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HARVARD UNIVERSITY

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LIBRARY

OF THE

Museum of Comparative Zoology

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OF THE

COMMITTEE OF THE OVERSEERS

OF

HARVARD COLLEGE

THE LAWRENCE SCIENTIFIC SCHOOL
DURING THE YEAR 1860;

TOGETHER WITH

THE REPORTS SUBMITTED BY THE PROFESSORS.
:

SUBMITTED FEBRUARY 21, 1861.

CAMBRIDGE:
WELCH, BIGELOW, AND COMPANY,
Anibversity ress.
1878.
sa 2

Sat“ —
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Jor qooi09¥
Fe gl Cc Za ‘> 5 Q
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In BoARD OF OVERSEERS OF HARVARD COLLEGE,
February 21, 1861.

ORDERED, that the Report of the Committee appointed to visit the Law-
rence Scientific School be accepted; and that the same, together with the
Reports submitted to the said Committee by the Professors, be printed for
the use of the Board.

Attest,
NATHANIEL B. SHURTLEFF,

SECRETARY.

COMMITTEE FOR VISITING THE LAWRENCE
SCIENTIFIC SCHOOL.

WINSLOW LEWIS, M.D. DANIEL TREADWELL, Esq.

Hox. EMORY WASHBURN, LL. D. * WILLIAM W. GREENOUGH, Esa.
NATHANIEL B. SHURTLEFY, M. D. JAMES LAWRENCE, Ese.

Hon. JOHN H. CLIFFORD, LL. D. EZRA LINCOLN, Esq.

JACOB BIGELOW, LL. D. Capt. B. 8. ALEXANDER, U.S.A
JAMES HAYWARD, Esq. GEORGE H. GAY, M.D.

JOHN M. FESSENDEN, Esq. SAMUEL CABOT Jr., M. D.

AUGUSTUS A. GOULD, M. D. JAMES R. WELLMAN, M.D

Re er Tk

AT an adjourned meeting of the Boarp or OverRsEERS OF HARVARD
CoLiecE, held in the Senate Chamber, in Boston, on the 21st day of
February, 1861, His Excellency the Governor of the Commonwealth pre-
siding, the following Report was submitted by W1nsLow Lewis, M. D.,
Chairman of the Committee appointed to visit the Lawrence Scientific
School, appertaining to the University.

SenaTE CHAMBER, February 21, 1861.

THE various departments of the Lawrence Scientific School
were visited by ten of the Committee, and the accompanying
documents of the several Professors show the prosperous con-
dition of all. |

Of these Reports, the most important is certainly that of Pro-
fessor Agassiz, as it refers at some length to a subject, not
merely of University, but of State, of national interest. It will
be readily understood that the Committee allude to the new
Museum of Comparative Zoology.

Previous to considering the reference to that topic, however,
there are some minor points in the Report of Professor Agassiz,
by no means unworthy of attention. And first, the Committee
emphatically indorse the learned Professor’s opinion as to the
importance of the student of nature cultivating the habit and *
power of observation. No one who has had any experience in
University and public teaching, whether in the departments of
anatomy, surgery, and medicine, or in others, can have failed to

4 MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. [Feb.

observe, with anxious regret, the tendency on the part of too
many students to rest contented with the knowledge to be
gained from books and from lectures, untested and unaided by
their own practical experiments and observations. Such a course
of study may make what is (erroneously in our opinion) some-
times called a “learned man,” but it will never make a really
able and useful one, — it will never make a good surgeon, a good
anatomist, or a great naturalist, or, in the proper sense, a good
scholar. The course of instruction wisely adopted by Professor
Agassiz must in a manner force the students to investigate
and observe for themselves, and the result is sure to be most
wholesome and beneficial, both to them and to the cause of
science and sound education. The plan adopted by the Professor
of giving a distinct course of. instruction to each of the special
students, and thereby training them to take charge severally of
distinct departments of the Museum, is calculated to promote
the progress of that Institution, and of the studies for whose
advancement it has been established ; but it must have involved
an amount of labor on the part of the instructor which increases
in no slight degree the obligations he has conferred upon the
cause of scientific education. |

It must be deemed a just subject of congratulation, both by
the Committee and by the public at large, that so great a desire
has been exhibited on the part of teachers to avail themselves
of the opportunity afforded them, of attending the lectures upon
Geology and Zodlogy, delivered in the Museum by Professor
Agassiz. From his report, we learn that upwards of two hundred
persons have attended these lectures, and that more than half of
that number were teachers. Such a fact affords much encourage-
ment to all who have assisted in the establishment of the Museum,
and indeed to all who are impressed with the value and importance
of the study of Natural History and the cognate sciences.

And this leads the Committee naturally to touch upon the
most important part of the Professor's Report, for certainly few
will be found to deny that the institution of the noble Museum

1861.] © MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. 5

of Comparative Zodlogy, which was inaugurated under such
happy and favorable auspices, a short time since, is ‘a fact of
great public interest and importance. It indicates at all events
that a very considerable number of the masters of science and
leaders of thought, as well as statesmen, politicians, and merchants,
had become sufficiently convinced of the value of the natural
sciences, as a part of public education, to induce them to combine
heartily and energetically in a strong, united effort to establish
this admirable institution on a firm and solid foundation, and
then to give a fair and favorable start to its career of practical
usefulness. While, however, this degree of enlightenment and
proper appreciation of the study of the works of nature has thus
been exhibited by the promoters of the new Museum, it is to be
feared that the public at large are not so sensible of the advan-
tages of such an institution, or of the studies of which it forms
the school; and yet, whether we consider education from a
national or an individual point of view, these studies will be
found worthy of the deepest admiration and respect. To say
that their cultivation is eminently calculated to promote the
prosperity and wealth and progress of our common country,
would be but the repetition of a truism; for it has been fre-
quently and convincingly demonstrated, that trade, manufactures,
and, above all, agriculture can only be fairly and fully developed
by the application of principles and practice derived from the
study of the natural sciences. Some may be inclined to think
that this remark, however true in reference to chemistry and
perhaps geology, cannot justly apply to zodlogy. A very little
reflection, however, will suffice to dispel this illusion.

To understand the constitution and habits, even of the com-
mon domestic animals of the farm, so as to be able to raise the
best stock in the most economical way ; to feed our horses, our
cows, our sheep, in the most profitable and judicious manner ; to
preserve them in health, or to cure them when suffering from
disease, — we are bound to make ourselves acquainted with the
principles of zoology. Many of the class called “ practical

6 MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. » [Feb.

farmers” may probably laugh at such an idea as ridiculous, and
point to their own success as a refutation of the theory. If,
however, the many mistakes committed by them, even in the
matter of treatment and training of animals, and the losses aris-
ing from these mistakes, could be accurately tabled, even they»
might be inclined to alter their opinion. But there are many
other points in which profit, pecuniary profit, may be derived by
the agriculturist from a sound knowledge of zodlogy. For in-
stance, a knowledge of the structure and habits of fish will show
us how to protect them from being taken by improper means and
at wrong seasons; and also how to stock our rivers and lakes
with species adapted to them, with as much profit and advantage
as we now stock our farms with cattle.

The study of birds and reptiles has even already corrected
many erroneous ideas, formerly very prevalent among practical
farmers. We now recognize several of these as friends instead of
foes to our gardens, orchards, and cornfields. By his services in
destroying more insidious, and therefore more injurious plunder-
ers, the crow makes a rich and grateful return for the few grains
of wheat with which he regales himself at our expense. “It is
only, in fact, by gaining a thorough knowledge of bird and beast, .
insect and “creeping thing,” that we can learn which are useful
and which injurious, and how we shall encourage and protect the
one, and drive away or destroy the other. Even the money value
dependent upon such knowledge as this would amount to an
enormous sum a year, in this our State of Massachusetts alone 1
How vast must be its amount in the wide area of these United
States !

Entomology, or the study of insects, is a branch of zoology
which has probably been regarded by “ practical men” with more
disregard, and even contempt, than any other, and yet how un-
wise and unjust must such a feeling appear, even in a commercial
point of view, if we reflect either upon the productive energy and
power of some, or the destructive energy and power of other
numerous classes of insects. Many millions of dollars are repre-

1861.] MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. T

sented by the honey, the nutgalls, the cochineal, and the silk
created annually by the former. Many of the comforts and
necessaries of our daily life are dependent upon the labors of
this despised insect portion of the earth’s population; nor can it
be doubted that increased scientific knowledge of this important
branch of zodlogy will tend to increase, and therefore to cheapen,
these insect manufactures, and to discover others of equal value
and utility. And, glancing for a moment at the destructive spe-
cies, it has already been demonstrated that the loss sustained in
certain seasons by our crops from the ravages of insects has been
of so serious an amount as to cast a shade for the time over the
whole aspect of agricultural and commercial operations. In one
Report, issued a few years since, the total amount of this loss
was estimated at upwards of twenty millions of dollars in the
year! In this view alone, then, the general study of natural his-
-tory might save us from an annual loss of many millions; for it
alone can teach us how to discover and drag forth and destroy
these insidious and deadly enemies of agriculture, — these plun-
derers and destroyers of our very “staff of life.”

It is not very unusual to hear the complaint made, that farming
is falling into disrepute and is going out of fashion, — that, now-
adays, the sons of our farmers all aspire to enter trade, or com-
merce, or the professions; nor is that complaint by any means
groundless. But the grumbling and complaining of “ practical
old-school men” will not remedy the evil. We live in what is,
essentially, an intellectual age, and, in our country more espe-
cially, what may be called intellectual ambition exercises an over-
powering influence over the minds of our young men. They will
not, as a body, be content to plod on ina life of labor, which they
are led to believe requires only mechanical and manual labor to
command success. They feel the stirring of the intellect within
them, and they will seek a fitting field for its exercise. Let them
learn that agriculture, even, to be successfully and profitably car-
ried on, not only gives free scope for, but imperatively demands,
the application of the principles and practice of science; that

8 MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. [Feb.

“agriculture is, in fact, Natural History applied” ; and that, in
proportion as it rests upon the basis of natural science, will be
its honor and success ; and we may hope to see the farmer’s life
of labor speedily regain its rightful position in the estimation of
the youth of our country. In proportion as it has disdained and
rejected the aid of science, agriculture has descended in the scale
of public esteem ; and in proportion as it shall retrace these false
steps, and recognize the truth that intellectual science must go
hand in hand with industrial skill, may it hope to regain that
place of honor which it justly held two thousand years ago, when
the most illustrious of Roman poets, and the greatest of Roman
orators, considered it an honor to themselves, and a duty to their
country, to sing its praises, and to record the benefits and bless-
ings derived from its cultivation by the learned and the noble of
their age !

The Committee have dwelt upon this point of the pecuniary .
profit to be derived from the study of Zodlogy at the greater
length, because in this practical, money-making age, a consider-
able number of our citizens will naturally, and almost uninten-
tionally, estimate the value of educational and other institutions
by the “ dollar” test; and thus, adopting their own standard, it
must be plain to every reflecting mind, that the establishment of
this new Museum of Zoology, with its educational machinery,
framed and directed by the experience and judgment of the illus-
trious naturalist who presides over it, is unquestionably calculated
to develop the commercial and agricultural resources of our
country, and thereby add to its wealth and prosperity.

But important as this may be in itself, it would still be but
a narrow and mean basis on which alone to rest and advocate
the study of Natural History, and, as one of its most valuable
departments, Comparative Zodlogy. It has long been one of the
great problems of education to discover a study which might
draw the imagination from its inward reveries to outward obser-
vation, and concentre it upon objects that should excite its
admiration and awaken its curiosity, without wearying the brain

1861.] MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. 9

or agitating the heart. This problem is to a great extent solved
by Natural History. It has been well observed by an eminent
living writer, that “the earnest naturalist is pretty certain to
have obtained that great need of all men, to get rid of se/f He
who, after the hours of business, finds himself with a mind
relaxed and wearied, will not be tempted to sit at home, dream-
ing over impossible scenes of pleasure, or to go for amusement
to haunts of coarse excitement, if he have in every hedge-bank,
and woodland, and running stream, in every bird among the
boughs, and every cloud above his head, stores of interest which
will enable him to forget awhile himself, and man, and all the
cares, even ali the hopes of human life, and to be alone with the
inexhaustible beauty and glory of Nature, and of God whoemade
her.”

It is indeed of the utmost importance to young minds to be
trained in a study which not only tends to draw them out of se//
and selfishness, but is free from the disturbing influences of all
party, political, and personal feeling ; in which they can look, un-
disturbed by any of those external distracting influences, at facts
exactly as they are, and arrive by patient investigation at candid
and correct conclusions. This recommendation powerfully ap-
plies to the study of Natural History, and the new Museum of
Comparative Zodlogy will most powerfully assist in developing
and promoting that study.

To the Legislature, Executive, and public and private bene-
factors who have, by the influence of position, the contribution
of wealth, or the no less valuable contribution of scientific guid-
ance and labor, assisted in the founding and forming of this creat
Normal School of Natural Science, the present and the rising
generation owe a deep debt of gratitude, for it promises to be, or
rather it already 7s, a scientific treasury, from which the teacher
and divine may draw illustrations of beauty and of power, illus-
trating the word by the work of God} and in which the retiring
student and the energetic son of labor may, side by side, gain a
knowledge that shall promote the practical objects of the one,

10 MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. [Feb.

and elevate and enlighten the hearts and intellects of both; and
when a future generation shall appreciate at its true worth this
study of Natural History, then will the founders of the new
Museum be gratefully and reverentially ranked among the best
and wisest benefactors of their fatherland.

Respectfully submitted,

WINSLOW LEWIS, Chairman.

