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1892-938.
WITH SPECIAL PAPERS.
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MESSAGE
FROM THE
PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES,
TRANSMITTING
The report, with accompanying papers, of the Commission of the United
States for the Columbian Historical Exposition at Madrid in 1892
and 1893.
DECEMBER 11, 1894.—Referred to the Committee on Foreign Affairs and ordered
to be printed.
To the CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES:
1 transmit herewith a communication from the Secretary of State,
inclosing the report, with accompanying papers, of the Commission of
the United States for the Columbian Historical Exposition in Madrid
in 1892 and 1893, constituted in virtue of the act of Congress approved
May 13, 1892.
GROVER CLEVELAND.
EXECUTIVE MANSION,
Washington, December 10, 1894.
To the PRESIDENT:
I submit herewith, with a view to its transmission to Congress, a
communication from Prof. G. Brown Goode, inclosing the report, with
accompanying papers, of the Commission of the United States for the
Columbian Historical Exposition, heldin Madrid in 1892 and 1893, con-
stituted in virtue of the act of Congress approved May 13, 1892.
Respectfully submitted.
EDWIN F. UHL,
Acting Secretary.
DEPARTMENT OF STATE,
Washington, December 7, 1894.
4 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.
COMMISSION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
For THE COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION IN MADRID,
Washington, December 5, 1894.
Srr: I have the honor to submit the report of the Commission of the
United States of America for the Columbian Historical Exposition in
Madrid during the months of November and December, 1892, and
January, 1893.
The.time which has elapsed since the conclusion of the Exposition
has been necessarily occupied in the completion of the special reports.
This work has not been so rapidly forwarded as it would have been
had not the time of most of the persons engaged upon these reports
been absorbed for a considerable period by duties in connection with
the World’s Columbian Exposition in Chicago.
Very respectfully,
G. BROWN GOODE,
Acting Commissioner- General.
The SECRETARY OF STATE.
CONTENTS.
Page.
History of the participation of the United States in the Columbian Historical
Exposition at Madrid, by the Commissioner General, Rear-Admiral
Stepnen-b-suiuce, Unibed, States Navy 222-02) fa-ceeko. o.aae eco sse ee 7-17
Report upon the Collections Exhibited at the Columbian Historical Exposition,
i byaCommigsionen Dr, DanieltG. Brinton s. 12) 522 eeee es eae eee 18-89
Catalogue and description of objects exhibited ...-...............---2------ 91-142
Catalogue of the Display from the Department of Prehistoric Anthro-
pology, United States National Museum, by Thomas Wilson, Curator. 93
Catalogue of the Ethnological Collection of the United States National
Museum and the Smithsonian Institution, by Walter Hough, Assistant
Curator of the Department of Ethnology...-..............-..---.- 143-191
Exhibit of the United States Indian Industrial School, for the education
Ofgaduihbeladtans,\\ Cat Sle ab ayes mse yale ot ee eee epee ue Loe 192
Model of the U. 8. ship of war Columbia, exhibited by the United States
ile R yd Deh 05 000K) 6) Nia = eee a PE ee nn are, UPA, ae Mee 192
Exhibit of the United States Army Medical Museum.............---.---- 193
Archeological Objects Exhibited by the Department of Archxology and
Paleontology of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa. 195-203
Collection of primitive Indian skulls, exhibited by the Academy of Natural
Scioncestofsehiladel pha: esses 8 os asia ern oat ee eee ee tO 205-207
Publications of the Numismatic and Antiquarian Society of Philadelphia. 209-210
ixhrbitioiinecUniteds States. Minter. .: s. 2.825 2225 2. sho ss ee cook oe ee 211
Exhibit of the United States Bureau of Engraving and Printing.--..--.- 212
iE xii bib Gtetheweost-Ofice; Department... nes 2-242 eee ese eeeee eee eee 2138
Report of William E. Curtis, Assistant to the Commissioner General, in charge
of the Historical Section, Exhibit of the United States at the Colum-
bian Historical Exposition, Madrid, Spain, 1892 ................... 215-274
Catalogue of the Collection of Pictures Representing Various Places Iden-
tified with the Life of Columbus, exhibited by the Latin-American
Department of the Columbian Universal Exposition, at Chicago.... 275-278
Catalogue of the Hemenway Collection in the Columbian Historical Exposi-
tion at Madrid, by Dr. J. Walter Fewkes .................--.- - 279-327
Ancient Mexican Feather Work in the Columbian Historical eenastiann at
Madrid, by Zelia Nuttall, Delegate of the Peabody Museum of Amer-
ican eeiealiey. and Ethnology, Cambridge, Mass....-..-.-.-----.. 329-337
Ancient Central and South American Pottery, in the Columbian Histor ical
Exposition at Madrid, in 1892, by Dr. Walter Hough...--.........- 339-365
Chipped Stone Implements, in the Columbian Historical Exposition at Madrid,
Pa annary edo. Ye. Cs, Mencer 52. sasesewsss 5. seee en tacseece 367-397
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HISTORY OF THE PARTICIPATION OF THE UNITED
STATES IN THE COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL
EXPOSITION AT MADRID.
By the Commissioner General, Rear-Admiral STEPHEN B. LUCE, United States Navy.
WASHINGTON, D. C., May 2, 1893.
Str: The Columbian Historical Exposition at Madrid having closed,
and the Commissioners having completed the duty assigned to them,
the Commissioner General begs leave to submit the following report:
By virtue of an act of Congress approved May 13, 1892, the President
appointed a Commission to represent the United States at the Commem-
orative Celebration, in Spain, of the Fourth Centenary of the Discovery
of America. The text of the act runs as follows:
Be it enacted, etc., That for the expense of representation of the United States at
the Columbian Historical Exposition to be held in Madrid in eighteen hundred and
ninety-two in commemoration of the four hundredth anniversary of the discovery
of America, fifteen thousand dollars, or so much thereof as may be necessary, to be
expended under the direction and in the discretion of the Secretary of State; and
the President is hereby authorized to appoint a Commissioner General and two assis-
tant Commissioners, who may, in his discretion, be selected from the active or retired
list of the Army or Navy, and shall serve without other compensation than that to
which they are now entitled by law, to represent the United States at said Exposi-
tion; that it shall be the duty of such Commissioners to select from the archives of
the United States, from the National Museum, and from the various Executive
Departments of the Government such pictures, books, papers, documents, and other
articles as may relate to the discovery and early settlement of America and the
aboriginal inhabitants thereof; and they shall be authorized to secure the loan of
similar articles from other museums and private collections, and arrange, classify,
and install them as the exhibit of the United States at the said exposition; that the
President is authorized to cause the detail of officers from the active or retired list
of the Army and Navy, to serve without compensation other than that to which they
are now entitled by law, as assistants to said Commissioners; and the said Commis-
sioners shall be authorized to employ such clerical and other assistance as may be
necessary, subject to the approval of the Secretary of State.
This act was supplemented by the act approved August 5, 1892,
which appropriated the additional sum of $10,000 for the expenses of
the Commission.
Under the provisions of the former act the following members were
appointed: S. B. Luce, rear-admiral, United States Navy (retired),
7
8 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.
Commissioner General; James C. Welling, LL. D., president of Colum-
bian University, and George Brown Goode, LL. D., assistant secretary
of the Smithsonian Institution, Commissioners; Lieut. John C. Colwell,
United States Navy, special disbursing officer; Mr. William E. Curtis,
and Prof. Thomas Wilson, assistants; Mr. Stewart Culin. secretary,
and Mr. Walter Hough, assistant.
Dr. Welling was, unfortunately, obliged to resign at a very early
period, by which the Commission was deprived of all the advantages
of his ripe scholarship and sound judgment; and Dr. Goode, soon
after reaching Madrid, tound himself compelled, through physical
disability, to return to the United States. The loss thus sustained
by the Commission of two gentlemen so eminent in their respective
domains, was severely felt, the more so from the fact that, for the
time being, it was irreparable. Later on, Prof. Thomas Wilson, by
reason of family affliction, returned to the United States, which reduced
the actual working force to but two members, Messrs. Culin and
Hough. Fortunately, there was at this juncture an important acces-
sion to the party in the person of Dr. Daniel G. Brinton, whose wide
reputation and high standing in the world of science renders any spe-
cial notice here unnecessary. Dr. Brinton was commissioned by the
President as successor to Dr. Welling. Lieut. J. C. Colwell, United
States Navy, was detached February 2, 1893.
The Spanish Government, in pursuance of a royal decree under date
of January 9, 1891, provided for a series of international celebrations,
prominent among which were the two joint historical expositions held
in Madrid—one the Exposicion Historico-Americana, the other the Ex-
posicién Historico-Europea. This report deals with the former only.
The Historic American Exposition was intended to illustrate the
state of civilization of the New World in the precolumbian, Columbian,
and postcolumbian periods; while in the Historic European Exposition
was exhibited the evidences of the civilization of Europe, or, more par-
ticularly, that of the Iberian Peninsula, at the time when the New
World was discovered and colonized. It was expected that, by the aid
of these exhibitions, students and visitors generally would be enabled
to understand the state of artistic and industrial civilization in Europe
and in America during this important epoch, and to realize the influence
which the one may have exercised upon the other.
The period which the distinguished scholars in charge of the His-
toric European Exposition desired especially to illustrate was that
during which American history was most closely identified with that
of Europe. This, it was assumed, extends from 1492, when the Spanish
caravels first reached the Antilles, to 1620, when the Mayflower, set-
ting forth from a Dutch seaport, brought the English HEE to what
is now known as New England.
‘The Columbian Epoch,” extending from the end of the fifteenth
century through the first third of the seventeenth, includes most of
COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 9
the principal initial efforts for the exploration and colonization of the
new continent by Europeans. By bringing together, in a retrospective
exhibition, what remains to illustrate the arts and industries of Europe
at this time, it was the aim of the Spanish authorities, to quote their
own language, “to teach the people of to-day what were the elements
of civilization with which, on the side of the arts, Europe was then
equipped for the task of educating a daughter, courageous and
untamed, but vigorous and beautiful, who had risen from the bosom of
the seas, and who, in the course of a very few centuries, was to be
transformed from a daughter into a sister—a sister proud in aspira-
tion and in power.”
This great anc laudable design, it may be briefly stated here, was
well carried out, and the success of the enterprise fully justified the
hopes of the projectors.
The exhibits of the Historic American Exposition were divided into
three great series. The first included American prehistoric remains,
the earliest indications of the existence of man in caves, neolithic
monuments, lacustrine dwellings, and the arms and utensils of this
primitive age. The second illustrated the characteristics of the Amer-
ican aborigines just prior to the discovery. The third represented
the period of discovery, of conquest, and of European influence up
to the middle of the seventeenth century.
There were other ‘‘functions” in connection with the Columbian
anniversary, such as the meeting of the Congress of Americanists,
which was held at Huelva in commemoration of the four hundredth
anniversary of the departure of the caravels of Columbus from the
port of Palos; and, on the 11th of October, there was unveiled near
the ancient monastery of La Rabida, in the presence of the Queen
and her court, and a vast assemblage, a monument erected to com-
memorate the discovery of America; while congresses representing
various scientific and mercantile interests were held at various times
and places.
The management of the commemorative celebration was, according
to the decree already referred to, entrusted to a royal commission, the
President of which was the Prime Minister of Spain, His Excellency
Don Antonio Canovas del Castillo. Subcommissions were organized
in each of the Spanish-American Republics, and special commissions
were appointed by the governors of the Spanish provinces and the
governor-general of the Antilles and the Philippine Islands.
By the terms of the royal decree the Exposition was to have been
opened on the 12th of September, 1892, and closed on the 31st of
December following. But, from one cause and another, the rooms were
not thrown open to the public until the 30th of October.
On the 11th of November the Exposition was formally inaugurated
by Her Majesty the Queen Regent, Maria Christina of Spain, assisted
by their Majesties the King and Queen of Portugal.
10 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.
The Historic American portion was closed on the 31st of January.
The following countries, named in alphabetical order, furnished ex-
hibits: Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia, Costa Rica, Denmark, Ecuador,
Germany, Guatemala, Mexico, Nicaragua, Norway, Peru, Portugal,
Spain and her colonies, Sweden, United States, and Uruguay. The
totalnumber of objects presented reached nearly two hundred thousand.
The Exposition was held in the new and handsome building known
as ‘El Palacio de la Biblioteca y Museos Nacionales,” its imposing
facade looking upon El Paseo de Recoletos. The eastern entrance, the
one which, for its greater convenience, was habitually used by the
United States Commissioners, is on the Calle de Serrano. Entering
from thence the vestibule, the rooms assigned to the United States
exhibit were on the left, as will be seen by reference to the accompany-
ing plan. There were six rooms in all, the largest being 37.60 meters
long by 14.30 meters wide and proportionately high. The total area of
the allotted space was 14,500 square feet. The first room of the series
was: intended as a reception room (PI. 1). It was hung with tapes-
tries, kindly supplied for the occasion from the royal palace; furnished
with figures and pictures from the United States National Museum
illustrative of Indian life; and was tastefully draped with the national
colors of Spain and Portugal, Italy, Austria, and the United States.
Passing through this the visitor came at once into the principal room
occupied by the exhibit of the National Museum. Immediately on the
right were the two rooms designated in the catalogue as the “ Icono-
grafia Colombina,” consisting of a fine collection, made through energy
and enterprise of Mr. William E. Curtis, chief of the Bureau of Latin-
American Republics, of every available portrait of Columbus and pic-
tures relating to his lifeand voyages. Originals were procured wherever
possible, and, in default of such, well executed reproductions. These
rooms were artistically decorated, and, from the rarity and unity of the
collection, attracted no little attention.
Returning to the main salon, indicated on the plan as No. 2, the
eye was at once arrested by the fine proportions of the room as well
as by the variety and extent of the exhibit. (Pls. II and III.)
The excellence of the general arrangement was due to the large
experience and practical, as well as theoretical, knowledge of Dr.
George Brown Goode. The system of installation observed in the
National Museum, Washington, was adopted throughout, and proved
very effective. The principal object of interest found here was the
fine ethnological collection from the United States National Museum,
illustrative of the life of the American aborigines, and largely explan-
atory of the prehistoric objects. It consisted of manikins and photo-
graphs of the Indians, pictures of scenery, models of houses, weapons
and equipments of war and the chase, such as bows, arrows, quivers,
armor, daggers, clubs, spears, fishing lines, hooks, ete. There were
also objects connected with the preparation and serving of food and
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COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 11
drink, cradles, and household furniture. Canoes, snowshoes, sledges,
ete., showed the means of transportation.
The aborigmal arts claimed a large share of attention. Weaving
was illustrated by looms and spinning apparatus and finished textiles,
and the methods of operation were explained by diagrams and photo-
graphs. Baskets in process of manufacture, and similar articles of
industry, leading up to the finely ornamented hats and wallets, made
a good display.
The tools and apparatus connected with the arts of the tanner, pot-
ter, miller, shoemaker, basket maker, arrow maker, carver, jeweler, ete.
and, in many cases, the finished products were shown after the most
approved museum methods.
There was a series of pipes finely carved from stone and bone, and a
number of snuff mortars, snuff tubs, ete., connected with the use of
narcotics, filling one case.
Higher up in the scale of 1deas were the pictured blankets, engraved
bones, and scratched sheets of birch bark, showing the stage of writ-
ing or the system of recording events common among the American
aborigines.
Primitive money and means of exchange were shown by shell money,
bits of copper, pelts of birds, etc., forming the native medium of cir-
culation. ~
There were many musical instruments, consisting of rattles, flutes,
whistles, reed instruments, and drums, from various tribes. Quite a
large number of objects of clothing and of personal adornment, the
products of many diverse trades, revealed the aesthetic side of the
Indian character.
Religion and superstition and closely-connected ceremonies were
explained by many different fetiches, charms, amulets, masks, figures,
picture of the rain-making ceremony, dances, ete.
One case of “ mound-builder” pottery, from the area east of the Mis-
SiSsippi, Was very interesting from the representation of human and
animal forms and the style of decoration. Two jars in form of human
heads, among the most remarkable specimens ever taken from the
mounds, attracted much attention. Another case of ancient and mod-
ern Pueblo pottery gave a good idea of the forms and decoration of
this class of ware.
Four cases of stone implements, rejected in process of manufacture,
taken from seven ancient quarries in the United States, claimed a great
deal of attention and provoked no little discussion among the visitors.
They were collected and arranged by Mr. W. H. Holmes for the Bureau
of Ethnology, and were well illustrated by photographs, plans of sec-
tions of the quarries, and monographs on the subject.
The Bureau of Ethnology also exhibited their great map showing the
distribution of the Indian linguistic stocks, upon which Major Powell
and his assistants have been working assiduously for a number of
12 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.
years. This Bureau exhibited a large number of photographic trans-
parencies of scenery, Indian villages, their inhabitants, ete., which
adorned the windows of the halls and were greatly admired.
Another group of objects well deserving of mention seemed to give
evidence of the existence of man in the paleolithic or chipped-stone
period, such as petrified human vertebrie found in the quaternary strata
of Florida. A section of a prehistoric rock ‘“ shelter” in Pennsylvania
revealed the remains of the two cultures, neolithic and paleolithic.
There was also a very fine collection of jade implements.
The Carlisle Indian School sent photographs of pupils on matricula-
tion and on completing their course; specimens of art and industrial
work, ete., of the Indian scholars. This exhibit proved of general
interest. ;
The Geological Survey sent maps, pictures, and relief models of the
United States and various portions of the country, which, in connection
with the prepared animals from the National Museum, were intended to
give a just conception of the environment of the aborigines.
A nearly complete library of the writings of authors upon the Amer-
ican Indians, maps and historical works relating to the discovery,
formed an important feature of the United States exhibit, which was
again and again remarked by visitors to be a comprehensive presenta-
tion of the precolumbian, Columbian, and postcolumbian civilization of
our country.
The different bureaus of the United States Government sent maps,
charts, publications, and statistical works.
Several historical and patriotic societies were represented.
A large number of private exhibitors also added their portion toward
the perfecting of this very creditable display. A full list of all exhib-
itors in the United States exhibit will be found appended.
Room No. 5, situated in the southeast angle of the building (see
plan), was devoted to the exhibits from the department of archeology
and paleontology of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.
Here were to be found cases containing arms and implements, mostly
of flint stone, such as hatchets, arrowheads, the points of lances, and
similar objects found at various points on the shores of the Delaware
River. There were also stone pipes, shells beautifully wrought, etc.,
found in mounds in the State of Ohio. A collection of forty-four crania,
sent by the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, represented
thirty-five extinct tribes. It forms part of the remarkable collection
made by Dr. 8. G. Morton, of Philadelphia, of human crania; and which
was used by that gentleman in the composition of his great work enti-
tled Crania Americana.
In this room was to be found a very valuable collection of medals
and coms exhibited by the United States National Museum, and a
similar collection contributed by the Numismatic and Antiquarian
Society of Philadelphia; paper money of the British Colonies in North
o
COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 13
America, from 1756 to 1776; Treasury notes, paper money, and United
States bonds, from the United States Bureau of Printing and Engray-
ing, and a complete set of postage stamps and stamped envelopes,
kindly furnished by the Postmaster-General.
Of all the contributions by private individuals, that of Mrs. Mary
Hemenway, of Boston, was the most considerable.
The Hemenway expedition owes its existence and support solely to
Mrs. Hemenway, whose interest in the Celebration of the Fourth Cen-
tenary of the Discovery of America impelled her to send a specialist,
Dr. J. Walter Fewkes, to convey to Madrid some of the most valuable
objects in her collections. Dr. Fewkes remained with the Hemenway
exhibit during the entire period of the Historic American Exposition,
was recognized as a member of the United States Commission, and
took part in the deliberations of the delegates when called together by
the delegate-general.
The Hemenway exhibit was designed to illustrate the precolumbian
and contemporaneous life of a single tribe of North American Indians.
For this purpose an Arizona village tribe, called the Mokis, was chosen.
The exhibit contained about 3,000 objects, besides many books and
photographs, all of which relate to the Tusayan Indians. In order to
develop the plan of a monographic exhibit, this collection may be
divided into two parts: the one embracing objects referring to archeo-
logical, the other to ethnological sides of life. These were so arranged
as to demonstrate that these two aspects are very similar, and that
the ancient and modern life of the Mokis is practically identical. The
object of this method of installation was, in other words, to show that
these Indians are in very much the same condition to-day that they
were at the time of the discovery of Arizona.
The exhibit of ancient pottery, in which was included some of the
most instructive specimens from the Keam collection, represented in
series the different kinds of ceramics, passing by gradations from the
rough and coiled ware into the black, the black and white, variegated
polychrome, orange and red. The decorated jars and food basins,
some of the finest texture, showed the types of symbolism for which
these Indians had a widespread reputation. The collection of stone
implements and fetiches contained in a single case represented grind-
ing stones, mortars, stone shovels, ornaments, pipes, fetiches, and simi-
lar objects. A special case was devoted to the various stone hammers,
mauls, and similar objects found in ancient Tusayan ruins. A large
exhibit of modern pottery from the present pueblos was placed in jux-
taposition to the finer and more artistic ware to show the resemblance.
The Hemenway exhibit also contained anumber of ethnological objects.
The large collection of dolls, with various symbolisms, naturally attracted
attention, being a novelty in European museums. The ceremonial
objects—dress, paraphernalia, masks, and decorated head tablets,
offerings to gods, photographs of shrmes, and a few Tusayan musical
14 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.
instruments—gave an idea of this side of the subject. Phonographic
cylinders, on which music of the pueblos had been recorded and sacred
songs written on the European scale, were shown, and the publications
of the Hemenway expedition and important collection of copies of
ancient papers bearing on the documentary history of Arizona and
New Mexico filled one case in the room.
The Hemenway expedition exhibited, for the first time in a museum
or exposition, sacred pictures made of sand, called dry painting. An
Indian charm altar with medicine bowl and corn, corresponding to the
six cardinal points, were likewise shown and justly attracted attention.
Photographs of sacred dances and ceremonials, reaching over a hun-
dred in number, were also exhibited. The collection of ornamented
tiles and small mortuary objects filled two large cases. The ancient
ladles, with handles ornamented with symbolic decorations, were among
the most curious in the collection. The mural adornments of the rooms,
also exhibited by the expedition, were objects made by the Tusayan
villagers. Baskets or plaques, made of twigs and arranged in the form
of stars and arches over the windows, occupied a prominent place on
the walls. Many large Navajo blankets were exhibited. The symbolic
figures on the walls were copied from decorated objects made by the
Indians and represented various gods of their mythology. All objects
exhibited were provided with printed labels, and a special catalogue
was prepared for visitors.
The Peabody Museum exhibited, in the room of the Hemenway
expedition, a single case of books and pamphlets, all their own publi-
cations, on American ethnology and archeology; and two upright
screens hung with photographs of excavations made in various scien-
tific studies. The collection of photographs from the ruins of Labnah
and Copan, made by members of the Peabody Museum, Honduras
expedition, was especially worthy of mention.
This brief enumeration of a few of the objects exhibited is designed
merely to indicate the general character of the several installations.
The catalogue printed by the Commission, and which forms part of
this report, will be found to contain full particulars. There were alto-
gether some eighty exhibitors, as will be seen by the list hereunto
annexed.
Articles 60 to 67, inclusive, of General Regulations for the Historic
American Exposition of Madrid provided for an international jury,
which jury was, according to certain rules, divided into subjuries. Each
subjury was required to “ examine and grade the objects belonging to
the class assigned to it; and subsequently to deliver to the president
of the jury a report regarding the merits of the objects, and of the
collective importance or scientific or artistic interest, together with a
detailed statement of the various gradings.”
Article 66 runs as follows: “The awards will consist of diplomas
bearing the following characters: Grand Premium of Honor; Gold
COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 15
Medal; Silver Medal; Honorable Mention. The diplomas will be
accompanied by a medal commemorative of the Exposition, which will
be the same for each premium.”
Under the provisions of these articles there were seventy-seven
awards to the United States, the grand premium of honor naturally
going to the United States Government.
A full list of the awards is hereunto annexed.
Article 7, of the royal decree, designated the monastery of Santa
Maria de la Rabida, at Huelva, near Palos de Moguer, as the place of
the meeting of the Congress of Americanists; and by Article 17, of
the same instrument, the celebrations (las fiestas) were to begin at
Huelva on the 3d of August and be continued from time to time until
November 3. One of the most interesting, and the spectacle most
worthy to be remembered, of all these fiestas was the ceremony attend-
ing the unveiling of the monument which had been erected near La
Rabida to commemorate the Fourth Centenary of the Discovery of
America. This ceremony took place on the 11th of October. All the
delegates in chief, with but few exceptions, attended these varicus
fiestas, by invitation of the Spanish Government. One of the excep-
tions was that of the delegate-in-chief of the United States. The
reason of this exception was obvious. The majority of the delegates-
in-chief held diplomatic relations with the Spanish Government, either
as ministers plenipotentiary or as chargés d’ affaires. It was in their
diplomatic character that they were expected to take part, and did take
partin the various festivities. The delegate-in-chief of the United States
having no diplomatic character was not expected to take part, and did
not take part—no official part at least—in several of the most interesting
ceremonies. Thus it happened that on certain occasions he was placed,
in respect to his colleagues of the Exposition, in a situation the reverse
of enviable. In any future representation which this Government may
send to a country where the rules of etiquette are inflexible, 1t would
be well to insure that the United States delegates are placed upon a
footing of official equality with those of other countries.
It only remains to tender the cordial acknowledgments ot the Com-
mission to each and every expositor, both public and private, who, by
their aid and sympathy, contributed to the success of the United States
exhibit at the Columbian Historical Exposition in Madrid.
Very respectfully submitted,
S. B. LUCE,
Rear-Admiral, U. S. Navy (Retired), Commissioner-General.
Hon. W. Q. GRESHAM,
Secrevary of State, Washington, D. C.
16
COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.
LIST OF EXHIBITORS OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.
United States National Museum, Wash-
ington, D.C.
Smithsonian Institution,
1D), (Ge
United States Mint.
Society of the Sons of the American Rev-
olution.
Plymouth Pilgrims Society, Massachu-
setts.
United States Navy Department.
Bureau of Ethnology of the United
States.
Department of Public Instruction of the
United States.
Census Office of the United States.
United States Coast and Geodetic Survey.
Army Medical Museum, Washington,
1D. C.
United States Fish Commission.
United States Geological Survey.
United States Meteorological Survey.
United States Post-Office Department.
Department of Agriculture.
Forestry Division, Department of Agri-
culture.
Mrs. Hazen, widow of General Hazen.
Dr. G. Brown Goode.
S. Brownlow Gray, Bermuda.
School for Indian adults (industrial),
Carlisle, Pa.
F. 8. Perkins.
Byron E. Dodge, Michigan.
C. M. Crounse, New York.
Dr. Hilborn T. Cresson.
Dr. John E: Younglove.
Prof. Thomas Wilson.
Mrs. Mary Hemenway, Boston, Mass.
Historical American Association, Wash-
ington.
American Folk-Lore Society.
Anthropological Society, Washington.
Virginia Historical Society, Richmond.
Department of Archeology and Palzon-
tology of the University of Pennsy1-
vanla.
Numismatic and Antiquarian Society of
Philadelphia.
Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadel-
phia.
Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cam-
bridge.
Peabody Museum of Archeology and
Ethnology, Cambridge, Mass.
Washington,
Mrs. Zelia Nuttall.
Dr. T. H. Bean, Washington.
Walter C. Clephane, Washington.
Col. Gates J. Thruston, Nashville, Tenn.
Stewart Culin, Philadelphia.
Rey. Stephen G. Peet, Avon, Il.
Dr. James C. Welling, Washington, D.C.
John G. Bourke, captain Seventh Regi-
ment, U.S. A.
Dr. Henry Carrington Bolton, New York.
Dr. C. Hart Merriam, Washington, D.C.
J.C. Pilling, Geological Survey.
Prof. Otis T. Mason, United States Na-
tional Museum.
Walter Hough, United States National
Museum.
W. H. Holmes, Bureau of Ethnology.
James Terry.
Dr. Joseph Jones, New Orleans, La.
Rev. J. Owen Dorsey, Bureau of Eth-
nology.
Dr. Cyrus Thomas, Bureau of Ethnology.
Prot. Edward 8. Morse, Sulem, Mass.
James Mooney, Bureau of Ethnology.
H. W. Henshaw, Bureau of Ethnology.
Col. F. A. Seely, Patent Office of the
United States.
Mrs. M. E. Stevenson, Bureau of Ethnol-
ogy.
James Stevenson.
Lieut. A. P. Niblack, U. S. N.
Warren K. Moorehead, Xenia, Ohio.
Joseph Sabin, New York.
Houghton, Mifflin & Co., New York.
Harper Brothers, New York.
Charles B. Reynolds, New York.
Col. H. M. Flagler, U. 8S. Army.
Alexander Brown, Norwood, Virginia.
William E. Curtis, chief of Latin-Amer-
ican Department, World’s Columbian
Exposition, Chicago, Ill.
Dr. Franz Boas, Worcester, Mass.
Eben Norton Horseford.
Frederick Starr.
Ellen Russel] Emerson.
H. C. Mercer.
Dr. R. H. Lamborn.
Dr. Cyrus Adler.
Dr. W. J. Hoffman.
H. H. Bancroft.
Edwin E. Howell.
Charles Scribner’s Sons, publishers, New
York.
COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. iby
LIST OF MEDALS (DIPLOMAS) AWARDED TO THE UNITED STATES
EXHIBITORS.
Grand Diploma of Honor to the Government of the United States.
GOLD MEDAL, DIPLOMA.
United States National Museum. Dr. George Brown Goode.
Smithsonian Institution. Mr. William E. Curtis.
Bureau of Ethnology of the United States, Dr. J. Walter Fewkes.
Washington, D. C. Geological Survey of the United States.
Mrs. Mary Hemenway, of Boston, Mass. United States Mint.
Department of Archeology and Paleon- Industrial school for adult Indians, Car-
tology of the University of Pennsyl- lisle, Pa.
vania. ; Rear-Admiral 8S. B. Luce.
SILVER MEDAL, DIPLOMA.
United States Navy Department. Mr. Stewart Culin.
Military Medical Musevm. Prof. Otis T. Mason.
Prof. Thomas Wilson. Mr. Walter Hough.
Numismatic and Antiquarian Society, Mr. W. H. Holmes.
Philadelphia, Pa. Mr. H. C. Mercer.
Department of Public Instruction of the Mr. James W. Ellsworth.
United States. United States Fish Commission.
Academy of Natural Sciences, Phila- United States Census Office.
delphia, Pa. — Mrs. M. E. Stevenson.
Peabody Museum of Archeology. Mrs. M. M. Hazen.
Mrs. Zelia Nuttall.
BRONZE MEDAL, DIPLOMA.
Society of the Sons of the American Dr. Cyrus Adler.
Revolution. Department of Agriculture.
Postal Department of the United States. Forestry Division of the Department of
Meteorological Survey of the United Agriculture.
States. Dr. John E. Younglove.
Coast and Geodetic Survey of the United py w. J. Hoffman.
States. H. H. Bancroft.
Warren K. Moorehead. Edwin E. Howell.
Dr. James C. Welling.
HONORABLE MENTION.
Mr. Brownlow Gray. James Mooney.
Pilgrim Society (Plymouth). H. W. Henshaw.
F. S. Perkins. Col. F. A. Seely.
Byron 8. Dodge. James Stevenson.
C. N. Crounse. Dr. C. Hart Merriam.
Dr. Hilborn T. Cresson. Lieut. A. P. Niblack, U. S. N.
Dr. T. H. Bean. Joseph Sabin.
Walter C. Clephane. Houghton, Mifflin & Co.
Col. Gates F. Thruston. Charles Scribner’s Sons.
Rey. Stephen G. Peet. Charles B. Reynolds.
Capt. John G. Bourke. Col. H. M. Flagler, U.S. A.
Dr. Henry Carrington Bolton. Alexander Brown.
J. C. Pilling. Dr. Franz Boas.
James Terry. Eben Norton Horsford.
Dr. Joseph Jones. Dr. Frederick Starr.
Rey. J. Owen Dorsey. Ellen Russel Emerson.
Dr. Cyrus Thomas. Dr. R. H. Lamborn.
Prof. Edward 8. Morse, Harper Brothers.
(Total, 80.)
H. Ex. 100——-2
Ree Onl
UPON THE
COLLECTIONS EXHIBITED AT THE COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION,
BY
DANIEL G. BRINTON, M. D., LL. D., D. SC,
COMMISSIONER OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.
(ire
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CONTENTS:
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REPORT UPON THE COLLECTIONS EXHIBITED AT THE
COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXHIBITION AT MADRID.
INTRODUCTORY.
The Exposicion Historico-Americana at Madrid was planned by the
Government of that country to display the character of the civilization
of Europe in the centuries immediately succeeding the discovery of
America; and also to represent the condition of culture which was
found on the continent of America by the first explorers.
The first of these was exhibited by a large collection of objects from
various countries of Europe, especially from Spain itself, these objects
being of a class which would show the progress of the arts and
sciences in the century following 1492, and in a general manner the
genius of that civilization which was introduced into the New World
in that period. It included many thousand specimens of secular and
ecciesiastical articles drawn from the rich stores of the museums and
public and private collections of Europe.
Leaving for the present this portion of the Exposition, I will describe
more especially that section of it which illustrated the culture of the
native tribes of America at the time they first came in contact with
the European invaders, and from that date until about the year 1750.
This portion of the Exposition was arranged originally on a geo-
graphical plan, the objects forwarded by each government in America
being separately arranged; but in some instances, numerous specimens
from various localities which had come into the possession of some
museum were displayed together. This faet required that the study
of any one culture in the American continent should be conducted by
visiting several departments of the museum. Indeed, a certain number
of objects distinctively American were exhibited on the upper floor,
which was theoretically reserved for European displays exclusively.
This was the case with some of those rare and valuable manuscripts,
the composition of native American seribes, which have been preserved
by accident to our own times.
The arrangement under each country was left entirely in the hands
of the representatives of that country, and consequently there was no
uniform system observed in the display of the objects. Moreover, in
some instances, the collection forwarded by a given country consisted
23
24 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.
of several minor collections—the property of different individuals or
different institutions—which were necessarily kept apart. This also
interfered with the systematic display, such as would be desirable for
scientific purposes. It may be noted further that in many instances,
indeed in most, there was no relation expressed between the objects
displayed and the tribes or nations which occupied the localities from
which the objects were derived within the historic period.
It will be a prominent purpose with me in this report to point out
this connection wherever practicable. As to the ethnologists, the most
if not the only value of the study of such works, is to illustrate the eul-
ture and development in art of a given tribe or nation, or, in default of
that, to show that the tribe dwelling in a given locality within historic
times were not the authors of a series of works found within their area,
and that these, therefore, are witnesses to a migration apart from the
history of the country as it is known to us. The absence of such iden-
tification is always to be regretted.
This observation, however, does not reflect in any way on the board
of directors of the Exposition, inasmuch as it was not in their power
to secure information of this kind after the materials had been sent to
the museum. Much of it, moreover, had been collected by persons who
gave little or no attention to close identification of locality, and much
of it also had been transmitted from earlier generations, before arche-
ology had reached the dignity of a science, and its rules were not yet
formulated.
THE MEXICAN DEPARTMENT.
A large portion of the Mexican exhibit related to the researches of
Senor Planearte, derived from his excavations in the State of Michoa-
can. These were made with much care, and the results clearly cata-
logued and displayed. The catalogue, which has been referred to, gives
minute descriptions where the various objects were found, and also
assigns them to their probable original makers.
The most ancient of these relics are attributed by the finder to cer-
tain prehistoric peoples whose names are unknown and of whose work
we have only a few specimens, three of which are shown and described
in the catalogue as belonging to “prehistoric races.”
