Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2011 with funding from LYRASIS members and Sloan Foundation http://www.archive.org/details/reportofstateent338conn ■ . s- Bulletin 338 May, 1932 . £^^ CONNECTICUT STATE ENTOMOLOGIST THIRTY -FIRST REPORT 1931 W. E. BRITTON, PH.D. State Entomologist Qlnnn^rttrut Agrtrulttiral iExp^rtm^nt ^tattnn 5^eui Bauf n CONNECTICUT AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION BOARD OF CONTROL His Excellency, Governor Wilbur L. Cross, ex-officio, President Elijah Rogers, Vice-President Southington George A. Hopson, Secretary Mount Carmel William L. Slate, Director and Treasurer New Haven Joseph W. Alsop Avon Edward C. Schneider Middletown Francis F. Lincoln Cheshire S. McLean Buckingham Watertown STAFF Administration. Analytical Chemistry. Biochemistry. Botany. Entomology. Forestry. Plant Breeding. Soils. Tobacco Substation at Windsor. William L. Slate, B.Sc, Director and Treasurer. Miss L. M. Brautlecht, Bookkeeper and Librarian. Miss Dorothy Amrine, B.Litt., Editor. G. E. Graham, In Charge of Buildings and Grounds. E. M. Bailey, Ph.D , Chemist in Charge. C. E. Shepard "^ Owen L. Nolan Harry J. Fisher, Ph. D. )-Assistant Chemists. W. T. Mathis David C. Walden, B.S. J Frank C. SHELDON,"I;aboraio)-3) Assistant. V. L. Churchill, Sampling Agent. Mrs. a. B. Vosburgh, Secretary. H. B. Vickery, Ph.D., Biochemist in Charge. Lafayette B. Mendel, Ph.D., (Yale University) Research Associate. George W. Pucher, Ph.D., Assistant Biochemist. G. P. Clinton, Sc.D., Botanist in Charge. E. M. Stoddard, B.S., Pomologist. Miss Florence A. McCormick, Ph.D., Pathologist. A. A. Dunlap, Ph.D., Assistant Mycologist. A. D. McDonnell, General Assistant. Mrs. W. W. Kelsey, Secretary. W. E. Britton, Ph.D., D.Sc, Entomologist in Charge, State Entomologist. B. H. Walden, B.Agr. ^ M. p. Zappe, B.S. Philip Garman, Ph.D. >Assistant Entomologists. Roger B. Friend, Ph.D. Neely Turner, M.A. J John T. Ashvvorth, Deputy in Charge of Gipsy Moth Control. R. C. Botsford, Deputy in Charge of Mosquito Elimination. J. P. Johnson, B.S., Deputy in Charge of Asiatic and Japanese Beetle Quarantines. Mrs. Gladys Brooke, B.A., Secretary. W.\lter O. Filley, Forester in Charge. H. W. HicocK, M.F., Assistant Forester. J. E. Riley, Jr., M.F., In Charge of Blister Rust Control. Miss Pauline A. Merchant, Secretary. Donald F. Jones, Sc.D., Geneticist tn Charge. W. Ralph Singleton, Sc.D., Assistant Geneticist. Lawrence C. Curtis, B.S., Assistant. Mrs. Catherine R. Miller, M.A., Secretary. M. F. Morgan, M.S., Agronomist in Charge. H. G. M. Jacobson, M.S., Assistant Agronomist. Herbert A. Lunt, Ph.D., Assistant in Forest Soils. Dwight B. Downs, General Assistant. Paul J. Anderson, Ph.D., Pathologist in Charge. T. R. Swanback, M.S., Agronomist. O. E. Street, M.S., Plant Physiologist. Miss Dorothy Lenard, Secretary. CONTENTS Entomological Features of 1931 499 Fruit insects 4"^ Vegetable insects . , ^"•^ Shade and forest tree insects ^04 Insects of ornamental shrubs and vines 508 Insects of flowers and greenhouse plants 509 Field, lawn and soil insects 510 Stored grain and household insects 512 Beneficial insects 513 Miscellaneous insects 513 Conference of Connecticut Entomologists 516 Inspection of Nurseries in 1931 517 Connecticut nursery firms certified in 1931 519 Inspection of Imported Nursery Stock 529 Inspection of Apiaries in 1931 531 Registration of bees 539 ^ Transportation of bees : warning 541 Gipsy Moth Control in Connecticut in 1931 542 Summary of statistics 551 Quarantine 552 European Corn Borer Control, 1931 553 Quarantine 556 The Japanese Beetle in Connecticut in 1931 558 Quarantine enforcement 560 Spread of the Satin Moth and Change in the Quarantine 565 Work with Oriental Fruit Moth Control in 1931 567 Notes on the Control of the Apple Leafhoppers in Connecticut . . 572 Tests of a Mineral Oil Activator for Increasing the Kill of Nicotine Sulfate 578 Mosquito Control in Connecticut, 1931 .- 580 Outbreak of Elm Leaf Beetle 583 The Pickle Worm in Connecticut 584 Gladiolus Injured by Thrips 585 The Use of Calomel in the Control of Root Maggot, (Hylemyia brassicae Bouche) on Cabbage 588 Miscellaneous Insect Notes 593 Hibernation of sycamore lacebug 593 Lawns injured by Ochrosidia 593 Weevil grubs injure lawns 593 Damage by the fruit tree leaf roller 593 Curious maggots in soil 593 Gladiolus corms infested with lily aphid 594 Abundance of springtails in soil 594 The painted lady or thistle butterfly 594 The pipe vine caterpillar 594 Thrips on privet 595 The saddled prominent 595 Status of the Asiatic beetle 595 Thrips in greenhouses - 595 A new scale insect on beech 596 Emergence records of the apple maggot in 1931 596 The Chinese mantid 597 Gladiolus attacked by tulip aphid 598 The European pine shoot moth situation in Connecticut 599 Notes on the over-wintering and refrigeration of Trichogramma, including biological facts relating to the identity of the various forms 600 Publications of the Entomological Department, 1931 601 Summary of Office and Inspection Work 603 Financial Statement 603 Index i Illustrations The illustrations in this bulletin are from the following sources : Figures are all from line drawings ; Fig. 44 by M. P. Zappe ; Figs. 49 and 50 by Dr. Philip Garman ; all others by B. H. Walden. Plates are all from photographs ; Pis. 6, 7 a, and 14 b, by W. E. Britton ; all others by B. H. Walden. CONNECTICUT STATE ENTOMOLOGIST THIRTY-FIRST REPORT 1931 W. E. Britton ENTOMOLOGICAL FEATURES OF 1931 After a rather mild winter, characterized neither by low tempera- tures nor by heavy snowfall, there was promise of an early spring, but plant development was retarded by cool weather and vegetation developed in normal manner and season. Rainfall was much more frequent and abundant throughout the growing season than in 1930. On account of the cool weather in May and June there was much injury to corn and bean crops from seed corn maggot. Some of the more important features were the great amount of injury by the elm leaf beetle, the Mexican bean beetle, and gladiolus thrips, unusual abundance of apple leafhoppers, spread of the satin moth, Japanese beetle, European corn borer, and scarcity of the Eastern tent-caterpillar. The following brief notes constitute an insect pest survey of the season. They have been reduced and tabulated to save space and expense in printing. The more important matters are described in greater detail in special articles and notes in the pages of this report. Fruit Insects Scientific name Common name Locality Aegeria exitiosa Peach borer Aphis pomi Aphis roseus Green apple New Canaan aphid Rosy apple New Haven aphid Remarks Moderately abundant in peach orchards in September. Moderately abundant late in June, decreasing after July 15. Slight infestation in Hamden. Some or- chards in New Haven and Hartford Counties injured. Severe injury in Wallingf ord ; little injury in other parts of the state. Aspidiofus perniciosus San Jose scale Rather scarce every- where. 500 Connecticut Experiment Station Bulletin 338 Scientific name Brachyrhinus sulcatus Cacoecia argyrospila Fruit Insects — (Continued) Common name Locality Black vine weevil Fruit tree leaf roller Ellington Vernon Greenwich Carpocapsa pomonella Codling moth East Haddam Cecidomyia viticola Grape tube gall Branford Conotrachelus nenuphar Datana ministra Empria sp. Eriophyes pyri Eriosonia lanigcra Gracilaria elotella Grapholitha vtolcsfa Plum curculio Woodbury Glastonbury Plantsville Yellow-necked New Haven caterpillar Orange Sawfly larvae New Britain Pear leaf blister New Britain mite Woolly apple aphid Apple bark miner Bridgeport Meriden Oriental fruit Hartford, moth. New Haven and New Lon- don Counties Gryllus abbrcviatns Cricket Long Hill Hemerocampa White-marked Kensington leucostignia tussock moth Lagoa crispata Crinkled flannel Niantic • moth East Wood- stock, Norwalk Remarks Injuring strawberry, July 3. Considerable injury to apple in one orchard, June 26. Present in usual num- bers throughout the state. On grape, July 14. Exceedingly abundant everywhere throughout the state. Usual numbers on young apple trees. On strawberry, Au- gust 15. Present in most pear orchards and in some apple orchards. Present in usual num- bers. In apple twigs, Febru- ary 24. Light infestation in June, an unusually heavy second brood in July. Third brood in September more abun- dant than in 1930. Injuring strawberry, October 8. Egg mass, November 28. On oak, apple and strawberry, in August. Lasioptera vitis Grapevine to- mato gall Beacon Falls Present each year, June, Entomological Features of 1931 501 Fruit Insects — (Continued) Scientific name Laspeyresia pninivora Lygaeiis kalmii Lygidea niendax Myzus persicac-niger My sits rib is Oberea bimaculata Ormenis pruinosa Oxyptiltus perisccli- dactylus Pachystethus hicicola Common name Locality Lesser apple New Haven worm County Lygaeid bug Somers Apple redbug Glastonbury Black peach Guilford aphid Currant aphid Vernon Center Raspberry cane borer Mealy flata Grape plume moth Light-loving grapevine beetle West Hartford Springdale Groton West Hartford New Haven New Haven Paragrotis messoria Climbing cut- Durham Center Par ate tranychus pilosus Pelidnota punctata Phobetron pithccium Psyllia pyricola Rhagoletis ponwnella European red mite Meriden Bristol Spotted grape- New Haven vine beetle Bridgeport Hartford Hag moth Bristol Pear psylla New Britain Apple maggot West Hartford Hamden, Som- ers, East Had- dam, Plantsville Remarks Unusu ally common. Injury on Baldwin and Greening at harvest time. On cultivated blue- berry, July 9. No particular injury. Scarce. On peach, June 15. Present in usual num- bers everywhere and considerable damage to small plot in Ridgefield. In raspberry and lo- ganberry in July and September. On raspberry, July 23. Present in usual num- bers in May. More prevalent than usual, injuring grape, bean and other plants. Devoured new growth on newly budded apple trees in May and June. Present but not abun- dant in nearly every ap- ple orchard, caused lit- tle or no injury. Unu s u a 1 1 y abundant, feeding on grape leaves. On apple, September 1. Present in practically all pear orchards. Caused considerable in- jury. Very prevalent and caused serious injury to fruit. 502 Connecticut Experiment Static Fruit Insects — (Continued) m Bulletin 338 Scientific name Common name Locality Remarks Samia cecropia Cecropia moth caterpillar East Wood- stock, Killing- worth, North Woodbury On apple and other rosaceous plants. Scolytus rugulosiis Shot-hole borer Yalesville In sweet cherry, March 20. Sphecodina abbottii Abbot sphinx Bristol Hamden Feeds on grape, Vir- ginia creeper, and Bos- ton ivy in July. Tyloderma fragariae Strawberry- crown borer Ellington Vernon Injuring strawberry. July 3 Typhlocyba sp. Apple leaf- hoppers Woodstock Exceedingly abund- ant. Serious infestation in Woodstock. Second brood abundant in Hart- ford and New Haver Counties. Typophorus canellus Strawberry- root worm Zeuzera pyrina Center Groton Injuring leaves, May 9. Leopard moth Hamden Hartford Seems to be increas- ing as a borer in apple trees. Acrosternum hilar is An-asa tristis Cirphis unipuncta Crioceris asparagi Crioceris duodecem- punctata Diabrotica vittata Diacrisia virginica Vegetable Insects Green stink bug Glastonbury Litchfield Middletown Bristol Noank Manchester Falls Village Squash bug Armyworm Asparagus beetle Spotted aspara- Falls Village gus beetle Striped cucum- Botsford ber beetle Bristol Hamden Yellow woolly Middletown bear Reported as injur- ing beans in August. Present in usual abun- dance. Feeding on corn, September 2. Present in usual num- bers everywhere, May 29. Unusually abundant. Very abundant and injured cucumber, melon and squash plants. Feeding on bean and onion, July 1. Entomological Features of 1931 503 Scientific name Vegetable Insects — (Continued) Common name Locality Diaphama nitidalis Pickle worm Epicaiita marginata Epilachn-a corrupta Epitrix ciicumeris Heliothis obsoleta Heterodera radicicola Hylemyia brassicae Illuvoia pisi Lygus pratensis Margined' blis- ter beetle Mexican bean beetle Potato flea beetle Branford Bridgeport Cos Cob Hamden Southington Southport Trumbull Westport Sinisbury Throughout the state Throughout the state Remarks First record of injury in the state. Cucumber and summer squash damaged in September. Injuring Swiss chard July 24. Severe injury to beans in Fairfield and New Haven Counties. Re- ceived from 28 locali- ties. In Brooklyn and Danielson, potato fields had 25 per cent of leaves injured, June 26. Corn ear worm Throughout the More abundant than state for many years. Eelworms or nematodes Hamden Nichols Cabbage mag- Throughout the got state Pea aphid Tarnished plant bug Melittia satyriniformis Squash borer Danielson Putnam Vernon New Haven Waterbury Mysus persicae Noctuid larvae Pachystethus hicicola Spinach aphid Stratford Cutworms Light-loving Hartford grapevine beetle Norwich Simsbury Injuring lettuce, to- mato and cucumber, June 26. Especially abundant in Windham County. Not generally d e- structive, but common at these places latter half of June. Injuring celery, No- vember 25. Prevalent everywhere throughout the state in July and August. Infesting carrot, July 3. Caused severe injury to vegetable plants everywhere. Feeding on beans in July. 504 Connecticut E: vpcrhnent Station Bulletin 338 Vegetable Insects — (Continued) Scientific name Common name Locality Remarks Papaipema nitcia Stalk borer Warehouse Point Present everywhere in herbaceous stems. Pegomyia hyoscyami Spinach leaf miner Ledyard Not prevalent, but in- jured beet and spinach in Ledyard June 26. Phlcgcthonfius quinqucma-culata Tobacco worm Suffield Larvae present, Au- gust 25. Phlegethontius scxta Tomato worm West Haven Larvae present, July 24. Plutella inaculipennis Diamond-back moth Brooklyn Danielson Hamden Very abundant, June 26, and injured cabbage, cauliflower, and Brus- sels sprouts. Psila rosac Carrot rust fly New Haven Not generally prevalent. Pyrausta nubilalis European corn borer Guilford Hamden Very abundant in New London County, September. Shade and Forest Tree Insects Adelges abietis Adelges pinicorticis Agromyza clara f Anisota rubicunda Anisota senaforta Argyresthin thiiiella Caniponolus hercule- anus pennsylvanica Chaitophoriis lyropicta Spruce gall aphid Pine bark aphid Catalpa leaf miner Green-striped maple worm Orange-striped oak worm Arborvitae leaf miner Carpenter ant Norway maple aphid Chionaspis pinifoliae Pine leaf scale New Britain Stony Creek Stratford Ridgefield West Haven South Man- chester Middletown Danielson Deep River Woodbridge Bridgeport Wethersfield New Haven South Man- chester Branford Derby Greenwich Salisbury West Haven Winsted Common throughout the state forming basal galls on Norway spruce. On white pine throughout the state. Probably this species, but adults were not reared. Caterpillars on maple June 3. Caterpillars on oak and maple. Slight injury to trees and hedges. Tunneling in white fringe in Wethersfield. Abundant on Norway maple in many localities late in June. Throughout the state on red, Scotch, mugho and Japanese red pines. Entomological Features of 1931 505 Shade and Forest Tree Insects — (Continued) Scientific name Common name Locality Chlamys gibbosa A leaf beetle Deep River Remarks atheroma regalis Reeral moth Conotrachehis jnglan- Walnut cur- dis cuHo Corythuca arcuata Oak lacebug Corythucn cillata Cyllene caryae Sycamore lacebug Guilford Stonington Greenwich Stamford Cobalt New Hartford New Haven Hickory borer South Man- chester Cyllene robiniae Locust borer Bristol Dasyneura communis Maple vein gall Winsted Datana integcrrima Diapheromera fe mo rat a Dichelonyx diliita Etivanessa antiopa Fenusa pumila GaleruceUa luteola Walnut cater- Granby pillar Walkingstick New Haven A leaf beetle New Haven Spiny elm cater- Orange pillar European birch Farmington leaf miner Greenwich Monroe Westport Elm leaf beetle Canaan Guilford Hartford Hazardville Litchfield Noroton Norwalk Warehouse Point Willimantic Wilton Feeding on oak leaves, July 27. Caterpillar on black walnut. Injures Japanese and Persian walnut in July. On white oak in July. Very abundant. In dwelling, April 6, probably emerged from firewood. September I. Frequent on sugar maple leaves. Common everywhere on hickory, black walnut and butternut in August and September. Feeding on oak leaves September 30. Feeding on oak leaves June 15. Caterpillars on elm June U. Common everywhere in gray birch. More destructive than for many years. 506 Connecticut Experiment Station Bulletin 338 Shade and Forest Tree Insects — (Continued) Scientific name Gillettea cooleyi Gossyparia spuria Halisidota caryae Common name Blue Spruce gall aphid European elm scale Hickory tus- sock moth Hamamelistes spinosus Spiny witch ha- zel gall aphid Hemerocampa definita Definite- marked tussock moth Locality Seymour Southington Waterbury West Hartford Pine Orchard New Milford North Haven Canterbury Remarks Common, forming terminal galls on blue spruce. Fairly common on young trees. Caterpillars on linden, July 27. Abundant on gray birch in June. Egg-cluster, March 13. Hemerocampa lenco- White-marked Bridgeport stigma tussock moth Caterpillars, June 13. Heterocampa gutti- vitta Saddled prominent Norfolk Present in smaller numbers than in 1930. Itycorsia or Tetra- lopha sp. Chester Derby Glastonbury Guilford Putnam Wallingford Forming balls of frass on red, Scotch, mugho and white pines. Some contained lepidop- terous head capsules; others of a sawfly. Adults not reared. M e lano xan therium smithiae Brown willow Middletown aphid Neodiprion lecontei Red-headed sawfly Nerice bidentata Two-toothed prominent Cromwell Hartford Watertown Neodiprion pinetum Abbot's sawfly Derby Roxbury Hartford On willow twigs in May. On red and mugho pine in September and October. On white pine, July and October. Feeding on oak leaves, September 3. Pachypsylla celtidis- Hackberry bud Bridgeport Common on hack- gemma gall Mount Carmel berry. Paratetranychus ununguis Spruce mite Seymour Entomological Features of 1931 507 Shade and Forest Tree Insects — (Contimied) Scientific name Common name Phenacoccus acericola Woolly maple leaf scale Locality Bridgeport Fairfield Manchester Waterbury Windsor Windsor Locks Philosamia cynthia Cynthia moth New Haven Remarks Phyllocoptes quadripes Maple bladder gall Phylloxera caryae- caulis Physokennes piceae Pissodes strobi Hickory gall aphid Spruce gall scale White pine weevil Putnam Bridgeport Stamford Mount Carmel Glastonbury Middletown Salisbury Plagiodera versicolora Imported willow Hamden Milford Southport Porthetria dispar Prionus sp. ? leaf beetle Gipsy moth Prionus Priophorus acericaidis Maple leaf stem borer Prociphilus imbricator Prociphilus tessellata Alder woolly aphid Pseudococct^ com- stocki Rhyacionia buoliana Rhyacionia com- stockiana Catalpa mealy- bug European pine shoot moth Pitch twig moth Putnam Norwalk Glastonbury Mount Carmel Watertown New Haven New Britain Hartford Norwalk Baltic Guilford Greenwich Hampton Norwalk Guilford Scotland Rhyacionia frustrana Nantucket pine Baltic moth Unusually abundant throughout the state on sugar maple. Caterpillars common on ailanthus in August. Common on silver maple. Common on hickory everywhere in June. Globular scale on spruce, June 16. Destructive through- out the state on young white pines not under shade. Common throughout the state on glossy leaved willows. Present over eastern two-thirds of state. Large larva in pink dogwood. More prevalent than for several years. On beech leaves, June 9. On silver maple, July 7. Increasingly abundant on catalpa. Very destructive to red and Scotch pine in southwestern quarter of the state. On red pine, Novem- ber 7. On red pine, Novem- ber 7. 508 Connecticut Experiment Station Bulletin 338 Shade and Forest Tree Insects — (Continued) Scientific name Super da Candida Stilpnotia salicis Thecodiplosis lirio- dendri Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis Common name Round-headed apple tree borer Satin moth Tetranychus hicolor Oak mite Locality Mount Carmel Eastern three-fourths of state Rockville TuHp tree spot Greens Farms gall Salisbury Bag worm Bridgeport Tomostethus bardus An ash sawfly Hartford Remarks Tunneling in moun- tain ash, June 16. Caterpillars feed on willow and poplar. Injuring oak, Septem- ber 5. Fairly common on leaves of tulip tree. Many larvae on ar- borvitae, perhaps brought from a more southern latitude. Larvae devouring leaves, June 3. Insects of Ornamental Shrubs and Vines Alypia octomaculata Eight-spotted New Haven forester Chionaspis euonymi Euonymus scale Greenwich New Haven Storrs Devouring Virginia Creeper, June 24. Infests Euonymus, bittersweet and Pachy- sandra. Dichomeris margin- ellus Juniper web- worm Meriden Norwalk Laertias philenor Pipe-vine caterpillar Danielson Lepidosaphes ulini Oyster-shell scale Old Lyme Neolecanium cornti- parvum Magnolia scale New Haven Oberea sp. Twig borer Greenwich Omphalocera dentosa Barberry webvirorm New Britain Papilio troilus Green swallow- tail Bethany Farmington Hamden West Haven Destructive to juniper. Common. Feeds on Dutchman's pipe wherever this vine grows. On box, April 16. On twigs of magnolia, August 10. In azalea, August 26. Caterpillars on Japan- ese barberry, September 25. Feeding on sassafras and bittersweet in Au- gust and September. Entomological Features of 1931 509 Insects of Ornamental Shrubs and Vines- Scientific name Common name Locality Plwlits pandorus Pandorus sphinx New Haven Plantsville Stephanitis rhodo- dendri Tetraleiirodes mori Rhododendron New Haven lacebuR Rockville Mulberry whitefly Glastonbury Meriden New Haven -(Continued) Remarks Rare. Caterpillar feeds on grape and Bos- ton ivy. Podosesia syringae Lilac borer Bridgeport In lilac, May 9. Common on mountain laurel and Rliododen- (Iron maxima. Abundant on different kinds of shrubs and trees. Insects of Flowers and Greenhouse Plants Antiraphis tulipiferae Tulip aphid Hartford Asynonychus godtuani Fuller's rose Norwalk beetle Chelymorpha cassidea A tortoise beetle Glastonbury New Haven Diabrotica longicornis Corn root worm Wallingford Emphytiis cinctns Coiled rose slug Riverside Epicanta marginaia Epicanta pennsyl- vanica Heliotkis obsolcta Juliis Iwrfensis Lygtis prafensis Macronoctua onusfa Pseiidococcns cifri Margined blis- Darien ter beetle Black blister Darien beetle New Haven Corn ear worm Bridgeport Hartford Portland Garden milli- West Hartford pede Tarnished plant Guilford bug Iris borer Hamden Mealybug Noank Inj uring gladiolus corms, May 22. Collected on acacia flowers under glass, August 26. Feeds upon morning glory. Injuring rose, Sep- tember 25. This sawfly enters the cut stems of roses to pupate. Feeding on calendula. Feeding on calendula and other flowers. Injured geranium cut- tings under glass. Injury to sweet pea under glass, April 18. Injured dahlia buds. Larvae injured iris rootstocks in July. On oleander. Common on various plants under glass. 510 Connecticiii Experiment Station Bulletin 338 Insects of Scientific name Pyrausfa ainslei Reticulitermes flaz'ipes Rhisoglyphus hya- cinthi Flowers and Greenhouse Plants- Common name Locality Smart-weed borer White ant Bulb mite Terryville West Haven Hamden Rhynchifes bicolor Rose curculio Fairfield Saissetia Itemis- phaerica Sibine stimulea Taeniothrips gladioli Tarsonemus pallidus Hemispherical Canaan scale Noank Saddle-back caterpillar Norwalk Gladiolus thrips Bridgeport Hartford Meriden Wethersfield Cyclamen mite Fairfield Orange New Haven T etranychus telarius Red spider Trialenrodes vaporariorum Vanessa cardui Vespa crabro Greenhouse whitefly Bristol Willimantic Woodbury Noank Painted lady New Haven Giant hornet Yalesville —(Continued) Remarks Tunneling in stem of golden glow. Injuring geranium plants, June 29. Had injured blazing star (Liatris) July 22. Weevil eats holes into the buds. On Boston fern and oleander. Feeds upon various garden plants. Severely injured glad- iolus in various sections of the state. Distorts leaves of cy- clamen, larkspur and monkshood. Had injured phlox, coleus, lantana and chrysanthemum. On oleander. Injures many dififerent plants under glass. Caterpillars injured hollyhocks. Girdles twigs. Agapostemon virescens Anomala orientalis Bibio albipennis Blissus leucopterus Field, Lawn and Soil Insects A green bee West Haven Adults from lawn. Asiatic beetle New Haven Lawns severely in- jured by the grubs. A fly Pomfret Center Many larvae in soil. Of no economic impor- tance. Chinch bug West Haven Injuring lawn. Entomological Features of 1931 511 Field, Lawn and Soil Insects — ( C ontinued ) Scientific name Common name Brachyrhiniis sidcatiis Black vine weevil Cotalpa lanigera Goldsmith beetle Crambus caliginosellus Corn root webworm Diplotaxis sp. Eristalis tenax White grubs Drone fly Locality Greenwich New Haven Woodbridge Hamden Preston Plains Windsor Hamden Stafford Springs Remarks Injured Taxus, bego- nia and other plants. Aduh, June 16. Injuring tobacco in August and lawns in June. Grubs in soil, May 19. Pupa in soil. Euphoria inda Hyperodes porceUus A weevil Bumble flower Greens Farms Adults, September 12. beetle Lucanus capreolus Stag beetle PhyUophaga hirticula May or June beetles PhyUophaga tristis PhyUophaga sp. PopiUia japonica Serica sp. Sphechis speciosus White grubs White grubs Japanese beetle White grubs Farmington Devon Middletown Old Lyme Old Lyrne Woodbridge New Haven Woodbridge New Haven Norwich Injured lawns in late June and July. Adults from lawn. On tree roses, June 3. Grubs in soil. May. Grubs in soil. Adult, September 8. Severe infestation found Old Saybrook at Ridgefield. Ridgefield Torrington Hamden Cicada killer Hartford Old Lyme Tibicen chloromera Cicada New Haven Hartford Black noctuid Greenwich larvae Grubs in soil, May 19. Adults, July 31 and October 8. Adult and pupa in soil. Injuring lawns. A- dults not reared. 512 Connecticut Experiment Station Bulletin 338 Stored Grain and Scientific name Common name Alobates pennsyl- vanicus A Tenebrionid beetle Household Insects Locality Remarks Shelton In residence. Anthreniis scrophu- Carpet beetle lariae Greenwich New Haven Norwalk Common in dwelling houses. Attagenus piceus Black carpet beetle Hartford New Haven West Haven Common in dwelling houses. Blattclla germanica German Plantsville cockroach BracJiyrhinus ovatns Strawberry West Haven crown girdler Infesting residence. Probably emerged from soil in flower pots. Bryobia praetiosa Clover mite New Haven Newly-hatched mites crawling in house. Cimcx Icctularius Bedbug Darien New London From pigeon nest. In- festing a residence. Cyllene caryae Hickory borer South Man- chester Dermestes lardarius Larder beetle Branford Probably emerged from fire wood. Several adults in house. Dermestes nidum A Dermestid beetle South Norwalk Two adults in house. Hylesintis aculeatus Monomorium pharaonis Ash timber beetle Pharaoh's ant New Haven Hartford Probably emerged from fire wood. Infesting tobacco warehouse. Mylabris quadrimacti- latus Four-spotted bean weevil Newington Infesting seed of cowpea. Orysaephihis siirina- rnensis Saw-toothed grain beetle Hartford Infests stored cereals. South Norwalk Periplanefa ameri- cana American cockroach New Haven Infesting residence. Phymatodes variabilis Variable oak borer Hartford Probably emerged from fire wood. Entomological Features of 1931 513 Stored Grain and Household Insects — (Continued) Scientific name Common name Locality Remarks Sitodrepa panicea Drugstore Bridgeport Infests dried plant beetle products. Tenebrio molitor Yellow meal New Haven In stored peat moss, worm Tenebrioides corticalis A Tenebrionid New Haven Injuring stored seed beetle corn. Tineola biselltella Webbing clothes Derby Infesting feather beds, moth New Haven Adult in residence. Acholla multispinosa Chilocorus bivuhienis Hippodamia conver- gens Tenodera sinensis Beneficial Insects An assassin bug Hamden Twice-stabbed lady-beetle Convergent lady-beetle Hamden New Haven Chinese praying South Norwalk mantid Predaceous bug on willows. On pine. Feeds upon scale insects. One adult. Feeds upon aphids. Feeds on other insects. Common in southwest corner of state. Aedes atro palpus Miscellaneous Insects A mosquito Darien Three adults, August 4. Aedes sollicitans Salt marsh mosquito Darien Madison Adult, August 4. Two adults, September 14. Alaus oculatus Eyed e later Bridgeport Hartford Adults, June 4 and 5. Basilarchia archippus Viceroy Rockville Adult, August 18. Basilar chia astyanax Red-spotted purple Rockville Adult, August 18. Basilona imperialis Imperial moth New Haven Larva. Calligraphus similis A leaf beetle New Haven Adult. Cerastipsocus leidyi Psocus — bark louse Long Hill On bark of tree. Cercyonis alope Blue-eyed grayling North Branford Adult, August 4. Chauliodes pecticornis A fish fly Hartford One adult. 