultural College, Storrs, on Friday, October 25, 1929. These ENTOMOLOGICAL FEATURES OF 1929 501 meetings are for the purpose of bringing" together the research men, teachers, field men and amateur collectors in the state, and entomol- ogists in the adjacent states are invited. The program of the 1929 conference was planned to include subjects of vital impor- tance to Connecticut, and several Federal men who are working in cooperation with state men on control projects were asked to present papers. The following entomologists from outside Con- necticut presented papers : A. F. Burgess, Melrose Highlands, Mass. ; H. L. Mclntyre, Albany, N. Y. ; L. H. Worthley, Boston, Mass. ; C. H. Hadley, Camden, N. J. ; and Harold C. Hallock, Westbury, N. Y. About 60 attended the conference. Luncheon was served in the College dining hall. The following program was carried out without a single substitution : Program A. M. & 10 :30 Greeting, Dr. Geo. A. Works, President, Conn. Agr. College, Storrs Prof. G. H. Lampson, Jr., Conn. Agr. College, Storrs 10:45 Present-Day Opportunities in Entomology, Mr. A. F. Burgess, Gipsy Moth Control, Melrose Highlands, Mass. 11:15 Chief Entomological Events of the Season in Connecticut. Dr. W. E. Britton, State Entomologist, Agr. Expt. Sta., New Haven 11:30 Survey of Gipsy Moth Conditions, Mr. H. L. Mclntyre, Department of Conservation, Albany, N. Y. 12:00 Shade Tree Insects in 1929, Dr. E. P. Felt and S. W. Bromley, Stamford 12:15 Present Status of the European Corn Borer in the United States, Mr. L. H. Worthley, Corn Borer Control, Boston, Mass. P. M. 1 :00 Luncheon 2 :00 Inspection of new Entomological laboratories, Beach Hall 2:30 The Japanese Beetle in the United States, Mr. C. H. Hadley, Japanese Beetle Control, Camden, N. J. 3 :00 Notes on Biologv and Methods of Control of Aserica castanea, Mr. Harold C. Hallock, Bur. of Entomology, Westbury, N. Y. 3 :30 Some Aspects of Asiatic Beetle Control, Dr. R. B. Friend, Asst. Ent., Agr. Expt. Sta., New Haven 3 :45 An Attempt to Rear Parasites for the Control of the Oriental Peach Moth in Connecticut, Dr. Philip Garman, Asst. Ent., Agr. Expt. Sta., New Haven 4:15 Katydids as Thermometers, Prof. J. A. Manter, Agr. College, Storrs 4:30 Insecticide Studies at the Bartlett Research Laboratories in 1929, Mr. Stanley W. Bromley and Dr. E. P. Felt, Stamford The following were present : John T. Ashworth, Danielson ; R. C. Bots- ford, New Haven; A. I. Bourne, Amherst. Mass.; W. E. Britton, New Haven; S. W. Bromley, Stamford; A. F. Burgess, Melrose Highlands, Mass.; T. M. Cannon. Norwalk; O. B. Cooke, Danielson; S. S. Crossman', Melrose Highlands, Mass.; E. B. Davidson, Hartford; R. M. De Coursey,' Storrs; George B. Durham, Storrs; F. S. Eaton, New Haven; Gustavus 502 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 315 Eliot, New Haven; E. P. Felt, Stamford; B. J. Fitzsimmons, Jr., Hartford; R. B. Friend, New Haven; C. W. Frink, Brooklyn; Philip Garman, New Haven ; G. H. Geissler, Storrs ; L. E. Gibson, Melrose, Mass. ; Robert D. Glasgow, Albany, N. Y. ; C. H. Hadley, Camden, N. J. ; Harold C. Hallock, Westbury, N. Y. ; Kenneth N. Hanks, Storrs ; Harry C. Helliwell, Shelton ; S. P. Hollister, Storrs ; Harry Horovitz, Providence, R. I. ; C. E. Jennings, Storrs ; J. P. Johnson, Shelton ; T. H. Jones, Melrose Highlands, Mass. ; J. W. Kelley,' Jr., Shelton; J. F. Keough, Willimantic ; Nathan Koenig, Storrs; G. H. Lampson, Jr., Storrs; Alvin J. Lannon, Providence, R. I.; J. W. Longo, Danielson ; J. A. Manter, Storrs ; J. B. Marshall, Boston, Mass.; B. W. McFarland, New Haven; H. L. Mclntyre, Albany, N. Y. ; A. E. Moss, Storrs ; G. H. Pallman, New Haven ; R. H. Patch, Storrs ; Saul Phillips, Albany, N. Y. ; Chester J. Poliks, Storrs ; K. A. Salman, Amherst, Mass. ; A. F. Schulz, Storrs ; John C. Schread, New Haven ; R. A. Spencer, Bloomfield ; A. E. Stene, Kingston, R. I. ; Dewey G. Steele, Storrs ; J. F. Townsend, Neely Turner, B. H. Walden and B. H. Wilford, New Haven ; R. H. Wallace and Geo. A. Works, Storrs ; L. H. Worthley, Boston, Mass. ; M. P. Zappe, New Haven. INSPECTION OF NURSERIES IN 1929 W. E. Britton and M. P. Zappe In 1929, the regular annual inspection of nurseries, as provided in Chapter 265, Public Acts of 1925, was commenced July 1, and completed October 1, except for a few new nurseries that were registered late in the season. This work was in charge of Mr. Zappe, who was assisted by Messrs. A. F. Clark, J. G. Conklin and H. B. Bender. In a few special cases, assistance was rendered by Mr. Stoddard, Mr. Walden and Doctor Britton. Mr. Bender is a member of the Botany Department and was employed on this work for three months in order to give partic- ular attention to such plant diseases as might be present in the nurseries. As in former seasons the gipsy moth scouts were instructed to search with particular care in and around all nurseries within the infested area and to report to the office at once in case any gipsy moth eggs were discovered in a nursery or in close proximity to a nursery during 1929. Also as in preceding years the pine blister rust scouts under Mr. J. E. Riley, Jr., examined all nurseries where the presence of the pine-currant blister rust was reported by the nursery inspectors. In general, the nurseries were in rather better condition than in 1928, due to the fact that they had been given better cultivation and to the dry season, which was not favorable to the growth of weeds. Plant diseases were somewhat less abundant than in 1928, but some insects were quite as prevalent or more so. Aphids were generally abundant. Spruce gall aphids, both Adelges abietis and Gillettea cooleyi, were found in a larger number of nurseries than ever before. This is due partly because the number of nurseries INSPECTION OF NURSERIES 503 is greater than ever before and partly to a seeming increase in the prevalence of these insects. Spraying during the first half of April with a contact spray to kill the over-wintering females has been practiced in a few nurseries, and will need to be practiced much more extensively if this pest is to be kept in control. In 13 nurseries no pests were found. Following is a list of the insects and plant diseases found in nurseries in the annual inspec- tion of 1929 and the number of nurseries infested by each: Pests Found in Nurseries in 1929 Number of nurseries uninfested, 13 Name No. _ nurseries Name No. nurseries Aleyrodes 25 Anisota rubicimda 1 stigma 1 Aphids, apple, green 55 woolly 64 on Bechtel's crab .... 6 beech (woolly) ... 2 birch 8 Celastrus 1 cherry 4 chestnut 1 chrysanthemum ... 1 cotoneaster 1 Crataegus 23 currant 2 Cytisus elm elm (woolly) Euonymns .... fir flowering crab forsythia hollyhock larch (woolly) Lonicera maple 1 5 10 ? 2 10 1 1 3 1 5 mountain ash 12 oak 1 pear 4 red pine 1 white pine 1 white pine (woolly bark) 75 plum 3 poplar 1 poplar leaf stem gall 1 Prunus pissardi ... 3 rose 4 spirea 3 spruce 3 Adelges abietis 85 Gillettea cooleyi 62 sumac 1 Aphids on viburnum 4 weigelia 1 willow 7 Apple and thorn skeletonizer . . 20 Apple case bearer 2 Borer, apple (Zeusera) 2 1 1 6 2 1 1 6 Crataegus currant lilac linden maple oak (Agrilus) peach rose (Agrilus) 2 white pine weevil 37 willow (Cryptorhynchus) 6 (Saperda) 1 Brachyrhinus ovatus 2 sulcatus 2 Bugs on ash (Capsids) 1 Cutworms 1 Elm case bearer 9 Elm leaf beetle 9 European pine shoot moth 7 Fall webworm 26 Flea beetle, viburnum 1 Crepidodera helxines ... 3 Epitrix cucumeris 2 Galls, elm (cockscomb) 11 linden 2 oak 5 tulip tree leaf 7 willow 1 Io larvae 3 Juniper webworm 12 Lace bugs, birch 1 juglans 1 kalmia 1 quince 1 rhododendron 41 sycamore f . 2 504 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 315 No. Name nurseries Leaf hoppers, apple 12 ash 1 Crataegus i Helenium 1 Japanese maple 1 maple 1 mountain ash 2 poplar 2 rose 1 weigelia 1 wisteria 1 Leaf-miner in apple 12 arborvitae 2 beech 4 birch (Fenusa pumila) 63 blueberry 1 boxwood 1 catalpa 31 chestnut 1 columbine 22 elm 16 grape 1 hydrangea ...... 1 lilac 2 linden 2 locust 12 magnolia 1 maple 1 oak 8 peach 3 philadelphus 1 poplar 1 quince 1 sycamore 5 tulip tree 2 Leaf roller, spiraea 2 privet 1 Leaf tylers, sycamore 2 viburnum 1 Luna moth larvae 1 Melalopha inclusa 2 Midges on catalpa 1 Mites, European red 8 pear leaf blister 32 Mite galls on Cephalanthus 1 Exochorda 10 No. _ Name nurseries Mites on silver maple . . . ■ 16 birch 1 Delphinium 4 elm 2 juglans 1 juniper 1 linden 3 mountain ash 1 oak 5 spruce 8 willow 3 Oriental peach moth 48 Ormenis pruhiosa 3 Papaipema larvae 2 Pear psylla 2 Pear slug 20 Sawfly larvae on arborvitae ... 3 birch 1 dogwood 4 mountain ash ... 1 pine 4 Scale, elm 21 oak gall 2 oyster-shell 78 pine leaf 13 rose 10 San Jose 22 scurfy 1 tulip tree 2 West Indian peach 5 Slug caterpillars 1 Sphinx larvae 1 Spiny elm caterpillars 1 Spittle bugs on arborvitae 1 forsythia 1 juniper 3 lilac 1 pine 1 weigelia 1 willow 1 Tussock moth eggs 2 Tussock moth larvae 2 Willow leaf beetle, Plagiodera versicolora 16 White flies 1 Yellow necked caterpillars .... 3 Zebra caterpillars 1 PLANT DISEASES No. Name nurseries Anthracnose, cherry 9 currant 8 hollyhock 1 No. Name nurseries Anthracnose, poplar 5 S3rcamore 3 Bacterial leafspot, larkspur .... 46 INSPECTION OF NURSERIES 505 No. _ Name nurseries Bacterial leaf spot, peach 1 Black knot 6 Black rot, apple 24 Botrytus, paeony 16 Brown rot flowering almond .... 1 1 peach 2 plum 2 quince 1 Canker, poplar 37 Chestnut blight 1 Chlorosis silver maple 1 Crown gall 10 Entomosporium, quince 11 Exobasidium, honeysuckle 3 Symphoricarpos . . 2 Fire blight 1 Gnomonia ulmi 9 Leaf spot on Andromeda 8 Aristolochia 3 ash 2 Azalea 2 barberry 8 birch 1 box elder 5 boxwood 7 carya 1 catalpa 79 cherry 2 currant 1 dogwood 1 English ivy 2 grape 7 hollyhock 6 horse chestnut 34 iris 62 Japanese maple 55 juglans 1 kalmia 25 larkspur 1 lilac 2 mahonia 1 maple 57 mountain ash 21 oak 1 paeony 1 No. Name nurseries Leaf spot on peach phlox 74 quince 6 rhododendron 66 rhubarb 21 rose 98 strawberry 28 sycamore 1 yucca 2 Maple tar spot 16 Marsonia juglandis 10 Mildew on ampelopsis 1 apple 16 catalpa 30 golden glow 1 grape 5 Helianthus 1 juglans 1 larkspur 8 lilac ..; 34 mountain ash 1 oak 1 phlox 50 raspberry 1 rose 78 solidago 1 symphoricarpos 1 sycamore 1 Mosaic on apple 23 raspberry 7 Raspberry cane blight 2 Rust on apple 46 ash 5 Bechtel's crab 43 Crataegus 19 hollyhock 7 juniper 11 pear 2 quince 7 Scab on apple 57 pear 2 willow 1 White pine blister rust on pine.. 2 on Ribes 7 Yellowing of lilacs 20 An examination of the preceding list will show that among the insects, the spruce gall aphid, Adelges abietis, as was the case in the last two years, was found in more nurseries (85) than any other insect, followed by oyster-shell scale (78), woolly pine bark aphids (75), apple woolly aphids (64), birch leaf miner, Fenusa piimila (63), blue spruce gall aphid, Gillettea cooleyi (62), green apple aphid (55), Oriental peach moth (48), rhododendron lace 506 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 315 bugs (41), white pine weevil (37) pear leaf blister mite (32), catalpa leaf miners (31), fall webworm (26), aleyrodes (25), aphids on Crataegus (23), columbine leaf miner (22), San Jose scale (22), elm scale (21), apple and thorn skeletonizer (20), pear slug (20), Plagiodera versicolora (16), mite galls on silver maple (16), pine leaf scale (13), aphids on mountain ash (12), juniper webworm (12), leaf hoppers on apple (12), leaf miners on apple (12), leaf miners on locust (12), elm cockscomb gall (11), aphids on flowering crab-apple (10), mite galls on Exo- chorda (10), rose scale (10), woolly elm aphid (10). Among the plant diseases found in nurseries in 1929, leaf spot of rose heads the list (98), followed by leaf spot of catalpa (79), mildew of rose (78), leaf spot of phlox (74), leaf spot of rhododendron (66), leaf spot of iris (62), apple scab (57), leaf spot of maple (57), leaf spot of Japanese maple (55), mildew of phlox (50), apple rust (46), bacterial leaf spot of larkspur (46), rust of Bechtel's crab (43), poplar canker (37), leaf spot of horse- chestnut (34), mildew of lilac (34), mildew of catalpa (30), leaf spot of strawberry (28), leaf spot of Kalmia (25), black rot of apple (24), mosaic of apple (23), leaf spot of mountain ash (21), leaf spot of rhubarb (21), yellowing of lilacs (20), tar spot of maple (16), mildew of apple (16), Entomosporium of quince (11), brown rot of flowering almond (11), rust of juniper (11), Marsonia juglandis (10), and crown gall (10). Nine- Year Record of Certain Nursery Pests 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 Oyster-shell scale 36 44 42 44 38 39 45 57 78 San Jose scale 28 19 20 32 32 19 16 30 22 Spruce gall aphids1 31 21 28 40 27 42 82 120 147 White pine weevil 1 19 17 5 5 8 17 19 37 Apple and thorn skeletonizer 1 18 2 8 9 22 49 20 Poplar canker 21 31 34 25 34 32 39 35 37 Pine blister rust (on Ribes) 296879957 Nurseries uninfested 36 36 32 33 34 46 37 18 13 Number of nurseries 94 101 106 116 151 162 191 228 266 It should be understood that the figures in the preceding table are not strictly comparable because of the greater number of nurs- eries since the new law went into effect in 1925. Thus though the number of infested nurseries is greater, the actual percentage may be considerably less. Number and Size of Nurseries The number of nurseries in Connecticut has increased each year. The list for 1927 contained 191 names. The list for 1928 con- tains 228 names and for 1929, 266 names. Of the 266 separate nurseries in the state, a classification on account of size may be made as follows : 1 Includes both Adelges abietis and Gillettea cooleyi. INSPECTION OF NURSERIES 507 Nurseries containing 50 acres or more 16 between 10 and 50 acres 37 5 and 10 " 29 2 and 5 " 64 1 acre or less 120 266 111 1929, 288 nursery inspections were made. The list of nurs- ery firms receiving certificates contains 266 names; 22 being Figure 44. Map of Connecticut showing location of nurseries. new nurseries registered in the winter that were inspected twice, once in the spring and again in the fall. From the owners of three nurseries failing to register before July 1, as provided in Section 2, Chapter 265, Public Acts of 1925, $40 was collected to cover the cost of inspection, and this amount was sent to the State Treasurer on January 8, 1930- This cost of inspection would have been greater had it been necessary to make special trips from New Haven to inspect each nursery but when men are working in the vicinity of several nurseries the expense of travel is divided between the nurseries. The total area of nurseries in Connecticut in 1929 is equivalent to about 3,157 acres. The figures were taken for the most part from the estimates of the owners and managers as given on the registration cards, supplemented by the inspector. Each nursery 508 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 315 of less than an acre in extent is listed as one acre and where frac- tions are given, the next whole number is recorded. Certified nurseries now number 266 ; 49 new ones have been added within the year, and 13 have discontinued the business. Sixteen on last year's list are now listed under different firm names. The location of these 266 nurseries is shown on the map in Figure 44. The list of nursery firms granted certificates in 1929 is as follows : Connecticut Nursery Firms Certified in 1929 Name of firm Address Acreage Alius, Adolf Stamford 1 Aldrich, Miss Inie E Thomaston 5 Allen, Henry L North Stonington . . 1 Amato, John Cromwell 1 Amelunxen & DeWyn . . . Yalesville 4 Ampelopsis Nurseries . . . Groton 1 Arawana Nurseries Milford 1 Artistree Nursery Branford 1 Austin, M. E Clinton 2 Barnes Bros. Nursery Co. Yalesville 150 Barnes Eastern Nurseries Wallingford 10 Barnes Nursery & Or- chard Co Wallingford 50 Barrows, Paul M Stamford 1 Barton, Robert Hamden 1 Beattie, W. H New Haven 1 Benbow, A Norfolk 1 Bertana, Louis Glenbrook 2 Bertolf Bros., Inc Greenwich 45 Blake and Stuart Preston 1 Bonnie Brook Gardens . . Rowayton 7 Booy, H. W Yalesville 4 Botsford, R. C East Haven 1 Brainard Nursery & Seed Co Thompsonville 15 Braley, S. A Burnside 4 Branford Nurseries Branford 4 Brass, Fred W Andover 3 Bretschneider, A Danielson 1 Bridgeport Hydraulic Co. Bridgeport 300 Brimfield Gardens Nurs- ery Wethersfield 3 Bristol Nurseries, Inc. . . Bristol 50 Brooklawn Conserva- tories, Inc Bridgeport 1 Brooklawn Nursery Bridgeport 2 Brouwer & Hancock Nurseries New London 20 Brown, E. M Hartford and West Simsbury 2 Bubenicek, Joseph Woodmont 1 Bulpitt, Henry F Darien 4 Bunting's Nurseries, Inc. Groton 10 Burke. P. J. Rockville 1 Burr, Morris L Westport 1 Certificate No. of issued certificate Aug. 26 894 Oct. 29 1,012 Aug. 5 831 Aug. 15 867 July 31 802 Aug. 5 828 Nov. 26 1,030 Oct. 24 1,005 Sept. 21 971 Aug. 2 820 Aug. 1 819 Oct. 22 1,003 Nov. 23 1,028 Nov. 9 L016 Sept. 10 936 Sept. 24 972 Sept. 6 924 Aug. 14 863 Aug. 5 825 Aug. 20 881 July 31 803 Sept. 9 932 Aug. 3 821 July 31 818 Sept. 7 926 Aug. 5 823 Aug. 19 877 Nov. 12 1,017 Aug. 28 906 Aug. 29 909 Nov. 26 1,031 Sept. 24 976 Aug. 14 853 Sept. 9 930 Sept. 19 966 Aug. 7 839 Aug. 5 827 Aug. 14 851 Sept. 20 968 Certificate No. of issued certificate Aug. 7 836 Nov. 23 1,020 Aug. 14 856 July 31 816 Sept. 25 977 Aug. 27 902 Sept. 6 923 July 31 807 Dec. 16 1,045 Sept. 12 943 Sept. 10 934 Aug. 16 873 Dec. 31 1,057 Sept. 17 960 Dec. 23 1,046 Aug. 12 846 INSPECTION OF NURSERIES 509 Name of firm Address Acreage Burr & Co., Inc., C. R. ... Manchester, Elling- ton and Durham.. 400 Burwell, E. E New Haven 1 Byram Evergreen Nurs- ery East Portchester ... 1 Calvanese, John Southing';on 1 Candee, Hollis S Hartford 6 Cant, Alexander Springdale 1 Cardarelli, Emilio J Cromwell 4 Carey, Alice L Cheshire 1 Cascio, Peter J Hartford 1 Case, Louis L Simsbury 1 Chapman, C. B Groton 1 Chippendale Nurseries, Inc Lvme 2 Clark, Raymond H Milford 2 Cleary, Arthur B. (2) ...Bethel 1 Clyne, George A Middlebury 4 Conine Nursery Co Stratford 65 Conn. Agr. College (Prof. S. P. Hollister) Storrs 1 Aug. 15 Conn. Agr. Expt. Station (W. O. Filley, Forester) New Haven, Hamden, Norwich, Simsbury, Storrs 5 Conn. Forestry Nursery. . Centerbrook 5 Conn. Valley Nurseries . . Manchester 5 Cooper's Nichols 1 Corrigam Tames J West Haven 1 Couture, E. R. (2) Westport 2 Cragholme Nurseries, Inc. Greenwich 10 Cromie, G. A New Haven 5 Culver, W. B. (2) Suffield 1 Dallas, Inc., Alexander . . Waterbury 2 Darien Nursery Darien 6 Dawson, Wm. A Willimanlic 2 Daybreak Nurseries, Inc. Westport 12 DeMars, F. H Winsted 1 Doebeli, Charles A. (2) . . Bridgeport 1 Dondi, Augusto Hamden 1 Dougherty's Nursery .... Yalesville 1 Dowd, Inc., F. C. (2) ...Madison 2 Dunlap, D. S Cromwell 3 Dunn, James F Stamford 3 Eager, Edward M Bridgeport 1 East Rock Nursery Co. . . New Haven 1 Eell's Sons Manchester 1 Elfgren & Sons, LP. ... East Killingly 2 Elm City Nursery Co., Woodmont Nurseries, Inc New Haven and Woodmont 150 Elmgren, C. J Cromwell 1 Oct. 1 988 Aug. 16 869 Aug. 7 837 Oct. 2 990 Sept 12 944 Oct. 16 1,002 Aug. 20 882 Aug. 26 896 July 31 810 Aug. 16 875 Aug. 12 849 Aug. 14 852 Nov. 29 1,035 Oct. 26 1,009 Dec. 31 1,056 Oct. 26 1,008 lulv 31 805 Dec. 31 1,050 Aug. 15 865 Aug. 31 918 Sept. 14 956 Aug. 17 876 Dec. 10 1,043 Aug. 23 888 Sept. 17 958 Aug. 30 916 510 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 315 Name of firm Address Acreage Elm Grove Cemetery Assn. Mystic 1 Evergreen Nursery Co. . . Wilton 16 Eyberse, John (2) Norwich 1 New Canaan Fairty, C.H Farmington Valley Nurs ery Flower City Rose Co. . . Fraser's Nurseries & Dahlia Gardens Willimantic 3 Avon 3 Manchester 20 Galligan, C. W. (2) Gallup, Amos M. (2) Gardner's Nurseries .... Geduldig's Greenhouses . . Gilbert, Henry G Giuliano, John S Glastonbury Gardens .... Glen Terrace Nurseries . . Godfrey's Stratfield Nurs- eries Golden Hill Nursery . . . Goodwin Nurseries Grillo, Nicholas Haas, E Hall, Henry A. L. (2) ... Hamden Nurseries Hansen, Peter Hartford Board of Water Commissioners (2) . . . Hawes, Frank M Hearn, Thomas H Heath and Co Henninger, Christ Hilliard, H.J Hinckley Hill Nursery . . Hiti Nurseries Holcomb, H. Parks Hoi comb, Irving Holbridge, S. E Hopeville Gardens Horan, James F Horan and Son, James . . Houston, Byron D Hoyt, Charles E Hoyt's Sons Co., Inc., Stephen Hunt and Co., W. W. ... Orange and North Haven 2 Stonington 1 Rocky Hill 100 Norwich 3 Danielson 2 Wethersfield 1 Glastonbury 1 Hamden 35 Bridgeport 25 Shelton 2 Bloomfield 7 Milldale 1 Devon 1 West Haven 1 Hamden 1 Fairfield 5 Hartford 25 West Hartford 1 Washington 1 Manchester 10 New Britain 1 Sound View 1 Stonington 2 Pomfret Center .... 