REPORT OF PROFESSOR AGASSIZ ON THE DEPARTMENT
- OF ZOOLOGY AND GEOLOGY.

TO THE REVEREND AND HONORABLE, THE COMMITTEE FOR THE EXAM—
INATION OF THE LAWRENCE SCIENTIFIC SCHOOL, THE FOLLOWING
REPORT IS RESPECTFULLY SUBMITTED BY THE UNDERSIGNED.

During the past year twelve special students, besides two
graduates, have attended the private instruction given in the
Zodlogical department of the School. As usual, the instruction
has consisted in special lectures upon particular topics relating
to the subjects upon which the students were making investiga-
tions, and in directing these investigations. Confident that a
student of nature must above all learn how to observe, I have
not deviated from the plan adopted in former years of teaching
without text-books, leaving the students to find for themselves
what is characteristic in the objects brought to their notice ; and,
that they should not copy each other's work, I have followed a
distinct course for each of them; thus, in fact, giving as many
separate courses as there are students in the laboratory. But
while this method has greatly increased my own labor, I have
derived a real advantage from it, for the Museum, in educating
special assistants for each of its departments.

The instruction is now given in the new. Museum, where every

1861.]} MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. 11

facility can be afforded to the students for their advancement.
The appointment of Mr. H. J. Clark, as assistant professor, will
no doubt also add greatly to the advantages afforded to our young
naturalists for their special studies.

In connection with this special instruction, I have delivered
two courses of public lectures ; one upon Zoology, the other upon
Geology. . The second course has been attended not only by stu-
dents of the Scientific School and of the Senior Class, but also
by a considerable number of teachers of the public schools of
this vicinity ; the number of persons present amounting to nearly
two hundred, over one half of which were teachers. This unex-
pectedly large attendance is an evidence that the privilege granted
to the teachers of attending the lectures in the Museum, free of
any charge, has been welcome, and is certainly improved.

Since the Professor of Zodlogy in the Lawrence Scientific
School is ea officio Curator of the Museum of Comparative Zo-
ology, it seems appropriate that I should avail myself of this
opportunity to state that the movement organized by your Com-
mittee, two years ago, when Governor Clifford was its Chairman,
has resulted in the organization of a distinct establishment, with a
special Board of Trustees, under the direction of which a new
building has been erected, in which all the Zoological collections
of the University are now safely stored, and about one half of
them systematically arranged and exhibited. Through the gen-
erosity of a large number of citizens of Boston, and the liberality
of the State, a fund has been raised, which, combined with the
income of the Gray fund, has placed the Museum upon a per-
manently secure foundation. A few months ago it was inaugu-
rated, and is now daily open to the public, from 11 o'clock, A. M.
to 4 Pp. M., Sundays and Mondays excepted; and the great num-
ber of visitors availing themselves of the instruction offered them
in that way seems to justify the hope that it may largely con-
tribute to render the study of Natural History popular among us.

L, AGASSIZ.

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REPORT

THE TRUSTEES

OF THE

MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY.

1861.

CAMBRIDGE:
WELCH, BIGELOW, AND COMPANY.
GAnibversity ress.
18738.
Is€ ad, 15

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MAY 2 1940
Nitra Rat: vt

Contnionwealth of Massachusetts,

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Boston, February 5, 1861.

To the Honorable the Senate and the House of Representatives : —
At the Annual Meeting of the Trustees of the Museum of
Comparative Zodlogy, January 30, 1861, it was

Voted, That the Secretary be instructed to prepare a Report, on
behalf and in the name of the Trustees, giving full information as to
the Museum, with copies of all important documents in regard to its
history, and present the same to the legislature..

In compliance with this instruction, the undersigned respect-
fully submits the following Report : —

The first meeting of the Trustees was held April 30, 1859,
when the Act of incorporation was accepted, and a code of by-
laws adopted.

A Committee was then appointed to confer with the President
and Fellows of Harvard College, who owned a large collection of
objects of Natural History, and who held a fund of fifty thousand
dollars, given to them in compliance with the request, and from
the estate of Francis C. Gray, to establish and maintain a
Museum of Comparative Zodlogy.

At the same meeting, a subscription of private individuals,
amounting to seventy-one thousand one hundred and twenty-
five dollars was transferred to the Trustees, for the erection of a
fire-proof building in Cambridge, and for such other purposes as
would best promote the study and advancement of the science
which this cqllection was intended to teach and illustrate.

16 MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. [Feb..

At a meeting of the Trustees, June 1, 1859, Articles of Agree-
ment with Harvard College, reported by the Committee of Con-
ference, were adopted. Under these Articles, and a deed of con-
veyance by the corporation, the Trustees became the owners of
a tract of land formerly the property of the College, and their
interest in the collection, to be held on certain trusts, and to
be managed in conformity with the provisions contained in the
Articles.

The Lawrence Professor of Zodlogy in the Scientific School
was made the Curator and scientific head of the Museum, subject
to the control of the Faculty of the Museum; and the general
management of the institution for the purposes of instruction
was vested in such Faculty ; the Corporation of the College, and
the Trustees of the Museum, reserving the general supervision.

The Director of the Museum, appointed by the Trustees, is to
make arrangements, under, the supervision of the same Faculty,
to secure to the public the freest enjoyment of, and access to, the
Museum, consistent with its use for scientific and educational
purposes. .

The Curator is required to give lectures and instruction to
regular classes of students under his care, to classes of teachers
of the public schools, and to classes of pupils in the Normal
Schools in the Commonwealth, for which he receives no other
compensation than his salary as Professor of the Lawrence
Scientific School.

The pamphlet annexed, marked A, printed by order of the
Trustees, contains the Act incorporating this Board, the Act in
aid of the Museum, By-Laws, Articles of Agreement with Har-
vard College and deed of land, terms of the Gray donation, and
Constitution of the Faculty of the Museum, and the private
subscription, with the names of the contributors.

Professor Agassiz, on November 10, 1859, presented to the
Trustees the collection made by him since the year 1852, and
any claim which he might have for his care and expenses in
- preserving the earlier collection. He had then expended, from

e

1861.] MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. a

his own funds, more than ten thousand dollars in making and
preserving these collections. The letter making this donation
was referred to a committee, who, January 25, 1860, reported
the form of a letter to Professor Agassiz, which was signed by
the members of the Board individually, and transmitted to him
by the President. Copies of the letters, with the — of the
Committee, are annexed, marked B.

On January 25, 1860, Professor Agassiz submitted his first
Annual Report, which is annexed, marked C.

The Trustees, on October 31, 1860, received a communication
from the Faculty, that one thousand dollars a year, for three
years, had been offered to them to form a part of the salary of
an agent of tlie Museum, provided five hundred dollars annually,
for the same term, were added, and Alexander Agassiz appointed.
This Board placed the requisite amount at the disposal of the
Faculty, with an express declaration that no agent or officer of
this corporation is authorized to incur any debt.

The Committee on the Museum made a report on October 31,
1860, which is annexed, marked D.

On November 13, 1860, the inauguration of the Museum took
place in Cambridge. The Trustees, with their invited guests,
proceeded to the First Church, where prayer was offered by the
Rev. Dr. Walker, and addresses were made by Dr. Jacob Bigelow,
chairman of the Building Committee, President Felton, Professor
Agassiz, and Governor Banks.

On January 30, 1861, Professor Agassiz submitted his Second
Annual Report, which is annexed, marked E. The annexed paper,
marked F, contains the names of the trustees, officers, and mem-
bers of the standing committees for the year 1861.

The last Annual Report of Professor Agassiz shows that an.
average of one hundred and twenty teachers of the State, of both
sexes, has been present at the course of lectures on Geology, ium
concluded.

It appears by the first Resolve annexed to the report of the
Committee on the Museum, marked D, passed October 31, 1860,

2 -

18 MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. [Feb.

“that no further appropriation whatever, on account of the —
Museum, can be made by this Board until November 1, 1861.”

The property and resources of the Museum are :—

1. Land and building in Cambridge. -

2. Collections.

3. State grant, $100,000, no part of which has yet been re-
ceived.

4. Annual income of the Gray Fund of $50,000, held by
Harvard College.

The Trustees have unanimously resolved to incur no debt, and
the Preamble and Resolution adopted with the Report, marked
D, provide that the whole amount of the principal of the grant
made by the Commonwealth shall be: funded, and the income
only of such fund expended. .

Professor Agassiz has cordially concurred with the policy
adopted by the Trustees, as best designed to promote the per-
manent prosperity of the Museum, although the immediate effect
has been to place the burden of carrying it on upon him, except-
ing so far as the income of the Gray Fund, appropriated to
specific objects, gives him relief. The Museum now requires
means to carry on its active operations, until it derive an income °
from the State grant, and to preserve the accumulated specimens
without encroaching upon its capital. These accumulations, not
yet arranged, are equal to those already in place, and the sum
required to take proper care of them, and to continue the
regular work now in progress, is stated by the Professor at
twenty thousand dollars.

The Trustees respectfully request the legislature to make a
grant to the Museum to meet its existing exigencies, and to
relieve Professor Agassiz.

On behalf, and in the name of the Trustees,

WM. GRAY, Secretary.

1861.] MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. 19

APPENDIX.

[AJ

TRUSTEES OF THE MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY,
1859.

THE GOVERNOR OF THE COMMONWEALTH,

NATHANIEL P. BANKS.
THE LIEUTENANT-GOVERNOR,

ELIPHALET TRASK.
THE PRESIDENT OF THE SENATE,

CHARLES A. PHELPS.
Tue SPEAKER OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES,

CHARLES HALE.

- Tue SECRETARY OF THE BoarRD OF EDUCATION,

GEORGE S. BOUTWELL.

Tue Cuter Justice oF THE SUPREME JUDICIAL CouRT,
LEMUEL SHAW.

LOUIS AGASSIZ. WILLIAM GRAY.
JACOB BIGELOW, NATHANIEL THAYER,
JAMES WALKER, | SAMUEL HOOPER,

GEORGE TICKNOR, SAMUEL G. WARD,
JAMES LAWRENCE,

His Excellency NATHANIEL P. Banks, Governor of the Commonwealth,
President.

WILLIAM GRAY, Secretary.
SAMUEL G. Warp, Treasurer.

SAMUEL Hooper, GrorGE S. BouTWELL, NATHANIEL THAYER,
JAMES LAWRENCE, Commitiee on Finance.

Louis Agassiz, Director of the Museum.

GrorRGE Ticknor, Louis AcAssiz, JAcoB BigELOw, WILLIAM GRay,
Committee on the Museum. ;

20 MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. [Feb.

COMMONWEALTH OF MASSACHUSETTS.

In the Year One Thousand Eight Hundred and Fifty-nine.

An Act to incorporate the Trustees of the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy.

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives, in General
Court assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows : —

Section 1. The governor, the lieutenant-governor, the president
of the senate, the speaker of the house of representatives, the secre-
tary of the board of education, the chief justice of the highest judicial
court, ex-officiis, and Louis Agassiz and William Gray, together with
Jacob Bigelow, James Walker, George Ticknor, Nathaniel Thayer,
Samuel Hooper, Samuel G. Ward, and James Lawrence, and their
successors, are hereby made a body politic and corporate, by the name
of the “Trustees of the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy,” with all
the powers and privileges set forth in the forty-fourth chapter of the
Revised Statutes, so far as the same are applicable to the purposes for
which said corporation is established, as hereinafter mentioned, and
uot inconsistent with the provisions of this act.

SEcTIoN 2. Said corporation may receive, hold, purchase, and pos-
sess real and personal property not exceeding three hundred thousand
dollars in value, to be used and improved for the erection, support,
and maintenance of a Museum of Comparative Zodlogy at Cambridge,
in this Commonwealth ; and the sum of fifty thousand dollars, here-
tofore contributed in aid of the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy by
William Gray, shall be deemed to be part of the sum required to be
raised by private subscription for the said Museum, as a condition
precedent to the payment by the Commonwealth to said Trustees, of
any part of the avails of the sales of land in the Back Bay.

Section 3. The places of Louis Agassiz and William Gray, whenever
the same or either of them shall become vacant by death, resigna-
tion, or otherwise, shall be filled by a concurrrent vote of the senate
and house of representatives, and the same course shall be afterwards
adopted when the place of the successor of either of them shall become

1861.] MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. 21

vacant ; but any vacancy occasioned by the death, resignation, or
otherwise, of any of the other persons named in this act (except the
members designated ex-officiis), or of the successors of such persons,
shall be filled by election by the whole Board of Trustees, at meetings
specially called for that purpose.

Szction 4. The said Trustees shall arrange, so far as may be done
consistently with the interests of the institution, for the distribution
of duplicate specimens, by exchange or otherwise, among other col-
leges and institutions of learning in this Commonwealth and else-
where. And the Museum belonging to said Trustees shall, at all
reasonable times, and under reasonable regulations, be kept open to
the public free of charge.

Section 5. This act shall take effect from and after its passage.

HovusE or REPRESENTATIVES, April 5, 1859.
CHARLES HALE, Speaker.
In SENATE, April 6, 1859.

Passed to be enacted.

Passed to be enacted.
CHARLES A. PHELPS, President.

April 6, 1859.

Approved.
NATH’L P. BANKS.

COMMONWEALTH OF MASSACHUSETTS.
In the Year One Thousand Eight Hundred and Fifty-nine.

An Act to increase the School Fund, and to grant aid to the Museum
of Comparative Zodlogy, Tufts, Williams, and Amherst Colleges, and
the Wesleyan Academy at Wilbraham, out of the proceeds of the sales
of the Back Bay Lands.

