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WITH SPECIAL PAPERS.

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MESSAGE

FROM THE

PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES,

TRANSMITTING

The report, with accompanying papers, of the Commission of the United
States for the Columbian Historical Exposition at Madrid in 1892
and 1893.

DECEMBER 11, 1894.—Referred to the Committee on Foreign Affairs and ordered
to be printed.

To the CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES:

1 transmit herewith a communication from the Secretary of State,
inclosing the report, with accompanying papers, of the Commission of
the United States for the Columbian Historical Exposition in Madrid
in 1892 and 1893, constituted in virtue of the act of Congress approved
May 13, 1892.

GROVER CLEVELAND.

EXECUTIVE MANSION,

Washington, December 10, 1894.

To the PRESIDENT:

I submit herewith, with a view to its transmission to Congress, a
communication from Prof. G. Brown Goode, inclosing the report, with
accompanying papers, of the Commission of the United States for the
Columbian Historical Exposition, heldin Madrid in 1892 and 1893, con-
stituted in virtue of the act of Congress approved May 13, 1892.

Respectfully submitted.
EDWIN F. UHL,

Acting Secretary.
DEPARTMENT OF STATE,
Washington, December 7, 1894.

4 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

COMMISSION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
For THE COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION IN MADRID,
Washington, December 5, 1894.

Srr: I have the honor to submit the report of the Commission of the
United States of America for the Columbian Historical Exposition in
Madrid during the months of November and December, 1892, and
January, 1893.

The.time which has elapsed since the conclusion of the Exposition
has been necessarily occupied in the completion of the special reports.
This work has not been so rapidly forwarded as it would have been
had not the time of most of the persons engaged upon these reports
been absorbed for a considerable period by duties in connection with
the World’s Columbian Exposition in Chicago.

Very respectfully,
G. BROWN GOODE,
Acting Commissioner- General.
The SECRETARY OF STATE.

CONTENTS.

Page.
History of the participation of the United States in the Columbian Historical
Exposition at Madrid, by the Commissioner General, Rear-Admiral

Stepnen-b-suiuce, Unibed, States Navy 222-02) fa-ceeko. o.aae eco sse ee 7-17
Report upon the Collections Exhibited at the Columbian Historical Exposition,
i byaCommigsionen Dr, DanieltG. Brinton s. 12) 522 eeee es eae eee 18-89
Catalogue and description of objects exhibited ...-...............---2------ 91-142

Catalogue of the Display from the Department of Prehistoric Anthro-
pology, United States National Museum, by Thomas Wilson, Curator. 93

Catalogue of the Ethnological Collection of the United States National
Museum and the Smithsonian Institution, by Walter Hough, Assistant

Curator of the Department of Ethnology...-..............-..---.- 143-191
Exhibit of the United States Indian Industrial School, for the education

Ofgaduihbeladtans,\\ Cat Sle ab ayes mse yale ot ee eee epee ue Loe 192
Model of the U. 8. ship of war Columbia, exhibited by the United States

ile R yd Deh 05 000K) 6) Nia = eee a PE ee nn are, UPA, ae Mee 192
Exhibit of the United States Army Medical Museum.............---.---- 193

Archeological Objects Exhibited by the Department of Archxology and
Paleontology of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa. 195-203
Collection of primitive Indian skulls, exhibited by the Academy of Natural

Scioncestofsehiladel pha: esses 8 os asia ern oat ee eee ee tO 205-207
Publications of the Numismatic and Antiquarian Society of Philadelphia. 209-210
ixhrbitioiinecUniteds States. Minter. .: s. 2.825 2225 2. sho ss ee cook oe ee 211
Exhibit of the United States Bureau of Engraving and Printing.--..--.- 212
iE xii bib Gtetheweost-Ofice; Department... nes 2-242 eee ese eeeee eee eee 2138

Report of William E. Curtis, Assistant to the Commissioner General, in charge
of the Historical Section, Exhibit of the United States at the Colum-

bian Historical Exposition, Madrid, Spain, 1892 ................... 215-274
Catalogue of the Collection of Pictures Representing Various Places Iden-
tified with the Life of Columbus, exhibited by the Latin-American