10 Winsted 2 Simsbury 1 Ledyard 4 Waterbury 3 Hartford 3 Bridgeport 1 Mansfield 15 Danbury 2 New Canaan Hartford . . . .300 Innes.William Milford 2 Intravaia & Sons, J Middletown 1 Jennings, G. S Southport 1 Johnson, Tom Bridgeport 1 Judd,T. H Danbury 1 Certificate issued Nov. 23 Aug. 6 Aug. 29 Oct. 26 Aug Aus 26 7 Aug. 24 No. of certificate 1,022 833 911 1,006 892 838 891 Sept. 9 929 Aug. 5 829 Sept. 7 925 Sept. 9 931 Nov. 25 1,024 Sept. 18 962 June 12 795 Nov. 12 1.018 Dec. 31 1,052 Oct. 22 1,004 Aug. 16 874 July 31 815 Dec. 2 1,039 Sept. 10 937 Sept. 7 927 Oct. 8 993 Oct. 1 987 Aug. 22 884 Nov. 27 1,034 July 26 797 Sept. 19 965 July 31 809 Aug. 14 859 Aug. 14 858 Oct. 11 999 July 29 799 Aug. 5 824 Nov. 23 1,025 Dec. 31 1,049 Nov. 30 1,038 Nov. 2 1,013 Sept. 11 941 Aug. 30 914 Aug. 28 907 Aug. 27 904 Aug. 16 872 Dec. 31 1,060 Sept. 14 954 Dec. 31 1,053 INSPECTION OF NURSERIES 511 Certificate No. of Name of firm Address Acreage issued certificate Kelley & Son, James J. . . Darien 7 Aug. 28 908 Keystone Nurseries Danbury 1 Oct. 1 989 Kuen, Rudolph J. (2) ... Foxon, East Haven . . 1 Sept. 9 933 Langstroth Conifer Nurs- ery Danbury 4 Sept. 11 940 Leghorn, John J Cromwell 17 Aug. 15 864 Lewis & Valentine, Inc. . . Darien 9 Aug. 27 905 Liljenstein, Carl New London 1 Aug. 5 826 Lundberg, E. A Darien 1 Aug. 26 893 Lynch, Mrs. J. H. (2) ... Ridgefield 5 Aug. 14 855 Mallett, Geo. A Bridgeport 15 Sept. 13 948 Maplewood Nursery Co. . Norwich 3 Dec. 3 1,040 Marigold Farm New Canaan 15 Oct. 9 994 Mason, Warren S Farmington 1 Aug. 14 861 Mather, S. T Darien 1 Nov. 27 1,033 McCarthy, John P. (2) .. Danbury 1 ' Sept. 11 939 McConville, John Manchester 1 Aug. 14 857 Meachen, Geo. C.1 Stratford 1 Sept. 19 967 Meier, A. R West Hartford 1 Nov. 23 1,021 Merwin Lane Nursery . . East Norwalk 4 Sept. 13 947 Meyer, Carl H. H. (2) ..Riverside 10 Aug. 14 860 Meyer, Ludwig Bridgeport 5 Oct. 7 991 Middeleer, Inc Darien 20 Aug. 29 910 Millane Nurseries Cromwell and Deep River 30 Aug. 31 919 Mill River Nursery Fairfield 6 Sept. 18 964 Minge, G.H Rocky Hill 1 Sept. 24 973 Moraio Bros Stamford 10 Aug. 27 900 Morgan, Wm. F. (2). . . . North Stonington . . 3 Aug. 30 915 Mount Carmel Nursery . . Mount Carmel 1 Aug. 27 903 Newell, Raymond E West Hartford 1 Aug. 9 841 New Britain Board of Water Commissioners.. New Britain 50 Oct. 1 986 New Haven Park Com- mission New Haven 16 Aug. 12 847 New London Cemetery Association New London 1 Sept. 5 920 New London County Nurseries New London 9 Oct 16 1,001 New York, New Haven & Hartford Railroad Co. (C. A, Haggerty).. Stamford 5 Sept. 17 959 Nicolson & Thurston .... Litchfield 1 Sept. 13 949 North-Eastern Forestry Co Cheshire 60 July 26 796 Norwood Nursery Hamden 1 Aug. 30 912 Oakland Nurseries Manchester 5 July 26 798 Oakwood Novelty Gar- dens East Hartford 1 Aug. 9 840 Old Orchard Nursery ... Norwalk 2 Nov. 29 1,036 Ostergren, Herbert Cromwell 2 July 31 806 Outpost Nurseries Ridgefield 100 Aug. 14 862 Ouwerkerk, D. K Yalesville 10 July 31 804 1 Deceased. 512 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION Name of firm Palinkas Nursery (2) ... Park Gardens Patterson, John Pedersen, Anthon Pedone & Co., Ludovico. . Pequod Nursery Co Peschko, Robert Pestretto, Frank Pestretto, Salvatore Pflomm, Charles W. (2) . Phelps & V. T. Hammer Co.J.W Phillips, Alice G Pierson, Inc., A. N Pinatelloi, M Pinchbeck Bros., Inc Polish Orphanage Farm.. Pomeroy Blue Spruce Gardens Pratt, Jr., George D Prospect Nurseries, Inc. . . Prudence Seymour Gar- dens Address Acreage South Nor walk .... 1 Bridgeport 1 Old Saybrook 3 Stamford 2 Goshen 3 Yalesville 15 Danbury 1 West Hartford 1 Hartford 1 Bridgeport 1 *•! I .i ; Branford 3 Milton 1 Cromwell 150 East Hartford 2 Ridgefield 5 New Britain 1 l! II ■ New Milford 5 Bridgewater 1 Cromwell 12 New Milford 1 Rabinak, Louis Deep River 2 Rengerman, A. B Granby 1 Reynolds, Stephen South Norwalk 1 Richards, Warren Clinton 10 Richmond, Gordon L. ... New Milford 3 Rockf all Nursery Co Rockfall 90 Rose Hill Nursery (2) . . Gildersleeve 1 Rottenberg, Julius Newington 1 Russell, Charles B Newington 1 Sage, Hollister Woodbury 1 Sasco Hill Evergreen | Nursery Southport 1 Saxe-Floto Waterbury 2 Scarano, Alphonso Groton 1 Schaefr er Bros Norwich 4 Schneider, Godfrey West Haven 1 Schulze, Charles T Bethel 2 Scott's Nurseries Bloomfield 5 Seltsam's Pequonnock Gardens Bridgeport 1 Seymour, Fred R Riverton 1 Shailer, Edwin E Haddam 1 Sierman, C. H Hartford 8 Silvermine Nurseries . . . Norwalk 1 Simonsen, H. C Plainville 2 Snelgrove, S. J Windsor 1 Soltes, Martin J Shelton 1 Southport Nurseries .... Southport 32 South Wilton Nurseries.. Wilton 5 Spencer, W. L. L Columbia 1 Spring Nurseries Forestville 1 Stack, Garrett M. (2) ...Guilford 1 BULLETIN 315 Certificate No. of issued certificate July 31 813 Dec. 31 1,051 Aug. 23 887 Nov. 6 1,014 Sept. 14 952 Sept. 14 951 Sept. 11 942 Dec. 31 1,055 Sept. 28 983 Sept. 24 975 Dec. 26 1,047 Sept. 13 950 July 31 800 Aug. 27 898 Aug. 22 883 Oct. 8 992 Aug. 12 843 Oct. 26 1,007 Aug. 15 866 Aug. 12 844 Aug. 16 870 Aug. 23 890 July 31 812 Oct. 10 996 Aug. 12 842 Aug. 27 901 Nov. 7 1,015 Aug. 20 880 Aug. 6 834 July 31 817 Sept. 14 955 Aug. 14 850 Oct. 29 1,011 Nov. 23 1,027 Sept. 12 945 Dec. 3 1,041 Dec. 12 1,044 Sept. 28 980 Sept. 28 979 Aug. 16 871 Sept. 26 978 July 31 811 Nov. 26 1,032 Aug. 6 835 Sept. 18 963 Aug. 12 845 Aug. 30 917 Aug. 5 822 July 31 814 Sept. 21 969 INSPECTION OF NURSERIES 513 Certificate No. of Name of firm Address Acreage issued certificate Stack, Thomas M. (2) .. New Milford 1 Sept. 28 982 Stafford Conservatories . . Stafford Springs ... 1 Sept. 17 957 Stannard, E. H Wilton, Woodbury and Southbury ... 1 Sept. 28 981 State Highway Depart- ment (Landscape Divi- sion) Ellington, Putnam, Wethersfield and Wilton 6 Oct. 11 998 State of Conn. (A. F. Hawes, State Forester) Simsbury, Hartford 5 State Street Nursery . . . New Haven 2 Steck, Jr., C. A Bethel 2 Steck, Charles A Newtown 10 Steck, Nurseries, Inc. . . . Farmington 10 Steck, Sarah B Bethel 1 StolleJ.W Bethel 1 Stratford Rose Nurseries Stratford 2 Sunridge Nurseries (2) . . Greenwich 10 Sylvan Avenue Green- house Bridgeport 2 Tanner, Edward G Manchester 1 Thomas & Sons, Inc., W. D Hamden 2 Torizzo, P. A West Hartford 1 Tree Farms, Inc Cromwell 15 Tryon, George W North Stonington . . 1 Upson, R. E Marion 2 Van der Bom, F Bethel 5 Vanderbrook & Son, C. L. Manchester 30 Vanderstam, C. L Yalesville 2 Van Wilgen Nurseries . . Branford 10 Vasileff , Nicholas Greenwich 4 Verkade's Nurseries New London 50 Vernik Nursery, John ... Bridgeport 2 Wallace Nursery Wallingford 8 Wegner, C. F Noroton Heights ... 1 Weirether, Leo West Haven 1 Westville Nurseries New Haven 1 Wheeler, C. B Stonington 1 Wilcox, Elmer E Guilford 1 Wild, Henry Greenwich 2 Wild, Henry Norwalk 30 Williams, Harry G Shelton 1 Wilridge Nurseries (2) . . Branchville 2 Wilson & Co., C. E Manchester 100 Wilson, Robert L Stamford 1 Woodbridge Nursery Co. New Haven 6 Woodruff, C. V Orange 1 Wyllie, David Whitneyville 1 Yale Forest School Nurs- ery New Haven 2 Sept. 10 935 Aug. 23 889 Aug. 14 854 Nov. 23 1,019 Dec. 31 1,058 Dec. 31 1,059 Sept. 30 985 Sept. 11 938 Sept. 14 953 Aug. 22 885 Nov. 23 1,029 Aug. 27 899 Dec. 31 1,048 Nov. 23 1,023 Sept. 2 946 Aug. 5 832 Sept. 5 921 Sept. 17 961 Aug. 12 848 July 31 801 Oct. 15 1,000 Nov. 23 1,026 Oct. 29 1,010 Sept. 24 974 July 31 808 Oct. 9 995 Aug. 22 886 Dec. 31 1,054 Aug. 5 830 Sept. 21 970 Aug. 19 878 Aug. 19 879 Sept. 28 984 Aug. 30 913 Sept. 6 922 Aug. 26 895 Oct. 10 998 Sept. 7 928 Dec. 7 1,042 514 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 315 Certificate No. of Name of firm Address Acreage issued certificate Yale University Land- scape Dept New Haven 11 Aug. 26 897 ZackCo., H.J Deep River 15 Nov. 30 1,037 Total acres 3,157 Inspection of Raspberry Plantations Only one firm applied in 1929 for the special inspection and certification of raspberry plants on account of the mosaic and allied diseases in order to meet the requirements of Michigan, Minnesota, New York, Vermont and Wisconsin. The inspections were made and a certificate issued to cover only the varieties indicated, as follows : Special Certificate on Raspberry Plants , Certificate •, Name of firm Address Varieties Date of issue Number Conine Nursery Co Stratford Latham LaFrance Saint Regis Oct. 15 19 Registration of Nursery Dealers Chapter 265, Public Acts of 1925, provides that dealers in nurs- ery stock must register each year, on or before March 1, with the State Entomologist, and cite the principal sources of their nursery stock. All dealers' permits are for the remainder of the calendar year and expire on December 31. During the year 104 such dealers have registered and received permits. The list of dealers is on file in the office of the State Entomologist, but is not printed in this Report. Registration of Out-of-State Nurserymen Nurserymen in other states wishing to ship stock into Connecti- cut are required to file with the State Entomologist signed copies of their nursery inspection certificates and make application for permits to ship stock into the state. These permits are valid only for the periods covered by the certificates placed on file. During the year 258 permits were issued to nurserymen in other states, but the list of firms receiving them is not printed in this Report. Parcel Certificates In addition to the regular inspection and certification of nursery stock, occasionally individuals wish to send shrubs and plants to their friends, and sometimes nurserymen need to ship packages INSPECTION OF NURSERIES 515 before receiving their regular certificates. Consequently 352 sepa- rate parcels of nursery stock were inspected and package certi- ficates furnished. Inspection of Narcissus Bulbs On account of Federal Quarantine No. 62, narcissus bulbs grown in Connecticut cannot be shipped into other states unless given two inspections, one in the field in May, and the other after the bulbs have been dug for shipment. In case they are found to be infested with bulb flies or eelworms, they must then be treated. During the year 22,000 such bulbs were inspected and certified. Inspection of Laurel and Decorative Materials Considerable decorative material is gathered each year in Con- necticut woodlands and shipped into New York City. This is mostly mountain laurel, Kalmia latifolia. If gathered within the gipsy moth quarantined area, it is examined by Federal inspectors, and if found clean, is certified for shipment. Much of it is col- lected outside the quarantined area and yet cannot enter New York without being certified. During the year 42 such certificates were issued. Inspection of Shelled Seed Corn On account of the European corn borer having been found in a portion of Connecticut, certain states would not allow shelled sweet corn for seed to enter unless it had been inspected and certified to be free from bits of cob large enough to carry borers. Therefore a large quantity of such seed corn was inspected as it came through the cleaning mill, and 1084 certificate tags were issued covering shelled corn and certain other seeds. Blister Rust Control Area Permits In 1929, nine blister rust control areas were legally established in Connecticut. Under such conditions, the Federal regulations require that before any shipments of currants, gooseberries or other species of Ribes or white pine or other five-leaf pines are shipped into the state, the shipper must apply to the State Ento- mologist for a permit. The shipper must give name and address of both consignor and consignee, name and number of plants of each species and variety to be shipped. If the shipment is to be sent to a point outside the control areas and does not contain any prohibited plants, the permit is granted. During the year 334 such permits have been issued. Black currants are now debarred by statute. The text of the law follows: 516 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 315 Public Acts of 1929 CHAPTER 172 AN ACT PROHIBITING THE GROWING OF BLACK CURRANT PLANTS Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives in General Assem- bly convened: Section 1. Any person who shall grow, plant, propagate, cultivate, sell, transport or possess any plant, root or cutting of the European black currant, or Ribes nigrum, shall be fined not less than five dollars nor more than twenty-five dollars. Sec. 2. _ The director of the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station is authorized to seize and destroy any plants, roots or cuttings of said European black currant found in the State. Approved June 3, 1929. INSPECTION OF IMPORTED NURSERY STOCK W. E. Britton and M. P. Zappe Since 1920, the only nursery stock permitted to enter Connecti- cut directly from foreign countries has been fruit tree seedlings and rose stocks for propagation. This material enters the United States under a Federal system of notices and permits and is released at ports of entry, to be inspected by state inspectors at destination points. All other plant material brought into the country must go to Washington, where it is examined, and where it may be detained, fumigated or destroyed, if there is any ques- tion of infestation. All proper precautions are taken by the ■Plant Quarantine and Control Administration before allowing the plants to be distributed.' The imported nursery stock entering Connecticut in 1928-1929 was inspected at destination by Mr. Zappe, assisted at rush periods by Mr. Johnson, Mr. McFarland and Dr. Friend. They inspected fewer shipments and a smaller number of plants than last year, as the following table shows : No. of No. of No. of Year shipments cases plants 1920 17 87 814,491 1921 21 126 1,228,560 1922 30 159 1,997,595 1923 35 179. 1,981,895 1924 33 313 3,489,170 1925 27 277 2,977,346 1926 32 347 3,443,357 1927 31 321 3,229,915 1928 26 277 2,680,700 1929 23 225 2,022,475 INSPECTION OF IMPORTED NURSERY STOCK 517 Sources of Imported Nursery Stock, 1928-1929 The greatest number of shipments and plants came from Hol- land, as in some of the preceding years. The following table shows the sources of this stock : No. of No. of No. of Country shipments cases plants Holland 14 137 1,015,475 France 7 85 989,000 England 2 3 18,000 Total 23 225 2,022,475 These 23 shipments were imported by 10 different Connecticut firms, two of which imported 191 of the 225 cases containing 1,800,075 plants. Of the whole number of shipments, 14 con- tained only rose stocks, six were only fruit stocks and three con- tained both rose and fruit stocks. Of this plant material inspected, 1,128,575 plants, or about 55 per cent, were rose stocks and the remainder, 893,000 plants, or about 45 per cent, were fruit seedlings, the quantity of each differ- ent variety being shown in the following table : Kinds of Stock Imported rose stocks Rosa manetti 998,575 Rosa rugosa , 130,000 1,128,575 FRUIT STOCKS Apple (all kinds) 290,800 Cherry (all kinds) 391,600 Pear 151,500 Plum 50,000 Quince 10,000 893,900 Total 2,022,475 Time of Arrival and Inspection This imported nursery stock begins to arrive in the late fall and continues into the winter. Some importers desire an imme- diate inspection, but others place the stock in storage and ask to have it inspected a little each week as they can use it in grafting and propagating. The following table shows the quantities of stock as inspected by months : 518 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 315 No. of No. of No. of Month shipments cases plants November 1 2 15,000 December 4 27 231,500 January 9 114 1,212,000 February 5 - 77 524,575 March 3 4 29,500 April 1 1 9,900 Total 23 225 2,022,475 The time required to inspect this stock is equivalent to one man working 21 days, and this time, together with traveling and other necessary expenses, amounts to nearly $400. In addition to the material enumerated and tabulated above, there were 13 shipments of new varieties of plants and 28 ship- ments containing 685 pounds of tree seeds which were not inspected in Connecticut. The plants were inspected and the seeds fumigated with carbon disulfide at Washington, D. C. Reports of the 23 shipments inspected were sent to the Plant Quar- antine and Control Administration, Washington, D. C. Results of Inspection Of the 23 shipments inspected, 12 shipments, or 52 per cent, were found free from infestation, but in the other 11 shipments, or 48 per cent, there were insects, small animals or plant diseases, some of which are well known pests. Details of these infestations are given below : Infestations Intercepted on Imported Nursery Stock 11 Shipments Infested insects and other animals Aporia crataegi Linn. Nests on apple (1 shipment), Andre Choplin, Maze, France. Calophasia lunula Hubn. On pear (2 shipments), Andre Choplin, Maze, and A. Fermaud, Angers, France. Emphytus cinctus Linn. On rose (8 shipments), Andre Choplin, Maze, A. Fermaud and Franco-American Seedling Co., Angers, France ; W. C. Slocock, Woking, Eng- land; Felix & Dykhius, and Association Flora, Boskoop, Holland. Lepidopterous pupa. On rose and pear (2 shipments), Andre Choplin, Maze, France ; C. Klyn & Co., Boskoop, Holland. Notolophus antiqua Linn. Rusty tussock moth eggs on cherry, apple and rose (3 shipments), Franco- American Seedling Co., Angers, France; F. J. Grootendorst and Association Flora, Boskoop, Holland. Spiders Eggs. On rose and pear (2 shipments), Andre Choplin, Maze, and Franco-American Seedling Co., Angers, France. Woolly aphid. On apple (1 shipment), A. Fermaud, Angers, France. INSPECTION OF APIARIES 519 PLANT DISEASES Crown Gall on Manetti rose (1 shipment), Association Flora, Boskoop, Holland. INSPECTION OF APIARIES IN 1929 In 1929, as in former seasons, the apiaries of Connecticut were inspected by Mr. H. W. Coley, of Westport, and Mr. A. W. Yates, of Hartford, who have been paid for each day employed on this work. Mr. Coley covered the southern half of the state, Fairfield, New Haven, Middlesex and New London Counties, and Mr. Yates the northern half, Litchfield, Hartford., Tolland and Windham Counties. The appropriation, now $4,000 for two years, has never been sufficient to cover the cost of inspecting all known apiaries in the state each year, so an attempt has been made to inspect some of them in alternate seasons in order to cover them all in each two- year period. This inspection work in 1929 required 167 man days, and together with traveling expenses cost $2,169.10. In all 990 apiaries containing 9,559 colonies were inspected, in 1929, as against 852 apiaries containing 8,133 colonies in 1928. The api- aries averaged 9.55 colonies