Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2011 with funding from LYRASIS members and Sloan Foundation http://www.archive.org/details/reportofstateent396conn Bulletin 396 S May, 1937 CONNECTICUT STATE ENTOMOLOGIST THIRTY-SIXTH REPORT 1936 W„ E. BRITTON, PH.D. State Entomologist GLtmntrtxtni ^grtoiliitral ^Experiment »tattmt CONNECTICUT AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION BOAnD OF CONTROL His Excellency, Governor Wilbur L. Cross, ex-officio, President Elijah Rogers, Vice-President Southington William L. Slate, Director and Treasurer New Haven Edward C. Schneider, Secretary Middletown Joseph W. Alsop Avon Charles G. Morris Newtown Albert B. Plant Branford Olcott F. King South Windsor Administration. STAFF William L. Slate, B.Sc, Director and Treasurer. Miss L. M. Brautlecht, Bookkeeper and Librarian. Miss Katherine M. Palmer, B.Litt., Editor. G. E. Graham, In Charge of Buildings and Grounds, Analytical Chemistry. E. M. Bailey, Ph.D., Chemist in Charge. C. E. Shepard I Owen L. Nolan Harry J. Fisher, Ph.D. \ Assistant Chemists- W. T. Mathis David C. Walden, B.S. J Miss Janetha Shepard, General Assistant. Chas. W. Soderberg, Laboratory Assistant. V. L. Churchill, Sampling Agent. Mrs. A. B. Vosburgh, Secretary. Biochemistry. Botany. H. B. Vickery, Ph.D., Biochemist in Charge. George W. Pucher, Ph.D., Assistant Biochemist. G. P. Clinton, Sc.D., Botanist in Charge. E. M. Stoddard, B.S., Pomolngist. Miss Florence A. McCormick, Ph.D., Pathologist. A. A. Dunlap, Ph.D., Assistant Mycologist. A. D. McDonnell, General Assistant. Mrs. W. W. Kelsey, Secretary. Entomology. W. E. Britton, Ph.D., D.Sc, Entomologist in Charge, Slate Entomologist. B. H. Walden, B.Agr. 1 M. P. Zappe, B.S. Philip Garman, Ph.D. [ Assistant Entomologists. Roger B. Friend, Ph.D. Neely Turner, M.A. J John T. Ashworth, Deputy in Charge of Gypsy Moth Control. R. C. Botsford, Deputy in Charge of Mosguito Elimination. J. P. Johnson, B.S., Deputy in Charge of Japanese Beetle Control. Miss Helen A. Hulse Miss Betty Scoville Secretaries. Forestry. Walter O. Filley, Forester in Charge. H. W. Hicock, M.F., Assistant Forester. J. E. Riley, Jr., M.F., In Charge of Blister Rust Control. Miss Pauline A. Merchant, Secretary. Plant Breeding. Donald F. Jones, Sc.D., Geneticist in Charge. W. Ralph Singleton, Sc.D., Lawrence C. Curtis, B.S., Assistant Geneticists. Soils. M. F. Morgan, Ph.D., Agronomist in Charge. H. G. M. Jacobson, M.S., I- . . . . . Herbert A. Lunt, Ph.D., ' Assistant Agronomists. Dwight B. Downs, General Assistant. Miss Geraldine Everett, Secretary. Tobacco Substation at Windsor. Paul J. Anderson, Ph.D., Pathologist in Charge. T. R. Swanback, M.S., Agronomist. O. E. Street, Ph.D., Plant Physiologist. C. E. Swanson, Laboratory Technician. Miss Dorothy Lenard, Secretary. Printing by The Peiper Press, Inc., Wallingford, Conn. CONTENTS Page Entomological Features of 1936 293 Insect Record For 1936 294 Fruit Insects 294 Vegetable Insects 296 Shade and Forest Tree Insects 297 Insects of Ornamental Shrubs and Vines 303 Insects of Flowers and Greenhouse Plants 304 Insects Infesting Stored Food Products 305 Household Insects 306 Insects Infesting Timbers and Wood Products 307 Insects of Soil and Lawn 307 Insects Annoying Man and Domestic Animals 308 Spiders 308 Beneficial Insects 308 Miscellaneous 309 Conference of Connecticut Entomologists 310 Insect Collection: Additions and Statistics 311 Department Library: Additions and Statistics 312 Inspection of Nurseries, 1936 314 Number and Size of Nurseries 314 Connecticut Nursery Firms Certified in 1936 315 Other Kinds of Certificates Issued 322 Inspection of Imported Nursery Stock 322 Results of Inspection 323 Inspection of Apiaries, 1936 324 Statistics of Inspection 325 Summary 329 Financial Statement 329 Registration of Bees 330 Report on Control of the Gypsy Moth, 1936 330 New Equipment 331 Control Operations 331 Work Performed by State Men 331 Work Performed b V CCC Men 332 WPA Work Performed 332 Resettlement Administration Project 332 Quarantines 332 Statistics of Infestations, 1935-1936 333 Summary of Statistics 337 Financial Statement 338 Scouting for the Brown-Tail Moth 339 Appropriation 339 Control of the European Corn Borer, 1936 340 Compulsory Clean-up 340 Date of Planting Experiment 341 Insecticide Investigations 341 A Second Trial of Trichogramma Parasites 343 European Corn Borer in Potatoes 345 Japanese Beetle Work in Connecticut, 1936 346 Scouting 346 Trapping , 347 Inspection and Certification 348 Grub Digging 349 General Japanese Beetle Survey 349 Notes on Hymenopterous Parasites of Elm Insects in Connecticut 351 Page The Satin Moth 361 Life History and Habits 361 Description 362 Food Plants 363 Natural Enemies 363 Artificial Control 363 Quarantine Revoked 363 Tests of Apple Sprays 364 Further Notes on Calomyclerus setarius Roelofs ' 367 Control of Leafhoppers on Dahlias 370 Observations on the European Red Mite and Its Control 372 Discussion of the Mite Predator Problem 374 Work with Oriental Fruit Moth Parasites 378 Further Studies in Control of the Apple Maggot 378 Notes on Control of the Tent Caterpillar in Orchards 379 Note on Field and Laboratory Control of Canker Worms 381 Report on Peach Sprays 382 Experiments with Control of the Rosy Apple Aphid 383 Study of Several Nicotine Preparations and Wetting Agents for Increasing Their Toxicity 385 The Horned Squash Rug, Anasa armigera, with a Note on Anasa repetita. . . . 387 Control of the Striped Cucumber Reetle 391 Observations on Termites and Termite Control 392 Survey of Termite Damage to Ruildings 393 Effectiveness of Metal Termite Shields 394 Observations on Soil Treatments 395 Present Status of Mosquito Control Work in Connecticut 396 Resume of Work Accomplished 397 Miscellaneous Insect Notes 399 Outbreak of Say's Rlister Reetle 399 The Greenhouse Leaf Tier 399 A Leaf Roller on Hickory 399 Elms Injured by Rose Chafer 399 Scarcity of the Fall Webworm 399 The Pepper Maggot in Connecticut 399 Damage by the Poplar Sawfly 400 Peach Foliage Eaten by a Flea Reetle 400 Peach Trees Injured by New York Weevil 400 The Elm Leaf Reetle 401 Prevalence of the Forest Tent Caterpillar 401 A New Mite on Rox 402 Alders Stripped by a Sawfly 402 Damage by a New Rlister Reetle 403 Strawberries Injured by Diplotaxis atlantis 403 House Timbers Injured by Anobiid Reetles 404 The Lime-Tree Looper 405 Prevalence of the Psychid Moth, Fumea casta 406 The Fall Canker Worm 406 Rird Mites in a Dwelling House 406 Damage by the Spring Canker Worm 407 Decrease of the Tent Caterpillar 409 A New Weevil Injuring Pine in Connecticut 410 Financial Statement 412 Publications, 1936 413 Summary of Office and Inspection Work 414 Illustrations 415 Index x i CONNECTICUT STATE ENTOMOLOGIST THIRTY-SIXTH KEPORT 1936 W. E. Britto!\ ENTOIVIOLOGICAL FEATURES OF 1936 'T'he winter of 1935-36 was neither very severe nor extremely mild. There was a fair amount of snowfall and some steady cold weather but not such extremely low temperatures as in the two preceding winters. On the whole there was probably less alternate freezing and thawing than in most winters, and in general, plants came through in good shape. Peach buds were killed only in a few localities, and there was nearly a full crop of fruit for the first time since 1933. The precipitation for January, March, April, June, September and October was considerably above the normal, but for February, May, July, August and November it was below the normal. The heaviest rainfall came in June and was more than three times the normal amount. The lightest rainfall was in November. That for both July and November was less than half the normal. The rainfall for the growing season, May to September, inclusive, was nearly four inches or 21 percent above the normal. However, it was not distributed in a normal manner and if a portion of the June precipitation could have fallen in July and August it would undoubtedly have proved a greater benefit to most crops. Some of the more important entomological features of the season were the collection in Connecticut of the pepper maggot fly, Zonosemala electa Say; the unusual prevalence of the spring canker worm, Paleacrita vernata Peck; continued damage by the fall canker worm, Alsophila pome tar ia Harr. ; continued abundance of the eastern tent caterpillar, Malacosoma americana Fabr. ; increased prevalence of the forest tent caterpillar, Malacosoma disstria Hubn.; increase in abundance and destructiveness of the Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica Newm. ; local outbreaks of the rosy apple aphid, Anuraphis roseus Baker, in apple orchards, and of the potato aphid, Illinoia solanifolii Ashm., in potato and tomato fields; a rather unusual damage to peach trees by a small green leaf beetle, Chalcoides (Crepidodera) helxines Linn., and by the New York weevil, Ithycerus noreboracensis Forst. ; prevalence of the European red mite, Paratelranychus pilosus C. & F. ; damage to corn, potatoes and dahlias by the European corn borer, Pyrausta nubUalis Hubn.; discovery of a weevil, Hylobius radicis Buch., new to Connecticut, injuring Scotch pines; defoliation of an ornamental tree by a blister beetle, Macrobasis torsa Lee, first reported in the State in 1934; increase of the weevil from Japan, Calomycterus setarius 294 Connecticut Experiment Station Bulletin 396 Roelofs; damage to lawns by the grubs of a native Scarabaeid beetle, Ochrosidia villosa Burm; and continued damage to buildings by termites, Reticuliiermes flavipes Koll. Also the comparative scarcity of the fall webworm, Hyphantria cunea Dru., and the rose stem girdler, Agrilus communis rubicola Perrin. Some of the more important entomological features of 1936 are given in greater detail in separate articles and notes printed elsewhere in this report. In the following list is presented an insect pest survey for 1936: Insect Record for 1936 Fruit Insects Name Locality, host, date and remarks. Alsophila pometaria, fall canker worm. Common in southern and southwestern Con- necticut where unsprayed fruit trees were partially or wholly defoliated. Eggs were abundant in March in some apple orchards in New Haven County. Many young caterpillars were killed by the pink spray, May 5 to 7. Anuraphis roseus, rosy apple aphid. Very abundant in some localities in New Haven County in May and June, but the outbreak was not general. There was a decided increase between June 1 and 15, then migration took place. Newly hatched aphids on apple fruit buds were received from Foxon, Apr. 13. Aphids (immature and dead). On plum, Westport, June 16; cast skins on plum, Middletown, Aug. 5; cast skins on apple, Kent, July 24; crushed, on cherry and apple, West Haven, July 7. Aphis pomi, green apple aphid. Eggs numerous on buds, and some of them had hatched by Mar. 23; specimens on fruit buds received from Foxon, Apr. 13. Aspidiotus perniciosus, San Jose scale. On currant, West Hartford, Sept. 22. Cacoecia argyrospila, fruit tree leaf roller. Less prevalent than for several years in the orchards where it has occurred, probably due to spray applications. Cacoecia rosaceana, oblique-banded leaf roller. Larva on leaf of Japanese plum, Hart- ford, May 11. Camponotus herculeanus pennsylvanicus, black carpenter ant. Many workers from trunk of apple tree, New Haven, May 25. Carpocapsa pomonella, codling moth. Present everywhere in moderate numbers. Cecidomyia viticola, grape tube gall. Galls on grape leaf, Shelton, Sept. 8. Chalcoides (Crepidodera) helxines, a small green leaf beetle. Adults injured peach orchards in Southington by feeding upon the leaves in May. Adjoining chokecherry hedges were heavily infested and probably were the source of the infestation. Conotrachelus nenuphar, plum curculio. Beetles had emerged from hibernating quarters, May 19, and were finally more prevalent than in 1935. Not serious in sprayed orchards. Datana ministra, yellow-necked caterpillar. Larvae on apple leaves, Hamden, Aug. 25; North Branford, Sept. 10. Diplotaxis atlantis, a small Scarabaeid beetle. Adults devoured strawberry leaves, causing moderate injury to a 1.5 acre field, Foxon, May 11. Empria ignota, green strawberry slug. Larvae feeding on strawberry leaves, Cheshire, May 25. Erylhraspides pygmaea, grape sawfly. Larvae devouring grape leaves, Norwich, Aug. 6. Insect Record for 1936 295 Fruit Insects — (Continued) Name Locality, host, date and remarks. Gaurotes cyanipennis, a long-horned beetle. Adult on peach, Cheshire, May 23. Crapholitha molesta, Oriental fruit moth. Twig infestation of second generation larvae rather prominent in some peach orchards particularly in New Ha\ en County. Northern part of the State generally free. Third generation threatened serious damage in August, but generally the fruit infestation was light. Iihycerus noveboracensis, New York weevil. Adults were moderately abundant on peach twigs near Cheshire, May 23, gnawing into the bases of the new shoots. Lasioptera vilis, tomato grapevine gall. Galls on grape, Wallingford, June 9; Chester, July 2; Sound View, July 15. Leafhopper. Eggs in bark of apple, Niantic, June 16. Lecanium corni, European fruit scale. On peach twigs, Nutley, N. J., June 3. Lepidosaphes ulmi, oyster-shell scale. On apple, Manchester, Oct. 3. Ligyrus gibbosus, carrot beetle. Adults on strawberry plants with Diplotaxis atlantis, Foxon, May 11. Lygus sp., plant bugs. Injury to pear fruit, Waterbury, Dec. 16, 1935; injured peach fruit, Beacon Falls, June 20. Malacosoma americana, eastern tent caterpillar. About as prevalent in southern Connecticut as in 1935, but less so in the northern part of the State. Egg- clusters common around New Haven, and began to hatch Apr. 4. Gray birch along roadside in Wallingford nearly defoliated May 14. Heavy infestation in Berlin with nests on beech, birch, hickory, linden, maple and oaks. Many caterpillars died from wilt and probably many were parasitized. Egg-clu. ters on apple, Hamden, Feb. 24; Winsted, Feb. 28. My2us ribis, currant aphid. Injury to currant leaves, West Hartford, Sept. 22. Nodonola puncticollis, rose leaf beetle. Adults with injured pears, New Canaan, June 9. Uberea bimaculata, raspberry cane borer. Girdled raspberry shoots, New Haven, June 26, July 9; larva and injured red raspberry cane, Norwich town, July 1. Oxyptilus periscelidactylus, grape plume moth. Larvae in webbed leaves, Nutley, N. J., June 3; Wallingford, June 9. Paleacrita vernata, spring canker worm. Unusually prevalent in western and northern Connecticut, and defoliated many unsprayed fruit, shade and woodland trees. Larvae on apple, Danbury, May 25; Bridgewater, May 29. Paratelranychus pilosus, European red mite. More prevalent than for the past 5 or 10 years, and there was a general outbreak in many orchards, due probably to a scarcity of natural enemies which had been reduced by spray applications. On apple, Manchester, Oct. 3. Pelidnota punctata, spotted grapevine beetle. Adult, New Haven, July 13. Phobetron pithecium, hag moth. Larva on auto windshield, Darien, Sept. 10. Phyllophaga sp., May or June beetle. White grubs injured strawberry plants, Uncas- ville, Sept. 12. Popillia japonica, Japanese beetle. More prevalent than ever before in Connecticut. Adults on grape, Hamden, July 20. Psyllia pyricola, pear psylla. Present generally but abundant only in occasional orchards. Eggs and honeydew present on pear, New Haven, Aug. 7. Rhagolelis pomonella, apple maggot. Present in usual numbers. Infested apples, Elmwood, Oct. 17; Meriden, New Haven, Oct. 21. 296 Connecticut Experiment Station Bulletin 396 Fkuit Insects — (Continued) Name Locality, host, date and remarks. Scolytus sulcatus, a bark beetle. Adults from bark of sweet cherry, Danbury, June 24. Sphecodina abbot ii. Abbot sphinx. Larva, July 7; larva on grape, East Hartford, July 28, Aug. 17. Trialeurodes packardi, strawberry whitefly. Nymphs on strawberry leaves, Hamden, June 17. Typhlocyba pomaria, white apple leafhopper. Infestation moderate to heavy in most apple orchards. Vegetable Insects Anosa tristis, squash bug. Generally less abundant than usual but caused damage in a few fields. Aphis maidis, corn leaf aphid. Very abundant on green shucks of sweet corn at Mount Carmel in August. On Kaffir corn, Hamden, Aug. 3. Ascia rapae, cabbage worm. Scarce on early and midseason cabbage. Moderately heavy infestation on late cabbage and cauliflower, New Haven, Oct. 6. Cauli- flower had from one to seven larvae per plant, and was more heavily infested than cabbage. Aulographa brassicae, cabbage looper. Fairly heavy infestation on late cabbage and cauliflower, New Haven, Oct. 6. About 15 percent had pupated. Of the larvae counted, 49 percent were dead or in dying condition. Aylax taraxaci, a gall. On dandelion, Southington, June 17. Ceutorhynchus marginatum, a weevil or curculio. Larvae in heads of seed dandelions, Milford, May 25. Crioceris asparagi, asparagus beetle. Shoots injured by adults, Colchester, May 4. Cutworms. Present in normal numbers and caused the usual amount of damage throughout the State. Deloyata clavata, clavate tortoise beetle. Adult on tomato, Middletown, June 11. Diabrotica vittata, striped cucumber beetle. Present as usual. Caused severe damage to one field of summer squash plants, New Haven, May 11. Empoasca fabae, potato leafhopper. Very abundant and destructive on potato and dahlia. Epilachna varivestis (corrupta), Mexican bean beetle. About as prevalent as in 1935. Untreated beans defoliated in many places, June 23; adult in house, Wilton, Sept. 2. Epitrix cucumeris, potato flea beetle. Caused the usual amount of damage to potatoes and tomatoes. Heliottiis obsoleta, corn ear worm. Present in moderate numbers. About 3 percent of ears of early sweet corn and 17 percent of late sweet corn infested. Somewhat less abundant than in 1935. Hylemyia brassicae, cabbage maggot. More prevalent than usual in the Connecticut River Valley. Two fields of early cabbage showed heavy infestations and a 50 percent loss of crop. Also infested seed turnips, Milford, May 25. Illinoia solanijolii, potato aphid. Severe infestation of potato and tomato in some localities. Several small fields of Irish Cobbler in the Connecticut River Valley were killed by this aphid. Sprays were necessary. Tomatoes in Guilford and West Haven, heavily infested, July 17; on tomato, Woodmont, July 7. Insect Record for 1936 297 Vegetable Insects — (Continued) Name Locality, host, date and remarks. Julus hortensis, garden millipede. Injured seed turnips, Milford, May 25. Lema trilineala, three-lined potato beetle. Adults, South Norwalk, Aug. 4. Leptinotarsa decemlineata, Colorado potato beetle. Moderately abundant and more prevalent than in 1935. Papaipema nitela, stalk borer. Probably less prevalent than usual. Larvae in corn, Middletown, July 20. Pegomyia hyoscyami, spinach leaf miner. More prevalent than in 1935. Caused serious damage to seed beets, Mount Carmel, June 24; injured beet leaves, New Haven, in July; in Swiss chard, Waterbury, July 21. Pyrausta nubilalis, European corn borer. Present in large numbers in certain regions and caused severe damage to corn, potato and seed beets. Moths began emerging at Mount Carmel, May 20, earlier than usual. Larvae in cornstalks, Derby, July 17; Middletown, July 20; in potato stalks, East Granby, Aug. 1. Tetranychus bimaculatus, common red spider. Severe injury to lima beans, leaves brown and webbed, Southington, Aug. 1. Thrips tabaci, onion thrips. Appeared on onions early in June, much earlier than usual. On seed onions, Mount Carmel, Aug. 2. Wireworms. Caused severe damage to potato tubers in one field in the Connecticut River Valley. Zonosemata electa, a maggot of pepper and egg-plant. Adults on pepper, Hamden, Julv 11. Shade and Forest Tree Insects Adelges abietis, spruce gall aphid. Common on Norway spruce throughout the State; 15 lots of specimens from 13 localities: On Norway spruce, Bridgeport, Nov. 27, 1935; Harrison, N. Y., Apr. 30; South Meriden,' May 26; East Lyme, June 3; Greenwich, June 8, 27; East Haven, Waterbury, June 10; Gaylordsville, June 26; Cos Cob, Aug. 4; Branford, Aug. 25; Hamden, Aug. 27; West Hart- ford, Sept. 22; Ridgefield, Oct. 24; on white spruce, Southbury, Mar. 26; East Haven, June 10. Adelges (Gilleitea) cooleyi, Sitka spruce gall aphid. Common on blue spruce. On blue spruce, South Meriden, May 26; Hamden, June 6; Waterbury, Aug. 1; Hart- ford, Aug. 3; Waterford, Sept. 8; Ridgefield, Oct. 24; on Douglas fir, Ansonia, May 27. Agonopteryx robiniella. Larvae webbing leaves of black locust, Rye, N. Y., May 29. Agromyza schineri, poplar twig gall fly. Galls on poplar twigs, Griswold, Apr. 11. Alsophila pomelaria, fall canker worm. Prevalent on shade and woodland trees in the southern and southwestern portions of the State. Females, Ridgebury, Nov. 30, 1935; males, Branford, Dec. 9, 1935; crushed larvae and injured leaves, Norwalk, May 22; larvae on linden, May 23; larva, Litchfield, June 1; injured maple leaves, Cannondale, June 10; larvae on elm, Watertown, June 1. Andricus seminator, wool sower. Gall on oak, Old Lyme, June 8. Andricus singularis, small oak apple. Galls on pin oak, Ansonia, June 1. Aphids. On elm, New Haven, June 15; aphid skins, Cannondale, Aug. 18; on linden and oak, Darien, Sept. 15; on white oak, Rockville, July 11; on linden, New Haven, Aug. 21; on white birch, Sharon, Sept. 30. 298 Connecticut Experiment Station Bulletin 396 Shade and Forest Tree Insects — (Continued) Name Locality, host, date and remarks. Aphrophora parallela, pine spittle bug. Several froth masses containing nymphs, on white pine, Guilford, June 12. Argyresthia thuiella, arborvitae leaf miner. Mined arbor vitae leaves, Hamden, Nov. 20, 1935; Madison, June 19. Cacoecia cerasivorana, cherry ugly-nest. Nest with larvae and pupae, on wild cherry, Danbury, June 22. Camponotus herculeanus pennsylvanicus, black carpenter ant. Adult, from birch tree, Westport, Nov. 16, 1935. Calocala neogama, the bride underwing. Larvae feeding on black walnut, New Britain, June 9; adult, New Haven, July 31. Calogenus rufus, a Cucujid beetle. Adult under hickory bark, Griswold, Mar. 6. Cecidomyia pinirigidae, pine needle gall. Galls on leaves of pitch pine, Griswold, Feb. 21. Cecidomyia poculum, oak spangles. Galls abundant on white oak in the Stamford area, Aug. 24, according to E. P. Felt. Chionaspis pinifoliae, pine leaf scale. Unusually abundant throughout the State. Found in nearly all nurseries where pines are grown. On mugho pine, South- port, Nov. 18, 1935; Wethersfield, Mar. 28; Bristol, Apr. 9; Westport, Aug. 10; Branford, Sept. 18; on pitch pine, Griswold, Feb. 21; on red pine, Cheshire, Feb. 25; on Scotch pine, West Hartford, Sept. 22. Cimbex americana, elm sawfly. Larva on walk, North Branford, Sept. 10. Coleophora laricella, larch case bearer. Eggs and mined larch leaves, Pleasant Valley, July 9. Conotrachelus juglandis, walnut weevil. Larvae in butternuts, East Haven, July 28. Corythucha arcuata, oak lacebug. On white oak, Collinsville, July 23. Corythucha ciliata, sycamore lacebug. Adults from under sycamore bark, Derby, Nov. 27, 1935; on sycamore, Stamford, Sept. 22; New Haven, Oct. 23. Corythucha ulmi, elm lacebug. Present on elm in Sharon and Winsted only in a few localities. Much less destructive than last year. Cyllene caryae, hickory borer. Adults in house, emerged from fuel wood, New Haven, Feb. 13, 17, Mar. 30; Ansonia, May 12. Cyllene robiniae, locust borer. Injured locust trees, Oakville, July 25. Datana integerrima, walnut caterpillar. Larvae and cast skins, Shelton, Sept. 8. Depressaria pulvipennella, a leaf folder or webworm. Adult under loose oak bark, Griswold, Feb. 7. Diaspis carueli, juniper scale. On juniper, Fairfield, July 15. Dichomeris marginellus, juniper webworm. Somewhat abundant on Irish juniper, New Canaan, Apr. 24, reported by E. P. Felt. Dilachnus strobi, a pine leaf aphid. On white pine, East Hampton, July 30; New Haven, Oct. 15. Dilachnus sp., an aphid. A few dead specimens on spruce, New Britain, May 22; on red pine. Washington, Sept. 24. Diprion polytomum, Eurcpean spruce sawfly. Observed throughout the season at Orange and other localities, but the insect did not cause serious damage. Drepanaphis acerifoliae, an aphid. On maple, Pawcatuck, July 22. Insect Record for 1936 299 Shade and Forest Tree Insects — (Continued) Name Locality, host, date and remarks. Ecdylolopha insiticiana, locust twig gall. Gall on twig of black locust, New Canaan, June 8. Ennomos subsignarius, elm spanworm. Caterpillars devoured elm foliage in northwest- ern Connecticut, and poplar leaves in Derby, June 17. Erannis tiliaria, lime-tree looper. Fairly common in northern and western Connecticut. Two larvae on linden, May 23; larvae on elm, Watertown, June 1; abundant on elms, New Britain, May 22, and in Guilford, July 4. Eriophyes tiliae, a mite. Erineum on leaves of linden, Westport, June 30. Eriophyid galls. On butternut, Hamden, July 9; on black walnut, Hamden, July 24; on white oak. Rockville, July 11. Eriosoma americana, woolly elm aphid. New Haven, June 12. Euceraphis mucida, a birch aphid. On cut-leaf birch, Hartford, July 10. Eucosma gloriola, white pine tip moth. More prevalent than ever before and white pines are infested in nearly all parts of the State, July 22. Eulia juglandana, a leaf roller. On hickory, Durham, May 21. Also observed in Berlin and Plainville. Fenusa pumila, birch leaf mining sawfly. Very abundant on gray and white birch. Adults first observed at Hamden, May 8; larvae mining in leaves of European white birch, Woodbridge, May 28; in paper birch, Greenwich, June 5; West- port, Aug. 5. Galerucella xanlhomelaena, elm leaf beetle. Not destructively abundant. Adults, Hartford, June 4; injured leaves, Wallingford, Aug. 10; adults from houses, Bridgeport, Manchester, Aug. 19; hatched eggs and injured leaves, Somers, Sept. 9. Spotted infestations were observed in Ansonia, Barkhamsted, Berlin, Derby, Meriden, North Haven, and Torrington. The heaviest damage was in Ansonia and Derby. Geometrid larva (unidentified). On elm, along road between Danbury and Waterbury, June 10. Glycobius speciosus, maple borer. Adult, New Haven, July 11. Gossyparia spuria, European elm scale. On elm, New Haven, June 12; abundant on healthy and weak elm trees, Waterford, June 16. Graplolitha sp., a Noctuid moth. Larva on linden, May 23. Halisidota caryae, hickory tussock moth. Larvae on hickory, Hamden, Aug. 11. Hamadryas antiopa, spiny elm caterpillar. Larvae on willow, Weston, June 27. Harmologa fumiferana, spruce budworm. Larvae and pupae from Colorado blue spruce, West Haven, June 4. Hemerocampa leucostigma, white-marked tussock moth. Larva, Shelton, Aug. 1. Hemichroa americana, a sawfly. Defoliated alders in a swamp near Middletown, according to E. A. Back. Mr. Wallace collected larvae from alder in East Hampton, which may be this species, and observed many defoliated alders in East Hampton and Prospect. Hemimene albolineana, a Tortricid moth. Larvae on Calorado blue spruce, Turner's Falls, Mass., May 2; adult from spruce, New Haven, June 4. Hylobius pales, pales weevil. Adults injured young trees of red pine and American larch, Hartford, Sept. 24. 