University of the State of New York

EIGHTH REPORT

ON THE

Injurious and Other Insects

OF THE

STATE OF NEW YORK

KoR THK Year 1891

[FFom the Forty-fifth Report on the New York State Museum]

By J. a. LINTNER, Ph. D., State Entomologist

ALBANY

UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK

1893

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

PAGE.

INTRODUCTORY 121

The year not prolific in insect life, 121. Causes of varying abund-
ance of insects in different years, 121. Aggregate of insect injuiy
can seldom be foretold a year in advance, 121. New subjects for
study brought each year to the economic entomologist, 121. Grain
crops almost entirely free from their usual enemies, 122. Fruit insects
have been the most abundant, 122. Helpful replies made to inquiries
relating to fruit insects, 122. Of the operations of the apple-tree
tent-caterpillar during the year, 122. Of the apple-tree aphis and
remedies for it, 123. Spread and injury of the apple-leaf Bucculatrix
and its parasite, 123. Coleophora malivorella in Western New York,

123. Work of the apple-leaf sewer in Wayne county, 123. Increase
of the eye-spotted bud-moth in the " apple-belt,"' 124. Appearance
of, and alarm excited by, two new pear-tree pests in the Hudson river
valley, 124. Operations of the pear-tree Psylla in Greene and
Columbia counties and losses caused by it, 124. Spread of the pear
midge from Connecticut into New York, 124. Nature of its attack,

124. Its transformations, 125. Preference for certain varieties
of pears, 125. Lygus pratensis attack on pears, 125. Injuries
from Lygus invitus, 125. Cherry aphis in St. Lawrence county,

125. Plum aphis in Scliohai'ie county, 125. Plum curculio
in Albany county, 125. Grapes and peaches destroyed by
the rose-bug, 125. Arrest of injuries of the currant-worm, 125.
The cow-horn fly in New York, 126. A new onion pest at Canas-
tota, 126. Epilachna borealis injuries on Long Island, 126. Increased
interest of agriculturists in entomological investigations, 126. Col-
lections of the Entomologist during the year, 127. Contributions to
the collections, 127. Why some brief notices of insects have been
presented in this report, 127. Courtesies acknowledged, 128.

INJURIOUS INSE3TS 129

Synchlora glaucaria, the Raspberry Geometer 129

Synonymy and bibliography, 129. A strange-looking and rarely
seen catei-pillar, 129. Figure of the insect, 130, Artful concealment
or mimicry of the caterpillar, 180. How the Geometridee travel, 130.
The raspberry Geometer should be a common insect: a possible reason
why it is not, 131. Description of the caterpillar, 131. The moth
described, 131. Natural history of the insect so far as known, 132.

14

106 Table of Conteivts.

PAGE.

Its different stages, 132. The simple cocoon made b}' it, 132. Chance
of the insect being eaten with the berries, 132. Its degree of abund-
ance and its range in the United States, 133.

BuccuLATRix Canadensisella, the Birch-leaf Bucculatrix 133

Its bibHography, 133. Its operations at Ausable Forks, N. Y., 133.
A severe attack on birches at Scottsville, N. Y.,jl34. Its beautiful dis-
section of the leaves, 134. Figures of the insect and its work, 134.
Description and figures of the caterpillar, 135. Its presence in Wash-
ington Park, Albany, 135. The molting-cocoon described, 135.
Entrance into and occupancy of the cocoon, 136. The cocoon proper
described and figured, 136. Compared with the Bucculatrix pomifoli-
ella cocoon, 136. Where the cocoons are placed, 137. Detailed
account of the construction of the cocoon, 137. Differently described
by Mr. Fletcher, 138. Difference in the cocoon of B. avibrosuefoUella,
138. The moth of tlie birch-leaf Bucculatrix described, 139. Its life-
history has not been studied, 139. What is known of its habits and
transformations, 139. The injuries of the larva, 140. Its occurrence
in New York, New England and Canada, 140. How it may be
destroyed, 140.

DiPLOSiS PYRivoRA, the Pear Midge 140

Its synonymy and bibliography, 140. Numiier of insects attacking the
apple tree, 141. The pear tree hitherto, comparatively free from insect
injury, 141. Two new destructive pear tree pests in the Hudson river
valley, the pear midge and the pear-tree Psylla, 141. The pear midge
figured, 142. Features of the larva and fly, 142. First noticed in this
country at Meriden, Conn., 142. Its injuries at Meriden, 142. Studied
by the Entomological Division of the U. S. Department of Agriculture,
143. Is it the Ceciaomyia nigra of Meigen? 143. Described by Dr.
Riley as C pyrivora, 143. Efforts for its extermination at Meriden,
143. Why the effort failed, 143. Its discovery at Catskill, N. Y., in
1891, 144. How the larvae infest the fruit, 144. Varieties of pears
infested by it, 144. Its presence in Mr. Cole's orchards, 144. Figures
showing the infested fruit, 145. Infested pears readily recognized, 145.
Characters of the infestation, 146. Number of larva? in a pear, 146.
When they leave the fruit, 146. How they escape from it, 146. How
the infested fruit is affected, 146. The larva described and figured,
147. Observations on the larva? entering the ground for pupation, 147.
Character of the cocoon, 148. When pupation occurs, 148. When the
perfect insect emerges, 148. The midge described, 148. The male
genitalia figured, 148. The eggs are deposited in the blossom, 149.
Oviposition as described by Schmidberger, 149. The midge attack as
observed at Ghent, N. Y. , 150. Progress of attack from Meriden west-
ward, 150. Its commencement at Albany, 150. Arresting the attack
by picking and burning the infested fruit, 150. Using the Lawrence
pear as a lure for oviposition and subsequently destroying the blossoms

Table of Contents. 107

PAGE.

with the contained larvje, 150. How the blossoms might be destroyed,

151 . Killing the larva- just after they have entered the ground by appli-
cation of kerosene emulsion, 151. Use of lime or ashes for the same
purpose, 151. A united effort of pear growers needed for the control
of the pest, 151.

Clastoptera obtusa, the Obtuse Clastoptera 152

Its bibliography, 152. Its "cuckoo-spittle" seen on a linden tree,

152. Nature of the spittle, 152. Its injury in this instance moderate,
152. Its rapid development, 153. The insect figured, 153. Usually
occurs on the alder, 153. Observed by Dr. Fitch on butternut, 153.
Reported by Mr. Van Duzee on the blueberry, 153. It is found over a
large portion of the United States, 153. Occurs also in Canada, and
southward into Mexico, 153.

Clastoptera pini, the Pine Clastoptera 153

Its bibliography, 153-4. Received from pines in Dutchess county,
N. Y. , 154. The insect figured and described, 154. Description of the
larval stage, 154. Miss Wolsey's observations on the larvae, 154. When
the mature insect appears, 155. The pi'esent identification of the larva
not a positive one, 155.

Chauliodes PECTiNicoRNis, the Comb-horned Fish-fly 155

Synonymy and bibliography of the species, 155 The larva taken
from under the ice of a pond in Tiashoke, N. Y., 155. Its rarity, 155.
Its literature not extensive, 156. Figures of the larva, Plate 1. Larvaj
of Chauliodes nistricornis not uncommon in the south and west, 156.
Observed in Ohio by Professor Weed, and figured in its several
stages, 156. Professor Riley on Corydalis and Chauliodes, 156.
Description of the larva of Chmiliodes pectinicornis and its habits, by
Mr. Moody, 157. Its brief pupal stage, 157. The winged insect
figured, 158. Its principal features, 158. Some strange movements
of C. rastricornis larva, 158. What it feeds upon, 15S. Its distribu-
tion in the United States, 158. C serricornis not uncommon in New-
York, in June, 159. The winged inse3t figured, 159. Dates of collec-
tion of C. pectiniGornis, 159. Its larva not often injurious, 159.

Corydalis cornuta, the Horned Corydalis 159

Its bibliography, 159, 160. Prof. Riley's writings on it, 160. Figures
of the larva, pupa, and winged insect, Plate 2. Where its eggs and
young larva are figured, 160. Error in figuring the eggs, and where cor-
rected, 160. References to other writings, 160. Derivation of its
specific name, 161. Its place in classification, 161. Habitat of the
larvae, 161. Largely used for fish bait, 161. Common names by which
known, 161. Its formidable appeai-ance, 161. A double system of
respiratory organs, 161. Dr. Norwood on its abundance in Schoharie
creek and manner of collecting for bait, 161. A larva eight months
in an aquarium without food, 162. Respiration as observed under
confinement, 162. Movements of the branchial tufts, 162. Ability to
swim in a forward direction as well as backward, 162,

108 Table of Contents.

PAGE.

NOTES ON VARIOUS INSECTS 163

Thalessa lunator, the Lunated Long-sting 163

Numerous examples of the insect observed on and about the tirunk of a
dead elm, 163. The trunk perforated by many small, round holes, 163.
The holes frequented by a wood-wasp, Pemphredon concolor, 163. The
holes beUeved to have been made by the insect, 163. The Pemphredon
figured, 163. Nothing recorded of the habits of the Pemphredons, 163.
What is written of the two European species, 163. A Tremex coliimba
taken from the same trunk, 163. Abundance of the " long stings" in
August, as reported by boys, 163. Figui-e of Thalessa lunator with
structural details, and of its larva and pupa, Plate 2 Males apparently
awaiting the emergence of the females, 163. Females observed in ovi-
position, 164. Ovipositing to the depth of two inches in solid wood,
164. Difficulty with which the ovipositor could be withdrawn by hand;
the abdomen torn apart in the attempt, 164. How long a time the
Thalessas were observed, 164. An instance reported where a Thalessa
was seen to insert its eggs in a colony of exposed Datana caterpillars,
164. The statement questioned by Prof essor Riley , 164. An Anomaloii
species observed by Professor Gillette to oviposit in Datana ministra
under similar attendant circumstances, 164. Probability that memory
was atfault in referring to Thalessa, the oviposition observed: someother
large Ichneumon may have been mistaken for it, 164. Serious results
reported as resulting from a wound in the arm near the wrist by a
" long-sting," 161. Correction of an error made in the Fourtli Report
on the Insects of New York in presenting a figure as Thalessa lunator
which was that of Rhyssa persuasoria, 165. How the two species
differ, 165. Tremex coluniba figured in its larval, pupal, and perfect
stages, 165. The parasitic association with it of T. lunator, 165. The
occurrence of Rhyssa persuasoria in Canada, 166.

? Janus flaviventris, the Currant-stem Girdler 100

Reference to the notice of the currant-stem girdler contained in the
Fourth Report on the Insects of New York, 166. Girdled currant
stems I'eceived from Mr. Rose, of South. Byron, N. Y., 166. Injuries
from it reported by Mr. Rose, 166. Its operations observed at Ghent,
N. Y., 166. The eggs found in the punctured twigs, 166. The insect
reared from girdled twigs in Adrian, Mich., 166. Identified in "Insect
Life" a,s Janus flaviventris, 167. The insect — a saw-fly — had been
observed by Dr. Fitch in rye- fields: its operations therein, 167. Descrip-
tion of the species, 167. Different references of Janus in < lassifica-
tion, 167. Girdled twigs received from Mr. Rose which had been
marked the preceding season, gave out one exami^le of the insect, 168.
Some doubt of its being the Yitch. flaviventris, 168.

Nematus Erichsonii, the Larch Saw-fly 168

Still operating in the Adirondacks, 168. Many larches apparently
killed by its attack observed near the Wilmington Notch, 168. Had
been observed bome years previous in the Lake Placid region, 168.

Table of Contents. 109

PAGE.

Figures of the saw-fly and its larvae and a distorted larch, 168. Severe
injuries reported from Pnnce Edward Island, 169. The larches
ravaged by it over all the Province, 169. First observed there in 1889,

169. Hopelessness of contending with the insect when large areas are
infested by it, 169. On isolated trees it may be destroyed by arsenical
spraying, 169. Elsewhere, attacked trees had better be cut at once and
used as timber for which it is desirable, 169 .

Feniseca Tarquinius, the little Orange Butterfly 169

Usually rare, but abundant in Keene valley in 1891, 169. Its method
of flight, 169. Seldom seen on the ground, 170. Dates of capture in
1891, 170. Pupation of the insect. 170. Concealment of the larvae
within clusters of Pemphigus tessellata, 170. Indication of their pres-
ence there, 170. P. tessellata probably reduced in number by tlie feed-
ing of the larvae, 170. Transformations of the insect, 170.

EuDRYAS GRATA, the Beautiful Wood-nymph 170

Increase of the insect, 170. Its fondness for the Anipelopsis quin-
quefolia, 170. Possibility of its becoming a household pest, 170. Car-
pets in Albany injured by the caterpillar in preparing for pupation,

170. Figures of the caterpillar and of the egg, 170. The moth figured,
with remarks on its beauty, 171. Expressiveness of its scientific and
popular names. 171.

SCOLIOPTERYX LIBATRIX, the Scallop-wing 171

The caterpillar feeding on willow: its description, 171. Structure of
its cocoon, 171. Period of its pupation, 171. Early appearance of the
moth, 171. Its habits as recorded in England, 172. The moth survives
the winter, 173. Is frequently taken in collections "at sugar," 172.
Dates of its appearance " at sugar " at Schenectady, N. Y., in 1875 and
1876, 173. Time of its greatest abundance, 173. The two broods of
June and August, 173. According to Guenee, it has no regular time
for emerging from the pupa, 172. The larva said to feed on poplar as
well as on willow in Europe, 173.

ExECHiA species ? , a Fungus Gnat 172

Interest excited by the large number occurring within doors at
Albany, 173. Specimens sent to Europe for determination, 173. Found
to be an undescribed species of a genus not hitherto recognized in the
United States, 173. The Exechia species feed on mushrooms, 172.
Whether they shall be regarded as injurious will depend on the value
attaching to mushrooms, 172. Opinion as to their value is divided in
Europe, 172 Reference to the species of Exechia occurring in England,
173. They often abound on windows of houses in autumn, 172.

Telephorus ?bilineatus, occurring on snow 173

MiUions of the larvae on the snow in February, in Herkimer county,
N. Y. , 173. Covered the snow for a distance of a half mile, 173. Were
seen traveling about for a day or two, 173. Identified as, or very near

110 Table of Contents.

to, T. hilineatns — possibly T. (UirolinuH, 173. Larva and imago of
the former, figured, 173. Tlie larvae supposed to have been di'awn out
of the ground by a warm rain, 173. A similar occurrence observed of
the bronze-colored cut- worm in SuUivan county, N. Y., and in Can-
ada, 173. At another time, large numbers of Telephorus larvae were
drawn from a well in Connecticut during the winter months, 174.
Their probable source, 174. The Telephorus larva found under stones,

174. A beneficial insect, as it feeds on the apple-worm, 174. The
beetle found on fruit trees and on birch, 174. It is one of the Lampy-
rid^, but is not luminous, 174.

Lachnosterna fusca, the White-grub of the May Beetle 174

Larvae received can not be positively identified as those of this species,

175. Difficulty in distinguishing the closely aUied species, 175. The
L. fusca group a large one, 175. Their larvae can not be identified, 175.
Not a single larva of the genus Lachnosterna positively known, 175.
Their feeding habits, 175.

Cyllene pictus, the Hickory Borer 175

The pupae found in March in dry hickory, 175. The insect figured in
its different stages, 175. For a long time confounded with the locust
borer, 175. Features by which they may be separated, 176. The
hickory borer less pernicious than the locust borer, 176. Other trees
attacked by the hickory borer, 176. Difference in the time of the two
species appearing abroad, 176.

Tenebrio molitor, the Meal-worm 176

The pupa3 and beetles found in salt in a meal-room, 176. The larvaj
had probably entered it as a convenient place for pupation, 176. The
insect figured in its three stages, 176. Wherein it differs in appearance
from T. obsGurus, 177. A common species in Europe, whither it has been
distributed over other parts of the world, 177. Introduced in Chili to
serve (the larva) for bird food, 177. The larvae ejected from the human
stomach, 177. Alarm caused ))y noises made by the beetles within a
pin-cushion in a bed-room, 177.

Pulvinaria innumerabilis, the Maple-tree Scale Insect 177

Destroying the maples in the streets of Brooklyn, L. I., 178. Destruc-
tive also to grapevines and the Japan ivy, 178. Losses resulting from
neglect of the insect, 17«. The scale and its cottony secretion figured,

178. Its abundance in Buffalo, N. Y. , reported by Mr. Van Duzee, 178.

Gryllus luctuosus, the Common Black Cricket 179

The insects enter a house at night and destroy a new suit of clothes,

179. The Gryllidfe not exclusively vegetarians, 179. A cricket that
ate boots and shoes, 179. Indiscriminate feeding of crickets quoted,
179. Clothing charged with animal matter attractive to them, 179.
Why new woolen clothing may be eaten, 179.

Table of Contents. Ill

PAGB.

Trombidium locustarum, the Locust Mite ITS

Supposed eggs under grasshoppers' wings are of the above-named
mite, 179. Valuable service that it renders in destroying grasshopper
eggs, 180. Its transformations and habits, 180. Figured in its different
stages, 180. Reference to a detailed article on it, 180. Distributed over
the eastern, central, and western States, 180. Preys on the eggs and
perfect insect of the lesser locust, Melanoplus atlanis, in New Hamp-
shire, 180.

INSECT ATTACKS — THEIR REMEDIES AND PREVENTIVES 181

Remedies for the Peach-tree Borer 181

Young peach trees more exposed to injury, 181 . Inquiry of the value
of a wood ashes remedy proposed, 182. Figures of the moths. 182,
183. Not a difficult insect to control by proper means, 182. Advan-
tage of cutting out the borer, 183. All peach orchards should be pro-
tected from attack, 183. Long period of egg-laying of the moth, 183.
The Bateham carbolic acid wash preventive, 183. When it should be
applied, 184. The Hale carbolic acid and Paris green wash, 184.
What it will accomplish, 184. Importance of hunting out and killing
the borer, and how to do it, 184. The larva, coccoon, and pupa
figured, 184. The Shaker peach-tree borer v^ash; preparation for, and
how it should be applied, 185. Protection from the borer by mounding,
185. A new tree-protector of wire netting, 185. Recommendation
quoted of treating infested trees with wood ashes above the roots, 186.
The safety of this application questioned, 186. Mr. Woodward's
method of protection, 186.

An Ichneumonized Caterpillar — Interesting Case of Parasitism 186

Inquiry of hop vine "worm," 186. Is an ichneumonized Sphinx
caterpillar, but probably not a hop vine feeder, 187. What the cocoons
on the body were and what they indicate, 187. Figure of an ichneu-
monized Dar (ipsa Myron, 187. The Sphinx parasite had again been
parasitized by another insect, 187. The first parasite, Apanteles con-
gregatiis, — the secondary one, an undetermined Chalcid, 187. The
other specimens inquired of may have been Grapta chrysalids, 187.

A New Onion Pest, Agrotis ypsilon (Rott.) 188

Inquiry from Canastota, N. Y. , of a formidable onion pest, 188. Its
injuries related, 188. Different from the onion pest of Orange coimty,
N. Y., 188. Is probably the Agrotis ypsilon cut- worm, 189. The cut-
worm and the moth it produces, figured, 189. Continued appearance
of the moth from May to September, 189. The larval injuries may
continue for an indefinite time, 189. Recommendation made for
destroying the caterpillars, 189. Hand-picking should be resorted to,
190. Kerosene emulsion applied while feeding at night w-ould be
effective, 190. Results obtained from a soft soap solution, 190. Prob-
abihty that this cut-worm is cannibalistic, 191. The bred moth gave
Agrotis 7jpsilon, 191. Length of its pupal stage, 191.

112 Table of Contents.

PAGE.

The Stalk-borer, Gortyna nitela, as an External Feeder 191

The caterpillar taken while feeding on the tassels of corn, 191. Its
weU-known boring habits, 191. List of its known food-plants, 191.
Figure of it and of the moth, 191. Frequently occurs in potato stalks,
191. Its characteristic features, 192. Different appearance and habit
of the corn-tassels specimens, 192. The injury caused will not be
serious, 192.

The Cow-horn Fly in New York 192

Examples received from Oswego county, N. Y., with inquiiy, 192.
Reply sent to the Oswego Times. 192. Probably carried into Oswego
county by the railroads traversing it, 193. General appearance of the
fly, 193. How its injury is inflicted, 193. A recent importation from
France, 193. Where it occurs in the United !"tates, 193. How its
attack may be early recognized, 193. Importance of promptly report-
ing aU new insect attacks, 193. Observations on the attack in Oneida
county, N. Y., 194. Its injuries at first greatly exaggerated, 194.
They never prove fatal, 194. How they affect the cattle, 194. Where
the fly breeds, 194. The larvte may be destroyed by spreading the
fresh droppings or applying lime to them, 194. When the fly entered
New York, 195. Its spread over the State, 195. Attack may be pre-
vented by greasy applications to the cattle, 196. Oviposition of the
fly, 196. Reference to publications on the insect, 196.

Wire- WORMS and Remedies for them 197

Efficient remedies are starvation through removing their food, and
growing a crop of buckwheat, 197. A crop of mustard regarded in
England as a specific against the wire-worm, 198. Figures of wire-
worms, 198. They are often confounded with cut-worms and thousand-
legged worms, 198. How cut-worms may be recognized, 198. A
representative figure of the beetles that they produce, 199. Have
received insufficient study, 199. Reference to publications on them,
199. A cut- worm and thousand-legged worm figured, 199. The
recent study of wire-worms made at Cornell University, 199. The
experiments in remedies and preventives conducted, 200. Unsatisfac-
tory practical results obtained, 200. Valuable life-histories worked
out, 200.

The Rose-bug and How to Kill it 200

Locahties where protection from the rose-bug is hopeless, 200. The
insect illustrated, 200. Its breeding grounds, 200. Uniform period
for its flight therefrom, 200. Is usually controllable in New York and
the New England States, 201 . May be accompHshed by beating from
the plants into kerosene and water, 201. Spraying with kerosene
emulsion successful in Maryland, 201. Another remedy found in
sludge-oil soap, 202. Prof. Smith's bulletin on the insect should be
consulted, 202.

Table of Contents. 113

PAGE.

The Maple-tree Borer, Glycobius speciosus {Say) 202

Injuries from the borer and imjuiiy how to kill it, 202. How the
presence of the young borer may be detected, 202 . Cutting out, the
best remedy, 203. When the insect was first observed, 203. Described
and illustrated by Dr. Harris in his usual graphic style, 203. Its
increase in recent years, 203. The beauty of the beetle, 203. It
attacks healthy trees, 204. Observations made upon it at Schoharie,
N. Y., in 1859, 204. Its burrows beneath the bark described, 204.
The grubs frequently girdle the tree, 204. How they disfigure the
trunk, 204 . Large number of maples killed by them at Bennington,
Vt.,305. Their ravages at Glens Falls, N. Y., 205. When ovipo-
sition occurs, 205.

The Squash-bug, Anasa tristis (De Geer) 205

Figure of the insect, 205. Replying to inquiiy, Paris green not
serviceable against it, 205. Best remedy, perhaps, is trapping and
killing the hibernated females, 205. Partial success in using counter-
odorants to ward off attack, 205. When and how to use the traps,
206 . What the traps may consist of, 206 . Search for and destruction
of the eggs, 206. Killing the young squash-bugs soon after hatching,
206. Value of the preceding methods, 206. Search should be made
for the bugs injuring the main stalk below the surface of the ground,
206. How this injury may easily be prevented, 296. High fertilization
commended, 207.

The Hop-vine Aphis and Remedies 207

LiabiUty of the hop crop to destruction by the hop-vine aphis, 207.
Disastrous years can not be predicted, 207. The insect introduced
from Europe, 207. The "hop-washings" in England, 207. Its life-
liistory recently worked out, 207. Possible to preserve the hop crop
from destruction, 207. Where the insect hibernates, -08. The " stem-
mother " figured, 20S. The early spring broods on plum, 208. The
migrating brood and figure of the "migrant," 208. When to attack
the aphis, 208. How its excessive multiplication may be prevented,
208. Formula for the best insecticide for use, 209. How to apply the
emulsion, 209. Formula for the English hop-wash, and its efficacy,
208. Spraying to be repeated at intervals, 209. Preventives of
attack, 210.

The Melon Aphis, Aphis cucumeris Forbes 210

Aphides infesting muskmelon leaves in Lowell, Mass., identified as
the above-named species, 210. The insect characterized, 211. Its
injuries in Illinois, 211. Now for the first time observed in the eastern
part of the United States, 211. A parasitic attack upon it, 211. Pro-
fessor Forbes' recommendations for destroying the aphis, 212. The
muskmelon "slioots" received show galls resulting from Cecidomyia
attack, 212. The insect obtained from the galls, 212. It seems to be
undescribed — if so, might be named Cecidomyia cucumeris, 212.
15

114 Table of Contents.

PAGE.

Melon and Strawberry Pests: Aphis cucumeris and Corimel^na
pulicaria 212

Plant-lice injuring cantaloupe and cucumber vines in Maryland are
probablj' Aphis cucumeris, 213. How they may be killed by spraying
with a rod and Vermorel nozzle, 213. The insect puncturing the
blossom stems of the strawberry is probably the ' ' flea-like negro-
bug," 213. Figure of the insect, 213. Its numerous food-plants, 213.
Cultivation of two favorite food-plants (weeds) recommended as lures,
313. Has recently proved destructive to cucurbitaceous vines in New
Jersey, 213. Fishoil soap said to be the best remedy for it, 214.

Scale Insects on Camellia and Oleander 214

Oleander leaves from Jacksonville, Ala., with supposed fungus
attack, show only the oleander scale, Aspidiotus nerii, 214. The scales
figured and characterized, with figure of the male insect, 214. Its
extensive distribution, 214. The many plants infested by it, 215.
Features of the camellia scale, 215. It apparently belongs to ParZa^orm,
215. Kerosene emulsion and whale-oil soap solution effective against
these scales, 215. Kerosene may safely be applied to the underside of
infested leaves, 215.

A Grapevine Scale Insect, Lecanium sp. ? 215

A scale insect infesting a vine in Springfield, Mass., described. 215.
The eggs beneath it described, 215. The species not recognized, 216.
A different scale on the same vine is evidently a Lecanium, 216. The
newly hatched larva with no cottony secretion, 216. Number of
eggs counted beneath one scale, 216. How the scales may be des-
troyed, 216. Importance of destroying the eggs, 216.

Apple-tree Insects of Early Spring 216

Abundance of insect attacks on apple buds, 216. Can not well be
checked if operations against them are deferred, 216. Insects from
Lansing, N. Y.. 217. The apple-tree aphis identified, and the harm
it causes, 217. The apple-tree case-bearer, Coleopliora malivoreUa,
217. The second time of its recognition in New York, 217. The life-
history in brief and habits and remedy for it, 218. The eye-spotted
bud-moth associated with the preceding, 218. Its increase in New
York, 218 The apple-leaf Bucculatrix from Malcom, N. Y., 218.
May be killed by arsenical spraying, 219. Of insects received from
Lincoln, N. Y., a small gray moth frequenting apple-tree in May, is
(wrongly) identified as the eye-spotted bud- moth, 219. A "small
green louse" occurring on the buds is accepted as the pear-tree PsyUa,
219. It had also been recently received on blossom buds of apples,
from Ghent, N. Y. , 219. The pi'esence of the insect indicated by the
" honey-dew," 220. Its previous occurrence on apple recorded, 220.
When and how to attack the Psylla, 220. Subsequent studies have

Table of Contents. 115

PAGE.

shown that the eye-spottfd liud-moth does not appear on the wing in
May, 220. Reference to Mr. Slingerlaiid's Bulletin on it, and another
on the pear-tree Psylla, 220.

Some Injurious Insects of 1890 221

A paper read before a Farmers' club by Mr. Young notices a blight
in wheat and rye; an insect attack on oats; the potato scab; the elm-
leaf beetle: comments requested on it, 221. Examination of wheat
and rye from several locaUties show attacks of a Nematode worm,

221. Study lately given to Nematode attacks, 221. "Clover-sickness"
in England caused by a Nematode, 221. Publications on the An-
guillulidce, 221, 222. Blight in oats associated with bacteria presence,

222. Shrivehng of oats caused by the grain aphis, 222. Studies of the
potato scab have shown several kinds proceeding from different causes,

223. One form shown by Dr. Thaxter to be caused by bacteria, 222.
A " surface-scab" and the " deep-scab," 232. Beneficial effect of heavy
rains in destroying the elm-leaf beetle, not before reported, 222. A
simple remedy suggested by it. 228. Request for investigation of
insect attacks always welcomed, 223.

APPENDIX.

(A) ENTOMOLOGICAL ADDRESSES 227

Some Injurious Insects of Massachusetts 227

Gratification in addressing the State Board of Agriculture, 227.
What the State has done for the promotion of economic entomology,

227. A prize offered a century ago for the best essay on the canker-
worm, 227. The prize awarded to W. D. Peck, 228. The " Natural
History of the Canker-worm," a pioneer in a new line of investigation,

228. Another valuable publication by Mr. Peck, 228. Investigations
of Dr. Harris, stimulated by Prof. Peck. 228. The entomological
work of Dr. Harris, 228. His valuable publications, 228. Report on
Insects Injurious to Vegetation, 238. Subsequent studies and pub-
lications of Mr. Sanborn and Dr. Packard, 2i!9. Other publications, 229.
The collection in economic entomology in the Cambridge Museum
made by Dr. Hagen, 229. Its unrivalled richness, 33C. Benefits result-
ing from its study, 2^0. Topics for the present paper suggested l)y the
Secretary, 231. Necessity of knowing w^lio our insect foes are,
231. Nature of attacks often misunderstood, 231. Cut- worms: their
place in classification; number of species; their principal features, 232.
Habits of the caterpillars and the moths, 233 . Their natural history and
varied food-plants, 234. Their injury to grass, corn, wheat and bar-
ley, 2-35. Species attacking cabbage, 235. Injuries to turnips, onions,
beans, clover, tobacco and flowering plants, 286. Their natural
enemies, 236. The robin a formidable enemy, 237. The insects that
feed upon them, 337. Tlie parasites that destroy them, 238. Among

116 Table of Contents.

PAGE.

other remedies for their attack are gas-Ume, breaking up the
sod, removing their food, and late ploughiag, 239. Two effective
preventives of cut-worm attack on corn, 239. The digging-out
remedy and testimony to its value, 240. Use of baits poisoned with
Paris green, 241. Other remedies named, 241. Losses from
Tobacco- WORMS in .Massachusetts, 242. Sphinx quinquemaculata, its
larva, moth, and oviposition, 242. Abundance of the larva, 1.'43.
Remedies are " worming" and poisoning, 243. Collecting the moths,

244. Hellebore and Paris green available against cut- worm injury to
tobacco, 244. The Apple maggot, a comparatively recent pest in
New England, 245. More injurious than the codling-moth worm,

245. Principal characters of the perfect insect, 245. Oviposi-
tion and operations in the fruit, 245. Transformations of the
insect, 246. Features of the larva, 246. Is a native insect, 240.
Formerly fed on wild fruits, 246. Its westward extension, 246.
Operations and spread in New England, 246. A serious pest in New
York, 247. A local insect, 247. Early apples more liable to
attack, 247. Favorite varieties might be grown as lures, 247.
Additional study of the insect needed, 248. Desiderata in its
life-history, 249. An admirable study of the insect recently made,
249. The Asparagus beetle prevailing in Massachusetts, 250.
Description of the beetle, 250. The "cross-bearer" variety, 250. Its
well known associates in the family of Chrysomelidte, 250. A con-
gener, Crioeeris 12-punctata has lately appeared in the vicinity of
Baltimore. 250. It also feeds on asparagus, 250. The introduction of
C. aspamgi, — first seen on Long Island, 251. Its slow spread in the
vicinity of New York City, 251. Has appeared in Central New York,
25 . Its life-history, 251, 252. Remedies are, hand-picking, employing
fowls to hunt them, and cutting the seed stems of asparagus, 252.
The best remedy believed to be application of freshly-slacked lime,

252. Mr. Fuller's success with the -lime remedy, 253. Complaints of
the Grapevine "Thrips," 253. Thrips an incorrect name for the
insect, 253. Is one of the leaf -hoppers, — its features and operations,

253. How the foliage is affected, 253. Its allies in the Hemiptera, 254.
Several species occur on grapevines, which belong to Erythroneura,

254. The more common one is Typhlocyha vitis, 254. Its description,
habits, and ti-ansformations, 254. What the "thrips" proper is, 254.
Where placed in classification, 254. Doubts regarding its true place, 255.
Habits of the Thripidse, 255. Some species serviceable, 255. Fumi-
gation for the leaf -hoppers partially successful, 255. Vaporization of
extract of tobacco the best remedy, 255. How it has been employed
in France, 255. The grapevine leaf -hopper more abundant in graperies
than elsewhere, 256. Occasionally injurious in vineyards, 256. Remedies
for it in vineyards, 256. The Rose-leaf " Thrips "that destroys the
leafage of roses, 256. Allied to the preceding and known as Empoa
rosce, 256. Its similar life-history, 257. May be kiUed by spraying

Table of Contents. 117

PAGE.

with an infusion of tobacco, 257. Importance of destroying it in the
larval stage, 257. The heavy tribute imposed by insect depredations is
vohintarilj^ paid, 257. It may be successfully resisted, 257.

Our Insect Enemies and How to Meet Them 2ri8

Agriculture the basis of all other industries, 258. Its importance
shown in our aggregate agricultural population of sixty milUons of
persons, 258. The total value of farm products in 1886,258. Why
the agricultural industry should be cherished, 258. Its past rate of
progression will not continue in the Eastern United States, 259 . Why
it will not be sustained, 259. Its present condition here and in the
West, 259. What has produced this condition, 259. An advance now
being made in scientific agriculture, 260. Beneficial results of Agri-
cultural Colleges, Experiment Stations, and Farmers' Institutes, 260.
Much of the labor and expei se in the production of crops lost if the
resultant pi'oducts are not secured, £(0. Excessive losses from insect
depredations in the United States. 260. Their magnitude has com-
pelled the study of insect pests, 261. Progrfss of Economic Ento-
mology, 261 . What it is, 261 . The first publication under State
authority, 261 . Followed by reports of Fitch, Walsli, Riley, Le Baron,
Thomas, and Forbes, 261 . Glover's labors, 261 . Establishment of an
Entomological Division of the United States Department of Agricul-
ture, 261. Its publications, 261. A special Entomological Commission
to investigate the Rocky mountain locust, 261 . Valuable publications
by it, 262. Resumjjtion of entomological investigations by the State
of New York, 262. Establishment, under the "Hatch Bill," of
Agricultural Experiment Stations, 262. Accelerated future progress
promised, 262. Importance of entomological study, 262. Ridicule
formerly bestowed upon it, 262. Its present recognition, 263. Its
general prosecution, 263. .''ome considerations showing its import-
ance: 1. The Secrecy of Insect Depredations, 263. Extent of
unrecognized injuries to crops, 263. A long unknown attack on
clover seed, 263. A hidden Coleophora attack on fruit, 263. An
vinknown currant-stem girdler, 264. Insect pests that work only
at night, 2C4. 2. The Small Size of Insects, 264. The paradox
of "the smaller the insect the greater its capacity for harm," 264.
Ravages of the microscopic grapevine Phylloxera 264. Number of
acres of vineyards destroyed in France, 264. Appropriations made
for its investigation, 264. Reward for an efficient remedy, 264.
Insects can not be excluded from crops as domestic animals may be,
265. Not all insects are small, 265. Webster's definition of an insect,
265. Dr. Johnson's definition of net-work, 265. The common house-
fly the average in size of the entire animal kingdom, 265. The vast
world of living beings not seen by the unaided eye, 265. 3. Number
OF Insects, 266. Ten times more numerous than the entire animal
kingdom combined, 266. Ten thousand species of insects estimated in

118 Table of Coi^ tents.

PAGE.

the 17th century, 266. The number of catalogued species, 266. Lord
Walsmgham"s estimate of three millions of species in the entire world,

266. An occasion when more Poduras could be seen at a glance than
there are human beings on the globe, 266. Dr. Fitch's estimate of the
number of plant-lice on a small cherry-tree, 266. Time required to
count a million, 266. Nearly a year would be required to count the
aphides on the one cherry-tree, 267. 4. Rapidity of Insect Propaga-
tion, 267. The maximum of rapid increase found in the Aphides,

267. Their peculiar generation, 267. Thirteen generations of the hoi)-
\ine aphis observed in one year, 267. The amazing number of the
13th brood if each individual should attain maturity, 267. The
distance in space to which the brood would extend if marshalled in
continuous line, 267. The point, even measured Tby the velocitj'^ of
light, inconceivably distant, 267. The necessity of checks in nature
to unrestricted development of any living form, 267. 5. The
Voracity of Insects, 268. The larval stage one of incessant
feeding, 268. Their only periods of rest, 268. Increase of weight
of a flesh-feeding larva in twentj^-four hours, 268. Its parallel in the
food of an infant, 268. Increase in weight of a caterpillar during its
progress to maturity, 268. A corresponding weight of a man, 268.
Can Insect Ravages be Prevented ? 268. Not entirely, but con-
trolled, 268. Knowledge of the entire life-history of an insect will
disclose some vulnerable point. 268. With present knowledge, insect
depredations could be reduced one-half, 269. How to Meet our
Insect Enemies, 269. What may be done by high culture, 269. The
feeble plants succumb to attack, 269. Sickly or diseased vegetation
invites its insect enemies, 269. Attracted thereto by its acute sense of
smell, 269. A belief that in^ect pests are never drawn to healthy vege-
tation, 269. Clean culture of great value, 269. Field and garden refuse
a favorite retre it for many of the hibernating Hemiptera, 270. The
benefit of destroying hibernating insects, 270. All worthless, dead
vegetable matter should be burned or compusted in the autumn, 270.
Importance of knowing our insect enemies, 270. Can not be success-
fully met without a knowledge of who and what they are, 270. Does
the study seem too formidable, 270. One hundred species may include
all that it is important for the agriculturist to study, 270. Their com-
mon and scientific names should be learned, 270. Pests that operate
secretly, and known only by their effects, should be sought out, 270.
Species falling in this category, 270. Indications of attack should be
watched for, 270. Enlist childi*en in the study, 270. Interest attaching
to the development of an egg into the perfect insect, 271. Encourage
children to make a collection of insects, particularly of the injurious
species, 272. Dr. I 'ackard's ' ' Entomology for Beginners " recommended ,
272. Benefits to childi'en of the study, 272. Recent entomological
publications should be procvired and studied, 272. The richness
of the United States publications, 272. A large proportion of them
distributed gratuitously, 272. Reports of the Entomologist of

Table of Coi^ teats. 119

, PAGE.

the U. S. Agricultural Department easilj' procurable, from the large
number of copies issued, 1^73. Bulletins of the Entomological Com-
mission, 273. "Insect Life," an instructive periodical, 273.
Where the reports of Dr. Fitch may be obtained, 273. Reports of the
State Entomologists of Missouri and Illinois, 278. Saunders "Insects
Injurious to Fruits " an indispensable volume to fruit growers, 273.
Comstock's " Introduction to Entomology"' of special value as an aid
to classification, 273. Importance of a knowledge of insecticides, 274.
Where information of them may be found, 274. The best insecticides
in use, 274. Relative value of wet and dry insecticides, 274. Value of
insecticides first shown in the use of Paris green against the Colorado
potato beetle, 274. Again demonstrated in protecting from the apple-
worm of the codling-moth, 274. In using insecticides, recognize the
two classes of insects which take their food in a diflferent manner —
by biting jaws or through a proboscis, 2T4. Entire families of beneficial
insects which should be ])rotected, 275. Some of them named, 275.
The importance of parasitic insects, 275. Ravages of the wheat-midge
arrested by parasitic attack, 275. Orange culture in California seri-
ously impaired by the scale insect, Icerya Purchasi, 275. Introduction
and spread of this scale, 275. The parasites that controlled it in Aus-
traha being collected and sent to California for colonizing and multi-
plying them, 275. Importance of careful observation of insects, 275.
Opportunity for this afforded by an agricultural life, 275. What to
do with unfamiliar, and new forms, 276. Benefit that may result from
an inquiry into their character and habits, 276. The labor attendant
on a contest with insect pests should not cause its abandonment, 276.
The insatiate greed and wastefulness of insects, 276. Necessity of
opposing them, 276. Not sufficient to rest on the promise of "seed-
time and harvest," 276. The force pxiinp with its insecticides should
supi^lement prayer for the preservation of the " kindly fruits of the
earth," 276. Means for i-esisting insect depredations within the reach
of all, 276. Insects must be fought earnestly, 276. Productive crops
with less labor, 276. Where may be found the solution of the problem
"how to make the farm pay." It may be either failure or success,
276. Neglect of the study of insect lives and insect habits not to be
longer tolerated, 276.

(B) PUBLICATIONS OF THE ENTOMOLOGIST DURING 1891 278

The Sc^uash Bug:* Grain Weevil Infesting Mills: Protection from
In.sect Injuries, 278. Bacon Beetle: Insectivorous Birds: Scale Insects:
Bark Lice: A Blind Crustacean fi'om a Well, 279. Injurious Insect^:
Quince-Tree Borer: Honey-Dew on Pear-Twigs: Arsenic and Honey-
Experiments. 280. Entomology: How to Control the Hop Aphis:
Apple-Tree Insects of Early Spring: Orange Leaf Trouble, 281. How
to Kill the RoseBug: The Cermatia Centipede: The Apple- Worm : Wheat

* The capitalization of the publicatioDS ig retained in this list.

120 Table of Contents.

• PAGE.

Insects: Wire-worms in Corn, 282. Destructive to Pears: Insect Pests: .
Another Formidable Insect Pest: Melon and Strawbeiry Pests, 283.
The Peach-Tree Borer: A Serious Danger: The Gartered Plume Moth:
A New Onion Pest: New Strawberry Pest: Lady Bug and Cherry
Aphis, 284. Beet Insects: Apple Aphis: The Pear-Tree Psylla: Insects
Injuring Red Raspberries: Pine Beetle Injuring Linen. 285. Foes of the
Kilmarnock Willow: The New Dairy- Pest: The Cow-Horn Fly in New
York: Leaf -Eating Beetle: Elm-Leaf Beetle: Grape CurcuUo: Measur-
ing Worm, 286. Rat-tail Larva: The Locust Mite: The Cecropia
Caterpillar: An Interesting Caterpillar: Grapevine Leaf-Hopper:
Extraordinary Flight of Moths, 287. The Squash Bug: A Destructive
Potato Aphis: White Grubs: Sprayed Grapes are Harmless: The
Pear Midge, Diplosis pyrivora in New York: On the Eye-Spotted Bud
Moth in Western New York, 288. On Some of our Orgyias : Do
Spiders Protect Fruit-trees from Aphides ?, 289 .

(C) PUBLICATIONS OF THE ENTOMOLOGIST FOR 1875 AND 187G. . 290

Record of Collections of New York Heterocera for the year 1873:
The New Apple Worm: A New Apple Worm: Insect on the Cabbage:
Blister Beetles, 290 . Cocoons on Oats: Worm on Wheat: Insects on
Potatoes: On Lyca?na neglecta Edw. : On Orthosia ralla Gr.-Rob. : Carpo-
capsa Deshaiziana in Seed-vessels of Euphorbia, 291. Cucullia laitifica
Lintner {n. s.): List of ( atocalas occurring in the State of New York:
List of New Species of New York Lepidoptera published in 1873: On
('atocala pretiosa n. sp. : Destructive Caterpillar: Cabbage-eating
Insect: The Grape-seed Fly: The New Carpet-bug Pest — Anthrenus
sci-ophulariae, 292. Insects in Flour: Scale Insects: Bark-hce: Apple-
tree Insects: Insectsof 1876 — 1, 293. Insects of 1876 — 11: Insect on
Peach Trees: A Parasitic Insect: The Gooseberry Fruit Worm: Tree-
Hoppers: An Eastern Grasshopper: Blistering Beetles: On a new
species of Cossus, 294. The Carpet Bug: Grapevine Hog- Cater piUar:
A Pernicious Corn Insect— The Indian Cetonia: Aphis in wheat: Pea
Weevil, 295.

(D) Contributions to the Department 296

Hymenoptera and Lepidoptera, 296. Diptcra, 297. Coleoptera, 298.
Hemiptera, 299. Orthoptera, Neuroptera, Miscellanea, and Crustacea,
300.

(E) Classified List of Insects Noticed in this Report 302

GENERAL INDEX 304

REPORT.

Office of the State Entomologist, )
Albany, Naoemher 25, 1891. j

To the Regents of the Unmersity of the State of New York :

Gentlemen. — I have the honor of presenting to your board
my Eighth Report on the Injurious and Other Insects of the State
of New York, containing the results of observations and studies
made by me during the present year.

The year has not been prolific in insect life, either in the mul-
tiplication of individuals of a species, or in the number of special
pests. The abundance of insects varies greatly in different years.
While this may be, and often is, controlled to a large extent bv
the beneficent provision in nature of parasitism, through which
certain classes of insects live wholly at the expense of others, it
is still more largely due to meteorological conditions, varied in
their nature and complex in their influences. Among these may
be named drouth, excessive moisture, high temperature, severe
cold, late and early frosts, depth of frost, winds, cold rains,
continued rain, and absence or abundance of snow. Under such
diverse and conflicting conditions, the aggregate of insect injury
for any year can never be foretold for months in advance,
although in individual cases, as in the chinch-bug and the western
locust, predictions for the succeeding season have been made and
verified. An excessive abundance of an insect pest in one year
may be followed by its almost entire absence in the next, while a
disastrous attack may suddenly be made upon a valuable crop by
an insect long known but never before recognized as of the
slightest economic importance.

When to these fluctuations in insect life there is added con-
tinually changing habits, wild food-plants deserted for cultiv^ated
ones, gradual extension of geographic range, introduction by
commerce from abroad, etc., etc., it is not surprising that each
year should bring to the economic entomologist new subjects for
16

122 Forty-fifth Report on the State Museum.

study, and in such rapid succession that hardly a tithe can be
given proper investigation.

The present year, even more markedly than the preceding, has
been exempt from severe insect attacks upon the grain crops of
the State. These agricultural staples have been almost entirely
free from the destructive midges — the wheat-midge and the
Ilessian-fiy, that in former years have often occasioned such
serious losses ; and but little harm has been inflicted by the grain-
aphis. The hop crop was not greatly injured by the lio]wine aphis,
Phorodon htimuli. The potato beetle has been less abundant
than usual, and in most localities where mention has been made
of its presence, it was so late in making its appearance that less
than ordinary effort was required for keeping it within control.
In some of the Hudson river counties, injuries from it were first
reported in the early part of July. In portions of Cattaraugus
county it is said to have been unusually abundant during the
month of July.

With the large acreage devoted to fruit-growing in the State
of New York, its annual extension, and the increasing care which
is required in order to insure a good degree of protection from
insect and fungus attack — it might naturally be expected that
fruit insects should claim the foremost place among our insect
foes. They have certainly taken such rank the present year, for
among the hundreds of inquiries received of name, habits,
remedies, etc., through personal application and a correspondence
largely in excess of any former year, more than three-fourths
have been of the insect depredators of orchards and of the smaller
fruits. And to no inquiries have a more cordial welcome been
given by your entomologist than to these, for, thanks to progress
made in applied entomology, and the earnestness with which this
useful science is being studied — in almost every instance there
has been the ability of returning answer that could hardly fail of
substantial benefit to the inquirer.

Referring to a few of these fruit insect attacks : The apple-
tree tent caterpillar, Clisiocampa Americana Harris, which has
been unusually destructive for several years past, has not been
the cause of as frequent complaint as in the preceding year.
This may have resulted from the more general care that has been
given to the collecting and burning of the eggs during the winter,

Eighth Report of the State Entomologist. 123

and to destroying the nests or tents of the young caterpillars
when they are first to be seen in the forks of the branches.
Reports of the abundance of this caterpillar have been received
from Westchester, Dutchess, Chemung, and Oswego counties.

The apple-tree aphis, Aphis mali Fabr., while not very
generally distributed, appeared in remarkable numbers in a few
localities — in Oswego, Monroe, and Essex counties, and else-
where. The season, however, was not propitious for its increase,
and the aggregate amount of injury caused by it was not large.
This insect may so easily be killed by kerosene emulsion spraying —
either while in the Qgg or at the time of its hatching, that losses
from it in the orchard deserve to be charged, in the ])rofit and
loss account, to the item of carelessness.

The apple-leaf Bucculatrix, BucculatTix pomifoliella Clemens,
is extending its range, and is now to be found in nearly every
county of the State. In Oswego, Wayne, Orleans, Monroe, Niagara,
Livingston, and Ontario counties, its peculiar, white ribbed cocoons
are so numerous as to readily attract the eye. Yet, little com-
plaint has been made during the year of injury from it. Many
of the cocoons seen upon the twigs are those of former years,
and therefore tenantless. An effective parasitic attack has
fortunately been made upon it which is largely reducing its
numbers. Mr. Powell, Director of the Farmers' Institutes,
reports that at a recent institute held at Sodus, Wayne county,
on a small piece of apple-twig brought in, containing thirty of
the cocoons, twenty-five had been destroyed by the parasite, as
shown by a small hole eaten through one end of the cocoon.

Another Tineid apple-tree depredator, ColeopJiora malivorella
Riley, rare to the State (see 1st Report Ins. ]^. Y., page 163),
was received in the early spring from Oswego and Wayne
counties. While not yet abundant in l^ew York, it would not be
a difficult task to prevent its becoming a serious pest.

Although of slight economic importance, yet of considerable
interest from its rarity and limited extent, is the occurrence
during the autumn of the apple leaf-sewer, Phoxopteris miheculana
(Clemens), in an orchard at Palmyra, Wayne county, N. Y.
While in this orchard nearly one-half of the leaves have been
neatly folded over near the midrib and the two edges fastened
together to form the shelter for the hibernating larva, none of
the other orchards in the vicinity show the presence of the insect.

124 Forty-fifth Report on the State Museum.

Reference was made, and a brief notice given, in the Report for
last year, to injuries to apple buds, blossoms, and leaves by the
caterpillar of another Tortricid moth, Tmetocera ocellana (Schiff .),
or the eye-spotted bud-moth — so named from an eye-like spot on
its wings. The present year it has greath^ multiplied in the
" apple-belt " of Western New York ; and its pernicious work in
eating into the buds, and destroying the blossoms, and feeding on
the tender foliage, has materially lessened the production of fruit
in many localities. A large orchardist in Wayne county has
written me that he has found it almost impossible to check, in the
slightest degree, its ravages, and that it has done him more harm
than all other apple pests combined. A full knowledge of its life-
history, which we do not yet possess, will, it is hoped, reveal some
simple and effective means by which it may be controlled.

Of the comparatively small number of insects attacking the
pear, and none of which have seriously interfered with its culti-
vation, two insects have emerged from their obscurity during the
present year, and have been the occasion of no little alarm in
localities where they have abounded. Of these, the pear-tret:
Psylla pyricola Foerst., — an aphis-like creature, has been quite
destructive in orchards in Greene and Columbia counties on the
Hudson river, through sucking the sap from the buds, leaves, and
stems of the young fruit, and covering them and the twigs
with an impervious coating of honey -dew. Later in the season a
fungus develops upon this viscid excretion and blackens the twigs
and terminal branches of the infested trees as if they had been
painted. From an orchard in Columbia county where the crop
gave promise of yielding 1,200 bushels of pears — as the result of
the operations of this insect, only 400 bushels of indifferent fruit
was gathered.

The other of the two is the pear-midge, Diplosin i^yrivora Riley,
which had not, hitherto, been reported in the State of Kew
York — its only known locality in the United States being
Meriden, Conn., where it is believed to have been introduced
from France about fifteen years ago. The eggs of the parent midge
are deposited in the blossom before they open, and the larva? there-
from, to the number of twenty or more, burrow and feed within
the young fruit wholly withdrawn from the reach of insecticidal
applications. At maturity they escape from the fruit and drop

Eighth Report of the State Entomoloois'i. 125

to the ground, where they bury for their transformation, to rea])-
pear the following spring as the winged midge. The infested
fruit, with its interior eaten away, soon falls from the tree. The
insect, wherever observed— in France, England, and in this country,
has shown a decided preference for some particular variety of
pear, while attacking most of the others. With us, the Lawrence
has l)een the attractive one, to the extent of its croj) proving
almost an entire failure — at least nine-tenths of it having been
destroyed both in Meriden, Conn., and at Catskill, N. Y. Notice
of both of these insects will befoundin the following pages, Avhere
the results of the studies made upon them are detailed.

In my fifth report account is given of an attack on
young pears at Rochester, N. Y., in which the fruit was com-
pletely ruined by the gnarling, knotting, and deformation caused
by the punctures and feeding of one of the plant-bugs, Lygus
2)ratensi8 (Linn.). A similar attack was brought to my notice
during the early summer, occurring at South Byron, Genesee
county, of a closely resembling species, Lygus invitus (Say). The
operation of the insect was carefully watched, and interesting
observations made upon it. Fortunately, these injuries, while
quite general, are not often severe. In only one other instance
were they deemed of sufficient importance to merit report — in
Monroe county, where a crop of Seckels was badly gnarled in
August from a second brood of the Lygus.

Of other fruit insects of which complaint has been made, these
may be noticed: The cherr}^ aphis, Myziis cerasi (Fabr.), caused
considerable injury in St. Lawrence county in the early part of
July. The plum aphis, Aphis pruni Fabr., abounded in some
plum orchards at Schoharie, N, Y., affecting the foliage quite
severely. The plum curculio was unusually harmful in parts of
Albany county. It is rarely so injurious in the eastern part of the
State that it is necessary to resort to " jarring " for its destruc-
tion. At North Salem, Westchester county, the rose-bug, in the lat-
ter part of June, is said to have almost ruined grapes and peaches,
and somewhat later, vineyards in Jefferson and Oswego counties
were reported as nearly destroyed by immense swarms of the
same insect. According to an account received, the currant-
worm, Nem,atus rihesii Scop., when threatening the destruction of
the currant crop, at Millbrook, Dutchess county, early in June,
was killed by heavy rains occurring at that time.

126 Forty- FIFTH Report on the State Museum.

The cow-horn fly, Hoematohia serrata R. Desv., which has been
noticed in a former report, has made its appearance in a few, but
widely separated, localities in the State, and its speedy general
distribution may therefore be looked for, unless the measures
recommended for the prevention of its increase shall be generally
adopted.

A new onion pest attacked the onion crop at Canastota, in Cen-
tral New York, during the month of June. It was a dark-colored
caterpillar of over an inch in length, which fed on the plants
above ground, and overran the large fields of onions in the muck
lands about Canastota, feeding also on weeds and other vegeta-
tion. It was at first thought to be the same cut- worm that in the
vear 1885 was so exceedingly destructive in the extensive onion
fields in Goshen and vicinity in Orange county. But its critical
examination indicated it to be a different species, viz., Agrotis
ypsilon (Rott.), and the subsequent rearing of the moth proved it
to be that common insect, which had not been recognized before
as an onion feeder.

From Chenango county an estimate was received of twenty per
cent injury to corn from cut-worms — the species not identified.

Epilachna horealis (Fabr.), the northern lady-bug — quite
exceptional in its family for its injurious habits, has again been
destructive this year in its extraordinary numbers, to melon and
squash vines upon Long Island.

Most of the above, together with others not here referred to,
are noticed in the body of the report.

It gives me pleasure to report an increasing interest each year
shown by the people of the State in the work of this Department.
This is particularly marked on the part of the agricultural commu-
nity, who are thoroughly awakened to the importance of protect-
ing their crops from the steadily increasing hosts of their insect
enemies. So frequent are the requests from farmers and fruit-,
growers for information and for aid, that almost my entire time
during the year has been occupied in the study of these successive
attacks, and of the best methods for their control. While service
rendered in this direction is beyond question quite as valuable as
any other that may be given, still it is necessary that a certain
amount of purely scientific work should accompany economic

Eighth Report of tee State Entomologist. ]27

studies, if their published results are to be accepted as valuable
scientific contributions.

The collections made during the year were not as large as in
some preceding years, owing to the shorter time that could be
spared from office duties, and from a lesser abundance than usual
of insect life. Particular attention was again given to the insects
occurring in high altitudes in the Adirondack region, the fauna
of which has been so im])erfectly explored. Several new and
many valuable forms were obtained in Essex county, in the towns
of North Elba, Wilmington, and Iveene, and life- histories, more or
less complete, worked out.

Contributions to the collections have been received from a larger
number of donors, but aggregating less in the number of sjiecimens
than reported in 1S9(>. As of special value ma}^ be particularized
a package of alcoholic specimens of Lepidoptera from Mr, H. G*
Dyar, of [New York city, mainly of rare larval forms, collected by
him in the Yosemite valley, Cal., and described in scientific
journals.

The report herewith submitted contains, under the division of
Injurious Insects, a somewhat full notice of the several species,
after the manner in which I would be glad to present most of the
insects embraced in these reports, i. e., in so general and full an
account, drawn from their literature and combined with new
observations as may afl'ord ample means for the arrest of their
depredations, or their protection if desirable. But this, under
the requirement for the completion of the report in readiness for
|)rinting on the first of October, is impracticable. I have, there-
fore, embodied under JSTotes on Various Insects, such briefer
notices as seemed worthy of placing on record at the present
time ; and under Insect Attacks : Their • Remedies and Pre-
ventives, notices of several of the more interesting attacks of
the year, together with approved remedies for some of che long
and well known insect pests.

The Appendix contains two addresses made before State
boards of agriculture by the Entomologist, and a list of the
principal publications of the Entomologist during the year, of
which fifty-seven are named and brief summaries given ; also
the usual list of the contributions to the collections of the
department. '

128 Forty-fifth Report on the State Museum.

The additional room and cases for which arrangements are
being made by your board for the use of the Entomologist, will
remove the discomfort and hindrance of an overcrowded office,
and permit of a more convenient and systematic arrangement of
the library and the collections.

AVith grateful acknowledgment of aid and courtesies extended.

Respectfully submitted.

J. A. LINTNER.

INJURIOUS INSECTS.

Synchlora glaucaria (Guenee"^.

The Raspberry Geometer.

(Ord. Lepidoptera: Fam. Geometbice.)

Aplodes glaucaria Guenee: Hist. Nat. Ins.-Lepidop. , ix, 1857, p. 377.
Aplodes ruhivora Riley: 1st Kept. Ins Mo., 1869, p. 139, pi. 2, fig. 25.
Aplodes rubivora. Walsh-Riley: in Amer. Ent.,i, 1869, p. 247(ident. from.

New Jersey).
Aplodes ruhivora. Treat: in Amer. Ent.-Bot., ii, 1870, pp. 203-205, fig. 125.
Eunemoria gracilaria Packard: in 5th Rept. Peab. Acad. Sci., 1873, p. 77.
Synchlora albolineata Packard: in id. p. 75.
Aplodes rubivora. Saunders: in Rept. Ent. Soc. Ont. for 1873. 1874, pp. 15, 16,

fig. 10 (habits, etc.).
Synchlora rubivoraria Packard: Mon. Geomet. Moths, 1876, p. 382, pi. 10,

fig. 85.
Synchlora rubivoraria. French: in Trans. III. Dept. Agr. , xv, 1877. App., p. 288;

in 7th Rept. Ins. 111., 1878, p. 238 (brief description of larva and its

habits); in Trans. 111. St. Horticul. Soc. for 1881, n. s., xv, p. 198 (brief

description).
Synchlora glaucaria (Guen.), Hulst: in Entomolog. Amer., ii, 1886, p. 141.
Synchlora iiibivoraria. J^aunders: Ins. Inj. Fruits, 1889, p. 316, fig. 330 (brief

account).
Synchlora rubivora. Edwards (H.): Bull. 35, U. S. Nat. Mus., 1889, p. 102

(ref . to descr. early stages).
Synchlora rubivora. Lintner: in Rural N. Yorker, L, 1891, p. 577 (larva and

habits).
Syncldora rubivora, Riley-Howard: in Insect Life, iv, 1891, p. 157 (in

Jamaica).
Synchlora glaucaria. Smith: List Lepidop. N. A., 1891, p. 57, no. 3460.

A Strange-looking Caterpillar.

That the two strange-looking caterpillars of this insect, received
from New Haven, Conn., on the 27th of July, were the first of the kind
that had come under my notice, would indicate not very acute powers
of observation — unusual mimetic concealment in the larva — or that
the insect is not of frequent occurrence in the State of New York.
17

130

FORTY-FIFTU REPORT ON THE StATE MuSEVM.

The caterpillar and the moth that it i^roduces are represented in the
accompanying figure, but the reader, if not an entomologist ma^- need

to be told that the former is
intended to be shown in the
little irregular bunch adher
ing to the berry at a, and
looking as if it were merely a
roll of vegetable material
that had been carried about
ill the winds before finding a
temporary resting-p lace.
Onl}^ upon examining care-
fully could the outline of a
larval form be made out
within it, nor would it then be
accepted as a living being,
unless it could be seen to

FigI.— The raspberry geometer, Synchlora glaucaria: ||i^][)gjj(J and commence tO
a, the caterpillar; 6, one of its segoaents enlarged , , .

to show the spines; c, the moth; d, wings enlarged, travel OVer the berry or tO
(After Riley. ) feed UpOH it.

The raspberry geometer, as it is popularly called, is a small
"measuring-worm," "inch-worm," or "looper" — names that are
borrowed from the peculiar mode of progression in the family of
Geonietridm to which it belongs, the caterpillars of which travel in a
series of loops, as if surveying or measuring land. Supported on the
terminal legs and extending the body to the utmost, they grasp the
twig or leaf, and bring forward the hinder legs in contact with the
front. The intermediate portions of the body which are unprovided
with the legs that are present in most other families, are curved upward
b}' the movement in the form of the capital letter omega in the Greek
alphabet.

Concealment or Mimicry.

While many of the geometers when at rest extend their body
upward fi'om the branch in a straight line, counterfeiting almost
exactly a twig, this one rests upon the berry in a close loop. When
motionless in this position, no one would suspect it of being a living
animal form. Its concealment is made almost perfect by the bits of
vegetable material within which it hides itself. From it» body a
number of spines project, as shown in one of its enlarged segments at
b in the figure. To these and at other points, it fastens the anthers of
the raspberry blossoms and other bits of vegetation so thickly as to
almost conceal its true form. It is strange that the anthers should be

Eighth Report of the State Bnto^wlogist. 131

specially chosen for this purpose, but the fact has been stated by
several writers, and the entire covering of the two received by me,
consisted of these organs.

