REPORT OF THE UNITED STATES DELEGATION
TO THE
FIRST SESSION
INTERGOVERNMENTAL OCEANOGRAPHIC COMMISSION
PARIS, FRANCE

19 - 27 OCTOBER 1961

Submitted to the Secretary of State

James H. Wakelin, Jr,
Chairman of the Delegation

9 November 1961

Prepared by: Steven N, Anastasion
CDR, USN

en Lee ‘
Reb hh

REPORT OF THE UNITED STATES DELEGATION
HO THE
INTERGOVERNMENTAL OCEANOGRAPHIC COMMISSION

I. BACKGROUND,

The General Conference of the United Nations Educational,
Scientific, and Cultural Organization, at its Eleventh Session
in November 1960 adopted the proposal of the Intergovernmental
Conference on Oceanographic Research, held at Copenhagen from
11 to 16 July 1960, to establish an Intergovernmental
Oceanographic Commission (I0C) within the United Nations
Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO),
The purpose of the Commission, as stated in the UNESCO
resolution, is "to promote scientific investigations with a
view to learning more about the nature and resources of the
oceans, through the concerted action of its members."

The First Session of the Intergovernmental Oceanographic
Commission was convened by the Director-General of UNESCO and
held at the UNESCO Headquarters, Paris, France, from 19 to 27
October 1961. This session, in addition to deciding
organizational matters required for the continuing work of the
Commission, considered substantive programs and other technical
items needed to fulfill the purpose of the Commission,

II. AGENDA,
1, The Provisional Agenda-submitted by the IOC Secretariat

were somewhat extended and modified by the Commission. The
final agenda as adopted are presented in Annex I.

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III. PARTICIPATION.

1. Annexes appended hereto outline participation during
the Commission proceedings as follows:

Annex II: Countries and International Organizations
represented at the First Session of the
IOC, A list of members of some of the
principal delegations is also included,

Annex III: The Delegation of the United States.

Annex IV: The Principal Officers of the IOC during
the First Session,

Annex V: The Principal Working Groups established
for Specific Purposes.

2. In addition to the United States Delegation listed
in Annex III, the following unofficial United States
representation was noted as present and observing part or all
of the proceedings:

Senator Norris Cotton, Senate Commerce Committee.
Senator John Marshall Butler, Senate Commerce Committee.
Congressman John Dingle, Acting Chairman, Committee
on Oceanography of the House Merchant Marine and
Fisheries Committee,

Congressman George Miller, Chairman, House Committee
on Science and Astronautics.

Congressman W. K, Van Pelt, House Merchant Marine
and Fisheries Committee.

Mr. C. F. Ducander, Chief Counsel, House Committee
on Science and Astronautics.

Mr. John M, Drewry, Chief Counsel, House Merchant
Marine and Fisheries Committee.

Mr. Paul Bauer, Special Consultant, House Merchant
Marine and Fisheries Committee,

Mr. Daniel B, Markel, Special Consultant, Senate
Commerce Committee.

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Dr. Dixie Lee Ray, National Science Foundation,

Dr. Adrian F, Richards, Office of Naval Research,
London,

Dr. J. B, Hersey, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.

Rear Admiral Rawson Bennett, USN (Ret.), Consultant
to the Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Research
and Development).

Commander Walter C. Sands, USN, Office of Naval
Research, London,

Commander John A, Davis, USN, Office of Chief of
Naval Operations.

3. Participants from the United States representing
other agencies were;

Dr. M, B, Schaefer, Inter-American Tropical Tuna
Commission (IATTC).

Mr. R. G,. Snider, Special Committee on Oceanic
Research (scor},

Rear Admiral R. W. Knox, International Hydrographic
Bureau (IHB).

IV. WORK OF THE CONFERENCE,

1, The session was opened by M, Rene Maheu, the Acting
Director-General of UNESCO, who welcomed the participants to
this First Session, He reviewed the history leading to the
organization of the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission
and spoke of the need for international action in the study of
the seas, M, Maheu urged recognition of limits of responsi-
bilities as well as the provision of a flexible organizational
procedure which would enhance close cooperation with the World
Meteorological Organization (WMO), Food and Agriculture
Organization (FAO), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA),
and other agencies. Although he commented that the responsi-
bilities of the IOC in its activities must be "purely
oceanographic" research and training, and that the primary
responsibilities of agencies such as WMO, FAO, and IAEA and
others must be recognized, he concluded his opening remarks
by stating to the Commission that "your interests are as wide
as the ocean itself,"

2. M, Maheu continued by suggesting that the Commission
consider the election of a temporary Chairman and two Vice-
Chairmen to serve only during the First Session, The
Commission agreed. Dr. Anton F, Bruun (Denmark) was
unanimously elected as Chairman, Immediately following
Dr, Bruun's assumption of the Chairmanship, Vice Admiral
V. A, Tchekourov (USSR) made a statement deploring the
representation of China by the Taiwan representative and
expressed hope that Communist China would soon have its
rightful place in the United Nations and its specialized
agencies. Dr, Keh Ming Chao (China) pointed out that the
IOC was established by the General Conference of UNESCO, of
which the Republic of China is a member, He stated that the
communist rebellion has neither actual nor legal control of
the seas around China. Dr. Chao then asked that the Chairman
not entertain any such political questions at this session,
There was no further discussion on this point,

3. The Commission then proceeded to the election of the
two Vice-Chairmen, The following were unanimously elected:

Vice Admiral V, A. Tchekourov (USSR )
Dr. William M, Cameron (Canada )
4, Dr. Bruun suggested the formation of a Steering
Committee of eight to assist the Bureau (Chairman and Vice-

Chairmen) during this First Session. The Commission agreed
and unanimously elected the following Steering Committee:

Captain R, H. R. Bagnati (Argentina )

Vice Admiral Sir Archibald Day (UK)

Dr. Gerhard Meseck (Federal Republic
of Germany

Dr, N. K, Panikkar (India)

Dr. Stanislaw Szimborski (Poland)

Mr. Morikuni Toda (Japan)

Dr. J. H. Wakelin, Jr. (USA)

Professor H, Lacombe - Rapporteur (France )

5. The next order of business was consideration of the
provisional Rules of Procedure. After considerable discussion,
Dr. Wakelin (USA) suggested that the Rules of Procedure be
adopted provisionally and that, in consideration of the agenda,
an item be included to provide for such changes as may be
found appropriate as a result of the activities of the First
Session. This suggestion was adopted. The Commission then
proceeded to modify and adopt the agenda for the Session
(Annex I).

6. Discussion in plenary session regarding relationships
between the IOC and other organizations, including advisory
bodies, was lengthy and diverse, After considerable
commentary involving the composition of the Special Committee
on Oceanic Research (SCOR), the nature of an advisory group
on fisheries, the interplay of interests and necessary
cooperation between IOC and other international bodies, and
the role of the Secretariat in these matters, Dr. Bruun
suggested that the Bureau and the Steering Committee meet to
organize a working group to study these problems. Dr. Bruun
subsequently reported that the Steering Committee had
organized Working Group One (Relationship between IOC and
International Organizations, including Fisheries Aspects)
for these purposes (see Annex V). He also stated that the
Steering Committee itself would undertake consideration of
the Rules of Procedure.

7. The next major plenary discussion centered around
the international oceanographic program, and the exchange
of oceanographic data (Items 5 and 6 of the Agenda).
Dr, William Cameron (Canada) suggested that each nation
inform all others, via the Secretariat, of its past and
present programs, as well as its future plans.
Dr. M, B. Schaefer (IATIC) introduced the Program of Study
of the Eastern Tropical Pacific Ocean developed by the
Eastern Pacific Oceanic Conference. Dr. Roger Revelle (USA)
fully described the proposals of the United States and
offered to the Commission for its review and consideration
the United States National Plan for Systematic Investigation
of the Oceans. Dr. Wakelin (USA) proposed that this work of
the Commission go forth in Working Groups. After some
discussion and compromise with the delegation of the USSR,
The Chairman, Dr. Bruun, established two working groups
(Annex V) as follows:

Working Group No, 2 - Cooperative International Program
of Oceanic Investigation,

Working Group No. 3 - Coordination of National Programs,
and Technical Questions.

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Subsequently, the Steering Committee met and elected the
following Chairmen for these working groups:

Working Group No. 2 - Commodore K. P, Ryzhkov (USSR)
Working Group No. 3 - Dr. Roger Revelle (USA)

8. In the plenary discussion of Agenda Item 7,
Standardization and Intercalibration of Methods and Instruments,
Dr. Wooster, Secretary to the IOC, indicated that the Inter-
national Council for the Exploration of the Seas (ICES) had
given considerable attention to some of the problems involved
and has requested UNESCO to organize a small group of scientists
to meet and further explore these problems. Dr. Wooster stated
that UNESCO would probably call together representatives from
ICES, Special Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR), and
International Association of Physical Oceanography (IAPO) for
this purpose,

9. Agenda Item 8, International Oceanographic Vessel
(IOV), was discussed at some length in plenary. Vice Admiral
Tchekourov (USSR) indicated general objection to the IOV
concept, basing his argument in part on the uncertain legal
status of such a vessel under international law, Dr. Wooster,
10C Secretary, indicated that legal studies showed that this
problem was not insurmountable, The main issue, he stated,
was whether such a vessel was actually required, Further
discussion indicated that there was not too much support for
the IOV or for further consideration of it. Captain
de Frigata da Silva (Brazil) stated that no IOV was required
Since Brazil was offering one of her own by inviting aboard
scientists of any nation who wished to participate in its
operations, However, Dr. Panikkar (India) suggested that the
matter not be closed but kept open for further study and
discussion at another session, Dr, Revelle (USA) supported
India by stating that the time did not appear ripe to
consider such an imaginative program. He suggested that the
subject be kept open for discussion at some future session
of the IOC, This view gained general acceptance. The
Chairman, Dr. Bruun, then appointed a special working group
(Annex vj to draft a resolution indicating the sense of the
Commission relative to further considerations of the IOV.

10, The resolutions prepared by the working groups in
response to the Agenda were presented ana discussed in the
plenary session, The Commission adopted the reSvuistions set
forth in Annex VI, These are summarized briefly as follows;

(a)

(d)

(e)

That the members submit to the Secretary

their views on the establishment of scientific
advisory channels to the Commission in all
fields of oceanography, including fisheries,
for consideration at the second session,

That Member States wishing to initiate programs
for cooperative international participation
convene working groups of other interested
members to plan these programs and to insure
that all aspects of oceanographic studies and
publication of findings be fully considered,
Possible international cooperative programs
suggested by various Member States were listed.

That UNESCO be invited to appeal to governments
to establish the career positions and incentives
necessary to attract young people into the
marine sciences,

That the Secretary assume such coordinating
functions with respect to the International
Indian Ocean Expedition as can be worked out

in consultation with SCOR and other appropriate
bodies.