300 Connecticut Experiment Station Bulletin 396 Shade and Forest Tree Insects — (Continued) Name Locality, host, date and remarks. Hylobius radicis, a weevil. Larvae in Scotch pine, Old Lyme, May 5; New London, June 10; Sea Cliff, Long Isiand, N. Y., Aug. 28. Hylurgopinus rufipes, native elm bark beetle. Fairly common in Connecticut. Adults and larvae hibernate in the galleries. A high percentage are parasitized by a Braconid four-winged fly. Hypermallus villosus, twig pruner. More prevalent than in 1935. In hickory, Griswold, Feb. 7. New Haven, Aug. 10; in maple, New Milford, July 11; in oak, Middle- town, Wilton, July 3; Hamden, Rye, N. Y., July 13; Beacon Falls, July 22; New Haven, Aug. 10; Wilton, Aug. 11. Hyphanlria cunea, fall webworm. Less prevalent in Connecticut than for many years. Nests were scarce. Larva (unidentified), from ash tree, West Cornwall, Apr. 20. Lasioptera clavula. dogwood club gall. Galls on dogwood, Greenwich, Mar. 10; Bridge- port. Apr. 14; Clinton, Oct. 5. Leaf roller (unidentified). On poplar, Hamden, June 6. Lecanium corni, European fruit scale. On black locust, Rye, N. Y., May 29. Leperisinus aculeatus, ash timber beetle. Adults from fuel wood, New Haven, Aug. 11. Lepidopterous pupae (unidentified). On Scotch pine, New London, June 10. Lepidosaph.es ulnii. oyster-shell scale. On poplar, Riverside, June 10; on butternut, West Haven, July 22; on Japanese willow, West Haven, Sept. 8. Lilhocolletis hamadryadella, oak blotch leaf miner. In leaves of white oak, Noroton, Aug. 3. Longistigma caryae. large twig aphid. On sycamore, Sea Cliff, Long Island, N. Y., July 6; on butternut, West Haven, July 22. Macrodactylus subspinosus, rose chafer. Adults present in large numbers feeding on elm in certain sections of Colchester. Magdalis sp. Adult under loose bark, Griswold, Mar. 13. Malacosoma americana, eastern tent caterpillar. Somewhat less prevalent than in 1935, but very abundant in central and southern Connecticut. Less so in northern portion of the State. Not only were wild cherry and apple trees infested but in some localities beech, birch, hickory, linden, maple, oak and willow trees were covered with nests. Many caterpillars died before pupating, presumably from the wilt disease. Malacosoma dissfria, forest tent caterpillar. More prevalent than for many years. Observed a few caterpillars crawling on trunks of paper birch, New Haven, May 19: moderately abundant on trunks of oak, Windsor, June 4; Mr. Zappe observed them in Canaan, Litchfield, Salisbury, Sharon and Thompson ville. Menecles inserius, a Pentatomid bug. Adult, under loose bark, Griswold, Mar. 13. Midge galls (unidentified). On ash, Winsted, Sept. 5; on maple, Wilton, Sept. 8. Neolecanium cornuparvum, magnolia scale. On magnolia, New Haven, July 10; re- ported as abundant and injurious on a magnificent tree in Middletown, by E. P. Felt. Neuroleru&floccosus, oak flake gall. On white oak, Shelton, Aug. 31; Norwalk, Oct. 8. Noctuid (unidentified). Larva eating leaves of red maple, East Windsor, June 18. Oecanthus pini, pine tree cricket. Eggs in white pine twigs, Plainfield, May 22. Insect Record for 1936 301 Shade and Forest Tree Insects — (Continued) Name Locality, host, date and remarks. Olethreutes abietana, a spruce leaf miner. Injured spruce leaves, Hartford, Apr. 27. Orthosoma brunneum, lesser prionus. Adult, New Haven, July 31. Paleacrita vernata, spring canker worm. Unusually prevalent in northern and western Connecticut, and defoliated many fruit, shade and woodland trees, including elms in Lakeville, Sharon and Simsbury. Adult, Bridgeport, Mar. 16; West- port, Mar. 25; larvae on elm, Danbury, May 25; larvae, Litchfield, June 1; larvae on elm, Watertown, June 1. Paralechia pinifoliella, a pine leaf miner. Larvae boring in needles, Griswold and Branford, Mar. 17, 24. Parandra brunnea, Parandra borer. Characteristic galleries in dead maple wood, Darien, July 21. Paratetranychus bicolor, oak mite. Eggs on silver maple, Stamford, Nov. 8, 1935. Paratetranychus ununguis, spruce mite. Common on conifers throughout the State. On spruce, Hartford, Apr. 27; Danielson, May 1; West Haven, May 20; New- Haven, June 4; Manchester, June 18; Greenwich, June 27; Canaan, Sept. 28; Sharon, Sept. 30; on Chamaecyparis, New Canaan, May 25: on Scotch pine, Ansonia, May 27; on arborvitae, New Canaan, June 23; Old Lyme, July 7; on larch. Pleasant Valley, July 9; on hemlock, Greenwich, June 27; on juniper, Hamden, July 10; Waterbury, July 18; Westport, Oct. 13; on Retinospora, Waterbury, July 18. Phenacoccus acericola, woolly maple leaf scale. On sugar maple, East Norwalk, July 13; Norwich, Aug. 4. Phyllaphis fagi, woolly beech aphid. Reported as abundant and injurious to beech trees in Middletown, by E. P. Felt. Phyllocoptes aceris-crumena, maple spindle gall. On maple, Middletown, July 30. Phyllocopfes quadripes, maple bladder gall. On silver maple, Westport, May 20; Norwalk, May 22; Hamden, May 23; Wallingford, July 24. Phylloxera caryaecaulis, hickory leaf-stem gall aphid. Here and there in small numbers in southwestern Connecticut, July 24, according to E. P. Felt. Phytophaga rigidae, beaked willow gall. Galls on willow, New Haven, Mar. 18. Pineus strobi, pine bark aphid. Plainville, May 13; Kent, June 2; Cheshire, July 27. Pissodes approximatus, a pine weevil. Injured Scotch pines at Old Lvme, Mav 5, Aug. 24. Pissodes strobi, white pine weevil. Dead white pine leader with larval cells, Griswold. Feb. 28; in white pine, Cheshire, Julv 27; in spruce, Hartford, July 8; Newtown, July 14. Plagiodera versicolora, imported willow leaf beetle. Adidt, larva and pupa on willow leaves, Southboro, Mass., June 29; adults and larvae on willow. Springfield, Vt., July 29. Platysamia cecropia, cecropia moth. Caterpillars feeding on flowering dogwood, Stamford, Aug. 24, according to E. P. Felt. Porthelria dispar, gypsy moth. Several egg-clusters from underside of loose oak bark, Griswold, Feb. 7. Prionoxystus robiniae, carpenter worm. Pupa skins from oak, Waterbury, June 30. Prionus talicollis, broad-horned Prionus. Adult, Hamden, July 13. Priophorus acericaulis, maple leaf-stem borer. Washington, June 6; Cannondale, June 10. 302 Connecticut Experiment Station Bulletin 396 Shade and Forest Tree Insects — (Continued) Name l Locality, host, date and remarks. Prociphilus iessellatus, woolly alder aphid. On silver maple, Hartford, July 7, 8. Pulvinaria vitis, cottony maple scale. On maple, Bridgeport, July 1; on elm, Stony Creek, July 16. Recurvaria apicilripunclella, a hemlock leaf miner. Fairly abundant in Hamden, Apr. 13. Relicul Hermes Jlavipes, termite. Wingless specimens from birch tree, Westport, Nov. 16, 1935. Retinodiplosis inopis, gouty pitch pine midge. Light to moderate infestation on Scotch pine, New Hartford, Apr. 20. Rhabdophaga brassicoides, willow cabbage gall. Three galls on willow, Griswold, Apr. 11. Rhabdophaga sirobiloides, pine cone gall. Three galls on willow, Griswold, Apr. 11. Rhagium linealum, ribbed pine borer. Adult under loose bark, Griswold, Mar. 6. Rhyacionia buoliana, European pine shoot moth. Very abundant in some plantations in southwestern Connecticut. Heavy infestation in mugho pine, Greenfield Hill, May 23; in red pine, Waterbury, July 15. Saperda Candida, round-headed apple tree borer. Injured mountain ash, Bristol, Oct. 23. Saperda tridentata, elm borer. Adult from elm, Ansonia, May 12. Sawfly larvae (unidentified, probably Hemichroa americana). On alder, East Hampton, Prospect, Sept. 10; on elm, North Branford, Sept. 10. Schizura concinna, red-humped caterpillar. Caterpillars injured flowering dogwood, Stamford, Aug. 24, according to E. P. Felt. Scolytus multistriatus, small European elm bark beetle. Many adults observed entering sickly elms, Greenwich, Aug. 24, by E. P. Felt. Scolytus quadrispinosus, hickory bark beetle. Larvae in galleries in hickory bark, Griswold, Feb. 7. Stenosphenus notalus, a long-horned beetle. Two adults under loose elm bark, Griswold, Feb. 7. Stilpnotia salicis, satin moth. Caterpillars defoliated poplar trees in Bridgeport and Waterbury. Two larvae from Waterbury, June 15. Tetraleurodes mori, mulberry whitefly. Pupa cases on sycamore leaves, New Haven, Oct. 23. Tetralopha robusiella, a Pyralid moth. Frass balls containing larval skins, on red pine, Plymouth, Feb. 29; New Haven, May 12; Clinton, Deep Biver, Aug. 25; on mugho pine, Branford, Sept. 18. Thrips (unidentified). Nymphs on mulberry, Darien, June 12; nymphs under dead bark of mountain ash, South Meriden, Sept. 1. Thysanocnemis fraxini, a small weevil. Larvae in ash seeds, Nov. 12, 1935. Toumeyella liriodendri, tulip tree scale. New Haven, Mar. 18; Milford, July 30; Bedding Center, Aug. 1; Nichols, Aug. 25. Trichiocampus viminalis, poplar sawfly. Practically all Carolina poplars in Bridgeport were infested, and some trees were defoliated, Aug. 20. Upis ceramboides, a Tenebrionid beetle. Adults under loose elm bark, Griswold, Feb. 7. Xylobiops basillare, red-shouldered twig borer. Adults in branch of Judas tree, New Britain, June 9. Xylotrechus colonus, the rustic borer. Adults from fuel wood, Hartford, Mar. 13; New Haven, Apr. 4; Guilford, July 28. Insec Record for 1936 303 Insects of Ornamental Shrubs and Vines Name Locality, host, date and remarks. Agrilus communis rubicola, rose stem girdler. Much less prevalent than usual on sus- ceptible varieties of roses. Alypia octomaculata, eight-spotted forester. Adult, Bethany, May 29. Aphids (unidentified). On spiraea, Hamden, May 23. Aulacaspis pentagona, white peach scale. On lilac, Darien, Apr. 24, according to E. P. Felt. Brachyrhinus sulcatus, black vine weevil. Injured Taxus plants, Bethel, June 24, according to E. P. Felt. Cacoecia rosana, a leaf roller. On privet, West Haven, June 4. Chionaspis euonymi, euonvmus scale. On evergreen euonvmus, Guilford, Feb. 28, Mar. 18. Chionaspis pinifoliae, pine leaf scale. Unusually prevalent on mugho pines in nurseries and ornamental plantings. Cingilia caienaria, chain-spotted geometer. Larvae stripped nearly all foliage from native shrubs and trees on an island, Groton, July 31. Clasloplera sp., a spittle bug. Nymphs in froth masses on Betinospora, Clinton, July 22. Coccus sp., a soft scale. On English ivy, Sharon, Aug. 8. Dichomeris marginellus, juniper webworm. More prevalent than in 1935. Larvae in webs on juniper, Hamden, May 7; webs and pupa skins on juniper, Torring- ton, June 15. Epicauta marginaia, margined blister beetle. Adults (on roses), New London, July 27. Eriococcus azaleae, azalea scale. On rhododendron, Hartford, Aug. 13. Eriophyes eucricotes, a blister mite. On matrimony vine, South Norwalk, Dec. 13, 1935; Danbury, June 13; another species on buttonbush, Westport, July 20. Hormaphis hamamelidis, witch-hazel cone gall. Galls on witch-hazel, Southbury, July 11; Cromwell. July 30; Mount Vernon, N. Y., Aug. 4; New Haven, Aug. 25. Hormomyia canadensis, June berry lipped gall. Galls on June berry or shadbush, Hebron, June 29. Lachnus sp. Wingless aphids on juniper, Newington, June 10. Lepidosaphes ulmi, oyster-shell scale. On red twig dogwood, Waterbury, Mar. 17; on lilac, Guilford, Mar. 18; Biverside, June 10. Macrobasis torsa, a blister beetle. Adults defoliated hercules club, Derby, June 3; adults, Bidgefield, June 19. Macrodaclylus subspinosus, rose chafer. Locally abundant around Stamford and Colchester in June. Less prevalent than usual around New Haven. Neotetranychus buxi, a boxwood mite. On boxwood, Old Lyme, July 7, Sept. 21; Saugatuck, Aug. 29. Omphalocera dentosa, barberry webworm. Old webs with leaves and frass, on barberry, Milford, Mar. 19. Poecilocapsus lineatus, four-lined plant bug. Unusually prevalent in 1936. Injured Hall's honeysuckle, Hamden, June 30; forsythia, Meriden, July 7. Popillia japonica, Japanese beetle. More prevalent than ever before in Connecticut, and injured roses, dahlias and other flowering plants. Adults on rose, Hamden, July 21, 30; adults, New London, July 27. 304 Connecticut Experiment Station Bulletin 396 Insects of Ornamental Shrubs and Vines — (Continued) Name Locality, host, date and remarks. Pseudocneorrhinus setosus, a weevil from Japan. Adult on privet, West Haven, June 4. Pseudococcus sp., a mealybug. On Taxus, New Haven, June 10. Stephanilis rhododendri, rhododendron lacebug. Injured rhododendron leaves with eggs in midrib, Hamden, Apr. 22; Bridgeport, May 12; Simsbury, Aug. 4; injured mountain laurel, Waterbury, May 4. Tetranychus bimaculafus, red spider. On English ivy, Sharon, Aug. 8. Thrips. On privet, Hamden, July 13. Trichionotus affinis, a Scarabaeid beetle. On rose, Branford, June 23. Insects of Flowers and Greenhouse Plants Acucephala albifrons. a leafhopper. Adults on chrysanthemum, Springdale, Sept. 2. Aphids (wingless specimens). On aquarium plants, in house, New Haven, Mar. 26. Apion rostrum, a small weevil. Adults from seed pods of Baptisia, Waterbury, Dec. 12, 1935. Calomycterus setarius, an Oriental weevil. Larvae and pupae very abundant in soil at Stratford; somewhat less so at Sharon. Adults emerging June 22, and fed on Desmodium, Lespedeza, and other legumes. A new infestation found in Fairfield. Chauliognathus pennsylmnicus, soldier beetle. Adults on veronica, Hamden, Aug. 19. Coccus hesperidum, soft scale. On grapefruit tree, Stony Creek, May 5; on English ivy, Norwichtown, Sept. 5. Diabrotica duodecimpunctata, twelve-spotted cucumber beetle. Adult, New Haven, Nov. 9, 1935. Diarthronomyia hypogaea, chrysanthemum gall midge. Galls on chrysanthemum leaves, Westport, Mar. 17; North Haven, July 22. Dipterous larvae. In buds of Japanese iris, Darien, July 3. Empoasca fabae, potato leafhopper. Heavy infestation on dahlia at Mount Carmel with much dwarfing, tip burn and leaf curl in July. Beports of serious damage in several sections of the State. On dahlia, Hartford, Aug. 19. Epicauta pennsylvanica, black blister beetle. Adults on gladiolus, Portland, Aug. 25. Euphoria fulgida, a green Scarabaeid beetle. Adult in garden, Sound View, June 29. Euschistus ictericus, a Pentatomid plant bug. Adult, New Haven, Aug. 19. Galerucella nymphaeae, a water lily leaf beetle. All stages found at North Windham, where the foliage of the white water lily had been defaced, Aug. 26. (Beported by Doctor Back.) Craphocephala coccinea, a leafhopper. Adults on chrysanthemum, Springdale, Sept. 2. Julus hortensis, garden millipede. Several specimens, Bridgeport, Feb. 1; in roots of bleeding heart, Guilford, May 26. Lepidosaphes gloveri, Glover's scale. On orange peel, Lakeville, Mar. 23. Lepidosaphes ulmi, oyster-shell scale. On Pachysandra terrninalis, New Haven, Sept. 10. Limax maximus, giant garden slug. In garden, New Haven, Sept. 17. Lycophotia margaritosa saucia, variegated cutworm. Three larvae from greenhouse, New London, Feb. 5; larvae on gladiolus, Litchfield, Aug. 15. Insect Record for J 936 305 Insects of Flowers and Greenhouse Plants — (Continued) Name Locality, host, date and remarks. Lygus pralensis, tarnished plant bug. Injured aster, veronica and vinca, Torrington, June 30. Macrodaclylus subspinosus, rose chafer. Abundant locally but not generally. Adults injured flowering plants, Fair Haven, June 11. Papaipema nitela, stalk borer. Larva in stem of marsh mallow, East Haven, July 2. Paria canellus var. quadrinolafus, a common leaf beetle. Adults devoured rose leaves in greenhouse, New Haven, Oct. 21. Phlyctaenia rubigalis, greenhouse leaf tier. Bridgeport, Oct. 12. Poecilocapsus linealus, four-lined plant bug. Apparently more prevalent than usual. On Chinese lantern plant, Riverside, June 10; on chrysanthemum, Guilford, June 22; Branford, June 23; Meriden, June 24; East Haven, July 2; on heliotrope. New Haven, June 19; on pepper plants, Windsor, June 24; on aster, Hartford, June 30. Polydesmus moniliaris, a millipede. Injured Madonna lilies, Hartford, May 18. Pomphopoea sayi, Say's blister beetle. Heavy infestation in small area in Sharon. All lupine blossoms eaten on several premises and nearly a peck of adults were collected, June 11. Popillia japonica, Japanese beetle. More prevalent (ban heretofore in Connecticut. Severely injured dahlia, roses and other gardes Qowers. Adult on hollyhock, Hamden. July 18; adult, Southport, July 20; adults on Polygonum cuspidatum, Hartford, July 23; adults on various flowers, New Haven. V.ug. 3, 11, 19. Pseudococcus citri, citrus mealybug. Eggs and young on gardenia, Stamford, Nov. 8, 1935; on gardenia, New Haven. \pr. 2 1 : on coleus, New Milford, May 1. Reticulitermes Jlavipes, common termite. Injured chrysanthemum plants in greenhouse, Bristol, Apr. 1. Saissetia Iiemisphaerica, hemispherical scale. On fern, Hamden, Vul:. 22. Spittle bug. Nymphs on African daisy (Cerberu) in greenhouse, Hamden, Mar. 30. Taenwthrips simplex (gladioli), gladiolus thrips. On gladiolus, Greenwich, July 11: Lakeville, Aug. 25. Tarsonemus pallidus, cyclamen mite. On snapdragon. New Haven, Oct. 7. Telranycliiis bimaciilatus, common red spider. On Brougmansia, Nbank, May (>. Triphleps insidiosus, a Coreid bug. On chrysanthemum, Bridgeport. Aug. 26. Insects Infesting Stored Food Products Dermestes cadaverinus, a larder beetle. Adult from built-in incinerator, in house, Hamden, Mar. 13. Dermestes lardarius, larder beetle. Adults from houses, New Haven, Apr. 22. Mav 15; Naugatuck, May 29. Dermestid (unidentified). Larva in closet, New Haven, Oct. 15. Ephestia kuehniella, Mediterranean flour moth. Adult in house, New Haven, June 24. Oryzaephilus surinamensis, saw-toothed grain beetle. Adults in pantry. Norwich, Dec. 19, 1935. Plodia interpunctella, indian-meal moth. Adults from houses, Pine Orchard, Mar. 11; Woodbridge, June 12. 306 Connecticut Experiment Station Bulletin 396 Insects Infesting Stored Food Products — (Continued) Name Locality, host, date and remarks. Plinus brunneus, brown spider beetle. Adults infesting grain in bags, New Britain, May 1, 11. Sitodrepa panicea, drugstore beetle. Adults, from houses, New Haven, Dec. 20, 1935; Manchester, Sept. 29. Sitophilus granaria, granary weevil. Adult from house, Hamden, May 9. Tenebroides corticalis, a Tenebrionid beetle. Adult infesting grain, New Britain, May 11 . Typhaea fumala, a small beetle. Adult in ground limestone (accidental), Litchfield, Sept. 22. Household Insects Anisopus alternatus, a fly. Adult in house, Stonington, Dec. 30, 1935. Anthrenus scrophulariae, carpet beetle. Larvae in house, Norwich, Hartford, Nov. 5, 1935; larva in wool clothing, New Haven, June 29; larvae in house, Stamford, July 18. Anthrenus verbasci, museum beetle. Adult in house, Hamden, Mar. 2; larva, Norwich, Sept. 1. Ants (unidentified; specimens broken). In house, Hartford. Feb. 27; New Haven, Mar. 2, Mav 11, 15; Hamden, May 4, June 2; Bridgeport, Apr. 8; Meriden, June 27. Attagenus piceus, black carpet beetle. Unusually prevalent; 23 lots from 11 localities. Larvae in house, Hamden, Jan. 13, May 23; adults, June 16; larvae, July 14; larvae, New Haven, Mar. 30, 31, Apr. 21, May 7, July 7, 9; adult, July 22; larvae, Hartford, Apr. 18, 29, May 14, June 3; larva, East Haven, May 6; Bridgeport, Apr. 22; Bristol, May 9; Southington, Apr. 21; Waterburv, June 26; West Haven, Jan. 29; Wethersfield, Mar. 4; Windsor, Apr. 21. Blattella germanica, German cockroach. Adult in house, Winsted, Dec. 30, 1935. Bryobia praetiosa, clover mite. Four mites in house, North Haven, Jan. 29; Walling- ford, May 11. Calliphora erythrocephala, a blue-bottle fly. Two adults in house, Stonington, Dec. 30, 1935. Calliphora vomitoria, a blue-bottle fly. Adult in house, Stonington, Dec. 30, 1935. Cynomyia cadaverina, a carrion fly. Larvae in house, North Stonington, Nov. 9, 1935. Formica sp. (unidentified). Adult from house, New Haven, Apr. 29; Bridgeport, Oct. 9. Fucellia maritima, a fly. Three adults in house, Stonington, Dec. 30, 1935. Julus venustus, a millipede. In house, Hartford, Nov. 2, 1935. Lasius sp., ants. Winged females in house, New Haven, Feb. 27, May 25; Orange, June 27; around porch, Greenwich, July 13. Musca domestica, common house fly. Four adults in house, Stonington, Dec. 30, 1935. Muscina pascuorum, an introduced fly. Adult in house, Stonington, Dec. 30, 1935. Muscina stabulans, stable fly. Adult in house, Stonington, Dec. 30, 1935. Myrmica sp., an ant. In house, Norwalk, Sept. 17. Periplaneta americana, American cockroach. Adult in house, Hamden, Nov. 15, 1935; nymphs and adults in bales of cotton yarn from South Carolina, Hamden, June 2; nymph and adult in bakery, New Haven, Aug. 28. Insect Record for 1936 307 Household Insects — (Continued) Name Locality, host, date and remarks. Pollenia rudis, cluster fly. Thirty-six adults in house, Stonington, Dec. 30, 1935. Porcellia scaber, a Crustacean sow bug or pill bug. Seven specimens from house cellar, Milford, Mar. 21. Psocids. Adults in house, New Haven, July 31. Scuiigera forceps, house centipede. Adult in factory, New Haven, Apr. 30. Seioptera vibrans, a fly. Adult in house, Stonington, Dec. 30, 1935. Silverfish (badly damaged). Four specimens in bakery, New Haven, Aug. 26; in house, Arlington, Mass., Sept. 22. Sitodrepa panicea, drugstore beetle. Adult in house, New Haven, Dec. 20, 1935; larva in writing paper, Naugatuck, Nov. 15, 1935. Tineola biselliella, webbing clothes moth. Several larvae in cotton sanitary pads wrapped in cellophane, Hartford, Jan. 6. Trocles pulsalorius, a Corrodentid. In house, Greenwich, Sept. 19. Insects Infesting Timbers and Wood Products Camponotus herculeanus ligniperda noveboracensis, a carpenter ant. Workers in house, Norfolk, July 22. Camponotus herculeanus pennsylvanicus. black carpenter ant. In all, 21 different lots from 10 localities, as follows: Workers in house, New Haven, Dec. 23, 1935; specimens, Feb. 19, Apr. 23, May 7, 11, 12, June 8, July 29, Aug. 5, Oct. 31; in house, Trumbull, Mar. 23; in fuel wood, Wilton, Apr. 9; in house, Waterbury, Apr. 17; in fuel wood, Sept. 25; in house, Hamden, Apr. 20, May 25; in house, Milford, May 28; in garage, Torrington, June 8; Stamford, June 8; in build- ing, Danbury, July 6; in house, New London, Sept. 15. • Larvae (Bostrichid or Lyctid beetle). In antique furniture, New Haven. Apr. 18. Lyclus sp., powder-post beetle. Injury to antique desk, Hartford, Mar. 16; oak wood of boat, Hampton, Apr. 3; house, Salem, Apr. 6; house, Woodbridge, May 12; damaged wood, Hamden, July 7; house. Windsor Locks, Sept. 28; Collins- ville, Oct. 17. Phymatodes variabilis, a small long-horned beetle. Adults from fuel wood in house, New Haven, Apr. 4; Hartford, Apr. 27; Bristol, June 23; Groton, July 2. Reliculilermes flavipes, eastern subterranean termite. In all, 38 different lots from 26 different localities. From houses or buildings: New Haven, Apr. 8, 16, 21, 23, May 4, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 25, Oct. 15; Hazardville, Dec. 9, 1935; Southport, Mar. 4; Danbury, Mar. 7; Montville, Mar. 25; Simsbury, Mar. 27; Fairfield, Apr. 1; Hartford, Apr. 1, Sept. 24; Salem, Apr. 6; Madison, Apr. 8; South Norwalk, Apr. 9; Norwich, Apr. 11; Patterson, N. Y., near New Fairfield, Apr. 14; Greenwich, Apr. 15; Mystic, Apr. 21; New Milford, Apr. 27; Ken- sington, May 5; Roxbury, May 7; ^Stamford, May 21; Branford, July 7; Manchester, Aug. 16; New York City, Aug. 20; West Simsbury, Sept. 18; Meriden, Sept. 25; Oakville, Oct. 26; Rocky Hill, Oct. 28. Xylocopa virginica, carpenter bee. Tunneling in wood of house porch, West Haven, June 11. Insects of Soil and Lawn Anomala orientalis, Asiatic beetle. Rather prevalent in untreated lawns in New Haven and West Haven. Grubs in lawn, New Haven, Sept. 1, 29, Oct. 22; West Haven, May 20; Norwalk, Sept. 23. 308 Connecticut Experiment Station Bulletin .'596 Insects of Soil and Lawn — (Continued) Name Locality, host, date and remarks. Ants (unidentified). In soil near house, New Haven, Mar. 31; Bridgeport, Oct. 10. Aphodius fimetarius, a dung beetle. Adults in manure, Hamden, May 14. Auloserica castanea, Asiatic garden beetle. Adults from soil, Greenwich, July 2; grubs in lawn, Norwalk, Sept. 23. Blissus hirtus, hairy chinch bug. Adult from lawn, Hamden, July 9; specimens and injured grass, Bristol, July 15; Westport, July 22; Greenwich, Sept. 17. Formica exsecloides, mound-building ant. Adults and pupae, Danbury, July 18. Lasius niger americana, an ant. In lawn, New Haven, Sept. 24. Lasius niger neoniger, an ant. Females from golf course, New Haven, Sept. 14. Lasius sp., ants. Winged adults in dooryard, Groton, Apr. 24; winged adults, North Haven, Sept. 8, Oct. 13. Macrodaclylus subspinosus, rose chafer. Grubs from lawn, Lawrence, Long Island, N. Y., Nov. 15, 1935. Ochrosidia villosa, a Scarabaeid beetle. Grubs from lawn, Lawrence, Long Island, N. Y., Nov. 15, 1935; Greenwich, Oct. 3, 14. Pachysteihus lucicola, light-loving grapevine beetle. Grubs from lawn, Hamden, Sept. 24. Phyllophaga sp., May or June beetle. Grubs from lawn, Hamden, Sept. 24. Reticulitermes flavipes, eastern subterranean termite. Adults from lawn, Hamden, May 11. Sphecius speciosus, cicada killer. Unusually abundant, nesting in hard ground, New Haven, July 27, Aug. 3; Mount Carmel, July 24; Stony Creek, Aug. 12; Nor- wich town, Aug. 18. Insects Annoying Man and Domestic Animals Ctenocephalus canis, dog flea. Adults from cellar of house, Thomaston, July 1. Hypoderma bovis or H. lineata, cattle grub. Larvae in cattle, Norwich, Mar. 10. Liponyssus sylviarum a bird mite. House became infested from a bird's nest on porch, and inhabitants were bitten by the mites, Westport, June 27; Isle La Motte, Vt., Aug. 13. Mosquitoes (unidentified; badly damaged). Adults, New Haven, July 24. Phlhirius pubis, crab louse. On person, Hamden, Sept. 14. Spiders Anyphaenella saltabunda, a spider. Adult and egg-mass on under side of a leaf,*East Haven, July 2. Araneus trifolium, the shamrock spider. New Haven, Aug. 10. Beneficial Insects Anatis quindecimpunctata, 15-spotted ladybeetle. Adult on white birch tree, Torring- ton, June 4; adult on screen door, New Haven, Aug. 11. Anystis agrilis, a red mite predaceous on other mites. On white pine, Hamden, June 30. Insect Record for 1936 309 Beneficial Insects — (Continued) Name Locality, host, date and remarks. Apaleticus sp., a soldier bug. Devouring gypsy moth caterpillar, Windsor, June 13. Calosoma scrutator, caterpillar hunter, a large ground beetle. Adult taken at light, Shelton, May 25. Ceratomegilla fuscilabris, spotted ladybeetle. Adults, Marion, Oct. 14. Coccinella novemnotala, nine-spotted ladybeetle. Pupa, Wallingford, July 17, adult emerged July 20; several adults on aphid-infested pepper plants. North Haven, July 27. Coccinella transversoguttaia, five-spotted ladybeetle. Adult on pepper plants infested with aphids, North Haven, July 27. Conwentzia hageni, a Neuropteroid insect. Cocoons on arborvitae. Old Lyme, July 7; cocoons on juniper, Hamden, July 10. Dibrachys scutellata. a Chalcidoid parasite. Adults reared from nest of a mud-dauber wasp, Storrs, May 4. Hippodamia convergens, convergent ladybeetle. Larvae from tomato, Branford, July 24; West Haven, July 22, adults emerged, July 30. Hyperaspis signata, a small black ladybeetle. Larvae feeding on tulip tree scale, New Haven, Nov. 23, 1935. Hyposoter (Campoplex) fpgilivus, a Hymenopterous parasite. On red-humped cater- pillars, Sound View, Sept. 8. Ladybeetle (unidentified). Larva on spruce, Tariffville, July 3; larvae on potato and tomato. Higganum, July 21; larvae feeding on tulip tree scale, Redding Center, Aug. 1. Malachius aeneus, a predaceous flower beetle. Adult in house, Hamden, Apr. 8; adult, Norwichtown, Apr. 16. Megarhyssa alrata, black long-sting. Adult females, East Haven, June 19; Hartford, July 21. Megarhyssa lunator, lunate long-sting. Adult female on trunk of English walnut tree, North Haven, June 13. Microplitis kewleyi. a Braconid parasite of cutworms. Hartford, Sept. 14. Pentatomid bug (unidentified). Nymphs devouring Mexican bean beetle, Woodmont, July 24. Syntomosphyrum orgyrae, a Hymenopterous parasite. Adult reared from nest of mud- dauber wasp, Storrs, May 4. Syrphid larvae (unidentified). Three specimens on spruce infested with aphids, New Britain, May 22. Tenodera sinensis, Chinese praying mantid. Adult male, West Haven, Sept. 30. Miscellaneous Alaus oculatus, eyed click beetle. Adults, Plainfield, June 12; New Haven, June 29. Amara sp., a small ground beetle. Adults in building, New Haven, July 21. Automeris io, io moth. Larva, Canaan, Sept. 12. Aylax sp. (unidentified). Galls on Nepeta, Hamden, June 18. Benacus griseus. a giant water bug. Adults, Guilford, June 9; West Haven, July 21; New Haven, July 27. 