514 Connecticut Experiment Station Bulletin 338 Miscellaneous Insects — ( Continued) Scientific name Common name Locality Remarks Chelymorpha cassidea A tortoise beetle North Haven Adults, July 30. Chiridia guttata A tortoise beetle North Haven Adults, July 30. Chrysochus auratus Green-gold leaf beetle Hamden Adults, June 29 and August 4. Citheronia regalis Regal moth Guilford Stonington Larva on black wal- nut, August 14. Adult, July 13. Corydalis cornuta Hellgrammite Bridgeport Hartford Stonington West Hartford Wethersfield Adults attracted to electric lights in July. Deilephila lineata White-lined sphinx New Haven Larva, July 15. Deilophonota ello A sphinx moth Hartford Larva, September 3. Rare. Enchenopa binotata Two-marked tree hopper Danielson Hamden Norfolk On bittersweet, acacia and viburnum. Gryllus assimilis Common cricket Long Hill New Haven Injuring strawberry plants, October 8. Laertias philenor Pipe-vine swallow-tail Danielson Larvae, September 8. Liicilia sericata A scavenger fly Noank Many flies killed by fungus stuck on twigs and leaves. Mansonia pertiirbans A mosquito Madison Adult, September 14. Papilio glauctis form turnus Tiger swallow- tail Bristol Hartford New Haven Plantsville Stratford Larva, September 5. Larvae, September 14. Larva, August 7. Larva, September 4. Cocoon, September 9. Papilio troilus Pelecinus polyturator Green swallow- Torrington tail A parasitic four-winged fly Middletown Philosamia cynthia Cynthia moth New Haven Larva, September 3. Adult female, August 19. Several cocoons. Entomological Features of 1931 515 Scientific name Phytonomus meles Prionus laticoUis Samia cecropia Tetraopes tetraoph- thalmus Tibicen canicularis Tremex cohiniba Tropaea luna Xylocopa virginica Miscellaneous Insects — (Concluded) Common name Locality A weevil Hartford Remarks Broad-horned West Haven prionus Ten adults from hay- mow. Two adults. Cecropia moth East Woodstock Half-grown larvae on Killingworth apple. North Wood- Adult on lawn, bury Two parasitized larvae. Milkweed beetle Hamden Adults. Cicada Pigeon horntail Windsor Adult, September 3. New Haven Adult, August 20. Luna moth Orange Carpenter bee Rocky Hill Adult, July 14. Nest in piece of lum- ber, October. 516 Connecticut Experiment Station Bulletin 338 Conference of Connecticut Entomologists The eighth annual conference of entomologists working in Connecticut was held at the Station, October 30, 1931. The guest speakers were Professor Charles P. Alexander, of the Massachu- setts State College, Amherst, Mass., and Mr. A. F. Burgess, of the Plant Quarantine and Control Administration, in charge of Gipsy Moth Control. Sixty-one persons were present. The follow- ing program was carried out without substitution : Greeting, Director William L. Slate, New Haven Shade Tree Defoliation, Dr. E. P. Felt, Stamford Entomological Features of the Season of 1931, Dr. W. E. Britton, New Haven Observations on the Chinese Mantid, S. W. Bromley, Stamford Collecting Diptera in Connecticut, Prof. Charles P. Alexander, Am- herst, Mass. The Gipsy Moth Problem, A. F. Burgess, Greenfield, Mass. Motion Pictures : Life Story of the Cecropia Moth, Prof. J. A. Man- ter, Storrs General Conditions on European Corn Borer and Japanese Beetle IN the United States, L. H. Worthley, South Norwalk The Japanese Beetle in Connecticut, J. Peter Johnson, Shelton Some Notes on Lesser-Common Butterflies of Connecticut, Charles Rufus Harte, New Haven The Mexican Bean Beetle in Connecticut, Neely Turner, New Haven Notes on the Artificial Propagation of Macrocentriis ancylivora, Dr. Philip Garman, New Haven Cabbage Maggot Control, Dr. R. B. Friend, New Haven Mr. Botsford then showed a motion picture film of mosquito ditching operations and explained the progress of the work in Connecticut. Remarks were made by Harold L. Bailey, of Vermont, Prof. A. E. Stene, of Rhode Island, and C. W. Collins, of Melrose Highlands, Mass. Inspection of Nurseries, 1931 517 INSPECTION OF NURSERIES IN 1931 W. E. Britton and M. P. Zappe The annual inspection of nurseries is provided for in Sections 2136 to 2140 of the General Statutes, revision of 1930. In 1931 this inspection was commenced July 1, and completed in October, except for a few nurseries that registered after July 1. This work was in charge of Mr. Zappe, who was assisted by A. F. Clark, W. T. Rowe, and R. J. Walker. In a few special cases, inspections were made by R. C. Botsford, A. A. Dunlap, B. H. Walden, E. M. Stoddard and W. E. Britton. In 32 nurseries, no pests were found. Altogether, about 155 different insects and 87 plant diseases were found in the nurseries. It is unnecessary to mention all of the pests here, but some of the more important and more abundant pests with the number of nurseries infested by each are indicated in the following table; Nine- Year Record of Certain Nursery Pests 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 Oyster-shell scale 42 44 38 39 45 57 78 86 73 San Jose scale 20 32 32 19 16 30 22 8 11 Spruce gall aphids' .... 28 40 27 42 82 120 147 99 124 White pine weevil 17 5 5 8 17 19 37 66 74 Poplar canker 34 25 34 22 39 35 Z7 35 23 Pine blister rust (on Ribcs) 6 8 7 9 9 5 7 7 13 Nurseries uninfested . . 32 2,2, 34 46 27 18 13 18 32 Number of nurseries .. 106 116 151 162 191 228 266 302 327 It should be understood that the figures in the preceding table are not strictly comparable because of the greater number of nurseries since the new law went into efifect in 1925. Thus though the number of infested nurseries is greater, the actual percentage may be considerably less. , - _,..,.. Number and Size of Nurseries The number of nurseries in Connecticut has increased each year, and the list for 1931 contains 327 names with a total acreage of 3,998 acres. Of the 327 separate nurseries in the state, a classifica- tion on account of size may be made as follows : Area Number Percentage SO acres or more 19 6 10 acres to 50 acres 38 12 5 acres to 10 acres .32 10 2 acres to 5 acres 72 22 1 acre or less 165 50 227 . 100 'Includes both Adelges abietU 9nd Gillettea cooleyi. 518 Connecticut Experiment Station Bulletin 338 The list of Connecticut nurserymen receiving certificates in 1931 contains 327 names, 13 of which were registered as new after the annual inspection had been made and therefore had to be inspected and certified twice, once during the winter or spring and again in the late summer or fall. Nine nursery firms holding certificates in 1930 failed to register on or before July 1. as provided in Section 2127 of the General Statutes, revision of 1930. The cost of inspection amounted to $80, and was collected and turned over to the Treasurer of the Station on December 8, 1931, to be deposited with the State Treasurer. This cost would have been Figure 44. Map of Connecticut showing location of the 327 nurseries inspected in 1931. somewhat greater, if a special trip to each nursery had been made, but as several nurseries are usually inspected on the same trip the expense is proportioned between them. The total area of nurseries in Connecticut in 1931 is about 3,998 acres, an increase of 343 acres over 1930. These figures are in part estimates and are not absolutely exact. They were taken from the estimates of the owners and managers as given on the registra- tion cards, supplemented by the estimates of the inspector. Each nursery of less than an acre in extent is listed as one acre, and where fractions of acres are given the next whole number is recorded. The distribution of these nurseries is shown on the Number and Size of Nurseries 519 map in Figure 44. The list of certified nurseries now contains 2)27 names, Z^ new nurseries have been added, and 12 have dis- continued business during the year. Twenty-three nurseries on last year's list are now included under different firm names. The nursery firms granted certificates in 1931 are as follows: Connecticut Nursery Firms Certified in 1931 Acre- Certificate Number Name of firm Address age issued certificate Abeling, R. W. Torrington 1 Sept. 10 1540 Adamec, George Foxon, East Haven 1 Oct. 20 1657 Albrecht's Nursery Shelton 1 Sept. 29 1598 Aldrich, Edward Guilford 1 May 15 1387 Alius, Adolf Stamford 1 Dec. 17 1708 Allen, Henry L. North Stonington 1 Aug. 3 1446 Amelunxen & DeWyn Yalesville 4 Aug. 26 1499 Ampelopsis Nurseries Groton 1 Aug. 3 1438 Andover Gardens Andover 2 July 31 1422 Anstett, Louis Norfolk 1 Sept. 10 1542 Artistree Nursery Branford 2 Nov. 12 1684 Austin, M. E. Clinton 1 Aug. 31 1519 Barnes Bros. Nursery Co., Inc. Yalesville 195 Aug. 10 1458 Barnes Eastern Nurseries Wallingford 15 Sept. 15 1555 Barnes Nursery & Or- chard Co. Wallingford 50 Oct. 13 1636 Barry, Joseph E. Mount Carmel 1 Sept. 16 1567 Bartollota, S. Cromwell 1 Aug. 15 1478 Barton Nursery Hamden 1 Oct. 3 1616 Beattie, W. H. New Haven 1 Oct. 20 1656 Beaudry-Wood Redding 1 Sept. 23 1585 Bedford Gardens Plainville 1 July 29 1413 Belltown Nurseries Stamford 2 Sept. 25 1593 Benbow, Abram Norfolk 1 Sept. 10 1541 Bertana, Louis Glenbrook 2 Oct. 20 1654 Bertolf Bros., Inc. Greenwich 45 Aug. 28 1507 Boggini, Louis (2) Manchester 1 Oct. 1 1607 Bonnie Brook Gardens Rowayton 2 Aug. 15 1477 Booy, H. W. Yalesville 4 July 21 1397 Botsford, R. C. New Haven 1 Oct. 14 1641 Brainard Nursery and Seed Co. Thompsonville 20 July 30 1418 Braley & Co., S. A. Burnside 2 July 27 1409 Brandriff's Rock & Perennial Gardens Branford 1 Oct. 29 1674 Branford Nurseries Branford 4 Oct. 31 1675 Bretschneider, A. Danielson 1 Aug. 11 1460 Bridgeport Hydraulic Co. Bridgeport 50 Oct. 21 1662 Brimfield Gardens Nursery Wethersfield 10 Sept. 12 1550 Bristol Nurseries, Inc. Bristol 50 Aug. 13 1470 Brooklawn Conserva- tories, Inc. Bridgeport 1 Oct. 23 1667 ' Brooklawn Nursery Bridgeport 2 Oct. 15 1645 Brouwer's Nurseries New London 20 Aug. 14 1473 520 Connecticut Experiment Station Bulletin 338 Connecticut Nursery Firms Certified in 1931 — (Continued) Acre- Certificate Number Name of firm Address age issued certificate Brown, E. M. Hartford 15 Aug. 31 1514 Bruce Nurseries Danielson 1 July 31 1429 Bulpitt, Henry F. Darien 4 Sept. 14 1554 Buntings' Nurseries,' Inc. * Groton 2 Aug. 17 1482 Burke the Florist Rockville 1 July 21 1402 Burr, Morris L. Westport 1 Sept. 24 1586 Burr & Co., Inc., C. R. Manchester 500 July 30 1416 Burroughs, Thomas E. Deep River 1 Aug. 3 1437 Burwell, Ellsworth E. New Haven 1 Oct. 14 1643 Byram Evergreen • Nursery East Port Chester 1 Sept. 25 1591 Calvanese, John Southington 1 Sept. 2 1522 Candee, H. Wethersfield 7 Oct. 15 1646 Cant, Alexander Springdale 1 Sept. 25 1590 Cardarelli, E. J. Cromwell 5 Sept. 14 1552 Carey, Alice L. Cheshire 1 Sept. 16 1566 Cascio, Peter J. West Hartford 1 Aug. 25 1495 Case, Mrs. Louis L. Simsbury 1 Oct. 28 1671 Chippendale Nurseries Old Lyme 2 Dec. 22 1711 City Line Florist (2) Bridgeport 1 Oct. 6 1625 Clark, Raymond H. Milford 2 July 20 1396 Clark, Wyllis S. (2) New Canaan 2 Sept. 23 1583 Cleary, Arthur R. Bethel 1 Sept. 5 1534 Clinton Nurseries Clinton 75 Sept. 10 1538 Clyne Nursery Co. Middlebury 6 Dec. 5 1702 Colchester Nursery, Inc. (2) Colchester 1 July 31 1423 Conine Nursery Co. Stratford 75 July 31 1419 Conn. Agr. Col. (Prof. S. P. Hollister) Storrs 1 July 31 1424 Conn. Agr. Expt. Sta. (W. 0. Filley, For- ester) New Haven 4 Nov. 30 1697 Conn. Forestry Nurseries Deep River 10 Aug. 3 1436 Conn. State Highway Dept. Hartford 12 Sept. 16 1564 Conn. Valley Nurseries Manchester 10 July 21 1400 Cooper's Bridgeport 1 Dec. 24 1712 Corrigan's West Haven Nurseries West Haven 1 Oct. 2 1610 Couture, E. R. Westport 2 Oct. 6 1624 Cragholme Nurseries, Inc. Greenwich 5 Aug. 25 1493 Cromie, G. A. New Haven 2 Nov. 7 1679 Cronamere Nurseries Greens Farms 1 Oct. 14 1639 Culver, W. B. Suffield 1 Aug. 8 1457 Curtiss, C. F. Plantsville 2 Dec. 22 1710 Dallas, Inc., Alexander Waterbury 2 Nov. 13 1689 Damen, Peter J." Foxon 2 Oct. 31 1676 Darien Nurseries Darien 6 Aug. 11 1461 *Home address, Selbyville, Del. 'Home address, 19 Warner St., Springfield, Mass. Number and Size of Nurseries 521 Connecticut Nursery Firms Certified in \9Z\^( Continued) Name of firm Dawson, Florist Daybreak Nurseries, Inc. Dearden Brothers DeCerbo, Meyer E. DeMars, F. H. Devon Nursery Dingwall, Joseph N. Doebeli, Charles A. Dondi, Augusto Dougherty's Nurseries Dowd, Inc., F. C. Drescher, John Dunlap's Hydrangea Nursery Dunn, James F. Eager, E. M. East Haven Nursery East Rock Nursery Co. Fells' Sons Elfgren & Sons, I. P. Ellington Nurseries Elm City Nursery Co., Woodmont Nurs- eries, Inc. Elmgren, C. J. Elm Grove Cemetery Association Evergreen Nursery Co., The Eyberse & Sons, John Farmington Valley Nursery Fletcher, Walter G. Flower City Rose Co. Eraser's Nurseries & Dahlia Gardens Galligan, Clarence W. Gallup, Amos M. Gardner's Nurseries Geduldig's Greenhouses Gilbert, Henry G. Giuliano, John S. Glastonbury Gardens Glen Terrace Nurseries Godfrey's Stratfield Nurseries Golden Hill Nurseries Goodwin Nurseries Goshen Nurseries Griffin & Schmidt, Inc. Griswold, George Gunn, Mrs. Charles Acre- Certificate Number Address age issued certificate Willimantic 2 Sept. 14 1553 Westport 6 Dec. 8 1704 East Hartford Oct. 21 1661 Woodmont Oct. 2 1612 Winsted Sept. 18 1571 Devon Aug. 22 1489 West Haven June 2 1389 Bridgeport Sept. 15 1560 Hamden Nov. 21 1694 Yalesville Aug. 26 1500 Madison Dec. 11 1707 Sharon Sept. 30 1602 Cromwell 3 Aug. 7 1455 Stamford 3 Oct. 20 1653 Bridgeport 1 Sept. 15 1558 East Haven 1 Oct. 20 1658 New Haven 1 Sept. 29 1597 Manchester 1 July 21 1401 East Killingly 2 July 31 1430 Ellington 1 July 21 1398 New Haven 140 Sept. 25 1588 Cromwell 1 Aug. 21 1486 Mystic 1 Oct. 2 1613 Wilton 25 Julv 20 1395 Norwich 1 July 31 1421 Avon 5 Sept. 10 1543 Hamden 15 Nov. 30 1696 Manchester 20 Aug. 3 1435 Willimantic 3 Aug. 19 1484 New Haven 1 Oct. 21 1659 Pawcatuck 1 Aug. 3 1439 Cromwell 200 Aug. 18 1483 Norwich 3 Aug. 15 1476 Danielson 2 July 31 1428 Hartford 1 Sept. 9 1535 Glastonbury 2 Aug. 12 1468 Hamden 35 Oct. 14 1638 Bridgeport 40 Dec. 7 1703 Shelton 2 Oct. 7 1628 Bloomfield 7 Sept. 2 1525 Goshen 5 Sept. 30 1604 West Hartford 2 Oct. 3 1618 Old Lyme 1 Sept. 23 1579 Kent ' I Oct. 15 1647 522 Conn ecticut Experiment Station Bulletin 338 Connecticut Nursery Firms Certified in 1931- —(Continue d) Acre- Certificate Number Name of firm Address age issued certificate Haas, Florist, Emil Devon 1 July 20 1394 Hall, Henry A. L. West Haven 1 Oct. 5 1621 Hamden Nursery Hamden 1 Sept. 24 1587 Hammonassett Gardens Madison 6 Aug. 31 1516 Hansen, Peter Fairfield 5 Oct. 16 1649 Harrington, Walter P. North Granby 1 Nov. 13 1690 Hawes. Frank M. West Hartford 1 Sept. 10 1544 Hearn, Thomas H. Washington 3 Oct. 29 1672 Heath & Co. Manchester 10 July 21 1399 Hendrix, Mrs. Edwin A. New Milford 1 Aug. 11 1464 Henninger, Christ. New Britain 1 Sept. 2 1523 Hettinger, J. 0. Manchester 1 Aug. 31 1509 Hillcrest Gardens Woodbridge 2 Aug. 31 1517 Hilliard, H. J. Sound View 1 Sept. 4 1529 Hinkley Hill Nursery Stonington 1 Aug. 14 1474 Hiti Nurseries Pomfret Center 12 Aug. 5 1449 Holcomb, H. Parks Winsted 2 Sept. 11 1545 Holcomb, Irving Simsbury 1 July 31 1420 Holdridge & Son, S. E. Norwich 4 July 31 1427 Hopeville Gardens Waterbury 2 Aug. 31 1520 Horan, James F. Hartford 2 Oct. 3 1615 Horan & Son, James Bridgeport 1 Oct. 26 1669 Houston's Nurseries Mansfield Depot 15 Oct. 7 1627 Hoyt, Charles E. Danbury 9 Sept. 5 1533 Hoyt's Sons Co., Inc., Stephen New Canaan 500 Aug. 1 1431 Innes, William Milford 2 July 29 1412 Intravaia & Sons, J. Middletown 1 Oct. 13 1635 Jennings, George S. Southport 2 Oct. 6 1623 Johnson, Harry L. South Meriden 1 Sept. 19 1573 Johnson, Tom Stratford 1 Sept. 15 1562 Judd, T. H. Danbury 1 Dec. 4 1698 Kast, Alfred A. Yalesville 1 Sept. 9 1536 Kavanagh, M. V. (2) North Stonington 1 Sept. 3 1528 Kelley & Son, James J. New Canaan 6 Aug. 22 1488 Keystone Nurseries Danbury 1 Oct. 1 1606 Knapp's Perennial Gardens Plainville 1 July 29 1414 Kosty's Perennial Gar- , den Nurseries Rockville 1 May 15 1388 Langstroth Conifer Nursery Danbury 6 Sept. 26 1596 Lawrence Greenhouses (2) Branford 1 Dec. 10 1706 Laviola, Louis New Haven 1 Oct. 29 1673 Leghorn Nurseries Cromwell 17 Aug. 24 1491 Lewis & Valentine, Inc. Darien 10 Aug. 26 1504 Lockwood, Percy A. Shelton 1 Sept. 29 1600 Loring Nursery Co., The Robert Yalesville 1 Aug. 26 1502 Luckner, Jr., Wm. Stepney 1 Nov. 13 1688 Lynch, Mrs. John H. Ridgefield 4 Sept. 17 1570 Number and Size of Nurseries 523 Connecticut Nursery Firms Certified in \9i\— (Continued) Acre- Certificate Number Name of firm Address age issued certificate Main, Walter G. North Stonington 1 Aug. 3 1443 Mallett Co., Geo. A. Bridgeport 5 Sept. 12 1547 Maplehurst Flower Gardens Fairfield 1 Oct. 21 1664 Maplewood Nursery Co. Norwich 2 Oct. 9 1633 Marigold Farm Nursery New Canaan 12 Aug. 26 1503 Mason, Warren S. Farmington 1 Nov. 28 1695 Mather Estate, Stephen T. Darien - 1 Sept. 12 1551 Mayapple Nursery Stamford 1 Nov. 6 1678 McCarthy, John P. Danbury 1 Sept. 23 1578 McConville, John Manchester 2 July 21 1407 Meachen, Mrs. George C. Stratford 1 Sept. 15 1563 Meier, A. R. West Hartford 1 Aug. 5 1450 Merwin Lane Nursery East Norwalk 3 Aug. 25 1494 Meyer, Carl H. H. Riverside 10 Aug. 4 1448 Meyer Nursery, Ludwig Bridgeport 4 Oct. 13 1637 Middeleer, Inc. Darien 25 Oct. 6 1622 Miliano, S. (2) _ Woodmont 1 Oct. 2 1611 Millane Nurseries & Tree Experts Co., Inc. Cromwell 50 Aug. 28 1508 Mill River Nursery Fairfield 10 Aug. 31 1513 Millstone Garden Terryville 1 Aug. 5 1452 Milton Flower Farm Litchfield 1 Sept. 19 1575 Minge, G. H. Rocky Hill 1 Aug. 15 1479 Montgomery Evergreen Nursery, Inc. Cos Cob 3 Sept. 25 1594 Moraio Brothers Stamford 5 Nov. 12 1687 Morgan, Wm. F. North Stonington 2 Aug. 3 1442 Mountain Farm Nursery West Hartford 2 Sept. 23 1580 Mount Airy Gardens Stamford 1 Oct. 20 1655 Mount Carmel Nursery Mount Carmel 1 Oct. 3 1617 Nelson Landscape & Nursery Service (2) Bridgeport 1 Sept. 15 1557 New Britain Board of Water Commission- ers New Britain 50 Nov. Q 1682 Newell Nurseries. The Hartford 5 Nov. 14 1691 New England Nurseries New Canaan 1 Sept. 23 1584 New Haven Park Commission New Haven 10 Aug. 3 1434 Newington Gardens & Nurseries Newington 1 Sept. 12 1549 New London Cemetery Association New London 1 Aug. 19 1485 New London County Nurseries New London 5 Sept. 14 1556 New York, New Haven & Hartford R. R. Co. Stamford 6 Sept. 25 1595 Nicolson & Thurston Litchfield 1 Sept. 21 1576 North Avenue Nursery Bridgeport 1 Sept. 29 1601 North-Eastern Forestry Company, The Cheshire 60 July 20 1390 524 Connecticut Experiment Station i Bulletin 338 Connecticut Nursery Firms Certified in 1931- -(Con tinned) Acre- Certificate Number Name of firm Address age issued certificate North Greenwich Nursery Greenwich 1 Sept. 25 1592 Norwood Nursery Hamden 1 Aug. 22 1490 Nyveldt, Albert New London 1 Aug. 3 1447 Oakland Nurseries Manchester 20 July 29 1415 Oakwood Novelty Gardens East Hartford 1 Aug. 12 1467 Old House Gardens, The Yalesville 1 Aug. 26 1501 Old Orchard Nursery Norwalk 4 Sept. 23 1581 Ostergren, Herbert Cromwell 2 Aug. 15 1480 Outpost Farm & Nursery Corp. Ridgefield 200 Aug. 26 1506 Ouwerkerk, D. K. Yalesville 10 Sept. 2 1524 Ox Yoke Farm Nurseries Bridgeport 1 Nov. 7 1681 Panella, P. Elmwood 1 Aug. 12 1469 Park Gardens Bridgeport 1 Aug. 31 1515 Park Place Nurseries Marion 2 Sept. 23 1577 Paton, William D. Mount Carmel 2 Sept. 16 1569 Patterson, John Old Saybrook 2 Sept. 18 1572 Pedersen, Anthon Stamford 3 Sept. 25 1589 Peschko, Robert Danbury 1 Aug. 11 1465 Pestretto, Frank West Hartford 1 Aug. 31 1511 Pestretto, Salvatore West Hartford 1 Oct. 15 1648 Pflomm, Charles W. Bridgeport 1 Oct. 15 1644 Phelps & V. T. Hammer Co., The J. W. Branford 3 Oct. 23 1666 Pierson, Inc., A. N. Cromwell 250 Aug. 17 1481 Pinatello, Michael East Hartford 3 Sept. 30 1605 Pinchbeck Bros., Inc. Ridgefield IS Oct. 28 1670 Pine Plains Greenhouse, Inc. Norwich 1 Aug. 26 1505 Polish Orphanage Farm New Britain 1 Sept. 16 1565 Pomeroy Blue Spruce Gardens New Mil ford 5 Aug. 11 1463 Powers, R. J Noroton 1 Dec. 8 1705 Pratt, Jr., George D. Bridgewater 1 Sept. 30 1603 Prospect Nurseries, Inc. Cromwell 25 Aug. 26 1496 Prudence Seymour Gardens New Milford 1 Aug. 14 1472 Rabinak, Louis Deep River 2 Aug. 7 1454 Race Brook Gardens, Inc. Orange 1 Julv 20 1392 Rengerman's Garden Granby 1 Sept. 4 1531 Reynold's Farms South Norwalk 1 July 21 1404 Richmond, Gordon L. New Milford 8 Aug. 15 1475 Rockfall Nursery Co. Rockfall 110 Sept. 5 1532 Rose Hill Nurseries Gildersleeve 3 Aug. 31 1512 Rosery Rest, The Bridgeport 5 Sept. 19 1574 Sachem Forest Landscape Service New Haven 1 Oct. 14 1642 Sage Bros. Company North Woodbury 1 Aug. 31 1521 Sandelli's Greenhouse New Britain 1 Oct. 6 1626 Mumber and Size of Nurseries 525 Connecticut Nursery Firms Certified in 1931 — (Continued) Acre- Certificate Number Name of firm Address age issu ed certificate Sasco Hill Evergreen Nursery Southport 1 July 27 1410 Saxe & Floto Waterbury 1 Nov. 21 1693 Scarano Nursery Groton 1 Aug. 11 1466 Schaeffer Bros. Norwich 3 July 31 1426 Schleichert's Nurseries (2) Bridgeport 1 Sept. 15 1559 Schneider, Godfrey West Haven 1 Oct. 5 1620 Schulze, Charles T. Bethel 5 Dec. 4 1699 Scott's Nurseries Bloomfield 10 Nov. 21 1692 Selleck, Joel F. (2) Bridgeport 1 Sept. 4 1530 Seltsam's Pequonnock Gardens Bridgeport 1 Sept. 15 1561 Seymour's Hemlock Nursery Riverton 2 Sept. 10 1546 Sierman, Inc., C. H. Hartford 8 Sept. 9 1537 Silver City Nursery Meriden 1 Sept. 2 1526 Silver Lane Nursery Co. Burnside 1 July 28 1411 Silvermine Nurseries Norwalk 1 July 23 1408 Simonsen, H. C. Plainville 3 Oct. 14 1640 Smith & Son, Edward A. (2) Mystic 1 Aug. 3 1445 Soltes Nursery, M. J. Shelton 1 Sept. 12 1548 Soulhport Nursery Southport 25 July 21 1405 South Wilton Nurseries South Wilton 5 Aug. 13 1471 Spencer, W. L. L. Columbia 1 July 31 1425 Spring Nurseries Bristol 3 Aug. 10 1459 Stack, Garrett M. Guilford 1 Nov. 12 1686 Stack, Sr., Thomas M. New Milford 1 Aug. 11 1462 Stafford Conservatories Stafford Springs 2 Aug. 7 1456 Stalzer & Son, John (2) Brooklyn 1 Oct. 7 1629 Stannard, E. H. Wilton 15 Oct. 19 1652 State of Conn. Forest Nursery (A. F. Hawes, Forester) Hartford 6 Sept. 10 1539 State Street Nursery New Haven 2 Sept. 16 1568 Steck, Jr., C. A. Bethel 5 Oct. 13 1634 Steck, Charles A. Newtown 10 Nov. 10 1683 Steck Nurseries, Inc. Farmington 11 Dec. 21 1709 Steck, Sarah B. Bethel 1 Oct. 9 1631 Stratford Rose Nurseries Stratford 2 July 20 1391 Sunridge Nurseries Greenwich 25 Aug. 9 1632 Sylvan Garden Nursery Bridgeport 2 Oct. 19 1651 Thomas & Sons, Inc., W. D. Hamden 2 Sept. 23 1582 Torizzo, P. A. West Hartford 1 Aug. 26 1497 Tryon, Geo. W. North Stonington 3 Aug. 3 1441 Van der Bom, F. Bethel 5 Dec. 4 1700 Vanderbrook & Son, C. L. Manchester i7 Aug. 3 1432 Van Wilgen Nurseries Branford 12 Oct. 21 1663 Van Wilgen, WilHam Branford 1 Aug. 24 1492 Vasileff, Nicholas Greenwich 4 Oct. 7 1630 Verkade's Nurseries New London 50 Aug. 31 1510 Vernick Nurseries Bridgeport 2 Oct. 19 1650 526 Connecticut Experhnent Station Bulletin 338 Name of firm Wallace Nursery Waltermire, Wm. H. Ward & Son, J. F. Water Bureau, Metro- politan District Commission of Hartford County Watrous, Arthur J. Wayside Farm Gardens Westerly Nursery Westville Nurseries, Inc. Wheeler, C. B. White Elm Nursery (2) Whittemore Co., J. H. Wilcox, Elmer E. Wild's Nursery, Henry Williams, Harry G. Wilmaco Gardens Wilridge Nurseries Wilson & Co., Inc., C. E. Wilson's Tree Farms, Inc. Woodbridge Nursery Co., Inc. Woodmont Fruit & Vegetable Farm Woodmont Gardens Woodruff, C. V. Wyllie, David Yale University School of Forestry Nursery Yale University, Landscape Depart- ment Zack Co., H. J. SERY Firms Certii ^ED IN 1931- —(Continued) Acre- Certificate Number Address age issued certificate Wallingford 9 Aug. 26 1498 Guilford 1 May 14 1386 Windsor 1 Aug. 3 1433 Hartford 50 Oct. 3 1614 Meriden 1 Sept. 2 1527 Thomaston 3 Aug. 5 1451 Pawcatuck 1 Aug. 3 1444 New Haven 2 Oct. 23 1668 Stonington 1 Aug. 3 1440 Talcottville 1 July 21 1403 Naugatuck 3 Nov. 12 1685 Guilford 1 Aug. 31 1518 Greenwich and Norwalk 30 July 30 1417 Shelton 1 Sept. 29 1599 Manchester 5 July 21 1406 Ridgefield 3 Oct. 22 1665 Manchester 125 Aug. 7 1453 Cromwell 10 Aug. 21 1487 New Haven 4 Dec. 4 1701 Woodmont 1 Oct. 2 1609 Woodmont 1 Oct. 2 1608 Orange 1 July 20 1393 Whitneyville 1 Oct. 21 1660 New Haven 1 Nov. 6 1677 New Haven 6 Nov. 7 1680 Deep River 8 Oct. 5 1619 3.998 Duplicate Certificates to be Filed in Other States Many states require that out-of-state nurserymen file inspection certificates of their nurseries, before stock can be shipped into these states. This office v^ill furnish such duplicates if requested. During 1931, 224 such duplicates have been issued. Registration of Nursery Dealers According- to the provisions of Section 2137 of the General Statutes of Connecticut, revision of 1930, all dealers in nursery stock must register with the State Entomologist on or before March 1 of each year and cite the chief sources of their nursery Registration of Nursery Dealers 527 stock. Dealer's permits are issued without charge and cover the remainder of the calendar year. All such permits expire on December 31. These permits are for use within the State of Connecticut and should not be attached to shipments sent into other states. During- 1931, 127 permits were issued to dealers that registered. A list of such dealers is on file in the office of the State Entomologist, but is not printed in this Report. Registration of Out-of-State Nurserymen The law also provides that nurserymen in other states, before shipping stock into Connecticut, shall file with the State En- tomologist a copy of a valid inspection certificate and receive a permit. Printed tags are not acceptable for this purpose but an exact duplicate signed by the officer issuing the certificate is re- quired. The applicant is also required to fill out an application card, which is kept in the office files. On compliance with these require- ments, a shipper's permit is issued without fee, enabling the applicant to ship nursery stock into Connecticut, for the period covered by the inspection certificate placed on file. During 1931, 243 such permits were issued to nurserymen in other states, but the list of firms receiving them is not printed in this Report. Parcel Certificates In addition to the regular inspection and certification of nursery stock, occasionally individuals need to transport trees, shrubs and plants, or wish to ship them to their friends. Nurserymen also may need to ship packages before receiving their regular certificates. Consequently, to enable such materials to be shipped, we have inspected them and furnished certificate tags. During 1931, 309 separate parcels of nursery stock have been inspected and certified. Inspection of Narcissus Bulbs Because of Federal Quarantine No. 62, narcissus bulbs grown in Connecticut cannot be shipped into other states unless given two inspections, one in the field in May, and the other after the bulbs are dug for shipment. If found infested with bulb flies or eelworms, the bulbs must be treated before certificates are issued. During the year 43,000 such bulbs were inspected and certified. Inspection of Laurel and Decorative Materials Branches of mountain laurel and certain other shrubs as well as trees and vines are gathered in Connecticut, sometimes in large quantities, to be shipped into New York City. If gathered within the area quarantined on account of the gipsy moth, the material 528 Connecticut Experiment Station Bulletin 338 must be inspected by Federal inspectors and if found clean is certified for shipment. Much of this material is gathered outside of the quarantined area, and yet needs to be inspected and certified before it can be shipped to New York City. During- the year 309 such shipments were inspected and certified. Special Certificates and Permits Each year some form of special certificate or permit is requested for certain shipments. Some of these are consigned to foreign countries, which require a certificate based upon an inspection at packing time. Citizens and residents occasionally request permission to move living plant material from one point to another within the state. In 1931, no requests were received for the special in- spection and certification of raspberry plants, because of mosaic and allied diseases, to meet the requirements of Michigan, Minne- sota, New York, Vermont and Wisconsin. Consequently, no such inspections were made and no certificates issued. During the year, 148 special miscellaneous certificates and permits were issued. Inspection of Shelled Seed Corn Requests for certificates on shipments of shelled sweet corn and other seeds to be shipped into foreign countries were received from seed growers, and during the year 1,858 packages of such seeds were inspected and certified. Blister Rust Control Area Permits In 1929, nine blister rust control areas were legally established in Connecticut. Under such conditions, the Federal regulations require that before any shipments of currants, gooseberries or other species of Ribes or white pine or other five-leaf pines are shipped into the state, the shipper must apply to the State Ento- mologist for a permit. The shipper must give name and address of both consignor and consignee, and the name and number of plants of each species and variety to be shipped. If the shipment is to be sent to a point outside the control areas and does not con- tain any prohibited plants, the permit is granted. During the year 255 such permits were issued. Black currants are now debarred by statute. The text of the law follows : Section 2127 (General Statutes, revision of 1930). European black currant plants. Any person who shall grow, plant, propagate, cultivate, sell, trans- port or possess any plant, root or cutting of the European black currant, or Ribes nigrum, shall be fined not less than five dollars nor more than twenty- five dollars. The director of the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Sta- tion is authorized to seize and destroy any plants, roots or cuttings of said European black currant found in the State. Inspection of Imported Stock 529 INSPECTION OF IMPORTED NURSERY STOCK W. E. Britton and M. P. Zappe The quantity of nursery stock that entered Connecticut from foreign countries in 1931 was less than for the past 10 years, or about the same as in 1921. The reduction was perhaps due to prohibiting the entry of apple, pear, quince, and cherry stocks, all of which were permitted to enter until 1931. The past year the only fruit stocks coming into the state from abroad have been plum and raspberry seedlings. All other material has been rose stocks. This material has been imported for propagation and it enters the country under specifications and permits of the Federal Plant Quarantine and Control Administration. At ports of entry it is released for transit to its destination where is it inspected by state inspectors. The imported nursery stock entering Connecticut in 1930-1931 was inspected by Mr. Zappe, assisted at rush periods by Mr. McFarland, and consisted of 19 shipments containing 142 cases and 1,227,275 plants. These 19 shipments were imported by eight different Connecticut firms. Of the 142 cases, 105 cases containing 911,075 plants were imported by one firm. Of the total number of shipments, 17 contained only rose stocks, and two had only fruit stocks. Of this plant material inspected. 