That a world-wide ground-based system of long-
range radio navigation be developed and
established as soon as possible with priority
to be given to these areas for which no aids
are presently available and for which large-
scale oceanographic investigations are planned;
and that the IHB, International Civil Aviation
Organization (ICAO), and Intergovernmental
Maritime Consultative Organization (IMCO) be
requested to cooperate with IOC in development
and establishment of this navigational system.
Other systems such as satellite navigation
should be actively pursued,

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(g)

a)

That the Bureau establish a working group of
experts on radio communications to study and
determine oceanographic radio communication
requirements; the initial report to be ready
for the next study session of the Administrative
Radio Conference.

That fuller use be made of weather ships for
oceanography; that UNESCO, in consultation

with IMCO, take steps to clarify the legal status

of unmanned and manned observing buoys; that
the Bureau, in consultation with appropriate
advisory bodies, establish a working group to
plan ocean-wide network of fixed stations for
meteorological and oceanographic observations.

That members will exchange all oceanographic
data obtained in declared national programs;
that national oceanographic data centers should
be established in order to facilitate the
exchange of oceanographic data; that USA, . USSE,
and UK, together with WMO, IHB, and ICES Lorn
a working group of experts to meet at the call
of the Secretary to organize data exchanges,
standardization, preparation of catalogues,

and to assist in the development of national
data centers.

That members and regional organizations submit
to the Secretary for transmission to members
descriptions of their existing and planned
programs, cruise plans of international
interest (including berths available for
scientists from other countries), reports of
results, descriptions of new instrumentation
and techniques; that the Secretary consider
the creation of an international pool of
scientific equipment,

That SCOR be requested to examine the needs
for standardization and intercalibration of
methods and instruments in different fields
of marine sciences and to recommend programs
for such intercalibration and standardization.

That members continue to consider the proposal
for international vessels and that this item
be included in some future agenda of the IOC;

in the meantime members operating oceanographic
research vessels should invite young marine
scientists from other countries aboard for
training.

11. In addition to these substantive recommendations,
two other items were considered. First, Dr, Jorgo Carraza
(Mexico) introduced a Joint Declaration by Argentina, Brazil,
Cuba, Ecuador, Mexico, Uruguay, and the Dominican Republic
which invited the IOC to recommend that the Director-General
of UNESCO provide increased funds for the support of oceano-

raphic research and training in Latin America, Dr, Cameron
Canada), support by Vice Admiral Day (UK), stated that it
would not seem proper for the IOC to become a transmitting
agent for special areas in their desires for increased support
through budgets outside the purview of the IOC, Vice Admiral
Tchekourov (USSR) stated that the declaration deserved IOC
support. Dr. Bruun, Chairman, suggested that those delegations
interested meet under the Chairmanship of Captain de Frigata da
Silva (Brazil) to draft a resolution providing the IOC's
recommendations. The resolution which was subsequently
adopted was prepared during the working group session by
Dr. Wakelin (USA), Dr. Revelle (USA), Dr. Wooster and
Dr, Hilliard Roderick (UNESCO), and recommended that the
South American countries include marine science projects in
their program requests for Technical Assistance; that these
countries should request Special Fund assistance for marine
science projects and that UNESCO consider the possibility of

an increase in the oceanographic budget to assist countries
participating in international cooperative oceanic programs.

Second, Vice Admiral Tchekourov (USSR) introduced a
resolution bearing on UNESCO 1963-64 budget in oceanography and
relating to increases in assistance to Ghana, India, and Latin
American research in the vicinity of the Galapagos Islands.
This resolution was withdrawn in the Steering Committee and was
not acted on by the Commission. Documents relating to these
two items are included in Annex VII.

12, Prior to the presentation by the Chairman, Dr. Bruun,
of the changes to the provisional Rules of Procedure recommended
by the Steering Committee, the Acting Director-General of
UNESCO asked to speak to the plenary.

M, Maheu explained his views regarding the relation-
ship between the IOC and UNESCO, pointing out that he wished
the IOC to operate with the maximum independence possible

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consistent with the spirit of the resolution adopted by tne

General Conference of UNESCO, In particular, he ampiifiec tne
change recommended to Ruie 22. he initial wording nich
reads: “In carrying cut his functions the Secretary shall act
under the authority and on behaif of the Director-General cf
UNESCO" would be changed to read: “in carrying out his

functions as defined in Article § of the Statutes, on behalf
of the Commission, the Secretary shail act under the authority
of the Director-General of UNESCO," M,. Maheu'ts interpretation
of this was that since the IOC Secretariat's duties are per-
formed by the UNESCO Office of Oceanooraphy, the words “under
the autnority of the Director-General" provided the adminis-
trative framework within which the Secretariat could operate.

Inasmuch as the oceanographers at the Intergovern-
mental Oceanographic Conference at Copenhagen in 1960 had
recommended the establishuent of the IOC under UNESCO, the
TOC must be guided by the general policies established by
the Generali Conference of UNESCO to which M. Maheu, as
Director-General, ana the rest of the Secretariat as well,
were obliged to adhere, Further, as part of UNESCO, the
personne! of the Secretariat provided by UNESCO were bound
by fixed UNESCO administrative policies which also offered
the Secretariat personnel all the rights, privileges, duties,
and responsibilities of the UNESCO staff.

With regard to the scientific and technical operations
and functions, the Secretariat would serve on behalf of the
Commission and be fully responsive and responsible to it.

M, Maheu considered this a satisfactory and flexible arrange-
ment which would meet all the requirements of the IOC for
independent action,

The recommended changes were adopted unanimously and
are set forth as presented to the plenary in Annex VIII,

13. The Commission next considered the election of
officers to serve through the Second Session of the IOC.
Dr. Wakelin (USA) proposed that the present Bureau continue
EM GNeS Capac uly .

Chairman Dr. Anton Bruun (Denmark )
Vice-Chairman Vice Admiral Tchekourov (USSR)
Vice-Chairman Dr, William M, Cameron (Canada )

Vice Admiral Tchekourov acreed and further proposed that,
until the beginning of the next session, the Bureau have the
assistance of a Consultative Committee consisting of
representatives from:

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Japan France (Rapporteur)
Brazil Germany

Both proposals were unanimously adopted by the IOC,

V.___ FUTURE MEETINGS

The Second Session of the IOC will be convened at UNESCO
House in Paris in the early autumn of 1962 on a date selected
by the Secretary after review of other international meetings
which might be in conflict.

The Delegation of Monaco offered its facilities to the
IOC for the Second Session, It was the sense of the Commission,
however, that during the formative stages of the IOC, its
meetings should be held in Paris using the facilities and
assistance offered by UNESCO,

VI. CONCLUSIONS,

1, The conduct of the First Session of the IOC was
exemplified by a general sense of unity and harmony among all
participants. Although there were some differences on technical
or procedural aspects, they were of relatively minor consequence
to the major objectives of organizing the IOC for its future
efforts in international oceanographic studies and of
initiating some cooperative actions at this First Session, The
Delegation believes that these objectives were fulfilled
admirably. All actions were taken unanimously.

2, In several private discussions with the Soviet
Delegation and in two reciprocally hosted luncheons with them,
they showed an evident desire to come to common agreements
with us for the success of the meetings.

it:

3. A review of the resolutions adopted at this First
Session indicates that there will be a considerable amount of
effort required in order that the United States participate
effectively in the operations of the Commission. There must
be within the Federal Government not only an office designated to
represent the United States officially in its relations with
the IOC, but also provision for the necessary technical activity
in response to approved programs and for necessary support of
working group memberships,

4, There was one agenda item considered during this
Session which was a problem during the Copenhagen Conference
in 1960 and which remains a controversial issue still. This
is the problem of the nature and organization of advisory
channels and bodies to the I0C, As before, the Commission is
still unresolved concerning the position of SCOR and the
relationship of the FAO to the fisheries oceanographic advice
to be provided, As indicated in paragraph Lota} of Section IV,
each member has been requested to submit its views to the
Secretary for consideration at the Second Session. This area
must be thoroughly and promptly studiec in order that the United
States present a unified and firm proposal acceptable to the
oceanographic community and the interested Federal agencies,

5. This Session was an open meeting to discuss unclassified
organizational and technical matters concerning international
cooperation and coordination of oceanographic studies. Con-
sequently, a supplemental classified report will not be submitted.
Copies of conference documents are being forwarded to the Office
of International Confererices direct by the Office of the United
States Permanent Representative to UNESCO,

VII. RECOMMENDATIONS,

1. That the United States maintain a strong and continuing
interest in the IOC and its operations in cooperative inter-
national oceanographic studies. In addition to formal
participation of the United States Delegation in the Sessions
of the IOC, the Department of State should make adequate
provision to enable individual representatives to participate
fully in working groups between Sessions.

2. That the Department of State designate an office within

the Department which will provide the official contact between
the U. S, Government and the Commission,

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3, That the Interagency Committee on
Oceanography (ICO) consider. the establishment of a-
panel on International Oceancgraphic. Programs to
develoy the plans and requirements of the United States in
fulfilling its obligations as agreed to in the resolutions
adopted by the Commission, It is suggested that this panel be
headed by the Office of the Science Advisor of the Department
of State and that the membership include other appropriate
State representatives in addition to representatives of other
appropriate Departments included in the ICO,

4. That the ICO Panel on International Oceanographic
Programs appoint as soon as possible two ad hoc working
groups to consider the following:

(a) The Statutes of the Commission and the Rules
of Procedure,

(b) The nature and organization of advisory channels
to the Commission,

The first workii:g group should include in its
membership representatives of the Departments of Interior,
Commerce, Defense, and National Science Foundation. It would
be the responsibility of this working group to study and
consider in detail the Statutes and Rules in order that a
consolidated United States position be established, well in
advance of the Second Session of the IOC, with respect to
changes in these documents if such appear necessary.

The second working group should include in its
membership representatives of the Departments indicated above,
and from the various oceanographic disciplines of the scientific
community as well, It would be the responsibility of this
group to prepare the United States response to the request for
governmental views requested in paragraph 3 of the Resolution
on "Relationships between the IOC and Other Organizations"
(NS/IOC/Res Item 4) adopted at the First Session.

5. That the State Department forward to the Secretary of
the IOC, the nomination of Dr. W. Jacobs, Director of the
National Oceanographic Data Center, as the representative of
the United States to the IOC working group on Oceanographic
Data Exchanges, as requested in the adopted resolution on
exchange of oceanographic data /NS/IOC/Res Item 6(1)/; the
State Department, acting on advice of the ICO, should also
forward to the Secretary of the IOC the names of US experts
on oceanographic radio communications and on fixed stations
for possible appointment to the working groups provided for
by the Resolutions on these subjects.

3

DLSthLBUT LON:

Department of State, Office of International
Conferences

Members, Delegation of the United States

Members, Interagency Committee on Oceanography

Federal Council for Science and Technology

Committee on Oceanography, National Academy of Sciences

National Oceanographic Data Center

Chairman, Commerce Committee, United States Senate

Chairman, Sub-Committee on Oceanography, Merchant
Marine and Fisheries Committee, House of

Representatives

Chairman, Committee on Science and Astronautics, House
of Representatives

14

(a)

ANNEX I

PROVISIONAL AGENDA

Opening of the Session and introductory remarks.