each in 1929 and 9.41 each in 1928. The following table shows the number of apiaries and colonies inspected, the average number of colonies per apiary, and the average cost of inspecting each apiary and colony for each year since the inspection started in 1910 : Twenty- Year Record of Apiary Inspection in Connecticut Average Average No. of No. of No. colonies Cost of inspect ion Year apiaries colonies per apiary per apiary pei • colony 1910 208 1,595 7.6 $2.40 .28 1911 162 1,571 9.7 1.99 .21 1912 153 1,431 9.3 1.96 .21 1913 189 1,500 7.9 1.63 .21 1914 463 3,882 8.38 1.62 .19 1915 494 4,241 8.58 1.51 .175 1916 467 3,898 8.34 1.61 .19 1917 473 4,506 9.52 1.58 .166 1918 395 3,047 7.8 1.97 .25 1919 723 6,070 11.2 2.45 .29 1920 762 4,797 6.5 2.565 .41 1921 751 6,972 9.2 2.638 .24 1922 797 8,007 10.04 2.60 .257 1923 725 6,802 9.38 2.55 .27 1924 953 8,929 9.4 2.42 .25 1925 766 8,257 10.7 2.45 .22 1926 814 7,923 9.7 2.35 .24 1927 803 8,133 10.1 2.37 .234 1928 852 8,023 9.41 2.12 .225 1929 990 9,559 9.55 2.19 .227 520 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 315 In 1929, apiaries were inspected in 141 towns as against 149 towns in 1928 and 135 towns in 1927. Inspections were made in 1929 in the following' 11 towns not visited in 1928: New Haven County — Ansonia, Beacon Falls, West Haven; Middlesex County — Durham; Litchfield County — Barkhamsted, Warren; Windham County — Ashford, Chaplin, Eastford, Hampton, Thompson. On the other hand, in the following 20 towns visited in 1928, no inspections were made in 1929 : Fairfield County — New Fair- field, Sherman, Westport; New Haven County — Bethany, Mil- ford, New Haven, Orange, Oxford, Southbury, Waterbury, Woodbridge; Middlesex County — Saybrook; New London County — Bozrah, New London, Preston, Sprague; Litchfield County — Bridgewater, New Milf ord, Roxbury ; Tolland County — Tolland. In the following eight towns no inspections were made in either 1928 or 1929 : Fairfield County — Bridgeport, Monroe, New- town, Shelton, Trumbull, Weston; New London County — Lis- bon ; Tolland County — Willington. In 1929, one apiary was inspected in Warren where for several years it was believed that no bees were kept; at least, none had been discovered. European Foul Brood European foul brood is a disease of the young larvae in the comb caused by a bacterial germ known as Bacillus pluton. The cell contents often have the odor of fermentation, though they are not particularly offensive and are not gelatinous or ropy. This disease is usually more troublesome in early summer than at other seasons and requeening with Italian queens and uniting two or more weak colonies to make them strong are the usual methods of treatment. Of the 990 apiaries and 9,559 colonies inspected in 1929, only two apiaries and three colonies were found infested with Euro- pean foul brood. This is the lightest infestation of both apiaries and colonies found since the inspection work started in 1910, and amounts to .02 per cent of the apiaries and .003 per cent of the colonies. The following table shows a complete record of percentages of European foul brood infestation in Connecticut since the inspec- tions were started in 1910: INSPECTION OF APIARIES 521 Record of European Foul Brood Percentage of infestation Percentage of infestation Year Apiaries Colonies Year Apiaries Colonies 1910 75.9 49.7 1920 4.3 1.5 1911 51.8 27.4 1921 3.91 1.26 1912 47.7 23.5 1922 4.14 .85 1913 44.4 24.5 1923 2.34 .36 1914 32.6 13.9 1924 1.78 .526 1915 26.1 10.3 1925 2.48 .507 1916 18.8 7.05 1926 3.19 .858 1917 16.7 4.86 1927 1.12 .282 1918 9.8 3.3 1928 1.05 .324 1919 6.6 1.2 1929 .02 .003 During the season of 1929, European foul brood was found only in two towns : Winchester in Litchfield County, and Coven- try in Tolland County. No apiaries infested with this disease were found in Fairfield, New Haven, Middlesex, New London, Hartford, and Windham Counties. American Foul Brood American foul brood is likewise a disease of the larvae in the cells, but it occurs at a time when the larvae are nearly mature or more advanced in their development than does the European foul brood. American foul brood is also caused by a bacterial organ- ism or germ known to science as Bacillus larvae. The symptoms appear after the cells have been sealed and often after the brood has pupated. The cells are shrunken and if opened the contents have a very offensive odor and a peculiar stringy or ropy con- sistency. The usual remedy is to shake the bees into clean hives, destroy the infected combs, and disinfect or destroy the old hives. The diseased combs may be sterilized by soaking them in an alcohol-formalin solution containing 20 per cent of formalin, but this treatment is not widely practiced. Of the 990 apiaries and 9,559 colonies inspected in 1929, 46 apiaries and 115 colonies were infested with American foul brood. This infestation is equivalent to 4.64 per cent of the apiaries and 1.2 per cent of the colonies inspected in 1929. This record is slightly higher than that of 1928; in fact, it is the highest per- centage of infestation of American foul brood ever found by the inspectors in any season in Connecticut. The following table shows a complete record of American foul brood since the apiary inspection work was started in Connecticut in 1910: 522 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 315 Record of American Foul Brood Percentage of infestation Percentage of infestation Year Apiaries Colonies Year Apiaries Colonies 1910 0 0 1920 1.18 .25 1911 - 0 0 1921 2.5 .56 1912 0 0 1922 1.38 .27 1913 0 0 1923 .985 .323 1914 - 1.07 .7 1924 1.04 .22 1915 .8 .18 1925 3.26 .424 1916 1.07 .15 1926 1.72 .29 1917 .42 .17 1927 3.11 .70 1918 1.01 .32 1928 4.213 .98 1919 3 1.1 1929 4.64 1.2 In 1929, American foul brood was found in the following 24 towns : Fairfield County — Danbury, Fairfield, Greenwich, Ridge- field, Stamford, Wilton; New Haven County — Cheshire, Ham- den, Middlebury, Naugatuck, North Haven, Prospect, Walling- f ord ; Middlesex County — East Hampton, Essex, Middlefield ; New London County — Stonington; Litchfield County — Ply- mouth, Watertown; Hartford County — Bristol, New Britain, West Hartford, Wethersfield ; Tolland County — Ellington. This disease was not found in Windham County. Sacbrood Sacbrood or pickled brood is a disease that causes the larvae or brood to die at about the time that the cells are capped. They lie on their backs with heads turned upward. Though the body is swollen and the contents are watery, there is no ropiness. The entire cell contents may be removed intact as if enclosed in a sac. The color, though variable, is often light yellowish brown with head nearly black. The cause of this disease is thought to be a filterable virus, and the usual treatment is to unite the weak colonies to make strong ones. In rare cases where the entire apiary becomes diseased, all colonies should be supplied with new queens. The following table shows the record of sacbrood in Connecti- cut since the inspection work began in 1910: Record of Sacbrood Percentage of infestation Percentage of infestation Year Apiaries Colonies Year Apiaries Colonies 1910 0 0 1920 1.18 .229 1911 .51 1921 1.06 .157 1912 Several 1922 1.37 .187 1913 2.8 1923 .53 .086' 1914 2.59 .721 1924 1.78 .52 1915 2.02 .47 1925 3.39 .836 1916 .428 .051 1926 1.1 .138 1917 1.48 .199 1927 .03 .0036 1918 .253 .032 1928 .035 .087 1919 1.24 .19 1929 .001 .0006 INSPECTION OF APIARIES 523 This year sacbrood was found in Connecticut only in Walling- f ord in New Haven County. Statistics of Inspection The statistics of apiary inspection by towns and counties are given on the following pages, with summary on page 527. Inspection of Apiaries, 1929 , Apiaries ^ r Colonies N , Foul brood i Town Inspected Diseased Inspected Diseased American European Sacbrood Fairfield County Bethel 2 0 28 0 0 0 0 Bridgeport ... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Brookfield . . . 4 0 84 0 0 0 0 7 2 62 8 8 0 0 Darien 2 0 45 0 0 0 0 2 0 86 0 0 0 0 8 2 86 5 5 0 0 Greenwich . . . 9 3 74 8 8 0 0 Monroe 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 New Canaan. . 11 0 84 0 0 0 0 New Fairfield 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Newtown .... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Norwalk 6 0 57 0 0 0 0 5 0 94 0 0 0. 0 Ridgefield . . . 7 3 54 9 9 0 0 Shelton 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Stamford .... 3 1 20 1 1 0 0 Stratford 1 0 , 2 0 0 0 0 Trumbull .... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Westport 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Wilton1 7 1 121 3 3 0 0 74 12 897 34 34 0 0 , Apiaries N , Colonies N , Foul brood N Town Inspected Diseased Inspected Diseased American European Sacbrood New Haven County Ansonia 2 Beacon Falls . . 1 Bethany 0 Branford 2 Cheshire 11 Derby 2 East Haven . . 2 Guilford 3 Hamden 3 Madison 3 Meriden 11 Middlebury . . 6 Milford 0 Naugatuck . . 4 New Haven . . 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 24 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 21 0 0 0 0 3 78 10 10 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 22 0 0 0 0 0 50 0 0 0 0 1 31 6 6 0 0 0 18 0 0 0 0 0 159 0 0 0 0 3 91 6 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 76 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 One colony inspected twice. 524 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 315 , Apiaries N f Colonies N , Foul brood N Town Inspected Diseased Inspected Diseased American European Sacbrood New Haven County — Cont. North Branford 1 0 30 0 0 0 0 North Haven. 11 2 110 0 Orange 0 0 "0 0 0 0 0 Oxford 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Prospect 4 1 39 1 1 0 0 Seymour 2 0 4 0 0 0 0 Southbury ... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Wallingford ..18 5 163 14 8 0 6 Waterbury ..0 0 0 0 0 0 0 West Haven.. 4 0 47 0 0 0 0 Wolcott 4 0 12 0 0 0 0 Woodbridge.. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 84 15 882 41 35 0 6 , Apiaries ^ r Colonies >, , Foul brood ^ Town Inspected Diseased Inspected Diseased American European Sacbrood Middlesex County Chester 10 0 60 0 0 0 0 Clinton 4 0 63 0 0 0 0 Cromwell .... 4 0 67 0 0 0 0 Durham 11 0 227 0 0 0 0 East Haddam 8 0 242 0 0 0 0 East Hampton 11 2 150 6 6 0 0 Essex 4 1 45 1 1 0 0 Haddam 3 0 50 0 0 0 0 Killingworth.. 4 0 67 0 0 0 0 Middlefield ..4 3 44 11 11 0 0 Middletown ..6 0 98 0 0 0 0 Old Saybrook 5 0 64 0 0 0 0 Portland 9 0 89 0 0 0 0 Saybrook .... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Westbrook ..1 0 4 0 0 0 0 84 6 1,270 18 18 0 0 , Apiaries >, , Colonies -, , Foul brood ., Town Inspected Diseased Inspected Diseased American European Sacbrood New London County Bozrah 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Colchester ... 12 0 188 0 0 0 0 East Lyme ... 4 0 133 0 0 0 0 Franklin 3 0 95 0 0 0 0 Griswold .... 4 0 79 0 0 0 0 Groton 6 0 79 0 0 0 0 Lebanon 12 0 208 0 0 0 0 Ledyard 5 0 59 0 0 0 0 Lisbon 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lyme 1 0 14 0 0 0 0 Montville .... 8 0 84 0 0 0 0 New London.. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 No. Stonington 1 0 54 0 0 0 0 Norwich 9 0 230 0 0 0 0 Old Lyme ... 1 0 14 0 0 0 0 Preston 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 INSPECTION OF APIARIES 525 , Apiaries -^ , Colonies N , Foul brood s Town Inspected Diseased Inspected Diseased American European Sacbrood New London County — Cont. . 2 0 21 0 0 0 0 Sprague . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Stonington .. . 7 1 59 2 2 0 0 Voluntown .. . 3 0 25 0 0 0 0 Waterford . . . 3 0 24 0 0 0 0 81 1 1,366 r Apiaries- Town Inspected Diseased Litchfield County Barkhamsted. . 6 0 Bethlehem ... 4 0 Bridgewater . . 0 0 Canaan 2 0 Colebrook ... 7 0 Cornwall .... 6 0 Goshen 4 0 Harwinton ... 6 0 Kent 7 0 Litchfield .... 14 0 Morris 3 0 New Hartford 12 0 New Milford. . 0 0 Norfolk 5 0 North Canaan 6 0 Plymouth .... 6 2 Roxbury 0 0 Salisbury 6 0 Sharon1 9 1 Thomaston . . 16 0 Torrington . . 14 0 Warren 1 0 Washington . . 5 0 Water town . . 16 1 Winchester . . 17 1 Woodbury ... 3 0 -Colonies ~, , Foul brood , Foul brood ., Town Inspected Diseased Inspected Diseased American European Sacbrood Hartford County — Cont. Glastonbury . . 15 0 131 0 0 0 0 0 108 0 0 0 0 Hartford 5 0 36 0 0 0 0 Hartland 3 0 110 0 0 0 0 Manchester . . 14 0 83 0 0 0 0 Marlborough. . 2 0 31 0 0 0 0 New Britain1.. 20 1 100 1 0 0 0 Newington ... 5 0 28 0 0 0 0 Plainville .... 13 0 41 0 0 0 0 Rocky Hill . . 4 0 46 ' 0 0 0 0 Simsbury 10 0 52 0 0 0 0 Southington . . 13 0 73 0 0 0 0 South Windsor 7 0 52 0 0 0 0 Suffield , , . , 7 0- 69 0 0 0 0 West Hartford 14 1 115 2 2 0 0 Wethersfield1.. 14 1 65 1 0 0 0 0 125 0 0 0 0 Windsor Locks 4 0 14 0 0 0 0 297 8 2,346 18 16 0 0 , Apiaries > , Colo nies ^ , Foul brood •( Town Inspected Diseased Inspected Disease d American European Sacbrood Tolland County 0 9 0 0 0 0 Bolton 2 0 19 0 0 0 0 Columbia 6 0 34 0 0 0 0 Coventry 13 1 100 2 0 2 0 Ellington 17 3 85 7 7 0 0 0 30 0 0 0 0 Mansfield 7 0 24 0 0 0 0 0 47 0 0 0 0 Stafford 9 0 45 0 0 0 0 Tolland 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 51 0 0 0 0 Willington ... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 82 451 , Apiaries ^ , Colonies , , Foul brood ^ Town Inspected Diseased Inspected Diseased American European Sacbrood Windham County Ashford Brooklyn Canterbury Chaplin Eastford Hampton Killingly Plainfield Pomfret Putnam . Scotland Sterling 4 6 3 3 6 6 15 6 9 4 9 4 39 214 25 15 13 30 65 28 61 26 41 8 1 One bee paralysis. INSPECTION OF APIARIES 527 , Apiaries ., r Colonies N , Foul brood N Town Inspected Diseased Inspected Diseased American European Sacbrood Windham County — Cont. Thompson ... 6 0 39 0 0 0 0 Windham .... 17 0 94 0 0 0 0 Woodstock ..15 0 117 0 0 0 0 ~Tl3 0 805 0 0 0 0 Summary , — Apiaries — >, , — Colonies — N No. In- Dis- In- Dis- , Foul brood , County towns spected eased spected eased American European Sacbrood Fairfield ... 14 74 12 897 34 34 0 0 New Haven 19 84 15 882 41 35 0 6 Middlesex.. 14 84 6 1,270 18 18 0 0 New London 16 81 1 1,366 2 2 0 0 Litchfield1.. 23 175 5 1,542 5 3 10 Hartford2 . . 30 297 3 2,346 18 16 0 0 Tolland ... 11 82 4 451 9 7 2 0 Windham . . 15 113 0 805 0 0 0 0 142 990 51 9,559 127 115 3 6 No. apiaries No. colonies Inspected 990 9,559 Infested with European foul brood 2 3 Per cent infested 02 .003 Infested with American foul brood 46 115 Per cent infested 4.64 1 .2 Infested with sacbrood 1 6 Infested with bee paralysis 3 3 Average number of colonies per apiary 9.55 Cost of inspection $2,169.10 Average cost per apiary $2.19 Average cost per colony .227 Registration of Bees : New Legislation Though the law requiring beekeepers to register with the town clerk of the town in which the bees are kept, was first enacted in 1919, there has never been anything like a complete registration of all apiaries. There have been few prosecutions for failing to register. In other words, the law has not been enforced. The General Assembly of 1923 passed an amendment to this law requiring the town clerks to report to the State Entomologist in case bees had been registered as of October 1, and to send a list of such registrations on or before the next February 1. This law did not require them to report in case no bees were registered, and as many failed to report, it was difficult to ascer- tain whether they were complying with the law or violating it. Though notices were sent repeatedly in certain cases, the needed information could be obtained only by making a personal visit to the office of the town clerk, which is, of course, expensive. 1 One bee paralysis. s Two bee paralysis. 528 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 315 The General Assembly of 1929 further amended this law requir- ing town clerks to report to the State Entomologist on or before December 1, and the report does not depend upon registrations. They are supposed to report whether registrations have been made or not. The text of this amendment is as follows : Public Acts of 1929 CHAPTER 50 AN ACT AMENDING AN ACT CONCERNING THE REGISTRA- TION OF THE OWNERS OF BEES Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives in General Assembly convened: Section two of chapter 174 of the public acts of 1919 as amended by- chapter 129 of the public acts of 1923 is amended to read as follows : A record of such registration and of the name and place of residence of the registrant and the definite location in the town where bees are kept by him shall be kept in a separate book in the office of the town clerk, which record shall be accessible to the public. Each town clerk shall, on or before December first, report to the state entomologist whether or not any such owners have been registered by him, and file with said state entomologist a complete list of such registrations. Approved April 10, 1929. During 1929, 712 apiaries and 6,752 colonies were registered with the town clerks. This is slightly more than two-thirds the number of apiaries and colonies that were inspected during the season, and in 27 towns no inspections were made. The number of apiaries and colonies in Connecticut has been a matter of speculation. In 1929, 990 apiaries and 9,559 colonies were inspected and 712 apiaries and 6,752 colonies were registered with the town clerks. After checking the lists carefully and deducting those counted twice, definite figures are obtained and shown in the following table: 1929 Apiaries Colonies Inspected 990 9,559 Registered but not inspected 396 2,787 Total 1,386 12,346 There were eight towns in which no bees were registered and 27 towns in which no bees were inspected. As there are probably a moderate number of apiaries which were neither registered nor inspected in 1929, it seems fair to assume that there are at least 15,000 colonies of bees in Connecticut. The text of the registration law as it now stands on the statute books is as follows : "Section 1. Every person owning one or more hives of bees shall, annually, on or before the first day of October, make application to the town clerk of the town in which such bees are kept, for the registration of such GIPSY MOTH WORK 529 bees, and such town clerk shall issue to such applicant a certificate of registration upon the payment of a recording fee of twenty-five cents, which certificate shall be in the form prescribed and upon blanks furnished by the commissioner of domestic animals and shall be recorded in the office of such town clerk. Sec. 2. A record of such registration with the name and place of residence of the registrant and the definite location in the town where bees are kept by him shall be recorded in a separate book in the office of the town clerk, which record shall be accessible to the public. Each town clerk shall, on or before December first, report to the state entomologist whether or not any such owners have been registered by him, and file with said state entomologist a complete list of such registrations. Sec. 3. Any owner of bees who shall fail to register as required by the provisions of this act shall be fined not more than five dollars." GIPSY MOTH WORK IN CONNECTICUT IN 1929 John T. Ashworth and W. E. Britton The work of suppressing the gipsy moth is conducted by the State Entomologist in cooperation with the Federal Plant Quaran- Figure 45. Map of Connecticut showing areas at present quarantined on account of the gipsy moth. A, generally infested ; B, lightly infested. tine and Control Administration. During the year, this work has been continued in the same manner as in former years and there have been no important or unusual developments. No extensive wind-spread has been discovered