So perfect is the concealment of the caterpillar or its mimicry of a
blighted blossom, that it might be supposed that the immunity from
its natural enemies which it must secure in this manner would promote
its multiplication and make it a quite common insect; but on the other
hand, its disguise might easily, before it had attained a conspicuous
size, permit of its being swallowed unsuspectingly with the berry.
Indeed, a writer has remarked:* "The lovers of these most exquisite
fruits, the raspberry and the blackberry, are often greatly disgusted by
the discovery of the fact that instead of the delicious berry which
they expected to enjoy, they are munching the small caterpillar under
consideration."

The Caterpillar Described.

The caterpillar has been described by Professor Riley as follows :

Average length, 0.80 inch. Color light yellowish-gray, darker just
behind each joint, and very minutely shagreened all over. On each
segment a prominent pointed straight projection on each side of the
dorsum, and several minor warts and prickles below. Two very
slightly raised longitudinal lighter lines along the dorsum between the
prominent prickles. Ten legs.

The above description, although brief, is probably all that will be
needed for its identification, in consideration of its peculiar appearance
and habits above given and illustrated.

The Moth.
The moth is a delicate creature, of about a half inch expanse of
wings, of a pale green color, having both pairs of wings traversed by
two whitish cross bands. More minutely described, to distinguish it
from allied species:

Pea-green; a white stripe between the antenna?, which are also white,
and beneath pale testaceous; palpi and legs white; front and pectus
green; a green stripe on the fore trochanters. Palpi very long,
extending out nearly twice the length of the head, greenish or reddish
at the tip. Fore- wings with, the costal edge white; a basal curved line,
slightly dentate on the venules. Discal dot very linear, pale, obscure.
Outer white line parallel with the outer edge, dentate on the venules;
edge with white dots on the venules; fringe pale green. Secondaries
with a much curved basal white line, a linear, small, white discal dot;
outer line very dentate on the venules, much more so than the same line
on fore wings; fringe pale, edge with white dots on ends of venules.
Beneath, fore-wings testaceous, whitish on costal edge; fringe white;

* Ist Report on the Insects of Missouri, 1869, p. 139.

132 Forty-fifth Report on the State Museum.

anterior half of wings greenish, posterior [half] whitish. Secondaries
whitish; the line appears, though very faintly. Abdomen green,
streaked mesially with whitish. Length of body, J, 0.33; ?, 0.43.
Expanse of wings, 0.65 — 1.08. {Packard.)

Its Natural History.

The early life-history of the raspberry geometer is not known. Its
eggs are probably deposited on the leaves of the raspberry and the
blackberry near the blossom buds in May or June, according to the
latitude, and the caterpillar feeds at first upon the tender leaves, but as
soon as the berries begin to ripen they constitute its entire food. At
or about the time of the ripening of the berries the caterpillar having
reached maturity, it selects a suitable spot upon a leaf or twig where it
forms a slight cocoon for its pupation. A few daj'^s only are passed in
this stage when the moth makes its appearance — in the latter part of
June in Texas, in July in Illinois, in August and September in New
York and New England.

One of the two caterpillars received from New Haven either escaped
from its box or was devoured by its associate; the other, after having
fed for nearly two weeks upon raspberries, commenced making its
cocoon on August 8th, and had completed it on the following day.
Two days later (11th) the pupa could be seen through the thin meshes
of the cocoon, of a pale brown color, with dai'ker spots and lines, and
about one-third of an inch in length. After a two weeks' pupation the
moth was found in the box on the 23d of August.

A specimen in my collection beai's date of August 3, 1873, taken at
Schoharie, N. Y., and another from the collection of the late W. W.
Hill, "July, 1871, Lewis Co., N. Y."

The Cocoon.
The inclosure for its pupation hardly deserves the name of a cocoon
as it consisted only of about a dozen pieces of varying sizes taken from
the sepals of the calyx of the berry, and arranged over its body and
connected by some coarse threads, so few in number that they barely
sufficed to hold the pieces together. The pupa was fastened within by
its terminal tip caught in some silken threads.

Abundance and Distribution.

The principal interest pertaining to this insect lies in the possibility
of its not being detected when the berries to which it is attached are
eaten; but, in that event, no harm will ensue, or even a nauseous taste

Eighth Report of the State Entomologist. 133

be experienced, such as attends the presence of one or two of the
minute plant-bugs that so frequently infest the raspberry. It has
never been known to occur in such numbers as to mar the fruit,
although, according to Professor Riley, it has been somewhat numerous
in Illinois. It has a large distribution over the United States, being
reported by Dr. Packard from Maine,. Massachusetts, New York, New
Jersey, Missouri, Kansas, Texas, and Alabama. An example of appar-
ently this species occurred among collections made by Mr. T. D. A.
Cockerell, in Jamaica, West Indies.

Bucculatrix Canadensisella (Chamb.).

The Birch-leaf Bucculatrix.

(Ord. Lepidoptkka: Fam. Tineid.e.)

Chambers: in Canad. Entomol., vii, 1875, p. 146 (imago) ; in U.S. Geolog.-Geo-

graph. Surv., iv, 1875, p. 133 (citation).
Lintner: " 3d Rept. Ins. N. Y.," in 40th Kept. N. Y. St. Mus. N. H., 1887, p. 135.
Packard: 5th Rept. U. S. Entomolog. Oommis., 1890, p. 507 (larva and moth),
p. 508 (Tineid larva) ; in Insect Life, v, 1892, pp. 14-16, fig. 3 (occur-
rence in Rhode Island).
Riley-Howard: in Insect Life, v, 1892, p. 16, fig. 3 (in New York, Mass., and

parasitic attack).
Fletcher: in Rept. Min. Agr. on Exper. Farms for 1893, pp. 156-158, fig. 14;
same in Rept. Ent.-Bot , 1892, pp. 14-16, fig. 14 (general account).

Mrs. H. D. Graves, of Ausable Forks, N. Y., to whom many obliga-
tions are due for interesting and valuable observations made upon the
insect pests of Northern New York, has kindly communicated the
following notes upon recent operations of the above-named insect,
under date of September 8, 1891 :

The Insect at Ausable Forks.

I send herewith some birch leaves and worms, illustrating the con-
dition of all the birches in this vicinity. 1 he leaves sent are from a
cut-leaf birch on ni}^ lawn. Lindens, maples, and dogwood standing
near are entirely free from attack. In a ride of thirteen miles that I
took through ttie country yesterday, all the birches could be dis-
tinguished at a long distance by their burned looking foliage, while all
other trees were green and fresh. About three weeks ago I first
noticed the falling of the leaves from my tree, but being busily
occupied at the time I did not examme into the cause, and now the
tree is spoiled for this year. I do not believe that there is a perfect
leaf upon it.

134

Forty-fifth Report on the State Museum.

The Insect at Scottsville.
The attack was recognized as identical with one that had come under
my notice in the summer of 1886, through a letter and examples of the
eaten foliage of a yellow birch, JBetula lutea, and the infesting insect,
received from Mr, Shelby Reed, of Scottsville, Moni'oe county, N. Y., as
was briefly noticed in my " Third Report," as above cited, Mr. Reed,
writing September 14th, stated : " Trees infested with the insect have
a brown and scorched appearance, and light comes down through the
thickest of the foliage as through a softened skylight."

The leaves sent for showing the injury to the foliage caused by the
insect, had very nearly all of the green parenchymal matter eaten away,
leaving only the transparent epidermis of one side as a thin transparent

film. In a few instances only,
had this film been broken or
pierced into holes of micro-
scopic size. It was interesting
to see how thorough had been
the work of dissecting out the
parenchyma from between the
epidermal reticulations. Only
here and there had a cell
escaped — all of them united,
over the entire surface of some
of the leaves, not exceeding a
square quarter-inch. It was
the most remarkable and
beautiful leaf dissection that
had ever come under my ob-
servation, far exceeding in
delicacy any of the " skeleton-
. J izing " which we are often

Fig. 2.— BucculatrixCanadhnsisella: «, skeletonized °

leaf; h, molting cocoon; c. larva; d, head of larva; called upon tO admire. That it
e, anal segments of larva; /, same of pupa; <;, cocoon ^^^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^ executed by
with extruded pupa skin; ?i, moth — all enlarged. •'

(From Insect Life.) SO Small a larva, seemed sur-

prising, until it was learned from Mr. Reed that it was the concerted
work of large numbers — forty-eight of the little caterpillars having
been counted by him on a single leaf.

The leaves of the cut leaf birch received from Ausable Forks, were
less eaten than the above — only about one-half, on an average, of the
parenchymal matter having been removed. It is probable that the
native birches, in their ''burned looking" foliage, had been more
seriously affected. At a, in Figure 2, a partly skeletonized leaf is shown.

Eighth Report of the State Entomologist. ]35

The Caterpillar.
The fuli-grown caterpillar measures less than a quarter of an inch in
length —more exactly, from 0.18 to 0,22 of an inch. It is of a slender
form, tapering considerably at each extremity, and with deep incisures
between the rounded segments. The head is long, projecting, slightly
bilobed, of a pale brown color, with the ocelli
and mandibles black; width of head about half
that of the first segment, and one-fourth or less,
of the central segments. The body is dull pale
green, sometimes of a yellowish cast, having
short hairs on the setiferous spots, and some
longer ones elsewhere, particularly at the ex- Fioj-Catenjuiar^of the w^^^
tremities, as shown at c in Figure 2, but omitted tmx canadensisella, side

' . . vie^ and dorsal view (orlg-

by the engraver in Figure 3. The terminal pair inai.)

of prolegs are projected behind: the other prolegs are so short that

the apodal segments also have the appearance of being employed for

locomotion.

The caterpillar walks slowly, and when disturbed, drops from the
leaf and hangs suspended by its thread. If brushed from the leaf to
the table or a smooth surface, it twists vigoroush^ about, in violent
contortions, as if to frighten away, or to escape from, its enemies.

Its Molting Cocoon.
In addition to the two New York localities mentioned, the insect
is also known to occur in Alban}'. After its reception from Ausable
Forks, in Essex county, the birches in Washington Park were examined
for it. Leaves eaten after the peculiar manner of the larva', to a
moderate extent, were found, but none of the ribbed cocoons. On a
number of the leaves were small rounded silken patches, which were
identified as the retreats made by the larv;v during their molting
periods — apparently in two sizes. They had been described by Dr-
Packard, in the 5th Report of the U. S. Entomological v ommission, as
" Orbicular, 2 to 3 mm. in diameter, of white silk, inclosing the larva
curled up within," and referred to an " unknown Tineid." Different
names have been giv* n to these intei'esting objects by recent writers, as
cocoonets, cocoons, and pseudo-cocoons. They are, strictly speaking,
cocoons, but as it might be confusing to refer to them by this name,
any misapprehension would be prevented by calling them " molting
cocoons," as suggested by Mr. Brunn in the first description of the
structure. Their manner of construction, entrance into them, and
occupancy will probably be found to agree with that of the larva of
Eucculatrix pomifoliella, minutely given by Mr. A. E. Brunn, in the
Second Report of the Department of Entomology of the Cornell

136

Forty-fifth Report on the State MusEmi.

University Experiment Station, 1883, p. 158. As the publication is
not accessible to many, the description is quoted :

When the larva has made a mine from one-half to three- fourths inch
long, which it does in from four to five days, it eats its way out through
the upper surface ; then somewhere on the upper surface of the leaf it
weaves a circular silken covering about one-twelfth inch in diameter.
Stretched out on this network, the larva, which is now 2.6 mm. long,
makes a small hole in it near its edge, then, as one would turn a somer-
sault, the larva puts its head into this hole and draws its body after.
Arriving inside the "molting cocoon," as it may be termed, on its
back and doubled in the shape of a horseshoe, the larva is then ready
to strengthen the cocoon and close the opening which it made in enter-
ing. The larva^ make these cocoons in from fifteen to thirty minutes,
and usually wnthin two hours after leaving the mine. * * * Having
molted, the larv;e leave their cast-off skins in the molting cocoons and
cut their way out; they remain in these cocoons in most cases less than
twenty-four hours.

The molting cocoon is represented at b. Figure 2, showing its
peculiar central spot, or depression, or both.

The Cocoon.
The cocoon is a pretty little object with its five, or sometimes six,
sharj) ridges,* of which four are seen in a dorsal
view, crossing over its entire length from one end
to the other in parallel lines and uninterrupted
except as they may be broken near one end
where the cocoon is joined in its construction.
Tlie base is flat; the ends rounded; color, yellow-
FiG. 4-Cocoon of the grcen. Length, 0.15 to 0.19 inch; breadth, 0.05

birch-leaf Bucculatrix, • ,

BUCCOLATRIX CaNADEN- mCU.

sisklla; side view and t. • •, j'«? . • £ j.i^ a. c

from above (original). it IS quitc diflerent in appearance from that oi
^^<cc^^^«^;7^>'7)o»^^yo^^W^rt Clem., in several particulars, viz.: in its yel-
low-green color, instead of
white; its sharper and more
distinct ribs; its rounded in-
stead of pointed ends; its base
flattened to nearly its broadest
diameter in place of being
strongly contracted at the
sides; its ridges distinct to
the extreme tips instead of
uniting near them; and the
more conspicuous joining of
the cocoon near one end
coons are

-j—i

Co- ^IQ- 5.— Apple-leaf Bucculatrix, Bdcculatrix pomi-
foliella; a, piece of twig covered with cocoons; 6,
represented in cocoon enlarged: c, the moth, enlarged.

*Mr. Fletcher (loc. cit.) gives "about eight prominent ridges," and Dr. Packard, "eight
sharp, high ridges." I never saw them with so many.

Eighth Report of the Si ate Entomologist. 137

Figure s 2ff and 4, Those of Bucculatrix poTnifoliella are shown, for
comparison at a and h in Figure 5.

The cocoons have only been observed upon the leaves, but as they
are seemingly too few for such an abundant larval presence, it is prob-
able that many of them are made on leaves that have fallen to the
ground, or possibly, on or beneath the bark of the trunk, or even on
adjoining trees and shrubs, as some of the species of Bucculatrix are
known to have a fondness for traveling. None were found on the
small twigs that have been sent me with the leaves.

The construction of the cocoon is an interesting operation to watch.
It differs in method from that with which we are familiar in many of
the Bombycid and other moths "where the caterpillar spins its thread
around it, and gradually hides itself from view. In its earl}^ life the
birch-leaf caterpillar had been an outside builder, as will be noticed
hereafter, and its habit is not abandoned in this its mature stage.

The cocoon is apparently commenced by the caterpillar marking out
with a few threads laid upon the surface of the leaf the outline of one
end. From this, as the base of operations, the ribbed walls are built
up in the following manner: Its thread is fastened at one end of the
basal line, and then carried over in the required curve and at a slight
elevation to the other side where it is fastened to the base. The
thread continues to be carried from one side to the other, but
not in single curves made by one sweep of the larval head. If
closely noticed through a lens (as these observations were made),
the head will be seen moving in a series of concave curves, rest-
ing momentarily at the four or five points where the ribs are being
formed. Thread after thread is thus rapidly carried over; the base is
gradually widened as it approaches the middle part; the short curved
sweeps of the larval head build in the ribs and the depressed portion
between them, while each thread is applied, and apparently adheres
closel}^, to the preceding. This is continued without cessation, and as
the building progresses the caterpillar gradually moves backward before
its advance. Whether its eyes or the length of its head serves as the
only measure for the diameler of the cocoon is not known. Possibly
its body may be used as a guide after the manner of the caterpillar of
a Limenitis butterll}^ which repeatedly during the construction of its
hibernaculutn creeps within it as if to test the dimensions of the silken-
lined leaf-tube within which, with entrance left unclosed, it is destined
to pass the winter.

When the cocoon is about three-fourths completed, a new procedure
ensues: the caterpillar arrests its work, turns itself about, and moves
18

138 Forty-fifth Report on tbe State Museum.

backward within its walls — its head and two or three of its segments
projecting. The other end is now commenced, and is extended back-
ward on the same plan and in the same manner as before, xintil the two
portions are united. Sometimes the joining is so accurately made that
it can hardly be detected; the ridges are in exact line and only a slight
elevation or other irregularity is visible. In others the ridges, instead
of aligning, are interposed at the suture, and a perceptible hump marks
the place. For a short time longer the caterpillar may be seen through
the translucent walls, actively twisting its front segments backward
and forward, as additional threads are being thrown over the joining
to unite the two portions, and the strikingly ingenious piece of insect
architecture is finished.

Since the above was written my attention has been drawn to the
detailed account given by Mr, Chambers in the Canadian Entomolo-
gist, vol. xiv, 1882, pp. 157-160, of the building of the cocoon of
another species of Buccidatri:^, viz., B. amhrosimfoliella. It differs
materially from that above described, in that "a reticulated frame-
work " is at first constructed (of which a diagram is given by Mr.
Chambers), and " the cocoon proper " afterward spun within it.

No specimens of the cocoons of £. Canadensisella are at hand
which would serve to shoAv if they also are double, but I would expect
to find them single — simjily reinforced with additional threads
within. 1

I am unable to reconcile what I saw, or at least thought that I saw,
in the construction of the cocoon of B. Canadensisella as above
described, with Mr. Fletcher's account of the same operation, given in
his Annual Report for 1892 [loc. cit.): "A mat was first spun on the
surface of the leaf, then the foundations of the ribs were begun.
Little by little they were continued, and the meshes of an open net-
work stretched between them, the caterpillar all the while retreating
backwards as the structure advanced."

There was certainly no " open network " in the cocoons that my
caterpillars built before my eyes. Strange that they should have done
so differently from what they ought to have done " according to the
books." Mr. Chambers, who was a close student of the habits of
Bucculatrix larvu', has stated: "All other known species of the genus,
save one, make these ribbed cocoons, and to do so, they must work
much as this \canbros((ifolitlki\ does."

The building of the cocoon of the common B. pomifoliella has
probably never been observed, as no account of it has been given to us.

Eighth Hep out of tee State EiStomologist. 139

The Moth.

The moth is so well shown in Figure 2, that it can hardly fail of
recognition when the comparison is made, but, as of possible service to
the student, the original description by Mr. Chambers is transcribed:

Head white; tuft tipped with dark reddish-brown, and the face
faintly tinged with purplish fuscous. Upper surface of the thorax
brown margined by white. Base of the fore-wings white, followed by
an oblique brown fascia, which is nearest the base on the costal margin, and
is followed by an oblique parallel white fascia; all of these are placed
before the middle, and are followed by a large brown patch which occu-
pies the entire wing to the cilia^ [cilia], except that it contains a white
spot on the middle of the costal margin ; the brown patch is margined
before on the dorsal margin of the wing by a small tuft of raised
brown scahs; at the beginning of the dorsal cilia^ is a white spot placed
a little before, but becomes almost confluent with a Ion;, er white costal
streak; behind these streaks to the apex of the wing is pale brown,
with a darker velvety brown apical spot; ciline pale yellowish, with a
dark brown hinder marginal line before their middle, not extending to
the costal cilite. Expanse of wings, three-eighths of an inch. — From.
Canada.

Mr. Fletcher's description of the fore-wings will give a better idea
of their general appearance :

Wings crossed with silvery white bars; three of these run from the
outer edge about half way across the wings obliquely toward the apex,
and there are two shorter subtriangular blotches on the inner margin of
each fore-wing. These latter, when the wings are closed, form two
white doi'sal saddles, the anterior of which is slightly the larger and is
followed closely by a tuft of raised black scales. At the extremity of
the fore-wings are also several raised black scales, a few of which are-
separated into an apical spot by an irregular narrow white baud. The
cilia of the fringes are pale brown.

Life-history and Habits.

The life-history of this insect is as yet unknown. Neither the eggs-
of the moth or the mining operations of the larvje have been observed.
The following seems to be about all that is kno<vn of the insect:

Larva? had built their cocoons at Ausable Forks, N. Y., on September
8, 1886. Of examples received from Monroe county, N. Y., on Septem-
ber fourteenth, a few had already made their cocoons, and the follow-
ing day nearly all had completed or commenced their construction.
The larva eats the parenchyma out of both sides of the leaf. In con-
finement it walks slowly, often dropping down and hanging by a thread.
The first week in September larvas were seen within their molting
cocoons, and previous to that had been noticed feeding exposed and
eating little holes in the upper surface of the leaves, at Brunswick, Me.

140 Forty-fifth Report on tbe State Museum.

They were abundant in Massachusetts during the second week in Sep-
tember, 1892, on Betula poptilifera. (Packard.)

Larva^ received September 13 and 15, 1890, from Massachusetts, gave
■cocoons later, moths from which emerged from January until March.
(Riley-Howard.)

The injuries of the larva? become noticeable in August, when the
leaves assume a rusty or burned appearance and fall prematurely. Since
1890, all varieties of birches in the vicinity of Ottawa have been
attacked, but Betula alba most severely; B. papyrifera and B. lutea
almost as severely. They are particularly partial to the European cut-
leaf weeping-birch. A few cocoons have been found on twigs, but the
main body must spin elsewhere. They are not spun on the leaves
except in confinement. (Fletcher.)

Distribution.
Thus far, the insect has only been reported from Canada, New
England States, and New York, but it will undoubtedly be found to
have a wider distribution. It was originally described from specimens
received from Mr. F H. Belenger of the Universite Laval, Quebec.
The recorded localities are Ottawa and vicinity (Fletcher). Bruns-
wick, Me.; Bristol county, Mass.; Providence, li. I. (Packard). East
Norton and West Bridgewater, Mass. (Riley-Howard). Scottsville,
Plattsburg, and Albany (Lintner).

Remedy.
Whenever it shall be found necessary to check the attacks of this
insect, on ornamental or shade trees, it can be done by spraying the
foliage of the infested tree during the latter part of August or the
first of September with a weak mixture of Paris green or London
purple — one pound to 300 gallons of water.

Diplosis pyrivora Riley.

TJte Pear Midge.

(Ord. Diptera: Fam. Cecidomyid.e.)

f Cecidomyia nigra Meigen : Syst. Beschr. bek. europ Zweifl. Insek. , 1818, pi.
ill, fig. 11; cited in Macquart's Hist. Nat. Irs.-Dipt., i, 1834, p. 161.

? Cecidomyia nigra Meig.: Schmidberger, in KoUar's Ins. Inj. Gard.-For.-
Farm., 1840, pp. 292-295 (general account).

? Cecidomyia pyricola Nordlinger: Die Kleinen Feinde, 1869, p. 622.

Cecidomyia nigra: Ormerod: [7th] Rept. Obs. Inj. Ins., 1884, pp. 52-54 (opera-
tions, habits, remedies).

Eighth Report of the State Entomologist. 141

Cecidomyid larva Smith: in Ann, Rept. Dept. Agricul. for 1884. 1885, pp. 396-
398, pi. 9, fig. 6 (at Meriden, Conn., larva figured).

Diplosis nigra ]]}. Riley: in Ann. Rept. Dept. Agricul. for 1885. 1886, pp.
283-289, pi. 7, figs. 3, 3, 4 (history, habits, description, remedies, etc.);
in Wien. Entomolog. Zeit., vi, 1887, p. 201.

Diplosis pyrivora Riley-Howard: in Insect Life, i, 1888, p. 120 (in England);
in id., ii, 1889 (in England); in id., iv, ]891, p. 161 (in Nevr York).

Diplosis pyrivora. Meade: in Entomologist, xxi, 1888, pp. 123-131.

Cecidomyia nigra. Bloomfield: in Ent. Month. Mag., xxiv, 1888, p, 273
(operations in England); in id., xxv, 1889, p. 323.

Diplosis pyrivora. Lintner: in Albany Eve. Journ., May 30, 1891, p. 8, c. 1;
in The [New York] Sun, June 1, 1891, p. 3, c. 5; in Oswego Daily
Times, June 3, 1891, p. 5, c. 2, 3; in Garden and Forest, June 10, iv,
1891, p. 276; in New Engl. Homestead, June 13, 1891, xxv, p. 249, c. 4;
in Canad. Entomol. xxiii, 1891, p. 223.

Pear midge. Coe: in Count. Gent., Ivi, 1891, p. 896 (injuries lessening).

Diplosis pyrivora. Smith: in Insect Life, iv, 1891, p. 45 (in New Jersey); in
Ann. Rept. N. J. Agr. Exp. St. for 1891, pp. 397-402, figs. 18, 19 (life-
history, spread, remedies); in Insect Life, v, 1892, p. 94 (in New Jersey).

Cecidomyia nigra Meig. Ritzema Bos.: Tierische Schadlinge und Niitzlinge^
1891, p. 587.

Cecidomyia nigra Meig. Theobald: British Flies, 1892, p. 64 (in England).

The Pear-tree Seriously Attacked.

It is quite remarkable that while the apple tree has drawn to it, in
this country, 280 known species of attacking insects, and a large
number of them quite injurious ones, the pear tree should have so long
escaped with but a moderate amount of insect injury, either to its
trunk, its foliage or to the fruit. Its worst enemies have never been
very destructive, and nearly all of them are only of occasional occur-
rence and local in their operations. Mr. E. P. Powell, a successful
pear grower in central New York, has recently written: "The apple
has four serious enemies [referring to the codling-moth, the tent-cater-
pillar, the apple-tree aphis and the fall web-worm], while apart from
blight, the pear has none."

At the present time, this favorable condition of the pear seems to be
seriously threatened, and pear growers in the Hudson river valley are
confronted with two small insect pests, either of which, should it con-
tinue to miiltiply and extend, as it gives promise of doing, would prove
a greater obstacle to successful pear culture than all of our other pear
insects combined. While the pear midge confines its operations to the
fruit, the pear Psylla not only blights the fruit but may so impair the
vitality of the tree as eventually to kill it. This last-named insect will
be noticed hereafter.

142

Forty-fifth Report on the State Museum.

What the Pear Midge Is.

The perfect insect is a small, grayish-colored, delicate-winged, slender-
bodied, long-legged fly, of the general appearance of the minute flies

which are commonly known
as gnats or midges. With
its wings expanded, its
spread would be about one-
fifth of an inch. It is rep-
resented in Figure 6, at a.
The larva of the fly, found
feeding within the young
fruit, when full-grown,
about the first of June, is a
thick-bodied, pale-yellow,
footless " maggot " (as the
larva of flies is usually
called), somewhat pointed
at the ends, and of about
one-tenth of an inch in
length. Those familiar
with the appearance of the

Fig. G.— The Pear Midge, Diplosispyrivora: o, the female, wheat-midge (Diplosis tri-
sideview; 6, genitalia of male, from side; c, pupa — all f- •\ 11^

muchenlarged; c/,aatennaof male: e,antennaof female, ^'^''^ COmmonly knOWn as
still more enlarged. the " WeCvil," WOuld at

once recognize the resemblance of the two forms, as they belong to
the same genus, and are not much unlike.

Its First Notice in the United States.

It is believed that this insect is an European species, and that it was
introduced in this country in the year 1877, in an importation by
Messrs. Coe Brothers, of Meriden, Conn., of pear stocks from France —
the pupa' being contained in the soil adhering to the roots. Two years
*fter this importation (1879) the deformation of the fruit oaused by
the insect was noticed in the Coe orchards — at first in the Lawrence
pear, and afterwards extending to other varieties. Each following
year showed a marked increase, and in 1883 it had multiplied to such
an extent as to destroy nearly the entire crop of the extensive pear
orchards of 600 trees. At this time the attention of the Division of
Entomology of the United States Department of Agriculture was
called to the new and unknown pest, and in response the locality was

Eighth Report of the State Entomologist. 143

visited by Mr. John B. Smith of the Entomological Division, who
made I'eport upon it, as published in the Annual Report of the Depart-
ment for that year. A more extended report was made by Dr. Riley
in the year following, embracing figures of the insect, its life-history
and habits, and detailed descriptions, under the name of Dijylosis f nigra
Meigen. From this report the figures of the insect herewith presented,
are drawn, as also the facts relating to its introduction as above
given.

Identity with the European Species.

Although there seems to be but little question of its identity with
the species desci'ibed by Meigen as C'ec/^omym wi^ra, yetasnot asingle
specimen of Meigen's nigra can be found for comparison in any of the
European collections, and a> the original description is quite imperfect,
Dr. Riley was advised by the European authorities to redescribe and
rename it, which he has accordingly done, designating it as Diplosis
pyri'oora. The name was subsequently accepted by R. H. Meade and
other eminent dipterologists in Europe.

Efforts for Its Extermination at Meriden.

Realizing the importance of suppressing so destructive a fruit pest
while confined in its limited locality, the Messrs. Coe resorted to the
heroic treatment of picking off their entire crop of pears in 1883, it
being an " off year" when the yield was comparatively light, and
burning it with the contained larvae. But before the entire completion
of the task a heavy rain set in, which caused the infested fruit to break
open and rel<^ase the inmates. When the work was resumed it proved
to be too late, as all of the larv;e had deserted the fruit and entered
the ground. It was also discovered that a neighboring orchard had
become infested. But for these two unfortunate circumstances — or
if the effort had been made a little more timely, there is every proba-
bilit}' that the insect might have been exterminated, and losses to our
fruit growers which may run into the millions of dollars might have
been prevented.

It was hoped that the spread of the insect had been largely arrested
by the above means, as nothing had been heard of its presence in other
-localities for the ensuing six years.

144

Forty- FIFTH Ixeport on the State Museum.

Fig. 7 — Section of a pear con-
taining the larvae, and an un-

Discovered at Catskill, N. Y.
During the last week in May of the present year (1891), some young
pears were sent to me from Catskill, N, Y., with
the inquiry of the name of the attacking insect.
The nature of the inquiry was not evident at
the first inspection, as the fruit was fair,
unbroken, and showed no external injury — its
j)eculiar deformation being unnoticed. But
upon cutting into one the interior Avas found to
be occupied hy a large company of active
little bodies which, wriggling out and dropping
to the table, commenced to give evidence of
their sharing in the saltatory powers belonging
to many of the Cecidomyicis and particularly
to the genus IHplosis, by throwing them-
selves from a small box in which some had
been placed to a distance of two inches and!
more in a single bound. The attack upon
the fruit was at once recognized as that of the-

infested one for comparison • j 7-> • 7 • • „

of forms (original). Y>^SiY m\^ge, BiploSlS J^yriVOra.

In a visit to Catskill immediately following this discovery, all the
orchards that could be examined during the day, within a radius of
two miles, were found badly infested with the insect, and its presence ini
other orchards more distant was i-eported. In those of Mr. Theodore A.
Cole, where it was first detected, the attack was the most severe-
There were here many old and quite large Lawrence pear-trees, heavily
laden Avith fruit, but an examination showed that at the least ninety
jjer cent of the fruit was filled with the full-grown midge larvte. Other
varieties were infested in a less degree, among which were the Vicar,
Anjou, Seckel, Bartlett, and Buerre Bosc. Mr. Cole had observed the
attack in his orchards four A^ears previous (in 1887); in 1889 the
Lawrences were almost entirely destroyed by it. He had neglected
calling attention to it until the present season, thinking that it was a
well-known trouble which could not be prevented.

In passing over the orchards and obsei'ving so large a proportion of
the fruit infested, Mr. Cole asked — " how can this condition folloAv a
year (1890) in which I had no pears: where did the midge breed?"
This could not be answered until, upon coming to some Buerre Bosc
trees Avhicli were now for the first time found to contain the larvje,.
Mr. Cole recalled the fact that this variety had borne some fruit the
preceding year and was the only one that had done so. How the
raidge had been carried over " a no pear year " was at once satisfac-

Eighth Report of the State Entomologist.

145

torily explained. Had there been absolutely no fruit in which the
larv?e could have fed within reach of the flight of the parent midge at
the time for its oviposition, the species would probably have been
exterminated within that locality, for it is not known to occur in any
other fruit than the pear. It is possible, however, that if there should
be in any year no pear-blossoms to receive the eggs, that the midge
might resort to apple trees for oviposition, and thus originate a new
food-plant for its perpetuation. This consideration may have a bearing
in the direction of methods for the extermination of the pest.

Deformation of the Infested Fruit.
The presence of the larvfe within the fruit causes it to enlarge and
swell out irregularly, assuming vai'ious forms, — the most marked and
striking of which are represented in the accompanying illustration.

f'ig. 8 — Young pears deformed by the pear- midge larvae — natural size. (Original )

The more usual form observed about the 1st of June when the larvae
have attained maturity, is that in which the ujDper three-fourths of the
pear has become enlarged and swollen out into irregular protuberances,
and showing an abnormal color, quite in contrast with that of the
seemingly contracted base.

So conspicuous are these features that every infested pear on a tree
can be recognized without difficulty. Any that are without distortion
and of normal shape, if cut op<;n, would be found entirely free from
attack.

19

146 FORTT-FIFTH REPORT ON THE StATE MuSEUM,

Much earlier than this, according to Mr. Cole, the midg^id fruit can
be readily detected — more easily, if possible, than at a later period ;
for soon after the falling of the blossoms, the operations of the larvae
cause a marked enlargement of the forming fruit, which is presumably
(although it was not so stated) acconipanied with more or less
distortion.

On cutting open the fruit, a large central cavity is see.i within it,
occupying most of its interior, quite irregular in form and often made
up of smaller cavities separated by thin walls or by the remains of the
core. Among these the larv;e are distributed, instead of being collected
in one mass. Repeatedly, when all had been removed that were at
first visible, sometimes as many more could be extracted or would creep
out from side cavities. The average number of larvse occurring in the
Catskill fruit may be stated at twenty. In one pear thirty -four were
counted.

How the Larvag Leave the Fruit.

The infested fruit does not fall from the tree. The first rain of
several hours' duration that may occur about the 1st of June causes
the fruit to crack opeu, sometimes at different points, but often in an
interrupted line around the enlarged portion near the base. Through
these gaping openings the larvoe, now mature, find easy egress, when
they at once emerge and drop to the ground. Or the rain, under
different conditions of the fruit, may cause it to soften, blacken and
decay in spots, and these Avould serve as outlets for the larvae. So eager
do they seem to be for their escape that a rain of twenty-four hours'
duration would be followed by the emergence of considerably the
greater part of them within a day thereafter.

Wet, and its attendant breaking down of the structure of the pear,
seems indispensible for freeing the larvae and their subsequent develop-
ment. I have not known them to emerge through the calyx end, and
do not believe that they ever do so. Some infested fruit picked on
the 25th of May before rain had fallen and brought to my oMce,
gradually dried up unbroken and blackened, without releasing a single
one of its occupants. On tiie 15th of June living larvse only were
contained in the dried fruit. On the 25th of August a few of the
larvae were still alive, but most had died; at the present date, October
10th, all that I examine are dead and hardened. Tha fruit, having
given out its larv* as above described, continues to hang upon the tree
for a while thereafter, but in a few^ days shrinks, blackens, and falls to
the ground. Under date of June 10th Mi\ Cole reported that nearly
all of the raidged pears had, at that time, fallen.

Eighth Report of the State Entomologist.

147

The Larva Described.
The following description is extracted from Dr. Riley's Entomolog-
ical Report for the year 1885, together with the accompanying figures:

Length 4'"°* to 4.5™™. Color, pale yellow
very faintly reticidated. Breastbone
pale brownish, its apex broadly bilobed.
(In the figure it is represented as rather
too long for its width.) Body (thirteen
joints and subjoint) fourteen-jointed,
exclusive of the head. Antenna two-
jointed. Anal subjoint much narrower
laterally than the penultimate, slightly
concave, the concavity beset with six
(three each side) small, fleshy tubercles
(the two middle ones are not shown in
the figure), of which the second one on
each side is stoutest, those on the ex-
ternal angles bearing each a short spine. ^^^
Spiracles normally placed and mounted
on tubercles.

Surface polished and

The pear-tnidgre: a, dorsal view of
th larva; b, side view; c, head and front
seg:ments; d, last se2r'"«'nt; e, "breast-
bone "— all much enlarged.

Entering the Ground for Pupation.
Pears received from Catskill, thi'ough the kindness of Mr. Cole,
on the 30th of May, after they had been exposed to a heavy rain and
were cracking open freely, were already giving out their larvae very
abundantly. About five hundred of these were given common earth
in a flower pot, which they speedily entered. The pot was buried in
my garden, with its top at the surface of the ground, where it will be
left until the coming spring under conditions natural to the insect. A
still larger number were given, on June 8th, damp molding sand for
burial, as offering facilities for their occasional observation. A jar of
these containing two hundred was carefully examined a week thereafter
(June 15th), when a single cocoon was found at the depth of a half-
inch, several at one inch, a number at one inch and a half, thence to
two inches a large number, and to two and one-half inches quite as
many; below this none were found. All but four of the larvse had
made cocoons, and these had evidently received some harm. It may
be inferred from the above that in ordinary soil, not as penetrable as
the molding sand, the larvae ordinarily bury at a depth of between one
and two inches. A cocoon opened July 6th contained the larva with
a thin pellicle attached to its terminal end which had apparently been

cast off by it.

Pupation.

The pupation is within an oval cocoon, composed (in the above) of
grains of the sand united and lined with yellowish silk, somewhat flat-

148 Forty- FIFTH Report on the State Museum.

tenetJ, with its longest diameter exceeding its transverse by about one-
half. The cocoons differ perceptibly in size, but average one-tenth of
an inch in length, — ten taken at random measuring just one inch.

Opening a few of the cocoons on October 12th, somewhat more
than half had changed to pupne. These agreed with the descrip-
tion given of this stage by Dr. Riley in his Report for 1885 [loc. cit.),
but diffei'ed in the examples examined from his figure (see c in figure)
in that the leg-cases reached quite to the tip of the abdomen, even when
straightly extended, instead of only to its sixth segment.

The larvop that were planted out of doors have not been examined,
but it is probable that they will hibernate in the larval stage.

At Washington, the winged midge was obtained from examples bred
in the warmer temperature of the vivarium during the months of Jan-
uary and February,* while others, presumably under natural exposure,
emerged from April 10th to 13th. Their usual time of appearance is
probably coincident with the putting out of the blossom buds of the
pear.

The Winged Insect.
The general appearance of the midge is represented in Figure 6. Its
more conspicuous features, borrowed from Dr. Riley's detailed descrip-
tion, are these: The male. Average length, one-
tenth inch; general color, dark gray or black; eyes,
deep velvety black; antennae, one- fifth longer than
the body, black, with twenty-six globose joints;
thorax, dark dull gray or black, with two diverging
rather indistinct gvay stripes, and beset with long
. , ^-x yellowish hairs; wings, slightly smoky, darker
X^NjCT/ '^^i^^*^ ^^^^ covered with a sparse black pubescence,
6^^^^^^ and having a black fringe; halteres, or balancers,
^maie%';S-''Se,Diplo' pale yellow; legs, dusky with a yellowish tinge;
RUeyo'''''"''^' ^^"®'' abdomen, dark gray, almost black dorsally, ter-
minating in a pair of two-jointed claspers, shown in enlargement in
Figure 10, in which b ai'e the claspers and c the intromittent organ.
Female, 0.13 in. long, exclusive of ovipositor, which extended is as
long as the abdomen. Antennae, foui'teen-jointed, slightly longer than
the head and thorax together. General color somewhj;,t lighter than
the male.

The Egg'-laying'.
I know nothing, personally, of the oviposition of the midge, nor have
I knowledge of any other record of it than what is based on Schmid-

♦Schmidberger had it emerge as early as the 38th of December.

EiGETH Report of tee State Entomologist. 149

herger's observations as recorded of Diplosis nigra in loc. cit. This
is so circumstantial, that it seems deserving of acceptance as having
been carefully observed by him, and conclusive as to the time and
manner of the egg-deposit. That the eggs are deposited in the blossom,
rather than in the young fruit as believed by some, * finds seeming con-
firmation in the fact stated by Mr. Cole, that upon the falling of the
blossom petals and the first forming of the fruit, the presence of the
larvae may be already detected in the abnormal growth.
Schmidberger's account is as follows:

When the blossom-buds of the pear-tree were so far developed that
in the single blossoms a petal showed itself between the segments of the
calyx, I found the first gall-midge in the act of laying its eggs in the
blossom; this was on the 12th of April. It had fixed itself almost
perpendicularly in the middle of a single blossom, and having pierced
the petal through with its long ovipositor, it laid its eggs on the
anthers of the slill closed blossom. The female was about seven and a
half minutes in laying her eggs. When she had flown away, I cut the
pierced bud in two, and found the eggs lying in a heap one upon
another on the anthers. They were white, longish, on one side
pointed and transparent, and from ten to twelve in number. I after-
wards found several midges engaged in laying their eggs, as late as the
18th of April, from which day they ceased to appear in the garden. I
also saw a gall-midge on the side of a blossom with its ovipositor
inserted in it, so that they do not merely pierce the petals but the calyx
also. I even saw one, which having been somewhat long in laying its
eggs, could not draw out the ovipositor from the blossom; the cause of
which I conceived to be, that the wound had begun to close during the
operation, and the ovipositor was therebj^ held,

Schmidberger further states that the eggs are quickly hatched in
warm weather, for on the fourth day after the deposit he had found the
small larvae on the embryo blossom. They bore into it near the calyx,
and before the blossom is expanded, they descend to the core, so as not
to be exposed to the rays of the sun. They separate at the coi'e and
begin to devour on all sides.

Distribution of the Midge.

The midge still continues its work at Meriden, Conn., where it was
first detected, but with less severity than at first. Mr. Coe has written
to me recently that it has this year taken one-half of his Lawrence
and Dana pears on about three hundred trees.

When first discovered at Catskill, I thought it probable that it had
been brought in trees purchased in Meriden, but was assured that none
had been introduced from that locality or imported from abroad.

* See Professor J. B. Smith, in Insect Life, iv, 1891, p. 45.

150 FORTT-FIFTR REPORT ON TEE StATE MuSEUM.

In a visit made to the pear-orchards of Mr. George T. Powell at
Ghent, N. Y., on June 8th, the work of the midge was seen, although
less severe than at Catskill, but occurring in a larger number of
varieties of the fruit.

At this date, all the fruit attacked had passed its knobby, swollen, gall-
like stage, and had become shriveled and black and more or less
cracked or broken about the base, while still fast on the trees. Upon
cutting them open the irregular cavity within showed the work of
the larvffi. In a few instances some of the larvae still remained within
the fruit.

Ghent is fifteen miles in direct line from Catskill, and each locality
is about ninety miles from Meriden. It is probable that the attack has
been gradually extending westerly (presumably in other directions
also) until it has reached the fruit region of the Hudson river valley,
where, unless efficient means can be found for its control, it will continue
to extend its range. It is reported as quite bad at Athens, six miles
to the north of Catskill. It has not yet reached as far north as Albany,
in force, although it is actually j^resent in this locality, for examination
of pear trees in gardens in the city, gave me a siiigle pear hanging on
a tree, June 6th, which had unmistakably harbored and given out the
midge larvae.

Remedies.

P'rom the peculiar concealment of this insect within the fruit during
its Qgg and larval growth to maturity, where it is effectually beyond
the reach of the sprayed insecticides, the question of how it can be
reached and destroyed, finds no ready answer. At first sight, it would
seem, that since every infested pear can be readily and unerringly
recognized, the method adopted at Meriden of picking and burning
the infested frui while containing the larvae, would be all that could
be desired. This would not be a difficult task in a young orchard, but
when trees have attained the size of the Lawrences growing in the
orchard of Mr. Cole at Catskill, viz., twenty-five feet in height with a
spread of about twenty feet, it is virtually impracticable.

Mr. Cole at first tliought of meeting the difficulty by cutting down
and burning in the following month of May, after the oviposition of
the midge, all of the old and large Lawrence trees which were yielding
him f;carcely any fruit. On reflection, he concluded that they might
serve a more valuable jair] ose by allowing them to stand as lures for
the reception of much the larger proporticn of the eggs that would be
deposited by the midges in an orchard of different varieties. As soon

Eighth Report of the State Ei^tomologist. 151

as the time of oviposition had passed, Avhich would be before the
blossoms had fallen, the blossoms could be sprayed with some sub-
stance that would blight them, when the larvae, being left without
their food, would die. In the discussion of this proposed remedy by
the Entomological Club of the A. A. A. S. at its recent Washington
meeting, Mr. Fletcher, Entomologist and Botanist of the Government
Experimental Farms of the Dominion of Canada, suggested that the
blighting might be done by the arsenites, and preferably, by London
purple on account of its causticity; but if there was possibility that
honey bees visiting the blossoms might be injured thereby, sulphate
of copper might be used instead.*

A few years' sacrifice of the Lawa-ence j^earcrop, in the above man-
ner, should tend largely toward the reduction in numbers of the midge.
It is pi'obable that the other pears do not offer as favorable conditions
for its multiplication. Should the Dana's Hovey, or some other variety
hereafter be found almost as attractive as the Lawrence, it also, in turn,
might be given the same treatment. When by this means the insects
have been largely reduced, it W'Ould not be difficult to control the
attack by hand-picking and burning.

Another means of destroying the insect after it has left the tree is
this : The larv*, upon dropping to the ground, enter it to the mod-
erate depth of an inch or two, where they remain in their larval stage
for two or three weeks before they inclose themselves within their
cocoons. At this time thej^ could be reached and killed by si^raying
over the ground directly beneath the trees a sti'ong kerosene emulsion.
Experiment and examination w^ould show the maximum amount of the
liquid required. The cost of this would be very slight in comparison
with the value of the pears saved. Or the same end would probably
be attained by spreading lime or ashes on the ground, to be carried
into it either by the rain or by sprinkling with water. Of course, if
these measures were delayed until after the larvse were sheltered
within their cocoons, their efficacy would be impaired. It must also be
evident that if this destructive pest is to be controlled, that just so far
as it is found to have extended, all pear growers should unite in an
earnest effort for its extermination. A golden opportunity was lost
while it was limited to the Coe Brothers' orchard at Meriden, but it
seems to be quite practicable to prevent its spread much beyond its
present range.

* Canadian Entomologist, xxiii, 1891, p. 224.

152 Forty-fifth Report on iee IState MubEUM.

Clastoptera obtusa (Say).

The Oh' use Clastoptera.

(Order Hemiptera: Subord. Homoptera: Fam, Cercopid^.)

Say: Descr. New Hemip. Ins. in Exp. Eocky Mts., Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.

iv, 1825. p. 339; Compl. Writings, ii, 18S<), p. 2.")() (as Cercopis).
Fitch: in 4th Ann. Kept. [N. Y.] St. Cab. N. H., 1851, p. f>3 (? C achatina Germ.);

in Trans. N. Y. Agr. Soc. for 1856, xvi, p. 406; 3d Kept. Ins. N. Y. (in

3d-5th Repts.), 1859, p. 148, no. 193 (characterized).
Glover: in Rept. Commis. Agricul. for 1876. 1877, p. 31, f. 29 (brief notice).
Uhler: in Cassino's Stand. Nat. Hist., ii, 1884, p. 244 (its features).
Comstock: Introduc. Entomol,, 1888, p. 178 (from Uhler).
Provancher: Pet. Faun. Ent. Can. — Hemipt., 1889, p. 259 (description).
Lintner: 5th Hept. Ins. N. Y., 18^9, p. [100] 242 ; in 42d Rept. St. Mus., 1889,

pp. 242-246 (general notice).
Packard: Bull. No. 7,U. S. Ent. Commi>^., 1881, p. 88 (quotes Fitch); 5th Rept.

U. S. Ent. Comm., 1890, p. 342 (on butternut).
Van Duzee: in Canad. Entomol., xxi, 1889, p. 8 (on blueberry in Canada).
Osborn: in Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci., i, lSit2, p. 127 (in Iowa).
Southwick: in Science, xix, 1892, p. 318 (mention).

The Insect on Linden.

Leaves of the linden tree, Tilia Americana, were received June 2 2d,
1891, from Mr. D. J. Garth, of Scarsdale, N. Y., having on their stems
large masses of the " cuckoo-spit," from which the small ivory-white
larvae which had produced it, had crept out and were actively traveling
over the leaves and the box in which they were inclosed. Mr. Garth
wrote :

I have a large Linden growing on my lawn, which has on the stems
of the leaves where they join the branches, a substance that looks like
the white of an egg beaten to a froth, and small insects within it like
those that I send you for examination and report. I have never seen
this before, and as it appears to cover the entire tree, I fear that damage
may result from it.

Its Habits and Injuries.

Mr. Garth was informed that the examples sent were the larvae of one
of the tree-hoppers, or " spittle insects" as commonly known, which
feed on the juices of the trees that they infest, sometimes injuriously,
and that the froth-like substance in which they were hidden, was a pro-
tective excretion from them, thrown out after the manner, and for the
purpose stated in the Fifth Report Insects New York, 1889, in the
account of the "Alder Spittle-Insect," p. 242. As they were apparently
nearly full-gro\^n, and, probably, not excessively abundant, the injury
that they would inflict upon the tree through sucking its sap, would
not be sufliciently severe to render necessary a resort to means for their
destruction.

Eighth Report of the State Entomologist. 153

Change to the Perfect Stage.
A few days thereafter, on June 26th, the perfect winged forms
were disclosed, showing them to be Clastoptera
obtusa (Say), and therefore identical with the Alder
insect, to the history of which reference is above
made. Its development was unexpectedly rapid,
for when received on the 23d, no pupoe were observed, [
and only four days thereafter the perfect insect was
found in the box, so fully colored that it must have
emerged from the pupal case the previous day. The -pia. ii— The obtuse

. • 1 • xp* 11 Clastoptera, C. obtusa.

msect IS shown m l^lgUl-e 11. (Original.)

Food-plants.

Those that were observed in 1889 (see loc. cit.) occurred on the
alder, Alnus serrulata, upon which it had been reported as common by
Mr, Uhler.

Dr. Fitch includes it, in his 3d Report, among the Insects of the
Butternut, adding, that it may frequently be met with on quite a
number of different trees and shrubs, from the middle of July till the
end of the season.

Dr. Packard, in his Insects Injurious to Forest and Shade Trees,
names it, on the authority of Dr. Fitch, among the Insects of the
Butternut, but without mentioning its occurrence on any other tree.

Mr. E. P. Van Duzee, in his Hemiptera from, Mushoka Lake
District, Canada, gives it as very common on the blueberry, in com-
pany' with Clastoptera Proteus, during the latter part of July, 1888,

There seems to be no previous record of its observation on the

linden.

Distribution.

It apparently extends over a large portion of the United States and
Canada. Say, in his original description, gives it as inhabiting " the
United States." It was found by him in the Northwest near Council
Bluffs. Provancher gives it as very common in Canada. Uhler states
that it is found in many parts of the Eastern United States and in
Texas, and extends also to Tamaulipas, Mexico.

Clastoptera pini Fitch.

The Pine Clastoptera.

(Ord. Hemiptera: Subord, Homoptera: Fam. Cercopid^.)

Fitch: in 4th Ann. Rept. [N. Y.] St. Cab. N. H., 1851, p. 58; in Trans. N. Y.
St. Agricul. Soc. for 1857, xvii, p. 738; 4th Rept. Ins. N. Y. (in 3d-5th
Repts,), 1859, p, 52, No. 259.
20

154 FoRTT-FiFTH Refort OjN tbe 8tate Museum.

Packard: Bull. No. 7, U. S. Ent. Commis., 1881, p. 216 (quotes Fitch); in 5th
Kept. U. S. Ent. Commis., 1890, p. 802, f . 272 (quotes Fitch).

Provancher: Pet. Faun. Ent. Canada, iii, — Hemipt., 1886, p. 260 (?var. of
C. Proteus).

From Miss A. H. Wolsey, of Matteawan, Dutchess Co., N. Y., were
received, June 1st, larvre of a leaf -hopper, enveloped in frothy masses

Fig. 12. Larva of Clastoptera on pine — side and dorsal views. (From Packard.)

among the terminal tips of pine, which are quite well represented by the
figures of the above-named species, in the Fifth Report of the JJ. S.
Entomological Commission, by Dr. Packard, at page 802.

The Insect Described.
Dr. Fitch characterizes the insect, in his 4th Report, as follows :
Puncturing the leaves [of pine] and sucking their juices, in July, a
small, shining, broad, oval tree-hopper, 0.14 long, of a black color, its
head pale yellow with a black band on its anterior margin, its thorax
prettily sculptured with fine transverse lines and with a pale yellow
band anteriorlj^, its wing-covers with a broad, hyaline, white margin
on the outer side, interrupted with black back of the middle, and
having a shining black dot near the tip, its under side and legs pale

yellow.

The Larva.

The larvae received by me presented the following features : The
head and its appendages, thorax (except the white, sharp lateral
margin of the prothorax), terminal segment, ventral mesial plates,
and legs (except at the joints, which are white) are glossy black.
The abdomen above and laterally is flesh-colored, with a tinge
of red on the back and on the sides.

A larva observed traveling about in the box containing the twigs,
on June 4th, had the abdomen wholly black.

The Larvae Observed on Pines.
Miss Wolsey accompanied her sending with the following note
relating to the insects:

On the pines this spring I find on hundreds of young twigs a frothy,
sappy exudation. Wiping this away, a nimble crawling insect is
found, or two insects together, new to me. Thej^ are a quarter of an
inch long, with a small, shining black head and shoulders, and three
pairs of jointed, slender black legs. The body behind is broad, flat-

Eighth Report of tee State Entomologist. 155

tened, flesh color, sometimes brick red, and ringed and horny in sub-
stance. It seems like an insect in transition somewhat. The exuded
sap is evidently its work. It is very active, and may be one cause of
the death of terminal twigs and branchlets occurring late in the season.

Miss Wolsey was requested to search the pines early in June for the
mature insect, the features of which were given, that positive identifi-
cation might be made of the larvae. Heavy rains had meantime
occurred, and it was thought that they may have destroyed the insect
in its immature stages or driven away the imagoes.

Chauliodes pectinicornis (Linn.).
The Comb-horned Fish-fly.

(Order Neuropteka: Fam. Sialid^.)

Hemerobius pectinicornis Linn.: Amoen. Acad., vi, 1763, p. 412; Syst. Nat., i,
pars ii, xii edit., 1767, p. 911.1.

H einerohius pectinicornis Fabr. : Syst. Ent., 1775, p. 309.1.

Semhlis pectinicornis Fabr.: Spec. Ins., 1781, i, p S66.1.

Sembris pectinicornis Fabr.: Mant. Ins., i, 1787, p. 244.1.

Chauliodes pectinicornis Latr. : Gen. Crust. Ins. , iii, 1807, p. 198,

Hagen: Synop. Nevuop. N. A., 1862, p. 189 (descrip. imago and distribution);
in Proc. Ent. See. Phila., ii, 1863, p. 181 (mention ; in Proc. Bost. Sec.
Nat. Hist., XV, 187?, p. 29 (in Harris Collection).

Walsh-Riley: in Amer. Ent., i, 1869, p. 245 (characters of imago).

Packard: Guide Study Ins., 1869, p. 607; Entomol. Begin., 1888, p. 87 (men-
tion).

Pettit: in Canad. Entomol., vi, 1874, p. 45 (in Canada).

Moody: in Psyche, ii, 1877, p. 52 (description and habits of larva).

Riley: in Canad. Ent., xi, 1879, pp. 97, 98; in Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sc.
for 1878, July 1879. xxvii, pp. 286, 287 (eggs and features of Chauliodes
larvEe, incl. this species?).

Comstock: Introduc. Entomol., 1888, p. 220 (mention).

Banks: in Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, xix, 1892, p. 357 (cited).

The illustrations of Plate 1, from drawings made by Mr. J. Bridgham,
are from a larva of the above-named insect, which was received from
Mr. W. C. Hitchcock, of Tiashoke, N. Y. It had betn taken from a
pond in that vicinity early in March, from a hole cut in the ice. It
was the only specimen of the kind observed, and none others could be

found, although search was made for them in compliance with a request

for additional examples for rearing.

156

Forty-fifth Report on tee State Museum.

Literature.

But little has been published of this insect, and no figure had been
presented of its early stages. Dr. Hagen, in his Sy^iopsis of the
Neuroptera of North America, in 1862, states: " The larva is unknown;
perhaps it is aquatic."

The following year, 1863, Mr. Walsh described* the larva of a nearly
allied species, Ghauliodes rastricomis Ramb., frequently found in the
Southern States, and probably in Missouri, as Mr. Walsh had "bred
many specimens of the insect from the larva, which occurs under the
loose bark of floating logs, apparently beneath the surface of the water,
and retires under logs, etc., on the dry land to assume the pupa state,
forming a rude cell there, as does Corydalis cornuta (Linn.)." The
same species has recently been described and figured in its different
stages by Prof. C. M. Weed, from examples taken from under logs
lying under water in ponds in Ohio :f the figures, through permission of
the Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station are herewith given.

'X-.

Fig. 13. — Chauliodbs rastricornis: a, larva; b, pupa; c, male imago; d, female imago — all
in natural size. (After Weed.)

The Canadian Entomologist for May, 1879, contains an abstract of a
paper read by Professor Riley before the American Association for
the Advancement of Science (the entire paper has not been published),
entitled: "Larval Characteristics of Corydalus and Chauliodes." In
this abstract some of the larval features of Chauliodes are given, and

*Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Philadelphia, ii, 1863, p. 263.
i Bulletin of the Ohio Agricultural Exper. Station. Technical Series, vol. 1, No. 1, October
1889, pp. 7-10, pi. 1, fig. 3.

Plate 1- Larva of Chauliodks pectinicornis: a, side ^ie?'^^ dorsal view; '^.^n abdominal
segment more enlarged; d, anal segment with appendages similarly enlarged. (Ongmal.)

EiasTH Report of the State Eisttomologist. 157

errors made by Mr. Walsh, in his description, noticed. Professor Riley
was probably acquainted with the O. pectinicornis larva at the time of
the above publication.

The Larva of Chauliodes pectinicornis.

Very little has been written of this insect. All the notices that I
have been able to find of it are cited in the bibliography on the pre-
ceding page The account given of it by Henry L. Moody in Psyche,
loc. cit., seems to embi'ace all of what has been published of it. Mr.
Moody found a larva on October 21st in a cavity in moist sand under a
stone, nearly ready for pupation. It changed to a pupa two days there-
after, and in twelve days more to the perfect stage.

Of another example subsequently taken, and belieyed to have been
of the same species,- which it probably was, as G. rastricorni$ rarely
occurs in New England, Mi*. Moody has given the following particulars:

Its movements in the water, other than by walking, ai*e always back-
ward, and are performed by a downward and forward sweep of the
tail. It could move rapidly, but at times would drift lazily about near
the surface of the water. It ate houseflies if they were held before it
by a foreceps so that they could be seized without first touching the
larva.

" It was thirty-five mm. long, rather slender, narrowing moderately
from the middle of the body to the head, and more strongly in the
opposite direction to a narrow final segment. The head is large and
prominent, the body moderately flattened and somewhat appressed.
The mandibles are rather large and strong, nearly straight and strongly
toothed on the inner edge at the tip. The mandibles are usually widely
extended when the larva is walking at the bottom of the vessel. On
each side of each segment after the thoracic ones there is a slender
whitish filament, which is a little longer than the body is wide at its
widest part. From the posterior edge of the terminal segment there
arise two filaments, contiguous at their base, long, blackish, very con-
tractile and rather thicker than those of the sides. These filaments are
undoubtedly respiratory organs, and are usually directed upwards, so
that their tips reach the surface of the water. There is a long, stout
bifurcated proleg just beneath these filaments. The color of the head
is chestnut-brown; that of the body rather light brown, with a black,
interrupted medio-dorsal line, and on each side a much narrower and
more obscure similar line. The legs are rather stout, of moderate length
and honey yellow."

Habits of Chauliodes.

The brief pupal stage noted above by Mr. Moody of C. pecthiicorais

(twelve days) is also a feature of 0. raatrleornis as observed by Mr.

Weed —in one instance, foarteen days, and in another the very short

period of eight days. Of this last-named species, the following habits

158 Forty- FIFTH Report on the State Museum.

are recorded by Mr. Weed in the article cited, which probably are
identical with those which would be displayed by G. pectiniGomis :

Their ordinary mode of locomotion is by crawling along weeds and
the debris of various kinds which gathers at the bottom of ponds, but
when alarmed they can swim rapidly by suddenly doubling the body up,
bringing the head in contact with the abdomen, by which means they
are propelled some distance through the water. They evidently live
upon various animals, as I have seen them feeding on dead back-
swimmers {N'otonecta undulata), flies which had fallen into the aqua-
rium, and in one case a spider which I had thrown in. When a
Notonecta or Zaitha would come near the Chauliodes while feeding, the
latter would snap viciously at it with its powerful jaws. * * *
When handled, the Chauliodes larvje occasionally eject from the mouth
a considerable quantity of a blackish fluid, reminding one of a similar
habit of certain locusts (Acrid idm). These larvie have also a peculiar
habit of walking on the surface of the water, body downward. They
can move along in this manner quite rapidly.

C. rastricornis was for a long time thought to be confined to the
Southern States, but it appears to be not an uncommon species in Ohio,
as Prof. Weed records the capture of at least a dozen species in the

Fio. 15 — The comb-horned fish-fly, Chauliodes pectinicornis, in natural size (original).

year 1889, in that State. Mr. Samuel Henshaw has taken the insect
in June, presumably in Boston or its vicinity, and Dr. Hagen has
received it from Milton, Mass., and also from Illinois,

The Winged Insect.
In its perfect stage, Chauliodes pectinicornis resembles in general
appearance the horned Corydalis, C corntita — a much more com-
mon insect, and with which most persons are more familiar. Its more
striking differences are a smaller size, a less robust build, the wingt
not so strongly veined, its mandibles much shorter and projecting bus
little beyond the front of the head, the antennne with long pectinations
like the teeth of a comb, in both sexes, the front wings without the
small round white spots within the cells, seen in Corydalis, and with
the brown veins interrupted with white.

Eighth Report of the State Entomologist.

159

It is a rather common insect in localities favorable for it in
the State of New York, it havinj? been frequently taken by me at
Schenectady, on the Mohawk river, in the months of June and July,
and extending into August, where,
also, Chauliodes serricortiis Say, was
not rare in the month of June, while
C. rastricornis has not occurred with
me, in New York. Examples of C.
pectinicornis in the Harris collection,
and now in the collection of the
Boston Society of Natural History,

,-!• , -r\ UTooron (Jnn ^'f \ ^^'^ 16.— The saw-horned fish-fly, Chauli-

aCCOrQing to Ul. Xiagen \^COC. C<.f.J, odes serricornis, in natural size (original).

bear the following dates of capture: July and August, 1821; May 25,

1827; June 10, 1827; September 20, 1829; N. Carolina; June, New

York, Calverley.

Not an Injurious Insect.