Formal invitation of intergovernmental and non-
governmental organizations' representatives to take
part in the meeting as observers,

Organization of Commission,

Election of Chairman,
Adoption of provisional Rules of Procedure,
Election of other officers,

Adoption of Agenda,

Report of the Secretariat.

Relationship between the Intergovernmental Oceanographic
Commission and other organizations,

(a)
(b)
eo)
(d)

(e)

Special Committee on Oceanic Research.
Advisory Committee on Fisheries Aspects of Oceanography.
United Nations and its Agencies,

Other intergovernmental and non-governmental
organizations,

Discussion of provisional Rules of Procedure in
connection with relations of IOC with other
organizations.

International Oceanographic Programme.

(a)

(b)

Comments on previous recommendations (includirg the
Programme of Charles Darwin Station on Galapagos
slands ),

New proposals,

ANNEX _I_ (Continued)

(c) Joint programme.

(d) Aids to navigation,
(e) Recording stations.
(

f) Preliminary consideration of UNESCO program in
marine sciences for 1963-1964,

Data Centres - Exchange of data and publications connected

i ee ee et

= ee

Standardization and_intercalibration of methods and
instruments,

International research and training vessel,
Fridtjof Nansen Memovial Session,

OrhermsbusMeeSS.wNSVs S1On Of provisional Rules or Procedures
date, and place of the Second Session of the IOC.

ANNE X_II

Mae Gol TOF COUNTRIES REPRESENTED BY DELEGATIONS:

ee

Country Delegates

Argentina
Australia

Belgium

Brazil

Canada

China

Cuba

Denmark

Dominican Republic
Ecuador

Federal Republic of Germany
Finland

France

Ghana

India

Israel

Italy

Japan

In addition, the following countries were listed as

pO a eS) Oy (he)

Ox ST ND NS ee @ Tr

Ke

2
8
3

Country
Korea
Mauritania
Mexico
Monaco
Morocco
Netherlands
Norway
Poland
Spain
Switzerland
Thailand

Tunisia

United Arab Republic

United Kingdom

USA
USSR
Uruguay

Viet-Nam

Delegates

4

2
3
4
2

ww

NM NN

hte

2

members of the Commission; no information was available on
their delegation or attendance:

Chile
Ivory Coast
Pakistan

ANNE X_II_ (Continued )

Be LIST OF COUNTRIES REPRESENTED BY OBSERVERS,

Country Observers Country Observers
Guatemala 1 Romania 1
Honduras 1 South Africa i
Iceland 2

a ee ee

Agency Number of
Representatives
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) 5
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) )
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and
World Health Organization (WHO) 1
Intergovernmental Maritime Consultative Organization
IMCO ) a
International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) i
International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU) 1
International Union of Biological Sciences (IUBS) i
Special Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR) y)
Permanent Association of Navigational Conferences i}
International Hydrographic Bureau (IHB) 1
International Council for the Exploration of the Sea
(ICES) 3
Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission (IATTC) 1

ME MARTEL
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ANNEX II (Continued)

D, LIST OF MEMBERS OF SOME OF THE PRINCIPLE DELEGATIONS,

Country Delegates
Federal Republic of Dr. Gerhard Meseck
Germany Head of the Delegation
Federal Ministry of Food and
Agriculture

Dr. G. Bohnecke

Secretary, Special Committee on
Oceanic Research

German Hydrographic Institute

Hamburg

Dr. G,. Zwiebler

President, German Hydrographic
Institute

Hamburg

PEOLesson Ur iG, Dictrich
Director, Oceanographic Institute
of the University of Kiel

Professor Dr, Lundbeck

Department of Maritime Fisheries
in the Federal Research

Institute for Fisheries

Dr, Mocklinghoff
Federal Ministry of Food and
Agriculture

Professor Dr, Otto von Simson
Permanent Delegate to UNESCO
Paris

Country

France

United Kingdom

ANNEX II (Continued)

Delegates

M. Louis Fage

M, Pierre Drach
Directeur-Adjoint au CNRS

M, Jean Furnestin
Directeur, L’ institut Scientifique
et Technique des Peches Maritimes

Vice-Admiral Monaque
President du Comite Central
d'Oceanographic et d'Etude des Cotes

Professeur H, Lacombe

Directeur, Laboratory of Physical
Oceanography, Museum of Natural
History, Paris

Dr. M, Peres
Professeur, Faculty of Sciences of
Marseille

Vice-Admiral Sir Archibald Day
Head of the Delegation
Admiralty, London

Dre Gob. Deacon
Director, National Institute of
Oceanography, Wormley

Ding Jha, elaace
Marine Laboratory, Aberdeen

Pe Cor Wore 05 Scott
Admiralty, London

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ANNEX II (Continued)

Delegates

Vice-Admiral V, A. Tchekourov
Head of the Delegation

Head of the Hydrographic Service
Leningrad

Commodore K, P, Ryzhkov
Hydrometeorological Service
Moscow

Professor L, A, Zenkevitch

Chairman, National Committee on
Oceanography

Academy of Sciences of the USSR

Moscow

Dr. N. N. Sysoev

Acting Director, institute. of
Oceanology

Academy of Sciences of the USSR

Moscow

Professor A, D, Dobrovolsky
Department of Oceanography
Moscow State University
Moscow

Dr. A, P. Alekseev

Deputy Director

Polar Institute of Oceanography
and Fisheries

Murmansk

Dr. N, A. Belinsky

Central Institute of Forecasting
Hydrometeorological Service
Moscow

- * ‘
Ee a
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ANNEX III

DELEGATION OF THE UNITED STATES

Representatives

The Honorable James H, Wakelin, Jr,
Assistant Secretary of the Navy for
Research and Development

Rear Admiral H. Arnold Karo
Director, U. S. Coast & Geodetic Survey
Department of Commerce

Mr. Donald L. McKernan
Director, Bureau of Commercial Fisheries
Department of the Interior

Dr. Roger Revelle
Scientific Advisor to the Secretary
Department of the Interior

Rear Admiral E. C. Stephan
Hydrographer of the Navy
Department of the Navy

Advisors

Dr. Andrew W, Anderson
Regional Fishery Attache (Europe)
American Embassy, Copenhayen

Dr. W. M. Chapman
Director, Van Camp Foundation
San Diego, California

Dr. Robert L. Fisher

Research Marine Geologist

Scripps Institution of Oceanography
La Jolla, California

Mr. Michael G, Kelekos
First Secretary
American Embassy, Paris

Chairman of the
Delegation

Member of the
Delegation

Member of the
Delegation

Member of the
Delegation

Member of the
Delegation

Advisor to the
Delegation

Advisor to the
Delegation

Advisor to the
Delegation

Advisor to the
Delegation

ore:
gat ipa

ANNEX III (Continued)

Advisors (Continued)

Dr, John Lyman
National Science Foundation
Washington, D.C.

Dr, Arthur Maxwell
Office of Naval Research
Department of the Navy
Washington, D.C.

Dre, Harris B. Stewart, Jr.
Chief Oceanographer

U. S. Coast & Geodetic Survey
Department of Commerce

Observers

CAPT William Moran
Naval Aide to Chairman of Delegation

CDR S. N, Anastasion
Assistant to Chairman of Delegation

MAJOR Harold E. Roland, Jr.
Marine Aide to Chairman of Delegation

Mrs. Janice S,. Gemmell
Secretary to Chairman of Delegation

N)

Advisor to the
Delegation

Advisor to the
Delegation

Advisor to the
Delegation

Observer

Observer

Observer

Ubserver

PRINCIPAL OFFICERS OF THE CONFERENCE

UNESCO

M, Rene Maheu Acting Director-General

Dr. He Roderick Acting Director, Department of Natural
Sciences

M. CG. Lussier Acting Legal Adviser

Mivvaite) DCOUL Office of Legal Adviser

SECRETARIAT OF COMMISSION

Dr, W. S. Wooster Director, Office of Oceanography,
UNESCO, Secretary of the IOC

Dr. K, N, Fedorov Assistant Secretary of the IOC

Dr. Y. Takenouti Assistant Secretary of the IOC

Dr. Howell-Rivero Assistant Secretary of the I10C

INTERGOVERNMENTAL OCEANOGRAPHIC COMMISSION
Chairman Doe A. Eo Bruun Denmark
Vice-Chairman Dr, William M, Caneron Canada

Vice-Chairman Vice Admiral V. A, Tchekourov WSSR

ANNEX IV (Continved )

INTERGOVERNMENTAL OCEANOGRAPHIC COMMISSION (Continued)

Steering Committee to Assist Bureau for the First Session:

Captain R, H. R. Bagnati Argentina

Vice Admiral Sir Archibald Day United Kingdom

Dr. Gerhard Meseck Federal Republic
of Germany

Dr, N, K, Panikkar India

Dr, Stanislaw Szimborski Poland

Mr. Morikuni Toda Japan

Dineede whine Wakelin. Jr. USA

Prof. H, Lacombe (Rapporteur) France

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THE PRINCIPAL WORKING GROUPS

|e ee ee ee

WORKING GROUP ONE: Relationship between IOC and International
Organizations, including Fisheries Aspects

Chairman -=- Dr. N, K, Panikkar (india)

Rapporteur - Dr. J, B, Tait (UK)
Dr. G, F, Humphrey (Australia)
PROF L, A, Zenkevitch (USSR)
Mr. D. A, McKernan (USA)
CAPT de F, Castro M. da Silva (Brazil)
Dr. G, Rollefsen (Norway )
Dr. G. Bohnecke (Germany )
Dr, H. B, Hachey (Canada )
Dr. D., B, Finn (FAO )
Dr. K, Langlo (WMO )
PROF I, Hela (IAEA)
Dr. M, B. Schaefer CTATIG))
Dr, A, Frediksson GIGES?)

* In addition to the initial working group members listed
herein, other members of delegations to the meeting of the
Commission participated in the discussions from time to time.
Representatives of the international organizations participated
in an advisory capacity.