Department of the Columbian Universal Exposition, at Chicago.... 275-278
Catalogue of the Hemenway Collection in the Columbian Historical Exposi-
tion at Madrid, by Dr. J. Walter Fewkes .................--.- - 279-327

Ancient Mexican Feather Work in the Columbian Historical eenastiann at
Madrid, by Zelia Nuttall, Delegate of the Peabody Museum of Amer-

ican eeiealiey. and Ethnology, Cambridge, Mass....-..-.-.-----.. 329-337
Ancient Central and South American Pottery, in the Columbian Histor ical
Exposition at Madrid, in 1892, by Dr. Walter Hough...--.........- 339-365

Chipped Stone Implements, in the Columbian Historical Exposition at Madrid,
Pa annary edo. Ye. Cs, Mencer 52. sasesewsss 5. seee en tacseece 367-397

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HISTORY OF THE PARTICIPATION OF THE UNITED
STATES IN THE COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL
EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

By the Commissioner General, Rear-Admiral STEPHEN B. LUCE, United States Navy.

WASHINGTON, D. C., May 2, 1893.

Str: The Columbian Historical Exposition at Madrid having closed,
and the Commissioners having completed the duty assigned to them,
the Commissioner General begs leave to submit the following report:

By virtue of an act of Congress approved May 13, 1892, the President
appointed a Commission to represent the United States at the Commem-
orative Celebration, in Spain, of the Fourth Centenary of the Discovery
of America. The text of the act runs as follows:

Be it enacted, etc., That for the expense of representation of the United States at
the Columbian Historical Exposition to be held in Madrid in eighteen hundred and
ninety-two in commemoration of the four hundredth anniversary of the discovery
of America, fifteen thousand dollars, or so much thereof as may be necessary, to be
expended under the direction and in the discretion of the Secretary of State; and
the President is hereby authorized to appoint a Commissioner General and two assis-
tant Commissioners, who may, in his discretion, be selected from the active or retired
list of the Army or Navy, and shall serve without other compensation than that to
which they are now entitled by law, to represent the United States at said Exposi-
tion; that it shall be the duty of such Commissioners to select from the archives of
the United States, from the National Museum, and from the various Executive
Departments of the Government such pictures, books, papers, documents, and other
articles as may relate to the discovery and early settlement of America and the
aboriginal inhabitants thereof; and they shall be authorized to secure the loan of
similar articles from other museums and private collections, and arrange, classify,
and install them as the exhibit of the United States at the said exposition; that the
President is authorized to cause the detail of officers from the active or retired list
of the Army and Navy, to serve without compensation other than that to which they
are now entitled by law, as assistants to said Commissioners; and the said Commis-
sioners shall be authorized to employ such clerical and other assistance as may be
necessary, subject to the approval of the Secretary of State.

This act was supplemented by the act approved August 5, 1892,
which appropriated the additional sum of $10,000 for the expenses of
the Commission.

Under the provisions of the former act the following members were
appointed: S. B. Luce, rear-admiral, United States Navy (retired),

7

8 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

Commissioner General; James C. Welling, LL. D., president of Colum-
bian University, and George Brown Goode, LL. D., assistant secretary
of the Smithsonian Institution, Commissioners; Lieut. John C. Colwell,
United States Navy, special disbursing officer; Mr. William E. Curtis,
and Prof. Thomas Wilson, assistants; Mr. Stewart Culin. secretary,
and Mr. Walter Hough, assistant.

Dr. Welling was, unfortunately, obliged to resign at a very early
period, by which the Commission was deprived of all the advantages
of his ripe scholarship and sound judgment; and Dr. Goode, soon
after reaching Madrid, tound himself compelled, through physical
disability, to return to the United States. The loss thus sustained
by the Commission of two gentlemen so eminent in their respective
domains, was severely felt, the more so from the fact that, for the
time being, it was irreparable. Later on, Prof. Thomas Wilson, by
reason of family affliction, returned to the United States, which reduced
the actual working force to but two members, Messrs. Culin and
Hough. Fortunately, there was at this juncture an important acces-
sion to the party in the person of Dr. Daniel G. Brinton, whose wide
reputation and high standing in the world of science renders any spe-
cial notice here unnecessary. Dr. Brinton was commissioned by the
President as successor to Dr. Welling. Lieut. J. C. Colwell, United
States Navy, was detached February 2, 1893.