Be wt enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives in General
Court assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows : —
Szotion 1. The avails of the sales of lands belonging to the Com-

22 MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. [Feb. |

monwealth in the Back Bay shall be paid into the treasury, to be
held, invested, and applied, in accordance with the provisions of the
resolves of the year one thousand eight hundred and fifty-seven, chap-
ter seventy, and the moiety of such avails, which, by the provisions of
said chapter, inures immediately to the use of the Commonwealth,
and which, by the ninety-sixth chapter of the statutes of the year one
thousand eight hundred and fifty-eight,.is styled the ‘“ Bay Lands
Fund,” shall be held, invested, and appropriated as follows, that is to
say: 1. The whole of such moiety, until the sum of three hundred
thousand dollars shall have been so disposed of, shall be employed for
the redemption of the scrip of the Commonwealth issued in the year
one thousand eight hundred and fifty-six, in accordance with the pro-
visions of the third section of chapter two hundred and thirty-five, of
the acts of that year. 2. After such sum of three hundred thousand
dollars shall have been received into the treasury, one half of the
avails of the sales of such moiety shall, as fast as received, be added
to the Massachusetts School Fund, for the purpose of increasing the
principal sum thereof. 3. The remaining avails of such moiety shall,
after being received into the treasury, be distributed upon the first
day of August in each year among the institutions hereinafter named,
in the proportions following, that is to say :— Fist. Twenty per
centum of the ayails of such moiety shall be paid to such persons as
may at the present session of the legislature be incorporated as the
“Trustees of the Museum of Comparative Zoology” ; such payments,
not to exceed in the aggregate the sum of one hundred thousand dol-
lars. Second. Twelve per centum of the avails of such moiety shall
be paid to the treasurer of the Trustees of Tufts College, upon the
order of the Trustees ; such payments not to exceed in the aggregate
the sum of fifty thousand dollars. Third. Six per centum of the avails ©
of such moiety shall be paid to the treasurer of the corporation of
Williams College, upon the order of said corporation ; such payments
not to exceed in the aggregate the sum of twenty-five thousand dol-
lars. Fourth. Six per centum of the avails of such moiety shall be
paid to the treasurer of the corporation of Amherst College, upon
the order of the corporation; such payments not to exceed in the
aggregate the sum of twenty-five thousand dollars. ith. Six per
centum of the avails of such moiety shall be paid to the treasurer of

1861.] MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. 23

the corporation of the Wesleyan Academy in Wilbraham, upon the
order of ‘the corporation ; such payments not to exceed in the aggre-
gate the sum of twenty-five thousand dollars.

Szotion 2. No payment as aforesaid shall be made to either of the
before-named institutions unless before the time for each payment
it shall be made to appear to the satisfaction of the governor and
council that there has been secured by subscription in aid of such
institution, in cash or bonds of unquestionable security, an amount
equal to the amount then to be paid to such institution according to
the terms of this act; nor to either of the institutions hereinafter
named, unless there shall have been established in such institutions
- the number of free scholarships set against their respective names,
that is to say: In Williams College, three free scholarships ; in Tufts
College, three free scholarships; in Amherst College, three free.
scholarships. The aforesaid free scholarships shall be under the con-
trol of the Board of Education, and may be filled and managed in such
mode as now is, or may hereafter be provided by law, for the regula-
tion of all free scholarships established by the Commonwealth.

SEcTIoN 3. All the avails of the moiety of the sales of the public
lands which, by the provisions of the seventieth chapter of the resolves
of the year one thousand eight hundred and fifty-seven, inure imme-
diately to the use of the Commonwealth, and the distribution of which
is not otherwise provided for in this act, shall be added to the prin-
cipal of the Massachusetts School Fund. :

Szotion 4. The sum of one hundred thousand dollars shall be
reserved, by the Commissioners of the Back Bay, out of the moiety of
the avails of the sales of lands, which, by the resolves of the year one
thousand eight hundred and fifty-seven, chapter seventy, may be drawn
upon for the purposes of improvement, as set forth in said chapter ;
and the same shall be invested as a fund, the income whereof shall be
appropriated to the support of the roads and bridges, which the Com-
monwealth has become bound to support by its contracts in regard to
said Back Bay ; and if, before the first payment shall be made to any
institution of learning agreeably to this act, it shall be made to appear
to the satisfaction of the governor and council that such amount
cannot be spared from the moiety of the avails of such lands, subject
to be drawn upon in favor of said commissioners, then the same may

24 MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. [Feb.

be reserved out of the other moiety of the avails of the sales of said
lands, after payment of the sum of three hundred thousand dollars, as
provided for in section first.

Section 5. This act shall take effect from and after its passage.

Hovusek or REPRESENTATIVES, April 2, 1859.

Passed to be enacted.
CHARLES HALE, Speaker.

In Senate, April 2, 1859.
CHARLES A. PHELPS, President.

Passed to be enacted.

April 2, 1859.

Approved.
NATH’L P, BANKS.

BY-LAWS
OF THE

TRUSTEES OF THE MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY.

Articte 1. The Governor of the Commonwealth shall be the
President of the Corporation. |

ArticLe 2. There shall be a Secretary, who shall keep the records
and notify all meetings.

ARTICLE 3. There shall be a Treasurer, who shall receive and pay all
moneys, and shall have the custody of all papers relating to the prop-
erty of the Corporation. He shall deposit, in the name of the Corpo-
ration, all sums received, in some bank approved by the Committee of
Finance ; and no money shall be drawn therefrom except upon checks
signed by the Treasurer, and approved by at least one member of said
committee. The Treasurer shall keep his accounts clearly, and they
shall be at all times open to any Trustee.

Articte 4. There shall be a Committee of Finance of four members,
who shall examine the Treasurer’s accounts monthly, and certify their
examination in writing. They may direct investments of any of the

1861.] MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. 25

moneys of the Corporation at their discretion. They shall report
their doings at every stated meeting of the Trustees. All propositions
for the appropriation of money shall be referred to the Committee of »
Finance.

Articte 5, There shall be a Director of the Museum, who shall have
the immediate custody of the buildings and collections of the Corpo-.
ration.

ArticLE 6. There shall be a Committee on the Museum, who shall
inspect the Museum from time to time, and report to the trustees
such appropriations of funds as they shall deem expedient.

ArticLe 7. Excepting the President, all officers, including the Com-
mittees of Finance and on the Museum, shall be chosen annually by
ballot, and shall hold their offices until others shall be elected and
qualified, provided they continue Trustees.

ArticLE 8. There shall be an annual meeting of the Corporation on
_ the last Wednesday of January in each year, at such hour and place
as the President, or, in his absence, the Secretary may appoint, for
the choice of officers; and special meetings shall be notified by the
Secretary on the written request of the President or of two Trustees.

ARTICLE 9. Stated meetings of the Board of Trustees shall be held
quarterly on the last Wednesdays of January, April, July, and October.

ARTICLE 10, Notice of any meeting shall be sent to each Trustee .
through the Boston Post Office, four —_ at least before the time
fixed for such meeting.

ArtTIcLE 11, Eight trustees shall form a quorum for the transaction
of business ; but a smaller number may adjourn a meeting, and notice ~
of such an adjournment, sent through the Boston Post-Office to each
Trustee, shall be sufficient, although there may not be four days’ pre-
vious notice thereof.

ArTICLE 12. Alterations and additions to the By-Laws may be made
at any meeting by the affirmative vote of a majority of the Corpora-
tion ; provided that such alterations and additions shall have been
submitted at a preceding meeting, and notice thereof be given in
calling the meeting when the same are to be acted upon.

26 MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. [Feb.

ARTICLES OF AGREEMENT.

Made and executed at Boston, in the County of Suffolk, and Common-
wealth of Massachusetts, on the fourteenth day of June, in the year
of our Lord, one thousand eight hundred and Jifty-nine, by and be-
tween the Trustees of the Museum of Comparative Zoilogy, on the one
part, and the President and Fellows of Harvard College, on the other
part >— .

Whereas, Louis Agassiz, Lawrence Professor of Zoblogy and Geology
in the Scientific School of Harvard University, has made a valuable col-
lection of objects of Natural History, classified and arranged in such a
manner as to illustrate and teach the principles of the science of
Zodlogy, upon a systematic plan, which collection is at present con-
tained in a perishable wooden building belonging to the said College ;

And whereas, a fund of fifty thousand dollars has been already
given to the President and Fellows of Harvard College by William
Gray, in compliance with the request and from the estate of Francis
C. Gray, late of said Boston, deceased, in trust to preserve the same
as a separate fund, and to appropriate the income thereof to the estab-

. lishment and maintenance of a Museum of Comparative Zoélogy at —
Harvard College, but no part of the same to be appropriated to the
payment of salaries or to the purchase of real estate, which donation
was made and accepted on a condition that the said Museum be
arranged and conducted under the superintendence of a body of five
persons to be denominated the Faculty of the Museum of Comparative —
Zodlogy, and constituted as follows, to wit : —

The President of the University for the time being to constitute the
head, the four other members, being men conversant with this depart- :
ment of science, having in the first instance been nominated by the
donor of said fund, and approved by the said President and Fellows, and
thus said Faculty being already organized and established ; but consti-
tuted with this further provision, that whenever a vacancy, other than
that of the President, shall occur in said Faculty, it shall be the duty
of the remaining members to nominate a person of suitable qualifica-
tions to supply the vacancy, and notify such nomination to the Pres-

1861.] MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. 27

ident and Fellows, and, on being approved by them, such person to
become a member of said Faculty, with the rights and powers incident
thereto ;

_ And whereas, the funds and means of the said President and Fellows,
at their disposal for this purpose, are inadequate to accomplish the
object contemplated, and a strong desire has been expressed by the
friends of science that increased means may be speedily afforded, not
only for the security and preservation of the collection already made,
but also for the establishment of the said Museum on a permanent
foundation, that it may be enlarged and made as far as practicable
complete, so as to extend and render more exact the knowledge of this
department of Natural History upon scientific principles, and in pur-
-suance thereof, the Legislature of the Commonwealth did, at their
last session, make an appropriation of one hundred thousand dollars,
which may soon be available for the erection, support, and maintenance
of a Museum of Comparative Zoology, at Cambridge, upon a condition,
however, that a like amount shall have been obtained, by private sub-
scription, in aid of such Institution, and did, at the same session,
incorporate a Board of Fifteen Trustees, by an Act entitled “An Act
to incorporate the Trustees of the Museum of Comparative Zoology,”
by which last Act it is provided, that the sum of fifty thousand dollars,
theretofore contributed in aid of the Museum of Comparative Zoology
by William Gray, shall be deemed to be a part of the sum required to
be raised by private subscription for the said Museum, as a condition
precedent to the payment, by the Commonwealth to said Trustees, of
any part of the sum then granted;

And whereas, more than fifty thousand dollars, to wit, a sum
amounting at present to about seventy thousand dollars, making,
together with the donation of said William Gray, more than one hun-
dred thousand dollars, have been subscribed and raised by private
persons, and by them ordered to be paid to the said Trustees thus
incorporated, to be appropriated and applied to the same objects with
the sum appropriated by the State, so that the said condition has
been complied with ; .

And whereas, it is deemed desirable by all parties interested in
this object, that all the means placed under the control of either
Corporation, the Trustees of the Museum, or the President and

28 MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. [Feb.

Fellows of the College, shall be devoted.in such time and manner as |
they are needed and can be beneficially applied to the advancement of
the common object, and for this end that a suitable building be erect-
ed as speedily as practicable for the preservation of the collections
already made, and of those which may be made, upon a plan capable
of being enlarged and extended as the increased collections of the said
institution may from time to time require; and the said trustees
being ready and willing to apply a sufficient portion of the fund under
their control to the erection of a suitable building adapted to the
present wants of the institution, on receiving the conveyance of a lot
of land properly situated and adapted to meet such present wants, and
capable of admitting such future extension and enlargement, and
desirous, in furtherance of the objects of their incorporation and in the.
execution of their trust, to make such arrangements and contracts as
shall secure to such institution the resources of the University for
education and the advancement of science ;

And whereas, a parcel of land conveniently situated, and now the
property of the College, has been examined, surveyed, and selected as
a place suitable for the erection of buildings for the said Museum, for
all the uses and purposes for which the same is intended, and the
said President and Fellows of Harvard College, desirous, as far as it
may be consistent with their powers, and the trusts reposed in them,
to promote and advance the establishment, increase, and beneficial use
of said Museum, as an institution well adapted to foster the interests
of education, and to advance an important branch of science, and to
promote the love and knowledge of it in the community, are ready
and willing to convey the legal title to said lot of land, and also
their interest in the collection already made, and all additions to be
-made thereto hereafter, upon a nominal consideration, to the said
Trustees, provided the same be thus conveyed to said Trustees and
their successors, in fee, upon strict trust and confidence that the said
estate and collections shall be used and improved solely and exclu-
sively for the erection of buildings, the maintenance, improvement,
and extension of the same, and for the establishment and mainte-
~ nance of such Museum to be used, occupied, governed, and managed in
strict conformity to the rules and regulations hereby adopted by both
said Corporations ;

1861.] MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. 29

And whereas, the said Trustees are ready and ‘willing to accept and
receive a conveyance in fee of the said parcel of land, upon the con-
ditions and trusts specified, and thereupon to proceed as soon as may
be to the commencement of buildings thereon for the purposes speci-
fied : —

Now, therefore, the Trustees of the Museum of Comparative
Zodlogy, and the President and Fellows of Harvard College, for them-
selves and their respective successors, do hereby mutually agree to
unite the means with which they have been or may hereafter
be respectively intrusted for that purpose, for the establishment,
maintenance, and practical usefulness of the Museum of Comparative
Zodlogy at Cambridge, and do hereby agree upon and establish the
following Rules and Regulations for the government, occupation, care
and management of the said institution.