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ANNEX V_ (Continued)

WORKING GROUP TWO: Cooperative International Program of Oceanic

Investigation
Chairman - Commodore K, P, Ryzhkov (USSR)
Rapporteur - Dr, W. Chapman (USA)
Dr. G. F. Humphrey (Australia)
CAPT de F. M, da Silva (Brazil)
Dr. H. E. Steemann Nielsen (Denmark )
Miss E, Lisitzen (Finland)
Dr. A. E. Maxwell (USA)
Dr. G. Dietrich (Germany )
Dr. K, Terada (Japan)
Dr. H. Mosby (Norway )
Mr. B, Indrambaraya (Thailand)
Dr. J. B, Tait (UK)
Dr. A. P. Alekseev (USSR )
Dr. N, A, Belinsky (USSR)
Meow Jee Carinse (Mexico)
Dr. K. Langlo (WMO )
Dr. R. G. Snider (SCOR )
Mr. R, W. Knox ( IHB )
Dr. A, Frediksson (ICES )

ANNEX V (Continued )

WORKING GROUP THREE: Coordination of National Programs and
Technical Questions

Chairman = Dr, Roger Revelle (USA)

Rapporteur - Dr. H. B. Hachey (Canada )

SUB-GROUP_I - Exchange of Data, Personnel, Instruments, and Plans

Ghaimman. “LCDR Dov Es Di. Scott (UK)
PROF A. D. Dobrovolsky (USSR)
Dr. A. Frediksson (ICES)
Dr. K, Langlo (WMO )
Rear Admiral E., C, Stephan (USA)
Dr, J. Lyman (USA)
Dr. G, Rollefsen (Norway )
Dr. G. Bohnecke (Germany )

SUB-GROUP_ II - Intercalibration, Inter-comparison, and
Standardization of Instruments and Techniques

Chairman - Dr. H. E. Steemann Nielsen (Denmark )
Dr. N, N. Sysoev (USSR)
Dr. Ken Sugawara (Japan)
Dr. Erik Bertelsen (Denmark )
Dr. H. B. Stewart (USA)
CAPT Amporn Penyapol (Thailand)
PROF U, DtAncona (Italy)
Dr. H. Postma (Netherlands)

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WORKING GROUP THREE (Continued):

SUB-GROUP_ III - Navigation and Radio Communications

Chairman - Rear Admiral H, A, Karo (USA)
Vice Admiral Sir A, Day (UK)
CAPT de Corveta Aragno (Argentina )
CAPT E, Debrazzi (Italy)

SUB-GROUP IV - Weather Ships and Observing Stations

Chairman - Dr, M. B, Schaefer GUAT:
PROF P, Groen (Netherlands )
PROF H. Lacombe (France )
Com. Jacques Cousteau (Monaco)

SPECIAL WORKING GROUP: International Oceanographic Vessel

Chairman - PROF H, Lacombe (France )
PROF A. D. Dobrovolsky (USSR)
PEDRe De ree by Scote (UK)

ANNEX VI

NS/10C/Res.

Item 4

Paris, 23 October 1961
Original: Engivsh

INTERGOVERNMENTAL OCEANOGRAPHIC COMMISSION

Relationship between the IOC and Other Organizations
(Draft Resolution by the Working Group No. 1)

The Commission

Recalling that the Statutes of the Commission prescribe
that the purpose of the Commission shall be to promote
scientific investigation with a view to learning more about
the nature and resources of the oceans, through the concerted
action of its members;

Beating in mind the very wide scope of oceanography and
the many important fields in which scientific investigation
of the nature and of the resources of the oceans 1s pursued,
in particular those concerned with fisheries of the world;

Bearing in mind further the interest and valuable work of
many organizations, intergovernmental and non-governmental,
world-wide and regional, in oceanography or directly related
fields and that these organizations could contribute to the
development and implementation of a well-coordinated and
integrated international program in oceanography;

Noting that the Economic and Social Council, at its
thirty-second session, expressed the hope that the Commission
would take fully into account the activities and interests of
all organizations concerned with oceanography;

Appreciating that oceanographic and fishery research are
complementary undertakings and that the Food and Agriculture
Organization of the United Nations has the primary responsibility
within the United Nations family for fisheries;

Appreciating further that the Food and Agriculture
Organization plans to consider at its forthcoming Conference
the establishment of an Advisory Committee on Marine Resources
Research;

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WS/1061.1

NS/IOC/Res. Item 4 (Continued)

Aware that the Special Committee on Oceanic Research of
the International Council of Scientific Unions is now serving
UNESCO as an advisory body on oceanography and has, since its
inception in 1957, contributed greatly towards the development
of international cooperation in oceanic research;

Aware also that the Special Committee on Oceanic Research
is in process of establishing a working group of experts in
fisheries and oceanographic sciences;

l. Invites the United Nations and its Specialized
Agencies and other inter-governmental and non-governmental
organizations concerned with oceanography in its various
disciplines, to cooperate with the Commission to the fullest
possible extent;

2. Expresses the hope that the Food and Agriculture
Organization, the World Meteorological Organization and other
interested agencies of the United Nations family will find it
possible to designate members of their Secretariats to cooperate
actively with the Secretariat of the Commission, the extent of
such cooperation to be decided by agreement between these
organizations and UNESCO;

3, Requests the Members to submit to the Secretary of
the Commission their views on the establishment of advisory
channels to the Commission in all fields of oceanography,
including fisheries oceanography, for consideration by the
Commission at its Second Session;

4, Requests the Bureau and the Secretary of the Commission,
in the interim, to seek and receive the advice of those
organizations which now advise UNESCO in oceanographic matters,
which could contribute to the development of international
programs in oceanography.

5. Requests the Secretary of the Commission to submit to
members, at least three months before the Second Session of the
Commission, a draft report on the matters raised in 3 and 4
above,

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Distribution: Limited NS/10C/Res
Item 5
Paris, 24 October 1961
Original: English

UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL
SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL ORGANIZATION

INTERGOVERNMENTAL OCEANOGRAPHIC COMMISSION

First Session

Paris, UNESCO House, 19-27 October 1961
Draft Resolution for Working Group 2

The Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission

Having received numerous proposals for oceanographic research
which, to be effective, would require the concerted action of
several member states;

Recognizing that each proposal, by cooperative effort, would
add materially to man's knowledge of the world ocean;

Bearing in mind that to proceed with such cooperative research
the implications of each proposal should be carefully examined
and weighed by all states considering participation; and being

Cognizant that the Commission might also contribute significantly
to the formulation of a comprehensive program for an eventual
world ocean study;

Recommends for earnest consideration by such states as may
desire to participate in the cooperative programs, each of the
following proposals, (initiated by the member or body indicated
below) as parts of a general study of the world ocean:

(a) North Atlantic Synoptic Survey (U.S.)

(b) Cooperative Program of study of the Eastern Tropical
Pacific Ocean (EPOC and IATTC)

(c) North Atlantic Expedition for studying fields of
currents (USSR)

NS/1I0C/Res. Item 5 (Continued )

(d) West Pacific Expedition for studying fields of
currents (USSR)

(e) West African Guinean Year (CCTA, CSA, and U.S.A.)

(f£) South Atlantic study (Regional agreement between
Brazil, Uruguay, and Argentina

(g) Standard Section program on time changes in physical
characteristics of the ocean (USSR)

(h) North Pacific Synoptic Survey (U.S.)

(i) South China Seas Expedition (Naga II) (Thailand,
South Viet-Nam)

(3) Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean study (Mexico, Cuba,
Dominican Republic)

(k) Study of Drake Passage. Currents (Argentina)
and further,

Noting that there may be other projects suitable for such
consideration which have not been brought to the attention of
the Commission at this time;

Recommends that an initiating member or body, in consultation
with the Bureau and with the assistance of the Secretariat,
convene a working group consisting of all interested members
and bodies to explore avenues of planning, coordination, and
cooperation (including consultation with appropriate national
and international organizations) to prepare specific programs,
and to take appropriate and early actions with a view that all
aspects of oceanographic study should be taken into account
where possible, and that all the findings be fully published
upon .the completion of each program;

Requests the Secretariat to collate all proposals on oceano-
graphic research submitted by member states and by other bodies
prior to the next meeting of the Commission, and

Requests the Secretary to initiate the preparation of a

comprehensive program for world ocean study through the most
effective means he deems appropriate.

WS/1061.149 2

“AGS

UNESCO/NS/IOC/RES se
5(a
PARIS, 27 October 1961
Translated from the
French

UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL,
SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL ORGANIZATION

INTERGOVERNMENTAL OCEANOGRAPHIC COMMISSION
First Session
Paris, 19-27 October 1961
(Resolution submitted by the French Delegation)
The Commission,

Noting the present shortage of experts in the marine sciences,
which may well delay their development for many years, although

Welcoming the considerable financial effort already made by
UNESCO and planned for future years to further the advancement
of these sciences, but

Convinced that an effort by the various countries is also
required to ensure their full development, and

Repeating the invitation set forth in paragraph 5 of the
recommendation concerning the training programme submitted by
the Intergovernmental Conference on Oceanographic Research
held in Copenhagen,

Recommends that UNESCO be invited without delay to address an
urgent appeal to governments for the creation by them, within
the specialized organs, of permanent posts and assured careers
for the many young scientists and technicians who are attracted
by the marine sciences.

WS/1061.183

Distribution: Limited NS/10C/Res
Original: English Etemeoe (ce) i= .2
Paris, October 25, 1961

UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL,
SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL ORGANIZATION

INTERGOVERNMENTAL OCEANOGRAPHIC COMMISSION
First Session
Paris, UNESCO, 19-27 October 1961
INDIAN OCEAN EXPEDITION

(Draft resolution presented by the
plenary meeting by Working Group No. 2)

The Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, having con-
sidered the international research program for the Indian Ocean
(the International Indian Ocean Expedition); and

Recognizing that the foregoing program would benefit by the
voluntary cooperation of member states of the Commission;

Appreciating that SCOR has taken and will continue to take a
prominent part in the coordination of that Expedition, and
that the appropriate role of the Commission in that program
has not yet been clarified;

Bearing in mind that the proposed programs would also profit
from the advice and cooperation of international agencies
presently concerned in oceanic research;

Commends the International Indian Ocean Expedition to its
members for possible participation; and

Instructs the Secretary to assume such coordinating functions

with respect to that Expedition as can be worked out in
consultation with SCOR and other appropriate bodies.

WS/1061.155

NS/IOC/RES

Item 5(d)

Paris, 24 October 1961
Original: English

UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL,
SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL ORGANIZATION

INTERGOVERNMENTAL OCEANOGRAPHIC COMMISSION
First Session
Paris, UNESCO, 19-27 October 1961
AIDS TO NAVIGATION

(Presented to the plenary meeting
by Working Group No. 3)

The Commission

Recognizing that accurate navigation is essential for detailed
systematic oceanographic investigations; and further

Recognizing that systems of aids to navigation presently
available for use do not generally meet the requirements of
detailed oceanographic investigation except for limited
specific areas and that such systems, if possessirg the required
accuracy should continue to be established in the interim;

Aware that several systems of aids to navigation, are presently
under development which show promise of meeting the long-

range ocean-wide requirements of detailed systematic
oceanographic investigation;

Resolves that the Commission through its member governments
actively encourage and support the continued development and
subsequent establishment of a ground based long-range radio
navigation system capable of meeting the world-wide require-
ments for detailed systematic oceanographic investigations; and

Recommends that in the establishment of the accepted world-wide
ground based system of long range radio navigation, priority

be given to those areas for which no aids are presently
available and for which large scale oceanographic investigations
are planned;

NS/IOC/RES - Item 5(d) (Continued

Further recommends that the International Hydrographic Bureau
at Monaco, Intergovernmental Maritime Consultative Organization,
and the International Civil Aviation Organization be requested
through their member Governments to cooperate with IOC in the
expeditious developments and subsequent establishment of a
single national and international ground-based long distance
radio navigation aid capable of meeting the accuracy require-
ments for detailed systematic oceanographic investigation
(repeatability + 50 meters and position accuracy + 0,25

nautical miles.