While of a carnivorous habit, the food of the larva, for the most
part taken from the bottom of the waters which it inhabits, would
ijaturally consist of both injurious and beneficial forms, perhaps about
equally divided. It has been suggested that with a seeming preference
for a pond life, it might become injurious should it ever abound in fish
ponds, from feeding on the eggsof fishes and the young fry; but know-
ing the fondness of the bass and several other fishes for the horned
corydalis — the " dobson," — there need be no fear that this weaker and
less formidable looking creature would ever be permitted to become
injuriously abundant in any water where desirable fish-food is not
in excess.

Corydalis cornuta (Linn.).

The Horned Corydalis.

(Ord. Neuroptera: Fam. Sialid^..)

LiNN.EUS: Syst. Nat., i, pars ii, xil edit., 1767, p. 916.3 {RaphicUa).

Fabricius: Sp. Ins., i, 1781, p. 392.1; Mant. Ins., i, 1787, p. 246.1; Ent. Syst., ii,
1793, p. 81.1 {Hemerobius).

Latreille: Gen. Crust. Ins., iii, ?1809, p. 199.1 (Corydalis).

Haldeman: in Mem. Acad. Arts-Sci., Jan., 1850, pp. 162-168, pi. 1-3 (trans-
formations).

Hagen: Synop. Neurop. N. A., 1861, p. 193 (bibliography and description); in
Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila., ii, 1863, p. 181 (respiration and habits).

Walsh: in Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila., ii, 1863, p, 365 (traveling habits of larva and
transformations); in Pract. Entomol. , i, 1866, p. 113 (habits); in id.,
ii, 1867, p. 107 (horns of the male).

160 FORTY-FIFTS REPORT ON THE StATE MuSEUM.

Walsh-Riley: in Atner. Etitonaol., i, 1867, pp. 61, 63, f. 56 (general account).

Packard: in Amer. Nat., i, 1867, p. 436, figs. 1, 2 (description of larva and
imago); Guide Study Ins., 1869, p. 607, f. 594 (female); in 3d Rept. U.
S. Ent. Commis., 1883; pp. 333-333, pi. lii, figs. 1-3 (structural charac-
ters); Entomol. Begin., 1888, p. 87, figs. 74-76 (mention); in Psyche,
V, 1889, p. 224 (epipharynx).

Saunders: in 3d Rept. Ent. Soc. Ont., for 1872, 1873, pp. 56-58. figs. 47, 48,
not 49; the same in Canad. Entomol., vii, 1875, pp. 64-67, figs. 9, 10
(natural history).

RrLEY: 5th Rept. Ins. Mo., 1873, pp. 143-145, figs, 69, 71 (general account); in
Scientif. Amer., 1, 1873, pp. 393, 393 (habits, figares of stages, etc.); 9th
Rept. Ins. Mo., 1877, pp. 125-129, figs. 30, 31 (early stages); in Proc.
Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci. for 1876, xxv, 1877, pp. 375-279 (eggs); in id.
for 1878, xxvii, 1879, pp. 285-287 (eggs, larva, imago, respiration, etc.);
in Canad. Entomol., xi, 1879, pp. 96-98 (larval characteristics). Prec.
as Conjdalus cornutus.

Barnard: in Amer. Entomol., iii, 1880, p. 178 (as Corydalics — eggs).

Krauss: in Psyche, iv, 1884, pp. 179-184, pi, 3 (as Corydalus — nervous system
of larval head).

Fyles: in 15th Rept. Ent. Soc. Ont., 1885, pp. 46-48, figs. 6, 7 (transforma-
tions).

Comstock: Introduc. Entomol., 1888, pp. 219-331, figs, 190, 191 (eggs, larva,
and transformations).

Lintner: 7th Rept. Ins. N. Y., 1891, p. 354 (the larva a traveler).

Banks: in Synop. Oat. Bib. Neurop. N. A., in Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, xix, 1893,
p. 357.

This iisacthas been mentioned in my reports, but it has received uo
exteaded notice, although inquiries have frequently been made of it by
letter and in person. Personal inquiries have uniforml}^ been met by
presenting the excellent figares and account given by Professor Riley
in the Amey'lcan £Jiitomologis( , for December, 1868. The figures of
that article are herewith given from electrotypes obtained from Pro-
fessor Riley. For another paper upon the insect from the same
author, but esseutially the same, the reader, may refer, if more con-
venient, to the Fifth Missouri Report. It may be noted here that in
each of these the eggs of the insect are erroneously figured, as was
subsequently learned, and for their correct representation and descrip-
tion, the Ninth Missouri Report may be seen, where, also, the young
larva is for the first time described and figured.

References to other writings on this insect are given in the above
bibliography, and as some of them, at least, may be conveniently referred
to by tho-ie who would like to know more of its interesting habits and
transformations, it is thought not desirable to embody them in a general
account for the present report.

Plate a.- The horned Corydalis, Cobydalis cornuta : o, the larva; 6, the pupa; c, the male imago; d, head
and thorax of the female.

Eighth Report of the State Entomologist. 161

The following was sent to a coiTespondent, Mr. C. L. Shear, in
Alcove. N. Y., who wrote July 7th, 1891:

Will 3'ou please give me the name of the inclosed insect, and tell
me whether it is common oi- not; also whether there is any notice of it
in your reports. The s])ecimen is somewhat mutilated, owing to the
carelessness of the collector, which was a cat.

The insect is the " horned Corydalis," Corydalls cornuta, so named
from the two long curved mandibles borne by the male. It belongs to
the order of Neuroptcra, and is allied to the dragon flies — like them, its
larvae living in tlie water. It is a common species, and is distributed
over a large part of the United States. The larv;e are often collected
by boys from beneath stones in running streams, and sold to fishermen
at a good paying price, as bait, ])articularly suited to bass — it being,
in piscatorial parlance, " the dobson," or " the crawder." They are
formidable looking creatures, measuring, w^hen full-grown, about three
and one-half inches in length, with a large flattened head provided
w^ith unusually long and strong mandibles, three pairs of long legs and
two sets on each side of floating lateral appendages which are breath-
ing organs or gills, for its use in the water. It is also provided
with the usual number of spiracles or breathing pores, to serve for respi-
ration when it leaves the water for its pupation on the land beneath a
stone or log. It is shown in Plate 2 at a.

Dr. David Norwood, of Esperance, has given me the following infor-
mation of its habits, which I find recorded among my notes under date
of May 3d, 1869:

The larva leaves the water earlier than is usually supposed. At the
present time thej^ may be found hidden under stones upon the shores
of the Schoharie creek. They sometimes occur at a distance of a hun-
dred yards from the stream in adjoining garden plats beneath stones.
They are very numerous in this vicinity, and are extensively used for
fish-bait. Quarts of them can be taken at any time by the boys, who
adopt the following ingenious plan for capturing them: Wading into
the creek, with a seive in. one hand and a hooked wire in the other,
stone after stone is carefully raised w^ith the hook, and from almost
every one a larva is swept out by the running water and dexterously
captured by the seive placed in position for receiving it. In this man-
ner a bushel could be easily caught if so many were needed.

The above was communicated to the gentleman in reply to his
inquiry. The present opportunity' is taken to record some observations
recently made by me on the habits and respiration of a larva • under
confinement.

A larva of this species was kept under observation in an aquarium
in my oftice for eight months, during which time it partook of no food,
21

162 FoR'iY-FiFTU Report on the State Museum.

although flies and other insects, and small earth worms were ofliered it.
It underwent no moiiltings or other changes, and at the expiration of
the time stated, it died, apparently from not having partaken of
nourishment.

Professor Riley has written (in the (janadian Entomolo</lst, as
cited) of the respiration of this larva as follows: "In the water a con-
stant motion of the ventral branchial tufts is kept up, the maia stem
being first moved quickly backward and upward so as to bring the whole
tuft close to the body, the filaments of which it is composed being then
closely a[)pressed to each other. The main stem is then brought more
slowly down in the opposite direction, when the filaments spread and
enlarge the whole to its utmost. In pure water the motion occurs about
once a second; as the water becomes impure the motion becomes
more rapid."

The respiration as observed by me, not long after its reception and
theiefore before it could have become enfeebled, was far from. being con-
tinuous,— on the contrary it was remarkably intermittent, without any
apparent cause. The following note was made at the time:

The branchial tufts may be, and frequently are, used independently
of one another. The first and second pairs on segments four and five
are the most frequently used, and sometimes those only on one side
are in action. An interval of twelve seconds has been observed,
without the slighest branchial motion. Occasionally, the only respira-
tion seen was in the movement of a single branchial tuft. When
transferred to fresh water the respiration was increased in rapidity,
fifty-two motions having been counted in a minute.

Professor Riley has written: " The motion of the larva is invariably
backward." During its confinement in the aquarium, my specimen
was often seen to swim ia a forward direction, almost completing the
circuit of the vessel, and with a facility wei'y nearly equaling that of
its ordiuarjr mode of progression.

Plate 3 — Thei lunated long-sting, Thalessa lunator : o, larva; b, side view of head; c, pupa;
d, tip of pupal ovipositor showing the five parts; e, the female; /, side view of abdomen; g, the
male; h, anal extremity of male, enlarged.

NOTES ON VARIOUS INSECTS.

Thalessa lunator (Fabr.).
The Lunated Long-sting.

About twenty examples of this insect, males and females, were
taken by me during the month of September, from the dead trunk of
an elm left standing on a sidewalk in Albany, after its top had been
cut off at a height of ten feet from the ground. The bark had been
removed from the tree while it was still living for about one-half its
circumference and the wood painted to arrest further deray or injury.
Early in September my attention was arrested by a quantity of saw-
dust clinging to the painted p rtion of the
trunk, where, on examination, it was found to
be perforated with hundreds of small round
holes of a diameter of about one-tenth of
an inch; while a still larger quantity of the
dust had fallen down and was covering the-
bark at and near the liase. From eight to ten
of these holes could be counted, in places, in a y\g. 18. a wood-wasp Pem-
square inch of surface. Many of them, judging f h^^^don concolor Say'corig-
from their diameter, were the work of tlie wood-wasp, Pemphredon con-
color Say, numbers of which were observed upon the trunk, running over
it, entering the holes, and emerging from them, during the time above
stated. About twenty examples were captured for the State collection.

I find nothing written of the Tiabits of either of our two species of
Pemphrelon {marginat .s Say, the other). Curtis, in his Furm Insects
(page 76), says of two English species, Pemphredon unicolor Latr., and
P. lugubris (Fabi-.), that they may be seen during the summer months
carrying immense quantities of aphides into holes in wood, posts, etc.,
to feed their 3'^oung upon.

A single example of Tremex cohunba (Linn.) was taken from the
trunk Septeml>er 16th. The "insects'" (which of them could not be
definitely stated, but probably "the long-stings,") had been so abund-
ant during the month of August that they had attracted the attention
of persons living in the vicinity, and small boys, it was reported, had
been amusing themselves by catching and killing them.

The Thalessas were only seen upon the bark. The males were
apparently awaiting the emergence of the females from the
can be readily known by its antenna^ longer than the body, and quit -

164 Forty-fifth Report on the State Museum.

trunk, for if disturbed, they would frequently tiy up for a
short circuit and then return. The females, rarely seen until the
latter part of the afternoon, were always intent on oviposition
either getting in readiness to insert the ovipositor, or with it already
entered at various depths to a maximum of two inches, and with
the abdominal muscular sac aiding in oviposition, distended in
different degrees. The wood was apparently solid where the ovipo-
sition was occurring, but the bark had been jjerforated as numerously
by the wood-wasps as had been the decorticated portion. That the
wood was at least omparatively solid was shown by the firmness with
which the ovipositor clung to it. In an attempt to remove an example,
while holding it by the thorax and abdomen, the body was torn in two
near its terminal end. But by seizing the ovipositor between the
thumb and linger and pulling it steadily but gently, it could invariabl}^
be withdrawn entire in from fifteen to twent}' seconds of time.

The tree was passed daily in my walks to and from my office. The
Thalessas were observed for the last time on September 18th and the
Pemphredons on September 2 2d.

In the notice of Thalessa lunator in my Fourth Report, the question
was asked: "Does Thalessa oviposit in exposed larv:e?" An ovipo-
sition of a large Ichneumonidan in a colony of a Datana on a hickory
tree, observed by me about the year 1860^ was described and referred,
from memory, to Thalessa lunator. In Dr. Riley's admirable paper on
"The Habits of Thalessa and Tremex," on pages 168-1 79 of Insect Life
for December, 1888, in replying to the above query, he has endeavored
to show that this method of oviposition was impossible to Thalessa,
and suggested that my memor3^ of the species that I had seen thus
engaged must have been at fault, — some other large Ichneumon hav-
ing been mistaken for Thalessa. That Dr. Riley is correct in this
opinion finds strong support in a notice entitled "Oviposition of
Anomalon sp.," by Prof. C. P. Gillette, in Entomological JVetcs, i,

1890, p. 130, in which is related the oviposition of a large black
Anomalon species, in a colony of Datana niinistra, in a manner and_
with all the attendant circumstances identical with the operations as
described by me.

In the Journal of the JSTev} York 3Iicrosco2ncal Society/, for October,

1891, page 135, Rev. J. L. Zabriskie gives an interesting account of
the very serious results attending a wound said to have been inflicted
by one of the " long stings " on the arm near the wrist of a robust,
healthy laboring man. " For four or five days intense pain, and great
swelling involving the entire arm, the axilla and a portion of the side
of the body, gave symptoms of a severe case of erysipelas."

Eighth Report of the State Entomologist.

165

In my Fourth Report, a figure is given on page 39 of a Thalessa in
the act of ovipositing, taken from some old cut, which, under the
supposition that it was intended to represent^ lunator, was so desig-
nated by me. Dr. Riley, in
Insect Life, i, p. 173, has copied
from the American Agriculturist,
a figure ahnost identical with this,
which he refers to Rhyssa per-
suasorid (Linn.) — an European
species, having a shorter oviposi-
tor than ours, and with other
differential features that have,
given it place in another genus, s?
In correction of my error, the „ „„ ^^ , .■ -r,

J ' Fig. 20 — The long-sting. Rhyssa PERSUASORiA,

figure of my Fourth Report is female, ovipositing,

herewith given with its corrected name, and in Plate 2 [Figure 1 7 ], I also
present the excellent plate of Thalessa lunator which was one of the
illustrations of Dr. Riley's paper previously referred to.

The illustration of Tremex Columha, in its larval, pupal and perfect
stages, from the same paper is also given herewith, as being a great

Fig. 21 — Tremkx Columba: a, larva showing the Thalessa larva fastened to its side; b, head of
larva; c, pupa of female; d, male pupa; c, adult female — all slightly enlarged.

improvement upon the representations hitherto published of this
species, and as illustrating the parasitic association with it of T. lunator.

166 Forty-fifth Report on the State Museum.

Provancher, in his Faune Ilymenopterologique de la Province de
Qtu'ber, names RJn/si^a persuasoria as found in Canada; and Mr. W. H.
Harrington in tlie 21st Annual Report of the Entomological Society of
Ontario, 1891, states of it: "I have not recognized this species at Ottawa
yet, but have a male apparently belonging to it from Rev. G. W. Taylor,
of Victoria, B. C."

? Janus flaviventris Fitch.
TJie Currant-stem Girdler.
Of the operations of this insect, which was noticed in the Fourth
Report on the Insects of Neio York, page 47, and which, up to the
present we have not been able to refer, positively, to any known currant
pest, Mr. J. F. Rose, of South Byron, N. Y., has Avritten, under date
of June 6, 1891, as follows:

I inclose specimens of a few currant stems which show the work of
an insect which cuts them off so that about two or three inches of the
young growth breaks over. A few years ago I was badly tormented
with currant borers, and, on marking several shoots in June that Avere
injured in this way, found that each of them in the spring had a borer.
Since that time it has been my habit to go over the currants several
times, cutting off these shoots about one inch below the injury and
burning the injured lips. I now find very few borers. Am I right in
thinking that the saw-fly, or whatever it is that does the cutting, is
the egg-inserter that makes the currant stalk-borer ?

Replying to Mr. Rose, he was informed of the puzzle that this
girdler had been, and request was made that he mark some of the
punctured stems, and send them in the early spring for examination
for the pupa or matured insect, that the insect causing the injury
might be identified. Its operations were seen by me on the grounds of
Mr, George T. Powell, at Ghent, N. Y., on June 8th of the present
year, in his extensive plantation of Fay's Prolific currant, but only in a
few examples.

A dissection of two of the punctured twigs received from Mr. Rose
disclosed the e^g^ within the stem, at about, a half-inch in each instance
below the puncture. It was Mhite, transparent, rounded at the ends,
one-twentieth of an inch in length and half as broad.

The following, taken from Insect life, iii, 1891, p. 407, may prove
to be the recognition and identification of the '' currant-stem girdler,"
above referred to:

I .-end you by this mail one male parent of a native Hymenopterous
currant worm, the same as was noted a year or two ago by Professor
Lintner, in his Fourth New York Report. I first bred one pair in 1887
from larva^ grown in 1886, and this was raised in 1888-'89. The springs
of 1888 and 1890 I was not able to find any. Please report name, etc. —
[E. W. Allis, Adrian, Michigan, December 3, 1890.J

Eighth Report of the State Entomologist. 167

Reply. — This insect is without doubt Janus flaviventris Fitch; see
Fitch's seventh report, species No. 12. This discovery of yours is a
very interesting one, if the insect works in the way described by Lint-
ner in his fourth report, page 47. — [December 5, 1890,]

On turning to Dr. Fitch's Seventh Report (page 165 of the Sixth-
Ninth Reports, 1865), vve find, as Nos. 12 and 3 3, Janus flavivtntriSy
n. sp., and PhylloeC"S trlmaculalus Say, followed by: "In rj'e fields
toward harvest time, scattering heads of the grain remaining erect and
having a prematurely rij^e appearance, the straw bored its whole length
by a footless worm a half-inch long." In the text following, Dr. Fitch
questions whether this may be the work of some species of Chlorops,
or of some saw-fly nearly related to the Cephus pygnieus of Europe
[since found in the State of New York]. He then adds: "A New
York insect of this kind, the same in size with the European species,
and coming abroad like it the last of May, has the hind body cj'lindri-
cal instead of being compressed, and consequently pertains to the
genus Janus.''''

Dr. Fitch's description of the species is herewith given, that it may be
seen hereafter if it be the one tiiat may be bred from the girdled currant
stems. The girdling operation would be anomalous in the Cephidae.

It is a ])retty little fly of a shining black color, with its hind body
lemon-yellow except at its base, its mouth being straw-colored, and
also the hind margin of its collar, the base of its wings, a small black
spot above its sockets, and the fore and hind margins of the raeta-
thorax. The hind body is more narrow than the fore bod}', and more
narrow and long than in the typical species of this genus, forming
almost two-thirds of the total length of the insect. Its basal segment
is black, edged anteriorly with straw-yellow, and with a slender line of
this color along its middle, ending in a large triangular spot. The
second segment is also black except at its hind end; and on the sides is
a blackish cloud on the surface of each of the remaining segments.
The wings are hyaline and glossy, their stigma sooty brown, which
color extends inward, occupying most of the anterior marginal cell. A
faint smoky cloud may also be perceived near tlse middle of the pos-
terior apical cell, and another along the margin of the anterior one.
The hind feet are dusky.

Janus is a genus < f the t>oc< r/VA', allied to Cephus. J. fluviven-
tris Fitch is the only species recorded in thisiounlry. Mr. Edward
Norton has included it in his " Catalogue of the Tenthredinida> and
Uroceridu' of North America," in 1867, in the last-named family, but
had not seen the species.* Mr. E. T. Cresson, in his later Catalogue
(1^80) of the same families, includes it among the Tenthredinichi , and
in his more recent "Synopsis of the Hymenoptera of North America,"
in the Uroceridm (page 172).

*In Transactions of the American Entomological Society, ii, 1869, p. 314 (quotes Fitch's
description).

168 Fort i- FIFTH Report on the State Museum.

From perhaps a dozen of the burrowed twigs subsequently sent to
me by Mr. Rose in the spring after the girdling had been marked in
the preceding spring, a single exami)le of the perfect insect was
obtained. It had become moldy and was set aside for cleaning, after
an unsatisfactory comparison with the Fitch description had been
made, which seemed to indicate a different species. Unfortunately the
specimen has been mislaid and can not now be found.

Nematus Erichsonii Hartig.
llie Larch iSaw-ffi/.
This insect is still continuing its ravages in the Adirondack Moun-
tains. On August 7, 1891, many of the larches observed from the road

Fig. 23.— The larch saw fly, Nesiatus Erichsonii, in natural size and enlarged, and the larvae in
different stages in natural size. (After Packard.)

in passing from the Wilmington Notch to the Mountain View House
in North Elba, in Essex county, were seen to be nearly or entirely
stripped of their leaves. Quite a number of dead larches were noticed
which it was thought had been killed by their annual defoliation for
a few years past — the attack having been observed by me in the Lake
Placid region in the summer of 1888.

At this time the larvje had entirely left some of the tree.«, while on a
few they were still feeding in small numbers.

Eighth Report of the State Estomologist. 169

The following inquiry of this insect from a gentleman of Kings
county, Prince Edward Island, Dominion of Canada, and giving an
account of its ravages in the Province, and my reply to the same, is
from the Country Gentleman, of November 13, 1890 (page 905).

Eds. C. G. — The juniper or larch {Larix A'inericana), which
abounds in this vicinity, and, in fact all over the Province, is being
devastated of its leaves, and presents a withered, decayed appearance
through the action of the saw-fly, Neinatxis Erichsonii. The first
indication of this pest was noticed in the summer of 1889, but this
summer the injury has been so much aggravated that in the months of
July and September it was rare to see a green leaf on a tree. Now,
however, they are free from the attacks of the pest, as the larvie, when
matured, fall to the ground, leaving the tree to make a little growth by
the aid of the autumn rains. Whether this pest is going to exterminate
the larch completely in this Province remains to be seen. It has, how-
ever, done great injury to the larch in Nova Scotia. I am informed
that the fly was flrst noticed near Boston, Mass., in 1880. I am also
told that there is no remedy to allay the ravages of the fly. Does
the sage associate of this paper know of any means ? I would like to
hear from Dr. Lintner on the subject. — J. A. M., Kings Co., 1'. E. I.

The communication above gives an interesting account, from an
entomological standpoint, of the first notice and rapid spread and
serious ravages of this introduced European insect in Prince Edward
Island, lis operations there appear to l)e similar to those which seem
everywhere to follow its spread.

Ttiat there is no remedy, so far as known, to allay the ravages of the
insect is unquestionably too true. When the larvse make their attack
upon an isolated tree in cultivated ground, they may be destroyed
by an arsenical si)raying, but, as I have elsewhere written, when large
areas of the larch are infested, as tamarack swamps, it is useless to
attempt to compete with the enemy. ]ts destruction through any
applications that could be made would be altogether too costly to war-
rant the outlay required. The best that could be done in such cases
would be to fell the trees as soon as it is noticed that they are dead or
doomed, and before decay has imj)aired their value, and use them for
some of the many purposes for Avhich the timber is available. A some-
what extended and illustrated account of this larch saw-fly appears in
my Fifth Report on. the Insects of N'eio York.

Feniseca Tarquinius (Fabr.).
The Little Orange Batterfy.
This, usually rare bulterHy, Avas frequently seen in Keene Valley
during the months of July and August, of 1891. Attention was ordi-
narily drawn to it by its short, rapid flights in the roadways, flitting
at a height of about ten feet from the ground, often in pairs chasing
22

170

Forty-fifth Report on the State Museum.

one another, or, if driven up from the leaves, flying about for a brief
time and then returning and alighting upon the branch it had before
occupied. It was seldom active except in bright sunlight and at about
the middle of the day. In a single instance only was it seen to alight
on the ground — in the Wilmington Notch, Adirondack Mts., August
6th, 1891. Examples of the butterfly were taken by me in Keene
Valley on the following dates : July 20, 24, 27, 29, August 4, 5, 15, 20.
Most of those collected in August were more or less worn.

A larva was found in a colony of Pemplugus tessellata (Fitch), on
July 20th, which was nearly mature, for after having t aten a few hundred
aphides it transformed to a pupa on the side of the box containing it.
Brushing from the alder a colony of the aphides for food for the
caterpillar, three additional caterpillars were discovered in the box the
following day which were unobserved at the time of collecting. It
was subsequently noticed that a lump like accumulation of the aphides
on the alder twig usually indicated the presence of a nearly full-grown
larva beneath it.

It was observed that Pemphigus tessellata was much less abundant
in Keene than in former years. Probably its numbers had been largely
reduced by the Feniseca caterpillars of the first brood.

Of the four larvfe mentioned above, the first pupated on July 23d.
Of the other three, the time of pupation was not noted, but was
between August 4th and August 8th; of these the first butterfly
emerged on September 11th, and a second one during the latter part
of Novembei'.

Eudryas grata (Fabr.).

The JBeaiitifid Wood-nymph .

With the increase of this insect and the fondness of the caterjtillar

for the leaves of the Virginia creeper, Ampelnpsis (juinquefolia, it may

develop into a household pest. In the spring of 1890, several of the

pupiie were found beneath the border of a carpet in the rectory of

Grace Episcopal church, in Albanj^,
into the substance of which they
had partly burrowed for pupation,
and had inflicted some injury by
fi ~ S^^^^ . P-r^-^/^ cutting the threads. Almost the
JV entire side <^f the rectory is covered,
and the windows quite sui-rounded,

with the Ampelopsis, but the cater-

FiG. '2^.- Eudryas grata; a, the caterpillar
in natural size; b, its fifth segment enlarged,

c, its collar; d, marivings of the hump on pillars had not been observed as

the eleventh segment; e, an uoper view of the
egg, and /, a side view : each enlarged from the
natural size shown beside them (after Riley).

unusually abundant during the pre-
ceding year.

Eighth Befort of the State FiyTOJWLOGisT. 171

The caterpillar, which is beautifully marked in black and orange
bands (six black ones and one orange on each of the principal
segments) and black spots, is shown at a, in Figure 23; at e and/, the
delicately ribbed egg of the moth is
represented in enlargement, showing
its flattened form. In Figure 24, the
moth is shown. When seen, in nature,
in its varied and tender colors, the
names that it bears — both the popular
and the scientific, can not fail of being
appreciated. See Fifth Report of this ^,0. 24._The beautiful wood-nymph,
series, 1889, p. 181 for its description. Eudryus grata (after Riley).

Scoliopteryx libatrix (Linn,).
7 he Scallop- Wing.

The caterpillar was taken in Keene Valley, N. Y., in July, feeding
on the leaves of willow. At maturity it pr( sented the following
features :

Length, 1.75 inch, cylindrical, slender (about one-eighth of an inch
broad), tapering at the extremities; velvety green. Head green, as
broad as the first segment, traversed mesially by a delicate red line-
Abdomen with a j^ellow or cream-colored line midway between the
doi'sum and the spiracles, edged below, interruptedly, on segments two
to six, with black. Spiracles bordered with orange. Setse from the
setiferous spots, short and inconspicuous. (See figure givtn by Dr-
Packard in the Fifth Report of U. S. Entomological Commission.)

The caterpillar spun its thin cocoon between leaves attached to some
threads by its anal spine on the morning of July 24th; on the
26th, it had transformed to the pupa. The moth emerged August
5th — eleven days pupation.

I had previously given the characters of this caterpillar in my
Entomological Contributions No. I, 1872, p. 63. The following differ-
ences therein fi'om the above may be noted: The yellow lateral stripe
is shaded beneath wnth brown; head crossed by a black stripe; pupa-
tion of the summer brood from fifteen to twenty days. (See, also, note
in IiJnt. Contrih., HI, 1874, p. 164.)

I have taken this moth on May 6th, which was probabh^ a hibernated
individual. Stainton remarks of its habits in England*: "The single
species of this genus is well known for its hibernating faculties and

*Manual of British Butterflies and Moths, 1857, i, p. 308.

172 Forty- FIFTH Report on the State Museum.

partiality to out-houses; it is consequently frequent!}^ met with by
incipients during the winter months, and may be found on the wing at
the end of April and in May."

The moth was of common occurrence "at sugar" in collections
made by me at Schenectady, K Y., in the year 1875, having been
taken July 8 (sugaring commenced July 7), 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 20,
24, 30. The following year it was taken or noted, also " at sugar," on
May 20 (not on sixteen succeeding nights of sugaring), June 26, 27,
28, 29, July 1, 3, 7, 8 (being each night of sugaring), 15 (absent on ten
nights following), August 9, 10, 14, 19 (not seen on September 4 and
6, Avhen the collections were discontinued). It was the most numerous
during the last of June. These observations indicate two broods a
year —in June and August. According to Guenee, Noct. ii, page
405, it has, so to speak, no fixed time for its appearance from the pupa.
Roilast, in his Catalogue des Chenilles Europeennes, gives as the
food-plants of the caterpillar, willow and poplar, in summer and
.-autumn. With us it has only been recorded on the willow.

Exechia spe( ies ?
A Fungus Gnat.

A number of specimens of this ^j were brought to me by Mr, A. L.
Train, as having occurred in such abundance in his room, in Albany,
as to excite his curiosity as to their source and purpose.

Being unknown to me, they were submitted to Mr. F. Kowarz, the
distinguished Dipterologist of Franzensbad, Bohemia, for name and
habits, if known, who very obligingly returned the following informa-
tion in regard to the insect:

It belongs to the genus Exechia Winnertz, of the family of
Mycetophilido:. Baron Osten Sacken does not mention this genus in
his Catalogue of North American Diptera, 1878. The various species
of Exechia live, like their kindred, almost all in mushrooms, which are
fully desti-oyed by the larvre of Mycetophilidiv. To speak of their
utility or destructiveness in an agricultural sense depends altogether
on the value of the mushrooms for the farmer. With us the opinion
regarding mushrooms is divided.

Mr. F. V. Theobald, in his volume just published — An Account of
British Flies — states that the Exechia larvae live in fungi. E. fun-
gorum and E. lateralis are common British species, while eight other
species occur in England. These fungus gnats often appear in great
numbers on windows in houses, especially in the autumn.

Eighth Report of the State Entomologist.

173

Telephorus Pbilineatus (Say);
Occurring on Snow.
A remarkable occurrence of the larva of what is believed to be the
above named insect, was reported by Mr, Holdredge, of Center, Herkimer
county, N. Y., through Mr. Daniel Batchelor, of Utica, N. Y.

Mr. Holdredge's statement is, that on or near the 10th of February
last (1891), during a rain, the insects " fell " by millions on his farm and
upon the adjoining one, owned by Mr. Morgan. For the distance of a
half mile and for about twelve rods in width, the snow was literally
alive and black with "the worms," while beyond this strip in every
direction, they were quite, but less, abundant. They were seen to travel
about for a day or tAvo, while some of them penetrated into the snow,
and others were frozen stiff on the surface. Some of the frozen ones
were taken into his house, where exposed to warmth, they became active
and quite lively again.

Examples of the larva? sent me were submitted to Dr. Riley, and were
identified by him as those of Telephorus
"l\^^ jM^' MSt, i>il^^^o,tiis, with the possibility of their being
H^a^ JM rp Carolinus (Fabr.), the northern repre-
sentative of the genus. While according
veiy well with the former, there appeared
some slight differences in the density of the
, . , X, A A velvety covering. Figure 25 (after Riley),

a, larva, natural size; 6, head and _ •' . . " '

anterior segments enlarged; c, illustrates the insect, and Figure 26 (after
the beetle, natural size. Packard), the larval head and prothorax

from above and below.
The explanation of the larvre appearing on the snow would be, that
they were drawn from the ground by the [warm?] rain, and with the
change of rain into snow, ^^ '^

thej' continued, with its
increasing depth to ,y;/ v; ,viv

mount to the surface, as
other larva? have been
known to do. (See the
account of the occur-
rence of the bronze-
colored cut-worm,
Nephelodes viola n s
Guen., on snow, in Can-
ada, and in tSullivan Fi<^' 2e.— Head and prothoraclc segment, from above and
, -vT -\7- 1 i J • below of Telephorus bilinkatus.

county, IN. v., related in

the Fourth Report on the Insects of JVew York, 1888, pp. 54-56.)

Fig. 25.— Telephorus bilineatus:

174 FORTV- FIFTH REPORT ON THE StATE MvSEUM.

Another singular occurrence of this Telephorus larva is that in which
many specimens were drawn up from a well in Bloomfield, Conn.,
adhering to the bucket, from the latter part of November, 1875, to the
month of April following, being the most abundant about Christmas,
on which day forty or fifty were drawn up at once. Dr. Riley's
explanation of their presence, is that " they must have been feeding
upon small animals in the crevices between the bricks [stones?], from
which they occasionally fell into the water and instinctively adhered
to the bucket."*

Of the normal habits of Telephorus hiUneatas, Dr. Packard states,
that Mr. P. S. Sprague has found the larva near Boston under stones
in the spi'ing, when it pupates, and earl}'' in May becomes a
beetle.

It should probably be regarded as a beneficial species from its habit
of feeding on other insects. Dr. Riley has bred the beetle from larva^
found feeding on the apple-worm of the codling-moth, Carpocapsa
ponionella, and has frequently met with it under apple trees among
early wind-falls, where it was probably searching for the worms of the
infested fruit. He has also found it in the tree upon the apples. The
perfect insect appears to be mainly a vegetable feeder, having been
shaken from the branches of plum, peach, and apricot trees. Dr.
Packard states that early in May it feeds on the newly expanded
leaves of the birch. f

This insect belongs to a subfamily of the Lanvpyridm^ or fire-flies,
viz., the Telephorinw. No light-organs exist in any of the species.
" They are more active than the other Lampyridm, and are often
found upon flowers, or running over the surface of leaves in search for
their prey, which seems to consist mostly of the soft larvte of other
insects" (LeBaron).

PLachnosterna fusca (FrOhl.).
White Grub of the May Beetle.
In reply to a request from Red Bank, N. J., for name and habits of
specimens sent, the following answer was made through the Coxintry
Gentleman of October 29, 1891:

The insects sent are white grubs, varying in size from about one-
fourth grown to nearly full growth, and are from q^^^ deposits of

• First Annual Report of the U. S. Entomological Commission, 1878, p. 303.

+ First Annual Report of the Injurious and Beneficial Insects of Massachusetts, 1871, p. 26.

ElGEIH EfPOET of IBE StAIE Ei\'J 03ICLCGJ S'J .

175

FlC4

Thp

different years. They are either the " a\ hite-grub " of the common May

or June beetle, lAicJiiwsUr')U( fusca, or a nearly allied

species. There are a number of these Scarabmidfr

which so closely resemble L. fusca that the beetles can

be with diificnlty separated, and indeed we do not

know, or do writers agree, which should be recognized

as species or regarded mereh^ as vaiieties. Dr. Horn, in

his " Revision of the Species of Lachnosterna of North

America,"* has referred twenty-one species to the L.fnsca

group, while more recently Professor J. B.Smith has ^ ^'*'*'^'"*' ^^

•=> ' ' •' Lachnosterna

found structural features in six forms previously *"'-'^*^^ ^^"^'''^•
confounded with Z. fusca, and has named them as species.f

The little that is known of the larvre of these beetles lenders it
absolutely impossible to separate and determine them. After enumer-
ating and characterizing ninety- one species of American Lachnosterna,
Professor Smith makes regretfully this confession: "As it sands at
present, roe do not knoio, positlvelij, the larva of a single specie of
Lachnosterna. ''''X

The habits of these " white-grubs " of the fusca and neaily allied
groups, may be presumed to be very much alike — all feeding on the
roots or grasses, various plants and shrubs, or other vegetation.

Although the examples sent can not be jjositively named, yet if there
is anything connected with their finding that renders it particularly
desirable to know more of them, they will be given further study for
approximate determination.

Cyllene pictus (Drury).
The Hickory Borer.

Some insects taken from burrows in dry hickory wood were received
early in March, from New Market, New Jersey, with inquiries of them.

They w^ere recognized as th<: pupa? of the hickory borer, Cyllene
pictus, formerly known and appear-
ing in many of our entomological
writings, as Clytus pictus. This ?pecies
was confounded with the locust borer,
Cyllene robinicB (Poerst.), for a long
time, and until it was separated from it
by distinctive characters by Mr. Walsh, Fjg, 28.-Thehickory-tree borer, Ovllene

•" 1 o/i J c rpi n ^ ' £ ^\ J. pictus; a, larva; b, pupa.

m 1864. § Ihe lemales of the two

species can be distinguished only with difficulty, but the male of C. pictus

can be readily known by its antennje longer than the body, and quite

• Transactions of the American Entomological Society, iv, 1887, pp. 209-29(>, Plate 3.
t Notes on the Species of Lachnosterna of Temperate North America: Proc. U. S. National.
Museum, xi, 1889, p. 503.
i Id., ib., p. 52;i.
§ Proceedings of the American Entomological Society, iii, 1864, pp. 420-422.

176

Forty-fifth Report on the State Museum.

stout; and "the wing-covers widened at the base and tapered toward
their tip, so that the two together just before their extreme tip equal
the basal width of one of them." The in^ectis represented in its several
stages in Figure 28. In the pupoe received, the characteristic w-mark-
ing in yellow of the black wing-covers, and the yellow transverse bands
of the thorax are already to be seen, indicating that they are near their
perfect stage. The beetles may emerge, if kept in a Avarm room dur-
ing the month of March, although under their natural conditions they
would not .'ippear until May or June. The species never injures hickory
trees to the extent that its congener does locusts. In many localities
the locust trees have been entirely destroyed by this pernicious borer.

A detailed account of the larva (grub) of this species is contained in
the Fifth Report of the U. S. Eritomolo< ileal Cotnmission, by Dr.
Packard, 1890, page 287.

In addition to the hickorj^ {Carya alha), C. pictus also burrows in
the black walnuc {Juglans nigra) and in the butternut {Juglans cinerea).

This species appears abroad early in the spring (in May and June),
while C. robinim occurs during the month of September. Remember-
ing this will enable any one to identify at once the examples of the two
from any that may be captured abroad, or from dates of collections
indicated in cabinets.

Tenebrio molitor (Linn.).
The Meal-ioomi.
Two of the pupffi and two beetles, identified as the above named
insect, were received from Newark Valley, N. Y., as having been found,
together with many of the " grubs," in Ashton's factory-filled salt which
had been stored, unopened, for two months in a tight meal room. The
question was asked how they came there and if it was safe to use the
salt in which they occurred, in butter and food.

If the pupjc and beetles sent were actually found toithin, the nalJ,

the following explanation of
their occurrence there, is the
only one that presents itself,
"^rho meal-room, in all prob-
ability, h a r b o r e d numliers
o f the meal-worm — the
larvie of the beetles. After
having fed to inaturity on the
meal or flour at hand, in leav-
"^ ing it for some convenient
place for transformation t<» ihe

Fig. 29.— The meal-worm, Tenebrio molitor; c, d, a, P^ip^^ ^"*^ ]>erfect stagCS, they
the larva, pupa, and imago, natural size; also the entered the sack Or barrc]^

through some hole or crevice

beetle enlarged.

Eighth Report of the State Entomologist. 177

where, after their changes, they were found. The larva? coukl not feed
upon the salt, nor could it be of any particular service to them in any
manner. Their presence Avould not in the slightest degree impair the
value of the salt for use. The pupae would be readily seen; the beetles
would at once escape, and no eggs would have been deposited in the salt.

The insect has not been figured by any of our writers. The accom-
panying illustrations of its larval, pupal, and perfect stages are from
Curtis' Farm Insects. In shape and general appearance the beetle is
much like T. obscurvs Fabr., but while that is of a dead opaque-black
color, this is of a shining black. Its larva " is about an inch long,
cylindrical, smooth and glossy, with the terminal segment semicircular,
slighly serrated on the edges, and terminated in a single point"
(Packard). Curtis describes it as " cylindric, smooth, ochreous, with
bright rusty bands and a few scattered hairs; two small horns, six
pectoral legs, and two minute spines at the tail."

It is a common species in the Old World, a^d has been quite largely
distributed by commerce in all commercial countries. It is said to have
been recently introduced, intentionally, in Chili for the purpose of using
its larva? for bird-food.* Dr. Packard's remark, " that it is found in all
its stages about corn- and rye-meal, and is frequently swallowed with
food," finds apparent confirmation in a notice entitled, "Larvae of
Tenebrio molitor in a Woman's Stomach,"f in which two insects
reported by a physician to have been ejected from the stomach, are
identified as the above, and the statement accepted as probable, with
the suggestion that the larvje may have been swallowed without under-
going mastication in corn-meal mush; the irritation that their move-
ments would occasion, would naturally excite vomiting and their
ejection.

Another account of this same insect, which is quite amusing, is related,
where the scratching sounds caused by a number of the beetles
which had bred within a pin-cushion filled " with coarse shorts," led the
guest at a hotel to believe, and make complaint, that the room to which
he had been assigned, and in which he had passed a sleepless night, was
haunted. J

Pulvinaria innumerabilis (Rathvon).

The Maple-tree Scale Insect.

Referring to the notice of this insect in the Sixth Report on the

Insects of New York, Mr. Andrew S. Fuller, in a communication to

me, under date of February 20th, 1891, has written as follows of its

* Insect Ufe, i, 1888, page 154. \Id ., page 379. t ^ ii-, 1890, page 148.

23

178

lORTY-FIFTH REPORT ON THE StATE MuSEVM.

increase and injuries as observed by bim, in tbe city of Brooklyn,
N. Y.:

The Pulvinaria innumerabllis is not only destroying all of tbe soft
maples, Acer riibrum, and wbite or silver-leaved raaple, Acer dasy-
carpum, in tbe city of Brooklyn, but it bas also invaded tbe gardens

and is rapidly destroy-
ing tbe grapevines,
and tbe Japan ivy,
Am2)elopsis Vetchii,
wbicb covers tbe
brick walls of many
tine residences and
cburcbes. On tbe
latter tbe pest bas a
most excellent retreat
and sbelter, and can
not be dislodged by
ordinary remedies.
Tbere are already
many thousands of
trees dying from tbe
attack of tbis sucking
peht, and tbe city is
doing nothing to
check it. A few
thousands of dollars
properly expended a
few years ago might
have saved tbe trees,

Fig. 30.— The maple-tree scale insect, Pulvinaria iNNUMERABiLis. 1^ nrwi million of

dollars would not replace tbe damaged trees. I have written several
articles calling the attention of tbe residents of Brooklyn to this pest,
and made one report to tbe Board of Parks (by request) on tbe same,
but the owners of tine shade trees groan over their loss but make no
practical eifort to repair it.

Tbe future entomologist is likely to have quite as much to do as
those of the present day, and it is to be hoped that bis labors will be
more highly appreciated.

Tbe scale of the insect with tbe large, white, cottony mass thrown
out from beneath it for tbe protection of the eggs and tbe newly-
batched young is represented in Figure 30.

Mr. E. P. Van Duzee, of Buffalo, N. Y,, in a letter dated February
28th, 1891, has written of tbe large numbers of this insect observed by
him, after tbe falling of tbe loaves the preceding autumn, on tbe
maples planted as shade trees along the streets of Buffalo. He was
apprehensive that, in their increase, they would prove to be a great
scourge tbe following summer.

Eighth Report of the State Entomologist. 179

Gryllus luctuosus Serville.
The Common Black Cricket.

Mr. Wm. B. Marshall, of the New York State Museum, at Albany,
reports that during a sojourn at Cape May, N. J., in the month of July
last, a suit of clothes belonging to a friend, which had just been
received from the tailor, and was hanging over the back of a chair,
was completely ruined in a single night by crickets that had entered
through open windows and eaten large holes in the garments. On
request, some of the crickets were secured and sent to me for identifi-
cation. They proved to be Gryllus luctuosus Serv.

While we believe this is not of frequent occurrence, yet it has long
been known that the Gryllida^ as well as the Acridid(B are not exclu-
sively vegetarian in their feeding habits. Thus, Walsh has recorded of
Gryllus abbreviatus Serv. — a species closely allied to, and usually
associated with, the above, that " whenever they gained admission into
houses, after eating into apples and other vegetable matter that they
found there, often concluded their repast by gnawing holes into boots,
shoes, and woolen clothes."* He has also remarked : "All the crickets
feed indiscriminately both on animal and vegetable substances. I have
repeatedly noticed abbreviatus under dead putrid birds, etc."f

Clothing long worn and charged with animal matter from the person
and from extraneous sources, might naturally be supposed to attract
crickets that have acquired the taste indicated above, Just as soiled
clothing has occasionally been eaten by Dermestes lardarius, the larder
beetle; but that new woolen clothing should be eaten in preference to
old, can only be accounted for upon the supposition that a special
attraction, in this case, was found in the animal matter belonging to
the wool, or employed in its dressing, and remaining in the woven
fabric.

Trombidium. locustarum Riley.
The Locust Mite.

Please give me the name and history of the parasite that deposits its
small, oval, red eggs near the base of the grasshopper's wings. — I. G. I.,
Adena, O., September 10th, 1891.

The " small, oval, red eggs " of which inquiry is made, is the locust
mite, Trombidium locustarum, Riley. It renders most excellent ser-

* American Entomologist, 1, 1868, p. 53.
t Practical Entomologist, i, 1866, p. 126.

180

Forty-fifth Report on the State Museum.

vice — at times, of almost incalculable value — in the destruction of
the eggs of the western locusts (commonly called grasshoppers), which
it seeks when buried in the ground and eagerly devours. The young
mites are very active little creatures, living at first in the ground where ,
they feed on decaying animal and vegetable substances. When the
opportunity is given them, they crawl upon the bodies of the locusts

Fig. 31.— Trombidium locdstarum.— a, mature larva when about to leave the -wing of a
locust; 6, pupa; c, male adult; d, female adult; e, palpal claw and thumb; /, pedal claws;
gr, one of the barbed hairs; h, the striations on the larval skin. (After Riley.)

and attach themselves, in preference beneath the base of the wings, but
sometimes, when unusually abundant, covering the entire body. While
upon the locust, they are immature, being in their larval stage, and
having only six legs. As they gorge themselves with the juices of
their host, their bodies swell out into an oval sack-like form, almost
concealing the legs, although they are long, and in this condition [rep-
resented at a in the figure] they may very easily be mistaken, as in the
above inquiry, for eggs. After they have completed their larval
growth they drop to the ground, where they undergo two changes —
first to the pupa [shown at b in the figure] and then to the perfect
eight-legged form [shown at c and f?]. They pass the winter in the
ground, and are said to be active whenever the temperature is a few
degrees above the freezing.

A detailed and interesting article on this mite from the pen of
Professor Riley, from which the above facts and figures have been
taken, is to be found in the First Atmual Report of the United States
Entomological Com77zission, pages 306-311.

This mite is not confined to the Central or Western States, but has
been observed in New Hampshire preying in very large numbers, both
on the eggs and the mature insect of the lesser locust, Melanopliis
atlanis (Riley).*

• Marlett, in Insect Life, ii, 1889, pp. 67, 68.

INSECT ATTACKS -THEIR REMEDIES AND PRE-

YENTIYES.

The number of our raoi'e injurious insect pests is so large that com-
paratively few have been treated of in the seven preceding reports of
the State Entomologist. It is desirable that each should be presented
to the agriculturists of the State of New York in such detail and
length of notice as would meet the requirements of the more advanced
farmers, fruit-growers, and gardenei's. In the main, this would be met
in the presentation of the literature, history, description, illustrative
figures, habits, life-history, distribution, and, above all, the best
approved remedies and preventives, of the several species. A work of
this magnitude, however, would require at least a score of years for its
completion. In the meantime, it would certainly be of considerable
service if there could be given to the public even brief notices of our
more injurious pests, in which their features were sufficiently described
for their identification, their transformations and more interesting
habits stated, together with some simple methods by which their
injuries can be prevented or lessened.

A number of notices, embracing some of the above particulars, have
been contributed by the Entomologist during preceding years to agri-
cultural papers — notably to the Country Gentleman and New
Mngland Homestead, in reply to inquiries received of the more
common pests of the garden, orchard, and farm. As each of these is
believed to contain matter of some importance and value, it may not
be amiss to extend their usefulness by incorporating them from time
to time in this series of annual reports, where they may serve some
purpose (one would be, convenience of reference) until the time shall
arrive when the insects of which they speak may receive more careful
and studied consideration.

With the above will also be included some communications made to
individuals, relating to insects of somewhat general interest.

Remedies foe the Pkach-Tree Borer.

The following communication was received from a con-espondent
in Waynesville, Ohio :

I wish you, or some of your experienced correspondents, would
give directions for destroying, and also for preventing, borers

182

Forty-fifth Report on the State Museum.

in young peach trees. The principal danger seems to be
while the trees are young and tender. If one has but a few
trees, perhaps the best way would be to seai-ch the borer out and
destroy it, but during a part of the life of this pest it is very small
and difficult to find so close to the ground; besides, in large orchards it
would be an exceedingly slow and expensive process.

I see in the Scientific American, copied from the N. E. Homestead^
that an effectual treatment is to " make a mixture of wood ashes and
water, in the proportion of one quart of ashes to a pail of water.
Stir well; make a little ridge of earth around the tree, a few inches
from it, and pour in the mixture. It will soak into the worm-holes,
and will kill them every time." The writer says he has used it for
years successfully. He says that it may be necessary to do it twice the
first year, but after that a very little care will keep the trees free from
them. For want of ashes a thin solution of lime will do, he says.
Why not heap a quart of ashes around the tree and let the rains supply
the water ? Now what I want to know is, whether this treatment has
been sufficiently tested to justify me or any one else in depending on
it in a large way — a thousand trees or more ?

Would not an application of whitewash be as good a treatment as
could be desired, after the trees are two or three years old — or thick
soap-suds, applied with a brush or a rag? The first year the bark
would no doubt be too tender for the whitewash.

Is it not found that it greatly increases the life and vitality of the
peach tree to shorten in the branches every year after the season's
growth is completed? Peach trees are generally short-lived; it is
desirable to prolong their lives if we caa, and such treatment will
probably make them less liable to break down, owing to the disposition
of the limbs to grow to great length, with most of the fruit far from
the trunk of the tree.

It is not a difficult task to control this insect, ^Egeria exitiosa, the
Sannina exitiosa of many recent writers, if the proper means are

Fio, 32, —The peach-tree borer, Sannina kxitiosa (Say): 1, the male moth; 2, the female moth.

taken for it. It is possible to prevent its injuries to a great extent
by the old method of searching for the presence of, and cutting
out, the larvtw There are those who contend that the destruction
of the insect is the only proper thing to do, since by the applica-

Eighth Report of the State Entomologist.

183

tion of preventives you do not reduce its number, but only drive it
away to unprotected orchards. A sufficient answer to this is, that
there should be no unprotected orchards, and that the peach-grower
who is too ignorant or indolent to employ the simple and inexpensive
means by which his trees may be protected, does not deserve that they
should give him remunerative crops.

9

\

Fig. 33.— Male and female moths of the peach tree borer, enlarged (after Emmons).

[The male and female moths, which are quite unlike in appearance,
are shown in Figure 23, in twice their natural size, taken from Dr. Coquil-
let's " Our Injurious ^Egenans," in vol. v of the Journal of the Colum-
bus Horticultural Society. Figure 33, after Emmons, also illustrates
the same insects.]

The treatment quoted above, of wood ashes and water placed in a
funnel-shaped cavity about the tree, would unquestionably serve a good
purpose in the destruction of the eggs and the young larvio, if applied
a few days after the deposit of the eggs or their hatching. But as the
period of egg-laying of the peach-tree moth extends over the months of
June, July, and August, it would require too frequent an application of
the ash remedy to render it reliable and practical.

Carbolic Acid Wash.

This wash has been tested for several years, and so far as we know,
has never failed to give satisfaction. Several large peach-growers
have used no other method of protection. Two or three formulas have
been given for it, but probabl}^ the best is that presented by Mr. Bate-
ham of Painesville, O., in the Country Gentlemaa, vol. xlv, 1880, p.
246, and also published, with others, in the Second Report oti the Insects
of New York, 1885, pp. 24-26:

"For an orchard of five hundred bearing trees we bu}' a pint of
crude carbolic acid (or half as much of the refined), costing not over
twenty -five cents; then take a gallon of good soft soap and thin it with a
gallon of hot water, stirring in the acid, and letting it stand over night
or longer; then add eight gallons of cold soft water and stir. We

184 Forty-fifth Report on the State Museum.

have then ten gallons of the liquid ready for use. The wash should be
thoroughly applied with a swab or brush around the base of each tree,
taking pains to have it enter all crevices,"

Mr, Bateham gives for his locality (about 42 degrees of N, latitude),
as the proper time to apply the above, during the last of June, if the
weather is hot, or the first of July. He had never seen the moth
depositing its eggs before the last-named date, and if eggs had been
deposited a few days earlier, he claims that the wash would kill them
at once.

Carbolic Acid and Paris Green Wash.

Mr. J, H. Hale, a successful peach-grower m South Glaston-
bury, Conn,, has i-ecommended in a paper published in the Trans-
actions of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, for 1888
(Part I, p. 66), a wash for the prevention and killing of the
peach-tree borer, which would seem, on some accounts, to be
even preferable to the preceding. He rejaresents the egg-laying period
of the moth to commence in the latter part of May, and continuing
into September, On rare occasions he had seen the moth deposit eggs
in the crotches of the larger limbs. Has this been observed, or the
larvae found in such localities by any one else ?

The objects sought in the wash are: first, to smooth the bark; second,
to prevent oviposition; and third, to kill the egg or larva if oviposition
has occurred. The exact proportions are not very important. To a com-
mon bucketful of water take two quarts of strong soft soap, half a pint
of crude carbolic acid, two ounces of Paris green, first reduced to a
paste, with water and lime enough to form a thin paste that will adhere
to the tree. A little clay may be added to assist in making it stick.
Apply with a swab or brush before the first of June.

Killing the Borer.

Although the above is given as almost a sure preventive, Mr. Hale
recommends that in addition, the tree should be examined in October,
and where traces of the borer are discovered, as in exuding gum or the

sawdust-like castings at the base of
the tree, remove a little of the earth,
scrape off the gum with a sharp knife,
cut away the bark, and with a piece
of wire follow up any channel that it
does not seem best to cut open, crush

Fio. 34.— Larva, cocoon, and pupa of ^ . .^ ^ i • i . .!.•

Sannina KxiTiosACafter Emmons). or draw out the larva, which at this

time will be from a half-inch to an inch long. [The full-grown larva,
its cocoon, and the contained pupa are shown in Figure 34.]

Eighth Report of the State Entomologist. 185

The Shaker Peach-tree Borer Wash.
The followiug is the recipe of the wash in use by the thrifty Shakers
of Shaker Station, Hartford Co., Conn., which has been sold for past
years at three dollars, but has recently been communicated to the N'eto
England Homestead :

Fish oil, 3 pts. ; soft soap made from wood ashes, 3 pts. ; whale-oil
soap, 2 lbs.; powdered sulphur, 2 lbs. Mix the oil with the whale-oil
soap, beating the lumps up thoroughly into a perfect emulsion. 'Ihen
add the soft soap and, after mixing this thoroughly, stir in the sulphur.
The more perfect the mixing is done the better. These ingredients can
be obtained at almost any country store, and ought not to make the
cost more than sixty cents the gallon. One man can mix a barrel and
apply it to five hundred trees in a day. The application should be
made every spring from May 15th to June 1st, in latitude 42°.

Preparatory to applying the above, it is recommended to remove

with care, by the aid of a wooden trowel and broom, the ground for

about a foot from the trunk, so as to lay bare the base and main roots.

Examining them after three days, if any borers are present, they will

be discovered at a glance by the oozing gum and their excrements or

borings, and can be easily cut out with a sharp knife. After which,

apply tlie compound with a paint brush to the cleaned roots, and up

the trunk for eight or ten inches above the surface of the ground.

Sprinkle on all the powdered sulphur that will adhei'e, and return

the ground.

Mounding.

This method of protection is highly esteemed by some peach-
growers. It is done by throwing up around the base of the
tree, at any time before the deposit of the eggs, a mound of earth of
about a foot in height, and pressing it closely to the trunk with the
foot. In the following years, a few inches may be added annually.
By this means the roots of the trees where they are given off from the
trunk, are placed out of reach of the insect. The mounding is
believed, also, to have a beneficial influence on the health of the trees,
in prolonging their period of bearing and exempting them from
disease. It has been claimed that this method has given entire exemp-
tion from the borer attack, at the cost of a very little labor.

A New Tree-Protector.
A model of a device has lately been shown me which pro-
mises to give complete protection for young trees from the
attack of the peach-tree borer. A cylinder made of fine wire
netting, about fifteen inches high, mounted on a galvanized metal base,
gathered in at the top so as to adjust itself closely to the tree, opens at
one side for passing it around the trunk, and is then secured and

24

] 86 Forty-fifth Beport on the State Museum.

fastened to the ground, and slightly into it, by a sliding pin. With
this protection, the moth would be effe(!tually prevented from deposit-
ing an Qgg upon or near the base of the tree. The cylinders could be
quickly applied, and with proper care in housing them, they would
last for many years. It is thought that they can be offered for sale at
about twelve dollars the hundred.

It is undoubtedly very beneficial to shorten-in peach ti'ees annually.
It can be done in the autumn, or in the early spring, by clipping off
at least one-third of the last year's growth. — Country Gentleman^
for June 4, 1891.

In a communication to t\\Q Mural JVew Yorker, of October 17th, 1891
(page 736), Mr. J. S, Woodward, the ex-secretary of the New York
State Agricultural Society, and a highly successful fruit-grower, con-
demns the recommendation made in a late number of the same journal
(page 593) for treating trees infested with the peach-tree borer, by
piling wood ashes just about the body of the tree and on the roots
after some of the surface soil has been removed. He had seen trees
killed from leached ashes piled about them, and unleached ashes would
be almost sure death, and besides, they Avould be effective, if harmless,
only for a short time. Mr. Woodward gives the following preventive
for the borer as being entirely safe, and as sure as it is safe:

Take some dirt}^ soap — the dirtier the better, — and add to it sweet
skim milk so as to make strong soap suds. Into this mix hydraulic
cement (common w^ater-lime) in quantity sufficient to make a thick
white-wash, and using a stiff brush or old broom, with this coat the
trees from the ground or a little below, to from twelve to eighteen
inches above, using plenty of the wash. This will form a solid coat of
mail that no insect can penetrate, and unless broken Avith hoe, harrow
or other tool, will last for a full year, or until the growth and expan-
sion of the bai"k of the tree fills it with cracks. To eradicate borers
already lodged in the tree, there is nothing so good as a sharp, strong
knife and a sharp pointed wire.

AnIchneumon^izkd Caterpillar — Intebbstivg Cask of Parasitism.

Eds. Countrt Genttlesian. — Inclosed I send a peculiar worm
found on my hop vine. At time of finding it was of a light green color,
two and a half inches in length. Please name, and state whether it is
in any way injurious to the plant. Last year I found on the same vine
two worms, dark brown in color, with highly iridescent spots all over
them, shining with metallic luster, while the worms themselves were
almost as heavy as so much lead. I put them in a box, but neglected
to send them until they became too shrunken for examination.

Mrs. K. M. B., Wabash, Lid.

Eighth Report of the State Entomologist. 187

The caterpillar taken on the hop vine comes in such a shi'iveled and
broken condition that it can not be definitely named, but it is one of
the Sphinges, and an examination of its head indicates that it is prob-
ably that of Darapsa Myron. This species feeds on the grapevine and
the Virginia creeper, but many larvoe leave their food-plants and wan-
der to other vegetation after they have reached maturity. I do not
know of any species of the Sphingidm that feeds upon the hop vine.

The caterpillar had been attacked by an ichneumon fly, which had
inserted within its body over one hundred eggs. These had hatched
and fed to maturity inside of the caterpillar,
when they ate their way out of the body,
each through a separate hole, and spun upon
its surface small, elongate, oval, white cocoons, ^J^^a MYRON^ccramS, fchn^u-
standing on end, and, from their number, "^^^^^^ ^^ Apanteies congre-
nearly covering the entire body, as shown in Figure 35.

An unusual circumstance attended this particular brood of parasites.
While engaged in the spinning of their cocoon, they were discovered
and appropriated for the prey of another parasite — a small Chalcid
insect, of less than one-half the size of the larva which it attacked. A
Chalcid e^g^ was inserted in each larva — not a single one being over-
looked. The cocoons were completed as usual, but their architects
were thereafter made the food of their chalcid guests. As the result^
instead of the cocoons subsequently opening at their upper end, by a
nicely fitting hinged lid for the escape of the ichneumon fly, in each
instance the perfected chalcid — a pretty metallic-green creature, with
iridescent wings — has made its escape through an irregular hole eaten
near the end of the cocoon.

The first parasite was in all probability Aptanteles congregatus (Say) ;
the second, the chalcid, has not been determined.

The " two worms with iridescent spots, shining with a metallic luster,"
can not be named from the characters given. Could they have been
the dark brown chrysalids of the interrogation butterfly, Grapta inter-
rogationis (Fabr.), ornamented with its silvery spots? This and the
chrysalis of the comma butterfly, Grapta comma (Harris), are often
known in hop yards as the " hop merchant," and are thought by some
to foretell the future value of the crop, as the metallic markings may
be more or less conspicuous. — Country Gentleman, for September
27, 1888.

188 Forty-fifth Report on the State Musevm.

A New Onion Pest, Agrotis ypsilon (Rott.).

The following editorial notice in the Canastota [N. Y.] Journal, of
June 20th, 1891, refers to a new insect pest that had recently made its
appearance and was the occasion of considerable alarm:

Onion growers in the vicinity of Canastota are dismayed by the
appearance of a pest that is making fearful havoc in some of the onion
fields lying north and west of this village. The pest was first seen
about a week ago. Growers noticed that their onions were getting
thin and the plants appeared to be dying. Investigation, however,
disclosed the fact that the plants were being eaten by a voracious
dark-colored worm. The worms were of all sizes up to about one inch
and a quarter in length and the thickness of a lead pencil. They
seemed to work in spots, some parts of a field being overrun with
the worms while in other places no traces of the pest could be found
until they had migrated from the infested portions. Where they
appeared, they were very numerous and quickly ate all the vegetation,
including weeds.

The muck land lying north of Canastota, and in the adjoining por-
tion of the town of Sullivan, is peculiarly favorable to the profitable
culture of onions, and great quantities of them have been raised during
the past five or six years. Hundreds of acres were sown to the fra-
grant vegetable this spring. Tfie work of the worms will be of incal-
culable damage to the crop. The loss at present is estimated at
one-fourth of the total aci*eage.

Examples of the caterpillar, as they proved to be, were received
from the editor, Mr. P. F. Milmoe, with request for their examination
and for aid in the emergency. Reply was returned, under date of
June 1 7th, as below :

Editor of Journal. — Dear Sir: Yours of yebterday, informing
me of the severe attack in the onion fields of your vicinity, and accom-
panied by specimens of the depredator, is just received, and I send
immediate reply.