and no noticeable defoliation 530 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 315 such as has taken place in certain portions of Massachusetts, Maine and New Hampshire has occurred in Connecticut. There has been no change in the quarantine and the areas are the same as last year as shown in Figure 45. For the most part, the Federal forces have operated along the western border of the infested area in order to prevent further spread, and the state forces have covered the area further eastward where infestations are known to occur. The appropriation is inadequate to provide for scouting in all infested towns each season; consequently, they are covered under the plan of a two-year rotation. No parasites were distributed in 1929. We are greatly indebted to Mr. A. F. Burgess and Mr. H. L. Blaisdell in charge of the Federal Control work for their splendid cooperation, and we here express to them our appreciation and thanks. Some scouting was done for the satin moth, which will be men- tioned on another page of this report. New Equipment The only new equipment obtained during the season has been small tools and three new Ford light trucks to replace the three oldest ones. Details of Work by Counties and Towns A detailed account of the scouting, spraying and other control operations in the infested towns, is given on the following pages : New London County The work done in New London County this year was com- menced near the end of the season and consisted of rapidly scout- ing around the old infestations. Following are the results of the work by towns : North Stonington Early in July, a crew was sent to North Stonington to look over the old infestations ; 50 larvae were collected from different places in the town, but no heavy feeding was observed or reported. Stonington The same procedure was taken in regard to the town of Stoning- ton, where 53 larvae were found. As in the case of North Stonington, no heavy feeding occurred, although larvae were picked up in several places in the village of Stonington. GIPSY MOTH WORK 531 Groton 25 Infestations 190 Egg-clusters Twenty-two miles of roadside scouting was completed in Groton and 25 small colonies were discovered. The largest was one of 17 egg-clusters found on property owned by the Rev. G. Smith of Butler Court; a colony of 16 egg-clusters was found on apple and shade trees owned by Mr. M. Collins, on the New London-Mystic road ; another small colony of 16 egg-clusters was discovered on three maple and one apple tree in West Mystic, on property owned by the Sea Sled Corporation. The other colonies ranged from one to 15 egg-clusters each. Seventeen of these colonies were sprayed by state men during the early part of June. In a check-up of these colonies after the spraying season, 132 larvae and pupae were found and killed. New London 14 Infestations 490 Egg-clusters Two large colonies of gipsy moth egg-clusters were found by state men while scouting New London this season; in fact, these. two colonies contained 411 of a total of 490 egg-clusters found within the limits of the town. The largest was one of 327 egg-clusters in oak grove on estates owned by Messrs. Sackett and Rayburn, located on Glenwood Avenue. The other was one of 84 egg- clusters, at 67 Federal Street, on elm and maple trees owned by Mr. F. M. Butler. The other twelve colonies were all small, 17 egg-clusters being the largest. This colony was on pine and pear trees owned by Mr. J. Chamberlain at 69 Howard Street. Ten of these 14 colonies were sprayed by state men on June 6. Later in the summer men were sent to New London to check the results of spraying and a total of 283 larvae and pupae were found and destroyed. East Lyme and Old Lyme Work in these towns this year consisted of scouting around places that have been infested. A considerable territory outside of all the infestations was examined and no trace of the gipsy moth found in these towns. Tolland County Bolton 1 Infestation 1 Egg-cluster Before Tolland County could be scouted this year, egg-clusters were hatching and larvae feeding ; however, while waiting for the foliage to get out so that spraying would be effective, a crew was sent to last year's woodland infestation in Bolton on land owned by Mr. Samuel Alvord. Between seven and eight acres of wood- 532 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 315 land and three and a half miles of roadside were scouted around this colony. A total of 87 egg-clusters were discovered on 29 trees scattered throughout the woodland. This colony was sprayed on June 12 by state men, 6,400 -gallons of liquid spray being used. Stafford and Willington The spraying of colonies discovered during the winter scouting was completed by June 20. It was thought advisable to scout for larvae in the towns of Stafford and Willington and to spray wherever the pest was found. This could be done to good advan- tage as the larvae had not at this time passed the heavy feeding stage; therefore, a crew was started in Willington on June 22. Three colonies were found and sprayed ; then this crew moved to Stafford where they worked until June 29, using the same pro- cedure as in Willington. Eleven colonies were discovered and sprayed. This was all the work that time, money, and men would permit in Tolland County this season. More work is planned to be done in this county next year. Hartford County Avon 1 Infestation 382 Egg-clusters One large new infestation of 382 egg-clusters was found by the state men scouting Avon this season, in a pasture owned by Mr. W. R. Hodge on the west slope of Talcott Mountain. This colony is considered a very dangerous one, on account of the high elevation, as an easterly wind in the spring would spread the young larvae far westward. Approximately 11 acres of woodland were sprayed by state men about the middle of June. Berlin 3 Infestations 163 Egg-clusters One large colony of 154 egg-clusters was discovered in the northern end of the town near Webster Brook, extending from Berlin over the line into the southwest corner of Newington; 64 trees in mixed woodland were found to be infested and scat- tered over this area. This property is owned by Messrs. Sebastian and Furgerson of New Britain and Newington respectively. Another small colony was found in East Berlin on an apple tree in an orchard owned by Mr. George Dowd, where eight egg- clusters were found. The third infestation was a single egg- cluster on a roadside maple near the Stiles and Reynolds Brick Company property. The two first infestations were sprayed by state men between June 13 and June 17. GIPSY MOTH WORK 533 Burlington 2 Infestations 4 Egg-clusters No new egg-clusters were found in this town this year. Three old egg-clusters were found at the 1926 infestation in the north- west corner of Burlington in woodland owned by Mr. Scheuster and another old egg-cluster was found on property owned by Mr. S. W. Coy near the Harwinton town line. No spraying was thought necessary and no further work was done in the town. Canton 11 Infestations 323 Egg-clusters State men started scouting in Canton on August 28 and stopped work in the town on September 18. The town was then turned over for use by the Federal men as a school for training new men. The scouting in Canton was completed by Federal forces. One large colony of 150 egg-clusters was found in woodland owned by Mr. Walter Freytag in the northern end of the town. The next largest was one of 88 egg-clusters and was found about a mile further south in pasture growth owned by Mr. Mike Bilitzke. The other nine colonies were small. Two colonies were sprayed by state men in the latter part of June. East Granby 1 Infestation 80 Egg-clusters One colony of 80 egg-clusters was found near the west border of the town about a mile north of Granby station. About 13 acres of woodland were sprayed at this colony between June 10 and 13 by state men. Farmington 1 Infestation 15 Egg-clusters A small woodland colony of 15 egg-clusters was found on property owned by the Hartford Gun Club in the northeastern corner of the town. About two acres of woodland were sprayed on June 15 by state men. Granby 8 Infestations 115 Egg-clusters The scouting in Granby this year consisted of scouting in the territory around last year's infestations. This was thought neces- sary, as the time for hatching was drawing very near and several towns were yet to be looked over. Eight infestations were found. The largest was one of 58 egg-clusters in pasture woodland margin owned by Mr. Andrew Boris of Canton, in the southwest corner of the town. Another of 15 egg-clusters also in pasture land, owned by Mr. Selden Hayes, about a mile east of the West Granby post- office, was found. These two colonies were the largest found in the town this year. 534 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 315 Glastonbury 1 Infestation 11 Egg-clusters In Glastonbury, as in Granby, the work consisted of scouting around the old infestations. One colony of 11 egg-clusters was found in one' oak tree and a stone wall on land owned by Mr. John Scaroni, in the eastern end of the town near the Hebron town line. This colony was sprayed by state men on June 8.. Hartland 5 Infestations 24 Egg-clusters In Hartland the work also was confined to the territory around last year's infestations. Five small infestations with a total of 24 egg-clusters were found. The largest was one of 10 egg- clusters in a stone wall and on a fence line in the state forest north of the East Hartland postoffice. Hartford 2 Infestations 31 Egg-clusters The largest of these two colonies was one of 20 egg-clusters found in maple and oak trees in the northeast corner of the city; the other was one of 11 egg-clusters found on a white oak tree in the rear of 50 Forest Street, owned by Prof. L. B. Paton. Both of these colonies were sprayed on June 13 by state men. New Britain 5 Infestations 189 Egg-clusters The old infestation on Bassett Street was found to be re-infested again this year; 139 egg-clusters were found on 26 trees in yards along this street. Another colony of 33 egg-clusters was dis- covered in a block of woodland owned by Mr. Peter Soring, in the western part of the town near the Plainville town line. Four of the five colonies were sprayed by state men on the 13th and 14th of June. Newington 1 Infestation 1 Egg-cluster One new egg-cluster was found in Newington this year in an apple orchard in the southwestern corner of the town. This is supposed to be a natural spread from the Berlin colony which, however, reached across the line into the town of Newington. No spraying was thought necessary in this case. Simsbury 4 Infestations 134 Egg-clusters While scouting around old infestations, state men found four infestations in Simsbury this year. One colony of 107 egg- clusters was found on apple and hickory trees in a pasture owned GIPSY MOTH WORK 535 by Mr. J. L. Brown just north of the West Simsbury postoffice, another of 14 egg-clusters on a white oak tree owned by the Ensign-Bickford Company about a mile south of the Simsbury postoffice, and a third colony of eight egg-clusters in woodland owned by the Ethel Walker School, were the three largest. These three colonies were later sprayed by state men. Suffield 1 Infestation 4 Egg-clusters The scouting in Suffield this year, as in several other towns in Hartford County, consisted of scouting around last year's infesta- tions. This was necessary because of the fact that the scouting season was drawing to a close and we did not have the funds suffi- cient to carry enough men through the year to scout these towns completely. One colony of four egg-clusters was found in Suf- field in elm and willow trees on land owned by Mr. Newton Lewis of Springfield, Mass., and Dr. J. A. Gibbs, of Suffield, Conn., about two miles north of West Suffield village. Southington 1 Infestation 212 Egg-clusters One large woodland colony of 212 egg-clusters was found on land owned by Mr. S. T. Gridley in the southeastern corner of Southington, about two miles from Milldale postoffice. Approxi- mately four acres of woodland were sprayed at this colony by state men on June 3. West Hartford 2 Infestations 486 Egg-clusters Two large colonies were found in West Hartford by state men scouting the town. The largest was found in woodland owned by the Hartford Water Works on the east slope of Talcott Moun- tain. Here 375 egg-clusters were found on oak, maple, hemlock and walnut trees scattered over several acres. The other was a colony of 111 egg-clusters found on one willow tree, in the southern end of the town near the Newington line. Approxi- mately 16 acres of woodland were sprayed about the middle of June by state men. W ethers field 1 Infestation 791 Egg-clusters Last year a large colony was found in Wethersfield on the banks of the Connecticut River, but owing to weather conditions it was impossible to spray this colony. Again this year it was found infested, 791 egg-clusters being creosoted on poplar, willow and maple trees owned by Mr. E. Isaacson. About 10 acres of woodland were sprayed during the early part of June by state men. 536 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 315 In the towns of East Hartford and Manchester, work was con- fined for the most part to territory known to have been infested in previous years, but no trace of the gipsy moth was found in these towns. Other towns in 'Hartford County where scouting was completed and no infestations found were Bloomfield, Plain- ville and Rocky Hill. Middlesex County Cromwell 1 Infestation 47 Egg-clusters A colony of 47 egg-clusters was found in Cromwell this season by state men. This colony was in apple and white oak trees in a pasture owned by Mr. Hoffman in the northwestern section of the town, and was sprayed on June 19, 2,200 gallons of spray mixture being used. Middletown 1 Infestation 10 Egg-clusters A colony of 10 egg-clusters was found on one maple and one pear tree in the yard on property owned by Mr. E. H. Longworth in the southern part of Middletown, near the Durham and Had- dam line. This colony was sprayed on June 6 by state men. Middlefield 1 Infestation 418 Egg-clusters The Middlefield colony was found in woodland owned by Mr. C. E. Lyman on the east side of the railroad where it crosses the Durham town line. About five and one-half acres of woodland were sprayed at this place on June 5 by state men. The towns of Chester, Durham, Essex, Saybrook and Westbrook were scouted in Middlesex County, and no traces of the gipsy moth were found in any of them. New Haven County Meriden 3 Infestations 36 Egg-clusters A cluster of three small colonies was discovered by state men while scouting Meriden this season. They were situated in the central part of the town. One of 23 egg-clusters on Center Street was in cherry and plum trees on property owned by Mr. Jacob Rupenthal and Mr. Majesky, and the second was on Miller Street on roadside trees containing 12 egg-clusters. The third was a single egg-cluster found in a black oak tree on property owned by the Rev. G. L. Barnes, 26 Pleasant Street. Spraying was done in this town on June 4 by state men. GIPSY MOTH WORK 537 Wallingford 1 Infestation 298 Egg-clusters Last year's colony in Wallingford was found to be re-infested again this year and 298 egg-clusters were found scattered over quite a large area of woodland in the northwestern corner of the town. About 108 acres of woodland were sprayed in this vicinity ; about three and a quarter tons of arsenate of lead were used. All work in this town was done by Federal men. Other towns in New Haven County where scouting was com- pleted were Waterbury and Wolcott. State crews did the work in these towns ; no trace of the gipsy moth was found.. Litchfield County Barkhamsted 3 Infestations 119 Egg-clusters While scouting Barkhamsted this season, state men discovered three colonies. One of 67 egg-clusters was found in maple and oak woodland owned by Mr. C. Le Geyt, near the Granby town line about two and one-half miles east of the Barkhamsted post- office. The second was one of 30 egg-clusters found in oak and pine woodland owned by the Hartford Water Works, about one mile south of the Barkhamsted postoffice. The third colony was also in oak and pine woodland owned by Mr. H. P. Birden and situated near the postoffice. It contained 22 egg-clusters. All three infestations were sprayed in late June by state men. Canaan 6 Infestations 312 Egg-clusters One colony containing 274 egg-clusters was found in woodland owned by Mr. E. D. Tracy, on the western slope of Canaan Moun- tain near the North Canaan town line. The other five colonies were all small, the largest containing 22 egg-clusters found in woodland owned by Mr. A. W. Krouse, about one mile southeast of the colony mentioned above. The large colony was sprayed, both scouting and spraying being done by Federal men. Colebrook 4 Infestations 33 Egg-clusters The work in this town was done by state men. Four small colonies were found, all of them in pastures. Two of the colonies were in the northeastern corner of the town on property owned by the Pinehurst Lakes Company and Mr. Joseph Tilles, where 22 and eight egg-clusters, respectively, were found. Another infesta- tion of two egg-clusters was discovered in the southwestern corner of the town in a stone pile on property owned by Mrs. 538 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 315 H. T. Matheson. The fourth infestation was a single egg-cluster found on a pasture apple tree owned by Mr. Gus Guest, in the southeastern corner of the town just north of the Robertsville postoffice. Spraying in this town was completed June 27. Cornwall 4 Infestations 85 Egg-clusters All work in Cornwall was done by Federal men. The four colonies found were on land owned by Dr. W. C. Clark. Three of these infestations were on Coltsfoot Mountain; the other was in the valley between South and Howland Mountains. About 26 acres of woodland were sprayed in the early part of June at these infestations. Goshen When Federal men were sent to the town of Goshen to scout, they found egg-clusters hatched and larvae crawling at the infesta- tion found last year in the woodland owned by the Waterbury Water Company. This place was scouted for larvae, but no other work was done. Harwinton 1 Infestation 2 Egg-clusters A small infestation of two egg-clusters was found by the state men scouting Harwinton this season. It was in an apple orchard owned by Mr. David Mansfield, about one mile north of the Camp- ville postoffice. As both egg-clusters were whole and were creosoted, no spraying was thought necessary at this place. New Hartford 2 Infestations 108 Egg-clusters Two colonies were discovered in the south central part of the town about two and one-half miles south of Nepaug village. The largest was one of 91 egg-clusters found in mixed growth wood- land owned by Mr. R. Surdan. The other was one of 17 egg- clusters in apple and birch growth owned by Mr. J. Perry. About two acres of woodland were sprayed at Mr. Surdan's place and one-half acre at the other colony. All work done in this town was performed by state men. Norfolk 10 Infestations 301 Egg-clusters One large woodland colony was found in Norfolk on land owned by Mr. James Torrant, in the northwestern corner of the town. There were three other small colonies in the same section of the town within a radius of two miles. Another cluster of colonies was found in the northwestern corner of the town, the two largest GIPSY MOTH WORK 539 of which contained 21 egg-clusters each; one was an orchard infestation and the other woodland, both on property owned by- Mr. F. H. Toros. About 20 acres of woodland were sprayed at three of these colonies, all work being done by Federal men. North Canaan 5 Infestations 243 Egg-clusters Two large colonies were found in North Canaan by a Federal crew this season. One of 191 egg-clusters was in a pasture owned by Mrs. E. B. Tracy, about two miles directly south of the Canaan postoffice. Another of 42 egg-clusters was found in woodland owned by Mr. Adam Noble in the southwestern corner of the town. The other three infestations were all small, containing altogether 11 egg-clusters. About 26 acres of woodland were sprayed at two of the infestations during the middle of June, scouting and spraying being done by Federal men. Salisbury 4 Infestations 244 Egg-clusters Federal men while scouting Salisbury this year found a cluster of three infestations in the northeastern corner of the town on the ridge composed of Miles and Toms Mountains; all three were woodland colonies and on land owned by Mr. J. C. Roraback. The largest colony contained 54 egg-clusters ; the other two 48 and 35 egg-clusters each. The fourth was a colony of 107 egg- clusters in woodland owned by Mr. J. Barkett, about one and one- half miles west of Chapinville station. Approximately 277 acres of woodland were sprayed by Federal men. Warren 3 Infestations 124 Egg-clusters One woodland colony of 82 egg-clusters and an orchard colony of 12 egg-clusters were discovered about a mile east of Warren village on land owned by Marshepaug Forest Club, and a third colony of 30 egg-clusters ' was found in woodland owned by Warren Land Company in the northwestern corner of the town. These colonies were all found by Federal men while scouting the town of Warren this season. A Federal crew in June sprayed 72 acres of woodland and 30 of apple trees in and around these three colonies. The following four towns were scouted by state men and no infestations found: Plymouth, Thomaston, Torrington and Win- chester. Towns scouted by Federal men in Litchfield County with no infestations found were the following: Bethlehem, Bridgewater, Kent, Morris, New Milford, Roxbury, Sharon, Washington, Watertown and Woodbury. 