Further recommends that steps be taken by member states to
assist those countries having ships taking part in the
international cooperative oceanographic investigations to
obtain and effectively use the equipment required for these
navigational systems,

Further recommends that the development of other promising
and economical systems of navigation even of lesser accuracy
such as certain methods of satellite navigation, be actively
pursued.

WS/1060,150

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NS/IOC/RES

Item 5 (d, e)

Paris, 24 October 1961
Original: English

UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL,
SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL ORGANIZATION

INTERGOVERNMENTAL OCEANOGRAPHIC COMMISSION
First Session
Paris, UNESCO, 19-27 October 1961
COMMUNICATIONS

(Draft Resolution presented to the plenary
meeting by Working Group No. 3)

The Commission

Recognizing the vital role that communications play in any
substantive oceanographic investigations, and

Recognizing further that existing frequencies in the radio
communications spectrum are almost completely absorbed,

Aware that the continued development of new instrumentation
and techniques will further complicate the problem,

Aware that we must move aggressively forward to a solution of
this vital problem,

Authorizes the Bureau of the Commission to establish a working
group of experts on radio communications to be responsible for
the study and establishment of oceanographic radio communica-
tion requirements, The working group should render its
initial report with recommendations in time for approval,
adoption, and presentation by the Commission and its member
Governments to the next Study Session of the Administrative
Radio Conference,

The expenses, including travel, of the individual members of

the working group should be met by the member Governments and
organizations having experts on the working group or by UNESCO,

WS/1061.151

Distribution: Limited NS/IOC/Res
Item 5 (e)
25 October 1961
Original: English

UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL,
SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL ORGANIZATION

INTERGOVERNMENTAL OCEANOGRAPHIC COMMISSION
First Session
Paris, UNESCO, 19-27 October 1961
FIXED STATIONS

(Draft Resolution presented to the plenary
meeting by Working Group No. 3)

The Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission

Considering the attached report NS/IOC/INF-16, prepared by the
ad hoc working group on fixed stations:

1. Recommends to member states that they provide the Secretariat
of IOC annually with full information on what stations of
the various types are in operation, what data are being
gathered from them and at what time intervals, and on plans
for future developments (including technical information
on engineering and instrumental matters);

2. Recommends to member states concerned that they make fuller
use of weather ships for the needs of oceanography;

3. Recommends to UNESCO that steps be taken in consultation
with IMCO to clarify the legal status of unmanned and
manned observing buoys;

4. Requests the Bureau to establish a working group of experts
from member states, WMO and other appropriate international
organizations, to study the existing network of fixed
stations and the needs of extending it (types, number,
locations, kinds of observations and their spacing in time )
and prepare proposals for meeting these needs. The working
group should report to the next session of the I0C, Expenses
of the individual members, including travel, should be met
by the member governments and organizations having
representatives on the working group, or by UNESCO,

WS/1061,168

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Distribution: Limited NS/I0C/INF-16
Paris, 25 October 1961
Original: SEnglash

UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL,
SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL ORGANIZATION

INTERGOVERNMENTAL OCEANOGRAPHIC COMMISSION
First Session
Paris, UNESCO, 19-27 October 1961

REPORT OF THE WORKING PANEL ON OBSERVING
STATIONS AND WEATHER SHIPS

From the contributions at this, and other. conferences’,

it is evident that the employment of 'fixed' stations for
taking oceanographic observations is of increasing importance
to modern oceanography, and that the establishment of networks
of such stations is of interest to many member states,
Information gathered continuously, or at frequent intervals,
from fixed stations is obtainable at relatively small cost and
is indispensable for the solution of several types of oceano-
graphic problems, Series of data from fixed points, closely
spaced in time, make possible the study of time variations

in oceanographic parameters; some of these vary importantly
with frequencies of a few minutes, others with frequencies of
days, months, or years. A network of fixed stations at
suitable locations can provide sets of truly synoptic
observations which can be employed to monitor changes in the
ocean circulation and the distribution of properties, and thus
can assist in the solution of problems of forecasting. Such
data, taken on conjunction with observations by moving ships,
which cannot themselves be truly synoptic, can assist in the
proper interpretation of the information from such moving ships.

The fixed stations now in use, or in the advanced planning
stage, are of four kinds. Coastal and island stations, ocean
station vessels (weather ships), unmanned anchored buoys, and
manned anchored platforms,

+ Footnote See example document; IOC/1-6, IOC/INF-1; IOC/INF-11;
and Ocean/92(1); and NS/163 of Paris Conference of
March 1960

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WS/1061.157

NS/IOC/INF-16 (Continued )
Coastal and Island Stations

A large number of stations are presently being maintained
at coastal and some island locations for the recording of sea
level (tides) and a few for long-period wave records, At most
of these there are taken records, at least daily, of surface
temperature and salinity. During the IGY, there were also
taken near a number of such stations, especially at oceanic
islands, shallow casts for temperature and salinity, at daily
and weekly intervals, for computing steric sea level.

It appears most desirable to increase the number of such
stations, especially on off-shore oceanic islands and at them
to obtain not only sea level, temperature, and salinity
observations, but also to obtain meteorological data, data on
chemical constituents of the ocean at various depths, solar
radiation and simple biological observations,

A network of island stations can be a very important part
of a program of detailed research and survey in an ocean area,
Such a network is an integral part of the EPOC plan for a
cooperative study of the Eastern Tropical Pacific, and is a
part of the plan for the Indian Ocean Expedition, In the
tropical Atlantic there exist a series of oceanic island which
could be similarly employed in that region.

Ocean Station Vessels (Weather Ships)

These platforms, operating at fixed points in the open sea
for weather observations and air-sea rescue, under the auspices
of ICAO and other agencies offer a magnificent, but largely
unused, opportunity for obtaining time-series data on physical,
chemical, and biological parameters both at the surface and at
various depths. To take advantage of this opportunity, all
such ships should be provided with suitable oceanographic
winches and other oceanographic equipment, and with a small
team of oceanographic observers. Supplementary meteorological
observation of special interest to oceanography may be added to
the present routine weather observation in consultation with
interested specialists.

It is also possible to employ a local network of anchored
instrument buoys in connection with a weather ship, the data
being gathered by the ship by the removal of data records or
by telemetering to obtain time-series at a number of points
Simultaneously.

Weather vessels can also be of great value in obtaining
repeated hydrographic and biological sections when traveling
their stations and their home ports.

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NS/ICC/INF-16 (Continued)
Manned Anchored Platforms

Light ships have for many years been employed to collect
various types of oceanographic data. Their continued and
expanded use should be encouraged. In order to obtain time
series, at fixed locations in deep water, of some types of
data, which are not currently amenable to automatic
instrumental recording, there are under development special-
purpose manned station, such as the FLIP stations of the
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, and the similar station
being developed for use in the Mediterranean by the group at
Monaco, Such stations are costly, and will, therefore,
probably be used in only small numbers, but they will have
capabilities not possible in the small unmanned buoys.

Unmanned Stations (Buoys)

Although oceanic islands and weather ships offer good
possibilities for obtaining important synoptic and time-
series oceanographic data, their locations are not under
control of the oceanographer, and there are large areas of
the sea in which they do not exist. In order to obtain, at
deep sea locations, such data at reasonable cost, there are
being developed in a number of laboratories, anchored data-
collecting systems which can be placed where needed.

A network of such instrument-systems needs to be
established at suitable points in the World Ocean and
especially at such critical points as the regions where deep
water is formed, at current boundaries, at places where the
mixed-layer depth is highly variable, etc.

From such stations can be taken automatically data from
the atmosphere, such as barometric pressure, wind direction
and velocity, and solar radiation, and data from the sea, such
as temperature at various depths, current direction and velocity
and transparency, Instruments under development will make
possible the automatic recording of salinity, oxygen, and some
Simple biological parameters. Such data may be stored in the
buoy and retrieved by ships, or may be read out by tele-
metering systems, The telemetering may be at long-range to
shore stations, or by short-range telemetering on demand to
aircraft or satellites.

Technical problems which are not yet fully or satisfactorily
solved include anchoring systems, data transducers, data storage

devices, power sources, data readout and telemetering systems.
Close cooperation in developing these new instrument systems
could greatly facilitate the solution of such problems,

3

NS/IOC/INE-16 (Continued)

Action by the IOC

The greater and more effective use of fixed observing

stations of the various types noted above could be promoted by
the cooperative efforts of the member states of IOC in a number
of ways:

We

Collection and dissemination of information on what stations
of the various types are now in operation, what data are
being gathered from them, at what time intervals, and plans
for future developments.

Planning for the types, numbers and locations of stations
needed for an ocean-wide synoptic network.

Arriving at joint decisions on time-intervals at which
various kinds of observations should be taken and setting,
where necessary, standard observing hours.

Promoting necessary intergovernmental or other international
arrangements for establishment of coastal and island
stations.

Clarify the legal status of unmanned and manned anchored
buoys - i.e., the rights and duties of persons and states
placing them in the sea.

Joint action with ICAO and other agencies for the use of
ocean station vessels for oceanography,

Exchanging of technical information on engineering and

instrumental problems with relation to development of
unmanned anchored stations,

It would be useful if there were established by the IOC a

standing committee to carry out these functions on a continuing
basis, with the aid of the IOC Secretariat and,where required,
(e.9., for items 5 and 7 above) the assistance of other
CxXperis..

Distribution: Limited UNESCO/NS/10C/RES
Item 6 (1)
Paris, 25 October 1961
Oni qunaibngiiash

UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL,
SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL ORGANIZATION

INTERGOVERNMENTAL OCEANOGRAPHIC COMMISSION

EE

Paris, UNESCO, 19-27 October 1961

(Draft Resolution presented to the plenary
meeting by Working Group No. 3)

The Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission

Desiring to foster the full and expeditious exchange of
oceanographic data;

Noting the existence of the data centers listed in document
IOC/1-7, including the center for bathymetric data under the
International Hydrographic Bureau with sub-centers at various
national hydrographic offices;

Reiterates the recommendation made by the Intergovernmental
Conference on Oceanographic Research at Copenhagen in July
1960 that oceanographic data should be exchanged and that the
system of World Data Centers established during the Inter-
national Geophysical Year should be continued in future;

Recommends that all oceanographic data taken by ships and
recording stations outside territorial waters within the

limits of declared national programs be exchanged under the
headings listed and by the methods prescribed in the IGY data
center manual, commencing from January lst, 1960, in accordance
with the attached extracts from the manual;

Recommends to member countries the establishment of national
oceanographic data centers in order to facilitate the collection,
processing, analysis, and exchange of oceanographic data;

Urges member countries to participate with the IHB, in cooperatior.
with World Data Centers A and B for Oceanography, in the
preparation of Bathymetric plotting sheets for the world ocean

on as large a scale as possible;

WS/1061.167

UNESCO/NS/IOC/RES (Continued )

Recommends to the governments of the USA, USSR, and UK that
they appoint representatives of World Data Center A, World
Data Center B, and the Permanent Service for Mean Sea _ Level
to a working group of experts on the organization of
oceanographic data exchanges and invites the International
Council for the Exploration of the Sea, Ihe International
Hydrographic Bureau, and the World Meteorological Organization
to designate representatives to this working group.