310 Connecticut Experiment Station Bulletin 396 Miscellaneous — (Continued) Name Locality, host, date and remarks. Chauliodes sp. (unidentified), a fish fly. Egg-mass on green painted woodwork, Cheshire, June 25; adult, Hamden, Aug. 15. Chrysochus auratus, green gold heetle. Adults, on dogbane, Hamden, July 6; on milk- weed, Fairfield, July 18. Corydalis cornuta, hellgramite or dobson fly. Adults, male and female, Wallingford, July 6; adult, New Haven, July 15. Dendroleon obsoletum, an ant lion. Adult, Wallingford, July 17. Diacrisia latipennis, an Arctiid moth. Adult in house, North Haven, June 23. Esligmene acraea, salt marsh caterpillar. Larva, May 23. Euthochtha galealor, a Coreid plant bug. Adults, New Haven, July 13. Fumea casta, a Psychid moth. Winter cases, West Hartford, May 20. Gryllotalpa hexadactyla, northern mole cricket. Adult in basket of California plums at a roadside stand, North Haven, Aug. 21; adult in restaurant, Danbury, Aug. 22. Lagoa crispata, crinkled flannel moth. Larva, Danielson, Sept. 17. Metriona bicolor, golden tortoise beetle. Adult, Norwichtown, June 4. Neuropteroid fly (unidentified; Family Sialidae). Two specimens in house, Lebanon, June 12. Parcoblatla virginica, a woodland cockroach. Adults, Norwich, June 12. Phanaeus carnifex, a green Scarabaeid beetle. Adult, Hartford, June 20. Phyllophaga gracilis, a small May or June beetle. Adults, Storrs, Aug. 8. Podops cinctipes, a Pentatomid bug. Adult from Massachusetts, Apr. 30. Psocus venosus, a Corrodentiid. Adults on pine, Bethany, Aug. 13. Rhytidoloma saucia, a Pentatomid bug. Adult from Massachusetts, Apr. 30. Scopelosoma morrisoni, a Noctuid moth. Adult in maple sap, Clinton, Mar. 13; adult at automobile headlight, Mar. 17. Scopelosoma tristigmata, a Noctuid moth. Adult at automobile headlight, Mar. 17. Scopelosoma walkeri, a Noctuid moth. Adult at automobile headlight, Mar. 17. Serica sp. (unidentified), a small Scarabaeid beetle. Adult, New Haven, Aug. 5. Sisyrosea textula, a Cochliid moth. Larva, Westport, Sept. 12. Sphinx gordius, the Gordian sphinx. Adult, Wallingford, June 4. Tibicen sp., a cicada. Pupa skins, Ridgefield, Aug. 7. Tropaea luna, luna moth. Cocoon, North Woodbury, Oct. 30. Conference of Connecticut Entomologists By invitation, the thirteenth annual conference of entomologists working in Connecticut was held in Memorial Hall, Massachusetts State College, Amherst, Mass., on Friday, October 16, 1936, in connection with the exercises commemorating the fiftieth anniversary of the beginning of the work of Charles Henry Fernald. Mr. Neely Turner was elected chairman, and 98 persons were present. Luncheon was served in the Conference of Connecticut Entomologists 311 College dining hall and the commemorative exercises, over which Professor Charles P. Alexander presided, followed the luncheon. The following program was carried out : Greeting, Professor C. P. Alexander, Amherst, Mass. Some Entomological Features of 1936, W. E. Britton, New Haven, Conn. Results Accomplished in Gypsy Moth, Work, 1936, S. S. Crossman, Greenfield, Mass. Review of the Japanese Beetle Situation, I. M. Hawley, Springfield, Mass. Natural Control of Insects (10-minute papers) 1. Notes on Natural Enemies of Certain Orchard Pests, Philip Garman, New Haven, Conn. 2. Investigations on Parasites of Forest Insects by the Bureau of Entomology at New Haven, Conn., Philip B. Dowden, New Haven, Conn. 3. Parasitism of the Squash Bug by Trichopoda pennipes, Raimon L. Beard, New Haven, Conn. 4. Climatic Factors in Insect Control, Harvey L. Sweetman, Amherst, Mass. 5. Factors Important to a Successful Hibernation of the Corn Ear Worm, George W. Barber, New Haven, Conn. 6 . Discussion The Apple Leaf-Curling Midge, W. D. Whitcomb, Waltham, Mass. Fernald Commemorative Exercises Address of Welcome, President Hugh P. Baker, Amherst, Mass. Message from H. T. Fernald, Orlando, Florida. A Tribute to Professor Charles H. Fernald, A. F. Burgess, Greenfield, Mass. Professor C. H. Fernald and Fifty Years of Shade Tree Insect Control, E. P. Felt, Stamford, Conn. Carpenter Ant Injury to Telephone Poles, R. B. Friend, New Haven, Conn. Field Plot Experiments with Corn Borer Insecticides, 1936, C. H. Batchelder and N. Turner, New Haven, Conn. Insect Collection: Additions and Statistics Important additions to the Station insect collection were made during the season. Messrs. Zappe, Turner and Plumb gathered flood debris in the early spring, and from this material obtained many insects. They also made several trips to various parts of the State with satisfactory results. Some unusual beetles were collected in the Japanese beetle traps. Mr. Harry L. Johnson of South Meriden has presented the Station with several small lots of insects that he collected, altogether about 500 specimens. Mr. C. E. Jennings, who has been employed as entomologist on the WPA mosquito project, collected mosquito larvae from many localities and reared the adults, resulting in more than 1,600 specimens that fill 15 cigar boxes. Dr. B. J. Kaston has continued his work on borers and other insects affecting elm trees, and Dr. R. B. Friend and Mr. G. H. Plumb have made good progress in their studies of the insects infesting conifers. Several parasites have been reared from the borers of conifers and elms. More than 50 species of two-winged flies of the family Tipulidae, collected in Connecticut and new to the collection, were kindly donated by Professor Charles P. Alexander. 312 Connecticut Experiment Station Bulletin 396 Doctor Kaston and others have collected more than 10,000 specimens of spiders, to be used in a study of the group for the Geological and Natural History Survey. The insects collected and reared during the season amount to about 7,000 specimens. All have been mounted and labeled but some have not yet been identified. The present statistics of the Station collection are as follows: Number of named Type material Order of insects species and varieties species and varieties Hymenoptera 1,275 129 types 12 paratypes Diptera 938 Lepidoptera 1,302 1 cotype Coleoptera 2,258 1 type Xl"IIiJ|JtcI d Homoptera 522 1 type 5 cotypes Heteroptera 405 45 paratypes Odonata 129 Orthoptera 104 Neuroptera and other small orders 119 4 paratypes Total 7,052 198 Of the species and varieties enumerated above, nearly all (probably 95 to 97 percent) are from Connecticut. There are also many other species (65 Chalcid flies) which have been identified only so far as the genus for each. Considering all specimens together with undetermined, duplicate and exhibit material, the Station collection probably contains more than 100,000 specimens. The cases holding these are shown in Figure 39. Department Library: Additions and Statistics The following important additions to the library have been made during the year: Berlese, Acari, Myriopoda et Scorpiones in Italia reperta, 101 fascicules, more than 1,000 pages, 963 plates, with supplements 1-4, 57 plates, and supplements 5 and 6 by F. Silvestri, 4 plates; Berlese, Gli Insetti, 2 vols., altogether 1,996 pages, 2,187 figures, 17 plates; Cecconia, Manuale di Entomologia Forestale, 680 pages, 786 figures; Schiner, Die Fliegen, 2 vols., altogether 1,332 pages; Meigen. European Diptera, with supplements, 10 vols., altogether 3,575 pages, 72 plates; Meigen, Klassifi- kazion und Beschreibung der Europaischen Zweiflugligen Insekten, 314 pages, 15 plates; Verrall, British Flies, 2 vols., altogether 1,471 pages, 805 figures; Weber, Biologie der Hemipteren, 543 pages, 32 figures; Selys- Longchamps, Odonata, 2 vols., altogether 1,011 pages, 37 plates; Seitz, Macrolepidoptera of the World, that portion containing the North Ameri- can species of the Families Noctuidae, Geometridae and the Bombycine moths, altogether 964 pages, 123 plates and not completed; Genera In- sectorum, fascicules 200-203, altogether 194 pages, 12 plates; Petrunke- vitch, A Synonymic Jndex-Catalogue of Spiders of North, Central and South America, with index to generic names, by F. E. Lutz, 809 pages; Herrick, Insect Enemies of Shade Trees, 417 pages, 321 figures; Snyder, Our Enemy, the Termite, 196 pages, 56 figures; also many separates of Emerton's papers on spiders, and of various authors on insects. Statistics of Entomological Library 313 Figure 39. Station insect collection cases at right and in background. Ends of library book stacks at left. STATISTICS OF ENTOMOLOGICAL LIBRARY Total number of bound volumes including journals, 1,474. Total number of bulletins, pamphlets and separates, 6,019. In nearly all of the journals and in some of the separates the references to descriptions of new species have been placed in a card catalogue of about 20,000 cards, arranged alphabetically under each Order, convenient for ready reference. 314 Connecticut Experiment Station Bulletin 396 INSPECTION OF NURSERIES, 1936 W. E. Britton and M. P. Zappe Section 2136 of the General Statutes provides that all nurseries in Connecticut where stock is grown and offered for sale shall be inspected at least once each year. The annual inspection of these nurseries was com- menced July 1 and was in charge of Mr. Zappe. As in preceding years, he was assisted during July and August by A. F. Clark, W. T. Rowe and R. J. Walker. By September 1 most of the larger nurseries had been inspected and Mr. Zappe completed the others September 20, with the help, in a few special cases, of Neely Turner, L. A. Devaux and W. E. Britton. Several nurseries were again visited one or more times to make sure that the pests had been eradicated. On the whole the nurseries were in somewhat better condition than in 1935. Several had been sadly neglected. There was less European pine shoot moth than for the preceding three years, but more pine leaf scale and spruce aphid galls than ever found before. There were 26 nurseries in which no pests were found. Altogether, there were about 113 different insect pests, and 60 different plant diseases found in nurseries in 1936. These cannot all be mentioned here but some of the more important pests that may be carried on nursery stock are shown, with the number of nurseries infested by each for the past 10 years, in the following table: Table 1. Ten-Year Record of Certain Nursery Pests Pest 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 Oyster-shell scale 45 57 78 86 73 68 78 104 93 87 San Jose scale 16 30 22 8 11 10 13 19 17 11 Spruce gall aphids1 82 120 147 99 124 141 231 244 285 337 White pine weevil 17 19 37 66 74 70 61 67 98 82 Pine leaf scale 6 13 13 10 20 26 46 . 66 42 72 European pine shoot moth... 1 7 7 17 32 77 137 120 121 108 Poplar canker 39 35 37 35 23 40 34 39 28 28 Pine blister rust 9 5 7 7 13 12 11 7 2 0 Nurseries uninfested 37 18 13 18 32 24 22 21 16 26 Number of nurseries 191 228 266 302 327 351 362 381 373 380 Number and Size of Nurseries The list of nurserymen for 1936 contains 380 names, an increase of seven over 1935. A classification of nurseries by size may be indicated as follows: Area Number Percentage 50 acres or more 18 5 10 acres to 49 acres 44 12 5 acres to 9 acres 32 8 2 acres to 4 acres 89 23 1 acre or less 197 52 380 100 'Includes both Adelges nbietis and A. cooleyi. Inspection of Nurseries, 1936 315 Of the 380 nurseries listed for 1936, seven new ones registered and were inspected before the spring shipping season and again in late summer. These are marked "(2)" after the name because each was inspected twice and granted two certificates during the year. One nurseryman failed to register before July 1, 1936. and, as provided in Section 2137 of the General Statutes, a minimum charge of $5.00 was made as the cost of inspection. This was collected and turned over to the treasurer of the Station to be paid to the State Treasurer. The area of Connecticut nurseries receiving certificates in 1936 is 4,855 acres, an increase of 76 acres over 1935. Altogether 27 new names have been added, and 20 have discontinued the nursery business either temporarily or permanently, since last year. Some of these registered and some failed to register but most of them did not notify the office. Hence, it was necessary for the inspectors to visit the places before it was known that they had discontinued business. Twenty-two nurseries listed in 1935 are on the 1936 list under somewhat different names. The nursery list for 1936 contains 380 names, an increase of seven over that of last year. The nursery firms receiving certificates for 1936 are as follows: Connecticut Nursery Firms Certified in 1936 Name of firm Ackerman, H. S. Adamcyk, Frank (2) Adamec Nursery, George Aldrich Gardens Aldrich, Miss Inie E. Allara, Emanuel Allen, Henry L. Amelunxen & DeWyn Anderson Avenue Nursery Andover Gardens Anstett Nursery, Louis Arnold of Orange Nursery Artistree Nursery Austin, M. E. Baldwin, Linus Banak Nurseries Barnes Bros. Nursery Co., The Barrett Co., The W. E. Barrows, Paul M. Bartolotta, Mike S. Barton Nursery Beach, Boy G. Beattie, William H. Bedford Gardens Beers, H. P. Belltown Nurseries Benbow, Florist, Abram Berkshire Gate Nurseries Bertolf Bros., Inc. Biehler, Augusta Blakeslee, Dwight W. Blue Hills Nurseries, Inc. Boggini, Louis Bonnie Brook Gardens Booy, H. W. Brack Nursery Address Acreage West Hartford 2 Deep Biver 1 East Haven 1 Guilford 1 Thomaston 2 Hamden 1 Pawcatuck 1 Yalesville 4 West Haven 1 Andover 1 Norfolk 2 Orange 1 Branford 3 Clinton 1 Middletown 1 Bockville 2 Yalesville 215 Manchester 10 Stamford 1 Cromwell 1 Hamden 1 Forestville 1 New Haven 1 Plain ville 1 Southport 1 Stamford 4 Norfolk 1 Danbury 1 Old Greenwich 45 Plain ville 1 North Haven 1 Hartford 26 South Manchester 1 Bowayton 2 Yalesville 4 Brookfield 1 Certificate Certificate date number Sept. 24 3517 Aug. 25 3360 Sept. 23 3509 Sept. 23 3510 Aug. 12 3312 Nov. 21 3576 Aug. 10 3299 Sept. 2 3400 Sept. 19 3494 Aug. 24 3346 Sept. 29 3527 Nov. 4 3560 Oct. 2 3531 Aug. 25 3361 Sept. 5 3421 July 17 3227 Sept. 2 3401 Mar. 10 3211 Oct. 23 3550 Sept. 8 3434 Sept. 29 3525 Aug. 14 3320 Sept. 8 3429 Sept. 22 3507 Sept. 19 3497 Oct. 5 3535 Sept. 16 3481 Aug. 7 3289 July 31 3272 Sept. 10 3444 May 2 3219 Aug. 27 3377 Sept. 9 3441 Nov. 12 3574 Sept. 1 3399 Aug. 6 3282 316 Connecticut Experiment Station Connecticut Nursery Firms Certified in 1936- Bulletin .396 Name of firm Address Brainard Nursery & Seed Co. Thompsonville Brandriff's Bock & Perennial Gardens Branford Nurseries Bretschneider, A. Bridgeport Hydraulic Co. Brirafield Gardens Nursery Bristol Nurseries, Inc. Brooklawn Nursery Brooks the Florist Brouwer's Nurseries Brouwer's Nurseries, Peter Bulpitt, Henry F. Bureau of Trees Burke the Florist Burnett's Corners Farm, The Burr, Morris L. Burr & Co., Inc., C. B. Burwell Seed Co., E. E. Busch, A. H. Byram Evergreen Nursery Cardarelli, E. J. Carlisle Hardware Co. Carlson's Garden Service Case, Mrs. Louis L. Cherry Hill Nursery, Inc., The Chesman, Joseph Chiapperini, Michele Chippendale Nurseries, Inc. Choate School, The City Line Florist Cleary's Gardens Clinton Nurseries Clyne Nurseries Coley, H. W. Collington, E. H. Conine Nursery Co., Inc. Conn. Agr. Expt. Station (W. 0. Filley, Forester) New Haven Connecticut Forestry Nurseries Deep Biver Conn. State College (S. P. Hollister) Storrs Conn. State Forestry Department Hartford Connecticut State Highway Dept. (Bureau of Boadside Development) Hartford Connecticut Valley Nurseries Manchester Corrigan's West Haven Nurseries West Haven Cragholme Nurseries, Inc. Greenwich Cronamere Alpine Nurseries, Inc. Greens Farms Culver, W. B. Suffield Curtiss, C. F. Plantsvilie Acreage 14 Branford Branford Danielson Bridgeport Wethersfield Bristol Bridgeport West Haven New London New London Darien New Haven Bockville Mystic Westport Manchester New Haven Greenwich East Port Chester Cromwell Manchester Tracy Simsbury Bockfall East Haven Groton Old Lyme Wallingford Bridgeport Bethel Clinton Waterbury Westport West Mystic Stratford 1 6 1 15 8 65 2 1 20 3 5 7 1 2 1 500 1 1 1 5 6 1 1 20 1 1 2 4 1 1 90 6 1 1 75 18 25 1 2 3 1 9 -(Continued) Certificate date Aug. 5 Sept. 11 Sept. 5 Aug. 20 Sept. 5 Aug. 25 Aug. 18 July 31 Dec. 7 Aug. 24 Aug. 17 Aug. 29 Sept. 14 July 21 Aug. 10 Nov. 4 July 29 Sept. 25 Aug. 14 Sept. 1 July 25 Mar. 10 Sept. 8 Sept. 10 Aug. 18 Sept. 11 Aug. 17 Sept. 22 Sept. 3 Sept. 17 July 30 Oct. Dec. 26 4 Aug. 28 Aug. 24 July 22 Sept. 14 Nov. 9 Aug. 15 Nov. 25 Aug. 26 July 21 Sept. 11 Aug. 27 Aug. 15 Sept. 11 Oct. 30 Certificate number 3279 3453 3419 3337 3425 3355 3331 3270 3593 3347 3330 3383 3469 3239 3296 3559 3264 3518 3324 3397 3252 3214 3431 3447 3332 3457 3327 3506 3407 3486 3268 3551 3591 3380 3353 3247 3470 3567 3326 3583 3368 3241 3459 3372 3325 3454 3557 Daisy Hill Gardens Derby Dallas, Inc., Alexander Waterbury Dam en, Peter J. . East Haven Darien Nurseries Darien Daughters of Mary of the Immaculate Conception, Inc. New Britain Dawson, Florist, Wm. A. Willimantic Aug. 27 Sept. 21 Sept. 21 Aug. 8 Sept. 24 Aug. 25 3375 3501 3503 3290 3516 3358 Inspection of Nurseries, 1936 317 Name of firm Daybreak Nurseries Dear den Bros. DeMars Nursery Devon Nursery Dietrich Nursery, Benj. Dillon, Thomas Dingwall, Joseph N. Doane, David F. Doebeli, Charles A. Donovan, Dan H. Donovan, John N. Dunlap's Dollar Evergreens Dunn, James F. Eager, Edward M. East Haven Nursery Edendale Gardens Edgewood Nurseries Elfgren Nurseries Ellington Evergreen Nursery Ellsworth Nursery, The Elm City Nurseries Elmgren Nursery Elm Grove Cemetery Association Evergreen Nursery Co., The Eyberse's Nursery Fairway Gardens Farmington Valley Nursery Fernhill Nursery Fletcher, Walter G. Flower City Rose Company Follett Nursery Fountain Nurseries Fraser's Nurseries & Dahlia Gardens Frede, Frederick Galligan, C. W. Gallup, Amos M. Garden of Romance, The Gardner's Gardner's Nurseries Geduldig's Nursery Giant Valley Nursery Gilbert, Henry G. Glastonbury Gardens Glenbrook Greenhouses Glen Terrace Nurseries Godfrey, Stratfield Nursery, George R. Golden Hill Nurseries Goodwin, James L. (2) Goodwin Nurseries Goshen Nurseries Gosnell, Evelyn Green, Wm. P. Green Acre Farms, Inc. Grillo, N. Griswold, George Gunn, Mrs. Charles i' Firms Certified in 1936- -(Continued) Certificate Certificate Address Acreage date number Westport 3 Dec. 11 3594 East Hartford 4 Sept. 3 3408 Winsted 1 Sept. 19 3495 Devon 1 Sept. 26 3521 Greenwich 4 Dec. 1 3586 Greenwich 1 Aug. 26 3364 West Haven 1 Sept. 11 3460 Haddam 1 Sept. 18 3490 Bridgeport 1 Dec. 31 3597 Talcottville 1 July 24 3251 Rocky Hill 5 Aug. 29 3388 Cromwell 3 Aug. 6 3283 Stamford 4 Dec. 1 3588 Bridgeport 1 July 15 3226 East Haven 1 Sept. 15 3475 Winsted 1 Oct. 1 3530 NewT Haven 1 Aug. 29 3387 East Killingly 3 Aug. 19 3336 Ellington 5 Nov. 12 3573 Newington 1 Sept. 9 3440 New Haven 1 Sept. 11 3462 Cromwell 1 Dec. 31 3596 Mystic 1 Aug. 22 3343 Wilton 30 July 20 3237 Norwich 1 Aug. 26 3365 Woodmont 1 Sept. 4 3416 Avon 5 Oct. 17 3546 West Hartford 3 Aug. 26 3367 Cuilford 5 Sept. 8 3426 Manchester 12 July 21 3242 Westport 10 Sept. 2 3402 Farmington 10 Sept. 15 347;: Willimantic 3 Aug. 27 3373 Danbury 1 Aug. 11 3310 New Haven 1 Nov. 16 3575 Pawcatuck 1 Aug. 10 3298 Old Saybrook 2 Aug. 25 3354 Berlin 1 Sept. 21 3500 Rocky Hill 250 Aug. 7 3286 Norwich 6 Aug. 26 3366 Mount Carmel 1 Sept. 15 3474 Danielson 2 Sept. 11 3455 Glastonbury 4 Aug. 7 3287 Glenbrook o Sept. 23 3511 Hamden 60 Sept. 9 3442 Bridgeport 50 Sept. 18 3491 Shelton 3 Nov. 7 3564 Hartford 1 Sept. 10 3448 Bloomfield 7 Aug. 10 3307 Goshen 6 Oct. 8 3541 Westport 1 Aug. 6 3284 South Windsor 3 Sept. 9 3439 Waterford 1 Aug. 10 3293 Milldale 1 Sept. 4 3411 Old Lyme 1 Aug. 14 3321 Kent 1 Sept. 30 3529 318 Conm icticut Experiment Station Bulletin 396 Connecticut Nursery Firms Certified in 1936- -(Continued) Certificate Certificate Name of firm Address Acreage date number Haas, Florist Milford 1 Oct. 3 3533 Hall, Henry A. L. West Haven 1 Sept. 11 3458 Hamden Nursery Hamden 1 Sept. 15 3476 Hansen's, Florist & Nursery Fairfield 5 Aug. 10 3308 Hansen's Perennial Garden New Britain 2 May 22 3224 Happy Days Farm Norwalk 10 Oct. 9 3542 Hearn, Thomas H. Washington 3 Sept. 29 3526 Heath & Company Manchester 15 July 17 3228 Henninger, Christ. New Britain 1 Sept. 5 3423 Hettinger, Joseph 0. Manchester 1 Nov. 25 3582 Hildebrand's Nursery Norwich 1 Aug. 19 3335 Hilding Brothers Amston 1 Aug. 21 3340 Hillcrest Gardens Woodbridge 3 Sept. 23 3512 Hilliard, H. J. Sound View 1 Aug. 8 3292 Hinckley Hill Nursery Stonington 1 Aug. 24 3348 Hiti Nurseries Pomfret Center 11 Aug. 12 3314 Hofmann, Henry Cromwell 1 Sept. 8 3427 Holcomb, Ernest L. Granby 1 Sept. 10 3449 Holcomb's Evergreen Nursery Winsted 4 Sept. 16 3482 Holdridge & Sons, S. E. Norwich 3 Aug. 10 3301 Hope Street Nursery Springdale 1 Sept. 17 3485 Horan, James F. Hartford 1 Dec. 1 3585 Horan, Kieran W. West Hartford 1 Sept. 2 3406 Horowitz, Ben East Hampton 1 Aug. 10 3303 Hosking, James S. Watertown 1 Sept. 25 3519 Hotchkiss, H. L. North Haven 1 Sept. 18 3493 Houston's Nurseries Mansfield Depot 13 Sept. 12 3463 Hoyt, Charles E. Bethel 40 July 31 3269 Hoyt's Sons Co., Inc., Stephen New Canaan 500 Aug. 5 3281 Hurlburt Nursery Hamden 1 Sept. 8 3430 Isselee's Sons, Chas. Darien 6 Oct. 15 3543 Jennings, Mrs. George S. Southport 2 Oct. 5 3536 Johnson, Harry L. South Meriden Sept. 8 3432 Johnson, Tom Stratford Sept. 9 3437 Kateley, Milton M. East Biver Aug. 24 3362 Kauser, Alice Norwalk July 22 3246 Kelley & Son, James J. New Canaan Sept. 1 3394 Kellner, Arthur H. Norwalk Sept. 9 3436 Keogh, Harry W. Norwalk Dec. 15 3595 Keser's Sons, Inc., Otto Portland Sept. 21 3502 Key Bock Gardens Newtown 2 July 30 3267 Lanedale Farm Nurseries New Canaan 10 Aug. 29 3384 Langstroth Nurseries Danbury 6 Aug. 13 3317 Laviola Nursery New Haven 1 Nov. 5 3562 Lawrence Greenhouses Branford 1 Sept. 8 3433 Leghorn's Evergreen Nurseries Cromwell 27 July 24 3250 Lemmon, Bobert S. New Canaan 1 July 22 3245 Lewis Gardening Service Kensington 1 Nov. 7 3565 Lewis & Valentine, Inc. (Construction Department) Darien 9 Aug. 6 3285 Lowescroft Gardens Manchester 1 July 17 3229 Luce, Mrs. Charles L. (2) Newington 1 Sept. 10 3451 Luckey, Ada Mae Greens Farms 1 Sept. 19 3496 Luckner, Jr., William Stepney 1 Sept. 14 3466 Lynch, Mrs. John H. Bidgefield 3 Sept. 1 3395 Malleable Iron Nursery Branford 2 Nov. 7 3563 Maplewood Nursery Co. Norwich 2 Nov. 23 3581 Marigold Farm Nursery New Canaan 20 Aug. 29 3389 Inspection of Nurseries, 1936 319 Connecticut Nursery Firms Certified in 1936- -(Continued) Certificate Certificate Name of firm Address Acreage date number Marlborough Gardens Marlborough 1 Sept. 3 3409 Massacoe Nursery Simsbury 1 Sept. 10 3446 Mather Homestead Darien 1 Oct. 3 3534 McCarthy, John P. Danbury 1 Aug. 11 3311 McConville's Greenhouses and Nurseries Manchester 2 July 21 3240 Meier, A. R. West Hartford 1 Nov. 5 3561 Melville Nurseries Fairfield 1 Sept. 2 3403 Merwin Lane Nursery East Norwalk 3 Sept. 26 3522 Meyer, Carl H. H. Riverside 10 July 27 3253 Meyer Nursery, Ludwig Rridgeport 4 Aug. 1 3275 Middeleer, Inc. Darien 10 Sept. 10 3452 Milford Flower Gardens Milford 1 Sept. 2 3404 Milford Nursery Milford 2 July 23 3248 Miliano, S. Woodmont 1 Sept. 29 3528 Millane Nurseries Co. Cromwell 35 July 18 3234 Mill River Nursery Fairfield 15 Aug. 14 3322 Millstone Gardens Terryville 1 Aug. 1 3274 Minge, G. H. Rocky Hill 1 Sept. 4 3410 Moraio Rrothers Old Greenwich 5 Aug. 26 3371 Morgan & Sons, Wm. F. North Stonington 3 Aug. 10 3297 Mountain Farm Nursery West Hartford 2 Sept. 15 3480 Mountain Grove Cemetery Association, The Bridgeport 1 Sept. 2 3405 Mount Airy Gardens Stamford 1 Nov. 21 3579 Mount Carmel Nursery Mount Carmel 1 Sept. 9 3443 Munro, Charles New Haven 1 Sept. 15 3473 New England Water Lily Gardens Manchester 1 May 13 3222 New Haven Park Commission New Haven 10 Sept. 11 3461 Newington Gardens & Nurseries Newington Junction 1 Sept. 9 3435 New London Cemetery Association, The New London 1 Aug. 25 3356 New London County Nurseries New London 5 Aug. 31 3392 Newton's Nursery West Granby 1 Sept. 19 3499 New York, New Haven & Hartford R. R. Co. Rridgeport 4 Sept. 9 3438 Niantic Rouquet Shop Niantic 1 Sept. 1 3398 North Avenue Nursery Rridgeport 1 July 23 3249 North-Eastern Forestry Co., The Cheshire 96 Aug. 10 3305 North Street Gardens Milford 1 July 18 3230 Northville Gardens New Milford 1 July 28 3262 Nyveldt, Albert New London 1 Aug. 10 3304 Oakland Nurseries Manchester 40 July 21 3243 Oldfield Nursery Stratford 1 Sept. 18 3492 Old Orchard Nursery Norwalk 4 Oct. 6 3538 Outpost Nurseries, Inc. Ridgefield 750 Aug. 12 3315 Ouwerkerk, D. K. Yalesville 10 Aug. 24 3349 Over-the-Garden-Wall West Hartford 3 Aug. 10 3306 Oxoboxo Nursery Montville 2 Aug. 14 3323 Ox Yoke Farm Nursery Rridgeport 1 Nov. 10 3571 Ox Yoke Garden Westport 2 Aug. 3 3276 Palmieri Florist & Nursery New Haven 1 Oct. 28 3553 Park Place Nurseries Marion 2 Sept. 19 3498 Partrick, 0. F. Sandy Hook 1 May 22 3223 Paton, William D. Mount Carmel 1 Nov. 9 3568 Peatt, William T. Ridgefield 1 Aug. 7 3288 Pedersen, Anthon Stamford 3 Dec. 1 3587 Pendleton's Flower Gardens Norwich 1 Aug. 8 3291 Pequot Florist, Andrew Reran New London 1 Aug. 10 3300 320 Connecticut Experiment Station Bu ltd in 396 Connecticut Nurse in Firms Certifiei: > in 1936- -(Continued) Certificate Certificate Name of firm Address \creage date number Peschko, Robert Danbury 1 Aug. 17 3329 Pestretto, Frank West Hartford 1 Aug. 26 3369 Pestretto, Salvatore Hartford 1 Aug. 26 3370 Peterson's Flower Shop West Hartford 1 Oct. 17 3547 Pflomm, Charles W. Bridgeport 1 July 18 3235 Piemontese, Dominick East Haven 1 Sept. 11 3456 Pierson, Inc., A. N. Cromwell 250 July 15 3225 Pinatello, Angeline East Hartford 4 Sept. 26 3524 Pinchbeck Bros., Inc. Ridgefield 10 Aug. 28 3382 Pine Plains Greenhouse, Inc. Norwich 2 Sept. 1 3396 Pomeroy Blue Spruce Gardens New Milford 2 Aug. 1 3273 Prospect Nurseries, Inc. Cromwell 25 Aug. 31 3391 Q Garden Farm Milford 1 Oct. 5 3537 Quinebaug Forestry Co. Stafford Springs 2 Sept. 23 3513 Rabe, Charles H. Uncasville 4 Apr. 18 3217 Rabinak, Louis Deep River 3 Aug. 29 3385 Race Brook Gardens. Inc. Orange 1 Oct. 15 3545 Reliable Nursery, The East Hartford 2 July 27 3255 Rengerman's Garden Granby 1 Sept. 10 3450 Reveley, F. J. Clinton o Sept. 22 3504 Reynold's Farms South Norwalk 1 July 20 3238 Richmond, Gordon L. New Milford 15 Aug. 13 3319 Ridgewood Nurseries Milford 1 July 18 3231 Rockfall Nurseries, Ye Olde Rockfall 45 Dec. 3 3589 Rolf, Mrs. Fred H. Guilford 1 Nov. 30 3584 Rose Hill Nursery Gildersleeve 3 Sept. 23 3514 "Rosery Rest, The" Bridgeport 5 July 28 3259 Ross Bros. (2) Manchester 10 Sept. 5 3420 Runacres Gardens Madison 3 Nov. 21 3578 Russell St. Perennial Garden South Manchester 1 July 18 3232 Sage Brothers North Woodbury 1 Sept. 4 3414 Sakson's Nursery Greenwich 1 Aug. 29 3386 Sandelli Greenhouses New Britain 1 Nov. 12 3572 Sasco Hill Nursery Southport 1 Aug. 25 3359 Saxe & Floto, Florists Waterbury 1 Nov. 21 3580 Scarano Nursery, Alphonse Groton 1 Aug. 22 3341 Schaeffer, Peter Norwich 4 Aug. 24 3352 Schaghticoke Farm Nursery Bridgewater 11 Oct. 2 3532 Schleichert Florist & Nursery Bridgeport 1 July 30 3266 Schneider, Adolf Milford 1 Sept. 14 3467 Schuller, John Higganum 2 Sept. 5 3422 Schulze, Charles T. Bethel 1 Dec. 3 3590 Schulze, Edward E. Bethel 1 Aug. 17 3328 Scott's Nurseries Bloomfield 10 Sept. 12 3464 Scotty's Nurseries Woodbury 1 Sept. 4 3413 Sears Roebuck & Co. (2) Manchester 10 Aug. 18 3333 Selleck, Joel F. Nichols 1 Oct. 21 3549 Seltsam's Pequonnock Gardens Bridgeport 1 Sept. 5 3417 Seymour Gardens, Prudence New Milford 1 July 28 3263 Seymour's Hemlock Nursery Riverton 1 Sept. 16 3483 Sharon Valley Nursery Sharon 1 July 18 3233 Silver City Nursery Meriden 5 Sept. 15 3479 Simonsen, H. C. Plainville 3 Sept. 10 3445 Sipocz Arrowhead Farm Fairfield 1 July 31 3271 Smith & Son, Edward A. Mystic 1 Aug. 10 3294 Soltes Nursery, M. J. Shelton 2 Sept. 22 3508 Southport Nursery Southport 35 Aug. 25 3357 South Wilton Nurseries Wilton 5 Aug. 4 3277 Springdale Florist, The Springdale 1 Nov. 10 3569 Inspection of Nurseries, 1936 321 Connecticut Nursery Firms Certified in 1936- -(Continued) Certificate Certificate Name of firm Address Acreage date number Spring Nurseries Forestville 1 Aug. 21 3338 Stack, Garrett M. Guilford 1 Oct. 29 3554 Stafford Conservatories Stafford Springs 1 July 27 3256 Stalzer & Son, John Brooklyn 1 Aug. 10 3302 Stannard, Julia Wilton 1 Sept. 17 3489 State Street Nursery Hamden 2 Sept. 15 3472 Steck Nursery Bethel 4 Oct. 27 3552 Steck, Sarah B. Bethel 1 Aug. 12 3313 Steck & Sons, Inc., Charles A.. Newtown 20 Sept. 22 3505 Steele's Nurseries, Charles Greenwich 2 Aug. 27 3374 Stefani, Walter Southington 25 Sept. 4 3415 Stocking, Milton C. (2) Simsbury 1 Oct. 6 3539 Strayer, Paul Stratford 1 July 20 3236 Sunridge Nurseries Greenwich 75 Sept. 5 3424 Swendson, Hans Cheshire 1 Oct. 30 3558 Sylvan Greenhouse & Nursery Bridgeport 2 July 27 3251 Thomas & Sons, Inc., W. D. Hamden 1 Aug. 24 3350 Thomson Co., W. W. West Hartford 4 Oct. 19 3548 Torizzo, P. A. West Hartford 5 Aug. 31 3393 Tower Crispette Co. Guilford 1 Oct. 29 3555 Tow Path Gardens Hartford 15 Aug. 28 3379 Tracy, B. Hammond Yalesville 1 Aug. 24 3351 Triangle Nursery Yalesville 2 Sept. 8 3428 Twin Pines Gardens, The New Milford 1 July 28 3261 Uplands Flower Gardens Woodbury 1 Sept. 4 3412 Valley View Nursery Southington 1 Nov. 21 3577 Van der Bom, F. Bethel 5 Aug. 28 3381 Vanderbrook & Son, C. L. Manchester 63 July 29 3265 Van Wilgen Nurseries Branford 22 Oct. 8 3540 Van Wilgen, William Branford 1 Sept. 5 3418 Vasileff Nurseries Greenwich 4 Aug. 27 3378 Verkade's Nurseries New London 60 Aug. 19 3334 Vernick's Nurseries, John H. Bridgeport 2 Aug. 4 3278 Wallace Nursery Wallingford 5 Aug. 11 3339 Wallingford Nurseries of the • Barnes Nursery & Orchard Co. Wallingford 60 Oct. 15 3544 Walter mire, Wm. H. Guilford 1 Oct. 28 3556 Ward & Son, John F. Windsor 1 Aug. 13 3318 Watertown Nurseries, Inc. Watertown 1 Sept. 16 3484 Weinberger, William Bidgefield 2 Aug. 22 3344 Westerly Nursery Pawcatuck 2 Aug. 22 3342 Westover Nurseries Stamford 1 July 28 3258 West Street Nursery Co. (2) Danbury 1 Aug. 11 3309 Westville Nurseries New Haven 3 Dec. 5 3592 Wethersfield Nursery Wethersfield 2 Aug. 25 3363 Wheeler, Charles B. Stonington 1 Aug. 10 3295 Whittemore Co., J. H. Naugatuck 3 Sept. 15 3477 Wild Flower Nursery Brookfield 1 July 28 3260 Wild's Nursery, Henry Norwalk 30 Aug. 22 3345 Willow Gardens Darien 1 Aug. 13 3316 Wilridge Nurseries Bidgefield 5 Aug. 5 3280 Wilson Landscape Co., The Hartford 1 Nov. 10 3570 Wilson, Michael L. Litchfield 5 Sept. 26 3523 Wilson & Co., Inc., C. E. Manchester 125 July 28 3257 Woodbridge Nurseries New Haven 4 Sept. 14 3471 Woodcrythe (E.H. & W.S. Sloan) New Canaan 1 July 22 3244 Woodmont Gardens Woodmont 1 Aug. 27 3376 Woodmont Nurseries Woodmont 110 Sept. 17 3488 322 Conm iclicut Experiment Station Bu lletin 396 Connecticut Nursery Firms Certified in 1936— -{Continued) Name of firm Address Acreage Certificate date Certificate number Woodruff, C. V. Wyllie, David Orange North Haven 2 1 Aug. 29 Sept. 14 3390 3468 Yacko, Stephen Yale University Forest School Nursery Yale University Landscape Department Young's Nurseries Clinton New Haven New Haven Wilton 2 1 8 2 Sept. 23 Sept. 17 Sept. 12 Sept. 25 3515 3487 3465 3520 Zack Co., H. J. Deep River 10 Nov. 9 3566 Total 380 nurseries 4,855 acres The cost of inspecting these nurseries in 1936, including certain addi- tional visits to make sure that pests had been eradicated, was approxi- mately $1,710.02. Other Kinds of Certificates Issued During 1936, 175 duplicate certificates were issued to Connecticut nurserymen, to be filed in other states. Altogether, 106 dealer's permits were issued to registered dealers who do not grow the nursery stock that they sell. Shipper's permits to the number of 214 were issued to nursery- men in other states who wish to ship stock into Connecticut. Also, 1,357 parcels of nursery stock were inspected and certified for shipment to accommodate individuals. There were also issued 179 miscellaneous certificates and special permits, 161 blister rust control area permits, 1,214 corn borer certificates and 1,026 certificates for packages of shelled corn and other seeds, many of which were consigned to foreign countries. • Inspection of Imported Nursery Stock Less nursery stock entered Connecticut from foreign countries in 1935-1936 than for several years. Both number of shipments and number of plants were smaller. As in other years, this stock entered the United States under regulations and permits of the Federal Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, and at ports of entry was released for transit to destination points, where it was examined by state inspectors. In 1935-1936 there were 13 shipments, containing 72 separate cases, and 527,950 plants, all of which were rose stocks, and all were inspected by Mr. Zappe. This stock was imported by four commercial rose growers: Two growers received 405,000 and 55,400 plants respectively, each in five shipments; one received 30,000 plants in two shipments, and one received 37,550 plants in one shipment. This stock came from the following sources : Country Holland England Total No. shipments 12 1 13 No. plants 502,950 25,000 527,950 Inspection of Nurseries 1936 323 This stock consisted of Rosa manetti, 490,400 and Rosa multiflora, 37,550 plants. The time required to inspect this imported rose stock was equivalent to eight days of work for one man, and together with the cost of travel (560 miles) and other necessary expenses, made a total cost of approximately $102.15. Reports of the 13 shipments inspected were sent to the Federal Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine. Results of Inspection Of the 13 shipments inspected, two shipments, or 15.38 percent, were found infested with insects, Emphytus cinctus Linn. In addition to the rose stocks mentioned above, there were six ship- ments containing 118 dahlia tubers, one shipment containing 28 iris root- stocks, 29 shipments containing 1,387 pounds of shrub and tree seeds, 300 separate palm seeds, 54 orchids, 30 peony, 50 Korean boxwood, 24 Mecon- opsis baileyi, 20 anemone, 15 primula, 30 lily bulbs, 8 dwarf maples, 400 cactus, 50 azalea, 100 Hedera, 60 hydrangea and 98 rose plants, that were not inspected in Connecticut. 