These sudden outbursts of insect injury are not infrequent occur-
rences, and are often impossible to account for satisfactorily. On
reading your note, I confidently expected to find, in this instance, a
repetition of the attack made in the spring of 1885 upon the onion
fields in Goshen and vicinity, in Orange county, N. Y., whereby many
acres of onions were destroyed and serious losses inflicted, as described
in Prof. Riley's Report to the Commissioner of Agriculture for that
year (pp. 270-275), through the operations of the dark-sided cut-worm,
Agrotis messoria Harris.

The examples you have sent me show it to be a different insect — a
cut-worm, but of another species. So far as I can determine from the
larval characters, which are somewhat variable, and show marked
differences of feature in the different stages of growth, this is the black

Eighth Report of the State Entomologist.

189

cut- worm, Agrotis ypsilon (Rott.) — one of our most abundant species,
common almost everywhere over the United States and Canada, and
occurring throughout Europe, in the East Indies, the Hawaiian islands,
and elsewhere. [The caterpillar and the
moth thit it produces are shown in
Figure 36.] A peculiarity of this species,
and one that would seem to add to the
amount of injury that it may cause the
onion grower, is the unusually long time
that it is present with us. It is almost
the 'earliest of the Agrotis species to make
its appearance in the winged state. I have
taken it as early as May 30th, and in col-
lections made by me " at sugar," have
observed it every night through the
months of June, July, and August, over
half the nights of September, and con- J^'^.^^^^^'i^^lXZ^l^^^^l^^^.
tinning until the last week of October. °^ ^^'^^^ <^' ''^^ '"°*^- CAf ter miey.)
This would seem to indicate that its caterpillars are in the ground
and continue their depredations through most of the spring and
summer months. Whether this is the result of a long period of
egg-laying of the moth, giving us the caterpillars at various stages of
growth throughout the season, or if there are two or more ovei'lapping
broods, we are unable to say. Of some of the cut-worms, we could
safely predict that they would disappear from view and their injuries
cease within a limited time — a week or two, — but of the black cut-
worm, no such gratifying prediction can be made. It may speedily disap-
pear or its trouble may continue for several weeks longer. The size of
the worms at present will enable you to form some opinion of their future
operations. Those sent me are nearly full-grown. If nearly all are of
this size — an inch and one-fourth in length when at rest — I would
expect that their work would cease within two weeks from this time,
when they should stop feeding, bury in the ground and form a cell for
their pupation, from which they would emerge later as the winged
moth. But if many of the larvae are still small, you would be com-
pelled to look forward to a longer battle with them. What shall be
done with them to stop their ravages ? This is the important question
with the onion growers.

If I am able within a few days to go and look over the ground, I
will do so, for then I could give you better advice. In the mean time
I will suggest some means which, from the known habits of cut-worms,
should afford very material relief. I presume that they feed mostly at
night and spend the day within the ground near the plants at about an

190 Forty-fifth Report on the State Museum.

inch below the surface. If the children, with a tin pail in hand holding
some water with kerosene on its top, will go through the fields, and,
working away the ground with their fingers, pick out the worms and
drop them into the pail, much good will be accomplished. At Goshen,
it was not unusual for a child to fill a quart pail in going over a field
in this manner. Night collections, with the aid of a lantern, should be
made, when the caterpillars, if small, will be seen at work upon the tops
of the plants, or, if larger, cutting off the plants near the base f('r food'
or traveling over the ground. If, as possible, they are too abundant
for hand-picking (although at Goshen entire nights of whole families
were devoted to the work), then I would advise spraying at night with
a kerosene emulsion for killing them.

The emulsion is easily made in the following manner : Dissolve in
one gallon of boiling water, one-half pound of hard soap or a half-
gallon of soft soap, and, by the aid of a force pump, mix with the
solution one quart of kerosene until of a uniform mixture and wholly
emulsified. Add to this enough water to make two gallons of liquid.
This will give one part of kerosene to eight of the liquid, which should
kill all the Avorms that it comes in contact with, without injuring the
plants. If, however, found necessary, the proportion of kerosene could
be increased. The above could be applied at night with a force-pump,
or with any suitable sprinkler. Mr. P. C. Lewis of Catskill, N. Y.,
makes a pump which would be good for this purpose, at a cost of
$5.50. A circular explaining it would be sent on application.

At Goshen it was found that a simple solution of a quart of soft
soap in seven quarts of water, sprinkled over the plants, protected
them from attack and also killed those of the worms that it reached.
This is so simple that perhaps it might be first tried before resorting to
the other remedies.

I trust that the above remarks will be adapted to present wants.
Later, I will advise as to the best methods of preventing a recurrence
of the attack another year, through preparation of the ground. I need
hardly remark that the insect could not have been carried to your
locality in the seed, as you suggested may have been done. You doubt-
less had it with you in preceding years, but not in remarkable numbers.
For some reason the present year has been very favorable for its mul-
tiplication. The " black cut- worm " is known as a very general feeder,
often proving destructive to strawberry plants, but I find no record of
its injuries to onions. Very truly yours.

I was unable to visit the locality in season for observation of the
attack, but learned that it ceased a week or two thereafter, doubtless

Eighth Report of the State Entomologist. 191

from the maturing of the caterpillars and their entering the ground for
pupation.

It is not improbable that this larva is cannibalistic at times. Mr.
Milmoe had inclosed about a dozen in a close-fitting box to send to me,
but being forgotten for a day, when opened, to his surprise only two
remained. He had been told that the larger ones had been seen eating
the smaller in the fields.

The first of the caterpillars received pupated June ICth, and disclosed
the moth, Agrotis ypsilon, July 12th — a pupation of twenty-seven days.
A second became a pupa July 2d, and a third July 6th.

The Stalk-borer, Gortyna >'itela, as an External Feeder.

Mr. H. H. Rich, of Hartford, Conn., has sent, with inquiries, a cater-
pillar which he had detected feeding on the tassels of his corn. It is
the larva of Gortyna nitela Guenee, probably about three-fourths
grown, as it is at maturity somewhat over one inch in length. It is a
well-known pest of our gardens and fields, known under the common
name of "the stalk-borer," and unfortunately is oneof those which makes
its attack upon a large number of food-plants, quite varied in their
character. In my First Report, where 1 have discussed the insect at con-
siderable length (pages
110-116), its food plants,
in the stems of which it
lives, are given as follows:
Tomato, potato, spinach,
wheat, corn, dahlias, asters,
lilies, spirjea, salvia, milk-

T ^1 V I, 1 FiQ 37.— The stalk-borer, Gortyna nitela Gnen. The

weed, castor bean, rnubarb, moth and its caterpillar. (After Riley.)

chenipodium, peach-twigs, currant-twigs, rag- weed, and hearts-ease. It
also eats the fruit of the tomato and strawberry, and bores into the cobs
of ears of corn, as well as in the stalk. The above list will serve to
show what a general feeder it is, and that it rarely appears except as an
internal borer in stalks, stems, and twigs.

It has often been sent to me in potato stalks and in the stalks of
young corn, but I have never met with it before as an external feeder.
Walsh and Riley record it as boring through the cob of growing Indian
corn, and strangely confining itself to that portion of the ear, and also
as boring into the stem of the same plant. Miss E. A. Smith and
Professor French have recorded its operations in the stalk of young corn,
and other writers have mentioned like injuries from it.

192 FORTT-FIFTH REPORT ON THE StATE MuSEUM.

The caterpillar may be easily recognized by its head, first segment,
and anal plate, being of a wax-yellow color, and its purplish-brown
body, conspicuously lined with three white stripes, of which the central
one is continuous from the first to the last segment, while the side ones
are interrupted over the third to the eighth segments. A black band
borders the side of the anal plate and the first segment and crosses the
side of the head; the three pairs of thoracic legs are glossy black, the
others (prolegs) are whitish. The caterpillar and the moth into which
it develops are shown in Figure 37.

In Professor J. B. Smith's recent Catalogue of the Noctuida? of
Boreal America, this and its allied species are referred to the genus
Hydrcecia.

The example sent is darker colored than any I have previously seen,
being almost black. It manifests nothing of the restlessness and
apparent timidity of those that I have taken from burrows

The present attack is of entomological interest rather than of economic
importance. It probably will not occur in sufiicient number on the
tassels to prevent or even interfere with the proper poUenization of the
plants. In the pieces of the tassels sent, as showing the operations of
the caterpillars, a few of the flowers (staminate) have been nearly con-
sumed and others partly eaten into, but the resultant injury will be so
slight that no anxiety need be felt, in this instance, on account of the
presence of the caterpillar, and no remedy for it need be suggested.
(Neio England Homastead, for July 13, 1889.)

The Cow-hor.v Fly in New York.

A letter received from Miss Drake, of Demster, Oswego county, in
the latter part of August, of the present year (1891), announced the
presence of this fly on farms in that locality. In addition to replying
to her request for information, the following notice was sent to the
Osioego Times, and was published in the semi-weekly edition, dated
September 4th.

Hon. John A. Place :

Dear Sir : — I am sorry to be obliged to announce the advent in
your county of a very injurious insect pest, which is destined to increase
and do much harm to the dairy interest, whatever efforts may be made
to arrest its spread. With timely warning, however, and a general
effort to prevent the increase of the pest, its injuries may be materially
lessened.

Eighth Report of the State Entomologist. 193-

The newcomer is the cow-liorn fly, Hmmatohia serrata R, Desv. Its-
introduction into your county is quite recent, and it was doubtless-
brought by one of your raih-oads — probably the R., W. & O., which'
traverses the northern part of your county, as it was reported to me
under date of August 25th from a farm at Demster, through which the?
above-named railroad passes.

The fly is armed with a long, stout, sharp proboscis which it thrusts
into the skin of the cattle where it is the thinnest and sucks the blood.
In general appearance it resembles the common house-fly, but it is smaller
and more closely allied to the biting fly, Stomoxys calcitrans, which
appears in autumn and attacks animals and men, often entering our
houses and inflicting a sharp, stinging bite through the stocking or
elsewhere on the leg.

It was imported from France a few years ago, and was first noticed,
in Pennsylvania, in 1886. For the past two years it has been abundant
and troublesome in New Jersey. It occurs also in Delaware, Maryland,
Virginia, and Ohio. In the early spring of this year it had extended
into one of the southeastern counties of New York bordering on New
Jersey.

Looking for its gradual spread through our State, I was greatly sur-
prised to hear that it was present in large numbers in Oswego county.
Although the account given me of its operations evidently pointed out
the insect, yet I felt some doubt until, at my request, examples of the
fly were sent to me.

Replying to a letter from Miss Drake, of Demster, who first informed
me of the presence of the fly on their farm, I stated that if it was, as I
supposed, the horn fly, it could be recognized by its congregating in
large numbers upon the base of the horns. Answer was returned:
"They annoy the cows by getting on their horns and between them,,
but can not say that they prefer those places, as sometimes it appears
that they literally cover the entire body, especially on the back and
shoulders. Our neighbors are all ti'oubled with them, and all the cows
are shrinking of their milk."

In a letter received this morning, I have intimation of the occurrence-
of the fly in Oneida county, and that it had made its appearance there-
a year ago.

It seems strange that interested parties will not at once send notice-
to the State entomologist of the appearance of any new insect pest,
for if commenced in time, means may often be taken to prevent, the-
spread, or rapid multiplication, of newly introduced insect pests..
25

194 Forty- FIFTH Report ok the State Museum.

Mr. A. J. Fly, of Delta, Oneida county, writes as follows:

I write to you for information in regard to a, fly, which made its
appearance in these parts about a year ago, and is proving a source of
much d image to the dairymen and of suffering to the stock. The fly
his increase 1 very fast an 1 attacks the cattle in swarms, causing some-
times large, raw sores on the shoulders and by the root of the tail, and
also by the navel. They also cover the horns at times. They apparently
a.tack fat cattle as readily as those in poor flesh. White and light colored
«cattle do not seem to be as much attacked as the black or dark ones.
"■On spotted cattle the flies are sometimes thick on the black spots, while
i^there are hardly Siuy on the white. The fly seems more hardy than our

• common one, and takes more to kill it. If tliere is anything that can
be done to get rid of this plague, our dairjanen would be glad to know

ut, and avail themselves of the information, that they may relieve their

• cattle which are suffering greatly day and night.

The injuries from the attack of this fly do not result in the death of
the infested animals, as was first reported, but they occasion large sores
upon the body in various places, and from the irritation and inflamma-
tion that the myriad flies cause, there follows a great falling off in the
amount of milk given — variously estimated at from one-third to one-
.half. The cattle also lose materially in flesh.

'In New Jersey it has been found that the fly was most troublesome
iin June and early July, and that after the middle of August it gave

• comparatively little trouble. But even if you are to escape from any
TS^rious further liarm from it this year, you should d ) what you can to

prevent its continued multiplication.

Knowing that tlie fly deposits its eggs in the fresh droppings of the
cattle, and mostly during the night, and that it lives and matm-es
therein, I would urgently recommend that every morning, in infested
localities, these droppings be carefully and thinly spread in the fields,
so that it may quickly dry. The eggs and the larvae would die in the
<lry material and could not mature therein. Another metliod of killing
ithe insect in its early stages, but perhaps not so good as the preceding,
as to scatter lime over the fresh droppings. To prevent the flies from
J)iting the cattle, I know nothing better than once a week going over
-the bodies with a sponge dipped in whale-oil in which some carbolic
:acid has been mixed, only applying it to the tips of the hairs. I have
itreated of this fly, and given figures of it, in my Fifth Report on the
Insects of New York, 1889, pp. 220-227. Possibly you might make
some extracts from this, which would be serviceable and interesting to
so ne of your readers.

Very truly yours.

Eighth Report of the State Entomologist. 195

The following communication relating to the fly, containing further
notes of distribution and other additional information, was made to
the Country Gentleman, of September 10, 1891:

Thi-ee years ago, in the autumn of 1888, the serious injuries to cattle
in New Jersey, from the immense number of this biting fly that
gathered upon the backs and sides of cattle and sucked their blood,
was noticed in several numbers of the Country Getitlemmi. As at
that time it had extended southward and westward into Delaware
Maryland, Virginia, and Pennsylvania, it was thought somewhat
strange that it had not been observed in New York. It is now known
to have entered our State as early, at least, as the suni'ner of last year,
but no published record of its occurrence was made until the present
summer, when Mr. J. D. Lyons of Monticello communicated to the
June number of Insect Life the statement of its abundance at that
place during the preceding autumn, and that it had been first
observed by him about the middle of August. Monticello is in Sulli-
van county, in the southeastern part of the State, and about twenty
miles north of the northern limit of New Jersey.

On August 24th of this year, I was surprised to have the insect
reported to me from Oswego (on the southern curve of Lake Ontario),
and so abundantly that on a farm at Demster they were literally cover-
ing the backs and shoulders of the cattle, annoying them greatly, and
largely reducing the yield of milk. Upon looking at the location of
Demster, it was found to be on the Rome, Watertown and Ogdensbui-g
railroad, and it therefore seemed probable that the fly had been carried
to that remote part of the State b}^ railroad transportation, either upon
cattle or in cattle cars.

The following day a newspaper item noted the presence of the fly
on many farms in Catoii, Steuben county, N. Y. — this county beino- at
the middle of the southern tier, and the town of Caton, borderino- on
Pennsylvania, whence it had doubtless been introduced.

From the above known localities of this troublesome^insect, there is
every probability that it has already been, or very soon will be, largely
distributed throughout the State of New York.

While it will not occasion the alarm that at tended Its first formidable
attack upon the cattle in New Jersey — excited by the sensational
reports that from the clusters of the fl}^ upon the horns, larvae Avere
produced which burrowed into the head and brain, causing death
within twenty-four hours — still, its injuries are of such a character
that it is ver}^ desirable that proper effort should be made by every
dairyman — first, to prevent the attack of the fly, which is followed

196 Forty-fifth Report on the State Museum.

by unsightly and unhealthful sores, and a diminution in the flow of
milk from one-third to one-half: and, secondly, to reduce the number of
the flies by preventing their breeding. It is not ditticult to do this.
While there are several greasy substances which, if applied to the cattle,
will prevent the flies from alighting and inflicting their bites, it is thought
that the best results have been obtained from the application, at least
once a week, to the tips of the hair with a sponge, of tish-oil in which a
little carbolic acid has been mixed. This has been found to give almost
entire immunity from attack for nearly a week. Any application of
tar to the horns is useless, as when gathered there the flies do no serious
harm, havmg only selected a convenient resting place from which they
may not be dislodged by the sweep of the tail, or by ordinary
rubbing.

A knowledge of the breeding habit of the fly suggests a simple
remedy available against its multiplication. The insect breeds in the
droppings of the cattle. Its eggs are deposited almost wholly during
the night in the fresh droppings; it has been stated that from their
point of observation about the base of the tail, the flies follow the drop-
pings to the ground, and at once deposit their eggs therein. For the
hatching of the eggs and the development of the larvie into the winged
insects, moisture is required. If, therefore, every morning during the
prevalence of the fly the droppings of the night be thinly spread over
the field with a shovel, so as to permit its speedy and thorough drying,
the eggs and the larvoe that may be therein will die from want of the
proper moisture needed for their development. This method is so
simple that no dairyman should hesitate to charge himself with its dili-
gent performance. Another means of killing the insect in its early
stages is said to be sprinkling lime over the droppings. While this
does not seem as simj)le a remedy as the one before mentioned, it might
be desirable for use in stables.

In the Fifth Report on the Insects of N'exo York, 1889, several pages
have been given to the life-history and habits of this insect {Hoima-
tohia serrata), its introduction from the south of France into this
country, the character of its injuries, its distribution, together with
some preventives and remedies which have not been named in this
notice. A representation of the fly and its peculiar and formidable
biting and sucking apparatus is also there given.

Professor John B. Smith, entomologist of the New Jersey Agri-
cultural College Experiment Station, has given a bulletin (No. 62,
November, 1889) of forty pages on "The Horn Fly," which is an inter-
esting and highly valuable paper. It is possible that some copies of

Eighth Beport of the State Entomologist. 197

this bulletiu are still to be obtained, and may be had upon application
to Director James Neilson of the Station, at New Brunswick,

At the recent meeting of the Association of Economic Entomologists
at Washington, D. C, the presence of this fly in Ohio was reported.
Like most of the introduced European pests it will doubtless have an
extended distribution throughout the States of the Union, and also a
speedy one, from the ease with which it may be conveyed in cattle cars
by rail.

Wire-worms and Remedies for Them.

Eds. Country Gevtleman. — The wire-worms have become so plenty
in this county that it is nearly impossible to raise a respectable crop of
potatoes, corn or oats; they also work heavy on timothy meadows. All
remedies applied so far have failed to do away with them. Could not
some one of your readers who has experimented with them give us his
views on this subject? M. L., Potter Comity, Pa.

Although I have not had the opportunity of experimenting with wire-
worms, or of making special study of means for controlling them, yet
the results of what has been done and reported by others, may be of
value to the above inquirer, and to a host of others who are troubled
with "the wire- worm" — one of the most anno^nng pests with which
the agriculturist has to do.

Of the many methods that might be recommended for dealing Avith
these insects, and for mitigating their ravages to a greater or les3 extent,
the three folloAving are named as probably the best and most efficient
that may be employed :

1. Starvation. — When a crop is known to have been injured by
them, upon the removal of the crop, collect thoroughly and burn all the
material upon which the larvae might feed another season, for the larval
life is long-extended — it is believed, in most of the species, to three
years, and in some, it is claimed, even to five years. If the ground has
been cultivated for potatoes, or vegetables of any kind, gather in piles
all the stalks, stems, or vines, together with the roots, and burn them.
When timothy meadows, or grasslands of any kind, have been infested,
after feeding as closely as possible, plow thoroughly and fallow — as
also in the cultivated fields — during the autumn, with such additional
plowings and harro wings as shall best tend to destroy all vegetable
life. Gas lime, if procurable, may at this time, to great advantage, be
spread upon and washed into the soil. Repeat these operations the
following spring, and allow the field to lie fallow for the year. This
will certainly arrest the wire-worm attack,

2. Backioheat Remedy. — If the fallowing for the year be thought
an unnecessarily high price to pay for the arrest of the injury, it may per-

198 Forty-fifth Report oy the State Museum.

haps be accomplished in this manner: After the ground has received
the thorough breaking up and working over in the autumn and spring
above recommended, follow with a crop of buckwheat. Wonderful
efficacy has been claimed for this plant in freeing ground from wire-
worms. Of the abundant testimony that might be quoted on this
point, we will only give that of the late Hon. A. B. Dickinson, who
has stated as follows:

" After experimenting with salt and lime, and many other things
recommended, I have found only one remedy for the rascals, and that
is to break the sod and sow it to^^buckwheat. Plow late, and as often as
possible, in the fall, and then sow it to pease in the spring. With a like
plowing the next fall, they will not injure any crop the following
season."

3. Mustard Remedy. — In England a crop of mustard is regarded by
many as an absolute specific against the wire-worm. In an address
before an agricultural society there, the speaker, after narrating some
successful experiments which he had made with mustard, on a small
scale, made the following explicit statement:

" Thus encouraged by these results, I sowed Avith mustard the next
year a Avhole field of forty-two acres, which had never repaid me for
nineteen years, in consequence of neai'ly every crop having been
destroyed by the wire-worm. I am warranted in stating that not a
sifigle wire-icorm could he found the folloxoing year, and the crop of
wheat througliout was superior to any that I have grown for twenty-
one years ! "

As possibly some of the readers of the Country Gentleman may not
distinguish between the wire-worm, the cut- worm, and the "thousand-

FiG. 3S. — Larva of Agriotes Fig. 39.— Larva of Melanotus communis. (After

MA>crs. (After Fiteh.) Fitch)

legged " worm, it may be desirable to state that the first-named is a
small (usually less than an inch in length), slender, flattened creature,
with shining surface, and often of a horc-color or pale brown or
yellowish shade; its texture is tough and leathery. The first three
segments of tlie body are each furnished with a j^air of rather long
four-jointed legs, while the last segment bears a single retractile proleg.
Figures 38 and 39 are rude rei^resentations of two of the common
species — Figure 38 being the Agriotes mancus of Say (regarded by Dr.
Fitch as A. truncatus of Melsheimer), and Figure 39, Melanottis com-

Eighth Report of the State Entomologist.

199^

munis (Gyll.). The perfect insects into which they develop — known

from their habit, when placed on their back, of springing into the air in

order to regain their feet in the fall — as "snap-

ping-bettles," are represented in part by Figure

40. Figure 41 shows, in enlargement, one of

the wire-worms in the act of burrowing into

and feeding on a kernel of corn. Figure 42

represents one of the common cut-Avornis,

Agrotis clandestina, in the Avell-known curled

attitude that it assumes upon being unearthed. /

Figure 43 is one of the thousand-legged worms — fig. 4o.— Melanotus

JuluS COeruleocinctuS Wood. communis, natural size-

. , £ ^^ c ■^ £ and enlarged. (After

Ihe Wire-worms — members or tJie lannly ot Fiteh.)
Elateridcn — are very numerous in species, but the early stages-
and life-histories of but a fe^v have been studied, and even those
are imperfectly known. Their faithful studr
is a great desideratum, but unfortunately the
difficulties that it presents has deterred most
of our entomologists from its prosecution.

The Country Gentleman has presented its
readers with many excellent articles on Aviri-
worms, remedies for them, etc., which may be con
suited to advantage by those who are sufferers from their depredations.
Among the.se, the following issues may be cited: May 8, 1877, p. 281;.
June 14, 1877, p. 377; August 5, 1877, p. 220; December 11, 1879, p.
793; February 8, 1883, p. 105; May 3], 1883, p. 441; November 20,
1883, p. 961; April 12, 1888, p. 284. There are also many others,
which may readily be found by turning to the elaborate and careful
indexes that accompany each volume. — C.-G., November 29, 1888.

Fig. 41. — A wire-worm at-
tacking corn. (After
Fitch.)

Fig. 48. — The w-marked
cut-worm of agrotis

CLANDESTINA.

Fig. 43 .— Thousand-legged worm, Julus c<eru
LEOciNCTus Wood.

Note — A careful study of wire-worms, extending over three years, ha»
since been made at Cornell Univei'sity, Ithaca, N. Y., by Professors Com-
stock and Slingerland, and the results published in " Bulletin 33 of the
Cornell University Experiment Station," for November, 1891. The
experiments conducted in the course of the study embraced trials with
various insecticides for the destruction of the larvti? and beetles; killing-

200

Forty-fifth Report on the State Museum.

the larva? by fallowing, starvation, growth of the supposed immune
■crops; protection of seed by tar coating, and soaking in kerosene, salt
and copperas, and other solutions; the effects of certain fertilizers;
methods of destroying the pupfe and beetles, etc., etc.

The experiments in remedies and preventives against the larvae gave
no satisfactory results or such, at least as seemed to be of practical
importance in i:»reveuting to any great degree their ravages. It
appeared as if tho efforts of the agriculturists could be directed with
better results toward the destruction of the beetles.

The Bulletin closes with the life-histories and larval descriptions of
live species of our wii'e- worms, viz.: Agrlotes maneus (Say), Asajyhes
decoloratus (Say), Melanotus communis (Gyll.), Drasterms elegans
(Fabr.), and Cryptohypnus ahhreviatus (Say), — covering twenty-two
pages, which ai'e of special value in consideration of the comparative
little study that has, up to the present, been given to this family, and
its great economic importance.

The Rose Bug and How to Kill it.

The following notice was communicated to the N'eio England
Homestead, of May 9, 1891 (vol. xxv, p. 265), in compliance with a
request from the editor: " Will you please tell our readers how to kill
the rose-bug ?"

There are localities as notably in the State of New Jersey, where thfe
grape crop can not be protected from destruction by the rose-bug. This

insect has its breeding
ground in wet places in
sandy regions. Under
favorable conditions these
breeding grounds, in the
course of years, become
so extended that at a
regular period, known
almost to the very day
(about the 25th of May
in New Jersey), such im-
mense armies are sent
abroad, that their com-
bined attack is perfectly
irresistible. Although

Macrodactylus suBSPiNosus, with hundreds of thousands

(From Insect Life.-) ^^^ ^^ j^jjj^^^ ^^^ ^^ ^ ^^^

Fig. 44. — The rose-bu

structural details

Eighth Report of the State Entomologist. 201

as destroyed others take their place, until the crop they attack is
entirely consumed. Contest with them is hopeless, and may as well be
abandoned at the outset, so far as the preservation of the crop is
concerned.

Usually in the New England States and in New York, the beetle
does not appear in irresistible numbers, and is within our control.
Often this can be accomplished by beating the insects from the plants,
at intervals during the day, for perhaps a week or two, into a pan of
Mater and kerosene. When occurring in still larger numbers, severe
injury from them may be prevented by repeated sprayings with kerosene
emulsion. The efficacy of this method is attested by Professor M. H.
Beckwith, in Bulletin No. 12, for March, 1891, of the Delaware Agri-
cultural Experiment Station. Prof. Beckwith first tried spraying
grapevines, upon the blossom buds of which the beetles had com.-
menced to feed on the 27th of May, with London purple of the
strength of one pound to two hundred gallons of water. The beetles
were entirely unaffected by the arsenite, and not a single dead one
could be found as the result. .

The vines were next sprayed with a mixture of lime and water, com-
pletely covering with it the foliage and blossom buds. This applica-
tion at first seemed to be distasteful to the insects, and checked their
feeding for awhile, but in a few hours they resumed their attack, and
completed the destruction of the buds.

The next experiment was made with kerosene emulsion. This was
entirely successful. Rose bushes thronged with the beetles were
sprayed with an emulsion of one part of kerosene to nine of water.
AVhen the spray struck the beetles they at once fell to the ground. The
application was made in the evening, and the following morning many
of the dead beetles were lying on the ground underneath the bushes.
Several of the sprayed roses containing many of the beetles were
picked off and placed in a well- ventilated breeding cage, and in the
morning every beetle was dead. It should be borne in mind that the
emulsion kills only by contact, and that therefore successive applica-
tions of it must be made as often as the beetles reappear upon the
plants. It seems to kill all the insects that it reaches.

Another remedy for this most pernicious insect is found, upon the
testimony of Professor J. B. Smith, of the New Jersej'- Agricultural
Experiment Station, in the sludge-oil soap, manufactured by the
Columbia Chemical works, at Brooklyn, N. Y. It was tried upon the
beetles, when api)earing in full force in New Jersey, after everything
26

202 For'iy-FjFth Report on the State Museum.

else that had been used — perhaps twenty different insecticides — had
entirely failed. The sludge-oil soap was the only material that would
conquer these insects, in the experience of Professor Smith. Col.
Pearson, of Vineland, who has so long and faithfully been experiment-
ing with methods for controlling the rose-bug, also had most grati-
fying success in the use of this valuable insecticide. It therefore
appears, that in the use of kerosene emulsion and sludge-oil soap, we
have two reliable insecticides with which we are able to control tJie
ravages of this pes-t of the horticulturist and fruit-grower, whenever it
does not appear in overwhelming numbers. In New Jersey, a success-
ful fight against it can only be made in the discovery and breaking up
of its breeding grounds.

In Insect Life, ii, Marcli, 1890, pp. 295-302, Dr. Riley has given a
quite full account and excellent figures of this insect. The figure
illustrating the beetle is given herewith: the details of structure will
be readily understood without special reference to them.

Professor Smith has also given in Bulletin 82, July 3, 1891, of tlie
New Jerse}^ Agricultural Station (40 pages, 10 figures), and in the
Annual Report of the Station for 1891, an excellent account of ''The
Rose Chafer or Rose Bug," containing many new observations, and
detailing, in 22 pages, the numerous experiments made by him for its
destruction or prevention of its ravages.

The Maple-tree Borer, Glycobius speciosus (Say).
From Mr. Henr}'^ Herrick, of Amsterdam, N. Y., the following
inquiry was received, dated Sept. 23d, 1891:

Grubs or Avorms are destroying my maple shade trees. They either
work around the trunk under the bark, or in an upward direction for a
yard or more and then go into the wood to the depth of four or five
inches. I have had a man to cut out the dead bark and trace them to
the hole, where I can insert a stick in many cases for five inches. I
would like to know what I can put in the hole to kill the grub without
harm to the tree. A stick or a wire may fail to reach him in the bur-
row from its not being straight. Can I throw something in M'ith a
syringe that will do the work ?

Mr. Herrick was answered: It will not be worth your while to
attempt to kill the grubs in your maples by injecting an insecticide.
The long burrows contain no grubs, they all having emerged from the
trees through holes in the bark in July. At the present time all of the
grubs are within easy reach of your knife. Their location in the tree,
if you will go carefully over the bark, may be discovered, as Dr. Pack-
ard has told us, by "a rusty, irregular discoloration of the bark of
about the size of a cent, and especially by the frass or castings, which,

Eighth Report of the State EhTOMOLOGiST. 203

to the length of an inch or more, are attached, like a broken corkscrew,
to the bark."

On cutting into the bark at this place you will find the slender burrow,
probably running in an upward direction for about an inch, and the
young grub, of about one-fourth of an inch long, lying in its upper end.

This is the most simple and effective way in which to arrest the inju-
ries of this destructive borer. It is far preferable to wrapping the
trunk with cloth during July or August, or applying repellants for
preventing the deposit of the eggs, for, by the means above suggested,
the insect is killed instead of being driven away to other trees.

The following notice of this insect is contained in the "Report of the
State Entomologist to the Regents of the University of the State of
New York, for the year 1886," but as only a few copies of this paper
were printed for distribution it is republished here, containing as it
does, some observations that have not been given elsewhere.

A lady writing from Canajoharie, New York, complains with much
feeling of the ravages of a borer which is rapidly destro^dng some
highly vahied maples Avhich shade and adorn her home.

From the account given of its operations, it is undoubtedly the maple
borer above named ( Glycobius speciosus), which was first described
by Say in 1824, in Long's Second Expedition to the Sources of St.
Peter''s Rioer (ii, p. 290), as a rare insect. In addition to the speci-
men taken on the Wisconsin river during the expedition, one other
only was known, which had probably been taken in Pennsylvania, and
was in the possession of the Philadelphia museum. It was subse-
quently illustrated in Say's Amtrican Entomology. Dr. Harris has
noticed and figured it in his Insects Injurious to Vegetation, giving at
the same time one of those popular and graphic
descriptions which enable his readers to recog-
nize the insect unaided by illustration, and have
lent such a charm to his invaluable report. Of
later years the beetle has become comparatively
abundant, being found in nearly all collections,
and having been frequently written of by a
number of authors. It is one of our most
beautiful species, as its specific name of speciosus
(meaning beautiful) implies, being a member of
the family of longicorns ( Ceramhycida') and
measuring over an inch in length, marked with ^^^^ ^^-T\i^ sugar-mapie
the strongly contrasting colors of yellow and ^o'*®'"' Glycobius speciosus.
black, and bearing conspicuously a w-like character on the front part
of its wing covers, [See Figure 45, reproduced from Emmons.]

204 Forty-fifth Report on the State Museum.

Despite its beauty, it is a highly pernicious insect. Not content, as
aie most of its associates, with burrowing in dead or sickly vegetation,
its attack is usually made on perfectly healthy trees.

It was my privilege several years ago to f oUoav an attack of this
insect on a row of maples at Schoharie, New York, which I passed
daily, and had for years observed with pleasure their vigorous ,and
healthful growth. As adding to the testimony of Dr. Packard of the
attack of healthy trees {Insects Injurious to Forest and Shade Trees
— Bulletin No. 7 of the United States Entomological Division, pp.
103, 104), I herewith copy the record made under date of November
30, 1859:

I have noticed this autumn, for the first time, that our sugar
maples, which we have always regarded as our most valuable sh^de
tree, from the almost complete immunity which they have enjoyed in
trunk and leaf from insect depredation, have been attacked by a borer
so pernicious in its work as to threaten their destruction unless some
means shall be found to arrest the attack.

In its simplest form it reveals itself by the bark parting longi-
tudinally and breaking away, disclosing the wood of the tree in a nar-
row strip for some five or six inches in length. On the surface of the
wood can be seen the furrow of the grub, cut to a slight depth, gradu-
ally increasing in its dimensions as it descends, and at the lower end
entering the trunk of the tree: over the borders of the groove the
growth of sapwood made since the injury, impinges. Thi«), I presume
to be the work of a grub proceeding from an egg deposited late in the
seas3n, and compelled to seak an early refuge by approaching wdnter.
A wound no more serious than this, would close over in two or three
years and no permanent injury result. But when the grub has had
full time allowed it for its work the injury is far more important.

In several instances I have traced the farrow, packed tightly with
fine powder for two feet or more in extent, with an average breadth at
its lower portion of over half an inch and nearly one-fourth of an inch
in depth To render it the more serious the grub, almost invariably
before entering the ti'ee, leaves its d'-wnward path and winds nearly
horizontally around the trunk until it completes about half a circuit.
It then enters the trunk an inch or thereabouts back from the end of its
b>urrow, ascending at an angle of about ten degrees. The perfect insect
emerges from the tree above its point of entrance through an opening
which can be probed horizontalh^ for three or four inche'^, the mouth
of which is smoothly cut and somewhat elliptical, the broadest diameter
Ijeing about .35 of an inch.

One maple which I have examined, of about ten inches in diameter
at the base, which has been more seriously afi^ected than others, and
probably the first to be attacked, has been nearly destroyed. Several
of the grubs had commenced their ravages side by side, and by their
ainited cuttings have in places exposed the trunk for over a hand's
breadth The tree has been attacked in various places from above its
first limbs nearly to its base, — the injury extending beneath the surface
>of the ground. The entire circumference of the tree has been grooved,

Eighth Report of the State Entomologist. 205

although not continuously. Circulation is still maintained by windins;
around and among the furrows; but one more season's work will, it
is believed, take the life of the tree

In a row of maples bordering a lawn scarcely a single tree is entirely
exempt from injury — all apparently the work of this grub. If these
injuries are to continue and increase, and I see nothing to prevent it,
our maples, which we prize so highl}'-, will share the fate of the
locust and be abandoned to the borer as too unsightly a tree
for ornamental use.

The " beautiful Clytus " is a difficult insect to control, and very
many of the fine old maples, which have oi-namented our streets and
afforded us so agreeable shade, have been or are being killed by it. A
few years ago it was a source of much pain to me to see at Benning-
ton, Vt., the large number of old maples that were standing dead upon
the streets or rapidly dying from the merciless burrowing of this borer
that had scarred and excavated their trunks. Recently the same
ravages, although not as yet to the same extent, were observed by me
at Glens Falls, N. Y.

Probably the best method of arresting the ravages of this pernicious
borer wotild be to Avatch for the commencement of the operations and
kill the young larva. The eggs are laid in July and August, [The
means communicated to the lady for finding and killing the borer were
virtually the same as those given in the reply to Mr. Her rick, and
therefore need not be repeated here.]

The Squash-bug, Anas a. tristis (De Geer),
A correspondent desires to know what is best for the destruction of
the black squash-bug, Anasa tristis. Can Paris green be used with
safety ? If not, what can be used quickly and safely on an acre or two
of squashes ?

Paris green is of no service against the squash-bug, or the many
other bugs of the Order of Hemiptera that take their food through a
proboscis from the interior of plants. The
best remedies, so far as known at the pre-
sent, for the squash-bug are found in trap-
ping and killing the females before their
oviposition, and in the destruction of the
eggs. Some success has attended experi-
ments made for preventing attack, by the
employment of strong-smelling substances,
as for example, dipping corn-cobs in gas-tar
and thrusting them in the ground among fio. 46.- The squash-bug.-^ANASA

the plants, and occasionally renewing tristis -enlarged one-half diame-
, ter; head and beak still more

the tar. enlarged.

206 Forty-fifth Report o.v the State Museum.

The first appearance of the bugs among the plants should be watched
for, that operations against them may be promptly commenced, — or
what may be^ntill l)etter, traps should be arranged for them a little in
advance of their expected time of coming. In the Northern States tliey
geaerally come abroad from their winter hiding places tow-ird the latter
pai't of June. The traps may be pieces of bark, chips, bits of wood or
strips of board, laid upon the ground near the hills. It is claimed, by
some that the best possible trap is found in the leaves stripped from
the loM^er part of the plants and spread beneath, as the insects are par-
ticularly fond of the juices of the wilted foliage. The traps should be
turned over and examined morning and evening, and the bugs which
have hidden beneath them for the day (coming abroad at night for the
deposit of their eggs), captured and destroyed.

In addition to the daily examination of the traps, careful inspection
should be made of the underside of the lower leaves for the patches of
Qo-cr^ that may be deposited on them, which when found are to be
crushed. The eggs may be recognized by their being of a dull orange
color, flattened on their two sides, and occurring in clusters. Asthe female
does not deposit all of her eggs at once, and as fresh bugs continue to
make their appearance for the space of two or three weeks, the daily
search may be advantageously continued for that length of time and as
much longer as the life of the ovipositing female is extended
beyond it.

Later, while searching for the eggs, companies of the ^oung squash-
buo-s will be found on the leaves, each with a green body, the head and
tliorax black, and the antenna? pink. When two or three days old, the
color of their body changes to ash-gray, and the others portions to
black.

The employment of the above remedies involves considerable labor,
but where the insect is unusually numerous, it will be amply repaid.
If commenced in season and faithfull}^ continued into July, much of the
accustomed damage of the notorious pest, will be prevented, and but
few of the mature forms with their increased posver for injury will be
found during the months of September and October.
■ Care should be taken not to permit the bugs to gather around the
base of the main stalk, as they are sometimes wont to do ( for sucking
its juice) in such number as to girdle it. This may usually be prevented
by drawing awa}' some of the ground from around the stalk and applying
a mixture of dry ashes and salt. Without this precaution, it is said that
the bno-s will at times burrow into the ground out of sight where they
feed securely and unsuspectedly on the sap of the plant. High fertili-

Eighth Report of the State Entomologist. 207

zation, will of course, assist materially in the ability of the plants to
reust the attaok tnide ap)u th3aiby this perniciois insect. ( Country
Gentleman, for JaTiuary 8, 1891.)

The Hop-vink Aphis axd Remedies.

At the request of the editor of the New England Homestead for an
article upon the best methods known for controlling the hop-vine aphis,
the following notice was communicated, and was published in the issue
for May 2, 1891. It was copied in a number of other papers in the
hop districts of the State:

The one great uncertainty in the successful cultivation of the hop
crop is its liability to attack and destruction by the hop-vine aphis —
sometimes known as "the fly" or "the green fly." Although this
insect is not entirely absent from our hop yards in any year, yet its
multiplication and the excessive injuiy that it frequently inflicts is
dependent upon atmospheric and meteorological conditions. Unfor-
tunately these can not be predicted, and, therefore, the hop-grower
usually defers action that would serve to prevent aphis multiplication
until the attack has been made in force — can not be wholly arrested,
and can only be mitigated at a great expense.

Hop-vine Aphis in Europe and America.

The hop-vine aphis, Phorodon humull (Schrank), is an European
pest, which was first observed in the United States in 1862. For a
long time it has been allowed to work its ravages in this country, in
years of its abundance, without efi^ort made against it. Quite different
has been the course pursued in England, where no hop-grower attempts
to grow a crop without his regular " hop- washings."

Its Iiife-history Discovered.

Four years ago (in 1887), the life-history of the insect was, for
the first time, worked out, in the hop 3'ards of New York, by the ento-
mological division of the U. S. Department of Agriculture. With this
knowledge at our command, it is safe to say that, xoith ])roper care
and without great expense, our hop crops can he saved from aphis
destruction.

208

Forty-fifth Report on the State Museum.

The iasect, deserting the hop yards in the autumu, passes to plum
trees, on the smaller twigs of which its eggs
are laid and survive the winter. Hatching
in the early spring [and producing the
" stem-mother," shown in Figure 47], three
broods are developed on the plum, the third
brood being winged. This brood at once
takes wing, deserts the plum trees, and flies
to the hop yards. This flight takes place
in the month of May — in England it has
been noticed on the 28th of May.
The precise time would, of course, vary
with the temperature of different seasons,
Fig. 47. — The hop-vine aphis, but could be ascertained by a careful ex-

Phorodon HujruLi, the stem- . /. i i i -i •-

mother, enlaigred; head and aminatlOU of the hop liSVCS CiaiiV at about

antenna still more enlarged.

(From Insect Life.) the usual time for its appearance.

When to Attack the Aphis.
The winged aphides [the " migrants," shown in Figure 48] would be
found at first on the upper leaves of the outer rotes of plants in the
yard. This is the time, without any delay, to commence operations

FiQ. 48.— The hop-vine aphis, Phorodo.v hdmuli, migrant from plum, of the third genera-
tion, enlarged; head still more enlarged, (^toxsi Insect Life.)

against them. They should be killed, and thereby prevent the enor-
mous progeny to which they would give rise in the nine rapidly suc-
ceeding generations said to have been observed on the hop -plants.
This multiplication, in favorable seasons, is simply appalling — almost
incredible, but it need not be permitted.

It may be prevented by killing the plum-tree migrating brood while
upon the outer rotes of the yards.

Eighth Report of the State Entomologist. 209

How to Kill the Aphis.

The best insecticide for use is believed to be kerosene emulsion, pre-
pared after the formula which has been so often given in leading
agricultural journals.

The emulsion is made as follows: Take of kerosene, two gallons.;
common soap, a half-pound; water, one gallon. Dissolve the soap in the
boiling water, and, after removing from the fire and while yet boiling,
add the kerosene, emulsifying the mixture by pumping it through
a force pump with a spray nozzle into the same vessel until it assumes
the appearance of thick cream and the oil does not rise to the surface.

For ordinary use, on trees, etc., dilute the above mixture with nine
parts of water.

For the hop- vine aphis one part of the emulsion to twenty-five of
water should be used, as a greater strength is liable to blacken and
injure the leaves.

Properly applied, by spraying with a suitable force pump through a
fine nozzle, it will not fail of killing every aphis with which it comes
in contact. It is all important that it be applied so as to bring it in
contact with each insect, as it kills only by this means, and not, as do
the arsenical mixtures, by depositing the poison on the leaves to be
subsequently eaten by the insects. All plant-lice are sucking insects,
feeding only on the sap of the vegetation that they infest.

As the kerosene emulsion requires some labor in its preparation, pos-
sibly some of our hop-groAvers would prefer to use the hop wash which,
for a long term of years, has been successfully used by the English
hop-growers, and we accordingly give the formula for it:

One hundred gallons of water (if hard water, with soda added).

Four to five pounds of soft soap.

Six to eight pounds of quassia chips, first steeped in cold water and
afterwards steamed or boiled.

The eflicacy of this washing has been clearly demonstrated. Hop-
growers who have sprayed with it in England have grown «rops of
700 to 900 pounds per acre, while those not using it grew nothing, or
next to nothing.

Repeat Spraying as Often as Necessary.
As the plum tree brood does not migrate en masse at the same time,
a second spraying should follow the first in a few days thereafter.
Watch should be kept for the advent of newcomers, either through
flight or by reproduction, as the new broods occur at intervals of a few
daj^s, and are therefore frequent during the season. The spraving
should be repeated as often as is necessary to prevent the multiplication
which wotild otherwise destroy the crop.
27

210 Forty-fifth Report on the State Museum.

Preventives of Hop-vine Aphis Attack.

There are at least three methods by which much may be done to
prevent attack:

1, Cut down and burn all the wild plum trees in localities where
hops are grown, so as to afford fewer places where the hop-vine aphis may
oviposit in the autumn. Include in this such cultivated plum trees as
are not yielding paying crops, particularly if infested with black-knot.

2, Spray all cultivated plum trees with a strong kerosene emulsion
during the winter, or in the early spring before the leaves are out, in
order to destroy the eggs of the hop-vine aphis which maj^ have been
deposited there the preceding autumn. The kerosene should penetrate
and quickly kill all the eggs which it reaches.*

3, Collect and burn all the refuse (leaves and vines) of the hop-yard
a3 soon as the crop is picked. At this time many of the male aphides,
which are the last to leave the yard, are still upon the vines, and in the
burning, it is believed, that their numbei" may be reduced to the extent
that enough will not remain to fertilize all the females that have
already taken their departure. The mating occurs largely, if not
Avholly, upon the plum trees.

The above directions involve watchfulness and labor, but the demand
they make is trifling in comparison with the value of the crop that may
thereby be rescued from destruction.

The figures in the above are from the Entomological Division of the
U, S. Department of Agriculture, obtained through the kindness of
Dr. Riley.

The Melon Aphis, Aphis cuoumeris Forbes.

Lowell, Mass., August ^Ith.

Eds. Country Gentleman. — I send you by mail a box containing
some muskmelon leaves and shoots that have been attacked by what seems
to be a kind of plant-louse. Last season they destroyed my little plat
when the melons were half-grown, the vines appearing as if touched by
frost. Can you tell me what the creature is, and what means could be
used as a preventive? I presume that it is too late now to save the
^•ines, though I did not notice any trouble until yesterday. — T. C. B.

The aphides or plant-lice, from the fortnight's delay in reaching me,
had become shriveled and discolored, but there is scarcely a doubt that
they are the species which was described and named by Professor Forbes,

* Late experiments have shown it to be doubtful if aphis eggs can uniformly be killed by
spraying with the emulsion. It would certainly be effective if made to reach the young aphides
soon after their coming from the egg.

Eighth Report of the State Entomologist. 211

' .i4f
State Entomologist of Illinois, as Aphis cucumeris, and was treated of
by him at considerable length (nine pages) in the Twelfth Report on
the Insects of Illinois, published in 1883.

Fig. 49.— The melon aphis, Aphis cucumkris, winged oviparous female. (After J. B. Smith.)

It is there characterized as " a minute, very sluggish, green or green-
ish-black insect, occurring in immense numbers from spi'ing to late
summer, on the underside of the leaves, and also upon the roots of
muskmelons, cucumbers, squashes, and other cucurbitaceous plants,
causing the leaves to curl and shrivel and lose their color, and greatly
hindering the development of the plants."

It further appears, from Professor Forbes' account, that it was first
observed in Illinois, in 1880, as doing much injury to nutmeg and
muskmelon vines, and also to the cucumber vines. Early in the spring
of 1882 it made an overwhelming attack on both watermelons and
muskmelons, in many localities in Illinois, entirely killing the plants.
Cucumber vines growing in the vicinity were not greatly injured;
squash vines to a slight extent.

In some instances, where the vines were not at once killed by exces-
sive numbers, the plant-lice disappeared from them about the 1st of
August, permitting the plants to rally somewhat and yield a partial
crop. Many of the insects had been parasitized, and their dead bodies,
by thousands, were found clinging to the leaves.

This insect has not, so far as we know, been previously reported from
the eastern part of the United States. It is to be hoped that in its
presence here it may be met by the same parasitic attack that checked
its increase at Normal, Illinois. The operations of the parasite — a

212 If ORTY- FIFTH EFFORT ON THE StATE MuSEUM.

m inute insect that deposits its eggs within the plant-louse — may
readily be recognized by the aphis becoming greatly swollen in size and
rounded, and changing to a pale brown color.

In the absence of parasitic attack, Professor Forl»es, as the result of
experiments, recommends the following:

Sprinkling the underside of the leaves with road dust. In experi-
ments, Avhere it adhered, the insects were killed, or disappeared.

Dusting the underside of the leaves by means of a powder bellows,
with pyrethrum powder. After tAventy-f our hours all the insects had
fallen from the leaves, and were dead and dried up.

Spraying with a kerosene emulsion killed all it reached, and cleared
many leaves entirely.

Tobacco smoke, forced by means of a common bee-smoker, under
large pieces of canvas (hay-caps) covering a section of the plants, and
keeping the Space beneath w^ell filled with smoke for ten minutes, killed
seventy-five per cent of the insects.

For garden use, where the plants are comparatively few, the last-
named remedy is deemed the most feasible.

It is advisable whenever this attack occurs, to destroy the old vines
and leaves, within which the insect may be hibernating, and not to
grow the same crop on the same ground the following season.

The muskmelon " shoots " submitted, show a different and a quite
interesting form of attack, in which the smaller leaves have been trans-
formed into small, irregular, subovate, downy galls. These have given
out their insects, which are found to be a species of Cecidoniyia. As I
can find no mention of Cecidomyia attack on any of the Cucurbitacem,
the insect is probably new to science. If it proves to be so, it might
appropriately be named Cecidomyia cucunieris. It will be noticed
hereafter. {C. G., for September 27, 1888.)

Melon and Strawberry Pests: Aphis cdcumeris and Corimel^na

pulicaria.

Eds. Country Gentleman. — Be kind enough to inform me how to
prevent lice from eating cantaloupe or cucumber vines; and, if spraying
will do any good, what to spray with to destroy the insects and not
injure the vines. There is also an insect that stings the stem of straw-
berry blossoms about half an inch from the carp; then they dry up
and fall off. Is there anything to prevent this ?

H. H.

Wellham's Cross Roads, Md.

Eighth Report of the State Entomologist. 213

The " lice " infesting melon and cucumber vines are probably the
cucumber aphis, Ajyhis cucumerls Forbes. It may be killed if kerosene
emulsion, pyrethrum powder or pyrethrum in water, fish-oil soap, or
strong tobacco water, is applied to it. But as it usually occurs on the
underside of the leaves, and causes them to curl irregularly, it is
almost impossible to reach the insects by ordinary spraying. If a
knapsack pump, provided with a rod and a Vermorel nozzle, be used,
the liquid could be thrown very effectually upon the lower surface of
the leaves. The eggs of this aphis are deposited in the autumn, and
probably on the dead leaves and vines. If these, therefore, are collected
and burned each year, the attack of the insect would be largely
prevented.

The insect that punctures the blossom-stems of the strawberry is
probably " the flea-like negro-bug," Gorimelwna pulicaria Germ. (If
possible, examples of insects of which informa-
tion is desired, should be sent with the inquiry.)
It is the size of some of the flea-beetles — about
one-tenth of an inch long, and is shining black
with a white stripe on each side. As this little bug
has a large number of food-plants, as the rasp- fig. so.— The flea-iike

, , . 1 „ 1 1 negro-bug CoRiMELaiNA

berry, cherry, qumce, garden flowers, and several pulicaria. CAfter Riley.)
weeds of which it is very fond, it is difficult to bring it under control.
The same substances recommended above for the aphis would probably
kill it,

[The insect is shown in Figure 50.]

Professor Riley states that this troublesome and destructive insect is
particularly partial to two weeds, upon which it breeds, and beneath
which it may often be found in the month of June in countless num-
bers— viz., the red-root or New Jersey tea-plant {Geanothus ameri-
<ianus), and neck weed or purslane speedwell ( Veronica lyeregrind).
He therefore advises the propagation of a small plat of either of these
weeds near a strawberry patch or other infested crop, as a decoy for
the bugs, which may thus be drawn away from the cultivated crops
and easily destroyed when congregated in large numbers in a limited
space. ((7. G., for June 4, 1891.)

Since the publication of the preceding notices of the cucumber aphis.
Professor J. B. Smith has reported its destructiveness to all kinds of
"Cucurbitaceous vines in all parts of the State of New Jersey, in 1889
{Bulletm 1-2, October, 1890, N. J. Agr. Goll. Kqx St.), and in the
Annual Report of the Station, 1890, page 484, he refers to it as having
been troublesome to growers for years past.

214

FORTT-FIFTB REPORT ON THE StATE MuSEUM.

Professor Smith recommends as the best remedy for this insect, and
a preventive of all injury if applied in time, fish-oil soap in the pro-
portion of one pound to eight gallons of water, put on with the cyclone
or Vermorel nozzle.

Scale Insects on Camellia and Oleander.
A lady has sent the following inquiry of scale insects which are
infesting her plants in Jacksonville, Ala. Reply was sent through the
Country Gentleman of March 25th, 1891.

I inclose two leaves, one of Camellia japonica, the other of oleander,
both of which are infested with parasitic fungi. The disease spreads
over the plants, which alternately succumb to its attacks, in the green-
house as well as in the open air. Will you kindly inform me what
it is, and if there is any known means of its prevention.

The leaves give no indication of fungus attack (iipon the authority
of State Botanist Peck), but are infested with scale-insects. The
oleander shows on its underside, along the midrib and scattered over
its surface, numerous small, rounded white spots of about one-twentieth

Fig. 51. — The white scale, Aspidiotus nerii, on an acacia twig; a, ihe male ins-ect: b, the male
scale; c, the female scale — each enlarged.

of an inch in diameter, having a wrinkled, pale orange center. These
are the common "oleander scale," Aspidiotus nerii Bouche, which
occurs over the whole of the United States and in Europe, and on a great

Eighth Report of the State Entomologist. 21 5

variety of plants and trees, viz., magnolia, acacia, ivy, maple, plum,
clierr}^ currant, orange, lemon, etc. The true insect, when mature, is
found beneath the scale — the white portion of the scale being a protective
secretion thrown out by the larva, having upon its center one or two
orange-colored larval skins cast off at its moltings. [See, also, Fifth
Re2yort on the Insects of New Yorl\ pp. 278, 279.]

The camellia leaf is infested with a different species of scale. It is
brown, elongate, bearing the cast skins upon its pointed and narrow
end, quite broad at the other extremity (which in one example is white),
and resembles in shape the well-known oyster-shell scale of the apple
tree, except that it is not curved. It apparently belongs to the genus
Parlatoria.

An assured remedy for these insects is spraying them with the kero-
sene emulsion or whale-oil soap solution. The latter might not be
effectual except when applied to the young soon after they have
hatched from the Qgg, and before they are protected beneath their
scale. When infesting house-plants, as oleander and camellia, the
insects may be destroyed by passing over the stalk and branches, and
the leaves on their underside, with a sponge or piece of flannel dipped
in a little sweet oil or kerosene. The oil will penetrate the scale and
kill the insects beneath. Upon some old oleanders which had become
badly infested through neglect, kerosene was used so freely that mis-
givings were entertained of the result, but the effect was only
beneficial.

A Grapevine Scale Insect, Lecanium sp.?

Complaint was made that a grapevine which trails against a shed in
Springfield, Mass., was covered with a multitude of scale-insects, similar
to the specimens sent. The vine had not been so infested before, and
another vine near by was not infested.

The piece of vine is almost entirely coA^ered with the large scales of
this insect — in some cases even overlapping one another. They are of a
dark mahogany color. A few are of a pale brown color, with two broad
subdorsal blackish stripes and about eight narrower transverse bands*
They are smooth and without a carina, broadly oval, their dorsal eleva-
tion about one-half of their diameter, and the largest measure one-
sixth of an inch in length. On raising the scales from the bark they
Avere found to be packed with small transparent white eggs, elliptical in
form, with a length of about double their breadth. These scales are

216 Forty-fifth Report on the State Museum.

identical with some described by me in the Country Gentleman for
July 4th, 1878, and not identified at the time.

Associated with the above are some smaller pale brown, more elon-
gate scales, which in their carination and transverse constrictions bear
resemblance to Puloinaria innumerahllis [Rath.], while they are evi-
dently a species of Lecanium. A few of the eggs have hatched at
this date (June 4th), and the young larv;e are running rapidly over the
scales. No cottony secretion is present, but when the scale and eggs
are brushed away, a white j^owdery substance is found beneath them.

As, on a former occasion, I have counted 1,054 eggs beneath one of
these scales, the rapid rate at Avhich the insect may multiply, is evident.
It will be necessary, therefore, to free the infested vine from them, or
they will speedily destroy it and extend to other vines.

If the scales are confined to a portion of the vine, they could be
removed from it at the present time and many of the eggs destroyed
by crushing them with a cloth held in the hands and moved over the
stem with a twisting motion. The cloth might be wet with a carbolic
acid solution or strong soap suds; or the scales could be scraped from
the vine with some blunt instrument and received in a broad basin of
water co veiled with kerosene. The eggs should b}^ no means be per-
mitted to survive the operation of their removal, to continue the attack
and destroy the vine, as they undoubtedly^ would if not properly
treated. With the eggs hatched, the empty scales, it is hardh^
necessary to add, would be harmless. (iVe^o England Homestead^ June
12, 1886.)

Apple-trke Insects of Early Spring.

Apple-tree Aphis — Apple-tree Case-hearer — Eye-spotted Bud-moth —
Apple-leaf Bxiccidatrix — Pear-tree Psylla.

Insect attacks upon the unfolding buds of the apple tree are either
unusually abundant the present season (the spring of 1891) or our fruit-
growers are more carefully watching for insect depredations, and
more eager for the knowledge of means of checking them than
they have been in former years. Such action is wise, for just at this
time orchards are exposed to attack of several insect pests, which, if
not promptly checked, can not as well be destroyed later, and must neces-
sarily prove of serious injury to the coming crop.

Mr. D wight Stone, of Lansing, Oswego county, N. Y., has written
me under date of April 27th, as follows:

EiGHiH Report of the State Entomologist.

217

Inclosed I mail you two insects; the little green one is easy to find,
but the other is more difficult to detect. It is a worm in a sheath,
which« when fastened to the leaf, stands out at an angle of 45°, and
looks, to the naked eye, something like a lettuce seed. When detached
from the leaf, it comes (partly) out from the sheath and crawls like a
worm. If touched it quickly draws back into its sheath. There are
millions of the first named insects, and but few of the last in my
orchard. Please give me their names and the probability of the latter
to increase and do damage.

The green insects, of M'hich there were many creeping over the open-
ing buds, are the conmion apple-tree aphis. Aphis nioli Fabr. They
are still quite small, but have
already undergone one molting
since hatching from the eggs, as
numbers of their cast shriveled
skins are fastened to the buds.
Wherever abundant, the injury
that this insect causes in extract-
ing the sap from the buds is so
great that its increase should be
prom})tly arrested by sprayitig

Fig. 52.

Apple-tree aphis, Aphi.s mali; winged and
wingless forms.

with a strong soap solution, to-
bacco water, or the kerosene emulsion^ — the last, the most reliable.

The other insect, inclosed in a " sheath," is the apple-tree case-bearer,
Coleophora maUvorella Riley. It is apparently rare in the State of

New York, as it is
but the second time
that it has come to
my notice, the first
having been noticed
in the Country Gtn-
tleraan for July 6th,
1882 (vol. xlvii, p.
533), as occurring lu
South Byron, Gen-
esee county, N. Y.
Its eggs were laid last
July — the caterpil-

FiG. 53. — The apple-tree case-bearer, Coleophora malivorella. — iSl'S natciling tliere-
o, a, a, the cases containing the larva;, shown in natural size ; f „„™ ;„ ^oi^tomlior
b, larva, enlarged; c, pupa, enlarged: d, the moth enlarged. •'■*'-' '-'^ ^'^ oepiemuej,
(From Riley.) ^^^ ^^ ^^^^ inclosing

themselves in a brown, parchment-like cylindrical case, leaving an
ojiening for the head and anterior segments to protrude, so as to admit of

28

1

218 Forty-fifth Beport on tee State 3Iuseum.

locomotion and feeding. The insect hibernated within this case, fastened
closely to the twig. A few days ago, on awakening from its Avinter
sleep, it songht the unfolding buds, and commenced to feed thereon.
The case, wliich is slightly curved at its anterior end, is at this time,
about one-twelfth of an inch in length. The larvfe will continue,
unless destr<'yed, to feed upon the foliage until about the middle < f
June, when they complete their growth, transform to the pupa state
within the pistol-shaped cases, which will then measure one-fourth of
an inch in length, and give out the moth during the month of July.*

The proper treatment for this insect is arsenical spraying at the time
of the opening of the buds, and at intervals thereafter, if required. It
has been noticed at length in my F'irst Report on the Instctsof New
York. The figure illustrating the insect is herewith given.

A third insect was found associated with the above, viz., the cater-
pillar of the eye-spotted bud-moth. Tmetocera ocellana (Schiff). This
destructive caterpillar, which in its early stage eats out the buds of the
apple tree and completely destroys them, is causing serious injury, and
is apparently annually increasing in the orchards of our State. It may
be killed by thorough spraying with Paris green, at the same time as
for the case-bearer.

Mr. Malcom Little, of Malcom, Seneca county, has sent the follow-
ing communication, dated April 27th :

I inclose with this a box containing apple buds with at least two
kinds of enemies. One is the aphis and the other a worm entirely
new to me. There are empty cocoons on some of the twigs. The
worm cuts the bud off in some instances. Will spraying with kerosene
emulsion kill the worm ?