540 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 315 Fairfield County Fairfield 1 Infestation _ 1 Egg-cluster All the work in Fairfield County was done by Federal scouts. Only one town was found to be infested, namely, Fairfield. One new egg-cluster was found in this town on a shade tree at 74 Roanoke Avenue on property owned by Mr. A. Sewell. No spraying was done, as it was not thought necessary. The following towns in Fairfield County were scouted and no trace of the gipsy moth was found : Bethel, Bridgeport, Brook- field, Danbury, Darien, Easton, Greenwich, Monroe, New Fair- field, Newtown, New Canaan, Norwalk, Redding, Ridgefield, Shelton, Sherman, Stamford, Stratford, Trumbull, Weston, Westport and Wilton. Statistics of these infestations are given in tabular form on the following pages : Statistics of Infestations, 1928-29 No. infesta- No. egg No. No. lbs. No. No. miles tions clusters colonies poison larvae and roadway Towns found creosoted sprayed used pupae killed scouted New London County North Stonington*.. 0 0 0 0 50 0 Stonington* 0 0 0 0 53 0 Groton 25 190 17 403 132 22 New London 14 490 10 417 283 13 East Lyme* 0 0 0 0 0 6 Old Lyme* 0 0 0 0 0 5 39 680 27 820 518 46 Tolland County Stafford* 11 hatched 11 598 0 0 Willington* 3 " 3 250 0 8 Bolton* 1 " 1 400 0 3 15 15 1,248 0 11 Middlesex County Cromwell 1 47 1 137 0 42 Middletown 1 10 1 20 10 130 Middlefield 1 418 1 180 12 36 Durham 0 0 0 0 0 27 Chester 0 0 0 0 0 38 Saybrook 0 0 0 0 0 36 Essex 0 0 0 0 0 33 Westbrook 0 0 0 0 0 36 3 475 3 337 22 378 * Scouted around old infestations, t Scouted by Federal men. GIPSY MOTH WORK 541 No. infesta- No. egg No. No. lbs. No. No. miles tions clusters colonies poison larvae and roadway Towns found creosoted sprayed used pupae killed scouted Hartford County Hartland* 5 24 0 0 42 12 Granby* 8 115 0 0 427 2 EastGranby* 1 80 1 625 0 13 acres Suffield* 1 4 0 0 0 3 Simsbury* 4 134 3 100 21 2 Cantonf 11 323 2 125 152 68 Burlington 2 4 0 0 39 73 Avon 1 382 1 450 2 58 Farmington 1 15 1 75 20 116 West Hartford .... 2 486 1 775 90 93 Hartford 2 31 2 175 0 40 New Britain 5 189 4 231 25 39 Newington 1 1 0 0 0 27 Wethersfield 1 791 1 950 233 40 Bristol 0 0 0 0 0 62 Plainville 0 0 0 0 0 32 Southington 1 212 1 120 63 112 Berlin 3 163 2 712 39 77 Rocky Hill 0 0 0 0 0 46 Bloomfield 0 0 0 0 0 80 East Hartford* ... 0 0 0 0 0 12 Manchester 0 0 0 0 0 70 Glastonbury* 1 11 1 12 0 16 50 2,965 20 4,350 1,153 1,080 New Haven County Wolcott 0 0 0 0 0 55 Waterbury 0 0 0 0 0 157 Wallingfordf 1 298 1 6,600 0 131 Meriden 3 36 1 70 64 109 4 334 2 6,670 64 452 Litchfield County Colebrook 4 Barkhamsted 3 Winchester 0 New Hartford 2 Torrington 0 Harwinton 1 Plymouth 0 Thomaston 0 Salisburyf 4 North Canaanf .... 5 Canaanf 6 Norfolkf 10 Goshenf 0 Cornwallf 4 Warrenf 3 Sharont 0 Kentt 0 NewMilfordf 0 33 1 25 34 70 119 3 1,025 299 60 0 0 0 0 115 108 2 125 146 107 0 0 0 0 127 2 0 0 0 86 0 0 0 0 74 0 0 0 0 56 244 3 10,930 0 120 243 2 987 0 56 312 1 100 0 67 301 2 740 0 94 0 0 0 0 0 85 2 1,335 0 107 124 3 2,876 0 61 0 0 0 0 131 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 180 542 No. infesta- No. egg tions clusters Towns found creosoted Litchfield County — Cont. Bridgewaterf 0 0 Roxburyf 0 0 ' Woodbury 0 0 Washington! 0 0 Morrisf 0 0 Bethelf 0 0 Watertownf 0 0 TT STATION BULLETIN 315 No. No. lbs. No. No. miles colonies poison larvae and roadway sprayed used pupae killed scouted 0 0 0 52 0 0 0 71 0 0 0 104 0 0 0 107 0 0 0 47 0 0 0 S3 0 0 0 93 42 1,571 19 18,143 479 2,138 Fairfield County Shermanf 0 0 0 0 0 48 NewFairfieldf .... 0 0 0 0 0 51 Brookfieldf 0 0 0 0 0 61 Danburyf 0 0 0 0 0 99 Bethelf 0 0 0 0 0 53 Newtownf 0 0 0 0 0 187 Ridgefieldf 0 0 0 0 0 97 Reddingt 0 0 0 0 0 92 Monroef 0 0 0 0 0 74 Wiltonf 0 0 0 0 0 71 Westonf 0 0 0 0 0 49 Eastonf 0 0 0 0 0 70 Trumbullf 0 0 0 0 0 59 Sheltonf 0 0 0 0 0 105 Greenwichf 0 0 0 0 0 144 Stamfordf 0 0 0 0 0 95 NewCanaanf 0 0 0 0 0 72 Darienf 0 0 0 0 0 47 Norwalkf 0 0 0 0 0 144 Westportf 0 0 0 0 0 84 Fairfieldf 1 1 0 0 0 175 Bridgeport! 0 0 0 0 0 201 Stratfordf 0 0 0 0 0 80 110 0 0 2,158 Summary of Statistics No. No. infes- No. egg No. No. lbs. No. larvae No. miles towns tations clusters colonies poison and pupae roadway County covered found creosoted sprayed used killed scouted New London 6 39 680 27 820 518 46 Tolland 3 15 15 1,248 0 11 Middlesex . . 8 3 475 3 337 22 378 Hartford ... 23 50 2,965 20 4,350 1,153 1,080 New Haven. . 4 4 334 2 6,670 64 452 Litchfield ... 25 42 1,571 19 18,143 479 2,138 Fairfield ... 23 1 1 0 0 0 2,158 92 154 6,026 31,568 2,236 6,263 COST OF GIPSY MOTH SPRAYING 543 Financial Statement Receipts Appropriation for biennial period ending- June 30, 1929 $100,000.00 Rebate on automobile insurance 199.04 $100,199.04 Expended, July 1, 1927, to June 30, 1928 53,043.39 Balance available July 1, 1928 $47,155.65 Expenditures Salaries $ 4,840.00 Labor 34,938.85 Stationery and office supplies 30.05 Sundry supplies 11.31 Communication service Telephone 67.55 Travel expenses 355.99 Gasoline 1,451.80 Oil 476.37 Express 1.90 Heat, light, water and power : Fuel $157.00 Electricity 22.52 179.52 Tools, machinery and appliances: Passenger-carrying vehicles, trucks .... .$1,786.00 Other equipment 909.29 Auto repairs 633.29 Other equipment, repairs 19.50 3,348.08 Buildings and land: Rent of office and storehouse and storage of cars. . 581.00 Contingent expenses : Insurance $553.87 Medical services 39.50 593.37 Spray materials 271.50 $47,147.29 Balance on hand June 30, 1929 $8.36 THE COST OF SPRAYING WOODLAND IN CONNECTICUT FOR THE CONTROL OF THE GIPSY MOTH Roger B. Friend and Neely Turner Woodland spraying for the control of the gipsy moth in New England has been carried on for about 30 years, and when trees can be thoroughly sprayed, the operation is highly successful. The spraying technique has been developed so that few areas are not accessible, and the high-powered pumps and solid stream 544 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 315 nozzles make possible the spraying of trees up to 75 feet in height at the end of a hose line 3,000 to 4,000 feet long. The degree of success attained and the cost of the work, however, depend on many factors that vary in different areas. Such factors are: the type of tree growth, the characteristics of the terrain, the extent of the infested area and its accessibility, the use of the land for grazing, and the availability of water. The woodland spraying in this state is done in an effort to prevent further spread of the insect, so many of the areas sprayed are small and isolated. In such instances, the extent of the area sprayed depends on the location of the egg masses found by the scouts. Some estimates of the cost of spraying have been made in former years. Burgess, in 1910, stated that with the equipment then in use, one outfit and crew should be able to spray 12 acres a day at a cost of $10.00 an acre. Worthley, in 1917, estimated the cost at about five and one-half dollars an acre for large areas where it was not necessary to move the sprayer and re-lay the hose line, and stated that one crew should be able to spray 12 to 15 acres a day under average conditions, the maximum under favor- able conditions with trees 60 to 70 feet tall being 21 acres. Inasmuch as the above estimates were made some years ago for areas outside of Connecticut, it was considered advisable to obtain data on the present cost per acre in this state, and to consider the various factors involved in this cost, for no two areas are exactly alike. The writers wish to emphasize the fact that extensive gipsy moth control work involves scouting, spraying, and other necessary operations, and that the work of spraying is confined to the early summer when the larvae are small and involves by no means a majority of the outlay of capital and labor. Four infested areas in Connecticut have been studied in 1929, each of them differing from the others and each separated from the others by a distance of some miles. The first area studied is in the town of Southington; the second is in Wethersfield ; the third in West Hartford; and the fourth in Avon. All were sprayed in June by the same crew of men and with the same equipment. In each case, data were obtained concerning the species of trees and shrubs present, their size, their abundance, and their distribution; the characteristics of the terrain, its slope, evenness, altitude above sea level, and the debris on the ground ; the size and shape of the area, its accessibility, the availability of water; and the use of the land for grazing. The cost for each area has been estimated on the basis of actual spraying time, that is, from the time the crew begins to lay the hose until the work is finished and the hose taken up. Any delay caused by the break- down of the sprayer or similar incident has been deducted from the time. Considerable time was consumed by traveling from one area to another and operations were held up by unavoidable diffi- COST OF GIPSY MOTH SPRAYING 545 culties with the equipment. Time so used is omitted from the cost estimates, but has a bearing on this cost because it affects the total amount of actual spraying done in one season by the crew and equipment. Equipment Although Worthley (1917) has described the apparatus used in gipsy moth spraying, some changes have been made since the publication of his bulletin, so a brief description of equipment and supplies used in the 1929 operations is here given. For a detailed description of the pump, hose, and nozzles, the above author may be consulted. 1. Sprayer — A Waukesha truck (A22) with an engine rated at 90-110 horsepower, carrying a Fitzhenry-Guptill sprayer with a 400-gallon tank divided into two compartments each of 200 gallons capacity. Power for the sprayer is furnished by the truck motor. This outfit will deliver 1,000 pounds pressure at the pump and 250 pounds at the nozzle with a hose line half a mile or more long under most conditions. One compartment of the tank can be filled while the other is being emptied. Cost, $7,000 in 1918. The latest sprayer of this type is mounted ort a lighter truck and may cost slightly less to operate. The machine used was loaned by the United States Bureau of Entomology, which cooperates with the state. 2. Water pump — A small portable one and one-half horsepower gasoline engine with a three-cylinder pump, made by the Fitz- henry-Guptil Company. This is used to pump water from a nearby source to the sprayer. Cost, $650 in 1926. 3. Hose — A heavy hose capable of withstanding the pressure and rough treatment to which it may be subjected. The couplings are of a special type, designed by the Federal Bureau of Ento- mology, that becomes tighter with increased pressure. This hose comes in 50-foot lengths and costs 75 cents a foot, couplings included. Twelve hundred and fifty feet are carried on the sprayer. 4. Nozzle — A "Worthley" nozzle which can be fitted with tips varying in inside diameter from one-eighth to five-sixteenths of an inch. The most commonly used nozzle for spraying tall trees has a one-fourth inch bore. For low trees, the smaller tips are used, but in any case the nozzle pressure should be maintained at 225 to 250 pounds for efficient work. Cost, $15. 5. Accessory trucks — Two Model T light Ford trucks were used to carry extra hose, small tools, supplies, and so forth. These trucks are used throughout the year for gipsy moth control work and no cost is estimated. 6. Lead arsenate — Powdered acid lead arsenate of commercial make. Cost, 12.75 cents a pound. 546 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 315 7 . Fish oil — Pressed menhaden oil. Used in the spray mixture as a sticker.. Cost, 73 cents a gallon. This price was taken from the "Oil, Paint and Drug Reporter" for June 3, 1929, and is not the cost of the oil actually used. 8. Gasoline — Seventeen cents a gallon. 9. Lubricating oil — 12.5 cents a quart. 10. Crew — 1 general foreman 2 crew foremen 6 hosemen 1 nozzleman 1 mechanic and general assistant 1 truck driver Total cost of crew per hour, $6.89. The general foreman supervised three crews so that the cost per hour of this one man is one-third his salary. The depreciation on the sprayer, portable pump, hose, and nozzle are difficult to estimate because of the irregularity of the work, but a deprecia- tion of 20 per cent per year on the sprayer and pump is usually charged. The depreciation on the nozzle is negligible and no charge is made for this item. Hose lasts about three years, and one-third of the cost of 3,500 feet has been charged to the 1929 season. Considering the depreciation in equipment and the fact that 96 hours of spraying were done in one year (1929), the depreciation per hour may be charged as follows : Sprayer $1 .25 Water pump 67 Hose 9.11 Total $11.03 The truck undergoes considerable wear in traveling from one area to another, but this has been charged to the spraying cost. The determination of the extent of the area to be sprayed is accomplished by the scouting crew and does not enter into the cost of spraying. Description of Areas The primary purpose of the descriptions of the four areas sprayed is to show what kind of woodland was sprayed and what factors affect the cost of spraying, but it is of some interest to know the conditions under which the gipsy moth may become established and persist. Not only is information given, therefore, on those characteristics of site and tree growth previously men- tioned (page 544) which directly bear on the cost of the spraying operation, but the brief history of the infestation from its dis- COST OF GIPSY MOTH SPRAYING 547 covery to the spraying period of 1929 is included. The persistence and intensity of a gipsy moth infestation under natural conditions are largely dependent on the type of tree growth and the climate, and the presence of a relatively small number of trees, or of undergrowth and brush, on which the first two larval instars can develop, may enable this insect to become destructive over a con- siderable area of woodland in which the majority of economically important trees are not particularly favored as food plants. The suitability of the tree growth for the development of the gipsy moth has been determined according to the results of the work of Mosher (1915). The areas were measured by pacing and the use of a small hand compass. In order to determine the type of growth in each area, sample plots were laid out at places suitable in size and location, and in these plots trees of one inch or more in diameter breast high were measured, counted, and listed according to species. The presence or absence of undergrowth and brush was noted. The various types of growth have been indicated on the maps of the areas. Because of the great dissimilarity in site and vegeta- tion and the fact that on only one area, West Hartford, was there even an approximately uniform covering of trees, each infestation has been described separately. In Table 3 are the data on the number of species of trees occurring in each area. Although in the course of the investigations, all the trees were measured to the nearest half inch in diameter breast high, in the table the measurements are given in six-inch groups in order to condense the statistics. This gives as close an estimate of the relative size of the crown as can conveniently be made. In Tables 1 and 2 are given the items related to the cost of spraying and the estimated cost per acre. 1. Southington, Figure 46 The infestation in Southington comprises an area of eight acres, approximately 349,546 square feet, of fairly level land bordering the state highway about two and one-half miles south of the center of the town. The elevation drops gently from 180 feet above sea level on the south side to 160 feet on the north side. The ground is fairly wet, but not swampy, so that while spraying, the men frequently sank in water to their shoe-tops. A brook about 500 feet away furnished water. This area has been divided into seven parts, according to the types of vegetation. (1) Four-tenths of an acre, about 18,135 square feet, rectangu- lar in shape, on the east side of the area. Sample plot III. All the trees in this area were tabulated. The predominant tree was swamp white oak, with American elm, red cedar, and gray birch in smaller numbers, the relative abundance of these four species being 135, 36, 26, and ten per acre, respectively. Of the 548 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 315 trees six inches and more in diameter, 81 per cent were swamp white oaks. In Table 3 this area has been combined with (3), which had the same type of growth. (2) Two acres, about 83,600 square feet, rectangular in shape, west of (1). All trees were cut off this area several years ago when an electrical power line was run through, and the land was covered SouthingtonConn. Scale 200 ft » . « . I swamp white oaK young growth red cedar mixedhard- wood-cedar Figure 46. Map showing area infested by the gipsy moth in Southington, Conn., in 1929. The Roman numerals indicate the location of the sample plots. See page 547. with alder, gray birch, red maple, and swamp white oak, growth four to six feet high. This area has been combined with areas (6) and (7), which were similar, in Table 3. (3) One and four-tenths acres, about 59,600 square feet, irreg- ularly pentagonal in shape, near the center of the infestation. Sample plot I, 248' x 198' (4,752 sq. ft.), taken along the eastern edge. Swamp white oak was the predominating