1. Each Corporation shall retain and manage the funds now held,
or which may hereafter be held by it, according to the trusts on
which the same have been or may be given.

2. The property in the Museum, land, buildings, Senta and
collections, present and future, shall be vested in said Trustees, in
trust, to hold the same for the uses declared by these Articles of
Agreement, and for such uses as may hereafter be declared as herein-
after provided.

3. Each Corporation shall retain the power to appropriate from the
funds under its control such sums as it may deem expedient.

4, The duty and power of erecting buildings from funds appropri-
ated and set apart for that purpose, and of adding to and extending
the same hereafter, as funds shall be appropriated for that purpose,
upon plans which shall render such buildings part of a complete and
harmonious whole; and the duty of taking care of said buildings,
and causing them to be kept in repair, shall devolve upon and vest in
said Trustees. : ;

5. The Director of the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy, an officer

appointed or to be appointed by said Trustees, shall make arrange-
ments, under the supervision of the Faculty aforesaid, for the recep-
_ tion of visitors, either upon special or general invitation, and of the
public at large, at suitable times and‘ under suitable regulations, to

» -

30 MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. [ Feb.

visit and examine the Museum ; and such arrangements shall be

made with a view to secure to the public the freest enjoyment of, and —

access to the Museum, consistent with its use for scientific and edu-
cational purposes.

6. The Lawrence Professor of Zodlogy in the Scientific School of
Harvard University, or the officer charged with the instruction in that
department of science for the time being, shall be the Curator and
scientific head of the Museum, subject to the control and regulation
of the Faculty of the Museum hereinbefore mentioned, in whom the
power to determine the use of the Museum for scientific and educa-
tional purposes, either by general regulations or by specific orders, is
ultimately vested ; and the compensation paid to such Curator as
Professor in the Lawrence Scientific School shall be regarded as full
compensation for instructions given and services rendered in the
Museum, until further provision is made therefor.

7. It shall be the duty of such Curator, under the like direction
and control of the Faculty of the Museum aforesaid, when funds shall
have been appropriated and placed at the disposal of the said Faculty
by either of the Corporations for the purpose, to make purchases of
such articles as shall be necessary and suitable for the increase of
said Museum, in any of its departments, and to direct all necessary
expenses for the transportation and other charges incident to their
acquisition, and all necessary expenses for vessels and materials inci-
dent to the preservation and exhibition of such articles, and to have
the entire charge and control of the classification and scientific
arrangement of them.

8. Whenever it shall become necessary to employ any assistant or
assistants to the Curator aforesaid, for the preparation, arrangement,
classification, or scientific or educational use of the collections in the
Museum, and any funds for the compensation of such assistants shall
have been appropriated by either Corporation, and placed at the dis-
posal of the Faculty of the Museum for that purpose, such assistants
shall be appointed and employed by the Faculty, or under their di-
rection, in such manner as they shall prescribe.

9. It shall be the duty of the Curator, under the control and
direction of the Faculty of the Museum, to fix suitable times, and
also suitable places within the Museum, to give lectures and instruc-

1861.] MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. 31

tion to regular classes of students under his care, to classes of
teachers of the Public schools, and to classes of pupils in the Normal
schools in the Commonwealth, and to such special classes of students
and persons. desirous of availing themselves of his instructions and of
the advantages of the Museum, as he may receive or invite for those
purposes.

10. No person officially connected with the Museum shall be per-
mitted to make any private collection, or to trade in specimens of
Natural History, except for the Museum.

11. Whenever the office of Director of the Museum established by
the Trustees, and that of Curator of the Museum, as hereinbefore
defined, shall be held by different persons, the Faculty of the Mu-
seum shall, subject to these articles, and such other articles as may
be adopted by both Corporations as hereinafter provided, define the
relative duties of the incumbents, and superintend their execution.

12. These rules and regulations, mutually agreed on and adopted
by the parties, shall not be repealed or altered, except by a formal
agreement between the parties, or by a concurrent vote passed by
each Corporation specifying such repeal or alteration, and entered
upon the records of both said Corporations.

In testimony whereof, the said parties have hereto affixed their respective
seals, under the hands of their respective Presidents, on the day and in
the year first above written.

‘ THE PRESIDENT AND FELLOWS OF
HARVARD COLLEGE. [1.8.]
By JAMEs WALKER, President.
THE TRUSTEES OF THE MUSEUM
OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY, [1.8.]

By Naru’t P. Banks, President.
In presence of

Epwarp S. Ranp,
Wo. Gray, JR.

At a meeting of the Trustees of the. Museum of Comparative
Zodlogy, held June 1, 1859, it was

Voted, That the President of this Corporation be, and is hereby

32 MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. [Feb.

authorized and empowered to execute the Articles of Agreement
with the President and Fellows of Harvard College, reported by the
Committee of Conference, and this day agreed to by this Board, under
his hand, and thereto affix the seal of this Corporation,.and on re-
ceiving the deed of conveyance from said President and Fellows, pur-
suant to the terms of said Articles, and a counterpart of these Arti-
cles of Agreement, duly executed by said President and Fellows, to
deliver to that Corporation the Articles of Agreement thus executed,
as the free act and deed of this Board.

Attest : Wo. Gray, Sechejary-

The Articles referred to in the above Vote are on the preceding pages.
Attest : Wo. Gray, Secretary.

At a special meeting of the President and Fellows of Harvard
College in Boston, June 2, 1859,

Voted, That the President of this Corporation be and is hereby
authorized and empowered to execute the Articles of Agreement with
the Trustees of the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy reported by the
Committee of Conference, and this day agreed to by this Board, under
his hand, and thereto to affix the seal of this Corporation, and on
receiving a counterpart of these Articles of Agreement duly executed
by the said Trustees, to deliver to that Corporation the Articles of
Agreement thus executed, as the free act and deed of this Board.

Attest : Gro. Putnam, Secretary.

The Articles referred to in the above Vote are on the preceding pages.
Attest : Gro. Putnam, Secretary.

CoMMONWEALTH OF MASSACHUSETTS.

Suffolk ss. Boston, June 14, A. D, 1859.

The within-named James Walker acknowledged the within-written instru-
ment to be the free act and deed of the President and Fellows of Harvard
College; and the within-named Nathaniel P. Banks also acknowledged the
same to be the free act and deed of the Trustees of the Museum of Com-
parative pica A eae :

Epwarp S. Ranp, Justice of the Peace.

1861.] MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. . 33

DEED OF THE LAND.

To all Persons to whom these Presents shall come, the President and
Fellows of Harvard College send Greeting :

WHEREAS it has been agreed by a contract entered into on the day
of the date of this instrument by and between the Trustees of the
Museum.of Comparative Zodlogy on the one part, and the President
and Fellows of Harvard College on the other part, the object of which
agreement is to provide for the establishment, maintenance, and use
of a Museum of Comparative Zodlogy at Cambridge ; and whereas it
was among other things in and by said contract agreed between the
parties, that the said President and Fellows would transfer and convey
to said Trustees and their successors in fee upon a nominal con-
sideration a parcel of land situated in Cambridge, which tract and par-
cel of land is hereafter specially described, and also the collection of
articles already acquired by'said President and Fellows, towards the
formation of such a Museum, and their interest in all additions here-
after to be made, to be held in strict trust by said Trustees upon the
terms, conditions, and trusts therein specified, and hereinafter stated.

Now, Therefore, Know Ye, that the President and Fellows of Har-
vard College, in consideration of the premises and of one dollar to
them in hand paid by the Trustees of the Museum of Comparative
Zodlogy, the receipt whereof is hereby acknowledged, do hereby give,
grant, bargain, sell, release, convey, and quitclaim to the said Trustees —
of the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy, their successors and assigns,
the collection aforesaid, together with all that tract and parcel of
land situated in Cambridge, and bounded and described as follows, to
wit : Commencing at the southeast corner of the granted premises
at the corner of a fence by land of Saunders, thence running westerly
_ by land of said Saunders, as the fence stands, about three hundred
and thirty-seven feet to the corner; thence northerly by lands of
Torrey, of Wait, and of Stone and Jarvis, about three hundred and
ninety-eight and one half feet to an angle; thence a little east of
north by land of Stone and J arvis, about fifty-eight feet ; thence
by land of Stone and Jarvis, about fifty-three and one half feet
to a corner; thence northeasterly by land of Stone and Jarvis and

3

34 MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. [ Feb.

land of Palfrey, about two hundred and seventy-five feet five inches ;
thence south of east by land of Palfrey, eleven feet ; thence east of
north by land of Palfrey, about eleven feet two inches ; thence north-
easterly by land of Palfrey, about forty-four feet, to a point in the
westerly line of Divinity Hall Avenue extended ; thence turning and
running by said westerly line of Divinity Hall Avenue extended, to
the corner begun at, together with a right of way in an avenue run-
ning along the whole easterly side of the granted premises, from the
land of Palfrey aforesaid, to Kirkland Street, seventy-five feet wide at
Kirkland Street, and of about the same width through its whole
length, in common with the owners of the land now adjoining said
avenue on the east, and now occupied in part by Divinity Hall, and
owned by the grantors, but reserving in this conveyance and except-
ing from this grant an easement in favor of the owners of the land on
which Divinity Hall now stands, that a piece of the land hereby con-
veyed shall be forever kept open and free from buildings, and for the
purpose of light, air, and ornament ; namely, a piece two hundred feet
in length on said avenue extended, lying exactly west of said Divinity
Hall, and extending two hundred feet in width westerly from said
Hall ; provided, however, that this reservation and restriction shall
cease whenever the owners of the estate on which said Divinity Hall
now stands shall by deed in writing, duly executed, release the same
to the said Trustees.

To have and to hold the premises to them the said Trustees of
the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy, their successors and assigns to
and for their own use forever, upon strict trust and confidence never-
theless, that the said estate and collection ‘shall be held, used, and
improved solely and exclusively for the erection of buildings, and the
maintenance, improvement, and extension thereof, and for the estab-
lishment and maintenance of the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy,

such Museum to be used, occupied, managed, and governed in strict —

conformity to the rules and regulations thereby agreed on and adopted
by the mutual assent and act of both parties, by their contract afore-
said, bearing even date herewith, and which are not to be repealed or
altered without the consent of both parties, by a mutual agreement,
or by the concurrent vote of each Corporation passed and entered in
full on their respective records.

le

1861.] MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. 35

In witness whereof the said President and Fellows have caused their cor-
porate seal to be hereto affixed, and these presents to be subscribed by
James Walker, their President, this fourteenth day of June, in the year
of our Lord eighteen hundred and fifty-nine.

THE PRESIDENT AND FELLOWS
OF HARVARD COLLEGE, [1.8]

. By JAMES WALKER.
Signed, sealed, and delivered in presence of

Epwarp S. Ranp,
Wm. Gray, JR.

CoMMONWEALTH OF MASSACHUSETTS.
Suffolk ss. Boston, June 14, A. D. 1859.

The above-named James Walker, President, acknowledged the foregoing .~

instrument to be the free act and deed of the President and Fellows of
Harvard College. .
Before me, Epwarp S. Ranp, Justice of the Peace,

At a special meeting of the President and Fellows of Harvard Col-
lege, in Boston, June 2, 1859,

Voted, That the President of this Corporation be, and is hereby,
authorized and empowered to execute the Articles of Agreement with
the Trustees Of the Museum of Comparative Zoology reported by the
Committee of Conference, and this day agreed to by this Board,
under his hand, and thereto to affix the seal of this Corporation ; and
on receiving a counterpart of these Articles of Agreement duly exe-
cuted by the said Trustees, to deliver to that Corporation the Arti-
cles of Agreement thus executed, as the free act and deed of this
Board. |

Voted, That the President of this Corporation be, and he is hereby
authorized and empowered, on receiving a counterpart of the said
Articles, duly executed by the said Trustees, to execute and deliver a
deed of conveyance of the land therein referred to,-as described in the
_ deed herewith presented, Pursuant to said Articles of Agreement, and
acknowledge and deliver the same, as the free act and deed of this
Corporation.

Attest : Gro. Putnam, Secretary.

The foregoing deed is that referred to in Articles of Agreement above-

mentioned and in the above vote.

- Attest : Gro. Putnam, Secretary.

36 MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. [ Feb.

TERMS OF THE GRAY DONATION.

At a stated meeting.of the President and Fellows of Harvard Col-
lege in Boston, December 24, 1858, the President read another com-
munication from William Gray, Esq., as follows : —

Boston, December 20, 1858.
To the President and Fellows of Harvard College : —

My uncle, Francis C. Gray, at the time of executing his last will,
by which he made me his residuary legatee, addressed to me a letter
with these clauses : —

“After providing fully for all the bequests in my will, including
that to yourself, if there shall remain, two years after my death, a
surplus beyond everything given in my will as above, then I wish
you would out of that surplus, and not otherwise, give to Harvard
College, or to such other institution as you see fit, my collection of
Engravings, with all books relating to that subject, including Rossel-
lini, Audubon, and Wilson, etc., together with sixteen thousand dol-
lars, of which one thousand and the income are to be appropriated in
the first place to keeping the same in order, and to publishing a cata-
logue of the same as I leave it.

** And also give, out of such surplus only, to Harvard College, or
such other institution as you see fit, the further sum of fifty thousand
dollars ; the income to be applied to establishing and maintaining a
Museum of Comparative Zodlogy ; not to be appended to any other
department ; but to be under the charge of an independent Faculty,
responsible only to the Corporation and Overseers. No part of said
income is to be expended for real estate or for the payment of salaries.”

He also desires me to impose such conditions and restrictions on these
donations as I may see fit. The two years mentioned in his letter
will expire on the twenty-ninth day of December current.