1,062,175 plants, or about 86 per cent, were rose stocks, and the remainder, 165,100 plants, or about 14 per cent, were fruit seedlings. Both rose and fruit seedlings were for propagation, and the quantity of each different variety is shown in the following table: Kinds of Stock Imported Rose stocks Rosa manetii multiflora odorata rugosa Jerry Fruit 1,017,175 28,000 15,000 2,000 Plum Raspf stocks 165,000 100 1,062,175 165,100 1,227,275 530 Connecticut Experimient Station Bulletin 338 Time of Arrival and Inspection This imported nursery stock usually begins to arrive late in the fall, and continues well into the winter, but with the decreased quantity, both arrival and inspection of the stock covered a shorter period. Some importers ask for an immediate inspection, but others place the stock in storage and request that it be inspected on the installment plan, or as fast as they can use the stocks for grafting and propagation. The time required to inspect this stock was equivalent to one man working IS days, and this time together with travel and other necessary expenses amounted to nearly $230. In addition to the material inspected and mentioned above, there were 17 shipments of new varieties of plants, and 22 ship- ments containing 7Z7 pounds of tree seeds that were not inspected in Connecticut, but the plants were inspected and the seeds fum- igated with carbon disulfide at Washington, D. C. Reports of the 19 shipments inspected were sent to the Plant Quarantine and Control Administration, Washington, D. C. Results of Inspection Of the 19 shipments inspected, 9 shipments, or 47 per cent, were found free from infestation, but in the other 10 shipments, or 53 per cent, there were insects, small animals or plant diseases, some of which are well-known pests. Details of these infestations are given below : Infestations Intercepted on Imported Nursery Stock 10 Shipments Infested Insects and other animals Emphytiis ductus Linn, on manetti rose, 2 shipments. Lepidopterous cocoon on fruit stock, 1 shipment. Nototophiis antiqua lAnn. on manetti rose, 1 shipment. Papilio pupa on fruit stock, 1 shipment. Sowbugs in packing material, 1 shipment. Spider's eggs on fruit stock, 1 shipment. Sphinx moth pupa (dead) in packing material, 1 shipment. Plant diseases Crown gall on manetti rose, 1 shipment. Inspection of Apiaries in 1931 531 INSPECTION OF APIARIES IN 1931 W. E. Brixton The General Assembly of 1931 increased the appropriation for inspecting apiaries from $2,000 to $2,500 each year, or from $4,000 to $5,000 for the biennial period, and the increase became available July 1, 1931. Consequently, more apiaries and more colonies were inspected in 1931 than ever before in a single season. This inspection work was performed, as in preceding years, by H. W. Coley of Westport, and A. W. Yates of Hartford on a per diem basis. Mr. Coley inspects the four southern counties of Fairfield, New Haven, Middlesex and New London. Mr. Yates covers the four northern counties of Litchfield, Hartford, Tolland and Windham. This inspection work in 1931 required 169 man days, and together with traveling expenses cost $2,264.65. Altogether, 1,232 apiaries, containing 10,678 colonies were inspected in 1931, as against 1,059 apiaries, containing 10,335 colonies inspected in 1930. These apiaries averaged 8.66 colonies each in 1931, and 9.76 each in 1930. The following table shows the number of apiaries and colonies inspected, the average number of colonies per apiary, and the average cost of inspecting each apiary and colony for each year since the inspection was begun in 1910. Twenty-Two Year Record of Apiary Inspection in Connecticut Year Number apiaries Number colonies Average No. colonies per apiary Average cost of inspect Per apiary Per ion colony 1910 208 1,595 7.6 $2.40 .28 1911 162 1,571 9.7 1.99 .21 1912 153 1,431 9.3 1.96 .21 1913 189 1,500 7.9 1.63 .21 1914 463 3,882 8.38 1.62 .19 1915 494 4,241 8.58 1.51 .175 1916 467 3,898 8.34 1.61 .19 1917 473 4,506 9.52 1.58 .166 1918 395 3,047 7.8 1.97 .25 1919 723 6,070 11.2 2.45 .29 1920 762 4,797 6.5 2.565 .41 1921 751 6,972 9.2 2.638 .24 1922 797 8,007 10.04 2.60 .257 1923 725 6,802 9.38 2.55 .27 1924 953 8,929 9.4 2.42 .25 532 Connecticut Experiment Station Bulletin 338 Twenty-Two Year Record of Apiary Inspection in Connecticut (Continued) Number Number Average No. colonies Average cost of inspecti on Year apiaries colonies per apiary Per apiary Pe r colony 1925 766 8,257 10.7 2.45 .22 1926 814 7,923 9.7 2.35 .24 1927 803 8,133 10.1 2.37 .234 1928 852 8,023 9.41 2.12 .225 1929 990 9,559 9.55 2.19 .227 1930 1,059 10,335 9.76 2.01 .206 1931 1,232 10,678 8.66 1.83 .212 In 1931, apiaries were inspected in 157 towns as against 154 towns in 1930, and 141 towns in 1929. Inspections were made in 1931 in the following 13 towns not visited in 1930: Fairfield County — Bridgeport and Brookfield ; Hartford County - — ^ Marlborough; Middlesex County — Westbrook; New Haven County — Oxford, Seymour and West Haven; New London County — Bozrah and Ledyard ; Tolland County — Bolton, Columbia, Hebron and Union. On the other hand, in the following 10 towns visited in 1930, no inspections were made in 1931 : Middlesex County — Killingworth and Middlefield ; Litchfield County — Cornwall, Kent, Plymouth and Warren ; New London County — -East Lyme; New Haven County — Southbury; Hartford County — Windsor Locks ; Fairfield County — Ridgefield. In the following two towns no inspections were made in either 1930 or 1931 : New Haven County — Beacon Falls and Derby. European Foul Brood European foul brood was formerly by far the most prevalent of all diseases of the apiary, but has now become rather scarce. It is caused by a bacterial germ or organism known as Bacillus pluton, which infests and kills the young larvae or brood in the comb. The cell contents often have the odor of fermentation, but are not particularly offensive, and are not ropy or gelatinous. This disease usually appears in early summer, and the common treatment is to requeen with Italian queens, and to unite two or more weak colonies to make stronger ones. Of the 1,232 apiaries and 10,678 colonies inspected in 1931, only one colony in one apiary in Preston, New London County, was found infested with European foul brood. This is equivalent to .0081 per cent of the apiaries and .000936 per cent of the colonies inspected for the season. Inspection of Apiaries in 1931 533 The following table shows a complete record of percentages of European foul brood in Connecticut since the system of inspections was started in 1910: Record of European Foul Brood Year Percentage of Apiaries infestation Colonies Year Percentage Apiaries of infestation Colonies 1910 75.9 49.7 1921 3.91 1.26 1911 51.8 27.4 1922 4.14 .85 1912 47.7 23.5 1923 2.34 .36 1913 44.4 24.5 1924 1.78 .526 1914 32.6 13.9 1925 2.48 .507 1915 26.1 10.3 1926 3.19 .858 1916 18.8 7.05 1927 1.12 .282 1917 16.7 4.86 1928 1.05 .324 1918 9.8 3.3 1929 .02 .003 1919 6.6 , 1.2 1930 .028 .0029 1920 4.3 1.5 1931 .0081 .000936 American Foul Brood American foul brood is now the most important disease of bees and is more prevalent than a few years ago. It is much more common and destructive than European foul brood. It is a disease of the young larvae or brood, caused by a bacterial organism or germ known as Bacillus larvae, which infests the larvae or brood in the cells, and kills them just before maturity. The symptoms often appear after the cells have been capped and after the brood has pupated. The cells are usually shrunken and the contents are ropy and stringy with a very offensive odor. The treatment is to shake the bees into clean hives, destroy the infected combs, and disinfect or destroy the old hives. Of the 1,232 apiaries and 10,678 colonies inspected in 1931, 43 apiaries and 84 colonies were found infested with American foul brood. This is equivalent to 3.48 per cent of the apiaries and .0786 per cent of the colonies inspected in 1931. The following table shows a complete record of American foul brood in Connecticut since the inspections first began in 1910: Record of American Foul Brood Year Percentage of infestation Year Percentage of infestation Apiaries Colonies Apiaries Colonies 1910 0 0 1915 .8 .18 1911 0 0 1916 1.07 .15 1912 0 0 1917 .42 .17 1913 0 0 1918 1.01 .32 1914 1.07 .7 1919 3. 1.1 534 Connecticut E. xpcriuient Statu 011 Bulletin 338 Record of American Foul Brood— -rc. ontUnied) ear Percentage of infestation Year Percentage of infestation Apiaries Colonies Apiaries Colonies 1920 1.18 .25 1926 1.72 .29 1921 2.5 .56 1927 3.11 .70 1922 1.38 .27 1928 4.213 .98 1923 .985 .323 1929 4.64 1.2 1924 1.04 .22 1930 5.004 1.03 1925 3.26 .424 1931 3.48 .0786 In 1931, American foul brood was discovered in the following 29 towns : Fairfield County — Bethel and Greenwich ; Hartford County — Berlin, Bristol, Hartland, Manchester, Newington, Sims- bury and Southington ; Middlesex County — Canton, Durham and Middletown; New Haven County — Ansonia, Cheshire, Madison, North Branford, North Haven, Prospect, Wallingford and Water- bury ; New London County — -Ledyard, Norwich and Stonington ; Litchfield County — Bethlehem, Litchfield, Morris, Winchester and Woodbury; Windham County— Thompson. No American foul brood was found in Tolland County. Statistics of Inspection The statistics of apiary inspection by towns and counties are given on the following pages, with summary on page 538. Inspection of Apiaries, 1931 , Apiaries ^ ,• Colonies ^ / Foul brood ^ Town Inspected Diseased Inspected Diseased American European Sacbrood Fairfield County Bethel 3 1 23 2 2 0 0 Bridgeport 4 0 23 0 0 0 0 Brookfield .... 2 0 12 0 0 0 0 Danbury 7 0 118 0 0 0 0 Darien 3 0 _82 0 0 0 0 Easton 3 0 '78 0 0 0 0 Fairfield 6 0 101 0 0 0 0 Greenwich 18 2 226 6 6 0 0 Monroe 10 0 162 0 0 0 0 New Canaan . . 3 0 34 0 0 0 0 New Fairfield .7 0 53 0 0 0 0 Newtown 4 0 65 0 0 0 0 Norwalk 2 0 46 0 0 0 0 Redding 7 0 89 0 0 0 0 Shelton 1 0 14 0 0 0 0 Sherman 4 0 91 0 0 0 0 Stamford 18 0 138 0 0 0 0 Stratford 3 0 20 0 0 0 0 Trumbull 5 0 28 0 0 0 0 Weston 2 0 34 0 0 0 0 Westport 2 0 45 0 0 0 0 Wilton 8 0 153 0 0 0 0 122 3 1,635 8 8 0 0 Inspectian of Apiaries in 1931 535 f Apiaries ^ , Colonies ^ ,■ Foul brood ^ Town Inspected Diseased Inspected Diseased American European Sacbrood New Haven County Ansonia 9 1 44 1 1 0 0 Bethany 2 0 18 0 0 0 0 Branford 3 0 8 0 0 0 0 Cheshire 9 2 76 5 5 0 0 East Haven ... 2 0 14 0 0 0 0 Guilford 6 0 41 0 0 0 0 Hamden 7 0 76 0 0 0 0 Madison 1 1 5 1 1 0 0 Meriden 10 0 137 0 0 0 0 Middlebury ... 7 0 85 0 0 0 0 Milford 2 0 12 0 0 0 0 Naugatuck .... 10 0 79 0 0 0 0 New Haven ... 1 0 4 0 0 0 0 North Branford 2 1 37 1 1 0 0 North Haven .52 59 3 3 00 Orange 7 0 67 0 0 0 0 Oxford 5 0 68 0 0 0 0 Prospect 3 1 43 3 3 0 0 Seymour 3 0 13 0 0 0 0 Wallingford ..7 3 175 6 2 0 4 Waterbury .... 3 2 17 2 2 0 0 West Haven . . 2 0 19 0 0 0 0 Wolcott 3 0 17 0 0 0 0 Woodbridge ..4 0 49 0 0 0 0 113 13 1,163 22 18 0 Middlesex County Chester 8 0 44 Clinton 3 Cromwell 11 Durham 3 East Haddam . 9 East Hampton 8 Essex 3 Haddam 4 Middletown ... 12 Old Saybrook . 5 Portland 10 Saybrook 1 Westbrook ... 1 1 31 1 1 0 0 0 61 0 0 0 0 1 108 7 7 0 0 0 307 0 0 0 0 0 84 0 0 0 0 0 29 0 0 0 0 0 53 0 0 0 0 2 112 3 3 0 0 0 49 0 0 0 0 0 80 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 78 4 967 11 11 New London County Bozrah 1 Colchester .... 14 Franklin 2 Griswold 4 0 16 0 0 0 0 0 119 0 0 0 0 0 31 0 0 0 0 0 83 0 0 0 0 536 Connecticut Experiment Station Bulletin 338 r Apiaries ^ ,■ Colonies s /— — Foul brood ^ Town Inspected Diseased Inspected Diseased American European Sacbrood New London County — (Continued) Groton 6 0 106 0 0 0 0 Lebanon 9 0 235 0 0 0 0 Ledyard 3 1 10 1 1 0 0 Lisbon 1 0 21 0 0 0 0 Lyme 1 0 40 0 0 0 0 Montville 7 0 57 0 0 0 0 New London . . 1 0 4 0 0 0 0 No. Stonington^ 2 1 18 8 0 0 0 Norwich 9 1 549 1 1 0 0 Old Lyme .... 2 0 88 0 0 0 0 Preston 5 1 96 1 0 1 0 Salem 3 0 64 0 0 0 0 Sprague 3 0 6 0 0 0 0 Stonington ... 10 1 42 1 1 0 0 Voluntown ... 2 0 20 0 0 0 0 Waterford .... 5 0 62 0 0 0 0 90 5 1,667 12 3 1 0 Litchfield County Barkhamsted . 4 Bethlehem 14 Bridgewater . . 3 Canaan 3 Colebrook .... 6 Goshen 3 Harwinton .... 5 Litchfield 21 Morris 10 New Hartford . 13 New Milford .. 15 Norfolk 7 North Canaan . 7 Roxbury 4 Salisbury 8 Sharon 7 Thomaston ... 11 Torrington ... 20 Washington . . 5 Watertown . . 22 Winchester ... 10 Woodbury .... 10 0 15 0 0 0 0 1 102 1 1 0 0 0 64 0 0 0 0 0 23 0 0 0 0 0 27 0 0 0 0 0 27 0 0 0 0 0 22 0 0 0 0 3 161 5 5 0 0 5 39 10 10 0 0 0 52 0 0 0 0 0 144 0 0 0 0 0 32 0 0 0 0 0 113 0 0 0 0 0 26 0 0 0 0 0 82 0 0 0 0 0 174 0 0 0 0 0 50 0 0 0 0 0 89 0 0 0 0 0 18 0 0 0 0 0 111 0 0 0 n 2 41 2 2 0 0 1 110 2 2 0 0 208 12 1,522 20 20 ^Eight colonies with paralysis. Inspection of Apiaries in 1931 537 ,, Apiaries 1 , — ■ Colonies ^ , Foul brood ^ Town" Inspected Diseased Inspected Diseased American European Sacbrood Hartford County Avon 12 Berlin 20 Bloomfield .... 15 Bristol 17 Burlington .... 9 Canton 12 East Granby . . 4 East Hartford. 8 East Windsor. 9 Enfield 6 Farmington ... 18 Glastonbury ... 20 Granby 7 Hartford 6 Hartland 4 Manchester ... 19 Marlborough . . 2 New Britain . . 15 Newington .... 17 Plainville 17 Rocky Hill .... 5 Simsbury 11 Southington . . 18 South Windsor 8 Suffield 13 West Hartford 10 Wethersfield . . 16 Windsor 21 339 8 2,284 21 21 Tolland County Andover 4 Bolton 2 Columbia 7 Coventry 23 Ellington 13 Hebron 6 Mansfield 14 Somers 11 Staflford 12 Tolland 8 Union 2 Vernon 15 Willington 12 0 59 0 0 0 0 2 146 7 7 0 0 0 207 0 0 0 0 1 104 1 1 0 0 0 48 0 0 0 0 0 103 0 0 0 0 0 23 0 0 0 0 0 52 0 0 0 0 0 42 0 0 0 0 0 46 0 0 0 0 0 121 0 0 0 0 0 120 0 0 0 0 0 72> 0 0 0 0 0 48 0 0 0 0 1 65 1 1 0 0 1 95 5 5 0 0 0 24 0 0 0 0 0 113 0 0 0 0 1 83 2 2 0 0 0 62 0 0 0 0 0 47 0 0 0 0 1 62 1 1 0 0 1 136 4 4 0 0 0 26 0 0 0 0 0 79 0 0 0 0 0 49 0 0 0 0 0 96 0 0 0 0 0 155 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 11 0 0 0 0 0 29 0 0 0 0 0 104 0 0 0 0 0 74 0 0 0 0 0 40 0 0 0 0 0 45 0 0 0 0 0 56 0 0 0 0 0 43 0 0 0 0 0 44 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 54 0 0 0 0 0 58 0 0 0 0 129 0 569 538 Connecticut Experiment Station Bulletin 338 , Apiaries >| , Colonies ^ f Foul brood ^ Town Inspected Diseased Inspected Diseased American European Sacbrood Windham County Ashford 9 Brooklyn 8 Canterbury ... 5 Chaplin 2 Eastford 7 Hampton 13 Killingly 16 Plainfield 17 Pomfret 9 Putnam 6 Scotland 5 Sterling 4 Thompson .... 17 Windham 18 Woodstock ... 17 153 0 64 0 0 0 0 0 128 0 0 0 0 0 27 0 0 0 0 0 11 0 0 0 0 0 16 0 0 0 0 0 58 0 0 0 0 0 63 0 0 0 0 0 67 0 0 0 0 0 64 0 0 0 0 0 42 0 0 0 0 0 23 0 0 0 0 0 14 0 0 0 0 1 99 3 3 0 0 0 83 0 0 0 0 0 112 0 0 0 0 871 County Summary I — Apiaries— ;>, f Colonies—; — ^ Number In- Dis- In- Dis- towns spected eased spected eased , Foul brood ^ American European Sacbrood Fairfield .... 22 122 3 1,635 8 8 0 0 New Haven . 24 113 13 1,163 22 18 0 4 Middlesex . . 13 78 4 967 11 11 0 0 New London^ 20 90 5 1,667 12 3 1 0 Litchfield . . . 22 208 12 1,522 20 20 0 0 Hartford . . . 28 339 8 2,284 21 21 0 0 Tolland .... 13 129 0 569 0 0 0 0 Windham . . 15 153 1 871 3 3 0 0 157 1,232 46 10,678 97 84 10,678 1 84 64 20 No. apiaries No. colonies Inspected 1,232 Infested with European foul brood . 1 Percentage infested .0081 Infested with American foul brood . . 43 Colonies treated Colonies destroyed Percentage infested 3.48 Infested with sacbrood 1 Infested with bee paralysis 1 Average number of colonies per apiary Cost of inspection Average cost per apiary Average cost per colony ^One apiary with 8 colonies bee paralysis. 000936 0786 8.66 $2,264.65 1.83 .212 Registration of Bees 539 Financial Statement RECEIPTS Appropriation year ending June 30, 1931 $2,000.00 Balance on hand June 30, 1930 15.95 $2,015.95 EXPENDITURES Personal services $894.00^ Travel 1,097.54 Printing 6.25 Total $1,997.79 Balance on hand June 30, 1931 18.16' Grand total $2,015.95 Registration of Bees The law requiring beekeepers to register with their town clerks was first enacted in 1919, as Chapter 174, Public Acts of 1919. In 1923 this law was amended to require the town clerks to report such registrations to the State Entomologist not later than Feb- ruary 1, the amended law being Chapter 129, Public Acts of 1923. The General Assembly of 1929 further amended this law as Chapter 50, Public Acts of 1929, by requiring town clerks to report to the State Entomologist on or before December 1, whether or not any bees were registered and if registrations had been made to send a list of names with the number of colonies. In the General Statutes, revision of 1930, this law now stands as follows : Sec. 2129. Registration of honey bees. Each person owning one or more hives of bees shall, annually, on or before the first day of October, make application to the town clerk of the town in which such bees are kept, for the registration of such bees, and such town clerk shall issue to such applicant a certificate of registration upon the payment of a recording fee of twenty-five cents, which certificate shall be in the form prescribed and upon blanks furnished by the state entomologist and shall be recorded in the office of such town clerk. A record of such registration and of the naine and place of residence of the registrant and the definite location in the town where bees are kept by him shall be kept in a separate book in the office of the town clerk, which record shall be accessible to the public. Each town clerk shall, on or before December first, report to the state entomologist whether or not any such owners have been registered by him, and file with said state entomologist a complete list of such registrations. Any owmer of bees who shall fail to register as required by the provisions of this section shall be fined not more than five dollars. ^In addition to this amount, $30 was paid out of Insect Pest Appropriation. ^Reverts to State Treasury. 540 Connecticut Experiment Station Bulletin 338 During 1931, 1,070 apiaries containing 7,343 colonies were registered with the town clerks and the names and records of registration reported to the State Entomologist. Reports from 95 of the 169 towns were received on or before December 1, as required by law, and 74 were late. Reports from Cornwall, East- ford, East Granby, Monroe, Stamford and Waterford were not received until after January 1, but all were finally obtained after sending several notices and making telephone requests and personal calls. Of the total of 1,232 apiaries and 10,678 colonies inspected, 466 apiaries containing 4,624 colonies were registered later in the season of 1931. Those registered and reported constitute, there- fore, nearly 87 per cent of the number of apiaries and 69 per cent of the colonies inspected during the season. However, less than half of the registered apiaries, or 43 per cent, and nearly two-thirds of the colonies, or 65 per cent, were inspected. Inspections were made of 766 apiaries and 6,054 colonies that were not registered with the town clerks in 1931. No bees were registered in 1931, in the following seven towns: Windsor Locks in Hartford County ; Canaan and Warren in Litch- field County; Westbrook in Middlesex County; Derby and Guil- ford in New Haven County ; and Bozrah in New London County. No inspections were made in 1931 in 12 towns, including the three towns of Warren, Windsor Locks and Derby, mentioned above as having no registrations in 1931. Number of Beekeepers in Connecticut There has been considerable speculation regarding the number of apiaries and colonies of bees in Connecticut. In 1931, 1,232 apiaries and 10,678 colonies were inspected in 157 towns and 1,070 apiaries and 7,343 colonies were registered in 162 towns. After checking these figures carefully and deducting duplications, the following definite figures were obtained : Apiaries Colonies Inspected 1,232 10,678 Registered but not inspected 604 2,719 Total 1,836 13,397 Probably some apiaries were neither registered nor inspected in 1931, so in all probability there are 2,000 or more apiaries, con- taining 15,000 or more colonies, in Connecticut. Transportation of Bees: Warning 541 Transportation of Bees : Warning Section 2130 of the General Statutes, revision of 1930, provides that "No person or transportation company shall receive for transportation any colony or package of bees, unless such colony or package shall be accompanied by a certificate of good health, furnished by a duly authorized inspector. No person or trans- portation company shall deliver any colony or package of bees brought from any other country, province, state or territory, unless accompanied by a certificate of health furnished by a duly author- ized inspector of such country, province, state or territory. Any person or transportation company receiving a shipment of bees from without the state, unaccompanied by such certificate, shall, before delivering such shipment to its consignee, notify the State Entomologist and hold such shipment until inspected by a duly authorized inspector." The penalty is a fine of not more than $50. The increasing practice of purchasing package bees or renting colonies to be placed in orchards at blossom time for pollination purposes makes it extremely difficult to control a disease like American foul brood unless the law is observed and enforced. Package bees and queen bees may be shipped by mail under the Postal Laws and Regulations. Section 476 regarding queen bees is as follows : "Queen bees and their attendant bees, when accompanied with a copy of a certificate of the current year from a State or Government apiary inspector to the effect that the apiary from which said queen bees are shipped is free from disease, or by a copy of a statement by the bee keeper, made before a notary public or other officer having a seal, that the honey used in making the candy used in the queen mailing cage has been diluted and boiled in a closed vessel x x x." Postal Bulletin of August 18, 1928, regarding package bees is as follows : "Office of the Postmaster General, Washington, August 16, 1928. Order No. 8142. "Paragraph lb, section 466, Postal Laws and Regulations, is amended to read as follows : 'Honey bees in quantities may be sent in the mails under the same condi- tions as are prescribed for queen bees and their attendant bees when delivery can be made to the addressee within a period of five days. If the cages are wooden, the material of which they are constructed shall not be less than three-eighths of an inch thick and the saw cuts therein or space between slats shall not be over one-eighth of an inch wide ; if wire screen is used for the sides of the cages there shall be two thicknesses of screen separated by slats at least three-eighths of an inch in thickness. Semi-liquid food consisting of sugar syrup inclosed in a tin can with siViall holes in the bottom of the can to permit of a proper leakage of the food supply may be placed in the cages. The food can shall be securely suspended in the cage with the top of the 542 Connecticut Experiment Station Bulletin 338 can wedged against the top of the cage. Cleats approximately one inch high shall be securely fastened on the bottom of the cages to prevent the escape therefrom of any syrup that the bees may fail to consume. Each cage shall be provided with a suitable handle and be marked on the top with the words, "THIS SIDE UP." Such parcels shall be transported outside of mail bags.' " GIPSY MOTH CONTROL IN CONNECTICUT IN 1931 John T. Ashworth and W. E. Britton This work has been continued as in former years, by the State Entomologist in cooperation with the Plant Quarantine and Con- trol Administration of the United States Department of Agricul- ture. Federal men are especially concerned in preventing the further spread of the gipsy moth and their field of operation in Connecticut is along the western border of the infested area, and in the barrier zone as explained in the Report of this Station for 1930, pages 501 to 518. State funds have not been adequate to cover all towns known to be infested, but work has been carried on in those towns where, on account of local abundance and the possibility of further spread, it has seemed best to expend the efforts of suppression. It is not safe to allow any town, district, or region to remain for many seasons unscouted, because the infestation may build up so that the moths will be extremely abundant. This not only endangers the vegetation in that locality, but it also greatly increases the danger of the insect being transported by motor vehicles and other agencies to points far distant. Where possible it is desirable to scout all towns at least every other year, and by alternating them this plan has in a measure been carried out. There is a section, however, in Windham County that has not been adequately scouted in several years, and this section should soon receive attention. Apparently, no extensive wind spread has occurred and there has been no noticeable defoliation. In the scouting operations all egg-clusters discovered have been creosoted, and the more im- portant infestations have been sprayed with lead arsenate. During the season 72 towns were scouted, 88 infestations discovered. 