The Spanish Government, in pursuance of a royal decree under date
of January 9, 1891, provided for a series of international celebrations,
prominent among which were the two joint historical expositions held
in Madrid—one the Exposicion Historico-Americana, the other the Ex-
posicién Historico-Europea. This report deals with the former only.

The Historic American Exposition was intended to illustrate the
state of civilization of the New World in the precolumbian, Columbian,
and postcolumbian periods; while in the Historic European Exposition
was exhibited the evidences of the civilization of Europe, or, more par-
ticularly, that of the Iberian Peninsula, at the time when the New
World was discovered and colonized. It was expected that, by the aid
of these exhibitions, students and visitors generally would be enabled
to understand the state of artistic and industrial civilization in Europe
and in America during this important epoch, and to realize the influence
which the one may have exercised upon the other.

The period which the distinguished scholars in charge of the His-
toric European Exposition desired especially to illustrate was that
during which American history was most closely identified with that
of Europe. This, it was assumed, extends from 1492, when the Spanish
caravels first reached the Antilles, to 1620, when the Mayflower, set-
ting forth from a Dutch seaport, brought the English HEE to what
is now known as New England.

‘The Columbian Epoch,” extending from the end of the fifteenth
century through the first third of the seventeenth, includes most of

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 9

the principal initial efforts for the exploration and colonization of the
new continent by Europeans. By bringing together, in a retrospective
exhibition, what remains to illustrate the arts and industries of Europe
at this time, it was the aim of the Spanish authorities, to quote their
own language, “to teach the people of to-day what were the elements
of civilization with which, on the side of the arts, Europe was then
equipped for the task of educating a daughter, courageous and
untamed, but vigorous and beautiful, who had risen from the bosom of
the seas, and who, in the course of a very few centuries, was to be
transformed from a daughter into a sister—a sister proud in aspira-
tion and in power.”

This great anc laudable design, it may be briefly stated here, was
well carried out, and the success of the enterprise fully justified the
hopes of the projectors.

The exhibits of the Historic American Exposition were divided into
three great series. The first included American prehistoric remains,
the earliest indications of the existence of man in caves, neolithic
monuments, lacustrine dwellings, and the arms and utensils of this
primitive age. The second illustrated the characteristics of the Amer-
ican aborigines just prior to the discovery. The third represented
the period of discovery, of conquest, and of European influence up
to the middle of the seventeenth century.

There were other ‘‘functions” in connection with the Columbian
anniversary, such as the meeting of the Congress of Americanists,
which was held at Huelva in commemoration of the four hundredth
anniversary of the departure of the caravels of Columbus from the
port of Palos; and, on the 11th of October, there was unveiled near
the ancient monastery of La Rabida, in the presence of the Queen
and her court, and a vast assemblage, a monument erected to com-
memorate the discovery of America; while congresses representing
various scientific and mercantile interests were held at various times
and places.

The management of the commemorative celebration was, according
to the decree already referred to, entrusted to a royal commission, the
President of which was the Prime Minister of Spain, His Excellency
Don Antonio Canovas del Castillo. Subcommissions were organized
in each of the Spanish-American Republics, and special commissions
were appointed by the governors of the Spanish provinces and the
governor-general of the Antilles and the Philippine Islands.

By the terms of the royal decree the Exposition was to have been
opened on the 12th of September, 1892, and closed on the 31st of
December following. But, from one cause and another, the rooms were
not thrown open to the public until the 30th of October.

On the 11th of November the Exposition was formally inaugurated
by Her Majesty the Queen Regent, Maria Christina of Spain, assisted
by their Majesties the King and Queen of Portugal.