324 Connecticut Experiment Station Bulletin 396 INSPECTION OF APIARIES, 1936 W. E. Britton As in former years, the apiaries have been inspected by two inspectors, Mr. H. W. Coley of Westport, covering the four southern counties of Fairfield, New Haven, Middlesex and New London, and Mr. W. H. Kelsey of Bristol, covering the four northern counties of Litchfield, Hartford, Tolland and Windham. Most of this work is done in warm weather, beginning in May and ending in October. However, in 1936 a few in- spections were made in March, where colonies of bees had died and were suspected of having died from the American foul brood. It was feared that bees might rob the honey stores from the hives and thus carry the disease to healthy apiaries. Such hives were destroyed, disinfected, or closed to prevent the access of bees. Sixty-one apiaries were inspected twice, and one apiary four times. Altogether, 1,438 apiaries containing 9,278 colonies, were inspected in 1936 as against 1,333 apiaries and 8,855 colonies in 1935. Only one colony was found infected with European foul brood, and 176 colonies in 89 apiaries were infected with American foul brood in 1936, as against no European foul brood and 84 apiaries and 209 colonies with American foul brood in 1935. As in 1935, this disease was more prevalent in Hartford and Litchfield counties than elsewhere, but occurred in every county in the State. The total cost of inspecting these apiaries in 1936 was $2,056.22, of which $747.86 was from the balance of the appropriation for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1936, and $1,308.36 from the appropriation of the present fiscal year, available July 1, 1936. Table 2. Twenty-Seven Year Record of Apiary Inspection in Connecticut Average Average Number Number No. colonies cost of inspection Year apiaries colonies per apiary Per apiary Per colony 1910 208 1,595 7.6 $2.40 .28 1911 162 1,571 9.7 1.99 .21 1912 153 1,431 9.3 1.96 .21 1913 189 1,500 7.9 1.63 .21 1914 463 3,882 8.38 1.62 .19 1915 494 4,241 8.58 1.51 .175 1916 467 3,898 8.34 1.61 .19 1917 473 4,506 9.52 1.58 .166 1918 395 3,047 7.8 1.97 .25 1919 723 6,070 11.2 2.45 .29 1920 762 4,797 6.5 2.565 .41 1921 751 6,972 9.2 2.638 .24 1922 797 8,007 10.04 2.60 .257 1923 725 6,802 9.38 2.55 .27 1924 953 8,929 9.4 2.42 .25 1925 766 8,257 10.7 2.45 "• .22 1926 814 7,923 9.7 2.35 .24 1927 803 8,133 10.1 2.37 .234 1928 852 8,023 9.41 2.12 .225 1929 990 9,559 9.55 2.19 .227 1930 1,059 10,335 9.76 2.01 .'206 1931 1,232 10,678 8.66 1.83 .212 1932 1,397 11,459 8.2 1.60 .195 1933 1,342 10,927 8.1 1.69 .208 1934 1,429 7,128 4.98 1.40 .28 1935 1,333 8,855 6.64 1.556 .234 1936 1,438 9,278 6.45 1.429 .221 Inspection of Apiaries, 1936 325 Table 2 shows the number of apiaries and colonies inspected, the average number of colonies per apiary, and the average cost of inspecting each apiary and colony for each year since inspection began in 1910. In 1936, apiaries were inspected in 159 towns. Inspections were made in the following 18 towns not visited in 1935 : Fairfield County: Newtown, Weston; New Haven County: Beacon Falls, Derby, Prospect, Wolcott, Woodbridge; New London County: Old Lyme; Litchfield County: Cornwall; Tolland County: Andover, Bolton, Columbia, Coventry; Windham County: Canterbury, Pomfret, Scotland, Sterling, Windham. On the other hand, in the following eight towns visited in 1935, no inspections were made in 1936: New Haven County: Madison, West Haven; Tolland County: Somers, Stafford, Willington; Windham County: Brooklyn, Chaplin, Hampton. There were four apiaries infected with sacbrood and 89 apiaries infected with American foul brood. In 1936, American foul brood was discovered in the following 41 towns: Fairfield County: New Canaan, Westport; New Haven County: Chesh- ire, Hamden, Meriden, Wallingford ; Middlesex County: Middlefield, Portland; New London County: Ledyard, Norwich, Sprague, Stonington; Litchfield County: Bethlehem, Colebrook, Litchfield, Morris, Plymouth, Sharon, Thomaston, Torrington, Warren, Washington, Waterlown, Win- chester, Woodbury; Hartford County: Berlin, Bloomfield, Bristol, Burling- ton, Canton, Farmington, Hartford, Manchester, New Britain, Newington, Bocky Hill, Southington, West Hartford, Windsor; Tolland County: Mans- field; Windham County: Windham. Statistics of Inspection The statistics of apiary inspection by towns and counties are shown on the following pages, with summary on page 329. Inspection of Apiaries, 1936 Apiaries Colonies Town Inspected Diseased Inspected Diseased (Am. f. h.) (Am. f. b.) Fairfield County Bethel 4 17 Bridgeport 3 15 Brookfield 2 6 Danbury 11 91 Darien 1 29 Easton 4 19 Fairfield 8 71 Greenwich 9 109 — Monroe 9 61 New Canaan 4 1 35 1 New Fairfield 10 74 Newtown 5 — 53 — Norwalk 2 — 11 — Redding 1 — 6 — RidgeGeld 4 55 Shelton 2 — 38 — Sherman 4 — 24 — Stamford 4 — 33 — Stratford 7 — 74 Trumbull 5 — 34 — Weston 1 — 85 Westport 9 1 98 7 Wilton 3 40 112 2 1,078 8 17 — 15 — 22 — 46 2 14 — 54 — 24 — 58 8 143 9 9 — 32 — 31 — 4 — 59 — 30 — 59 — 58 — 5 — 51 — 139 — 152 2 9 — 15 - — 27 — 326 Connecticut Experiment Station Bulletin 396 Apiaries Colonies Town Inspected Diseased Inspected Diseased (Am. f. b.) (Am. f. b.) New Haven County Ansonia 2 — Beacon Falls 1 — Branford 3 Cheshire 5 2 Derby 2 East Haven 3 — Guilford 1 Hamden 13 4 Meriden1 18 4 Middlebury 1 — Milford 3 Naugatuck 4 — New Haven 1 North Branford 3 — North Haven 3 — Orange 5 — Oxford 7 Prospect 1 — Seymour 6 Southbury 3 — Wallingford2 10 1 Waterbury 4 — Wolcott 3 Woodbridge3 4 — 106 11 1,073 21 Middlesex County Chester 4 24 Clinton 2 12 Cromwell 10 59 Durham 5 69 East Haddam 7 69 East Hampton 13 119 Essex 9 35 Haddam 5 39 Rillingworth 2 12 Middlefield1 6 1 128 2 Middletown 15 91 Old Saybrook4,5 15 52 Portland1 11 1 52 1 Saybrook 4 36 — Westbrook 1 12 109 2 809 3 New London County Bozrah .... 1 — 61 — Colchester1 12 91 — East Lyme 9 110 — Franklin 3 67 — Griswold 4 73 — Groton 14 — 88 Lebanon 8 — 104 — Ledyard1 9 2 139 8 lOne apiary inspected twice. !Two apiaries inspected twice. sThree colonies with sacbrood. 4Three apiaries inspected twice. sOne colony infested with European fou lbrood. Inspection of Apiaries, 1936 327 Apiaries Colonie3 Town Inspected Diseased Inspected Diseased (Am. f. b.) (Am. f. h.) New London County — Continued Lisbon 1 16 Lyme 6 78 Montville 4 25 New London 4 21 North Stonington 4 24 Norwich6 5 1 70 1 Old Lyme 2 6 Preston 7 61 Salem 4 60 — Sprague 4 1 52 5 Stonington 17 1 77 Voluntown 1 7 — Waterford 15 136 134 5 1,366 18 Litchfield County Barkhamsted 6 Bethlehem4 10 Bridgewater 6 Canaan 2 Colebrook1 . 11 Cornwall 7 Goshen 12 Harwinton 8 Kent 7 Litrhfield2 20 Morris1 8 New Hartford 11 New Milford 28 Norfolk 5 North Canaan1 8 Plymouth2 15 Boxbury1 9 Salisbury ' . . . 12 Sharon 16 Thomaston1 10 Torrington1 23 Warren1 8 Washington7 20 Watertown2 21 Winchester1 12 Woodbury2 11 19 — 3 108 8 57 — 9 — 2 101 5 33 — 41 — 30 — 55 — 3 121 8 2 19 2 43 — 169 — 12 — 71 — 3 94 4 29 — 40 — 1 170 1 3 68 3 2 85 2 2 35 2 3 59 3 2 130 2 2 58 3 2 68 5 306 30 1,724 48 Hartford County Avon 10 Berlin8,9 29 Bloomfield 19 Bristol1 16 Burlington • 8 Canton1 13 'Three apiaries inspected twice. 'One apiary inspected twice. 2Two apiaries inspected twice. 6One apiary inspected four times. 'Five apiaries inspected twice. "Four apiaries inspected twice. 'One colony with sacbrood. 37 — 5 154 10 1 148 1 1 87 2 1 49 1 3 69 6 29 — 107 — 69 — 63 — 63 1 106 — 73 — 67 2 15 — 63 3 29 — 157 6 99 16 31 — 36 9 61 — 214 10 69 — 82 — 121 1 61 — 91 3 39 — 328 Connecticut Experiment Station Bulletin 396 Apiaries _ Colonies Town Inspected Diseased Inspected Diseased (Am. f. h.) (Am. f. b.) Hartford County — Continued East Granby 11 — East Hartford 22 East Windsor 12 — Enfield 9 — Farmington9 17 1 Glastonbury 23 — Granby 16 — Hartford2 13 2 Hartland 3 — Manchester1,10 15 1 Marlborough 2 — New Britain1 29 1 Newington11 25 7 Plainville 9 Rocky Hill 6 1 Simsbury 13 — Southington7 32 7 South Windsor 14 Suffield 14 West Hartford1 26 1 Wethersfield 17 Windsor 22 2 Windsor Locks 4 — 449 34 2,289 71 Tolland County Andover 3 5 — Bolton 2 9 Columbia 9 — 55 — Coventry 19 78 — Ellington 13 55 — Hebron 7 42 Mansfield 17 2 54 4 Tolland 12 39 Vernon 13 74 — 95 2 411 4 Windharn County Ashford -. 8 — 22 Canterbury 4 — 24 — Eastford 4 13 Killingly 7 — 23 — Plainfield2 19 96 Pomfret 13 — 74 — Putnam 4 — 25 — Scotland 10 — 36 Sterling 3 — 3 — Thompson 17 — 80 — Windham2 19 3 54 3 Woodstock 19 — 78 — 127 3 528 3 •One colony with sacbrood. 2Two apiaries inspected twice. 'One apiary inspected twice. "Two colonies with sacbrood. nSix apiaries inspected twice. "Five apiaries inspected twice. Inspection of Apiaries, 1936 329 Summary Number Apiaries Colonies County towns Inspected Diseased Inspected Diseased (Am. f. b.) (Am f. b.) Fairfield 23 New Haven1,2 24 Middlesex1, » 15 New London1,4 21 Litchfield1 26 Hartford1,2 29 Tolland 9 Windham1 12 159 112 2 1,078 8 106 11 1,073 21 109 2 809 3 134 5 1366 18 306 30 1,724 48 449 34 2,289 71 95 2 411 4 127 3 528 3 1,438 89 9,278 176 Number apiaries Number colonies Inspected, 1936 Infested with American foul brood Percentage infested Colonies treated Colonies destroyed Infested with European foul brood Average number of colonies per apiary Cost of inspection for 1936 Average cost 1,438 9,278 89 176 .061 .019 36 140 1 6.45 92,056.22 1.43 .221 per apiary per colon; Financial Statement July 1, 1935— June 30, 1936 RECEIPTS Appropriation year ending June 30, 1936 $1,999.00 DISBURSEMENTS Salaries $ 950.40 Travel expense (outlying investigations) 1,039.43 Miscellaneous supplies 8.73 Total Disbursements $1,998.56 Balance on hand July 1, 1936 .44* §1,999.00 July 1, 1936— December 31, 1936 RECEIPTS Appropriation year ending June 30, 1937 $1,999.00 DISBURSEMENTS Salaries $628.86 Travel expense (outlying investigations) 650.50 Medical services 29.00 Total $1,308.36 Balance on hand January 1, 1937 $ 690.64 'New Haven County, three apiaries inspected twice; Middlesex County, five apiaries inspected twice; New London County, two apiaries inspected twice; Litchfield County, 24 apiaries inspected twice; Hartford County, 23 apiaries inspected twice; Windham County, four apiaries inspected twice. 2New Haven County, three colonies with sacbrood; Hartford County, four colonies with sacbrood. 3One colony with European foul brood. ^One apiary inspected four times. ♦Reverts to State Treasury. 330 Connecticut Experiment Station Bulletin 396 Registration of Bees Section 2129 of the General Statutes provides that each beekeeper shall register his bees on or before October 1 of each year with the town clerk of the town in which the bees are kept, and that each town clerk, on or before December 1, shall report to the State Entomologist whether or not any bees have been registered, and if so, shall send a list of the names and number of colonies belonging to each. In 1936, 1,438 apiaries containing 9,278 colonies were inspected. There were registered 758 apiaries and 4,931 colonies in 1936, and after checking the registrations and inspections, and deducting the duplications, the following figures show that at least this number of apiaries and colonies were kept in Connecticut in 1936: Apiaries Colonies Inspected 1,438 9,278 Registered but not inspected 333 1,539 Total 1,771 10,817 REPORT ON CONTROL OF THE GYPSY MOTH, 1936 W. E. Britton, J. T. Ashworth and O. B. Cooke As for several years, the gypsy moth control work for the scouting season of 1935-1936 has been conducted by the regular state force, in immediate charge of Mr. Ashworth, in cooperation with the Federal Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine. Most of the Federal activi- ties have been directed toward the control of the insect in the western portion of the infested area in order to prevent its westward spread. The work of the state organization was all performed in Hartford, New London, Tolland and Windham counties, and nearly all of it was east of the Con- necticut River. Considerable help was received from men from various CCC camps, detailed for gypsy moth work, and from men furnished for creosoting egg-clusters and cutting brush through funds allotted by the Works Progress Administration. Scouting by regular state employees was greatly curtailed during the season because these trained men were needed to supervise the work of the WPA and CCC men, who for the most part were inexperienced in gypsy moth control operations. Inasmuch as the trained Federal men in Con- necticut were used solely to supervise WPA workers, this report will not contain any description of conditions found in the territory which they covered, but the results obtained by them are included in the statistics on pages 333 to 337. For the satisfactory cooperation always received, the writers here express their gratitude and thanks to the following persons: Mr. A. F. Burgess, who has general supervision of Gypsy and Brown-tail Moth Control for the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine; Mr. H. L. Blaisdell, in charge of field work, under Mr. Burgess; Mr. S. S. Crossman, under whose direction gypsy moth control work was carried on in the various CCC camps, in the central and western parts of Connecticut ; and to Mr. A. F. Hawes, State Forester, who has general supervision of the CCC camps. Control of Gypsy Moth, 1936 331 New Equipment During the spring of the year, 500 feet of spray hose and 50 feet of suction hose were purchased to replace like amounts that had worn out. The 1931 Buick sedan, used on this work, had been driven approximately 105,000 miles and was replaced by another Buick sedan, Model 36/41, purchased in January, 1936. Three of the 1931 Ford Model A, light de- livery trucks had been driven to such an extent that it was considered advisable to replace them rather than to make further repairs. This was done in June, 1936, and three Chevrolet Canopy trucks with closed cabs, 1936 Master models, were purchased. A new steel, three drawer, filing cabinet with index guides was obtained to replace some old letter files that were becoming unusable. Sundry wrenches and other small tools were purchased during the year to replace others that had worn out. Control Operations The following is a brief report of gypsy moth control operations for the year, by the different agencies. WORK PERFORMED BY STATE MEN The regular state gypsy moth crews operated in Hartford, New London, Tolland and Windham counties. Hartford County: The towns of Bloomfield and West Hartford were visited by a crew during the larval season, and caterpillars were found at points visited in both towns. New London County: During the season, state employees worked in the following towns: Colchester, Groton, Lebanon, Ledyard, New London, North Stonington, Norwich, Preston, Salem, Stonington and Waterford. Scouting work in Colchester, Lebanon and Waterford revealed infestations in Colchester and Lebanon. The other towns mentioned were visited during the larval season and caterpillars were found in all of them except Salem. During June, infestations were sprayed in Colchester, Lebanon and Stonington. Tolland County: Scouting work was performed in the towns of Bolton, Coventry and Hebron during the year. The towns of Andover, Columbia, Coventry, Ellington, Hebron, Tolland and Willington were visited during the larval season and caterpillars were found in each. Infestations in Bolton and Coventry were sprayed. Windham County: Gypsy moth control work was performed in the towns of Ashford, Brooklyn, Killingly, Putnam and Woodstock, during the past season. Scouting work in Killingly and Woodstock, and visits to Ashford, Brooklyn, Killingly and Putnam during the larval season showed that caterpillars were present in all these points. During the course of the year, state men destroyed 26,401 egg-clusters, crushed 60,673 larvae and pupae, scouted 321 miles of roadside and 300 acres of woodland. During the spraying season 10,257 pounds of arsenate of lead were used during the operations. 332 Connecticut Experiment Station Bulletin 396 WORK PERFORMED BY CCC MEN During the year extensive gypsy moth control work was carried on by details of men from the various CCC camps throughout the State. These men worked in 59 towns in Windham, New London, Tolland, Middle- sex, Hartford, New Haven and Litchfield counties. They creosoted 156,877 egg-clusters, crushed 2,521,905 larvae and pupae, scouted 1,913 miles of roadside and 498,544 acres of wooded and open country. In lieu of spray- ing, they banded a large number of trees with burlap. At gypsy moth infestations, most of the trees in and around the infested areas were banded just before the larvae emerged and daily patrols during the larval season removed and crushed all larvae and pupae within the bands. There were approximately 833,686 bands applied throughout the State. The work performed by CCC men from the camps in eastern Connecticut, established in the towns of Union, Hampton, Voluntown and Colchester, was under the supervision of men from the regular state gypsy moth force. WPA WORK PERFORMED Through an allotment granted by the Works Progress Administration, it was possible to hire a number of men for gypsy moth suppression work. Most of these men came from the relief rolls of the various towns in the State in the locality from which they were requisitioned. This project was administered from the Greenfield office of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine. It was carried on in all counties of the State, except Windham, and during the course of the season consisted of scouting, clean- up and spray work in 49 towns. Considerable woodland scouting was done by these men, and approximately 286,660 acres of wooded and open country were examined by this method, during the year. Through their efforts, 540 acres of woodland were cleaned of brush and decayed and fallen timber, and 179,493 egg-clusters were found and creosoted. These men also applied 80,942 bands of burlap to trees in and around infested areas throughout the State, which resulted in the destruction of 199,982 larvae and pupae. All WPA work in Connecticut, east of the Connecticut River, was supervised by the regular state men. RESETTLEMENT ADMINISTRATION PROJECT In April, 1936, gypsy moth scouting was carried on by the Resettle- ment Administration, on its own property in the town of Griswold. During the life of the project, the scouting crew inspected 35 acres of woodland and found and creosoted 1,920 egg-clusters. Mr. Ashworth supervised the work. QUARANTINES There have been no changes in the regulated area in Connecticut during the past year. The following pages show the statistics of gypsy moth suppression work performed by all three agencies, with a summary on page 337. Control of Gypsy Moth, 1936 333 E d o to 5 a s * » cd « = > c.- 3 3 coXl-O -5-1 g. — - 2 « ST Mm co a^8 3~ a O O 3 ©©©©©©© I o o©©©©©©©©©©co©© I ft OOlfl Onto rj< O M «? T? © t> a 3 0 U -a ■g.S'S * J 3 «2 CM VOMlOtJ<©©©©©©©LOCO© © ©OCOrHT? UO LO CM •" r* cm" C*f i— '©©f-coeoiooo. nocifli- 1 (MO O. O N r1 is t^ (M co 1 0 -h to t> co ■>* im cm" on i— T i— I (M ©©■>#©©©©©©tM©© WOOOHCCOOCOrCS I © ©MS CAt-OOWSOCOWCOVCi-: IO O (N (M ^ Tj< rHO (M vo Os ON CO CO O t— ©• O" 0 CO i — 1 - M — I— I LO 13 >>£, 1* R o « Mi?, ii §^-s ■ililli|||2ll|| 3s£ S S - -Q - > C d — -2 2 s ~c = "5 ~z 334 Connecticut Experiment Station Bulletin 396 -a v ss"S 3S.1 ■^ o to tlfl aj BO co •<# so (M i— I N\0\OiflWnOvONO t~- tji so io on os e© tJI rH HlflH 0\_ M eo csf csf CSI B5^^0'?l00000 O OS to i— I # f-H t> l-H so r-T oC OS c SO so h- LO Hh HOOOIMOVOHOOOO CSJ * CO COt-OMNNiflOt-OO I SO g CO CSI c-q CO i— I "# c OsOOOiMOCOlOOOOO HOOOHOinNOOOO ^ CASS'S CO o o c c I a-g v „ -a S -5 - a ° « &«^ CO § 0£ i s s.s a or H jr co co »i~,"|toH«'-< O co ■-^. Control of Gypsy Moth, 1936 335 i-H On OOOOCOOOOnOOOOOO O HOmO\OM^t-OCO\MWNt^\0 0\ r- r ph r-T c\f t-- i— ~ o cc cc i—' lc uf uo i— J" cd so" •># 1— I i-H tN i-H I— I I— I HH eo-*,0'j|»'*oweooO'#MO 0>*LOO>0'J|HOOMO\CIM'J|CO OTfM^WOSTf^OiOOiMWO vBOSoOtOvOSiM^WCOrt^OiN^WO I mcfl iriacocft *fton m u3 h~ m o\ r-— OOOOOOOt^-OOOOOO 'JOOON'J^tONCMCCHJONOl'tO H\D OOiCNt^H CM MU5H O ■<# OCO^CLCi— I CO sD 1/5 t^_ H 1— TlrtON Is- i— Tr-H Tj<"t~- Tjl r-l oot-ovooomoooooo ooooooooooooooooooo OOOOOOOiOOCOOOO ©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©© OOOOOOOi— IOOOOOO ccoooh^^cw co co mvcoh K — -^ t— I © t> \C cd r*-^c iCCCCNMMt-«0 © © t- © — ■ © © I— I © © © © © © I— I I— I t- eo(M©©(M«*,©M'-H©©©LO^i^Tfc-q(M© l-H r-i ©©Tj-©l-H©©CO©©©©©© ~ -t r: ., w w «-w ww — to i-j l*" .j— ,_— ; pH ^ 2 o n 3 ^ ^ ^ •a Ho -ace » 3 E o So;? *Z o £ as 5«S Sis £ el s «|§5 § S S5* 336 Connecticut Experiment Station Bulletin 396 s 1- — 0} a CO •< - C - < 5 - CO — V -~ a - ~ o CO — — - i 3 a - - cd c «5 3 CO t > a-a CO -H a Pi 3 u J — 3 — -! "* 3 bi c > a u - X m-^ 61 C W 3 2 o a> u CJ 3 4J CO a ■e a .i j: 3 3 ^ : CO a o H O O O tJi i .-H on co o o rt\OMO i-i I -* i— i|--i-HO\i— lt-i— lt-0Ol— It-t-t—i— I© cc a m h m co t- (M ci co in co » f ] eo C3N O^ i-H © ©^ CO © ON •># V© ON ON_ "# C-l ON © CO o" CO l-H co" co" co" ©" on" t? vo I-H IN r-H IT-! CO i— I ©©©©©© N H O H N i- © co lo co r - © i> ■>* co i-h ^ r -• co" t>f eo' eo" co" ec" eo t- © © © © I CO ON NO >0 C~- © © LO rH CO ©©©©©©©©©LO©LO©©© ©t~©rH©©©©©CM©i— ! © LO © © CO t~ C-l © (N CI CO ■<* » ©©©©©©© I© © I © CI Gi © © © © CO © © © © © © CO © © © © © — o ©©©©-=©© I © © © © © ^- © © I I— I Z f5 CO "* CO 6 JULY S IS 2S AUGU5T S 16 ZT 1 \ i\ i \ ES# f pi *r 100 | \ > 1 -e&v /e«s i 15000 i \ •/ i M J i i i \ 5000 A / "\ \ \ / / \ \ \ / \ \ \ / -o ; ' \\ 1 0 \'\ i ?/ \\ 1 C:-/ 1 : i Figure 58. Chart showing results of mite sprays. Corner lot. Dormant, lime sulfur; summer, dry lime sulfur, derris. Well lot. Dormant, flotation sulfur; summer, flotation sulfur. Russet lot. Dormant, oil; summer, lime sulfur to calyx, then flotation sulfur. Discussion of the Mite Predator Problem It has been maintained by many workers that European red mite enemies are destroyed by various spray mixtures. Probably the most extensive work Observations on the European Red Mite and its Control 375 along this line is that of Gilliat (1935) who examined a number of preda- tors occurring in Nova Scotia. Laboratory tests with Seius pomi, con- sidered the most important, indicated that Bordeaux mixture, lime sulfur with iron sulfate or aluminum sulfate and oils were effective in destroying them. Nicotine sulfate apparently was without effect. In these tests, lime sulfur, 1 to 40, killed 25 percent of the Seius present in 48 hours, whereas 3 percent Sunoco oil killed 100 percent within the same period. This author, however, admits that many predators may be concealed during the dormant period and might escape. In a previous statement (1935, p. 28), the author states that "dormant oil not only destroys most of the winter eggs of the European red mite, but also kills the larger proportion of the hibernating adults of Seiulus pomi Parrott, thus largely removing probably the most important natural controlling factor "= Whether the mite enemies were completely destroyed by our oil applica- tions this year is not certain, though it is evident that the population built up rapidly where no sulfur applications followed. Likewise, it is possible that our temperatures in Connecticut during midsummer are enough higher than those prevailing in Nova Scotia so that a more rapid kill from sulfur is obtained. Just why lime sulfur without iron or aluminum sulfate is relatively harmless to Seius in Nova Scotia is not apparent, though it may be because of increased adhesive properties of the lime sulfur from addition of the sulfates as well as action of the sulfates them- selves. Our lime sulfur sprays were applied entirely without added ad- hesive or other agents and still there was a striking reduction in mite enemies from their use in the field. It has been observed by various workers in Connecticut and elsewhere in the United States (Sanders 1928, and Frost 1924) that sulfur dust often promotes European red mite outbreaks. Why, then, should wettable sulfur and lime sulfur be free of such action? It may be maintained that the reason lime sulfur serves generally as a better control in early season sprays depends not so much on the immunity of the mite enemies as on the in- creased kill of certain stages of the red mites themselves. In regard to oils, our counts indicate that tar oils and oils containing cresylic acid reduced the mite enemy population more than other oils, but we still had an effective number this year on trees receiving no addi- tional sulfur sprays. In this connection it should be stated that trees in the same series, sprayed with dormant lime sulfur and without subsequent sulfur sprays, likewise showed an adequate number of enemies in July. It is believed, therefore, that although some of the mite enemies are doubtless destroyed by dormant oils and dormant lime sulfur, enough may escape to make an effective control if they are not further depleted by later sprays. The advantage of dormant oil over dormant lime sulfur lies, of course, in the increased egg kill. On the other hand, with a control program allowing natural enemies to increase normally, it is believed that even the dormant oil may be discarded after the mite enemy population has developed suf- ficiently to take care of the situation. 