3,685 egg-clusters creosoted, and 5,277 larvae and pupae killed. In the scouting work the trees along 1,584 miles of roadway were exam- ined and 151,061 acres of woodland scouted. In the caterpillar season, 31 infestations were sprayed, and 75,822 pounds or nearly 38 tons of lead arsenate used. New Equipment and Replacements The Buick six-cylinder sedan driven by Mr. Ashworth. had been run 85,000 miles and in June was turned in for a new Buick eight- cylinder sedan. The six-cylinder Chevrolet driven by Mr.McEvoy, Gipsy Moth Control in Connecticut in 1931 543 had gone over 49,000 miles when it was damaged in an accident, and it was exchanged for a new car of the same make and similar model. Details of the Work by Counties and Towns Windham County In several former Reports, attention has been called to the fact that Windham County has not been covered each year because of insufficient appropriation. Windham was the only town in Wind- ham County that was completely scouted. Late in the summer, observations indicated that infestations are building up in the woodlands along the borders adjoining Rhode Island and Massa- chusetts. No complete defoliation was discovered. Windham: 2 infestations, 31 egg-clusters. Two colonies were discovered in Windham. One of 22 egg-clusters was in woodland in the northeast corner of the town, and the other of nine egg- clusters was in a large white oak just north of Windham Center. New London County Old Lyme was the only town in New London County that was completely scouted, but no infestations were found there. Late in June and in July former infestations were visited in some of the towns in search of caterpillars with results as follows : In Griswold, no infestation ; in New London, 467 larvae and pupae ; in Stonington, 404 larvae and pupae ; in Yoluntown, 93 larvae and pupae; and in Waterford, no infestation. Norv^^ich: 1 infestation, 137 egg-clusters. This colony was brought to our attention in early spring and the men scouted about one acre of brush and willow trees. Before the spraying crew reached this colony, some of the larvae had pupated, so no spraying was done. However, 1,102 larvae and pupae were destroyed. Tolland County Columbia: 1 infestation, 481 egg-clusters. Inspection of an old infestation along the Windham-Hebron highway revealed 481 old or hatched egg-clusters scattered over an area of about 30 acres, and altogether 1,616 larvae and pupae were destroyed. Hebron: 6 infestations, 128 egg-clusters. Thirteen acres of woodland and 50 miles of roadside were scouted in Hebron. Five of the six colonies found were in the southwestern corner of the town, all within a radius of one and one-half miles. The largest 544 Connecticut Experiment Station Bulletin 338 was in woodland and contained 65 egg-clusters ; the next largest on an apple tree had 23 egg-clusters. The other four were small infestations. Mansfield: In July a crew was sent into Mansfield to scout around old infestations and 445 larvae and pupae were found there and destroyed. Middlesex County The towns of Clinton and Durham were scouted and no trace of the gipsy moth found. Haddam: 3 infestations, 27 egg-clusters. Of the 27 egg-clus- ters found in Haddam, 21 were on a white oak, a maple, and in a stone wall in that section of the town known as "Little City." Five old egg-clusters were found a half-mile south of this infesta- tion, and about a mile farther south, one egg-cluster was found on a white oak. The large colony was sprayed July 5 by state men. Middlefield: 3 infestations, 6 egg-clusters. Last year the wood- land infestation on Beseck Mountain just west of the Lyman Orchards contained 262 egg-clusters. This year about 140 acres of woodland were scouted and only four new egg-clusters weYe discovered. One old and one new egg-cluster were found at the old infestation near the railroad, but spraying was thought un- necessary. Middletown: 3 infestations, 13 egg-clusters. Three small colonies were discovered on Washington Street near the railroad crossing, one of nine egg-clusters, one of three egg-clusters, and a single egg-cluster. The first two colonies were sprayed in June by state men. Hartford County Berlin: 1 infestation, 24 egg-clusters. The old colony near the Newington line in the northeast corner of the town was re-infested this year, and 24 egg-clusters were creosoted. About two and one- half acres of woodland were sprayed on June 6 and it is hoped that this colony has now been eradicated. Burlington: 1 infestation, 32 egg-clusters. The woodland scouting around the old infestation in the northwestern corner of the town revealed only eight new egg-clusters and 24 old ones where 605 egg-clusters were found last year. About 77 acres of woodland were scouted and in view of this gratifying decrease spraying was not attempted. Gipsy Moth Control in Connecticut in 1931 545 Canton: 13 infestations, 1,162 egg-clusters. Two state crews scouted considerable territory in Canton this year. The northern half of the town was completely examined from road to road, and altogether 1,259 acres of woodland and 72) miles of roadside were scouted. Here 13 colonies were discovered and 1,162 egg-clusters were creosoted. The largest infestation had 960 egg-clusters, scattered over pasture land in the northeast corner of the town. The next largest was one of 100 egg-clusters, in the northwest corner near the Hartland line. The other colonies were all small, most of them less than 10 egg-clusters each. EastGranby: 2 infestations, 36 egg-clusters. No scouting was done in East Granby this season except in woodland areas around the two old infestations. About 77 acres of woodland were scouted and 36 egg-clusters found, although 25 of these were old or hatched egg-clusters. Spraying was thought unnecessary. Farmington: On July 23, men scouted the old infestations in the northeast corner of Farmington, and found and destroyed 13 larvae and pupae. Granby: In Granby the only scouting was for larvae around last year's colonies. Late in July and early in August scouts found and destroyed 884 larvae and pupae. Hartford: During March state men scouted 196 miles of road- way in Hartford, and found no trace of the gipsy moth. Hartland: 3 infestations, 23 egg-clusters. Scouting was con- fined to territory around old infestations. Three small colonies were found, all near the eastern border of the town. Two of them had 10 egg-clusters each and the other only three. Seven of the 23 were old or hatched egg-clusters. About 17 acres of woodland were scouted and spraying was thought unnecessary. Marlborough: State men scouted 57 miles of roadside and discovered no trace of the gipsy moth. New Britain: 1 infestation, 1 egg-cluster. About 11 acres of woodland and 12 miles of roadside were scouted in the north- western portion of New Britain and only one new egg-cluster was found. Spraying was deemed unnecessary. Simsbury: 5 infestations, 135 egg-clusters. Scouting was lim- ited to woodland areas. About 125 acres of woodland were scouted in five separate blocks, and five colonies were discovered. The largest, containing 101 egg-clusters, was in the 32 acres of wood- land scouted back of the Ethel Walker School. This infestation was sprayed by state men early in July. The other four colonies were all small and spraying was thought unnecessary. 546 Connecticut Experiment Station Bulletin 338 Southington: 1 infestation, 5 egg-clusters. The old infestation in the southeast corner of the town was re-infested, and five new egg-clusters were found scattered through the woodland. This was an appreciable decrease from last year when 102 egg-clusters were found at the same place. Spraying was done early in June by state men and it is hoped that the infestation has been eradicated. Suffield: 2 infestations, 12 egg-clusters. About 31 acres of woodland were scouted by state men near the western border, and two small infestations, one of 11 egg-clusters and another of one egg-cluster, were discovered. The larger colony was situated near the southeast end of Lake Congamond. About two and one-half acres of woodland were sprayed July 2 by state men. West Hartford: 1 infestation, 17 egg-clusters. There was another big decrease in the infestation on the east side of Talcott Mountain in West Hartford, where state men scouted about 79 acres of woodland and found only 17 egg-clusters, eight of which were old or hatched. In June, state men sprayed 44 acres of wood- land at this colony and we hope to report next year that it is cleaned up. Wethersfield : After about 22 miles of roadside had been scouted, spring rains came on and on account of high water the men were unable to reach the infestation on the river bank, so scouting was discontinued. We know, however, that the old infestation is re-infested, and further work will be necessary to eradicate it. New Haven Covinty Branford: 4 infestations, 19 egg-clusters. The 1930 colony containing 430 egg-clusters, which covered a large area in the center of the village of Branford, was greatly reduced by spraying last year. Altogether, 19 egg-clusters were found in four small colonies. One colony of five egg-clusters was at 49 West Main Street; another of three egg-clusters was at 12 Bradley Street, a third colony of four egg-clusters was found at 42 Bradley Street, and the fourth was a single egg-cluster at 438 Harbor Street. State men sprayed all four of these colonies in June. Meriden: 4 infestations, 35 egg-clusters. Approximately 163 acres of woodland were scouted by state men around the old infestations on West Peak. Four small colonies were discovered, containing altogether 35 egg-clusters. About 27 miles of roadside were scouted in the town. All four of these colonies were sprayed early in June by state men. North Branford: 1 infestation, 95 egg-clusters. One colony of 95 egg-clusters was discovered by state men near the western Gipsy Moth Control in Connecticut in 1931 547 border of the town about half-way between the postoffices of Clintonville and Totoket. About 8.5 acres of woodland were sprayed early in June. Wallingford: 1 infestation, 16 egg-clusters. Federal men scouted Wallingford this season and found the old colony re- infested. Here 16 egg-clusters were found and about 77 acres of woodland were sprayed by Federal men. Other towns in New Haven County scouted and not found infested were : Cheshire, Madison, Waterbury and Wolcott, scouted by state men, and Beacon Falls, Hamden, Middlebury, Naugatuck, New Haven, Oxford, Prospect and Southbury, scouted by Federal men. Litchfield County Barkhamsted : 7 infestations, 251 egg-clusters. No roadside scouting was done in Barkhamsted, and all work was confined to woodland areas. About 165 acres were scouted in the eastern half of the town. Seven infestations were found, including one of 130 egg-clusters. State men sprayed the two largest infestations in June. Canaan: 10 infestations, 595 egg-clusters. Federal men scouted only in woodland blocks, and covered 1,550 acres. Seven of the 10 colonies were in the southeast corner of the town in the Hunts- ville section. Only one was a large colony and contained 422 egg- clusters. The next largest colony was one of 28 egg-clusters in the same corner of the town. Much spraying was done by Federal men to eradicate the infestation. Altogether, 662 acres of woodland were sprayed and 20,902 pounds of lead arsenate were used. Cornwall: 1 infestation, 41 egg-clusters. Government men scouted nearly 22,000 acres of woodland in Cornwall and found one colony of 41 egg-clusters about two miles south of Coltfoot Mountain near the Warren line. Here 291 acres were sprayed and nearly six tons of lead arsenate applied. Harwinton: 2 infestations, 122 egg-clusters. Two colonies were found in Harwinton, one of 99 egg-clusters in woodland in the northeast corner of the town near the Burlington line, and the other of 23 egg-clusters on an apple tree near the Campville postoffice. At the first colony, about five acres of woodland were sprayed early in July by state men. New Hartford: 1 infestation, 23 egg-clusters. State men scouted around last year's infestations and the adjacent area south of Bakersville postoffice. Here 23 egg-clusters were found, seven 548 Connecticut Experiment Station Bulletin 33S of which were new. On July first, four acres of woodland were sprayed. Norfolk: 1 infestation, 17 egg-clusters. One colony was found in Norfolk in woodland just west of Toby Pond near the Canaan line. Approximately 133 acres of woodland were sprayed by Federal men. Salisbury: 5 infestations, 127 egg-clusters. The work here was limited to the woodland areas and five colonies were discovered. One of these had 83 egg-clusters, and was in the southeast part of the town about one mile from Falls Village. All five colonies and an area of about 284 acres were sprayed in June by Federal men. Warren: 1 infestation, 56 egg-clusters. One colony was found in Warren on the east side of the ridge constituted by Rabbit and Town Hills. In woodland on the eastern margin of the town, 257 acres were sprayed by Federal men. Washington: 1 infestation, 22 egg-clusters. Federal men scouted 8,708 acres in the town and discovered one colony of 22 egg-clusters near the Warren line. Here 42 acres of woodland were sprayed by the Federal forces. Other towns in Litchfield County where scouting was done and nothing found were as follows : Bethlehem, Bridgewater, Cole- brook, Morris, New Milford, North Canaan, Roxbury, Sharon, Watertown, Winchester and Woodbury. Federal men scouted all of these towns except Colebrook, which was scouted by state men. Fairfield County In Fairfield County this year only three towns were scouted : Brookfield, New Fairfield and Sherman. The work was done by Federal men and was confined to woodland areas. Approximately 16,269 acres of woodland were scouted and no trace of the gipsy moth was found. Statistics of these infestations, together with scouting and treat- ment, are given in the following tables : Gipsy Moth Control in Connecticut in 1931 549 Statistics of Infestations, 1930-1931 Infes- Egg- tations clusters Colonies Towns found creosoted sprayed Windham County Windham 2 31 0 New London County Griswold^ 0 0 0 New London^ 0 0 0 Norwich 1 137 0 Old Lyme 0 0 0 North Stonington' '■ 0 0 0 Stonington^ 0 0 0 Voluntown^ 0 0 0 Waterford' 0 0 0 137 Tolland County Columbia^ 1 481 Hebron 6 128 Mansfield' 0 0 609 Middlesex Cour ity Clinton 0 0 Durham 0 0 Haddam 3 27 Middlefield 3 6 Middletown 3 13 46 Hartford County Berlin 1 24 Burlington 1 32 Canton 13 1162 East Granby Farmington^ Granby* Hartford Hartland Marlborough 2 0 0 0 3 0 36 0 0 0 23 0 New Britain 1 1 Poison Larvae Roadways and used and pupae woodland (lbs.) killed scouted' 72 miles 0 467 1102 0 13 404 93 0 0 2,079 1616 6 445 0 2,067 0 0 25 0 175 200 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16 81 12 13 584 0 33 0 1 acre 41 miles 41 miles 1 acre 30 acres 13 acres 50 miles 50 miles 43 acres 49 miles f 462 acres I 59 miles 111 miles 5 140 acres X 37 miles 60 miles 316 miles 602 acres 5 6 miles ( 2 acres 77 acres 1259 acres 73 miles 77 acres 196 miles 17 acres 58 miles J 11 acres 1 12 miles ^Roadway recorded in miles, woodland in acres. ^Scouted around old infestations. 550 Connecticut Experiment Station Bulletin 338 Statistics of Infestations, 1930-1931 tations clusters Colonies used and pupae woodland Towns found creosoted sprayed (lbs.) killed scouted* Hartford County— -(Continued) Southington 1 5 1 275 0 1 9 acres I 13 miles Simsbury 5 135 1 175 15 125 acres Suffield 2 12 1 100 0 31 acres West Hartford 1 17 1 1950 0 79 acres Wethersfield 0 0 0 0 0 22 miles 30 1,447 5 2,600 1,054 1,687 acres 380 miles New Haven County Beacon Falls' 0 0 0 0 0 3756 acres Branfcrd' 4 19 4 150 0 65 miles Cheshire* 0 0 0 0 0 9906 acres Guilford' 0 0 0 0 0 ( 126 miles \ 678 acres Hamden* 0 0 0 0 0 9551 acres Madison' 0 0 0 0 0 91 miles Meriden 4 35 4 1750 0 J 27 miles I 163 acres Middlebury* 0 0 0 0 0 4534 acres Naugatuck* 0 0 0 0 0 5255 acres North Branford' 1 91 1 325 0 61 miles North Haven' 0 0 0 0 0 63 miles Oxford* 0 0 0 0 0 3296 acres Prospect* 0 0 0 0 0 5870 acres Southbury* 0 0 0 0 0 12724 acres Wallingford* 1 16 1 2760 0 298 acres Waterbury' 0 0 0 0 0 100 miles Wolcott' 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 161 10 4,985 0 56,031 acres 533 miles Litchfield County Barkhamsted' 7 251 2 2100 27 165 acres Bethlehem* 0 . 0 0 0 0 3387 acres Bridgewater* 0 0 0 0 0 3015 acres Canaan* 10 595 20902 0 1650 acres Colebrook' 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cornw^all* 1 41 1 12310 0 21978 acres Harvi^inton' 2 122 1 275 44 81 miles Morris* 0 0 0 0 0 3939 acres New Hartford' 1 23 1 150 0 18 acres New Milford* 0 0 0 0 0 10205 acres New Canaan* 0 0 0 0 0 12 acres Norfolk* 1 17 1 4594 0 480 acres Roxbury* 0 0 0 0 0 6835 acres iRoadway recorded in miles, woodland in acres. -Scouted around old infestations. ^Scouted by state men. ^Scouted by Federal men. Gipsy Moth Control in Connecticut in 1931 551 Statistics of Infestations, 1930-1931 Towns Infes- tations found Egg- clusters creosoted Poison Colonies used sprayed (lbs.) Larvae Roadways and and pupae woodland killed scouted' Litchfield County- -(Contin: ued) Salisbury Sharon'' Warren'' Washington* Watertown* Winchester' Woodbury* 5 0 1 1 0 0 0 127 0 56 22 0 0 0 5 0 1 1 0 0 0 11091 0 14655 1960 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 430 100 532 8708 6176 111 8798 acres acres acres acres acres miles acres 29 1,254 13 68,037 71 76,428 192 acres miles Fairfield County Brookfield New Fairfield Sherman 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3131 7023 6115 acres acres acres 16,269 acres Summary of Statistics Counties Number towns covered Infes- tations found Egg- clusters creosoted Poison Colonies used sprayed (lbs.) Larvae Roadways and and pupae woodland killed scouted' Windham 1 2 31 0 0 6 72 miles New London 8 1 137 0 0 2079 j \ 41 \ 1 miles acre Tolland 3 7 609 0 0 2067 j 1 50 ' 43 miles acres Middlesex 5 9 46 3 200 «] : 316 1 602 miles acres Hartford 15 30 1447 5 2600 1054 j 1 380 1687 miles acres New Haven 17 10 161 10 4985 ») ; 533 56031 miles acres Litchfield Fairfield 20 3 29 0 1254 0 13 0 68037 0 0 192 76428 16269 miles acres acres 72 88 3,685 31 75,822 5,277 1 1,584 51,061 miles acres 'Roadway recorded in miles, woodland in acres. ^Scouted by state men. ■•Scouted by Federal men. 552 Connecticut Experiment Station Bulletin 338 Quarantine No changes affecting Connecticut have occurred in the state or Federal gipsy moth quarantines during the year. The areas under quarantine are shown in Figure 45. All nursery stock, trees, logs, cordwood, cut branches, brick and stones from quarry and field, are permitted to be moved out of the quarantined area after inspection and certification by a Federal inspector. Figure 45. Map of Connecticut showing areas under quarantine on account of the gipsy moth. A, generally infested ; B, lightly infested. Financial Statement RECEIPTS Appropriation for year ending June 30, 1931 Balance on hand June 30, 1930 .$50,000.00 902.07 50,902.07 EXPENDITURES Salaries $ 4,844.00 Labor 37,279.02 Stationery and office supplies 66.45 -Sundry supplies Insecticides $ 900.00 Small hardware 38.77 Auto oil 79.60 1,018.37 European Corn Borer Control, 1931 553 Communication service, telephone $57.25 Travel expenses Outlying investigations 332.86 Gasoline 1,235.25' 1,568.1 1 Express 2.00 Heat, light, vi^ater and powder Fuel, coal 94.50 Light, electricity 26.72 121.22 Tools, machinery and appliances Motor vehicles 3,815.75 Other equipment 371.23 Auto repairs 448.17 4,635.15 Rent of office, storehouse and auto storage 551.00 Insurance 681.25 Contingent 59.10 Scientific supplies Chemicals 15.25 Photographic supplies 3.25 18.50 Balance on hand June 30, 1931 $ .65' $50,902.07 EUROPEAN CORN BORER CONTROL, 1931 W. E. Britton and M. P. Zappe The results of scouting in 1930 by Federal men to determine the w^estward spread of the European corn borer, Pyrausta nubilalis Hubn., showed that the extension of the two-generation infestation had been considerable and then occupied more than three- fourths of the towns in the state. Thus 63 new towns were placed under quarantine, including all of the shore towns from Branford west- ward to the New York line. Also the one-generation corn borer had spread in the northwestern corner of the state and five new towns were quarantined. There remained only 32 towns not under quarantine, and both these and the quarantined areas are shown in Figure 46. In one of these towns, Danbury, a light infestation was dis- covered in a series of five fields containing about seven acres of silage corn, on the town farm in the northeastern outskirts of the city, and several miles distant from the nearest known infestation. The corn had been cut and placed in the silo. This process of course destroyed the borers in it, but as rather tall stubble remained in some of the fields, it was thought best to carry on clean-up operations instead of quarantining the town. ^In addition to this amount, $13.54 was paid out of Insect Pest Appropriation. ^Reverts to State Treasury. 554 Connecticut Experiment Station Bulletin 338 Clean-Up Operations at Danbury Two fields had been plowed, but there remained above ground much stubble that had to be gathered and burned. The stubble on the unplowed fields also had to be burned, together with the weeds around the margins of the fields. There were also many cornstalks scattered around the farm and these had to be collected and burned. The entire job was a small one in comparison with Figure 46. Map of Connecticut showing areas quarantined on account of the European corn borer. Portion at right shaded with diagonal lines, two- generation corn borer. Upper left corner stipple shading, one-generation corn borer. clean-up operations of former years and was completed in three days by eight men, April 8 to 10. The stalks and stubble were burned with oil, and altogether 1,400 gallons of furnace oil were used in burning over these fields of about seven acres. Enforcement of the Compulsory Clean-Up Law and Regulations The General Assembly of 1929, as an aid in the control of the European corn borer, enacted a law making it compulsory for growers to dispose of all cornstalks or other infested material before April 10 of each year. This law is now Section 2125 of the General Statutes, and is as follows : European Corn Borer Control, 1931 555 Sec. 2125. European corn borer. The director of the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station shall issue and publish orders, rules and regulations which shall be effective in any town or portion thereof which shall have been quarantined on account of the European corn borer as provided by section 2124, which orders, rules and regulations may require that each owner, tenant or manager of land on which corn of any kind has been grown shall, not later than December first of the year of its growth, plow or cause to be plowed the field in which it was grown, so as to bury the stubble to a depth of at least six inches, or pull up and destroy such stubble or cause it to be pulled up and destroyed by burning, and each person, having in his possession corn stalks, shall, not later than April tenth of the year following that of their growth, completely dispose of such corn stalks by using them as fodder or by burning them, and shall destroj^ or cause to be destroyed, on or before April tenth of each year, all weeds in such areas as may be designated by the director of the Connecticut Agricul- tural Experiment Station. Any person who shall violate any provision of this section or any order, rule or regulation issued bj^ authority of any such provision shall be fined not more than one hundred dollars. This law is similar to the laws of Massachusetts and Rhode Island, and provides that the Director of this Station shall issue orders for the destruction or proper disposal of all cornstalks, tall stubble and the larger weeds, in towns that are under cjuarantine on account of the European corn borer. Consequently, on February 16, the following clean-up order was issued: Pursuant to the provisions of Section 2125, General Statutes of Connecticut, revision of 1930, I, William L. Slate, Director of the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, do hereby issue orders, rules and regulations as follows: That in the area quarantined on account of the European corn borer, all cornstalks shall be disposed of on or before April 20, by feeding to live stock, burning or plowing under cleanly, and that all of the larger weeds in and around the corn fields be likewise destroyed. Effective February 16, 1931. William L. Slate, Director. The matter was given considerable publicity so that most of the people to whom it might apply, knew of its existance. To make sure that the growers complied therewith, 16 farm inspectors were sent into the field on April 20 for nearly a month, seeking plant material that harbors the European corn borer, and if this were foimd, to confer with the grower and issue orders for its immediate destruction or other proper method of disposal. In issuing these orders the farm inspectors employed blanks prepared in this office, and arranged in the form of a return postal card. Both cards were filled out by the inspector. These indicated - the procedure to be followed by the grower, who signed one card that was returned to the office by the inspector. The other card was left with the grower to be signed and sent to the office as soon as the clean-up was completed. This card form was used in 1930, but the cards were not numbered. In some cases the two portions of the card 556 Connecticut Experiment Station Bulletin 338 bore different signatures, and the return portion was mailed from another town, or postoffice, so that it was very difficult to check them. In 1931, the cards were numbered serially and the same number stamped on each section of the double card to facilitate identification. These inspectors visited 137 towns and issued 1,562 notice cards. Some of the return reports were not received at the proper time, and letters were sent to the growers who had failed to respond. Some 28 of these letters were returned undelivered, due perhaps to our inability to decipher the names, many of which were foreign. Altogether 1,377 of the 1,562 cards or 88.8 per cent were returned, stating that the instructions had been carried out. In many cases, failure to dispose of material susceptible of infestation, before the date set in the clean-up order, was due to the land being too wet to plow or work upon, broken down farm machinery, or sickness. As a rule the growers were willing to cooperate, when it had been brought to their attention that they were harboring a menace to the entire community. In the future it will probably be necessary to send inspectors into the field later in the season to make sure that the clean-up has been completed in cases where a report has not been received. Most of the trouble occurred over rented land. A man would hire a farm or piece of land for a season, then plant, cultivate and harvest a crop of corn. He would perhaps move away and leave the stalks and stubble in the fields. As he had no further interest in the land, and perhaps could not be reached, he could not be compelled to clean it up. In such cases the owner of the land must be held responsible for cleaning up the corn debris and other material. If the owner is unwilling to carry this responsibility, in the future he should have a written contract or agreement with the tenant making the latter responsible for the cost of such clean-up. Quarantine On account of the increased spread of the European corn borer in 1930, when 63 additional towns were found infested with the two-generation borer and five with the single-generation borer, changes in the quarantine lines became necessary. A public hearing was held at the Station November 25, 1930, then Federal quaran- tine action was awaited before revising the State quarantine. The following order was issued effective on and after February 1 : QUARANTINE ORDER NO. 28 CONCERNING THE EUROPEAN CORN BORER ' The fact has been determined that the European corn borer has been found to occur in Connecticut outside of the areas restricted by Quarantine Order No. 24, effective January 15, 1930, and it is necessary to extend the quaran- European Corn Borer Control, 1931 557 tine restrictions and regulations in conformity with Federal Quarantine No. 43, revised and effective January 23, 1931. Pursuant to the provisions of Section 2124, General Statutes, a public hearing was held in New Haven on November 25, 1930. The order herein given extends the quarantine restrictions and regulations to additional towns in Tolland, Hartford, New Haven and Fairfield Counties on account of the two-generation European corn borer, and to additional towns in Litchfield County on account of the one-generation European corn borer. Now, therefore, I, William L. Slate, Director of the Connecticut Agricul- tural Experiment Station, under authority conferred by Section 2124, General Statutes, do hereby proclaim the following towns to be under quarantine : Two-Generation Regulated Area All towns in Tolland, Windham, New London and Middlesex Counties ; all towns except Hartland in Hartford County ; the towns of Ansonia, Beacon Falls, Bethany, Branford, Cheshire, Derby, East Haven, Guilford, Hamden, Madison, Meriden, Milford, Naugatuck, New Haven, North Bran- ford, North