One of these is a rough stone, Somewhat circular in form, rudely
worked and with an elliptical cavity in the center; the second repre-
sents a human head roughly outlined, the eyes shown by mere cavities
and the nose by a protuberance; these were found together near
Jacona, along with an obsidian lance head, the surface of which indi-
cated marks of extreme age. The human head was of a basaltic lava
with a circumference of a little less than half a meter. The evidence
would not seem to be conclusive that these objects are to be attributed
to a race foreign to that known by history to have inhabited that loeal-
ity, although the fact that no signs of pottery were found along with
them 1s negative evidence of some weight.
COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 25
It is well known that the greater part of the area of Michoacan was
inhabited at the time of the conquest by a nation of natives called
Tarascos. They were in a condition of civilization nearly if not quite
equal to that of their neighbors, the Nahuas or Aztees, constructing
temples and houses of stone and brick, and making use of a calendar
in all respects allied to that employed by these.
The study of the antiquities of Michoacan has been profitably con-
ducted of late years by Dr. Nicolas Leon, who has published in refer-
ence to them a number of valuable essays, and has made a collection of
numerous books and objects throwing light upon the culture of the
ancient inhabitants. His labors in this direction are admirably sup-
plemented by the collection of Senor Plancarte exhibited in this Expo-
sition. Among these objects, 1,325 are assigned by their finder as with-
out doubt representing the manufactures of the Tarascos. They
included objects representing domestic utensils, toois used in the arts,
ornaments, and decorations, and others supposed to have reference to
their religion, to their method of carrying on war, and to other pur-
poses consistent with the culture of Mexico.
Among the domestic utensils, there were many of clay, more or less
decorated and painted, and showing a great variety of forms. Some
of these have handles and feet, others are flat like a dish, some have
narrow necks with the edges flattened horizontally, others approxi-
mating closely to the form of a bottle. The clay of which they are
formed is usually carefully worked and burnt. The character of the
decoration is various. In some instances we find a series of Greek pat-
terns varied with lines, circles, and spirals; in others the decoration
has been formed by a series of impressions on the soft material, evi-
dently made by a hollow tube or cone, these impressions being disposed
in symmetrical forms. There does not appear to have been any attempt
at representing objects by hieroglyphics, the figures shown being con-
ventional or geometrical.
Among such domestic objects are a number of corn mills, called
metates, with their grinders or pestles. Some have two or three feet,
and are similar to those found in many other parts of Mexico. The
roller or pestle employed for breaking the corn is usually of a eylindri-
cal shape. They were intended to be used by pressing and crushing,
rather than by grinding.
It is interesting to find among this collection several examples of
very diminutive forms evidently intended to be used as playthings for
children, imitating in their games the labors of the'r elders.
The industries which are represented by the utensils used in the arts
are principally those of the potter, the mat maker, the paper maker, and
the worker on stone and in metals. The smoothers, apparently used in
the potter’s art, were of burnt clay, with rectangular form and a handle
on the upper surface; others of basaltic lava or of diorite or of black
porphyry. The under surface is sometimes smooth, sometimes marked
by longitudinal lines or flutings.
26 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.
A number of chisels or celts are shown of stone, generally basalt or
diorite. Similar forms are presented in copper, which may have been
for hatchets or chisels. These appear to have been made by hammer-
ing the copper rather than by casting. Interesting objects in this con-
nection are the needles of copper wire. They are manufactured with
an eye in the head, but this is not obtained by piercing the material
itself, but by drawing out the wire at the head and twisting it back
again upon the body of the needle, leaving a small opening at the
extremity, which thus gives the aperture necessary in which to insert
the thread or string. Probably this form of a needle with an eye is the
only one which could be obtained on the American continent in objects
made from metal. In needles of bone the eye is not unfrequent, as in
Nos. 478 and 479 of this collection.
The use of obsidian to produce flakes with a cutting edge is illus-
trated by the presence of a number of nodules, from which the flakes
have been broken for such purpose. .
A large number of spindle whorls are exhibited from different parts
of the state. Many of these are in the form of a double cone, which is
rather rare throughout Mexico, but extremely common in Michoacan.
Some of the examples are polished, others are without polish; afew are
painted. They are employed by running a piece of wood through the
aperture in their center, and they impart greater facility to the spindle
in the process of obtaining the thread from the material; sometimes their
surfaces are ornamented with various designs impressed on the soft clay
before burning. It should be added that it has been maintained that
many objects of this common form were intended to be strung upon
cords and worn around the neck as ornaments, and were not for the
more practical purpose of aiding the process of spinning.
In the department of ornaments we find in this collection a number
of objects used for suspending in the ear and to the lip, which members
are perforated so as to enable them to support such decorations. The
earrings found are somewhat like a shirt button, and may be made of
bone, metal, or stone of various character, instances of all of which are
presented. The labrets, or lip stones, are somewhat similar in form.
Some of them are of shell, others of metal, or of obsidian. Fragments
of shell of different shapes and sizes, perforated to be strung upon a
cord, are frequent; also angular pieces of copper and a few pieces of
amber, evidently intended for a similar purpose. Some good specimens
are shown of mirrors formed of obsidian highly polished on the surface,
so that the reflection of the countenance could easily be seen. A num-
ber of bells of copper in the usual form found in ancient Mexico are
displayed; also quite a number of beads, someof copper, othersof chlo-
ritic stone and of burnt clay. It is evident that these constituted a
favorite method of decoration of the person among the ancient Taras-
cos. Someof these beads are in the shape of tubes, made from pieces of
shell bored or perforated longitudinally.
COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 27
What impresses the observer most in this collection as unusual are
the numerous smoking pipes of clay, many of them elaborately orna-
mented, sometimes painted. Although the use of tobacco was known
among the ancient Mexicans to some extent, it would appear that they
very rarely smoked it in pipes. Such, however, could not have been
the case in Michoacan, for the large number of these pipes and the
skill with which they are made indicate that they were looked upon
as a favorite object with the smoker. Probably nowhere else in
America, south of the Mississippi Valley, do we find so many and
varied forms of the smoking pipe as within the State of Michoacan,
and the number of these presented in this collection is such as to show
conclusively that this was a popular method of consuming that narcotic
plant.
A series of vases from the same locality, intended for decoration or
for holding flowers, is shown. The substance from which they are
made is generally a red or black clay, but a few are of alabaster, basaltic
lava,or other stone. Some of these represent figures—one a man upon
his knees with his hands above him; another a human figure bearing
a vaseupon his back; another a human head, and still another the head
of a monkey with his four members in low relief.
Such figures bring us to those objects which are classified as belong-
ing distinctively to the religious experiences of the natives. These
are principally in clay and stone, and represent figures of men and
women, sometimes only the heads, others only the bodies or busts.
They are rude, and do not show any careful study of the dimensions
of the human body. There are also a few masks of obsidian and eal-
cite, and a number of amulets of stone and bone and burnt clay, usually
representing an animal, such as a bird, a snail, a frog, ete.
Quite a number of musical instruments are included in the collection,
but it would not appear from them that the natives of Michoacan had
in this respect developed anything different from their neighbors, the
Mexicans proper. We find, for instance, quite a number of whistles and
flutes made of burnt clay, either red or black, producing the sound on
the same principal as the clay whistle formerly in use in Nicaragua and
other parts inhabited by the Nahuas. Copper bowls and rattles were
displayed, also a large conch shell employed by the Indians as a wind
instrument, and a curious instrument of percussion formed of a human
thigh bone, cut on the surface into a number of notches, examples of
which are also obtained from Mexico proper.
The implements of war and the chase consist principally of arrow-
heads of obsidian, quartz, bone, flint, and copper. They are in most
respects sunilar to those of the surrounding nations. Some display on
the surface a peculiar discoloration, which 1t has been suggested is
indicative of great age.
Nearly all the objects above referred to were obtained on the site of
an ancient city a short distance west from the present town of Jacona.
28 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.
Its locality is marked by the presence of a number of small mounds,
the remains of the ancient temples and dwellings of the former inhabit-
ants. Near by, on the site of this ancient city, is seen a curious con-
struction called the chief temple, now badly mutilated by excavators
and the effects of time, but which has been ingeniously restored in
wood by Sefor Plancarte in a model exhibited in this collection. The
character of the architecture is quite distinct from that which prevailed
among the’Aztecs or among the nations east of them near the Gulf of
Mexico. It is not easy, from the examination of the model, to explain
the purpose of the structure, and, unfortunately, here, as elsewhere, the
native arts and traditions met the fate of a general destruction at the
hands of the ruthless invaders. |
The remainder of Senor Plancarte’s collection, which numbers in all,
2,503 specimens, is derived from other sources and other localities, and
are attributed by him to various surrounding tribes. Of many of these
we are in considerable uncertainty as to their relationship. These
tribes are as follows: Matlazincas, Otomis, Tepanecas, Acolhuas, Mex-
icanos or Nahuas, Chalcas, Tlaxcaltecas, Huexotzincas, Cuetlaxtecas,
Mixtecas, Zapotecas, and Mayas.
The objects from these have a general similarity to those already
described, and they do not bring before us any notable difference in the
civilization of the peoples from whom they were derived. There is nec-
essarily some uncertainty as to the localization of the tribes, and there
is not in all instances a sufficiently clear indication as to where the
objects individually were obtained.
His statement that practically all the specimens belonging to the
Otomis are characterized by a marked deficiency of skill, showing that
they had little knowledge of the arts, isin accordance, indeed, with the
general opinion about these people, but is in contradiction to several
excellent authorities who are inclined to the belief that the assertions
in reference to the rudeness of the Otomis is mainly owing to the fact
that the statements to this effect were taken from other nations, and
especially from the Aztees.
The general display of the Mexican Government was under the care
of Rev. Paso y Troncoso, director of the National Museum of Mex-
ico, and celebrated for his acquirements in the Aztec language as
well as for his intimate acquaintance with the history of his country.
The articles exhibited included both objects of use among the early
tribes, and also a large number of their manuscript records, many of
which were brought to the notice of visitors for the first time. Among
the latter should especially be mentioned the painted records (lienzos)
known as those of Tlascala, Jucutacuto, etc., as well as two codices,
respectively called by the names Porfirio Diaz and Baranda. These
have been recently issued by the Government of Mexico, and desery-
edly rank high among the modern native documents following closely
upon the era of the conquest. Similar to them in character was a
COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 29
large picture record, known as the Mapa de Mizquiahuala. Hight
native calendars were shown, in which each month was designated by
its appropriate name drawn from the date with which it began, accord-
ing to the system adopted throughout the calendar. This system is
well known and has been exemplified in detail by the studies of Mrs.
Zelia Nuttall, who believes that by following out its rules dates could
be recorded without confusion extending over several thousand years.
The elaborate computations drawn up by this lady relating to this
subject were displayed by an exhibit in one of the rooms attached to
the Mexican department. It presented on a large sheet the arithmet-
ical enumeration and names of a series of years arranged according to
the theory which she believes was carried out by the Mexican astron-
omers and priests with a degree of accuracy superior to that which at
the same date prevailed in Europe. Her studies, with ample illus-
trations and explanations, will be published by the Peabody Museum
of Archeology, at Cambridge, Mass., and therefore do not require
extended notice in this connection.
One of the most conspicuous objects in the Mexican collection was a
reproduction in wood of the temple, sacred edifices, and inclosure of the
famous ancient city of Cempoallan, visited by Ferdinand Cortez, on the
shores of the Gulf of Mexico, a little north of Vera Cruz. This impor-
tant and populous locality disappeared from history after the Conquest
and became covered with a dense tropical forest, which in some meas-
ure preserved the structures which its inhabitants had erected. A
series of explorations were conducted by the Director of the National
Museum on the site, and he succeeded in recovering, with great exact-
ness, the dimensions and general appearance of these edifices. They
owe their origin to the tribes known as the Totonacos, who at this point
occupied the shore of the Gulf south of the Huastecas, who inhabited
the rich valley of the River Panuco.
Another wooden model, carefully executed, was presented of the
structure known as the temple ef Tajin near Papantla, in the State of
Vera Cruz, a monument of prime importance, and still so well pre-
served that its outlines and appearance can be accurately determined.
Several other such models served to present the visitor with a clear
idea of the peculiar style of architecture in vogue among the native
tribes within the territory of Mexico.
From the same tribe of the Totonacos there was exhibited a quan-
tity of material guthered by the energetic Director of the Museum,
among which may be named, as of special interest, numerous small clay
heads presenting a remarkable diversity of feature and characteristic
traits. These, although derived from the State of Vera Cruz and the
province historically occupied by the Totonacos, are strikingly similar
to those which are so familiar to collectors, from the celebrated site of
Teotihuacan, northwest of the City of Mexico; a fact of the more worth
because, according to their own ancient traditions reported by the
30 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.
earliest Spanish writers, the Totonacos claimed to be the builders of the
great pyramids of the sun and moon which are such striking monu-
ments on the sacred plain of Teotihuacan.
Several specimens were displayed of the so-called “ sacrificial yokes,”
made of carved stone, highly polished, whose use has been the subject
of large discussion. They were supposed at first to have been intended
to fasten the human victim to the sacrificial stone at the time his heart
was cut out and offered to the gods. Others have believed them to be
heavy ceremonial ornaments or insignia, or objects intended to be
worn on state occasions by high dignitaries or priests. Another and
recent theory of their use has been that they represent symbolically
the creative forces of nature, and they have therefore been brought
into relation with the crescent and the semicircle in the symbolism of
the Old World. A more practical use which has been suggested for
them is that they were intended to form the aperture through which,
in the favorite game of ball of the Mexicans, the ball had to be
thrown in order to win the game. This Jast-mentioned theory seems
the more probable, as they are not all yokes—that is to say, some are
opened at one end and some are closed, thus bringing them into a form
closely resembling that of the acknowledged stone aperture for the
ball shown! at Tula and other places in ancient Mexico. Although
vaguely similar to the stone yokes which have been found in consider-
able numbers in some islands of the West Indies, they do not, like
these, present a formation of rights and lefts so as to be worn on one or
the other shoulder, but the two arms of the yoke are always the same.
Other objects from the same locality, presented in numerous speci-
mens, are the small double cups of terra cotta, the hollow in each
being a little larger than that which would hold the tip of the finger.
It has been a standing puzzle to explain the purpose of these curious
articles, specimens of which are common in all collections of Mexican
antiquities. It has been suggested that they were intended to hold
some votive offerings to the gods, while others have maintained that
they were incense burners.
The collection also offered a number of objects in stone having
handles rudely resembling in shape a flatiron with equal ends. These
were labeled as grinding stones used for the purpose of rubbing the
meal into a finer consistency. Some of them, instead of a handle, pre-
sented a pointed protuberance by which they could be grasped and
moved to and fro over the smooth surface of a large corn-grinding
stone. In a few instances this protuberance had a three-cornered or
cocked-hat appearance, which is seen so clearly in a number of stone
implements of the same general shape from the West India Islands.
The latter have been generally regarded as ceremonial objects, but
appearances, in some instances at least, favor the view that they were
intended for nothing more than rubbing stones.
1 See Charnay, Les Anciennes Villes du Nouveau Monde, p. 73
COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 31
A number of examples, varying in shape and marking, of stones with
fiat, striated sides, supposed to be for pounding leaves and bark so as
to reduce them to the condition of fibrous cloth or paper, were also
noticeable.! Closely related to them in appearance were a number of
stamps and seals in stone and terra-cotta derived from Aztec provinces.
There is no doubt that these were used for the purpose of stamping
designs on clothing, examples of which have been found in some of the
ancient remains.
In terra-cotta objects from the Totonacos, should also be mentioned
numerous toys in baked clay, little dishes and small figures clearly
designed to be used as playthings by children. From the same material
there were a large number of those half spherical objects, pierced with
a hole in the center, usually classed as ‘“‘spindle whorls,” and which no
doubt were often used as such; but which also in some cases were
employed as ornaments, being strung on a cord and suspended around
the neck.
An interesting exhibit in this collection was an especial collection
from Campeche, on the coast of Yucatan, known as the “ collection of
Pedro Baranda,” principal of the Institute of Campeche. It contained
a number of clay idols of small size, some peculiar in form, and also
stone objects, weapons, arrow points, chisels, ete.
The whole of the collection from Mexico was extremely well arranged,
and afforded a pleasing spectacle to the eye of the visitor. The labels
were well-written and clear, and a large number of casts of the most
important objects in the National Museum of Mexico, which, on
account of their value or size, could not be sent to Madrid, conveyed
a correct idea of the riches of that governmental institution. These
casts included the famous calendar stone, the sacrificial stone, the
statue of Tlaloc, and many others. The only criticism which might be
offered was concerning the names of some of the tribes to which cer-
tain objects were referred. For example, it can scarcely be held advis-
able at present to refer products of human art to such doubtful, if not
fabulous, peoples as the Olmecs, the Toltecs, or the Teochichimees; but
this slight objection does not in any way derogate from the general
high character of the exhibit displayed by the Government of the
Republic of Mexico.
All the articles were well displayed for easy inspection and study.
In connection with them were a number of copies of ancient Mexican
documents, offering a valuable basis on which to erect an explanation of
the intricate method of counting time adopted by these ancient nations.
Several remarkable objects in stone should be classified with these.
They represented a number of rods or canes tied together into a bundle,
these rods or canes being fitty-two in number, as indicated by the cut-
ting of the stone on its two extremities and surfaces. These curious
‘On these see Walter Hough, in Science, January 6, 1893, and my remarks in the
same journal, March 10, 1893.
32 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.
objects are what the Aztecs call ‘the tying together uf the years,”
a function which took place with solemn ceremonies at the close of
each period of fifty-two solar years, the exact time being noted by the
position of the constellation of the Pleiades in the nocturnal sky.
To maintain in memory these several cycles of years, such stone images
of the “ tying together” were carved and placed in the temples, each
bearing a mark upon it indicating the cycle to which it belonged.
THE DEPARTMENT OF GUATEMALA.
The section devoted to Guatemala contained a number of manuscripts
and several collections, one offered by the Government of the state, a
second, the collection belonging to Joaquin de Minondo, and a third,
which was the property of Julio de Arellano. From these various
sources a very good idea could be obtained of the general character of
the antiquities of that country. .
The historical manuscripts included one which has been long known
under the title of “Isagoge Apologético General de las Indias.”
This work has been quoted by various writers on the history of
Guatemala, but has never been published. The catalogue gives a
brief statement of its contents. They relate to the conquest of the
country by the Spaniards in the sixteenth century, the foundation of
the first city of Guatemala, the journey undertaken by Hernan
Cortez, as described in his fifth letter, and the efforts of the mission-
aries of the religious order of St. Dominic to convert the natives of
Guatemala.
The second manuscript described was in three large folio volumes
bearing the title of ‘‘ Historia de la Provincia de San Vincente Ferier
de Guatemala y Chiapa.”
This work has been familiar by name to historical students, having
generally been considered to be the production of Father Ximenes,
This fact is questioned, however, by the authors of the catalogue. They
consider it rather to have been the result of the labors of various
monks of the order of St. Dominic. It would appear to be an error
to state, as we find in the catalogue, page 18, that it was unknown to
the writers on the history of the country, inasmuch as it is distinctly
referred to by the distinguished historian, Garcia Pelaez.' The extracts
taken from it in the introduction of the catalogue are chiefly from the
Spanish translation of the Popol Vuh, the whole of which translation
was published by Dr. Scherzer at Vienna, in 1857."
Other manuscripts of interest contain the municipal acts of the first
city of Guatemala and autograph letters of Columbus.
Turning to the objects, utensils, weapons, and similar relies dis-
played in the collection of the Government of Guatemala, some of the
1 Garcia Pelaez, Memorias para la Historia de Guatemala, p. 18, et al.
2Las Historias del Origen de los Indios, etc.
COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 33
most striking are idols of stone in human form varying in height
from a quarter to half a meter.
That numbered 1 in the catalogue is a black stone, skillfully worked,
representing a human figure seated on a stool of the same substance,
which has four feet. It is stated according to tradition to represent
the god of old age.
Another idol, also of stone somewhat similar, has the left arm crossed
upon the breast, the right resting upon the legs.
Still another, No. 6 of the catalogue, also of stone, presents the figure
of a woman with her arms crossed upon the breast and a broad collar
on the lower part of the neck.
No. 7 is an idol of stone showing a human head—that of a man, and,
what is noteworthy, bearing a well-marked beard.
No. 74, 48 centimeters in height, is of clay. It represents a human
figure holding in the hands a circular bow], or vase, with small promi-
nences on the external surface; the nose is prominent, and the mouth is
open as if in the act of laughing. It was found in Escuintla, which
was inhabited by the Pipiles, of Nahuatl affiliations.
Somewhat similar is No. 100, made of fine clay, and representing a
chief seated, wearing ornaments on the head, earrings in the ears, and
a collar around the neck. Upon the head is a cap, from the sides of
which hang two pendants. On his back he is carrying two small
human heads.
No. 177, also of clay, burned, shows a human figure seated and hold-
ing in his hands a cup or bowl. He also wears a collar, earrings, and
nose rings. The majority of these idols were derived from the province
of Quiché.
Although these articles were classified as idols, and therefore sup-
posed to be objects of worship, it is not certain that they were not
portraits or small statues of living persons, or of the dead, intended to
be kept as memorials by the family or the tribe.
In this same collection there are a number of vases, cups, and jars
of terra cotta, either red or black, the clay from which they are made
usually finely worked and bearing a high polish. Some of them are
painted or decorated by lines and geometrical figures. Several of
them present the form of familiar animals, such as No. 94, where we
see the head of a crocodile, from which is proceeding a human face.
No. 106 is a human head with large circular earrings in the ears and
a surface ornamented by lines forming geometrical figures.
No. 126, which was obtained from Copan, also shows a human head
with similar large earrings, and rising above the head a circle of
feathers.
Among the objects in stone in the Government collection there is
one (No. 12) representing an armadillo.
No. 14 is a monkey, his right hand lifted to his head in the act of
scratching himself.
H. Ex. 100—3
34 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.
Nos. 32 and 33 are fine specimens of corn mills, metates, with the
pestle which usually accompanied them.
An interesting piece of terra cotta modeling is No. 36, the face of a
man asleep.
No. 37 is an owl, or similar bird, and No. 38 represents a dog. Upon
his back there is a small excavation in the form of a cup. These also
are from the Pipil territory (Escuintla).
No. 46 is a small stone image with the body of a monkey, but with
the head and tail of an owl.
Nos. 66 to 69 are stone masks representing human faces. They have
small perforations at the top and sides, evidently intended to attach
cords by which they could be hung.
Quite similar masks of the same material were represented in Nos.
76 to 80. All of these come from the territory inhabited by the Quiché.
No. 87 is a vase or jar of marble which represents the body of a
monkey resting upon its knees with the hand stretched above the head,
and bearing upon its back a vase.
There are also various arrows and lance heads of stone, and an Indian
drum, obtained from the Indians of northern Guatemala, known as the
Lacandones.
A choice small collection is represented principally from the territory
of the Quichés by Sefor Minondo. It contains a number of specimens
of pottery in red and black clays, masks of the same material, a few
images in stone, arrow and lance heads, millstones, and ornaments of
burut clay, some with hieroglyphic characters.
The collection displayed by Arellano, while showing much of con-
siderable interest, is less distinctly localized than the preceding, the
catalogue rarely stating where the objects were found. They are, how-
ever, of the same general character of those already described, and
display the influences of the same civilization.
Some of these objects in clay have a peculiar value from the hiero-
glyphs rather rudely painted upon their sides.
Special attention may be called to No. 23, which is stated to have
been found near the capital city of the ancient Quichés. It is well
known that the two principal nations which owned the soil of Guatemala
at the period of the Spanish conquest were accustomed to preserve
the facts in their national history and the knowledge of the sciences
which they possessed by means of a method of writing closely allied
to that which prevailed in Yucatan. In consequence, however, of the
wholesale destruction by the early Spaniards of the manuscripts of the
natives, not a single example of these has been preserved to stand
in confirmation of their arts in stone and clay. This lends peculiar
value to the preservation of every example which will throw light upon
the manner in which they made use of the Maya characters.
From the examples in the present collection, it is quite clear that they
did not differ materially from their neighbors of the east, north and
west in the formation of their glyphs.
COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 35
Those which are referred to above are evidently allied to the signs
of the calendar, which these nations, like most belonging to their stock,
had either originated or adopted, and which was identically the same
that prevailed throughout southern Mexico.
The objects in this collection which established this fact must there-
fore have a peculiar value in the eyes of all students of the ancient
history of America; and their presence should stimulate to further
investigations on the sites of the ruined cities of Guatemala.
The ethnography of Guatemala at the time of the Conquest has been
carefully studied of late years, and we are now in a position to refer
such objects as are above mentioned to the various ethnic groups to
which they belong.
Except the small tribe of Xincas on the south coast, who were in a
condition of savagery, practically all the soil of Guatemala was divided
between the representatives of the two powerful and highly civilized
stocks, the Mayas and the Nahuas. The former were represented by
the Quiches, Cakchiquels, Tzutuhils, Mams, Pokomams, Ixils, Chols,
Lacandons, Chortis, and other tribes with Maya dialects. They occu-
pied nearly all the central and northern portions of the present State.
The Nahua stock was represented by the Pipiles, in the department of
Asecuintla, and the Alaguilacs, northwest of them, on the Rio Motagua.'
There are obvious differences in the art products of these two cul-
ture centers, as there were in the languages, traditions, usages, and
mythologies of the two stocks. There is a probability that the Nahua
element reached the soil of Guatemala at a considerably later date than
the Maya element, and brought with it the principles of a civilization
already well developed in its northern home.
THE DEPARTMENT OF NICARAGUA.
The collection from Nicaragua was forwarded in part by the Govern-
ment of that Republic, and consisted in part of a private collection of
Mr. Julio Gavinet. The former included 775 labels, the latter 426.
They were both obtained with great care from comparatively recent
excavations, usually clearly localized, and presented, therefore, a satis-
tactory picture of the former industry of the indigenes there resident
at the tine of the Conquest.
It is well known that the area about the Great Lakes of Nicaragua
and Managua was inhabited by diverse populations, varying widely in
the stages of their culture. The two most developed of these nations
were the Chorotegas, now shown by their language to have been in
near relations with the Chapanecs who lived in the western portion of
the Chiapas. They had extensive settlements along the shores of
Lake Managua, and their usual name, indeed, which is that of Mangues,
is identical with the appellation of the lake. While they had not
reached to a like development with many of the tribes of Yucatan and
1On this, see Otto Stoll, Zur Ethnographie der Republik Guatemala. Ziirich, 1884.
36 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.
Guatemala, they were far superior to the wild hunting hordes who
roamed the district between Lake Nicaragua and the ocean to the
north. They manufactured pottery of fine character, and were skillful
in the art of polishing, boring, and chipping stone. Their houses were
usually of wood thatched with straw; they apparently had none built
of stone and were unacquainted with metals. :
Their neighbors, the Nicaraos, whose chief seat was upon the north-
ern neck of land between Lake Nicaragua and the Pacific Ocean, and
who also occupied several islands in the lake, were of Nahuatl descent,
and spoke a language which was a quite pure dialect of the tongue of
the Aztecs in the Valley of Mexico.
As will be mentioned under the Republic of Costa Rica, their arrival
in this part of Central America was probably not more than a century
before the Spaniards reached the same district. The Nicaraos brought
with them the developed culture of the Aztecs, and erected an impor-
tant temple on one of the islands in the lake in which they set up the
stone images of their ancestral gods. A restoration of this temple is
referred to in this report under the Swedish department.
Reverting to the objects exhibited by the Republic of Nicaragua, we
find among them an extensive series of articles in pottery in the form
of urns, dishes, plates, cups, whistles, flutes, figures of men and animals,
symbolic and fantastic representations, and many fragments of handles
and feet indicative of their artistic character. Many of these speci-
mens of Nicaraguan pottery offer a facing of white clay adorned with
figures in red and black. The ornamentation is frequently elaborate
and the paintings often disclose considerable spirit. Quite a number
have three feet in the form of the human head or that of animals, hollow,
and containing a small ball of clay, dried and loose, so that in moving
the vessel, it emits a slight sound.
The funerary urns from this part of the continent are noticeable from
their abundance, their size, and their peculiar shape. On account of
the latter they are usually known as ‘ shoe-shaped” urns, their form
being vaguely similar to that of a shoe or gaiter. In these receptacles
the bones were placed after the body had been destroyed by fire, or by
exposure for a considerable time in moistearth. The urn is sometimes
molded to represent the head of an animal, as in Nos. 48, 344, and 432 of
this collection, and others.
A series of human figures in various colors (often rather rudely out
lined, representing both sexes), in the collection of Mr. Gavinet, would
appear to have been for religious purposes, probably gods of the house-
hold.
Industry in stone is displayed by arrow and lance heads, chisels, axes,
pounders, clubs, millstones, mortars, and rude figures. One of these
objects, No. 1162, is what has been called a “ pulp-pounder,” and by
some is Supposed to have been employed in the manufacture of pottery.
A further description of these somewhat puzzling implements is given
in Science, referred to on p. 31.
COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 37
Some of these stone articles, the arrow points and the knives, are of
obsidian, the product so much in favor for the same purpose in Mexico,
and always selected where obtainable on account of the keen cutting
edge which it offered. In ornaments, .colored stones, some of them
quite brilliant, were polished and bored, and used as beads strung
upon a cord. Examples of these in the Gavinet collection are exhibited
in Nos. 1183, 1184, 1199, and 1200. Their number, in each instance
varies, some necklaces having from forty to eighty of these stone
beads. They are not always globular, some being oblong, varying in
diameter, and occasionally an attempt has been made to carve them
into the representation of an animal object.
The especially noteworthy features of Nicaraguan pottery are its
brilliant and elaborate polychromic designs, the symmetry of the jars
and vases, and the fine polish of the external surface, which in some
cases might easily be mistaken at first sight for a glaze. These char-
acteristics were well brought out in the display at Madrid. Another
peculiarity is the evident liking of the native potters to mold objects
of amusement, such as whistling jars, musical instruments, ete., out of
clay, bringing their art in this respect into analogy with that of Peru.
Archologists in the United States have been made familiar with
these traits by the excellent study of Dr. J. F. Bransford, published
by the Smithsonian Institution.!
THE DEPARTMENT OF CosTA RIGA.
The Republic of Costa Rica presented a rich collection of specimens,
many of them recent acquisitions and all of them admirably arranged
under the intelligent administration of Senor Manuel M. de Peralta,
envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary of his Government,
and Mr. Anastasio Alfaro, director of the National Museum of Costa
Rica, who had superintended many of the excavations of the objects.
The collection in general embraced several special collections belong-
ing to individuals, besides that sent by the National Museum of Costa
Rica. The first was one obtained by Bishop Thiel, whose works upon
the native languages of that country are well known to students of these
subjects.
An interesting feature of this collection was a series of small images
in gold, eighteen in number, weighing in all 282 grams. Several of
them represented the human figure in whole or in part; others were
figures of birds, frogs, and ornaments. Of greater antiquarian interest
than these were the vases in stone. One of them, measuring in height
a meter and a quarter, showed three symbolic animals united together.
Another, a bird belonging to the owl species, holding in its beak a figure
of aman. This is supposed to be a symbol of the creation, the bird
representing the primeval power which placed man upon the surface of
‘Archeological Researches in Nicaragua, by J. F. Bransford, M. D., United States
Navy, Washington, 1881.
38 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.
the earth. This explanation is supported by an ancient myth referred
to in L. Fernandez, Documentos Ineditos, Tom. III, page 337.
The height of this object was 80 centimeters, and it may be regarded
as one of the most remarkable specimens in the collection.
Six curious examples were shown of the stone stools or seats which
were used by the chiefs or priests when they performed certain reli-
gious ceremonies. Other objects in stone which may be enumerated
were heads of animals, grinding stones for maize, axes of the same
material, and a number of worked specimens of vases and ornaments
in greenish stones, which are usually classed among the jades or
nephrites.
Quitea large number of specimens in burnt clay represent the industry
of the potter. Oneof theseis a burial urn, which was found to contain
human bones, showing that this method of interment, common in the
adjacent territory of Nicaragua, was also not unknown in Costa Rica.
Of the 78 vases in terra cotta represented, a number are in the form
of animals rather accurately portrayed. The earthenware flutes or
whistles, so frequent in this portion of Central America, are repre-
sented by 24 specimens of different forms, varying from 12 to 35
millimeters in height.
Of miscellaneous objects, 3 native drums, 2 blowpipes, 2 staffs used
by the chiefs, 21 bows, several specimens of native weaving, and various
utensils for lighting fire, were displayed from existing tribes.
Another department of the collection was derived from the Troyo
family, who have generously given to the National Museum a variety
of valuable objects. Among these may be mentioned several chisels
and spoons in stone, masses of stone intended to be used as maces or
war clubs, others with polished surface and fitted to the hand for use
as polishers or smoothers, grinding stones of various sizes and forms,
mortars and vases of the same material, and a line of small human
figures usually in a sitting position, probably intended as memorials of
the dead or as household gods.
The relies in clay in this collection include several specimens of jars,
plates, spoons, whistles, rings, bells, and flower holders. Of these
about one-half display designs upon the surface, either in low relief or
engraved upon the clay, and about one-fifth are decorated with paint-
ings in different colors.
Industry in copper and gold is represented by a series of objects
principally taken from natural history, such as eagles, frogs, lions,
and a number of curious little figures perhaps intended as images of
special deities.
A few skulls taken from native graves offer a means of examining
the cranial characteristics of the natives.
A collection of antiquities, 380 in number, obtained in the immediate
vicinity of Nicoya,is of peculiar value on account of its strict localiza-
tion. The objects which it presents are in stone, pottery and in a few
COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 39
instances of metal. A prominent feature in it is the number of fine
stones, green or bluish, belonging to various varieties of jade and jas-
per. They bear frequently a high polish and have been worked up
into objects of ornament.
Another collection is that of Senor Julio de Arellano, which was
excavated principally from the slopes of the voleano Yrazu and from
Nicaragua. It includes ornaments in copper, numerous figures in stone
representing men and animals, corn mills, and a line of vases and
utensils in clay, several of them handsomely colored or presenting
designs in relief.
Over 1,000 relics which were obtained in 1891 in exploring the native
cemetery of Guayabo, situated on the slope of the voleano, form a con-
spicuous part of the collection from Costa Rica, and one highly illus-
trative of the industry of its earlier inhabitants.
Besides the archeological collections there are in this section a great
many ethnographic specimens obtained from the tribes which still exist
scattered throughout the northern and southern portions of the Repub-
hein small settlements. These include bows and arrows, blowpipes,
woven material, feather work, collars made of teeth, nets, hammocks,
fishing lines, drums, ete.
There are displayed by means of photographs and oil paintings rep-
resentations of individuals of the native tribes, their present habita-
tions, and the ancient sepulcher opened and explored by Mr. Anastasio
Alfaro, whose intelligent activity has thrown so much light on the pre-
columbian history of this part of Central America.
Prominent among the objects represented is a series of metates of
unusual size and elaborate workmanship. They are of a fine gray stone,
resting upon feet of the same material, and are elaborately decorated
with human and animal heads in relief along the sides.
One of these is of such size and bears such an amount of decora-
tion as to seem to unfit it for a domestic utensil, and it has been called
a sacrificial stone. A comparison, however, with a number of similar
objects would seem to leave little doubt that its purpose was the hum-
bler and more peaceful one of forming a surface for the grinding of
corn on a large scale.
Peculiar interest attaches to the archeology and ethnography of
Costa Rica on account of its situation on the only highway of migra-
tion between South and North America. The relations of its native
population at the time of the Conquest have offered problems of much
obscurity, which can not be said to have been completely solved up to
the presenttime. An admiral résumé of our existing knowledge of this
subject was prepared by Senor de Peralta, the president of the commis-
sion from Costa Rica to the Exposition in Madrid, and was incorporated
in the catalogue of that department. It condenses so much information
not easily accessible into such clear outlines that the following extract
from 1t 1s Inserted :
40 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.