The buds submitted showed the presence of three insects. The apple-
tree aphis was quite abundant. The little brown, black-headed cater-
pillar of the eye-spotted bud-moth was eating into several of the buds.
The short bits of twigs bearing the blossom buds were, in some
instances, M'hitened with the little ribbed, ellipsoidal, white cocoons of the
apple-leaf Bucculatrix, Hucculatrtx jJornifolieUa Clemens. Most of
the cocoons were old ones of last year which had given out the moth
and were more or less broken, but a number of them contained the
living pupa, as was found by crushing them beneath the finger, which
would in a few days have disclosed the winged insect in the orchard
for deposit of the eggs of another brood.

* The larvas ceased feeding in June and fastened themselves to the sides of the box, but did
not give out the imago. On examination, the cases were found to contain the dead and
shriveled lavae.

Eighth Report of the State Entomologist. 21 9

Both the bud-moth caterpillar aud the pupiie of the apple-leaf Buccu-
latrix could be destroj^ed by the arsenical spraying repeated as often as
found necessary. It would have been more efficient could the spraying
have been done two Aveeks earlier, or at about the time of the first per-
ceptible swelling of the buds. Possibl}^ at this time (April 29th)
some of the Bucculatrix moths have emerged, and have commenced
depositing their eggs.

A third note of inquiry, from Mr. Frank Mothrop of Lincoln, Wayne
county, dated April 26th, is as follows:

Since receiving your reply to my letter concerning spraying our
orchard, I have found three different insects that I would like much
to know about, and I accordingly send them to you in this mail. The
first is a small gray miller, which appears in numbers about my apple
trees, especially in warm, sunshiny days. The second is a small green
louse, of which there seem to be from one to four on every bud. Are
they hurtful to the fruit, and what will have to be done to kill them ?
The third is a worm of about one-eighth of an inch in length, with a
black head and brownish bodj^, which seems to be eating into the bud.
I do not find many of this kind, but I fear that more will hatch out.

These insects are giving us a good deal of anxiety, and we would
like to know if it would be better to spray for them noAV or wait until
after the blossoming. Please answer as soon as possible.

Reply to the above Avas made, that although the little gra}^ moths
sent had lost nearly all of their scales in catching and handling them
there Avas hardly a doubt that they Avere the eye-spotted bud-moth
(named in the preceding notices), particularly as some of its larvae,,
but recently hatched, were found feeding in the buds. This is -the
third insect mentioned in the above note. The oviposition of the bud-
moth extends over quite a period of time, so that the conjecture that
others than those noAv seen Avill make their appearance, Avill probably
be confirmed. The observed flight of the moth in the daytime is of
interest, as it has not been recorded. No time should be lost before
spraying Avith Paris green for the caterpillar. [See Note A^
appended.]

The second insect, mentioned as "a small green louse," indicates a
new and dangerous attack in the orchards of our State, viz., that of
the pear-tree Psylla, Psylla pyricola Foerst. This insect was referred
to in a communication made by me to the Country Gentleman for
April 16th, entitled, " Honey-DeAV on Pear TAvigs." A fcAv days since
some blossom buds Avere brought to me from an apple orchard of Mr.
George T. Powell, of Ghent, N. Y., which shoAved a formidable attack
by this pest. The living insects Avere seen Avhen the buds Avere picked,
but Avhen thev came to me onlv their dead and shriveled remains could

220 Forty-fifth Feport ok the State Museum.

be fouud, but the stems bearing the buds were thickly and conspicu-
•ously coated with a " honey-dew," which had been excreted by the
Psyllids. The presence of this honey-dew always serves, at this
season and onward, to disclose the attack of the (at this time) small
and almost hidden larva?.

This species of Psylla usually infests the pear. Its occurrence on
the apple has been noted by writers, but the above was the first time
that it had come under my observation. Its occurrence in the apple
orchard at Lincoln is the second instance.

It has not been studied in this country, and most of our knowledge
of it is obtained from European authors. From its formidable attack
in pear orchards in the Hudson river valley, it now claims the atten-
tion of our economic entomologists. [See Note B.]

So far as we know its natural history, it may be best fought by
spraying with a kerosene emulsion early in the spring, before the hatch-
ing of the eggs, or just after the insect has emerged. Later, it will
probably be found to be enveloped in its copious excretion of honey-
dew that will make it difficult to reach by external applications. In
classification and general appearance, Psylla is near the plant-lice, and,
like them, takes its food by suction, ( Country Gentleinan, of May 7,
1891.)

Note A. — In the light of subsequent studies, it appears that my identification
with some doubt, of the moths received from Mr. Mothrop, can not be sus-
tained. Prof. M. V. SUngerland, of Cornell University, has fully worked out
the life-history of the eye-spotted bud-moth, and shown that the winged insect
com'es abroad during the month of June and early Jvily, and that there is but a
single brood — not two, as I indicated in a brief notice of the insect in my Seventh
Report, page 307. See Bulletin 50, March 1893, of the Cornell University Agri-
cultural Experiment Station, for Professor SUngerland's elaborate study of the
insect.

Note B. — The pear-tree Psylla, in consideration of its excessive multiplica-
tion and severe injuries in 1891, has, since the above was written, been given
the study that its economic importance demanded. In Bulletin 44, October,
1892, of the Cornell Experiment Station, Professor Sliugerland has given us in
careful detail the life-history of this interesting insect, description and illustra-
tions of aU its stages, and the satisfactory results of experiments made for its
control. Mj' own observations upon it are in the MS. of my Ninth Report,
awaiting publication.

Eighth Repori of the State Enotmologist. 221

Some Injurious Insects of 1890.

The following notes from a paper read by Hon, Daniel K. Young, of
Oyster Bay, Queens Co., N. Y., before the Queens County Farmers*
Club, were submitted to me for an^^ comments that it might be thought
desirable to make upon them,

1. In the summer of 1890, there was noticed in growing wheat a
partial blight. The leaves lost their normal green, turned brown, and
withered. Rye was similarly effected, but less seriously; there was
also noticed in r^^e scant filled heads and much shriveled grain. This
was attributed to insect depredation. The causes were not investigated
nor the extent of damage noted.

2. Oats was ruinously blighted in an early stage of growth, similar
to, but more seriously than wheat. There is also an insect enemy of
many years standing, which has rendered the kernel almost valueless.
No satisfactory exposition of this has been made public.

3. The marketable value of potatoes is seriously impaired by what
is popularly known as " Scab." This is undoubtedly caused by insect
perforation, but when or at what stage of growth of the tuber is not
positively known.

4. The elm-leaf beetle, or rather the larva, has disfigured and seriously
injured elm trees several seasons past. The frequent drenching rains
in August and later in the season of 1889, destroyed quantities of the
pests while in the pupa state, before transformation to the perfect
beetle was completed. This gave false hope of its destruction. The
few that appeared in the spring of 1890 increased without molestation,
and the approaching season will probably show a material increase.

5. In view of the fact that the Colorado and the Asparagus beetles
have been kept in subjection by remedies which timely investigation
proved efficient, the Committee suggest that the managers institute
inquiries into these matters, and if necessary, at the proper season
invite the State Entomologist to personally investigate, and report upon
what they are, their different stages and habits, so that the lay mind
may comprehend sufficiently to institute inquiry, observation, and
remedies,

A few remarks may be made upon the above:

1, Examination of wheat and rye from several localities, affected in
the manner above described, showed the discolored portions to contain
multitudes of a minute nematode worm — one of the AnguillulidcPy
which were undoubtedly the cause of the discoloration and the partial
blight. The particular species was not determined.

During the past two or three years, nematode attacks have been
found to be very common in a large number of plants. Careful study
has been given to them both in this country and in Europe. Dr. J.
Ritzema Bos, of Wageningen, Netherlands, has published the results
of his elaborate studies of Tylenehus devastatrix — one of the most
common species. Miss E. A. Ormerod has detected them as causing
much of the so-called "clover sickness;" and in this country, the life-

222 Forty-fifth Report on the State Museum.

history of Tylenchus radicola which infests a large number of our
agricultural products, has been worked out by Professor Atkinson,
then of the Georgia Agricultural Experiment Station.

The Department of Agriculture, at Washington, has also published
an extended report upon the Nematodes prepared by Dr. J. C. Neal, an
agent of the Department.

2. The blight in the oats is probably that which has been noticed by
Messrs. Galloway and South worth in the Journal of Mycology, vol. vi,
1890, page 72. It was prevalent that year during the months of May
and June, in several of the United States — in some of them injuring
the crop from thirty-five to seventy-five per cent. Nothing in the way
of a fungus or animal parasite as the cause of the trouble could be
foimd, but bacteria were present in every specimen examined.

The insect causing the shriveling of the oats, was the well-known
grain-aphis, Siphonophora avenm (Fabr.). It was not destructive
generally throughout the State during the year, but in two or three
localities it was reported as having injured the wheat crop to an extent
of from twenty-five to fifty per cent.

3. For the "potato-scab," of which frequent complaints are being
made, no effectual preventive has as yet been found. Much attention
has been given to the disease, and considerable progress has been made
in its investigation. It appears that there are several kinds of scab,
resulting from different causes. It has been variously referred to
injuries from insects, as the wire-worm and white-grubs; to injuries
from millipedes (thousand-legged worms), earth-worms and mites; to
excessive moisture in the soil producing an abnormal growth of the
corky tissue; to lime or oxide of iron in the soil; to fertilization by
stable manure; to the action of bacteria; and to fungus attack.

That one of the " scabs " is caused by, or at least is always associ-
ated with, bacteria, seems to have been demonstrated by Mr. L. H.
Bolley.* Another form has been found by Dr. Roland Thaxter, of
the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, to be due to a fungus
attack, the particular species of which has not yet been determined.!
This has been named as the " deep scab," while another form, known
as " surface scab," often associated with it, may prove to be only a
modification of the former.

4. The beneficial effect of heavy rains in destroying the elm-leaf
beetle, Galerucella xanthomelmna (Schrank), has not, we believe, been
previously reported. That such should be one of the results of heavy

* Agricultural Science, iv, 1890, p. 243.

fAnn. Rept. Conn. Agr. Exp. St. for 1890, pp. 81-95, figs. 1, 2.

Eighth Report of the State Entomologist. 223

raiu-fall seems quite reasouable, knowing its service in arresting the
multiplication of plant-lice in early spring, as well as of other species
of insects. This suggests the feasibility of killing the larvje when
descending the tree-trunks for pupation, by simply spraying with cold
water, throwing it upon them with force from a nozzle having rather
large holes. It would, of course, be more effective, with, very little
additional trouble, if some simple insecticide, such as tobacco or soap,
were added to the water.

5. The State Entomologist will always be glad to investigate any
new form of insect attack that may be brought to his notice, or to
propose such remedies or preventives as have been found serviceable
against such pests as may have been already successfully studied.

The above, essentially, was communicated to Mr. Jacob Hicks, of
Old Westbury, N. Y., with thanks for his kind submittal to me of
Mr. Young's paper, containing, as it does, observations intelligently
made and ably presented.

APPENDIX

29

(A)

ENTOMOLOGICAL ADDRESSES.

SOME INJURIOUS INSECTS OF MASSACHUSETTS.

[Read before the Massachusetts State Board of Agriculture at its Country Meeting at
Framingham, December 8d, 1885.]

Gentlemen. — Before proceeding to discharge tlie pleasant dnty
that I have undertaken in compliance with the kind request that
you, tlirough yonr secretarv, have done me the honor of making, —
that I wonld give jou some practical remarks on insects with
\\'hieh you liave to contend in your fanming operations, — will
yooi please allow me a few preliminary words.

Always glad, as I am, of an opportunity to commend the import-
ance of the study of economic entomology, and to give some
evidence of what it has accomplished, it is with more than
ordinary pleasure that I am permitted to address the Massa;Chusett6
State Board of Agriculture. Not because I have been assured that
I would find an appreciative audience, but that I can avail myself
of the occasion to make public acknowledgment of the debt of
gratitude that American agriculture owes to you, to those who
have preceded you, and to your State, for what you have done in the
promotion of economic entomology.

Here in Massachusetts the science had its birth, and to the
fostering care that it has continued to receive we are largely
indebted for the proud x>osition that it at present holds.

Nearly a century ago — in the year 1793 — ■ a prize was offered
by the Massachusetts Society for Promoting Agriculture, for the
best essay to be presented to it upon the " canlver-worm," — an
insect which, according to a statement made in the " New England
Farmer" in 1790, had at that time been a destructive pest in
many portions of New England for fifty yeai«. The prisue was
awarded by the society to William Dandridge Peck, for his paper

2ii8 Forty-fifth Report on the State Museum.

entitled the "Natural History of the Canker- Woiin," published
in the year 1795. The paper was worthy of being a pioneer in a
new line of investigation,

Mr. Peck's studies upon the canker-worm were made at
Kittery, Maine, but he was subsequently called to Harvard (Col-
lege. In IS 17, another paper, ''On the Insects which Destroy the
yoa]]g branches of the Pear-'J'ree, and the leading Shoot of the
Weymouth-Pine, by W. D. Peck, Esq., Professor of Natural History
and Botany, at Harvard University " (I cite from the paper in my
library), was published in the "Massachusetts Agricultural Jour-
nal" (Januaiy, 1817, vol. iv, pp. 205-211), by the society before
mentioned.

The lectures of Professor Peck were attended by Thaddeue
William Haiiis, of Dorchester, Mass., during the years 1813-15.
Of his insta*uctor, Dr. Hams, in his later yeai^s, wrote: "It was
this early and much esteemed friend who first developed my taste
for entomology, and stimulated me to cultivate it."

I need not dwell at length upon the entomological labora of
Dr. Harris, for they are familial' to you all. To him, perhaps
more than to any other man, do we owe the widespread interest
felt in the study of the insect world. His collection of insects was
commenced in or about the year 1820, at the time when he entered
upon the practice of his profession at Milton; and during his
residence here and at Dorchester most of his out-door researches
were made. His studies were untmngly continued for the
remainder of his life, during the long period of twenty-five years
that he held the librarianship at Harvard University, subsequent
to the year 1831.

At the commencement of his librarianship he was honored with
the preparation of a Catalogue of the Insects of Massa-
chusetts, which was appended to the geological report of the
State by Professor Hitchcock. Ten years later, in 1841, was
published his " Keport on Insects Injurious to Vegetation," — one of
the scientific reports which were prepared by the Com-
missioners on the ZoJogical and Botanical Survey of
Massachusetts, agreeably to an order of the General
Court, and at the expense of the i^tate. It has the honor of

Eighth Report of the State Entomologist. 229

being the first government publication on insects issued in the
United States. Subsequent editions have appeared of this report,
with additions in 1S52, and again in 1862, — tlie latter with
illustrations. Of this work it may justl}^ be said, — The State has
honored itself in its publication. Although so many years,
marked with wonderful progress, have elapsed &:ince its x>repara-
tion, it is still the first volume that I reoomuicnd to those who
desire to learn of insects and their habits; for it stands to-day
as fresh, as interesting, as valuable as when first issued from the
pi ess — unsurpassed, we believe, by any similar report in any
other department of natural history ever piiblished.

Your own Board has done much to encourage eutomological
studies. I have in my possession a paper, entitled "Economic
Entomology, by Francis G-. Sanborn, Entomologist to the Massa-
chusetts Board of Agriculture," without date ot issue, but prob-
ably published about the year 1860.

"An Essay on " Some of the Insects of Massachusetts which
aie Beneficial to Vegetation," by the same author, as entomologist
to the Board, and foiTuing a portion of the report of your Secretary
for the year 1863, is a valuable contribution, treating of insects
in their several orders, and illustrating them in sixty Jigures.

Tn the years 187 J, 1872, and 1873, three valuable reports were
made to' your Board by Dr. A. S. Packard, Jr., upon the " Injurious
and Beneficial Insects of the State of Massachusetts." So able
were these reports and of so great practi(;al importance to agri-
cultural interests, that it is much to be regretted that provision
could not have been made for a contiauadon of the series.

There are, doubtless, among the publications of your Board,
other contributions to the science, to which reference deserves
to be made, of which I have no present knowledge.

In this connection it is proper that I should refer to a col-
lection in economic entomology that witiiin the last few years
has been quietly brought together and built up at th'? Museum
of Comparative Zoology, at Cambndge, by the distinguihhed
professor of entomology, Dr. H. A. Ilaj^en, imder the fosteiing
care of Alexander Agassiz. It has for its object a better oppur-
tuiii<y of acquaintance with the insect world than cm be aiforded

230 FORTY-FTFTH REPORT ON TEE StATE MuSEUM.

hy the study alone of books. To lliis end there have been
arranged, in convenient cases, in conn-jction with ea<*h insect
shown, its several stages of the egg, the larva at different
periods of its life, and the pupa; its arcihitecture, in its cocoons,
nests, burrows, etc.; its various food-plants, showing methods of
attack iand injuiy; diseased conditions resulting from fungus
and other attacks, or from causes i)rodu(nn;4- monstrosities and
deformities; the several paraisites that prey upon it, — in short
whatever may serve to illustrate the entire natural history of the
insect. So rich has this collection already become, in its 5,000
species more or less fully illustrated, that I give it but the praise
that it deeei-ves when I say that it has not its equal in any other
collection of the kind in the world.

Nor should I omit passing ref.^r^^nce to the yood that has
resulted from the Entomological Department of the Cambridge
Museum, in that the study of its ';olle-jtions and liie iuslruction
of its professor have largely influenced liie habits of Thought
and paths of labor of several students vvlio are now successful
teachers of entomology in our colleg':;s aud universities.

I can not now^ refer to the many notable contributions made
by The members of your scientific bodies and others to general
entomolog}^, in the extensive collections gathered, in the new
forms described, the life-histories ;^iven, the anatomical and
historical investigations pursued, and the classifactory work done.
Not alone are these lines of study, one and ;;11, of great impor-
tance in themselves, and their pursuit eunobJing — for t]ie
humblest insect that lives is richly worthy of th^ attention of the
highest intellect, — but ftirther, each one of you, each member
of community, has direct interest in such la bo.', indispensable
as it is to a proper knowledge of the insect vvorld, with which we
are brought into such intimate and dependent relations, in our
cultivation of the soil, within our homes, and everywhere.

Without occupying more of the time allotted to me in referring
to several other topics of which I would love to speak to you,
I will pass on to meet the purpose of my invitation hither.

But how could I discharge the duty of even a brief discussion of
the numerous insect pests which with each returning year force

Eighth Report of the State Entomologist. 231

themselves upon you, and compel battle with them if you would not
permit them to wrest from you often the entire results of a season's
toil ? Fortunately, your Secretary has kindly extricated me from
this dilemma in sugggesting to me a few insects upon which a
desire has been expressed by several of your number, for informa-
tion that wUl prove serviceable in arresting widespread and seri-
ous depredations,

I will ask your attention, firsts to a class of insects which —
although occurring abundantly in almost every portion of our
country, everywhere occasioning serious losses, and although vol-
umes have been written of them — are yet very imperfectly known
by those who are suffering from their depredations.

CdT WOKMS.

Before we can contend successfully with our insect foes, it is
necessary to know who and what they are. There is no imiversal
panacea for insect injuries. The natural history and habits of
each species requires separate study, and not until we have
become acquainted with all the conditions of their existence are
we prepared to make recommendation of the best means to be
employed against them. So varied are these conditions, even
among the members, often, of the same genus, that a
remedy that will be efficient with one will be powerless against
another. The bearing of these remarks will be evident when we
state that, not unfrequently, a reported " cut-worm " attack proves,
upon examination, to be that of quite a different insect, — perhaps
that of the "white-grub" or some allied coleopterous larva, — of
one of the many species of "wire-worms," the larva? of our
" snapping beetles," — or it may be of a " thousand-legged worm,"
which does not even belong to the class of insects. The nature of
the injury committed by these several forms is much the same;
roots are eaten, or stalks and blades are cut off, and it is believed
to be caused by a cut-worm. Surely, guessing at the cause of an
injury is incompatible with scientific treatment for its arrest.
Whenever, therefore, any unknown form of insect attack presents
itself to the farmer, the gardener, the horticulturist, the florist, —
let him first learn the particular depredator he has to deal with,.

»*

232 Forty-fifth Report on the State Museum.

and then seek the best remedy, either from books authoritative
upon the subject, or from some one prepared and competent to
give advice.

If the study of our common insects had that place in our public
schools and other institutions of learning that its practical import-
ance entitles it to, the labor of the economic entomologist of the
present day would be lightened, and much of what may be
regarded as preliminary instruction would be spared him. It
should not be necessary in a paper like the present to tell what a
" cut-worm " is, yet if I give its principal features, and those of the
winged form into which it develops, I thinlc that I shall be impart-
ing serviceable and acceptable information to some.

What are cut-worms f • — Cut-worms are the caterpillars of an
extensive family of moths known by the name of Noctuidae^ from
their coming abroad for flight chiefly during the night; the moths
(nocturnal) united with the butterflies (diurnal) foi*ming the order
of Lepidoptera, so named from the myriads of small scales which,
in symmetrical arrangement like the shingles or tiles of a roof,
cover and color both the upper and lower surfaces of the mem-
branous and veined transparent wings.

There are many distinct species of cut-worms, but we can not
give even their approximate number. Most of them belong to
three genera of the Noctuidm; viz., Agrotis, Mamestra, and
Hadena. of which about 400 United States speciee have been
described. Some of these are known not to possess true cut-worm
habits, but of much the larger number the catei^^illar stage
remains unknown.

The following are the principal cut-worm features possessed in
common by nearly all the species, and which should suifice for their
recognition. Wlien full-grown, thej' measure from an inch and a
quarter to nearly two inches in length. They have sixteen feet, of
which the three anterior pairs (true legs) are fjointed, and the five
remaining paii's (prolegs), stout, blunt, and armed with minute
hooks for clasping. In form they aa^e stout, tapering slightly toward
the extremities. In appearance they are usually dull-colored,
greasy-looking, dingy-brown, gray or greenish, with some light

Eighth Report of the State Entomologist. 233

and dark longitudinal lines, and sometimes with oblique dashes.
They have a large, shining, red or reddish-brown head. The first
ring, or collar, bears a darker-colored, shining, homy plate, as
does also the last one, known as the anal plate. The body is never
hairy, but the several rings have upon each six or eight small,
blackish dots or humps, from each of which a short hair is
given out. ^

Their habits. — It is the habit of the cut-worm to pass the day
in rest, hidden in a hole made in the ground beside its food-plant
or among its roots, or in concealment beneath stones, sticks,
rails, or other convenient shelter. The night is the season of
their activit}^, when they seek their food. Some of them feed
only beneath the surface of the ground upon the roots of plants;
others thrust their body in part from their burrow and cut off
the blade, which they take with them into the ground to feed
upon at their leisure; while others come abroad and make vigorous
attack upon the young annual plants of the garden or the field,
feeding upon their tender tips or severing the stalks. If eearcli
be made for them ajt night-time with a lantern, they may often
be found by hundreds busily engaged in their destructive work.
At the approach of day they again seek their hiding-places, often
in the hole made near the plant. When taken from the ground
or disturbed in their shelter, they usually curl themselves up
in a ring.

A few of the moths may be seen by day, feeding upon the nectar
of flowers, as of the golden rod {So/idago) and some others; but
nearly all of them pass the day in sleep in various hiding-places,
such as under the bark of trees, in piles of wood or stone, in
crevices of walls, behind closed window-blinds, or in any con-
venient, dark, secluded retreat. They are generally of obscure
colors, in some shade of brown. When in repose, their wings
are folded almost parallel to the surface upon which they rest,
and in line with their body, giving them an elongated form. The
wings are thick, smooth, often shining, and marked with character-
istic lines and spots which are usually not very conspicuous.

Natural history. — The eggs that produce the cut-worms are
usually deposited by the moth upon some low plant convenient to
30

234 Forty-fifth Report on the State Museum.

the food that is destined to nourish them. Sometimes, however,,
as in Agrotis saucia, they are placed in long, narrow patches
upon small twigs of apple, peach, and other fruit trees, quite
removed from their natural larval food. The general time of
their deposit is in the latter part of summer. Hatching in a
short time, the larvc'e enter the ground and commence to feed
upon the young roots of various plants. With the cold of winter,
they cease feeding, and bury deeper in the ground, where they
shape for themselves an oval cavity in which to pass the winter
in a torpid state. In this condition, if undisturbed, freezing
fails to harm them. In the early spring they resume their
activity, make their way toward the surface, and commence their
feeding upon the starting vegetation.

Within a few weeks they become full grown, when they again
bury in the ground, where they mold a cell, or earthen cocoon,
in which to undergo their transformation to the pupal state.
Two or three weeks are required for this stage, when the moth
issues from the rent pupal case, and makes its appearance above
ground. The wings, at first small and contracted, are sooni
expanded, and the insect has reached its perfect stage. The
sexes meet, eggs are deposited for another brood, a little food is
partaken of, consisting of the nectar of flowers or other sweets^
and within two or three weeks, ordinarily, if not sooner termi-
nated by their many enemies, the life-cycle is completed. In
some instances a second brood follows during the summer and
autumn, but with most of the species the life-history is as
above given. Occasionally the hibernation is in the pupal stage.

Food-plants. — Many of our injurious insects confine their depre-
dations to a single food-plant, or to the members of the same
genus, or to closely allied plants. The cut-worm, unfortunately^
is more indiscriminate in its taste; and although certain species
show a decided preference for some particular food-plant, yet^
if this is not convenient, other substitutes are readily accepted.
When we add to this the varied t^istes of a large number of
species it ceases to be a surprise that so many of the productn of
our fields and gardens suffer from their aggressioiL

Their injiiiT to grass is far more serious than is supi>osed.
It is believed that the first half of the active life of many of

Eighth Report of the State Ejsitomologist. 235

the species is passed in feeding- upon the roots of grasses, and
that they only assume the true c.ut-wonn habits when approaeli-
ing maturity demands stronger and more abundant food. Usually
their presence in grass lands is unnoticed, or, if an impaired
growth is observed, it is ascribed to other causes. But at times,,
for reasons unknown, they multiply to such an extent that we may
no longer be blind to their ravages; as in the visitation of the
bronze-colored cut- worm, Nephelodes violans Guene«, in 1881,^
in the northern counties of the State of New York, when the
pastures and meadows suffered largely from their attack; and of
the black-lined cut-worm, Agrotis fenniea (Tausch.), in Michigan,
last year, when, as represented to me by Professor Cook, of the
State .;lgricultural College, there were meadows through which
one could not walk without crushing from a dozen to a hundred
at each step.

Corn is known to be a favorite food-plant of many species, of
which we recognize twelve by name — the two more common
ones being Agrotis clandestina and Hadena devastatrix. Experi-
ence has taught every farmer that a corniield upon a newly turned
sod is a luxurious home for the cut-worm, where they particularly
abound. It is stated that sixty have been taken from a single
hill of com.

Wheat and harley occasionally suffer from their attack, but we
are thus far favored by not having had introduced among us,
with the scores of imported pests brought by commerce to our
shores, the wheat dart-moth, Agrotis triiici, or the common dart-
moth, Agrotis segetum, which cause such enormous losses in the
European wheat fields. None of our species are nearly so destruc-
tive as these to this staple crop.

Entire settings of young cabbage plants are often destroyed
by them. Tn one plot of 600 plants, onh'^ thirty escaped. The owner
lulled about 200 of the worms on the first day of their appearance,
and 500 or more on the following day, after which the ground was
reset with late cabbages. Of the species known to prey upon cab-
bage, are Agrotis clandestina, Agrotis saucia, Agrotis annexa,.
Mamestra subjuncta, Mamestra trifolii, and Hadena devastatrix.

236 Forty-fifth Report on the State Museum.

Turnips SiVQ liable to attack by being eaten into around tlie
neck of the plant until it is detached, or by its separate leaves
being cut off and drawn into holes near the plant.

To onions they are at times so destructive as to ruin entire
crops. In one field of four acres in Chautauqua county, N. Y.,
upon which onions had been growD. for sixty years, the worms
were dug out and killed in almost incredible numbers — to the
amount of '' bushels," in some years, it is stated.

A remarkable attack was made upon onions, in Goshen, Orange
county. N. Y., the present \f^ar, where several hundreds of acrey
of drained swamp-land are deV'Oted to their culture. The A\'orms
appeared in myriads, in June, as soon as the onions had started, —
first eating them from their tips downward, but later develop-
ing the true cut-worm habit in severing the stalks. The species
\\'as believed to be Agi^otis malefida^ a southern form, not hitherto
noticed injuriously so far north. [On rearing the perfect insect it
proved to be Agrotis messoria Harris.]

The tender sieuis of young heans furnish tempting food, and
everv one who lias grown them laiows the frequency with which
they •d.vi' found, in the morning, AAith severed stems, showing the
operation of the cut-w(»nn.

In ]iortions of C-auada, clover suffered severely from a formid-
able attack of a caterpillar which was thought, at first, to be
the army-worm, but which, upon rearing the moth, proved to be
one of the cut- worms, Agrotis fennica.

Tobacco plants^ are often cut off in the month of June. In
West Meriden, Conn., from one row of 180 plants, 214 of the
woT'ms were taken an.d killed.

They frequently attack and destroy flowering plants in our
gardens, as hyacintlis, pansies, carnations, nasturtiums, phlox,
asters, balsams, and many others.

Among other garden and field crops, to which they are destruc-
tive, may be mentioned pease, beets, potatoes, tomatoes, pumpkins,
melons, and squashes.

Natural enemies.— The large size of the cut-worms, their hairl(«s
bodies, and no provision for protection except their concealment
by day, reaider them attractive and an easy prey to their many

Eighth Report of the State Ei^tomologist. 237

enemies who peraistently seek them for food, and by the h\rge
numbei's that they devour greatly mitigate the injuries that their
unchecked increase would otherwise cause. Several of our com-
mon birds render effective service in this direction. Foremost
among these is the robin, of wliich it has been said : '' Its eminently
terrestrial habits, its fondness for larva^ of various kinds, and its
ability to obtain those that are hidden beneath the turf, give
it a usefulness in destroying cut-wormis which no other bird pos-
sesses in the same degree, and for this feature in its economy alone,
ite greater abundance should be encouraged. Earlj^ in the morn-
ing, and toward the close of the evening, the robin may often
be seen seiarching for cut-worms in lawns, pastures, and meadows,
and when thus engaged it hops about, gazing apparently more
at distant objects than searching for something near at hand; then,
suddenly, it commences tearing up the old grass and turf with its
bill, and, in another instant, it stands triumphant with its wrig-
gling prize in its bill, for it rarely digs in vain. I have seen a robin
capture, in this manner, five cut-worms in less than ten minut'CS,
and five other birds within view were doing the same work."

Other birds that are known to prey upon cut- worms are the
cat-bird (J/iim'w* Carolinenis L.), the red-winged blackbird {Agel-
(jeeus PhceniceusJj) , and the purple gracMe {Quisoalus purpureus).

Poultry-, and especially chickeus, are efficient destroyers of
them in gardens in the spring, when they scan closely the upturned
ground, and are quick to detect and devour them.

Among the members of tiheir own class that feed upon them, is
the larva of a ground-beetle, known as Calosonia calidum (Fabr.).
It is so destructive to them, and attacks them with so much
energy, even if the worm be twice its size, that it has been des-
ignated as the " cut-worm lion."

The larva of another beetle, Harpalus caliginosus (Fabr.), is
also its persistent enemy; and from its ferocity in seizing its
prey, and its strange, irregular form, it has been called the "cut-
worm's dragon." Dr. Fitch has written of it : " When not glutted
with food, it is running about incessantly in search of these worms,
and slays them without mercy; with its powerful jaws seizing
them, commonly by the throat, and, regardless of their violent

238 Forty-fifth Report on the State Museum.

writhings and contortions, sucking ouit the contents of their
skins." Otliers of tlie same family of beetles, the Carahidce^ also
feed largely upon them.

One of the Hemiptera which preys upon quite a number of
other species of insects, and which from its belligerent propen-
sities has received for its common name that of the "spined sol-
dier-bug," and is known in science as Podisus spinosus (Dallas),
will fearlessly attack a young cut-worm much exceeding it in
size, and piercing it with its formidable beak, extract its juic^
from it, leaving only its shi'ivelled skin.

The toad deserves introduction, shelter and protection in our
gardens, from its coming abroad at night during the period of
activity of the cut-worms, and contributing largely to the diminu-
tion of their numbers.
Parasites. — The quiet and concealment in which these noc-
turnal marauders of our gardens and fields pass their time during
the hours when most of the parasitic insects are upon the wing,
in ceaseless search for their victims, into which they can thrust
their ovipositor and insert the fatal egg, give them a large degree of
immunity from parasitic attack. Yet as even the "white-grub,"
which never appears above ground, is sought out in its subterra-
nean retreat by its parasite, Tiphia inornata, so e\en thes(? are far
from enjoying immunity. The bronze-colored cut-worm before
referred to, in my attempts to rear it, has proved to be quite
liable to be parasitized by one or more species of a Tachina fly.
A species of ISlicrogaster, Apanteles militaris (Walsh) and an
Ophion have also been obtained from it. Other parasites reared
from other lar\'a' are Paniscus geminatus (Say), a large yellowish-
brown ichneumon fly; NemorcBa leucanice (Kirkp.); Masicora
arohippivora (Riley); and Scopolia sequax Williston - — three
species of Tachina flies.

Preventives and remedies. — The measures recommended for
preventing or arresting cut-worm ravages have been exceedingly
numerous, and perhaps each one might claim a degree of value
under certain conditions, but at the present only those from which
the best results have been obtained will be referred to.

Eighth Report of the State Entomologist. 239

When gfTfiss is infested, as in lawns, it is difficult to control the
attack. Perhaps ga& liine where it can be obtained, applied at the
commencement of winter, would penetrate to a sufficient depth to
kill the larv*. Usually it will be found necessary to sacrifice the
sod. It is claimed that where land is not allowed to lie in sod for
over two years at a time, the wonns will not accumulate in it.
Kemoving their food is an eflfective method. This may be done by
turning over the grass before it has made much growth in the
spring, and dragging, to bring up the roots to the surface for dry--
ing. A week later, another thorough dragging will destroy all
green vegetation. Late ploughing, in the autumn, is said to be an
effectual remedy, if deferred until the cut-worms have become
torpid, and the ploughing sufficiently deep to crush the cells that
they have shaped for their winter's sleep.

Two preventives of attack to cornfields have been given, which,
from the testimony bome to their efficacy, may be accepted as
reliable. The first is the simple and easy application of salt, as
follows: Immediately after the corn is planted, sprinkle on the
hill, over the covered grains, about one tablespoonful of common
salt to each hill. The explanation given for the protection of the
plants is, that as the salt dissolves and is earned to the roots and
taken up into the circulation, the young corn becomes unpalatable
to the worms, and they will not eat it, while the direct application
of salt to them is harmless, even if they be buried in it.

Tlie second method, which has been tested by the gentleman
recommending it and by others for twelve years, and always with
success, even upon new ground and clover land, is soaking the
com, before planting, in t-opper us water. Tests had been made by
planting portions of a field without the preparation, and these por-
tions in several instances required replanting two or three times.
The manner of preparing the com is as follows :

Put the seed com in a tight tub or barrel, and pour in enough
water to keep it well covered after it swells. For each bushel of
com add a pound or a pound and a half of copperas, dissolved in
warm water. Stir weU, and allow the com to remain in the cop-
peras water twenty-four or thirty hours. Stir several times while
soaking. Then take it out and sprinkle a small quantity of land-

240 Forty-fifth Report on the State Museum.

plaster over it — enough to prevent the grain from sticking
together, — and plant. When prepared as dii'ected, if a change
should occur in the weather to prevent planting, the corn may be
spread out upon a floor and allowed to remain until good planting
weather.

As a test of the efficacy of the above preventive, a forty-four-acre
field of com was planted, — first, ten acres without the copperas
preparaition, — next to it, nearly ten acres with the prepared seed,
and the remainder with unprepared, — otherwise, all treated alike.
As the result, not a hill was cut or a worm was found where the
copperas had heen used; while the entire field elsewhere was cut,
from two to three hills out of five, with sometimes fifteen cut-
worms in a hill.

There is a prejudice against the digging-out-hy-hand method, as
requiring too much valuable time and labor, and therefore not
available where large fields are to be protected; yet it is one of
the best means to be employed against this pest, unless the poison-
ing method recently recommended, and next to be referred to, shall
be found to give easier protection.

Many of our preventives merel}^ drive away the hungry creatures
to attack and desti'oy other and perhaps more valuable crops; but
with a cut-worm dug out from its hiding-place beside a wilted
plant and killed, there is the satisfaction, not only that its pos-
sibility for further haim is ended, but that it will not develop
into a moth the following season, which might deposit 200 egg's,
each of which would produce a cut- worm.

Mr. Armstrong, secretary of the Elmira Farmers' Club, has
stated : " There is really but one way to save the crop after the
plants are once attacked by cut-worms; that is, to dig the worms
out and kill them. It is not a difficult task, nor is it very costly.
I presume that a fourth part of the loss sustained would be a
full equivalent of all the labor it would cost. The wonn does
the mischief at night, and before morning burrows in the ground
near the spot where its depredations have been committed. A
practised eye will readily discern the entrance to the hiding-
place into which the worm has passed and lies concealed. The
way to bring the pest up is to thrust a pointed knife down near
the hole, and lift out the earth to the depth of two or three inches,

Eighth Report of the State Entomologist. 241

when tke malefactor will lie exposed to view, and caji be
instantly destroyed. I have known large fields to be cleared by
this process at a cost of labor so slight as to bear no comparison
with the loss that would have otherwise resulted."

The practicability of this method, ajid an idea of the expense
attending it, will appear from a statement made by a corre-
spondent of the Country Gentleman. A six-acre field of com,
planted on sod turned over from a pasture before planting, showed
a strong attack of cut-worms. Two men were employed to dig
them out. Taking a row at a time, and digging down wherever a
plant was cut, they went over the field in half a day, killing over
fifteen hundred. A few days later they went over it again, not
getting as many; and again, for a third time. Without this
labor, it was thought that one-half of the crop would have been
lost. The three days' work was worth four dollars, and at least
100 bushels of corn were saved by it.

The poisoning method referred to is the use of a halt of leaves
or clover, of which the worms are fond, poisoned with Paris green.
Professor Riley, in his last report as entomologist of the United
States Department of Agriculture, has recommended clover
sprinkled with Paris green water, and laid at intervals between
the rows, in loosely tied masses or balls, which serves the double
purpose of prolonging the freshness of the bait, and of affording
a lure for shelter.

A modification of the method, employed by Dr. Oemler, of
Savannah, Ga., was that of preparing cabbage or turnip leaves
by dipping them in a. well-stirred mixture of a tablespoonful of
Paris green to a bucket of water, or sprinkling the side next the
ground after first moistening, with a mixture of one part of Paris
green to twenty of flour, and then placing the leaves at distances of
from fifteen to twenty feet throughout the field to be protected.
Two applications of this character, at intervals of three or four days,
particularly in cloudy weather, were usually successful in ridding
the field of the pest.

Other remedial and preventive measures deserving mention
are: application of coal oil; paper frames from six to eight inches
square; tin bands, ten inches long by two wide, lapped at the
bl

242 Forty-fifth Report on the State Museum.

ends in a ring; paper wraps around the stalks at setting; and
trapping in holes, for the protection of young cabbage and tomato
plants; as also, thick planting and subsequent thinning; and
starvation through the removal of all green food, for more general
protection. Notice of these several methods may be found in a
paper entitled, Cat-Worms^ read by me before the New York
State Agricultural Society, at its annual meeting, in January
of the present year.

Tobacco Worms.

Representation has been made to me that serious and increas-
ing losses are being sustained in portions of Massachusetts, from
tobacco worms, accompanied with the request for means of pre-
vention. I am not told what the worm is of which the com-
plaint is made.

If it be the insect that is commonly known as the " tobacco
worm," in New York and Connecticut, then it is the larva of a
sphinx moth Sjyhinx quinquemaculata. The true tobacco worm
is the larva of Sphinx Carolina^ which is so very destructive to
tobacco in the Southern States. The two species are very closely
allied in appearance and habits, and in Pennsylvania often occur
together.

The larva of our five-sjwtted Sphinx is well-known to all of our
tobacco growers. It is a dark-green, smooth caterpillar, with
seven oblique greenish-yellow stripes on each side, a long, curved
horn upon its terminal end, and, when full-grown, is of about the
size of the third finger of a man's hand. The moth is a large
and handsome insect of a general ash-gray color, its stout body
marked with a row of five orange-colored spots on each side. It
comes abroad at twilight for the deposit of its eggs, and so
marked is its resemblance to a humming-bird in size, rapidity of
flight, and its hovering over flowers when taking its food, that
the popular name of "humming-bird moths" has been given to
that group of the SpTiingidce to which it belongs.

The eggs of the moth are deposited upon the tobacco plants
during the months of June and July. The caterpillars feed upon
the leaves of the plants in late July, August, and September,
even up to the time of securing the crop. In an instance related

Eighth Report of the State Entomologist. 243

to Die, — -in a curing-barn, near Albany, K. Y., shortly after th-'
hanging up of the plants for curing, the floor beneath was found
"nearly covered" with the caterpillars of ^S". quhiqueiriaculata.
As illustrating the abundance in which they at times occur, it
may be mentioned that a market gardener collected from one
acre and a quarter of tomato plants, — a favorite food-plant of
the species, — four bushels of the caterpillars, in one ilay {Report
of the Entomological Society of Ont<i/rlo for IS^O, page 27).

The only sure remedy for the attack of this insect is that
which is known among tobacco growers as "worming," The
plants must be searched for the worms two or three times a
week, or as often as is found necessary, and the worms destroyed.
The mornings and evenings and cloudy days are the most favor-
able for finding them.

Poisoning the moths to prevent the laying of the eggs is also
resorted to. A gentleman gives this as his method: "In every
tenth hill, on the outside of my field, I sow the seed of James-
town-weed {Datura stram.o}nutn), mstead of setting tobacco plants.
As the Daturas grow up I pull out all but two to each hill,
and when these are in bloom I go around every evening, and,
after destroying all but two flowers, pour into these a few drops
of common fly poison, mixed with sweetened water and whiskey.
The moths sip the poison and die from it, and I find them
scattered over the farm for the space of several hundred yards."
Another writer gives these directions for the jwisoning: "Provide
a weak solution of cobalt and a little honey, place it in a bottle
having a small quill through the cork, and late each evening
go around the jimson weeds and put a few drops of the mixture
into the blossoms. The x>oisoning must be done every day through
the fly season, care being taken each evening to pull off the
blossoms that were poisoned the day before, as, if left on, they
seem to destroy the plants."

So far to the northward as Massachusetts, the Jamestown-weed
might not flower in season for the early coming of the moths,
unless the seed should be put in as early as possible.

Knowing the attractiveness of the i>etuuia for our Sphinx
moths, I would suggest that benefit might be derived from placing
a large bed of these flowers in the neighborhood of tobacco fields,

244 Forty-fifth Report on the State Museum.

and emplojdng children to catch with insect nets the moths
that are attracted to the flowers at twilight, and killing those
that bear the five orange-colored spots upon the sides of their
abdomen, A pair of them and of the several other species of
Sphinges that would at the same time be captured, might be
preserved and placed in frames with which to ornament their
homes, and to serve, perchance, as the commencement of a
general collection of insects and of the fascinating study of
entomology.

If the information asked of me be not of these tobacco worms,
but of another kind that attack the roots at their setting, then
the injury, without much doubt, is chargeable upon the ubiquitous
cut-worm which we have been considering. Fortunately we
have two ways — both pronounced excellent — of dealing with
him, in order to prevent his immoderate use of tobacco.

The first, is dipping the young plantvs, before their setting, in
a solution of white hellebore in water — one-fourth of a pound in
ten quarts of water. A writer, from West Meriden reports, that,
on the 22d of June, he set 3,000 plants, and on the
following morning he took from one tow of 180 plants 214
cut-worms. On the same day, in the same field, he set twelve
plants dipped in the hellebore solution, which remained untouched,
while the rows on either side were more than half destroyed.
On June 24th, he set orer 2,000 plants treated in the same
inanne7\ of which he subsequently found hut one plant eaten,
and that hut slightly. He believed the hellebore to be a spec fie
for the tobacco cut-worm.

The second, is poisoning with Paris green in the following
manner: Four acres of tobacco plants were badly cut down, with
sometimes as many as a half-dozen of the woirm® attacking a
single plant. The o\\Tier went to a wood toward evening, and
collected several kinds of leaves, which he laid in rows between
the plants. The worms appeared to prefer the leaves of the
chestnut for eating. The following day a large basketiful of ihe
chestnut leaves was gathered. These were dipped intoi a mixture
of two gallons of water and two tablespoonfuls of Paris green, and
a leaf put on each hill in the field, with a piece of ground or stone
to hold it in place. The next morning, on exammation, "the

Eighth Beport of the State Entomologist. 245

worms lay under the leaves lilie a hill of potatoes; they had eaten
little holes through the leaves, and some were dead and others
dying." The tobacco was then reset and noi further trouble
experienced from the cut-worms.

The Apple-Maggot.

An insect which has come under notice during the last twenty
years as exceedingly destructive in many localities in the New-
England States to early apples, even surpassing the common
apple- worm of Carjmcapsa po'tnonella^ \& the Trypeta pomonella
Walsh, known commonly as the "apple-maggot."

While the apple-worm, with which we have been so long
familiar as the cause of the annoying and injurious worm-holes
in our fruit, is the offspring of a small but beautifully marked
moth, the apple-maggot, as its name imports^ is the earlier stage of
a fly.

The Fly. — The perfect insect resembles in form the common
house-fly, but it is of a smaller size, being only about one-fifth
of an inch in expanse. Its wings are white and glossy, and are
marked in a pretty pattern with four blackish crossbands, the
first of which is near the base, and the other three are connected
upon the front margin of the wing and diverge behind. They are
thought to represent somewhat the letters |F w"ith the | placed
next the base and its lower end uniting with the lower end of
the Fi 1^1^ abdomen has its first fom' segments broadly banded
with Avhite.

Life-history. — The parent fly, during the latter part, of July
or early in August, deposits a number of its eggs ujKDn or near
the calyx end of the apple, selecting often for its purpose fruit
that has already been burrowed by the apple-worm. Upon hatch-
ing from the eggs the young larv« enter the apple and com-
mence to feed upon its pulp, not penetrating to the core, as
does the apple-worm. Here they produce, at first, little irregu-
la/rly rounded and discolored excavations of about the size of peas.
These, when the lar\'ie are numerous, run together until the whole
interior becomes a mere pulpy mass of disorganized material, or
is entirely honeycombed with burrows in the more solid fniit.
Meantime, the apple is entirely fair upon its exterior and gives

246 Forty-fifth Report on tue State Museum.

no evidence of the destructive work being carried on within.
Sometimes as many as a dozen larva' are working togetlier.
Their operations are seldom noticed until in September. \Mien
they become full-grown, in the autumn, they escape from the fruit
through small round holes that they cut in the peel, and enter the
ground for pupation. In this condition they remain during the
winter and do not emerge as flies until the following July.

From some recent observations it would appear that the larvae
sometimes are delayed in reaching matmnty, and have been
found feeding within the fruit so late as in the month of January.

The Larva —The larva in its greatest length measures about
one-fifth of an inch, is without feet, and of a white or (as some-
times) of a yellowish or greenish color. The front third of its
body tapers toward the minute, pointed head, which is armed
beneath with its mouth-parts, consisting of two slender, blunt,
coal-black hooks. The remainder of the body is cylindrical, with
its tenninal end blunt as if obliquely cut off, and bearing upon
its slope four pairs of tubercles, of which one pair is longer than
the other.

From this description the larva should admit of easy recognition
whenever its operations are suspected in apples. The absence of
feet and its pointed head will serve to distinguish it from the
apple-worm.

Distribution. — The fly is a native species — one of the few
of our insect pests which has not been introduced from Europe.
It was first described by Mr. B. D. Walsh in 1867, from examples
taken in Illinois, where it was discovered feding on thorn and
crab apples, prior to any knowledge of its attack upon cultivated
fruit. This new habit was first developed in, and was for some
time confined to, the Eastern States and New York, but within the
last year apples in different localities in Michigan have been
attacked by it and entirely ruined.

The most frequent notices of it have been received from Ver-
mont. In New Hampshire it has also become broadly distributed
and ruined entire orchards. In Massachusetts it is quite destruc-
tive. Mr. L. L. Whitman has informed me that in his orchard at
North Ashbumham he had hundreds of bushels of the finest fruit
rendered worthless by it in 1883. Mr. Averv P. Slade, of Somer-

Eighth Beport of the State Entomologist. 247

set, reports it tlie present year as honeycombing his apples. Sev-
eral years ago its operations were observed in Connecticut, and
it has been discussed in the late meetings of the State Board of
Agriculture. From Brunswick, Maine, it is reported by Mr. T. S.
McLellan as ha^dng made its appearance in his orchard in 1880,
and infested all his sweet apples and most of the tart ones, such as
the Haley, Hurlbut, Primate, Porter, etc. He had also heard of it
from the northern part of Somerset countj y^lth Ann. Hep. Maine St.
Board of Agriculture for 1883, p. 3-15). Mr. Robert H. Gardiner,
President of the Maine State Pomological Society, states that the
maggot was very destructive in 1883 to his Talman Sweet, Red
Astrachan and Mother apples, but did not trouble other varieties
{lb., p. 332).

In the State of New York it has proved a great pest at North
Hempstead, Long Island, and in several of the Hudson river coun-
ties, and has also occurred in Delaware, Albany, Schenectady,
Oneida, and Chemung counties, and is doubtless to be found in
many other portions of the State. As yet we have no knowledge
of its extension into New Jersey, Pennsylvania, the Southern or
the extreme Wesibern States.*

It appears, thus far, to be a local insect, and the fact that it is
so should be an incentive for the use of every known means for
the prevention of its distribution, that it may not become as gener-
ally distributed ais is the apple-worm of the codling-moth.

Preference for Early Apples. — The insect in its past history,
especially in its earlier history, has shown a marked preference for
summer and autumn apples — always making its most vigorous
attack upon sweet and mellow subacid early fruit. Yet it is
Imown to have infested Spitzenbergs, iu Brandon, Vt., and Bald-
wins and other varieties of winter apples, in Wallingford, Conn.

Remedial Measures. — This preference of the insect for certain
varieties might be employed as a means for its destruction, by
grafting the trees of an infested orchard to the varieties less liable
to be infested, or, so far as known, entirely free from attack, and
at the same time leaving two or three trees of its favorite fruit
to serve as lures for concentrating the attack — the fruit of which

[* In the Smith Catalogue of the Insects of New Jersey, 1890, it is included, with the note,
"Locally injurious to apple, but seems confined to very few varieties."]

248 Forty-fifth Report on the State Museum.

should be gathered at the proper time and be destroyed with all
of the contained larvjie.

If it shall be found that any considerable proportion of the frnit
containing the maggot falls to the ground as a consequence of the
attack, then, of course, much benefit will be derived from gathering
the fruit as fast as it falls and destroying it, or to give sheep the
range of the orchard for feeding upon it. But as I have examined
fruit offered for sale in the Albany market, presenting so fair and
perfect an appearance as to prove beyond a doubt that it had
been picked by hand from the tree, and yet teeming interiorly with
nearly mature larvie, it is highly probable that their presence
does not cause the falling of the fruit.

Our study of this comparatively new insect depredator has hardly
commenced. Careful observations are needed upon the time and
manner of the larv^ leaving the fruit, and, in the earlier varieties
of apples, when they enter the ground. In the later and stored
varieties, it is important to know where they betake themselves
for their pupation during the winter. Until these facts are defi-
nitely ascertained, together with others that are necessary to the
completion of its life-history, we shall not be able to accom-
plish much toward mitigating the evil. We can prevent the attack
of the apple-worm by showering the trees soon after the set-
ting of the fruit, with Paris green or London purple in water,
A\ithout the least possible chance of injuring the fniit through
the poisonous application. Put the month of July — when the
Trypeta deposits the eggs that produce the apple maggot — would
be too late to apply with safety such substance to the fruit,
already nearly full-grown and soon to be eaten.

Terliaps, for the present, the best results may attend our efforts
to destroy the insect in its pupal stage. If examination should
shoTv us that the pupation ordinarily takes place in the orchard,
beneath the infested trees, then we may reach it there. But if
the pupation follows the gathering and storing of the fruit, — as
seems more probable, — then the discovery of the retreat of the
lar^■te should give us the means for destroying them.

Desiderata in its Life-history. — In my forthcoming report
[second in this series] I have indicated several points upon which
knowledge is needed toward the completion of the life-history of

Eighth Report of the State Entomologist. 249

this insect I will introduce them here, accompanying them with
the earnest request that you will each, as opportunity may offer,
make contribution, to your ability, toward the desired knowledge
of this already great pest of our orchards, and which, gives every
promise of soon becoming still more pernicious. It is manifesting
a tendency to widespread distribution, anid an unusual adapt-
ability to different varieties of tke apple. It would not be sur-
prising if it soon attacked our pears.

Are the eggs of the fly distributed over the apple or placed
only near the calyx end?

Do the larvas occur in apples which have not been perforated
by the apple-worm of the codling-moth or by some other insect?

How long a time is required for the larvae to attain tkedr
growth ?

How do the larvae leave the fruit, — 'by sieveral holes through,
the skin, through a single hole, or only when the apple has become
broken down from decay?

When entering the ground for pupation, to what depth do
they bury? This could be ascertained by providing them Avith
a box containing a few inches of earth for burial.

Are both the early and late fruits similarly attacked by this
insect? It is possible that the larvie report(3d in winter apples
may be of a different species.

During what months and portions of months are the larvae to
be found in the apples?

Are the puparia to be found at the bottom of apple barrels,
or bins in cellars, or between the staves or boards? Should xny
doubt exist of the identity of the puparia found under such
conditions, the fly should be reared from it to determine thi»
point.

[See an admirable study of this insect which has since been
made by Professor F. L. Harvey, and published in the Report
of the Maine State College Agricultural Experiment Station
of 1889, pp. 190-241, plates 1-4. In ^hi^v paj)er, tiie description
of the several stages, history, distribution, lifeliistory, <itc., of
the insect are fully pi"(^sented. together ^^•ith the most effective
means known for arresting its injuries.]
32

250 Forty-fifth Report on the State Museum.

The Aspakagus Beetle.

Information upon this insect is desired, and may very properly
be given at tlie present time, as it has but recently extended
its depredations into Massachusetts. It is a much easier task
to arrest the spread of a new insect pest, than to control its
ravages after it has taken full possession of its new territory and
perfectly adapted itself to its new conditions. It is therefore
important that the insect should be known, so that it may at
once be recognized, and prompt measures resorted to, in order
to check its increase.

Description. — In general shape and size it resembles the weU-
known cucumber-beetle, Diahrotica vittata^ but it is somewhat
longer, being about a quarter of an inch long, and its body is
more elongated from its parallel sides. It Las a black head, and
a finely punctured tawny-red thorax, marked with two black
spots upon its crown. The lemon-colored, punctured wing-covers
are usually broken into three spots each, by a black stripe along
their junction, a black transverse band a little beyond their
middle, and an interrupted one near their tips; outwardly they
are bordered with orange. The body beneath and the legs are
shining black. The elytral markings as above given, suggest
to some the representation of a black cross, for which reason
it is sometimes known, in England, as the "' cross-bearer." Other
examples of the beetle not unfrequently met with, may be
described as having their wing-covers blue-black, margined and
tipped with orange, and with three small yellow spots in a line
down the middle of each cover.

Its Associates. — The scientific name of the beetle is Crioceris
asparagi. It was first described by Linnaeus, nearly a century ago.
It belongs to the same destructive family of the ChrysomelidcB
with the striped cucumber beetle, the cucumber flea-beetle, the
grapovine lloa-beetle, the Colorado potato-be<^tle, etc. T"or a long
time it was the only representative of its genus in this countiy, but
another species has recently been introduced from Europe — Crio-
ceris 1'2-punctata, — which was first observed in the ■vicinity of Bal-
timore in 1881, and already gives indication of becoming ({uite
destructive to asparagus.

EiGRTH Report of the State Entomologist. 251

Its Introduction. — Crioceris asj)aragi is, an European species,
wliicli our commercial and other relations with, the Old World have
brought to our shores, in common with a large number of our
most destnictive insect pests. It was iirst noticed upon the east-
em end of Long Island, at Astoria, in the year 1859, and it is
worthy of note that, in the same year, the first specimens of
another very injurious insect, also introduced from Europe, — the
cabbage butterfly, Pieris rajm, was taken, in the city of Quebec. As
early as 18G2 the beetle had spread over all the asparagus planta-
tions of Long Island. The following year it was attacked by a
parasite which destroyed its eggs, and doubtless aided much in
arresting its increase. The parasite was not described. It prob-
ably disappeared before it could receive scientific attention, for
nothing seems to be known of it at the present.

Its Distribution. — In 1868 the beetle had extended its range into
New Jersey, where, in the third year of its observation, entire beds
were ruined by it. Its rate of distribution, in its earlier years,
appears to have been about twenty miles a year, but fortunately
this haiS not been sustained. During the twenty-five years that
have elapsed since its introduction, it has not shown a disposition
to extend far from the sea-coast, nor to a great distance from New
York city, as its center of operations. Serious injuries from it
have only been reported from Long Island, the vicinity of New
York city. Southern Connecticut, New Jersey and Eastern Penn-
sylvania. It has not been seen at Albany, although during the last
year I have received examples of it collected at the New York
State Agricultural Experiment Station, at Geneva — a locality that
lies to the westward of the central portion of the State. An equal
extension from New York could carry it into any portion of Massa-
chusetts. It is a matter of surprise to me that it has not made,
long ere this, formidable demonstration in the eastern — particu-
larly the seaboard — portion of your State.

Its Natural History. — The history of C. asparagi is, in brief, aa
follows: The beetles destined to continue the species survive the
winter in dry, sheltered places, as beneath bark, in crevices of
wood, and under the clapboards of buildings. Simultaneously with
the appearance of the asparagus shoots in early spring, they

252 Forty-fifth Report on the State Museum.

emerge from their winter quarters, and commence to feed upon
the tips of the plants. The sexes pair, and the female deposits
her eggs upon any portion of the exposed shoots. The eggs hatch
in an average period of eight days. The larvae eat voraciously and
grow rapidly, so that they complete their growth in about twelve
days. They then leave the plants and enter the earth for a short
distance, or merely conceal themselves beneath dead leaves or other
miaterial on the surface. Constructing a slight cocoon, they undergo
their transformation, and remain in their pupal state for about ten
days. Thirty days complete the cycle from the Qgg, to the perfect
insect. Almost as soon as the beetles emerge they pair, as the
sexual instinct is strongly developed in them, as is shown in the
frequency in which they come under our observation mated. The
eggs are then deposited, and the beetles continue to feed for sev-
eral days upon the plants, eating holes into the Itark of thci more
tender branches; one was found by Dr. Fitch to feed for a fortnight
in confinement. A second brood results from these, appearing
about the first of July, followed by a third, probably in August.
Hence we have the larvee and the beetles with us, in thieir succes-
sive broods, through the spring and summer, into September.

Remedies. — Among the remedies proposed and employed against
this insect are the following : Hand-picking, when not too abund-
ant, and beating them from the plants into a broad pan of water
and kerosene.

Employing fowls to hunt them, which are very eager in catching
and eating the beetle, and are not injurious to the plants.

Cutting awa:y all the young seedlings in the spring at the time
when the beetles are about to deposit their eggs, thus forcing them
to lay their eggs upon the new shoots, which are cut and sent lo
market before the hatching would occur.

Benefit has been derived from cutting down the seed stems at the
close of the season, as also once or twice during the season,
leaving the beds bare and smooth.

But, undoubtedly, the best method with which to meet this
insect is by the lime application proposed by Mr. A. S. Fuller,
of Eidgewood, N. J., as the result of his personal and successful
experience. The freshly-slacked lime, he states, may be conveni-

Eighth Report of the State Ejstomologist. 253

emtly scattered over tlie plants by using an old broom for a duster,
or a Paris-green sifter. With, a pailful of the lime, a man could
in a short time dust an acre of asparagus. It could best be
applied in the morning wkile the dew is on, for then a portion will
adhere to the plants as well as to the grubs, and during the day or
days following, it will be constantly dropping down or blowing
about among the leaves and branclies, thereby making the escape
of any of the larva? all the more uncertain.

For the past sixteen years, INIr. Fuller had, according to his
statement, used lime as described, upon his asparagus beds, to
keep the insect in question in check, and it has done it so effectu-
ally that about one application every alternate season was suffi-
cient. Not only is lime cheap and readily procurable everywhere,
but it is of benefit to the asparagus roots. It has also tke addi-
tional merit as an insecticide, that it can be used upon tke young
plants while they are being cut for market, for tke destruction
of tke first brood of larva? wkile Paris green or London purple may
not safely be employed.

The Grapevine " Theips."
Frequent complaints are made of tke damage done to grape-
vines, from an attack ui)on tkeir leaves by tke " Tkrip®." This is a
popular name — but an incorrect one as will be shown kereafter —
wkick kas obtained widespread currency among vine growers for
some small (about an eigktk of an inck long), slender, spindle-
skaped, parti-colored leaf-koppers, wkick are very destructive to
the foliage of grapevines. They abound upon tke leaves in tkeir
three stages of larva, pupa, and perfect insect, in eack of wkick
tkey are injurious. Tkeir injury to tke leaves is caused by punc-
turing tkem witk their beak or proboscis and feeding upon tke sap.
Tkey ai'e usually to be found upon tke under surface of tke leaves.
Tke punctures first produce small discolored spots, wkick are multi-
plied over tke surface, and rapidly . increase in size by tkeir run-
ning togetker and by tke greater suctorial i)Ower of tke growing
insect. Later tkey become large brown blotokes, wkick, if tke
insects are numerous, extend over and embrace tke entire leaf,
causing it to dry, — appearing as if scorcked by fire, — to die, and
fall from tke vine. As a consequence of tkis partial defoliation,

254 Forty-fifth Report on the State Museum.

th.e fruit is dwarfed and its ripening interfered witli, and the
death, of the vine may follow if the insects have been very numer-
ous. These little creatures belong to the order of H em i pte kx\ , which
embraces a large number of our destructive pests, as the plant-
lice (ylj»?/^zV7/<icF), the scale-insects and the mealy-bugs iCoecidw),
the grape Phylloxera, etc. — all of which subsist only upon liquid
food, but fully equal in destructiveness to those provided with for-
midable biting jaws.