Haven, Orange, Prospect, Seymour, Wallingford, Waterbury, West Haven, Wolcott and Woodbridge in New Haven County ; the towns of Bridgeport, Darien, Easton, Fairfield, Greenwich, New Canaan, Norwalk, Shelton, Stamford, Stratford, Trumbull, Weston, Westport, and Wilton in Fairfield County. One-Generation Regulated Area The towns of Canaan, Cornwall, Goshen, Kent, North Canaan, Salisbury and Sharon in Litchfield County. Hereafter, under the authority of said Section 2124, General Statutes, restricted articles and materials from the restricted areas shall be moved or allowed to be moved to other points within the State only in conformance with the conditions prescribed in the Rules and Regulations appended hereto and made a part of this Quarantine Order. This Quarantine Order and appended regulations supersede all former orders and regulations concerning the European corn borer, and shall become effective on and after February 1, 1931. William L. Slate, Director. Approved : Wilbur L. Cross, Governor. The areas affected by this quarantine order, as revised, are shown on the map in Figure 46. Scouting Federal scouts were sent into the towns outside of quarantine and discovered infestations throughout the area scattered in such a manner as to warrant extending the two-generation quarantine over the entire state. Consequently scouting was discontinued before all towns in the area had been examined. As soon as the borer was definitely reported from the Federal laboratory, where it was sent for identification, the scouts left that town and went into the next. 558 Connecticut Experiment Station Bulletin 338 Road Patrols Federal road patrols were operated for a short time along the western border of the two-generation quarantined area (see Plate 6 c). When it was found that infestations already existed beyond, the patrols were discontinued, except across Fairfield County, where the quarantine areas for the Japanese beetle and the Eu- ropean corn borer coincided. These patrols were continued until September 5. Survey of Degree of Infestation In September, trained men were sent throughout New London and Windham Counties, and into six towns in Middlesex County and two towns in New Haven County to estimate the percentage of infestation in cornstalks. Considerable injury occurred in New London County in 1931, and several complaints of damage were received, in spite of the enforced clean-up. The infestation is of longer standing in New London County than in any other portion of the state. In this county, 113 acres examined averaged more than 80 borers to 100 plants, or 15,646 borers to the acre. The heaviest infestation was found in New London where there were 523 borers to 100 plants, or 101,738 borers to the acre. Certain sweet corn patches in the backyard gardens of Groton and New London averaged as high as 776 borers to 100 plants, or more than 150,000 borers to the acre. The infestations were much lighter in Middlesex, New Haven, and Windham Counties. THE JAPANESE BEETLE IN CONNECTICUT IN 1931 W. E. Britton and J. P. Johnson This paper records the progress of the operations for the control of the Japanese beetle, in immediate charge of Mr. Johnson, that are carried on in cooperation with the United States Plant Quaran- tine and Control Administration. The Shelton office was discontinued July 1, and Mr. Johnson has since had office facilities at the Federal headquarters, 22 Elizabeth Street, South Norwalk. Scouting for Beetles The training of the scouting force commenced July 6, when 17 men assembled at Bridgeport. Fifteen other men gathered at Hartford the next day, July 7. The men were first given an illustrated lecture on the Japanese beetle, then instructed about making out field reports and the procedure to be followed when The Japanese Beetle in Connecticut in 1931 559 scouting in the field. The men were then schooled in the field and shown how to find the beetles. This training period covered a week before the men were assigned to permanent crews of four each, the foremen of which were mostly men who had gained experience in preceding summers. The foremen visited South Norwalk July 10 and 11, when they were assigned motor cars and their field program of work for the season. Thus each division of the force was trained in that portion of the state where the men were ex- pected to work, and they could see beetles in both Bridgeport and Hartford. The scouting work in Hartford and Tolland Counties was super- vised from the Hartford office and all other portions of the state were under the supervision of the South Norwalk office. Altogether, there were nine scouting crews, six of which were assigned to scouting around nurseries and greenhouses. The other three were engaged in a determination of the spread and increased intensity of the Japanese beetle population in the lightly infested areas. Two crews were assigned to Hartford and Tolland Counties. A scouting itinerary for the summer had been prepared for each of the six nursery and greenhouse crews, in which the daily work was mapped out for each crew. These itineraries included all of the classified concerns, towns and cities, and were so arranged that the crews would scout classified establishments at different hours of the day on their alternate visits. The distance scouted around such establishments was not less than 500 feet nor more than 1000 feet. Where the entire area around a large nursery could not be covered in one day, it was so divided by the supervisor that separate portions would be scouted thoroughly on alternate visits. The nursery and greenhouse scouting crews were so placed that each had its headquarters as near as possible to the center of the area of its operations. Consequently crews were stationed in Middletown, New Haven, Shelton, South Norwalk and Waterbury. The other crews, scouting to determine the spread of the beetle, were able to move about freely and they covered a large part of the state inspecting the smaller classified establishments in the towns where they were at work. The nursery and greenhouse scouts in scouting around some of the larger establishments, covered a major portion of certain towns or villages, and it required only a short time to complete the scouting in these places. Beetles were found in 11 of the cities and towns scouted, and scouting was carried on around 162 classified nursery and green- house establishments in 1931. The following cities and towns were scouted : Bethel Central Village Cromwell Bridgeport Cheshire Danbury Canaan Clinton Danielson Centerbrook Colchester Deep River 560 Connecticut Experiment Station Bulletin 338 Durham East Hampton Essex Falls Village Guilford Hartford Jewett City Lakeville Litchfield Lyme Madison Meriden Middletown Moosup Mystic Naugatuck Newtown Niantic Norfolk Norwich New Canaan New Milford Plainfield Plantsville Pomfret Portland Putnam Ridgefield Salisbury Saybrook Sharon Southington Stamford Stonington Terryville Thomaston Torrington Wallingford Waterbury Wauregan Westbrook Willimantic Winsted New Infestations Discovered Four towns were found infested with the Japanese beetle for the first time. These towns and the number of beetles found in each were as follows : Norwich, 1 ; Old Saybrook, 1 ; Ridgefield, 771 ; Torrington, L The beetles were sufficiently numerous on one place in Ridgefield to injure such plants as heliotrope, roses, and grape vines. The owners employed a commercial firm to spray all trees, shrubs, vines and herbaceous plants with coated lead arsenate. Beetles Collected Around Old Infestations Traps were placed in Enfield, Groton, Hartford, Meriden. New London and Willimantic. Some beetles were collected outside of the traps. The total number of beetles found in the old infestations was as follows: Danbury Enfield Groton Hartford 67 1 4 3,295 Meriden New London Willimantic 32 385 15 Total 3,799 The total number of beetles found outside of the generally infested area of 1930 was 4,574. Quarantine Enforcement The only change in the quarantined area since our report of last year is that Branford was put into the generally infested area in the revision of Federal Quarantine No. 48, effective November 30, 1930, and State Quarantine Order No. 27, effective February 1, 1931. The generally and lightly infested areas are shown on the map in Figure 47. The Quarantine Order is as follows : The Japanese Beetle in Connecticut in 1931 561 QUARANTINE ORDER NO. 27 The fact has been determined that the Japanese beetle, PopilUa japonica Newman, has been found to occur in Connecticut outside of the areas restricted by Quarantine Order No. 20, effective April 1, 1929, and it is necessary to extend the quarantine restrictions and regulations in conformity with Federal Quarantine No. 48, revised and effective November 10, 1930. Pursuant to the provisions of Section 2124, General Statutes, a public hearing was held in New Haven on November 25, 1930. The order herein given extends the quarantine restrictions and regulations over the entire State ; that portion in Fairfield and New Haven Counties restricted by Figure 47. Map of Connecticut showing generally and lightly infested areas under quarantine on account of Japanese beetle. Shaded portion indi- cates generally infested area; unshaded portion, or remainder of the state is the lightly infested area. Quarantine Order No. 20, with Bran ford added, will constitute the generally infested area; the remainder of the State will constitute the lightly infested area. Now, therefore, I, William L. Slate, Director of the Connecticut Agricul- tural Experiment Station, under authority conferred by Section 2124, General Statutes, do hereby proclaim the following towns to be under quarantine and to be known as the generally infested area : Bridgeport, Darien, Easton, Fairfield, Greenwich, New Canaan, Norwalk, Shelton, Stamford, Stratford, Trumbull, Weston, Westport and Wilton in Fairfield County ; Ansonia, Branford, Derby, East Haven, Hamden, Milford, New Haven, North Haven, Orange, Seymour, West Haven and Woodbridge in New Haven County. Also that the following towns be under quarantine and to be known as the lightly infested area : All towns in Hartford, Litchfield, Middlesex, New London, Tolland and 562 Connecticut Experiment Station Bulletin 338 Windham Counties ; Beacon Falls, Bethany, Cheshire, Guilford, Madison, Meriden, Middlebury, Naugatuck, North Branford, Oxford, Prospect, South- bury, Wallingford, Waterbury and Wolcott in New Haven County ; Bethel, Brookfield, Danbury, Monroe, New Fairfield, Newtown, Redding, Ridgefield and Sherman in Fairfield County. Hereafter, under the authority of said Section 2124, General Statutes, (1) farm, garden, and orchard products of all kinds; (2) grain and forage crops of all kinds; (3) nursery, ornamental, and greenhouse stock, and other plants; and (4) sand, soil, earth, peat, compost, and manure shall not be shipped, offered for shipment to a common carrier, received for transporta- tion or transported by a common carrier, or carried, transported, moved, or allowed to be moved from any of said towns or parts of towns into or through any other towns or parts of towns in manner or method or under conditions other than those prescribed in the rules and regulations hereinafter made and amendments thereto : Provided, That the restrictions of this quarantine and of the rules and regulations supplemental thereto may be limited to the areas in the towns or parts of towns now, or which may hereafter be, designated by the Director of the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station as regulated areas when, in the judgment of the Director of the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, the enforcement of the aforesaid rules and regulations as to such regulated areas shall be adequate to prevent the spread of the Japanese beetle. This Quarantine Order and appended regulations supersede all former orders and regulations concerning the Japanese beetle, and shall become effective on and after February 1, 1931. William L. Slate^ Director. Approved : Wilbur L. Cross, Gonenior. The regulations mentioned in the last paragraph of Quarantine Order No. 27, are identical with those of Federal Quarantine No. 48, except for such incidental changes as were necessary to make them applicable as state regulations. Quarantine Order No. 27 with appended regulations was published as Circular 74. The regulations are not reproduced in this report. Inspection and Certification of Farm Products During the summer of 1931, the inspection and certification of farm products consisted in the inspection of the entire farms where the crops were grown, and the inspection on platforms of the products in the city markets. Inspection platforms centrally located, were erected in New Haven at 21 Lafayette Street and in Bridgeport at the foot of Water Street. Inspection stations were arranged in South Norwalk at 64-66 Water Street, and in Stamford at 222 Canal Street. The New Haven market is the largest in the state and supplies farm produce to nearly all sections of Connecticut. Men were on duty at this platform practically 24 hours each day, with most of the inspections and the main market business occurring during the The Japanese Beetle in Connecticut in 1931 563 night. No beetles were found in any of these market inspections. The following table is a summary of the market inspection and certification of farm products : Classification of Farm Products, Market Inspection Number of packages certified Articles Corn Beans Peas Lettuce Vegetables with top 27,169 Miscellaneous vegetables Miscellaneous fruit Bunches bananas Boxes, cut flowers iridgeport New Haven South X platform orwalk office Stamford Total 22 4,113 0 0 0 4,135 2,500 17,867 1,468 24 0 21,859 1,659 5,590 1,374 0 0 8,623 3,204 20,440 2,192 44 0 25,890 27,169 23,028 3,423 13 0 53,633 17,199 125,313 11,555 409 0 154,476 35,513 137,151 19,224 585 0 192,473 5,550 17,524 2,325 593 209 26,201 79 252 19 647 9 1,006 92,895 351,278 41,580 2,315 218 488,296 Certification of Sand, Soil, Earth, Peat, Compost and Manure Materials In cars In trucks Total certificates Sand 586 705 1,291 Manure Total 2 588 17 722 19 1,310 Certificates based upon field inspections were issued to classified establishments and to individuals permitting the movement of farm produce, cut flowers, hay and straw, and nursery and floral stock. Altogether, 58,185 such certificates were issued, as is shown in the following table : Certificates Issued on Plant Materials Farm products 10,601 Cut flowers 792 Hay and straw Nursery and floral stock 46.773 Total number certificates 58,185 These certificates covered 4,806,036 plants. In addition 9,175 shipments were certified for classified establishments, but the kind a.nd number of plants were not recorded. Road Patrol Inspection In 1931, 75 roads were posted with quarantine signs. Sixty-six of these led out of the generally infested area, and nine out of the lightly infested area. Altogether, 63 Federal inspectors were employed in patrolling the highways at the boundaries of the 564 Connecticut Experiment Station Bulletin 338 quarantined areas. Some of the road patrol stations were continued throughout the danger season for transporting beetles, and others were kept in operation for brief periods. For the most part, those between the Naugatuck River and the New York line were for both the Japanese beetle and the European corn borer and were continued into September. (See Plate 6 a). All roads leading out of the generally infested area in New Haven County were covered by a floating road patrol. On all of these highways, 9,931 vehicles carrying quarantined articles were intercepted, and nearly half of them (4,394) found to be carrying such materials without certificates. Soil Treatment In the Report for 1930, page 553, is an account of the application of one-third of the necessary dosage of lead arsenate to kill Jap- anese beetle grubs in certain lawn areas in Hartford, New London and Willimantic. The remaining two-thirds was given approximate- ly to these same areas in 1931. The materials applied in 1930 were in dry form — lead arsenate, one part ; tankage, two parts ; sand, four parts — distributed over the lawn in a fertilizer drill, and washed in with water from a hose. In 1931, the lead arsenate was all applied in liquid mixture — one pound in one gallon of water, and 500 gallons applied to an acre of lawn. With the applications of 1930, the approximate total of poison applied to these areas was 750 pounds per acre. The material was applied by automobile truck power sprayers with 600-gallon tanks. Before applying the poison, preliminary trials with water gave the men an idea of the time necessary to apply a given quantity of material to a measured area of lawn. Experienced nozzlemen became quite expert in covering the area rapidly, but thoroughly. As soon as the poison had been distribvited and before it had time to dry, it was washed from the grass blades and into the soil by applications of clear water from another sprayer held in readiness for the purpose. Two large areas were treated in Hartford as follows: (1) State Armory grounds; State Library grounds, westerly to Oak Street ; State Capitol grounds ; Bushnell Park as bounded by the Capitol grounds. Park River, Asylum and Trinity Streets, also a portion easterly of Trinity Street as far as the lake between Elm and Jewell Streets. (2) Asylum Street, those properties on the south side between Sumner and Huntington Streets ; north of Asylum Street to Collins Street, between Sigourney and Broad Streets ; the east half of the block bounded by Huntington, Collins. Ashley and Garden Streets ; and properties on the east side of Garden Street from Ashley to Broad Streets. The Hartford City Park Depart- ment cooperated by defraying the cost of the materials used in spread of the Satin Moth and Change in the Quarantine 565 treating Bushnell Park. The materials were applied between May 12 and May 21, and a small corner completed after more poison was received, June 23 and 24. Altogether, 51.75 acres of lawn in Hartford were treated, using 22,250 pounds, or more than 11 tons of lead arsenate. In Willimantic, the section bounded by Valley, Church, Summit, Hewitt and Prospect Streets, was given a treatment of lead arse- nate, May 22 to 25. This area included 12.36 acres, and 6,050 pounds, or more than three tons, of lead arsenate were used. In New London similar treatment of the lawn areas was given May 26 to 29. The section treated was bounded by Brainard, Granite, Richards, Huntington, Federal, Church, Manwaring, Williams and Mercer Streets ; also about one-third of a block bounded by Cottage, Broad, Huntington, Jay and Franklin Streets ; and about two-thirds of a block bounded by Cottage, Broad, Hemstead and Franklin Streets. Altogether, in New London about 17.51 acres were treated and 7,500 pounds, or 3.75 tons, of lead arsenate were used. The total area treated in the three cities is equivalent to 81.62 acres, and 33,800 pounds, or 16.9 tons, of lead arsenate were used. This treatment was under the personal supervision of Mr. John- son; most of the materials were furnished by the State, and the lead arsenate and water were applied with labor and power outfits supplied by the Federal authorities. This method of application seemed to us to be an advantage over the dry method used last year and also less expensive. Illustrations of this method of application are shown on Plates 6, 7 , and 8. SPREAD OF THE SATIN MOTH AND CHANGE IN THE QUARANTINE W. E. Brittox Mention of the spread of the satin moth, Stilpnotia salicis Linn., may be found in the Report of this Station for 1930, with the statement that the insect had been discovered in 32 additional towns. Federal Quarantine No. 53 was revised to include these towns, effective February 1, 1931. After due notice, a public hearing was held at the Station, February 11, and State Quarantine Order No. 29 was issued, becoming efifective March 20, 1931. This quarantine amounts to an absolute embargo, as the movement of poplar and willow trees, or any parts thereof capable of propaga- tion, is not allowed. The accompanying map shown in Figure 48, indicates the regulated and free areas of the state. The changes in the satin moth quarantine, together with a brief illustrated account of the satin moth, were published as Circular 78, April 15, 1931. The quarantine order is as follows: 566 Connecticut Exper'mient Station Bulletin 338 QUARANTINE ORDER NO. 29 CONCERNING THE SATIN MOTH The fact has been determined that the satin moth, Stilpnotia salicis Linn., a pest of poplar and willow, has been found to occur in Connecticut outside of the areas restricted by Quarantine Order No. 19, efifective March 15, 1929, and it is necessary to extend the quarantine restrictions and regulations to include all territory now known to be infested, in conformity with Federal Quarantine No. 53, as revised and effective February 1, 1931. Pursuant to the provisions of Section 2124, General Statutes, a public hearing was held in New Haven on February 11, 1931. The present order Figure 48. Map of Connecticut. Shaded portion is now under quar- antine on account of the satin moth. extends the quarantine restrictions and regulations over portions of Hartford and New Haven Counties. Now, therefore, I, William L. Slate, Director of the Connecticut Agricul- tural Experiment Station, under authority conferred by Section 2124, General Statutes, do hereby proclaim the following area to be under quarantine. All towns in Middlesex, New London, Tolland and Windham Counties ; the towns of Berlin, East Hartford, East Windsor, Enfield, Farmington, Glastonbury, Hartford, Manchester, Marlborough, New Britain, Newington, Rocky Hill, South Windsor, Suffield, West Hartford and Wethersfield in Hartford County ; and the towns of Beacon Falls, Bethany, Branf ord, Cheshire, East Haven, Guilford, Hamden, Madison, Meriden, Milford, Naugatuck, New Haven, North Branford, (North Haven, Orange, Prospect, Wallingford, Waterbury, West Haven and Woodbridge in New Haven Work zvifh the Oriental Fruit Moth Control in 1931 567 County. It shall be unlawful to move any poplar or willow trees or parts thereof capable of propagation from the restricted area designated above to any other portion of the State. This order shall take effect March 20, 1931. William L. Slate, Approved : Director. Wilbur L. Cross, Governor. WORK WITH ORIENTAL FRUIT MOTH CONTROL IN 1931 Philip Carman The Oriental peach moth is now called the Oriental fruit moth by vote of the American Association of Economic Entomologists. In general, depredations of this pest were greater than in 1930, but not so great as in 1929. Parasitism was low in many orchards early in the season, but increased in some during July and was apparently of considerable benefit. We secured through the cooperation of Dr. H. W. Allen, of the Federal Bureau of Entomology at Moorestown, N. J., a supply of fruit moth and strawberry leaf roller larvae from which more than 10,000 Macrocentrus ancylivora adults were obtained. More than 11 million Trichogramma miniitinn parasites were produced and supplied to growers. In addition, several field experiments with Trichogramma were conducted and systematic collection of para- sitized larvae and eggs were made in several orchards. Table 5 gives results dealing with the number and condition of parasite shipments on arrival at their destination. It will be seen that 90 per cent or more were reported to have been received in good condition, and that 86 per cent arrived the day following shipment. Figure 49 shows the number of orchards in each town- ship receiving parasites in 1931. An average of about 70 Tricho- gramma per tree was distributed and about one Macrocentrus to every 14 trees. Table 7 gives the count of eggs parasitized by Trichogramma in six different orchards, and Table 6 the results of collections to determine Macrocentrus parasitism. To learn what effect parasitism had on the actual fruit infesta- tion, an inspection of peaches was made in four different orchards. These results, shown in Table 8, indicate that in orchards where parasites were abundant, infestation by the fruit moth was low, and vice versa. However, in other orchards, where both parasite species were known to be present, but in which no counts , or percentage estimates -were made, there were cases of severe infestation. • 568 Connecticut Experiment Station Bulletin 338 It was noted during the season that orchards presenting rank twig growth were most severely infested. Growers have consequent- ly heen advised to use judgment in the application of fertilizers and in cultivation and pruning so as to avoid, if possible, conditions favoring severe twig infestations. It may be mentioned also that brown rot is likely to appear in orchards growing under such conditions. It did in 1931. Field experiments with Trichogramma indicate that the &gg parasitism may be greatly increased by field liberations, but it has not been possible so far to increase it in Connecticut much above Figure 49. Map of Connecticut showing location of orchards in which Oriental fruit moth parasites were Hberated in 1931. 50 per cent by this procedure. Field experiments with the flight of Trichogramma, however, indicate dispersal far beyond the tree in which the liberation was made. In addition, it has become apparent from laboratory experiments that sulfur dust has some effect on tgg parasitism, especially at high temperatures. (Table 3.) Other laboratory experiments consisted of Macrocentrus breed- ing, and refrigeration experiments with Trichogramma. Some of the refrigeration work is reported by Mr. Schread in another article. It was found that Macrocentrus can be bred in considerable numbers during the fall months and in limited quantities during the spring season. Attempts to hibernate the reared material were Work with the Oriental Pruit Moth Control in 1931 569 not entirely successful, for considerable loss occurred in 1931, Macrocentrus breeding was carried on successfully during Septem- ber, October, November and December, and considerable stocks of parasitized fruit moth larvae acquired. Some of these data are shown in Tables 1 and 2. In order to provide host material for Macrocentrus, fruit moth larvae have been reared in large numbers for which we have made use of various cages and incubators built during the last two years. In the breeding work so far, it has required more than 10 to 15 fruit moth eggs for every adult Macrocentrus reared. During 1930 to 1931, (November to Novem- ber) more than 500,000 fruit moth eggs were obtained and during the fall of 1931, September to December inclusive, we secured a total of 195,800 eggs, or an ample number to supply food for 13,000 to 19,000 Macrocentrus. Field experiments with control by insecticides were carried on in an orchard near the Experiment Station Farm at Mount Carmel. Several dusts, including a 90-10 lime-lead arsenate dust were applied. Some of the dust applications were followed by oil sprays. Fibrous talc was also used. The figures show a very low infestation of fruit moth in both check and treated plots, due in part to a very heavy crop and slow growth of the trees. Very little twig in- festation was seen in this orchard during July. The best control was obtained by the application of four oiled dusts followed by one 2 per cent oil emulsion spray. On account of the low infestation, however, these experiments will need to be repeated. Quinces were also sprayed for control of the fruit moth. Only one material was used and this consisted of a 2 per cent pyrethrum impregnated white oil emulsion. Three applications were made in August and September. The number of uninfested fruit at harvest was about half that of unsprayed trees. Table 9. This corresponds in general with our 1930 results when considerable reduction in infested fruit was obtained with similar materials. The quince curculio was not controlled by the treatment, however, and measures of commercial value should also aim to control this troublesome enemy of the quince. Table 1. Fruit Moth Egg Productiox During the Fall of 1931 Month Number of moths used Number of eggs obtained September October November December 4.969 3,583 1,371 74,800 29,600 52,300 39,100 Totals 9,923 195,800 570 Connecticut Experiment Station Bulletin 338 Table 2. Record of Macrocentrus Production, 1930-1931 Month ■i 1930 1931 August September October November December 2,051 1,948 1,599 300 237 2,398 841 1,547 859 744 Estimated in storage at end of December 6,135 3,700' 6,385 12,000 Table 3. Preliminary Results of Experiments with the Effect of Sulfur on Trichogramma Parasitism, Greenhouse AND Laboratory Experiment Sulfured eggs Check Average Per cent parasitized Per cent parasitized temperature 20 100 82 42 10.0 82' 52 100 72 63 100 72 100 100 67 100 100 67 Notes: Potted peach seedlings with fruit moth eggs oir the leaves were dusted with fine sulfur dust, and a fairly large number of Trich- ogramma released under cloth-covered jars containing the seedUngs. Yellow species used and approximately the same number of parasites and eggs in each test. Table 4. Details of Parasite Distribution, 1931 County Tricho- gramma Macro- centrus Number trees Ratio per tree Tricho. Ratio per tree Macro. ■^Jumber growers Fairfield Hartford New Haven New London 1,892,600 4,352,000 2,808,300 737,500 2,750 3,426 2,370 870 9,416 1,320 10,736 32,426 62,425 31,523 11,675 138,049 57 per tree 70 " " 89 " " 63 " " 70 " " 1 to 11 trees 1 to 18 " 1 to 13 " 1 to 13 " 41 50 31 17 Total of 4 peach grow- ing counties Others Totals 9,790,400 1,547,000 11,337,400 1 to 14.5 " 139 28 167 '■Actual emergence in spring was much below this figure, due to mortality during hibernation. Work ivith the Oriental Fruit Moth Control in 1931 571 Table 5. Details OF Parasite Distribution, 1931 +-• Percentage o <" r:.9 S^i ^ 5-T3 reaching destination 4J~ g V g^ S bo^ County 1^1 o rt h o £.