\ T have already presented the collection of Engravings to the Col-
lege, and in another letter of this date, I placed at its disposal the
Fund designated in the first of the clauses cited in this communica-
tion. | |

In compliance with my uncle’s request, I offer to give to Harvard

1861.] MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. 37

College, on the twenty-ninth day of December current, the sum of
fifty thousand dollars on these conditions : —

First. That the same be kept as a separate and distinct fund, and
invested from time to time at the discretion of the Corporation, pro-
vided that no part thereof shall ever be invested in real estate, or in
the shares or stock of any incorporated or joint-stock company.

Second. No part of the income of said Fund shall ever be expended
for real estate, or the payment of salaries. __ ; ;

Third. The income is not to be subject to any charges of any
nature, but the whole amount derived from the Fund is to be applied
to establishing and maintaining a Museum of Comparative Zodlogy
at Harvard College.

Fourth. Neither the Collections nor any building which may con-
tain the same shall ever be designated by any other name than the
Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College.

Fifth. The Museum shall never be appended to any other depart-
ment, but is to be under the charge of an independent Faculty, respon-
sible only to the Corporation and Overseers.

Sixth. The President of the College shall be the President of the
Faculty, which shall be composed of four members besides the Presi-
dent. In case of vacancy in their number other than that of
President, the Faculty shall from time to time nominate to the Cor-
poration persons to fill such vacancies; and, if confirmed by the
Corporation, such persons are to become members of the Faculty ;
if rejected, new nominations shall be made by the Faculty to the
Corporation.

Seventh. The Faculty are not to be at liberty to expend any part
of the income of the Fund, unless previously placed at their disposal
by the Corporation.

Eighth. The first Faculty shall consist of Rev. Dr. James Walker,
President of the College ; Professor Louis Agassiz, Director of the
Museum ; Dr. Jacob Bigelow, Professor Oliver ‘Wendell Holmes, and
Professor Jeffries Wyman.

Ninth. In case of the loss of any part of the Fund, so much of
the income as may be requisite for this purpose shall be retained to
make good such loss, provided that not more than one half of the
income shall be so retained in any one year.

38 MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. [Feb.

Tenth. That the Corporation enter this donation with its condi-
tions upon their records, and vote to accept the same.
Upon receiving an attested copy of the record, I will complete the
gift at the time indicated.
I am very respectfully yours,
WM. GRAY.

Whereupon it was

Voted, That the President and Fellows of Harvard College grate-
fully accept this munificent gift on the terms and conditions proposed
in the letter of Mr. Gray, above recited.

' Voted, That the Corporation cannot record this third and crowning
act of liberality, originating in the declared wishes of the late Hon.
Francis C. Gray, as to the disposition of his property, without tenew-
ing the expression of their profound respect for his memory as an
enlightened friend of learning, and of all institutions for the public
good, and of their profound gratitude for his generous thoughts and
purposes respecting Harvard College.

Voted, That the Corporation are duly sensible that the final deter-
mination as to these noble charities was left to William Gray, Esq., in
his capacity as executor and residuary legatee of his uncle’s estate ;
and they therefore request the President to write a suitable letter of
acknowledgment to that gentleman, thanking him for a liberality of
conduct, and a generous regard for the interests of the University,

which will forever associate his own and his uncle’s name in these
wise and munificent endowments.

Voted, That the preceding votes, with the letter of Mr. Gray, be
communicated to the Overseers, that they may concur therein if they
see fit.

A true copy of record,

Attest: Gro. PuTNAM, Secretary.

In Boarp or OvEeRSEERS oF HarvARD COLLEGE,
Boston, January 27, 1859.

Resolved, That the Overseers of Harvard College concur with the

President and Fellows in their vote of the 24th of December, 1858,

1861. ] MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE. ZOOLOGY. 39

by which they have accepted the donation of fifty thousand dollars,
described in the letter of William Gray, Esq., which vote has been
laid by the Corporation before this Board for its concurrence and
approval. |

Resolved, That the members of this Board heartily concur with
the President and Fellows in the expression of ‘ profound respect for
the memory of the late Hon. Francis C. Gray, as an enlightened friend
of learning, and of all institutions for the public good, and of ‘their
profound gratitude for his generous thoughts and purposes respecting
Harvard College.” And they also most cordially approve of, and con-
cur in the vote of the President and Fellows, by which “they (being
sensible that the final determination of this, and other noble charities,
was left to William Gray, Esq., in his capacity of executor and resid-
uary legatee of his uncle’s estate) requested the President to write
a letter of acknowledgment to that gentleman, thanking him for a
liberality of conduct and a generous regard for the interests of the
University which will ever associate his own and his uncle’s name, in
this and other wise and munificent endowments.”

A true copy of record,
Attest : NATHANIEL B. SHURTLEFF, Secretary,

THE PRIVATE SUBSCRIPTION.

To Samuel G. Ward, Esquire : —

Dear Sir, — The Legislature having created a corporation, by the
name of “ The Trustees of the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy,” for
“purposes concurrent with those of the subscribers to the funds now
in your hands, and under our directions, we hereby authorize and
request you to pay over to the said corporation the whole of the funds
- subscribed and paid to you, or hereafter to be paid to you under the
following instrument, to wit :—

““We, the subscribers, hereby promise to pay to Samuel G. Ward,
' Esq., the sums set against our names respectively, to be held by him
- in trust: Fuerst, for the erection in such manner as may be directed

,

40 MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. [Feb.

by a committee appointed at a meeting held on the 21st of
January, 1859, of a fireproof building in Cambridge, suitable to.
receive, to protect, and to exhibit advantageously and freely to all
comers, at all proper times, and under reasonable conditions, the col-
lection of objects in Natural Science, brought together by Professor
Louis Agassiz, with such additions as may hereafter be made to it;
and, Second, for such other purposes as in the judgment of the same
committee, and under such conditions as they may prescribe, will best
promote the study and advancement of the science which this col-
lection is intended to teach and illustrate ; the committee referred to
as intrusted with these powers and these duties being Jacob Bigelow,
George Ticknor, James Lawrence, William W. Greenough, Samuel
Hooper, Thomas G. Cary, Samuel G. Ward, John M. Forbes, William
S. Bullard, James M. Barnard, Ezra Lincoln, Theodore Lyman, Martin
Brimmer, Franklin Haven, and Gardner Brewer. And these persons
shall have power to fill all vacancies in their own number, to act by
a major part of those present, all having been duly notified, and to
delegate such parts of their powers from time to time, as they may
deem expedient, to committees of their own number, or to other
pegsons,” — .

To be held, used, and appropriated by the said corporation for the
purposes above-mentioned, as fully and effectually as the same could
have been used and appropriated by us.

JAacoB BIGELOW.
GEORGE TICKNOR.
JAMES LAWRENCE.
Wituiam W. GREENOUGH.
S. Hoopmr.

Tuomas G. Cary.
SaMuEL G. Warp.
W. S. BuLuarp.

J. M. Forsss.
Ezra. LINcOouN.
THEODORE LYMAN.
M. BrimMer.
FRANKLIN HAVEN.
James M. BARNARD,

GARDNER BREWER.
Boston, April 30, 1859.

1861.] MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY.

List of Subscribers to the Fund.

N, Thayer, .

Nathan Appleton,
Jonathan Philips,
John P. Cushing,

John M. Forbes,
Theodore Lyman,
William Sturgis,

Mrs. Abbott Lawrence,
Samuel Hooper,
Abbott Lawrence,

Jacob Bigelow, .
Thomas G. Cary, .
Samuel G. Ward,
James M. Barnard,
William Appleton,
John C. Gray,

Miss Mary Pratt,

A. Hemenway,

A. A. Lawrence,
Peter C. Brooks, Jr.,
G. H. Shaw,
William F. Weld, .
Miss Brimmer, .
George Ticknor,
Gardner Brewer,
James Lawrence, .
M. Brimmer,

David Sears,
William P. Mason,
Miss Sarah P. Pratt,
H. B. Rogers,
Josiah Bradlee,
Moses Williams,
Stephen Salisbury,
Charles Sanders, —
Mrs. M. F. Sayles,

Amount carried forward, .

. $2,000

2,000
2,000
2,000

- 2,000
2,000

2,000
2,000
2,000

$1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000

00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00

1,000 00

a1

$5,000 00

18,000 00

$26,000 00

$49,000 00

42 MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. [Feb.

Amount brought up,
Franklin Haven, .
Ozias Goodwin,
William T. Andrews, .
P. C. Brooks, .
B. G. Boardman,
Josiah Quincy,
Mrs. Elijah Loring, .
F. Skinner, ;
John L. Gardner,
Samuel A. Appleton,
Miss Sara Greene,
Miss Mary Wigglesworth,
William S. Bullard,
Paschal P. Pope,
Joseph Whitney,
George B. Sargent, .
Thomas B. Wales,
Jeffrey Richardson, .
Miss Abby M. Loring, .
E. A.& W. Winchester, .
George F. Parkman,
Mrs. G. H. Shaw,
C. M. Warren (N. Y.),
Miss Ann Wigglesworth, .

Henry Grew, :

B. D. Greene, . : ;
““N. N.,” by James Lawrence,
Edward Wigglesworth,

Mrs. R. G. Shaw,

J. C. Howe,
Edward Everett, .
James Davis, Jr.,
J. W. Trull,
James Parker, .

Amounts carried forward,

. 3800 00

$49,000 00
$500 00
500 00
500 00
500 00
500 00
500 00
* 500 00
500 00
500 00
500 00
500 00
500 00
500 00
500 00
500 00
500 00
500 00
500 00
500 00
500 00
500 00
500 00
500 00
500 00

—._—__ (19,000 Oia

$300 00
300 00
300 00
300 00

1,500 00

; : 250 00
$200 00
200 00
200 00
200 00

od

$800 00 $62,750 00

1861.] MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. 43

Amounts brought up, . : : $800 00 $62,750 00

Henry Timmins, ; ; , . 200 00
J. Huntington Wolcott, . : 4 : 200 00
William Amory, . ‘ ; : : . 200 00
Reenee PSs. fe et 200 00
eee Ome. oes eee 4S 2200 OF
George R. Russell, . , : : : 200 00
melted: A Hamm Gro. ls ce ee 200 00 :
———— 2,200 00
Robert C. Winthrop, . : : : . $150 00
Dana, Farrar, & Hyde, . : : ‘ 150 00
J.L. Gorham, . : 4 : : , 150 00
D. G. & W. B. Bacon, 5 : 2 150 00
—_——— 600 00
* Henry Lee, Jr, . . sf ’ j . $100 00
G. T. Bigelow, ‘ : ; : ; 100 00
~ William Evans, . : ; : : : 100 00
HH. EF. Durant), © |. p P : , 100 00
Ezra Lincoln, ; : : ‘ : 100 00
Charles G. Loring, . . . : i : 100 00
_ George Callender, : . : ; f 100 00
J. Amory Davis, . ; : 2 : 100 00
John Stearns, Jr., : : : : : 100 00
T. W. Pierce, . ; ‘ : ; ; 100 00
Larkin, Stackpole, & Co., . : : : 100 00
Mrs. Abby L. Wales, : : : ; 100 00
N.L. Frothingham, . . ; , . 100 00
Fishers & Chapin, . : : , ‘ 100 00
Ree Mihai en. snk OR OO
-.T. Heard,(-. : Pat kd ip ’ : 100 00
J. H. Beale, , ; ‘ ; ; . .” 100-08
Bre Wes. a eh 100 00
Thomas Wigglesworth, ; : ‘ ac RO OU
John J. May, . : ; . ; ‘ 100 00
George Baty Blake, . ‘ : oe LO 09
James Bowdoin Bradlee, . ¢ ‘ é 100 00
Francis Bacon, . . ; : 2 : 100 00

Amounts carried forward, . ; . $2,300 00 $65,550. 00

44 MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE

Amounts brought up,
J. W. Edmands, ‘
Alpheus Hardy, .
John Simmons,
Richard Fletcher,

W. W. Tucker,

_ William H. Swift,
William Minot,

G. H. Kuhn, .
Newell A. Thompson,
Charles Amory, «
Robert Waterston, .
James Guild,

William Perkins,

Miss Mary Ann Wales,
H. Woodman, .

Henry Lee, .

N. Hooper, . ;
J. Theodore Heard,
Daniel Denny,
Jonathan French,
Freeman Allen, ©

S. C. Thwing,

Dr. G. H. Lodge,

R. S. Fay, Jr.,

Henry Cabot, .

Israel Lombard, .

H. Parker, .
Thomas Shimmin,
C. F. Shimmin
John Ware,

U. Crocker, .

J. A. Blanchard,
W. H. Milton,

A, T: Tia:
Prescott & Chapin,

Amounts carried forward,

:
ZOOLOGY. [Feb. —

. $2,300 00 $65,550 00
100 00

100 00

100 00

100 00

100 00

100 00

100 00

100 00

100 00

100 00

100 00

100 00

100 00

100 00

100 00 ’

100 00

100 00

#00 00

100 00

100 00

100 00

100 00

100 00

100 00

100 00

100 00
—— 4,900 00

$50 00
50 00
50 00
50 00
50 00
50 00
50 00
50 00
50 00

. $450 00 $70,450 00

— 1861.) MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. — 45

Amounts brought up, . } . $450 00 $70,450 00
"= N. N.,” : : <a es ae 50 00
Moses Grant, : P ; ; ; : 50 00
G. H. Peters, . : ‘ ; ; , 50 00
Samuel May, . - . ‘ : ; 50 00
650 00
_ Edward King (N. Y.),_ . , 4 ine . : ; 25 00
Total® *: . ; . ! ae dag . $71,125 00

[B.]