376 Connecticut Experiment Station Bulletin 396 Table 13. Seius Populations in Different Localities, 1936 Location Date Number loaves Number Number per Seius 100 leaves Kuropean red mite infestation New Haven Station Grounds No sulfur spray Mount, Carmel Station Orchard "Young orchard" No sulfur spray Mount Carmel Station Orchard "Old orchard" Check tree1 (1 sulfur spray) Mount Carmel Station Orchard "Old orchard" Sprayed with wettable sulfur Hamden Peck Orchard Sprayed 6% oil. no subsequent, spray Hamden Townsend Orchard July 31 Sulfur spray2 Hamden Townsend Orchard July 31 Unsprayed Lebanon Graham Orchard July 15 Sulfur spray Lebanon Trees nearby Unsprayed Branford Plant Orchard Sulfur spray3 August 8 July July 30 Julv 30 Jul\ 31 July 15 10 25 10 16 15 33 15 45 15 56 15 15 15 303 295 184 50 August 21 29 19 17 10 4 147 0 54 13 250 Present — no injury 160 Present — no injury 220 Present — no injury 300 Present — no injury 373 Present — no injury 126 Present — no injury 0 Present — severe injury 113 Present — no injury 66 Present — no injury 1 . 3 Present — severe injury 49 Present — no injury 0 Present — injury noted throughout the orchard 108 Present — no injury 44 Present — no injury 'Check tree had one flotation sulfur-lead arsenate spray at, -A wettable sulfur containing some copper. ■This orchard was one of the few escaping red mite injury the pink period. which had a full sulfur schedule. Table 14. Observations on the Effects of Dormant Sprays on Red Mite Enemies. Examination during July. Orchard and materials used Number leaves examined Number Seius Number per 1 00 leaves Peck Orchard, 6% tank mix oil, no subsequent sulfur spray Station Farm, young orchard, Kleenocil1 dormant, lime-lead arsenate Station Farm, young orchard. Lime sulfur-nicotine sulfate dormant; lime-lead arsenate following Station Farm, young orchard, Ready mix oil2 emulsion dormant, lime-lead arsenate following Station Farm, young orchard, Tar oil dormant, lime-lead arsenate following Same as above Check — no dormant oil or other spray. Lime-lead arsenate following 15 15 17 10 113 66 15 23 152 15 33 220 15 15 15 15 'Dormant oil containing cresylic acid [Commercial]. -'Dormant oil without cresylic acid [Commercial]. 45 23 20 56 300 152 132 372 320 176 168 214 322 160 102 156 28 10 102 40 73 48 4 33 8 0 111 16 0 32 12 0 46 4 0 78 8 0 94 148 150 Observations on the European Red Mite and Us Control 377 Table 15. Effects of Various Ingredients of Standard Spray Mixtures on Red Mite Enemies. Townsend Orchard, Hamden, 1936. Number Seius Number Seius Number Seius Spray used before spray after after first spray second spray 1. Lime, 5 lbs. to 100 gals, water Lime, 5 lbs. to 100 gals, water 2. Lead arsenate. 3 lbs. to 100 gals, water Lead arsenate, 3 lbs. to 100 gals, water 3. Flotation sulfur (dry), 5 lbs. to 100 gals, water Flotation sulfur (dry), 5 lbs. to 100 gals, water 4. Dry lime sulfur, 6 lbs. to 100 gals, water Dry lime sulfur, 6 lbs. to 100 gals, water 5. Liquid lime sulfur, 2 gals, to 100 gals, water Liquid lime sulfur, 2 gals, to 100 gals, water 6. Check — no spray Figures in the table represent the number of mite enemies per 100 leaves. First examination July 16-17. Spray applied July 21. Second examination shortly after spray had dried. Second spray August 1. Third examination August 3 and 4. Two trees selected for each experiment. Leaves up to 50 in number selected from each tree and examined with binocular. Summary Sulfur sprays may destroy European red mile enemies belonging to the mite family Parasitidae (Gamasidae). Control of scab entirely without the use of sulfur has been demonstrated for some varieties by the experiments of Zappe and Stoddard of this Station. White or summer oil emulsions are equal in effectiveness to any material tried so far for midsummer control and more effective than summer strength lime sulfur. Severe infestations beginning in June may require two oil applications about one month apart. August outbreaks so far have required only one. A discussion of the mite predator situation as il affects red mite abun- dance is given. Literature 1. Anderson, H. W. Results of Disease Control in 1932. Trans. 111. State Hort.Soc, 66: 175-197. 1932. (Effect of lime and lead arsenate in scab control) 2. Folsom, Donald. Maine Agr. Expt. Station. Bui. 380: 213-214. 1935. (Effect of lead arsenate and other materials on scab) 3. Frost, S. W. Four Year Experiment on the Control of the Red Spider. Jour. Econ. Ent., 17: 103. 1924. (Observation on effect of sulfur dusts) 4. Gilliat, F. C. Some Predators of the European Red Mite Paralelranychus pilosus C. and F. in Nova Scotia. Can. Jour. Research, D. 13: 19-38. 1935. (Thorough study of the predators of the European red mite) 5. Houser and Cutright. 47th Ann. Rept. Ohio Agr. Expt. Station, Bui. 431: 73. 1929. 6. Sanders, J. G. Observations on the European Red Mite. Jour. Econ. Ent., 21: 314. 1928. (Observation of effect of sulfur dusts) 7. Zappe, M. P., and Stoddard, E. M. Tests of Apple Sprays. Conn. Agr. Expt. Station, Bui. 360: 447-448. 1933. Conn. Agr. Expt. Station, Bui. 368: 210-212. 1934. Conn. Agr. Expt. Station, Bui. 383: 305-308. 1935. (Results with lime, lead arsenate and fish oil for control of scab) 378 Connecticut Experiment Station Bulletin 396 WORK WITH ORIENTAL FRUIT MOTH PARASITES Philip Garman Breeding and distribution of fruit moth parasites was continued in 1936 by Messrs. Brigham, Schread and Smith, with the result that 16,118 individuals of Bassus diver sus Mues. were liberated in 43 orchards. Twelve of these colonies consisted of 500 or more females, 14 from 300 to 500 females, and the remainder of 100 to 300. Liberations this year also in- cluded 3,825 individuals of Diodes molestae Uchida, the Korean parasite, of which 1,781 were females. These were liberated in 20 orchards. There were also 5,213 individuals of Macrocentrus ancylivorus Boh., with 2,550 females placed in 14 colonies, and 12,000 of Perisierola angulata Mues. in 20 colonies. In addition, the Federal Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine placed 1,181 individuals of eight different foreign species in several different localities. Six of the species liberated by the Federal Bureau were new to the State, never having been released here before. Collections of infested twigs from various orchards during June and July showed a low population of fruit moths in June and a low parasitiza- tion by larval parasites in July. In view of the low parasitism in July we predicted a heavier fruit moth infestation than had occurred for several years. Although this prediction did not hold generally, there was, never- theless, a heavy infestation in Hales and in some cases also in Elbertas, in many localities. Becovery of recently introduced parasites was attempted. Diodes molestae was obtained from collections at the Bishop orchard in Cheshire under conditions which lead us to believe that it wintered successfully during 1936. Bassus diversus was obtained in another orchard, but re- coveries of both species were so limited that no predictions can be made regarding their ultimate survival in Connecticut. Attempts to recover other foreign parasites liberated have so far been unsuccessful. A stock of Phaeogenes haeussleri Uchida, has been obtained from the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine with a view to liberating them in Connecticut during 1937. Breeding work is proceeding satisfac- torily at the present time. This is a pupal parasite, originating in Japan and said to be of some value as a fruit moth parasite in that country. About 13 million Trichogramma were reared during 1936, 11 million going to peach growers and the remainder being held for the corn borer experiment reported elsewhere by Mr. Schread. The work of distribution was done in cooperation with the Connecticut Pomological Society through its committee on peach moth parasites. FURTHER STUDIES IN CONTROL OF THE APPLE MAGGOT Philip Garman Continued laboratory work in the control of this insect was carried out as well as several field experiments. Cage tests were conducted using flies confined with sprayed apples, and kept in a room conditioned to 76° F. and 60 to 70 percent relative humidity. The tests were continued for 20 days and the apples replaced with freshly sprayed fruit after 10 days. Flies were held for one day after emergence before introduction of the sprayed fruit in order to eliminate mortality due to handling newly emerged Control of the Apple Maggot 379 individuals. The materials used were evaluated for: (1) Efficiency in preventing oviposition and (2) killing value or increase in mortality over check cages. In general the results obtained this year indicate that derris is a very good insecticide for killing apple maggot flies and, as seen from the table, kills much more rapidly than lead arsenate. This rapid kill is also reflected in egg puncture reduction which amounted to 99 percent when used as a spray at the same rate as lead arsenate. Small amounts of derris or allied material in the form of a .75 percent rotenone dust applied so as to cover the fruit surface in a very light layer were also effective in killing the flies and preventing oviposition. Phenothiazine continued to show repellent action but did not equal the killing effect of either derris or lead arsenate. Wheat flour was used as a carrier in all tests except the rotenone dust, the sprays being applied at the rate of 3 grams poison and 3 grams flour in 800 cc. water. In general, results of the laboratory tests mentioned confirm those re- ported last year (Bui. 383 of this Station, p. 315). This year, with smaller dosages and slightly different technique, the derris appeared to have advantages both in kill and egg puncture reduction whereas previously reported tests indicated that lead arsenate had a slight advantage. The effect of rotenone dust in cage tests is interesting as indicating a possible field control of some value. Lime-glue sprays used in three field experiments again this year gave favorable results in one test and unfavorable results in the other two. There is still some indication of repellent action where this mixture is employed, but it is believed some killing agent is needed in addition. Ex- amination at harvest of apples sprayed with phenothiazine and wheat flour, 3 pounds each in 100 gallons, showed results comparable with cal- cium arsenate, but further tests will be needed to establish its true value. Apparently the repellent action noted in cage tests remains in the field over a long period. Apples sprayed with derris showed up much better than a year ago, were as free from maggot injury as any in the orchard, and were much better than fruit from the check trees. Table 16. Laboratory Experiments in Control of Apple Maggot Flies, 1936-1937 Material Spray or No. tests No. females Mortality in Egg punctures dust used 20 days per female 4% derris root Spray1 3 104 90. 92 .68 .75 rotenone Dust 3 134 100. 03 .18 Lead arsenate Spray 4 82 84.1 3.3 Calcium arsenate Spray 2 40 60.0 4.8 Basic zinc arsenate Spray 2 45 71.1 3.7 Cryolite (Alorco) Spray 2 33 54.5 4.6 Phenothiazine Spray 2 59 57.6 7.9 Check No spray 3 56 19.6 40.7 'Dilution given in text above. 'Mortality 100 percent in 14 days in two tests. sMortality 100 percent in 14 days in all tests. NOTES ON CONTROL OF THE TENT CATERPILLAR IN ORCHARDS Philip Garman During 1936, a large number of tent caterpillar egg-masses were ob- tained and treated with dormant oils and lime sulfur mixtures in order to 380 Connecticut Experiment Station Bulletin 396 find which are the most effective ovicides. After treatment, the eggs were hung in an open insectary exposed to outdoor conditions except rainfall. Results obtained and set forth in Table 17 show that lime sulfur, and oil with nicotine sulfate added, are two of the most effective sprays against the egg stage. For the past two years several spray combinations have been tried in the peach orchard at Mount Carmel. Here, oils without nicotine were compared with lime sulfur preparations, and the number of tents develop- ing per tree were noted later in the season, in these tests, lime sulfur proved the most effective agent as indicated in Table 18. Unfortunately, however, there was no comparative field test with dormant oil and nicotine sulfate combined. During 1935, a practical demonstration of the effectiveness of lime sulfur as compared with oils was observed in a large commercial orchard in Wallingford. Part of this orchard was treated with lime sulfur dormant spray, whereas the remainder was treated with 6 percent tank mix oil emulsion. Few or no nests were seen in the block sprayed with the lime sulfur, but they were fairly numerous in the oil sprayed portion. Table 17. Tests of Various Materials to Kill Tent Caterpillar Egg-masses, 1936. Sprayed April 1 and Hung in the Insectary with Outdoor Conditions Except Rainfall. Examination after Unsprayed Masses Had Ceased to Hatch Materials used and dilutions Total masses Number hatched Percentage showing emergence Kleenup ready mix1 5% Lime sulfur 1 to 8, 12.5% Lime sulfur 1 to 8, 12.5% Kleenocil2 43^%, (3^% cresylic acid) Kleenup readv mix 4% Nicotine sulfate .125% Kleenup ready mix 4% Loro3 1 to 800 Diamond paraffin oil 6% Skim milk powder 13^% Sunoco spray oil 5% Cresylic acid M% Sunoco spray oil 5% Loro .125% Tar-lubricating oil 4.5% (Tar 2 3^) Turkey red oil .5% Tar-lubricating oil 4.5% (Tar 23^) Diglycol oleate .5% Lubricating oil 4^% Loro .25% Tar oil 2^% Turkey red oil .5% Check, no treatment 87 18 20.6 84 12 14.3 80 22 27.5 84 5 5.9 76 58 76.3 64 56 87.5 63 49 77.7 70 57 81.4 50 33 66.0 59 45 76.2 82 69 84.1 67 59 88.0 91 83 91.2 1 Kleenup readv mix. Commercial oil preparation manufactured by the California Spray Chemical Co. 1936 product. :Kleenocil. Commercial oil with cresylic acid manufactured by the California Spray Chemical Co. 1936 product. 3Loro. Lauryl thiocyanate manufactured by the Grasselli Chemical Co. 1936 product. Control of Canker Worms 381 Table 18. Effect of Spray Mixtures on Tent Caterpillar Egg-masses. Peach Orchard, Mount Carmel Number of Number of Number tents Treatment trees tents per 100 trees 1935 Bordeaux mixture 8-8-100 48 27 56 Lime sulfur 3 gals, to 100 [ Kleenup 4 gals, to 100J 24 3 12 Lime sulfur 1 gal. to 15 142 17 12 Check, no treatment 23 1936 21 91 Bordeaux mixture 4-4-100 44 282 638 Bordeaux mixture 4-4-100 Miscible oil 5 gals, to 100 44 156 354 Lime sulfur 6 gals, to 100 127 114 89 Check, no treatment 19 85 447 NOTE ON FIELD AND LABORATORY CONTROL OF CANKER WORMS Philip Garman Apple trees at Mount Carmel, heavily infested with canker worm eggs, were sprayed March 30, 1936, with 6 gallons diamond paraffin oil. 3 pounds skim milk powder and 50 gallons of water. Ten egg-masses were tagged and collected after all others had hatched in the orchard. Two of the 10 masses had hatched eggs. Of a total of 1,080 eggs in the masses, 137 or 12.7 percent hatched. gi\ ing a possible control of 87 percent. A count of worms on 100 leaves by Mr. Townsend showed 5, 4 and L5 on trees that were sprayed, or an average of 8. On unsprayed trees in the vicinity, 20 and 47 canker worms per 100 leaves were con ti ted, or an aver- age of 33. According to this, there was a field control of approximately 75 percent. The control, however, was not sufficient to protect the trees, although, in general, those sprayed appeared to be in much belter condi- tion at the height of the infestation than unsprayed trees nearby. Laboratory tests with canker worm eggs were also conducted during 1934 and 1935. The results obtained are shown in the following table. It would appear that heavy oil applications will afford some control of canker worms in the egg stage, but will net necessarily give satisfactory relief wThere no other measures are taken. Table 19. Laboratory Tests of Materials to Kill Canker Worm Eggs. 1934 and 1935. Eggs Kept at Room Temperatures .after Treatment Materials used Dates Total eggs Hatched Percent hatched Feb. Apr. 14 to Mar. 4 10 to Apr. 24 302 477 231 189 76.5 39.6 Feb. 14 to Mar. 4 127 102 80.3 Apr. 10 to Apr. 24 391 330 84 3 Mar 4 to Apr. 5 256 3 1.1 Mar . 4 to Apr. 5 161 69 42 8 Lime sulfur 1 to 8 Lime sulfur 1 to 8 Lime sulfur 1 to 8 plus Nicotine sulfate 1 to 800 Lime sulfur 1 to 8 plus Nicotine sulfate 1 to 800 Lubricating oil 6% plus Areskap .5% Lubricating oil 4% plus Areskap .25% 382 C 'onneciicut Experiment Stat ion Bulletin 396 Table 19 — Continued Materials used Date3 Total eggs Hatched Percent hatched Lubricating oil 6% Glycerol oleate .5% Apr. 4 to May 4 515 12 2.3 Lubricating oil 6% Diglycol oleate .5% Lubricating oil 4% Diglycol oleate .5% Apr. 4 to May 4 Apr. 4 to May 4 552 370 0 14 0.0 3.7 Lubricating oil 4% Cresylic acid .5% Milk powder .5% Mar. 4 to Apr. 5 201 89 44.2 Lubricating oil 6% Milk powder .5% Lubricating oil 6% Milk powder .5% Mar. 4 to Apr. 4 Apr. 4 to May 4 202 536 8 136 3.9 25.3 Sunoco spray oil 8% Sunoco spray oil 6% Apr. 10 to Apr. 24 Apr. 10 to Apr. 24 711 508 166 182 23.3 35.8 Dendrol 8% Dendrol 6% Apr. 10 to Apr. 24 Apr. 10 to Apr. 24 515 503 93 108 18.0 21.4 Check, no treatment Feb. 14 to Apr. 4 Apr. 10 to Apr. 24 Apr. 4 to May 4 149 242 388 141 201 306 94.6 83.0 78.8 NOTE: Diamond paraffin oil from the Atlantic Refining Co. was used in tests where oil was employed, except for the commercial oils used. REPORT ON PFACH SPRAYS Philip Garman Work reported in previous seasons was continued in an effort to obtain improved insecticides for the peach. Two brands of lead arsenate, one of high and one of low soluble arsenic content, were compared, using zinc sulfate and lime as a safener with wettable sulfur as the fungicide. Very little difference between the high and low water soluble lead arsenate could be seen in these experiments, but there appeared to be a slight advantage from the use of the low soluble material in amount of leaf scorch and drop. Examinations of trees sprayed with cryolite, and with lead arsenate, showed much less damage to the leaves and twigs wherever the cryolite was used. Dry flotation sulfur was used as the fungicide. Examination of early drop fruits showed about the same curculio control for lead arsenate with zinc sulfate as for cryolite and sulfur, as shown in Table 20. Considering the variation, the differences do not appear sig- nificant. These results correspond with those obtained in 1933 in the same orchard. (See Bui. 360 of this Station, p. 455) . Two applications for curculio control were made, one at the time of the shuck fall, May 29, and the other two weeks later. During August and September, four sprays of derris with skim milk powder as the wetting agent were applied for fruit moth control, but ex- amination of the fruit at harvest showed a low infestation of fruit moth and not enough difference between sprayed and unsprayed fruit to be sig- nificant. Two and one-half to three pounds of derris, 4 percent rotenone, was used in each 100 gallons of water. Much difficulty was encountered at this time in spraying the trees because they were loaded with fruit and the branches of neighboring trees were in contact with one another. Control of Rosy Apple Aphid 383 Table 20. Control of Curculio on Peaches, 1936 No. trees Total Average percent Treatmest sampled examined Infested infested Alorco cryolite 4 617 294 47.6 Natural cryolite 4 785 212 27.0 Lead arsenate 4 710 253 35.0 4 836 491 58.0 Check — no curculio spray 4 788 559 70.9 EXPERIMENTS WITH CONTROL OF THE ROSY APPLE APHID Philip Garman Control of the rosy apple aphid on apple trees was attempted during 1936, using a number of materials offered for that purpose. Oils with cresylic acid, tar oils, and tar-lubricating oil emulsions were used at the dormant stage. A miscible oil was applied at the delayed dormant period. Of the materials used, the tar oils gave better controls than any other product. The failure of oil with cresylic acid is thought to be due to the fact that it was not applied late enough, but it should be remarked that the safety period for applications of this kind is often relatively short in Connecticut. Control with commercial tar-lubricating oil emulsions in several orchards in New Haven County appeared to be satisfactory as far as aphid control was concerned, but a disturbing element appeared in the serious outbreaks of European red mite during the summer in these orchards. Just how much influence the tar-lubricating oils had on this pest has not been fully determined though they are believed to have helped in the general reduction of natural enemies of the red mite. At Westwoods, every other tree of a row of Cortland apples was sprayed with 2.5 percent tar oil emulsion, emulsified in the tank with fish oil soap. Results of the counts made during the season and at harvest indicate considerable reduction in aphid apples, centers of infestation, and aphids per 100 buds. The actual control, however, was not as good as might be expected from the kill of aphids earlier in the season. Similar results were obtained on Gravenstein in a nearby orchard but red mites did con- siderable damage there. The European red mite does not commonly damage Gravenstein in this locality. At the Mount Carmel farm, the application of a miscible oil as a delayed dormant spray and oil plus cresylic acid as a dormant gave no advantage in aphid free fruit over check trees, whereas tar oils reduced the amount of affected fruit an average of 31 percent over checks. The reduction in the number of aphids per 100 buds is shown in Table 21, and results in the Westwoods orchard in Table 22. 384 Connecticut Experiment Station Bulletin 396 Table 21. Control of the Rosy Aphid on Apple Trees. Experiment Station Farm, Mount Carmel, 1936 No. No. buds Aphids per Period of Materials Variety trees examined 100 buds application ORCHARD A Tar oil, 2.5 gallons Potash fish oil Baldwin 3 150 4 Dormant soap, 2.5 quarts Gravenstein 2 50 4 Water, 100 gallons Commercial oil emulsion diluted to .5% Baldwin 3 125 13 cresylic acid Gravenstein 1 50 22 Dormant Commercial oil emulsion 4% stock Baldwin 3 150 18 Delayed Dormant Check — no sprav Baldwin 13 650 70 Gravenstein o 100 113 ORCHARD B Miscible oil 5% stock Greening 2 100 13 Delayed Dormant 5% oil emulsion stock plus .5% cresylic Greening 2 100 12 Dormant acid in diluted spray 2.5% tar oil Gravenstein 1 50 0 Dormant plus fish oil soap Hurlbut 1 50 2 2.5% tar oil plus Turkey red oil Baldwin 6 320 4 Dormant Tar oil 2.5% Lubricating oil 2.5% Hurlbut 2 100 3 Dormant plus fish oil soap Check — no spray Baldwin 2 100 55 Greening 2 90 95 Table 22. Control of Rosy Aphid on Apple. J. F. Townsend Farm, Westwoods, Hamden, Conn., 1936. Variety Cortland. Sprayed March 30, Examined April 14. Applied with Power Sprayer Treatment No. trees No. buds No. aphids Aphids per 100 buds Tar oil, 2.5 gallons Fish oil soap — (Spreadol), 3 quarts 6 Water, 100 gallons Check — no treatment 5 192 160 4 96 2 60 Count of Centers of Infestation, May 22 Treatment No. trees Centers Centers per tree Tar oil, same as above 6 Check — no treatment 5 14 135 2.3 27.0 Increasing Toxicity of Nicotine Preparations 38= Examination of Fruit at Harvest for Aphis Apples. Score ry Trees Showing Variation from Tree to Tree. Tree Treatment Total apples Aphis apples Percent aphis apples 1 187 35 18.7 3 187 12 6.4 5 319 57 17.8 7 Tar oil 312 11 3.5 9 204 70 34.3 11 399 31 7.7 1,608 216 13.4 2 77 21 27.2 4 6 Unsprayed 125 217 61 49 48.8 22.5 8 253 100 39.5 10 461 101 332 21.9 1,133 29.3 NOTE: Trees small, probably not over 10 feet high. locking of branches. Sprayed carefully from all angles. No inter STUDY OF SEVERAL NICOTINE PREPARATIONS AND W ETTING AGENTS FOR INCREASING THEIR TOXICITY Philip Gaum an Appearance of numerous proposed spreading agents in the alcohol sulfate field and the successful use of such materials in experiments sug- gested comparing them with soap as welters for Aphis rumicis. At the same time, several nicotine compounds not commonly used were prepared by Dr. H. J. Fisher of the Department of Analytical Chemistry of I his Station, and these were examined along with I he wel ling agents mentioned. It was noted in these experiments lliat a number of l he alcohol sulfates were very good wretting agents for Aphis rumicis at 1 to 100 or 1 percent dilution, but at greater dilutions, such as 1 to 100, 500 or 1,000, the wet ting ability dropped oft' rapidly and there was a corresponding decrease in aphid mortality. The nicotine preparations were compared with nicotine sulfate and nicotine alkaloid on a nicotine content basis. Some of the preparations seemed to possess greater toxicity for Aphis rumicis than the sulfate, but the increase is probably not great enough to be of practical value. The toxicity of such compounds apparently depends largely on the nicotine content and can only be increased within narrow limits by changing the nature of the salts or by addition of different wetting agents. Of the nicotine compounds prepared by Dr. Fisher, nicotine salicylate seemed to be the most promising. Nicotine hydrochloride is deliquescent, taking moisture from the air rapidly, and nicotine naphthenate has a strong odor besides other objectionable features. Nicotine salicylate, how- ever, is an odorless crystalline material readily soluble in water or methyl salicylate and possesses good toxicity for Aphis rumicis. The wetting agents tested are representatives of several groups offered to us for the purpose of combining with insecticides, but no attempt has been made to secure all the various kinds in these groups. 386 Connecticut Experiment Station Bulletin 396 Following is a description of the materials used: 1. Nicotine hydrochloride, 81.6 percent nicotine: brown granular ma- terial, takes up moisture from the air; strong odor of nicotine preparations. 2. Nicotine salicylate, 54 percent nicotine: white crystalline powder, odorless. 3. Nicotine naphthenate, 40 percent nicotine: dark brown liquid, strong penetrating odor of naphthenes. 4. Nicotine sulfate, 40 percent nicotine: commercial preparation. 5. Nicotine alkaloid, 95 percent nicotine: commercial preparation. 6. Igepon A. P. Ex. Con., Oleate taurine: white powder. 7. Igepon T-gel, Oleate methyl taurine: colorless jelly. 8. Nekal 3 B, Sodium isobutyl naphthalene sulfonate: brown powder. 9. Areskap, Sodium sulfonate of orthophenyl phenol: brown powder. 10. Avirol, Sodium stearyl sulfate: white powder. Table 23. Aphid Mortality Using Five Spreaders and two Nicotine Compounds of Known Composition February, 1936 Nicotine Number Moribund Percent compound Spreader and dilution counted and dead dead Hydrochloride Sodium oleate 1 to 800 152 152 100.0 Salicylate Sodium oleate 1 to 800 114 113 99.1 Hydrochloride Igepon A. P. Ex. Con. 1 to 800 150 134 89.3 Salicylate Igepon A. P. Ex. Con. 1 to 800 81 75 92.5 Hydrochloride T.-GeP 1 to 800 175 151 86.2 Salicylate T.