Several species of these little leaf-hoppers are frequently asso-
ciated upon the grape leaves. They belong to the genus known as
Erythroneura, and the more common one is that described by Dr.
Harris in 1831, as Tettigonia vitis* It is about one-tenth of an
inch long, of a pale yellow or straw-color, with tv.'o narrow red
lines on its head, and scarlet bands upon its thorax and wing-
covers. It appears in June, in its larval stage, when it may
be found quietly resting upon the leaves, with its beak thrust
therein, unless it be disturbed, when it hops briskly to another leaf.
They cast their skins from time to time as they increase in size,
and numbers of these white, empty cases may be found fastened
to the under surface of the foliage or scattered on
the ground beneath. In July they assume their pupal form.
In August thty^ mature and acquire wings; when, if the vines are
shaken, they may be driven up in swarms, but only to return and
resume their destmctive work. The winged insect survives the
winter, hibernating among the dead leaves or in other sequestered
places. The following spring, in the month of May, it comes
forth from its retreat, and deposits its eggs upon the leaves of the
vines for anotlier brood.

The T/irips proper is an entirely different insect. It is a
smaller insect than the grapevine leaf -hopper, with long and
narrow wings without veins and bordered with long fringes —
the two pairs of about equal size. There are a number of species
united in the family of Thrijnd(V, the location of which, in our
classification, has been the occasion of much discussion and is
still in doubt. By Halliday, it was set apart in a distinct order,
under the name of THYSANorxERA, and this arrangement has been

* Now Typhlocyha vitis (Harris) .

Eighth Report of the State Entomologist. 255

accepted by many entomologists. Dr. Packard and otliers regard
it as properly placed among the Hemipi era, to some of tlie families
of which it seems to have a close affinity. Their habits vary
greatly; for while many of the species are unquestionably vegetable
feeders, and injurious in their operations, others, from their carniv-
orous propensities, are serviceable in their destruction of gall-
insects, the eggs of the curculio, the red spider {Tetranychus tela-
Wi^*'), the clover-seed midge {Lecidomyia leginninicola), the wheat
midge {JJijyIosis iritici), and other insect pests.

The method commonly resorted to for the prevention of the
ravages of the so-called " Thrips " in graperies, has been fumigation
with burned tobacco. This has proved to be partially successful.
A still better method has been for some time employed in France,
but not to my knowledge to any extent in this country. It is
the vaporization of a strong extract of tobacco. One who has
thoroughly tested it bears this testimony to its efficacy: "Ever
since I adopted it, it has been absolutely impossible to find a
'thrips' in my houses, and other insects have likewise disappeared."
The following method of use is given :

Every week, whether there are insects or not, I have a number
of braziers containing burning charcoal distributed through my
houses. On each brazier is placed an old saucepan containing
about a pint of tobacco juice of the strength of fourteen degrees.
This is quickly vaporized, and the atmosphere of the house is
saturated with the nicotine-laden vajwr, w hich becomes condensed
on everything with which it comes in contact. T\Tien the contents
of the saucepan are reduced to the consistency of thick syrup, about
a pint of water is added to each, and the vaporization goes on as
before. I consider a pint of tobacco juice sufficient for a house
of about 2,000 cubic feet.. The smell is not so unpleasant as that
from fumigation, and tobacco juice can be used more conveniently
than the leaves.

When the operation is completed, if the tongue is applied to a
leaf, one can easily understand what has taken place, from the
very i>erceptible taste of tobacco.

The process requires to be repeated in proportion to the extent
to which a house is infested. Such troublesome guests are not
to be whoUy exterminated by a single operation, A new brood

256 Forty-fifth Report on the State Musevm.

may be hatched on the following day, or some may not have been
reached on the first day, so that the yaporization should be fre-
quently carried on, until the insect-s have entirely disappeared, and
after that it should be repeated every week in order to prevent a
fresh invasion.

The tobacco juice of the proper strength is purchasable at the
tobacco factories in France for about fifteen cents (of our money)
a quart. Its expense, at this rate, would be but about twenty-five
cents a week for a grapery of about fifty feet by sixteen and ten.

A strong infusion of tobacco leaves, made by boiling, would
be a substitute for the above. It might be pa*epared in quantity
and evaporated to the proper degree, for convenience of keeping
and for ready use.

Although the so-called thrips — it might properly be designated
the " grapevine leaf -hopper " — is more abundant within the shelter
of graperies than elsewhere, still in favorable seasons and in certain
localities, it is a great pest in vineyards, where it is less amenable
to remedial measures. Early in the season, while yet in its
larval stage, benefit has been derived from showering the lower
surface of the leaves with an infusion of tobacco or soapsuds, or
of both combined. A still more eifectual application should be
spraying with an emulsion of kerosene oil and common soap, made
after the formulas given for its preparation.

Another method has been used for destroying this insect, with
good results, it is stated. A long strip of building-paper is
smeared with coal-tar on one side, and stretched between the rows,
when, with a brush, the insects are driven up from the vines against
the sticky surface, to which they adhere. Two men and a boy can
go over a vineyard in this manner in a short time, and a few repeti-
tions will nearly exterminate them.

The Rose-leaf " Thrips."
This little pest, which is almost always present with us during
the summer months, to mar, if it does not destroy, the leafage of
our rose-bushes, is a near relative of the insect which we have
been discussing. It is the Tettigonia rosiv of the Harris reports,* —
a small, yellow-bodied leaf -hopper, with white and transparent

* Now, Eiupoa rosce (Harris) .

Eighth Report of the State Entomologist. 257

wmg-covei's and wings, and brown eyes and feet. Its life-history
closely resembles that of Erylhroneura vltls, of the grape.

Perhaps the best preventive of injury by this insect is an infii-
sion of tobacco, prepared in the following manner: Wtere the
tobacco stems can be procured, place some of them in a vessel of
the capacity of a common pail and pour boiling water upon them
untU they are covered. Allow it to stand over night, and w^hen
used dilute it with five times the quantity of water and apply it
to the underside of the leaves with a garden syringe, or force
pump with a rose nozzle. The application should be made in the
evening, or early in the morning, and, particularly, early in the sea-
son, before the injuries become noticeable except from close exam-
ination, and as soon as the young lai'va?, looking like little white
specks, are discoverable on the underside of the leaves. The sho^ver-
ing should be repeated from time to time so long as the insects.
remain or the effects of their presence are noticeable.

I had intended asking your attention to a few other insect pests-
which are annually demanding heavy tribute from you, and which
you are voluntarily paying, — not necessarily, for recent discov-
eries in economic entomology have given means which only need tO'
be properly used in order that the burden of insect injuries shall:
be materially lightened; but I have already exceeded the tinie-
allotted for my paper.

May I hope that the details presented — some of which I fear-
may have been found dry — may not have greatly wearied you..
33

OUR INSECT ENEMIES AND HOW TO MEET THEM.

{Read before the New Jersey State Board of Agriculture at its Annual Meeting at Trenton,

February 1st, 18S9.]

It is, I believe, conceded by every intelligent person tbait agri-
culture is the greatest of human industries, as, of necessity, it
serves as the basis of all others. A sparse human population
might exist, upon this globe without tillage of the soil, but the
man would not be very far in advance of some of those vegetable
organisms which are endowed with powers that enable them to
seize and devour, and, it is thought, to digest animal food. All
literature, science, and the arts are dependent upon it — yes, civili-
zation itself. It was, so far as we have knowledge, the primal
privilege granted to man, when he was made in the image of his
Maker, ere he was driven from Eden and doomed henceforth to
toil, and in the sweat of his face to eat his bread.

Are figures needed to show the importance of agriculture?
Here, in our own country, so remarkably adapted by soil, climate,
topography, and extent of territory toi grow to perfection what-
■ever crop may be grown in any of the temperate regions of the
globe, as well as in some of the semi-tropical ones, — of our pres-
ent population of sixty millions there is an aggTegate agricultural
population of twenty-six millions. The toftal value of farm pro-
ducts in 1886 was |3,727,000,000 — nearly three and three-fourths
billions — an amount quite beyond the need for home consump-
tion, and its surplusage — one-tenth of the amount — was sent
from our shores, mainly to supply the needs of Europe.

May you not feel an honest pride in an industry that can show
such results? Is it not one that should be respected by every
man, in whatever pursuit he may be engaged. Nay, more. Is
it not one that should be cherished and encouraged by every
possible means, as the con^dction is being more strongly impressed
upon each careful student of political economy, that from the
products of our broad territory are the less highly favored nations

Eighth Eeport of the State Entomologist. 259

of the globe to be, hereafter, more and more largely fed? What-
ever, then, may militate against this interest is deeply to be
deplored. Not only must it, for our individual needs and for the
welfare of the nations, be sustained, but it must be enlarged.
Will this naturally follow, in continued progression, with the
increase of our population and the occupancy and tillage of the
extended tracts of uncultivated land in our Western States and
Territories? No; for vast arid regions are being already reached,
where productive crops can only follow costly systems of irriga-
tion; and not many years will elapse before the virgin soil of the
West will no longer respond with the prolificacy of its first
receptiveness. Nature, at the outset, prodigal of her wealth,
gives up her accumulated stores of centuries for the asking; but
they are not inexhaustible, and sooner or later her golden returns
will cease.

It is evident to all, that in the Eastern United States this con-
dition even now prevails. The husbandman can no longer ticlde
the earth with his hoe or plow and have it smile into a bountiful
crop or harvest. Where, fifty years ago, forty bushels of wheat
could be grown from an acre, now, with even increased labor, but
twelve bushels can be taken. Grain can no longer be cultivated
with profit, and other crops are in the same category.

Other causes, in addition to an exhausted fertility of the soil,
have concurred in the prostration of the agricultural interests
in our Eastern States, and to send up the cry so often heard,
"farming does not pay." Prominent among these causes is the
competition to wliich the eastern farmer is brought with the
immense production of the fertile West — its comparative low
cost of production and the low rates of transportation by which
it reaches and commands the markets which he formerly con-
trolled. The crops on which he hitherto relied, and the methods
of agriculture which he and his fathers before him had remunera-
tively followed, must be abandoned. There must be a change
of base — a new departure. Absolute necessity compels a move-
ment all along the line, and the successful farmer of the future
will be he who joins the advance, and strives to keep pace with
the foremost in the march.

260 Forty-fifth Report on the State Musev3i.

The fact can not be denied that a rapid advance is being made
at the present time in the science of agriculture (we are no longer
afraid to call science to its aid) through the investigations and
teachings of our Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations.
Well it is that the results of these investigations are being brought
before our farmers very efficiently, through the Farmers' Institutes^
which are being so successfully conducted in several of our States.
It having been my privilege to attend a number of these institutes, it
seems to me that their teaching may be summed up under these three
heads: How to feed and care for farm stock; how to feed the soil
(this embraces its cultivation), and how to protect and preserve
for use the products of farm labor. Under these will naturally
group themselves all of the prominent topics of discussion, as food
and shelter and care of stock, production and preservation of
manures, artificial fertilizers, rotation of crops, the products of the
dairy, stock breeding, fruit growing, ensilage, and the like.

I need hardly state this truism, that all the labor, care, and
money that you expend in the effort to produce the conditions cal-
culated to give you the best possible returns, will be lost, just so
far as you fail, through neglect or lack of knowledge, to secure
the resultant products to which you are entitled. In many direc-
tions are you chargeable with this neglect, but suffice it for the
present if I refer only to that particular one, of which, in the invi-
tation given me to address you at this time, you virtually confess
yourselves at fault, and make promise of doing better in the future,
if I will point the way.

Your secretary has suggested as my topic, " Entomology in the
Eastern United States; the importance of a more comprehensive
knowledge of entomology to the farmer and fruit-grower, with,
some suggestions as to th esimplest and quickest way of getting
this knowledge before those interested," This, I think, is
embraced under the brief title that I have selected for my paper.

Economic Entomology,

The losses resulting from insect depredations in the United
States are very far in excess of those sustained in any other por-
tion of the globe. The aggregate of annual losses to agricultural
products is startling when an attempt is made to estimate it, while

Eighth Report of the State Entomologist. 261

in exceptional years of some unusual insect abundance, the com-
putations that have been made from time to time would seem to be
almost beyond belief.

The magnitude of these losses has driven our people to seek pro-
tection from them in the study of insect pests and their habits.
Hence it is that within the last fifty years a new science — that of
Economic Entomology — has had its birth among us, a rapid
growth, and a present development quite in advance of any of the
older nations of the world. It may be defined as "the study of
insects in their relations with man — of their character, habits,
transformations, food-plants, enemies, diseases, etc., with a view of
affording protection from the injuries of a large portion of their
number, and of utilizing the benefits derived from a minor portion."

Our Eastern States gave early recognition of the value and
importance to the Commonwealth of this department of natural
science. The first publication issued under State authority was
the "Kejwrt on Insects Injurious to Vegetation," by Dr. T. W.
Harris, in 1841. The commencement of a series of "Reports on
the Noxious, Beneficial and other Insects of the State of New
York," in the year 1855, by Dr. Asa Fitch, under the auspices of
the New York State Agricultural Society, gave a new interest and
impetus to the study, and was doubtless instrumental in initiating
similar investigations and publications by Mr. B. D. Walsh, in
1867, in Illinois, and by Profesisoir Riley, in 1868, in Missouri, — in
the first-named State, continued by Drs. LeBaron and Thomas, and
through Professor Forbes up to the present time.

In 1878, at the termination of Mr, Glover's labors as Entomolo-
gist to the United States Department of Agriculture (commenced
in 1863), an entomological division was established by the Depaii>-
ment and organized with Profestsoi' Riley as Chief. The work of
the division, generously sustained by Congress, has continued to be
prosecuted with signal ability and success. Its publications,
through annual reports, bulletins, and more lately, a monthly
periodical, have been of a high order and of eminent service to the
agricultural interests of the Thiited States.

In 1877, a special Entomological Commigsion, to consist of three
skilled eeonomic entomologists, was authorized by Congress, for
the purj^ose of investigating and reporting upon the depredations

262 Forty-fifth Report on the State Museum.

of the Roclvy Mountain locust of the Western States and Terri-
tories, and the best practicable method of preventing tkeir recur-
rence or guarding against their invasions. The investigations of
the commission were subsequently ext^ended to the cotton-worm
of the Southern States, and to some other insects whose wide-
spread ravages h.ad given, tihem a national importance. The
labors of this commission were attended with valuable practical
results, and have given us a large addition to onr literature in
four octavo volumes and seven bulletins.

In KS80, the State of New York resumed entomological inves-
tigations, after an interval of ten years — they having been inter-
rupted in 1870 by the imi)aired health of Dr. Fitch.

There is not the time in which, to refer to other entomological
work done more or less directly under State authority in con-
nection vtith. agricultural and horticultural societies and agricul-
tural colleges, a long recital of which, might be made. It is fit-
ting, however, that T should not omit mention of the impetus
which has been given to entomological research in the recent
establishment, under the "Hatch Bill," of Agricultural Experi-
ment Stations in at least twenty-eight of our States. In twenty-
two of these so far as I know, an entomologist charged with the
study of insect depredations and methods for their control has
been appointed, and, it is believed, that the same indispensabl;?
work will be entered upon in each of the stations, as soon as
competent persons can be found to meet the requkements of the
position. Most heartily do I welcome this large addition to our
hitherto small body of economic entomologists, and very bright
are my anticipations of a greatly accelerated future progress, and
of the benefit to result therefrom to the agi'icu'Ciral interests of
our countiy.

Importance of Entomological Study.
Years ago, when insects were collected with no higher motive
than the possession of a fine cabinet, or when their study went
no further than giving them name and classification, it was cus-
tomary to ridicule the pursuit as trivial, petty, unworthy of the
digidty of a man. All insects, whether bee®, butterflies, or beetles,
were " bugs," and those who collected them were " bug-hunters.'^

Eighth Report of the State Entomologist. 263

To-day, the application of the knowledge which has been so long
acciiinulating, to advancement in agriculture, horticulture, s>hi-
cultnre, etc., has given to the study of entomology an importance
which is recognized as second to no other department of natural
history. It is being everywhere prosecuted with vigor, by the
General Government and by the States, as we have indicated,
and by private individuals, in compliance with the wide-spread
demand for efficient means of protection from insect ravages —
for a release from a taxation upon the products of the farm
which is most burdensome, and the compulsory payment of which
brings with it none of the compensations that ameliorate the
pajonent of other taxes, in the protection that they afford tO'
property, and tihe privileges and comforts that they bring to our
homes; it is an entire loss.

The importance of the study of our insect enemies and their
habits, may perhaps^ be better seen from a few considerations,
which we will present.

The Secrecy of Insect Depredations.

Probablj'^ that crop can not be nam«;d that may not be impaire-l
one-tenth of its full value without the knowledge of insect pres-
ence or recognilion of iasect injury. Such .secret injury is usually
due to the OT^erations of root-feeding insect's, which ai^ iiumerous
in classes and in species, and from their subternmean life, do not
fall under ordinary observation. Among these are plant li'.'e, the
caterpillurs of various moths and the larvas of many beetles
and flies, known often only to entomologists who have made a
study of their early stages.

It is not an unusual occuri^ice that serious and evident insect
injury is inflicted through a tenn of years, while the author of it
remains unknown. An illustration of this may be found in the
failure of the red clover to pix)duce its seed, which, for a long
time was ascribed to the want of fertilization by bees, but was
discovered a few years ago to be the result of the feeding within
the blossoms upon the forming seed, by the larvi^e of the clover-
seed midge. Cecidoinyia legitiainicola. Certain injuries to several
of our fruits causing their gnarling and deformation, which have
long been a mystery to me, have found their explanation during

264 Forty- FIFTH Report on the State Museum.

the pa«t year, in the punctures made by a minute caterpillar —
a Coleophora — wliicli, always concealed within the peculiar case
that it carries with it — if seen, as it doubtless often has been
loj the fruit-grower, would not be suspected of belonging to the
insect world. Another new pest is biifiiing me and eluding my
•efforts for its discoveiy, through its secret girdling (believed to
l>e at night) with a circle of incisions the tips of currant bushes
in certain localities in New York, and causing them to break
off and fall to the ground. There ai'e cut-worms which leave their
hidden retreats beneath the ground or shelter of rubbish, only after
mght-fall and climb into grapevines, where they cut off the clusters
of the grapes, and into fruit trees, severing the stems of leaves
and fruit. Numerous other insects intensify the loss that they
occasion by the secrecy mth which it is inflicted, and the conse-
quent difficulty of meeting it. Of this class are the burrowei-s
within the stems and stalks of plants or in trunks of trees, tho
numerous and destructive bark-borers which feed within the vital
sap-wood, and leaf-miners, so minute as to find ample feeding
ground in the range and concealment given them between the
surfaces of a leaf.

The Small S zk of Insects.

Nature often teaches us the lesson, of which we need frequently
to be reminded, that size is no criterion of importance. Thus,
among om* insect foes, many of the most injurious are among the
smallest of their class, and, hence, we have the seeming pai*adox —
''the smaller the insect the greater its capability for harm." In
confirmation of this we may cite the grapevine Phylloxera {Phyl-
loxera vitlfolin') which was first discovered by Ur. Fitch, in
Washington county, N. Y., in the year 1854, — was incroduce<l iii
France in 1863, and subsequently multiplied tO' such an extent
as to threaten the entire destruction of that most important inter-
■est to France — grape culture. In 1879, nearly 3,000,000 of acres
of infesited vines had been taken up, destroyed, and the land appro-
I>riated to other uses. For several years, annual appropriations
amounting to nearly |200,000 were made by the government for
Phylloxera investigations, and a reward ha® been offei'ed of
300,000 francs (|60,000) foi' the discovery of an effectual remedy.

Eighth Report of the State Entomologist. 2C5

And yet it is but a plant-louse, one of the smallest of its kind,
and a mere dot — a microscopic object in sevei'al of its stages.

The diminutive size of the insect does not permit his exclusion
from your crops by the ordinary means that give protection from
tlie incursion of domestic animals that at times bi'eak their inclos-
ures and invade your fields, although the injuries wrought by the
latter may hardly admit of comparison with those caused by
the former. Tnie, ditches are sometimes dug and barriersi built
by western farmers to stay the marches of the army -worm and the
chinch-bug in seasons of their excessive abundance, and valuable
•crops have been, by these means, rescued from threatened destruc-
tion. But, as a rule, the armies of destructive insects which spring
out of the ground or drop upon you as if from the skies, must be
fought by methods which are only to be learned from careful and
continued study of the secret operations and wily ways of the
species with which you have to contend.

We en' when we regard all insects as small, notwithstanding
that one of the definitions given by Webster of an insect is
" something small or contemptible." But our best lexicogra-
phers are sometimes open to just criticism, as, for example, when
Dr. Johnson has given a« a definition of net wor'k lest its meaning
might not be perfectly clear to the simple-minded — "anything
reticulated or decussated at equal distances with interstices
between the intersections." True, the insect is small in compari-
son with our domestic animals and most of the mammals, yet there
are large insects as well as small, for we have gi'adations among
them not less marked than in other classes of animated nature.
It has been computed that the average size in the animal king-
dom— with the smallest known protozoan at one end of the
line and the flat-back whale of the Pacific coast with its
ninety-five feet of length and 294,000 i>ounds of weight, at the
•other, is to be found in the common house-fly. M it yea flomestica.
All insects exceeding this in size may prop'^i'h^ be called large;
those only that are less in size, s/na//. Does this peem surprishi:^?
Kemember that there lies a vast world of living beings. The
limit of which is not yet defined, which the unaided eye does
not see, and which the microscope must call r^p to onr wonder

266 Forty-fifth Report on the State Museum.

and admiration, just as, in the other direction, each successive
enlargement of the object glass of the telescope brings lo our
view from the depths of boundless space, suns and systems and
galaxies of systems before unknown and unsuspected.

Number of I.vskc s.

Insects, in number of species, exceed by far all the rest of
the animal kingdom combined. They are believed to be ten fold
more numerous than all of the mammals, birds, fishes, reptiles,,
myriapods, crustaceans, worms, molluscs, radiates, and protozoans,
united. At the latter part of the 17th century, they were
estimated at 10,000 species. During the last 100 years the dis-
covery of new species has been very rapid, and in 1881 there
had been described and catalogued throughout the world 320,000
species, while many thousands were in collections awaiting name
and description — 12,000 in a single collection — that of the
British Museum. Judging from past discoveries, we may venture
to claim that if all the species inhabiting the world were known,
the number would reach one million f^

If, from distinct species, we descend to 1he consideration of
individuals, figures are of no service, for the numbers that we
should have to employ would be simply incomprehensible. I
have seen at a glance, in a locality near Albany, within a small
extent of roadway, of a single species of a ?inow-flea — a Podnray
more individuals, as computed by me, than there are human beings
on the entire face of the globe. A single small cherry tree of
ten feet in height, infested with a plant-louse — one of a row
similarly infested — was estimated by Dr. Pitch, by counting
the number on a single leaf, the leaves on a branch, and tiie
branches on the tree, to contain the amazing number of 12,000,000.
Although this may strike one as a large number, yet few, if any,
have any approximate idea of what a million means. Were
I to count as rapidly as I could enunciate, simply naming the
figures in their order and connection, omitting repetition of
"hundred" and "thousand" where they occur — thus saying,
" nine-seventy-three-four-eighty-one," instead of " nine hundred and
seventy-three thousand four hundred and eighty-one," and con-

[" Lord Walsingha-n has raised this estimate ti three millions ]

Eighth Report of tub State E^TOMOLOGIST. 267

tinue thus counting for ten kours a day, it v/ould require twenty-
eight days to count a million, and consequently, eleven mouih»
of such labor (an obvious impossibility, for utterly beyond haumii
power of endurance) to have counted the apliides upon vkat
little cherry tree.

Eapidhy of Propagation.
The rapidity of propagation shown in some Insecs, is also
without a parallel elsewhere. Perhaps, in the aphides or phuit-
lice, it attains its maximum, where successive generations of
living young, all of which are females, continue to be ])roduced
throughout the summer months, without the presence of the male,
by a process which has been compared to, and, indeed, styled,
budding. Professor Riley, in his recent studies of the hop-vine
aphis, Pliorodon humuli^ hais observed thirteen generations of the
species in the year. Now, if we assume as the average number of
young produced by each female to be 100, and that every individual
sihall attain maturity and produce its full complement of young
(which, however, never can occur in nature), Me would have,
as the number of the twelfth brood alone (noc counting Ihose
of all of the preceding broods), 10,000,000,000,000,000,000,000
(ten sextillions) of individuals. Where, as iu this instance,
figures fail to convey any adequate proper conception, may I ask
you to take space and velocity of light as your measures? Were
this brood, as above given, marshalled in line with ten individu-
als to a linear inch, touching one another, the jjrocession would
extend to tlie sim (a space which light traverses in eight minutes),
and beyond it to the nearest fixed star t traversed by light only ^n
six years), and stOl onward in sj^ace beyond the most distant star
that the strongest telescope may bring to our view, to a point so
inconceivably remote that light could only reach us from it in
twenty-five hundred years. How fortunate it is for the human
race, that in view of such amazing capabilities of increase hi the
insect world, so many counter-checks have been provided l)y
Providence for the prevention of unrestricted development in a
single direction, that all nature may still work together in liar-
mony, when viewed in its broadest aspect.

268 Forty-fifth Report on the State Museum.

The Voracity of Insects.
The larval stage of many insects is apparently one of inces-
sant feeding. It may be doubted of some if tliey ever sleep, or
even indulge in rest unless disturbed while feeding, or during
their molting periods, when time is demanded for the changes
required in the casting off of a skin distended to its utmost
capacity, and the formation and assumption of a new
one capable of further extension. Their voraciousness and
rapid growth may be shown in the statement of two
facts : A certain flesh-feeding larva will consume in twenty-
four hours two hundred times its original weight, — a parallel
to which, in the human race, would be, an infant consuming
in the first day of its existen.ce, fifteen hundred pounds
of nutriment. There are vegetable feeders, — caterpillars,
which, during their progress to maturity, within thirty days,
increase in size ten thousand times. To e(iual tliis remarkable
growth, a man at his maturity, would have to weigh no less than
forty tons. In view of such statements, need we wonder that the
insect world is so destructive and so potent a power for harm.

Can Insect Ravages be Prevented ?
I have attempted, from a few considerations, to sIicav the
importance of insects in their relation to agricultural pursuits;
that losses appalling in their magnitude are inflicted by them;
and that these losses are steadily on the increasp. What can
be done? Can they be prevented? We answer, no, not entirely,
but they may be controlled. My studies of twenty-five years have
taught me that the insect does not exist, the injuries of which
may not be greatly diminished when we have learned its entire
life-history and its habits. Each one, when we know it fully,
-discloses some vulnerable point, and a particular time in one
of its four stages of existence when it may be attacked to the t»est
advantage. I assuredly speak within bounds when I say, what
could not with truth have been said twenty years ago, that with
our present knowledge and with the means now at our command,
in the insecticides and preventives known, and apparatus and
methods for their use, we can, if we will, lessen insect depreda-

Eighth Report of the State Entomologist. 269

tions to the extent of at least one-half of their present magni-
tude. What an addition this would be to the national wealth
and to individual well-being!

How TO Meet our Insect Enemies.

Turning now to the practical part of my paper — how may wo
best meet our insect foes? I will name some of the methods by
which this may be done.

High Culture.— 'Fiv^t and foremost, I would recommend high
culture. Just in proportion that the vigor and growth of a crop
is promoted, to the same extent there is given to it the ability to
resist and overcome the effects of insect attack. While the
feeble plant succumbs, the vigorous one will flourish and mature
despite the drain upon it. It will have a rcisistant force to sus-
tain it, just as health and a well-developed body may exclude or
triumph over disease. And then, again, the weak, sickly, or
diseased plant, made so either through negle(;t of cultivation
or lack of needed fertilizing material, directly invites insect
attaclv. The peculiar odor that emana-tes from it when in
this condition, is at once detected by the msect, and serves
to draw it from distances that seem almost incredible. Insects,
that they may readily find tihe food-plamts on which they ai'Cr
destined to feed and those upon which they are to deposit their
eggs for the continuance of their species, — as if in compeinsation
for a feeble, short range, and quite imperfect vision, have been
endowed with a sense of smell which, is maiv^Uous in its acute-
ness, and is without parallel in any other class of ihe animal
world. It is believed by some entomologists that many of our
insect pests never make attack on healthy vegetation, but only
on that which is diseased; as if in the economy of nature they
were specially coumiissioned to hasten destruction and decay;
and among these they would place many of the bark-borers that
infest our fruit and shade trees, with which it seems almost hope-
less for us to contend.

Clean Culture.— A. large proportion of our insect i)ests survive
the winter within such shelter as they may find in decaying wood,
sticks, boards, or raUs lying on the ground. Dead vines, stalks

■270 Forty-fifth Report on tee State Museum.

{particularly if they are hollow), twisted leaves, etc., afford excel-
lent hibernating places for the adult forms of many of the Hemip-
tera (commonly known as "bugs"), from which they emerge and
deposit their eggs in the spring, simultaneously with the com-
mencement of vegetation, when attack is ever most harmful. It is
obvious, therefore, that much benefit will result from gather-
ing in the autumn, all rubbish, dead vegetable matter, and other
refuse material, and burning it with all the insects that it is har-
boring; or if this be regarded as wasteful, then so compost it, that
the compost pile shall not be, as we believe it often is, a nursery
for insect pests that in the injury that they inflict more than
counter-balances the manurial value.

A knoivledye of Insect Pests. — A favorite maxim of my school
days was, " Nosce te ipsum " — know thyself. One equally import-
ant in later years, of broad application, but of special importance
to the agriculturist, is, hnow your enemies. How can you suc-
cessfully meet them, check their operations, prevent their attack,
or destroy them if need be (for, fortunately, there are no laws
against the killing of insects), unless you know who your foe is,
when his attack is to bo made, T\'here it is to be made, and what
he pui*poses to do. To know this is to be forearmed and in readi-
ness for the fight. Are your insect enemies so many that you
fear that you can not make their acquaintance ? Do not be fright-
ened at the seeming magnitude of the task, as if you were brought
to contend single-handed, with the perhaps 20,000 distinct
species which your State harbors. Some of these are your friends,
others are at least harmless, while a large proportion are but com-
paratively injurious. In a list of 100 species, there could, I think,
be named all of those which it would be to your particular interest
to know and to study. These, at least, you Should know by name,
so that you may confer with one another in relation to them, and
communicate with your entomologist or other scientist of whom
you might desire information — such as the best approved remedy
or preventive to be employed. The common name which every
destruotive species, Icnown for any length of time, has recei\'ed,
would be sufficient for your use, but it woidd be advisable, so fur
as you conveniently could, to acquire also their scientific name, as

Eighth Report of the State Entomologist. 271

a help to you, if you purpose to add to your own observation, the
study of what has been learned and written of them by others.
To illustrate what I mean: Your apple trees, perchance, are not
doing well — something is the matter with them — probably an
insect is the cause. What insect is it? Is the apple-tree aphis
infesting the buds or curling and distorting the leaves ? Is the
bud- worm tying up and consuming the yoimg foliage just as it puts
forth? Is the oyster-shell bark-loiise pumping out through hun-
dreds of thousands of tubes the life-blood of the tree ? Is the
flat-headed borer tunneling the limbs, or the round-headed borer
working at the base of the trunk ? Are any of the tiny bark
beetles burrowing into the sap-wood, and gradually girdling the
tree ? Is the root plant-louse clustering on the roots ? Each of
these, and many others that may be cited, are secret or incon-
spicuous operations, which must be sought for, with a knowledge
of what they are, if you would discover them in time for their
arrest.

In addition to names, the characteristics of hidden attack, habits,
and the dilTerent stages of life, should be known. A shriveled head
of grain or discolored stalk may indicate the presence of the wheat-
midge larvae in the head, the joint-worm knotting or twisting the
stalk, the Hessian fly concealed within the sheath near a joint, or
the wheat-stem maggot burrowing the stalk; or the wheat saw-fly
may be busily at work cutting off the nearly matured heads and
dropping to the ground one-tenth of the crop. If it were generally
known that the eggs of the common apple-tree tent-caterpillar
could easily be detected upon the leafless trees in autumn or winter,
as a broad belt of eggs from a half-inch to three-fourths inch in
length, encircling the small twigs near their tips; and if, with such
knowledge they were then clipped off and burned, apple orchards
would never again have to suffer from such defoliation as they
were last year subjected to in Eastern Xew York and portions of
the Eastern States and parts of New Jersey.

Enlist >/onr Children in the Stud t/. — It can easily be done.
(j\\e them a cluster of eggs, of which to watch the hatching, the
emergence of the 3'oung caterpillars, the rapidity and eagerness
with which they devour the fresh food daily brought them, the

272 Forty-fifth Report on the State Museum.

most interesting operation of sliedding their skins four times
(usually) during their growth, the construction of their cocoons
when they have attained maturity, or their wonderful transfor-
mation to the chrysalis stage in the butterflies, and the final
emergence from the pupa to the perfect-winged insect. Let
them see all tliis, and they are made of strange material if they
do not become entomologists for all future time. It will be a
pleasure for them to collect insects and to study theii' vai-ied and
interesting habits, and to prepare collections which wUl adorn
your homes. If consisting largely of the moiHi injurious forms
properly labelled and displayed, they would prove highly valua-
ble for the use and instruction of your farmers' clubs, illustratii].g
far better than figures can, the descriptions that your libraries
may contain. As a guide and an aid to the children's studies^
put in their hands a little volume recently published by Dr.
I'ackard, entitled, "Entomology for Beginners,"' in which they
may find directions for collecting, preserving, and rearing insects,
b(^ides much other matter which will be of value to them and
to yourselves, under the headings of "insects injurious and bene-
ficial to agi'iculture; " "insect architecture;" "the structure^
growth and metamoi-phoses, and classification of insects," etc.,
etc. Not only will the study be a delight to them, but it wUl
serve, if properly pursued, as a means of mental discipline fully
equal to many of the disciplinary studies of the schools. It will
also place them in possession of knowledge which will better fit
them to meet the demands that will be made upon the agricul-
turist of the future.

Procure and Study Recent Entomological Publications. — Eco-
nomic entomology, has ^^ ithin the last few years made rapid and
great advance. We, in the United States have been compelled to
study insect ravages — greater here than in any other part of the
world, and, as the consequence, the literature of applied ento-
mology is far superior to that of any other country. The inves-
tigations having been made lai'gely through appropriations from
the general government or individual States, the publications
have been distributed gratuitously, at the request usually of

Eighth Report of the State Entomologist. 273

those for "^^llose benefit they were made. If every applicatiom
can not bo met, it is piobably owing to the fact that the demand
hitherto, has not been sufficiently large to warrant larger editions.
There is assuredly one publication which should be procurable
by every farmer who will ask for it, viz.: The valuable illus-
trated report of the Entomologist of the UE.ited States Depart-
ment of Agriculture, Professor C. V. Riley. Of this report,
contained in the annual report of the Commissioner of Agricul-
ture, 425,000 copies are ordered by Congress, each year, but it
is feared a large proportion of these never leave Washington,
except as entering into the composition of other paper. The
Department has also issued two reports of the United States
Entomological Commission, seven bulletins of the same Com-
mission, and eighteen bulletins of the Entomological Division.
It is also issuing, at the pi'esent time through the Division
of Entomology, an interesting and instructive periodical,
under the name of "Insect Life." Some of the above miay be
stni procurable through application to the Commissioner, or to
I'rofes,?or Eiley, or to your "Representatives in Congress.

The reports of Dr. Fitch, published in the Transactions of the
New York State Agricultural Socieiy, for the years 1854 to 1870,
are of special value. Six of these reports, bound in two ^^lumes,
may still be obtained of the Secretary of the Agricultural Society,
at Albany,

G'he reports of the State Entomologists of Missouri and of
Illinois are also very desirable. For these, application with inquiry
might be made to Professor Riley, at Washington, and to Professor
S. A. Forbes, at Champaign, Illinois.

A volume that would seem to be indispensable to the fruit-
grower, is "Insects Injurious to Fruits," by W. Saundei's, pub-
lished in 1883,* by the J. B. Lipi'incott Company, Philadelphia,
Pa., 436 pages, 440 figures. A recent publication of particular
value to the student as an aid to classification, and prepared
specially for the agricultural student, is "An Introduction to
Entomology," b}^ J. H. Comstock, Professor of Entomology in Cor-

* A second edition has since been published .

35

274 Forty-fifth Report on the State Museum.

nell r^niversity, Ithaca, N. Y. The first part only of this (price
two dollars) has been published. Application for it should be
made to the author.

Learn of Insecticides amniow to Use them. — The publications
above named, and notably those of the department at Washington,
will give the needed information in this direction. The recent
advance in economic entomology has been largely through discov-
eries of insecticides, and the invention of apparatus for theii' easy
application. Of our best insecticides in use at the present are
white hellebore, Paris green, London purple, pyrethrum, kerosene,
and tobacco. It is essential that one should know how, when, and
in what proportions these are to be applied, the proper dilution
of those that require it, and the method of emulsifying kerosene.
It is also important that the relative value of wet and dry mixtures
and the mosit economical and effective method of application
should also be known. The great practical value of a reliable
insecticide was years ago taught us in the discovery of the method
of destroying the Colorado potato beetle, which threatened at first
to arrest potato culture in our country. More recently it® value
has again been clearly demonstrated in the use of the arsenites
(Paris green and London purple), sprayed upon the forming fruit
of our apple trees for protection from the apple-worm of the cod-
ling-moth. There is no longer question but that, by a proper
use of either of the above named arsenites, at least three-fourths
of the apple crop can be saved from the codling-moth. Worm-
eaten apples should henceforth be a discredit and a disgrace to
the fruit-grower, and each worm-hole a stamp attesting to his ignor-
ance or inexcusable neglect.

For the judicious use of insecticides, it is important that recog-
nition should be made of two classes of insects — those that take
their food by means of biting jaws> and those that feed only on
the sap of plants through a proboscis inserted ia the bark. The
fonner, which includes the larger proportion of insects, can be read-
ily poisoned by the application of the arsenites to the foliage which
they consume. The latter, consisting of the Hemiptera, such as
the plant-lice (Aphides), bark-lice, and all bugs properly so-called,
which imbibe theu' liquid food from beyond reach of the poison,

Eighth Report of the State Entomologist. 275

are vulnerable to applications which, may reach them externally,
as tobacco solutions, alkaline washes, and l:.erosene, — the last-
named closing their breathing pores and producing suffocation

Beneficial Insects should he Protected. — There are entire fami-
lies of insects which consist almost wholly of species that are of
direct benefit to the agriculturist, which should be known and
spared from indiscriminate destruction. Of these are the Coc-
cinelUdcc, or lady-bugs, which have as their mission, the preven-
tion of an overwhelming multiplication of plant-lice; the Ichneu-
monidce, or ichneumon flies, which deposit their eggs within or
upon the body of other insects, to hatch into larva^ which feed
upon and destroy their host; the Chalciddice or chalcid flies
which have the habits of the ichneumon flies; the Tach iiidw,
resembling our common house-flies, also of similar habits with
the last two named, and several other families which could be
mentioned.

The importance of these parasitic insects wUl be conceded when
we state that it is highly probable that to parasitic attack we osva
the almost entire cessation of the ravages of the wheat-midge
in the United States, when all human means seemed hopeless.
At the present time, fruit culture in California, and more par-
ticularly the orange culture, is most seriously impaired, through
the operation of a scale insect, known scientifically as leery a Pur-
chasi Maskell, which was introduced in the year 1868 on an
acacia from Australia. It has continued to increase and spread and
feed on all the fruits and much other vegetation, until its arrest, by
any known application, seemed impossible. In this emergency,
two agents of the United States Department of Agriculture have
been dispatched to Australia, to collect the parasites that prey
ui>on the Icerya there and send them to Califoniia, that an attempt
may be made to colonize and multiply them. Consignments of
parasites have already been received, are being propagated with
care, and the present outlook is quite encouraging.

Be Careful Observers of Insects. — You have opportunities for
their observation which are not accorded to those in other pursuits
of life. When you have become familiar with the appearance of
tliose which are your annual visitants, you will readily detect the

276 Forty-fifth Report on tee State Museum.

advent of an unfamiliar new form. Capture it, and send it with
all the information tkat you can obtain of its liabits, to some
entomologist, whose pleasure and duty it will be to tell you what
it is; and if it should prove to be a new pest, he may also be able
to give the directions best calculated to arrest its further spread
and multiplication.

Conclusion.
Now that I have told you of your insect enemies — of their immense
number, rapid propagation, incredible voracity, the enormous losses
that they cause, and increasing injuries annually; and have also
told you how you may best meet them, it may be proper to ask,
" what do you propose to do in the matter ?" Does the struggle
that their control will require of you seem too formidable — almost
a hopeless task? Do you propose to give up to the insect all
that his insatiaite greed and (Men excessive wastefulness demands,
trusting that he may leave behind him enough for your wants?
Will you rest on the promise that " seed time and harvest shall not
cease?" Faith is well, but " without works it is dead." Continue
then to pray with fer\"or, as often as you join in the Church's
solemn Litany, "We beseech thee, good Lord, to give and pre-
serve to our use the kindly fruits of the earth, that in due tune
we may enjoy them," but doi not fail to supplement your prayer
with the force-pump and London purple. It was a wise saying,
if construed aright, that ''Providence is ever on the side of the
heaviest artillery." Fight the insect as you never have before,
and do not sound an inglorious retreat or yield a pitiable sur-
render, just as the instruments of warfare and the insecticidal
ammunition, with which you may wage effectual fight, have been
placed within your reach. At least show the spirit of one who
came to my office to learn of me how he might successfully fight
the striped cucumber beetle which had troubled him greatly.
"Not that I care so much about the cucumbers," said he, "but
it hurts me terribly to let that little yellow-striped cuss get the
better of me." Study and perseverance will bring its recompense.
It will yield you a rich return in more productive crops with less
expenditure of labor. I venture to say that it will often give the
desired factor for the solution of that great problem which is
before you, "how to make the farm pay?" Let the myriad insect

Eighth Report of the State Entomologist. 277

hosts feed unmolested upon your choicest products, for it is ever
those that they prefer, and there is failure. Fight them energeti-
cally, scientifically, and manfully, and there is success, and a
brighter future for you and your children. Do not, I beg of you,
tolerate for a day longer, that inexcusable, shameful, costly neglect
of the study of insect lives and insect habits.

(B)

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

The following is a list of the principal publications of the
Entomologist during the year 1891 — fifty-six in number —
giving title, place, and time of publication, and a summary of
contents. A similar list of publications for the years 1875, 1876,
and 1877 is appended.

The Squash Bug.* (Country Gentleman, for January 8, 1891, Ivi,
p. 23, c. 1, 2 — 26 cm.)

To inquiry from Kane county, 111. , answer is made that Paris green is not
available against the squash-bug or any other of the bugs proper (Hemiptera).
The best remedies are trapping the bugs and destroying the eggs. Trap with
pieces of wood and kill the bugs found under them. Examine for egg-
clusters on the underside of the leaves, and for the colonies of the newly-
hatched bugs near them, and crush them. Prevent injury to the base of the
stalk by applying a mixture of salt and ashes.

[Pubhshed in pp. 205-207 of this Eeport (viii).]

Grain Weevil Infesting Mills. (Country Gentleman, for January
15, 1891, Ivi, p. 47, c. 1, 2 — 25 cm.)

For destroying weevil infesting a flour and feed store in Orange county,
N. Y., which is probably Calandra granaria [no examples are sent], bisul-
phide of carbon is recommended, to be used after the manner reported by
Professor Cook as having been successfully used for^the purpose in a mill in
Michigan. Its use in the vineyards of France against the Phylloxera, cited.

Protection from Insect Injuries. (Albany Morning Express, for
January 23, 1891, p. 2, c. 5 — 28 cm.) Abstract of an
Address before the Farmers' Institute at Albany, on January
22d, 1891.

Embraces the following topics: Loss from insect injuries, and their steady
increase: the few insect pests known fifty years ago: the increase resulting
from introduction from abroad, change of food-plants from wild to cultivated
crops: importance of the study: what is being done for it by the General Gov-
ernment and the States: recent advance in economic entomology in the United
States: our methods adopted in Europe and Austraha. Means of protection
are these: high cultivation, clean culture, encourage the natural enemies of
insects, discriminate between beneficial and noxious insects, protect the birds,

♦The capitalization, etc., of the Country Gentleman is followed herein in the citation from it
of titles of publication.

Eighth Report of the Siate Entomologist. 279

learn of insecticides and how to use them, study insect lives and habits, and
read entomological publications.

Bacon Beetle. (Country Gentleman, for February 12, 1891, Ivi,

p. 130, c. 3 — 6 cm.)

Dermestes lardarius infesting soiled clothing, in Ridgefield, Conn., is identi-
fied, with notice of its food, and reference to publications on it.

Insectivorous Birds. (Albany Evening Journal, for Februar}^ 1-1,

1891, p. 6, c. 3 — 30 cm.)
Protecting the Birds. (Kew York Times, February 15, 1891.)

Remarks before the Assembly Committee of Game Laws, asking for such
amendments and additions to the Revised Game Law as shall protect such
birds as are beneficial to the agriculturist in the destruction of insect pests,
and withholding protection from those which are detrimental: prominent
among these last is the English sparrow,

[In MS. of Ninth Report.]

Scale Insects. (Country Gentleman, for March 26, 1891, Ivi, p.
257, c. 2, 3— 15 cm.)

Leaves of Oleander and Camellia, from Jacksonville, Ala. , with supposed
fungus, show attack of scale-insects — the former of Aspidiotus nerii Bouche,
and the latter of a species of ? Parlatoria. The general features of the two
are given. When occurring on trees, they may be killed by spraying with
kerosene emulsion or whale-oil soap solution. Infested plants may be treated
with sweet oil, or kerosene lightly applied to the underside of the leaves with
a sponge or piece of flannel.

[See in pp. 214, 215 of this Report (viii).]
Bark Lice. (Country Gentleman, for March 20, 1891, Ivi, p. 257,
c. 3 — 5 cm.)

To inquiry from Meadville, Pa., of an insect resembling an oat-hull in size
and appearance, infesting apple trees; and also, if spraying with coal-oil in
winter will kill bark-lice, — reply is made: a strong kerosene or coal-oil emul-
sion will kill the lice if the scales are saturated, but the emulsion can be more
effectually applied at the time of the hatching of the eggs. The infesting
insect can not be named from the statement made.

[A Blind Crustacean from a Well.] (Albany Evening Journal,
for March 27, 1891, p. 0, c. 2 — 13 cm. New York Times,
for March 2 «^, 1891, p. 2, c. 5— 8cm.)

A small crustacean, sent from Oswego county, N. Y. , as infesting a driven
well of moderate dopth, is identified as Crangonyx viucronatus Forbes — a
blind species, occurring only in subterranean waters, and first discovered in
a well at Normal, Illinois. It is found at the West, sometimes abundantly, in
springs after heavy rains but does not live long in surface waters. This is its
first recorded observation east of Indiana. Its presence in wells is not harm-
ful, but rather beneficial, as tending to the purification of the water.

[Extended in MS. of Ninth Report.]

280 Forty-fifth Beport on the State Museum.

Injurious Insects. (Country Gentleman, for April 2, 1891, Ivi, p.
273, c. 2, 3—43 cm.)

Abstract of a paper read at the New Paltz Farmers' Institute, treating of —
the recent increase of insect pests; the increase largely in fruit insects; the
principal depredators on the several fruits; generalization of methods for the
destruction of sucking insects and biting insects; the best insecticides, viz.,
Paris green, London purple, and kerosene emulsion; their history, etc.; three
recent triumphs in economical entomology ; the benefits of arsenical spray-
ing; fungicides combined with insecticides; reported bad results from London
purple; strength of insecticides adapted to different fruits; lime lessens injury
from the arsenites; the force pump; cost of spraying; several other means
of protection from insect pests named.

Quince-Tree Borer. (Countr}^ Gentleman, for April 9, 1891, Ivi,
p. 294, c. A — 6 cm.)

To an inquiry for a remedy or preventive against this insect, a wasli pre-
pared as follows is recommended: A gallon of common soft soap and a pint
of crude carbolic acid, thinned with a gallon of hot water, to stand over night
or until it is perfectly united, and then eight or ten gallons of cold, soft
water to be added.

Honey-Dew on Pear Twigs. (Country Gentleman, for April 16,
1891, Ivi, p. 317, c. 1—16 cm.)

Pear twigs sent from Athens, N. Y., as infested with "honey-dew," are
covered with a black substance, thought by some fruit-growers to be con-
nected, or identical with, the apple scab. It is doubtless honey-dew, black-
ened by age and the association with it of the usual fungus that occurs on
honey-dew infested foliage — a harmless form. The honey-dew could not have
been deposited so abundantly by any known pear aphis. Probably the trees
had been attacked by Psylla pyri. Search will be made for this insect during
the following month.

Arsenic and Honey — Experiments. [Is Arsenical Spraying-
Harmful to Honey-l)ees '.'] (Countr}' Gentleman, for April 16,
1891, Ivi, p. 317, c. 1, 2 — 24 cm.)

Replying to inquiries: It has not been shown that honey bees have been
killed or their honey poisoned by arsenically sprayed blossoms, although so
asserted by Professor A. J. Cook and other apiarists. That such a result may
follow is not believed by some of our best botanists. The question should be
set at rest by proper experimentation: until then, caution should be exercised.
If safe, it would be advantageous to spray during blossoming, for at this
time the larva' of some leaf -rollers could be reached, and not later.

Bulletins relating to spraying may, in many cases, be obtained by address-
ing the Directors of the Agricultural Experiment Stations. Director Atwater's
" Experiment Station Record" is commended as useful to fruit-growers.
Several of the most desirable Bulletins upon spraying, spraying apparatus
and insecticides are named, and Station Directors' addresses given.

Eighth Report of the State EsroMOLoaisT. 281

Entomology. (Proceedings of the 37th Annual Meeting of the
Western New York Horticultural Society, January 28 and 29,
1891, April, 1891, pp. 10-17. Also, as Separates 8 p}).)

Report of the Society's Committee on Entomology, upon "Spraying with
Insecticides," and " Some Garden and Orchard Insects.'' Topics embraced
are the following: Effect of London purple on the plum: London purple on
the peach: Solubility of London purple: An efficient nozzle for low spray-
ing: Addition of lime to the arsenites: Fungicides combined with the arsen-
ites: Spraying for the plum curculio: Spraying for the codling-moth: A
new insecticidal machine: Insecticides lately recommended: Protection from
the striped cucumber beetle : The apple curculio : The pear-blight beetle : The
rose-bug: The Marguerite fly: The bean- weevil.

How to Control the Hop Aphis. (New England Homestead, for
May 2, 1891, xxv, p. 193, c. 1 — 37 cm.)

In reply to editorial request for best methods of controlling the pest, the
following points are noticed: The insect in Europe and America: Its life-
history discovered: When to attack the aphis: How to kill the aphis with
kerosene emulsion or with English wash: Repeat spraying as often as neces-
sar'y: Preventive of aphis attack.

[See in pp. 207-210 of this Report (viii).]

Apple-Tree Insects of Early Spring. (Country Gentleman, for
May 7, 1891, Ivi, p. 374:-5, c. 3, 4, 1 — 59 cm.)

Frequency of insect attacks this season, on unfolding buds, noticed.
Insects received from Lansing, N. Y., are the apple aphis, ApMs malt Fabr.,
and the apple-tree case-bearer, Coleophora malivorella Riley. For the aphis,
spray with the soap solution, tobacco water, or kerosene emulsion. The
life-history of the case-bearer is given: its remedy is arsenical spraying, at
times directed. Larvae of the eye-spotted bud-moth, Tmetocera ocellana
(Schiff.), associated with the above.

From Malcolm, N. Y., the bud-moth larva? and the apple-leaf Bucculatrix,
Biwculatrix pomifoliella Clemens, were sent: the best methods for destroy-
ing them are given. Operations against them should have been commenced
earlier in the season.

From Lincoln, N. Y., are sent the bud -moth and its larva?: also the pear-
tree Psylla, Psylla pyri Schmidb,, the presence of which is indicated by
honey-dew; usually occurs on the pear; its apparent increase in our orchards;
how to destroy it; its relationship to the Aphididce.

[See in pp. 216-220 of this Report (viii).]

Orange Leaf Trouble. (Country Gentleman, for May 7, 1891,
Ivi, p. 375, c. 2, 3 — 11 cm.)

Spotted and blotched leaves received from Eustis, Florida, and reported as
dropping from the tree, show no fungus attack or insect presence. The dis-
coloration is not the orange-rust, caused by Typhlodromusoleivorus, but may
possibly be owing to an attack of the trees by species of Lecanium or
36

282 Forty-fifth Report on tee State Museum.

Ceroplastes, the honey-dew from which may have been the cause of the
soot-Hke blotches on the leaves. For such an attack, spraying with kerosene
emulsion would be the proper remedy.

How to Kill the Kose-Bug. (New England Homestead, for May
9, 1891, XXV, p. 205, c. 1 — 33 cm.)

In the sandy soil of New Jersey, this beetle breeds in incredible numbers,
and can not be controlled. In New England and New York it is within con-
trol: 1st, by beating into pans of water and kerosene; 2d, by spraying with
kerosene emulsion, " 1 part of oil to 9 of water"; 3d, on the authority of
Professor J. B. Smith, by spraying with sludge-oil soap solution.

In New Jersey the beetle must be fought by the discovery and destruction
of its breeding grounds.

[See in pp. '^00-302 of this Report (viii).]

[The Cermatia Centipede.] (Albany Morning Express, for May 19,
1891. xlv, p. S. c. 1 — 9 cm.)

In reply to an inquiry made, Cermatia forceps is identified as the
household pest for which a remedy is asked. It is a Southern centi-
pede which has extended northward and is abundant in Albany. Although
poisonous, it wiU not be necessary to destroy it unless it should become
very abundant. It subsists on small living creatures, and is fond of flies, and
has secured a reputation as a "cockroach killer." It may be killed by scat-
tering pyrethrum powder in its haunts.

The Apple-worm. (Country Gentleman, for May 28, 1891, Ivi,

p. 438, c. 2—12 cm. I

It is asked if it is necessary to spray for the apple-worm in a locality where
there were no apples the last year. The failure of the apple crop in 1890
doubtless reduced the number of the codling-moth, and thorough arsenical
spraying the present year might tend to lessen its injuries for years to come.
The apple-worm is not dependent on the apple, but matures also in pears,
plums, peaches, and apricots. It has been represented as breeding in wal-
nuts in Europe, but this is probably an erroneous identification of the insect.

"Wheat Insects. (Country Gentleman, for May 28, 1891, Ivi, p.
438, c. 3 — 6 cm. )

Name is asked of an insect on wheat, from McGhee, Tenn. The smooth-
headed variety only is infested, and not the bearded, in the same field. It
is found also on scattered rye-heads. No insects were found in tlie heads
■when received, they having escaped. The species is probably the grain
aphis, Siphonophora avence (Fabr.), although it also attacks bearded wheat,
and has a seeming preference for rye.

Wire-worms in Corn. (Country Gentleman, for Ma}^ 28, 1891,

Ivi, p. 431, c. 4—21 cm.)

From Gaysville, Vt. , request is made for a remedy for worms piercing
and destroying the kernels of corn. They are probably wire-worms. Salt,

Eighth Report of tee State Entomologist. 283

suggested by the inquirer, would prevent cut-worm attack, but not wire-
worms. The best preventive in infested fields is starving out by crops of
buckwheat or pease. A good preventive is, preparing the seed corn with soft
soap and plaster according to directions given: this method has been very
successful. Soaking the seed corn in kerosene for twenty-four hours before^
planting might be tried.

Destructive to Pears. A Pest Discovered in a Catskill Orchard.

(Albany Evening Journal, for May 30, 1891, p. 8, c. 1 — 17 cm.)
The Diplosis pyrivora. (The Sun [New York], June 1, 1891^

p. 3, c. 5 — 9 cm. I

An insect destroying almost the entire crop of Lawrence pears and attack-
ing other varieties is discovered in the Catskill orchards. It is an European
insect, first observed in this country at Meriden, Conn., in 1881. This is its
second known locality in the United States. Its life-history is given. Can.
not be reached by the ordinary insecticides. The danger apprehended from
its spread. Picking the infested fruit and burning it, recommended.

Insect Pests. (Oswego Daily Times, for June 2, 1891, vol. 49, p.

4, c. 2 — 12 cm.)

Contains notice of a new case-worm or Coleophora feeding on apple leaves;
the eye-spotted bud-worm, Tmetocera ocellana ; the cocoons of the apple-
tree Buccalatrix, B. pomifoUella; and of Aspidisca splendoriferella in its
case: together with remedies for the several pests.

Another Formidable Insect Pest. (Oswego Daily Times, for
June 3, 1891, vol. 49, p. 5, c. 2, 3 — 50 cm.)

The pear-midge, Diplosis pyrivora, discovered at Catskill, N. Y. , hitherto
known only at Meriden, Conn., where it was introduced about 1880. Infests
the Lawrence pear and other species named; how it affects the fruit; not
within reach of insecticides: its life-history; importance of its control;
recommendation to pick and burn the infested fruit; other methods that
may be effective against it: amount of injury done.

Melon and Strawberry Pests. (Country Gentleman, for June 4,.
1891, Ivi, p. 457, c. 2, 3 — 18 cm.)

A request from Wellham's Crossroads, Md. , for a remedy for ' ' lice " destroy-
ing melons and cucumbers, is answered by recommending the appUcation
of kerosene emulsion, pyre thrum in powder or in water, or strong tobacco
water — the insect probably being Aphis cncumeris Forbes. The Vermorel
nozzle would best apply the spray to the aphids on the underside of the
leaves. Collecting and burning the dead leaves in autumn would doubtless
destroy many of the eggs of the aphis.

The insect injuring strawberry plants by puncturing the stems [no-
specimens sent] is probably the flea-like negro-bug, Corimelcena pulicaria
Germ. It is difficult of control from its large number of food-plants. The-
applications recommended for the aphis would probably kill it.

[See in pp. 212-214 of this Report (viii).]

284 Forty-fifth Report on the State Museum.

The Peach-Tree Borer. (Country Gentleman, for June 4, 1891,
Ivi, p. 457, c. 3, 4 — OO cm.)

In reply to inquiries made from Waynesviile, Ohio, different methods
of deaUng with the insect are named and given at length, of which are,
cutting out the larvae, applying wood-ashes and water in a funnel-shaped
cavity around the base of the tree, the carbohc acid wash of Mr. Bateham, the
carbolic acid and Paris green wash of Mr. Hale, the Shaker peach-tree
borer wash, and mounding about the base of the tree. Anew "tree-pro-
tector," made of wire gauze and soon to be offered in market, is described
and commended. How to " head in " peach trees to promote their health.

[See in pages 181-186 of this Report (viii).]

A Serious Danger — The New Pest that Threatens the Pear
Crop. (NeAY England Homestead, for June 13, 1891, xxv, p.
249, c. 4 — 24 cm.)

Introduction and injuries at Meriden, Conn., of the pear-midge, and efforts
there for its extermination: its description, and its renaming and illustration
by Dr. Riley; its distribution in Catskill, its habits, and manner of leaving
the fruit; the varieties of pears that it is known to infest; its occurrence at
Catskill may be through a new importation from France.

The Gartered Plume Moth. (Country Gentleman, for June 18,

1891, Ivi, p. 497, c. 3 — 26 cm.)

An insect sent from [Scarsdale] Westchester Co., N. Y., as webbing the
terminal leaves of the grapevine, is the one above named, in its larval stage.
The moth is described, its distribution stated, and for the i)revention of its
multiplication, crushing it by hand in its shelter is recommended. Reference
to figures and to detailed descriptions.

[A New Onion Pest.] (Albany Evening Journal, for June 19,
1891, p. 8, c. 5.)

Caterpillars sent from Canastota, N. Y. , as devastating the onion fields in
that vicinity, are not identical with those that appeared in Orange county,
N. Y., in 1885, but an alhed species, viz., Agrotis ypsilon (Rott.), or the
black cut- worm — a common and wide-spread species but not previously
reported on onions. Recommendations of means for its destruction are given.

New Strawberry Pest. (Country Gentleman, for June 25, 1891,

lvi,[p. 575, c. 2, 3 — 12 cm.)

A beetle from Clifton, New Brunswick, injuring leaves and blossoms of
the strawberry, is identified as Serica tristis LeConte, not previously
reported on this food-plant. Its general appearance is described, with
probabilities of its larval habits.

Lady Bug and Cherry Aphis. (Country Gentleman, for July 2,

1891, Ivii, p. 537, c. 1, 2 — 19 cm.)

Insects received from Pittsburg, Pa. , with inquiry, are the black cherry
aphis, Mijzus cerasi, which is being preyed upon by the 15-spotted lady-bird,
Anatis \b-punctata. All of the latter are brown-black or entirely black,

Eighth Report of the State Entomologist. 285

without their usual spots, probably as the result of their larva^ having fed on
the black aphides. Other food of the insect is mentioned. A number of
larvje of Syrphus flies were also feeding on the aphides.

Beet Insects. (Country Gentleman, for July 16, 1891, Ivi, p. 577,
c. 4 — 30 cm.)

The serious injury to beets reported from Monroe Co. , N. Y. , so far as
can be seen from plants sent, are not chargeable on any one insect. The
plants show injury from a plant-bug — perhaps Lygus pratensis ; from
appai'ently some species of flea-beetles: and from some leaf-miner, which is
probably a species of Anthomyia. Remedy for the above may be found in
the use early and at the proper time, of kerosene emulsion. Reference to a
valuable paper on Beet Insects.

[In MS. of Ninth Report.]

Apple Aphis. (Country Gentleman, for Jul}^ 16, 1891, Ivi, p. 578,.
c. 1,2— 11cm.)

A severe attack of Aphis niali Fabr., i-ecognized on apple-twigs received
from Sargeantville, N. J. The injury will probably soon cease, as the insect
will resort ere long to some other food-plant. Effective remedies for
early in the season, are tobacco-water, soap solution, and kerosene emulsion .

The Pear-Tree Psylla. (Country Gentleman, for August 6, 1891,
Ivi, p. 637, c. 2, 3—41 cm.)

When and where Psylla pyricola was first observed in New York ; new
feature in its life-history : known formerly as Psylla pyri : notice of injuries
from it : its present distribution in the State : the honey-dew excreted : the
pupae and pupal cases : the insect may be destroyed in its different stages,
by kerosene emulsion spraying : flight of the winged insects.

Insects Injuring Red Raspberries. (Rural 1^q\y Yorker, for
August 8, 1891, 1, p. 577, c. 3 — 13 cm.)

Caterpillar found on red raspberryjat New Haven, Conn., is Synchlora rubi-
voraria (Riley). Its pecuhar appearance is described and habit given of
covering itself with bits of the blossoms for concealment. Its transforma-
tions, and the moth produced.

[Extended in this Report (viii), pages 129-133, as Synchlora glaucaria.']