species at 342 trees per acre, followed by red cedar 198 per acre, American elm 135 per acre, gray birch 72 per acre, and apple 18 per acre. In the tabulation, this area has been combined with (1), to which it was similar. COST OF GIPSY MOTH SPRAYING 549 (4a) Two-tenths of an acre, rectangular in shape, comprising 7,125 square feet, north of (3). Sample plot II, 45' x 95' (4,275 sq. ft.), taken along the east edge of the area. This area was covered with red cedar, about 1,000 trees per acre. Underneath was a growth of alder brush up to ten feet in height. (4b) Two and one-tenth acres, about 95,402 square feet, irregularly pentagonal in shape, on the north side of the infesta- tion. Sample plot IV, 20' x 337' (6,740 sq. ft.), taken diagonally through the center. This area was covered with a mixed growth that merges into overgrown pasture on the north and west. Red cedar was the most abundant species at 388 per acre, followed by gray birch at 245 per acre, swamp white oak 137 per acre, and a few elms and apple trees, but of the trees six inches and more in diameter, swamp white oak comprised 57 per cent and American elm 11 per cent. (5) One-fourth acre, about 10,647 square feet, triangular in shape, on the northwest corner of the infestation. Sample plot 15' x 126' (1,890 sq. ft.), taken through the center. This area was an old pasture growing up to red cedar that was present at the rate of 558 trees per acre. (6) One and one-fourth acres, about 54,200 square feet, irreg- ularly pentagonal in shape, on the west side of the infestation, densely covered with red cedar, red maple, and gray birch, up to ten feet in height with a very few scattered larger cedars and one or two large American elms and butternuts. In Table 3 this area has been combined with areas (2) and (7) which it resembled closely. (7) One-half acre, about 23,681 square feet, irregularly pen- tagonal in shape, on the south end of the infestation. This was also covered with red cedar, gray birch, and red maple up to ten feet in height and has been combined with the other areas of similar growth, Beside the road bordering the west side of the infestation was a row of large shade trees, 67 in number and varying in diameter from three to 19.5 inches. Only thirteen of these trees are less than six inches in diameter and white ash and red cedar made up 50 of the total. These trees were all sprayed, but no area covered is estimated. The time taken to spray such a row is very small and would not appreciably affect the calculated spraying cost per acre. Of the eight acres in this infested area, one and eight-tenths were covered principally with swamp white oak and two and one- tenth were covered with a mixed growth in which this species pre- dominated among the larger trees. Three and seven-tenths acres were rather densely covered with young growth up to ten feet in 550 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 315 height and two-tenths of an acre were old pasture growing up to red cedar. Two-tenths of an acre were covered with a rather dense growth of red cedar. The species of trees and shrubs present and the history of the infestation both indicate that the gipsy moth will persist and be destructive for some time unless eliminated by control measures. Swamp white oak and gray birch, both favorite food plants, were abundant, and the focus of the infestation, as indicated by the location of the egg masses, was in the swamp white oak growth in the center. Red cedar and white ash are practically immune to serious attack. The insect was dis- covered in this area in the spring of 1924 when five egg masses were found, indicating that the infestation probably originated in 1923 or 1922. The area was sprayed in 1924 and was not scouted again until the spring of 1929, when 202 egg masses were found. Although this area may have been re-infested since 1924, the probability is that a few larvae survived the spraying of that year. If, as suggested by Fitch (1910), the annual increase of this insect in number is about six times, the number of egg masses found in 1929 would indicate that very few, possibly only one, females survived, mated, and oviposited in 1924. 2. Wethersfield, Figure 47 In the town of Wethersfield, the area infested comprised 40.7 acres of bottom land on the west bank of the Connecticut River, about one and one-half miles southeast of the center of the town. The land is level and, according to the height of the water marks on the trees, at times covered with four or five feet of water in the spring. The elevation is not great, being less than 20 feet above sea level. The ground was soft when sprayed but offered no great difficulties beyond the inconvenience of working in two or three inches of mud. The sprayer was able to get up to one corner of the infested area, and water was obtained from the river, which was about eight hundred feet from the machine. The tree growth in this area was of three types, and divisions have been made accordingly. (1) The strip along the river bank, varying in width from about 114 feet to about 186 feet and comprising seven and eight- tenths acres, about 338,034 square feet, was covered with a dense growth of willows ten or twelve feet high, among which were a few small white maples. (2) Back farther from the river and merging into the willow young growth was an area covered with white maples, varying in diameter from one to eight inches and growing in clumps of from five to nine trees each with a few elms and large willows and poplars in the northern part. The bases of the trees were covered with sediment to an undetermined depth, and this sediment is being added to each year when the land is flooded. The area covered COST OF GIPSY MOTH SPRAYING 551 by this growth comprised 12.2 acres, about 522,266 square feet. Three sample plots were taken: II, 90' x 405' (36,450 sq. ft.), along the western border: III, 90' x 228' (20,520 sq. ft.), across the center, and VI, 90' x 351' (31,590 sq. ft.), near the east end. There were about 385 trees per acre in the area, the growth being more dense and of smaller trees toward the south and opening up toward the north where the trees are larger. Of the trees six inches and more in diameter, 73 per cent were white maples, 19 per cent willows, six per cent Carolina poplars, and two per cent elms. Inasmuch as almost all the willows and poplars were more than 12 inches in diameter, these trees furnished a greater pro- portion of the foliage to be sprayed than their relative abundance would indicate. (3) The northern part of the infested area, 20.7 acres, about 901,114 square feet in extent, was covered with large white maples, Carolina poplars, and willows. There were about 88 trees per acre, most of them being more than 12 inches in diameter. Some of the large specimens measured about three feet in diameter and ranged in height from 100 to 135 feet. The three sample plots in this area were continuous with those in (2) and of the same width: I, 90' x 588' (52,920 sq. ft.) ; IV, 90' x 381' (34,290 sq. ft.); V, 90' x 480' (43,200 sq. ft.). The most abundant species was white maple, 65 per acre, but many of these were small. Carolina poplar, 13 per acre, was next in abundance, followed by willow, seven per acre, and elm, three per acre. Of the trees one to twelve inches in diameter, almost all were white maples, but of those twelve inches and more in diameter, 43 per cent were white maples, 36 per cent Carolina poplars, 19 per cent willows, and two per cent were elms. In this infested area, the northern half, which was covered with large poplars, willows, and maples, provided suitable conditions for the gipsy moth to maintain itself. The southern half, except for the narrow strip of young willow growth along the river, was almost entirely white maple, and although the insect will feed on this plant, only a small percentage of the larvae develop. Moreover silt is laid down each year in this belt and would cover any egg masses placed close to the ground. The shore strip of willow brush is flooded so frequently that it probably would not constitute a dangerous area for any great length of time. Control measures in this area have been very difficult. Spray- ing operations have not been successful because of the height of the trees and the uncertainty of the sudden flooding of the land. The most heavily infested trees, the poplars and willows, were so high that the tops could not be sprayed even with the pumps working at a maximum pressure. The land is so low that a very slight rise of the river floods it and renders spraying at this time impossible. In 1928, the crew had to leave in such a 552 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 315 Figure 47 Conn, plots. 47. Map showing area infested by the gipsy moth in Wethersfield, ™ 1929. The Roman numerals indicate the location of the sample See page 551. in COST OF GIPSY MOTH SPRAYING 553 short time that some of the hose could not be pulled out. In the fall of 1929, the number of egg masses was large in spite of the early summer spraying, and all of the ground litter, such as fallen trees and branches, was piled and burned. The gipsy moth was first discovered here in the spring of 1928, and the trees were partly sprayed that year, work being halted because of the rise of the river, as mentioned above. Seven hundred and fifteen egg masses were found in 1928 and 791 in the spring of 1929, but thorough work was impossible in 1928 because of the spring flood. It is doubtful if the insect can ever be controlled by man in this area unless the poplars and willows are removed. 3. West Hartford, Figure 48 In the town of West Hartford, the area infested in 1929 included 22.4 acres, about 976,446 square feet, fairly evenly covered with hardwoods and hemlocks. This area is on the watershed of the Hartford Water Company reservoirs, about one- half mile east of the point where the southeast corner of Avon and the northeast corner of Farmington meet on the west boun- dary of West Hartford. The land is rough and slopes sharply to the east with two terraces and a deep gully. The altitude drops from 600 feet above sea level on the west to 420 feet on the east. The tree growth was more or less typical of this part of Con- necticut, and this area is the only one of the four studied which can really be considered representative of the woodland of the region. There were no open areas of old fields or pastures, and many of the common hardwood species found in this part of the state were present in more or less abundance. The eastern half of the infested area contained principally hemlock and chestnut oak to the south and chestnut oak and sugar maple to the north. The western half contained principally chestnut oak, sugar maple, white ash, red oak, hemlock and linden. Hemlock was concen- trated in the center of the area and diminished in all directions. Sugar maple was rare in the center of the area and chestnut oak was rare in the northwest part. In the western and northern part of the area there was much sugar maple reproduction, and small dogwoods (Cornus), American hornbeams (Carpinus), and hop hornbeams (Ostrya), were more or less abundant. Hickory was fairly well scattered throughout and was the fourth most abundant tree. The three common species of hickory (shagbark, pignut, and mockernut) are here grouped together. The seven sample plots taken in this area are indicated on the map and were of the following extent: I, 90' x 129' (11,610 sq. ft.) ; II, 90' x 174' (15,660 sq. ft.) ; III, IV, V, VI, and VII each 90' x 150' (13,500 sq. ft.). The average number of trees per acre was 392, varying from 283 in the northeast and 320 in the 554 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 315 Y West Hartford Conn. Scale 200 ft. M E E E I M Figure 48. Map showing area infested by the gipsy moth in West Hart- ford, Conn., in 1929. The Roman numerals indicate the location of the sample plots. See page 553. COST OF GIPSY MOTH SPRAYING 555 southwest to 558 in the center. Of the species present, hemlock was the most abundant, representing 24 per cent of the total number, followed by sugar maple 17 per cent, chestnut oak 15 per cent, hickory 11 per cent, white ash seven per cent, red oak five per cent, and linden five per cent. Other species were less abundant. Of the trees six inches or more in diameter, chestnut oak made up 28 per cent, hemlock 20 per cent, hickory 14 per cent, red oak ten per cent, sugar maple ten, white ash, eight, white oak, four, linden, five, and American elm, one. There was an average of 168 trees per acre of this size. No difficulty was experienced in spraying the trees, and even though one of the men inadvertently stepped on a copperhead, the morale of the crew was excellent. The sprayer was stationed beside a brook about 400 feet away, which furnished water. A good hard road runs almost to the east border of the area. On the basis of food plants present, this area was certainly favorable to the gipsy moth. The oaks and linden are favorite food plants, and hemlock is favored by the later larval instars. Larvae also feed to some extent on hickory and sugar maple, although if these latter species are not mixed with others more favored, they would not suffer any serious injury. White ash foliage is not eaten by the larvae. The insect was first discovered in the spring of 1929 when 486 egg masses were found. In the winter of 1929-1930, 205 new egg masses were found. Inasmuch as the removal of the favorite food plants would mean the cutting of about 48 per cent of the best trees, such a procedure cannot be advocated. This site is a watershed for a public water supply, and expensive control meas- ures are therefore justifiable. There is a large area of similar woodland around the infestation, which may make eradication difficult. 4. Avon, Figure 49 The area infested in Avon comprised 23.9 acres of old pas- ture on the western side of a ridge about one and one-half miles north of the Avon-Farmington line and about one-half mile west of the Avon-West Hartford line. The land slopes to the west, dropping from an altitude of 500 feet above sea level to 400 feet in a distance of one-fourth of one mile. Bordering the eastern edge of the infestation is a bluff about 150 feet high. To the west was overgrown pasture, but on the north, east, and south there was a growth of young hardwoods. Seven sample plots were taken, one (II) in the brush area on the western side, 90' x 150', 13,500 square feet; one in each of the hardwood areas on the northeast side (III and V), 90' x 150'; one (VIII) in the hardwood area near the western border, 75' x 150', 11,500 square feet; three (I, VI, and IX) in the 556 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 315 remainder of the area, all of which was uniformly covered with red cedar, each 90' x 150'. Most of the infested area, about 19.2 acres, was grassland on which was a growth of small red cedars 10 to 20 feet high, about Figure 49. Map showing area infested by the gipsy moth in Avon, Conn., in 1929. The Roman numerals indicate the location of the sample plots. See page 555. 348 trees per acre, with a few hardwoods of small size. Along the eastern side were about 2.7 acres of young growth pasture reverting to hardwood growth, with about six large red and white oaks and sugar maples 30 to 35 inches in diameter. On the north- east side was an area of about eight-tenths of an acre of similar character. There were three small areas of young hardwoods, two on the northeast side of about five-tenths and four-tenths of an acre respectively, and one near the center of the western side of three-tenths of an acre. On the hardwood areas, which had COST OF GIPSY MOTH SPRAYING 557 similar types of growth, gray birch was the predominating species, averaging about 405 trees per acre, intermixed with which were red cedars at about 66 trees per acre, hop hornbeam at about 51 per acre, black birch at about 26 per acre, American elm at about 14 per acre, and sugar maple at about 11 per acre. There were also a few red oaks, staghorn sumacs, pitch pines, white pines, hickories, red maples, tupelos, and white ashes present and an undergrowth of witch hazel. This last species was quite abundant, averaging about 139 per acre. The growth in the hardwood areas was small, only four per cent of the total number of trees, including witch hazel, which is really a shrub, being more than six inches in diameter, and only one-third of one per cent of the total number being greater than nine inches in diameter. Accord- ing to the location of the egg masses, the infestation centered in the hardwood area near the western border. The spraying of the infested area was somewhat delayed because water had to be hauled from a brook about one-half mile away. The ground was wet, due to seepage, but this did not hamper the crew either in laying the hose, or in spraying the trees. The open nature of the cedar growth and the small size of the trees permitted fairly rapid work while the pump was running. The establishment of a permanent gipsy moth infestation in this area would have to occur in the small areas of hardwoods where favorable food plants are found. The only favored food plants of all larval instars were gray birch and witch hazel, which were moderately abundant and made up much of the stand in these small areas. The red cedars, which constituted most of the growth over the entire area, are fed upon very slightly, and the probability of an infestation being established in a cedar growth is extremely remote. However, the proximity of hardwood growth, much of it favorable to the development of the insect, in the region around the infestation, and the exposure of the infested area to winds renders great the danger of spread. The gipsy moth was first discovered here in the winter of 1928- 1929 when 328 egg masses were found. In the winter of 1929- 1930 seven egg masses were found, of which only three were new, that is, contained eggs laid in 1929. The cost of spraying all four areas, the materials used, and the time necessary are summarized in Tables 1 and 2. For the Avon infestation, gasoline and oil have been computed on the same basis as for the others, even though the water was hauled. The difference between the amount used in this case and that which would have been used had water been pumped is negligible. The cost per acre varies from $11.15 in the Southington area to $21.31 in the West Hartford area. This cost is dependent on the amount of materials and time used and on the depreciation of the equip- ment and does not indicate the efficiency of the operation. Depre- 558 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 315 ciation of equipment accounts for about 50 per cent of the total cost per acre. This is due to the relatively small part of the year during which the equipment can be used. The efficiency of the spraying operation, which in this case cannot be measured by the reduction in the number of egg masses found from year to year because the control is partly effected by treating the eggs with creosote, is indicated by the lead arsenate- time ratio in Table 2. The factors causing the variation in cost per acre are brought out in considering this ratio. The amount of foliage covered by the spray should be indicated by the amount of lead arsenate used. This represents work done. If this figure is divided by the time taken to spray the area, the result should give an index of the work accomplished per unit of time, and the higher the figure is, the more is the work accom- plished, that is, the greater is the efficiency. This figure