On the shores of the Pacific, in the peninsula of Nicoya, in all that territory which
now constitutes the province of Guanacaste, and embracing all the vicinity of the
gulf of Nicoya to the point of Herradura, lived the Chorotegas or Mangues, divided
into various tribes or chieftancies, feudataries of the Cacique of Nicoya, to wit,
Diria, Cangen, Zapanci, Pococi, Paro, Orotina, and Chorotega, properly so called, in
the valley of the RioGrande. By the side of these dwelt the immigrant Nahoas, who
carried this far the arts and traditions of the Aztecs, and the cultivation of cacao,
and obtained a supremacy over the previous inhabitants. The Chorotegas spoke
the language of the same name, or the Mangue, a branch, if not the trunk and origin,
of the Chiapanec. They extended through Nicaragua on the shores of the lakes,
and by the way of Nequepio on the gulf of Fonseca or of Chorotega Malalaca, in
what now forms the Province of Choluteca, in Honduras, and part of San Miguel, in
Salvador, to Chiapas, in which mountaneous region they held the important post of
Acala.
Between Chiapas, which we may call Chorotega-Acala, and Nequepio, or Chorotega-
Malalaca, intervened the colonies or provinces of the Nahuas, Cakchiquels,
Popolucas, and Pipiles of Guatemala and Salvador, as between Nequepio and Mana-
gua intervened the Maribios and Matiares; and between Masaya and Nicoya, the
Nahuatl colonies of Nicaragua, sometimes isolated and rulers of the soil, as at
Rivas, sometime adjoining or intermingled with the Chorotegas, as in the peninsula
of Nicoya.
Between the Chorotegas of the peninsula and those of the eastern shores of the
gulf, that is, between Nicoya and Orotina, were the Corobicies; but owing to the
facile communication by water the Chorotegas of both coasts were in frequent
relations.
Geographically the Chorotegas formed five provinces:
(1) Old Chorotega, their only home, and Orotina, on the east coast of the gulf of
Orotina or Nicoya, between the port of La Herradura and the river Avangares.
Between the river Avangares and the Zapandi, or Tempisque, were stationed the
Corobicies.
(2) Nicoya, the peninsula of this name, and its prolongation to the lake of Nica-
ragua, including the towns or cheftancies of Zapandi, Nacaome, Paro, Cangen,
Nicopasaya, Pocos, Diria, Papagayo, Namiapi, Orosi.
(3) Managua, or Mangua, country of the Mangues, called in the Nahuatl language
Xolotlan, including the towns of Masaya, Nindiri, Diria, Diriomo, Diriamba, Jino-
tepe, Mombacho, Niquinohomo, and Nandaime.
(4) Nequiepio, or Chorotega-Malalaca, Nacaome, Goascoran, Orocuina.
(5) Chiapas, or Chorotega-acala, Chiapa, Acala, Suchiapa, Copainala.
The Nahuas, whose most important colonies controlled the isthmus of Rivas between
Lake Nicaragua and the Pacific, were established in Nicoya and spoke the Mexican
or Nahuatl language.
A Mexican colony also existed in the valley of Telorio (valley of the Duy, or of
the Mexicans) near the Bay del Almirante, and inhabited the island of Tojar, or
Zorobaro (now of Columbus), and the towns of Chicaua, Moyaua, Quequexque,
and Corotapa, on the mainland, this being the farthest eastward in Costa Rica, or in
Central America, to which the Nahuas reached, so far as existing evidence proves.
Between the lake of Nicaragua and the gulf of Nicoya, to the east of the voleano
of Orosi and the river Tempisque, near longitude 85° west of Greenwich, dwelt the
mysterious nation of the Corobicies, or Corbesies, ancestors of the existing Guatusos.
To the east of the same meridian were the Votos, occupying the southern shores of
the Rio San Juan to the valley of the Sarapiqui.
To the east of the Sarapiqui, and from the mouths of the San Juan on the Atlantic
to the mouth of the river Matina, was the important province of Suerre, belonging
to the Guetars, who occupied the ground to Turrialba and Atirro, in the valleys of
the Reventazon and the river Suerre or Pacuar.
COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 4l
Between the river Natina and the river Tarire were the provinces of Pococi and
of the Tariacas. To the east of the Tarire to the Bay del Almirante, dwelt the
Viceitas, Cabecares, and Terrabas (Terrebes, Terbis, or Tiribies).
On the Bay del Almirante to Point Sorobeta or Terbi there was the Chichimec
colony, already referred to, whose cacique Iztolin conversed in the Mexican lan-
guage with Juan Vasquez de Coronado in 1564.
The Changuenes occupied the forests about the headwaters of the Rio Ravalo.
The Doraces, south of the Laguna of Chiriqui, and at the foot of the Cordillera,
adjoined in the valley of the river Cricamola or Guaymi with the warlike nation of
the latter name.
The Guaymies occupied the coast and the interior lands situated between the
rivers Guaymi and Conception, of Veragua.
In front of the valley of the Guaymi lies the Island del Escodo, the governmental
limit of Costa Rica; so that the Guaymis were distributed in nearly equal parts
between the jurisdiction of Costa Rica and of Veragua.
In the interior, in the highlands about Cartago, on the slopes both of the Atlantic
and the Pacific, were the provinces Guarco, Toyopan, and Aserri; farther west,
toward the gulf of Nicoya, Pacaca, Garabito, and Chomes adjoined along the sum-
mits of La Herradura and Tilaran with the Chorotegas.
These provinces formed the territory of the Huetares, or Guetares, wei tlalli, in
Nahuatl, ‘‘great land,” a general term, which included various tribes and chieftan-
cies of the same linguistic stock, one entirely diverse from those of the neighboring
Mangues and Nahuas, toward whom they were unfriendly, although maintaining
commercial relations.
The province of Guarco was considered by both the natives and the Spaniards as
one of the most favored localities in the country, and for that reason was selected
by the Guetares, and later by the whites, as the sight of their principle town. It
was here that the city of Costa Rica was founded in 1568. The name is a corrup-
tion of the Nahuatl Qualcan, from ‘‘qualli,” good, convenient, with the locative suffix
‘“‘can.”’? Qualecan means, therefore, ‘‘ good place,” or, as it is translated in Molina’s
Vocabulary, ‘‘a well-sheltered and desirable place,” which answers well to the val-
ley of Cartago.
Southeast of Chorotega and the heights of Herradura, and south of the Guetares,
extending to the Pacific Ocean, between the rivers Pirris and Grande of Terraba, was
the province of the Quepos, of which the Spanish Government formed the district
of Quepo, whose extreme limit toward the southeast was the old Chiriqui River.
According to the most probable conjectures, the Quepos belonged to the family of
the Guetares and lived, by preference, on the coasts. They were also enemies of the
Mangues and the Cotos and Borucas, and in consequence of their wars with them
and with the whites, and with the burden of labors laid upon them by the latter,
their towns disappeared in the middle of the eighteenth century without leaving
any positive traces which will enlighten us upon their origin.
Adjoining the Quepos, the Cotos or Coctos occupied the upper valley of the river
Terraba, formerly known as the Coto.
These formed a numerous and warlike tribe, skillful in both offense and defense.
They are not known in Costa Rica by this name; but there is no doubt that the
Borucas are their descendants. These Borucas occupied the region about Golfo
Dulce, formerly the gulf of Osa, east of the river Terraba, and gave their name Buri-
cas, Burucas, or Bruncas to the province of Borica, discovered by the Licentiate Espi-
nosa in the first voyage of exploration made by the Spaniards to this region in 1519,
and also to Point Burica, the extreme southern limit of Costa Rica, in latitude 8°
north.
The province of Burica extended toward the east to the Llanos of Chiriqui, and
formed a part of the government of Quepo. It belongs to-day to the district of
Punta Arenas.
A2 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.
The Terrabas, who have given their name to the river formerly called the Coto, do
not belong to the tribes of the Pacific Slope. They were brought to the location
there, which they now occupy, in Aldea or Terraba, partly by the persuasion of the
missionaries, partly by force, having been obliged to abandon the rough mountains
to the north about the head waters of the Tilorio or Rio de la Estrella, the Yurquin,
and the Rovalo, about the year 1697. They have been variously called Terbis, Ter-
rebes, Terrabas, and Tirribies, but there are no differences of dialect between them
and their relatives to the north, other than would necessarily take place in any
tongue from a separation of this length.
At the time of the Conquest, therefore, the tribes occupying the territory of Costa
Rica were Nahuas, Mangues, Guetares, Viceitas, Terrabas, Changuenes, Guaymies,
Quepos, Cotos, and Borucas.
The Nahuas came from the north, and landed in Nicaragua somewhere about the
year 1440.
As to the Mangues, we must admit as the most probable opinion that they extended
from the shores of the gulf of Nicoya along the lakes of Nicaragua and Managua
(Xolotlan) into southern Mexico, where up to within a few years their language was
spoken at Acala.
It is almost impossible to determine the ethnic affinities of the Guetares as long
as no vocabularies of their tongue can be found, though such were certainly written
by such able linguists as Fray Pedro de Betanzos, Fray Lorenzo de Bienvenida,
Fray Juan Babtista, and other Franciscans, who founded missionary establishments
and taught the natives around Cartago; but the testimony of archeology proves
that if they were not related to the Nahuas, they were subject to their influence,
perhaps through the active commerce they had with the Chorotegas and Nahuas
about the gulf of Nicoya.
That the Guetares were by no means rude savages is shown by the ornaments in
gold, and the precious stones finely cut, which have been unearthed in the excava-
tions about Agua Caliente and Turrialba. That they presented an honorable differ-
ence from their neighbors to the north and also the Chorotegas in not being
cannibals is testified to by Benzoni, who was among them in 1544, and also by
other documents of the time.
As to the Guaymies, Terrabas, Changuenes, and Borucas, their affinities to the
tribes to the east of them are well marked, and it would not be surprising if they
were also closely related to the natives between Paria and Darien, and even with the
Chibchas of Colombia, as has been maintained by Brinton.
The total number included by these tribes about 1564 may be estimated in round
numbers at 100,000 souls. At present their representatives are very few.
The Nahuas and Mangues of the Nicoya region have completely disappeared,
although the former survive in Mexico, and the latter have still a few descendants at
Masaya, Nicaragua, and Acala, Mexico.
It is unnecessary to say that the Nahuas have left many admirable monuments
proving their proficiency in the arts, and a language of a perfection proving that
those who developed it were a thoughtful and cultured race.
The Chorotegas or Mangues, a proud and independent people, are also shown by
the relics they have left to have been a people skillful in the arts of pottery, and in
working stone and gold. Nothing remains of the Corobicies or Corvesies except
the name Corobici or Curubici, applied to an affluent of the Rio de las Camas, a
branch of the Rio de las Piedras, tributary to the Tempisque. There are many
reasons, however, for believing that the modern Guatusos are the descendants of the
Corobicies, whose language, according to Oviedo, was quite distinct from that of
the Guetares, or Chorotegas, or Mexicans. It is possible that they are descended
from those Votos Indians who inhabited the southern banks of the Desaguadera, or
Rio San Juan, and whose village was situated near the first rapids of that river. In
COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 43
either case, neither the Votos nor the Corobicies have left any traces of the character
of their culture.
Among the objects from the Guetares is an instrument of wood for making fire
according to the system employed in Mexico, a cord or line for fishing, and various
ocherous earths used in painting the body, a custom which Fernandez de Oviedo men-
tions as common among the Chontales of Nicaragua, near neighbors of the Votos.
DEPARTMENT OF THE ISLAND OF CUBA.
The objects sent to the exhibition from the Island of Cuba were
principally economic in character, including an admirably arranged
and extensive series illustrating the mineralogy aud metallic wealth
of the island and reflecting credit upon the school of mines in Havana
which had forwarded it.
There was also a fine case manufactured from the choice woods of
the island, containing documents relating to the transportation of the
bones of Christopher Columbus from the cathedral of Santo Domingo
to that of Havana, in the year 1796. Its contents have a high histor-
ical value and by many are considered conclusive upon this much
debated question. A second volume, handsomely bound, contained a
number of photographs of various views and buildings in Havana and
objects relating to Christopher Columbus, among them one of his por-
trait presented to the city of Havana by his descendant in the seventh
degree. It is claimed to be the most genuine of any known.
No collections of archzolgical specimens, illustrating the industries
of the indigenous inhabitants of the island, were included in the exhibit.
DEPARTMENT OF THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC.
The material in the department of the exhibition occupied by the
Dominican Republic in the island of Santo Domingo, or Haiti, had refer-
ence partly to the early establishment of the Spanish power in that
island and partly to the condition of its primitive inhabitants as shown
by their remains. The first of these consisted mainly of paintings and
engravings of notable buildings and places upon the island which had
been the scenes of various transactions relating to the first settlement.
The early writers have left us considerable information about the
state in which the inhabitants found themselves on the arrival of the
Spaniards. This was not dissimilar to that of the tribes of northern
South America, with whom they were closely affiliated in language and
blood. The picture thus drawn by the earliest European visitors is
borne out by the remains which have from time to time been collected.
Those in the present exhibition include small idols of stone, clay, and
wood, also points for lances or arrowheads of the same material, figures
and utensils in pottery, and collars of stone, supposed to have been
used on ceremonial occasions. Among the engravings is one of the
celebrated circular construction of upright stones designed according
44 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.
to tradition as an arena for playing ball, having in its center a stone
seat of great size, supposed to have been a throne for the queen.
The fact of the burial of Columbus in the cathedral of Santo Domingo
surrounds this building with an historical interest. Numerous views
of it are presented from different aspects and others showing the leaden
casket in which his mortal remains rested until the year 1795, when
they were transferred to the city of Havana.
The native population of Haiti, of whom we have in this exhibit the
evidence of considerable Siler an remained long of undetermined
affinities, although many of the words of their language, their customs,
and their myths were preserved by the early settlers and missionaries.
They were popularly supposed to be Caribs, or related fio the Carib
stock, or connected with the Mayas or Mexicans.
In a study of the Arawack language of Guiana, published in 1871, I
brought the Haitian language, I believe for the first time, into unques-
tionable and close connection with that important South American
stock, and showed at the same time that it was the same dialect which
prevailed throughout Cuba and the Bahamas.’ The whole West
Indian Archipelago was peopled from South America exclusively, and
contained no tribes linguistically related to any north of the Isthmus
of Panama upon the continent. The definite recognition of this fact
in ancient native migration is of prime importance in the study of col-
lections of aboriginal relics from these islands.
DEPARTMENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF COLOMBIA.
The Republic of Colombia presented perhaps the most brilliant of all
of the displays in the strictly American portion of the Exposition. The
numerous magnificent specimens of native gold work and their tasteful
arrangement attracted the attention of all visitors. They also excited
the admiration of those of antiquarian taste, from their novelty as well
as for the perfection of their designs. The credit for the collection
of this unusual series as well as for their judicious arrangement rests
mainly with the distinguished Colombian archeologist, Setior Ernesto
Restrepo.
Senor Restrepo took advantage in connection with this Exposition,
and of the interest excited by the invitation to his country to partici-
pate in it, to publish several valuable contributions to the study of the
ancient history of that portion of the continent. These appeared at
Bogota, under the following titles: Estudios sobre los Aborigenes de
Colombia; Viages de Lionel Wafer al Isthmo de Darien; and Ensayo
Etnografico y Arqueolégico de la Provincia de los Quimbayas.
They are most creditable to the extent of his scholarship and the
energy with which he has Boe sued Toes ea One in the library as well
1The heaeare inkeuaee of Gunns in its lin ine ane Rihectant relations, by
D. G. Brindton, M. D., in the Tranasctions of the American Philosophical Society,
for 1871.
COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 45
as in the field. They give us for the first time a fairly complete state-
ment of the native tribes present in this portion of South America
about the time it first became known to the European invaders. The
map which accompanies the first named locates with great accuracy a
large number of tribes whose precise residence has heretofore been
vague.
According to the minute and extensive investigations of this scholar,
the territory of Colombia was occupied by a great variety of tribes in
different stages of culture, not subject to any general government, but
constantly at war with each other. When the objects obtained from
the graves in different parts are carefully examined, a considerable dif-
ference is manifest in the style and in the perfection of their artistic
execution. It is quite obvious that the condition of those who manu-
factured them was one of isolation, and that very little communication
even of a commercial character was frequent between them.
With regard to the work in gold, for which this territory was par-
ticularly famous, it is found to be divisible into three different groups,
clearly characterized by contrasting traits, both in the objects repre-
sented and in the style of workmanship. These three groups are called
those of the Chibcha, the Antioquena, and the Quimbaya; these are so
clearly of independent character that a person who has thoroughly
familiarized himself with their traits will run no danger of mistaking
one for the other. Nor does it appear that the artistic development
of the one exerted an influence upon the others, or that the products
of the one entered by exchange or purchase into the territory of the
others. The excavations in the ancient graves reveal objects almost
entirely native to the locality, and very rarely specimens which could be
attributed to the workmanship of neighboring tribes.
This statement is equally true in reference to any objects which might
have been made, subsequent to the Conquest, in Central America and
Peru. The native graves of early date in those regions often contain
metal work, pottery or ornaments, which show that the interments took
place after the arrival of the Spaniards, and include some objects either
brought by them, or imitated from those so introduced. For instance,
in both countries, images in pottery of Spanish soldiers or monks are
not extremely unusual in the native cemeteries of old date. Nothing
of this kind appears to have been the case in Colombia. When the
invading forces swept down upon this thickly settled land, peopled by
small tribes not possessing any strong military force and no cohesion
among themselves, the whole industry of the country became paralyzed
and ceased, once and forever.
How small comparatively even the most important ef these nations
was, may be seen from the fact that the one which has most occupied
the attention of historians and antiquarians, to wit, the Chibchas, did
not control even the tenth part of the present area of the Republic of
Colombia.
46 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.
The means for studying through material objects the degree of cul-
ture of this nation have always been limited, and much of the celebrity
which it has enjoyed has been owing to the literary studies of Duquesne
and Humboldt, and rests on insecure foundations. Indeed, all the known
objects previous to the present exhibition, which were at the command
of the students, were not over a hundred as represented in the various
works on this field. At Madrid, on the other hand, there were rep-
resented 237 specimens and 167 hitherto unpublished drawings and
paintings of specimens in other collections not heretofore represented
in any public work. The character of these objects and the variety they
presented, illustrating ancient workmanship. may be judged from the
following list:
In objects of gold there were 69 human figures, 6 masks, 23 figures
of animals, 19 instruments, and 38 bones for ornament, making in
all 155 articles in this metal of more or less pure alloy. In copper
there were 24 figures of animals and of the human subject; in pottery,
38 vases and figures; and 20 utensils of stone. The illustrations offered
of other objects not on exhibition number 167; making in all 404
new specimens, serving to illustrate not only the technical culture of
the Chibcha nation, but also throwing light upon its mythology and
symbolism.
But no doubt the most unexpected result of Mr. Restrepo’s studies,
one abundantly proved by the unequalled collection which he pre-
sented to view, was that the Chibcha Nation was not the leader in
general culture or in artistic workmanship among those who inhabited
the soil of Colombia at the time of the discovery. This distinguished
place was taken from them to be assigned to a nation or tribe hitherto
wholly unknown to historians or antiquariaus, and whose affiliations
remain in complete obscurity. This tribe is that of the Quimbaya, who
occupied a territory on the right bank of the River Cauca, between
the fourth and sixth parallel of north latitude. The area they con-
trolled does not appear to have been more than 50 miles long and 30
wide, and from the very little that can be learned about their tradi-
tions, they had entered this district at no remote period before the
Conquest.
Concerning their language, we have no other information than a few
proper names and two or three words, which offer no affinity with
neighboring tongues. In this locality, guided by a native artistic
instinct, and favored by the abundance of gold, usually impure, found
in the streams, they developed probably the highest workmanship of
any people on the American continent. They appear to have been
peaceful, given to the enjoyment of life, and limited in other respects
in their cultivation.
These characteristics combined to insure their early extinction on
the arrival of the Spaniards. Those avaricious strangers remorse-
lessly pursued the Quimbaya to extort from them their hoards of the
COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 47
precious metal. The tribe was soon scattered, its survivors fled to the
forest, and in a very short time even its name was forgotten by the
rapacious invaders.
Through the assiduous labors of Mr. Restrepo we are now in a posi-
tion to appreciate the high artistic sentiment which inspired this
departed people, and to restore to them the credit on the page of his-
tory which is their due. The specimens of their work exhibited at
Madrid, make up a total of 1,012 objects, enough, as Mr. Restrepo
remarks, to enable those interested to decide whether this tribe of bar-
barians did not do honor to the human species by their love of the
arts, their excellent taste, and their really prodigious skill.
‘These specimens are in gold of more or less alloy, in copper, in clay,
and, in a few instances, in stone, wood, bone, and shell. They represent
figures of the human body, and of various animals, diadems, crowns,
scepters, collars, earrings, ornaments of various character, rings, bells,
flutes and whistles, vases, and sepulchral urns, chisels, needles,
spindles, etc.
The graceful forms and varied sizes of the gold vases from this region
impressed every observer. They indicate a true sense of symmetry and
proportion in their makers, and they vindicate for them a high position
as genuine artists. The vases of clay are decorated in colors, with fig-
ures accurately traced, and are of varied and original forms. They do
not resemble, either in the material of which they are constructed or in
the methods of decoration employed, the pottery of the Chibcha or that
of Central America. They would seem to present the product of an
evolution of art belonging stricfly to the nation who manufactured
them.
In the third region, that which has been referred to as about Antio-
quia, there have been numerous extensive collections made at different
times, which have abundantly proved that the tribes there resident
were rich in gold, and manufactured it into various articles, with a
skill greater than that of the Chibcha, but less than that of the Quim-
baya. In the Madrid collection, the industries of this region, repre-
sented either in the relics themselves or by accurate photographs, made
a total of 458 pieces, quite sufficient to give a correct idea of their prog-
ress in the arts. Here, again, we are at a loss correctly to state, from
the evidence of language, what relationship these tribes bore to each
other or to other stocks on the continent.
A tourth region, not generally included in the continent of South
America, though at present under the government of the Republic of
Colombia, is that included in the Isthmus of Panama and the territory
westward of it tothe line of Costa Rica. This embraces the rich anti-
quarian region of the bay of Chiriqui. It is well known that the
ancient graves in that district have been ransacked for many years on
account of the wealth of gold images which some of them contained.
Although the greater portion of the relics thus obtained found their
48 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.
way to the smelting pot of the goldsmith, a sufficient number were
preserved by collectors to make the character of the Chiriqui gold work
quite familiar to all interested in such studies. The same tribes were
also skillful in the manufacture of clay into utensils and objects of
adornment. In the Madrid collection the Republic of Colombia dis-
played about 200 pieces of pottery from the region in question, loaned
by Bishop Peralta, of Panama, and 28 more from Mr. Restrepo’s col-
lection. The peculiarity about these pieces of pottery, and that which
distinguished them from the similar products from the tribes of the
south, was the method of ornamentation they adopted, choosing usually
figures of animals, and also their selection of bright colors. The hands
and feet of some of the vases are ingeniously arranged to be rattles,
being hollow, and containing a loose ball of burnt clay which makes a
light noise on moving the plate or jar.
Another class of objects represented in this collection is one which
affords peculiar interest to the student of the aboriginal methods of
recording ideas. These are the inscriptions or writings upon stones or
rocks dating from precolumbian times, which occur at various places
within the Republic of Colombia. Some of these had previously
attracted the attention of travelers, and in 1890 Mr. A. L. Pinart pub-
lished in Paris a photographic album containing 10 plates of such inscrip-
tions existing near the Isthmus of Panama.' It has been ascertained
that such inscriptions, examples of which may be found in various parts
of the American continent, present a series of similarities limited to
certain districts, indicating that at some remote time a uniform method
of rock writing prevailed over a considerable area, and was limited to
that area.
The examples of the inscriptions and engravings on stone shown by
the delegation from the Republic of Colombia are contained upon
twenty-eight sheets. They represent monuments of this character
from a great many sites in different parts of the country, and differing
much in the elaborateness of the designs and the skill with which they
were executed. An inspection and comparison of them does not per-
mit a classification into well-marked varieties. Still less can they be
attributed to any one system of inscriptions. It is probable that sev-
eral of them reveal the influences of the civilized Peruvian tribes who
dwelt to the south.
A small portion of the collection includes ethnographic objects
obtained from the existing tribes of the Cunas and Goahibas, such as
arrows, bows, lances, flutes, whistles, scepters, collars, combs, ete.
A few skulls are shown indicating that the habit of compression of
the frontal region was common among various of the ancient tribes.
Those who have studied the description of the Chibcha numeral sys-
tem, astronomic calendar, and mythology, as described by Alexander
1Limite des Civilisations dans l’Isthme Américain, Pétroglyphes, etc., par A.-L.
Pinart. Paris, 1890.
COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. AY
von Humboldt, from the MSS. of Dr. Duquesne, will desire to learn if
those remarkable statements are borne out by these later investigations.
Such inquirers are referred to Senor Vicente Restrepo’s careful mono-
graph, Critica de los Trabajos Arqueologicos del Dr. José Domingo
Duquesne, Bogota, 1892. It is sufficient to say that later research,
as well as an examination of Dr. Duquesne’s own writing, leave little
doubt but that Humboldt was too credulous in attributing any such
advance in culture to the Chibcha nation.
DEPARTMENT OF ECUADOR.
The exhibition of the Republic of Ecuador was under the care, as
president of the commission, of Sefor Antonio Flores, formerly presi-
dent of that Republic, and now minister plenipotentiary from it to the
court of Spain.
The geographical position of Ecuador surrounds it with special
interest to the student of the ancient history of America. It lies in
the extreme northern portion of the former “ Empire of the Incas,”
and is located between the numerous tribes subjected to their rule and
a number of independent nations of a certain degree of cultivation to
the north of them. Its earliest ‘history is carried back by tradition
some five or six hundred years, or aS some would say, a much longer
time, before the arrival of the Spaniards. The first that we hear of it
concerns the nation of the Caras who are reported, somewhere about
the ninth century, to have descended the. coast from the north and to
have landed on the shore near the mouth of the Esmeraldas River.
From there they journeyed inland and established their main seat
about the city of Quito, where they continued their rule down to about
the middle of the latter half of the fifteenth century. At ‘that time
the Inca Huaynacapac conquered the.country, and incorporated it into
the nation of which he was chief.
According to the evidence of language and many traditions of great
antiquity, the great Kechua nation itself first appears within the ter-
ritory of Ecuador, from which locality it gradually advanced, in two
streams of migration, conquering as it went, until it had brought under
its influence tribes as far south as the thirtieth parallel of south
latitude.
However this may be, it is certain that in Ecuador we find many
examples of art products which show conclusively the influence
exerted by the Kechua people.
The present collection includes in all 1,327 numbers in its cata-
logue, many of which were exhibited by the Government of the Repub-
lic, and others were loaned from private collections. Among the first
there were a number of utensils in stone, one a mortar with large ears,
each bearing a figure of an animal eut upon it. Another was a long
stone with resonant qualities, used as a bell, or to sound warnings,
H. Ex. 100——-4
50 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.
emitting a loud and sonorous report upon being struck. Various
circular or globular stones, some bored, were doubtless used to attach
to the ends of clubs to give greater force to the blow. A few rough
figures in this material and a number of axes were also shown.
Pottery was represented by a collection of vases, jars, and plates in
red and black clays; also masks of the same material. Several speci-
mens of copper, usually in the form of axes or hatchets, indicated
that this material was employed for objects of utility.
A valuable collection, including relics both in copper, stone, bone,
and wood, was exhibited by Mr. August Cousin. The general character
of the specimens was similar to those in the collection of the Govern- -
ment, and in many instances the workmanship deserved special atten-
tion from its perfection and artistic inspiration.
Minister Flores personally exhibited a curious collection of ethno-
graphic articles presented to him, when President of that Republic, by
a chief of the nation of the Macas. They included a whistle of clay,
vases of the same material, stone axes, head dresses of feathers and
skins, ornaments for the ears, collars of teeth and other substances,
and the instruments for boring the ears.
Within the limits of Ecuador the Jivaro Indians reside, celebrated
for their skill in extracting the bones from the human head, and drying
the soft parts and the hair in such a manner as to preserve them per-
manently. These heads they cherish as trophies. An interesting
specimen was contained in the collection deposited by Senor Brao y ue
Linan, consul-general of Ecuador to Spain. m
Quite a number of the vases in pottery exhibited were of consider-
able size, some of them resting upon feet, others pointed at the end like
the Greek vases and evidently for the same purpose, that is, that they
might be placed securely in sand or soft ground by inserting the pointed
extremity. Many of them were plain, others were in animal forms of
in rude representations of the human figure.
Several cases in this collection were filled with coins and medals
struck at various times by the Government of the Republic.
DEPARTMENT OF PERU.
From the Republic of Peru only a small and unsatisfactory exhibi-
tion was made, considering the unusual riches which that country
offers in articles of American antiquity. It consisted of about fifty
specimens in pottery of the ordinary forms and texture which are so
familiar from that country. A few objects in silver and gold compared
unfavorably'with the much richer display from Ecuador. There were
also some idols in wood, and various textile materials from cotton,
wool, and the product of the vicuia. These were supplemented by a
somewhat larger series from several private collections, consisting
mainly of specimens of pottery of black clay obtained from the coast
COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 51
lands. Most of these are technically known as “huacos,” a term
applied indiscriminately to aboriginal relics in Peru. About sixty of
them were disinterred from the immediate vicinity of the famous
Temple of the Sun, in the valley of Pachacamae, and the Temple of the
Gran Chimu, so-well described by our countryman, the late Mr. E. G.
Squier, in his work on Peru.'' The specimens referred to are chiefly of
clay, finely tempered, and offering some unusual forms. It may be
that they are examples of the real ‘‘Chimu” work, which belonged to
a different culture center from the Kechuas or Ineas, and one believed
by many historians to have been much older? The natives of the
coast about Trujillo were. the Chimus or Yuneas, speaking a totally
different language from the Kechua, and having been subjected by the
Ineas about the middle of the fifteenth century.
DEPARTMENT OF BOLIVIA.
The Government of Bolivia was represented by a very small collec-
tion, chiefly ethnographic in character and throwing but little light on
the many interesting questions which relate to the ancient history of
that part of South America. Among them were two idols in stone,
found among theruins of Tiahuanaco, some models of the curious rafts
used still by the Indians of Lake Titicaca, several idols in wood as
manufactured by the present Indians of the Aymara tribe, some plates
of native manufacture, various textile materials, the result of native
labor, and the complete costume of a native Indian man and Indian
woman.
The native tribes represented were the Aymaras and the Moxos.
The first mentioned now number several hundred thousand of pure
and mixed blood. Their archeological history is peculiarly interesting
on account of the probability that their culture was considerably older
than that of the Kechuas, and that these had derived from them many
elements of their later civilization—a view ably maintained of late by
Dr. Middendorf.’
The home of the Moxos is on the head waters of the Rio Mamore.
They speak a dialect of the Arawack stock, the same which has been
referred to as the prevailing language throughout the West Indian
Archipelago. The opinion is. now generally held that the original home
of this widespread family of languages was somewhere on the Boliv-
ian highlands,* which lends special interest to an ethnographic study
of them in that locality.
'Peru; Incidents of Travel and Exploration, Chaps. IX, X. New York, 1877.
*See Dr. E. W. Middendorf, Das Muchik, oder die Chimu-Sprache. Einleitung.
Leipzig, 1892.
3Die Aimara-Sprache. Einleitung. Leipzig, 1891.
‘See Brinton, The American Race, p. 249. Philadelphia, 1891.
52 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.
DEPARTMENT OF URUGUAY.
The exhibition from the Republic of Uruguay was presented chiefly
under the auspices and care of Senor Juan Zorrilla de San Martin,
envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary from that Republic
to the Court of Spain and president of the commission, known also as
a distinguished author in both literary and scientific directions.
All the specimens shown from this country may justly be attributed
to the race and tribes who inhabited its area at the time of the discov-
ery. None of them were found at any great depth beneath the surface,
or in any such relation to older strata as to lead us to assign them to
that much older age which has been claimed for some of the relies
found on the watershed of the Rio de la Plata. These.tribes occupied a
geographical position intermediate between the stocks which inhabited
Brazil and those who occupied the vast area toward the west, known as
‘“ Hl Gran Chaco.” They were in blood and language affiliated to both
of these, and they possessed traits of culture common to both.
The majority of the relics were obtained from what is known tech-
nically as “village sites,” such as are called in South America “ para-
deros.” These, as the name indicates, were localities which have for a
greater or less length of time been chosen by the natives as places
suitable for the construction oftheir more permanent residences. They
present, on investigation, many utensils, weapons, burnt stones and
clay, remains of hearths, bones of animals, fragments of shells, etc.,
indicative of the life of the inhabitants, but, as a rule, few, if any,
human bones, showing that they‘were not used as places of burial,
nor did the natives who occupied them make a habit of consuming
human flesh. The bones of the animals found are those of the same
species which still exist, or are- known to have existed recently, in the
same vicinity, not presenting any’examples of extinct species.
The cemeteries of these tribes are occasionally discovered. They
present the appearance of » number of small mounds, upon opening
which human bones are found, usually in a sitting position and accom:
panied by stone and bone implements, rude specimens of pottery, and,
in some rather rare examples, by articles of European manufacture,
such as glass beads, showing that these interments continued to be
made after the natives had come into contact with the whites and entered
into commercial relations with them.
Here, as elsewhere, in the ordinary soil of the country, various prod-
ucts of the earlier inhabitants, such as arrowheads and stone and
bone implements, occur. The specimens presented in this collection
were obtained, and to some extent classified, with reference to their
discovery on the village sites, in the cemeteries, or in ordinary soil.
Among the examples in stone, single flakes, “ teshoas,” used for cut-
ting, are abundant. They are generally small, the edges sharp and
well suited for the purpose for which they were destined. Some of
COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 53
them are slightly grooved and retouched upon the edges, so as to offer
a serrated border, for which reason they are classified as saws. Another
common form of stone implement is that of the scraper. They are usu-
ally chipped on one side only, the other being left in its natural condi-
tion, the front edge being more or less grooved, while the opposite end
is arranged for adjustment into a wooden handle. They offer a variety
of forms, some being circular, others oblong, elliptical, etc. Somewhat
similar in character are flakes and pieces of stone, usually oval in out-
line, which have been chipped to a point at one end, the border being
sometimes also chipped to an edge, at others left blunt.
The use of stone arrowheads and lance heads was very common
in Uruguay. More than 9,000 specimens are mentioned in the cata-
logue as having been found, showing the various forms with which we
are familiar in those obtained in the United States. The material
of which they are made is generally jasper or quartz, and they are
worked with a great deal of skill, with symmetrical outlines, testifying
to the long practice of their makers.
Although no mention is made of the discovery of quarries, yet the
material from them in the form of cores or nuclei is abundant on these
village sites. They were evidently brought, as in the United States,
from some locality more or less distant, and worked up at the village
at leisure.
Another implement found in considerable numbers shows that the
same character of technical industry prevailed here as in the northern
continent. These are the hammer stones, the use of which was to
break the flakes from the core and chip its sides.
A rounded fragment of hard rock, of various sizes to suit the hand
and the weight of the blow desired, was its simplest form. Some of them
are oblong in shape, and they often present a small depression on each
surface, no doubt intended as pits for the extremities of the fingers,
thus allowing them to be used for striking a blow with greater accuracy.
Others, again, have a groove around the center, evidently for the pur-
pose of permitting them to be fastened securely to a handle.
This form of hammer stone brings them into close relation to a stone
implement more common in this part of the continent than in any
other, and almost unknown throughout the area of the United States.
These are what are called the sling stones or bolas, which are charac-
teristic of the greater portion of South America, south of Brazil. They
are in the shape of a roundish stone, generally polished, with a groove
around the center, by which they were fastened to a cord or string.