Pine Beetle Injuring Linen. (Country Gentleman, for August 27,
1891, Ivi, p. 700, c. 1 — 20 cm.)

Inquiry is made from Freyburg, Me., of an insect that liad burrowed the
pine shelving of a linen closet built the preceding year, riddling the boards
with small round holes and extending upward through piles of Unen on the
shelves.

The insect, doubtless a burrowing beetle, can not be named from the brief
account of its operations, unaccompanied with specimens of the insect. [It
may be one of the Ptinidce, the larvw of which are small, and often with
wood-boring habits.]

286 - Forty- FIFTH Report on the State Museum.

Foes of the Kilmarnock Willow. (Orange County Farmer, for
September 3. 1891, x, p. l, c. 2 — 6 cm.)

A^^scale-insect reported as blighting the Kilmarnocli willows at Port
Jervis, N. Y., is identified as the apple-tree bark-louse, Mytilaspis
pomorum Bouche. Remedies recommended are spraying with kerosene
emulsion at any time, or with a soap solution or tobacco water at the time
of egg-hatching.

The New Dairy Pest. (Oswego Semi-Weekly Times, for Sep
tember 4, 1891, ii, p. 1, c. 1 — 52 cm.)

Occurs in Oswego county, and how introduced : what the fly is : its
present distribution in the State : its injuries to cattle : when most trouble-
some : how its increase may be prevented, and how it may be repelled
from cattle.

[See in pp. 192-194 of this Report (viii).]

The Cow-Horn Fly in IS'ew York. (Country Gentleman, for Sep-
tember 10, 1891, Ivi, p. 735, c. 2, 3—41 cm.)

Reference to its appearance and injuries in other States and notice of its
occurrence in New York last year, and in Oswego and Steuben counties the
present year. Efforts should be made to arrest its spread, and how it may
be done. Reference to the literature of the insect.

[See in pp. 195-197 of this Report (viii).]

Leaf-Eating Beetle. (Country Gentleman, for September 10

1891, Ivi, p. 735, c. 3 — 5 cm.)

A beetle taken on a cherry tree at Little Falls, N. Y. , is Euphoria fulgida
(Fabr.) — a beautiful insect, allied in habits to the May-bug. It is common
in the Western States, but rather rare in the State of New York.

Elm-Leaf Beetle. (Country Gentleman, for September 10, 1891,

Ivi, p. 735, c. 3 — 6 cm.) '

Larvae sent from Red Bank, N. J., do not permit positive identification, but
are probably those of Galeruca xanthomelcena. The remedy for it is spray-
ing with London purple.

Grape Curculio. (Country Gentleman, for September 10, 1891,
Ivi, p. 735, c. 3, 4 — 16 cm.)

Grapes ruined by the puncture of some insect, at Sanford, Tenn., are
infested by the larvae of the grape curculio, Craponius incequalis Say. The
appearance of the injured grape is described, and also the larva and the
beetle. Preventives recommended are bagging the grapes, jarring off the
beetle in June, and working the ground to destroy the immature insect.
[In MS. of Ninth Report.]
Measuring Worm. (Country Gentleman, for September 10, 1891,
Ivi, p. 735, c. 4 — 8 cm.)

A caterpillar sent for name, from Green Grove, Pa., had spun up in a
cocoon when received, and can not therefore be named. Its appearance, as

Eighth Report of the State Entomologist. 287

described by the inquirer, would refer it to the Ennominat. among the
Geometridce, and possibly, from a partial view of the pupa, to Eutrapela
transversata.

Rat-tail Larva. (Country Gentleman, for September 10, 1S91,
Ivi, p. 735, c. 4 — 11 cm.)

A rat-tail larva, from Macedon, N. Y., is one of the Syrphidce, but can not
be definitely named. It resembles Helophilus latifrons. Feeding-habits of
some of the larvaj of some of the genera, and of the flies.

The Locust Mite. (Country Gentleman, for September 24, 1891,
Ivi, p. 775, 0. 1 — 11 cm.)

The locust mite, Trombidiurti locustarum Biley is named, and its life-his-
tory briefly given, in reply to a request for the information from Adena,
Ohio, of " the parasite that deposits its small red eggs near the base of grass-
hoppers' wrings."

[See pages 179, 180 of this Report (viii).]

The Cecropia Caterpillar. (Country Gentleman, for September

24, 1891, Ivi, p. 777, c. 2, 3 — 25 cm.)

A request to describe "the wondei'ful adornment" of a Cecropia cater-
pillar sent is answered by giving the varied colorational features of its spines
and tubercles, to which is added — remarks upon the beauty to be seen in the
insect world, in some of the larvte particularly, which is usually overlooked.

An Interesting Caterpillar. (Country Gentleman, for October 1,
1891, Ivi, p. 797, c. 3, 4- 12 cm.) "

A long white flattened cocoon attached to a piece of apple-bark, received
from Gordensville, Pa., is apparently that of a Cerura caterpillar. Striking
features of these caterpillars, are, the rich colors that adorn them, and the
two long, slender, reversible filaments in which the body terminates.

[The moth emerging Sept. 39th, proved to be Artace punctistriga Walker.]

Grapevine Leaf-Hopper. (Country Gentleman, for October
8, 1891, Ivi, p. 815, c. 2, 3 — 11 cm.

Leaf -hoppers infesting grapevine leaves in Kingston, Pa., are the vine-
destroying leaf-hopper, Erythroneura vitifex Fitch. It is compared with
E. vitis, and its injuries stated. It may Ije destroyed by driving it on
kerosene-saturated cloths, or by spraying the larvge with kerosene emulsion.
Burning the refuse material of the vineyard is beneficial.

[Extraordinary Flight of Moths.] (Albany Evening Journal,
for October 20, 1891, c. 5 — 10 cm.)

A flight of insects, found, from specimens submitted, to be Zerene
catenaria (Druiy), is reported from Medford, Pa., as occurring during the last
week in September, and continuing for two nights and a day. Reference is
made to a similar flight of the same species, observed at LaCkawaxen, Pa.,
some years ago, early in October, and to large numbers on windows in

288 Forty-fifth Beport on the State Museum.

Albany, drawn to lights -within, late in September. No satisfactory cause
can be assigned for such assemblies of this moth. In butterflies, as in
Danais Arcliippus, it is not rare.

The Squash Bug. (Country Gentleman, for October 22, 1891,
Ivi, p. 854, c. 4 — 11 cm.)

Anasa tristis (De Geer), pupa and imago, is identified in examples from
Lowell, Mass., and a brief sketch of its habits and transformations given. It
matures in September and October, and then passes eight months in its
winter retreat.

A Destructive Potato Aphis. (Countr}^ Gentleman, for October
22, 1891. Ivi. p. S57, c. 4— 20 cm.)

Aphides reported from Hamburg and Kingston, Pa., as having destroyed
hundreds of acres of potatoes, and injured cabbages, on the bottom lands of
the Susquehanna River, can not be identified from the poor, wingless
examples sent. They are not referable to any of the four species known to
feed on the potato. The range of its occurrence, so far as observed, is given.

White Grubs. (Country Gentleman, for October 29, 1891, Ivi,
p. 875. c. 4 — 13 cm.)

White grubs sent for name from Eed Bank, N. J., may be those of
Lachnosterna fusca (Frohl.): but it is impossible to identify positively any of
the twenty-five or more species that belong to the fasca gi'oup. Writings of
Dr. Horn and of Professor Smith on these species quoted.

[See in pp. 174, 175 of this Report (viii).]

Sprayed Grapes are Harmless. (Entomological ISTews, for
November, 1891, ii, p. 181 — 6 cm.)

Quotes an item given to the Associated Press, in which the recent seizure
and destruction in the New York market, under the direction of the Board
of Health, of grapes that had been sprayed with Bordeaux mixture for
the prevention of fungus attacks, is pronounced unjustifiable and renderings
the officers liable to prosecution for damages. There was not a poisonous
amount of copper <in the grapes seized, and the little observed on the stems
could readily have been removed by a bath of water and vinegar.

The Pear Midge, Diplosis pyrivorain New York. (Canadian Ento-
mologist, for Xovember, 1891, xxiii, p. 224.)

Noticed for the first time in New York the present year, at CatskiU, N. Y. :
number of the larvae in a single pear: habits of the larva?: proposition to
destroy the larvfe by blighting the blossoms.

On the Eye-Spotted Bud Moth in Western i^ew York. (Canadian

Entomologist, for Xovember, 1891, xxiii, p. 231.)

Abundance of Tmetocera ocellana: habits of the caterpillar: difficulty of
reaching the larva with insecticides: does it hibernate only as a larva?
methods tliat mav be available for its destruction.

Eighth Report of the State Entomologist. 289

On Some of our Orgyias. (Canadiaa Eatomologist for November,

1891, xxiii, p. 232.)

Does Orgyia definata occur at Albany, N. Y., as it has been stated to do?
Is O. nova identical with 0. atitiqua of Europe ?

*Do Spiders Protect Fruit-trees from Aphides? (Green's Fruit
Grower, April, 1887, p. IT — 11 cm.)

Replying to the above question: — no record appears of spiders feeding on
aphides under natural conditions, while in captivity, as stated in the commu-
nication, they undoubtedly would eat them. Aphides in fruit trees are
devoured by lady-bugs and larvee of lace- wing flies before they would be
found by spiders where the latter do not ordinarily occur.

* Omitted from its proper place.

37

(C)

PUBLICATIONS OF THE ENTOMOLOGIST FOR 1875-1877.

Kecord of Collections of New York Heterocera for the year
18'(3. (Twenty-seventh Annual Keport of the ]N. Y. State
Museum of Natural History, 1875, pp. 144-148.)

Contains one hundred and thirty-five species, with locahties and dates of
capture.

The New Apple Worm. (Albany Evening Times, for April 12,
1875, xix, p. 2, cols. 3, 4. Thirtieth Report on the N. Y. State
Museum of Natural History, 1878, pp. 117-121, with additional
matter, pp. l'Jl-126. The same in Entomological Contribu-
tions, No. lY, June, 1878, pp. £-14.)*

This entozoan, received from Middletown, N. Y., coiled in the heart of an
apple, was referred to Oordius: what Gordius is and usual mode of
occurrence: subsequently identified as Mermis, perhaps albicans, and
probably parasitic on Carpocapsa pomonella: how it may parasitize
the caterpillar: is its occurrence in the apple dangerous r M. acuminata
found by Professor Comstock in an apple: Mermis found by Professor
Riley parasitic on the apple- worm: Dr. Leidy on Mermis acuminata
and descriptions: Leidy on other entozoa: Dr. Speyer on Gordiacece. in
Insects: Dr. Packard on Gordius and Mermis.

A New Apple Worm. (Country Gentleman, for April 29, 1875,
xl, pp. 262, 263, cols. 4, 1 — 31 cm.)

Mermis sp. , a Parasite on Carpocapsa pomonella, found in an apple from
Orange Co., N. Y.
[Extracted from the Times article, see notice above.]

Insect on the Cabbage. (Country Gentleman, for June 24, 1875,
xl, p. 392, c. 1, 2 — 13 cm.)

Identification of Murgantia histrionica (Hahn.), from Charlotteville, Va.,
together with its habits and remedies for its ravages.
[See First Report on the Insects of New York, 1882, pp. 264-271, fig. 77.]

Blister Beetles. (Country Gentleman, for Jul}^ 1, 1875, xl, p.
407, c. 1, 2 — 23 cm.)

An insect sent from Hastings, Minn., as destructive to potato leaves is
identified as the black-rat blister beetle, Lytta murina LeConte. It is

♦.Entitled, On Mermis acuminata Leidy — a Parasite on the Larva of Carpocapsa pomonella.

Eighth Report of the State Entomologist. 291

occasionally injurious to potatoes, but is seldom very destructive. The
habits of the larva are unknown.
[Now known as Macrobasis unicolor (Kirby).]

Cocoons on Oats. (Country Gentleman, for July 8, 1875, xl, ft.
424, c. 2 — 7 cm.)

The cocoons are of some parasite which has destroyed the larva in which
the eggs were deposited, as narrated. The species is not determinable
from the examples received.

"Worm on Wheat. (Country Gentleman, for July 15, 1875, xl, p.
440, c. 2 — 9 cm.)

The caterpillar is that of Leucania Harveyi, one of the Noctuid moths
which at times proves destructive to the heads of wheat in New York,
Pennsylvania, etc.

[Now known as Leucania albilinea Hiibner.]

Insects on Potatoes. (Country Gentleman, for July 22, 1875, xl,
p. 472, c. 2— S cm.)

The insects, sent from Ashfield, Mass., as sucking the juices from potato
leaves, causing them to die, ai'e Lygus lineolaris, one of the Hemiptera. It
is almost or quite impossible to prevent their attack by external applications
to the leaves as they live only on the juices of the plant.

[Now known as Lygus pratensis (Linn.). J

On Lycsena neglecta Edw. (Canadian Entomologist, vii, July,
1875, pp. 122, 123.)

Reasons for differing from Mr. W. H. Edwards in his belief of the identity
of L. neglecta with L. Lucia, based on observations made at Center, N. Y.

[Mr. Edwards has since shown (Papilio, iii, 1883, pp. 85-97) that neglecta
and Lucia are summer and winter forms of the polymorpliic Lyccena pseud-
argiolus Boisd.-Lec]

On Orthosia ralla Gr.-Rob. (Canadian Entomologist, for Jul}",

1875, vii, pp. 128, 129.)

Orthosia ralla is not identical with O. ferruginoides, as has been stated :
the points of difference given. Synonymical dicta often at fault; tendency
to refer distinct species to " dimorphic forms" on insufficient grounds.

Carpocapsa Deshaiziana in Seed-vessels of Euphorbia. Eead

before the Albany Institute October 5, 1875. (The Argus

[Albany, IST. Y.], for October 11, 1875. Proceedings of the

Albany Institute, ii, 1878, pp. 264-267.)

Jumping seeds exhibited, from the Alamas mountains in Sonora, contain
the larvae of Carpocapsa Deshaiziana, whose springing within the seeds
causes their jumps. Reference to writings on it by Lucas and Professor
Westwood, Three other species of jumping seeds noticed. The "jumps"

292 Forty-fifth Report on the State Museum.

described. The insect hard to mature. The leaps of the cheese-maggot and
spring-beetles. Observations on a species of Podura occurring in immense
numbers at Center, N. Y.

[The jumping-seed insect is now known as Carpocapsa saltitans Westwood,
See an account of it in the Fifth Report on the Insects of New York, pp.
151-154. Fig. 63.]

Cucullia lastifica Zintner (n.s.). (Check-list of the ISToctuidae of
America, IN'orth of Mexico, by A. R. Grote, I, JSTovember, 1.^75,
pp. 24, 25.)

The species is described from a specimen from Bastrop, Texas, in the col-
lection of Mr. O. Meske.

List of Catocalas occurring in the State of New York. (Twenty-
seventh Annual Eeport of the New York State Museum of
Natural History, 1875, pp. 137-140.)
Contains forty-three species, with references and synonyms.

List of New Species of New York Lepidoptera published in 1873.
(Twenty-seventh Annual Report of the New York State
Museum of Natural History, 1875, pp. 141-143.)

Contains eighty species, mainly by A. R. Grote, in the Noctuidce and
Deltoidce — [the latter family united with the former by recent writers].

On Catocala pretiosa n. sp. (Canadian Entomologist, for July,

1876, viii, pp. 121, 122.)

The species is described from examples taken, at sugar, at Schenectady,
N. Y. It is compared with C. polygama, to which it is closely allied.

Destructive Caterpillar. (Country Gentleman, for August 10,
1876, xli, p. 504, c. 2, 3 — 11 cm.)

A caterpillar which is eating the leaves of apple trees in a young orchard,
at Manlius, N. Y., is, judging from the description given, Notodonta
[CEdeviasid] concinna (Sm.-Abb.).

Cabbage-eating Insect. (Country Gentleman, for September 7,
1876, xh, 13. 565, c. 3, 4—14 cm.)

Strachia [^lurgantia] histrionica (Hahn.) is identified as depredating on
cabbages at Nashville, Tenn. : its distribution, its eggs, and its broods described.

The Grape-seed Fly. (Country Gentleman, for September 21,

1876, xli, p. 599, c. 1, 2—40 cm.)

Isosoma vitis Saunders is the insect infesting grapes received from New
Jersey. Its operations are described and remedies for its attack given.

The New Carpet-bug Pest — Anthrenus scrophulariae. []\ead
before the Albany Institute, October 17, 1876.] (The Albany
Argus, for October 21, 1876. The [Schenectady, N. Y.] Daily

Eighth Report of the State Entomologist. 293

Union, for October 21, 1S7<). The Buffalo Courier, for Octo-
ber 29, 1876. Proceedings of the Albany Institute, 1878, ii, pp.
313-315.)

The injuries caused by a " carpet-bug" have been reported by newspapers
for the two past years. It was observed in Schenectady, in July of 1876, the
perfect insect (a beetle) reared from the larvee, and identified as an intro"
duced European species, Anthrenus scrophularice (Linn.). It feeds on other
woolens besides carpets. Importance of efforts to arrest its spread. Other
introduced European pests mentioned.

Insects in Flour. (Country Gentleman, for October 26, 1876, xli,

p. 683, c. 3, 4—23 cm.)

Wheat flour, received from Eobin's Nest, 111. , was swarming with a mite
which was probably Tyroglyplius farince DeGeer \=T. siro. (Linn.)]. Its
resemblance noted to T. sacchari, the mite that so frequently infests brown
sugar. Its probable source in this instance. As the mite would be killed in
baking, its moderate presence is not objectionable.

[PubUshed in the Fifth Report on the Insects of New York, 1889, pp. 394,
295.]

Scale Insects. (Country Gentleman, for February 1, 1877, xlii,

p. 69, c. 2, 3 — 40 cm.)

Injury caused to pear and apple trees, in Newburgli, N. Y., by Aspidiotus
Harrisii Walsh [Chionaspis furfurus (Fitch)] and Aspidiotus conchiformis
Gmel. [Jilytilaspis pomorimi Bouche]. Their appearance, natural history, and
means of destruction.

Barli-lice. (Country Gentleman, for March 8, 1877, xlii, p. 151,
c. 4 — 18 cm.)

Notice of Harris' bark louse and description of the oyster-shell bark-louse.
The latter is double-brooded in the Southern States.

Apple-Tree Insects. (Country Gentleman, for April 12, 1877,

xlii, p. 235, c. 4 — 13 cm.)

Oviposition in short double rows in twigs of a tree, are not identi-
fied, but are those of some tree-hopper. The oviposition of the white flower-
cricket, CEeanthus niveus Harris, identified, with remarks on the appearance
and habits of the cricket.

Insects of 1876 — I. (Country Gentleman, for May 31, 1877, xlii,

p. 347, c. 2, 3—60 cm.)

Scarcity of the army-worm, Leucania unipimcta Haworth, in New York
during the year. Unequal distribution of the Colorado potato-beetle through-
out the State of New York, apprehensions of its introduction into Europe and
preventive measures employed against it. Detection of the grape-seed fly,
Isosoma vitis, near New York city, with description of the insect, its trans-
formations, and remedies available against it.

294 Forty-fifth Report on iee State Mui>EUM.

Insects of 1876 — II. The New Carpet Bug. (Country Gentle-
man, for June 7, 1877, xlii, p. 363, c. 2, 3 — 51 cm.)

Notice of the first detection of Anthrenus serophularice in New York, its
history in the United States, its increase and ravages and remedies fori f^.
Also, notice of a "New Potato Insect" the work of which was observed in
potatoes in New York city in burrows through the tubers.

Insect on Peach Trees. (Country Gentleman, for June 7, 1877,
xlii, p. 363, c. 3—12 cm.)

A caterpillar infesting the twigs of peach trees in Annapolis, Maryland,
apparently a Tortricid, can not be identified from the poor material sent.

A Parasitic Insect. (Country Gentleman, for July 12, 1877, xlii,
p. 418, c. 2—18 cm.)

Insects sent from Cecil Co., Md., are the larvae of one of the Reduviidce,
probably Prionotus cristatus (Linn.). The species shows cannibalistic pro-
pensities when deprived of its usual food.

The Gooseberry Fruit Worm, (Country Gentleman, for July 12,
1877, xlii, p. 448, c. 2, 3— 17 cm.) "^

Larvaj infesting gooseberries in Delhi, N. Y. , causing them to drop to the
ground, are apparently those of Pempelia grossularice Packard [Zojjhodia
grossidarice (Pack.)]: when the insect was first noticed and described; its
transformations, and remedies for the attack.

Tree-Hoppers. ( Country Gentleman, for July 19, 1877, xlii, p.
463, c. 4—10 cm.)

Bark from an apple-tree in Sabrevois, Province of Quebec, shows scars
resulting from the egg-deposit of one of the tree-hoppers [probably Ceresa
bubalus].

An Eastern Grasshopper. (Country Gentleman, for July 26,
1877, xlii, p. 475, c. 4 — 25' cm.)

Caloptenus [llelanopluslfemur-riibrumiDe Geer) is very destructive to
meadows in Virginia. Its habits are given. These insects are erroneously
called "grasshoppers" — they are true locusts.

Blistering Beetles. (Country Gentleman, for July 26, 1877, xlii,

p. 476, c. 2, 3 — 13 cm.)

Epicauta cinerea (Foerst.) and Lytta [Cantharis] NuttalliSaj, are destruc-
tive to potatoes and beans in Minnesota ; their vesicatory properties and
their distribution.

On a New Species of Cossus. (Canadian Entomologist, for July,

1877, ix, pp. 129, 130.)

The pupal cases of this insect were discovered five years ago, projecting
from poplars, Poptdus tremuloides, at Center, N. Y., and the moth was taken
in July of the present year. The moth is described as Cossus Centerensis.

Eighth Report of the State Entomologist. 295

The Carpet Bug. (Country Gentleman, for August 2, 1877, xlii,
p. 491, c. 2-4 — 61 cm.)

In reply to inquiries from Utica, N. Y. , the insect is described in its three
stages: the fondness of the beetle for windows noticed; remedies suggested;
may be drawn to flowers for its capture; localities where observed.

Grapevine Hog-Caterpillar. (Country Gentleman, for September

6, 1877, xlii, p. 579, c. 3 — 24 cm.)

The caterpillar of Darapsa Myron (Cramer), described; its habit of biting
off clusters of grapes; liability to being parasitized by a Microgaster; habits
and transformation of the parasite; the importance of knowing our insect
friends.

A Pernicious Corn Insect — The Indian Cetonia. (Country Gen-
tleman, for September 13, 1887, xlii, p. 585, c. 3, 4 — 8 cm.)
Description of the beetle found in Essex Co. , Mass. , eating into ears of
green corn, as Cetonia Inda [Euphoria Inda (Linn.)]. It is also injurious to
fruit, and has been unusually abundant the present year.

Aphis in Wheat. (Country Gentleman, for December 6, 1877,

xlii, p. 779, c. 2 — 10 cm.)

An aphis infesting the stalks of young wheat below the surface of the
ground in Kittanning, Pa., during the latter part of November, can not be
identified with Aphis avence, as it differs from that in antennal structure.

Pea "Weevil. (Country Gentleman, for December 6, 1877, xlii, p.
780, c. 2 — 7 cm.)
A weevil infesting the Southern black-f allow pea at Bruckner's Station,
Va., is the Bruchus scutellaris Fabr. It was originally described as ah
European species, but is now widely distributed throughout the world.
[Extended in the Sixth Report on the Insects of Neio York, 1890, pp. 31-33
(=127-129),]

(D)

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE DEPARTMENT.

The following are the Contributions that have been made to the
Department during the year 1891:

Htmenopteba.

Cells of a wasp^in a fold of paper. From Rev. H. U. Swinnerton,
Cherry Valley, N. Y.

Currant twigs containing the eggs of the currant-twig girdler, June
6th. From J. F. Rose, South Byron, N. Y.

A saw-fly larva on snow-berry from S, C. Bradt, Albany, N. Y.

Trichogramma sp., eighteen examples in alcohol; bred from an egg
on pine. From Harison G. Dyar, Yosemite Valley, Cal.

Lepiboptera.

Larva of Ceratomia Amyntor Hiibn., September 14th. From Mrs.
Abram Lansing, Albany, N. Y.

Alypia octomacidata (Fabr.). From Mrs. Frederick Carman,
Albany, N. Y.

Thirty examples of larvae of Lepidoptera in alcohol; also alcohol
examples in other stages; collected in the Yosemite Valley, Cal., as
follows:

Papilio Rutulus Boisd. 1.
Phyciodes Mylitta Edw. 5,
Vanessa Antiopa Linn. 2.
Heteroehroa Calif ornica Butler, 2,
Orgyia cana H. Edw. 4 and eggs.
Orgyia definata Packard, 2; also

eggs and female moth.
Orgyia leucostigma (Sm.-Abb.) 4

young.
Packardia elegans Packard.

Datana major Gr.-Rob., larva, 1

pupa.
Nadata Behrensii H. Edw. 2.
Clisiocampa constricta Stretch. 1.
Pheosia dimidiata Her.-Sch. 3.
Amphipyra pyramidoides Guen. 1
Examples Nos. 248, 269, 274, 275,

284, 298, undetermined and

unenumerated.
From H. G. Dyar, New York.

Eggs of Halisidota carym Fitch, on apple leaf. From J. G. Lins-
LEY, Oswego, N. Y.

Larvae of Agrotis ypsilon (Rott.) from onion plants, June 16th.
From P. F. Milmoe, Canastota, N. Y.

EiGiiTu Refort of the State J^atomologist. 297

Zerene catenaria Cramer, from a large flight of the motlis. From
A. P. Case, Vernon, K Y.

Tortricid pupal case projecting from a humming-bird's nest. From
E. N. Holly, Tribes Hill, N. Y.

Larvae of Phoxopteris nubecukma (CI em.), within folded apple leaves,
October 10th. From John S. Weight, Palmyra, N. Y.

Larvfe of the bud-moth, Tmetocera ocellana (Scbitf.), feeding in
apple buds and leaves, April 27th to May 11th. From Malcom Little,
Malcom, Seneca Co., N. Y.; from Dvmght Stone, Lansing, Oswego
Co., N. Y.; from Frank Mothrop, Lincoln, Wayne Co., N. Y.; from
T. G. Yeomans, Walworth, Wayne Co., N. Y., also the moth.

Mature larvae of the apj^le-worm, Carpocapsa pomonella (Linn.),
from calyx end of apples November 6th. From Miss S. A. Little,
Malcom, N. Y.

Larvae and cocoons on birch of Bucculatrix Canadensisella Chamb.
From Mrs. H. D. Graves, Ausable Forks, K Y.

Coleophora malivorella Riley, in its hibernating case, April 27th.
From DwiGHT Stone, Lansing, Oswego Co., N. Y. The same, May
19th, from T. G. Yeomans & Sons, Walworth, Wayne Co., N. Y.

Coleophora sp. undetermined, on apple leaves. From Dwight
Stone, Lansing, N. Y,, May 27th. The same from T. G. Yeomans &
Sons, Walworth, N. Y. The same from Julius G. Linsley, Oswego,
N. Y., June 14th.

Larvae of Oxypttlus periscelidactylus (Fitch), among tips of grape-
vine. From D. J. Garth, Scarsdale, N. Y.

Diptera.

Larvae of Diplosis pyr.vora Riley, in pears. May 27th. From
Theodore A. Cole, Catskill, N. Y.

Exechia sp. (one of the Mycetophilidm), attracted to light. From
Abner L. Train, Albany, N. Y.

A Syrphid larva resembling Helophilus latifrons. From J. B.
Briggs, Macedon, N. Y.

Hystricia abr upta Weid. {=Tachina vivida oi Harris). From W.
H. Warrall, Wappingers Falls, N. Y.

The cow-horn fly, Hmmatobia serrata Rob. Desv. August 29th.
From M. E. Drake, Demster, Oswego county, N. Y.

Pollenia rudis (Fabr.), as infesting a dwelling-house in April. From
Anna B. Hill, Catskill, N. Y.

Chloropisca prohjica Ost. Sack. From Mrs. H. D. Graves, Ausable
Forks, N. Y.

3S

298 Forty-fifth Report on the State Museum.

COLEOPTERA.

Larva of Dytiscus marginalis (Linn,), June 1st. From W. C.
Hitchcock, TiasLoke, N, Y.

Dytiscus fasciventris Say; September 14th. From W. Dudley
Dewitt, Albany, N. Y.

Helophilus triangularis Say. From J, M. Dolph, Port Jervis, N. Y.

Anatis \h-punctata (Oliv.), dark variety from Myzus cerasi, June 4th.
From John R. & A. Murdock, Plattsburgh, N. Y.

Epilachna borealis (Fabr.). From George T. Lyman, Bellport, N. Y.

Byturus unicolor Say, feeding on raspberry leaves and buds, May
25th. From Mrs. J. M. Cooper, North Haven, Conn.

Larvae (luminous) of Photuris Pennsylvanica fDe Geer), October 2d.
From Henry C. Lee, Cornwall, N. Y.

A brilliantly luminous ? larva of Phengocles sp,, July 2l8t. From
Miss C. L. Stillman, Cornwall, N. Y.

Larvfe of Telephorus bilineatus Say, taken from the surface of snow,
by Mr. Holdredge, of Center, Herkimer county, N. Y. From Daniel
Uatchelor, Utica, N. Y.

Serica tristis LeConte, fr-m leaves and blossoms of strawberry.
From R. W. Wetmore, Clifton, New Brunswick.

Young larvfe of Ligyrus relictus (Say). From W. S. Little, Roches-
ter, N. Y.

Larvae and imago of Lachnosterna fusca (Frohl.), taken from the
ground December 14th — one larva with its fungus, Cordiceps Pave-
nelii. From D. B. Young, Newport, N. Y.

Scarabaeid cocoons, wery large, taken from stems of palms from
India. From Professor D. P. Penhallow, McGill University,
Montreal, Canada.

Doryphora IQ-lineata (Say), infested with Urojyoda Americana
Riley. From W. W. de An'gelis, Holland Patent, N. Y.

Gastroidea polygoni (Linn.). From Berthold Fernow, Albany,
N. Y.

Larvae of the cucumber beetle, Diahrotica vittata (Fabr.) in squash
roots. From Professor C. H. Peck, Menands, N. Y.

Young larvie of Haltica chalyhea Illig. on grape. From A. M. Macy,
South Livonia, N. Y.

Cop>tocycla aurichalcea ^Fabr.). From C. B. Wicks, Albany, N. Y.

Pruchus obsoletus Say, from beans imported from Jamaica. From
James Fletcher, Entomologist, etc., Ottawa, Canada.

Pruchus obsoletus Say, infesting kidney beans and ovipositing
March 23d. From L. W. Dyer, Jefferson, N. Y.

Eighth Report of the State Entomologist. 299

JBruchiis vufimanus Boliem., the European bean-weevil. From
Oliver E. Janson, Stroud Green, London, Eng.

Triboliuvti ferrugineuin (Fabr.) in rice chaff from South Carolina,
numerous examples. Larvae of Tenebrio molitor (Fabr.) from wheat
flour. From F. E. Wadhams, Albany, K Y.

Nacerdes melanura (Linn.), from basement flooring in a dwelling-
house. From Mrs. E. Pointer, Albany, N. Y.

Larvae of the grape curculio, Craponlus incequalis (Say), in grapes,
June 26th. From S. F. Gettys, Sanford, Tenn.

Phloeotribus liminaris (Harris) — living imago in peach tree bark.
May 7th; Xylehorus disjjar (Fabr.), in peach tree, June 15th. From
George C. Snow, Penn Yan, N. Y.

Hemiptera.

Anasa tristis (De Geer), in pupa and imago, September 18th. From
T. C. Barker, Lowell, Mass.

lyygus invitus (Say), puncturing and scarring young pears in June.
From J, F. Rose, South Byron, N. Y,

IBelostoma Afnericanum Leidy. From Berthold Fernow, Kings-
ton, N. Y. The same, from Frank F. Goodwin, Albany, N. Y. The
same, in four examples, taken at electric light. May 12th, from J. M.
DoLPH, Port Jervis, N. Y.

Larvae of Clasloptera pini Fitch, on terminal tips of pine, June 1st.
From Miss A. H. Woolsey, Matteawan, N. Y.

Larvae of a spittle insect, Clastoptera ohtusa (Say), June 22d, on
linden: imago, June 25th. From D. J. Garth, Scarsdale, N. Y.

Psylla pyricola Foerst., in the larva, pupa, and imago, June Ist.
From P. W. King, Athens, N. Y. The imago, from J. F. Rose,
South Byron, N. Y., and from Mrs. Dorr, Glenmont, K Y. The
eggs, larvae, and imago, from Professor C. H. Peck, Menands, N. Y.

Aphis pruni Koch, from plum trees, June 6tli. From J. W. Smith,
Schoharie, N. Y. ; also, from Frank A. Fay, Bath, Steuben Co., N. Y.

Aphis sp., destructive to potatoes and cabbage. From Abram G.
HoiT, Bradford, Pa.

f Ghermes laricifolim Fitch, on leaves of larch. From Miss A. H.
Woolsey, Matteawan, N. Y.

Ghionaspis furfurus (Fitch) on pear twigs. From P. W. King,
Athens, N. Y.

Lecaniura pyri (Sch.) with young, on pear, April 16th. From A. C.
Taylor, M. D., Scriba, N. Y.

300 Forty-fifth Report on the State Museum.

Orthoptera.

Gryllus luctuosus Serv., from Cape May, N. J. From W. B. Mar-
shall, State Museum, Albany, N. Y.

The coral-winged locust, (Edipoda phoenicoptera Germ. From Mrs.
H, D. Graves, Au!?able Forks, N. Y,

Larvae of Mantis Carolina Linn., on holly-twig. From Mrs. M. M.
Patten, Albany, N. Y.

Eetohia Germanica Steph. From Dr, George Lawson, Halifax
Nova Scotia.

Neuroptbra.

The Hellgrammite fly, Corydalis cornuta (Linn.). From C. L.
Shear, Alcove, N. Y.

Larva of the comb-horned fish-fly, Chanliodes pectinicornis (Linn.).
From W. C. Hitchcock, Buskirk's Bridge, N. Y.

Miscellanea.

Argyramoeba sinison (Fahr.). Chlosops sp. Grapta interrogationis
(Fabr.). Agrotis herilis Grote. Pyralis farinalis Linn. Coccinella
sanguinea Linn. Phytonomus punctatus (Fabr.). Tenehrio molitor
Linn. Podisus spinosus (Dallas). Phymata erosa Her.-Sch. From
Mrs. E. B. Smith, Coeymans, N. Y.

Lepidopterous pupa?, undetermined, 4. Camponotus, many examples
from a flight on August 27th. Larva of Gimbex Americana Jjeach. A
Phryganid, six examples. From Erastus Corning, Jr., of Albany
N. Y.; taken at Murray Bay, Province of Quebec, Canada.

Crustacea.

A blind freshwater shrimp, Crangonyx mucronatus Forbes, from a
driven well. From W. B. Campbell, Garrattsville, Oswego Co., N. Y.

(E)

CLASSIFIED LIST OF INSECTS NOTICED IN
THIS REPORT.

Hymenoptbra.

Thalessa lunator {Fabr.), the lunated long-sting.
Pemphredon concolor Say, a wood wasp.
Tremex columba {Linn.), the pigeon Tremex.
Rhyssa persuasoria {Linn.), an European long-sting.
Janus flaviventris Fitch, the currant-stem girdler.
Nematus Erichsonii Hartig, the larch saw-fly.

Lepidoptera.

Feniseca Tarquinius {Fabr.), the little orange butterfly.

Sannina exitiosa {Say), the peach- ti'ee borer.

Sphinx quinquemaculata Haworth, the five-spotted Sphinx.

Eudryas grata {Fabr.), the beautiful wood-nymph.

Clisiocampa Americana Harr., the apple-tree tent-caterpillar.

Agrotis ypsilon {Rott.), the black cut- worm.

Agrotis species, cut-worms.

Gortyna nitela Guenee, the stalk-borer.

Scoliopteryx libatrix {Linn.), the scallop-wing.

Synchlora glaucaria ( Guenee), the raspberry Geometer.

Tmetocera ocellana {Schiff.), the eye-spotted bud-moth.

Phoxopteris nubeculana {Clem.), the apple-leaf sewer.

Coleophora malivorella Riley, the apple-tree case-bearer.

Bucculatrix Canadensisella Ghamb., the Canadian Bucculatrix.

Bucculatrix pomifoliella Clem., the apple-leaf Bucculatrix.

DiPTERA.

Diplosis pyrivora Riley, the pear midge.
Exechia sp., a fungus gnat.
Htematobia serrata R. L>esv., the cow-horn fly.
Trypeta pomonella Walsh, the apple maggot.

302 Forty-fifth Report on the State Museum.

COLEOPTERA.

Epilachna borealis {Fabr.), the northern lady-bird.
Elateridse species, wire-worms.

Telephorus bilineatus {Say), the two-lined soldier-beetle.
Macrodactylus subspinosus {Fabr.), the rose-bug.
Lachnosterna fusca (FrOhl.), the white-grub.
Cyllene pictus {Drury), the hickory borer.
Glycobius speciosus {Say), the maple-tree borer.
Crioceris asparagi {Linn.), the asparagus beetle.
Doryphora decemlineata {Say), the Colorado potato beetle.
Tenebrio molitor {Linn.), the meal-worm.

Hemiptera.

Corimelnena pulicaria Germ., the flea-like negro-bug.

Anasa tristis {De Geer), the squash-bug.

Lygus invitus {Say), the contrary plant-bug.

Clastoptera obtusa Say, the obtuse Clastoptera.

Clastoptei'a pini Fitch, the pine Clastoptera.

Typhlocyba vitis {Harr.), the grajDe-vine leaf -hopper.

Empoa rosfB {Uarr.), the rose-leaf hopper.

Psylla pyricola Foerst., the pear-tree Psylla.

Siphonophora avenge {Fabr.), the grain aphis.

Phorodon humuli {Schrank), the hop-vine aphis.

Aphis mali Fabr., the apple-tree aphis.

Aphis cucuraeris Forbes, the melon aphis.

Pemphigus tessellata {Fitch), the alder-blight aphis.

Lecanium sp., a grape-vine scale-insect.

Aspidiotus nerii Bouche, the white scale.

Pulvinaria innumerabilis {JRathv.), the maple-tree scale-insect.

Orthoptera.

Gryllus luctuosus Serv., the doleful cricket.

Neuroptera.

Chauliodes pectinicornis {Linn.), the comb-horned fish-fly.
Chauliodes rastricornis JRamb., the tooth-horned fish-fly.
Chauliodes serricornis Say, the saw-horned fish-fly.
Corydalis cornuta {Linn.), tlie horned Corydalis.

Arachnida.
Trombidium locustarum Hiley, the locust mite.

GENERAL INDEX.

abbrevialus, Cryptohypnus, 200.
abbreviatus, Gryllus, 179.
abrupta, Hystricia, 297.
Acacia insects:

Aspidiotus nerii, 815.

Icerya Purchasi, 275.
Acer dasycarpum insect: Pulvinaria innu-
naerabilis, 178.

Acer rubrum insect: Pulvinaria innumerabilia^'Amphipyra pyramidoides, 296.

American Agriculturist cited, 165.

Entomologist cited, 128(3), 155, 160(2).

Naturalist cited, 160.
Americanum, Be'oetoma, 299.
Amoen. Acad, cited, 155.
Ampelopsis quinquefolia Insects:

Eudryas grata, 170.

Darapsa Myron, 187.
Ampelopsis veichii insect:

Pulvinaria innumerabilis, 178.

AcrididK, 179.
acuminata, Mermis, 290.

Address before the Albany Institute on Carpo-
capsa Deshaiziana in Seed-vessels of
Euphorbia, 291.
before the Massachusetts State Board of

Agriculture, 327-257.
before the New Jersey Board of Agri-
culture, 258-277.
. JEgeria exitiosa, 181-186.
Agassiz, Alexander, reference to, 229.
Agriotes mancus, 198,300.
truncatus, 198.

— Agrotis annexa, 235.

— , clandestina, 199, 235,

— fennica, 235, 236.
_- herilis, 300.

_^ maleflda, 236.

messoria, 188, 236. ' . — ■

— saucia, 234, 235. —
segetum, 235.

- tritici, 235.
^ ypsilon, 111, 126, 188-191, 284, 296.
Albany Argus cited, 291, 292.

Evening Journal cited, 141, 279(2), 283, 284,

287.
Evening Times cited, 290.
Morning Express cited, 277.
albilinea, Leucania, 291.
albolineata, Synchlora, 129.
Alder attacked by Clastoptera obtusa, 153.
AUis, E. W., on the currant stem girdler, 166.
Alnus serrulata attacked by Clastoptera
obtusa, 153.
' Alypia octomaculata, 296.
ambrosiasfoliella, Bucculatrix,138.
Americana, Cimbex, 300.
Clisiocampa, 122.
Uropoda, 298.

Anasa tristis, 205-207, 288, 999.

Anatis 12-punctata, 284, 398.

Anatis 15- punctata, 298.

Anguillulidae, 231.

annexa, Agrotis, 235.

Anomalon species, 164.

Anthomyia, 285.

Anthrenus scrophularite, 293, 293, 394.

antiopa, Vanessa, 295.

Antiqua, Orgyia, 389.

Apante'es congregatus. 111, 187.

Aj»antele8 militaris, 238.

Aphides, 3^7, 274.

Aphidida?, 254, 281.

Aphis avenae, 295.

cucum>-ris, 210, 283.

mail, 133, 317, 281, 385.

pruni, 125,299.

sp., 299
Aplodes glaucaria, 129.
— ' rubivora, 129.
Apple aphis, 123, 217, 281, 385.
Apple, insects :

Aphis mali, 123, 217, 381, 385.

Aspidiotus conchiformis, 393.

Aspidiotus Harrisii, 293.

Bucculatrix pomifoliella, 123.

Carpocapsa pomonella, 174, 245, 290, 897.

Ceresa bubalus, 294.

Chionaspis f urf urus, 293, 899.

Clisiocampa Americana, 122.

Coleophora pp., 297.

Diplosis pyrivora, 106, 124, 140-151, 283, 268
297.

Gryllus abbreviatus, 179.

Halisidota carya?, 296.

Mytilaspis pomorum, 286, 293.

Notodonta concinna, 292.

PhoTopteris nubeculana, 123, 297.

Tmetocera oeellana 134, 218, 297.

304

General Index.

218,

Apple insects— (Continued),

Trypeta pomonella, 245, 249.
Apple-leaf Bucculatrix, 123, 135, 136, 13'

281, 283.
Apple-leaf sewer, 123.
Apple-maggot, 116, 245-249.
Apple-Tee aphis, 123, 217, 281, 285.
.Apple-tree case-bearer, 123, 217, 2S1, 297.
Apple tree tent-caterpillar, 122.
Apple-tree insects of early spring noticed, 216.

apple-tree Bucculatrix, 218.

apple-tree aphis, 216.

apple-tree case-bearer, 216.

eye-spotted bud-moth, 216.

pear-tree Psylla, 216.
Apple worm, 283, 290.

Apricot: visited by Telephorus bilineatus, 174.
Arachnida, 303.
Archippivora, Masicora, 238.
Arehippus, Danais, 287.
ArgyraticEba Simson, 300.
Armstrong, Mr., on cut- worms, 240.
Army-worm, 265.
Arsenical spraying harmless to honey-bees ?

280.
Arsenical spraying, 218, 219, 248, 281, 282, 288.
Arsenic and honey — experiments, paper cited,

280.
Artace punctistriga, 287.
Asaphes decoloratus, 200.
Asparagus beetle, 116, 231, 250, 253.
asparagi, Crloceris, 250-253.
Asparagus insects :

Crioceris, asparagi, 250-253.

Crioceris 12-puactata, 250.
Aspidiotus conchiformis, 293.

Harrisii, 293.
»Aspidisca splendoriferella, 283.
Asters injured by cut- worms, 236.
Atkinson, Prof., on Tylenchus radieola, 222,
atlanis, Melanoplus, 180.
aurichalcea, Coptocycla, 298.
avenee, Aphis, 295.
avenae, Siphonophora, 223, 282.

B.

Bacon beetle, '279.

Balsams [Impatiens] attacked by cut-worms,

236.
Banks [Nathan] cited, 155, 160.
Barker, T. C, insects from, 299.
Bark-lice. 274, 275, 279, 293.
Barley insects:

Agrotis segetum, 235.

Agrotis tritici, 235.
Barnard [W. S ] cited, 160.
Batchelor, Daniel, insects from, 173, 298.
Bateham, Mr., quoted, 183, 284.
Bean insects :

Bruchus obsoletus, 298.

Bruchus rufimanus, 299.

Epicauta cinerea, 294.

Lytta [Cantharis] Nuttalli, 294.

Beautiful Wood-nymph, 170.

Beckwith, Erof. M. H., remedy for" rosebug,

201.
Beet insects, 285.
Beets injured by cut -worms, 236.
Belostoma Americanum, 299.
Beneficial insects to be protected, 275.
•? bilineatus, Telephorus, 109, 173-174,';298.
Birch insects:

Bucculatrix Canadensisella, 106, 133-140, 297.
Telephorus bilineatus, 109, 173 174.
Birch-leaf Bucculatrix, 106, 133-140, 297.
Birds that prey on cut worms :
Agelasus Phoeniceus, 237.
cat-bird, 237.
Mimus Carolinensis, 237.
purple grackle, 237.
Quiscalus purpureus, 237.
red-winged blackbird, 237.
robin, 237.
Bisulphide of carbon remedy, 278.
Biting flies:

Htematobiaserrata, 126, 193-196, 297.
Stomoxys calcitrans, 193.
Black cut-worm, 187-191.
Black-lined cut-worm, 235, 236.
Blight in wheat, 221.
Blind crustacean from a well, 279.
Blistering beetles, 290, 294.
Bloomfield [E. N.] cited, 141.
Blue berry insects:

Clastoptera obtusa, 152, 153.
Clastoptera Proteus, 153.
BoUey, L. H., on potato scab associated witn

bacteria, 223.
Boots and shoes eaten by Gryllus abbreviatus,

179.
borea'.is Epilachna, 126, 298.
Bos, Ritzema, cited, 221 .
Bradt, S. C, insect from, 297.
Breeding grounds of rose-beetle, 201.
Briggs, J. B., insect from, 297.
Bronze-colored cut-worm, Nephelodes violans

173, 235
Bruchus obsoletus, 298.
ruflmanus, 299.
scutellaris, 295.
I bubalus, Ceresa, 294.
.^Bucculatrix amb"osi£efoliella, 106, 138.
—-{'Bucculatrix Canadf nsisella, 106, 133-140, 297.
Bucculatrix pomifoliella, 106, 123, 135, 136, 137,

218, 281, 283.
Buckwheat as a preventive, 197, 283.
Bulletin of the Cornell University Agricultura
Station, No. 50 on the Bud Math (Slinger
land), 220.
Bulletin of the Cornell University Agricultural
Station, No. 44 on the Pear-Tree Psylla,
(Slingerland), 220.
Bulletin of the Cornell University Agricultural
Experiment Station, No. 33, on Wii'e-worms
(Comstock and Slingerland), 199, 200.

1:

General Index.

305

Bulletin of the Cornell University Experiment

Station cited, 199, 220.
Bulletin of the New Jersey Agricultural College

Experiment Station cited, 196,213.
Bulletin of the United States Entomological

Commission cited, 152, 154.
Bulletin of the United States Entomological

Division cited, 204.
Bulletin of the United States National Museum

cited, 129.
Butterfly larvse feeding on aphides, 170.
Butternut insect: Cyllene pictus, 170.
Byturus unicolor, 298.

c.

Cabbage butterfly, 251.
Cabbage insects:

Agrotis annexa, 235.

Agrotis clandestina, 199, 235.

Agrotis saucia, 234, 235.

Hadena devastatrix, 235.

Mamestra subjuncta, 235

Mameslra trifolii, 235

Murgaatia histrionica, S90, 292.

Pierisrapa3, 251.
Calandra granaria, infesting a flour and feed

store, 278.
calcitrans, Stomoxys, 193.
ca'idum, Calosoma, 237.
caliginosus, Harpalus, 237.
Caloptenus [Melanoplus] femur-rubrum, 294.
Calosoma calidum, 237. — -

Camellia insect: Aspidiotus nerii, 214.
Campbell, W. B., insect from, 300.
Camponotus, 300.

Canadensisella, Bucculatrix, 106, 133-140, 297.
Canadian Entomologist cited, 133, 141, 152,
155(2), 156, 160(2), 162, 288,289, 291(2), 392, 294.
cana, Orgyia, 296.

Canastota [N. Y.] Journal cited, 187.
Canker-worm, 227.

Cantaloupe insect: Aphis cucumeris, 212.
Carabidse, 238.

Carbolic acid and Paris green wash, 184.
Carbolic acid and soft soap wash, 2£0.
Carbolic acid and whale-oil preventive, 194.
Carbolic acid remedy, 216, 280.
Carbolic acid wash, 183, 280.
Carman, Mrs. Frederick, insect from, 290.
Carnations injured by cut- worms, 236.
Carolina, Mantis, 300.
Carolina, Sphinx, 242.
Caroliuus, Telephorus, 173.
Carpet-bug pest, 292, 295.
,» Carpocapsa Desbaiziana in seed-vessels of

Euphorbia, 2^1 .
_-^ pomonella, 174, 245. 290, i97.
-.— - sail itans, 292.
Carya alba insect: Cyllene pictus, 176.
caryae, Halisidota, 296. .'
Case, A. P., insects from, 297.
case-bearer, 123, 217.

39

Cassino's Standard Natural History cited, 152.
Castor bean insect: Gortyna nitela, 191.
Catalogue des Chenilles Europeennes (Roiiast>
quoted, 172.

Insects of Massachusetts (Harris), re-
ferred to, 228.

Noctuidae of Boreal America (Smith),
citec", 192.

North American Diptera (Osten Sacken),
quoted, 172.

Tenthredinidse and Urocerida; of North
Ame'ica (Norton), referred to, 167.
catenaria, Zerene, 287, 299.
Catocala polygama, 292.
- pretiosa, 292.
Catocalas occurring in the State of New York:

list cited, 292.
Ceanothus Americanus: attacked by Corimel-

tena pulicaria, 213.
Cecidomyia cucumeris 212.

leguQiinicola, 255, 263.

nigra, 106, 140.

pyricola, 140.

pyrivora, 106.
Cecidomyidse, 140.
Cecropia caterp liar, 287.
Centerensis, Cossus, 294.
Cephidse, 167.
Cephus pygraeus, 167.
Cerambycidse, 203.
cerasi xMyzus, 125, 284, 298.
Ceratomia amyntor, 296.
Cercopidse, 152, 153.
Ceresa bubalus, 294.
Cermatia centipede, 282.
Cermatia, forceps, 282.
Ceroplastes, 281.
Cetonia Inda, 295.
Chalcidida?, 275.
Chalcid sp? 187.
chalybea, Haltica, 298.
Chambers [V. T.] cited, 133.
Chauliodes pectinicornis, 107, 15.5-159, 3C0.
Chauliodes rastricornis, 107, 156, 157, 158, 159.
Chauliodes serricornis, 159.
Check-list of the Noctuidae of America, North

of Mexico (Grote) cited, 292.
Chenipodium attacked by Gortyna nitela, 191.
? Chermes laricifol'8e,299.
Cherry aphis, 125.
Cherry insects:

Aspidiotus nerii, 215.

Corime'aena pulicaria, 213.

Myzus cerasi, 125.
Chinch-bug, 265.
Chionaspis furfurus. 233, 299.
Chloropisca proliflca, 297.
Chlorops, 167, 300.
Chrysomelidae, 126, 250, 298.
Cimbex Americana, 300.
cinerea, Epicauta, 294.
clandestina, Agrotis, 199, 235.

306

General Index.

Clastoptera obtusa, 107, 152-153, S99.

pini, 107, 153-155, 299.
Clean culture, 269.
Clisiocampa Americana, \2l.

constricta, 296.
Clothing, insects attacking:

Criclvets, 179.

Gryllus abbreviatus, 179.

Gryllus luctuosus, 179.
"Clover insects:

Agrotis fennica, 236.

Cecidomyia leguminicola, 255, 236, 263.
Clover-seed mid ere, 255, 263. —

Clover sickness, 221.
Coal-oil remedy, 241, 279.
Coal-tar remedy, 256.
Coccida?, 254.
Coccinella sanguinea, 300.
Coccinellidfe, 275.

Cockerell, T. D. A., referred to. 133.
■Cocoons of Apanteles congregatus, 187.

Apple-leaf Bucculatrix, 12.3, 136, 137, 218.

Artace punctistriga, 287.

Aspidisca splendoriferella, 283.

Bucculatrix ambrosisefoliella, 138.

Bucculatrix Canadensisella, 135, 136, 133,
297.

Bucculatrix pomifoliella, 123, 136, 137, 2:8-4

Diplosis pyrivora, 147.

peach-tree borer, 184.

pear midge, 147.

raspberry geometer, 132.

Sannina exitiosa, 184.

Scoliopteryx libatrix, 171.

Synchlora glaucaria, 132.
Cocoons on oats, 291 .
Codling-moth, 174, 274.
coeruleocinctus, Julus, 199.
■ Coleophora malivorella, 105, 12:^, 217, 281, 297.
Coleophora sp. ? 264, 297.
Coleoptera, 173-177, 197, 202, 293, 302.
Cole, Theodore A , insects from, 297.
Collections at night as a remedy, 190.
Colorado potato-beetle, 221, 274.
Columba, Tremex, 163.
Comb-horned fish-fly, 155-159, 300.
Comma butterfly, 187.
comma, Grapta, 187.
Common black cricket, 179.
Common house-fly, 265, 275.
communis, Melanotus, 198, 199, 200.
■Comstock and Slingerland's bulletin on wire-
worms, 199. ' —
Comstock, Prof., cited, i:2, 155, 160, 199, 273, 290.

Introduction to Entomology referred to, 273
conchiformis, Aspidiotus, 293. _^^

concinna, Notodonta [ffidemasia] , 292. .^^

concolor, Pemphredon, 163.
congregatus, Apanteles, 187.
constricta, Clisiocampa, 296.
Cook, Prof. A. J , cited, 279, 280, 282, 288.
Cooper, Mrs. J. M., insects from, 298.

Copperas water as a preventive, 200, 239.
Coptocycla aurlchalcea, 298.
Cordiceps Ravenelii, 298.
Corimeliena pulicaria, 212-214, 283.
Corning, Jr., Erastus, insects from, 300.
Corn insects:

Agrotis clandestina, 235.

Cetonia Inda, 295.

Euphoria Inda, 295.

Gortyna nitela, 112, 191-192.

Hadena devastatrix, 235.
Corydalis cornuta 107, 156, 158, 159-162, 300.
Cossus Ce"terensis, 294.

Country Gentleman cited, 141, 169, 174, 181, 183,
185, 187, 195, 198, 199, 207, 210, 212(2), 213, 214,
217, 219, 2:0. 221, 278(2), 279(.3), 280(4), 281(2),
282(3), 283, 284(4). 285(4), 283(5), 287(5)
28803), 290(3), 291(3), 292(3), 293(5), 294(6),
295(5).
Cow-horn fly in New York, 126, 193-197, 286.
Crangonyx mucronatus, 279, 300.
Craponius inaequalis, 286, 299.
Crioceris asparagi, 250-253.

12-punctata, 2i0.
cristatus, Prionotus, 294.
Crushing eggs as a remedy, 216, 278.
Cryptohypnus abbreviatus, 200.
Cucullia lajtifica, 292.
Cucumber-beetle, 250.
Cucumber insects:

Aphis cucumeris, 211.

Diabrotica vittata, 250.
cucumeris. Aphis, 210, 283.
cucumeris, Cecidomyia, 212.
Cucurbitaceous plant's, insect injurious to:

Aphis cucumeris, 211.

Corimelfena pulicaria, 213.
Currant insects:

Aspidiotus nerii, 215.

Gortyna nitela, 191.

Janus flaviveatris, 166.

Nematus ribesii, 125.
Currant-stem Girdler, 1C6-168, 264.
Currant-worm, 125.
Curtis' Farm Insects cited, 177.
Cut-worms, 126, 231-243, 261.
Cyllene pictus, 110, 175, 176.

robioise, 175, 176.

D.

Dahlias, attacked by Gortyna nitela, 191.

Daily Union [Schenectady, N. Y ] , cited, 292.

Diiry pest„286.
*Danais Archippus, 287.
-Darapsa Myron, 187, 295.

Dark-sided cut-worm, 188.
-Datana major, 296.
ministra, 108, 164.

Datura stramonium, Jamestown weed, 243.

De Angelis, W. W , insects from, 298.

decoloratu-', Asaphes, 200.

deflnita, Orgyia, 289.

Deltoidae, 292.

General Index.

307

Deposit of eggs prevented, 203.
Dermestes lardarius, 179, 279, 297.
Destaaiziana, Carpocapsa, 291 .
devastatrix, Hadena, 235.

Tylenchus, 221.
Dewitt, W Dudley, insect from, 898.
Diabrotica vittata, 250, 298.
Dickinson, Hon. A. B , quoted, 198.
Die Kleinen Feinde cited, 140.
dimidiata, Pheosia, 290.
Diplosis nigra, 141.
Diplosis pyrivora, 106, 124, 140-151, 283, 288, 297.

triiici, 255.
Diptera, 140, 172, 192, 897, 301.
dispar, Xyleborus, 299.
Dobson, larva of Corydalis, 161.
Dolph, J. M., insects from, 898, 299.
domestica, Musea, 265.
Dorr, Mrs., insects from, 299.
Doryphora 10-lineata, 898.
Drake, M. E., insects from, 897.
Drake, Miss, on the cow-horn fly, 192.
Drasterius elegans, 200.
Dyar, Harrison G., insects from, 296.
Dyer, L. W., insects from, 898.
Dytiscus f asciventris, 298.

marginatus, 898.

E.

Earth-worms causing scab on potatoes, 222.

Eastern grasshopper, 294. '"^

Economic entomology, 339, 860.

Ectobia Germanica, 300.

Edwards, W. H., referred to, 129, 291.

Eggs of Anasa tristis, when laid, 206.

Aphis cucumeris, when laid, 213.

apple-maggot, where placed, 245.

apple-tree case-bearer, when laid, 217.

asparagus beetle, where placed, 252.

beautiful wood-nyoiph, figured, 176.

Coleophora malivorella, when laid, 217.

cow-horn fly, where deposited, 194, 190.

Crioceris asparagi, where placed, 232.

cucumber aphis, where deposited, 213.

currant-stem girdler, features of, 106.

cut-worms, where deposited, 233.

DiplosiS pyrivora, where placed, 124, 149.

Eudryas grata, figured, I'O.

Glycobius speciosus, when laid, 205.

grasshoppers, destroyed by mites, 180.

Haematobia serrata, deposit of , 191,196.

Halisidota carya; on apple leaf, 236.

hop-vine aphis, where placed. 208.

Janus flaviventris, characters of, 166. ^..

Lecanium sp ?, description of, 215.

maple-tree scale insects, in cottony mass,
178.

peach-tree borer, when laid, 184.

pear midge, where placed, 124, 129.

Phorodon humu'i, vitality of, 210.

Pulvinaria iunumerabilis, in cottony mass^
178.

Sannina exitiosa, when laid, 184.

Eggs — (Continued) .

squash-bug, when laid, 206.

sugar-map'e borer, when laid, 205.

tree-hopper, manner of placing, 293.

Trypeta pomonella, where placed, 245.
Elateridae, 199.
elegans, Drasterius, 200.

Packardia, 296.
Elm insects:

Galerucella xanthomelaena, 222.

Pemphredon concolor, 163.

Tremex columba 163.
Elm-leaf beetle, 222, 260.
Empoa rcsae, 256.
Ennominse, 287.

Entomologica Americana cited, 128.
Entomological Contributions cited, 171(2), 290.
Entomological News cited, 164, 288.
Entomologist cited, 141.

Entomologisfs Monthly Magazine cited, 141(8).
Entomology for Beginners (Packard) cited, 165,

100. 272.
Epicauta cinerea, 294.
Epilachna borealis, 105, 126, 298.
Erichsonii. Nematus, 108, 168-169.
erosa, Phymata, 300.
Erythroneura genus, 354.
Erythroneura vitifex, 387.

vitis, 887.
.Eudryas grata, 109, 170.
Eunemoria gracilaria, 189.
Euphoria f ulgida, 286.
Euphoria Tnda, 295.
European bean-weevil, 300.
Eutrapela transversata, 887.
Exechia fungorum, 173.

lateralis, 172.

sp ?, a fungus gnat, 109, 173, 297.
exitiosa, .Egeria, 182-186.
exitiosa, Sannina, 163-186.
Eye-spotted bud-moth, 124, 218, 219, 288.

F.

Fallowinsr as a remedy, 200.

Fall plowing remedy, 2i9.

farinse, Tyroglyphus, 293.

farinalis, Pyralis, 300.

Farm Insects (Curtis) cited, 163, 177.

fasciventris, Dytiscus, 298

Faune Hyra6nopt6rologique de la Province de

Quebec (Provancher) cited, 166.
Fay, Frank A., insects from, 299.
femur-rubrum, Caloptenus [Melanoplus] 294.
.Feniseca Tarquinius, 109, 169-170.
fennica, Agrotis, 235, 836.
Fernow, Berthold, insects from, 298, 899.
ferrugineum, Tribolium, 299.
ferruginoides. Orthosia, 291.
Figure of Agrotis ypsilon, 189.

Anasa tristis, 203.

Aphis cucumeris, 211.

Aphis mali, 217.

Apple-leaf Bucculatrix, 1S6.

308

General Index.