To the Trustees of the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy in Cambridge : —

Mr. PRESIDENT AND GENTLEMEN, — When I appeared last spring
before a Joint Committee of the House and Senate, to solicit State aid
in ‘behalf of a Museum of Comparative Zodlogy, I mentioned incident-
ally that it was my intention to present to such an institution, after
it should have been founded, whatever collections I may myself pos-
sess, that could be acceptable for its increase.

It is now my desire formally to fulfil that engagement.

Allow me to state in this connection, that since 1852, when the
collections I had made up to that time were secured for the Univer-
sity by a subscription raised among citizens of Boston, I have taken
charge of these specimens, and cared for their safe preservation by
providing for jars, alcohol, and the other means of keeping them in a
good condition, and also largely increased the collection by securing,
at my private expense, as many more specimens as I could up to last
year, when the Corporation, of Harvard College began to aid me by a
monthly allowance, until the movement was set on foot which has
ended in the establishment of the institution now in course of
operation.

’ What I now offer to you for acceptance, is the collection I have made
since 1852, and any claim I may have upon the Museum for the care
of that part of the collection secured at that time for the University.
The sums I have paid in cash for making these additions to the
Museum, including the expenses for preserving the specimens belong-
ing to the University, amount to $10,000, not counting my travelling

46 MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. [Feb..

expenses when making excursions and longer journeys for the purpose
of gathering specimens.

I hope, Mr. President and Gentlemen, you will accept this contri- —

bution to the Museum from a student of Nature who feels deeply
grateful for all that you are doing for the advancement of his favorite
science.

Please, Mr. President and Gentlemen, to accept the assurance of
my highest regard, and of my entire devotion to our scientific insti-

tutions.
L. AGASssIz.
CAMBRIDGE, October 24, 1859.

Boston, January 25, 1860.

The Committee to whom at the meeting of the Board of Trustees,
November 10, 1859, was referred the communication of Professor
Louis Agassiz, dated October 24, by which he offered, as a dona-
tion to the Museum, all his collections in Zodlogy made since 1852,
respectfully report the form of a letter to him, which, they propose,
should be signed by the members of this Board, individually, and
then transmitted to its address by the President, acknowledging and

accepting the munificent gift.
. Gro. TICKNOR.

JACOB BIGELOW.
S. Hooper.

COMMONWEALTH OF MASSACHUSETTS.

Boston, January 25, 1860.

To Louis Agassiz, Professor of Zoilogy and Geology in the Lawrence
Scientific School, Harvard College : —

Sir, — The subscribers, Trustees of the Museum of Comparative
Zodlogy, at their last meeting, received from you a communication,
offering as a donation to the Museum all the collections you have
made in zodlogy since the year 1852. This gift they gratefully ac-
cept. In so doing, however, they desire to express their conviction
that, while the sum of ten thousand dollars, by which in general
terms you describe the cost to yourself of these collections, is un-

1861.] MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. 47

'doubtedly much below the sum you have thus expended, still they
are sensible that the importance of what you have now so freely con-
tributed to the cause of science is to be measured by no such modes
of computation. For, they are aware, that to you personally — to your
genius, your love of science, your courage and disinterestedness — the
original establishment of the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy is due
more than to any other cause whatever, or to all other causes united.
They are aware that you have personally given what they believe
will prove a decisive and guiding impulse to the study of Natural
History in these United States. They therefore cannot accept your
munificent gift without remembering that, whatever may have been
its pecuniary’cost, your character and services have imparted to it
much the largest portion of its great and acknowledged value. Neither
can they omit to express their earnest hope not only that you may
long live to enjoy and sustain the institution which you have founded,
but that future generations, mindful of what they owe you, may, with
equal fidelity, carry on the work you have begun with so much energy
and success. |
We remain very faithfully your friends,

NatTHANIEL P. Banks,
Governor of the Commonwealth.

ELIPHALET TRASK,
Lneutenant-Governor.

CHaruLes A. PHELPS,
President of the Senate.

JoHun A. Goopwin,
Speaker of the House of Representatives.

GEORGE S. BouTWELL,
Secretary of the Board of Education.

LEMUEL SHAW,
Chief Justice of the Supreme Judicial Court.

WiuiamM Gray.

Jacos BigELow.

James WALKER,

GrEoRGE TICKNOR.

NATHANIEL THAYER.

S. Hooprr.

SamMugeL G, Warp.

JAMES LAWRENCE.

48 MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. [Feb.

[C.]
REPORT

Of the Director of the Museum of Comparative Zoilogy, for the year
1859, presented to the Board of Trustees in January, 1860.

THE Museum of Comparative Zodlogy is now organized in such a
manner, that its rapid increase may be considered as secure. The
time when it may rank with the largest establishments of the kind
now in existence will depend solely upon the amount of money that
can be annually appropriated for its increase. Its resources consist
at present in the income from the Gray Fund, the grant of the State,
and the capital secured by subscription during the past year, part of
which has been spent in the new building, now nearly completed, and
in the purchase of several important collections.

Among the means best adapted to raise the Museum to the first
rank among similar institutions, I would point out, as the most prac-
ticable, the purchase of all the private collections that may be for
sale, which contain the labors of distinguished naturalists during a
lifetime. Next to this, I would recommend the publication, in a suit-
able form, of all the investigations that are now making in the
Museum. x

There are now, besides myself, nineteen individuals connected with

the Museum, whose work I am daily directing, superintending, and

revising, and the amount of materials accumulated and arranged
during the past year is truly astonishing. I doubt whether any
Museum has received, during the last twelve months, as large acces-
sions @ ours; and I am satisfied, that if the means are provided to
make known all that is new to science in these large stores, our
Museum will very soon be ranked among those that contribute most
largely to the progress of science, as I know it already deserves a
place among those in which most work is done. With two exceptions
_ only, all the individuals now connected with the scientific work of the
Museum are either students or graduates of the Scientific School ;
and it is but justice to them to say, that I daily receive essential
assistance from their co-operation.

en

1861.] MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. 49

Work done in the Museum.

There has been some interruption in the regular employment of
those connected with the Museum, arising partly from my absence in
Europe, and partly from the loss of time necessarily spent in the
removal of the collections to the new building, a work in which all the
students have united with the most hearty good-will. Nevertheless,
special investigations have been made as before, by all those who were
sufficiently advanced to carry them on.

_ Mr. James M. Barnard has devoted some time to the stud of the

Echinoderms, especially those brought home by the North Pacific

Exploring Expedition. Mr. Clark has made a special study of the
Medusz and their embryology. Mr. Cooke has studied the families of
Paguride and Squillide among the Crustacea, and has made a special
trip to Para, for the purpose of collecting the animals of that region.
Mr. Foley has been occupied in investigations relative to the domesti-
cated animals. Mr. Hyatt has made a study of the Unionide, and in
connection with his investigations, has visited the Kentucky River, for
the purpose of identifying, if possible, the species described by Rafi-
nesque from that region, and also to study living specimens of a much
greater number of species than could be obtained in Cambridge. Mr.
Hyatt has also studied the fossil Brachiopods in relation to the living
types of that order. Mr. Lyman has been engaged in preparing a
monograph of the Ophiuride, which is now nearly ready for publica-
tion. Mr. Morse has given his attention principally to the Bryozoa,
and to several other groups of Mollusks. Mr. Ordway has arranged
the Crustacea, and studied especially several families of that class.
Mr. Putnam has been occupied in arranging the collection of Fishes,
and in the special study of the Etheostomoids and the Balistide. Mr.
Scudder has spent the year in a special study of the family of Scie-
-noids among the Fishes, and in the collection and study of Insects
injurious to vegetation, in connection with the third edition of Harris’s
work, about to be published by the State, under the general superin-
tendence of the Secretary of the Board of Agriculture. Mr. Shaler,
during the greater part of the year, has been studying the general
relations of the Vertebrates as shown by the skeleton, and has com-
menced a special study of the family of Pleuronectide in the class of
Fishes. Mr. Verrill has arranged the corals, and has made a special

4

50 MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. [Feb.

study of the Embryology of the class of Birds. To aid in the latter
purpose, he passed the summer on the island of Grand. Menan. Dr.
Wheatland has studied the Siluridse with especial reference to their
anatomy, and also for the purpose of preparing a monograph upon
that family of Fishes.

Special Faune.

Under this head I propose to give a short statement of the larger
and special collections received during the past year, from different
parts of the world.

EAST INDIES.

Captain W. H. A. Putnam, of the ship Andes of Boston, has made for
the Museum special collections of great importance at Singapore, Pe-
nang, and the island of Ceylon. At Colombo, he procured about 275
specimens of fishes, 25 of reptiles, 3 of birds, 2 of insects, 18 of crus-
tacea, 8 of mollusks. At Singapore, 200 specimens of fishes, 2 of rep-
tiles, 2 of birds, 12 of mollusks, and 250 of crustacea. At Penang,
100 specimens of fishes, 27 of reptiles, 100 of crustacea, and 2 living
pigeons. In the Straits of Malacca, 650 specimens of coral, and 100 of
gorgonia. This collection is of the greatest value, especially for this
country, where so few specimens from the East Indies have thus far
been obtained. Too much praise cannot be given to Captain Putnam
for the manner in which he made this large collection during the short
time he remained near the shore. I take pleasure in adding that
Captain Putnam is now upon another voyage to the East Indies,
prepared with three times the number of cans he had upon his last
voyage, which he is confident of filling.

FAYAL,

Miss O. Dabney, of Fayal, has presented to the Museum a large -
number of specimens from all classes of the animal kingdom, which
she has collected on the islands of Fayal and Pico. These are of
great value, as showing that the Fauna of Fayal nearly approaches
that of Europe and the Mediterranean. To Captain Edward Burke,
of the bark Azor, we are indebted for his kindness in taking care
of this collection free of charge.

~ 1861.] MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. 51

SANDWICH ISLANDS.

The Museum has, by the aid and liberality of Mr. James M. Bar-
nard, been able to employ Mr. A. Garrett at the Sandwich Islands, for
the last two years, in making as complete a collection as possible
of the animals of that group of islands. He has forwarded to the
Museum a vast number of specimens of all classes of the animal
kingdom. This gentleman possesses great skill in the art of collect-
ing, and has added very much to the value of his collections by the
admirable colored drawings he has made from life of the different
animals he has collected. His long residence in the islands has well
" qualified him for his task.

SOUTH AMERICA.

Captain Samuel G. Brooks, through Mr. James M. Barnard, has
made a special collection of Fishes on the Rio Grande, which have
proved very rich in Characini and Siluride. Mr. Caleb Cooke has
just returned from a trip to Para, in Brazil, and has presented to the
Museum a number of specimens of fishes, reptiles, and crustacea ; but
owing to his being there in the dry season, he was unable to procure
as many specimens as he would have done had his visit been earlier.

WEST INDIES.

From Dr. D. F. Weinland, the Museum has purchased the large
collection made by him at the island of Hayti. We have also received
a large number of Haytian specimens from Mr. Edward Habich of
Boston, and Mr. Albert Hilchenbach, U. 8. Consul at Gonaives. Lieut.
Samuel R. Knox, U.S. N., has presented to the Museum a large num-
ber of Fishes, Reptiles, and Mollusks, from the island of Sombrero.

GRAND MENAN ISLAND.
Mr. A. E. Verrill has visited Grand Menan to collect eggs of birds
; for embryological study. In this he was very successful, having pro-
cured more than 2,000 eggs, of many species, in every stage of
development. As he spent the whole summer on this island, he also

obtained numerous specimens from all the classes of the animal king-
“dom, and prepared a large number of very fine skeletons of birds and
fishes, by placing the fresh specimens under sea-weed near low-water

52 MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. [Feb.

mark, where, in one or two tides, they were converted into the most 7
perfect skeletons by the many small crustacea which are very nu-— |
merous at that place.

PACIFIC COAST OF AMERICA,

From the region included between the Gulf of Georgia and Panama,
we have received very large and most valuable collections from Mr. |
T. G. Cary, of San Francisco ; from Capt. Watkins, of Panama, and 1)
Alex. A. R. Agassiz, of the United States Coast Survey. To Mr. Cary
the Museum is indebted for a great many thousand fishes, reptiles,
mollusks, crustacea, and echinoderms from San Francisco Bay, which |
he has collected himself during several successive years. It is, indeed, |
to his exertions chiefly that our Museum is indebted for the magnifi- |
cent collection of specimens it.now possesses from California. From |)
Capt. Watkins we have received a number of very rare and new spe- |
cies of fishes, taken in the Bay of Panama. Mr. A. Agassiz has been |
able to procure a great number of specimens of all classes of animals
from the Gulf of Georgia, and along the Pacific coast of Mexico, and
has presented the first corals that we have received from the Western
Coast of America. He has also been very successful in preserving:
specimens of méduse in alcohol.

Mr. Cary and Mr. Agassiz, among their other specimens, have sent |
us several thousand of the viviparous fishes of the Western Coast. In
connection with these collections, we take pleasure in acknowledging the
liberality of Messrs. Wells, Fargo, & Co., and of the Pacific Mail Com-
pany, who have forwarded these large collections to Cambridge free
of charge.

KENTUCKY RIVER.

Mr. A. Hyatt spent the summer months very successfully on the
Kentucky River, for the purpose of collecting and studying the Unios
of that region, several thousand specimens of which, in alcohol, he has
presented to the Museum. Mr. Hyatt also devoted much time to ||
other departments of Zoélogy, and has presented the valuable results )
of his labors to the Museum. :

To the large collections made on the Kentucky River he has added
a large number of the fishes, crustacea, and insects from the Mammoth)
Cave in Kentucky, and also a very large series of fossils from Cincin-
nati and its vicinity.