They were used in two methods by the primitive inhabitants, the one
intended to capture the animal, the other to kill him. In the former,
two stones were tied together at the two ends of the cord, about six
feet apart, although three could be used, on cords fastened together in
the form of the letter Y. This form is quite common to-day in Pata-
gonla, where it 1s the favorite method of capturing ostriches; but it is
54 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT’ MADRID.
believed to be a later development of the former, and it is doubtful
whether, at least in Uruguay, the natives were acquainted with it at
the time of the Conquest. The manner of its use is, that one of the
stones, the smallest of the three, is taken in the hand, and the others
are slung several times around the head and then hurled at the animal
in such a manner that his feet become entangled in the cord, and he
falls an easy prey to his pursurer.
The simple or single bola is merely a stone attached to the extremity
of acord about 3 feet long. The other extremity is taken in the hand,
whirled several times around the head, and the stone is dispatched to
strike the animal or the enemy in some vital part. Often heavy and
large stones are used for this form of the bola.
Nearly all the bolas present the circular groove above referred to;
but there are some which donot. These appear to have been wrapped in
skins or thongs and by this method attached to the cord. Those bolas
which are taken in the hand are usually smaller than the others; are
highly polished, oval, and have the groove extending longitudinally.
Not a few of them are so perfectly symmetrical in outline that it is
difficult to believe that they have not been made by machinery.
Another variety of stone weapon presenting a generally spherical
outline, with a transverse groove and often with conical prominences,
are the heads of war clubs or of maces. Many examples of these are
shown. They were fastened to the extremity of a handle and were
entirely weapons of war.
Axes or hatchets of stone often occur on the village sites. They are
usually highly polished, some having a groove, others not.
A comparatively few examples are shown of stone disks. It is not
clear for what purpose they were made, and the suggestion of the
catalogue that they were sling stones is not probable.
There are two varieties of stone utensils presenting concavities,
evidently mortars for breaking corn and other grain; the other smaller
in size and probably for use in grinding paints or similar coloring
matters.
Perforated stones are not unfrequent, for what use hag not been
clearly defined. It has been suggested that they may have been
attached to handles for the purpose of carrying nuts or hammering
on soft substances. They are of various diameters and usually cireular
in outline.
Two of the most interesting objects in the exhibition in this depart-
ment are two stones, the one representing rudely an ax or hatchet
bearing an outline of the human face, and the other approximating to
it in form, but evidently intended to represent a bird. A stone rudely
chipped or polished resembling the latter has been exhumed from some
of the ancient stations on the coast of Brazil, and the peculiar charac-
ter of such objects prompts to the suggestion that they may have
proceeded from the same inspiration; which, indeed, is not improbable,
COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 55
inasmuch as the natives of this part of Uruguay belonged in part to
the same stock, the Tupi-Guarani, which at an early date spread itself
along the coast of Brazil quite up to the mouth of the Amazon and to
the north of it.
On all the village sites fragments of pottery are found. It is not
very well baked and is usually coarse, the clay being mixed with
grains of sand and small gravel in order to give it consistency. On
the surface it is reddish, in the interior dark. Most of the vases are
conical or globular, and they generally have holes in the rim which
were intended for cords by which they could be suspended. i Nee \ * , ean
ie ,
CATA TOGw
AND
DESCRIPTION OF THE OBJECTS EXHIBITED
BY
THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM, THE.UNITED STATES INDIAN
INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL, THE UNITED STATES NAVY DEPARTMENT,
THE UNITED STATES ARMY MEDICAL MUSEUM, THE UNIVER-
SITY OF PENNSYLVANIA, THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL
SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA, THE NUMISMATIC AND
ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETY OF PHILADELPHIA, THE
UNITED STATES MINT, AND THE UNITED
STATES POST-OFFICE DEPARTMENT
AT THE
COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXHIBITION IN MADRID.
91
-
earl) Ne:
“as shea 4
CATALOGUE OF THE DISPLAY FROM THE DEPARTMENT OF
PREHISTORIC ANTHROPOLOGY, UNITED STATES NATIONAL
MUSEUM.
By THOMAS WILSON, Curator.
The Department of Prehistoric Anthropology of the National Museum
was represented at the Exposicién Historico-Americana, Madrid, 1892,
by about 5,000 objects, selected from the department, and intended to
present a synopsis of aboriginal industry. The objects were exposed
in nineteen double slope-topped cases, which were distributed through-
out the main hall assigned to the United States at the Exposition. The
objects were classified, so far as possible, in such way as to show a
series of implements and objects in each case or in each portion of a
case. General labels descriptive of the series were printed in Spanish
and distributed in their appropriate places. A description of the
objects displayed, together with the names assigned them, the material
used, the mode of manufacture and probable purpose, is attempted
to be set forth in the following pages.
PALEOLITHIC AGE.
The first appearance of man on earth has been assigned in Europe to the Quater-
nary Geologic period; in the United States to the close of the Glacial Epoch, though
this has been denied.
The Paleolithic implements are the first known works of man. They have been
found over the world in the Quaternary deposits, associated many times with the
remains of extinct animals belonging to that geologic period. The different epochs
of human culture of the Paleolithic age have, in western and southern Europe, received
the designations of Cave-bear, Mammoth, Reindeer, Bison epochs, after the animals
which characterize them, and after the deposits, Alluvial and Cavern, and all
after the localities, Chelleen, Moustierian, Solutrien, Madalenien epochs. They are
periods represented in this display.
ALLUVIAL PERIOD.
CHELLEEN EPOCH.
Block of cemented sand and gravel from the Quaternary gravels of the river
Marne at Chelles, east of Paris, in which Paleolithic implements have been
found. Pieces of worked flint are to be seen init, while other fragments from
the loose sands beneath are by its side. This station has given its name to the
earliest epoch of the Paleolithic age.
Seven Chelleen implements from the Quaternary gravels of southern England.
Similar implements have been found on the surface. They are of the flint of the
country, and have been chipped to their present shape. Many of them show
signs of use. They are almond-shaped, thick in proportion to their width, and
have the cutting edge at the point.
93
94 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.
Four Chelleen implements from the Quaternary gravels of the river Somme at St.
Acheul and Ameins, northern France; of flint, pointed, almond-shaped, crust of
pebble left for grip, and with cutting edge at the small end. (Fig. 1.)
=
PALEOLITHIC IMPLEMENT OF FLINT.
Chelleen Epoch, Alluvial Period.
St. Acheul, France.
Thirty Chelleen implements from different localities in northern, central, southern,
and northwestern France. They are of flint and have the same general form as
those mentioned from England.
RY
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PALEOLITHIC IMPLEMENT (QUARTZITE.)
From near Madras, India,
Three Chelleen implements from central France, of the usual thick almond form.
They are of flint, which, from weathering or exposure to the chalk bed, have
become whitened.
on or near the surface.
In the highlands of the interior these are sometimes found
Two Chelleen implements from the gravels of the river Garonne, near Toulouse, made
from quartzite bowlders. They are rudely chipped, and thick, and the cutting
edge is at the point as in other paleolithic implements. They resemble the
specimens from Piney Branch, near Washington, D. C.
COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 95
Two smaller Chelleen implements of quartzite, from the celebrated workshop of
Bois-du-Rocher in Brittany. Discovered by MM. Micaultand Fornier. Theseare
more in the form of disks, chipped on both sides and to an edge all around.
Paleolithic implements have been found in isolated localities throughout northern
Italy and in Spain and Portugal. These specimens are from Lake Garda in the
Tyrol. (See Cartaillac for locality.)
Twenty Paleolithic implements of flint, which, with many others, were found in the
foothills on the left border of the Nile, Egypt, by Prof. H. W. Haynes, of Boston.
He received a bronze medal from the Association Frangaise for his discovery.
Four Paleolithic implements from the Laterite beds near Madras, southwestern
Hindostan, Asia. (Fig.2.) Similar ones have been found near Nerbuddah, north-
western Hindostan. They are of quartzite, rudely made, but have the usual
characteristics of thickness and the cutting edge at the smaller end. Also 3
specimens found near Yokohama, Japan, possibly Paleolithic.
CAVERN PERIOD.
Six specimens of quartzite chips and implements of human art work, from Cresswell
Caves, Yorkshire, England, associated with remains of Mammoth, Rhinoceros,
and other extinctanimals. Collected by Prof. W. Boyd Dawkins, of Manchester,
England.
\
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Saas
San 22 ze
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Fig. 3. Fig. 4.
MOUSTIERIAN POINT, SPEAR OR OTHERWISE OPPOSITE VIEW OF FIG. 3.
(FLINT).
From Cavern of Le Moustier.
Five specimens of red earth from lower stratum of Kents Cavern, Torquay, contain-
ing tooth of Cave-Bear, with a section of the overlying stalagmitic deposit. In
this were found teeth of Elephant, Rhinoceros, and Hyena, associated with
Chelleen implements. Collected by Mr. W. Pengelly, of Torquay, England.
MOUSTIERIAN EPOCH.
Seven Moustierian points from Cavern of Moustier, France (Figs. 3-4). Scrapers
the same, with cutting edge on the side and not at the end (Figs.5-6). Cave-
bear tooth.
96 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.
SOLUTRIEN EPOCH.
Twenty-five specimens of flint, 9 of bone, from Solutré, near Chalons-Sur-Sadne,
France. Horse bones abounded. Reindeer appear during this epoch. The
chipped edge of flint scrapers is changed from the side to the end. Two kinds
of flint points, presumably for weapons, are found; one small, rechipped only
on the back, with stem and shoulder on one side, the other the leaf shaped, long,
broad, and very thin, some are 16 inches wide and but three-eighths of an inch
thick. This was an epoch of fine flint chipping.
MADALENIEN EPOCH,
Eighteen specimens of flint, 15 of bone. From the Rock-shelter of La Madeleine,
on the Vézere, Dordogne, France. Flint chipping continued during this epoch;
scrapers, knives, points, and flakes are found. Bone points, daggers, and har-
poons were common. The man of this epoch was an artist. More than 400
specimens of engraving ou bone, horn, ivory, and stone have been found in the
Caverns of this period.
MOUSTIERIAN SCRAPER, SHOWING BULB OF PER- OPPOSITE SIDE FIG. 5.
CUSSION (FLINT).
"From Chez Poure.
EUROPEAN PREHISTORIC SKULLS OF THE PALEOLITHIC AGE.
Cast of the Neanderthal Skull. The original was found near Dusseldorf, Germany,
and is now at the University of Bonn, discovered by Drs. Schaffhausen and
Fuhlrott in 1857. Although the forehead is low and retreating, the skull is not
small; its estimated capacity is 1,220 centimeters. Its cephalic index is 0,72.
Many persons are of the opinion that it belongs to the Moustierian rather than
the Chelleen Epoch. Its great antiquity has been disputed, but, nevertheless,
Prehistoric anthropologists have given its name, possibly for want of a better,
to the earliest known type ot the human race.
Cast of the Olmo Skull, from the celebrated paleontological deposit of the Val
d@’ Arno, near Florence, Italy. It was found many feet beneath the surface asso-
ciated with worked flints, horse teeth. and mammoth tusks, all of which, with
the original skull, are in the Zoological Museum at Florence. The skull is
claimed to have belonged to the Moustierian Epoch of the Paleolithic Age. It
is too fragmentary to be measured.
Cast of Laugerie Basse Skull, found by M. Massenat, of Mailmont, near Brives
(Correze), France, in 1872, while excavating the celebrated prehistoric caverns
ot Laugerie Basse on the Vérzére, Dordogne, France. The skeleton was entire
and in place. It was on its side, the legs drawn up, the hands placed on the
side of the head and neck. It was considered that he had been killed under a
detached and fallen rock. It isin the possession of M. Massenat. The Cavern
belongs to the Madelenien epoch of the Paleolithic Age.
Columbian Historical Exposition at Madrid.—Wilson, PLATE I.
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PALEOLITHIC IMPLEMENTS.
Points of the Solutrian epoch, leaf-shaped, and shouldered on one side. Cavern period.
PLATE II.
Columbian Historical Exposition at Madrid.—Wilson.
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PALEOLITHIC IMPLEMENTS.
La Madeleine, Dordogne, France.
Flint scraper, with rounded end.
Fig. 1.
rance,
La Madeleine, Dordogne, France.
knife.
La Madeleine, Dordogne, F
probably a saw or |}
Flint gravers.
Figs. 5 and 6. Flint points or drills.
Flint flake;
>
Fig. *
Figs. 3 and 4.
Columbian Historical Exposition at Madrid.— Wilson. PLATE Ill.
PALEOLITHIC IMPLEMENTS.
Figs. 1,°%, 3, and 4. Harpoons made of reindeer horn. La Madeleine. Dordogne, France.
Figs. », 6, and 7. Points and harpoons made of reindeer horn: hole and slit for attachment to shaft;
southern France.
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Columbian Historical Exposition at Madrid.— Wilson. PLATE IV.
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PALEOLITHIC IMPLEMENTS.
Fig. 1. Engraving of pike on canine tooth of bear. Grotto of Duruthy, southwestern France.
Fig. 2. Engraving of seal on canine tooth of bear. Grotto of Duruthy, southwestern France.
Fig. 3. Engravings of a man, horses, aurochs, and snake or eel on reindeer horn. La Madeleine,
Dordogne, France.
eee
COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 97
Cast of the Engis Skull, discovered by Dr. Schmerling in the Cavern of Engis, near
Liege, Belgium, in the year 1833. It was of this skull that Professor Huxley
said that it might have belonged to a savage or a philosopher.
NEOLITHIC OR POLISHED STONE AGE.
The name Neolithic was given by Sir John Lubbock to the Jater stone age to dis-
tinguish it from the earlier, the Paleolithic or Chipped Stone Age. Many of the
stone implements, after being chipped or pecked into shape, were smoothed or pol-
ished by grinding. Some, such as scrapers, arrow and spear heads, were always
chipped and not polished. This period introduces a new civilization—that of a
sedentary and agricultural people, with flocks and herds, plants, fruits, textiles, and
pottery. Tribal organizations were formed, religious sentiments manifested, the
dead buried, and funeral monuments erected.
Forty-four flint objects from workshops in Great Britain and Ireland, showing the
mode of manufacture. Cores and flakes of black flint fitted together as in the
original block, with knapping hammer, from modern gun-flint workshops at
Brandon, Suffolk. (Fig. 7.) Prehistoric blades and flakes, scrapers, discs,
hatchets, chisels, and poignards, polished and partly polished, from Cissbury,
southern England, and from Ireland. Arrowheads of various forms.
.
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Fig. 7.
FLINT CORE, WITH ITS BLADES AS STRUCK, IN PLACE.
Brandon, England, Evans’s Ancient Stone Implements of Great Britain,
Nineteen worked flint implements from the Prehistoric workshops of Grand Pres-
signy, near Tours, France. Large cores (livres du beurre), hammers, blades,
flakes, daggers, and points. All of the yellow flint of Grand Pressigny.
Eighteen implements and objects from the Prehistoric flint quarries and workshops
of Spiennes, Belgium. Unpolished hatchets, cores, blades, flakes, hammers, etc.
Thirty-three flint implements, many of them from Prehistoric workshops in Scandi-
navia. Cores, hammers, blades, flakes, scrapers, crescents, daggers, arrow and
spear heads.
Sixty-two flint implements and objects from eastern and northern Italy. Small
cores, flakes, scrapers, discs, points, and beautiful arrowheads.
Ten flint and obsidian cores and flakes. From Syria, 2 specimens; Island of Crete, 4
specimens; Island of Milo, 4 specimens.
Seventy-one flint flakes and points discovered by Mr. W. Flinders Petrie at Kahun
in the Fayum, Lower Egypt, in 1889. Many of these show signs of use. They
belong to the time of Amenentop III, of the Twelfth Dynasty, about 2650 B. C.,
and are probably the earliest Prehistoric specimens to which an historical date
can be given.
H. Ex. 100——7
98 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.
Seventeen obsidian cores and blades from Mexico and Central America (fig. 8). The
blades are thin, sharp, and beautifully made, Large worked flakes, scrapers,-
arrow and spear heads of flint and obsidian.
Fig. 8.
OBSIDIAN CORE AND FLAKES.
Mexico.
Twelve specimens of drilled axes from Europe. These are plentiful in the Swiss
lakes and in Scandinavia. In Europe the drilled axes take the place of the
American grooved axes. These specimens show different kinds of drilling, and
different stages of progress. Some were drilled from one side, others from
both. Some have been drilled with a hollow bit, and a number of entire cores
thus made are shown. These implements belonged to the Neolithic period, but
continued into the Iron Age.
Six chipped stone hatchets from Europe and Asia. These have been first chipped
into shape ready for grinding, and
then polished. The series shows
the process of manufacture. The
first (fig. 9) is rudely and the sec-
ond (fig. 10) finely chipped; the
third (fig. 11) is partly and the
fourth (fig. 12) entirely polished;
the fifth (fig. 13) is rechipped to
an edge and the sixth (fig. 14)
reground.
Stone hatchets in process of manufac-
ture, chipped but not yet ground or
polished, from the United States
of America. Similar objects be-
longing to prehistoric times are
found in nearly every country.
Polished stone hatchets are representa-
tive implements of the Neolithic
period throughout the world.
HE
cL te
mii
: Ait ,
My RAN WSS
Wee ASS, \
By TRO IDS
Fes Ys
aH ee A edi l By } jp! |
sel a Mig
ee HAN Saga
z
Fig. 9. Fig. 10. They vary greatly in size. They
POLISHED STONE HATCHETS OF FLINT. were intended for the same general
Showing process of manufacture, Europe (after Mortillet). purpose as the grooved ax, and the
same remarks as to material and
mode of manufacture apply. On the coast and among the islands similar hatchets
were made of shell (fig. 16). Polished stone hatchets were inserted in wooden
handles, though in the Lake Dwellings of Switzerland horn was used as an inter-
mediary. Nearly every country isrepresented. Eighteen specimens from Europe;
9 specimens from Asia; 11 specimens from the United States and Canada (fig.
15); 2 specimens from Mexico; 6 specimens from Central America; 6 specimens
from West Indies; 5 specimens from South America. Total, 57 specimens.
Columbian Historical Exposition at Madrid.—Wilson. PLATE V.
PALEOLITHIC (?) IMPLEMENTS FROM THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. QUARTZITE.
Chipped on one side only.
PLATE VI.
Columbian Historical Exposition at Madrid.—Wilson.
Pd
Nek i
PALEOLITHIC (?) IMPLEMENTS FROM THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. QUARTZITE.
Chipped on both sides.
(Half natural size.)
COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. oo
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.
EVIDENCES OF THE EXTREME ANTIQUITY OF MAN.
The existence of man on the American continent during a stage of culture corre-
sponding to the Paleolithic period in Europe has been the subject of much dispute
among American anthropologists and geologists. The investigations in this respect
in the United States of America have not been so profound as in Europe, and anthro-
pologists are not unanimous concerning the conclusions to be drawn therefrom. The
contemporaneity of the periods in the two hemispheres has not been universally
accepted, nor has the relationship of the men who made or used the implements been
established.
Implements similar in form, style, and manufacture to those of the Paleolithic age
from European countries have been found in the United States, which, if found
in Europe, would be accepted as belonging to that age. These have been found
by the hundred in every section of
the United States on the surface and
at varying depths in the gravels of
severalrivers, and inthe Pleistocene
deposits. Flint, argillite, and quart-
zite were the materials mostly used.
The implements are rude and thick
and always chipped. Twenty-one
implements from every part of the
United States are shown.
Fossil human thorax. Seven vertebra
with corresponding ribs and ster-
num, from Osprey, Sarasota Bay,
Manatee County, Fla. The bones
are fossilized. They were found on
the seashore incased in indurated
ferruginous sandstone. The two
pieces of stone belong together and
form one subject; they were broken
vA
:
eae
sos Sa ee a |
EE
Se
Soe ee
eo
in extraction. The sandstone was Fig. 11.
overlaid by surface deposits 14 to 3 POLISHED STONE HATCHETS OF FLINT.
4 eave, . ci
feet. Geologists assign it to the Showing process of manufacture, Europe (after Mortillet ).
Quaternary period. Found by
Judge John G. Webb.
Fossilized human skull, turned to iron. Irom Osprey, Manatee County, Fla. Found
in 1868 at a depth of 2 or 3 feet in the undisturbed subsoil in proximity toa
shell heap. The skull was accidentally broken at its discovery. The skeleton
was in place. The bones were sent forward, but some of them were lost. Part
of them are now in the Peabody Museum. The skull and other bones were
turned to limonite (hydrous sesquioxide of iron) by process of fossilization.
The measurements of the skull are: Glabella to occipital protuberance, 170 mm. ;
breadth above the auditory meatuses, 131 mm.; breadth of the forehead at tem-
poral ridges, 102 mm. Tound by Judge John G. Webb.
Fossilized human thigh bone, changed to iron.
SSS SS
—~
SS
=
Fig. 15.
POLISHED STONE HATCHETS.
56, hematite, Ohio; 57, greenstone, Indiana; 58, syenite, Illinois; 59, greenstone, Tennessee; 60, chloritic slate, Tennessee
61, yellow flint, Louisiana ; 62, greenstone, North Carolina.
mound;
in the present Geologie period. The objects are mortars and pestles of hard
stone, obsidian leaf-shaped implements, steatite bowls, ladles, and platters,
hammers or sinkers with a pecked groove around. These contradictions must
await the investigation of the geologist and paleontologist as well as the
archieologist.
Obsidian spearhead from the Walker River Canyon, in the extinct Quaternary Lake
Lahontan. Found by Mr. W J McGee, of the Geological Survey, in undis-
turbed clay deposits, 25 feet beneath the surface, and ‘‘associated in such manner
with the bones of an elephant or mastodon as to leave no doubt as to their having
been buried at approximately the same time.” (Geological History of Lake
Lahontan, Vol. XI, p. 246.) Professor Gilbert, chief of the geologic work, says
(Anthrop. Journal, Washington, Vol. II, October, 1889, p. 312): ‘“‘ This object was
indubitably made by man; was from a well-determined date (the second oceupa-
tion by an ice sheet of the Laurentian basin). It was found in situ and by a
trained observer, who recognized the importance of his discovery before he dis-
turbed the matrix inclosing the implement.”
102 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.
The second obsidian spearhead was found in the débris of an excavation in Mono
Lake, California, in marls of the same age as those of the Walker River Canyon,
and which Mr. McGee says are ‘“‘ presumptively Quaternary.”
The third obsidian spearhead was found projecting from the face of a precipice of
Columbia (early Quaternary) loam at the head of Chesapeake J’ay, Maryland.
These objects were all collected by Mr. McGee, who, while admitting their evident
human origin, does not accept them as evidence of the contemporaneous exist-
ence of man.
Obsidian spearheads. These, with other prehistoric implements, are found in abun-
dance in the sandy bed of an extinct lake in
254, southeastern Oregon. It has been named Fossil
Lake, from the number of fossil remains of birds
and animals found therein belonging to the
Quaternary Geologic period. The implements
are so intimately associated with the fossils as
to indicate their contemporaneous deposit.
Two specimens, collected by Prof. E. D. Cope.
Section of prehistoric rock-shelter, Claymont
(Naaman’s Creek), Del. The structure isshown
in the sectional drawing. There was a cavity
SHELL HATCHETS.
Like those of polished stone: 254, Florida; 255, Kentucky.
in the solid rock 20 or 30 feet wide and 5 or 6 feetdeep. It has been occupied by
prehistoric man, and the various layers, with their débris, show the different
periods. Layers B, D, F, and H contained prehistoric implements, of which
those in the three trays B, D, and H are samples. The upper layers contained
arrowheads, pottery, and objects identical with the neolithic culture, while the
lower layers contained large, rude implements resembling those of paleolithic
culture. Collected by Dr, Hilborn T. Cresson, of Philadelphia.
Tray I, Layer B:
Pall @ouirtibo's opr exit 21 een ee ae ee eel 2
IBF Gio) btu ovsyy Animals Ake BS A eects pace waseecscsercs Sesss 3 ee boeSaS 6
Tray Il, Layer D.::
Small, rudely chipped implements, arrow and spear heads, broken
points, flakesy-etes Lisp sc' x2. = seen crs erate creer Pee 35
Tray III, Layer H:
Small, rude implements of quartzite, jasper, etc., arrow and spear
heads, scrapers, worked flakes, lower part of polished hatchet, and
fragment: of pottery =... 2252s QA L
STEMMED.
mL
A B
PECULIAR FORMS.
Fig. 27.
FORMS OF ARROW AND SPEARHEADS.
Ill. Stemmed. This division includes all varieties of stems, whether straight,
pointed, or expanding, round or flat, whether the bases or edges are convex,
straight, or concave.
Class A is lozenge shaped, stemmed, but not shouldered nor barbed. Eight
specimens.
Class B is stemmed and shouldered, but not barbed. Sixteen specimens.
Class C is stemmed, shouldered, and barbed. Nine specimens.
IV. Peculiar forms. This division includes all forms not belonging to the three
others, and provides for those having peculiarities, or which are restricted in
number or locality.
Class A, beveled edges. Seven specimens.
Class B, serrated edges. Six specimens.
Class C, bifurcated stems. Seven specimens.
COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 111
Class D, long barbs, square at ends, peculiar to England, Ireland, and Georgia,
United States. Six specimens.
Class E, triangular in section, peculiar to the province of Chiriqui, Panama.
Eight specimens.
Class F, broadest at eating ends—tranchant transversal—peculiar to Western
Peond: Nine specimens.
Class G, slate and polished, peculiar in North America to the Eskimo country,
and to New England and New York. Ten specimens.
HH
Wi
all
‘om ce iy
Di
Fig. 28.
CEREMONIAL OBJECTS? OR ‘‘BANNER STONES.”
83, Serpentine, Virginia; 84, serpentine, Pennsylvania; 85, striped slate, Wisconsin; 86, striped slate, Indiana; 87, striped slate,
Pennsylvania ; 88, brown jasper, Louisiana; 90, striped slate, Indiana; 91, ferruginous quartz, Indiana; 92, striped slate, Indiana.
SUPPOSED CEREMONIAL OBJECTS.
Banner stones, drilled tablets, boat-shaped and bird-shaped objects, etc. The names
given to these objects are no indication of their use, which is only conjectural.
They are all American, and are found in mounds and aboriginal graves, some of
them so associated with human skeletons as to indicate their use as personal
ornaments. They may have served as charms, amulets, or, as the general name
above suggests, for occasions of ceremony. Some have been drilled for suspen-
EE? COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.
sion, the holes showing signs of wear, others apparently for a handle, although
it would be too small for service as a weapon. Some are soft and fragile, while
others are extremely hard. The edges show no signs of use. No early Indian
traveler or historian mentioned them, and they had apparently fallen into disuse
before the advent of the white man.
Banner stones (fig. 28) present a great variety of forms and an equal uncertainty
ofuse. ‘They are supposed to have been for ceremony or ornaments, or, with long
handles, to have served as badges or insignia of rank (baton de commandement).
They were not weapons, since most of them are of soft material, usually of slate,
are fragile and would break under even a slight blow; have no cuttinge ge,
while the hole is too small for a serviceable handle. A ee are of hard material
Fig. 29.
BOAT-SHAPED (?) OBJECTS.
134, striped slate, Ohio; 135, greenstone, Kentucky.
like quartz, jasper, etc., nevertheless they are impracticable alike for battle axes
or casse tetes. The specimens show the process of manufacture. They were
hammered or pecked into form, and then polished before being drilled. The
drilling is excellent. The broken specimens show a secondary use, having been
drilled ind used since the fracture. They belong principally to the interior,
though they have been found on the Atlantic coast line.
[HE
i init
(wll
UM \\
Fig. 30.
BIRD-SHAPED (?) OBJECTS.
210, striped slate, Pennsylvania; 211, striped slate, Ohio mound.
Boat-shaped objects (fig. 29). The title indicates cur want of knowledge concerning
their purpose. Different uses have been assumed for them, such as twine-twisters,
handles for carrying parcels, or for tightening cords, but all without evidence.
Some of the objects are solid, others are hollowed out like a boat, and are finely
finished. Most of them have two perforations equidistant from thecenter. The
material is syenite, chlorite, slate, and galena. They are found principally in
the valleys of the Mississippi and its tributaries. Six specimens.
COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID, 113
Bird-shaped objects (fig. 30). A class of objects, bird-like in form, but passing erad-
ually into other conventionalized forms. They generally stand on flat bases and
are pierced with a diagonal hole ateitherend. Insome cases the eyes are not rep-
resented; in others they are marked by bead-like protuberances expanding into
disks. Some specimens were not intended to represent either birds or animals,
but are in the form of a bar with both ends alike. Various theories of their use
have been advanced as knife handles, corn huskers, etc., but none are satisfac-
tory. They may have served for gaming. The material is usually banded or
striped slate, though hard stones were employed. Five specimens.
Fig. 31.
PIERCED OR DRILLED TABLETS.
127, slate, New York, 128, slate, Pennsylvania; 129, slate, Louisiana; 130, slate, Tennessee; 131, slate, Tennessee; 132, striped
slate, Tennessee.
Drilled tablets (fig. 31) are flat, thin pieces made of striped, or banded slate, or chlo-
rite. They have one or two holes drilled, some from both sides others from ouly
one. The edges of the holes are many times worn by cord or sinew but are fre-
quently sharp and without signs of wear. They are found in mounds or graves
on the breasts and arms of skeletons. They may have served as badges, orna-
ments, or charms. Ten specimens.
Discoidal stones (fig. 32) are always round in outline; the sides may be convex, flat, or
concave. Insome specimens the concavity has been deepened until the cup became
BH; Bx2100——=s
114 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.
a hole and the implement aring. They vary in diameter from 2 to 6 inches, and
are usually of hard stone, worked by pecking or grinding, or both, but with such
perfection as to excite admiration, The larger ones were used by the Indians in
a game called ‘‘Chungkee,” described by early writers. Thirteen specimens.
Sinkers, pendants, or charms (fig. 33), These names indicate the supposed use of
these objects. They are usually pear shaped, are of hematite or some hard stone,
well wrought and finely polished. Many have a slight groove near the smaller
end, while more have no groove. They are in greater abundance in the interior
than on the borders of lakes or oceans. Others having greater appearance of
sinkers are pebbles, round or oval, with a well-defined, ground or polished groove
Fig. 32.
DISCOIDAL OR CHUNGKEE STONES.
116, ferruginous quartz, yellowish brown, Tennessee; 117. ferruginous quartz, brown, Tennessee; 118, greenstone, Illinois, mound;
119, Ohio; 120, quartzite, Ohio, 121, quartzose, Georgia; 122, argillaceous, Pennsylvania; 123, ferruginous quartz, Texas.
) »4 ’ 1 8 »
in the center, evidently for the use of a cord or thong. Still others, and more
numerous, found in large numbers on the banks of rivers and lakes in the eastern
United States, are naught but a flat pebble with rude notches on each edge or
oceasionally with a hole drilled in-the center.
Perforators (fig. 34). These are peculiar to the United States. They are always of
hard stone, usually flint, the point or borer 1s sharp, the shaft is chipped nearly
round, is never polished, frequently 3 and even 4 inches long, and with slight
taper. The top or handle is chipped broad and thin and fits easily in the
thumb and finger, as if for use as a.gimlet. Its form is such that it might have
been used as arrow or spearhead. The point is frequently rounded off and worn
smooth, as though from use. They may have been used as an awl to bore hides
or skins, 28 a gimlet to bore holes in wood, or attached to a shaft for drilling
stone. These suggested uses have not all been accepted wich unanimity. If
a
COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID, 115
Il
i
“Ui
Hl
Fig. 33.
PLUMMETS, SINKERS, OR CHARMS.
100, hornblende, Ohio; 101, red hematite, Tennessee; 102, amygdaloid, Arkansas; 103, greenstone, Ohio; 104, greenstone, California;
105, quartzite, Massachusetts; 106, greenstone, Massachusetts; 107, eranite, Rhode Island; 108, steatite, Georgia; 109. talcose slate,
Rhode Island; 110, sandstone, Oregon; 111, quartzite, Pennsylvania; 112,
graywacke, New York; 113, quartzite, Pennsylvania; iid,
micaceous slate, California; 115, sandstone, Ohio.
116 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.
used as perforators of hide or wood, why not employ a pointed bone; if for drill-
ing a stone, why are they not found in Europe, where so much drilling was done?
Their possible use as blunt arrows has been suggested and some claim them as
charms, also as hairpins. Twenty-two specimens.
Fig. 34.
PERFORATORS OR DRILLS.
32, red jasper, Ohio; 33. brown jasper, Oregon; 34, white flint, Missouri; 35, gray flint, Ohio; 36, hornstone, Tennessee, 37, gray semi
epal, California; 318, gray flint, Santa Cruz, California.
The aborigines of America were adepts in drilling stone. They drilled holes, large
and small, straight and crooked, regular and irregular, parallel and conical, from
one side or end or from both, with tools of wood and of copper, solid or hollow.
They drilled hard stone like quartz, jasper, ete., as effectually as soft stone.
Specimens of drilling are shown in pipes, and in the supposed ceremonial objects,
but not in axes or hammers.
Fig. 35.
STONE TUBES.
175, steatite, Tennessee; 176, chlorite, Tennessee.
Tubes and pipes of stone, principally serpentine and steatite (fig.35.) They were
drilled and the hole enlarged at one end so as to form a pipe, and-were used by
the aborigines for smoking tobacco. They have been found in ancient graves
on the Pacific coast with the mouthpieces of cane fastened with asphaltum.
COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 117
Stone beads and ornaments (fig. 36) are found in graves of Indians and are of every
kind, style, material, and mode of manufacture. Most of them have been drilled
for suspension. Eleven specimens.
The pipes of North America demonstrate the ability of the aborigines to represent
by modeling or sculpture living animals in ciay or stone (figs. 37-41). The use
of tobacco created the necessity for pipes, and their part in Indian ceremonies
gave an opportunity for, as well as incitement to, art and skill in making these
representations. Accordingly the pipes are of every practicable material and
represent all possible, as well as some impossible, animals and objects.
Perforated stones, club heads, digging sticks, riattas, from Santa Cruz, Santa Barbara,
* Santa Rosa, the Catalina Islands, and the coast of Southern California (figs. 42
and 43). These were drilled through the center and some served for club heads or
weights for digging sticks, while others more modern were riattas for stretching
and smoothing lariats. They pass by degrees from thick and heavy to thin and
flat. By enlargement of the hole they become rings. Some of the holes are much
worn, others unworn. Four specimens.
STONE BEADS AND ORNAMENTS.
200, serpentine, Santa Barbara, Cal. ; 201, 202, steatite, Pennsylvania; 203, silicious material, Mississippi; 204, catlinite, Oriskany
Cana’, New York; 206, sandstone, Rhode Island ; 207, sandstone, Pennsylvania ; 208, hematite, Virginia.
Mortars and grinding stones (fig. 44). “Mortars were-in common use throughout the
United States, apparently in all epochs of time. They are usually of stone of
common hardness, though .among the pioneers wood was employed. They are
sometimes dressed on the outside as well as on'the inside; at other times a rude
round orsoval bowlder was used. They are of all sizes, holding from a quart
to a bushel. The larger and finer specimens are found in California. The
grinding stone (metate) is peculiar to Mexico, where it has continued in use
until the-present time.
Pesties and hammers (figs. 45 and 46). Pestles are in great variety, long and short,
rude and finished, cylindrical and conical, decorated and plain. The various
forms are well distributed from ocean to ocean, Those with cross handles and
projecting ears are, however, peculiar’to the northwest coast.
Steatite vessels (fig. 47). Steatite quarries, opened and worked by the aborigines,
have been found on the Appalachian chain of mountains. ‘These quarries contain
vessels in various stages of completion, together with the tools employed in their
manufacture. The vessels were frequently blocked out in the quarry and car-
118 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.
ried home to be finished. The oblong or oval form, with projecting ears for the
handles, prevails in the Eastern United States, while the larger round and more
perfectly finished vessels are more frequent on the Pacific Coast.