> hiprn rrivir d con % C/] 2; "2 rt e 1 day 2 days | 3 days ti Fairfield 43 34 94 6 0 116 95 93 Hartford 103 56 80 20 0 36 99 96 Litchfield 9 7 43 28.5 28.5 7 94 85 Middlesex 6 5 100 0 0 9 98 80 New Haven 73 48 93 5 3 16 99 95 New London 25 23 95.5 4.5 0 5 99 95 Tolland 19 17 70 18 12 21 95 88 Windham 4 1 100 0 0 0 100 100 Totals 282 191 86 11 2 210 98 91.5 Table 6. Results of 1931 Twig Collections Orchard Total moths Per cent parasitism by Macrocentrus ancylivora Macrocentrus liberations Avery, Yantic Homewood Farms, Greenwich Kneuer, Guilford Piatt, Milford Pero, Manchester Root, Farmington Conn. Agr. Col., Storrs 29 26 48 67 32 38 74 0 0 0 0 23 (100% August) 15 ( 85% August) 0 1^30 0 1930 0 1930 1929, 1930 0 Table 7. Trichogramma Egg Parasitism in Six Orchards, 1931 Orchard Average seasonal Average parasitism Number parasitism July, August collections Avery, Yantic 23 47 4, June to Aug. Kneuer, Guilford 15 30 4, June to Aug. Piatt, Milford 17 35 4, June to Aug. Pero, Manchester 43 55 4, June to Aug. Root, Farmington 48 68 6, June to Sept. Conn. Agr. Col., Storrs 5 10 4, June to Aug. Table 8. Effect of Fruit Moth Parasitism on Fruit Infestation, 1931 Orchard Average Trich. parasitism for July and August Macrocentrus present Elberta fruit infestation A B C D 68 55 17 15 3'es yes (abundant) no no 18 8 50 80 572 Connecticut Experiment Station Bulletin 338 Table 9. Results of Spraying Quinces for Control of the Oriental Fruit Moth, 1931 Treatment Tree Number Total fruits Number larvae obtained Larvae per 100 fruits Percentage infested by fruit moth 2% white oil emulsion: Oil containing pyre- thrum extract of 1 lb. to each gallon of oil. Milk emulsifier. Applied Aug. 20, Sept. 2, Sept. 14. Totals and averages y .2 4 6 8 .10 370 63 182 315 339 1,269 96 19 49 83 82 329 26 30 27 26 24 26 27 25 19 24 24 24.8 Check, no treatment ' Totals and averages 3 5 9 120 31 324 475 87 16 147 250 72 51 45 52 72 48 38 46.8 NOTES ON THE CONTROL OF THE APPLE LEAFHOPPERS IN CONNECTICUT Philip Carman Appearance of leafhoppers in apple orchards early in the year prompted control experiments from w^hich it w^as learned that the main species involved was the white apple leafhopper, Typhlocyba pomaria McAtee. Typhlocyba rosae" Linn., small numbers of Empoasca maligna Walsh (niali LeB.), the potato leafhopper Empoasca fabae Harris, and Erythroneura obliqua Say, were present in late summer. The oblique banded leafhopper, E. obliqua Say, was found doing considerable damage in July in a commercial peach orchard. By far the most numerous and important species on apple was Typhlocyba pomaria. Structural details are shown in Figure 50. Our first measures for control consisted of six tests of winter oils and tar distillate washes, all of which failed to control the insect in the tgg stage. Results of these tests are found in Table 10. Following the experiments with winter oils, the orchard was divided into three plots, one of which was sprayed with a commer- cial fungicide and lead arsenate at the calyx period, the second with lime-sulfur and lead arsenate at calyx and two-weeks periods, and ^McAtee recognized that two species w&re. included under Empoa rosae (the rose leaf- hopper) in 1926, but it was not until recently that his work was generally accepted. Control of the Apple Leafhoppers in Connecticut 573 the third with lime-sulfur, lead arsenate, and nicotine sulfate at calyx, but without nicotine at the two-weeks period. The best control was secured with the combinations containing nicotine sul- fate, though some was obtained with lime-sulfur plus lead arsenate. The results are given in Table 11. A heavy infestation of apple leafhoppers having developed in the meantime at the orchard of S. R. MacDonald of Wallingford, some of our experiments were transferred there. S. Leonard Root of Farmington also cooperated and applied a number of different sprays. Three per cent nicotine dust was tested in the MacDonald orchard in an effort to control the mature hoppers, which were very abundant. As a result of three different applications, it was con- cluded that the material would give a fair kill under restricted Figure 50. White apple leafhopper. A, wings ; b, male genitalia, all greatly enlarged. conditions, but was too uncertain to be depended upon. The best kill of mature hoppers was obtained in this orchard with sprays consisting of lime-sulfur, iron sulfate, and nicotine sulfate, which materially lessened the number of hoppers in several tests. In connection with the lime-sulfur-nicotine sulfate sprays, work was commenced with nicotine activators and pyrethrum sprays, the results being in favor of lime-sulfur-nicotine sulfate combinations. Table 12. The abundant development of nymphs towards the latter part of August, however, seemed to preclude the use of lime-sulfur sprays in orchard practice at this time of year because of spray residues, and further experiments were conducted with soaps and nicotine sulfate ; activators and nicotine sulfate ; summer oils ; and pyrethrum products. The best and most complete kills obtained were with sodium fish oil soap. Table 13, (3 pounds to 100 gallons) plus nicotine sulfate (1 pint to 100 gallons), although oil emulsions 574 Connecticut Experiment Station Bulletin 338 plus nicotine sulfate gave satisfactory results. There is some indication that the amount of nicotine may be reduced, but not omitted, when summer oils are used. Tests at the Station Farm did not give favorable results in every case w^here soaps and reduced nicotine sulfate charges were employed. Table 14. How- ever, Mr. Root secured commercial control of the nymphs with potash fish-oil-soap and nicotine sulfate combinations. Control at the MacDonald orchard with soap-nicotine-sulfate combinations was not so successful. By a combination of nicotine sulfate it was found that good results could be obtained with bead soaps, which are much more convenient to use than bar or paste soaps. The more or less solid sodium fish oil soaps require so much time to dissolve that their use on a large scale is not practical with ordinary equipment. Special life history studies of the leaf hoppers were not conducted this year, but the insects were kept under observation continually during the summer. Nymphs were present in trees at Mount Carmel on May 5 and the first adults appeared between June 1 and June 8, or shortly after the seven-day spray in our orchard. Adult leafhoppers con- tinued to increase in orchards until about the first of July, when they began to decrease, and they were scarce during early August. Nymphs began to be numerous again the last week in August, and during the first week in September were very abundant. Adults were again abundant after the middle of September and were present until the first of November (collected November 4 to November 10 at Mount Carmel). Parasitism by Aphelopus sp. (Plate 9) amounted to 4 per cent in Root's orchard, Farmington, and 16 per cent in the MacDonald orchard, Wallingford, in September. Lacewing flies, Chrysopa sp., were abundant in several orchards, but evidently none of the leaf hopper enemies were numerous enough in 1931 to reduce the infestation noticeably. Summary. Neither lubricating oils, nor tar distillate washes, nor combinations of both afforded control of leafhopper eggs. Lime-sulfur plus nicotine sulfate with iron sulfate added to prevent leaf burn, gave the best kill of mature hoppers in midsummer. If late summer treatments are needed, soap and nicotine sulfate will give good results, and if red mites are also present, summer oils may be combined with nicotine sulfate for control of both pests at the same time. Thorough applications to bearing and non-bearing trees are desirable since there is some danger of migration from tree to tree. Control of the Apple Leafhoppers in Connecticut 575 Table 10. Leafhopper Experiments, 1931 : Delayed Dormant Applications Leafhopper nymphs Treatment per 100 leaves Tar distillate wash, 6yz gals. Water, 100 gals. 13 Tar distillate wash, 10 gals. Water, 100 gals. 8 Oil emulsion, 2.5 gals. Tar distillate wash, 2.5 gals. Water, 100 gals. IS Miscible oil, 5 gals. Cresol, 0.5 gals. Water, 100 gals. 10 Miscible oil, 5 gals. Water, 100 gals. 11 Oil emulsion, 5 gals. Water, 100 gals. 9 Check, no treatment 12.8 Notes: Application May 5, examination May 20. Table 11. Leafhopper Experiments, 1931: Calyx Applications Experiment No. 1 Leafhopper nymphs Treatment per 100 leaves Sodium polysulfide, plus lead arsenate, plus casein lime 16 Lime-sulfur, 2 gals. Lead arsenate, 2 lbs. Water, 100 gals. Lime-sulfur, 2 gals. J Lead arsenate, 2 lbs. L I Nicotine sulfate, 1 pint f [Water, 100 gals. j Check, no treatment' Experiment No. 2 Lime-sulfur, 2 gals. Lead arsenate, 2 lbs. Nicotine sulfate, 1^ pints Water, 100 gals. 1.3 Check, no treatment 22 Notes: Application May 25, examination May 28. *Two experiments in different parts of the orchard. 576 Connecticut Experiment Station Bulletin 338 Table 12. Leafhopper Experiments at MacDonald's Orchard, Wallingford, 1931 Live Live Treatment nymphs per 100 hoppers per 100 Notes spurs spurs Mineral oil activator, 1^ qts. 12 33 No kill of Nicotine sulfate, J^ pint mature hop- Water, 75 gals. pers Check, no treatment 20 13 38 50 Mineral oil activator, ly^ qts. No kill of Water, 75 gals. mature hop- pers Activator plus pyrethrum, 1 qt. 0 28 Some dead Water, 100 gals. hoppers un- der trees Check, no treatment Lime-sulfur, 1J4 gals. 17 1.7 51 7 Many ma- Nicotine sulfate, 1 pint ture hop- Iron sulfate, 1 lb. pers killed Water, 100 gals. Check, no treatment 21 70 Average of all checks 19 53 Table 13. Leafhopper Experiment at MacDonald's Orchard, Wallingford' Treatment Number leaves examined Number dead nymphs Number live nymphs Live nymphs per 100 leaves Percentage killed Sodium fish oil soap, 3 lbs. Nicotine sulfate, 1 pint Water, 100 gallons Check, no treatment 391 113 469 0 28 205 7 181 94.3 0.0 ^Notes: Sprayed Sept. 1, examined Sept. 2, 1931. Control of the Apple Leaf hoppers in Connecticut S77 Table 14. Leafhopper Control Experiments, Mount Carmel Farm, 1931 Treatment Nymphs per 100 leaves Notes Potassium oleate, 6 lbs. Water, 100 gals. 56 Potassium oleate, 6 lbs. Nicotine sulfate, 6 oz. Water, 100 gals. 55 White oil, 1 gal.' Water, 100 gals. 56 - Miscible oil, 1 gal. Sodium polysulfide, 1 gal. Water, 200 gals. 35 Fish oil soap, 3 lbs. Water, 100 gals. Fish oil soap, 3 lbs. Nicotine sulfate, 6 oz. Water, 100 gals. 39 11 Sprayed September 4; examined September 5-7; power outfit used: Two large apple trees to each test. Summer emulsion, 1 gal. Nicotine sulfate, 1 pint Water, 100 gals. 4 Summer emulsion, 1 gal. Nicotine sulfate, ^ pint Water, 100 gals. 13 Check, no treatment 44 Summer emulsion, 1 gal. Water, 100 gals. Check, no treatment 47 32 ^ Sprayed September [14, examined September J15. References Ball, E. D. The correct names of the leafhoppers infesting the apple and potato. Jour. Econ. Ent., 17 : 594-600. 1924. Belong, Dwight M. The more important species of leafhoppers affecting the apple. Jour. Econ. Ent., 24 : 1214-1222. 1931. Lathrop, F. H. Leafhoppers injurious to apple trees in the Hudson valley. Jour. Econ. Ent., 20 : 577-581. 1927. McAtee, W. L. Revision of the American leafhoppers of the Jassid family Typhlocyba. Proc. U. S. Nat'l Mus., 68: 1-45. 1926. ScHOENE, W. J. Leafhopper association on apple. Jour. Econ. Ent., 23 : 177-181. 1930. ^Containing pyrethrum extract of 1 pound of flowers in each gallon of oil. 578 Connecticut Experiment Station Bulletin 338 TESTS OF A MINERAL OIL ACTIVATOR FOR INCREASING THE KILL OF NICOTINE SULFATE Philip Garman Because of the general rise of interest in nicotine activators, tests were conducted with one of the best known to learn if variations in temperatures and humidity have any effect on toxicity. Experiments were begun in control of Aphis riimicis with variable dilutions of nicotine sulfate ranging from 1-1,000 to 1-4,000 by volume. The same treatments were then given the aphids, after which they were placed in incubators kept at given temperatures and humidities for 24 hours. See Tables 15 and 16. In addition, a series of experiments by Mr. Turner are included showing a comparison of nicotine sulfate with and without activator for control of Macrosiphum solidaginis. The results, in general, show slight but not significant differences in toxicity at the different humidities and temperatures. There is little doubt that the activators increase the toxicity, although the increase at 1 to 2,000 for M. solidaginis did not equal the nicotine sulfate at 1 to 800 dilution. In several cases, the kill at 1 to 4,000 did not equal the kill of nicotine sulfate at 1 to 1,000. In view of these results, we believe dilutions greater than 1 to 2,000 with this activator cannot be recommended except in specific instances. Our results further indicate that the activator itself accounts for 19 to 25 per cent mortality of the aphids studied. Table 15. Tests with Penetrol and Nicotine Sulfate Against Aphis rumicis Greenhouse — variable temperature and humidity Treatment Total aphids Number dead Per cent dead Number tests Check, no treatment 324 28 8 7 Penetrol, 1-200 359 91 25 5 Nicotine sulfate, 1-1000 785 557 71 9 Penetrol, 1-200 Nicotine sulfate, 1-2000 394 311 79 7 Penetrol, 1-200 Nicotine sulfate, 1-4000 497 281 56 8 Incubator — temperature 80° P., relative humidity, 70-75 per cent Check, no treatment 183 18 9 5 Nicotine sulfate, 1-1000 300 197 65 5 Nicotine sulfate, 1-2000 Penetrol, 1-200 344 279 81 5 Nicotine sulfate, 1-4000 Penetrol, 1-200 403 301 74 5 Tests of a Mineral Oil Activator 579 Table 15. Tests with Penetrol and Nicotine Sulfate — (Continued) Incubator — temperature 79-80° F., humidity 25-30 per cent Treatment Total aphids Number dead Per cent dead Number tests Check, no treatment 97 2 2 4 Nicotine sulfate, 1-1000 117 87 74 5 Nicotine sulfate, 1-2000 Penetrol, 1-200 142 121 85 4 Nicotine sulfate, 1-4000 Penetrol, 1-200 381 354 93 4 Incubator — temperature 69-70° F., humidity 70-75 per cent Check, no treatment 96 1 1 4 Nicotine sulfate, 1-1000 109 120 71 5 Nicotine sulfate, 1-2000 Penetrol, 1-200 167 157 94 5 Nicotine sulfate, 1-4000 Penetrol. 1-200 161 128 79 4 Incubator — temperature 80-81° F., humidity 85-90 per cent Check, no treatment 108 5 4 5 Nicotine sulfate, 1-1000 186 124 66 5 Nicotine sulfate, 1-2000 Penetrol, 1-200 185 162 87 5 Nicotine sulfate, 1-4000 Penetrol, 1-200 95 77 81 4 Table 16. General Summary of Tests with Penetrol and Nicotine Sulfate Against Aphis rumicis Per cent kill Treatment jreenhouse 80° 85-90% R. H. 80° 70-75% R. H. 80° 25-30% R. H. 70° 70-75% R. H. of all percentages Nicotine sulfate, 1-1000 68 66 65 74 71 68% Nicotine sulfate, 1-2000 Penetrol, 1-200 79 87 81 85 94 85% Nicotine sulfate, 1-4000 Penetrol, 1-200 55 81 74 93 79 78% Penetrol, 1-200 25 — — — — — Check, no treatment 8 4 9 2 1 4.8% Table 17. Experiments with Nicotine Sulfate and Penetrol Against Macrosiphnm solidaginis, July and August 1929^ Treatment and dilution Total aphids Number dead Per cent dead Number tests Nicotine sulfate, 1-800 920 649 70.5 12 Nicotine sulfate, 1-2000 Penetrol, 1-200 936 574 61.3 12 Penetrol, 1-200 by weight 364 71 19.0 4 Penetrol and nicotine sulfate at 1-2000 are about equal in toxicity to nicotine sulfate alone at 1-800. "^Data by Neely Turner. 580 Connecticut Experiment Station Bulletin 338 MOSQUITO CONTROL IN CONNECTICUT, 1931 R. C. BOTSFOKD The actual work of overhauling the salt marsh system began on March 30. The total salt marsh area ditched and maintained by the State increased to more than 11,000 acres in 1931. When the work came to an end on November 1, the total area had been thoroughly patroled ; ditches had been examined and cleaned, and graded or widened as necessary. In some areas where ditches were spaced too far apart and breeding occurred, a new ditch was dug midway between the old ditches. Thus, the ditch spacing was reduced by one-half, more rapid drainage promoted and the area permanently improved. Some of the most necessary repair work was done on tide gates, dikes, and outlet culverts. The amount of work became possible through an increase of the mosquito elimination budget from $25,000 to $30,000 for the biennium, and also because of the increased efficiency of expe- rienced crews. On the average 12 men were employed on maintenance work this season. These were divided into three groups consisting of one working foreman and three workmen each, with auto transportation on a mileage basis for each group. Nicholas Matiuck, overseer of the western or Fairfield- Stamford district, was suspended from duty on July 15, Lewis H. Bracken assigned as working foreman, and a new crew was organized. On July 22 a thorough inspection of the western district was started and a written report of the exact condition of the salt marshes and drainage systems submitted to the Director. This survey was made by T. H. Bracken, who had previous experience in Massachusetts, Connecticut, and New York. The inspection was completed on August 20. A similar inspection was made in the Hammonasset State Park in Madison where mosquitoes were troublesome during the latter part of July and periodically through August and early September. A few small mosquito-breeding places were found in the park area, but about one mile away in the town of Clinton is an unditched area of about 100 acres where mosquitoes develop in numbers sufficient to infest all the nearby communities. A bad condition still exists in the rear of Grove Beach, Clinton, due to the lack of a proper outlet at Beach Park Road. This can be improved by the installation of a tight tide gate at that point. At Middle Beach, Westbrook, the 18 inch corrugated iron outlet culvert installed in 1923 was replaced by 20 inch tile with the exception of the outer end where corrugated iron pipe was used. A new corrugated iron outlet culvert was installed at Stannard Mosquito Control in Connecticut, 1931 581 Beach where the outlet of the salt marsh was closed by a sand bar and could not be kept open except by daily shoveling. In West Haven at the outlet of Old Field Creek a permanent culvert with tide gate was installed. This unit consists of a concrete manhole five feet square containing a 30 inch Calco gate. From this manhole about 75 feet of 30 inch cast iron pipe set on piling extends outward underneath the beach. The total cost of installa- tion was $1,800, one-half of which was paid by the town of West Haven and one-half by the Station. This unit promises to be a valuable addition to the storm water drainage system of the town, and will result in considerable saving in maintenance cost of the mosquito ditching system. Conditions favored mosquito breeding on the salt marshes during the latter half of the summer, and in some communities mosquitoes were numerous. Breeding occurred in some spots that in previous years remained dry throughout the season, which made necessary the installation of extra spur ditches. In some towns where maintenance service had been improved from year to year, mosquitoes were scarce. New ditching work was carried on in Stonington and Old Lyme under contract by John F. Ross. Mosquito elimination work in Old Lyme was initiated by Commodore N. M. Terry in September. 1926. Since that time, funds were appropriated yearly by vote of the town and the work progressed as the funds were raised. The work was completed June 30, 1931, at the cost of $12,717.06 and the ditches will be maintained as long as funds are provided. In Stonington all the funds were raised by committees under the League of Women Voters with Mrs. Frank Dodge as Chair- man. The ditches were completed this year at the cost of $7,514.35 and are now under state maintenance. Funds sufficient to ditch salt marshes in the town of Groton were raised locally and the work will be started in 1932. The largest unditched areas remaining in the state are in Strat- ford and Milford. As yet nothing has been done to organize an anti-mosquito campaign in either town. The following tabulation shows the status of salt marsh areas : Status of Connecticut Salt Marsh Areas, 1931 Town Salt Salt Maintained Total cost Labor, Labor, marsh areas marsh by state of ditching cost main- cost to com- ditched tenance, 1931 plate ditching Greenwich 200 200 none $22,000.00 Stamford 300 300 300 3,245.80 $144.88 Darien 300 300 none 3,800.00 Norwalk 600 600 600 7,500.00 520.08 Westport 400 400 400 5,913.82 455 20 Fairfield 1,200 1,200 1,200 8,400.00 632.12 582 Connecticut Experiment Station Bulletin 338 Status of Connecticut Salt Marsh Areas, 1931 — (Continued) Town Salt Salt Maintained Total cost Labor, Labor, marsh areas marsh by state of ditching cost main- cost to com- ditched tenance, 1931 plete ditching Bridgeport 173 Stratford 1,315 Milford 630 West Ha.ven 463 New Haven 750 Hamden 571 North Haven 310 East Haven 545 Branford 895 Guilford 1,085 Madison 1,315 Clinton 785 Westbrook 500 Old Saybrook 1,373 Lyme 493 Old Lyme 1,393 East Lyme 424 Waterford 204 New London 34 Groton 304 Stoninerton 641 222 222 750 675 571 571 300 300 895 895 1,085 1,085 1,315 1,315 677 500 500 500 386 386 1,393 1,393 130 130 "50 ■50 641 641 i }, 3,000.00 20,000.00 9,500.00 1 $1,044.44 3,500.00 $12,000.00 580.80 750.00 5,410.19 99.80 3,100.00 3,747.52 78.88 875.34 1,300.00 20,000.00 1,496.66 1,493.33== 10,000.00 206.60 2,000.00 7,428.14 1,254.80 4,000.00 214.68 11,000.00 7,500.00 12,717.06 610.50 1,480.60 46.00 4,000.00 3,500.00 500.00 1,000.00 0.00 4,000.00 7,514.35 388.03 Totals 17,203 11,915 11,163 $136,157.48 $10,150.14 $73,650.00 In New Canaan, Raymond F. Hart continued his observations and experiments on the control of fresh water mosquitoes. Practically all yards within the area of a mile radius from the center of the town were inspected for breeding, and 98 such places were found. Besides these, there was a total of 93 field breeding- places, 20 of which were newly discovered. Of these 93 breeding, places, 50 contained Anopheles larvae. Breeding places totaled as follows: Ponds and pools. 40; marshes and swamps, 31 ; streams and ditches, 18; miscellaneous, 4. The predominant mosquito was Ctdex pipiens, or rain barrel mosquito, with Aedes canadensis, woodland pool mosquito, a close second. Many Anopheles pimctipennis were found and also a few mosquitoes that breed only in the salt marshes. A pyrethrum-kerosene larvacide was used and found satisfactory where oil was objectionable, but it probably will not displace oil as a general killing agent. An artificial pond was stocked last summer with the common killifish, Fundulus heteroclitns. Mosquito breeding in New Canaan or in any community can be controlled, but the efifectiveness of the control depends largely upon the cooperation of the citizens. ^Ditched with New Haven. ^Includes $784.29 paid by State Park Commission. ■' . Outbreak of the Elm Leaf Beetle 583 OUTBREAK OF THE ELM LEAF BEETLE W. E. Brittox More damage was caused by the elm leaf beetle, Galerucella lutcola Mull., in Connecticut in 1931 than for at least 15 years. This insect has increased in numbers each year for the past four or five years, gradually building up to the point of ability to cause widespread destruction. Not only was this condition present in Connecticut, but severe injury was also reported from several of the northeastern states. In Connecticut most of the unsprayed trees in cities and villages of the Central Lowland area were brown in July, and later were nearly or quite defoliated. The beetle was destructive all along the coast and up the river valleys. There was less injury in the northern portion of the state, especially at the higher altitudes. On July 16, Mr. Ashworth reported that the elm trees were brown in Durham, Middletown and Plainfield. Air. Zappe reported that severe injury had occurred in the shore towns between the Connecticut River and the Rhode Island line, and in the villages east of the Connecticut River, especially in East Hartford and Glastonbury. Reports were received from various sources of severe injury in Litchfield, Newtown, North Stonington, Norwich, Ridge- field, Thomaston, Wallingford, and Westport. See Plate 15 b. In 1931, the injury developed later in the season than usual. It was late when the eggs were deposited, late when they hatched, and the larval feeding, defoliation, and pupation were correspond- ingly late. Some of the defoliated trees put out a new crop of leaves. The abundance of moisture favored this additional growth. However, such defoliation weakens the trees, and two or three complete defoliations will seriously injure or kill them. As a rule, if precipitation is frequent and abundant at the time of pupation, which usually occurs the latter half of July, many of the pupae are killed by a white mold or fungus, Sporotrichum globiilifentin Speg. During the periods of pupation in the three preceding seasons of 1928, 1929 and 1930, there was an absence of rainfall. This fungus could not then become active in killing the pupae, and this may perhaps have been an important factor in building up the beetle population to such a point as to make possible the elm leaf beetle outbreak of 1931. However, there was an abundance of moisture in July and August, 1931, and the white fungus was observed in a few cases. If moist seasons prevail for a few years, we may expect the elm leaf beetle to subside. In all probability there will be a sufficient crop of beetles to cause injury in 1932, and the trees should be sprayed thoroughly with lead arsenate in all localities where the elm trees were injured in 1931. It is dangerous to neglect this treatment. All choice elm trees should be sprayed each season. 584 Connecticut Experiment Station Bulletin 338 THE PICKLE WORM IN CONNECTICUT Diaphania nitidalis Stoll. W. E. Brixton In 1931, for the first time in Connecticut, my attention was called to definite injury to cucumber and squash by the pickle worm. The first specimens were larvae boring in summer squash, collected in Hamden by Dr. Carman and Mr. Zappe, September 24. Green larvae tunneling in cucumbers were received October 1, from Cos Cob. An adult emerged October 24, and proved to be this species. Damage was also reported from Branford, Bridgeport, Southington, Southport, Trumbull, and Westport. Life History and Habits This insect hibernates in the cocoon in a curled leaf usually on the ground, and the moth emerges rather late in the season. The eggs are deposited singly or in clusters of from three to eight on the flowers, buds, or tender terminal leaves. They are loosely attached to the plant hairs and may be readily brushed ofif. The eggs hatch in three or four days and the young caterpillars burrow into the soft tissues of the bud or flower. Some of the caterpillars may complete their development wholly in the blossoms of squash, but others after the first or second molt tunnel in the fruits. On cucumber and melon the caterpillars, when about half-grown, enter the fruit ; some feed in the rind and others burrow into the center. The excavated material, or sawdust, is thrown out around the entrance to the tunnel. The injury often causes the fruit to decay, especially in cantaloupes. When fully grown the caterpillar is between one-half and three- fourths of an inch in length and in color is whitish, yellowish or greenish, with head and thoracic shield yellowish brown. A period varying between 12 and 16 days is required for larval development. The caterpillar then spins a loose silken cocoon in a curled leaf and the following day transforms to a pale green pupa less than three- fourths of an inch in length. In a brief time this pupa changes to a brownish color. In summer the duration of the pupal stage varies between a week and 10 days, and in North Carolina the complete life cycle varies between 23 and 31 days, and there are four annual generations. The number of generations in the northern states is not known, but is surely less than in North Carolina. The moth has a wing spread of an inch and is generally yellowish brown with piu'ple metallic reflections. A large irregular spot near the center of the front wing and the basal two-thirds of the rear wing is yellow and semi-transparent, as shown on Plate 14 c. Gladiolus Injured by Thrips 585 The apex of the abdomen in both sexes bears a brush of long scales, larger in the male. The moths do not fly during the day or first half of the night. They become active and deposit their eggs after midnight, and hide before dawn. Control Measures Sprays for the control of this insect have not proved successful. All trash, vines and refuse fruits should be gathered and burned as soon as the crop has been harvested. Fall plowing will bury many of the pupae and is to be recommended. Other forms of cultivation will kill many of them. Early cantaloupes and cucum- bers nearly always escape serious injury. Later crops of these vegetables may be protected by successive plantings of squash, every two weeks, about four rows to the acre to furnish plenty of squash blossoms upon which the moths may lay eggs. Before the larvae mature in the squash flowers, the blossoms should be gathered and destroyed or the entire vines destroyed as the late planted ones begin to bloom. Literature Crosby, C. R., and Leonard, M. D. Manual of vegetable-garden insects, p. 127. 