The mission of this working group shall be the facilitating
of exchanges of oceanographic data, the standardization of
forms for reporting and coding data, the encouragement of the
preparation of data catalogues, and the assistance of develop-
ment of national oceanographic data centers,

The working group should meet at the call of the Secretary
of the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission and should
report to the next session of the Intergovernmental Oceano-
graphic Commission. Expenses of the individual members,
including travel, should be met by the member governments and
organizations having representatives on the working group, or
by UNESCO,

Reguests the Secretary and the Bureau of the Commission to seek
advice from appropriate bodies on the volume and nature of the
data to be exchanged in the future,

Dest ributton:

Limited NS/IOC/INF-17
25 October 1961

English only
UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL,

SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL ORGANIZATION

INTERGOVERNMENTAL OCEANOGRAPHIC COMMISSION

Projects

First Session

Paris, UNESCO, 19-27 October 1961

IGY LIST OF DATA TO BE EXCHANGED

(a) Shore stations recordings of

(ae)

Ga}

Sea level

Long period waves

(bo) Afloat

WS/1061.160

Serial station for depth, temperature, salinity,
and chemical analysis

Colour and transparency
State of sea and swell
Currents

Bottom sediments

Bathymetry
Bathythermography
Meteorology and actinometry

Biology

NS/IOC/INF-17_ (Continued)

Description and Presentation of Data

(a)

(b )

Sea-level records, Tnese will be the mean monthly
sea levels computed from hourly observations from a
recording gauge or alternatively according to
standard observations on a tide staff.

Long Period Wave Records will be retained at the
appropriate Institutions and parts of them made
available on request together with reievant details
at cost of reproduction. Periods of observations
and the range of frequencies covered should be
reported for inclusion in WDC indexes,

Serial Station Records

(i) Depth as accurately as possible using suitable
standard depths,

(ii) Temperature in °C to + 001°,
(iii) Salinity by accurate method to + 0.02 per cent,

(iv) Concentrations of O05, Si04, POy,, NO5, NOx,

H9S (if present), CO5, NHg, H3B03, Cj4, Do),
T50, and other chemical species, pH, alkalinity

and radioactivity. Whenever non-standard
methods of analysis are used, specifications
are to be given,

Colour and transparency. Data at selected stations
should be included with serial station records,

State of sea and swell. Visual observations and
averaged results of instrumental measurements of
height, period, and direction of waves, expressed in
the customary units, Full details of scales to be
furnished with tabulated results.

Currents, Observational data on currents along
sections and at anchor stations, at specified levels,
and with information about the method and circumstances
of measurement ~- e.g., Ship behavior, etc,

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NS/IOC/INF-17 (Continued )

(g) Bottom sediments, A field description of each bottom
sample in accordance with the specifications in USHO
Publacarion No. 1607, po. 155.

(h) Bathymetry

(i) The sounding at each station to be included
with the data under (c).

(ii) For echo soundings the system preferred is an
overlay of the ship's track chart showing all
navigational fixes on a chart of scale about
1:400,000 (1:250,000 to 1:600,000) showing
soundings as closely spaced as they can
conveniently be written, If an overlay cannot
be furnished, tabulated soundings at an interval
of not more than 24 miles are desired, In
either case, full details of the assumed speed
of sound, corrections (if any ) to sounding for
actual speed, and any corrections to frequency
standard are to be furnished,

(iii) Original echograms will be handled similarly
to long wave records, Para. (b).

(i) Bathythermography. Tabulations of temperatures at
standard depths as on Form IBM 8180850, with data on
time, date, and location,

(j) Meteorology

(i) Tabulated data for standard marine observations
of air temperature, ocean surface temperature,
absolute or relative humidity, speed and
direction of wind, barometric pressure, cloud,
visibility, and other atmospheric phenomena,
and precipitation. If scales used are not
explicit c.g.s. units, conversion tables should
be furnished,

(ii) Upper air data. Radiosonde observations of
temperature, humidity, and pressure using WMO
format. Speed and direction of wind with a
description of method used,

(iii) Actinometry. Daily observations of the total,
direct, diffused, and reflected radiation carried
out during daylight and the results of 24-hr
observations of effective radiation in selected
situations,

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NS/IOC/INF-17 (Continued)

(k) Biology. Data on quantity and composition of
plankton standard layers, if feasible,

Other observations

References should be given for inclusion in WDC Indexes,
of any types of data obtained, e.g., submarine geology,
submarine geophysics, special echo soundings and marine
biological observations,

General

(a) Results stould be presented chronologically for
each expedition beginning with its first day of
work,

(b) Each table heading is to contain the date, time,
and the name of the observing ship (or station) and
be accompanied by a chart showing the positions of
ship stations, An indication is to be given of how
positions have been fixed, e.g., dead reckoning,
observation, bearing, etc.

(c) The time in use is to be stated, e.g., GMT or time
zone; and in the case of a serial station the time
is that of dropping the messenger for the first cast.

(d) Data should be presented in final processed fori
after all instrumental corrections have been made,
but, in the case of serial stations, interpolation
to standard depths is to be omitted if this will
delay transmission.

Time Schedules and Transmission

Cruise data are to be forwarded as expeditiously as
possible and,in any case, not later than 6 months after com-
pletion of the cruise. In the case of Antarctic expeditions
and similar long cruises during which analysis may be con-
ducted on board, three months is the desirable interval after
the end of the voyage. All other data should be forwarded
within one year after collection,

One copy of the data is to be sent to both WDCs whenever
feasible, Alternatively, data should be sent in duplicate to
one of the WOCs, The method used is to be made clear on the
Transmittal Note.

NS/IOC/INF-17 (Continued )

Data which are already being sent to certain organizations
will continue in accordance with established schedules and in
addition to transmission to WDCs, e.g.

(a)

(ie)

Mean Sea-level observations to the Liverpool
Observatory and Tidal Institute, The Observatory,
Birkenhead for the Mean Sea Level Committee of the
IAPO, It is hoped that a copy of all mean sea-

level observations will be sent direct to the LTI
for the MSL Committee as well as to one or both WDCs.

Bathymetric data to the International Hydrographic
Bureau, Quai des Etats-Unis, Monaco, for the Carte
Bathymetrique Internationale des Océans,

North Atlantic Serial Station data to the Inter-
national Council for the Exploration of the Sea,

NS/IOC/RES

Item 6(2)

25 October 1961
Original: English

UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL,
SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL ORGANIZATION

INTERGOVERNMENTAL OCEANOGRAPHIC COMMISSION
Rips: 2eSs70n

Paris, UNESCO, 19-27 October 1961

COORDINATION OF NATIONAL AND REGIONAL PROGRAMMES

(Draft Resolution presented to the plenary
meeting by Working Group No, 3)

The Commission recommends that:

ips (a) Regional organizations and member countries, as soon
as possible, should submit to the Secretariat of the
IOC, information on their existing national and
regional programmes;

(b) Plans of cruises of international interest projected
for the future should also be submitted together with
information on berths available for scientists of
other countries; likewise scientists prepared to
carry out work at sea should submit details of their
availability for future crumses

(c) Reports on the general results of all cruises should
be forwarded expeditiously as the cruises are
completed;

(d) Descriptions of newly-developed instruments and
techniques should also be forwarded to the Office of
Oceanography of UNESCO,

2, (a) The oceanography newsletter which the Office of
Oceanography of UNESCO proposes to publish should
contain a brief summary of the information mentioned
above,

(b) The newsletter should be reproduced by any rapid and
economical methcd of publication and sent as quickly
as possible to mailing lists furnished by each
member country.

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NS/IOC/RES (Continued )

3. The Secretariat of the I0C, in consultations with the
Bureau of the Commission, SCOR, and other appropriate
agencies, should consider the feasibility and practicality
of the creation of the international pool of scientific
equipment and study means whereby such a pool can be
created. Such a pool might be created even on a partial
basis in time for the International Indian Ocean
Expedition.

4. Member states should be urged to distribute scientific

papers and abstracts to the mailing lists referred to in
paragraph 2(b) above,

WS/1061.169

NS/10C/RES

Item 7

Paris, 24 October 1961
Original: English

UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL,
SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL ORGANIZATION

INTERGOVERNMENTAL OCEANOGRAPHIC COMMISSION
First Session
Paris, UNESCO, 19-27 October 1961

STANDARDIZATION AND INTERCALIBRATION OF OCEANOGRAPHIC
METHODS AND EQUIPMENT

(Draft Resolution presented to the plenary
meeting by Working Group No. 3)

The Commission

Recognizing that there is a pressing need for a coordinated
program that insures that oceanographic observations will be
more meaningful and useful for oceanographic research in
general,

Recognizing further that this can be accomplished by a
carefully planned program which includes to varying degrees the
standardization, intercalibration and absolute calibration of
observational methods and equipment, and that the formulation
of such a program should be carried out by those scientists
most intimately involved in the collection and use of such data,

Convinced that in order to have comparable results this
will probably involve some standardization of methods and
equipment but equally convinced that world-wide standardization
of all oceanographic techniques is not now desirable,

Aware that such a program should proceed in an orderly
fashion so that final results will be the assurance that
accurate oceanographic data can be mutually exchanged among
oceanographers,

Further aware of the excellent work in this field being
carried out by IAPO, ICES, and ICSEM, and of the recent inter-
calibrations at Honolulu and aboard "VITYAZ" and "GASCOYNE ®
sponsored jointly by SCOR and UNESCO,

NS/IOC/RES - Item 7 (Continued)
Requests SCOR to undertake the following task:

Appoint as soon as possible working groups for the
purpose of examining, summarizing, and criticising the
present oceanographic methods and equipment in common
use to determine where these methods or equipment do
not provide universally usable, accurate data, or
where such data cannot presently be utilized to the
utmost, and to recommend by report to the IOC appropriate
steps whereby these methods or equipment should be made
universally usable, This may in some cases be accomplished
by standardization or by intercalibration, or by such
methods as these experts may determine.

WS/1061,148

Vastripctions limited UNE SCO/10C/RES
Item 8
Paris, 26 October 1961
Onigimnals English

UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL,
SCIENTIFIC AN) CULTURAL ORGANIZATION

INTERGOVERNMENTAL OCEANOGRAPHIC COMM ISS TON
First Session
Paris, UNESCO, 19-27 October 1961
(Draft Resolution by Special Working Group)

Noting the proposal for an International Oceanographic Research
and Training Vessel to be sponsored by UNESCO;

Following the resolutions adopted at the Intergovernmental
Conference on Oceanographic Research, held in Copenhagen in
July 1960 and the General Conference of UNESCO at its 11th
Session in November/December 1960;

Being of the opinion that it is difficult at the present time
for such a vessel to be operated directly by an international
organization, that further examination of this problem is
required, and that it may well be found that training can be
more efficiently and cheaply carried out aboard National Vessels;

Considers that the present time is not suitable for carrying
out the proposal;

Recommends that nations operating national oceanographic
research vessels be encouraged to accept scientists for
training from other nations without such vessels. This offer
has already been made by Brazil and by several other countries.