-GeP 1 to 800 80 73 91.2 Hydrochloride Areskap 1 to 800 146 88 60.2 Salicylate Areskap 1 to 800 111 86 77.4 Hydrochloride Avirol 1 to 800 84 52 61.9 Salicylate Avirol 1 to 800 137 114 83.2 Hydrochloride None ■ ■ 98 72 73.5 Salicylate None 115 81 70.4 Check None 87 0 0.0 Check None 121 1 0.8 1 Original material contains 75% water. Dilution on a dry basis. Nicotine content of solutions the same in all cases. Aphids sprayed at 10 lbs. pressure with nozzle 9 inches from the leaf, which was placed on a revolving turntable. After spraying, the aphids were placed in an air conditioned room maintained at 76° F., 60 to 65% relative humidity. Table 24. Comparison of Several Alcohol Sulfates With Sodium Oleate for Killing Aphis rumicis Number Dead and Percent Materials Dilution aphids moribund killed Sodium oleate C. P. 1-100 671 645 96.1 1-200 711 662 93.1 1-400 280 180 64.2 Igepon A. P. Ex. Con. 1-100 741 691 93.2 (Oleate taurine) 1-200 1,089 1,025 94.1 1-400 336 207 61.5 Nekal 3 B 1-100 717 701 97.7 (Sodium isobutyl naphthalene 1-200 904 742 82.0 sulfonate) 1-400 346 195 56.4 Areskap 1-100 911 798 87.5 (Sodium sulfonate of 1-200 817 600 73.5 orthophenyl phenol) 1-400 358 139 38.8 Avirol 1-100 723 418 57.8 (Sodium stearyl sulfate) Check 437 22 5.0 340 12 3.5 201 15 7.4 L __ Distilled water used in all tests. The Horned Squash Bug 38" Table 25. Comparison of Sodium Oleate and Igepon A. P. Ex. Con. Spreaders for Killing Aphis rumicis. Nicotine Dilution .00013 Percent Spreader Nicotine salt Total aphids Number dead Percent dead Sodium oleate 1 to 1600 Naphthenate 234 291 225 273 96.1 93.8 Sodium oleate 1 to 1600 Salicylate 194 269 174 230 89.6 85.5 Sodium oleate 1 to 1600 Sulfate 229 113 175 96 76.4 84.9 Sodium oleate 1 to 1600 Alkaloid 241 284 205 238 85.0 83.8 Igepon A. P. Ex. Con. 1 to 1600 Naphthenate 238 200 188 215 157 148 90.1 78.5 78.7 Igepon A. P. Ex. Con. 1 to 1600 Salicylate 168 191 140 152 83.3 79.5 Igepon A. P. Ex. Con. 1 to 1600 Sulfate 263 158 215 135 81.7 85.4 Igepon A. P. Ex. Con. 1 to 1600 Alkaloid 260 216 214 108 82.3 91.2 Sodium oleate 1 to 1600 None 174 189 16 15 9.2 7.9 Igepon A. P. Ex. Con. 1 to 1600 None 211 107 14 21 6.6 19.6 Aphids sprayed and maintained after spraying as in Tab.e 23. Distilled water used in all tests. THE HORNED SQUASH BUG, Anasa armigera, WITH A NOTE ON Anasa repetita R. L. Beard The horned squash bug, Anasa armigera Say, is a common pest of cucurbits in the southern states. Prior to 1936, the only record of this bug in Connecticut was of a single specimen taken in New Haven, June 26, 1919. In the summer of 1936, however, it appeared in sufficient numbers to be noticeable, but was not abundant enough to cause any damage to plants. This species was ob- served in plantings of summer squash in the towns of Hamden, Southing- ton, and Thomaston. The greatest number was found on squash planted in cold frames on a truck farm in Hamden. Here the horned squash bug constituted 28.8 percent of all the squash bugs collected. On a truck farm in Southington, 6.5 percent were found, and in Thomaston, 2.5 per- cent. Upon superficial observation, this species seems little different from the common squash bug, Anasa tristis DeG. It is somewhat lighter in color than the common species, and when in flight is conspicuous because of the red coloration on the dorsal surface of the abdomen. The abdomen is broader than in A. tristis and hence is not so completely covered by the hemielytra. Each lateral margin, or connexivum, has four prominent white spots and is seen to be reflected. The terminal segments of the antennae are red. The characteristic which gives the name to the bug is the presence of two spines or "horns" on the head, just behind the antennal tubercles. The prominent thoracic angles are another distinguishing feature. 388 Connecticut Experiment Staiion Bulletin 396 The life history of this bug seems to be very similar to that of the common squash bug. Adults were first observed on May 29, about the time when A. tristis first appeared. On June 3, caged females laid their first eggs. Figure 59 shows egg-masses of both A. armigera and A. tristis. The eggs of the two species are about the same size, but those of A. armigera are some- what narrower at the ends. Fewer eggs are laid per mass, and these are spaced further apart than those of the common species, at times being very widely scattered. They are of a bright, shining, copper color, whereas those of A. tristis are more of a dull bronze. There is apparently some environmental factor unfavorable to the oviposition of this species, for, although the appearance of the ovaries is practically the same as that of A. tristis, eggs in the field were fewer than would be expected from the estimated population, and comparatively few were obtained from bugs caged over potted squash plants. Of six caged females, two died without laying any eggs, and the greatest number of eggs obtained from any in- dividual was 33. A. tristis females under the same conditions laid from Figure 59. At left, eggs of squash bug, Anasa tristis. At right, eggs of A. armigera. Twice natural size. 55 to 184 eggs each. It may be that squash is not the favorite host plant. In 1918 Parshley, in Massachusetts, recorded extensive feeding on the wild cucumber, Sicyos angulatus Linn., and also on the cultivated cucum- ber. Of the bugs collected this year, however, all but two specimens were taken on squash. These two were taken on a cucumber plant adjacent to squash. There are five nymphal instars, as in A. tristis, and the time of develop- ment from egg to adult is probably about the same in each case. An in- sufficient number of bugs were reared to get average figures, but one group completed its development in 58 days — from June 9 to August 6 — with the time for each stage as follows: Egg, 16 days; first instar, 6 days; second instar, 7 days; third instar, 6 days; fourth instar, 8 days; and fifth instar, 15 days. The Horned Squash Bug 389 Chittenden (1899) has described the various stages of this bug in some detail, but since its appearance is so different from A. tristis, except in the adult stage, a brief description is given here. All stages of nymphs, and even the adult form, are much more attractive than those of the common squash bug. When the bug first hatches from the egg, its body is clear white with brilliant red eyes and antennae and red bands on the white legs. The abdominal tubercles are orange, and fainter orange markings appear on the lateral margins of the dorsal sur- face of the abdomen. The head is grayish, darker on the sides than on the dorsal surface. The thorax is white except for gray markings on the dorso- lateral portions of the metathorax. A few hours after hatching, the colored portions darken considerably. The abdominal markings remain light, how- ever. In subsequent stages, immediately after ecdysis, the colored por- tions are bright, but darken somewhat after a few hour's exposure. This stage is about 2 mm. in length. Figure 60. The horned squash bug, Anasa armigera. 1, first instar nymph; 2, second instar nymph: 3, third instar nymph: 4, fourth instar nymph; 5, fifth instar nymph; 6, adult bug. About three times natural size. The second instar quite closely resembles the first but is somewhat larger. The most conspicuous difference is the increased width of the penul- timate segment of the antennae. This instar measures about 3 mm. in length. In the third instar the antennae and the banding on the legs become darker, and the penultimate antennal segments continue to be broad. The head also becomes darker in color. The wing pads are very slightly in evidence at this stage. The abdomen is considerably wider in propor- tion to the thorax, and the abdominal tubercles are dark. The margins of the abdomen are dentate, but less so than in the following instars. The length is about 5 mm. 390 Connecticut Experiment Station Bulletin 396 In the fourth instar the horns behind the antennal tubercles first appear. The eyes continue to be bright red. The thoracic angles are rather prom- inent, and the wing pads are noticeable. The bandings on the legs are less distinct, but the location of black spots indicates their position. The sides of the abdomen are spotted with black, and their margins are strongly dentate in outline. This instar measures about 7 mm. In the fifth instar the entire body of the nymph is mottled yellow and brown, with legs uniformly spotted with black. This nymph looks very much like the adult bug because of the pronounced thoracic angles. The wing pads are considerably larger and the spines at the base of the an- tennae are more prominent than in the fourth instar. The length is about Figure 61. The common squash bug, Anasa tristis. 1, first instar nymph; 2, second instar nymph; 3, third instar nymph; 4, fourth instar nymph; 5, fifth instar nymph; 6, adult bug. About three times natural size. 9 mm. The developmental stages of Anasa armigera are shown in Figure 60, and corresponding stages of A. tristis in Figure 61. Anasa repetita Heid. is another species of squash bug rarely reported in Connecticut. Five specimens of this were taken during the summer. Four were found in New Haven on summer squash, and one was found in Thomaston on cultivated cucumber. The wild cucumber, Sicyos angu- latus, is recorded as being its favorite host plant. One pair of this species was caged, but no eggs were obtained, although potted summer squash, cultivated cucumber, and wild cucumber were supplied for food. Little information was found in the literature regarding the life history of this species, but it is probably very similar to that of the other two species. The Striped Cucumber Beetle 391 References Chittenden, F. H. 1899. Some insects injurious to garden and orchard crops. U. S. D. A., Div. of Ent., Bui. 19 n.s. Washington. Parshley, H. M. 1918. Three species of Anasa injurious in the North. Jour. Econ. Ent., 11:471-472. CONTROL OF THE STRIPED CUCUMBER BEETI^E R. L. Beard The striped cucumber beetle, Diabrotica vittata Fabr., is the most serious of those pests which attack squash and related cucurbits. Not only do the beetles attack the plants in spring and early summer in great numbers, but their larvae feed on the roots later in the season and transmit the bac- terium, Bacillus tracheiphilus, which causes wilt disease. As soon as the plants are out of the ground, they are susceptible to at- tack, and control measures at this time are important. A large number of treatments are commonly employed by growers of squash, but the efficacy of many of them is open to question. Certainly some dusts that are fre- quently used act merely as repellents and in no way reduce the beetle population. In order to get some estimate of the value of certain insecticides, cage experiments were made in the summer of 1936. Potted squash plants were used for food material, and were covered by copper wire screen cages. Beetles were introduced into the cages, and the insecticides were applied through the wire screen. Five insecticides were tried, as follows: Derris dust: containing 0.6 percent rotenone. (Derris root diluted with clay) Derris spray: ground derris root used at a dilution of 1:200 with SS-3 spreader at a dilution of 1:1000. Rotenone spray: a commercial product of cube root, containing 2.5 percent rotenone, used at a dilution of 1:200. Calcium arsenate: 1 part diluted with 9 parts of gypsum. Pyrethrum dust: a concentrated pyrethrum dust containing 2 percent pyrethrins diluted with talc 1:9. Beetles were also caged over untreated plants to serve as a check. Twenty-four hours after the insecticides were applied, counts were made to determine the killing powers of the dusts and sprays. The results obtained are as follows: Number of Number of Number Percent Treatment tests beetles killed killed Derris dust 4 70 70 100.0 Derris spray 3 47 46 97.9 Commercial rotenone spray 3 58 39 67.2 Calcium arsenate 2 40 18 45.0 Pyrethrum dust 1 38 38 100.0 Check 4 87 1 1.1 In this experiment the contact poisons would very likely be effective when stomach poisons might require a longer period of time to kill the insects. On the other hand, insecticides that kill by contact alone would be effective in killing only those beetles that were touched by the spray or dust. To determine the value of each insecticide over a period of days, a further experiment was made. The same plants used in the above experi- 392 Connecticut Experiment Station Bulletin 396 ment were kept for five days during which time no beetles were allowed to feed on them. Then new sets of beetles were introduced into the cages. Feeding was permitted for 48 hours, and then counts were made as before, with the results as follows: Number of Number or Number Percent Treatment tests beetles killed killed Derris dust 2 53 20 37.7 Derris spray 1 44 7 15.9 Commercial rotenone spray 1 39 2 5.1 Calcium arsenate 2 70 8 11.4 Pvrethrum dust T 15 1 6.7 Check 2 49 10 20.4 From these tests it is evident that the derris dust is the most effective of all the treatments. The pyrethrum dust is fully as effective as a contact poison but has no value as a stomach poison. The derris, in having the additional advantage of acting as a stomach poison, is effective for a longer period of time. In this second experiment, the derris dust is the only appli- cation that caused more deaths than the natural mortality, although in this case the natural mortality as shown by the checks is probably abnor- mally high. The reason for this is not known. Jn the field, five blocks of summer squash were treated with derris dust, derris spray, calcium arsenate, and the commercial rotenone spray, using the same concentrations as in the cage experiments. In all cases there was some repellent action, but only the plants treated with derris dust showed many dead beetles. In this instance, the action is very rapid. Immediately upon being struck by the dust, the beetles drop to the ground, perhaps crawl a foot or so, and then die. In a block of Hubbard squash, one-half of the plants were treated with derris dust and one-half with cube dust, also containing 0.6 percent ro- tenone. There was no perceptible difference between the two, as the kill- ing action was immediate in both cases. From these tests, it may be concluded that derris dust, containing 0.6 percent rotenone, is the most effective treatment against the striped cucumber beetle and is to be preferred to the calcium arsenate, which heretofore has been the standard reccmmendation of this Station. OBSERVATIONS ON TERMITES AND TERMITE CONTROL N. Turner, M. P. Zappe and J. F. Townsend In 1936, 165 privately owned buildings were examined on request of the owners for the presence of termites. In each case there was evidence of some wood-destroying insects, or termites had been reported by repre- sentatives of termite control companies. The following summary gives the results of these examinations: No. of buildings Termites or termite damage 116 No termites found 13 Powder-post beetles 18 Carpenter ants 6 House and lawn ants 5 Wood borers 2 Carpenter bee (Xylocopa virginim) Crabro wasps 1 Dry rot 3 Total examined 165 Termites and Control 393 In two cases in which termites had been reported by termite control companies, no termites were found. One of these was an infestation by powder-post beetles in a large beam. The damage was similar to termite damage in general appearance, but the characteristic excrement of termites was not found. In the other case, a swarm of winged lawn ants (Lasius sp.) had been identified as termites. Survey of Termite Damage to Buildings During the past year there was an opportunity to examine a large number of public buildings for the presence of termites and termite damage. None of them was known to be infested by termites before the inspection was made. In general, the buildings represented a random sample since they were located in 22 towns of 6 counties. All types of structures from farm sheds to large masonry and concrete buildings were available for examination. The buildings varied in age from 3 to almost 200 years. In conducting the inspection, a flashlight was used to examine all base- ment walls and piers for the presence of termite shelter tubes. All wooden bearing posts, rough-finished basement window frames, and sills and joists were punched with a screw driver to disclose any termite damage. Wood- work in finished basement rooms, and finished wooden floors in basements were examined carefully for settlement and for I lie checking characteristic- in severe termite damage. In doubtful cases, trim and flooring were tapped lightly to determine the condition of the wood by sound. All wooden porches were examined, especially where wood was in contact with the ground. A summary of the results is as follows: Type of construction Masonry-concrete Wood floors or floors framework ' No. buildings examined No. with termites present Percent with termites present No. seriously damaged by termites Percent seriously damaged by termites It is obviously impossible to make a general application of these per- centages to all buildings in Connecticut. The number of those examined is much too small for such a use. These figures merely signify that 16.6 percent of 144 masonry and concrete buildings, and 32 percent of 318 buildings having some wooden framework, were infested by termites. Only 12, or 3.8 percent, of the latter group were damaged so seriously that immediate structural repairs were necessary. Ten of these 12 buildings were more than 50 years old. The outstanding cause of the presence of termites in masonry and con- crete buildings was the presence of wooden form boards in the ground. Most of these buildings were not more than 10 years old. Termites had been attracted to the buried form boards and when these were consumed had sought food in the building proper. This shows definitely that form boards and wood scraps must be removed before filling in order to prevent annoyance and damage from termites even in this type of building. The masonry and concrete buildings in which termites were found were usually not damaged to any appreciable extent. As a rule the termites were feeding on wood in the soil and had constructed shelter tubes over the 44 318 24 102 16.6 32 0 12 0 3 1 Includes masonry with wooden floors, masonry or stuccoed veneer structures and wood-framed buildings. 394 Connecticut Experiment Station Bulletin 396 foundation in seeking food. In many cases wooden basement window and door frames were infested. In two cases wooden basement floors laid over concrete were damaged, and in one instance records stored in a fireproof basement vault were badly eaten. On account of the type of construction termites could cause no serious trouble to these buildings. It is possible and practicable to use metal or treated wooden window and door frames and eliminate this type of damage. Wooden basement floors laid over con- crete are usually susceptible to termite attacks, and their protection is both difficult and expensive. The outstanding cause of termite infestations in the wooden buildings was the use of untreated wood in direct contact with the ground. The old buildings in this group had very porous foundations, in many cases simply a dry stone wall, which allowed the termites an easy access to sills or joists above. In buildings of more modern construction, entry usually was made through wooden porches or on account of improperly constructed masonry porches and terraces. Of the 102 infested wooden buildings, metal termite shields were con- sidered necessary for complete and permanent protection in 29 cases. Several of these were of small value and such an expenditure was obviously out of the question. In these cases it was suggested that the buildings be kept structurally safe by the use of temporary shoring and that they be re- placed by new buildings as soon as practicable. In 72 of the infested wooden buildings, structural changes accompanied by thorough soil treat- ments were suggested. These structural changes varied from replacement of wooden basement posts and window frames to reconstruction of porches and extensive excavations under buildings with construction of piers for support. In all such cases the termite damage was not serious, and it was believed that structural changes with thorough soil treatment might be effective. Effectiveness of Metal Termite Shields Metal termite shields have been installed in several heavily infested buildings in Connecticut. Many of these installations were reinspected dur- ing the past year to confirm the effectiveness of metal shields. The rein- spections were made in four buildings approximately one year after installation of the shields. In no case was there any sign of re-entry of termites. In one or two instances shelter tubes had been constructed up to the shield. One other case requires comment. This was a colonial dwelling approxi- mately 175 years old. It had been vacant for several years and was remodeled during the summer of 1936. In September, 1936, an infestation of termites was discovered. Since the foundation was simply a stone wall without mortar and the infestation was heavy, a metal termite shield was installed. Within a week after installation, termites had crossed down over the shield in four places: (1) A large shelter tube was built down from the edge of the shield and made contact with a shelf on the foundation below ; (2) a shelter tube was constructed down over the shield at a point where the shield was bent down to clear a water pipe; (3) a shelter tube was constructed down over the shield through a poorly crimped lock joint; (4) a shelter tube had been built over a flat metal plate inserted under a door frame. In three of these four instances the termites had crossed the shield because the installation was not according to specifications. When these three places were repaired the termites could not cross the shield. Termites and Control 395 In the first case, "(!)"> the tube was broken off and was not rebuilt by the termites. The unusual activity of the termites in building tubes down over the shield was due to the fact that the framework of the house was very damp. During the years the building was not occupied, leaks had developed in the roof and side walls. Since then the shield has been made perfect, a furnace fire started, and there has been no sign of termite activity above the shield. This case simply emphasizes the necessity for careful work in shield installation. In spite of the heavy termite infestation, the termites have to date made no effort to cross up over the shield. Observations on Soil Treatments On August 17, 1935, a test soil treatment was made around a porch infested by termites. This was a wood-framed porch built on masonry piers. The porch floor was about 24 inches above the ground. The wooden steps were supported by chestnut posts set about 18 inches in the ground. The wooden lattices had been removed prior to treatment and were not replaced. Shallow trenches were dug around the two piers and a few small holes were made around the two wooden posts supporting the porch steps. Phin- otas oil was diluted at the rate of 1 part in 99 parts of water, and 35 gallons of the diluted solution were used in the treatment. The trenches and holes were filled with the treating solution, which was allowed to sink into the soil. This was repeated several times until the soil was saturated. In June, 1936, termites were active in the posts. There were also living termites in the treated areas around the porch piers. In spite of the small area requiring treatment, the work was not successful. On April 8, 1936, a test soil treatment was made in a dwelling. This building was of wood-frame construction on a poured concrete foundation. The termite infestation came from a large stump in an unfinished basement under an addition to the original building. When the trenches were dug for the additional foundation, the dirt was thrown against the sheathing of the original building. This allowed the termites direct access to the wooden framework. The soil in the unfinished basement, which was about 15 by 20 feet in size, was treated with a 2.5 percent solution of Phinotas oil in water as follows : The soil was first removed from the sheathing, and then shallow trenches were dug around the foundation. In these trenches small holes were made with a crowbar at frequent intervals. Additional holes were made around the stump and at intervals of about two feet over the entire dirt floor. All these trenches and holes were flooded with the Phinotas oil solution. In addition, the stump itself was flooded with the solution. In all, 190 gallons were used. After treatment, test stakes of unpainted white pine were driven into the untreated areas. On June 18 the stakes were examined and no termites found. There were many dead termites in the stump but no living ones were seen and there was no additional damage to the framework. Late in December living termites were found in the stump. In two instances there was an opportunity to recheck on commercial soil treatments in which Phinotas oil was used. In one case the material was applied in trenches, 2,500 gallons being used around a house in about 250 feet of trench. In several places termites were feeding on test stakes set in the treated soil within 60 days after treatment. Apparently the soil which was placed in the trench after treatment was not saturated. In the 396 Connecticut Experiment Station Bulletin 396 other case, an infested building was treated by pumping Phinotas oil solu- tion into holes made around the foundation. The treatment failed to slop the termite damage, probably because of poor penetration of the soil. These observations show that this soil treatment is not at all satisfactory unless it is thoroughly done. It was apparent that in three of the four cases cited the treatment was not effective, and that in one case at least termites re-entered the treated soil within a few months. In the one apparently successful case a large amount of treating solution was used within a small area. Moreover, the foundations were of poured concrete, and all chance for entry except through shelter tubes was cut off. PRESENT STATUS OF MOSQUITO CONTROL WORK IN CONNECTICUT R. C. BoTSFORD A total area of 11,500 acres of salt marsh in the towns of Stamford, Nor- walk, Westport, Fairfield, West Haven, New Haven, Hamden, East Haven, Branford, Guilford, Madison, Clinton, Westbrook, Old Lyme, Groton, and Stonington have been ditched in previous years for mosquito elimination with funds raised locally, and these ditching systems have been accepted by the Station for maintenance, according to statute. Since November, 1933, at which time the mosquito control project under the CWA was developed, about 9,000 additional acres of salt marsh have been ditched. The work was supported by federal funds, together with certain aid from the towns mostly in the form of tools, materials, equipment and transpor- tation of the labor. These additional acres of ditched salt marsh cannot be maintained by the Station under the mosquito act until the Legislature supplies adequate funds for this purpose. Meanwhile upkeep of the drain- age systems is left entirely in local hands. It is therefore recommended that these towns maintain the work at their own expense until state funds become available, and so prevent the total loss of the improvements which cost them so little. Ditching systems installed in the salt marshes of the following towns have not been accepted for maintenance: Greenwich, Darien, Bridgeport, Stratford, Milford, North Haven, part of Clinton, Old Saybrook, Essex, East Lyme, Waterford, and New London. Ditching systems in fresh water areas will probably never be accepted for state maintenance under the present program. This type of improvement is more properly classified as storm drainage work, is distinctly a local problem, and should be main- tained by local interests. When once the swamps and low areas are pro- vided with an outlet and all of the natural waterways are properly graded, the mosquito problem will be eliminated. Maintenance work on the accepted areas was carried on by the regular crews from April to November. After November 1, work was continued by C. F. Johnson, A. Lindquist and L. H. Bracken. Because of mild weather, it was possible to clean up many areas which had to be passed over during the rush of work in the mosquito breeding season. The work involved in regular maintenance consists of patrolling the areas, cleaning clogged ditches, correcting or repairing outlets, and eliminating any recently formed mosquito breeding areas. All of the above duties were carried on as thoroughly as possible with the small funds available. Nearly all of the Mosquito Control 397 accepted areas were patrolled and damaged ditches corrected, but this work could be done only where danger of mosquito emergence was the primary consideration. The usual run of difficulties was encountered, as has been noted in previous reports, and it seems unnecessary now to repeat them. The survey of mosquito breeding places was continued throughout the season by C. E. Jennings. Mosquito larvae were collected periodically from areas selected in various towns. About 1,600 specimens were reared for future identification. Many complaints of mosquito nuisances have been received, and in a majority of cases the area was visited and advice given for the elimination of the trouble. The emergence of mosquitoes this season from maintained salt marsh areas was negligible. Fresh water mosquitoes were more abundant than usual. The mosquito control project sponsored by this Station was transferred January 4, 1936, from the ERA to the WPA and was continued with an average of 600 men. The following brief resume of this work deals chiefly with jobs listed as "not completed" in last year's report: Ansonia: The jobs in this town, listed in last year's report (Bui. 383), known as Upper Colony Street, Hotchkiss Pond, Hull Street, and Cook's Pond, seem to function perfectly and entirely eliminate the mosquito breeding places which formerly existed. The Westfield Avenue work was finished this season. The open ditch extending from Westfield Avenue to Jackson Street is completely walled up. The Nelson Estate drain has been completed and is operating satisfactorily. This completes all the project work planned for the Town of Ansonia. Branford: The tide gates installed at Harbor Street and Sybil Creek are satis- factory. Water is leaking through the fill at the Sybil Creek gate, and this should be repaired. The Branford Biver tide gates, although operating well, need attention due to a leak under the sill. The work at Stony Creek dike, which was suspended for some time, has been continued. No work has been done in the Bullard Swamp nor on the proposed tide gate for the East Branch of the East Haven Biver. Clinton: The new tide gate installed on the Hammock Biver has dried up the swampy places at the rear of Grove Beach. More work is to be done on the Hammonasset Biver and in the salt marsh near Grove Beach north of U. S. Highway No. 1. Darien : This work was suspended indefinitely. Derby: The work done at Coon Hollow, Pickett's Pond Brook, Island Park Pond, and Cedric Avenue has resulted in eliminating all of the mosquito breeding places in those areas. Work in the Derby Meadows, after being suspended for some time, has been re- opened and the ditches regraded. It is proposed to extend the 48-inch pipe near the carbarns north to the arch bridge. East Hartford: About all of the work in the Connecticut Biver bottom land was completed last year. The severe flood of last spring did very little damage to this work, and after slight repairs the mosquito breeding areas remained dry throughout the season. A new culvert was installed at Pitkin Street, which lowered the water in the swampy area. Work is continuing in the swampy areas which drain into the Hockanum Biver and Willow Brook. 