Stone picks for steatite quarrying (fig. 48). Some were grooved for a handle, as the
ax, while others were held in the hand. Both were used in mining steatite and
in the manufacture of vessels. The material was soft and easily worked, and
the traces of the pick points are plainly to be seen on the partially completed
vessels. The grooved picks were peculiar to the Atlantic Coast.
Fig. 37.
STONE PIPES.
Mounds in Ross County, Onio: 177, platform or ‘‘ monitor’; 178, Indian (?) head and head dress; 179, beaver; 182, porphyry, (bird
with man’s head); 183, red sandstone, { human head and body); 184, chlorite, { wolf). (?)
Collection of 69 specimens from Warren County, Ohio, consisting of finely chipped
spearheads, daggers, knives, leaf-shaped implements, perforators, etc., of flint,
principally from Flint Ridge; carved stone pipes, bird and boat shaped objects,
perforated tablets, sinkers, pendants or charms of stone and hematite, small pol-
ished hematite hatchets, and copper spool-shaped objects. Exhibited by Mr.
Warren K. Moorehead, of Xenia, Ohio. This collection is especially valuable, as
it comes from one locality and represents one phase of aboriginal culture.
Hematite objects. Hematite is the anhydrous sesquioxideof iron. It was variously
employed by the aborigines. They worked it as they did stone, and gave it a
high polish. It served for grooved axes, polished hatchets, sinkers, pendants,
or charms, and for muller and paint stones.
COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 1t9
Mullers, paint stones, and cups (fig. 49). The harder hematite was made into mullers
for grinding paint, though other stone was employed. The forms were various,
but the conical prevailed. Other varieties of iron oxide, limonite, red and brown
ocher, served as paint for personal decoration. It was preserved in small cups,
usually of steatite.
186, |
Ohio;
’
Jersey.
New
Burlington County,
Jersey.
. Gorget: Northumberland, Pennsyl-
vania.
5. Gorget: Pennsylvania.
. Ceremonial object:
5. Ceremonial
County, New Jersey.
Burlington
County, New Jersey.
object: Burlington
County, New Jersey.
. Ceremonial object: Bridgeport, New
Jersey.
. Ceremonial object: Bridgeport, New
Jersey.
. Ceremonial object (fragment show-
ing method of drilling): Trenton,
New Jersey.
. Pipe: Pennsylvania.
. Pipe: Burlington County, New Jer-
sey.
. Pipe, catlinite.
. Pipe, catlinite. ;
. Pipe: Burlington County, New Jer-
sey.
. Pipe, with double face: Burlington
County, New Jersey.
Pipe, resembling the preceding,
found in Allegheny County, Penn-
sylvania.
. Four clay pipestems: Burlington
County, New Jersey.
196 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.
48.
49.
50.
51.
bo
onto or
16.
17.
18.
19.
Iron tomahawk: Bucks County, This series of notched pebbles, or
Pennsylvania. “net sinkers,” was found buried at
Three conical beads of iron and cop- Point Pleasant, Bucks County,
per: Burlington County, New Jer- Pennsylvania. It has been claimed
sey. that these simple implements had
Thirteen fragments of pottery: Bur- also other uses than that indicated
lington County, New Jersey. by the name of ‘‘netsinkers,” which
Two hundred and two notched peb- is very probable, as they are fre-
bles: Point Pleasant, Bucks quently found in ash pits and in
County, Pennsylvania. other places a great distance from
the water.
CasE III.
. Ten argillite stones, roughly flaked: Trenton, New Jersey.
. Argillite stone, roughly flaked: Morrisville, Bucks County, Pennsylvania.
Eight argillite stones, roughly flaked: Point Pleasant, Bucks County, Penn-
sylvania.
These are the objects which have been designated as paleolithic implements.
. Argillite stone, roughly flaked: Trenton, New Jersey.
. Five argillite stones, roughly flaked.
. Eighteen stones, roughly flaked: Point Pleasant, Bucks County, Pennsylvania.
. Argillite blade: Point Pleasant, Bucks County, Pennsylvania.
. One hundred and sixteen argillite blades: Point Pleasant, Bucks County, Penn-
sylvania.
These objects were discovered in a cache in an island in the Delaware River,
Bucks County, Pennsylvania, by Mr. Henry C. Mercer, of Doylestown, Penn-
sylvania.
Deposits of objects of the same kind, apparently intended to serve as materials
for the manufacture of implements, have been discovered in various localities
east of the Mississippi River. The continuation of The History of Travaile
in Virginia, by William Strachey, treats of this subject.
Their maize and, no doubt, their copper, hatchets, horses, wampum, beads, and
many other of their articles were of great value, owing to the estimation which
they attached tothem. The Indians hid them from each other in the earth or
the woods, where they kept them whole years, until they needed them.
. Flat stone, with worked edges: Found in the cache above mentioned.
. Four spearheads: Lumberton, Burlington County, New Jersey.
. Eight spearheads: Lumberton, Burlington County, New Jersey.
. Thirteen spearheads: Trenton, New Jersey.
. Four arrow or spear heads: Trenton, New Jersey.
. Nine flaked blades, usually described as knives, but probably ‘‘blanks,” which
were made to be wrought into arrowheads, etc.: From a cache containing some
200. Lumberton, New Jersey.
. Flaked stone, probably a ‘“blank:” From a cache which contained some 150
similar specimens, found in a meadow about 3 miles south of Trenton, New
Jersey.
Notr.—According to the observations of Mr. William H. Holmes, it was custom-
ary to dress the stones in the quarry in the manner resembling Nos. 14 and
15, in order to facilitate their transportation. The form that was wanted was
afterwards given to these “‘ blanks.”
Three flaked stones, resembling the preceding: Mercer County, New Jersey.
Two flaked stones, resembling the preceding: Burlington County, New Jersey.
Flaked implement: Burlington County, New Jersey.
Two spearheads: Burlington County, New Jersey.
ae
COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 197
20. Spear: Burlington County, New Jersey.
21. Two spearheads: Gloucester County, New Jersey
22. Spearhead: Chester County, Pennsylvania.
23. Spearhead: Burlington County, New Jersey.
24. Spearhead: Burlington County, New Jersey.
25. Spearhead: Sussex, New Jersey.
26. Sword (?): Cape May County, New Jersey.
27. Five arrowheads: Burlington County, New Jersey.
28. Three arrowheads: Trenton, New Jersey.
29. Arrowhead: Trenton, New Jersey.
30. Two arrowheads: Burlington County, New Jersey.
31. Five arrowheads: Burlington County, New Jersey.
32. Four arrowheads: Burlington County, New Jersey.
33. Six spearheads: Burlington County, New Jersey.
34. Four arrowheads: Burlington County, New Jersey.
35. Four arrowheads: Trenton, New Jersey.
36. Fifteen arrowheads, Burlington County, New Jersey.
37. Eleven arrowheads: Trenton, New Jersey.
38. Five awls: Burlington County, New Jersey.
’ 39. Five awls: Trenton, New Jersey.
40. Six scrapers: Trenton, New Jersey.
41. Scraper: Burlington County, New Jersey.
42. Scraper: Lumberton, New Jersey.
43. Three knives (?): Trenton, New Jersey.
44. Three blades of argillite: Trenton, New Jersey.
CaAsE IV.
Riegelsville, Bucks County, Pennsylvania.
The ovjects exhibited in this case were found on the site of the old village inhab-
ited by Shawnee Indians, near Riegelsville, Bucks County, Pennsylvania, which is
thought to have been given to them by the Delawares (Lenni Lendpé) in 1680, and
which was abandoned in 1727-1728.
The village was called ‘‘ Pechot-Woalhenk,” which means ‘‘ great hollow in the
ground,” doubtless with reference to the large cave which was within its limits,
and of which a part still exists.
1. Grooved axe. | 19. Ceremonial object.
2. Grooved axe. | 20. Ceremonial object.
3. Grooved axe. | 21, Ceremonial object.
4, Grooved axe. | 22. Ceremonial object.
5. Celt. | 23. Ceremonial object.
6. Celt. | 24. Tron tomahawk.
7. Celt. 25. Drilled stone.
8. Grooved hammer. 26. Glass bead.
9. Grooved hammer. 27. Drilled pendant.
10. Ten stone balls. 28. Engraved pestle.
11. Thirteen pestles. | 29. Ten pestles.
12. Stone cup. 30. Two discoidal pieces of argillite.
13. Mortar. dl. Two discoidal stones, engraved.
14. Pestle. 32. Four fragments of argillite, probably
15. Pestle. rejected in working.
16. Pestle. 33. Five flaked stones, similar to the pre-
17. Pestle. ceding ones.
18. Ceremonial object.
198 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.
. Eighty-four argillite arrowheads.
. Stone blade. ’The distinction between the spears,
. Six argillite spearheads. the arrows, and the perforating
. Thirteen argillite spearheads. objects frequently can not be made.
. Eight argillite spearheads. | 40, Three scrapers. .
. Twenty-four argillite spearheads. | 41. Two awls.
42. Fourteen fragments of pottery.
STATE OF OHIO.
CASE V.
The objects from Ohio are usually of better workmanship than those of the eastern
coast of the United States. Many of those found in mounds are worked to great per-
fection. ‘The greater part of the specimens exhibited in this case are from the col-
lection of Dr. Daniel G. Brinton, of Philadelphia, by whom they were presented to
the museum of the university.
1. Grooved axe. 40, Perforated stone disk: Ross County.
2. Grooved axe. 41. Ball with imperfect hole.
3. Grooved axe. 42. Gorget: Ross County.
4. Grooved axe. 43. Gorget.
5. Grooved axe. 44, Gorget.
6. Grooved axe. 45. Gorget.
7. Grooved axe. 46. Gorget.
8. Celt. 47. Gorget.
9. Celt. 48. Gorget.
10. Celt. 49. Gorget.
11. Celt. 50. Gorget.
12. Celt. 51. Gorget.
toa Oelu 52. Gorget.
14. Celt. 53. Of shell Ceremonial, object: Auglaize
15. Celt. County.
16. Celt. 54. Ceremonial object: Warren County.
17. Celt of hematite. 55. Ceremonial object.
1x. Copper celt. 56. Ceremonial object: Auglaize County.
19. Celt. 57. Ceremonial object.
20. Chisel. 58, Cross.
21. Grooved hammer. 59. Bird. shaped stone.
22. Pestle. 60. Bird-shaped stone.
23. Pestle. 61. Bird-shaped stone.
24, Pestle. 62. Boat-shaped stone.
25, Pestle. 63. Boat-shaped stone.
26. Pestle: 64. Ornament (?).
27. Pestle. 65. Ceremonial object.
28. Mortar and pestle. 66. Ceremonial object: Ross County.
29. Discoidal stone. 67. Worked stone.
30. Discoidal stone. | 68. Worked stone.
31. Discoidal stone. 69. Ceremonial ornament.
32. Worked stone. 70. Ceremonial object.
33. Worked stone. 71. Pipe.
34. Worked stone. : 72. Pipe.
35. Hematite paint stone. 73. Catlinite pipe.
36. Paint stone of hematite. 74. Five rudely flaked blades.
37. Ring. 75. Rudely flaked blade: Allen County.
38. Perforated stone disk. 76. Flaked stone: Clermont County.
39. Perforated stone disk. 77. Flaked stone: Warren County.
COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 199
78. Flaked stone. * | 91. Seven spearheads.
79. Flaked implements: Warren County. | 92. Sixteen arrowheads.
80. Three implements. 93. Six arrowheads: Blennerhasset
81. Seven flaked implements. Island.
82. Three spearheads. 94. Twelve arrowheads.
83. Spearhead: Hardin County. 95. Awl: Pike County.
84. Spearhead: Flint Ridge. 96. Two awls: Warren County.
5. Thirteen spearheads. 97. Three awls.
86. Spearhead: Warren County. 98. Semilunar knife.
87. Spearhead. 99. Thirteen scrapers.
88. Spearhead: Allen County. 100. Scraper: Brown County.
89. Six spearheads. 101. Three scrapers.
90. Two spearheads: Chillicothe.
FLINT RIDGE, LICKING COUNTY, OHIO.
CaAsE VI.
From the chert quarries of Flint Ridge, Licking County, Ohio, the Indians of the
adjacent country obtained the materials for their chipped implements. The deposit
lies between the cities of Newark and Zanesville, and forms a ridge of rock 10 miles
in length. ‘The ridge displays on all sides the trenches and pits made by the ancient
quarriers.
The quality of the stone varies, and is principally of three kinds: Chert, jasper,
and chalcedony. Specimens of these various stones, in worked condition, have
been found in the States of Indiana, Kentucky, at the source of the Kanawha
River, and in the Allegheny River, near the boundary of the State of New York.
Many objects of this stone have also been found in mounds widely distributed.
It is thought that the Indians first removed the upper covering of earth, which is,
in many places, 9 or 10 feet deep, and on reaching the flint made a large fire on the
rock, in order that the heat might crack it, and they then probably threw water on
it to expedite the work.
Large quantities of flakes, broken arrowheads, knives, etc., found in the vicinity
of Flint Ridge, give reason for the belief that the greater part of the materials
were worked in the quarry itself; but fragments found at great distances, some-
times a hundred miles or more from the quarries, indicate that, after diminishing
the weight of the blocks by chipping them hastily, they carried them away to give
them suitable form.
The quarrier, to shape his block, knocked off flakes with a stone hammer, hun-
dreds of which of different sizes are found scattered over the country.
. Fourteen stone hammers of various sizes.
. Two large masses of flint.
. Twenty-one masses of flint, partly. flaked.
Twenty-three flaked flints worked in the quarry, more or less imperfectly, and
commonly designated as ‘‘ blanks” or leaf-shaped blades.
5. Nine spearheads.
6. Twenty-four spearheads or knives.
7. Five knives.
8. One hundred and one arrowheads.
9. Forty-two scrapers.
10. Eleven awls.
11. One hundred and thirty-six small flakes.
12, Flint cores from which knives have been flaked.
13. Twelve large flakes.
he OND
200
COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.
IREDELL COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA.
Case VII.
1. Grooved stone axe. 15. Stone ball.
2. Grooved stone axe. 16. Fragment of steatite pipe.
3. Grooved stone axe. 17. Steatite pipe.
4, Grooved stone axe. 18. Steatite pipe.
5. Grooved stone axe. 19. Seven fragments of pottery.
6. Grooved stone axe. 20. Nine chipped blades.
7. Grooved stone axe. 21, Six dressed knives or spearheads.
8. Stone pestle. 22. Three spearheads.
9. Discoidal stone. 23. Nine spearheads.
10. Discoidal stone. 24. Forty-one spear or arrowheads.
11. Stone ball. 25. Six roughly flaked stones.
12. Stone ball. 26. Four knives (?).
13. Stone ball. 27. Arrowheads.
14. Stone ball. 28. Five awls.
FLORIDA.
OAD OF 09
. Pertorated
. Perforated
. Perforated
. Perforated
. Perforated
. Perforated
. Perforated
. Perforated
. Perforated
. Perforated
Case VIII.
. Twenty roughly worked stones,
probably rejected in the quarry:
Marco Pass, southwest coast.
County.
. Polishing stone: Punta Rassa.
. Polishing stone: Punta Rassa.
Celt.
Celt.
. Celt: Levy County.
. Perforated
shell (strombus
Marco Pass, southwest coast.
shell (strombus
Marco Pass, southwest coast.
shell (strombus
Marco Pass, southwest coast.
shell
Marco Pass, southwest coast.
shell (strombus
Marco Pass, southwest coast.
shell (strombus
Marco Pass, southwest coast.
shell (strombus
Marco Pass, southwest coast.
shell (strombus
Marco Pass, southwest coast.
shell (strombus
Marco Pass, southwest coast.
shell (strombus
Marco Pass, southwest coast.
shell (strombus
Marco Pass, southwest coast.
ise
. Three worked stones, like the preced- |
ing: St. Johns Island, Hernando |
. Perforated
Perforated shell (strombus
Marco Pass, southwest coast.
shell (strombus
Marco Pass, southwest coast.
sp.):
sp.):
. Dish, worked shell: Punta Rassa.
. Five sinkers,
shell:
southwest coast.
Marco Pass,
. Eighteen sinkers, shell: Punta Rassa.
. Five disks, shell: Marco Pass, south-
west coast.
. Two disks, shell: Goodland Point,
near Cape Roman.
. Disk, shell: Punta Rassa.
. Spoon, shell: Punta Rassa.
. Two spoons, shell: Alatia River.
29. Worked shell: Punta Rassa.
(strombus sp.): |
. Worked shell: Marco Pass, south-
west coast.
. Two fragments of shell rings: Marco
Pass, southwest coast.
. Two fragments of pottery: Marco
Pass, southwest coast.
. Six fragments of pottery: South Flor-
ida.
. Three fragments of pottery: West
Florida.
. Fragment of pottery: Mound, Tampa
Bay.
. Seven fragments of pottery, -Guif
Park, Hernando County.
. Fragment of pottery.
COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 201
The articles which follow, from No. 38 to No. 102, inciusive, were found in the shell
heaps at Punta Rassa, dating from the time of the Spaniards.
The stone objects ave of Indian manufacture; those of metal are chiefly of Euro-
pean origin.
The rough beads of gold are made of native gold dust, probably brought from
Georgia or North Carolina.
The large beads are of glass.
38. Fragment of a human skull.
39. Human lower jaw.
40. Two fragments of pelvis.
41, Three human bones, femur.
42, Six silver disks.
43. Silver ornament in the form of a bird’s
head.
44, Silver cross.
45. Silver cross.
46. String of silver beads.
47. Silver beads.
48. String of shell and glass beads.
49, String of shell and glass beads.
50. String of shell and glass beads.
51. Bead.
52. Grooved bead,
53. String of glass beads.
54. String of glass beads.
55. String of glass beads.
56. String of glass beads.
57. Three strings of small glass beads.
58. Two strings of small shell and glass |
beads. |
59. String of glass beads.
60. String of glass and amber beads.
61. Two shell beads.
2, Coral bead.
63. Brass buttons.
64. Gilt bead and two metal buttons.
65. Earrings of blue glass.
66. Imitation precious stone, blue.
67. Two fragments of cut glass.
68. Carved ornament ef bone in the form |
of a bird. |
69. Implement of carved bone.
70. Bone awl.
71. Two carved bone beads.
72. Fragment of the end of a bone.
73. Bone arrowhead.
4, Three bullets.
75. Lead plummet.
| 105.
106.
107.
108.
109.
110.
Uk
. Small shell plummet.
. Ornament of metal, gilded.
. Ornament, copper.
. Ornament, brass.
. Two fragments of copper ornaments.
. Three fragments of metal ornaments.
. Two metal disks.
. Head of a pair of brass compasses.
. Fragment of a Spanish sword hilt,
with the arms of Leon andCastile.
Fragment of a sword blade.
. Fragment of iron.
. Iron key.
. Iron axe.
. Four fossil shark teeth.
90.
91,
. Fragment of glass.
. Two large gold beads.
. Two oval gold beads.
. Small oval gold bead.
. Oval gold bead.
. Oval gold bead.
. Oval gold bead.
. Long gold bead.
100.
101.
102.
108.
104.
Two fragments of glazed pottery.
Fragment of pottery.
Gold disk.
Two gold beads.
Small gold bead.
Finger ring.
Pipe carved in the form of a bird:
Southwest coast.
Copper pendant.
Carved bone in form of a bird.
Die.
Silver disk found in a pile of shells:
Estero Bay.
Fragment of hammered gold.
Two gold beads.
Fragment of pottery: Gulf Park,
Hernando County.
202 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.
PUBLICATIONS OF THE DEPARTMENT OF ARCHAEOLOGY AND
PALAZZONTOLOGY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA,
PHILADELPHIA. ;
1. Annual Report of the Curator of the Museum of American Archeology, Philadel-
phia, 1891.
2. Catalogue of the Loan Exhibition. Objects used in the religious ceremonies, and
charms and implements for divination, 1892.
3. Addresses Delivered at the Opening Ceremonies of the Exhibition of Objects
Used in Worship (Philadelphia, 1892).
ir
COLLECTION OF ABORIGINAL INDIAN SKULLS EXHIBITED BY THE
ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA,
STEWART CULIN, Active Member of the Academy.
The forty-four skulls forming this collection represent thirty-five
Indian tribes of the United States, found in graves and mounds.
Many of these tribes are extinct.
This collection possesses great historic interest. It forms part of the
celebrated collection of human skulls made by Mr. Samuel George
Morton, of Philadelphia, and referred to by him in his great work
Crania Americana. A copy of this work is also exhibited. Some of
these specimens are engraved in this work.
The interior capacity of the skulls is given in cubic inches.
NotEe.—tThe skulls are classified according to the language of the
stock to which they belong, following the system of linguistic classifica-
tion of the Bureau of Ethnology.
ALGONQUIAN STOCK.
Skull of a Lenape or Delaware Indian: Woman 40 years old. Facial angle, 76°;
cwhbic inches, 82. (Crania Americana, pl. 82, p. 159.)
Skull of Menominee Indian: Woman 40 yearsold. Facial angle, 76°; cubic inches, 87.
Skull of Miami Indian: Woman 40 years old. Facial angle, 79°; cubic inches, 81.
Skull of Narragansett Indian: Woman 80 years old. Cubic inches, 84.
Skull of Ottigamie or Fox Indian of Wisconsin: Man 50 eure old. Facial angle,
82°; cubic inches, 92. (Crania Americana. )
Skull of Nantick Indian of Nantucket.
Skull of Nantick Indian of Nantucket.
Skull of an Ottawa warrior: 75 years old. Cubic inches, 89.
Skull of Indian of the Penobscot tribe of Maine: Man 50 years old. Facial angle,
76°; eubic inches, 80.
Skull of the young Pottawatomie: A warrior 20 years old, who killed Majimik, the
chief of the Miamis, at the Wabash River, in 1841, and who, in his turn, died at
the hands of the Miamis.
Skull of Sac Indian: Woman 40 years old. Cubic inches, 98.
Shawnee (?) Indian of Ohio: Cubic inches, 87.
_ ATHAPASKAN STOCK.
Skull of Chippewa Indian: Man 30 years old. Facial angle, 73°; cubic inches, 85,
CHITIMACHAN STOCK.
Skull of Chitimacha Indian of Louisiana: Man 50 years old. Facial angle, 71°;
cubic inches, 75. (Crania Americana, pl. 19, p, 163.)
203
204 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.
CADDOAN STOCK,
Skull of Arickara Indian of the Missouri River: Worman 50 years old. Cubic
inches, 80.
Skull of Pawnee Indian of Platte River: Woman 30 years old. Facial angle, 75°;
cubic inches, 75. (Crania Americana, 1. 38.)
CHINOOKAN STOCK.
Skull of Chinook Indian of Oregon: Woman 60 years old. Facial angle, 73°; cubic
inches, 82. Natural form.
CHUMASKAN STOCK.
Skull of Indian of Santa Barbara, Cal.
IROQUOIAN STOCK.
Skull of Cherokee Indian: Woman 20 yearsold. Facial angle, 74°; cubic inches, 84.
Skull of Huron Indian: Woman 40 years old. Cubic inches, 83. Found in a mound
near Michigan Strait in 1844,
Skull of Iroquois Indian (?): Exhumed, with many others, near Lake Erie, about 20
miles east of the Niagara, in,1824. Facial angle, 74°; cubic inches, 103.
Skull of Mohawk Indian: Woman 16 years old. Exhumed near Manheim, N. Y.
‘Cubic inches, 81.
KITUNAHAN STOCK.
Skull of the Chief Cootonay (Blackfoot), called the ‘‘ Bloody Hand”: 50 years old
Facial angle, 75°; cubic inches, 88. Missouri River, 1845.
MUSKHOGEAN STOCK.
Skull of Athla-Ficksa, Maskoki, or Creek chief: 50 years old. Facial angle, 72°;
cubic inches, 97. (Crania Americana, pl. 26, p. 170.)
Skull of a Seminole warrior of Florida: 50 years old. Facial angle, 72°; cubic
inches, 96. (Crania Americana, pl. 22, p. 166.)
Skull of Yamasi (?) Indian of Florida: Man 50 years old.
SALISHAN STOCK.
Skull of Indian of the Klatsoni tribe of Oregon: Man 50 years old. Facial angle,
70°; cubic inches, 75. Artificially compressed. (Crania Americana, pl. 44, p.
210).
Skull of Nass Indian of Fort Simpson, Washington Territory.
SHOSHONEAN STOCK.
my
Skull of Shoshone Indian; Women 40 years old. Cubic inches, 72.
SIOUAN STOCK.
Skull of Assinaboine Indian of Missouri: Woman 20 years old. Cubic inches, 85.
Skull of Aubsaroke or Crow Indian: Woman 40 years old. Cubic inches, 95 (1845).
Skull of Dacota or Sioux Indian of Wisconsin: Man 20 years old.
Skull of Mandan Indian of the Upper Missouri: Man 40 yearsold. Cubic inches, 91.
Skull of Minnetare or Gros-Ventre Indian of the Missouri: Man 40 years old. Cubic
inches, 94.
Skull of an Otoe warrior of the Upper Missouri: 50 years old. Cubic inches, 83.
Skull of a Winnebago warrior: Facial angle, 79°; cubic inches, 92.
ie a
COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 205
UNIDENTIFIED.
Skull of Indian, found in a tomb at Steubenville, Ohio.
Skull of Indian, found in a tomb at Steubenville, Ohio: Man 60 years old. Facial
angle, 77°.
Skull of Indian, found in a tomb at Steubenville, Ohio: Facial angle, 79°.
Skull of Indian, found in a tomb at Steubenville, Ohio.
Skull of Indian, found in a mound about 3 miles from the mouth of Huron River,
Ohio: Woman 60 years old.
Skull of Indian, found in a mound at Chillicothe, Ohio: Man 60 years old. 1846.
Skull of Indian, found in a mound in Butler County, Ohio.
Skull of Indian, found in an ancient mound in Illinois: Man 70 years old. Cubic
inches, 80.
Crania Americana, or a Comparative View of the Skulls of Various Aboriginal
Nations of the North and South of America, by Samuel George Morton, M. D.;
296 pages, 4to. 72 plates. Philadelphia, 1839.
Catalogue of the Collection of Human Skulls in the Academy of Natural Sciences
of Philadelphia, by J. Aitken Meigs, M. D. 112 pages. Philadelphia, 1875.
AMERICAN MEDALS, PAPER MONEY, AND WORKS ON AMERICAN COINS
AND PAPER CURRENCY, EXHIBITED BY THE NUMISMATIC AND
ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETY OF PHILADELPHIA.
STEWART CULIN, Recording Secretary of the Society,
Fifty medals of Gen. George Washington.
Fifty medals of eminent Americans.
Fourteen medals of the War of the Revolution and the Independence of America.
Forty American medals, religious, political, and miscellaneous.
Collection of paper money, 220 specimens (1800 to 1863).
This paper money was issued by the State and private banks and commercial
houses, from 1800 to 1863, before the creation of the national banks and the
currency of the national paper.
Collection of the fractional currency of the United States. Fifty specimens (1862
to 1876). ;
By act of Congress, in 1862, the issue of paper money of less value than $1
was authorized, of which a total amount of $368,720,079.51 was issued from 1862
to 1876, in five series. Of this amount $6,903,462.62 remained in circulation on
the 30th of June, 1892.
PUBLICATIONS OF THE NUMISMATIC AND ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETY
OF PHILADELPHIA.
. Constitution and By-Laws, 1870.
. The Falsification of Antique Coins. By H. K. Harzfeld, 1879.
. Presentation of a Silver Medal to Hon. Eli K. Price, president, 1879.
. The Remains of an Aboriginal Encampment at Rehoboth, Delaware. By Francis
Jordan, jr., 1880.
5. Some Modern Monetary Questions, Viewed by the Light of Antiquity. By Robert
Noxon Toppan, 1881.
6: The Books of Chilan Balan. By Danie! G. Brinton.
7. Act and Bull. | :
8
9
mo bom
. William Penn’s Landing in Pennsylvania, 1881.
. Old and New Style Fixed Date Calendars. By John R. Baker, 1881.
10. Proceedings in Celebration of the Twenty-Fifth Anniversary of its Foundation,
1883.
11. Constitution and By-Laws, 1883.
12. Report of the proceedings of the society for 1865.
13. Report of the proceedings of the society for 1878, 1879.
14. Report of the proceedings of the society for 1880.
15. Report of the proceedings of the society for 1881.
16. Report of the proceedings of the society for 1882.
17. Report of the proceedings of the society for 1883.
18. Report of the proceedings of the society for 1884.
206
COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 207
19. Report of the proceedings of the society for 1885.
20. Report of the proceedings of the society for 1886.
21. Report of the proceedings of the society for 1887-88-89.
22. Report of the proceedings of the society for 1890-91.
23. A collection of books and pamphlets relating to American coins and paper money
WORKS OF STEWART CULIN ON THE CHINESE IN THE UNITED
STATES OF AMERICA.
States. Philadelphia, 1887.
States. Philadelphia, 1887.
. The Religious Ceremonies of the Chinese in the Eastern Cities of the United
{. China in America. Study on the social life of the Chinese in the United
. The Practice of Medicine by the Chinese in America. Philadelphia, 1887.
. Chinese Drug Stores in America. 1887.
. Chinese Games with Dice. Philadelphia, 1889.
. The ‘‘I Hing,” or Patriotic Rising. Philadelphia, 1890.
. Chinese Secret Societies in the United States. 1890.
. Customs of the Chinese in America. 1890.
. The Gambling Games of the Chinese in America.
Philadelphia, 1891.
ae a Tenn a
: Nh Ay oe ee an Ge F
Abbas Wy ri LS yal
Pesach if
ae
fi mer
AR ae ty wee va I jie
i.
AMERICAN MEDALS, PAPER MONEY, AND BOOKS CONCERNING
THE CURRENCY AND MANUFACTURE OF AMERICAN MONEY,
EXHIBITED BY THE NUMISMATIC AND ANTIQUARIAN SOCI-
ETY OF PHILADELPHIA.
By STEWART CULIN, Recording Secretary of the Society.
Fifty medals of Gen. George Washington.
Fifty medals of eminent Americans.
Fourteen medals of the War of the Revolution and of the Independence of America.
Forty American medals of religions, corporations, politics, and miscellaneous.
Collection of the manufacture of paper money, containing 224 specimens (1800 to
1863). .
This paper money was issued by the State and private banks and commercial
houses, from 1800 to 1863, before the creation of the national banks and the
currency of the national paper.
Collection of the fractional currency in the United States. Fifty specimens (1862
to 1876).
By act of Congress, in 1862, the issue of paper money of less value than $1
was authorized, of which a total amount of $368,720,079.51 was issued from
1862 to 1876, in five series. Of this amount $6,903,462.62 remained in circula-
tion on the 30th of June, 1892.
PUBLICATIONS OF THE NUMISMATIC AND ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETY
OF PHILADELPHIA.
. Constitution, 1870.
. The Counterfeiting of the Ancient Dice. By H. K. Harzfeld, 1879.
3. Presentation of a Silver Medal to Hon. Eli K. Price, president, 1879.
4. The Ruins of a Primitive Encampment of Rehoboth, Delaware. By Francis J.
Jordan, 1880.
5. The Modern Monetary Questions, Viewed in the Light of Antiquity. By Robert
Noxon Toppan, 1881. ¢
6. The Books of Chilan Balan. By Daniel G. Brinton.
7. Proceedings.
8. William Penn’s Sand-Glass in Pennsylvania, 1881.
9. Ancient and Modern Calendars. By John R. Baker, 1881.
10. Memorial of the Twenty-Fifth Anniversary of its Foundation, 1883
11. Legal Constitution, 1883.
12. Account of the labors of the society in the year 1865.
13. Account of the labors of the society in 1878, 1879.
14. Account of the labors of the society in 1880.
15. Account of the labors of the society in 1881.
16. Account of the labors of the society in 1882.
17. Account of the labors of the society in 1885.
18. Account of the labors of the society in 1884.
H. Ex. 100 14 209
toe
210 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.
19. Account of the labors of the society in 1885.
20. Account of the labors of the society in 1886.
21. Account of the labors of the society in 1887-88-89.
22. Account of the labors of the society in 1890-91.
23. A collection of books and pamphlets relative to the currency of American paper
money and of the coined money.
WORKS OF STEWART CULIN ON THE CHINESE IN THE UNITED
STATES OF AMERICA.
I. The Religious Ceremonies of the Chinese in the Western Cities of the United
States. Philadelphia, 1887.
IJ. China in America. Study on the social life of the Chinese in the United
States. Philadelphia, 1887.
III. The Practice of Medicine by the Chinese in America. Philadelphia, 1887.
IV. Chinese Drug Stores in America, 1887.
V. Chinese Games of Dice. Philadelphia, 1889.
VI. The ‘‘I Hing,” or Patriotic Rising. Philadelphia, 1890.
VII. Secret Chinese Sanctuaries in the United States. 1890.
VIII. Dresses of the Chinese in America. 1890.
IX. The Gambling Games of the Chinese in America. Philadelphia, 1891.
9
9
EXHIBIT OF THE UNITED STATES MINT.
One hundred and twenty-one medals, coined by the mint in honor of the Presidents
of the United States, including the originals of the medals presented to the
Indian chiefs by the Presidents; together with the originals of the medals voted
by resolutions of Congress to officers of the Army and Navy for distinguished
conduct, and to citizens for eminent services, and the medals coined in commem-
oration of national events, and the medais of the directors and superintendents
of the mint.
The following coins of the American colonies, wedals of the United States, and
paper money of the colonies and of the continental era, are from the United States
National Museum:
Sixty-eight coins of the British colonies of Asia and of the time of the Revolution
of the United States.
Ninety-seven medals of Gen. George Washington.
Seventeen medals of eminent Americans.
Sixty-seven medals of the war of the revolution and of the independence of
America.
(a) Paper moneu of the British colonies of America and of the American States.
Paper money of Massachusetts: Four notes (1780).
Paper money of New Jersey: Nineteen notes (1756-1776).
Paper money of New York: Eight notes (1771-1775-1776).
Paper money of Delaware: Eight notes (1776).
Paper money of Pennsylvania: Twenty-five notes (1775-1776).
Paper money of Pennsylvania: Fifteen notes (1777).
Paper money of Pennsylvania: Nineteen notes (1760-1773).
Paper money of Maryland: Twenty-two notes (1775-1776).
Paper money of Rhode Island: Nineteen notes (1780-1786).
Paper money of Maryland: Twelve notes (1767-1770-1774).
Paper money of North Carolina: Twenty-three notes (1776-1779).
Paper money of North Carolina: Eight notes (1780).
Paper money of South Carolina: Twelve notes (1775-1779).
Paper money issued by resolution of the Continental Congress: Twenty-four notes
(1775-1776).
Paper money of Georgia: Eight notes (1776-1777).
Paper money of Virginia: Nine notes (1775-1781).
Paper money of Georgia: Twenty-three notes (1776-1777).
Paper money issued by resolution of the Continental Congress: Twenty-four notes
(1778-1779).
211
FA? COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID
EXHIBIT OF THE UNITED STATES BUREAU OF ENGRAVING AND
PRINTING.
EXAMPLES OF BONDS AND NOTES ISSUED BY THE UNITED STATES.
(a) Legal value of the notes.
One dollar. One hundred dollars.
Two dollars. Five hundred dollars,
Five dollars. One thousand dollars.
Ten dollars. Five thousand dollars.
Twenty dollars. Ten thousand dollars.
Fifty dollars.
In 1862 the United States Government began the issue of paper money with pro-
visional notes, and declared them a legal tenderin payment of all public and private
debts except customs duties and interest on the national debt.
(b) Treasury notes of 1890.
One dollar. Ten dollars.
Two dollars. Twenty dollars.
Five dollars.