Recommends, in addition, that the Member Nations continue to
keep in mind the proposal for one or more International Vessels
which could be operated on an international or regional basis
and that the item be inserted in the agenda of the Inter-
governmental Oceanographic Commission at an appropriate future
time.

WS/1061.166

Distribution: Limited UNE SCO/NS/I0C/1-4
Paris, 25 August 1961
Original: Enobash

UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL,
SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL ORGANIZATION

INTERGOVERNMENTAL OCEANOGRAPHIC COMMISSION
First Session

Paris, UNESCO, 19-27 October 1961

Proposed International Oceanographic Research
and Training Vessel

Summary Report
by the Office of Oceanography of UNESCO

INTRODUCT ION

The early history of proposals for an international
oceanographic vessel is recounted in the document
UNESCO/NS/OCEAN/78 of 5 June 1958. At the Preparatory Meeting
for the Intergovernmental Conference on Oceanographic Research,
held in Paris, 21-26 March 1960, the proposal was discussed
at length, as described in UNESCO/NS/163 of 13 May 1960, At
the Intergovernmental Conference on Oceanographic Research,
held in Copenhagen, 11-16 July 1960, the following resolution
was adopted:

"The Intergovernmental Conference on Oceanographic Research;

Considering that the proposal for an international
oceanographic vessel to be sponsored by UNESCO requires further
study;

Convinced, at the same time, that the training of
oceanographers should be developed by all possible means;

Recommends that the General Conference of UNESCO at its
Eleventh Session invite the Director-General to request the
proposed Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission to study
with the aid of the Special Committee on Oceanic Research,
the desirability and feasibility of UNESCO chartering or
acquiring an oceanographic training and research vessel, in
comparison with other possible methods that might be employed
by UNESCO in a comprehensive world-wide programme of training
for oceanographers particularly in countries where oceanographic
activities are in early stages of development, and to take the
results of this study into account in preparing the programme
and budget proposals of UNESCO in marine sciences;

WS/0861.126

UNESCO/NS/IOC/1-4 (Continued)

Recommends further that governments strongly support a
marked increase in UNESCO's programme for training oceanographers
and that the proposed funds budgeted in 1961-1962 for a train-
ing vessel be maintained in UNESCO's budget for other oceano-
graphic training activities."

The General Conference of UNESCO, at its Eleventh Session,
adopted the following resolution:

"The Director-General is authorized, in cooperation
with the United Nations, the Food and Agriculture Organization,
the World Meteorological Organization, the Intergovernmental
Maritime Consultative Organization, the other interested
Specialized Agencies, the International Atomic Energy Agency,
and the competent international and regional scientific
organizations and councils and on the advice of appropriate
advisory bodies, to stimulate and assist study, research and
training of research personnel in marine sciences, to
participate, at their request, in the activities cd Member
States which are pursuing these ends, and in particular:

To request the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission
to study the feasibility and advisability of the operation by
UNESCO of an international research and training vessel and to
submit the recommendation of the Commission to the Executive
Board for comments and for presentation to the General
Conference at its Twelfth Session for decision,"

To implement this resolution, the following project was
included in the Approved Programme and Budget for 1961-1962:

"A study will be made in 1961-1962 by the Inter-
governmental Oceanographic Commission, with the assistance of
SCOR, on the feasibility and advisability of the operation by
UNESCO of an international research and training vessei, in
the light of alternatives such as:

Support for national land-based oceanographic training
institutions, national training ships, regional training
courses;

Expanded fellowship programmes for training in countries
where oceanography is well developed;

Aid to national institutions offering the basic scientific
education which is prerequisite for oceanography training;

WS/0861.126 2

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UNESCO/NS/IOC/1-4 (Continued)

Support for regional and international land-based
oceanographic research laboratories;

Aid to individual scientists conducting oceanographic
research;

Fellowships for participating in oceanographic expeditions
organized by various countries and UNESCO, etc,

The study will cover scientific, legal, financial,
administrative, and logistic problems, and the utility of
UNESCO's operating such a vessel for training purposes,

Other factors which will be considered in the study are
as follows: the availability of basic educationsl facilities
in countries where oceanography is in its early stages of
development; the number and qualifications of anticipated
trainees in the various branches of oceanography in such
countries; the availability and possibility of useful
employment for these trainees after completion of training;
the financial implications to UNESCO of continuing this method
of training, and its impact on the future development of marine
sciences research in the countries concerned,

The study will also examine whether the UNESCO training on
an oceanographic vessel programme for young scientists,
supplemented by other training facilities offered by
interested countries would be more likely to meet the world
requirement for such training than facilities offered
voluntarily by national vessels to trainees of other countries,

The findings of the Commission will be submitted to the
Executive Board for comments and to the General Conference at
its Twelfth Session for decision."

At a meeting in April 1961 of the Executive Board of the
Special Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR) in its capacity
as advisory body to the UNESCO programme in marine science,
it was recommended that this study might best be done by the
Office of Oceanography, using the legal and other facilities of
UNESCO, This paper attempts to summarize the various aspects
of the question for consideration by the Intergovernmental
Oceanographic Commission.

WS/0861.126

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UNESCO/NS /IOC/1-4 (Continued )

The various alternatives to the International Oceanographic
Vessel listed in Project 2.32.8 are being implemented to
greater or less extent in UNESCO's 1961-1962 regular programme,
and form an integral part of planning for future UNESCO work
in this field, It seems unlikely that existence of the
international vessel would eliminate the need for such action,

Of the problems which it is proposed that the study
encompass, the legal aspects have been described in
UNESCO/NS/OCEAN/95(7). There seem to be no insurmountable
legal difficulties, The administrative and logistic problems
are not unigue and need not influence the decision as to
whether such a vessel should be operated.

The scientific and financial problems, and the utility of
UNESCO's operating such a vessel for training purposes, are
matters which are basic to this decision. The principal
questions to be answered are the following:

1, What purpose would the International Oceanographic
Vessel serve?

2, What would it cost?

3. Can the same purposes be served better, or at less
cost, by other means?

PURPOSE OF INTERNATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHiC VESSEL

From the beginning the principal purpose proposed for the
International Oceanographic Vessel has been research, particularly
in waters not now intensively investigated by ships of any
country. The training aspects were given less emphasis,
although subsequently Project 2.32.8 stressed primarily the
training problem.

is Research

With the development of large scale international
oceanographic programmes, such as those of the International
Geophysical Year and the International Indian Ocean Expedition,
and with the organization of the Intergovernmental Oceanographic
Commission, the research requirements originally foreseen seem
to be less critical, The regions which are not being
intensively investigated become fewer every year. The number
of research vessels is increasing steadily. The need of
certain groups of scientifically advanced countries for a high-
seas research vessel may be met more satisfactorily by regional
vessels (see later).

WS/0861 .126 4

UNESCO/NS/IOC/1--4 (Continued )

Nonetheless, there are some advantages of the IOV as a
research tool:

1. The IOV would presumably be well equipped and well
staffed and would be able to do competent work on
problems or regions otherwise inadequately treated,
thus supplementing the work of national laboratories,

2. It could play an important role in the standardization
and inter-comparison of methods,

There are also some disadvantages to the IOV as a
research tool:

1. If the training function predominates (see below), an
intensive programme of investigations is more
diiizcule To carry out.

2. The international character of the vessel may
influence, or make less flexible, the selection of
problems or areas where the ship might work, It may
also tend to make the research approach conservative
because of the difficulty in obtaining agreement on
techniques,

tt. iznaining

An important element of oceanographic training is work at
sea with experienced scientists. This field training should be
preceded by study of the principles involved and of the
problems under investigation. Ideally the trainee should
participate in the formulation of the experiment or method of
attack on the problem, in the making of the measurements or
collections, and in their processing and analysis. A simple
demonstration of field techniques is inadequate, Mastery of
the techniques requires constant repetition, and the measure-
ments should constitute part of a meaningful research
programme rather than an artificial exercise,

Such field training is an integral part of the curriculum
in the oceanographically advanced countries, and students at
institutions there, including those from other countries,
obtain the necessary field experience as a matter of course,
Trainees from less advanced countries have difficulty in
obtaining field experience under proper supervision except
where they have the opportunity to work on foreign vessels
(as in the case of various national expeditions or the UNESCO
shipboard fellowships on ships of the International Indian
Ocean Expedition),

5
WS/0861.126

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UNESCO/NS /10C/1-4 (Continued )
There are some advantages to training on the IOV:

1. There is more space and facilities for trainees, and
the programme can be specifically designed to give
them maximum experience (at the same time cutting
down on the research capability, as mentioned above).

2. A variety of methods and equipment from different
countries should be available,

3. The international atmosphere with staff and trainees
from several countries will be advantageous.

There are also some disadvantages to training on IOV:

1, There may be too many trainees aboard, with a resultant
difficulty in giving each trainee the individual
attention and experience he needs.

2. The best scientists and the most advanced research and
equipment will usually be on national ships rather
than on the IOV, so that training may tend to be
classical rather than progressive,

COST OF INTERNATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC VESSEL

The first thing which should be understood about any
research vessel is that to construct such a vessel is quite
an expensive enterprise. The following table summarizes the
cost of different projects presented at previous meetings:

Country Length overall Tonnage Construction Cost Operation Cost*
m (CRT)

$ million $ million

URS ees 47 300 240 0.40

Sil 500 2.6 Oras

53 850 34.0 050

56 Sy B\A8) 0595

64 1100 at |S no estimation

81 1500 7.4 do

96 4500 p20 do
France 65 1500 1,6** 0236
Monaco 64 1300 Abate} no estimation
Germany al 1950 1.6 no estimation

* not including salaries and expenses of scientific party
** without scientific equipment

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UNESCO/NS/IOC/1-4 (Continued)

The chartering or purchasing (with subsequent conversion
and/or equipping) of a ship between 45 and 75 m long and
between 700 and 1500 displacement tons, could be done at
nominal cost; the additional cost of minimum essential conversion
and equipping would not exceed $300,000.

For comparison, some figures can be given:

Total budget of UNESCO in marine sciences

np e\ saeco eee ee ee eee mere $431, 000
for 1963-1964 (as planned) ------------- $498, 000

Special Fund projects of marine institutes (if authorized)

in Panama --------3- enn nner eee nee nnn Sl, O°mil Lion
in Philippines ------------------------- oi,5 million
in India ----------------------+--------- $i, 5° million

This means that the project of an International Oceano-
graphic Vessel, if implemented, will take undoubtedly a much
greater amount of money than any other part of international
oceanographic activity.

This estimate ultimately places the project of the
International Oceanographic Vessel beyond the regular budget
of UNESCO, It may be difficult to justify Special Fund
allocation for this project because it has no immediate
economic implications. The only possibility left is pooling
of money by interested States with probable further administration
of the project by UNESCO or by an organization of the CERN type.

If, however, the ship is donated to UNESCO by some
individual or organization, it will remove considerable part
of the capital investment. Some conversion and equipping cost
will still be necessary and the operating expenses will remain.

CAN THE SAME PURPOSES BE SERVED BETTER OR AT LESS COST BY OTHER
MEANS?