398 Connecticut Experiment Station Bulletin 396 East Haven : In response to a petition from citizens, a swampy area east of High Street was ditched. After the railroad company repaired its culvert at Tuttle Brook, the ditched area was completely overhauled. The Bradford Cove drainage area was completely ditched and the work extended into the fresh water swamps. The Caroline Creek and the Farm Biver work has not yet been started. East Lyme: The engineers have devised a plan for improving the outlet of Bride's Brook at Bocky Neck Park. The work has not yet been started. Nothing has been done at Crescent Beach. Essex: All of the work planned for the town of Essex has been completed. Fairfield: The Ash Creek Pond has been drained and receives the tidal action. The new 48-inch pipe with manhole and tide gate has been installed at the outlet of Honey Pot Creek, and after the culvert under the new Post Boad is lowered, it will be possible to straighten and deepen the main channel and reditch the area. At Fairfield Beach the broken tile has been removed and replaced with new tile. The tide gate and manhole will be rebuilt and cast iron pipe installed for the outlet. Greenwich: All projects at Greenwich have been completed and further work discontinued. Groton: Work planned in Groton was completed and further work suspended until labor becomes available. Guilford: At Great Harbor it will be necessary to build a jetty from the tide gate across the beach. Work at Indian Cove Marsh has been suspended and reopened from time to time, but work is now proceeding on the manhole and tide gate. Hamden: There is no project for mosquito control work in the town of Hamden. Madison: There has been no assignment of labor in Madison. Manchester: Work was continued on the Boggy Stowe outlet. Sixteen hundred feet of 24-inch pipe and six manholes have been constructed. Milford: The work at Beaver Brook has been suspended, but something must be done to correct the condition under the bridge at Naugatuck Avenue. At Point Beach the tide gate and manhole has been constructed and much of the concrete pipe has been laid. All drainage work completed last year has operated satisfactorily. New Haven: The Morris Creek area has been reditched and is in good condition. It will be necessary to rebuild the abutments of the tide gate. North Haven : Work here consists of draining fresh water swamps bordering the salt marsh area. Norwalk : The tide gate and manhole at Wilson Point is completed and the work will continue up through the main ditch. Old Saybrook : The Oyster Biver tide gate has been completed and will lower the water in the large swampy area. Shelton: The work of stoning up the sides of the Burying Ground Brook is completed and all labor withdrawn from the project in Shelton. Southington: The Quinnipiac Biver is running in the new channel, the sides of which have been stoned up or graded and sodded. The depressions left by the old river bed will be graded. Stamford: All work in Stamford was completed and the labor withdrawn. Stratford: The repair work on the Great Meadow dike was discontinued last fall and will be suspended until March. The work at Surf Avenue, Sniffen's Meadow, and the F. C. Beach Marsh was undertaken and tide gates with manholes have been constructed to protect these low Miscellaneous Insect Notes 399 Waterford : The work in Waterford was suspended because of no labor assignment. West Haven : The work at Oyster River was suspended last season, but more work should be done there. The main ditch at Cove River has been completed back to the fresh water area. Nothing yet has been done about rebuilding the tide gate. Westport: Rut little was accomplished in Westport last season. Work will be resumed soon at the ditch near the Minute Man's statue. The work will include build- ing a manhole and tide gate, and regrading the full length of the ditch. MISCELLANEOUS INSECT NOTES Outbreak of Say's Blister Beetle. Say's blister beetle, Pomphopoea sayi Lee, was very abundant in a certain locality in Sharon, visited by Mr. Zappe on June 11. The beetles ate the foliage and blossoms of the lupine plants in gardens and one owner gathered a water pail half full of them. [W. E. Britton.] The Greenhouse Leaf Tier. The greenhouse leaf tier, Phlyctaenia rubi- galis Guen., was very abundant in a greenhouse in New Britain and caused considerable damage to a variety of plants. The greenhouse was examined on June 4. Many adults were present, attracted to the lights. The owner planned to capture them by using moth traps. [M. P. Zappe.] A Leaf Roller on Hickory. Mr. Philip Wallace observed leaf roller infes- tations of shagbark hickory in Durham, May 21, where six small trees from 10 to 12 feet in height had 60 percent of their leaves rolled and each roll contained a larva. Two weeks later he observed that the insect was present in Plainville, and very abundant in New Britain. This is probably the hickory leaf roller, Eulia juglandana Fern. [W. E. Britton.] Elms Injured by Rose Chafer. Mr. Philip Wallace reported that in some sections of Colchester the rose chafer, Macrodaclylus subspinosus Fabr., in large numbers fed upon elm trees. On June 16, the damage appeared much like that caused by full grown canker worms, and the trees were brown. The rose chafer was not generally abundant throughout the State in 1936, although many beetles were caught in Japanese beetle traps in Norfolk and Winsted. ' [W. E. Britton.] Scarcity of the Fall Webworm. The fall webworm, Hyphantria cunea Drury, was conspicuous by its absence or scarcity in Connecticut in 1936. Never has it been so scarce since the office of State Entomologist was es- tablished in 1901. Usually the nests are very plentiful on all kinds of trees in late summer, particularly along the roadsides. In 1936, one could drive from one end of the State to the other and see only two or three nests. [W. E. Britton.] The Pepper Maggot in Connecticut- On July 11, Doctor Garman of this department discovered some adults of the pepper maggot, Zonosemata (Spilographa) electa Say, on pepper plants in his garden in Hamden. This insect has been destructive to peppers in New Jersey for the past 14 years. Although reported from the State this is the first definite Connecticut record of the species in the Station collection. The adult is a two-winged fly belonging to the Family Trypetidae, with yellowish body and wings with dark brown transverse bars. [W. E. Britton.] 100 Connecticut Experiment Station Bulletin 396 Damage by the Poplar Sawfly- Mr. Schread of this department reported that practically all of the Carolina poplar trees in Bridgeport were infested, in August, by the poplar sawfly, Trichiocampus viminalis Fall. Some trees were entirely defoliated and others only partially defoliated. Many trees had lost much of their foliage earlier in the season through the ravages of satin moth caterpillars. The sawfly larvae are about three-fourths of an inch in length, bright yellow, with two rows of dorsal black spots as shown in Figure 62. There is a lateral row of smaller black spots near the spiracles. The head is black and there is a black spot on the posterior extremity. Spraying the trees with lead arsenate will protect the foliage. [W. E. Britton.] Figure 62 Larvee of poplar sawfly, Trictiiocampus viminalis, on poplar leaves. Natural size. Peach Foliage Eaten by a Flea Beetle. A small, bright, metallic green flea beetle, Chalcoides (Crepidodera) helxines Linn., sometimes called the willow- flea beetle, perforated the leaves in a peach orchard in Southington in May, causing some damage. Mr. Zappe visited this orchard and reports that the adjacent chokecherry hedges were heavily infested by beetles, more so than the peach trees, and in his opinion they had invaded the peach orchard from the chokecherry bushes. The injury was hardly suf- ficient to warrant spraying, but possibly the best remedy would be to apply lead arsenate to the infested chokecherry bushes. This flea is a somewhat general feeder, is common on poplar and willow, and occasionally injures fruit trees. [W. E. Brit ton. j Peach Trees Injured by New York Weevil. Ill one Orchard in Cheshire, peach twigs were damaged in May by the New York weevil, Ithycerus nove- boracensis Forst. The adult beetles gnawed into the bases of the newr shoots, Miscellaneous Insect Notes 401 eating the bark usually on one side but partially girdling them. Fruit trees of all kinds are occasionally injured, and some trees seriously damaged, although the insect breeds in the twigs of hickory, oak, and probably other woodland trees. This is one of the larger species of weevils or snout beetles, and is about five-eighths of an inch in length, ash-gray in color, with longi- tudinal whitish bars interrupted by black spots on the thorax and wing covers, as shown in Figure 63. The usual control measures recommended are hand picking, or jarring the trees, and catching the weevils on sheets spread upon the ground under the trees. [W. E. Brit ton.] Figure 63. New York weevil, Jlhycerus noveboracensis. Adults, twice natural size. The Elm Leaf Beetle. The elm leaf beetle, Galerucella xanthomelaena Schr., was perhaps less destructive in Connecticut in 1936 than for several years, but its ravages were evident in certain localities, and I am indebted to Mr. Wallace for most of the notes given here. This insect was more prevalent in the Housatonic and Naugatuck River valleys as far north as Waterbury than observed elsewhere. Brown foliage was noticed in the towns of Stratford, Milford, Shelton, Derby and Ansonia, but there was distinctly less injury noticed as one ascended the elevations east and west from the Naugatuck River. At Norwalk the infestation was reported heavy in spots of lower altitude and negligible over the surrounding hills. There were spotted infestations in Barkhamsted, Torrington, Meriden, North Haven, and Berlin, but no serious damage. There was no noticeable damage between New Milford and Cornwall Bridge, or around Norwich and Ledyard. [W. E. Britton.] Prevalence of the Forest Tent Caterpillar. The forest tent caterpillar, Malacosoma disstria Hubn., was more prevalent in Connecticut in 1936 than for many years. The writer found a few caterpillars on the trunks of paper birch trees in his own yard in New Haven in May. On June 4, he visited CCC Camp Britton at Windsor, and on the trunks of young oak trees in and near the camp there were many caterpillars resting, from 2 to 30 on each tree. Some of the leaves showed feeding, but there was no de- 402 Connecticut Experiment Station Bulletin 396 foliation. Mr. Zappe observed the caterpillars on linden and maple at Litchfield and Thompsonville, June 8, and at Sharon and Salisbury on June 16, but the injury was not serious. According to reports, large areas of woodland in New Hampshire, Vermont, northern New York and Canada were stripped in 1936. The appearance of the caterpillars is shown in Figure 64. Shade trees may be protected by spraying with lead arsenate as recommended for canker worms. [W. E. Britton.] Figure 64. Forest tent caterpillar, Malacosoma disstria. leaf. Natural size. Larvae, on maple A New Mite on Box. In 1932, Mr. Donald T. Ries, of Cornell University, discovered a mite on box plants in Oakland and Wayne counties, Michigan, where the plants were heavily infested. Mr. Ries hunted for this pest in other sections of Michigan and in neighboring states where box plants are grown, but did not find it. In seeking to obtain an identification of the species, about two years ago he corresponded with Doctor Garman and sent him specimens. As this mite seemed to be a new species, Doctor Garman prepared a description with drawings of structural characters. This description, together with Mr. Ries' notes on life history, habits and control, was published in the Journal of Economic Entomology, Vol. 28, page 55, February, 1935. The name is Neotetranychus buxi Garman, and this mite is now present in Connecticut, as specimens on box foliage were received from Old Lyme, July 7 and September 21, and from Saugatuck, August 29. [W. E. Britton.] Alders Stripped by a Sawfly. On September 10, Mr. Wallace brought to the Station from East Hampton, several sawfly larvae from smooth or tag alder, Alnus rugosa, the bushes of which had been stripped. Mr. Wallace had noticed a similar defoliation of alders in Prospect, August 25. He visited the place again on September 5, and could find no larvae on the bushes or any larvae or pupae in the soil. Dr. E. A. Back of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, Washington, D. C, who owns a summer home at Chaplin, Conn., reported in Insect Pest Survey Bulletin, Vol. 16, page 416, November, 1936, that he observed defoliated alders in a swamp near Middletown, September 4. The alders had been stripped earlier in the season and were still bare. Cast larval skins were attached to the Miscellaneous Insect Notes 403 twigs and leaf petioles. Adults were emerging in large numbers from the soil, and proved to be Hemichroa americana Pro v. This is probably the same species responsible for the defoliation observed by Mr. Wallace. [W. E. Britton.] Damage by a New Blister Beetle. In June, 1934, a blister beetle was received from a correspondent on an unidentified semitropical tree in Darien. It exactly fitted the description of Macrobasis torsa Lee, a species described from Texas, and not previously known to occur in Connecticut. On June 19, 1936, four beetles were received for identification from Ridge- field, without indicating the food plant. In response to a call, an infesta- Figure 65. Leaves of Hercules club, Aralia spinosa. eaten by a blister beetle, Macrobasis torsa. Much reduced. tion in Derby was visited June 3. The place was on the east shore of the Housatonic River, and the beetles were very numerous and feeding upon hercules club, Aralia spinosa, several specimens of which were completely defoliated. Injured leaves are shown in Figure 65. Feeding began near the ground and gradually progressed upward, finally defoliating the entire trees. Adults were exceedingly active and would fly away when disturbed. Heretofore this plant has not been injured by insects in Connecticut. Leng's List of Coleoptera records this beetle from Texas and Massachusetts. [M. P. Zappe.] Strawberries Injured by Diplotaxis atlantis. On May 11, a strawberry grower of Foxon in East Haven brought to the office several adults of the beetle Diplotaxis atlantis Fall, which were reported as abundant and feed- ing on the foliage of newly-set strawberry plants. The place was visited 404 Connecticut Experiment Station Bulletin 396 on May 13. Injured leaves were observed over the one and one-half acre field, but most of the damage was on several rows at the east side where from one-third to one-half of the foliage on many of the plants had been eaten, as shown in Figure 66, and a few were completely defoliated. The beetles fed at night and hid during the day in the loose soil near the base of the plants at a depth of about two inches. The owner found 17 beetles around one plant and with the aid of a flashlight had collected several quarts of beetles from the plants at night. Two older fields of strawberries, Figure 66. Strawberry plant injured by the Scarabaeid beetle, Diplotaxis atlantis. Adult beetle is shown at lower right. Natural size. nearer to brush land where the beetles are naturally supposed to occur, showed no injury. It was suggested that the owner spray the plants with lead arsenate and continue the hand picking. [B. H. W'alden.] House Timbers Injured by Anobiid Beetles. On July 2, a llOUSe in Col- linsville was examined for damage by powder-post beetles. This building was a small dwelling and the framework and floors were built of native Miscellaneous Insect Notes 405 lumber. Examination showed serious damage to the joists and first floor. In some cases the joists were badly weakened by the beetles. The surface of the wood showed many exit-holes of the emerging beetles. These were a little more than a sixteenth of an inch in diameter. Samples of the wood were brought into the laboratory and mature beetles, larvae and pupae re- moved. M. P. Zappe determined the beetles as Anobium punctatum DeGeer (striatum Oliv.). In Europe this insect is known as the furniture beetle, and it causes serious damage to furniture and structural timbers. It also breeds on dead branches of trees. Apparently it is not very com- mon in this country, and this was the first time it had been reported from Connecticut. Larvae can be killed and further infestation prevented by painting the affected lumber with one of the following materials: (1) A creosote shingle stain, (2) a solution of one pound paradichlorobenzene in one gallon of kerosene, or (3) a proprietary pine oil preparation. [Neely Turner.] The Lime-Tree Looper. The lime-tree looper, Erannis liliaria Harr., was abundant on linden trees in Durham, May 21, and in Guilford, July 4. and caused considerable injury according to Mr. Wallace. He also found Figure 67. Larva of lime-tree looper. Natural size. Figure 68. tree looper. Adult female of lime- Twice natural size. this insect feeding on elm in New Britain, May 25. The insect seemed to be rather prevalent generally, as Mr. Zappe observed the caterpillars feeding with spring canker worms on elm at Litchfield, Salisbury and Sharon, and on maples at Litchfield and Thompsonville with the forest tent caterpillar. Two caterpillars on linden were received May 23, and one on elm, from Watertown, June 1. The mature caterpillar is about one and one-half inches in length, bright yellow, with rust-brown head, and 10 crinkled black lines extending lengthwise along the back. There is wide color variation and some caterpillars appear almost black dorsally, and others are distinctly light -colored. The female is wingless, greenish- yellow, with two rows of black spots on the back, and half an inch in length. The caterpillar is shown in Figure 67, and the female in Figure 68. The male has buff wings marked transversely with two wavy brown bands, and a wing spread of about one and three-fourths inches. Spraying with lead arsenate will protect the foliage from injury. [W. E. Britton.] 406 Connecticut Experiment Station Bulletin 396 Prevalence of the Psychid Moth, Fwnea casta. A small Psychid moth has been observed in New Haven for more than 20 years. Each larva lives in a case covered with bits of sticks, leaf and debris, and these cases are found attached to the walls of houses, porch railings and fences, par- ticularly when banked with shrubbery. This insect was listed in the Check-List of the Insects of Connecticut (Bui. 31, State Geol. and Nat. Hist. Survey, p. 114), and in the reports of this Station for 1933 (Bui. 360, p. 398) and 1935 (Bui. 383, p. 259) as Eurycyttarus confederala Gr. and Rob. Recent studies by Mr. Donald W. Farquhar in eastern Massa- chusetts, prove this moth to be the European species, Fumea casta Pallas (Psyche, Vol. XLI, p. 19, March, 1934). E. confederata is a larger species with broader and blacker fore-wings, and possibly may not occur in Connecticut. The larvae of casta are said to feed upon grasses, mosses, lichens and the like, but occasionally they are predaceous upon other small insects. In 1935, specimens were received from New Haven, June 15, 18; Hamden, June 24; Branford, June 28. In 1936, winter cases were received from West Hartford, May 20, and several lots of material were gathered in New Haven for the Station collection. |W. E. Britton.] The Fall Canker Worm. In 1936, the fall canker worm, Alsophila pometaria Harr., probably was less destructive than in 1935 or perhaps for the three seasons preceding 1936. It was present on the Station grounds in New Haven, and the shade trees were protected by spraying. A few trees were observed in New Haven, Orange and Woodbridge, that had been partially defoliated, and this insect was fairly common in southern and southwestern Connecticut. Mr. Wallace reported considerable damage to elms by canker worms at New London, June 16 ; little or no canker worm infestation of elms at Norwich and Ledyard. Canker worms were not abundant this season in Berlin, Hartford, Meriden, New Britain, North Haven, Wallingford, and West Hartford. Egg-masses were abundant in March in some apple orchards in New Haven County, and many young caterpillars were killed by the pink spray. On November 21, 1935, Mr. Zappe examined an area in Wilton where the mountain laurel had been defoliated. He considered this defoliation to be the work of canker worms, which were very abundant in the locality and nearly all the oaks and birches had been stripped by them. Specimens of the fall canker worm were received as follows: Adult females, Ridgebury, November 30; adult males, Branford, December 9, 1935; larvae and injured leaves, Norwalk, May 22; on linden, May 23, Litchfield, June 1; on elm, Watertown, June 1 ; injured maple leaves, Cannondale, June 10. Spraying with lead arsenate about May 15 will protect the foliage. [W. E. Britton.] Bird Mites in a Dwelling House. On June 27, 1936, a resident of West- port visited the Station and consulted with Doctor Britton regarding a mite infesting his house. This insect crawled over the woodwork and beds and caused great annoyance to the occupants. The mites were apparently quite numerous and had caused a kind of eczema about the neck and arms of those persons using the rooms at the time. Doctor Britton recommended fumigation with naphthalene flakes, and spraying the trees and house outside with lime sulfur, which was done by the owner. Some of the trees nearest the house were also removed. Microscopic examination showed the species of mite to belong to the genus Liponyssus1 or bird mites. This ! This was identified as L. sylviarum C. and F. commonly reported from small birds and chickens, and known as the feather mite. Miscellaneous Insect Notes 407 was reported to occupants of the house, and on examination they found a vacant phoebe's2 nest directly above a window of one of the infested rooms. Careful examination of the premises revealed no other source of infestation, but examination o? the bird's nest, which had been saved, showed a large number of the mites still alive, together with countless cast skins indicating a very large and concentrated mite population at one time. It is believed that this nest was the chief, if not the only, source of trouble, since no further complaint was received after its removal. Doctor Stanley C. Ball of the Yale Peabody Museum reports having had similar experiences in regard to mites from birds' nests reported from New Haven and vicinity. Shortly after the Westport investigation, specimens of the Figure 69. Bird mite, Liponyssus sylviarum. A, adult male, ventral view; B, adult female, ventral view; C, right peritreme of female; D, sternal plate of female; E, anal plate of female; F, tarsal claw, leg I, female; G, female, chelicera. All greatly enlarged. same mite were received from Mr. B. G. Pratt, of LaMotte, Vermont, who reported that they were causing considerable inconvenience and annoy- ance and were presumably coming from birds' nests on the premises The naphthalene flake fumigation carried out the same as for fleas was appar- ently effective in killing large numbers of mites since numerous dead ones were found in the rooms so treated. (See Figure 69.) [Philip Garman.] Damage by the Spring Canker Worm. The spring canker worm, Pal- eacrita vernala Peck, was more prevalent in Connecticut in 1936 than I have ever seen it since coming to the State in 1894. In southern Connecti- cut, small numbers of spring canker worms are commonly seen feeding with fall canker worms, but the fall canker worm, Alsophila pometaria Harr., is far more abundant and is chiefly responsible for canker worm damage J Sayornis phoebe. 408 Connecticut Experiment Station Bulletin 396 near the coast. In 1936, the spring canker worm was prevalent throughout the northern and northwestern portions of Connecticut and caused severe defoliation in several cases. In Lakeville, according to Mr. Zappe, about 200 elm trees were entirely defoliated June 11 and many others in Lakeville and Salisbury partially defoliated. In Sharon about one-third of the foliage of the elm trees had been eaten when the trees were sprayed and the re- maining foliage protected. Mr. Wallace reports that along the highway from Cornwall Bridge to Canaan there were several localities where from 2 to 50 large elms were completely defoliated on May 27. Mr. Zappe ob- served spring canker worms on elm trees at Litchfield and on oaks at Hptfcc, HRnS ~~^"' ' '(' \ft ' i Hi \ - U-^ Wmsw £ V\! ^ ^ff SSpfY;., ^-TtKat-vjL :,-^8| jfy & m 4 ^^Vrw^ WftJ" ^V^^'-' lyg^ v^^L ■ - \ ' J&- "N: -!>3£>*-S!