repre- sents the facility with which work was done and has no bearing on the skill of the crew. It is readily seen that although the cost per acre in the Wethers- field area was slightly greater than in the Southington area, nevertheless, the former area was more efficiently and hence more economically sprayed. It is also evident that although the Avon area cost less per acre than the West Hartford area, the Avon area was much less efficiently, and hence less economically, sprayed, and was, in fact, the most expensive of the four. When time alone is considered, the Wethersfield area cost least, and when foliage to be covered, as indicated by the lead arsenate used, is considered, the Southington and Avon areas are both below the Wethersfield area. The West Hartford area, which is the only one of the four covered by a woodland growth "typical" of the region, took the most time and the most lead arsenate per acre, yet the efficiency of the operation was neither the highest nor lowest, being below the Wethersfield area and above the other two. The reason for the variation in cost per acre and efficiency of operation is due, as has been suggested previously, to the type of tree growth and the character of the site. In view of the fact that the depreciation cost depends on the time taken to spray the area, the facility with which spraying is accomplished affects this cost. At Wethersfield, the terrain was flat and the trees were easily sprayed. The ground was clear, the equipment easily handled, and the sprayer stationed beside the infestation. At West Hartford, the terrain was rough and hilly ; there was much small growth under the trees, and the trees were more numerous. It is true that up to a certain extent the increase in trees per acre enables a larger amount of foliage to be sprayed per hour, but after a certain density has been attained, it is also probably true that this gain is more than offset by the difficulty in manipulating the hose line. COST OF GIPSY MOTH SPRAYING 559 3 O "o-° oom on no i-;\q e*jo c J3 on vor-^ on ooii->t^ON C bo Tj-TftO tn C */3" o'" u a a .2 « cm oo eg vo .2 I i-H COH O *o"\d^ 8 "3 Tt-OCMO CM IN CM c . "« k d d S3 2 *• D t— i »-H CM «— i Oft© H o nt " u mrfOOO II i3 a cfl 3 a o io oq no >* en 5 "" g tSVOrH^- h m M '-HCMCM'-H O PhSS 2 "o LO u->i-o 3 CO CM rt ,-i uS •— ' i-o NO trj 6h o H w o U to O cs rt ft OOOO oooo •* CM_Tf CM CM"iOCM"'t-C M ° c J2 c r^cM OOlOO CM io fN,io «-'ONt^-<3- 2 on*» S 00 O CM* CO ^ TCMCM « gtJSo a £ vo u CL ft C ft o c • „• a c O^^j o o ■a S S*dT3 4> « «j 4J 1) O iHNOrH u o-2 CO CM coco 0)0™ TJ rt jQ F, a re ^H oonooo < j£ OJ lOCrJTfOO re ft t-hCMCOt-h In 4) o o 5-. IflOiHM re rJ-O tO CO o Jh co to no' u-J ,0 d «0- re ft J u u d S u re 'a Ih H ONiflVO ft CO CM lO^ 5 o oj t, ^ 5^ -w c co - 560 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 315 Table 3 >> •M B r insect infestation to exist. Sec. 3. Said director is authorized to make rules and regulations for the seizure, inspection, disinfection, destruction, or other disposition of any nursery stock, plant, fruit, seed or other article capable of carrying any dangerous plant disease or insect infestation, a quarantine with respect to which shall have been established by the secretary of agriculture of the United States, and which have been transported to, into or through this state in violation of such quarantine. Sec. 4. Said director may establish and maintain a quarantine against any premises, district, town or group of towns in this state, provided, before any quarantine shall be established within the state, a public hearing shall be held, of which a five days' notice shall be given to the parties affected, either by mail or by publishing such notice in two newspapers having a circulation in the part of the state affected by such quarantine. Said director, or any person authorized by him to enforce the provisions of this act, may, at any SPREAD OF SATIN MOTH 605 reasonable time, enter any public or private premises in the performance of his duty. Sec. 5. Any person aggrieved by any order of quarantine issued under the provisions of this act may appeal to the superior court, or to any judge thereof if said court shall not be in session, and said court or such judge may grant such relief or issue such order or judgment in the premises as to equity may appertain. Sec. 6. Any person interfering with any person in the performance of his duty under the provisions of said chapter 31 or of this act or violating any quarantine or any other rule or regulation established under said provisions shall be fined not less than five dollars nor more than one hundred dollars. Sec. 7. This act shall take effect from its passage. Approved April 10, 1929. Figure 58. Map of Connecticut. Shaded portion is now under State and Federal quarantine on account of the satin moth. SPREAD OF THE SATIN MOTH In the report of this Station for 1926, page 264, is a brief account of the satin moth, Stilpnotia salicis Linn., and its occur- rence in Connecticut. At that time it had been discovered in the towns of Stonington and Thompson, which had been placed under Federal quarantine. Illustrations showing tlae caterpillars and winter cases of the satin moth may be found on Plate XXI. 606 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 315 This insect feeds chiefly upon willows, but also attacks poplars, sometimes defoliating them. The caterpillars are often seen feed- ing with gipsy caterpillars and the writer observed such conditions in southeastern New Hampshire last June. During the winter of 1928-29, state men examined trees in different parts of the state while scouting for gipsy moth eggs, and found the pest to be well scattered over the eastern portion of Connecticut. Also the towns of Hartford and Suffield, west of the Connecticut River, were found infested. Federal Quaran- tine No. 53 was therefore revised to include these two towns and all territory east of the Connecticut River, effective January 1, 1929. A public hearing regarding a state quarantine was held at the Station February 25, 1929, and the following quarantine order issued : State of Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station New Haven, Conn. Quarantine Order No. 19 CONCERNING THE SATIN MOTH The fact has been determined that the satin moth, Stilpnotia salicis Linn., a pest of poplar and willow trees, is now present in various towns in Con- necticut, and that Federal Quarantine No. 53 has been revised, effective, January 1, 1929, to include all towns in Connecticut east of the Connecticut River, and the towns of Hartford and SufHeld, west of the Connecticut River. After due notice a public hearing was held at the Station in New Haven, February 25, 1929. Now, therefore, I, Director of the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station under authority conferred by Chapter 31, Public Acts of 1927, do hereby proclaim that a State quarantine is placed on all towns east of the Connecticut River, and the towns of Hartford and Suffield west of the Connecticut River, and that it shall be unlawful to move any poplar or willow trees or parts thereof capable of propagation, from the restricted area designated above to any other portion of the State. This order shall take effect March 15, 1929. W. L. Slate, . Director, Connecticut Agricultural Approved: Experiment Station. John H. Trumbull, Governor. The quarantined area is shown in Figure 58. Late in 1929, state scouts reported that the satin moth had been observed in the following additional five towns : Burlington, Farmington, New Britain, Newington and West Hartford. These towns have not yet been placed under quarantine. The satin moth quarantine really amounts to an embargo and shipments of willow and poplar out of the quarantined area are prohibited, it being almost impos- sible to detect the winter cases. Consequently inspection and certification are not attempted. ASIATIC GARDEN BEETLE 607 THE ASIATIC GARDEN BEETLE IN CONNECTICUT Aserica castanea Arrow In the summer of 1928, Mr. Harold C. Hallock of the Federal Bureau of Entomology, stationed at Westbury, Long Island, N. Y., visited New Haven and while walking with Dr. R. B. Friend across the Yale College campus, picked up a dead beetle, which he identified as Aserica castanea Arrow. Of course the origin of this beetle was unknown. A Federal quarantine was established, effective March 15, 1929, covering certain portions of New York, Pennsylvania, and Vir- ginia, and the entire State of New Jersey. Connecticut was not affected by this quarantine because no infestation of living insects of this species had then been discovered in Connecticut. Mr. McFarland was detailed to scout for this beetle evenings around lights on the Yale campus and on August 6, he collected two adults. Another found in New Haven, July 17, was sent in. Mr. John- son's men carried on similar scouting for beetles in Bridgeport, Bristol, Canaan, Cromwell, Fairfield, Hartford, Middletown, Meri- den, New Britain, North Manchester, Putnam, Stafford Springs, Stamford, Torrington, Wallingford, Willimantic, and Winsted and found no beetles. One adult was found in a Japanese beetle trap in New London. During 1929, Japanese beetle scouts made diggings for grubs in various nurseries, and Aserica castanea grubs were found in the following towns : Cromwell, 25 ; Manchester, 10 ; Mansfield, 1 ; New Canaan, 2 ; and Southport, 2. Both adults and grubs were identified by Mr. R. J. Sim, of the Japanese Beetle Laboratory at Moorestown, New Jersey. Hence, it is certain that this insect now occurs within the state. In superficial appearance, this beetle resembles the other species of the genus S erica, from which it was separated. Serica sericea 111. and S. parallela Casey perhaps most closely resemble Aserica castanea Arrow, which when discovered injuring lawns on Long Island was first identified as Serica parallela. See Plate XXVI, b. The beetle is about three-eighths of an inch long, cinnamon brown, dull, the wing-covers well-marked with shallow grooves or striae. The beetles fly at night and are attracted to electric lights; they also feed at night and hide in the soil around the bases of the plants or under rubbish, where they pass the daytime. The grubs live in the soil and feed upon grass roots, much like the grubs of the Japanese beetle and the Asiatic beetle. The beetles feed upon many kinds of plants, including aster, barberry, bean, cherry, chrysanthemum, currant, dahlia, geranium, catalpa and coniferous seedlings. Control measures are: Spray with lead arsenate, three pounds in 50 gallons water, plus two pounds of flour, to kill the beetles ; 608 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 315 lawns should be treated with lead arsenate, using about three pounds per 100 square feet mixed in the upper three inches of soil, to prevent injury from the grubs. MOSQUITO CONTROL IN CONNECTICUT IN 1929 R. C. Botsford The General Assembly, at its last meeting, increased the budget for mosquito control from $7,500 per year to $12,500 per year. This became necessary on account of the addition of about 3,000 acres of ditched salt marsh acceptable for maintenance by this Station. Our estimate showed that $15,000 per year was neces- sary to maintain properly all acceptable areas, but our request for this amount was not granted. It was therefore impossible to clean up all areas this season. The new appropriation became available on July 1, and at this time a new plan of maintenance was put into practice. This plan was described in Bulletin 305 of this Station, which contained the report of mosquito control work for the season of 1928. The western district crew was supervised by Nicholas Matiuck; the central district by C. F. Johnson ; and the eastern district by Albert Lindquist. Auto transportation was provided for each crew on a mileage basis. Areas under state maintenance were inspected by the Deputy in Charge, and all new ditching was laid out under his direct supervision. All salt marsh areas that had been newly ditched or completely overhauled within the past five years were patrolled, and all neces- sary cleaning and spur ditching was done to prevent mosquito development. There remain some areas in Branford, Guilford, and Madison where reditching is necessary. This is being done as rapidly as funds will allow. Twenty-seven towns in Connecticut contain salt marsh areas; 10 are completely ditched, nine partly ditched, and in eight no ditching has been done. Work done under contract by Mr. John F. Ross consisted of ditching on Great Island, Old Lyme, in the spring. This utilized a $5,000 appropriation made by the town in 1928. The town of Old Lyme appropriated another $5,000 in 1929. Work stopped December 24 after cutting 68,366 feet, making the total footage in Old Lyme 214,581 feet. The town of Hamden appropriated $2,500 and 68,357 feet of ditches were cut before freezing weather stopped the work. The large salt marsh at East River in Madison, which has been in bad condition for some time, was completely recut on contract, 148,506 feet of 10 x 24 ditches being remade. In reviewing the activities of the past five years, we find 11 towns have expended a total of $50,000, representing a total of MOSQUITO CONTROL IN CONNECTICUT 609 2,000,000 feet of new ditching". In the towns of Stamford, East Haven, Branford, and Norwalk, the work was an expansion of ditched area. Westport, Hamden, Westbrook, Saybrook, Old Lyme and East Lyme were new in mosquito elimination work. For data concerning all towns, the reader is referred to the following: tabulation : Status of Connecticut Salt Marsh Areas, 19-29 Salt Main- Total Labor, cost marsh tained cost maintenance, ditched by State of ditching 1929 200 none $22,000.00 300 300 3,245.80 $231.20 300 none 3,800.00 600 600 7,500.00 427.86 400 400 5,913.82 340.30 1,200 1,200 8,400.00 842.46 Salt marsh Town areas Greenwich 200 Stamford 300 Darien 300 Norwalk 600 Westport 400 Fairfield 1,200 Bridgeport 173 Stratford 1,315 Milford 630 West Haven 463 New Haven 750 Hamden 571 North Haven 310 East Haven 545 Branford 895 Guilford 1,085 Madison 1,315 Clinton 785 Westbrook 500 Old Saybrook 1,373 Lyme 493 Old Lyme 1,393 East Lyme 424 Waterford 204 New London 34 Groton 304 Stonington 555 Labor, cost to complete ditching 222 750 250 '300 895 1,085 1,315 677 500 186 '366 130 50 222 675 250 '366 8951 1,085 y 1,315 J 500 500 186 '366 130 50 12,000.00 4,210.17 891.46 264.53 3,747.52 119.92 f 304.21 20,000.00 •{ 1,208.78 [ 5,233.97 10,000.00 215.60 7,428.14 136.30 2,000.00 448.00 p 3,000.00 20,000.00 9,500.00 3,500.00 750.00 1,000.00 3,100.00 1,300.00 2,000.00 5,364.52 1,480.60 1,000.00 296.25 176.60 10.35 13,000.00 7,500.00 7,700.00 4,000.00 3,500.00 500.00 4,000.00 8,500.00 Totals 17,117 9,660 8,908 $118,098.57 $11,147.79 $92,850.00 Mosquito Control in New Canaan In New Canaan, an inland town, effective anti-mosquito opera- tions were carried out this year. This movement started on Sep- tember 27, 1922, when a Red Cross Mosquito Committee was formed, composed of Prof. W. H. Burr, and Messrs. W. E. Swift, G. A. Suter and W. T. Cox, secretary. A preliminary report on mosquito breeding conditions around New Canaan was made by Mr. Walden of this Station in May, 1923, at the request of this committee. From time to time inspections were made and reports submitted concerning mosquito breeding conditions within a radius of one and one-half miles of New Canaan center. Ditched with New Haven. 610 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 315 In 1927, a local committee, composed of Messrs. Merrill F. Clarke, Wilmot T. Cox, George A. Suter and Archibald E. Steven- son requested and received an, appropriation of $1,000 from the town of New Canaan and the best of cooperation from the town officers, especially Mr. George T. Smith, First Selectman. This fund was used for oiling the worst breeding places within the central area. The results were so gratifying that a larger sum was appropriated late in 1928, to be expended the following season. In 1929, the committee requested the Station to appoint an expert on mosquito control, who would also be a special deputy with some authority, to supervise the treatment work, study all local mosquito breeding conditions, collect and identify mosquitoes, and submit a complete report. In other words, the committee wished to set an example which might be followed with profit by other towns having similar problems. New Canaan was to be considered an outdoor laboratory for the study of the local mosquito problem and this deputy was expected to inaugurate tests and trials, and make recommendations looking toward its solution. To this special position the Station appointed Mr. Raymond F. Hart, who had served for two summers as a mosquito inspector of the Health Department of the City of New Haven. The report of Mr. Hart follows. To Dr. IV. E. Britton, State and Station Entomologist of the Connecticut Agricultural Station; and to Mr. George T. Smith, First Selectman of the Town of New Canaan. Gentlemen : I submit, herewith, my report of the season's work in mosquito control in New Canaan, conducted under the supervision of the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station. This work covered a period from April 13 to September 14. The number of mosquito breeding places found totals 70. The most important place, because of the heavy breeding there, was the filter beds. Mosquito larvae in extraordinary numbers were found there several times during the summer, and each time the beds were oiled before the larvae could hatch into mosquitoes. In May, a few pupae were found in two of the beds ; but these beds were dry in a few days. In June, another bed was found breeding slightly, and this was treated. Then in July, there was heavy breed- ing in all the beds on two occasions, necessitating oiling. Once again in August and once in September, there was heavy breeding in all the beds, and they were oiled. Once in the latter part of July and again in the early part of August, there was slight breed- ing in one bed, and oil was applied. In two concrete holes near the chlorination house, heavy breeding was discovered once in June and twice in July, and these were treated similarly. A water MOSQUITO CONTROL IN CONNECTICUT 611 pipe near the beds was also oiled in July. The proper way of pre- venting mosquitoes from breeding in the filter beds would be to run them on a definite schedule, so that each bed would be syste- matically drained every eight or ten days. Allowing three or four days for each bed to dry out, the bed would have water in it for only five or six days, and this period would not be of sufficient duration to allow the mosquitoes to hatch, the time necessary for a mosquito to pass from the egg to the adult stage being from seven to ten days. Since the limited capacity of the filter beds did not permit this procedure, oiling became necessary. The place next in importance in breeding was along the edges of the Five Mile River, below the point where it receives the effluent from the filter beds. Very heavy breeding was found in the middle of June, and breeding to a lesser extent in July, August, and September, once each month ; each time the edges of the river were oiled. A description of the 68 remaining breeding places is as follows : Thirty were ponds and pools, of which 19 were oiled, two were treated with a larvacide, and nine did not require oiling, because they had but few larvae and were in isolated localities ; 14 were swamps and marshes, of which eight were oiled, and six did not require oiling; 10 were streams and brooks, of which seven were oiled, two dried up, and one was in an isolated spot; three were the hoof prints made by cattle, and were oiled; two were catch basins in the roadside and were oiled; two were ditches in the road, which were oiled, and later were found dry; one was a hole among the rocks on the edge of a pond ; this was oiled ; one was an isolated hole in the woods with only a few larvae ; one con- sisted of two wooden tanks, one in the stables of a barn, the other in the ground behind the barn ; they were both oiled ; one was a tub for catching the overflow water from a well ; the water was emptied from the tub ; one was a hole in the ground next to a tennis court ; this dried up ; one was a well with one or two larvae dipped up in the bucket ; one consisted of the notches in a wooden beam of a broken-down mill. Of the 70 breeding places, 26 were Anopheles — malarial — breed- ing places, evenly distributed about the town. Of these 26 there was heavy breeding in only eight. These eight places were as follows : The bird sanctuary duck pond. Several Anopheles larvae were found in May, but the hole dried up ; heavy Anopheles breeding was found in July, and the pond was oiled ; the pond dried up the latter part of July, and remained dry until September. Swampy land off Ponus Ridge. Several Anopheles larvae were found in hoof prints in June; these were oiled, and drainage ditches dug. In August many Anopheles larvae were found in the stream running through ; this also was oiled. 