It has not been clearly established that the development
of marine science is being impeded by a shortage of research
vessels, except in special regional or local cases, Nor is it
evident that the IOV has great advantages over other vessels
for research purposes. The development of marine science is
limited, however, by a shortage of competent and experienced
scientists. The question is, would the creation of the IOV
help to solve this problem?

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UNESCO,/'NS/I0C/1-4 (Continued )

There is a shortage of oceanographers in most of the
developed countries (except USSR and Japan) as well as in the
newer Countries. “In tne developed countries, the problem is
being solved on a national level in most cases and does not
appear to be serious. In some countries, the rapid expansion
of oceanographic work has not been accompanied by a comparable
increase in the number of oceanographers being trained, The
law of supply and demand, as well as increased efforts to
attract and train students, will solve the problem relatively
quickly, In other developed countries, the shortage is due in
large part to inadequate organization of the science and to
lack of a clear-cut and long-term national programme, and thus
to the shortage or absence of attractive employment opportunities.
This problem will not be resolved by the creation of the IOV,

In the less developed countries the problem is more
complex, Often there is no tradition or understanding of
science in the country, no programme of marine work and thus
no employment opportunities. Often the best students go into
other, more lucrative fields such as law, medicine, or
engineering. It seems likely that the occasional qualified
student who desires advanced training can be handled under
existing fellowship programmes at institutions in the
developed countries. It seems unlikely that the IOV would
have a significant effect on alleviating the shortage of
adequately trained scientists in the less developed countries.
A complex approach to this problem is required, in which the
Shipboard training of young scientists appears relatively
minor in importance,

The following table presents a rough estimate of the field
training cost per trainee in case of fellowship aboard
national ship and additional cost of fellowship aboard
international vessel,

Cost per .Additional Additional
trainee covered! cost per cost per

by UNESCO pro- ; trainee due t j trainee due
gramme in case |to operational : to cost of
of fellowship |cost of inter- the ship
aboard national|{national train-' construction

ship ing vessel (30 ‘with amorti-
trainees per {zation in:
iyear) iS yes 1Oiyrs
Fellowship for training
and research aboard Sb oee $10,000 $13,000 $6,500
ship (duration
3-4 months ) Total: $300,000 Total: $2,000,000

per year,
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UNESCO/NS/IOC/1-4 (Continued )

In the case of implementation of the training programme
aboard existing national ships, the cost per trainee will be
represented by the first figure of this table and it can be
supplied entirely from UNESCO's regular budget.

In the case of an international training vessel, the
total cost of one fellowship will include also a certain part
of the constructional and operational costs of the ship, which
should come from the contributions of participating States,

REGIONAL VESSELS

At the present time, it seems more logical to encourage
the development of regional vessels for training and research
purposes, These would be international but be supported only
by the countries of a given region, For example, the
Scandinavian countries find themselves without an adequate
ship for high seas work, If these countries were to pool their
resources in a jointly owned and operated vessel, this would
meet their needs at a reasonable cost to each country.
Similarly, there appears to be a need for such a vessel to
operate in the Mediterranean, which might be supported by
France, Italy, Monaco, and other countries of the region,

Regional vesse'’s are most likely to be developed in the
more advanced countries, oceanographically speaking, where
their principal purpose would be research, with training
important but secondary. However, as part of its 1961-1962
programme, UNESCO, on an experimental basis, is contributing
towards the equipping of two regional training vessels, one in
the Indian Ocean region and one in Latin America. The use of
these vessels, in conjunction with regional training courses,
may help to increase the number of experienced field workers
in these regions.

Bibliography on an International Oceanographic Vessel

(a) History of the question UNESCO/NS /OCEAN/78

(b) Legal aspects

UNE SCO/NS/OCEAN/95(7),
96

(c) Proposals of the Paris UNESCO/NS/OCEAN/98
Preparatory Meeting of 1960 - UNESCO/NS/163 pages 3-5

WS/0861.126

UNESCO/NS/IOC/1-4 (Continued )

(d) Resolution of Copenhagen Inter- - UNESCO/NS/167
p g
governmental Conference July 1960 pages 3, 9

(e) Projects of vessels of different - UNESCO/NS/95(1), (2),
types : (3), (4), (5). (6)

(These documents could be supplied to participants by the
Secretariat of IOC upon their eee

WS/0861.126

10

ANNEX VII

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Pr ee ees
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Distribution: Limited NS/10C/Res
Item 5(f)
Paris, 26 October 1961
Translated from the Spanish

UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL,
SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL ORGANIZATION

INTERGOVERNMENTAL OCEANOGRAPHIC COMMISSION
First Session
Paris, UNESCO, 19-27 October 1961

JOINT DECLARATION SUBMITTED BY THE DELEGATIONS OF ARGENTINA,
BRAZIL, CUBA, ECUADOR, MEXICO, URUGUAY, AND THE DOMINICAN
REPUBLIC TO THE PLENARY MEETING OF THE INTERGOVERNMENTAL
OCEANOGRAPHIC COMMISSION AT ITS FIRST SESSION

The delegations of Argentina, Brazil, Cuba, Ecuador, Mexico,
Uruguay, and the Dominican Republic, present at the First Session
of the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission,

AWARE of the substantial progress achieved by oceanography
in highly industrialized countries and of the fact that nations
in process of development, despite their efforts to intensify
their activities in this field, are increasingly failing to
keep abreast of this progress because of inadequate trained
scientific personnel and economic resources;

NOTING that a thorough knowledge of the oceans can be
obtained only through more intensive and effective international
cooperation, which makes it urgent to provide a larger number
of oceanographic research centres furnished with equipment
and specialized technical staff;

OBSERVING that the funds so far assigned by UNESCO to
oceanographic research in countries in process of development
have proved insufficient for the purpose; and

BEARING IN MIND that the Latin American countries have
not yet been able to contribute effectively, and as much as
they would like to do, to the advancement of world oceanography
owing to the above-mentioned lack of resources;

va

hey cee

NS/I0C/Res_ (Continued)

INVITE the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission to
recommend the Director-General of UNESCO to make an appreciable
increase in the budget of its Regular Programme and of the
Technical Assistance Programme, and to grant special funds
for the promotion of oceanographic research, the development
of existing institutions and the training of the necessary
technical staff, in order to speed up the progress of such
research in Latin American countries, so that they may acquire
sufficient knowledge and experience to be able to make a real
and substantial contribution to implementation of regional
oceanographic projects in their respective areas; such as
those submitted in Resolution #5 under (b), (f), (3), and (k).

WS/1061.170

Distribution: Limited NS/LOC/RES
Item 5(f)-1
Paris, 2/7 Octobex 1961.
Original: English

UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL,
SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL ORGANIZATION

INTE RGOVERNMENTAL OCEANOGRAPHIC COMMISSION

RESOLUTION IN COiNECTION WITH THE JOINT DECLARATION
SUBMITTED BY THE DELEGATIONS OF ARGENTINA, BRAZIL,
CUBA, ECUADOR, MEXICO, URUGUAY, AND THE DOMINICAN

REPUBLIC

The Commission

Noting the Joint Declaration submitted by Argentina, Brazil,
Cuba, Ecuador, Mexico, Uruguay, and the Dominican Republic;

Appreciating the needs of these Latin American countries for
assistance in the training of oceanographers and for the
development of oceanographic activities;

Recommends that these interested members include in their
requests for Technical Assistance proposals in the marine
sciences, and also;

Recommends that these countries initiate and develop projects
in the marine sciences under the Special Fund of the United
Nations with the assistance of the Office of Oceanography of
UNESCO; and

Recommends that the Director-General consider the possibility
of increasing or modifying the allocations of the UNESCO
oceanographic program to give further assistance to developing
countries interested in participating in international
oceanographic programs.

WS/1061.181

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Distribution: Limited UNE SCO/NS/10C/Res
Item 5(b)-2 (Russian)
Paris, 27 October 1961

Translated from the Russian

UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL,
SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL ORGANIZATION

INTERGOVERNMENTAL OCEANOGRAPHIC COMMISSION

a a I NS SR a NR

First Session
Paris, UNESCO, 19-27 October 1961

RESOLUTION ON THE REPORT BY THE SECRETARIAT CONCERNING
THE PLANNED UNESCO BUDGET FOR 1963-1964 IN THE SPHERE
OF OCEANOGRAPHY

(Proposal by the USSR Delegation)

The Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, having heard
the report by the Secretariat concerning the planned UNESCO
budget for 1963-1964 in the sphere of oceanography,

Recommends, within the limits of proposed expenditure for
1963-1964, that:

(a) Provision be made for an increase in assistance to
the development of oceanographic research in the
countries of Africa which have acceded to
independence in recent years, and in particular
Ghana,

(b) Provision be made for an increase in the volume of
resources supplied to India for the creation of an
oceanographic centre in Cochin.

(c) Provision be made to divide the financial assistance

granted to Ecuador for investigations in the vicinity

of the Galapagos Islands, in the conduct of which
several countries are interested.

WS/1061.180

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Distribution: Limited NS/LOG/RES

Item 10
Paris, 26 October 1961

UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL,
SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL ORGANIZATION

INTERGOVERNMENTAL OCEANOGRAPHIC COMMISSION
First Session
Paris, UNESCO, 19-27 October 1961
AMENDMENTS TO THE PROVISIONAL RULES OF PROCEDURE
(Suggested by the Sub-Committee of the Steering

Committee on Rules of Procedure)

The Sub-Committee met on Thursday, 26 October 1961, at

1l a.m., to review the Provisional Rules of Procedure adopted
by the Commission. It had before it proposals submitted by
Argentina, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, and the
United Kingdom, as well as some draft changes proposed by the
Secretariat,

The Sub-Committee recommends that the following changes

be made in the Provisional Rules of Procedure,

Rule

Rule

Rule

6

Add a paragraph as follows:

"2, The Provisional Agenda shall be communicated to the
members of the Commission at least three months before
the opening of each session,"

7

Amend sub-paragraph d) to read:

"q) Items which the Director-General of UNESCO or the
Secretary of the Commission may deem necessary to raise,"

9
Amend the Rule to read:

"The Commission may, during a session, modify the order

of items on the Agenda. A majority of two-thirds shall

be required for the addition or deletion of items during
a session,"

WS/1061.176

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NS/IOC/RES Item 10 -(Continved)

Rule 16

Add at the end of the sentence the words ",.,.. or of the
Bureau,"

20

Rule

Amend the Rule to read:

"The Secretary shall direct the members of the Secretariat
of the Commission provided in accordance with Article 8,
paragraph 1 of the Statutes,"

Rule

22

Amend the Rule to read:

"In carrying out his functions as defined in Article 8 of
the Statutes, on behalf of the Commission, the Secretary
shall act under the authority of the Director-General

of UNESCO,"

23

Rule

Delete the second sentence,

Rule

26

Add the word "simple" before the word "majority".

Section XI

Rule

38. 1) Change the title to "REPORTS"
2) Add a new paragraph 1 as follows:

"1, The Secretary shall submit an annual report
to the Commission,"

3) Renumber existing paragraphs accordingly.

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