10 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

The Historic American portion was closed on the 31st of January.

The following countries, named in alphabetical order, furnished ex-
hibits: Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia, Costa Rica, Denmark, Ecuador,
Germany, Guatemala, Mexico, Nicaragua, Norway, Peru, Portugal,
Spain and her colonies, Sweden, United States, and Uruguay. The
totalnumber of objects presented reached nearly two hundred thousand.

The Exposition was held in the new and handsome building known
as ‘El Palacio de la Biblioteca y Museos Nacionales,” its imposing
facade looking upon El Paseo de Recoletos. The eastern entrance, the
one which, for its greater convenience, was habitually used by the
United States Commissioners, is on the Calle de Serrano. Entering
from thence the vestibule, the rooms assigned to the United States
exhibit were on the left, as will be seen by reference to the accompany-
ing plan. There were six rooms in all, the largest being 37.60 meters
long by 14.30 meters wide and proportionately high. The total area of
the allotted space was 14,500 square feet. The first room of the series
was: intended as a reception room (PI. 1). It was hung with tapes-
tries, kindly supplied for the occasion from the royal palace; furnished
with figures and pictures from the United States National Museum
illustrative of Indian life; and was tastefully draped with the national
colors of Spain and Portugal, Italy, Austria, and the United States.
Passing through this the visitor came at once into the principal room
occupied by the exhibit of the National Museum. Immediately on the
right were the two rooms designated in the catalogue as the “ Icono-
grafia Colombina,” consisting of a fine collection, made through energy
and enterprise of Mr. William E. Curtis, chief of the Bureau of Latin-
American Republics, of every available portrait of Columbus and pic-
tures relating to his lifeand voyages. Originals were procured wherever
possible, and, in default of such, well executed reproductions. These
rooms were artistically decorated, and, from the rarity and unity of the
collection, attracted no little attention.

Returning to the main salon, indicated on the plan as No. 2, the
eye was at once arrested by the fine proportions of the room as well
as by the variety and extent of the exhibit. (Pls. II and III.)

The excellence of the general arrangement was due to the large
experience and practical, as well as theoretical, knowledge of Dr.
George Brown Goode. The system of installation observed in the
National Museum, Washington, was adopted throughout, and proved
very effective. The principal object of interest found here was the
fine ethnological collection from the United States National Museum,
illustrative of the life of the American aborigines, and largely explan-
atory of the prehistoric objects. It consisted of manikins and photo-
graphs of the Indians, pictures of scenery, models of houses, weapons
and equipments of war and the chase, such as bows, arrows, quivers,
armor, daggers, clubs, spears, fishing lines, hooks, ete. There were
also objects connected with the preparation and serving of food and

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COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 11

drink, cradles, and household furniture. Canoes, snowshoes, sledges,
ete., showed the means of transportation.

The aborigmal arts claimed a large share of attention. Weaving
was illustrated by looms and spinning apparatus and finished textiles,
and the methods of operation were explained by diagrams and photo-
graphs. Baskets in process of manufacture, and similar articles of
industry, leading up to the finely ornamented hats and wallets, made
a good display.

The tools and apparatus connected with the arts of the tanner, pot-
ter, miller, shoemaker, basket maker, arrow maker, carver, jeweler, ete.
and, in many cases, the finished products were shown after the most
approved museum methods.

There was a series of pipes finely carved from stone and bone, and a
number of snuff mortars, snuff tubs, ete., connected with the use of
narcotics, filling one case.

Higher up in the scale of 1deas were the pictured blankets, engraved
bones, and scratched sheets of birch bark, showing the stage of writ-
ing or the system of recording events common among the American
aborigines.

Primitive money and means of exchange were shown by shell money,
bits of copper, pelts of birds, etc., forming the native medium of cir-
culation. ~

There were many musical instruments, consisting of rattles, flutes,
whistles, reed instruments, and drums, from various tribes. Quite a
large number of objects of clothing and of personal adornment, the
products of many diverse trades, revealed the aesthetic side of the
Indian character.