The issue of this paper money began in 1890, and it is redeemed in gold or silver
coin, at the discretion of the Treasurer of the United States.
(ce) National-bank notes.
)
Five dollars. Fifty dollars
Ten dollars. One hundred dollars.
Twenty dollars.
(d) National-bank notes.
Five dollars. Fifty dollars.
Ten dollars. One hundred dollars.
Twenty dollars.
The national banks were authorized to issue paper money by act of Congress in
1863. The national banks, before issuing paper money, must deposit in the cofters
of the United States Treasury a sum equal to the issue.
(e) Silver certificates, issue of 1878.
One dollar, Ten dollars.
Two dollars. Twenty dollars.
Five dollars.
The issue of silver certificates began in 1878. This paper money is guaranteed by
the silver coin deposited in the United States Treasury.
(jf) Selver certificates, series of 1881.
One dollar. Twenty dollars.
Two dollars. Fifty dollars.
Five dollars. One hundred dollars.
Ten dollars. One thousand dollars.
COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.
(9) Gold certificates.
Twenty dollars.
Fifty dollars.
One hundred dollars.
Five hundred dollars.
The issue of gold certificates began in 1863.
One thousand dollars.
Five thousand dollars.
Ten thousand dollars.
the coined gold deposited in the United States Treasury.
g i J
(h) 4 per cent bonds of 1907.
Fifty dollars.
One hundred dollars.
Five hundred dollars.
One thousand dollars.
Five thousand dollars.
Ten thousand dollars.
Twenty thousand dollars.
Fifty thousand dollars.
213
This paper money is guaranteed by
The bonds bearing interest at 4 per cent per annum, redeemable July 1, 1907, were
issued by act of Congress of July 14, 1370.
(i) 3 per cent bonds of 1882.
Fifty dollars.
One hundred dollars.
Five hundred dollars.
One thousand dollars.
Ten thousand dollars.
The bonds bearing interest at 5 per cent, issued from 1855 to 1868, were, by act of
Congress of July 12, 1882, converted into 3 per cent bonds, which were redeemed
prior to 1888.
(j) 44 per cent bonds of 18917.
Fifty dollars.
One hundred dollars.
Five hundred dollars.
One thousand dollars.
Five thousand dollars.
Ten thousand dollars.
Twenty thousand dollars.
Fifty thousand dollars.
The coupon bonds bearing interest at 4} per cent per annum were issued by act
of Congress of July 14, 1870.
were converted into 2 per cent bonds or paid, at the option of the holder.
When these bonds fell due, in September, 1891, they
EXHIBIT OF THE UNITED STATES POST-OFFICE DEPARTMENT.
UNITED STATES POSTAGE STAMPS.
Stamps: 1847-1890.
Stamped-letter envelopes.
Envelope for certified and stamped pack-
ages.
Wrappers for periodicals,
Centennial envelope, 1876.
Stamps for periodicals and magazines.
Ordinary stamp.
Special-delivery stamps.
Postal cards.
Official stamps.
Stamped official envelopes,
Envelope for official documents.
Stamped envelopes.
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REPORT OF WM. E. CURTIS, ASSISTANT TO COMMISSIONER
GENERAL, IN CHARGE OF THE HISTORICAL SECTION,
EXHIBIT OF THE UNITED STATES AT THE COLUMBIAN
HISTORICAL EXPOSITION, MADRID, SPAIN, 1892.
WASHINGTON, D.C., April 5, 1893.
Str: I have the honor to hand you herewith my report as your
assistant in charge of the historical section of the exhibit of the United
States at the Columbian Historical Exposition at Madrid, Spain,
1892-93.
The delay of Congress in authorizing the participation of the United
States in the Spanish celebration of the Columbian anniversary, and
in making an appropriation to defray the necessary expense, left no
time to prepare a historical exhibit suitable to the importance of the
Exposition and the event it was intended to commemorate. This is
much to be regretted for many reasons.
There is in existence much historical material concerning the early
voyages to and the exploration and settlement of the United States by
Spanish soldiers, sailors, colonists, and missionaries that has never
been assembled or described, and which will undoubtedly disappear
unless some steps are taken to collect and preserve it. Some of it is
for sale; more could be obtained as permanent loans or gifts if the
owners were properly approached and adequate assurances could be
given of its protection and preservation. There is no association in
existence, so far as I have been able to ascertain, whose motive is the
collection and preservation of Spanish remains in North America,
although there is no more interesting or attractive field for the student
and collector. The Southern and Southwestern States and Territories,
which were once a portion of the Spanish domain—particularly New
Mexico, Arizona, and California—still shelter many interesting relies
of Spanish occupation, and could have contributed a large number
of valuable objects to a historical collection at Madrid had there
been time and means to secure them for the United States exhibit.
Such collections are brought together much more easily by pubusie
authority, and upon some similar occasion, when the attention of those
interested can be concentrated, than by the slow and patient search of
the curators of our museums; and so favorable an opportunity for
gathering the relics of the Spanish epoch in the history of the United
States may never again oceur.
215
216 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.
Fortunately, however, as chief of the Latin-American department
of the Chicago Columbian Exposition, I had for two years been engaged
in collecting material for a historic exhibit there, with the inspiring
sympathy and cooperation of the late James G. Blaine, then Secretary
of State. The subject had for him more than ordinary interest, and he
gave me much valuable advice and assistance.
The funds to meet the expense were furnished from the allotment of
the Department of State of the appropriation made by Congress for
the board of management and control of the United States Govern-
ment exhibit at Chicago, and the work was done under the direction
and subject to the approval of that body. Additional funds were fur-
nished by the board of directors of the World’s Columbian lWixposition.
They provided the means for Mr. Frede:ick A. Ober, one of my assist-
ants, to follow the course of Columbus among the Bohama and the
West India Islands and visit all the scenes with which the great
discoverer was identified in America, and also for the survey and inves-
tigation by the same gentleman of the ruins of the first three towns
established in the New World, where many relics of value and interest
were obtained.
This collection, so far as it was completed or could be made avail-
able, was hastily packed and shipped to Madrid, where it added some-
thing to the importance of the United States exhibit and received
considerable attention, particularly from historical students and those
engaged in scientific study.
It is a singular fact that, although the Exposition at Madrid was
intended to be exclusively historical, and to commemorate the discoy-
ery of America by Christopher Columbus by a nation whose greatest
glory is in his achievments, both the man and the event were practi-
cally ignored by Spain, and all the other nations participating, with the
exception of the United States. The building was crowded with a
magnificent and remarkable display of articles illustrating the art, the
industry, the piety, the martial conquests, and the luxury of the reign of
Ferdinand and Isabella, the golden age of Spain. The archives of the
Government, the museums and libraries, the cathedrals, churches, and
monasteries, the public and private palaces of the Peninsula were
stripped of their treasures to form an exhibition that was never sur-
passed in the extent and value of its historical features; but the only
articles contributed by Spain that related directly or indirectly to
Christopher Columbus were the following:
(1) An autograph letter from Juan Colona, the notarial secretary
of Ferdinand and Isabella, to Friar Boil, the priest who accompanied
Columbus upon his second voyage. Exhibited by the Royal Academy
of History.
(2) A certified copy, made in 1545, of the will of Diego Colon, the
son of the discoverer, dated September 8, 1525, with a codicil dated
May, 1526. Exhibited by Don Ignacio de Alcazar Castaneda.
COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 2G
(3) A copy of the letter written to the Catholic sovereigns by Colum-
bus after his wreck on the coast of Jamaica in 1505. Exhibited by the
Queen Regent.
(4) The original of a memorial addressed by Don Luis Colon, the
grandson of the discoverer, to the Licenciado Prado, treasurer of their
majesties, demanding the rights to which he was entitled under the
contract made with the Catholic sovereigns by his grandfather. Exhib-
ited by the Queen Regent.
There were also several medals struck in Spain and elsewhere from
time to time commemorating the discovery of America.
In the Papal exhibit was a facsimile of an autographie letter from
Alexander VI, Pontiff, dated at Rome, May 3, 1493, congratulating
Ferdinand and Isabella upon the triumphant return of Columbus and
invoking for them the divine blessing.
There was also a facsimile of the famous Bull of Demarecation by
which the same Pope, upon the same date, divided the world between
the Spaniards and the Portuguese.
Also a facsimile of a communication from Pope Alexander VI, dated
June 25, 1493, to Friar Bernardo Boil, the first missionary to the New
World, who accomparied Columbus on his second voyage.
Also a facsimile of a letter from Pope Julius II, dated at Rome, April
10, 1507, commending Bartholemew, the brother, and Diego, the son, of
Christopher Columbus, to King Ferdinand, then an exile in Naples or
Sicily.
The Government of Santo Domingo exhibited a facsimile of a cross
set up by Columbus in 1493 at Santo Cerro in token of his first victory
over the Indians, and a number of photographs of that island, which
was the scene of the first civilized settlement in the New World: and
the Government of Guatemala exhibited two manuscripts which are
claimed to be genuine autograph letters of Columbus, but which are
only clever copies of the originals, to Nicolo Oderigo and the directors
of the Bank of St. George, preserved in the municipal palace at Genoa.
Spain is rich in precious manuscripts. In the archives of the Indies,
and the Colombina Library at Seville; in the collection of the Duke of
Veragua, the Duke of Alva, and the Royal Historical Society at
Madrid are the most valuable and interesting historical documents in
the world, while scattered through the Kingdom are private collections
relating to the discovery and the conquest of America that are both
unique and extensive. But for some reason none of them were exposed
at the Columbian Historical Exposition, and it was noticeable that
during all the festivities that attended the celebration of the anniver-
sary the descendants of Columbus were conspicuous by their absence.
It was, therefore, as opportune as it was appropriate that a consid-
erable portion of the space allotted to the United States should be oceu-
pied by objects illustrating the life and achievements of Christopher
Columbus, and it was not unnatural that they should attract more than
ordinary attention.
218 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.
The collection was necessarily incompleteand unsymmetrical. It con-
tained only such articles as had been made ready in July, 1892, for an
Exposition that was to open in May, 1893; but it was sufficient to con-
vey an adequate idea of the broad plan of which it was a part, and to
indicate the purpose it was designed to accomplish. It was installed
under my direction in two large and well-lighted rooms on the main
floor at the right of the main entrance to the Bibliotheca National, the
handsome and permanent. building occupied by the Exposition. The
rooms opened upon the principal patio of the building, which was beau-
tifully embellished by plants and flowers.
Her Majesty the Queen Regent graciously asked a private view of
the exhibit before the public opening of the Exposition, and made sey-
eral appropriate suggestions as to its rearrangement, which were
adopted.
The Iconografia Colombina, as it was designated in the official cata-
logue, was divided into four parts, as follows:
I. The portraits of Columbus and his descendants, and the monu-
ments erected in his honor.
II. Places identified with the life history of Columbus.
Ill. Pictures illustrative of the manner in which America received
its name.
IV. Remains of Spanish occupation in the United States.
THE PORTRAITS OF COLUMBUS.
The portraits of Columbus, which were 77 in number, included the
originals or copies of all that had been painted or published of any his-
torical interest or artistic value up to the 1st of January, 1892. It was
the first time any attempt had been made to assemble the various types
and ideals, although partial and incomplete collections exist in several
of the European and American libraries and galleries. In securing
these pictures I received valuable assistance from Lieut. W. McCarty
Little, United States Navy; Frank H. Mason, United States consul-
general at Frankfort-on-the-Main; Henry Vignaud, secretary of lega-
tion, Paris; Remsen Whitehouse, secretary of legation, Rome; Col. F.
D. Grant, United States minister, Vienna; B. F. Stevens, United States
dispatch agent, London; Mr. Howell, the librarian of the British
Museum; Hayden Edwards, United States consul-general, Berlin;
Cay. Guiseppi Baldi, and James Fletcher, United States consul, Genoa;
Nestor Ponce de Leon and Benjamin Betts, New York; Edward M.
Barton, Worcester, Mass.; Prof. Halsey C. Ives, St. Louis. and from
James W. Ellsworth, of Chicago, who generously furnished the funds
to purchase the Lotto portrait, which was too valuable to be paid for
from the slender appropriation allowed for the work. I am also under
obligations to the Eastman Company, of Rochester, N. Y., for the
excellence of the mechanical enlargements that were made at their
establishment.
COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. Pod WC
None of the portraits were collected or exhibited as works of art.
They were presented solely for their historical interest, and to furnish
a complete exhibit of the varied conceptions which artists in all coun-
tries, for four hundred years, have lad of the appearance of the genius
who discovered America. Nor were any of the portraits offered as
authentic. It was distinctly stated in the catalogue of the collection
that there was no evidence that the features of Columbus were ever
painted or engraved by anyone during his life, and that the date of
the earliest picture that pretended to represent him was six years later
than his death. The most reliable authorities (and the subject has
been under discussion for two centuries) agree in this opinion, and
although the whole world was carefully searched in making this col-
lection, the investigation only confirmed the belief that all are apoc-
ryphal. His portrait has been painted, like that of the Madonna and
those of the saints, by many famous artists, each dependent upon the
verbal descriptions given of the man by contemporaneous writers, and
each conveying to the canvas his own conception of what the great
seaman’s face must have been; but it may not be said that any of the
portraits are genuine, and it is believed that all of them are more or
less fanciful.
Five contemporaneous writers, who knew him, sympathized with him,
and were intimately associated with his career, have left us descriptions
of his features and his person.
His son, Fernando, says:
The Admiral was a well-made man, of a height above the medium, with a long
face, and cheek bones somewhat prominent; neither too fat nor too lean. He had
an aquiline nose, light-colored eyes, and a ruddy complexion. In his youth he had
been fair, and his hair was of a light color, but after he was 30 years old it turned
white. In eating and drinking he was an example of sobriety, as well as simple and
modest about his person.
Gonzales Fernandez de Oviedo y Valdez witnessed the triumph of
the discoverer at Barcelona, was present at several of his receptions,
and at his interviews with the Queen. ‘ Columbus,” he writes, ‘‘was a
man of honest parentage and sober life. He had a noble bearing, good
looks, and a height above the medium, which was well carried. He
had sharp eyes, and the other parts of his visage were well propor-
tioned. His hair was a bright red, his complexion flushed and marked
with freckles. His language was easy, prudent, showing a great genius,
and le was gracious in manner.”
Andres Bernaldez, who was known as “the good curate of Los
Palacios,” and at whose house at Grenada Columbus made his home
for months at a time, wrote the Historia de los Reyes Catolicos, and
gave a description of the person of the admiral. ‘*Columbus,” he
said, ““‘was a man of fine stature, strong of limb, with an elongated
visage, fresh and ruddy of complexion, marked with freckles. He had
a noble bearing, was dignified of speech, and bore a kindly manner.”
Peter Martyr, or Petrus Martyris Anglerius, afterward secretary to
Charles V, described the admiral in similar terms.
220 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.
Fray Bartholome de Las Casas was also an intimate friend of Colum-
bus. From him, also, we know that Columbus had red hair and freckles,
keen gray eyes and aquiline nose, a large mouth and a sad expression
of countenance, which was the result of much mental suffering. From
him we know, too, that he was unusually reticent, but spoke with great
fervor and fluency when so inclined. He
describes him, too, as a lover of justice,
but quick in anger when there was reason
for it.
These verbal portraits do not coincide
with many of the pictures which bear the
name of Columbus, and most of them were
doubtless painted without a knowledge
of what had been written of his ap-
pearance. The only portrait which is
positively known to have been drawn
= = during the life of the discoverer was a
ee ae caricature, thesketch of La Cosa, the pilot.
No: 1. THE LA COSA VIGNETTE.
Juan de la Cosa was the pilot of Columbus, and made the first chart of the West
Indies. Jt was drawn upon an oxhide, and is inscribed: ‘Juan de la Cosa la Fijo
en el Puerto de St. Maria cn ano de
1500.” At the top, in the center, is
a rude vignette, drawn with an
ordinary pen and an awk ward hand,
representing St. Christopher bear-
ing the Christ child across a stream,
and meant to be symbolical of Co-
Jumbus carrying Christianity to
the New World. It was one of the
legends of the day that La Cosa
intended to give St. Christopher
the features of Columbus. Baron
von Humboldt, who had heard ot
the chart, found it in Paris, in 1882,
in the library of Herr Walcknaer,
from whom it was purchased by the
Spanish Government, and it now
hangs in the Naval Museum at
Madrid
The several pictures which are
intended to represent the real or
the ideal Columbus may be grouped
; c : THE CAPRIOLO,
into four classes, as follows: See page 222.
(1) Those of the Giovio type—
either copies of the portrait which hung in the gallery of the archbishop of Como,
or drawn from verbal descriptions given of the Admiral by his contemporaries, upon
which that was undoubtedly based.
(2) The De Bry type, representing Columbus as a Dutchman.
(8) The portraits with beards and costumes of the century subsequent to his
death.
(4) The fanciful pictures without pretense to authenticity.
PLATE lI.
Curtis.
Columbian Historical Exposition at Madrid.
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THE VENETIAN MOSAIC.
COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 2a0
No. 42. THE HERMITAGE PICTURE.
There hangs in the Hermitage at St. Petersburg, in that magnificent collection of
art and archeology which Catherine the Great erected as her own mouument, a
portrait (Catalogue No. 852) of a man, by Ferdinand Bal, a Flemish artist of the
seventeenth century, who was a pupilof Rembrandt. It is an excellent work of art,
and was purchased by Count Bandoni, of Paris, in 1780. In his catalogue it appeared
as a portrait of Columbus, but in modern catalogues it appears as the Philosopher.
In a biography of Columbus, published about two hundred years ago, in the German
language, appears a rude picture of a man with a battle-ax in one hand and a shield
in the other, standing on the deck of a vessel. Behind him are bags of gold and at
his left a seaman’s chest. It is claimed to be an ‘‘authentic likeness of the great
discoverer.”
No. 43. FACSIMILE OF THE DE BRY PICTURE (plate vil).
In the preface to his famous work, Grand et Petit Voyages, published at Frank*ort,
1595, familiarly known as De Bry’s Voyages, the author says:
“Theodore De Bry sends help to the reader. In a former number of the History
of America, containing not only a written account of wonderful and extraordinary
matters relating to the recently discovered New
World, but also pictorial representations, by means of
drawings, of many scenes, it was stated that the dis-
covery had been made by the persevering industry of
Christopher Columbus, contrary to the expectation of
all those whom he had consulted on the subject. As
Columbus was a man of intelligence, and endowed
with great genius and spirit, the King and Queen of
Castile, before his departure, directed his portrait to
be painted by a skillful artist, that they might have
a memorial of him in case he should not return from
his expedition. Of this portrait I have had the good
fortune to obtain a copy, since finishing the fourth
book of this work, through a friend, who had received
it from the artist himself; and it has been my desire, . SAY
kind reader, to share this pleasure with you, for which CHRISTORAT, COLON
purpose I have caused it to be engraved in a reduced Sn,
form on copper by my son, with as much care as See page 237.
possible, and now offer it for your inspection in this
book. And, in truth, the portrait of one possessing such excellence deserves to be
seen by all good men, for he was upright and courteous, pure and noble minded,
and an earnest friend of peace and justice.”
At another place De Bry observes that the original of his portrait was painted from
life by order of King Ferdinand, and was stolen from a salon of the council of the
Indies and taken to the Netherlands. The engraving appears in all the many
editions of De Bry’s Voyages, and has been widely copied. It shows Columbus with
a Dutch countenance, and in the earliest prints two warts appeared on his right
cheek, but they were afterwards erased. De Conches, as stated above, insists that
the picture in the Versailles Gallery (No. 27) was the original from which the De
Bry was engraved, with a more elaborate costume and the hair dressed after the
fashion of the time.
RS
No. 44. THE VENETIAN MOSAIC (plate 1x).
A mosaic portrait of Columbus was presented by the city of Venice to the city of
Genoa as u peace offering to her ancient enemy when the latter joined the sisterhood
of States which now constitutes the Kingdom of Italy. It is inclosed in a beautiful
frame of ebony, inlaid with ivory, and is considered a remarkable work of art,
although it makes no claim to genuineness and is of modern workmanship. The
Giovio, Capriolo, and other accepted portraits of Columbus were used as models.
The portrait hangs in the municipal palace at Genoa.
234 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.
No. 45. THE BRADLEY PORTRAIT (page 229).
Mr. William Harrison Bradley, of Chicago, the United States consul at Nice, has a
portrait of Columbus, which he purchased in the winter of 1891 from the heirs of an
aristocratic French surgeon and courtier named Imbert-Dolonnes, who figured con-
spicuously at the court of Louis XVI. The portrait is of the De Bry type, and
resembles very closely the Talleyrand canvas. During the general panic and flight.
which followed the inauguration of the revolution, Imbert-Dolonnes fled with the
multitude of Royalists to seek safety out of Paris. For some time he remained
secluded at Avignon, but, hearing that many of the King’s paintings and household
effects were to be sold at auction, he ventured to return and save from the wreck this:
portrait of Columbus and copies of two Titians, which are now in the Louvre. The
story has come down through the family that Imbert-Dolonnes himself set a very
high estimate on the portrait, and that it was a particular favorite of Marie Antoi-
nette. The canvas is cased in an old frame. Its general tone is somewhat somber,
and the “school” is unmistakably Flemish.
The navigator is represented in a dark-green or green-black coat, and his headdress
is of the same hue. The background is filled in with a very warm and reddish
brown. Across the top of the canvas is painted
the legend in simple Latin, ‘‘Christoph. Co-
lombo, Ligur. Orbem Alterum Excogitavit et
primus Visit. an. 1492.” At the side of the
picture appears the line from Virgil, ‘‘ Et mihi
facti fama sat est.”
How the portrait came into the royal family
of France no one knows, but it is claimed to
be the original of the De Bry.
In Freherus is a sour-faced De Bry, with the
head turned to the right, by Rosapina. The
inscription is ‘‘ Christopher Columbus, India-
rum Primus Inventor.”
No. 46. THE COSTA PORTRAIT (page 230).
A type of the De Bry or Versailles appears in
Cento Ritratti de Illustri Italiani, Milano, 1825,
Germo Costa, Del Germo Scotto.
No. 47. THE BERWICK-ALBA PICTURE (plate x).
COLUMBUS IN CHAINS.
Froman old Print. (See page 237. )
There are two portraits bearing the name of
the family of Berwick-Alba, which at one time
held the titles and dignities descending from Columbus. One of them is a painting
and the other an engraving. They are generally alike, representing Columbus
arrayed in highly colored silks and embroideries—a costume he never wore, and
which was unsuitable to his rank and circumstances. In the painting he is repre-
sented as seated in a gorgeous chair, while in the engraving he is represented as
standing, and there are some additional variations in the background. The
engraving was executed with considerable spirit and vigor by the distinguished
artist, D. Rafael Esteve, from a drawing made by the painter Galiano, and bears
this inscription: “El quadro original fué pintado en America por Von Loo” (the
original was painted in America by Von Loo). No such artist is known in the annals
of American art, but there was a painter of that name in Holland a century or more
ago. The late Mr. James Lenox, the founder of the Lenox Library at New York,
thought well of the picture, and a copy hangs in his collection.
No. 48. THE JOMARD PORTRAIT (plate xt).
The Jomard portrait is so called in honor of a distinguished scholar and critic, M.
Jomard, for many years librarian of the Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris, who dis-
covered it in a gallery at Vicenza, Italy, in 1844. ‘‘I saw it by chance,” says M.
PLATE X,
Columbian Historical Exposition at Madrid.—Curtis.
a
p
THE BERWICK-ALBA.
PLATE XI.
Columbian Historical Exposition at Madrid— Curtis.
Hi!)
THE JOMARD.
g
Jomard (in Bulletin de la Société de Géographie, Troisiemé Serie, Tome III, 1843),
“though I was attracted by the ancient appearance of the painting, by its beauty,
and by the noble character of the whole figure. * * * Drawing nearer to the
painting, what was my surprise when I saw in gold letters of the style of the time,
on the right angle, these two words, ‘Christopher Columbus.’ It will easily be be-
lieved that I lost no time in collecting all information apt to enlighten me as to its
origin. Thanks to the kindness of the noble and learned Count Orti Manava, Podes-
tat of Verona, Iwas soon in possession of all facts. It will be easily understood why
such a treasure remained so long unknown. The family owning it kept it carefully,
although unaware of its importance; the last member bequeathed it to his native city,
and at his death it was placed in the public gallery.”
M. Jomard does not assert that it was painted from life, but believes it to be the
work of Titian or one of his students, perhaps Domenico Campagnola, between 1530
and 1540, and gives an extended argument to sustain this opinion. It is a superior,
piece of art, and it has been frequently copied to illustrate modern works on Colum-
bus and American history; but the costume is that of a courtier of the eighteenth
century, and the beard as shown was never worn
in that way until more than eighty years after the
_ death of both Columbus and Titian.
COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 235
No. 49. THE MONTANUS ENGRAVING (page 230).
This portrait first appeared in Nieuwe en Onbe-
kende Weereld, by Montanus, in 1671, and was
copied in Ogilby’s America. Also in the 1728 edi-
tion of Herrera. It is supposed to have been
painted in Nuremberg in 1661.
No. 50. THE PARMIGIANO PORTRAIT (page 231).
There hangs in the Royal Museo Borbonaico,
at Naples, an alleged portrait of Columbus, which
has more artistic merit than most of the others
claiming to present his features, and was selected
by Prescott to illustrate his Ferdinand and Isabella.
It was formerly claimed to be genuine, but the best nica Se nas
authorities now declare that it is not a portrait of See page 237.
Columbus at all, but of one Gilberto di Sassuolo,
an Italian statesman and scholar who lived in Naples from 1502 to 1570. There is no
doubt that it was painted by Francesco Mazziolo, who took the name of Parmigiano
in honor of his native city, Parma. He was born in 1503, so that he was but 3 years
old at the death of Columbus, and he died in 1540. He was a student of Rafael, and
produced many great works, including a portrait of Americus Vespucci, which was
also fanciful. Both the so-called Columbusand the Vespucci portraits were executed
at Parma in 1527, at the order of Cardinal Alexander Farnese, and remained as decora-
tions of his palace for many years. The King of Naples succceded to the Farnese
estates, and removed the painting to the Royal Museum some years later. ‘The por-
trait of Columbus is a rare example of art, but it does not bear the slightest resem-
blance to the features of the Admiral as described by his contemporaries; nor is the
garb such as was worn in Spain at the time he lived. Beautiful copies of both the
Columbus and Americus portraits, by Antonio Scardino, were presented to the An-
tiquarian Society of Worcester, Mass., in 1853, by Mr. Iva M. Barton.
No. 51. THE ANTONIO MORO PORTRAIT (page 231).
Another beautiful work of art, whose artistic authenticity is fully established, is
the portrait of Columbus purchased by Mr. Charles F. Gunther, of Chicago. It was
painted by Sir Anthony Moore, an artist of English origin, known in Spain as Sir
Antonio Moro, and in Flanders as Chevalier Antonius Moor von Dashhorst, who was
236 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.
born in 1519, and died in 1581. Wornum regards him as ‘‘in every respect the best
portrait painter of his time,” and says that-he represented in perfection the school of
Flemish art at the time of Rubens and Rembrandt. Waagen, also an acknowledged
authority, places him in the first rank among the masters of his epoch. He visited
Madrid in 1552, at the request of Charles V, to paint the portraits of the royal family.
The Madrid gallery contains some excellent examples from his brush, especially that
of Queen Mary of England. He remained there until the time of Philip Il, when
for some slight offense, said to have been heretical utterances, he was denounced
to the Inquisition. He escaped from Spain, however, and spent the rest of his life
in Flanders. This portrait was painted about 1570, from a miniature of Columbus
said to have been in the possession of the royal family at Madrid, at the order
of Margaret of Parma, regent of the Netherlands under Philip H. Margaret was
the natural daughter of Charles V of Spain and Margaret von Gest, a lady of his
court, and was in turn the wife of Alessandro di Medici, Duke of Florence, and
Octavio Farnese, Duke of Parma. She was the mother of Alessandro Farnese, the
famous cardinal, for whom the
Parmigiano portrait of Columbus,
now at Naples, was painted. The
Moro portrait wasremoved to Spain
when the Spanish court abandoned
the Netherlands, and it is said to
have hung in the cabin of one of the
vessels of the Spanish Armada
during the famous sea fight of 1588.
The vessel which carried it went to
pieces on the Cornish coast of Eng-
land, and the owner of the adjoining
estate kept the picture as his share
of the wreckage. From that date
to the middle of the present century
it remained in the possession of the
same family, when it was purchased
by William Cribb, of Covent Gar-
den, London. His descendants sold
itto Mr. Charles F. Gunther, of Chi-
COLUMBUS AND HIS SONS. :
See page 237. cago. The portrait was engraved
in 1850, and was used by Irving to
illustrate his Lifeof Columbus. It is painted upona panel of wood, about 3 feet by 2
insize, and bears in faint letters the inscription ‘Ch. Colombo.” The frame in which
it is inclosed is a marvelous piece of carving and appears to be as old as the painting.
No. 52. THE CLADERA PORTRAIT (page 232).
In the building known as the Lonja, at Seville, which was formerly the royal
exchange, are kept the archives of the council of the Indies—a committee of
churchmen and politicians, who had charge of the spiritual and temporal welfare of
the New World for two centuries. Hanging over the principal entrance is a por-
trait of Columbus, representing him in ruff and armor, witha full young face, like a
courtier of 30 years, and a mustache and imperial. This portrait was used as the
model for the tablet that conceals the burial place of the alleged remains of Colum-
bus in Havana. It was also used by Don Cristobal Cladera as a frontispiece to his
Historical Investigations concerning the Discoveries of the Spaniards on the Ocean
in the Fifteenth and the Principal Part of the Sixteenth Centuries, published at
Madrid, in 1794. The signature of the engraving is “‘ Bart Vasque la Grabo, 179i
The picture has been copied many times; but it is supposed to be an original of
Luis Columbus, or some other member of the family, instead of the discoverer.
PLATE XII.
Columbian Historical Exposition at Madrid. —Curtis.
THE BRIERA.
Columbian Historical Exposition at Madrid.—Curtis. PLATE XIII.
THE HERRERA.
‘ ae
COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 237
No. 53. THE BRIERA PORTRAIT (plate x1).
A portrait by Simeon Briera, and engraved by Antonio Carnercero in 1764, is evi-
dently a copy of that just described, except that a globe has been introduced.
No. 54. THE BAINBRIDGE PORTRAIT (page 233).
An interesting old picture is owned by Mr. R. Somers Hayes, No. 39 West Thirty-
eighth street, New York City. It is said to have been painted by one Cortez, a pupil
of the famous Velasquez. It resembles the Cladera portrait, and is painted on a
cedar panel. It belonged toan old Valencia family. Bernard Henry, who was consul
of the United States at Gibraltar in 1804, married into the family, and obtained the
picture by inheritance. He presented it to Commodore Bainbridge, of the United
States Navy, from whom it was inherited by his grandson, Mr. Hayes.
No. 55. THE MUNOZ PORTRAIT.
In his celebrated Historia del Nuevo Mundo (Madrid, 1793), in which were pre-
sented for the first time many important documents from the archives of Spain
that relate to the discovery, Dr. Juan B. Munoz presents a portrait of Columbus,
with a beard, armor, and ruff of the seventeenth
century, which, like many others, bears no resem-
biance to the traditional or printed descriptions of
his person. It was painted by Mariano Maella,
probably a hundred years after the death of Colum-
bus, and is considered simply afaney. The original
is in the collection of the present Duke of Veragua,
the descendant of Columbus, and a copy hangs in
the archives of the Indies at Seville. Another copy
was presented to the Philadelphia Academy of
Arts by R. W. Meade in 1818, but disappeared some
years later, and can not be traced. Delaplaine used
it as the frontispiece of his Gallery of Distinguished
Americans, publisked in Philadelphia in 1814.
No. 56. THE HERRERA ENGRAVING (plate xi).
One of the standard works on early American
history is Herrera’s Historia General de los Hechos,
j ae an THE FLAMENG.
published at Madrid in 1601, aud familiarly known See page 238.
as Herrera’s Decades. In the later editions appears
a portrait of Columbus, which resembles in many respects that which Munoz adopted
some years after, except that the face is turned in the opposite direction. It was
accepted and copied by William Cullen Bryant and Sidney Howard Gay as a
frontispiece to their History of America, but it does not recall the appearance of
Columbus as described by his son and other associates. It was also used to illus-
trate Grove’s Life of Cardinal Wolsey, London, 1742.
No. 57. COLUMBUS IN CHAINS (page 234).
No. 58. THE BORGHESE PICTURE (page 235).
A portrait in the Borghese Gallery, at Rome, which is catalogued as one of Colum-
bus, and is said to have been painted in 1519, is believed by critics to be a portrayal
of the Saviour’s face by some early but unknown artist. According to Carderera it
was painted for Prince Alobrandine, and fer a century adorned his magnificent
palace.
No. 59. COLUMBUS AND HIS SONS (page 236).
Mr. William Cunningham, of London, England, has kindly loaned a vigorous por-
trait of Columbus and his sons, which formerly belonged to Edward Horne, of Bevis
Mount, near Southampton, and was sold by him to William Thompson, consul of
the United States at the latter city for many years. Its origin and age are unknown,
but it was engraved and published as early as 1794.
238 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.
No. 60. THE FLAMENG PORTRAIT (page 237).
A picture painted by Leopold Flameng, a French artist, for the Marquis de Belloy,
and purely fanciful. Thecollection, of which this isan example, isowned by Paul Due-
roque, Paris. The entire collection were used as illustrations for Belloy’s Columbus.
No. 61. THE MENGS PORTRAIT.
An alleged portrait of Columbus, in oil, on can-
vas of small size, hangs in the public library at
Concord, Mass., but it bears no resemblance to
the traditional appearance of Columbus, and is
unlike any other representation of him. It was
presented to the library, in 1873, by Mr. A. P.
Chamberlaine, of Concord, and is a copy, by
Raphael Mengs, of an alleged Spanish portrait
said to be by Titian. It was formerly in the col
lection of Letitia Bonaparte, Napoleon’s mother—
““Madame Mere”—at Rome, and was purchased
by Mr. Chamberlaine after her death. There is
a legend that Mengs, the artist, left a record
somewhere that he made a copy of a portrait of
oak Columbus, by Titian, with but a single change
THE MENGS. in it—the substitution of an admiral’s cloak for
the armor which Titian had painted; but this
record has never been found, nor is there any evidence that Titian and Columbus
ever inet, or that the former ever painted a portrait of the great admiral.
No. 62. THE GIACOMO ZATTA PICTURE.
Feuilett De Conches, the French critic, describes a portrait of-Columbus by Giacomo
Zatta, or Latta, as ‘‘ with the hair in disorder, the nose in air, the neck stretched,
the shirt collar down, and dressed in the costume of 1792.” Nothing is known
about the artist or where the original can be found.
No. 68. THE PILOTY PICTURE.
A picture of Columbus on the deck of his vessel, by
Piloty, is in the gallery of Count von Krack, Munich.
THE PTOLEMY WOODCUT.
In the Venetian edition of the Cosmographia of
Claudius Ptolemy, published in 1548, appears a cu-
rious picture that is claimed to represer.t Columbus,
but the same picture had previously appeared in
other publications over the title of ‘An Astronomer.”
No. 64. THE THEVET ENGRAVING
Andre Thevet, in his Portraits et Vies des Hommes
Illustres, which was first published in Paris in 1584,
gives us a Columbus of a solemn type that looks ‘o
more like an astrologer of the middle ages than THE PILOTY,
aseaman. It is a rude woodcut and has been
frequently copied. It appears in N. D. Clerck’s Tooneal der Beroemder Hertogen,
published at Delft in 1617; in North’s edition of Plutarch’s Lives, published at Cam-
bridge in 1676; in Isaac Bullart’s Academie des Sciences et des Arts, published at
Brussels in 1682, and in several other works of later date. Clerck says that Thevet
obtained the portrait in Lisbon, and thatit was painted by a Dutch artist while
Columbus was living there. Thevet went to America with the Marquis de Villegag-
COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 239
non in 1555, when the latter attempted to establish a French colony near the mouth
of the Rio de Janeiro, and returned the year following with Bois-le-Comte, seems to
have sailed northward, and Thevet speaks of Canada and Newfoundland as if he had
been there himself.