1911. Metcalf, C. L., and Flint, W. P. Destructive and useful insects, p. 468. 1928. Smith, R. I. North Carolina Agr. Expt. Sta., Bui. 214: 106. 1911. GLADIOLUS INJURED BY THRIPS W. E. Britton and B. H. Walden During the past few years, the gladiolus has increased in popularity as a garden flower, due no doubt to the fact that it had been easy to grow and had no important insect pests. In fact, the writers have heretofore seen only occasional insect injuries to gladiolus and none of them were severe. In 1931, however, the plant was severely injured by thrips in many plantations. In some gardens the flowers were completely ruined. The first specimens of plants injured by thrips were brought to the Station on July 14, from Longmeadow, Mass., and from then to the end of the season many samples and reports of injury were received from Connecticut, showing that the pest was present in Fairfield, Hartford, Middlesex, New Haven and New London Counties. Some badly injured leaves and flower buds were received from Bridgeport, July 31, specimens from Meriden, August 28, and Wethersfield, October 3, 586 Connecticut Experiment Station Bulletin 338 In Canada and in Ohio, there was considerable injury to gladiolus in 1930, by a species of thrips that proved to be new to North America, and was described as Taeniothrips gladioli by Moulton and Steinweden\ We may, therefore, call this species the gladiolus thrips whether or not its identity has been definitely established. Some entomologists believe it to be a species introduced from Europe, in which case it has probably been described under another name. There are also other species of thrips that occur on gladiolus, though perhaps not in great abundance. The insects live over winter on the corms or bulbs in storage, and the infestations reported in July indicate that the corms may have been infested before planting them. In many gardens the early blooms were not infested, but the late blossoms were often ruined by thrips that evidently came from some other garden after the plants hacl started into growth. Thrips were collected on gladiolus from different sections of the state where injury occurred, and mounted on microscope slides. Five different species have been found in this material, and one of them appears to be Taeniothrips gladioli M. and S. Thrips develop most rapidly in dry hot weather. The past two summers have been ideal for the maximum development of these insects, which perhaps may explain why they occurred in such destructive numbers in 1931. Thrips injure the plants by rasping off the surface of the tissue giving the foliage a whitish appearance. After the blossom stalk appears, the thrips are able to find their way under the thin sheath at the base of the buds. They also enter the buds out of the reach of any spray or dust. If only a few individuals feed upon the buds, the injury is often sufficient to ruin the flowers for market. Plate 10 a shows the appearance of thrips injury on the leaves and blossom spike. It is obvious that control of the thrips on gladiolus is practically impossible after the insects have worked their way inside the buds. We have not made any extensive tests in the control of this pest. Injury probably can be prevented by spraying the infested plants thorough- ly each week soon after the season's growth begins, as recommended by the Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station in the following emergency circular: "The gladiolus thrips, for the first time, was severely injurious in Ohio in 1930 and the damage has continued the present season. "The insects injure the foliage by eating away the surface of the leaves. When the flower spike-bud appears, the insects swarm to it and if the infestation is severe the plant may fail to blossom. A mild infestation results in flecked, deformed flowers. "Of the many spray formulae tested the following has thus far given most promising results: ^Canadian Entomologist, 63; 20. Jan., 1931. Gladiolus Injured by Thrips 587 Waste sulfite liquor 9 tablespoonfuls or "Lignin pitch" 414 level tablespoonfuls Nicotine sulphate 3 tablespoonfuls Lead arsenate 2j/^ ounces Water 5 gallons "The waste sulfite liquor is a by-product of paper pulp mills and costs but little. It may be obtained in dried form under the name of 'Goulac' from the Grasselli Chemical Company, Cleveland, Ohio; from The American Gum Products Company, 230 Park Avenue, New York; as 'Bindex' from the Champion Fibre Company, Canton, N. C. 'Lignin Pitch' is the common name for the dried product. "As a tentative schedule it is recommended that the gladiolus be sprayed at weeklj^ intervals until the spike begins to shoot and there- after, every other day. "Finally, it should be borne in mind that the foregoing recommenda- tions are tentative and are not issued at this time as the result of a completed piece of work. Extensive experiments now under way may modify the formula given." As has already been explained, the gladiolus thrips lives over the winter on the conns in storage, and may cause much injury before spring if the cellar temperature is above 50 °F. At a lower temperature the insects . develop very slowly and the injury is comparatively less. As the over-wintering thrips on the corms appear to be the chief source of infestation in the field, the conns should be treated in the fall soon after they are cleaned for storage\ In case the storage cellar is detached from the house, calcium cyanide may be used at the rate of about two ounces to each 1000 cubic feet of space, for a period of three hours. As cyanide fumigation does not kill the eggs that are laid in the tissues, a second treatment should be given after the eggs have hatched and the thrips have reached the pupal stage. Cyanide should not be used in the cellar of any occupied dwelling house unless it can be vacated and thoroughly aired otit after the fumigation. If the grower has a tight fumigating box and can keep the temperature above 60° F.. he can use ethylene dichloride-carbon tetrachloride mixture at the rate of 1 pint for each 100 cubic feet, and keep the box closed for 14 to 24 hours. This treatment appears to kill the eggs. For the grower who has only a few corms, fumigating with flake naphthalene is probably the most convenient treatment. The corms can be placed in tight paper bags and the naphthalene scattered over them at the rate of one ounce to each 100 corms. The tops of the bags should be folded to confine the fumes and kept closed for two or three weeks at a temperature of 60° P., or left for a longer period if the temperature is lower. Corms injured by thrips in storage are shown on Plate 10 b. ^Florists Exchange, 79, No. 2: H, 1932. 588 Connecticut Experiment Station Bulletin 338 THE USE OF CALOMEL IN THE CONTROL OF ROOT MAGGOT (HYLEMYIA BRASSICAE BOUCHfi) ON CABBAGE Roger B. Friend Bichloride of mercury (HgCl2) solution has long been a standard method of control of the cabbage root maggot. This method has some defects, however. On light sandy soils some injury to cabbage, cauliflower and brussels sprouts may result, and Clayton (1926) has reported such injury to plants in seedbeds on Long Island. The corrosive effect of bichloride of mercury on metals and its poisonous qualities make it necessary to handle the material with considerable care. Glasgow (1929) has reported the successful use of mercurous chloride (HgCl), or calomel, as it is commonly called, against the onion maggot, cabbage maggot in cauliflower seedbeds, and carrot rust fly. The material was applied in various ways, but it appeared to the writer that on early cabbage the simplest method of those used was that of dusting with a mixture of 4 per cent calomel and 96 per cent gypsum. According to Glasgow's results on cauliflowers in seedbeds, one application gave 87 per cent clean plants, and two applications gave 100 per cent clean plants, as against 54 per cent clean plants in the untreated plots. Bichloride of mercury treat- ment (1 ounce to 10 gallons) resulted in 92 per cent clean plants with one application, 97 per cent with two applications, and 100 per cent with three applications. The calomel-gypsum dust thus appears as effective as bichloride of mercury in controlling maggot injury. The writer (Friend, 1931) tried a suspension of calomel in water in 1930, but due to lack of root maggot infestation the results as regards maggot control were inconclusive. In the writer's experiments, in 1931, Copenhagen market plants were set out in a latin square arrangement, four series of plots to each square. The first series was treated with bichloride of mercury at a concentration of 1-1280 (1 ounce in 10 gallons of water) ; the second series with a suspension of calomel in water, 1 ounce in 10 gallons ; and the third series by dusting the surface of the soil around the plants with a dust consisting of 4 per cent calomel and 96 per cent gypsum by weight. The fourth series was not treated and served as a check. Two sets of plots were used, the first being treated twice (May 1 and May 9) and the second once (May 1). The heads were cut on all plots and weighed in order to obtain a comparison of yield, and the number of plants that died was also recorded. Two cuttings were made, one on July 7 and 8 of all heads estimated to weigh two pounds or more, and one on July 14 of all heads estimated to weigh 0.5 pounds and more. The infesta- tion was very light, even on the untreated plots, so the results were Use of Calomel in Control of Root Maggot on Cabbage S89 not as decisive as could be desired. However, the relative merits of the treatments are indicated in Table 18. Table 18. Cabbage Maggot Control, 1931 Plot A. Treated May 1 and May 9 Yield HgCl, 1-1280 HgCl-1-1280 HgCl-Gypsum 4% dust Check Heads planted 120 120 120 120 Heads lost Maggot 0 0 0 9 Other causes 2 7 4 6 Total 2 7 4 15 Per cent 1.7 5.8 3.3 12.5 Weighed July 8 Number heads 78 67 74 60 Per cent heads 65.0 55.8 61.7 50.0 Total ounces 3093 2852 2994 2359 Ounces per head 39.7 42.6 40.5 39.3 Relative yield Total 100 92.2 96.8 76.3 Per head 100 107.3 102.0 99.0 Weighed July 14 Number heads 40 46 42 45 Per cent heads 33.3 38.3 35.0 37.5 Total ounces 1118 1483 1435 1375 Ounces per head 28.0 32.2 34.2 30.6 Relative yield Total 100.0 132.6 128.4 123.0 Per head 100.0 115.0 122.1 109.3 Total weighed Number heads 118 113 116 105 Per cent heads 98.3 94.2 96.7 87.5 Total ounces 4211 4335 4429 3734 Ounces per head 35.7 38.4 38.2 35.6 Relative yield Total 100 102.9 105.2 88.6 Per head 100 107.6 107.0 99.7 Plot B. Treated May 1. Heads planted 120 120 120 120 Heads lost Maggot Other causes Total Per cent 0 4 4 3.3 1 12 13 10.8 0 6 6 5.0 20 13 33 27.5 590 Connecticut Experiment Station Bulletin 338 Table 18. Cabbage Maggot Control, 1931 — (Continued) Plot B. Treated May 1. Yield HgCI.^ 1-1280 HgCl-l-1280 HgCl-Gypsum 4% dust Check Weighed July 7-8 Number heads 54 48 61 48 Per cent heads 45.0 40.0 50.8 40.0 Total ounces 2014 1929 2643 1910 Ounces per head 37.i 40.2 43.3 39.8 Relative yield Total 100 95.8 131.2 94.8 Per head 100 107.8 116.1 106.7 Weighed July 14 Number heads 62 59 53 39 Per cent heads 51.7 49.2 44.2 32.5 Total ounces 1996 1653 1739 1000 Ounces per head i2.2 28.0 32.8 25.6 Relative yield Total 100 82.7 87.1 50.1 Per head 100 87.0 101.9 79.5 Total weighed Number heads 116 107 114 87 Per cent heads 96.7 89.2 95.0 72.5 Total ounces 4010 3582 4382 2910 Ounces per head 34.6 33.5 38.4 33.6 Relative yield Total 100 89.3 109.3 72.6 Per head 100 96.8 111.0 97.6 Discussion Of the plots treated twice (Plot A), no plants were lost due to root maggot injury, and only nine plants were lost in the untreated plots. The total loss of plants due to all causes was 15, or 12.5 per cent, in the untreated plots as against 1.7 to 5.8 per cent in the treated plots. The actual loss, therefore, in any of the plots was not great. However, aside from the actual number of plants lost, there are other important considerations involved. Earliness of the crop is important ; and the proportion of heads of marketable size at the first cutting, the total weight and average weight per head of this cutting, as well as the total weight and weight per head of the entire crop have a bearing on the effectiveness of the treat- ment. In estimating the value of calomel its effectiveness should be compared with the untreated check plots and with bichloride of mercury as a standard. The data obtained from the crop harvested July 8 show a superiority in yield on the part of all treated plots over those not Use of Calomel in Control of Root Maggot on Cabbage 591 treated. The bichloride treatment gave the greatest yield, and even though the heads averaged slightly less in weight than either of the calomel treatments, nevertheless all heads were of marketable size and the differences in average head weight would have no sig- nificance commercially. The suspension of calomel in water resulted in a total yield of 92.2 per cent of that attained by the bichloride, and the calomel-gypsum dust total was equal to 96.8 per cent of the bichloride yield. The untreated plots yielded 76.3 per cent of the bichloride total. The difference between bichloride of mercury and calomel-gypsum dust is not considered significant, and the calomel suspension was not strikingly different. In practice the two former would be expected to give equally efficient control, but the latter, with 7.8 per cent less yield than bichloride, is subject to some question. Attention should be called to the fact that even though the noticeable root maggot injury was relatively light, the total yield on the untreated plots was significant!}^ less than that on the treated plots. Although the untreated plots lost only 5 per cent of their plants due to maggot injury and only 12.5 per cent due to all causes, still the total yield on tJie first cutting was only 76.3 per cent of the yield of those plots treated with HgCl2. In 1930 the writer (Friend, 1931) obtained an increase in weight per head due to treatment with HgClo, but the increase in weight per head obtained in 1931, (four-tenths of an ounce on the average), is not significant. Inasmuch as that part of the crop cut and weighed July 14 included all the remaining heads that had attained a weight of 0.5 pounds or more, it is to be expected that the, yield of the bi- chloride plot, with the greatest percentage of heads cut on July 8, would be least of the four series. This is borne out by the results. However, both calomel treatments slightly exceeded the untreated plots as regards the yield of July 14. If the total yield of the bichloride series is compared with the others, the untreated series of plots is noticeably inferior and the calomel series are both slightly superior. Compared with each other, the two calomel treatments were about equally effective. Plot B, receiving one treatment, differs from A markedly in the extent of root maggot infestation, for the loss due to maggot injury was 16.7 per cent in the untreated series. The total loss of plants in this series was 27.5 per cent as against 12.5 per cent in the untreated series of A. There was a much lower yield on July 7-8 throughout all series in B than in A, perhaps due to soil differences, and the calomel-gypsum dust was markedly superior to all other plots in every way at this first cutting. The average weight per head of the untreated series slightly exceeded that of the bichloride series, but in total weight the latter was superior. In the second cutting, July 14, the average weight per head in the calomel-gypsum series was superior to all others. As would 592 Connecticut Experiment Station Bulletin 338 be expected, the total weight of this series was not the best of the four, but nevertheless it exceeded the untreated series and the calomel suspension series. The data on total yield of all series show that whereas the bichloride treatments yielded the greatest number of heads, the crop yields in order, greatest to least, were calomel-gypsum dust, bichloride of mercury, calomel suspension, untreated. The un- treated series gave an insignificantly greater average weight per head than the calomel suspension. In spite of the heavier root maggot infestation in B than in A, the calomel-gypsum series in the former very nearly equalled that in the latter, there being no significant difiference. The bichloride series in B was superior to the calomel suspension. If the results of all series of both plots A and B are considered, the calomel-gypsum dust is the superior treatment of the three, and all are better than no treatment. These are significant differ- ences even though the root maggot infestation was not heavy. Just why the dust should be superior to the calomel suspension is not quite clear from this experiment. It takes about 1.2 grams of dust per plant per treatment, and this contains about .05 grams of HgCl. About 2.1 fluid ounces of the suspension were used per plant per treatment, and this contained about .002 grams of calomel. The dust contained more than twice as much calomel as the suspen- sion in water, but the water should carry the material better down around the roots. We do not know the effective dose of calomel for maggots, nor what happens to it after the application. The gypsum may have affected the yield to a certain extent. The use of a calomel-gypsum dust appears to be effective in root maggot control on early cabbage, and two treatments are sufficient. One grower in Connecticut reports excellent results with this insecticide. The material is easy to apply and the cost, includ- ing labor, certainly does not exceed that of bichloride of mercury. It is safe to use on plants and lacks the poisonous qualities to man possessed by the bichloride. The use of a suspension of calomel in water is difficult because of the rapidity with which the material settles. References Clayton, E. E. Control of seedbed diseases of cruciferous crops on Long Island by the mercuric chloride treatment for cabbage maggot. N. Y. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bui. 537. 1926. Glasgow, H. Mercury salts as soil insecticides. Jour. Econ. Ent., 22 : 335- 340. 1929. Friend, R. B. The effect of treatment for cabbage maggot under conditions of light infestation. Connecticut State Entomologist, Thirtieth Report. Conn. Agr. Expt. Sta., Bui. 327: 524-544. 1931. Miscellaneous Insect Notes 593 MISCELLANEOUS INSECT NOTES Hibernation of sycamore lacebug. When engaged in field work on the European pine shoot moth in Old Lyme, G. H. Plumb observed a large sycamore tree with thousands of lacebugs under the loose flakes of bark. Some pieces of bark were removed and brought to the laboratory. All the lacebugs seemed to be resting on the loose bark with their backs against the trunk and headed in different directions. Plate 11 b shows one of these flakes of bark containing about 104 lacebugs. This is the sycamore lacebug, Corythiicha ciliata Say, which was very abundant everywhere on sycamore in 1931. [W. E. Britton] Lawns injured by Ochrosidia. On November 12, Mr. Johnson brought to the Station a large number of grubs that had caused severe injury to lawns in Westport. There were three areas, one of about two acres, another of one acre, and a third somewhat smaller area where the grass had been destroyed. These grubs were not all of the same species. A large proportion were Ochrosidia villosa Burm., a species not recognized previously in Connecticut. The others were common related forms. [W. E. Britton] Weevil grubs injure lawns. On June 26, some grubs were received from the Farmington Country Club that were said to devour the grass roots. Dr. Friend visited the place July 3 and collected grubs and beetles from the injured lawn areas. On July 2, grubs and beetles of the same species were received from Devon. Specimens were sent to A. J. Mutchler, of the American ^Museum of Natural History, who replied that the insect appeared to be Hyperodes porcellus Say, but that as the coloration was somewhat different from the specimens in the museum collection, it might prove to be a different species. [W. E. Britton] Damage by the fruit tree leaf roller. The fruit tree leaf roller, Cacoccia argyrospila Walker, has caused severe injury in New York apple orchards and although it is present in Connecticut, we have not known it to cause commercial damage. On June 26, Dr. Garman visited an orchard in Greenwich where foliage and fruit were injured considerably by this insect. The caterpillars had eaten both leaves and fruit, and the appearance of this injury and the adult moth are shown on Plate 12. In Illinois this insect is controlled by a dormant spray of lubricating oil emulsion contain- ing 6 per cent of oil, to kill the over-wintering eggs. [W. E. Britton] Curious maggots in soil. On April 6, specimens of curious Dipterous larvae were received from Pomfret Center, with the statement that a spot about 12 feet square in the garden was in- fested with hundreds of them and that some of them were as 594 Connecticut Experiment Station Bulletin 338 deep as 15 inches. The larvae soon pupated and adults emerged May 2 and 4 and proved to be Bihio albipennis Say. Larva, pupa, and adult are shown on Plate 11 a. The flies are very abundant during May and early June and may be seen resting upon the leaves of orchard trees, but they are of no economic importance. [W. E. Britton] Gladiolus corms infested with lily aphid. On May 25, gladio- lus corms from Hamden were brought to the Station badly infested with aphids. These aphids were determined as Mysus circumflexus Buxton, a species that attacks lilies in greenhouses. It was found that some Easter lilies, after they were through blooming were placed in the cellar near the gladiolus corms. After the lilies had dried out, the aphids evidently migrated to the gladiolus. The owner soaked the corms in nicotine sulfate, 1-400, for 30 minutes before planting, and no aphids were observed on the plants in the garden. [B. H. Walden] Abundance of springtails in soil. J\Ir. Lacroix collected some springtails in Suffield, June 13 and 19, 1931. These insects were very tiny but were present in great numbers, often an inch or more deep in the bottom of furrows and hoof prints in the plowed field. Specimens were sent to Dr. J. W. Folsom, of the Bureau of Entomology, who identified the species as Proisotoma minnta Tullb., a soil species that often occurs in dense masses where moisture conditions are favorable. It is found in Europe, Canada, and many portions of the United States. It was collected once before in Connecticut at Warehouse Point. [W. E. Britton] The painted lady or thistle butterfly. The leaves of hollyhock plants are often riddled by gray spiny caterpillars that make a web near the base of the blade. They rest under this web and devour sections of the leaf between the veins. Two lots of specimens were received at the Station on July 11 and 14. Adults emerged from the second lot, July 25, and proved to be the painted lady or thistle butterfly, V^ancssa cardui Linn. Certain plants had nearly every leaf injured by this insect. Spraying with lead arsenate will protect the foliage and prevent injury. The caterpillar, butterfly and injured leaf are shown on Plate 13. [W. E. Britton] The pipe vine caterpillar. Wherever the Dutchman's pipe is grown as an ornamental vine in Connecticut, the pipe vine cater- pillar, Laertias (Papilio) philenor Linn., will be found feeding upon it. This caterpillar reaches a length of about two inches and is dark brown with two rows of red dots along the back, naked except for a row along each side of brown fleshy filaments or protuberances. The cocoon is fastened to the leaf, is yellowish and lavender and about one and one- fourth inches in length. The adult Miscellaneoiis Insect Notes 595 is a blue-green swallow-tail butterfly with marginal spots or lunules. (See Plate 14 a and h. Wing expanse varies from 3.5 to 4.5 inches. Spraying the foliage of the Dutchman's pipe vine will prevent defoliation. [W. E. Britton] Thrips on privet. For the past two or three years a privet hedge on the Station grounds has been heavily infested with thrips. Specimens collected during 1931 represented two species, one of which is undetermined. Dr. C. C. Hamilton, of the New Jersey Experiment Station, compared the other species with New Jersey material, and stated that it was apparently Dendrothrips omatus Jablonowski. Leaves on the hedge showed considerable feeding injury, but no great damage was done by the thrips. Dendrothrips ornatus was somewhat more abundant than the unknown species. [N. Turner and G. H. Plumb] The saddled prominent. In the Report of this Station for 1930, on pages 529 to 532 is an account of an outbreak of the saddled prominent, Heterocanipa guttivitta Walker. According to the information received at this office, the insect appeared in the same region in 1931, but in much lessened numbers. George C. Kautz- man, of Norfolk, wrote July 29, as follows : "The saddled prom- inent caterpillar is abundant in the maples here, and although I believe less numerous than last year, defoliation is going on, with droppings continually raining down from the trees." Later in the season, the information that I was able to gather indicated that there was no very extensive defoliation by this insect in 1931. [W. E. Britton] Status of Asiatic beetle. The Asiatic beetle, Anomnla orientaUs Waterhouse, still continues to injure lawns in the Westville section of New Haven and in the central portion of West Haven, except where the lawn areas have been treated with lead arsenate. Speci- mens and reports of injury are constantly being received. Treat- ment by the state was discontinued in 1928, but Dr. Friend and Mr. McFarland have continued to advise the owners regarding treatment, and many owners have applied the lead arsenate treat- ment. The quarantine has not been revised since the issuance of Quarantine Order No. 25, effective April 15, 1930. A few infesta- tions have since been discovered outside the present quarantined area, and it will soon be necessary to revise the quarantine and extend the regulated area to include some of these infestations. [W. E. Britton] Thrips in greenhouses. During the fall of 1931, thrips were unusually abundant in greenhouses. Inspection of greenhouses in Shelton, Derby, and New Haven showed that calla lilies had been seriously injured by Heliothrips haeuwrrJwidalis Bouche and 596 Connecticut Experiment Station Bulletin ZZ^ Frankliniella tritici Fitch. Carnations were seriously injured by Thrips tabaci Lind. Many florists used a commercial preparation containing flake naphthalene and tobacco dust in the soil to control thrips. The material was effective but often caused damage to plants. Cucumbers in the Station greenhouse were seriously injured by Thrips tabaci Lind., and frequent sprays of nicotine sulfate and soap reduced the injury. The Federal Bureau of Entomology