~ ftjal , 1 vJji^M ■■ *> %\ "" . Figure 70. Large elm tree, Simsbury, defoliated by the spring canker worm. Photographed June 4, 1936. Prospect, June 8. Mr. Johnson collected them from elm along the highway between Waterbury and Thomaston, June 1. On June 4, in company with Mr. Filley, I examined some elm trees near the highway in Simsbury, at the junction of the Tariffville road, where several large elm trees and apple and oak trees had been completely defoliated as shown in Figure 70. Many other trees of the same kinds had been partially defoliated. Specimens of this insect were received as follows: Adults, Bridgeport. March 16, Westport, March 25; larvae, on apple and elm, D anbury, May 25, on apple, Bridgeport, May 29, on elm, Watertown, June 1, Litchfield, Miscellaneous Insect Notes 409 June 1. The foliage may be protected by spray applications about May 15, containing 5 pounds lead arsenate, 2 pounds casemate of lime spreader and 100 gallons of water. [W. E. Britton.] Decrease of the Tent CaterpiJlar. The tent caterpillar, Malacosoma amer- icana Fabr., has been extremely prevalent in Connecticut for the past three seasons, and it is believed that the peak of abundance was reached in 1935. In 1936, this insect was still very abundant in certain sections of the State but much less so in others. Throughout New Haven County the nests were extremely prevalent, and showed no particular decrease from 1935. Mr. Wallace has traveled extensively about the State in con- nection with the elm sanitation project of the WPA, and I am indebted to Figure 71. Peach orchard defoliated by tent caterpillars, at Foxon, 1936. him for notes and observations, some of which are used here. There was a heavy infestation in Berlin and all cherry and apple trees were from 75 to 100 percent defoliated. The pest had spread to adjacent beech, birch, hickory, linden, maple and oak trees, with severe defoliation to American beech, black birch, red oak and white oak. The pest was also prominent in Canton, New Britain, Plain ville and Southington. Gray birches along the roadsides in Wallingford were nearly defoliated May 14. There were localities in every county in the State where tent caterpillar ravages were conspicuous. Outside of New Haven and Hartford counties, already men- tioned, severe defoliation occurred in Litchfield, Torrington, Winsted and Woodbury, but in general in Litchfield County and the entire northern tier of towns across the State, the nests were less conspicuous than in 1935. In Norwich, Ledyard and North Stonington the nests were com- paratively scarce. In many localities caterpillars died from the wilt 410 Connecticut Experiment Station Bulletin 396 disease, and, of course, many died from starvation. Egg-clusters at New Haven began to hatch April 4. Doctor Garman made some observations on the effect of sprays on the hatching of the eggs, described on page 379. Figure 71 shows the appearance of a young peach orchard in Foxon, de- foliated by the caterpillars and photographed May 13. Undoubtedly this insect will be less prevalent in 1937 and also in the three or four succeeding years. [W. E. Britton.j A New Weevil Injuring Pine in Connecticut. The presence of this in- sect in Connecticut was first noted on May 5, 1936, when a number of Scotch pine trees were found to be in a dying condition in Old Lyme. Ex- amination showed that the trees were partially or entirely girdled at the root crown. Several larvae about 15 mm. long were found burrowing in Figure 72. Base of Scotch pine injured by the new weevil, Hylobius radicis. Much reduced. the base of the trunk between the ground level and the root system. The larvae were identified as those of Hylobius radicis Buch., a species recently described. Their work is very similar to that of the common pales weevil, but there is some difference in the life history as well as in structure. The adults probably emerge from hibernation in the spring and lay their eggs in the soil close to the base of the tree. The larvae enter the trunk and construct galleries in the bark, eventually girdling the tree. The tun- Miscellaneous Insect Notes 411 neling causes an abnormal flow of pitch from the base of the trunk. As the tissues are destroyed, little remains of the outer surface of the trunk but a mass of pitch mingled with frass and covered with bits of broken bark. (See Figure 72.) The larvae spend the following winter in the galleries, and continue to feed until late spring, when they leave the tree and pupate in the surrounding soil. The adults emerge during the latter part of the summer and go into hibernation in late fall. This weevil apparently is distributed throughout the eastern part of the United States, as it has been recorded from New York and Minnesota. Subsequent to the first Con- necticut record, specimens have been received from New London on June 10, and Sea Cliff, Long Island, August 28, 1936. Control recom- mendations for the pales weevil consist of the application of one-half to one ounce of powdered sodium cyanide per tree. These measures should prove effective in control of H. radicis, but reinfestation is not prevented by the use of this material. Literature Twenty-third Rpt. N. Y. S. Conservation Dept., Division of Lands and Forests, 103. 1933. Buchanan, L. L. An apparently new species of North American Hylobius, with synoptic key (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 36: 252. 1934. [G. H. Plumb.] 412 Connecticut Experiment Station Bulletin 396 FINANCIAL STATEMENT Insect Pest Appropriation July 1, 1935 - June 30, 1936 RECEIPTS Insect Pest Appropriation $ 44,000.00 Contributions from peach growers for peach moth parasite work 400.00 Receipts from nurserymen (costs of inspection for failure to register before July 1) 25.00 Miscellaneous Receipts (mileage for use of automobiles) 10.36 Refund (automobile insurance) 39.11 $ 44,474.47 Partial Salary Cut Restoration 1,071.61 $45,546.08 DISRURSEMENTS Salaries $ 29,457.50 Labor 6,006.48 Stationery and office supplies 340.04 Scientific supplies (chemicals and laboratory supplies) 177.30 Scientific supplies (spraying and dusting materials) 226.32 Scientific supplies (photographic supplies) 72.13 Miscellaneous supplies 257.57 Automobile oil 52.31 Telegraph and telephone 491.27 Postage 227.50 Travel (outlying investigations) 1,836.59 Travel (meetings, conferences, etc.) 198.90 Travel (gasoline for automobiles) 410.48 Transportation of things (freight, express and parcel post) . . . 14.59 Transportation of things (other expenses) 5.25 Publications (reprints, etc.) 123.25 Gas and electricity 304.09 Water 61.44 Rent of truck for spraying . 63.75 Storage of apples 60.32 Insurance (automobile) 147.68 Miscellaneous contingent expenses 25.75 Furniture, furnishings and fixtures (purchases) 200.14 Furniture, furnishings and fixtures (repairs) 69.29 Library (books and periodicals) 794.78 Library (binding) 64.15 Scientific equipment (purchases) 561.73 Scientific equipment (repairs) 20.61 Automobiles (purchases) 955.06 Automobiles (repairs) 310.97 Tools, machinery and appliances (purchases) 682.19 Tools, machinery and appliances (repairs) 52.93 Ruildings (repairs and alterations) 43.86 Total disbursements $44,316.22 Balance on hand June 30, 1936 1,229.86* $45,546.08 P everts to State Treasury. Publications 413 EXPENDITURES CLASSIFIED BY PROJECTS (Approximate) General $ 26,976.12 Nursery Inspection 1,924.84 Japanese Beetle 4,149.50 European Corn Borer 3,215.45 Oriental Fruit Moth and Parasites 7,285.86 European Pine Shoot Moth 764.45 Total $ 44,316.22 PUBLICATIONS, 1936 W. E. Britton Connecticut State Entomologist. Thirty-Fifth Beport. Bui. 383, 122 and vi pp., 29 figs., with index. April, 1936. (Issued June, 1936). The Eastern Tent Caterpillar. Bui. 378, 22 pp., 23 figs. November, 1935. (Issued February, 1936). Connecticut Laws Concerning Plant Pests, Diseases of Bees and Mosquito Elimi- nation. Cir. 108, 8 pp. November, 1935. Issued (December, 1935). Law and Regulations Concerning the Inspection and Shipment of Nursery Stock in Connecticut. Cir. 115, 8 pp. May, 1936. Regulations Concerning the Transportation of Nursery Stock in the United States and Canada. Cir. 116, 26 pp. June, 1936. Clusters of Alherix variegala, Walk., Mistaken for Rust Patches. Ent. News, XLVTI, 55. February, 1936. (25 separates). Book Beview: Insect Enemies of Shade Trees, by Glenn W. Herrick. Jour. Econ. Ent., 29, p. 222. February, 1936. Beport of Committee on Injurious Insects. Proc. 45th Annual Meeting, Conn. Pomol. Soc, p. 180. April, 1936. W. E. Britton and W. L. Slate Control of the European Corn Borer. Clean-up Order for 1936. Special Bulletin, 1 p. (Issued April, 1936). W. E. Britton and M. P. Zappe Inspection of Nurseries, 1935. 10 pp. Beprinted from Bui. 383, pp. 269-278. June, 1936. (500 copies). Philip Garman Control of the European Red Mite and White Apple Leafhopper. Rpt. 42nd Annual Meeting, Mass. Fruit Growers Assoc, Inc., pp. 144-157. (Issued March, 1936). Red Mite, Leafhopper and Leaf Roller. Proc. 45th Annual Meeting, Conn. Pomol. Soc, p. 237. April, 1936. Notes on the Apple Maggot. Jour. Econ. Ent., 29, pp. 542-544. June, 1936. Insect Control Problems. In Pomological Pointers for Connecticut Fruit Growers, No. 93. August, 1936. Philip Garman and J. F. Townsend Control of the White Apple Leafhopper. Cir. Ill, 11 pp., 8 figs. March, 1936. (Issued April, 1936). R. B. Friend The European Pine Shoot Moth in Connecticut. In 65th Annual Rpt. Ent. Soc. Ontario for 1934, pp. 50-54. (Published, 1935, and received March, 1936). The Eastern Spruce Gall Aphid. Tree Pest Leaflets, No. 1, Mass. Forest and Park Assoc, 4 pp., 2 figs. October, 1936. (500 separates). The Birch Leaf Skeletonizer. Tree Pest Leaflets, No. 2, Mass. Forest and Park Assoc, 4 pp., 2 figs. October, 1936. (500 separates). The European Pine Shoot Moth. Tree Pest Leaflets, No. 3, Mass. Forest and Park Assoc, 4 pp., 2 figs. October, 1936. (500 separates). 414 Connecticut Experiment Station Bulletin 396 R. B. Friend and H. W. Hicock The European Pine Shoot Moth. Proc. 11th Natl. Shade Tree Conference, pp. 90-95. (Issued December, 1935). Notes on the European Pine Shoot Moth. Jour. Econ. Ent., 29, p. 210. February, 1936. Neely Turner Book Review: Our Enemy the Termite, by Thos. E. Snyder. Jour. Econ. Ent., 29, p. 223. February, 1936. Insecticides to Control the European Corn Borer. Cir. 114, 4 pp., 1 fig. June, 1936. Termites: What They Are, the Damage They Do, and the Means of Prevention. The World Today (Encyclopaedia Brittanica) 4, 8, 2Yi pp., 3 figs. September, 1936. Potato Leafhopper on Dahlias. Florists' Review, 78, No. 2024, p. 24. September 10, 1936. Neely Turner and R. B. Friend Control of the Mexican Bean Beetle in Connecticut. Cir. 109, 8 pp. November, 1935. (Issued December, 1935). Neely Turner and J. F. Townsend Termite Control in Buildings in Connecticut. Bui. 382, 38 pp., 16 figs. March, 1936. (Issued April, 1936). Neely Turner and M. P. Zappe Termite Damage in Connecticut. Jour. Econ. Ent., 29, p. 195. February, 1936. M. P. Zappe Notes on a Japanese Weevil, Calomyderus setarius Roelofs, in Connecticut. Jour. Econ. Ent., 29, p. 193. February, 1936. R. C. BOTSFORD Progress of Mosquito Control in Connecticut, 1935. Proc. 23rd Annual Meeting. N. J. Mosquito Extermin. Assoc, p. 151. (Issued July, 1936). G. H. Plumb New Apparatus for Inflating Larvae. No. ET-75, Bur. Ent. & PI. Quar., U. S. D. A. (mimeographed), 3 pp., 5 figs. February, 1936. (50 separates). Some Insects Infesting Conifers in Connecticut. Special Bulletin (mimeographed), 19 pp. June, 1936. B. J. Kaston The Morphology of the Elm Bark Beetle, Hylurgopinus rufipes Eichhoff. Bui. 387, 42 pp., 14 figs. September, 1936. The Slit-Sense Organs of Spiders. Jour. Morphology, 58, p. 189, 19 pp., 23 figs., 1 pi. September, 1935. The Senses Involved in the Courtship of Some Vagabond Spiders. Ent. Amer., XVI (new series), 97, 70 pp., 4 pis. August, 1936. D. S. Lacroix Insect Pests of Growing Tobacco in Connecticut. Bui. 379, 46 pp., 44 figs. De- cember, 1935. (Issued March, 1936). Tobacco Insects in 1935. In Rpt. Tobacco Substation for 1935. Bui. 386, p. 587, 5 pp., 3 figs. July, 1936. M. F. Morgan, E. M. Stoddard and R. B. Friend Lawn Management. Cir. 113, 10 pp. April, 1936. (Pest Control, 2 pp. by Friend). SUMMARY OF OFFICE AND INSPECTION WORK Insects received for identification 744 Nurseries inspected 394 Regular nursery certificates granted (380 nurseries) 387 Duplicate nursery certificates for filing in other states 175 Summary of Office and Inspection Work 415 Miscellaneous certificates and special permits granted 179 Nursery dealers' permits issued 106 Shippers' permits issued to nurserymen in other states 214 Blister rust control area permits issued 161 Certification and inspection of occasional shipments Parcels of nursery stock 1,357 Corn borer certificates 1,214 Packages of shelled corn and other seeds 1,026 Japanese beetle certificates (nursery and floral stock and farm products) 48,787 (soil, sand and manure) 381 Orchards, gardens, fields and lawns examined 130 Buildings examined for termites1 627 Shipments of imported nursery stock inspected 13 Number of cases 72 Number of plants 527,950 Apiaries inspected 1,438 Colonies inspected 9,278 Apiaries infested with American foul brood 89 Colonies infested with American foul brood 176 Apiaries infested with European foul brood 1 Colonies infested with European foul brood 1 Apiaries infested with sacbrood 4 Colonies infested with sacbrood 7 Towns covered by gypsy moth scouts 115 Infestations discovered 393 Egg-clusters creosoted 358,171 Larvae and pupae killed by hand 2,765,184 Infestations sprayed 52 Lead arsenate used (pounds) 133,505 Miles of roadside scouted 4,016 Acres of woodland scouted 781,574 Letters written2 4,299 Circular letters issued 1,069 Bulletins and circulars mailed 6,787 Packages sent by mail and express 177 Post cards mailed 73 Lectures, papers and addresses at meetings 59 ILLUSTRATIONS The illustrations used as figures in this bulletin are from the following sources: Figures 44-49 and 52-54 from drawings by Elizabeth H. Kaston; Figures 58 and 69 from drawings by Philip Garman; Figures 60 and 61 from drawings by Raimon L. Beard; Figure 70 from photograph by W. E. Britton; all others from photographs by B. H. Walden. 1 Includes 462 buildings of State Institutions. 3 Includes 271 written from the Japanese beetle office, and 106 from the gypsy moth office at Danielson. INDEX Abbot sphinx, 296 Acucephala albifrons, 304 Adelges abielis, 297, 314 (Gillettea) cooleyi, 297, 314 Agonopteryx robiniella, 297 Agrilus communis rubicola, 294, 303 Agromyza schineri, 297 Alaus oculatus, 309 Alsophilapometaria, 293, 294, 297, 406, 407 Alypia octomaculata, 303 Amara sp., 309 Amblyteles scitulus, 360 velox, 360 American cockroach, 306 foul brood, 324, 325 Anasa armigera, 387-390 repetita, 387, 390 tristis, 296, 387-390 Anatis quindecimpunclata, 308 Andricus seminalor, 297 singularis, 297 Anisopus allernalus, 306 Anobium punctatum, 405 Anomala oriental is, 307 Anlhrenus scrophulariae, 306 verbasci, 306 Anuraphis roseus, 293, 294 Anyphaenella saltabunda, 308 Anyslis agrilis, 308 Apanleles melanoscelus, 363 Apateticus sp., 309 Aphis maidis, 296 pomi, 294 rumicis, 385-387 Aphodius fimetarius, 308 Aphrophora parallela, 298 Apion rostrum, 304 Apple maggot, 295, 378, 379 scab, 364-366, 372, 373 sprays, tests of, 364-366 -tree borer, 355 Araneus trifolium, 308 Arborvitae leaf miner, 298 Argyresthia thuiella, 298 Aroles decorus, 360 Ascia rapae, 296 Ash timber beetle, 300 Asiatic beetle, 307 garden beetle, 308 Asparagus beetle, 296 Aspidiotus perniciosus, 294 Atanycolus simplex, 355 ulmicola, 354-358 Altagenus piceus, 306 Aulacaspis pentagona, 303 Aulographa brassicae, 296 Automeris io, 309 Auloserica castanea, 308 AyZax laraxaci, 296 sp., 309 Azalea scale, 303 Bacillus tracheiphilus, 391 Barberry webworm, 303 Bassus diversus, 378 Beaked willow gall, 301 Benacus griseus, 309 Birch leaf mining sawfly, 299 Bird mite, 406, 407 Black carpet beetle, 306 long-sting, 309 vine weevil, 303 Blattella germanica, 306 Blissus hirtus, 308 Blister beetle, black, 304 margined, 303 Say's, 305, 399 Bordeaux mixture, 371, 375, 381 Brachyrhinus ovatus, 367, 368 sulcalus, 303 Bride underwing, 298 Broad-horned prionus, 301 Brown spider beetle, 306 -tail moth, 339, 363 Bryobia praeliosa, 306 Cabbage looper, 296 maggot, 296 worm, 296 Cacoecia argyrospila, 294 cerasivorana, 298 rosaceana, 294 rosana, 303 Calcium arsenate, 379, 391, 392 Calliphora erythrocephala, 306 vomiloria, 306 Calomycterus se!arius, 293, 304, 367-370 Calosoma scrutator, 309 sycophanta, 363 Camponotus herculeanus ligniperda nove- boracensis, 307 herculeanus pennsylvanicus, 294, 298, 307 Canker worm, 381 fall, 293. 294, 297, 406, 407 spring, 293, 295, 301, 405, 407, 408 Capilonius saperdae, 355. 356, 358 Carpenter ant, black, 294, 298, 307, 392 bee, 307, 392 worm, 301 Carpet beetle, 306 Carpocapsa pomonella, 294 Carrot beetle, 295 Caterpillar hunter, 309 Calocala neogama, 298 Catogenus rufus, 298 Cattle grub,'308 Cecidomyia pinirigidae, 298 poculum, 298 vilicola, 294 Cecropia moth, 301 Cedar rust, 365 Cenocoelius populator, 355 Ceratomegilla fuscilabris, 309 Xll Connecticut Experiment Station Eulletin 396 Ceutorhynchus marginatus, 296 Chain-spotted geometer, 303 Chalcoides (Crepidcdera) helxines, 293, 294, 400 Chauliodes sp., 310 Chauliognathus pennsyhanicus, 304 Cherry ugly-nest, 298 Chinese praying mantid, 309 Ch ionasp is euonymi, E 0 3 pinifcliae, 2S8, 333 Chrysanthemum gall midge, 304 Chrysobothris femorati, 358 sexsignata, 358 sp., 359 Chrysochus auratus, 310 Cicada killer, 308 Cimbex americana, 298 Cingilia catenaria, 303 Citrus mealybug, 305 Clasloptera sp., 303 Clavate tortoise beetle, 296 Clover mite, 306 Cluster fly, 307 Coccinella novemnotata, 309 transversoguttata, 309 Coccus hesperidum, 304 sp., 303 Codling moth, 294, 365, 366 Coleophora laricella, 298 Colorado potato beetle, 297 Common house fly, 306 Compsilura concinnata, 363 Conotrachelus jaglandis, 298 nenuphar, 294 Conwentzia hageni, 309 Corn ear worm, 296 leaf aphid, 296 Corydalis cornuta, 310 Corythucha arcuaia, 298 ciliata, 298 ulmi, 298 Cottony maple scale, 302 Crab louse, 308 Crabro wasps, 392 Cresylic acid, 375, 376, 380, 382, 383 Crinkled flannel moth, 310 Crioceris asparagi, 296 Cryolite, 379, 382, 383 Cryptorhynchus lapathi, 359 Cryptus vinctus, 360 Ctenocephalus canis, 308 Curculio, 365, 366, 382 Currant aphid, 295 Cutworms, 296, 309 Cyclamen mite, 305 Cyllene caryae, 298 pictus, 359 robiniae, 298 Cynomyia cadaverina, 306 Datana integerrima, 298 ministra, 294 Deloyala clavata, 296 Dendroleon obsoletum, 310 Depressaria pulvipennella, 298 Dermestes cadaverinus, 305 lardarius, 305 Derris, 341, 371, 373, 374, 379, 382, 391, 392 Diabrolica duodecimpunclala, 304 vittata, 296, 391 Diacrisia latipennis, 310 Diarthronomyia hypogaea, 304 Diaspis carueli, 298 Dibrachys hemerocampae, 363 scutellata, 309 sp., 359 Dicerca lurida, 357, 360 Dichomeris marginellus, 298, 303 Dilachnus strobi, 298 Diodes molestae, 378 Diplotaxis allanlis, 294, 295, 403 Diprion polytomum, 298 Dobson fly, 310 Dog flea, 308 Dogwood club gall, 300 Drepanaphis acerifoliae, 298 Drugstore beetle, 306, 307 Ecdylolopha insiticiana, 299 Eight-spotted forester, 303 Elm bark beetle, 351 borer, 302, 354 lacebug, 298 leaf beetle, 299, 401 sawfly, 298 span worm, 299 Emphytus cinctus, 323 Empoasca fabae, 296, 304, 370, 371 Empria ignota, 294 Ennomos subsignarius, 299 Ephestia kuehniella, 305 Ephialtes pedalis, 363 Epicauta marginata, 303 pennsylvanica, 304 Epilachna varivestis (corrupta), 296 Epitrix cucumeris, 296 Erannis tiliaria, 299, 405 Eriococcus azaleae, 303 Eriophyes eucricotes, 303 tiliae, 299 Eriosoma americana, 299 Erythraspides pygmaea, 294 Estigmene acraea, 310 Eubadizon magdali, 359 Euceraphis mucida, 299 Eucosma gloriola, 299 Eugenol, 347 Eulia juglandana, 299, 399 Euonymus scale, 303 Euphoria fulgida, 304 European corn borer, 293, 297, 345, 346 control, 340-345 elm bark beetle, small, 302 elm scale, 299 foul brood, 324 fruit scale, 295, 300 pine shoot moth, 302, 314 Report of State Entomologist xiu red mite, 293, 295, 366, 372-377, 383 spruce sawfly, 298 Eurycytiarus confederala, 406 Euschistus iclericus, 304 Euthochtha galeator, 310 Eyed click beetle, 309 Fall webworm, 294, 300, 399 Fenusa pumila, 299 Fish oil, 363, 366, 372. 373, 383 Flotation sulfur, 365, 372, 374, 376, 377, 382 Formica exsectoides, 308 sp., 306 Four-lined plant bug, 303, 305 Frontina frenchii, 363 Fruit tree leaf roller, 294 Fucellia marilima, 306 Fumea casta, 310, 406 Furniture beetle, 405 Galerucella nymphaeae, 304 xanlhomelaena, 299, 401 Garden millipede, 297, 304 Gaurotes cyanipennis, 295 Geraniol, 347 German cockroach, 306 Giant garden slug, 304 Gladiolus thrips, 305 Glover's scale, 304 Glycobius speciosus, 299 Golden tortoise beetle, 310 Gordian sphinx, 310 Gossyparia spuria, 299 Gouty pitch pine midge, 302 Granary weevil, 306 Grape plume moth, 295 sawfly, 294 tube gall, 294 Graphocephala coccinea, 304 Grapholilha molesta, 295 Graplolitha sp., 299 Green apple aphid, 294 gold beetle, 310 strawberry slug, 294 Greenhouse leaf tier, 305, 399 Gryllotalpa hexadaclvla, 310 Gypsy moth, 301, 309, 363 control, 330-339 Hag moth, 295 Hairy chinch bug, 308 Halisidola caryae, 299 Hamadryas anliopa, 299 Harmologa fumiferana, 299 Helconidea ligator, 360 Heliothis obsoleta, 296 Hellgramite, 310 Hemerocampa leucostigma, 299 Hemichroa americana, 299, 302, 403 Hemimene albolineana, 299 Hemispherical scale, 305 Heterospilus cephi, 355 sp., 353, 354, 356-358 Hickory bark beetle, 302 borer, 298 leaf roller, 399 leaf-stem gall aphid, 301 tussock moth, 299 Hippodamia convergent, 309 Hormaphis hamamelidis, 303 Hormomyia canadensis, 303 Horned squash bug, 387-390 House centipede, 307 Hydrated lime, 364-366 Hylemyia brassicae, 296 Hylobius pales, 299 radicis, 293, 300, 410, 411 Hylurgopinus rufipes, 300, 351-355 Hyperaspis signata, 309 Hypermallus villosus. 300 Hyphantria cunea, 294, 300, 399 Hypoderma bovis, 308 lineata, 308 Hyposoter (Campoplex) fugilivus, 309 Hyplia harpyoid.es, 360 Ichneumon irrilalor, 359, 360 Illinoia solanifolii, 293, 296 Imported ground beetle, 363 willow leaf beetle, 301 Indian-meal moth, 305 Inspection of apiaries, 324-330 imported nursery stock, 322 nurseries, 314-323 Io moth, 309 Isadelphus sp., 360 Ilhycerus noveboracensis, 293, 295, 400 Itopleclis conquisitor, 363 Japanese beetle, 293, 295, 303, 305, 346- 351 general survey, 349 grub digging, 349 inspection and certification, 348 scouting, 346 trapping. 317 Julus hortensis, 297, 304 venuslus, 306 June berry lipped gall, 303 Juniper scale, 298 webworm, 298, 303 Lachnus sp., 303 Ladvbeetle, convergent, 309 'spotted, 309 five-spotted, 309 nine-spotted, 309 15-spotted, 308 Lagoa crispata, 310 Larch case bearer, 298 Larder beetle, 305 Large twig aphid, 300 Lasioptera clavula, 300 vitis, 295 Lasius niger americana, 308 niger neoniger, 308 sp., 306, 308, 393 XIV Connecticut Experiment Station Bulletin 396 Lead arsenate, 351, 363-366, 372, 373, 376, 377, 379, 382, 383, 400, 402, 404-406, 409 Lecanium corni, 295, 300 Lema trilineala, 297 Leperisinus aculealus, 300 Lepidosaphes gloveri, 304 ulmi, 295, 300, 303, 304 Leptinolarsa decemlineata, 297 Lesser prionus, 301 Light-loving grapevine beetle, 308 Ligyrus gibbosus, 295 Limax maximus, 304 Lime, 372, 373, 376, 377, 379, 382 sulfur, 365, 372-377, 379-381, 406 -tree looper, 299, 405 Liopus variegatus, 359 Liponyssus sylviarum, 308, 406, 407 Lithocoilelis hamadryadella, 300 Locust borer, 298 twig gall, 299 Longisligma caryae, 300 Luna moth, 310 Lunate long-sting, 309 Lycophotia margaritosa saucia, 304 Lyctus sp., 307 Lygus pratensis, 305 sp., 295 Macrobasis lorsa, 293, 303, 403 Macrocentrus ancylivorus, 378 Macrodactylus subspinosus, 300, 303, 305, 308, 399 Magdalis armicollis, 351, 358, 359 barbita, 351, 358, 359 olyra, 359 sp., 300 Magnolia scale, 300 Malachius aeneus, 309 Malacosoma americana, 293, 295, 300, 409 disstria, 293, 300, 401, 402 Maple bladder gall, 301 borer, 299 leaf-stem borer, 301 spindle gall, 301 Mediterranean flour moth, 305 Megarhyssa atrata, 309, 359 lunator, 309, 359 Menecles insertus, 300 Meniscus mirabilis, 360 Metapelma spectabilis, 360 Metriona bicolor, 310 Mexican bean beetle, 296, 309 Microplitis kewleyi, 309 Mosquito control work, 396-399 Mound-building ant, 308 Mud-dauber wasp, 309 Mulberry whitefly, 302 Musca domestica, 306 Muscina pascuorum, 306 stabulans, 306 Museum beetle, 306 Myrmica sp., 306 Myzus ribis, 295 Native elm bark beetle, 300 Neoclylus acuminalus, 355, 357 Neolecanium cornuparvum, 300 Neoletranychus buxi, 303, 402 Neuroterus floccosus, 300 New York weevil, 293, 295, 400, 401 Nicotine alkaloid, 385-387 hydrochloride, 385, 386 naphthenate, 385-387 salicylate, 385-387 sulfate, 371, 375, 376, 380, 381, 385- 387 tannate, 341 Nodonota puncticollis, 295 Northern mole cricket, 310 Nygmia phaeorrhoea, 339 Oak blotch leaf miner, 300 flake gall, 300 lacebug, 298 mite, 301 spangles, 298 Oberea bimaculata, 295 Oblique-banded leaf roller, 294 Ochrosidia villosa, 294, 308 Oecanthus pini, 300 Olethreutes abietana, 301 Omphalocera dentosa, 303 Onion thrips, 297 Oriental fruit moth, 295, 378, 382 Orthosoma brunneum, 301 Oryzaephilus surinamensis, 305 Oxyptilus periscelidactylus, 295 Oyster-shell scale, 295, 300, 303, 304, 314 Pachystethus lucicola, 308 Paleacrita vernata, 293, 295, 301, 407 Pales weevil, 299, 410, 411 Papaipema nitela, 297, 305 Paralechia pinifoliella, 301 Parandra borer, 301 Parandra brunnea, 301 Paratetranychus bicolor, 301 pilosus, 293, 295 ununguis, 301 Parcoblatta virginica, 310 Paria canellus var. quadrinotatus, 305 Peach tree borer, 360 Pear psylla, 295 Pegomyia hyoscyami, 297 Pelidnota punctata, 295 Pepper maggot, 293, 297, 399 Periplaneta americana, 306 Perisierola angulata, 378 Phaeogenes haeussleri, 378 Phanaeus carnifex, 310 Phenacoccus acericola, 301 Phlyctaenia rubigalis, 305, 399 Phobelron pithecium, 295 Phorocera claripennis, 363 Phthirius pubis, 308 Phygadeuon sp., 360 Phyllaphis fagi, 301 Report of State Entomologist xv Phyllocoples aceris-crumena, 301 quadripes, 301 Phyllophaga gracilis, 310 sp., 295, 308 Phylloxera caryaecaulis, 301 Phymatodes variabilis, 307 Phytophaga rigidae, 301 Pigeon horntail, 359 Pine bark aphid, 301 blister rust, 314 cone gall, 302 leaf scale, 298, 303, 314 needle gall, 298 spittle bug, 298 tree cricket, 300 Pineus slrobi, 301 Pissodes approximates, 301 slrobi, 301 Plagiodera versicolora, 301 Plalysamia cecropia, 301 Plodia interpunclella, 305 Plum curculio, 294 Podops cinclipes, 310 Poecilocapsus linealus, 303, 305 Pollenia rudis, 307 Polydesmus moniliaris, 305 Pomphopoea sayi, 305, 399 Popillia japonica, 293, 295, 303, 305 Poplar canker, 314 sawfly, 302, 400 twig gall fly, 297 Porcellia scaber, 307 Porthetria dispar, 301 Potato aphid, 293, 296 flea beetle, 296 leafhopper, 296, 304, 370, 371 Powder-post beetle, 307, 392, 393, 404 Prionoxystus robiniae, 301 Prionus laticollis, 301 Priophorus acericaulis, 301 Prociphilus lessellatus, 302 Pseudocneorrhinus setosus, 304 Pseudococcus citri, 305 sp., 304 Psocus venosus, 310 Psyllia pyricola, 295 Ptinus brunneus, 306 Pulvinaria vilis, 302 Pyrausia nubilalis, 293, 297 Raspberry cane borer, 295 Recurvaria apicitripunclella, 302 Red-humped caterpillar, 302, 309 shouldered twig borer, 302 spider, 297, 304, 305 Reliculitermes Jlavipes, 294, 302, 305, 307, 308 Retinodiplosis inopis, 302 Rhabdophaga brassicoides, 302 slrobiloides, 302 Rhagium linealum, 302 Rhagolelis pomonella, 295 Rhaphitelus maculatus, 359 Rhododendron lacebug, 304 Rhyacionia buoliana, 302 Rhysella nitida, 359 Rhylidoloma saucia, 310 Ribbed pine borer, 302 Rose chafer, 300, 303, 305, 308, 399 leaf beetle, 295 stem girdler, 294, 303 Rosy apple aphid, 293, 294, 383, 384 Rotenone, 371, 379, 382, 391, 392 Round-headed apple tree borer, 302 Rustic borer, 302 Sacbrood, 325 Saissetia hemisphaerica, 305 Salt marsh caterpillar, 310 San Jose scale, 294, 314 Saperda Candida, 302, 355 disco idea, 357 Iridentata, 302, 353-357 Satin moth, 302, 361-364, 400 artificial control, 363 description, 362 food plants, 363 life history and habits, 361 natural enemies, 363 quarantine revoked, 363 Saw-toothed grain beetle, 305 Schizura concinna, 302 Scolytus mullistrialus, 302 quadrispinosus, 302 sulcalus, 296 Scopelosoma morrisoni, 310 tristigmata, 310 walker i, 310 Sculigera forceps, 307 Seioptera vibrans, 307 Seius pomi, 372, 375 Serica sp., 310 Shamrock spider, 308 Silverfish, 307 Sisyrosea lextula, 310 Sitka spruce gall aphid, 297 Silodrepa panicea, 306, 307 Sitophilus granaria, 306 Small oak apple, 297 Soft scale, 304 Soldier beetle, 304 Sooty blotch, 366 Spalhius canadensis, 351-353 Sphecius speciosus, 308 Sphecodina abbolii, 296 Sphinx gordius, 310 Spinach leaf miner, 297 Spiny elm caterpillar, 299 Spittle bug, 305 Spotted grapevine beetle, 295 Spruce budworm, 299 gall aphid, 297, 314 mite, 301 Squash bug, 296, 387-390 Stable fly, 306 Stalk borer, 297, 305 Slenosphenus notalus, 302 Slephanilis rhododendri, 304 ./•/'/ Connecticut Experiment Station Bulletin 396 Slilpnotia sal ids. 302, 36] Strawberry crown girdler, 367 whitefly, 296 Striped cucumber beetle, 296, 391, 392 SI u i in in scutellata, 363 Sulfur, 364 366, 372, 373, 375-377, 382 S\ c.-imorc laccbiig, 2955 Synanthedon exiiiosa, 360 Syntomosphyrum orgyrae, 309 Tachina mella, 363 Taeniothrips simplex (gladioli), 305 Tarnished plant bug, 305 Tarsonermis pallidus, 305 Telenomus californicus, 363 Tenebroides corticalis, 306 Tenodera sinensis, 309 Tent caterpillar, eastern, 293, 295, 300, 379-381, 409 forest, 293, 300, 401, 402, 405 Telraleiirodes mori, 302 Telralopha robuslella, 302 Telranychus bimaculatus, 297, 304, 305 Termite, eastern subterranean, 294, 302, 305, 307, 308, 392-396 effectiveness of metal shields, 394 observation on soil treatments, 395 survey of damage to buildings, 393 Theronia fulvescens, 363 Three-lined potato beetle, 297 Thrips tabaci, 297 Thysa nocnem is frax in i, 302 Tibicen sp., 310 Tineola biselliella, 307 Tomato grapevine gall, 295 Tomoxia bidentata, 360 Toumeyella liriodendri, 302 Tremex columba, 359 Trialeurodes packardi, 296 Trichiocampus viminalis, 302, 400 Trichionotus affinis, 304 Trichogramma, 340, 343, 344, 378 Trigonoderus algonquinia, 359 Trigonura hicoriae, 357, 358 Triphleps insidiosus, 305 Trocles pulsalorius, 307 Tropaea luna, 310 Tulip tree scale, 302, 309 Twelve-spotted cucumber beetle, 304 Twig pruner, 300 Tyfihaea fumata, 306 Typhlocyba pomaria, 296 Upis ceramboides, 302 Urographis fasciala, 359 Variegated cutworm, 304 Walnut caterpillar, 298 weevil, 298 Webbing clothes moth, 307 White apple leafhopper, 296 -marked tussock moth, 299 peach scale, 303 pine tip moth, 299 pine weevil, 301, 314 Willow cabbage gall, 302 flea beetle, 400 Wilt disease, 391, 410 Winthemia quadripuslulata, 363 Wireworms, 297 Witch-hazel cone gall, 303 Wood borer, 355, 392 wasp, 359 Wool sower, 297 Woolly alder aphid, 302 beech aphid, 301 elm aphid, 299 maple leaf scale, 301 Xiphydria maculata, 359 Xorides albopictus, 356-358 Xylobiops basillare, 302 Xylocopa virginica, 307, 392 Xylotrechus colonus, 302, 355, 360 Yellow-necked caterpillar, 294 Zenillia blanda, 363 Zonosemala (Spilographd) electa, 293, 297 399 University of Connecticut Libraries 391b3028853960