No. 65. THE PHILOPONO WOODCUT.
Honorio Philopono, a monk of the Order of St. Benedict, published a book in 1621
based upon the narratives of the priests and monks who accompanied Columbus and
later explorers. The book had the following title: ‘ Voy-
age to the New World of the Western Indies, given now to
the press, made by the Most Reverend Father Dom Buell,
of Catalonia, abbot of Monserrate, and apostolic legate 4
latere of the Holy See for the whole America, or New
World, and patriarch of the same, and his associates or
brethren of the same Order of St. Benedict, sent by His
Holiness the Pope, Alexander VI, in 1492, to preach the
Gospel of Christ to the barbarous people of those regions,
written upon the notes and statements of several authors,
and illustrated with engravings.”
COLUMBUS IN CONVERSATION WITH AMERICUS VES-
PUCCI.
é Sethe yo ite THE THEVEY.
While at Seville in 1505, Columbus saw a good deal of See page 238,
Americus Vespucci. They had become acquainted while
the Admiral was fitting out his ships for his second voyage, the contract for furnish-
ing the supplies having been awarded to a merchant named Beradi, by whom Vespucci
was employed, and the latter had active charge of the business. In the meantime
Vespucci had himself made two voyages to the Indies, cruising along a good deal of
the northern coast of South America, and
down the east coast as far as Bahia, Brazil,
where the Portuguese had established a
trading post. It was at the conclusion of
his second voyage, in September, 1504, that
Americus had written the account of his
discoveries, which, three years later, caused
his name to be given to the New World; but
there is no reason to believe that he antici-
pated or even hoped that his fame would be
so closely linked to the western hemisphere.
Noris there evidence of the slightest rivalry
or jealousy between the two voyagers. On
the coutrary, Columbus sent a letter to his
son, on the 5th of February, 1505, by Ameri-
cus, of whom he wrote:
“‘Within two days I have talked with
Americus Vespucci, who will bear this to
you, and who is summoned to court on mat-
PHILOPONO PORTRAIT. ters of navigation. He has always mani-
fested a disposition to be friendly to me.
Fortune has not always favored him, and in this he is not different from many others.
His ventures have not always been as successful as he would wish. He Jeft me full
of the kindliest purposes toward me, and will do anything for me which is in his
power. I hardly knew what to tell him would be helpful in him to do for me, because
Idid not know what purpose there was in calling himtocourt. Find out what he can
do, and he will do it; only let it be so managed that he will not be suspected of ren-
deringmeaid. Ihave told him all that it is possible to tell him as tomy own affairs,
including what I have done and what recompense I have had. Show this letter to
the Adelantado, so that he may advise how Vespucci can be made serviceable to us,”
240 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.
Shortly after this date Americus was appointed as a sort of general agent of the
Spanish Government, at a salary of 30,000 maravedi, about $2,000 a year, to superin-
tend the fitting out of expeditions to the Indies and the north coast of South America.
No. 67. THE LAWSON PICTURE.
Mr. Robert Lawson, of Baltimore, Md., has a portrait of Columbus which he
bought at an auction in 1851-52, where a number of other old paintings of a similar
type were sold. Its age and author are unknown.
No. 68. THE NOVAK PICTURE.
An old portrait of Columbus owned by Mr. Ernest Novak, of New York City, which
belonged to the collection of acertain antiquarian in Seville, and at his death passed
into other hands. The canvas is very old, and
an attempt to bring out the colors only made
the picture worse.
No. 69. THE ERSKINE PICTURE.
An old portrait of Columbus, by Gentile Bel-
lini (1421-1507), owned by Mr. Charles Erskine,
of Roxbury, Mass. It is said to have been
brought from England by Governor Benning
Wentworth, of New Hampshire.
In addition to the portraits of Colum-
bus there was an interesting collection
of portraits of his descendants, so far
as they could beobtained. The pictures
of the earlier members of his family,
his brothers, Bartholomew and Diego,
and Diego and Ferdinand, his sons, and
8 that of Beatriz Enriquez de Arana, the
No. 66. mother of Fernando Columbus, with
Sine | ieee Pest ara whom he lived while at Cordova, were
without doubt purely fanciful, but the
authenticity of those of the later members of the Colon family was well
established.
There were a number of facsimiles of autographs of Columbus,
notably of the letters written by him to Nicolo Oderigo, the Genoese
ambassador to Spain at the time of his return from his first voyage,
and to the Bank of St. George. Here, too, were photographs of votive
offerings which Columbus is said to have placed at the shrine of the
Holy Virgin at Siena, Italy, upon his return from his first voyage,
in obedience to a vow made by him during a terrible storm at sea.
THE MONUMENTS OF COLUMBUS.
Associated with the portraits of Columbus were a series of models,
photographs, and engravings of the monuments and statues that have
been erected in his honor in various parts of the world, seventy-two in
number, and the collection is believed to have been complete.
COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 241
It is a common error of historical writers to lament that art has done
so little to commemorate the event that stands most conspicuous among
the achievements of men. Although it is true that no monument of
appropriate proportions has ever been erected
in honor of Columbus, like the stately shaft
that bears testimony tothe greatness of Wash-
ington in the city of his name, or the statue of
Liberty at the sea gates of our metropolis, it
is nevertheless a fact that the effigy of ‘‘ the
Admiral of the Indies” has been painted and
carved oftener, perhaps, than any other ex-
cept the Saviour of mankind, and that the
world is reminded of its obligations to him by
more monuments than have been reared tothe
honor of any other hero of history. There are
no less than twenty-nine statues and monu-
ments to Columbus in America alone, and the
revival of interest in his career because of
the four hundredth anniversary of the dis-
covery will result in the erection of several
more. There are six monuments to Colum-
bus in Spain and seven in Italy, but the other
nations of Europe have thus far neglected to
pay such tribute to his memory, because, per-
haps, they had no association with his career.
THE BALTIMORE MONUMENT.
MONUMENT IN BALTIMORE.
Erected by Italian residents.
The first monument to Columbus is that
which is said to have been placed by King
Ferdinand over his grave in the chureh of
the Carthusian friars at Seville, but the
stone has disappeared, if it ever existed,
of which there is much doubt.
No. 70. THE BALTIMORE MONUMENT.
The first erected in America still stands in the
grounds of the Samuel Ready Orphan Asylum,
within the city limits of Baltimore. Itis a plain
shaft about 30 feet high, resting upon a turf-
covered mound, and surrounded by a group of
stately cedars. It bears the inscription, ‘‘ Sacred
to the Memory of Chris. Columbus, October
XII, MDCCVIIIC ;” and was erected by General
@Amamor, a French soldier of fortune, who came
tothe United States with Count de Grasse to serve
in the Revolutionary army. After the surrender
of Yorktown he took up his residence in the then
suburbs of Baltimore, where he lived until 1797.
The monument was dedicated on the three hun-
dredth anniversary of the discovery of America.
No. 71. MODEL OF A STATUE ERECTED BY THE ITALIAN CITIZENS OF BALTIMORE.
One hundred years later the Italian residents of Baltimore erected another mon-
ument in honor of the great discoverer. It stands in Druid Hill Park, and was paid
for by public subseription. The sculptor was Achille Canessa, of Genoa, ‘The mon-
ument was unveiled on the 12th of October, 1892.
H. Ex. 100——16
242 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.
No. 72. MARBLE GROUP AT THE CAPITOL AT WASHINGTON.
When the main portion of the Capitol at Washington was completed, in 1846, a
semicolossal group in marble was placed upon the southern buttress of the eastern
portico at the right of the main entrance. It was carved in Italy, by Signor Persico,
and cost $24,000; the first piece of statuary that was ever
purchased by the Government of the United States. An
armor-clad figure of the discoverer stands in a dramatic
posture, holding aloft in the right hand a small globe on
which is carved the word ‘‘ America.” A nude Indian girl
crouches, awe-stricken, at his side.
A bill has been introduced in the Congress of the United
States and has passed the Senate, appropriating $75,000 for
the erection of a monument at the western entrance to the
Capitol grounds at the head of Pennsylvania avenue, where
a ‘‘peace monument” now stands. It is also proposed to
erect a ‘triumphal arch” in honor of Columbus at the crest
of the hill at the end of Sixteenth street.
MARBLE GROUP. No. 73. THE STEBBINS STATUE.
On Capitol steps, Washington. In 1867, a fine statue of Columbus was erected in Central
Park, New York, by Mrs. Marshall O. Roberts, as a gift to
that city. It was designed and executed in Rome, by Miss Emma Stebbins, sister of
the Honorable Henry G. Stebbins, who also designed the fountain at the terrace in
the park. The statue is 7 feet high, and the base 3l inches. It represents Columbus
COLUMBUS POINTING OUT THE LIGHT,
in the garb of a sailor with a mantle thrown over his shoulder. The face is copied
from the accepted portraits of the Giovian type.
No. 74. COLUMBUS POINTING OUT THE LIGHT.
Mr. Napoleon Sarony, the well-known photographer of New York, has a beautiful
group by D. Anvers, of Naples, representing Columbus on the deck of his caraval,
pointing out the light he is said to have seen on the night before the discovery of land
to Pedro Gutierez, a gentleman of the king’s bedchamber, who accompanied him on
the voyage.
COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 243
No. 75. THE ST. LOUIS STATUE.
In 1886 a statue of Columbus was inaugurated at St. Louis, the gift of Mr. Henry
Shaw, a public-spirited citizen of that place. It consists of the single figure of
Columbus, in gilt bronze, of heroic size, standing on a somewhat lofty granite
pedestal, which is enriched by four bronze
panels, with reliefs portraying prominent
eventsinhiscareer. He isrepresented at
the moment when, on the evening of the
11th of October, 1492, he imagined hv saw
a light in the westward, and is looking
forward with an expression half anxious,
half triumphant, to this beacon of an un-
known world. The face of this statue is
copied from that at Genoa. The figure
was modeled and cast in the Miiller
foundry at Munich.
No. 76. THE INSPIRATION OF COLUMBUS.
Some yearsago Mr. A. P. Chamberlaine,
of Concord, Mass, presented to the Acad-
emy of Fine Arts, Boston, a beautiful
piece of marble representing the First
Inspiration of the Boy Columbus. He is
represented as a youth, in the costume of : :
the period, sitting upon the capstan of a STATUE AT ST. LOUIS.
vessel, with an open book in his hand, and
his foot carelessly swinging in an iron ring that hangs from a staple in the capstan.
It is the work of Guilio Monteverde, a young artist of
Rome, in 1871, and was awarded the first gold medal
at the National Art Exhibition at Parmathat year. A
duplicate is owned by Prince Giovanelli, of Florence.
Monteverde is now a senator in the Italian Parliament.
No. 77. STATUE IN LOUISBURG SQUARE, BOSTON.
There is another statue in Boston of Columbus as
a boy, which stands in Louisburg Square, and was
presented to the city in
1849 by Joseph Iasigi,
a wealthy resident, of
Grecian nativity. It
was carved in Leghorn.
No. 78. THE SACRA-
MENTO GROUP.
INSPIRATION OF THE BOY COLUMBUS.
A marble group, rep-
resenting Columbus explaining his theory of a western
passage to the Indies to Queen Isabella, was presented
to the State of California by Mr. D. O. Mills, of New
York City. It stands in the rotunda of the capitol
atSacramento. Larkin G. Mead was the sculptor. It
was carved in Italy, from a single block of marble,
and cost $60,000. SACRAMENTO GROUP.
The most conspicnous ornament on the building of
the Long Island Historical Library, Brooklyn, is a terra-cotta bust of Columbus, of
modern but artistic workmanship, by Olin L. Warner, of New York, who took
for his model the bust at Genoa, but introduced some changes of costume, including
a headdress.
244 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT’ MADRID.
No. 79. THE WHITE HOUSE BUST.
In the main vestibule of the White House at Washington is a bust in marble, but
its origin and authorship have been forgotten.
No. 80. THE PHILADELPHIA MONUMENT.
After the Centennial Exposition in 1876, the Italian
residents of Philadelphia purchased a statue of Column-
bus there exhibited by one of their countrymen, and
presented it to the park commissioners, by whom it
was placed in Fairmount Park.
No. 81. THE CHICAGO HERALD MONUMENT.
In 1891 the Chicage Herald sent an expedition to
Watling Island, and, at or near the point where Colum-
bus is supposed to have landed, erected a column of
masonry, which is surmounted by a marble globe bear-
ing an appropriate inscription: ‘‘On this spot Colum-
bus first set foot on the soil of the New World. Erected
by the Chicago Herald, June 9, 1891.
Nos. 82, 88, AND 84. MONUMENT ERECTED BY ITALIAN
RESIDENTS OF NEW YORK.
A beautiful statue of Columbus was erected by the
Italian residents of New York last summer, and un-
STATUE ON TOP OF MONUMENT, veiled on the 12th of October, 1892. The design was by
sn ae eS Be Gaetano Russo, an Italian sculptor, and the work was
executed under the direction of a committee appointed
by the Italian Government at Rome. The figureis 13 feet high, the shaftand pedestal
62 feet high, which, with the heavy stone foundation, gives the structure a total height
of 84 feet from the ground. The figure is of marble, inciuding the pedestal. The
base is about 36 feet square. At the base of the circular marble shaft will be four
BAS-RELIEF ON MONUMENT, NEW YORK CITY.
Erected by Italian residents.
BAS-RELIEF ON MONUMENT, NEW YORK CITY.
Erected by Italian residents.
COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 245
figures, one representing a Spaniard, the second an Italian, the third an American,
and the fourth a winged genie. The work was done in Italy and cost $35,000. The
sculptor gave the design and services free. The money to pay the expense was
raised by subscription from the Italian citizens of New York.
No. 8. DESIGN OF MONUMENT TO BE ERECTED BY SPANISH
CITIZENS IN NEW YORK.
Not to be outdone by their neighbors of Italian birth, the
Spanish residents of New York propose to place in Central
Park a magnificent fountain, from the baseof which will rise a
halfglobe. Uponitssummit willstand
a colossal figure of Columbus, explain-
ingachart to the two Pinzon brothers,
his companions in the first voyage.
It was designed by Fernando Miranda.
No. 86. BUST OF COLUMBUS BY FER-
NANDO MIRANDA. MONUMENT IN NEW YORK.
Erected by Spanish residents.
The people of Columbus, Ohio, pro-
pose to erect a monument to the man in whose honor their
city was christened, and designs have been asked for from
prominent artists.
It is proposed by the citizens of Chicago to erect a monu-
ment to Columbus on the lake front of that city, and its dedi-
MIRANDA BUST. cation will be a part of the services of the World’s Fair. The
monument will be placed on a quadrangular terrace, at each
angle of which wil! be a lamp-post with torches, an
anchor, and a chain, the links of which are sym-
bolieal of Columbus's days of captivity. Four
jong steps will be placed on either side, and the
monument will consist of a pedestal ornamented on
its principal front with a tablet in the shape of a
medallion and destined for an inscription. The
other fronts will contain each a bas-relief repre-
senting the following subjects: (1) the appearance
of Columbus at the convent of La Rabida; (2)
Queen Isabella offering her jewels; (3) the recep-
tion of Columbus at Barcelona on his return from
his fourth voyage; and (4) reception by Queen
Isabella. On the principal front of the base will
be the prow of a vessel, terminated by a figure, the
genius of Columbus, holding in each hand a torch
and showing him the route to take. Above the
vessel’s prow, but back, will be the principal group,
Columbus surrounded by afew of his companions,
and illustrative of his pomting to the new land
promised, and for which he had searched so long,
On the lateral sides, about the height of the prow,
and sitting on a small pedestal, Fame is proclaum-
ing, to the sound of a trumpet, the glories of
Christopher Columbus. The figure on the poste-
rior side personifies the city of Chicago, support-
STATUE ON DRAKE FOUNTAIN.
ing an escutcheon with this inscription: ‘‘The city of Chicago to Christopher
Columbus.”
No. 87. THE DRAKE FOUNTAIN AT CHICAGO.
Mr. John B. Drake, of Chicago, presented to the people of that city a beautiful
fountain, with an ice chamber capable of holding two tons of ice, and furnishing
water at ten faucets. The monument is gothic in style, the base being made of
246 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.
granite from Baveno, Italy. Upon the pedestal in front of the fountain is a bronze
statue of Columbus 7 feet high, designed by R. H. Park, and cast in the Royal Foundry
at Rome. ‘The inscription reads, ‘‘Ice-water drinking fountain, presented to the city
of Chicago by John B. Drake, 1892.”
No. 88.—THE LIVERPOOL STATUE.
On the portico of the Exchange building in
Liverpool, England, stands a statue of Colum-
bus, which was erected in 1866, and it is the
only monument that was ever erected to Co-
lumbus in Europe outside of Italy and Spain.
No. 89.—_THE NASSAU STATUE.
A statue of Columbus at Nassau, New Provi-
dence, in the Bahama Islands, was presented
to the colony by Sir James Carmichael Smyth,
governor of the Bahamas from 1829 to 1833.
It was modeled in London in 1831, by an art-
ist named Groggon. The monument stands
directly in front of the Government house, is
igs: a nd Ca? eae | made of metal, and painted white.. The figure
[Se lee aa cop woop 7 al is 9 feet high, pad is placed upon a pedestal 6
ie ~s —— oF | feet high and 5 feet square. On the northern
a Fe NWala he He and seaward side of the pedestal is the in-
scription, ‘‘Columbus, 1492.” It was erected
in May, 1832.
No. 90. THE CARDENAS STATUE
TABLET IN CATHEDRAL AT HAVANA.
There is a statue at Cardenas, Cuba, which
was erected by the celebrated Cuban authoress, Senora G. Gomez de Avellaneda,
the wife of a former governor. It was carved by J. Piguer, of Madrid.
Nos. 91 anp 92. THE CATHEDRAL TABLET, HAVANA. STATUE IN THE CAPTAIN-
GENERAL'S PALACE, HAVANA. BUST IN EL TEMPLETE, HAVANA. COLUMBUS
IN CHAINS, HAVANA.
In addition to the marble tablet that is embedded in the wall of the cathedral at
Havana, where the remains of Columbus are supposed to rest, there are three statues
to the discoverer in that city. One, a full-
length, heroic figure in marble, stands
upon a lofty pedestal in the courtyard of
the palace of the captain-general. The
second is a marble bust upon a column in
front of the little chapel, ‘‘ El Templete,’
which marks the spot where the first mass
was celebrated on the island of Cuba; and
the third is an impressive figure of an old
man in chains sitting on the deck of a
vessel, which ornaments the library of
the Bibliotheca Publica, of the Royal
Economical Society of the Friends of the
Country, which has kindly loaned it for
exhibition in La Rabida. It was modeled
by Valtmijana, at Barcelona, Spain. COLUMBUS IN CHAINS.
No. 93. THE MELERO STATUE. :
Mr. Miguel Melero, director of the Academy of Painting and Sculpture at Havana,
has designed and finished in gypsum a statue of Columbus that will be cast in bronze
for the city of Colon, in the State of Matanzas, Cuba. The work is paid for by the
generosity of a rich sugar planter in Matanzas.
COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 247
No. 94. THE MELIDA DESIGN FOR A TOMB OF COLUMBUS, HAVANA.
On February 25, 1891, a royal decree was issued by the Government of Spain,
through the ministry of colonies, inviting competition between Spanish artists for
the erection of an appropriate sepulcher in which to preserve the alleged remains
of Christopher Columbus in the
cathedral at Havana, and for a
statue in his honor in the central
plaza of that city. Fifty thou-
sand dollars was appropriated
for the first and $100,000 for the
others. Several designs were sub-
mitted to a jury, who awarded
the first prize to Arthur Melida
and a premium of $5,000; the
second prize was given to Don
Antonio Alsina; and the third
to Don Francisco Fons The
sepulcher is now being erected,
upen the Melida design, at
Havana,
The Melida design represents
a bier covered with a heavily
embroidered pall, borne upon the
shoulders of four heralds, in gar-
ments richly carved to represent
lace and embroidered work. The
two front figures bear scepters
surmounted by images of the
Madonna and St. James, the pa-
tron saint of Spain. On the front
MELIDA DESIGN FOR MONUMENT.
of their garments are represented the arms of Castile and Leon. The rear bearers
THE ALSINA DESIGN.
ports the shield of the Catholic kings.
represent Aragon and Navarre
the former being indicated by
four red staffs on a gold field,
and the fourth has gold-linked
chains on a red field. The
group is supported on a pedes-
tal ornamented about its edge
with a Greek fret.
No. 95. DESIGN FOR A TOMB OF
COLUMBUS BY ALSINA.
The design submitted by An-
tonio Alsina represents Spain
and America united by the
symbol of the Christian faith.
The sitting statues represent
Hope, Cosmography, and Navyi-
gation. The Spanish lion sup-
The statue of Fame, whose wings partly
appear behind the upper group, is pointing to the name of Columbus inscribed on a
medallion placed on the rear of the funereal urn.
248 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.
No. 96. DESIGN FOR A TOMB OF COLUMBUS BY FONS.
The design of Francisco Fons represents a sarcophagus supported by six pillars,
three at the head and three at the feet. Upon it lies Columbus, represented as in his
dying bed, with a cross at his head, before which an angel is standing. One hand
of the angel is resting on his shoulder and the other is pointing upward. At each
corner of the sarcophagus is a winged figure representing Fame. Below it is a globe
covered with tropical foliage in relief. About it sit four allegorical figures, and on
the sides of the base, supporting the pillars, are symbolical figures in high relief.
THE FONS DESIGN.
No. 97. DESIGN FOR MONUMENT TO COLUMBUS AT HAVANA, BY SUSILLO
(pls. XIV-XV1).
The design submitted by Don Antonio Susillo was adopted for the monument, and it
is now being carved. It represents a boat supporting a vessel, which has carved on its
bow the date 1492. In it are two figures, one of an Indian and the other of a white
man, bearingacross. Onone side isa large medallion of Ferdinand and Isabella, The
globe rests on a truncated pyramidal base, which in turn is supported by a pedestal
having at each of its four angles an allegorical figure and on each of its faces a
a bronze bas-relief.
No. 98. THE SAN DOMINGO STATUE.
The statue of Columbus in the city of San Domingo, which was founded by
Columbus, in front of the cathedral in which his bones lay for two hundred and
fifty years, and where it is claimed they still remain, is a heroic statue in bronze.
Columbian Historical Exposition at Madrid. —Curtis. Plate XIV.
THE SUSILLO DESIGN. BAS-RELIEF ON SUSILLO DESIGN
Columbian Historical Exposition at Madrid.—Curtis. PLATE XV
BASE OF SUSILLO MONUMENT.
BASE OF SUSILLO MONUMENT
py? ae
ee he ie peony |
ae cae . ;
NF
as
; a
vy
Columbian Historical Exposition at Madrid. —Curtis PLATE XVI.
BAS-RELIEFS ON SUSILLO MONUMENT.
COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 249
It stands in the center of the plaza opposite the Government palace. It was cast in
France, by order of the Dominican Government, about 1880. It represents Colum-
bus in heroic size, pointing to the westward. At the base is a life-size figure of an
Indian girl, representing Anacaona, the unfortunate wife of the no less unfortunate
eacique of Cibao, tracing an inscription which reads: ‘‘Yllustre y Esclarecido
Varon, Don Cristoval Colon.”
No. 99. THE ISABELLA MONUMENT.
Some enterprising and patriotic citizens of Boston have raised funds for the erec-
tion, on the site of Isabella, the first civilized settlement in the New World, of a
statue to commemorate the event and the man. It is to be a bronze figure of Colum-
bus, designed by the sculptor Buyens, of Ghent, and will be cast at Chicopee, Mass.
It will stand on a massive pedestal of Cape Anne Granite. There are two bas-reliefs,
representing the Genius of Christianity and the Genius of Civilization. The former
is a temale figure, representing the Mother Church fostering a little Indian child and
pointing to a suspended cross in the distance, the emblem of man’s salvation. The
second bas-relief is an ideal figure of the Goddess Ceres drawn in a chariot by
prancing horses; her arms are filled’ with gifts and flowers, and Columbus at the
heads of the horses is pointing the way for her to follow. Ps Bs
et
YDS
eres
Lett
>
Pe PS
=
Fig. 5.
OUTLINES OF ALL THE FORMS OF ARROW HEADS AND SMALLER BLADES, FROM NORTH AND SOUTH
AMERICA.
Exhibited at Madrid Exposition,
The narrow, elongated form sometimes referred to as of possible
Eskimo origin, common in argillite in the Delaware Valley (see Nos.
23 and 24), we see in Uruguay (No. 35), and in Mexico (No. 80). The
forms more common in the United States, it would seem, than in South
America, and vulgarly called “war arrows” (see Nos. 8, 9, 20, and 22),
COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. ate
easily run into the shapes from Uruguay (Nos. 37 and 42), northwest
coast (No. 50), United States of Colombia (Nos. 59 and 60), and Mexico
(Nos. 79 and 84).
No. 89, the double-pointed arrowhead from Mexico, is unique, as is the
double-based one, No. 10, and the curious No. 19 from North Carolina;
so is the eccentric unsymmetrical No. 26 of white hornstone from Santa
Barbara, Cal.
The saw-edged arrowhead in the United States series (Nos. 1 and 25)
oceurs in Mexico in Nos. 76 and 77, but there is nothing anywhere shown
Ma
\s Mi) NA\\\
l Nea A\
ll, {yy
Fig. 6. (3)
CHIPS OF OBSIDIAN, WORKED ONLY AT THE BASE AND MOUNTED AS BLADES, by the now extinct natives
of Easter Island. (British Museum.)
By the kind permission of Mr. Charles H, Read. )
like the Mexican form of obsidian (No. 92), of which the only point spe-
cialized is the base, the rest being left to the chance of natural cleavage,
however unsymmetrical, and while we wonder that arrowheads and
knives were not more often made in this way, and ask whether future
research will not prove the pattern to have been one of the primitive
and original forms of the arrowhead, we must rest content to compare
it with the larger shapes of obsidian, sometimes 8 inches in breadth,
but of the same unspecialized character, made and used by the Easter
Islanders. (Seetwo mounted specimens, fig.6, from the British Museum. )!
1Compare National Museum Report for 1889, article by W. J. Thomson.
dT4 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.
Moreover, not all the smaller blades in the above series are chipped.
Nos. 16 and 17, representing the specimens from Maine, New York, and
Alaska, are of polished slate (National Museum, Nos. 6375, 6548, 30758,
and 62097), and these are almost duplicated by the Alaskan and Ouban
examples of polished slate in the Spanish exhibit, No. 49.
It would have been of much help to the student of archeology had
early American travelers noticed more exactly the methods employed
by Indians in finding or quarrying their material for chipped imple-
ments, transporting it, and fashioning it into weapons and tools.
The National Museum exhibits an interesting case (see Plate I) con-
taining the apparatus for arrow making among the Hupa Indians in
northern California, described by Dr. O. T. Mason in the Smithsonian
Report, 1886, part 1.
Capt. John Smith (sixth voyage, 1606) saw a Virginia Indian quickly
making his arrowhead ‘with a little bone which he ever weareth at his
bracept of a splint of a stone or glasse in the form of a heart, and these
they glue to the end of their arrows.”
Caleb Lyon (see extract from letter in Bulletin of American Ethno-
logical Society, vol. 1, p. 39) saw, about 1860, a Shasta Indian in Cali-
fornia place an obsidian pebble upon a stone anvil of talcose slate held
upon the knee, and with one blow of an agate chisel separate it into
two parts; from one of these a slab one-fourth of an inch thick was
split off, which slab, being held against the anvil with the left thumb
and finger, was chipped into an inch-long arrowhead by a series of con-
tinual blows in little less than an hour.
While Smith’s Indian worked entirely by pressure, this arrowhead
seems to have been produced entirely by direct percussion.
George Catlin (see Last Rambles among the Indians, chapter 5, pp.
187-190) saw, about 1860-1868, the Apaches making arrowheads by
what might be called indirect percussion.
An erratic bowlder of flint, ‘sometimes brought from an immense
distance,” was first “broken into a hundred pieces” by the “ indiserim-
inate” blows of a hafted hornstone pebble. From these splinters such
flakes were selected as from their angle of fracture and thickness
answered as the bases of arrowheads.
On one laid on the lett palm of the master workman and held down
by his left fingers, a punch 6 or 7 inches long and 1 inch in diameter,
made of the incisor of a sperm whale, and with its point presenting
one acute and two obtuse angles, was rested against the part to be
broken. This punch was then continually struck by a cooperator, to
the time of a song, with a heavy wooden mallet, flaking off the flint
under each projecting point struck at every blow until the arrowhead
was finished.
Nice judgment was used in selecting a flake with two opposite
parallel or nearly parallel planes, and of the thickness required for the
ee apps ee Me up
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Columbian Historical Exposition at Madrid —Mercer. PLATE |.
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ARROW-MAKER’S OUTFIT, HUPA INDIANS, CALIFORNIA.
DESCRIPTION OF PLATE I.—a, The piece of jasper or obsidian from which the arrowhead is chipped;
b, the chisel of hard antler struck by a cooperator as in Catlin’s description; ¢, finer punch for pres-
sure chipping ; d, wooden tool used for straightening the stick for a shaft ; e, chosen for shaft, by
running it through the holes and prying it against the bends ; f, sinew used for lashing the arrowhead
to the shaft ; g, feather, and h, complete arrow and dissections, showing stone point, feathering, and
method of inserting foreshafting ; 7, glue made of boiled lower jaw bone of the sturgeon; j, glue
stick ; k, rasp; /, scraper.
From specimens in the U. §. National Museum.
COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 3715
center of the arrow point. The first chipping reached near to the
center of these planes, but without quite breaking it away, and each
chipping was shorter and shorter until the shape and edge of the
arrowhead were formed.
Admiral Sir Edward Belcher (see Transactions of Ethnological
Society of London, vol. 1, n. s., part 2, 1861, p. 138) saw, about 1858-—
1860, the western Eskimos at Cape Lisburne at a chert outcrop (evi-
dently a quarry) making blades from flakes knocked off the ledge with
jadite hammers. The flake, whether in the form of a “turtleback” or
not does not appear, was laid over a spoonshaped cavity in a log and
pressed gently (here is direct pressure again) along its margin verti-
cally on one side and the other, with a punch made of fossil ivory set
with a tip of reindeer antler until the work was done.!
Stephen Powers saw the Hupas in northern California in about 1872
flaking pieces of jasper by heating them in the fire and then letting
them cool slowly; striking one of these flakes with a rough hammer
gave it an approximately right shape. It was then held on a pad of
buckskin placed on the left hand and chipped or pinched into shape
(unknown process to the other observers) by a pair of buckhorn pinch-
ers tied together at the point with a thong. (See Contributions to
North American Ethnology, Vol. III.)
Mr. William A. Adams, a miner of Denver, Colo., told ine in Septem-
ber, 1893, at New Galena, Bucks County, Pa., that he had seen in about
1864, Pendorielles in.Crow Creek Valley, Montana, Crows in Yellow-
stone Valley,and Flatheads in Montana, chipping arrowheads by blows
with porphyry and quartz pebbles, and iron hatchets, upon splinters
shivered with pebbles or iron hatchets from masses of obsidian about
6 inches in diameter.
Lieut. EK. J. Beckwith (Pacific Railroad Survey, vol. 2, p. 45), in June,
1854, saw Indians on the Sacramento River, in California, making
arrowheads from quartz fragments by direct pressure with bone punches
creased or grooved on their ends.
B. B. Redding (American Naturalist, November, 1879, p. 667) saw a
McCloud River Indian near Mount Shasta send off an obsidian flake
by a blow on a bone chisel, from which he made an arrowhead by
direct pressure with an antler punch.
Edwin A. Cheever (American Naturalist, May, 1870) saw California
Indians, about 1840-1860, nipping arrowheads of obsidian with notched
bones.
Paul Schumacher (Archiv. fiir Anthropologie, 7, 1874, p. 264), about
1860-1870, saw Klamath Indians of northern California by direct pres-
sure with bone tipped punches making arrowheads from chips splintered
from fire-heated masses of flint obsidian or jasper.
‘See for above accounts in full, Stephens’ Flint Chips, p. 77.
376 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.
S. P. Leland (Smithsonian Report, 1887, part 1), about 1850, saw
Indians, unnamed, flaking hornstone by pressing down on it with pebbles
about 5 inches broad and 6 long, heated in the fire.
Discussion of the above interesting accounts seems out of place
until we have more satisfactorily verified them by experiment. Suffice
it here to note, that all,with two exceptions, refer to flaking with a bone
punch either by directly pressing on it or by hammering it while held
against the stone.
As all seem to refer to the making of comparatively small arrow-
heads, and hence to the producing of flakes none of which probably
CHIPPED BLADES GLUED IN WOODEN HANDLES BY INDIANS OF THE WEST COAST OF THE UNITED STATES.
Found preserved in the dry burial places and caves of California. Collection of the National Museum.
needed to be over half an inch long, we must turn elsewhere for sug-
gestions as to the formidable flakes from Mexico and the large, thin,
leaf-shaped blade.
THE LARGE THIN LEAF-SHAPED BLADE.
We find these large blades (see fig. 9) beautifully chipped of obsid-
ian and flint in the Mexican exhibit, in the Hemenway collection, and
in the exhibits of the Argentine Republic, Guatemala, Nicaragua, and
Costa Rica.
They are found throughout the United States, as the Smithsonian and
University of Pennsylvania specimens show. Case 13 of the National
Museum exhibits an interesting series of them (fig. 7, National Museum
-‘COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. ola
Nos, 2406, 20504, 20501, and others), glued in wooden handles, from Cali-
fornia, with which it is interesting to compare the flint blades found in
Fig. 8.
TRACINGS FROM MANUSCRIPTS DRAWN BY INDIANS IN ANCIENT YUCATAN AND MEXICO, SHOWING HOW
LARGE FLINT BLADES WERE MOUNTED.
(a) Codex Porfirio Diaz (Mexico); (b) Codex Cortesianus (Yucatan); (c, d@) Mexican MSS,, Florence; (€) Sioux war club set with
iron blade.
a grave near Nashville, Tenn. (see Thurston’s Antiquities of Tennessee,
pp. 228, 229), by Mr. Blunkall, near its deer-horn handle, and another
A & I firn,
: L wig)
LARGE CHIPPED BLADES FROM THE UNITED STATES AND MEXICO,
flint blade with traces of glue on its once socketed end, from a stone
cist in the same Indian cemetery.
378 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.
Fig. 8, presenting designs from (a) the Codex Porfirio Diaz (Mexico),
(c) and (d) the Mexican manuscript lately discovered in Florence by
Mrs. Zelia Nuttall, shows that these forms were sometimes similarly
mounted as sacrificial knives by the ancient Mexicans, or set at right
angles in curved handles (d) as the iron blade is mounted in the Sioux
war club (e). The figure (b) from the Codex Cortesianus (Yucatan),
the ancient Maya manuscript supposed to have been brought from Cen-
tral America to Spain by Cortez shows another interesting method of
mounting practiced by the Central Americans.
Fig. 10.
CACHE OF 116 ARGILLITE BLADES.
Probably buried by an Indian blade worker to dig up for final shaping to order on sale or barter.
Found accompanied by a hammer stone 1 foot beneath the surface at Ridges Island, Delaware River, June, 1891.