Figure of— iContinued) .
Apple-tree aphis, 217.
Apple- tree case-bearer, 217.
Aspidiotus nerii, 214.
Birch-leaf Bucculatrix, 134.
Black cut-worm, 189.
Bucculatrix Canadensisella, 134.
Bucculatrix pomifoliella, 136.
Chauliodes pectinicorcis, 158.
Chauliodes rastricornis, 156.
Chauliodes serricornis, 158.
Clastoptera obtusa, 153.
cocoon of Apple-leaf Bucculatrix, 131.
cocoon of Birch-leaf Bucculatrix, 134.
cocoon of Bucculatrix Canadensisella, 134.
cocoon of Bucculatrix pomifoliella, 136.
cocoon of peach-tree borer, 184.
Coleophora malivorella, 217.
Corydalis cornuta, plate 2.
Corimelfena pulicaria, 213.
Cyllene pictus, 175.
Diplosis pyrivora, 145.
egg of Eudryas grata, 170.
Eudryas grata, 171.
European LoDg-t.ting, 165.
genitalia of pear-midge, 148.
Glycobius speciosus, 203.
Gortyna nitela, 191.
Hickory -tree borer, 175.
hop-vine aphis, 208.
Horned Corydalis, plate 2.
Julus cceruleocinctus, 199.
Larch saw fly, 168.
larva of Agriotes mancus, 198.
larva of Agrotis clandestina, 199.
larva of Agrotis ypsilon, 189.
larva of birch-leaf Bucculatrix, 134. 135.
larva of Chauliodes pectinicornis, plate 1.
larva of i. hauliodes rastricornis, 156.
larva of Clastoptera on pine, 154.
larva of Corydalis cornuta, plate 2.
larva of Cyllene pictus. 175.
larva of Darapsa Myron, 187.
larva of Eudryas grata, 170.
larva of Gortyna nitela, 191.
larva of Lachnosterna fusca, 175.
larva of larch saw-fly, 168.
larva of locust mite, 180.
Jarva of lunated long-sting, plate 3.
larva of meal worm, 176.
larva of Melanotus communis, 198.
larva of pear midge, 147.
larva of Sannina exitiosa, 184.
larva of Synchlora glaucaria, 130.
larva of Telephorus bilineatus, 173.
larva of Tenebrio molitor, 176.
larva of Thalessa lunator, plate 3.
larva of Tremex Columba, 165
larva of Trombidium locustarum, 180.
Locust mite, 180.
Lunated long-sting, plate 3.
Macrodactylus subspinosus, 200.
Maple-tree scale insect, 178.

Figure of— CContinued).

Meal-worm, 176.

Melanotus communis, 199.

Melon aphis. 211.

Nematus Erichsonii, 168.

Peach-tree borer, 184.

Pear midge, 142.

Pears infested by larvae of the pear-midge,
147.

Pemphredon concolcr, 163.

Phorodon humuli, 208.

Pulvinaria innumerabilis, 178.

pupa of Chauliodes rastricornis, 156.

pupa of Coleophora malivorelia, 217.

pupa of Corydalis cornuta. plate 2.

pupa of Cyllene pictus, 175.

pupa of Diplosis pyrivora, 142.

pupa of peach-tree borer, 184.

pupa of pear midge, 142.

pupa of Thalessa lunator, plate 3-

pupa of Tremex Columba, 165.

Raspberry geometer, 130.

Rhyssa persuasoria, 165.

Rose-bug, 200.

Squash-bug, 203.

Stalk- borer, 191.

Sugar- maple borer, 203.

Synchlora glaucaria, 130.

Telephorus bilineatus, 173.

Tenebrio molitor, 176.

Thalessa lunator, plate 3.

Thousand-legged worm, 199.

Tremex Columba, 165.

Trombidium locustarum, 180.

White scale, 214.

wire-worm attacking corn, 199.
Fire-flies, 174.
Fish-oil soap remedy, 213.
Filch, Dr., cited, 152, 1.53.

computation of plant-lice on a cherry tree,
265.

description of Janus flaviventris, 167.

on the cut-worm dragon, 237.

referred to, 262, 264.

Reports on the Insects of the State of
New York cited, 152, 153, 167, 261.
Five-spotted sphinx, 242, 243.
flaviventris, Janus, 108, 166-163.
Fletcher [James] cited, 133.

insects from, 298.
Flight of moths, extraordinary, 287.
Flour mite: Tyroglyphus farin£e=T. siro, 293.
Fly, A. J , on the cow-horn fly, 194.
Forbes, Prof. S. A., on the melon aphis, 210,
211, 212.

reports, how obtained, 282.
forceps, Cermatia, 282.
Fowls for destroying insect pests, 252.
French, Prof. G. H., cited, 129, 191.
Fruit destroyed as a remedy, 248.
fulgida. Euphoria, 286.
Fuller, A. S., quoted, 177, 178, 252.
fungorum, Exechia, 172.

General Index.

309

Fungus gnat, 109, 172, 297.
furfurus, Chionaspis, 293, 299.
fusca, •? Lachnosterna, 110, 174-175, 298.
Fyles [Rev. T. W.] cited, 160.

G,

Oalerucella xanthomelaena, 223, 286.

Gall insects, 255.

Galloway and Southward on blight in oats, 222.

Oarden and Forest cited, 141 .

Garden flowers, attacked by Corimelaena puli-

caria, 213.
Gardiner, Robert H., on apple maggot, 247.
Gartered plume moth, 284.
Gas-lime as a preventive and remedy, 197, 239.
Gas- tar as a preventive, 205.
Gastroideapolygoni, 298.
geminatus, Paniscus, 238
Geometrida?, 129, 287.
Germanica, Ectobla, 300.
Gettys, S. F., insects from, ~'99.
Gillette, Prof. C P., cited. 164.
glaucaria, Synchlora, 105, 129-133.
Glover [Townend], cited, 152, 261.
Glycobius speciosus, i02-205.
Goldenrod, moths frequenting, 233.
Goodwin, Frank F., insect from, 299. ^^

Gooseberry insect: Zophodia grossularia;, 294.
Gordiaceaj, 290.
Gordius, 290.
-Gurtyna nitela, 112, 191-192.
Government Experimental Farms of the

Dominion of Canada referred to, 151.
gracilaria, Eunemoria, 129.
Grafting trees to immune varieties, 247.
Grain-aphis, 122, 222.
Grain insects in 1891, 122.
Grain weevil infesting mills, 278.
granaria, Calandra, 278.
Grape curculio, 286, 299.
Grape insects:

Craponius inaequalis, 286, 299.

Darapsa Myron, 187,295.

Erythroneura vitis, 257.

Haltica chalybea, 297.

Isosoma vitis, 292.

L''canium sp., 215.

Macrodactylus subspinosus, 200.

Oxyptilus periscelidactylus, 297.

Phylloxera vitifolite, 264.

Pulvinaria innumerabilis, 110, 177, 178, 216.

Tettigonia vitis, 254.
Grape-seed fly, 292.
Grapevine hog-caterpillar, 294.

leaf-hopper, 287.

scale-insect, Lecaniumsp.? 215-216.

"Thrips," il6, 253.
Grapta comma, 187.

interrogationis, 187, 300.
Grasshoppers parasitized, 179-180.
Grass insects:

Agrotis fennica, 235.

Grass insects (Confm led).

black-lined cut-worm, 2.35.

bronze-colored cut- worm, 235.

Caloptenus [Melanoplus] femur-rubrum,
294.

Lachnosterna fusca, 175.

Nephelodes violans, 235.
grata Eudryas, 109, 170,
Graves, Mrs. H. D., insects from, 297, 300.
Green's Fruit Grower cited, 289.
Grote, A. R., Check-list of Noctuidae cited, 292.
grossularia?, Pempelia [Zophodia] , 295.
Ground-beetle, 237.
Gryllus abbreviatus, 179.
Gryllus luctuosus, 110, 179, 300.
Guide to the Study of Insects (Packard) cited,
155, 160.

H.

Habits of Thalessa and Tremex, 164.

Hadena, 231.

Hadena devastatrix, 235.

HiBmatobia serrata, 126, 192-196, 297.

Hagen, Dr. H. A., cited, 155, 159, 229.

Haldeman, Dr., cited, 159.

Hale, J. H , peach-borer wash recommended,
184.

Halisidota caryte, 296.

Haltica chalybea, 298.

Hand-picking as a remedy, 252.

Harpalus caliginosus, 237.

Hatris, Dr. T. W., cited, 228(3), 254.
publication by, 261

Harrington, Mr. W. H., cited, 166.

Harrisii, Aspidiotus, 293.

Harveyi, Leucixnia, 291.

Harvey, Prof. F. L., study of the apple maggot,
249.

Heart's ease attacked by Gortyna nitela, 191.

Heavy rains kill the currant-worm, 126.

Hellebore remedy, 274

Hellgrammite fly, 300.

Helophllus latif rons. 287, 297.
triangularis, 298.

Hemerobius pectinicornis, 155.

Hemiptera, 152, 1.53, 205, 207, 210, 212, 215. 254,
270, 274, 299, 302.

Hemiptera froiii Muskoka Lake district (Van
Duzee) cited, 153.

herills, Agrotis, 300.

Herrick, Henry, on the maple-tree borer, 202.

Hessian-fly, 122.

Heterochroa Californica, 296.

Hickory borer, Cyllene pictus, 175-176.

Hicks, Jacob, communication from, 223.

High cuUure prevents Insect injuries, 269.

Hill, Anna B., insects from, 297.

histrionica, Murgantia, 2. 0, 292.

Hitchcock's Geological Report of Massachu-
setts referred to, 228

Hitchcock, W. C, insects from, 298,300.

Holdredge, Mr., insects from, 173.

Holly: eggs of Mantis Carolina on, 300.

310

General Index.

Holly, E. N., pupal case fn nest of hummiDg-

bird from. 297.
Homoptera, 152, 153.

Honey-bees killed by arsenical spraying? 280.
Honey-dew on pear twigs, 2S0.
Hop-growing in England, 209.
Hop-vine aphis, 1 '2. 207-210, 267.
Hop- vine aphis in Europe and America, 207.
Horn, Dr.. cited, 175, 28S.
Horned Corydalis, 159-16.'.
How to control the hop aphis, 207-210, 281.
How to meet our insect enemies. 269.
Hoyt, Abram G., insects from, 299.
Hulst [Rev G. D.], cited, 129.
hua uli, Phorodon, 122, 207-210, 267.
Hyacinths injured by cut-worms, 236.
Hydrcecia ni'ela, 192.
Hyn- enoptera, 29C, 301.
Hystricia abrupta = Tachina vivida, 297.

Icerya Purchasi, 275.
Ichneumon flies, 275.
IchneumoniCff', 275.
Ichneumonized caterpillar. 111, 186-187.
Importance of Entomological study, 261.
infequfllis, Craponius, 286, 299.
Indian Cetonia, 295.

innumerabili-s, Pulvinaria, 110, 177, 178, 216.
inorata, Tiphia, 238.

Insect attacks — their remedies and prevent-
ives, 181-186.
Insect enemies and how t) meet i hem, 258-277.
Insecticides and hf .w t o use them, 274-275.
Insectivorous birds, 279.
Insect Life, cited, 129,131(2', 141(4j, 195, 202,

164, 165, 166, 273.
Insect on peach trees, 21 3.
Insects that feed on cut-worms :

Calosoma calidum, 237.

Carabida?, 238.

ground-beetle, 237.

Harpalus caliginosus, 2.38.

Podisus spinosus, 238.

spined soldier-bug, 238.
Insf cts in flour, 293.
Insects Injurious to Forest and Shade Trees

(Packarl) cited, 153.
Insects Injurious to Fruits (Saunders; cited,

128, 273.
Insects Injurious to Vegetation (Harris), cited,

203.
Insects introduced from Europe :

Cephas pygmeus, lo7.

Crioceris asparagi, 251.

Crioceris 12 punctata, 250.

Diplosis pyrivora, 142.

Hsematobia serrata, 193.

Icerya Purchasi, 275.

larch saw-fly,- 169.

Nematus Erichsonii, 169.

Phorodon humuli, 207.

Insects introduced from Europe — (^CovVd).

Pieris rapae, 261.

Scoliopteryx libatrix, 171.
Insecis occurring on snow:

NephelodfS violans, 173.

Telephorus bilineatus, 173 •

Insects cf 1876, No. I, 293; of 1876, No. II, 294.
Injects on potatoes, 291.

Ic sects which destroy the young branches of
the pear-tree and the leading shoot of the
WeymouthpiDe (Peck) referred to, 228.
Insects received from New York localities:

Albany, 172, 296, 297, 298, 299, 300.

Alcove, 161, cOO.

Athens, 280, 299.

Ausable Forks, 297. 300.

Bath, Steuben Co., 299.

Bellport, 298.

Buskirk's Bridge. 300.

Canastota, 188, 284, 296.

Catskill, 144, 283, 297.

Center, Herkimer county, 173, 298.

Cherry Valley, 296.

Coeymans, 300.

Cornwall, 298.

Ghent, 219.

Glenmont, £99.

Holland Tatent, 298.

Jefferson, 293.

Kingston, 299.

Lansing, 210, 281, 267.

Lincoln, 219, 281.

Little Falls, 286.

Macedon, 287, 297.

Malcom, 218, 281,297.

Manlius, 292.

Matteawan, 154, 299.

Menands, 298, 299.

Middletowu, 290.

Monroe county, 139.

Newark Valley, 176.

Newport, 298.

Oswego and Wayne counties, 123.

Oswego county, 279, 296, 297, 300.

Palmyra. 296.

Penn Yan, 209.

Plat tsburgh, 293.

Port Jervis, 286, 299.

Rochester, 298.

Scar.-idale, 134, 152,284, S:97, 299.

Schenectady, 292.

Schoharie, 299.

Scriba, 299.

Seneca"county, 296.

South Byron. 166, 296, 299.

Souih Livonia, 293.

Tiashoke, 155, 298.

T-ibes Hill, 296.

Utica, 198.

Vernon, 296.

Walworth, 297.

Wappingers Fall, 297.

General Index.

311

Insects received from other localities:

Annapolis, Maryland, 294.

Ashfleld, Mass., 2.11.

Bastrop, Texas, 293.

Bradford, Pa., 299.

Cape May, N. J., 179.

Cecil Co , Md., 294.

Charlottsville, Va., 290.

Clifton, New Brunswick, 284, 298.

Essex Co., Mass, 295.

Eustis, Fla., 281.

Gordensville, Pa., 287.

Green Grove, Pa., 286.

Halifax, Nova Scotia, 300.

Hamburg, Pa., 288.

Hartford, Conn., 191.

Hastings, Minn., 290.

Jacksonville, Ala., 214, 279.

Kingston, Pa., 287, 288, 295.

London, England, 299.

Lowell, Mass., 210, 2S8, 299.

Massachusetts, 140.

McGhee, Tenn., 282.

Montreal, Canada, 293.

Nashville, Tenn., 292.

New Haven, Conn., 129, 285.

New Jersey, 292.

New Market, N. J., 175.

North Haven, Conn., 297.

Ottawa, Canada, 298.

Pittsburg, Pa., 284.

Province of Quebec, 294, 300.

Red Bank, N. J., 174, 286, 288.

Ridgefleld, Conn., 279.

Robin's Nest, 111., 293

Sanford, Tenn.. 286, 299.

Sargeantville, N. J. , 235.

Wabash, Ind , 186.

Wellhams Cross Roads, Md , 212.

Yosemite Valley, Cal., 296.
Insects of small size, 264.
Interesting case of Parasitism, 111, 186.
Interrogation butterfly, 187.
interrogationis, Grapta, 187, 300.
Introduction to Entomology (Comstock; cited,

155, 160.
invitus, Lygus, 125, 299.
Iowa Academy of Science cited, 152.
Isosoma vitis, 292, 293.
Ivy, attacked by Aspidiotus nerii, 215.

J.

Jamestown weed, for poisoning moths, 243.

Janson, Oliver E., insects from, 293.

Janus flaviventris, 108, 166- 16i.

Japan ivy attacked by Pulvinaria innumer-

abilis, 178.
Jarring for curculio, 125, 286.
Johnson's, Dr., definition of net work, 265.
Journal of the Academy of Natural Science of

Philadelphia cited, 152.
Journal of the Columbus Horticultural Society

cited, 183.

Journal of Mycology cited, 222.

Journal of the New York Microscopical Society

cited, 164.
Juglans cinerea and .J. nigra, attacked by Cyl-

lene pictus, 176
Julus C(eruleocinctus, 199.
Juniper attacked by Nematus Erichsonii, 169;.

K.

Kerosene, 215, 216, 200, 252, 274.

Kerosene emulsion, 123, 151, 169, 190, 201, 209,
212, 213, 215, 217, 220, 279, 280, 281, 282, 285, 286,
287.

King, P. W., insects from, 299.

Knowledge of insect pests, importance of, 270,
271.

Kollars Insects Injurious to Gardeners, For-
esters and Farmers cited, 140.

Kowarz, F., cited, 172.

Krauss [W. C], cited, 160.

Lachnosterna fu?ca, 110, 174, 175, 288, 298.

Lady bug and cherry aphis, 284.

Lady-bugs, 275.

Isetiflca, Cucullia, 292.

Lampyridae, 174.

Lansing, Mrs. Abram, insects from, 296.

Larch saw-fly, 168-169.

Larch insects: '

? Chermes laricifolia?, 299.

Nematus Erichsonii, 16S.
lardarius, Dermestes, 179, 279.
Larder beetle, 179.
laricif olise, ? Chermes, 299.
Larix Americana attacked by Nematus Erich-
sonii, 169.
Larvaj (grubs, caterpillars, etc. J) of

Agriotes mancus, figured, 198.

Agrotis clandestina, figured, 199.

Agrotis fennica, its abundance, 235,

Agrotis messoria, an onion pest, 236.

Agrotis species that feed on cabbage, 235_

Agrotis ypsilon, figure and habits, 188, 189.

apple-tree aphis, figured, 217.

birch-leaf Bucculatrix, figured and de-
scribed, 130, 131.

Bucculatrix Canadensisella, figured and
described, 130, 131.

Chauliodes pectinicornis. figured and
described, plate 1, 157.

Chauliodes rastricornis, figure, habits, etc.^
156, 158.

Clastoptera obtusa, characterized, 152.

Clastoptera pini, figured, 154.

codling-moth, eaten by Telephorus, 174.

Coleophora malivorella, figure and habitsv
217.

Corydalis cornuta, figure, habits, etc ,
p'ate2, 161, 162.

cow-horn fly, where it breeds, 196.

currant-worm, killed by rain, 125.

312

General Index.

Xiarvfe (grubs, caterpillars, etc.) of — (Cont'd).
Cyllene pictus, figured, 175.
Darapsa Myron, showing parasitic attack,

187, 295.
Diplosis pyrivora, described and figured

142, 144, 147.
elm-leaf beetle, killed by heavy rains, 221.
Eudryas grata, figured, 170.
ExecMa sp., food habits, 172.
eye-spotted bud-moth, habits, etc , 218.
Feniseca Tarquinius, habits, etc, 170.
Gortjna nitela, figure, description and

habits, 191, 192.
Hsematobia serrata, where it occurs, 196.
Harpalus caliginosus, on snow, 237.
hickory-borer, figured, 175.
horned Corydalis, figure, habits, etc.,

plate 2, 161-162.
Lachnosterna species, not identiflabl*»,

175.
Lachnosterna with fungus attack, 298.
larch saw-tly, maturity, 168.
Lepidoptera from Yosemite Valley, Cal ,

296.
locust mite, figure and habits, 180.
meal worm, figure and habits, 176.
Melanotus c ">mmunis, figur d, 19S.
Nematus Erichsonii, maturity, 16S.
Nephelodes violans, its ravages, 235.
peach-tree moth, figured, 184.
pear midge, described and figured, 142,

144, 147.
Phengodes sp., 298.
raspberry geometer, figured, 129
Scoliopteryx libatrix, described, 171.
Sphinx quinquemaculata, feat ires of, 242.
Synchlora glaucaria, figured, 129.
Telephorus bilineatus, figures and habits,

173, 174.
Thalessa lunator, figured, plate 2,
Tmetocera ocellana, habits, etc., 218
Tremex columba, figured, 165.
Trombidium locustarum, figure and

habits, 180.
Trypeta pomonella, described, 246.
Larvse of Tenebrio molitor in a woman's stom-
ach, 177.
Larvae on snow, 173.
Larval Characteristics of Corydalis and Chau-

liodes (Riley) cited, 156.
■lateralis, Exechia, 172.
latifrons, Helophilus, 287, 297.
Lawsan, Dr. George, insects from, 300.
Leaf -eating beetle, 286 .
Leaf-hoppers, 254, 256.
LeBaron, Dr., on Telephorus, 174.

publications, 261.
Lecanium pyri, 293.
Lecanium sp ?, 281.
Lecanium sp. ?, a grapevine scale insect, 215,

216.
Lee, Henry C, insects from, 298.
leguminicola, Cecidomyia, 255.

K, L.eE

■— j-Leu

aA —

Leidy, Dr., on Mermis acuminata, 290.
Lepidoptera, 129, 133, 296, 301 .
Lemon insect: Aspidiotus nerii, 215.
Leucania albilinea, 291 .

Harvey i, 291.
— » uniruncta, 293.
leucanici', Nemorwa, 238.
leucostigma, Orgyia, 296.
Lewis, P. C , force pjmps of, 190.
libatrix, Scoliopte yx, 109, 171 172.
Ligyrus rel'.ctus, 29S.
Lilies attacked by Gortyna nitela, 191.
Lime, freshly-slacked, as a preventive, 252, 253-
Lime water remedy, 2J1.
liminaris, Phlceotribus, 299.
Lindens attacked by Clastoptera obtusa, 152,

299.
lineolaris, Lygus^ I.ygus pratensis, 291.
Linsley, J G., insect eggs from, 296, 29r.
Lintr.er, J. A., cited, 1.'9, 133, 141, 152, 160, 166,

169.
List of Lepidoptera of North America (Smith)

cited, 128.
Little. Malcom, insects from, 218, 297.
Little, Miss S. A , insects from, 297.
Little, W. S , insects from, 298.
Little Orange Butterfly, 169-170.
locustarum, Trombidium, 111, 179-180, 287.
Locust attacked by Cyllene robinia?, 175, 176.
Locust borer, 175
Locust, coral-winged, 300.
Locust mite, 179-180.
London purple, 140. 150, 201, 274, 280, 286.
Long's Second Expedition to the Sources of St.

Peter's River cited, £03.
Lucia, Lycsena, 291.
luctuosus, Gryllus, 110, 179, 300.
iugubris, Pemphredcn, 163.
Lunated Long-sting, 108, 163-166.
lunator, Thalessa, 108, 163-106.
J-Lyctena Lucia. 291.
■— . neglecta, 291.
.> pseudargiolus, 291.
Lygus invitus, 105, 125, 299.

liaeo.'aris=Lygus pratensis, 291.
pratensis, 105, 125, 285, i91.
Lyman, George T., insect from, 298.
Lyons, J. D., on the cow-horn flr, 1j5.
Lytta murina, 290.
Nuttalli, 294.

M.

Macquart's Histoire Naturelle des Insectes —

Dipteres, cited, 149.
Macrobasis unicolor, 291.
Macrodactylus subsplnosus, 200-20?.
Macy, A. M., insects from, 298.
Magnolia insects:

Aspidiotus nerii, 215.
major, Datana, 293.
maleflda, Agrotis, 236.
mail, Aphis, 12:3, 217, 281, 285.
malivorella Colrophora, 123, 217, 297.

General Index.

313

Mamestra genus, 231.
— Bubjuncta, 235.
_< trifolii. 2.35.
mancus, Agriotes, 19S, 200.
Mantis Carolina, 300.
Maple insects:

Aspidiotus nerii, 215.

Glycobius speciosus, 202-205.

Pulvinaria innumerabilis, 110, 177-178, 21(i.
Maple-tree borer, 202-205
Maple-tree scale, insect, 177-178, 216.
marginatus, Dytiscus, 298.

Pemphredon, 163.
Marshall, W. B., insects from, 179, 300.
Masicora archippivora, 238.
Massachusetts Agricultural Journal cited, 228.
May beetle, 110, 174, 175.
McLellan, T. S , on the apple-maggot, 247.
Meade [R. H.] cited, 141.
Meal insects:

Tenebrio molitor, 176.

Tenebrio obscurus, 177.
Mealworm, 176-177.
Mealy-bugs, 254.

Measuring worm, 286. ^

Melanoplus atlanis, ISX

femur-rubrum, 294.
Melanotus communis, 198, 199, 200.
melanura, Nacerdes, 298.
Melon arid strawberry pests, 212, 283.
Melon insects:

Aphis cucumeris, 210, 211.

Cutworms, 236.

Epilachna borealis, 126.
Memoirs of the Academy of Arts and Science

cited, 159.
Jlermis acuminata, a parasite on Carpocapsa

pomonella, 290.
Meske, O., cited, 293.
messoria, Agrotis, 188, £36.
Microgaster, 295.
militaris, Apanteles, 238
Milkweed attacked by Gortyna nitela, 191.
Milipedes causing scab on potatoes, 222.
Milmoe, P F., insects rrom, 188, 191, 296.
ministra, Datana, 108, 164.
Mites causing potato scab, 222. ^^i—

destroying locust eggs, 179, 180.

in sugar, 293.

on the orange, 281.

the red spider, 255.
molitor, Tenebrio, 110, 176-177. 299, 300.
Monograph of Geometrid Moths (Packard)

cited, 128.
Moody, H L , cited, 155.

on Chauliodes larvae, 157.
Morgan, Mr., on insects on snow, 173.
Mothrop, Frank, insects from, 219, 297.
Mounding trees for peach-tree borers, 185.
mucronatus, Crangonyx, 279, 300.
Murdock, John R. and A., insects from, 298.
Murgantia histrionica, 290, 292.

40

murinia, Lytta, 290.

Musca domestica, 265.

Mushrooms eaten by Exechia sp., 172.

Muskmelon insects:

Aphis cucumeris, 211.

Cecidomyin cucumeris, 212.
"Mustard as a preventive, 198.
MycetophilidaB, 1'2, 297.
Alylitta, Phyciodes, 296.
Myron, Darapsa, 187, 295.
Mytilaspis pomorum, 285, 293,
Myzus cerasi, 125, 284, 298.

N.

Nacerdes melanura, 299.

■Nadata Behrensii, 216.

Nasturtiums eaten by cut- worms, 236.

Neal, Dr. J. C , report on nematodes referred
to, 222.

Neckweed eaten by Corlmetena pulicaria, 213.

neglecta, Lrcama, 291.

Nematode attacks. 221, 322.

Nematus Erichsonii, 108, 168-169.
ribesii, 125.

Nemorsea leucaniae, 2.3S.

'Nephelodes violans, 173, 2:35.

nerii, Aspidiotus, 214.

Neuroptera, 155, 159, 101, 3.0, 302.

New England Farmer ciied, 227.

New England Homestead cited, 141, 181, 188,
192, 200, 207, 210, 2bl, 282, 281.

New Hemipterous Insects in Expedition to
Rocky Mountains CSay) cited, 152.

New Species of New York Lepidoptera pub-
lished in 1873, referred to, 292.

New strawberry pest. 284.

New York Times cited, 279(2).

nigra, Cecidomyia. 140.

nigra, Diplosis, 141.

nitela. Gortyna, 112, 191-192.

niveus, CEcanthus, 293.

Noctqida9,231, 292.

Nordlinger, on pear-midge, cited, 140.

Northern lady-bug, 126.

Norton, Edward, cited, 167.

Norwood, Dr. David, on habits of Corydalis
larva, 161.

Notodonta t^«l«t»^a] concinna, 292.

Notonecta undulata, 158.

nova, Orgyia, 289.

nubeculana, Phoxopteris, 123, 297.

Number of iosects, 266, 267.

Nutalli, Lytta [Cantharis] , 294.

Nutmeg melon attacked by Aphis cucumeris,211

O.

Oat blight, 221. 222.

Oats attacked by wire-worms, 197.

obscurus, Tenebrio, 177.

obsoletus, Bruchus, 298.

obtusa, Clastoptera, 107, 152-153, 299.

Obtuse Clastoptera, 107, 152-153, 299.

ocellana, Tmetocera, 124, 218, 297.

octomaculata, Alypia, 296.

314

General Index.

OScanthus niveus, 29-'.
■^ CEdemasia concinna, 292.
Oi^dipoda phoenicoptera, 300.
Odmler, Dr., on poisoning cut- worms, 241.
Oleander attacked by Aspidiotus nerii, 214.
oleivorus, Typhlodromus, 281 .
Onion insects:

Agrotis messoria, 18;', 230.

Agrotis ypsilon, 126, 188-191, 296.

cut-worms, 2.36.
Onion pest in Central New York, 126, 18S-191.
Orange County Farmer cited, 286.
Orange insects:

Aspidiotus nerii, 215.

Typhlodromus oleivorus, 281.
Orange leaf trouble, 281.

- Orgyia antiqua, 289.

cana, 296.

definita, 289, 296.

— — ' leucostigma, 296.
nova, 289.

species, 282.
Ormerod, Miss E. A., cited, 140, 221.
Orthoptera, 300, 302.
Orthosia ferruginoides, 291.

ralla, 291.
Osborn [Prof. H.], cited, 152.
Osten Sacken, Baron, cited, 172.
Oswego Daily Times cited, 141, 192, 283(2).
Oxyptilus periscelidactylus, 297.

P.

Packard, Dr. A. S., cited, 129Ci), 133, 152, 154,
155, 16\ 171, 174(2), 176, 177(2), 202, 204,
286, 290.

Massachusetts reports referred to, 229.
Packardia elegans, 296.
Paniscus geminatus, 238.

Pansies attacked by cut- worms, 236. '""

Papilio cited, 291.
Papilio Rutulus, 296.
Parasite of Apanteles congregatus, 187.

of Bncculatrix pomifoliella, 123.

of Carpocapsa pomonella, 290.

of cut-worms, 238.

of Darapsa Myron, 187, 295.

of Trtmex Columba, 105. --— •

Parasites parasitized. 187.
Paris green, 140, 184, 218, 241, 244, 248, 274, 280.
Parlatoria sp?, 279.
Patten, Mrs. M. M., insects from, 300.
Peach insects:

Gortyna nitela, 112, 191, 192.

Lygus invitus, 125.

Lygus pratensis, 125.

Phloeotribus liminaris, 299.

Sannina exitiosa, 181-186.

Telephorus bilineatus, 174.

Xyleborus dispar, 299.
Peach-tree borer, 181-lt6, 284.
Pear insects:

Aspidiotus conchiformis, 293.

Aspidiotus Harrisii, 293.

Pear insects — (.Continued^ .

Chionaspis furfurus, 293, 299.

Diplosis pyrivora, 124, 140, 151, 288, 297.

Lecanium pyri, 239

Lygus invitus, 125, 299.

Lygus pratensis, 125.

Mytilaspis pomorum, 293.

Psylla pyricola. 219, 285.
Pear midge, 124, 140-151, 288.
Pear-tree Psylla, 219, 285.
Peas, insects injurious to:

Bruchus scutellaris, 295.

cut-worms, 236.
Pea weevil, 295.

Peck, Prof. C. H., insects from, 298, 299.
Peck, W. Dandridge, lectures of, 228.

prize awarded to, 227.

studies on canker-worm, 228.
pectinicornis, Chauliodes, 107, 155-159, 300.
pectinicornis, Hemerobius, 155.
pectinicornis, Semblis, 155.
,-^empelia grossulariae, 294.
Pemphigus tessellata, 109, 170.
Pemphredon concolor, 163.

lugubris, 163.
. marginatus, 16:3.

unicolor, 163.
Penhallow, Prof. D. P., cocoons of a palm

scarabaeid, from, 298.
Pennsylvanica, Photuris, 298.
periscelidactylus, Oxyptilus, 297.
Pernicious corn insect, 294
persuasoria, Rhyssa, 165, 160.
Petite Faune entomologique du Canada-Hem-

ipteres (Provancher) cited, 152, 154.
Pettit, [J.,] cited, 155.
Phengodes sp., 298
Pheosia dimidiata, 296.
Phlce_tribu8 liminaris, 299.
Phlox attacked by cut-worms, 236.
phoenicoptera, ffidipoda, 300.
Phorodon humuli, 12i, 207-210, 267.
Photuris Pennsylvanica, 298.
Phoxopteris nubeculana, 123, 237.
Phryganid sp ? 300.
Phyciodes Mylitta, 296.
Phyllcecus trimaculatus, 107.
Phylloxera vitifolise, 264.
Phymata erosa, 300.
Phytonomus punctatus, 300.
pictus, Cyllene, 110, 175, 176.
Pieris rapte, 251.

Pine attacked by Clastoptera pini, 153-155, 29&.
Pine beetle injuring linen, 1.85.
pini, Clastoptera. 107, 15.3-155, 299.
Place, Hon. John A., addressed, 192.
Plant-lice, 263, 266, 274,
Plum curculio, 125.
Plum insects:

Aphis pruni, 125, 299.
Aspidiotus nerii, 215.
curculio, 125.

General Index.

315

Plum insects — ^Continued).

Phorodon huinuli, 210.

Telephorus bilineatus, 174.
Podisus spinosus, 238, 300.
Podura, abundance of, 266.
Pointer, Mrs. E.. insect from, 299.
Pollenia rudis infesting a dwelling-house, 297.
polygama, Catoca'a, 29i.
polygoni, Gastroidea, 298.
pomifoliella, Buceulatrix, 123, 135, 136, 137, 218,

281, 283.
pomonella, Ca'-pocapsa, 174, 24,5, 290, 297.

Trypeta, 215-249.
pomorum, Mytilaspis, 2E6, 293.
Poplar insects:

Cossus Centerensis, 294.

Fcoliopteryx libatrix, 17J.

Potato aphis, 288.
Potato insc' ts :

Colorado potato beetle, 122.

cut-worms, 236.

Epicau^a cinerea, 2?4.

Gortyna nitela, 191.

Lygus pratensis, 291 .

Lytta ICantharis], Nuttalli, 294.

Macrv. basis unicolor, 291.
Powell, George T,, reference to, 123, 166, 219.
Practical Entoniol'^gist cited, 159(2).
pratensis, Lygus, 125, 291.
pretiosa, Catucala, 292.
Preventives against

^•Egeria exiiiosa, see Sannina.

Ana-atristis, 205, 206.

Aphis cucumeris, 212, 283.

apple maggot, 248.

asparagus beetle, 252.

cow-horn fly, 194.

Craponius inasqualis, 286.

Crioceris asparagi, 2.53.

cut-worms, 239, 2)0, 241.

Glycobius speciosus, 202-205.

grape curculio, 286.

grapevine Thrips, 255, 250.

Haematobia seriata. 194.

hop-vine aphis, 209, 2 0.

Macrodactylus subspinosus, 202.

maple-tree borer, 203.

melon aphis, 2l2.

peach-tree borer, 182, 183, 184, 185, 284.

Phorodon humuli, 208, 210.

quince-tree borer, 280.

rose-bug, 202.

rose-leaf "Thrips," 257.

Sannina e.\itiosa, 183, 183, 184.

squash-bug, 205, 206.

Tettigf nia rosae, 857.

tobacco-worms, 243, 244.

Trypeta pomonella. 218. ■

wire-worms, V.u, 198 2<0, 28;J.
Preventives of insect aitack:

bagging grapes, :;86.

breaking tip breeding grounds, 201.
* buckwheat crop, 197, 283.

Preventives of insect attack — (^ConVd).

burning refuse material, 210.

carbo ic acid and Paris green wash, 184.

carbolic acid wash, 183.

copperas water, 239.

destroying eggs, 266.

gas-tar, 205.

mounding, 185.

mustard crop, 198.

paper frames, 241.

paper wraps, 241.

preventing egg-deposit, 203.

salt, 239.

Shaker peach-tree borer wash, 185.

soft soap and carbolic ac d wash, 280.

soft soap and water, 186, 19J.

starvation, 197, 242.

tar-coating seed, 200.

tin-bands, 241.

traps for hibernating insects, 206.

whale-oil and carbolic acid, 194.

wire netting tree protector, 185.
Prionotus cristatus, £94.

Proceedings of the .■Albany Institute cited, 293. .
Proceefiings of the American Ass'^ciation of

Adv. Science cited, 155, 160(2).
Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of th&
Western N. Y. Horticultural Society cited^
281.
Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural

History cited, 155.
Proceedings of the Entomological Society of

Philadelphia cited, IS., 1.59(2).
prolifli a, Chloropisca, 297.
Protecting the birds, •-79.
Protection from insect inju ies, 278.
Provancher, TAbbe, cited, 152, 154, 166.
pruni. Aphis, 125, 299.
pseudargiolu , Lycsena, 291.
Psyche ciied, 155. 157, 160(2).
Psylla pyri, 280, 281 285.
Psylla pyricoli, 124, 219 285, 299.
Ptinidse 285.

pulicaria, Corimelama, 213-314, 283.
Pulvinaria innumerabilis, 110, 177, 178, 216.
Pumpkins attacked by cut-wornrs, 2c6.
punctatus, Phyconomu<5, 300.
punctistrigi, Artace, 237.
Purchas', Icerya, 275.

Purslane-speedwell eaten by Corimel«^na puli-
caria, 213.
pygmeu', Cephus, 167.
Pyralis farinalis 300.
pyramidoides, Amphipyra, 29'.
pyricola ? Cecidomyia, 140.
pyricola, Ps.. Ua. 124, 219, 285, 299.
Pyrethrum powder, 212, 213, 274, 283.
pyri, Lecanium, 299.
pyrivora, Diplosis, 106, 124, 140, 151,28.3, 288,297.

a.

Quince attacked by Corimelaena pulicaria, 213.
Quince-tree borer, 280.
quinquemaculata. Sphinx, 243.

316

General Index.

radicola, Tylenchus, 223.

Rag-weed attacked by Gortyna nitela, 191.

Rain-falls arresting insect injury, 221, 223.

ralla, Orthosia, 291.

rapa3, Pieris, 251.

Rapidity of insect propagation, 267.

Raspberry geometer, 129-133.

Raspberry insects:

Byturus unicolor, i;98.

Corimetena pulicai'ia, 213.

Synchlora glaucaria, 130.
rastricornis, Chauliodes, 156, 157, 158.
Rat-tail larva, 287.
Ravenelii, Cordiceps, 298.
Record of Collections of New York Heterocera

for the year 1873 referred to, 290.
Red raspberries injured by insects, 285.
Red root attacked by Corimela?napulicaria, 213.
Red spider, 265.
Reduviidse, 294.

Refuse burning preventive, 210, 212, 213.
relictus, Ligyrus, 298.
Remedy for :

-Egeria exitiosa, 182-166.

Agrotis ypsilon, 183, 190.

Anasa tristis, 206, 278.

Aphis cucumeris, 212, 213, 283.

Aphis mali, 123, 217, 281.

Aphis pruni, 125.

apple-leaf Bucculatrix, 219.

apple maggot, 247.

apple-tree aphis, 123, 217, 235.

apple-tree case- bearer, 218.

apple-tree tent -caterpillar, 122.

asparagus beetle, 252.

Aspidiotus nerii, 215, 279.

bark-lice, 279.

birch leaf Bucculatrix, 140.

black cut- worm, 188, 190.

Bucculatrix Canadensisella, 140.

Buecu'atrix pomifoliella, 219.

Calandra granaria, 278.

Cermatia forceps, 282.

CeroplastfcS. 282.

Clisiocampa Americana, 122

Coleophora malivorella, 218, 281.

cow-horn fly, 194, 196.

Crioceris asparagi, 252.

curraut-stem Girdler, 166.

cut-worms, 238-242.

Diplosis pyrivora, 14.3, 150, 151.

Ery throneura vitifex, 287.

eye-spotted bud-moth, 218.

Galerucella xanthomelsena, 222, 286.

Glycobius speciosus, 203,

grain weevil. 278.

grapevine Thrips, 255-256.

Haeariatobia serra*^a, 191, 196.

hop-vine aphis. 209.

Janus flaviventris, 166.

larch saw-fly, 169.

Remedy for — ^Continued).

Lecanium sp., 216, 282.

Macrodactylus subspinosus, 201.

maple-tree borer, 203.

melon-vine aphis, 212, 213.

Mytilaspis pomorum, 286.

Nematus Erichsonii, 169.

Oleander scale-insect, 215.

Parlatoria fcale-insect, 215, 279.

peach-tree borer. 111, 181-186.

pear midge, 143, 150-151.

pear-tree Psylla, 220.

Phorodon humuli, 209.

plum aphis, 125.

Psylla pyricola, 220.

quince-tree borer, 280.

rose-bug, 201, 232.

Sannina exitiosa, 1P2-186.

scale insects, 215, 216.

Sphinx quinquemaculata, 243, 244.

squash-bug, 206, 278.

Tmetocera ocellana, 218.
tobacco-worm, 243. 241.

Trypeta pomonella, 217.

wire- worms, 197-198, 200, 282.
Remedies for insect attacks:

arsenical spraying, 218, 219, 248, 281, 283.
attracting to petunias for catching, 243.
baits of poisoned leaves, 21.
beating from foliage, 201 .
bisulphide of carbjn, 278,
buckwheat crop, 197.
burning dead leaves and vines, 213.
burning infested material, 166.
carbolic acid, 216, 280.
carbf lie acid and Paris green wash, 184.
carbolic acid wash, 183, 280.
children collecting injurious species, 243.
coal-oil, 241, 279.
coal tar, 256.

collecting and burning eggs, 122, 283.
copperas, 200.
crushing the eggs, 216, 278.
cutting out the larva, 182.
digging-out-by-hand method, 240.
employing fowls, 253.
fallowing, 200.
fish-oil soap, 213.
fumigation with toljacco, 255.
gas lime, 197, 239.

grafting trees to resistant varieties, 247.
growth of immune crops, 200.
hand-picking, 252.
hellebore, 274.
hop wash, 209.
infested fruit destroyed, 24S.
infusion of tobacco, 257.
jarring, 125.

kerosene, 200, 215, 216, 253, 274.
kerosene emulsion, 123, 151, 169, 190, 201, 209,
212, 213, 215, 217, 220, 279, 280, 281, 282, 285,
286, 287.

General Index.

317

Remedies for Insect attacks — ^Continued) .
killing the larva, 205.
late ploughing in the autumn, 239.
lime and water, 201 .

London purple, 140, 150, 201, 274," 230, 286.
mustard crop, 198.
night collections, 190.
Paris green, 140, 218, 241, 244,248, 274, 280.
picking infested fruit, 143, 150.
poison in blossoms visited, 243.
pupsB destroyed, 248.
pyrethrum powder, 212, 213, 274, 382.
road dust, 212.
salt, 200, 282.
searching for eggs, 206.
Shaker peach-tree borer wash, 185.
slacked lime, 252, 253.
sludge-oil srap, 201.
soaking in kerosene, 200.
soap suds, 216.

soft soap, 190. 217, 281, 285, 286.
soft soap and carbolic acid, 280.
spraying, 209,210,213.
spreading infested manure, 194.
starvation, 197, 200.
sulphate of copper, 151 .
tobacco, 212, 213, 217, 251, 255, 274, 281, 285.
trapping, 206, 242, 278.
whale-oil soap, 215, 279.
whitewash, 182.
wood ashes, 182, 183.
worming, 243.
Report of the Department of Entomology, Cor-
nell Experiment Station quoted, 135, 136.
Report of the Maine State Board of Agriculture

cited, 217.
Report of the Maine State College Agricultural

Experiment Station cited, 249.
Report of the Minister of Agriculture on Exper-
imental Farms (Canada) cited, 133.
Report of the New York State Entomologist to
the Regents of the University of the State of
New York for 1886 quoted, 203.
Report on Insects of Illinois cited, 128.
Report on Insects Injurious to Vegetation (Har-
ris) cited, 228, 261.
Report on Insects of Missouri (Riley) cited,

128, 160.
Report on Observations of Injurious Insects

(Ormerod) cited, 140.
Reports of the Entomological Society of Ontario

cited, 128, 160(2), 166, 243.
Reports of the New Jersey Agricultural College

Experiment Station cited, 141, 202, 213.
Reports of the New York State Museum of

Reports on the Injurious and other Insects of

New York (Lintner) cited, 123, 133, 152, 160,

164, 165, 166, 167, 169, 171, 173, 177, 183, 191,194,

215, 218, 220(2), 290, 292, 293, 295.

Revision of the Species of Lachnosterna of

North America (Horn) cited, 172.
Rhubarb attacked by Qortyna nitela, 191.
Rbyssa persuasoria, 108. 165, 166.
ribesii, Nematus, 125.
Rice chaff abounding with Tribolium ferrugi-

neum, 299.
Rich, H. H., insects from, 191.
Riley and Howard cited, 129, 1.33, 141.
Riley, C. V., cited, 129, 141, 155, 160, 165(2), 180,
202, 241.
description of raspberry geometer, 131.
on Corimelasna pulicaria, 213.
on Corydalis larva, 162.
on Telephorus larva, 174.
on Thalessa oviposition, 164.
reference to, 261, 267, 273(2).
Road dust as a preventive, 212.
robinife, Cyllene, 175, 176.
rosse, Empoa, 256.
rosse, Tettigonia, 2.56.
Rose- bug, 112, 125, 200-202, 282.
Rose chaffer, 202.
Rose insects:

Macrodactylus subspinosus, 201.
Tettigonia ros8e,'256.
Rose-leaf "Thrips," 116, 256.
Rose, J. F., cited, 166(3), 168.

insects from, 296, 299.
Roiiast's Catalogue of European Caterpillars

cited, 172.
rubivora, Aplodes, 129.
rubivora, Synchlora, 129.
rubivoraria, Synchlora, 189.
rudis, PoUenia, 297.
rufimanus, Bruchus, 299.
Rural New Yorker cited, 128, 186, 285.
Rutulus, Papilio, 296.
Rye insects:

Chlorops, 167.

Janus flaviventris, 167.

Phylloecus trimaculatus, 167.

s.

sacchari, Tyroglyphus, 293.

Salt as a preventive, 200, 239, 282.

saltitans, Parpocapsa, 291.

Salvia attacked by Gortyna nitela, 191.

Sanborn, Francis G., on Economic Entomology

referred to, 229
sanguinea, Coccinella, 300.

Natural History cited, 133, 152, 290 (2), 292 (;^»Sannina exitiosa, 182-186.

Reports of the Peabody Academy of Sciencg

cited, 128(2).
Reports of the United States Department of

Agriculture cited, 141(2), 142, 273.
Reports of the United States Entomological

Commission cited, 133, 135, 152, 154(2), 160,

171, 180, 273.

saucia, Agrotis, 234, 235.
Saunders, W., cited, 129(2), 160.

Insects Injurious to Fruits referred to, 273.
Say [Thomas] cited, 152, 203.
Scab en potatoes, 221.
Sca'e insects, 214, 215, 254. 279, 293.
Scallop-wing, Scoliopteryx libatrix, 109, 171, 172.

318

General Index.

Science cited, 152

Scientific American cited, 160, 182.

- Scoliopteryx libatrix, 109, 171-172.
Scopolia sequax, 238.
scrophularite, Anthrenus, 292, 293, 294.
scutellaris, Bruchus, 295.

Searching for and destroying larvte, 166, 182, 184.
Searching for the eggs as a remedy, 122, 206,

283.
Secrecy of insect depredations, 263-264.
segetum, Agrotis, 235.
Semblispectinicornis, 155.
sequax, Scopolia, 238.
Serica tristis, 284, 298.
serrata, Hsematobia, 126, 193-196, 297.
serricornis, Chauliodes, 159.
Shalter peach-tree borer wash, 185.
Shear, C. L., infects from, 161, 300.
Sialidae, 159.

Simson, Argyramceba, 300.
Siphonophora avense, 222, 282.
Slade, Avery P., on the apple maggot. 246.
Slingerland, M. V., study of the eye-spotted
bud moth, 220.
study of wire- worms, 199.
Sludge-oil soap, 201 .
Smith, J B., cited, 129, 142C2), 175(2).
Bulletin on the Horn Fly, 196.
Catalogue of the Insects of Boreal Ameri^

192.

on cucumber aphis, 213, 214.
on Lachnosterna species, 175.
on rose-bug remedies. 201, 202.
Smith. J. W., insects from, 299.
Smith, Miss E. A., cited, 191.
Smith, Mrs. E. B., insects from, 300.
Snapping-beetles, 199, 231.
Snow flea, 266.

Snow, George C., insects from, 299.
Soaking in kerosene as a remedy, 200.
Soap, 186, 190, 2.6, 217, 281, 285, 286.
Soft soap and carbolic acid wash, 280.
Solidago eaten by cut-worms, 233.
Some Injurious Insects of Massachusetts (Lint-

ner), 227-257
Southwick [E. B.] cited, 152.
speciosus, Glycobius, 202-205.
Speyer, Dr. A., on Gordiacese, 290.
Sphingidae, 187, 242, 244.
► Sphinx Carolina, 242.

— quinquemaculata, 243.

Spider protection from aphides questioned, 289.

Spinach attacked by Gortyna nitela, 191.

Splned soldier-bug, ?38.

splnosus, Podisus, 238, 300.

Spittle insect, 300.

splendoriferella, Aspidisca, 233.

Sprague. P. S., reports Telephorus larvae in a

well, 174.
Sprayed grapes [seized in New York] were

harmless, 288.
Spraying, 209, 210, 213, 218, 219, 281, 282.

Squash-bug, 205-207, 278, 288.
Squash insects:

Anasa tristis, 205.
Aphis cucumeris, 211.
cut-worms, 236.
Diabrotica vitatta, 298.
Epilachna borealis, 126.
Stalk-borer, Gortyna nitela. 112, 191-192.
Stillman, Miss C. L., insects from, 298.
Stomoxys calcitrans, a biting fly, 193.
Stoue, Dwight, insects from, 216-217, 297.
Strachia [Murgantia] histrionica, 292.
stramonium. Datura, 243.
Strawberry and melon pests, 212-214.
Strawberry insects:
Agrotis ypsilon, 190.
Corimelsena pulicaria, 213,
Study of wire-worms at Cornell University,

199, 200.
subjuncta, Mamestra, 235.
subspinosus, Macrodactylus, 200-202.
Sugar mite, 293.

Sulphate of copper as a remedy for pear-
midge, 151.
Swinnerton, Rev. H. U., cells of a wasp from,

296.
Synchlora albolineata, 129.
glaucaria, 105, 129-133, 285.
rubivoraria, 129, 285.
Synopsis, Catalogue and Bibliography of the
Neuroptera of Temperate North America
(Banks) cited, 160.
Synopsis of Hymenoptera of North America

(Cresson) cited, 167.
Synopsis of Neuroptera of North America

(Hagn) cited, 155, 156, 159.
Syrphidaj, 287.

Systematische Beschreibung der bekannten
europaischen Zweiflugligen Insecten (Mei-
gen), cited, 140.

T.

Tachina fly, 238.

Tachina vivida== Hystricia abrupta, 297.

Tachinidffi, 2;5.

Tar- coating as a preventive, 200.

Tarquinlus, Feniseca, 109, 169-170.

Taylor, R. C, insect from, 299.

Taylor, Rev. G. W., insect reported by, 166.

Tea plant, attacked by Corimelaena pulicaria,

213.
telarius, Tetranychus, 255.
Telephorinae, 174.
Telephorus Jbilineatus, 109, 173-174, 298.

Carolinus, 173.

larva drawn up from a well, 174.
Tenebrio molitor, 110, 176-177, 299, 300.

obscxu-us, 110, 177.
ten-lineata, Doryphora, 298.
tessellata. Pemphigus, 170.
Tetranychus telarius, 255.
Tettigonia rosse, 256.
Tettigonia vitis, 254.

General Index.

319

Thalessa lunator, 108, 163-166.

Thaxter, Dr. Roland, on potato scab, 223.

Theobald, F. V., cited, 141, 172.

Theobald's Account of British Flies referred to,

172.
The Sun [New York] cited. 141, 283.
Thomas, Dr. [CyrusJ, Illinois reports referred

to, 261.
Thousand-legged worm, 193, 231.
Thripidae, 254
Thrips, 253-256.
Thysanoptera, 254.
Tierische Schadlinge und Niitzlinge (Ritzema

Bos), cited, 141.
Tilia Americana, attacked by ClastopteraobOv^^ggg^ ^^^i^pa'agg

tusa, 152.

TineidjB, 133.

Tiphia inornata, 238.

.Tmetocera ocellana, 124, 218, 219, 227, 281, 283,
288.

Tobacco attacked by cut-worms, 236.

Tobacco as a remedy, 212, 213, 217, 251, 255, 274,
281, 285.

Tomato insects:
cut-worms, 236.
Gortyna nitela, 191.

Train, A. L., insects from, 172, 297.

Transactions of the American Entomological
Society cited, 155, 160.

Transactions of the Massachusetts Horticul-
tural Society, 184.

Transactions of the Illinois Department of
Agriculture cited, 129.

Trans ictions of the Illinois Horticultural
Society cited, 129.

Transactions of the New York State Agricul-
tural Society cited, 153, 153, 273.

Trapping insects as a remedy, 243, 278.

Traps for the squash-bug, 206.

Treat [Mri. Mary] cited, 129.

Tree-hoppers, 294.

Tree-protector, 185.

Tremex columba, 108, 163.

Tribolium ferrugineum, 299.

Trich -igramma sp., 296.

trifolii, Mamestra, 235.

trimaculatus, Phylloecus, 167.

tristis, Anasa, 205-207, 288, 293.

tristis, Serica, 284, 298.

tritici, Agroti-", 235.

Trombidium locustarum. 111, 179-180, 287.

truncatus, Agriotes, 198.

Trypeta pomonella, 245-249.

Turnips injured by cut- worms, 236.

twelve-punctata, Anatis, 284, 298.

twelve-punctata, Crioceris, 250.

Tylenchus devastatrix, 221.
radicola, 222.

Typhlocyba vitis, 116, 254.

Typhi odromus oleivorus, 281.

Tyroglyphus farin8e=T. siro, 293.
sacchari, 293.

u.

Uhler [P. R] cited, 152.
unicolor, Byturus, 293.

Macrobasis, 291.

Pemphredon, 163.
unipuncta. Leucania, 293.
United States Geological

Survey cited, 133.
Uroceridse, 167.
Uropoda Americana, 298.

V.

Van Duzee, E. P., cited, 153, 153, 178.

and Geographical

Vermorel nozzle, 214.

Veronica peregrina attacked by Corimelsena

pulicaria,'213.
violins, Nephelodes, 173, 235.
Virginia creeper insects;

Darapsa Myron, 187.

Eudryas grata, 170.

vitifolise. Phylloxera, 294.
vitis, Isosoma, 292, 293.

Tettigonia, 254.

Typhlocyba, 234.
vittata, Diabrotica, 250.
vivida, Tachina, 297.
Voracity of insects, 268.

w.

Wadhams, F. E., insects from, 299.
Walnut attacked by Cyllene pictus, 176.
Walsh [B. D.] cited, 159, 161, 246.

publications by, 261.
Walsh-RUey cited, 129, 155, 160.
Warrell, W. H., Tachina fly from, 297.
Westwood, Prof., cited, 291.
Wetmore, R. W., insects from, 298.
Whale-oil and carbolic acid wash, 194.
Whale-oil soap solution, 215, 279.
Wheat insects:

Agrotig segetum, 235.

Agro is tritici, 235.

Gortyna nitela, 191.

Leucania albilinea, 291.

Leucania Harvey i, 291.

Siphonophora avenas, 282.

Tenebrio luolitor, 299.
Wheat midge, 122, 255, 275.
White-grub, 174, 175, 231.
White wash as a remedy, 183.
Whitman, L. L., on apple maggot, 246.
Wicks, C. B , insects from, 298.
Willow attacked by Scoliopteryx libatrix, 171.
Wire-worms, 197-200.

causing scab on potatoes, 288.

in corn, 283.
W-marked cut-worm, 199.
Wood ashes as a remedy, 182, 183.
Wood wasp, 163.

320

General Index.

Woolens, insects feeding on;

Anthrenus scrophularise, 293.

Dermestes lardarius, 179.

Grylius abbreviatus, 179.

Gryllus luctuosus, 179.
Woolsey, Miss A. H., insects from, 299.
Worming as a remedy, 243.
Wright, John S., insects from, 297.

xanthomelsena, Galerucella, 323.
Xyleborus dispar, 299.

Y.

Yeomans, T. G., insects_from, 297.
Young, D. K., insects from, 29S.

paper read by, 221, 223.
ypsilon, Agrotis, 111, 126, 188-191, 284, 290.

z.

Zabriskle, Rev. J. L., cited, 164.
Zerene catenaria, 287, 297.
Zophodia grossulariae, 294.

ERRATA.

Page 108, line 11, for Plate 2 read Plate 3.

Page 109, line 4 from bottom, for 173 read 173.

Page 120, line 16, for 1875 and 1876 read 1875-1877.

Page 165, line 16, for Plate 2 read Plate 3.

Page 178, line 9, for Vetchii read Veitchii.

Page 237, line 21, for Carolinenis read Carolinensis .

Page 237, lines 21-22, for Agelceeus read AgelcBus.

Page 286, Line 5, for Bouche read (Bouche) .

Page 293, line 10 from bottom, for Harris read (De Geer) .

Page 313, line 11, for 285 read 286.

Errata in Seventh Report.

Page 201, line 10, for Phytoomyza read Phytomyza.

Page 250, line 4 from bottom, for ventral surface read dorsal segment.

Page 279, line 17, for (Boheman) read Boheman .

Page 320, Une 5, for G. F. Pierce read G. T. Pierce.

Page 357, line 1, for (C) read (B).

Page 381, line 1, for (D) read (C) .

Page 384, line 16, for Harris read (De Geer).

Page 396, line 26, for Mytelaspis read Mytilaspis.

Page 400, Une 25, for Tiersche read Tierische.

List of Reports of the Entomologist of the
State of New York.

First Annual Report on the Injurious and Other Insects
of the State of New York . Made to the State Legislature, pur-
suant to Chapter 377 of the Laws of 1881. Albany: Weed, Parsons
and Company, Printers. 1882. Pages xxii, 381, figures 84.

Second Report on the Injurious and Other Insects of the
State of Ne^W York. Made to the Legislature, pursuant to Chapter
377 of the Laws of 1881. Albany: Weed, Parsons and Company,
Legislative Printers. 1885. Pages xiv, 265, figures 68.

[Reports of the State Entomologist to the Regents of the
University of the State of New York, for the years 1884
and 1885, are published (only) in the 38th and 39th Annual Reports
of the New York State Museum of Natural History, for the above-
named years, pages 67-76, 77-125.]

[Third Report of the State Entomologist . ] Report of the
State Entomologist to the Regents of the University of the
State of New York, for the year 1886. Albany: The Argus
Company, Printers. 1887. Published in the 40th Annual Report of
the New York State Museum of Natural History, 1887, pages 79-154;
also in 200 separates, with cover and title-page.

Fourth Report on the Injurious and Other Insects of the
State of New York. Made to the Regents of the University,
Pursuant to Chapter 355 of the Laws of 1883. Albany: James B.
Lyon, Printer. 1888. Pages 237, figures 68. Also as Report of the
State Entomologist to the Regents of the University, State of New
York, for the year 1887, in the Forty-first Annual Report of the
State Museum of Natural History. 1888. Pages 123-358.

Fifth Report on the Injurious and Other Insects of the
State of New York. Made to the Regents of the University,
Pursuant to Chapter 355 of the Laws of 1883. Albany: The Troy
Press Company, Printers. 1889. Pages 205; double-paged as 145-347,
figures 50. Also as Report of the State Entomologist to the Regents
of the University, State of New York, for the year 1888; in the Forty-
second Annual Report of the State Museum of Natural History, for
the year 1888. 1889. Pages 145-348.

Sixth Report on the Injurious and Other Insects of the
State of New York. Made to the Regents of the University,
Pursuant to Chapter 355 of the Laws of 1883. Albany: James B.
Lyon, State Printer. 1890. Pages 107 (97-203), figures 25. Also as
Report of the State Entomologist to the Regents of the University,
State of New York, for the year 1889; in the New York State
Museum Forty-third Annual Report, for the year 1889. 1890.
Pages 99-205.

Seventh Report on the Injurious and. Other Insects of the
State of New York. Made to the Regents of the University,
Pursuant to Chapter 355 of the Laws of 1883. Albany: James B.
Lyon, State Printer. 1891. Pages 211 (195-405), figures 40. Also as
Report of the State Entomologist for the year 1890; in the Forty-
fourth Annual Report, New York State Museum, for the year 1890.
1892. Pages 197-405.

Eighth Report on the Injurious and Other Insects of the
State of New York, for the Year 1891. Albany, University
of the State of New York. 1893. Pages 218 (103-320), figures 53.
Also as Report of the State Entomologist for the year 1891; in the
New York State Museum Forty-fifth Annual Report, for the j^ear
1891. Albany: James B. Lyon, Printer. 1892, Pages and figures
as above.

Some Entomological Publications of J. A. Lintner.

Entomological Contributions. Albany: Weed, Parsons and
Company, Printers, 1872. Pages 90, plates (ifthographic) 2. Also in
the Twenty-third Annual Report on the New York State Cabinet of
Natural History [for the year 1869]. 1873. Pages 137-222.

Entomological Contributions — No. II. Albany: The Argus
Company, Printers, 1872. Pages 76. Also in the Twenty-fourth Annual
Report on the New York State Museum of Natural History [for the
year 1870]. 1872. Pages 109-170.

Entomological Contributions — No. III. Albany: The
Argus Company, Printers. Miy, 1874. Pages 80 (112-192), figures 17.
Also in the Twenty-sixth Annual Report of the New York State
Museum of Natural History [for the year 1872]. 1874. Pages
117-192.

Entomological Contributions — No. IV. Albany: Weed,
Parsons & Company, Printers, June, 1878. Pages 144. Also in the
Thirtieth Annual Report of the New York State Museum of Natural
History [for the year 1876]. 1878. Pages 117-254.

Report on the Insects and other Animal Forms of
Caledonia Greek, New York. Albany: 1878. Pages 26, plates
(lithographic) 3. Also in the Tenth Annual Report of the New York
Fishery Commissioners, for the year 1877. Albany: 1878. Pages
12-36, plates 1-3. (For summary of contents, see the Seventh Report
on the Insects of New York, 1891, page 373.)

Lepidoptera of the Adirondack Region. Albany: 1880.
Pages 28. AIho in the Seventli Annual Report of the Topographical
Survey of the Adirondack Region of New York, by Verplanck Colvin.
Albany: 1880. Pages 375-400. (See Sixth Report on the Insects of
New York, 1890, page [82] 178.)

The Insects of the Clover Plant. Albany: 1881. Pages 17,
figures 6. Also in the Transactions of the New York State Agricultural
Society for the years 1877-1882, xxxiii, 1884. Pages 187-207.
(See Sixth Report on the Insects of New York, 1890, page [88]
184.)

The White Grub of the May Beetle. Bulletin of the New
York State Museum of Natural History, No. 5. Albany: November,
1888. Pages 31, figures 5. Also in the Transactions of the New York
State Agricultui-al Society, xxxiv, for 1883-1886, pages 5-33.

Cut-worms. Bulletin of the New York State Museum of Natural
History, No. 6. Albany: November, 1888. Pages 36, figures 28. Also
in the Transactions of the New York State Agricultural Society,
xxxiv, for 1883-1886, pages 66-100.

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