612 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 315 Dickerman pond off River Street. Several Anopheles larvae were found on three occasions in June, July, and August — once each month — and the edges of the pond were oiled. The smaller Rae pond on Stamford Road. Anopheles larvae were found in July on two occasions, and the edges of the pond oiled ; in the latter part of August, the pond dried up, and remained dry until September. Pinkham pond on Ponus Ridge. Anopheles larvae were found in July and August, and the edges of the pond were dusted with a mosquito larvacide. A small pool on Jelliff Mill Road, opposite Jelliff's Mill. Many Anopheles larvae were found the last week in July, and the pool was oiled; thereafter, there was no breeding. A ditch on the Renner property off Marvin Ridge Road. Many Anopheles larvae were found early in August, and the ditch was oiled; thereafter, there was no breeding. The smaller pond on the Lapham place. Anopheles larvae were found during the middle of August, and the pond was oiled ; afterwards it dried up. Of the remaining 18: Nine were ponds, of which five were oiled, and four did not require oiling. Seven were streams, of which five were oiled, one dried up, and one did not require oiling. Two were small swampy areas, of which one was oiled, and the other did not require oiling. All but a few of the back yards within a one-mile radius were inspected for breeding. There were 36 back yard breeding places found, 31 of which were within a one-mile radius. All of the breeding places found were eliminated. There are approximately 31 blocks within the one-mile radius, making an average of one breeding place per block. On one side of Summer Street in the same block, there were five different yards with receptacles breed- ing mosquitoes ; on one side of Harrison Street, there were four such yards. Night catches for the purpose of catching and identifying mos- quitoes were made at 17 different places. These night catches were of 15 minutes duration. At eight places, no mosquitoes were caught ; at eight, one mosquito was caught ; and at the other, eight mosquitoes were caught. Of the 18 mosquitoes caught, seven were Anopheles punctipennis, one was Anopheles qnadri- maculatus, five were Mansonia perturbans, the irritating mosquito, one was Aedes sylvestris, the swamp mosquito, one was Culex pipiens, the house mosquito, and three were imperfect specimens, which could not be identified- Anopheles punctipennis were caught at five out of nine places. MOSQUITO CONTEOL IN CONNECTICUT 613 Of 30 mosquitoes caught in the day time, 13 were Culex pipiens, six were Orthopodomyia signifer, the white-lined mosquito, four were Aedes canadensis, the woodland pool mosquito, four were Aedes triseriatus, the tree-hole mosquito, one was Aedes sylvestris, and two were imperfect specimens, which could not be identified. Of 96 mosquitoes hatched, 57 were Culex pipiens, 21 were Anopheles punctipennis, 17 Aedes canadensis, and one Aedes sylvestris. The results show Culex pipiens as the predominating mosquito, with Anopheles punctipennis second, and Aedes canadensis a close third. Orthopodomyia signifer is a fairly rare species in Con- necticut; Aedes triseriatus is also rare. Most of the Anopheles mosquitoes found were punctipennis. One quadrimaculatus was taken in a night catch. Anopheles punctipennis was the most abundant mosquito in the town next to Culex pipiens, as might be expected from the high number of Anopheles breeding places, 26 out of a total of 70. Towards the latter part of the season, experiments were made with Fundulus heteroclitus, the common killifish, which is effective in salt-marsh mosquito control work, to see if it could be used in an inland town. Many of these fish were put into 11 ponds about the town. Experiments were also made with Rhinichthys astronasus, the black-nosed dace, a fish prevalent in New Canaan waters. The purpose was to ascertain whether it would eat mosquito larvae. Larvae put into a barrel with the dace disappeared by the next day. The same results followed with larvae put into a jar with dace. Larvae also disappeared from a barrel that was breeding mos- quitoes, after 25 or 30 fresh dace had been put in. Larvae were also put into a pond with dace, and five days later Anopheles larvae were found in addition, an Anopheles mosquito having laid her eggs in the interval. Leaves found around the edges of the pond, which might shelter the larvae from the fish, rendered this experiment inconclusive. On the whole, this season's experiments have not disclosed sufficient facts to draw definite conclusions about the usefulness of these fish in the work. In closing, I wish to express my thanks to the members of the Experiment Station Staff, to the selectmen and other town officials, and to the members of the voluntary committee for their kindly aid and helpful suggestions ; and to the people of New Canaan for their splendid spirit and willing cooperation. ' Respectfully submitted, Raymond F. Hart, Special State Deputy in Charge. September 14, 1929 614 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 315 MISCELLANEOUS INSECT NOTES European Pine Shoot Moth in Hamden: On May 21, Mr. Zappe collected some larvae of the European pine shoot moth, Rhyacionia buoliana Schiff., in shoots of the red pine near Lake Whitney. Adult moths emerged on June 14. See Plate XXV. [W. E. Britton] Leaf Rollers on Rose : On May 27, some leaf rollers were col- lected from rose in the writer's garden and placed in breeding cages in the Station insectary. Adults emerged on June 12-15, and three species of moths were obtained. These were Archips rosana Linn., Tortrix albicomana Clem., and Epiblema suffusana Zell. See Plate XX. [W. E. Britton] Strawberry Whitefly: During September, Doctor Garman brought to the office some strawberry leaves from a field in Bran- ford where on several acres considerable injury had been caused by a whitefly. An examination of the leaves showed it to be the strawberry whitefly, Trialenrodes packardi (Morrill). The nymphs were all over the under sides of the leaves. It is a ques- tion what remedial measures in a large field will prove effective. The leaves are so close to the ground that spraying is impracti- cable. Possibly a strong nicotine dust or a cyanide dust could be used, but we have not given either a trial. [W. E. Britton] Lyctus Beetles: On May 21, the writer had occasion to exam- ine an ice-box in a private residence in New Haven from which adults of Lyctus opaculus LeConte were emerging in considerable numbers. This occurrence of these beetles was remarkable in that the ice-box had been in the possession of the family for eight years and no insects had been previously noticed. The wood, ash, was well varnished and there were no exit holes other than those being made at the time of the examination. The probability of the infestation having occurred since, the ice-box was made is extremely remote. The adults oviposit in pores in wood, and a coat of varnish acts as a deterrent. [R. B. Friend] Injury to Young Coniferous Trees by White Grubs : During the season of 1929, the young conifers in the nursery of the State Forester at Simsbury were severely injured by white grubs, Phyllophaga sp. The beds of Norway spruce were partic- ularly affected, one-fourth to one-third of the trees in one bed being killed. These trees were two years old and had been trans- planted once. When the nursery was examined November 5, the brown areas of dead plants were quite conspicuous. The grubs had eaten off all the small roots and the tips of the larger roots from these plants that were killed. At the time the examination was made, no grubs were present around the roots of the plants, but were found at a depth of about two feet in the soil. [R. B. Friend] MISCELLANEOUS INSECT NOTES 615 Kermes on Black Oak: In response to a request from the park department of the City of New Haven, several black oaks in East Rock Park were examined on August 12. Small branches on several of these trees were injured by a species of Kermes, possibly Kermes galliformis Riley. The females occurred in groups around the branches, see Plate XXIII, b, killing the plant tissue and causing it to become darkly colored and shrunken. This scale bears a superficial resemblance to a gall and has been fre- quently mistaken for such. With two exceptions all the species of Kermes occur on oaks and are commonly known as oak gall scales. It is the female sex which causes the injury to the trees ; little is known about the biology of the males. [R. B. Friend] Aphids on Ferns: In February, 1929, attention was called to a heavy infestation of aphids on Boston ferns in the Station green- house. These aphids proved to be the black fern aphid, Idiopterus nephrelepidis Davis. They feed almost entirely on the under sur- face of the older fronds. The leaflets were not curled and infested plants showed no direct evidence of injury. The species is a native of the tropics, and in this case was found on ferns recently purchased from a local dealer. See Plate XIX, b. Sprays of nicotine sulfate with soap and pyrethrum soap at the usual dilution easily controlled this aphid. In spraying, care must be taken to cover the under side of the fronds, where the aphids feed. This can be accomplished by turning the pots on the side, or by use of a spray rod, which directs the spray material against the under side of the fronds. [Neely Turner] Rose Midge in Greenhouse: In the report of this Station for 1922, page 372, is a note concerning the rose midge, Dasyneura rhodophaga Coq., which had injured rose plants in greenhouses in Greenwich. On November 26, 1929, Dr. Friend and Mr. Zappe visited a large rose-growing establishment in Guilford, where con- siderable injury had been caused by this insect on certain varieties in certain sections of the house. The maggots work in the buds, particularly the flower buds and deform the developing flowers, and the result is often a distortion and blackening of the tender shoots. The maggots enter the soil and pupate and the tiny flies or midges emerge later. It is not a destructive pest of roses out- of-doors. One of the best control measures is to cover the sur- face of the soil with a layer of ground tobacco, one-fourth inch in depth and to fumigate the house each night for a time, by burning tobacco stems or with one of the commercial nicotine preparations. [W. E. Britton] Stalk Borer Infesting a Corn Field : On June 19, a report was received from the New Haven County Farm Bureau, that a farmer in East Wallingford was having trouble with borers in his corn 616 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 315 that might prove to be European corn borers. Upon examining the field of about two acres, it was found that the insect was the common stalk borer, Papaipema nit el a Guen. The previous owner had a vineyard on this land, which had not been cultivated the past season. There were probably many large- stemmed weeds that had been infested with stalk borers. The present owner pulled out the grapevines in the fall and planted corn in the spring. The corn was from four to six inches tall and the leaves were turning yellow with many of the tips curled and drying up as shown on Plate XXVII. A count of the plants in short sections of rows in different parts of the field showed from about 15 per cent to more than 50 per cent of the plants infested. The average infestation was estimated to be between 25 and 30 per cent. It was recommended that the owner pull out and burn the infested plants and replant the field. [B. H. Walden] Injury to Golf Greens by Crambus Larvae : The grass on several of the golf greens of the Wampanoag Country Club at West Hartford was more or less severely injured by the larvae of a species of Crambus in the middle of the summer. When the greens were examined August 6, adults of Crambus leachellus Zincken were abundant, and it is assumed that this species was responsible for the damage. The injur)'- consisted of small dead winding "lanes" each of which was caused by a single larva. The greens were in the process of being treated with lead arsenate as recommended for the control of the Japanese beetle, and those which had been treated showed little or no injury. The injury by species of Crambus to sod land may be dis- tinguished from that due to other insects by the presence of a web, which the larva spins as it works its way through the sod on or just below the surface. This injury usually passes unnoticed unless very severe. Fertilization of the land will minimize injury by promoting a vigorous growth of the grass, and the lead arsenate treatment as mentioned above should be effective. The biology and control measures of a closely related species, Crambus trisectus Walker, have been published by G. G. Ainslie in the United States Department of Agriculture Technical Bulletin 31, November, 1927. [R. B. Friend] Grass Injured by White Grubs: On September 11, Mr. John- son investigated a case of white grub injury at Stafford Springs, Conn. In an area of nearly 100 acres, about half of which was residential, and the rest containing a baseball diamond, a por- tion estimated at 20 acres had the roots eaten off so that the grass was dead and brown. The turf could be rolled up like a carpet as shown on Plate XVI. Ten specimens of grubs brought to the Station were identified by Doctor Friend as larvae of June beetles. MISCELLANEOUS INSECT NOTES 617 Nine of them were Phyllophaga fusca Frol., and the other was of the same genus though it is doubtful whether or not it is the same species. On September 19, Dr. Friend and Mr. Johnson visited two residences in the Buckingham section of Glastonbury. At one place white grubs had killed the grass on the front lawn and at the other, grass in the backyard had been killed. These grubs were all June beetle larvae. Phyllophaga sp. Phyllophaga larvae were also received from Salisbury, August 16. In most infestations of this kind, the greatest injury is caused by the nearly mature grubs, which soon transform and emerge as beetles. Three years are required for the complete life cycle, and though some beetles appear and some eggs are laid each season, they may have periods of great abundance and destructiveness, three years apart. It is generally best to cultivate infested fields, and to plow and reseed grass fields and remake lawns where injury occurs. [W. E. Britton] The Pit-making Oak Scale: The pit-making oak scale, Aster- olecanium variolosum Ratz., is locally abundant on chestnut oak, Quercus prinus, in Connecticut and frequently injures young trees severely. This insect is indigenous to Europe, where it is found on the British Isles and the Continent, but from its native home it has spread to many parts of the world, being reported from South Africa, New Zealand, New South Wales, Argentina, United States and Canada. Except for its occurrence on olive, reported in California by Essig, it confines itself to oaks. In Connecticut, this scale has been found on scarlet oak, chestnut oak, white oak, and English oak. In the woodland areas near New Haven, it is a serious enemy of young chestnut oak reproduction, often killing small branches or even the entire plant. On white oak it occurs frequently, but not usually in injurious numbers. On the imported English oak, an ornamental tree, it mav be a serious pest. See Plate XXIII, a. Certain natural agencies exercise more or less control over this insect. In America and Europe it is parasitized by the encyrtid Habrolepis dalmanni Wwd., and an attempt has been made to establish this parasite in New Zealand. In England, according to Newstead (Monograph of the Coccidae of the British Isles, Vol. I, 1901), it is fed upon extensively by the blue titmouse, Parus caerulens, during the winter, and to some extent by the long- tailed titmouse, Acredula caudata, during the same season. Arti- ficial control measures should be effective where they are practi- cable. A dormant spray of lime-sulfur or oil emulsion is recommended. [R. B. Friend] INDEX Acredula caudata, 617 Adelges abietis, 496, 502, 503, 505, 506. pinicorticis, 496 Aedes canadensis, 613 sylvestris, 612, 613 triseriatiis, 613 Agrilus, 503 anxius, 495, Agromysa clara, 496 Alsophila pometaria, 492 American foul brood, 521 Anasa tristis, 495 Anisota rubicnnda, 503 stigma, 503 Anomala orientalis, 486, 499, 590, 599 Anopheles punctipennis, 612, 613 quadrimaculatus, 612 Anthrenus scrophulariae, 499 Anur aphis roseus, 491 Aphis pomi, 491 Aporia crataegi, 518 Aquatic flies, 587 Aramigus fulleri, 585 Ar chips cerasivorana, 500 rosana, 497, 614 Argyresthia thuiella, 495 Aserica castanea, 500, 590, 592, 597, 599, 607 Asiatic beetle quarantine, 599 Asiatic garden beetle, 607 Aspidiotus perniciosus, 491 Aster olecanium variolosum, 497, 617 Aulacaspis pentagona, 498 rosae, 492 Autographa brassicae, 494 Bacillus larvae, 521 pluton, 520 Bees, registration of, 527 Benacus griseus, 500 Blissus leucopterus, 499 Brachvrhinus ovatus, 498, 504 sulcatus, 498, 504, 585 Calophasia lunula, 518 Carpocapsa pomonella, 493 Catalpa bungei, 496, 498 Celastrus, 503 Ceratomegilla fuscilabris, 584 Chaoborus punctipennis, 588 trivittatus, 588 Chionaspis euonymi, 498 pinifoliae, 496, 578 Chrysochus auratus, 500 Coleophora laricella, 495 Colopha ulmicola, 496 Conotrachelus nenuphar, 493 C ontarinia pyrivora, 492 Convention of Entomological Workers, 500-502 Cr ambus leachellus, 616 Crataegus, 503, 504, 505 Crepidodera helxines, 503 Crioceris asparagi, 494 Cryptorhynchus, 503 Ctenocephalus canis, 499 Culex pipiens, 612, 613 Cytisus, 503 Dasyneura rhodophaga, 615 Dermestes vulpinus, 500 Diabrotica vittata, 494 Diarthronomyia hypogaea, 498 Dilachnus strobi, 496 Emphytus cinctus, 518 Entomosporium, 506 Epiblema suffusana, 614 Epicauta marginata, 494, 499 Epilachna borealis, 494, 583 corrupta, 493, 581, 583, 584 Epitrix cucumeris, 494, 499, 503 Eriococcus azaleae, 504 Eriophyes pyri, 493 Eriosoma lanigerum, 491 EwKa velutinana, 492 Euonymus, 503, 504 European corn borer, 563-568 European foul brood, 520 Euvanessa antiopa, 495 Exhibits, 487 F^m