Well-specialized blades of this general character, made of various
grades of flint, jasper, slate, quartzite, and argillite, vary greatly in
size, from 1 inch to 14 in length, and in shape run threugh the forms
numbered 7, 31, 45, 50, 18 (in fig. 5), and many other leaf-shaped and
almost triangular patterns (see fig. 9). With them may be classed the
specimens unearthed in hoards or caches, as, for example, the largest
known series, of about 8,185 specimens, found and partially removed by
Squier and Davis, and finally completely exhumed by Mr. W. K. Moore-
head in 1891 from Mound No. 2, in the Hopewell group of mounds in
Paint Creek Valley, Ohio. Plate II.
Fig. 10 shows the cache of 117 argillite blades, exhibited in the Uni-
versity of Pennsylvania case, found by me resting upon a flat pebble
hammer 7 inches below the surface, and arranged in layers on their sides.
PLATE Il.
Columbian Historical Exposition at Madrid.—Mercer
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RUDELY CHIPPED FORMS OF ARGILLITE.
Quarriedand blocked out by Indians inhabiting the Delaware Valley in comparatively recent times, Thirty-two of 110 found in shaft
“A? in Indian argillite quarries, Gaddis Run, May, 1893,
This last site is close to the chief outcrop of argillite on the right
bank of the Delaware above Trenton. While this paper was preparing,
the writer discovered, May 22, 1893, close by the mouth of Gaddis Run, :
and one-fourth of a mile from the river, nineteen ancient pits sur-
rounded by heaps of argillite refuse. There were at least twelve work-
shops where “turtle backs” were found with the chips and pebble
hammers.
Fig. 17. (4)
THE THREE CHIEF TYPES FROM THE ENGLISH AND FRENCH RIVER DRIFT.
(a) Unspecialized, resembling usual Trenton forms; (4) specialized all round, leaf shaped ; (c) specialized at point, unworked at base.
By the kind permission of M. G. d’Ault du Mesnil, Abbeville.
390 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.
KNIVES OF PECULIAR FORM, DAGGERS, DRILLS, AND ECCENTRIC
PIERCING OR CUTTING IMPLEMENTS.
The exquisite specimens exhibited by Mexico (fig. 18, Mexican cases
G and L, and National Museum case 13) are mostly made of obsidian,
SSE ——
SS QA xySsa 0x wn
SS
SSSSSN
= SS SS
N SSS
Se aN NS
KNIVES AND ECCENTRIC CHIPPED FORMS.
United States aud Mexico.
COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 391
and nothing like them is exhibited in any department save the inter-
esting collection of small eccentric forms of jasper from various parts
of the United States exhibited in National Museum case 14 (fig. 19),
ECCENTRIC FORMS IN CHERT AND JASPER FOUND IN THE UNITED STATES.
Collection of the U. S. National Museum,
and the two polished slate daggers from the Tlingit Indians, Alaska
(see p. 284, National Museum Report for 1888), resembling the obsidian
forms, handle and blade of one piece, from Mexico. We know, how-
So
W
L
Rk.
Fig. 20.
CHIPPED FORMS FOUND IN MOUNDS AND AT INDIAN GRAVES AND VILLAGE SITES IN TENNESSEE AND OHIO-
Pee pe ys Ee eH MORI year de Ue
ever, that the Tennessee work in jasper as figured in Thruston’s
Antiquities of Tennessee, pp. 218-222 (fig. 20), might well be compared
with the finest Mexican examples, and that the California blades in
392 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.
obsidian and jasper, in the Terry collection of the New York Museum
of Natural History, are fully equal to them, as are also the two knives
of hornestone resembling form b, fig. 20, found by W. K. Moorehead in
Ohio mounds, (see Primitive Man in Ohio).
It is interesting to see one of these knives (resembling at one end
fig. 20, perhaps,) brandished in the hand of a priest in the Codex
Fig. 21.
TRACINGS FROM ORIGINAL DRAWINGS MADE BY THE ANCIENT INHABITANTS OF YUCATAN AND TENNESSEE,
SHOWING HOW LARGE ECCENTRIC FORMS OF CHIPPED STONE WERE USED.
(a and b) Codex Troano ( Yucatan) ; (c) engraved shell gorget, MacMahon Mound, Tennessee
Troano (fig. 21 a), another similarly grasped (fig. 21 b),and to compare
them with the knife resembling figure 20 a in the hand of one of the
figures upon the famous carved shell gorget from the Maecmahon
Mound, Tennessee (see fig. 21 c, Thruston, p. 338).
CHIPPED GROOVED AXES AND IRREGULAR FORMS.
We find in the Hemenway collection a mounted chipped ax (fig. 23)
from the Moqui Indians of Arizona, and another in the Nordenskjold
expedition collection (Swedish exhibit) from the Zunis. The National
Museum exhibits a series from several sites in the United States, of
various materials, and the University of Pennsylvania two from the
Delaware Valley; and it may not be going too far to connect these
forms with some of the rudely chipped slate specimens (fig. 22, a and b)
from Costa Rica and other localities.
CHIPPED CELTS, ADZES, AND SCRAPERS.
Some of these (see fig. 24 a), often doubtless only blocked out forms
to be afterwards polished into shape are exhibited in the cases of Costa
Rica, United States, and Nicaragua (Peru, Cuba, Guatemala, Ecuador,
Mexico, British Columbia, and Alaska, exhibit only the polished pat-
tern), and are not to be distinguished in form from the specimens from
England, France, Italy, Spain, and the Lake Dwellings, where they are
often found socketed in deer-horn handles (fig. 24 (¢) ).
COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 393
Fi
RUDELY CHIPPED SLATE SPECIMENS.
o
g. o-.
(a, b,c) Costa Rica; (d@) Wyoming; (e) Massachusetts ; (f) North Carolina; (g) Alabama; (A andi) Uruguay.
CHIPPED GROOVED AXE, MOUNTED IN ORIGINAL HANDLE, RECENTLY OBTAINED FROM MOKI INDIANS IN
ARIZONA.
Collection of the U. S. National Museum.
394 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.
We notice in connection with both the chipped and polished forms
the designs in figure 25 from the Codex Troano, (a, b, and d) from the
Codex Cortesianus, and (c) from the Codex Columbino, where, as Senor
Troncoso, curator of the Mexican exhibit, informs us, it must often be
supposed that the implements intended are the equivalent forms of
copper, since a certain attendant hieroglyph is held to designate that
metal, common in Central America and Mexico.
Still there is no reason why the stone forms in question, whether
chipped or polished, were not so mounted in Central America, as were
the polished celts in the United States and Alaska (see the mounted
celts in the National Museum case (fig. 24, d), the Spanish specimen (fig,
24, g) from the northwest American coast, a relic of the Atrivida cruise
of Captain Malespina in 1791, or the interesting specimen (fig. 24, 7), 185.
Fig. 24.
HAFTED CELTS FROM NORTH AND SOUTH AMERICA AND EUROPE.
(a) Celt chipped but unpolished, Europe and America; (b) celt polished, Europe and America ; (c) polished celt, mounted in handle
of deer antler, found preserved in the mud at the Swiss Lake dwellings ; (@) polished celt, mounted in original wooden handle, found,
handle and all, in a bog in New York; (e) partly polished celt with wooden handle, as recently made and used by Indians in Brazil;
(f) polished celt, made, handle and all, of one piece of chlorite, found in an Indian grave on the Tennessee River; (7) polished celt or
adz, found in use among the Indians of the northwest American coast in 1791.
inches, long made, handle and all, of one highly polished piece of chlorite
found in a mound on the Cumberland River, opposite Nashville, Ten-
nessee, and figured in Jones’s Antiquities of Tennessee (p. 46).
The National Museum also exhibits several interesting mounted
scrapers from the northwest coast and Alaska, where the mounting
of chipped and polished scrapers has been amply illustrated and
explained by Dr. O. T. Mason in his pamphlet on Aboriginal Skin
Dressing (National Museum Report, 1889, p. 553), (fig. 26). With
these mounted scrapers it is interesting to compare the similar forms
chipped or polished, large or small, scattered about the village sites in
the United States and common in the museums of Europe, and from
them to turn again to the obsidian flake knives of the Admiralty Islands
and the angular unworked chips set in masses of gum still used by
Australian savages, and the uncouth blades (see fig. 6) from Easter
Island.
COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 395
What shall we say of the stage of culture represented by unworked
chips on the one hand and by specimens with well-specialized edges on
the other without the testimony of their handles to give us a hint of their
use, whether as hide dressers (O. T, Mason’s Aboriginal Skin Dressing),
wood chisels (Niblack’s Southern Alaska and Northern British Columbia
Indians), slave killers (Ray Expedition, National Museum Reports),
wedges, planes, adzes, sacrificial axes, and even “ tomahawks,” and to
——
Fig. 25.
TRACINGS FROM ORIGINAL DRAWINGS MADE BY THE ANCIENT PEOPLE OF MEXICO AND YUCATAN, SHOW-
ING HOW THEY MOUNTED POLISHED STONE CELTS.
a) Codex Troano (Yucatan); (4) Codex Cortesianus ; (c) Codex Columbino; (d@) Codex Cortesianus (Yucatan).
what tool shall we look for an explanation of the puzzling problem of
the methods of carving the elaborate metates and obsidian masks from
Mexico, the figurines of volcanic rock from Costa Rica, or, most won-
derful of all, the stone collars from Porto Rico (fig. 27). While it may
~2 admitted that any hard stone implement would carve the compara-
tively soft monoliths of Yucatan, it is less easy, with Mr. McGuire, to
imagine pitted hammer stones and pointed fragments doing the work
in the other cases.’ :
1See ‘The stone hammer and its various uses,” by J. D. MeGuire. American
Anthropologist, vol. 4, No.4, 1891.
396 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.
If thin copper or stone chisels were used for some parts or corners
of the pattern, certain ancient workshops should be littered with
Fig. 26.
CHIPPED SCRAPERS, MOUNTED IN ORIGINAL BONE AND WOOD HANDLES, FOUND IN USE AMONG THE
ESKIMO OF ALASKA.
Collection of the U. S. National Museum.
battered and broken tools of this nature, yet Senor Troncoso has found
no partly finished specimen with used tools lying near; nor did Senor
Alfaro, curator of the Costa Rican exhibit, meet with these missing
Ss
=
SSS
sens tally
“Megas GB
qn 1b
—S
eG \
—— > fy an
@ s rent
Ban 7/7
I arr
; \ Alin
STONE COLLAR, PORTO RICO; HAMMER STONES AND ADZES, UNITED STATES AND PORTO RICO AND
COPPER ADZ, MEXICO.
One of the “collars” from Porto Rico carved from very hard stone by the ancient inhabitants of the
A marvel of aboriginal work.
Theories of round hammer stones, hafted hammers, stone and metal celts
island. The process of manufacture has not been proved.
(see cut), and fragments of stone have been advanced to explain the work, but no specimens have heen found in positions to demon-
strate what kind of carving tools were used,
links of evidence at the partly quarried metates discovered by him
recently in Costa Rica.
COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. oot
Senor Troncoso has never heard of an ancient Mexican cast-copper
chisel hardened by alloy, and it is difficult to conceive of so soft a metal
doing effective work on the stones in question.
In here ending this notice it is needless to say that but few of the
thousands who visited the Madrid Exposition realized the relation of
these chipped objects of stone to the whole display.
The eye was dazzled by brighter tokens of human handiwork, and
the story of the New World was forgotten before the manifold marvels
of art and craft that proclaimed what Europe was at the time of the
discovery. To many it sufficed that rude stone tools were not beautiful.
The deeper meaning of the primitive shapes was overlooked. Yet they
alone spoke of the mystery of a ‘‘New World” that was not new, and
told of races who, though separated from their fellows, had moved and
developed as parts of one humanity. Fraught with problems that con-
cern man’s being, they reminded him not of art or beauty, but of his.
own childhood; not of a day of dawning greatness, but of a night in
the unknown past out of which he emerged.
ne
ISIN oy fa DE
Page.
PADD OLb eC tC fea yee iota a oa see eins, S Seiniee aysloise aoe wiersiaeie S Sa ERED econ mays 384, 387
Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, exhibit of.......--....---....-., 12,75
ING tO CON GTESS ead re ae een a ielaye nse tN eee bata a See oes eens 7
Adams, William A- - SRN SRSA ORS SOO R aC SSR EPR is rr ae e oen mas
Adler, Cyrus, Stine iiarteh HOT Oye hs oS ere SE ot tn series aS are Rane ear gto mee 191
PGES SIS DOME ere ave Nee teat cet ee re asters esta, Scien eeepc a rate a hha e 62 Sonera es seek ote Ole oe 86
Gonper, wupleme tte Of = c 2-5. -2i-22- 25-0 om case cins eee a aa 124
Th pie ET oe eI Sg, ee Ei nt ae ahaa mea aa 97
BBE NA eee eer cise aioe eistaie = match amine me ris ones Sele ciier ses 387
Cortez, Hernan:
Ravel grantees ae ea gen etme uses cane Soi s ram Ter oa st = 67
Poeuments concerning 2.6 «es asecl-- own oe ane ee rani 67
@osariaam dela map Of 22-2) sc) fa ae eee mirc a ioe Sen a 66
Wosta hice epuble-of 2.22, nc- 26a = inne sinew a on ge rises STE 10
eit ihe @) besaa de sHaoe Ss cow cen eeabeage cade Seu SSORe CECE Spb OUG UO BaaS 37
Nrollamorcollechlone ss cs sec te alo eis mie = at ine emia 39
Bishop Thiel collection ---.-------------------- +--+ e-2207 F005 000" 37
ethnological objects .... ---- ---~-----2----- 232 -- rere rt ess secs ct 38
PGT GP OS) LUO) ses oe crea te CS a I en ag 37
musical instruments .--..----.---------- +--+ 3-2-2 ern rrr 38
National Museum, exhibit of. ....---.-----------------+------+---- 37
National Museum of-_-=-..--.--:--=-+ ------=5 --=--+-+----2=-"----- 346
UTTCEY Olan ee ere ee ae een no aiaen cele cer iam ae 38, 345
uTisnine tees sake ces oe = cen inp em cee o47
PORN ee ee ee ee en ee eine tn ta) vinnie ait 346
aT RI ae ed bas Gena one a aucas Betteine nee o acre Seicemcic 348
OTMAMETUb APO Mitek, Sai areas let epot = ein ae eam arate ermim ime otal 347
TASC eo ia me ere ae ieee = inn eens oes 546
GOL ae tee acta ciw ea iain in wie niel One Gio eran 346
aide 54.26 Sana Soa oseboseedbe cocstodsose os ppEemaeano Gora coc 38
stone OMjeetS=— 22005. 6- ae ls- in seman =~ 69-2 - - cee emer sea ce 38
Troyo collection “2.2 jo... 22555252226 ao= seine nee sn ese einer e cre 38
Manne HOUSE. Soe se eet eee crane ae eerie ee sts 7 toe eat asain aae 185
Cousin, August, collection of....--....--- -------=00-- eee rcrcer tert rene rene 50
ford lass ee cone ote een ae lose eminent i= SES Sao eine nae aa 184
hosses- PLOPSSLONAL . 222.) maa ne ae ee = sal oe igs a ae ico ons 80
AO nllieiy Oe WMD Ot meio ts ee el nite inn a= a = 2'al 9 wi rine ms ecainins e Aa 43
Cubas, Marquis de .....------- ---------------5 22-2007" OR le es sey es telat 80
Geri SLONGAND oe ese sap cee ae win ae ena oe Baines 2m = 2 sein onsen ae 8, 66, 195
SMa oh ie od PABA eB Eipebee Seka One gbe SD BaOOe eC OU eUr eS Och are. 210
unwiiplism, Walwans see. - eee sna) -e eS o miaied eee soins 237
Gimli oy uit gene Bree 8) ele sie ecm ae eninge ea minnie esol ins Seer 8, 10
MEER Meee he she ea ae eee ew seems Saeminam n'a aesisieP mc as <5 178
402 INDEX.
Page
Daw loins sW,.vBOyd 2s = ecco eseiee bin regret eee ere eee re or ee 384
Decoy pwhistl ess 222 Gis 55. oe eis 5 este yaie oem iota eer sae es a ae 168
Delaware Valley, archeological objects from=- 2. 4552-2: seeaee a5 ee 195
Delgada, Juande Dios deda Radak2. 2222222. seas sales foe ele nee ee eee ee 63
Wenmiank s/s) oe So ee stock sen te oe Spouse ieeye eee Fee ee ee ey Si SCAR cose oS 10
ibd Vs) 20) See Sees ee ae eS ee ee ee a el eee SR ad 73
DetOsmanGuillerm0.s 4 sae eee eee has Se ee eee et ee rae 88
De Soto, Herdinand,, documents; rela timoy tO eee eps ease a eee 68
Miscoidal: stones. 2 22 2. seem ete see = oacia eae eee oe ee ee eS oe ees 114
1B Yo) bl epee eee a emai see Rt as OE ee eee. Mee eee eS Ske! ell
Dominguez Mranciscordeseawl aac sass ose seq) ater i as ee eee eee 227
JONG TANTAY CA VAL Mitey oe NGO, Co-lo Dh Ole cao eos ocessconcoe Seeces cet ee uSaese 4s - 43
WOTSEY wiGeOns ssc se Haseena eee Te Ne el SEO ee ere eae 363
Wraosforseales ss gk eae tee ee oes Teme eee Te ee a Re NYS i oe 181
Drake Johm Bins. sess 28 cass = cathe aie ecistohs nc eie eile ere aot ieee eee eee 245
Mapua 7S Se SE ie eke Ser SON rae ery ee crete ae ie rae ect Oe ree 170
Din) Mie ern NG a et ee Sea Bas a EE se ge ps tag pe 388
Bcuador, JRepublievote. ss eee cree cee oe eee = ee ela a aoe re eee 10
r=. 0U] OVA RO) Sher Nee eRe oN Lat eee enti nn ese Sie nae A Rear Vrs ed 49
pottery, Of. 2 eee ep alata aie soe ences Se ie sale | see eet een ere 358
absence Of, Stamp sysys see sete 2 ote cee eee are ae eee 359
localities forsee eos Osa ee es eee ee ee ee eee See 361
Manage: ses cee sen eos Ca RES AR IOL, GURY Fan aN 49
Jivaro Indians...:----.--- Re Soe e ice t eR A AS Balsa NE 5 50
Ke @hulais > iosas iene 2 5s rca oo.8 Reh hsleye eosin ors Se eae ie oie ee eae 49
Wa Cas ee 6 dati e 3 eS aie ee oie cia a re oie ceo See See ee eee eee 50
Hoiwands shrayidene Sso cos. cctie: iclge eels ae a esis Seen See ee ae ee ona Pas 218
Riis precumib enti.ase sah. = sacieeee Se epele sre ete o Satori ere ene reas eee 83
PTS Wort Jia Mes Wa actos et as oe eae eee ee eee aaa ie ae ee 218, 226
1 Oh U0 (oe Rene ae ae See a VA Aor R taste nice Seiciac ot ce 83
Painted). cee Se Ree ie Sees fale lap Neer ect ee a 86
ErskimemCharles. sen Soo ee ee eee a Senta en eee 240
Bthnologirealicollectionits ans Boos hess ee ee eo ee ee eee eee 143
Ethnolocy.worksior AmeriGanccuit Orson a= seater area le erate 12
Puropeanyhis tony. dep arte nity O lee ete ta ae eter ae 75
Hxhibitons ofthe Umiteds States wlistiotsss-.sase seems eee eee 16
EI XPOSitlon, arrangemen biol. 2 ls bes eee so eee eels aac aie eee 23
awards provided =. 22s Pa ates Sans eee are eee ee 14
installanon of UnitedsStateés @xhibl teases ssl = ee see eee aes 10, 11
jury Of awards): osetia = sisi eee oa Se ee ee 14
medal, commen oraillv.erOli soa ae eee eee ee ere 15
placéiofdrvol dines 22. ge seca ce eee nae eee ee ae ree eee 10
By oshadles (eae fa sees soe cee cet «ae leis eee yee Se ice ee ee eee eee 178
Fairchild: Gentthweius 2 v2 25 2s Soe ee a ee ee eee ener tee ee eek
Fan‘of feathers, Mexicans... 2.5522 cece e soos = ae Soe ee eee ol
Harmer,: Mrs Mariaze2 3 scan fe.esee 22 6 ae oe. ste ee eee eee eee eS
Heather shield, «Mexicam2: © 3/50. yo sere s Saree ce ee ee en
Fewkes,.J., Walter... 22.2 beh a.ts co eee cls cree as Hels se oiseine Saas ee oe ese
Figures; Zuni and: Moki... io. So 25 c asec eele sino ein Seelam ey
Pischers, VEG sc sy ee, opis ae Bias tere aie oS Re Oe ee ee ees een ae
Pishiinig Dimes. 2s aiosies ey ese ate lence a yeinettsyetate ie her Bee ee ape een 176
IIE TA: de s bol eer een Rae CASS Sooo dcad Seon pa Lcetaononcdnadotecdrstoscee 278
Fletcher James i ied ea Ses aioe ee oe ee oe ee eee eee 218
Flores, Antonios 3.2 o.c25.-t ete Sa se eee ce eee eee ee ee eee eer 49, 358
Florida, documents;relating toe. ---- -- ese ee ee eee ee eee ree eens 68
archeological objects from.......---..----------- BeSoSS pEbbooORdOGE¢ 201
INDEX. 403
Page
UREA BS tio deh sel aes Kee a Ae yee ca 170
EHS SLE AIT CTS CO see Seine as eet tae senna RI Le ee ee 247
LE PERU DIDS, Bab aoe eis a hes eh Se a A a Re I Se EE 225
HPD TSLSSER GYR Ee TUS tae SO le ae See lly Re I Oe Be eT 368
GTM WUT ene i Bese eas Onis SERIES ct ne eS ts ee a I os nes ken mV a 346
Cen © See ee ere ees ew mor RO oe De es SONS kL lsat Boe 161
DUCATI pel eyete wire cee eee ate tam aeeree aie Siew Oe Re 2 Eek She A ee wh, 255
Cs AVBLIGL © treme) UD Ome tte trre ay eee marine reps Ee nee Sr etn CN MRI RVRL Ieee Src Leyes itp ONE ME 3D
cole cieninomiuey #OxiO ul tibet a arts nok et ee te eae ee vom SE 12
NEDUTED TT yet nes SES SN re A aS Se aie Re oe nS Can RN ae LOR Aa ea 10
ONAL eee eaened tet eaeneriers CONE teee Pent arenes Le Oo irs oe aoa epee bre 71
CASUS PLOME Shee CLa Gye abEl alae £2 eyes eee ee ee el ee ge 71
HT ARETE TC OPER a eer aes bree reretc chat oe co karte eee ae 71
MOMs TOR metals workin. © olomibiass= see oss 22) seme asentoeee see 73
Mexicanmteathersshields sete sas ces cece ce ene eens eal wate ed 73
DO ULOR Ri ONG RAC One ttre ere: cee See iemis ete eh ees ea ee ee 72
00D Ger te Bio a Meee Boe Aaa - Gene te ae hots oie 365
Ssuonercollarssirom=sMexicors sae * see: ate eseeee eae a ese eae (2
(CHUA te 1B hy Ses Ste, es Sa Ce oeae eerie 2 ay WS: ier ee ny ee Are ene Aes LA a edly Home fae) Sea 304
FELTED Toy LAN SETS. 0 Gee ir are eV Re a AR A ne neon Re Ee aa OT ek WAL 68
OOM. Ge LONI Stet ee Pee AS: See ema oe enema V0 Le Nee 0M 4, 10, 148, 273
COMMLSSTON GTy erat eee ieee nated one ott) Soxd 27k A eA 8
DANE XNTD LANs DYE A ee ana e aitnn See ceo ols mince eee ee eee 278
(CREO Ned Dee ch set eat he etn Beet ey Sa Mee fee a A a, RAE Nae 218
Crecmlaned shis kr OMmpeclmMOns m2. gence os ee. geome | ICL Ee een 74
Greenvale Canons 2s Sa eeee weet ot I nN GE Seppe Se ayer eta ea 387
CoE SHAT MEL OTN Viel Qatar cera guy ery une Meare Sc LN ey hal BS wed 1d
“SACI SEETROWG W550 OPW BC ee es eR hy ra 32
ENED REIN ea tee ener nna as See Se ee eh Ie le Da ee 10
histone ldo cmimenbtSyey ees tats ssc we SE eee eo 32
NOOUS es eat re aes Sislttn Pe Thea aie a Saar Ra Re es eee eres are de 33
WACANCONe Sire ween bee cee eee eos Wate Tee ee ee ee 34
Marva hirero ri piles stem scd ee aa tee tases Sores amelie ecco bt
NUIT os) Ss ea Bee AU 7 ar gee AY RO 35
NEVI Soe Sete ee See Se oa ns, Soe ea te aE BEI 35
LET UpUNS lies Pe ONE tome Nie 4 Ap ae EON, Be So aR eae SL ae SSA DOC RR 33
MOLSER Y PLOCAIUOS ORS ee Pees tee mae ee ek ge eR te 355
VTC UGIEY Se he Coarse, AES SEAS a 1 ye Te EMRE nD, ee ehhd pC )S12)
MESDSRLO TE VASES ce sete, Sepia Lye eemen Mt BA bk oa ee A el se 3d4
CLL PC Operate pace eaters erat = Ser ee ey ne ee Re Ra Re 3d4
PEA ULES AONE eet CRT ras, See tome ns 5 Oa taro SIO one oe 353
Of QO UICH ER SEs yaee ee yac Soa Scere iste Se See em ed 352
RET) CAB Yee ra ete ee eee ERY eee Ore eat mee ek ge ee ck 35
Coun er © Weal CoH ys. ce a Mee ep, IRON egy eg NG te Diss ne 235
UDG pp Ly ae ee ynenen Soh tha se et ee kee See Me Ee ee ae al
SLANT EIS T olor a) 0:8 Uae ei, Mi Miers Sad ay os a ie Se oA 141
ERED Bie Olea, eee ee = Chie eee Ee fe Wir Coe ee be 224
Eat EOE SCOT EGR ach re h Oet Tt rev ted Reet: oe ON ie CN 108
SMe TININ C1 te rete ie ice Se iba a mete we Lr oh nye sytney dE Ce a 178
AEN SELON AED eNUIE Ly eb lee ek oe ees See Aes See en emery So! ots Wk el a 224
MPG es \ACUORSTCt. 27s eee ease sha t-te eens ES ys Ae gees J Bet 161
PE MENSNE EL LOUIE We ttee oe 1t S enee Sten Ae oe Oe Bra 7 2 lees NO Peg he 257
EMA ONS By raters ete oes Seas aoe nol ee Shas Ue ioe ca Jar ick Sh ML ose ecoseu 152),
PAE BOOT EnheUre sees nse mn ee eR LEO niel ie 8 oy 178
ISLE WEEN B Ronni HV Aas es, See sey Meee eran er I ee ne Uae ea eae 327
404 INDEX.
Page
le N WOE ahaa Soho nebooe Sbon soo ctd toctbc coho sods Socdbhne ooatonsaucss uecoe 171
Hatchets: Stone'cae 25.5.5 es qcee tet cle Seis mre eee See ere Cle eter te ee 98
ayes wht.“ SOMEIS) 51.12 chro casein, woo eee cic es a RR Sees aoe ree eee 237
Hea @S ia W is cet cris Sata oe aac yarn ara aha aI eee ees eee 384, 388
Headdressiofiteathers, Mexicamis css. -cs2 eee ee eae be eee eee eee 330
Helmets: 222. 2er leans = ior se eae meee ate ici eee oe ee ee 184
Le MeM Wiaiye p METS. MI air yi oe ache pee see Oe ee petaha ators eared area Pe cae lee eae ae 18
Hemenway Exploring Bepeuieion MESS see ee in cles aes Se alee ennets Sere ee eee 75
exhibit catalogueOn. sooo. sans sees ta tesae te ee lene ee 297
collection’ =+----- SNe Sesh Na cystine eye Saree get oes
expedition, poblieanteds or a! Seacnyele a cayeiape ne aha ee ates eae ge ne 303
Hernanado< Mariano as ace Soo ee se mre ee Aaa BF hy ee en ee 231
FIOCSSLONE: 2-252 5 else este ln coes cae ae ee goes ae eee See eee 119, 183
Holmes) Wi. Ess os. 8 acse tale Me a erate oe Passi oes OS Cte eens cepa re eee a 11, 189, 382
LOPLI Gams 2 see ese oe weer ote ete oo eee ore oe ee eee ee 280
HO OTINES Of) aici eases ee oh aicto ae yee ooh oreo ere 287
potheryOfsc. nn sie Sere aye eee ree ee ee eee 291
SlOnMe amp lermeniGspclr Cy 1G Speegere areas ee ee ee eee 291
sand pain tin CaO hs crete oto ete = eevee ee re ae Pe eae 289
Seven) towns Off tic.cs sce iae,- on eee ine eed eee eee eee 281
Hough Walter. - 2p aces Mo oe en a em Sa ee Se ee 8, 31
Houghton Mittin, ki Coy ate se ep ee Soin arches oretavar= eo eels eae ete ee 303
IVowrel le Mins, oe etcetera hae Sane aee ie ae oe Oo te eae ee 218
Horstond is Ni4.cc Cg oeiees aoe dec coe eee ee eee es seca ere ECan eee eae 66, 278
Huelwas Celebration ats cc 5 eee ooo .ce ease ee eae te ore ee cree ot ee ee aoe 9
Eiulil eisther’ -2 0.2 scteetiee tie soe, ea os os See eee ee eee ciate rr eee 229
Human bones, fossils 4222 ois. toas cost cee tec belo ae aie oae te eee eee eee 99
Iceland.'specimens tromees.. - os eos ae naee eee ae eee eee «ae Ser eee eee 74
Teeytools 2ts ics See een ee Ra nN ee Seve ease a anata Sg eae ee 152
Imiplemenitss..Chellleen’s eet cena Seger eicreta ioe eae nee ee 93
Indiantiigureste< fos 22 eee: RO EER an ae MER RoW Toh EMER oie 82 183
IndianiSehoolsCarlisle®. Fes Pec score oe ere eae nee eee eee 192
rmehurn Es ye ciGed iy Era b Om es eyes oer ee ee 57
Ives, Halsey Oi %. erate Hie ered Sty ele Dee 364
Crump ebitrO mss eee e rea elers tee rots ets 3 ase) ae tema ae Be oe 364
MSO Ofer OLS san GNGaAS Us scent ater eet teva aperee ace eee 362
PUTT EG/U 80] US Rn ee mA Soot noc PO Re Se a Ua 183
CLS eal DOLD Ale ot) staves stetcsee eteneiera tote ey Schaar Sates eas Lie ts aT SETA, Sot thee 157
IPCC Oe ee eee SABES CCAS eee REE Ore HT eet a een e nie at epee Stn 185
PURE GNSS Se ea eae BOAR OPAC EE rr CnC ane Satis Mean MPs eA eer ae Sea ee eran he 246
iInZOny OCUM Ets CONCEIMIND Hs tas = sts eta a tomes to ores wi ote iS otf 67
RSTIV AT User Ae lower Morass wiatets oS LOL Ae ae way Ae TAS eras eS ERC UE et Cm S Lame a eee eh 48
LPR DOS. Gas 2 eG EI Se i POE en TO ORE Ng Ce eet rE ae tay MEE ne tat 147
SU OMG ie eee rcteet. ts aaa, tenn bane pals ie ett tote eee Oct Ca aee tebe ese 116
ONp PG LUCY, MORIC Ones ates eapetoats arate mastatsias ANate Anta Se elses aie gcin set elm ates 345
TATTLE! Bint Gsieks Sac an SAR RrS n> DOC EEE DODO SE Se oct et SOBRE Ot Ler SOS EICL SE CeiIse - 108
MBLC AT Cee ELAN CLOCOM oto alan nal oalnte whet Shard cts th NON In Sd aay ay eden ore raver Ae are Oe 24
late mele reas cete ose ce avd narncet smelt saan a Heels oahu tn stoah nels Aare Elo hiss Cees 78
408 INDEX.
Page
Ponce! de: Lieon; IN@StOr = =~. eras sot aie oe oo ee einai otal eee aaa ee eee 218
docaments, Concermmine 9--2- - = =e) | ese oe 67
Pope Alexander:Vil.sbulll of 22 eee Oe eee ie ee eee 52
Aint implements ~ 2222 sO Re Satie nian ote ise erste ae Sasce ere 52
hammerstones ss. ce aeaess se aes eee ee Peon abies Sacer as reso oe ate 53
fMAaTHC eros ys oko Fei 8 See es epee raceme sie eee esis ole aoa teeter oie eee Serene 52
perforated: stones tetas. seas -e ose eee ee eee a eee ee eeee 54
MOU ose GSEs saonso ebae saan H506 coco cob dno Good sooo mSen acta osecsec 55
FROMM RAs Setoooss to see eee eee SOO see ee eer eee eee. 365
AHH EC pn P Tt) Neo) he SSeS ssn eks Aooaoo Ssoc congue shaces Wessosescrecs 55
United States: S55 sce see o ce see elaisys ate le eye aye Caco cee Ie re ore eee ree 10
exhibit Of noes. See Se ae eect ire chet etn ee ras ee ae 75
Army Medical Museum) exhibiblote sasseeeeeee eee eee eeeae 193
Bureau of Engraving and Printing, exhibit of -...--..-.---.-.- 212
mint, exhibitiofwnc= -W.eeace- oe oe eee ee are eee 211
SIN (ea: Ora ea Tl sen ns ee 75
Post-Office Department, exhibitiot 2-55 oss-eeee eee oa ae 213
Vailencia;;\Conde: desist seo. ee Aa eta eee eee ene ener ays bee eee 332
Veracua. DulcerOfess sco o see aaa Halts ne Wo esata teas ee eames 217
Vestments; ichurch2. 28 ost cas Jo ead gale cetetnalels = re aeeee re eee ore adn
Vienna, Imperial Mmsemm ots satay econ ope ioetare terre) etcten e arate ates are eter te tere eee eee 330
Vienaud; Henrys olsen ct teat ve oak ose nw ates tesla oie ate Seance eae eae ee 218
Wiking ship. secee spas sas eee ae ren eee Caen ae 74
Von. Tschudi. cede este halted sees oe Se cite eee nea nee ees eer enters 56
Waariclubs:... ose oecgietis sects sere oe wid we crete oon enue tate ete eee 145
INDEX. 411
Page
MPRpUMTEG IST a tyre see met ateiels cpeine acinar ta civ aoe iavewis w a's; Wine Biele greleais's' aie erie ecnlale 259
Wiealv erst pl em entsearatvc tances ssice ain cilomincie nt sere eimai cslekie en ndsleer 154
\WWG UIE os Sate cacaos cbc 6 tae HOSS So rE OAC eT E SIE sec See ee eee ele 158
Wiebane) Jamesi© ., COMIEMSSIONDL sacet tc fe.) oie otal e's Pe Solas mene ee es seal 8
AW: IS tes patente 2 ee ee ee ese ee ee Nr gv cates fe eieetee Sage (se LS 166, 170
IW beh ONS. VEVOMIBOMc ie Mes ere ekee oe ieee are Ste ss haya te en een ar cea 2 So Po SF oe 218
VET OR WAIN TOO eyes tone gees. geet ne ce eA ce wnat ates nei mae aaete aS 185
ATES pos V9 Boo wae hc eae MS lives soa ee SE i ara eee raat eS Nett I sac) SR Se es 8
\WWiGiLe Cniiss TRISUPS IES Opes apis See Sead Se een as yhansbe dasopssonagP once eel Og
NV nitine aboriginal. 2220) oe aes ato oho aol a) ees Sm aia Un mi Sclra wom ia\e S)-ihar—a rein ~[e = a= 168
VEG STN CAE a 19 0 eRe ee ges ee ge SS gor SU a LS Se Sis SMR As eS 229
ZOOM Ie a COS N Eh ailaeoan bascese Baader ooeG ouaDogs en neon tcod cooScencse 52
PAV AE AO A MADE OG) etc ate wes oie Seco lola Ps, oi «ata chase wet cues atte tim le ae ley lessle’='a/s)m)~\= "5 We 67
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