1861.] MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. — 53

To Dr. Wood of Boston, and Dr. Saunders of Salem, veterinary
surgeons, the Museum is under great obligations for their interest in
the department of the Museum relating to the domesticated animals.
Both of these gentlemen are exerting themselves to secure for us the
animals that die under their charge, and also in obtaining the em-
bryos of our domesticated animals. Dr. Loring of Salem, and Mr.
William Bond of Boston, have also contributed much to this part of —
our collection.

_ I have not thought it desirable in this report to enumerate all the
invoices received by the Museum during this year, as they are too
numerous to be registered here singly. But all the specimens ex-
hibited in.the Museum are provided with a label indicating the name
of the donor or the source whence they were obtained. This kind of
acknowledgment, equally attached to all the specimens received in
former years, is due to the interest shown in our Museum by a large
number of individuals who, having only had the opportunity of secur-
ing a few specimens, have yet taken the trouble of forwarding them,
while at the same time the large contributors, entitled to the same
distinction, may be gratified to find that their donations are dis-
tributed upon almost every shelf throughout the Museum. This plan
has, moreover, the advantage of being public and permanent, while a
report like this is not likely to be read by many. I would, however,
add that the Museum has received specimens by presentations from
one hundred and thirty different persons, and by purchase with the
Gray Fund, from eight others, and by purchase with the Subscription
Fund of 1859, from ten more. The number of boxes and barrels
received amounts to 239.

| L. AGASSIZ.
CAMBRIDGE, 25th January, 1860.

54 MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. [Feb.

[D.]
REPORT

Of the Committee on the Museum, presented to the Board of Trustees
in October, 1860.

By a statement of the Treasurer, dated October 1, 1860, it appears
that there remains in his hands an unexpended balance of two thou-
sand seven hundred and eleven dollars and eleven cents, and a sub-
scription of five hundred dollars not yet collected, because the

gentleman who made it is out of the country. The whole amounts ©

to $3,211.11, and that sum is not only over and above all expenses
heretofore incurred under the orders of this Board, but over and

above all appropriations made by it, which are yet to be satisfied. It —

is therefore a sum of money which remains absolutely at the disposi-
tion of the Trustees, and it is all that so remains. |

On this sum, however, one claim already exists. By the fourth
clause of the Agreement between the President and Fellows of Har-
vard College and the Trustees of the Museum, it is provided, That
the duty of taking care of the buildings and causing them to be kept
in repair shall devolve upon and be vested in the Trustees ; this duty
including, as your Committee understand, heating the premises in
question that need it in winter, and otherwise caring for them, and
protecting the collections they may contain.

Slight repairs, or changes and alterations, have already been needed
and paid for. Others will, in all probability, be required, and reme-
dies may be demanded for imperfections not yet known to exist.

Besides this claim under a contract, other claims may arise, which,
as long as they have resources left at their disposal, the Trustees may
feel hardly less bound to satisfy, — some already foreseen, others prob-
able. The amount remaining in hand is not, however, greater than
will be soon needed, with whatsoever economy it may be adminis-
tered ; and yet the Trustees feel bound to reserve a portion of it, lest .
they should want it to satisfy their contract with the President and
Fellows of the College, before other funds come into their hands.

Under these circumstances, your Committee recommend that no

1861.] MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. 55

further appropriations be made by the Trustees, al for the pur-
poses already indicated, until from some other source they receive the
needful means ; and they believe that none can be made from any
source now known to them, before the first of November, eighteen
hundred and sixty-one.

The Committee further desire to express their earnest hope that
the munificent grant from the public treasury of the Commonwealth
may be funded, so that its income. only shall be spent from year to
year. The reason is obvious. Without a sufficient and regular in-
come, any such institution as the Museum must soon fail to keep up
with the progress of knowledge or fulfil the great and beneficent pur-
poses for which it was founded.

Your Committee do not make these suggestions without regret.

*But the duty seems imperative. Nothing, perhaps, would be more
injurious to the interests which it is the especial office of the Trustees
to protect, than a debt, and your Committee hope that the Trustees
will never contract or sanction one.

But while your Committee do not wish to conceal the fact that the
funds at the disposition of the Trustees are nearly exhausted, or their
trust that a debt will never be created, they, at the same time, wish
to have it understood, that, in their judgment, whatever has been
done with the moneys heretofore appropriated by the Trustees, has
been done substantially and with good economy, and that not a dollar
has been spent, except for the precise purposes contemplated and
specified by the liberal donors of the fund. The building, which was
the main object of their contributions, has been erected in the most
solid and satisfactory manner, at less than the first appropriation
made for it, and is now found so well fitted for its purposes, that
Professor Agassiz, after his recent examination of the principal Mu-
seums in Europe, declares that he would not alter it in any respect,
if he could do so by a wish. The ample cases that line the rooms,
and the tables and other articles of furniture, have also been bought,
thus far, for less than the original appropriation, and are as satisfac-
tory to him as the building is. And all the great collections in
Zodlogy and Paleontology which have been so generously presented
by Professor Agassiz himself, or obtained by his exertions and influ-
ence from other sources, have been systematically arranged and

56 MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. [Feb.
>

labelled ; and, So far as room has been provided for them, they are
now all in sciengific order, and about to be opened, at all times, to
every citizen of the Commonwealth, free of charge. Even the large
remainder, which cannot be exhibited and employed for the purposes
of instruction, have yet all been carefully examined and prepared for
use, and are all classified and labelled ; and, so far as an excellent
fire-proof building can do it, they are all now, like the rest of the col-
lections, placed beyond the reach of injury by fire.

This, however, is the whole that it has thus far been possible to do
in order to establish and constitute a Museum ; and your Committee

. desire, as an act of justice, to add, that it has all been done under the
advice and superintendence of Professor Agassiz himself, and that to
his unwearied labors, and those of the corps of excellent and zealous
assistants whom he has trained and directed, is due the possibility of.
opening the Museum to the public, for purposes of instruction, in the
extraordinarily short space of seventeen months from the day when
the first sod for its foundation was, under the happiest auspices,
turned by the governor of the Commonwealth.

But although much more has been done than the Trustees, or, it is
believed, any of the friends of the institution originally supposed could
be done in so short a time, and with the means afforded to do jt, still it
is plain that only a fraction of the work contemplated has been accom-
plished, just as it is plain that only a fraction of the building designed
for a Museum has yet been erected. Specimens, equal at least in
number to those which are already arranged, and certainly of not less
scientific value and significance, are packed away in boxes and casks ;
all, indeed, examined and prepared, all scientifically classed and la-
belled, but all crowded into the cellars and attic of the present build-
ing, and useless for purposes of instruction, from want of means and
room to exhibit and explain them. The various expenses of the insti-
tution, including salaries, have been going on since the first of Sep-
tember, without any appropriation to defray them, and have been
met by the private resources of Professor Agassiz. The institution,
in fact, since that date, has been left to depend on his personal exer-

tions and self-sacrificing spirit ; and even if the income from the State

grant were at this moment available, — which it cannot be until after

August next, when the first instalment of it will be payable, welt

1861.] MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. oT

would neither erect the building that is wanted, nor furnish the ma-
terials now needed to preserve and exhibit the specimens to be placed
in it, ‘nor make the institution generally what from the first it was
designed to be ; purposes for which the resources of Mr. Gray’s Fund
are equally inadequate, since no part of them can be appropriated
either to buildings or to salaries.

That such a public and important institution Snail not to be thus
left on the shoulders of one man — and one, too, who possesses only
what he earns by scientific labors which few men can perform, and
no other man would perform for such a purpose—is plain. That
even he cannot long bear its burden is equally plain. Your Commit-
tee would gladly suggest a speedy remedy for this state of things, if
they could. But they cannot. The obvious one of a fresh appeal to
_ the liberality of the Commonwealth or of individuals, they conceive

would be unwise and vain, —if not, on other grounds, unjustifiable, —
since the appeal so recently made has been answered with such
promptness and munificence. Still they do not despair. They do
not believe that an undertaking so great, and so intimately connected
with the public instruction and the general advancement of this com-
munity, will fail of its end for want of means to reach it. The pros-
perity of the country and the acknowledged perception of its position
relatively to the other civilized countries of the world forbid such fears.
The result of the whole matter, therefore, as it now stands, is :—
that on the thirteenth day of November the Trustees are to open for
the public service, a Museum of Comparative Zoology in Cambridge,
—already raised so as to be the ninth or tenth in the world, which
has been begun and thus far successfully carried on with the’ purpose,
always distinctly announced, of raising it higher and higher, until
the Natural History of the United States shall be placed on a basis so
Independent, that its students shall no longer be sent abroad to be
educated ; nor its specimens to be examined, compared, and arranged ;
nor the papers of its ablest investigators to be appreciated and judged ;
but that we shall have schools of our own, collections of our own,
and our own scientific peerage. It is believed that the time for this
‘change has come, and that it can be carried through by Institutions
sufficient to render those who devote themselves to the pursuit of
science, independent of the great institutions of Europe, and that it
can be carried through in no other way.

58 MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. [Feb.

So great a cause your Committee do not believe is destined to fail ;
and in this persuasion, they submit it to the consideration of the wise,
the prosperous, and the patriotic of their countrymen.

In conformity with the recommendations in the preceding report,
your Committee subjoin two resolutions for the action of the Trustees.

All which is respectfully submitted,
GroRGE TICKNOR.
JacoB BIGELOW:
WituiaM GRAY. ~
Counci, CHAMBER, Boston, October 31, 1860.

First. Resolved, That the Treasurer of this Corporation pay the
written drafts of the Faculty of the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy,
as they may, from time to time, be duly certified to him, to an amount
not exceeding in the aggregate two thousand two hundred dollars, to
be expended under the direction of the same Faculty for repairs and
care of the Buildings, including fuel, and for current expenses, until
November the first, 1861 ; ; previously to which date no further appro-
priation whatever, on ibeokttn of the Museum, can be made by this
Board.

Second. Whereas, The first instalment of the grant by the Com-
monwealth to the Trustees of the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy
will be payable on the first day of August next :

And whereas, The Trustees regard the disposition of this bounty of
the State with peculiar interest and solicitude, and believe that the
growth and permanent prosperity of the Museum will depend, in a
_ large measure, upon the use which is made of that bounty :

And whereas, The Trustees have a deep conviction that no such
Institution can live and thrive without a constant annual income for
its support and increase ; and that, without the guaranty of its con-
tinued usefulness which such income would give, no large donations
from the liberal and wise can be looked for: Therefore,

Be it Resolved, unanimously, by this Board, that the whole amount
of the principal of the grant by the Commonwealth shall be invested,

from time to time, when received, under the direction of the Com?

mittee on Finance, and the same shall remain and continue a Per-
manent Fund, and that the income only ‘of such Fund shall be
expended.

1861.] MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. 59

[E. ]
REPORT

Of the Director of the Museum of Comparatiwe Zovlogy, for the Year.
1860, submitted to the Board of Trustees at their Meeting of January
30th, 1861.

GENTLEMEN, — Your Committees on Finance and on the Museum
have lately made you acquainted with the general condition of our
institution. It remains for me now to inform you of what has been
done in the Museum to advance its arrangement, to preserve its con-
tents, to increase its collections, and to render it as useful as possible
to special students of Natural History, to the students of the Univer-
sity generally, and to the public at large.

From the statements made on the day of the Inauguration of the
Museum, you already know that the collections are so far arranged as
to have been rendered accessible to the public in all the rooms which,
in the building thus far erected, are destined to their exhibition.
Since the Museum has been opened to the public, however, much has
been done to render the specimens more instructive, by labelling as
many of them as could be furnished with labels during this time,
and this work will go on steadily and bere woot ou till the whole
is accurately labelled.

As I consider the most careful criticism in identifying the specimens
indispensable, and since the character of the Museum as a scientific
establishment will depend chiefly upon the care bestowed on this part
of its arrangement, it is impossible that the labelling should go on as
fast as might be desired by those who would only seek for general in-
formation in visiting the establishment. In order, however, to meet
all reasonable expectations, I shall do my best to have provisional

’ labels attached to those specimens of which the critical identification
would require too much time at the present moment.

The work which has to be done in this arrangement is very varied,
the specimens passing through many hands before they can be prop-
erly exhibited. That I may do justice to all those who have been
connected with me in this work, allow me to state briefly what has

been the share of each.

60 MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. [Feb.

In order to give precision to every part of the work in the Museum,
it has been so divided that while the students receive general instruc-
tion in all the branches of Zodlogy, every individual temporarily con-
nected with the institution is intrusted with the care of some special
department, in which he may acquire the most minute information,
frequently exceeding that which I may have myself, while I constantly
superintend all the operations in such a manner as to lead to a gen-
eral, systematic result. The Vertebrates have been put in order by Mr.
Putnam, Mr. Verrill, and Mr. Foley ; the Articulates by Mr. Scudder,
Mr. Ordway, and my son, A. Agassiz ; the Mollusks by Mr. Hyatt, Mr.
Morse, and Mr. Shaler; the Radiates by Mr. Lyman, Mr. Verrill, and
my son ; while Mr. Clark has taken care of the embryological prepara-
tions. Mr. Hansen has been employed in the work, labelling and
hunting up the references for labelling; Mr. Gugenheim has been
chiefly engaged in making skeletons, and for a few months past I
have obtained the assistance of Mr. Bartlett in the arrangement of
our land and fresh-water shells. There are three new-comers in the
establishment who have not yet taken a definite part in the arrange-
ment of the collection. Although only a part of their work is thus
far on exhibition, I have derived essential assistance for the future
improvement of the Museum from the untiring and faithful exertions
of Mr. Glen in making minute preparations to illustrate the structure
of the hard parts of animals, and from the skill with which Mr. Burk-
hardt is preparing diagrams for the illustration of those soft parts
which cannot be satisfactorily preserved for exhibition.