recommends a spray of two tablespoonfuls of Paris green, two pounds of brown sugar, and three gallons of water for control of greenhouse thrips. [N. Turner and G. H. Plumb] A new scale insect on beech. During the month of December, 1931, the attention of the writer was called to an infestation of Phenacoccus serratus Ferris on American beech in Edgewood Park, New Haven. The species was determined by Dr. Harold Morrison, of the United States Bureau of Entomology. Little appears to be known about this insect, and Ferris in describing it (Canadian Entomologist, 57: 231-232) stated that he had no notes on its appearance in life. The egg-masses are white, oval, about four millimeters long, and were found on the lower part of the trunks and the under sides of the lower branches of the trees. (Plate \S a). They occurred scattered singly or in small groups. The trees were 8 to 12 inches in diameter (breast high) and not heavily infested, so the possible injuriousness of the insect could not be determined in this instance. The writer has not observed the living immature or adult stages. The mature female is about three millimeters in length. The American beech is the only recorded host. [Roger B. Friend] Emergence records of the apple maggot in 1931. During the summer of 1930, emergence records of adults of the apple maggot, Rhagoletis pomonella Walsh, were obtained from apples placed in breeding cages during the fall of 1929. These records were published on page 519 of the Report of this Station for 1930. The records were used as a basis for timing sprays for this pest. The data were given to each County Agent who, in turn, by telephone notified the fruit growers in his county. The fruit growers and the members of the Extension Service thought this information was of enough value to ask that it be continued. More apple maggot in- fested fruit was collected and placed in breeding cages in the fall of 1930. In 1931, the first adult fly emerged on June 19 and flies continued to emerge until July 18, when the last appeared. This information was sent out over radio station WBZ at Springfield, Mass. This method of notifying the fruit growers was satisfactory except in some of the southern counties of Connecticut where there was a little difficulty in receiving clearly the broadcasts from WBZ. We hope that this will be entirely eliminated in 1932, when the Miscellaneous Insect Notes 597 information will be broadcast over three Connecticut broadcasting stations, WTIC at Hartford, WICC at Bridgeport and New Haven, and WCAC at the Connecticut Agricultural College, Storrs. There will be a broadcast from one or more of these stations daily on timely spray information, not only for this insect, but for any other pests that may be considered of importance to the fruit growers of the state. Emergen'ce of Apple Maggot Flies, 1931 :e of emergence Number flies Date of emergence Number flies June 19 1 July 6 4 " 20 1 7 4 " 22 2 8 1 " 23 6 9 7 " 24 3 10 4 " 26 3 11 1 " 27 3 12 4 " 29 2 13 5 30 3 14 15 3 3 July 1 6 16 1 2 2 17 1 3 3 18 [M. P. 1 Zappej. The Chinese mantid. The Chinese mantid, Tenodera sinensis Sauss., was reported as quite common in Greenwich, Stamford and vicinity in 1931. For more than 30 years this insect has been established around Philadelphia, and in 1903 a large number of egg-clusters were brought to Connecticut and distributed around New Haven in an attempt to establish the mantid here. Some of these eggs hatched and that summer several mantids were seen. The following winter 25 more egg-masses were obtained and distributed in five different localities. About a dozen specimens were seen in three of these localities the next fall and in one locality a few adults were found the second season. This would seem to indicate that the eggs lived through the winter, and yet the species did not become established in Connecticut. No other reports of the occurrence of this insect in the state had been received until the autumn of 1931. A specimen was brought to the Station September 4 and another September 10 by Mr. Johnson. These specimens were submitted to the Federal Japanese beetle and European corn borer office at South Norwalk, turned over to Mr. Johnson, and by him brought to the Station. At the conference of Connecticut Entomologists, held at the Station, October 30, S. W. Bromley read a paper on this insect, stating that for several seasons it has been present in the vicinity of New York City. In each of the past three seasons, 100 or more inquiries regarding it have been received at the iVmerican Museum of Natural History. 598 Connecticut Experiment Station Bulletiri 338 The greatest number of inquiries in one day was seven letters and telephone calls. Six specimens in one day were received at the Staten Island Museum. According to Mr. Bromley, the Chinese mantid is now common in Westchester County, New York, and in the southwestern corner of Connecticut. Several mantids were taken in Greenwich, Stamford and South Norwalk in 1931. For the last five years, the winters have been mild, and if there should be a severe winter like that of 1917-1918, it is doubtful if the mantid eggs will survive. Although this insect feeds upon other insects and is considered beneficial, it is known to devour honey bees and some other beneficial species, and its economic status has not yet been fully determined. It is shown on Plate 16 a. [W. E. Britton] Gladiolus attacked by tulip aphid. On May 26 gladiolus corms infested with the tulip aphid, Annraphis tulipae Boyer, were re- ceived from S. A. Edwards of the State Bureau of Markets, with the information that the corms were from one of the larger growers of the state, who had a serious infestation of this aphid. On visiting the grower's place it was found that the storage cellar was warm and in portions of the cellar the humidity rather high. Corms stored on shelves in the drier portion of the cellar were not as badly infested as those stored on the dirt floor. The grower was treating the corms with different preparations recommended by other growers. Infested corms were brought back to the labora- tory and treated as follows : Material Time of treatment Laundry soap 1 lb. Water 8 gallons 15 minutes Red Arrow 5 cc. Water 2000 cc. (1-400) 30 Nicotine sulfate 5 cc. Water 2000 (1-400) 30 Nicotine sulfate 5 cc. Penetrol, 20 cc. (1-200) Water 4000 (1-800) 15 Nicotine sulfate 5 cc. Penetrol 20 cc. (1-200) Water 4000 (1-800) 30 After the treatment the corms were rinsed and planted out-of- doors. No injury was observed from any of the treatments and no aphids developed on the new growth. Many of the corms had sprouted before they were treated, and the new shoots appeared to have the life sucked out by the aphids. The roots had not made a normal growth. Some of the corms that appeared to have been badly injured Miscellaneous Insect Notes 599 by the aphids, were dug up about the time that the shoots should break through the ground. They are shown on Plate \7 h. The new shoots were crumpled and too weak to push through the soil and but few roots had developed. Sprouts that were not as badly injured put out leaves that were crinkled, as shown on Plate 17 a. Leaves that developed later were normal and the flowers showed no effects of the aphids. At digging time the corms were somewhat undersized and but few bulblets were formed. The corms planted by the grower grew better than was expected, but were later attacked by thrips. [B. H. Walden] The European pine shoot moth situation in Connecticut. For several years after the discovery of the European pine shoot moth (Rhyacionia biioliana Schiff.) in the state in 1914 it was a pest in nurseries only, but during the last decade the insect has become seriously injurious to red pine (Pinus resinosa) plantations in some sections. Up to the present date the most heavily infested forest plantations and most of the infested nurseries are in the southwestern part of the state, that is, from New Haven County west to the New York border. Light infestations have been found in the northern and east central parts of the state, but the insect appears to have become more recently established in those regions and is not yet serious there. The situation is of interest to foresters and entomologists in several respects. Due to the prevalence of the white pine weevil and the pine blister rust, the white pine lost favor as a species suitable for reforestation in this state and became largely sup- planted by red pine, which had, up to the incidence of shoot moth attack, no serious insect enemies. As a result, several thousand acres of young red pines, most of them not over 25 years old, exist in Connecticut at the present time, and more areas are being planted every year. According to European entomologists, the shoot moth is particularly injurious to young pines, so we have admirable conditions for a bad pest to develop. Moreover, although the insect's native hosts are European pines, particularly the Scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris), in Connecticut the red pine appears to be much more severely affected than any of the introduced European host trees. The absence of infested stands of more than 25 years of age makes it impossible to be certain of the effect of the insect on old trees in this state. That the insect can severely injure young red pine stands is unquestionable. Several infested small plantations have been so severely checked in growth as to be worthless, and some of them have been cut and the trees burned. The tendenc}^ of the insect to date seems to have been to spread rather slowly from centers of dense population, a phenomenon that has both good and bad aspects. 600 Connecticut Experiment Station Bulletin 338 It is not felt that the planting of red pine should be discontinued, but rather that an effort should be made to bring the insect under control if possible. To this end investigations are being conducted to determine the distribution of the shoot moth in Connecticut, its biology, and its relation to various coniferous species, and methods of control that are practicable in forest plantations. The cooperation of owners of red pine plantations has been sought in an effort to keep the insect out of young plantations as long as possible. To this end the trees should be inspected yearly and all infested tips removed and burned. This is only possible in very young stands, but where the infestation is Hght it does not appear to offer great difficulties. The investigations being carried out at this Station are under the direction of the Departments of Entomol- ogy and Forestry. [Roger B. Friend] Notes on the over-wintering and refrigeration of Tricho- gramma, including biological facts relating to the identity of the various forms. Investigation with breeding Trichogramma; during the last 18 months has produced significant results. During the course of these experiments more than 450,000 grain moth eggs and about 200,000 adult individuals of Trichogramma have been examined. It has been found that Trichogramma will develop and emerge from eggs kept at temperatures as low as 48° F. It emerged in large numbers from material placed in our insectary as late as November 25, and it will frequently emerge from parasitized eggs during mild spells in the course of the winter. A fair percentage of eggs, however, do not produce parasites, probably because they are weakened by cold and death occurs at different periods of their development. Trichogramma kept too long at a low refrigerator temperature do not emerge, although outside in the insectary they have been wintered successfully from October 23 until May 2. Four days pre-refrigeration development at 80° F. is best for refrigeration of the yellow species. As reported in a previous paper, there is an important change in the percentage of sexes after refrigeration at 38 to 40° F. No important change occurs at higher temperatures even with variable pre-refrigeration development. The first generation follow- ing, however, frequently shows a marked difference. Deformed individuals with poorly developed wings also increase after a period of refrigeration and there is doubtless some weakening effect of cold other than appears from the change of sex ratio. Sex determinations in these tests were made on a basis of abdom- inal and antennal examinations and special precautions were taken to prevent interference of other factors, such as specific differences or oviposition before fertilization. Publications of the Entomological Department, 1931 601 A comparison of the effects of refrigeration at ?)7° , 44°, 46° and 49° F. indicates that 46° is, from a practical standpoint, the most suitable for holding Trichogramma material. It is apparent finally from this study that the various strains represent two species formerly known as the dark and yellow strains. Inasmuch as Riley has given these forms the names minutum and pretiosa, and because of the fact that there are out- standing biological differences despite the lack of structural varia- tions it is proposed to accept the names of that author. The more important biological differences appearing during the course of these investigations may be summarized as follows : (1) Pretiosa will not cross successfully with minutum. (2) Minutum will not survive refrigeration as well as pretiosa. (3) The sex ratio of minutum averages 1 male to 4 or 5 females; that of pretiosa 1 male to 2 to 3 females. (4) The ratio of increase of minutum is greater than that of pretiosa. (5) The minimum initial development of pretiosa at 80° F. is 6^4 days; that of minutum at the same temperature is 7J4 days. (6) The abdomen of the female of pretiosa is yellow when reared at about 80° F. or above. That of minutum is dark gray or blackish at all temperatures. There is, however, more than one strain of each species. A paper giving the above data in much greater detail has been prepared. [J. C. Schread] PUBLICATIONS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL DEPARTMENT, 1931 W. E. Britton Connecticut State Entomologist, Thirtieth Report. Bui. 327, 132 pp., 20 plates, 7 figs. April, 1931. Early Entomological Work in Connecticut. Reprinted from Bui. 2)27, pp. 535-542. 200 copies. Connecticut Laws Concerning Plant Pests, Diseases of Bees and Mos- quito Elimination. Circ. 7Z, 10 pp. March 4, 1931. 2,000 copies. European Corn Borer Quarantine and Clean-L"p Regulations. Circ. 76, 10 pp., 1 f^g. March, 1931. 12,000 copies. Satin Moth Quarantine. Circ. 78, 4 pp., 2 figs. April 15, 1931. 2,000 copies. Quarantine Regulations Affecting Shipments of Connecticut Nursery Stock. Circ. 79, 8 pp., 5 figs. July 29, 1931. 1,000 copies. European Corn Borer. Special Bui., 1 p., 1 fig. March 4, 1931. 10,000 copies. Mexican Bean Beetle. Special BuL, 1 p., 5 figs. June 11, 1931. 10,000 copies. Report of Committee on Injurious Insects. Proc. 40th Ann. Meeting Conn. Pomol. Soc, p. 19. April. 1931. (3 pp.) Insects Injuring Vegetable Crops in 1930. Ann. Rept. Conn. Veg. Growers' Assoc, p. 2)7. March, 1931. (6 pp.) European Corn Borer Quarantine. Conn. Vegetable News Quarterly, p. 5. February, 1931. 602 Connecticut Experiment Station Bulletin 338 Fourteenth Biennial Report of the Commissioners of the State Geologi- cal and Natural History Survey, 1929-1930. Bui. No. 50, 26 pp. April, 1931. How New Haven Obtained Its First Branch Library, Proc. 53rd Ann. Conf. A. L. A., Abstract in Bui. Amer. Lib. Assoc, 25, 656. Sept., 1931. W. E. Britton and M. P. Zappe Inspection of Nurseries in 1930. Reprinted from Bui. 327, pp. 475-490. 500 copies. Philip Garman Oriental Fruit Moth Parasite Work in Connecticut in 1930. Jour. Econ. Ent., 24, p. 315. Feb., 1931. Oriental Peach Moth Control by Parasites and Insecticides in 1930. Proc. 40th Ann. Meeting Conn. Pomol. Soc, p. 42. April, 1931. Philip Garman and J. C. Schread Importance of the Sex Ratio in Oriental Fruit Moth Parasite Breeding. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., 24, 424. June, 1931. W. L. Slate The Japanese Beetle Quarantine. Circ. 74, 22 pp., 1 fig. March, 1931. 12,000 copies. R. B. Friend The European Pine Shoot Moth in Red Pine Plantations. Jour. Forestry, Vol. 29, pp. 551-556. April, 1931. The Squash Vine Borer. Bui. 328, 25 pp., 4 figs. May, 1931. The European Pine Shoot Moth. Circ. 80, 6 pp., 5 figs. Aug., 1931. 5,000 copies. Neely Turner The Use of Summer Oil Sprays in Connecticut. Proc. 40th Ann. Meeting Conn. Pomol. Soc, p. 105. April, 1931. Standardized Oil Sprays. Jour. Econ. Ent., 24, 901. Aug., 1931. M. P. Zappe and E. M. Stoddard Comparative Tests of Several Orchard Sprays. Proc. 40th Ann. Meet- ing Conn. Pomol. Soc, p. 36. April, 1931. R. C. BOTSFORD New Developments in Mosquito Control in Connecticut During 1930. Proc. 18th Ann. Meeting, N. J. Mosquito Extermin. Assoc, p. 146. May, 1931. Donald S. Lacroix Tobacco insect studies in 1930, Bui. 326, pp. 419-431. Figs. 29-37. 1931. Summary of Office and Inspection Work 603 SUMMARY OF OFFICE AND INSPECTION WORK Insects received for identification 625 Nurseries inspected 350 Regular nursery certificates (327 nurseries) 340 Duplicate nursery certificates for filing in other states.... 224 Miscellaneous certificates and special permits granted 148 Nursery dealer's permits issued 127 Shipper's permits issued to nurserymen in other states 243 Certification and inspection Parcels of nursery stock 309 Shipments of mountain laurel and other decorative material 309 Narcissus bulbs 43,000 Packages of shelled corn and other seeds 1,858 Blister rust control area permits issued 255 Japanese beetle certificates issued for the shipment of nursery and floral stock and farm products 59,485 Asiatic beetle certificates issued for the movement of soil and plants 2,311 Orchards and gardens examined 169 Shipments of imported nursery stock inspected 19 Cases inspected 142 Plants 1,227,275 Shipments infested 10 Percentage infested 53 Reports to Federal Plant Quarantine and Control Adminis- tration 19 Apiaries inspected 1,232 Colonies inspected 10,678 Infested with American foul brood 43 apiaries 84 colonies Infested with European foul brood 1 colony Towns covered by gipsy moth scouts 72 Infestations found 88 Egg-clusters creosoted 3,685 Infestations sprayed 31 Pounds lead arsenate used 75,822 Miles roadway scouted 1,584 Acres woodland scouted 151,061 Letters written on official work^ 6,146 Circular letters mailed 1,023 Packages sent by mail or express 312 Bulletins and circulars mailed on request or to answer inquiries 6,406 Lectures and addresses at meetings 57 FINANCIAL STATEMENT The report of receipts and expenditures of the State Entomol- ogist (Insect Pest Appropriation) for the year ending June 30, 1931, may be found in the Report of the Treasurer. ^Including 2,263 written from the Shelton and South Norwalk offices, and 96 written from the Danielson oflice. INDEX Acholla muUispinosa, 513 Acrosternimi hilaris, 502 Adelges abietis, 504, 517 pinicorticis, 504 Aides atropalptis, 513 canadensis, 582 sollicitans, 513 Acgcria exitiosa, 499 Agapostemon virescens, 510 Agrofnysa clara, 504 Alans oculatits, 513 Alobates pennsylvanictis, 512 Alypia octomaculata, 508 American foul brood, 533 Anasa tristis, 502 Anisota rubicunda, 504 senatoria, 504 Anomala orientalis, 510, 595 Anopheles pnnctipennis, 582 Anlhrenus scrophidariae. 512 Anuraphis tulipae, 509, 598 Aphclopus sp., 574 .'i/'/n'^ ^owii, 499 ;'fl^V7(j, 499 riimicis, 578, 579 Apple leafhopper, control of, 572- 577 Argyresthia thuiella, 504 Asiatic beetle, 510 Aspidiolus perniciosus, 499 Asynonychus godmani, 509 Aftagenits piceiis, 512 BaciUus larvae, 533 pillion, 532 Basilarchia ar chip pus, 513 a^h'a«a.r^ 513 Basilona imperialis, 513 5/6fo albipennis, 510, 594 Blattclla gcnnanica, 512 Blissns leticopteriis, 510 Brachvrhiniis ovatus, 512 sulcatns, 500, 511 Bryobia praetiosa, 512 Cabbage maggot, control of, 588 Cacoccia argyrospila, 500, 593 Calligraphus similis, 513 Camponotus hcrcideanus pennsyl- vanica, 504 Carpocapsa pomonella, 500 Cecidomyia idticola, 500 Ccrastipsocns Icidyi, 513 Cercyonis alopc, 513 Chaitophorus lyropicta, 504 Chauliodes pecticornis, 513 Chelymorpha cassidea, 509, 514 Chilocorus bivulnerits, 513 Chionaspis enonymi, 508 pimfoliac, 504 Chiridia guttata, 514 Chlamys gibbosa, 505 Chrysochus aiiratns, 514 Chrysopa sp., 574 Ciniex lectularius, 512 Cirphis unipuncta, 502 atheroma regalis, 505, 514 Conotrachelus juglandis, 505 nenuphar, 500 Corydalis eornuta, 514 Corythucha arcuata, 505 c;7/a/a, 505, 593 Cotalpa lanigera, 511 Crambns caliginosellus, 511 Crioceris asparagi, 502 dnodecempunctata, 502 Culex pipiens, 582 Cyllene caryae, 505, 512 robiniae, 505 Dasyncura comiuunis, 505 Datana integcrrima, 505 ministra, 500 Dcilephila lineata, 514 Dcilophonota ello, 514 Deiidrothrips ornatus, 595 Dcnnestes lardaritis, 512 n id urn, 512 Diabrotica longicornis, 509 -c'/Z/a^o, 502 Diacrisia virginica, 502 Diapliania nitidalis, 503 Diaphcromera femorata, 505 Dichclonyx dihita, 505 Dichomeris marginelhis, 508 Dlplotaxis sp., 511 Elm leaf beetle outbreak, 583 Etnphytiis eincfus, 509, 530 Empoasca fabae, 572 maligna, 572 Empria sp., 500 Enchenopa binotata, 514 Epicajita marginata, 503, 509 pennsylvanica, 509 Epilachna corriipta, 503 Eriophyes pyri, 500 Connecticut Experiment Station Bulletin 338 Eriosoma lanigera, 500 Eristalis tena.v, 511 Euphoria inda, 511 European corn borer control, 553- 558 enforcement of compulsory clean-up law, 554 quarantine, 556 road patrols, 558 scouting, 557 survey of degree of infestation, 558 European foul brood, 532 European pine shoot moth situation, 599-600 Euvanessa antiopa, 505 Femisa pmnila, 505 Frankliniella tritici, 596 Fundulus heterocUUis, 582 Galerucella liiteola, 505, 583 Gillettea cooleyi, 506, 517 Gipsy moth control, 542-553 quarantine, 552 Gladiolus thrips, 510, 585 Gossyparia spuria, 506 Gracilaria elotella, 500 Grapholitha molesta, 500 Gryllus abbreviatus, 500 assimilis, 514 Halisidota caryae, 506 Hamamelistes spinosus, 506 Heliothis obsoleta, 503, 509 Heliothrips haemorrJwidalis , 595 Hemerocampa definita, 506 leucostigma, 500, 506 Heterocampa guttivitta, 506, 595 Heterodera radicicola, 503 Hippodamia convergens, 513 Hylemyia brassicae, 503. 588 Hylesinus aculeatus, 512 Hyper odes porcelliis, 511, 593 Illinoia pisi, 503 Inspection of apiaries, 531-542 imported nursery stock, 529-530 nurseries, 517-528 Itycorsia sp., 506 Japanese beetle, 558-567 inspection of farm products, 562 new infestations, 560 quarantine enforcement. 560 road patrol inspection, 563 scouting, 558 soil treatment, 564 Juhis hortensis, 509 Lacewing flies, 574 Laertias pJiilcnor, 508, 514, 594 Lagoa crispata, 500 Lasioptera vitis, 500 Laspeyresia prnnivora, 501 Lepidosaphes ulmi, 508 Lucaniis capreolus, 511 Lucilia sericata, 514 Lygaeus kalniii, 501 Lygidea mendax, 501 Lygus pratensis, 503, 509 Macrocentrus ancylivora, 516, 567 Macronoctua onusta, 509 Mansonia pertiirbans, 514 Macrosiphum solidaginis, 578. 579 Melanoxantherium sm-ithiae, 506 Melittia satyriniformis, 503 Mineral oil activator tests, 578-589 Monomorium pharaonis, 512 Mosquito control, 580-582 Mylabris qu-adrivwculatus, 512 Mysiis circumflexus, 594 persicae, 503 persicae-niger, 501 ribis, 501 Neodiprion lecontei, 506 pinetum, 506 Neolecanium cornuparvmn, 508 Nerice bidentata, 506 Notolophus antiqua, 530 Oberea sp., 508 bimaculafa, 501 Ochrosidia villosa, 593 Oniplialocera dentosa, 508 Oriental fruit moth control, 567-572 Ormenis pruinosa, 501 Orysaephilus surinmnensis, 512 Oxyptilus periscelidacfylus, 501 Pachypsylla celtidis-gemnm, 506 Pachystethns lucicola, 501, 503 Papaipema nitela, 504 Papilio glaucus form f urn us, 514 philenor, 594 sp., 530 frot/jw, 508, 514 Paragrotis messoria, 501 Paratetranychus pilosus, 501 ununguis, 506 Pegomyia hyoscyami, 504 Pelecinus polyfurator, 514 Pelidnota punctata, 501 Periplaneta americana, 512 Phena-coccus acericola, 507 serrafus, 596 Pliilosainia cyutliia, 507. 514 Index til Phlcgethontiiis quinqiiemaculata, 504 sexta, 504 Phobetron pithecium, 501 Pholus pandortis, 509 PhyJlo copies quadripes, 507 Phyllophaga hirticiila, 511 sp., 511 tristis, 511 Phylloxera caryaecaulis, 507 Phymatodes variabilis, 512 Physokermes piccae, 507 Phytonomus nieles, 515 Pickle worm, 584-585 Pinus resinosa, 599 sylvestris, 599 Pissodes strobi, 507 Plagiodera versicolora, 507 Phitella niaciilipennis, 504 Podesesia syringae, 509 Popillia japonica, 511 Porfhetria dispar, 507 Prionus laticollis, 515 _ sp., 507 Priophorus acericaulis, 507 Prociphilus imbricator, 507 tessellata, 507 Proisofoma viimita, 594 Pseudococcits citri, 509 comstocki, 507 Px//a rosae, 504 Psyllia pyricola, 501 Pyraiista ainslei, 510 mihilalis, 504, 553 Reticulitermes flavipes, 510 Rhagolctis pomonella, 501, 596 Rhizoglyphiis hyacinthi, 510 Rhyacionia buoUana, 507, 599 comstockiana, 507 frustrana, 507 Rhynchites bicolor, 510 7v'f&^j,_517, 528 nigrum, 528 i?o^a nianetti, 529 mnltiflora, 529 odorata, 529 rugosa, 529 Saissetia hemisphaerica, 510 Samia cecropia, 502, 515 Saperda Candida, 508 Satin moth, spread of, 565 quarantine, 566 Scolytus rugulosus, 502 S erica sp., 511 Sibinc stiniulea, 510 Sitodrepa panic ea, 513 Sphecius speciosus, 511 Sphecodina abbottii, 502 Sporotrichuni globuliferum, 583 Stephanitis rhododendri, 509 Stilpnotia salicis, 508, 565, 566 Taemothrips gladioli, 510, 586 Tarsonemus pallidus, 510 Tenebrio molitor, 513 Tenebrioides corticalis, 513 Tenodcra sinensis, 513, 597 Tetraleurodes inori, 509 Tctranychus bicolor, 508 • telariits, 510 Tetraopes tetraophfhahnus, 515 Thecodiplosis liriodendri, 508 Thrips fabaci, 596 Tlivridopferyx ephcmera^fornm, 508 Tibiccn canicularis, 515 chloromera, 511 Tineola biselliclla, 513 Tomostethns bardiis, 508 Tremex columba, 515 Trialeurodes vaporariornm, 510 Trichogramma minntiim, 567, 601 pretiosa, 601 Trichogramma, notes on over-win- tering and refrigeration, 600-601 Tropaea bma, 515 Tyloderma fragariac, 502 Typhlocyba sp., 502 pomaria, 572 ro.yac, 572 Typophoriis canellus, 502 Vanessa carded, 510, 594 Vespa crabro, 510 Xylocopa virginica, 515 Zeuzcra pyriiia, 502 PLATE 6 f-. «-^^^>V/V ' *;:■ "^1^'' ' V il^k' i ^^^|^H9I^^\'>' . 9h^'^i±^ .--- 1 a. View of road patrol inspection at the Easton-Bethel town line on the Bridgeport-Danbury highway. h. Method of applying lead arsenate to lawn areas to kill the grubs of the Japanese beetle. View in Hartford. JAPANESE BEETLE CONTROL PLATE 7 a. View in Hartford, showing application of lead arsenate to lawn areas to kill the grubs of the Japanese beetle. b. View in Bushnell Park, Hartford, showing how water is applied to wash the lead arsenate off the grass and into the soil. JAPANESE BEETLE CONTROL PLATE 8 a. View of lawn, showing at the right wliere lead arsenate has been applied but not washed in. h. View of power sprayer outfit used in treating lawns with lead arsenate. JAPANESE BEETLE CONTROL PLATE 9 a. Egg blisters on twig, six times enlarged. b. Eggs in twig with outer bark removed, six times enlarged. c. Adult leafhoppers showing parasites, about ten times enlarged. WHITE APPLE LEAFHOPPER PLATE 10 a. Injury to foliage and flower spike by thrips, somewhat reduced. b. Gladiolus corms injured in storage by thrips, somewhat reduced. GLADIOLUS THRIPS PLATE 11 a. Adults and larvae of Bihio alhipcnnis, twice enlarged. /'. Svcamore lacebug-, 104 under bark, twice enlarged. BIBIO ALBIPENNIS AND SYCAMORE LACEBUG PLATE 12 a. Young apples eaten by larvae of fruit tree leaf roller, natural size. /'. Adult moth, twice enlarged. t c. Fruit cluster showing injury to leaves and fruit by larvae, natural size. FRUIT TREE LEAF ROLLER PLATE 13 a. Painted lady or thistle butterfly, under side at right, natural size. b. Larvae of painted lady or thistle butterfly showing injury to holly- hock leaf, natural size. PAINTED LADY OR THISTLE BUTTERFLY PLATE 14 c. Pipe vine swallow-tail butterfly, under side at right, somewhat reduced. b. Larva and cocoon of pipe c. Pickle worm moth, natural vine swallow-tail feeding upon size. Dutchman's pipe vine, natural size. PIPE VINE SWALLOW-TAIL AND PICKLE WORM PLATE 15 a. Scale insect Phcnacoccus scrratus, on beech, somewhat reduced. .■.*•_ jS5^ ?7. Larvae of elm leaf beetle on under side of leaf, natural size. SCALE INSECT ON BEECH AND ELM LEAF BEETLE PLATE 16 a. Chinese praying mantid, egg-cluster at upper left, slightly reduced. b. Gladiolus corms injured by bulb aphid, slightly reduced. CHINESE PRAYING MANTID AND APHID INJURY TO GLADIOLUS PLATE 17 a. Gladiolus sprouts crumpled and distorted, unable to push out of the ground, injured by bulb aphid, slightly reduced. b. Gladiolus leaves crumpled after growth was well started, injured by bulb aphid, slightly reduced. GLADIOLUS INJURY BY BULB APHID 5 3 3 9 ^- ^ 0 University of Connecticut Libraries 39153028852665