I may add also that my son is intrusted with the care and distribu-
tion of the specimens received and with the Ma en oa ae of the
current business.

And now, gentlemen, let me state that, unless this corps of workers,
which consists, with the exception of one or two volunteers, of young
men who have to work for their daily bread, can be retained in their
present connection with the Museum, our establishment must neces-
sarily come to a stand-still, and yet you are aware that at our last
business meeting, it was ascertained that there are no means on hand
to meet these exigencies. For the present, three of our young men
are provided for by the liberality of a member of this board, and a
salary for the agent of the Museum has been secured by another

1861.] MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. 61

friend of the institution. But there remain eight faithful and hard
workers for whom no provision is made.

I have cheerfully coincided with the measures taken at our last
meeting to secure the permanence of our Museum by funding its
present resources, and to establish it permanently on a foundation
which in future years will render its operations easy. But I deem it
my duty now to inform you of the deplorable condition in which those
measures have left me for the present, hoping that your wisdom may
find means to relieve me as far as possible from the burden I have
assumed, for the present, of carrying on the whole work of the estab-
lishment with my own means. I have done this, unwilling to renounce
the hope of completing the work we have begun, and fearing that if
the thread were once broken, out of which all this scientific activity
has been woven, it might never be knit together again. To prevent
the suspension of the work was for me a necessity that you will easily
‘appreciate. The operations through which the Museum can be en-
larged, require, like all extensive industrial enterprises, a, long prepa-
ration, and can only be matured by a slow progress. Before the
funding of the State grant was contemplated, I had laid out arrange-
ments with Naturalists in all parts of the world, with the principal
Museums of Europe, and with individuals deeply interested in some
specialty of Natural History, to obtain from them collections by ex-
changes and otherwise, with a view to the rapid increase of our
Museum. ‘These applications have been very liberally answered. I
have actually received most valuable collections, and others are on
their way to Cambridge, for which no other returns are expected
except duplicates from our stores, and these returns must be made,
whatever may be the sacrifices forced upon me to render these stores
freely accessible. But here lies the difficulty of the case. The most

valuable things I ae to give are among the alcoholic specimens
which are not yet assorted, or which, if assorted, are not yet divided
off in such a manner as to enable me to dispose of that which it is not
necessary to retain as part of our collection. To make the case per-
fectly clear, allow me to enter into some details. When an invoice
of specimens is received, the first step is to unpack them, ascer-
tain their state of preservation, and divide them according to the
classes to which they belong, so that each assistant may incorpo-

62 MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. [Feb.

rate into the general collection the specimens belonging to his de-
partment. Now the amount of specimens thus far arranged and
ready for incorporation and exhibition is already so large that, upon a
rough estimate, I suppose it will require $12,000 to separate the du-
plicates from the specimens which ought to be retained for the collec-
tion, and to put up the latter. All these specimens are safe for the
moment in their present condition. Yet it would not be advisable to
allow them to remain in their crowded state for another year ; it is
true they may stand such a delay, but it is also very probable that
they would suffer from it. But this is not the worst. There are
large numbers of packages which have not yet received even this first
care, and the condition of which I have not even been able to ascer-
tain from want of the necessary supplies. Upon an approximate
estimation I would say, that, to provide for these, an outlay of from
three tiousand five hundred to four thousand dollars would be neces-
sary. I doubt whether any Museum has received in the same time
so large and such important accessions as ours, and if the means could
be obtained for a proper disposition of all these treasures, such a step
would have been made towards raising our Museum above the con-
dition of others, that I have no doubt we could confidently look to
the consummation of all our hopes in making this Museum one of the
greatest in existence.

I am perfectly aware that this is not the time to make an appeal
to the community for support. I will therefore not mention that,
when these specimens are taken care of, it will sooner or later be indis-
pensable to enlarge our building in order to exhibit them ; I will not
say that the amount of materials fit for publication which has been
accumulating in the Museum would make volumes equal in scientific
importance to any published by the learned societies or the govern-
ments of Europe. Time and the degree f interest shown by the
whole community in our undertaking must decide the fate of these
matters. But the perilous condition of part of the collection, if it
should be allowed to remain for an indefinite time in its present state,
is the point to which I felt bound to call your attention on this occa-
sion. .

Additions to the Museum during the past Year.

After these general remarks, allow me to submit to you more espe-

1861.] MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. 63

cially the account of the accessions to the Museum during the year
1860.

To the class of Mammalia, 280 specimens, representing 138 spe- —
cies, have been added, mostly from the Northeastern States and from
California.

To the class of Birds, 1,836 specimens, representing 900 species,
have been added, among which is a magnificent collection from Van
Diemen’s Land, presented by Mr. William Robertson of Hobart Town.
The other accessions to this class are chiefly alcoholic specimens ; but
though still small, our collection of birds has already a great scien-
tific value from the fact that it probably contains more alcoholic speci-
mens, and no doubt a much larger number of young birds, than any
other collection in existence.

To the class of Reptiles, about 1,100 specimens, representing 175
spécies, have been added, among which the most interesting were pre-
sented by Messrs. Cutting and Butler of the Aquarial Gardens in
Boston, and others collected in California and the East Indies by my
son and Captain Putnam.

To the class of Fishes, 9,000 ail isi representing about 1,420
species, have been added; so that at this moment our collection
numbers about 4,000 species, to which must be added nearly a thou-
sand specimens of fossil fishes recently purchased from the Gray
Fund. The most interesting additions of living fishes consist of those
collected at the Sandwich Islands by Mr. Garret, along our west coast
by my son, at Pernambuco by Captain Brooks, at Zanzibar by Mr
_ George A. Cheney, at Fayal by Miss O. Dabney, in Liberia by Mon-
sieur Duchailleux, at Hayti by our Consul, Mr. A. Hilchenbach, at
Key West by Dr. Holder, in the East Indies by Captain W. H. A.
Putnam, at Hobart Town, Van Diemen’s Land, by Mr. William Rob-
ertson, in the Saskatchawan River and Lake Winnipeg by Mr. S. H.
Scudder, at Panama by Captain Watkins, and in the Uruguay and
Paraguay Rivers by Professor J. Wyman, not to speak of many minor
contributions. The most extensive of these additions are those from
the Pacific Ocean, collected by Mr. Garret and my son, from the East
Indies by Captain Putnam, and from Tasmania by Mr. Robertson.

_ To the class of Insects have been added 19,853 specimens, repre-
senting 4,000 species, belonging to all the orders of the class. The most

64 MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. [Feb.

valuable of these additions are the collection of European insects
purchased from Dr. Imhoff with the Gray Fund, the insects of Cali-
fornia, Acapulco, and Panama, collected by my son, and the collection
made on the Saskatchawan River by Mr. Scudder, and also the
insects collected at Woburn by Mr. Shute, and in Maryland by
Mr. R. Stratton.

To the class of Crustacea, 3,641 specimens have been added, repre-
senting 496 species, the most important of which are those collected
at the Sandwich Islands by Mr. Garret, at Hobart Town by Mr. Rob-
ertson, on the Pacific Coast of North America by my son, and in
Florida by Mr. Theodore Lyman.

Since the representatives of the class of Annelids and Helminths
have not yet been arranged at all, I am unable to say what additions
have been made to these classes. _

The Mollusks have received extraordinary additions amounting to
not less than 50,000 specimens, representing 3,000 species at least.
An invaluable addition consists of a large collection presented by the
Smithsonian Institution, besides a-large collection purchased from Mr.
John Bartlett, and another from Mr. E. 8. Morse, and also the speci-
mens collected by my son on the west coast of North America, and
at the Sandwich Islands by Mr. Garret.

The class of Echinoderms has been increased by 3,500 specimens,
representing 92 species, the most valuable being those collected at
Acapulco by Mr. Van Brunt, at Zanzibar by Mr. Cheney, at Fayal by
Miss Dabney, at the Sandwich Islands by Mr. Garret, and on the west
coast. of our continent by my son, besides which very valuable speci-
mens have been collected on our own coast by the students of the
Museum. By exchange we have also obtained very important types
of this class from the Museum at Copenhagen, and from the Smith-
sonian Institution.

To the class of Corals have been added 9,130 specimens, represent-
ing 666 species. The most extensive addition to this class is a collec-
tion of fossil corals bought with the Gray Fund, next to this, the
collection of corals from the East Indies by Captain Putnam, and
_besides these, the specimens collected by my son on the Pacific Coast.
I may add that Mr. T. G. Cary of San Francisco has largely contrib-
uted to the invoices made by my son, from the Pacific Ocean, and
that there is still unopened a large invoice from him.

a

1861.] MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. 65

As a matter of scientific interest, I would state that our collection
of Acalephs would surprise most naturalists, who, under the belief
that Medusz cannot be preserved, have neglected to collect them.
There is quite a variety of them in our Museum, in a very satisfactory
state of preservation; some of which were received from the East
Indies, through Captain Putnam, and others from the Pacific Coast,
through my son.

From the foregoing enumeration, it appears that during the past
year not less than 91,000 specimens, representing 10,884 species, have
been added to the Museum; and this number is probably to be
increased when the packages only partially examined shall have
received the proper attention.

This is certainly a great result, the importance of which may be
appreciated if I state that less than a century ago, when Linnzus pub-
lished the twelfth edition of his Systema Nature, the whole number
of animals then known by him, from all parts of the world, did not
amount to 8,000.

In this connection I would mention that the scientific value of the
work done in the Museum, with the view of identifying and labelling
the specimens, is as great as that of the specimens themselves, and
that nothing could more enhance the scientific importance of the
establishment itself in the eyes of the scientific world, than the pub-
lication of an illustrated catalogue of its contents, with systematic
descriptions of the new species. ‘The number of drawings made from
fresh specimens, by those who have collected them, is so great, and of
such scientific value, that if they could be published also, they would
no doubt be considered as among the most important contributions to
science.

A few remarks upon the policy I have followed in the management
of the Museum may not be out of place in this Report.

Considering that the Gray donation was made with the special object
of founding a Museum of Comparative Zodlogy at Cambridge, I have
thought it my duty at all times to devote the resources derived from
that Fund to the enlargement of the collections ; for it is by reserving
in that way to a special object our resources as they are increasing

that we may also hope to attain our object and found a great Museum.
5

66 MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY, [ Feb.

To accomplish this aim, it is indispensable to explore such parts of
the world as have not yet been scientifically surveyed. But as I do
not feel justified in applying means which have been appropriated for
more special purposes to such explorations, I should have been unable
to accomplish anything in that direction but for the liberal assistance
of Mr. James M. Barnard, who has generously advanced the means for
this object, with no other prospect than that of aiding the Museum
through its infancy, until the time may come when provision may be
made for such expenditures.

Considered as an Educational Institution, the Museum has yielded
all that could be expected of it. Since the day of the Inauguration,
when it was opened to the public, we have had large numbers of
visitors, and I confess I have been surprised to see how large & pro-
portion of them are evidently examining the specimens with interest
and intelligence, and not vaguely gazing at the cases. I have often
wished on this account that it were possible, on certain days at least,
to direct the attention of visitors to the most instructive part of the
collection, and to give them some guidance and information. . The
want of a systematic catalogue for this purpose. begins to be heavily
felt. But what cannot be done for casual visitors is done for the
regular students who attend the courses of lectures delivered in the
Museum. These lectures are of two kinds, those for the students of
the Zodlogical department of the Scientific School, and those open to
the undergraduates of Harvard College and to teachers of the State.
It is very gratifying to me to be able to report that the latter class of
hearers has been unexpectedly large, an average of 120 teachers of
both sexes having been present at the course on Geology just con-
cluded. '

The other part of my instruction is given exclusively to the stu-
dents of the Scientific School, who devote themselves especially to the
study of Natural History. The attendance is of course limited in
numbers, fourteen students having been present during the past year.
But the usefulness of the establishment is undoubtedly extending
in the right direction. As evidence of this, I would only mention the
fact that Professors from other Colleges annually attend our courses.

L. AGASSIZ.
CamBrinGE, 30th January, 1861.

1861.] MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. 67

[F.]

TRUSTEES OF THE MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY.
1861.

THE GOVERNOR OF THE COMMONWEALTH,
JOHN A. ANDREW.

THe LIEUTENANT-GOVERNOR,
JOHN Z. GOODRICH.

THE PRESIDENT OF THE SENATE,
WILLIAM CLAFLIN.

THe SPEAKER OF THE HousE OF REPRESENTATIVES,
JOHN A. GOODWIN.

THE SECRETARY OF THE Boarp oF EpvucatTIoN,
| JOSEPH WHITE.

Tue CuHrer JUSTICE OF THE SUPREME JUDICIAL CouRT,
: GEORGE T. BIGELOW.

LOUIS AGASSIZ. WILLIAM GRAY.
JACOB. BIGELOW, NATHANIEL THAYER,
JAMES WALKER, SAMUEL HOOPER,
GEORGE TICKNOR, SAMUEL G. WARD,

JAMES LAWRENCE.

OFFICERS OF THE MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY FOR
-1861.

His Excellency, Joan A. ANDREW, Governor of the Commonwealth,
President.

WILLIAM GRAY, Secretary.

SAMUEL G, Warp, Treasurer.

Louis Acassiz, Director of the Museum.

SAMUEL Hooper, JosEPpH WHITE, NATHANIEL THAYER, JAMES
LAWRENCE, Committee on Finance.

GrorGE Ticknor, Louis Acassiz, JAcoB BigeLow, WILLIAM Gray,
Committee on the Museum.

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