Religion and superstition and closely-connected ceremonies were
explained by many different fetiches, charms, amulets, masks, figures,
picture of the rain-making ceremony, dances, ete.

One case of “ mound-builder” pottery, from the area east of the Mis-
SiSsippi, Was very interesting from the representation of human and
animal forms and the style of decoration. Two jars in form of human
heads, among the most remarkable specimens ever taken from the
mounds, attracted much attention. Another case of ancient and mod-
ern Pueblo pottery gave a good idea of the forms and decoration of
this class of ware.

Four cases of stone implements, rejected in process of manufacture,
taken from seven ancient quarries in the United States, claimed a great
deal of attention and provoked no little discussion among the visitors.
They were collected and arranged by Mr. W. H. Holmes for the Bureau
of Ethnology, and were well illustrated by photographs, plans of sec-
tions of the quarries, and monographs on the subject.

The Bureau of Ethnology also exhibited their great map showing the
distribution of the Indian linguistic stocks, upon which Major Powell
and his assistants have been working assiduously for a number of

12 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

years. This Bureau exhibited a large number of photographic trans-
parencies of scenery, Indian villages, their inhabitants, ete., which
adorned the windows of the halls and were greatly admired.

Another group of objects well deserving of mention seemed to give
evidence of the existence of man in the paleolithic or chipped-stone
period, such as petrified human vertebrie found in the quaternary strata
of Florida. A section of a prehistoric rock ‘“ shelter” in Pennsylvania
revealed the remains of the two cultures, neolithic and paleolithic.

There was also a very fine collection of jade implements.

The Carlisle Indian School sent photographs of pupils on matricula-
tion and on completing their course; specimens of art and industrial
work, ete., of the Indian scholars. This exhibit proved of general
interest. ;

The Geological Survey sent maps, pictures, and relief models of the
United States and various portions of the country, which, in connection
with the prepared animals from the National Museum, were intended to
give a just conception of the environment of the aborigines.

A nearly complete library of the writings of authors upon the Amer-
ican Indians, maps and historical works relating to the discovery,
formed an important feature of the United States exhibit, which was
again and again remarked by visitors to be a comprehensive presenta-
tion of the precolumbian, Columbian, and postcolumbian civilization of
our country.

The different bureaus of the United States Government sent maps,
charts, publications, and statistical works.

Several historical and patriotic societies were represented.

A large number of private exhibitors also added their portion toward
the perfecting of this very creditable display. A full list of all exhib-
itors in the United States exhibit will be found appended.

Room No. 5, situated in the southeast angle of the building (see
plan), was devoted to the exhibits from the department of archeology
and paleontology of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.
Here were to be found cases containing arms and implements, mostly
of flint stone, such as hatchets, arrowheads, the points of lances, and
similar objects found at various points on the shores of the Delaware
River. There were also stone pipes, shells beautifully wrought, etc.,
found in mounds in the State of Ohio. A collection of forty-four crania,
sent by the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, represented
thirty-five extinct tribes. It forms part of the remarkable collection
made by Dr. 8. G. Morton, of Philadelphia, of human crania; and which
was used by that gentleman in the composition of his great work enti-
tled Crania Americana.

In this room was to be found a very valuable collection of medals
and coms exhibited by the United States National Museum, and a
similar collection contributed by the Numismatic and Antiquarian
Society of Philadelphia; paper money of the British Colonies in North

o
COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 13

America, from 1756 to 1776; Treasury notes, paper money, and United
States bonds, from the United States Bureau of Printing and Engray-
ing, and a complete set of postage stamps and stamped envelopes,
kindly furnished by the Postmaster-General.

Of all the contributions by private individuals, that of Mrs. Mary
Hemenway, of Boston, was the most considerable.

The Hemenway expedition owes its existence and support solely to
Mrs. Hemenway, whose interest in the Celebration of the Fourth Cen-
tenary of the Discovery of America impelled her to send a specialist,
Dr. J. Walter Fewkes, to convey to Madrid some of the most valuable
objects in her collections. Dr. Fewkes remained with the Hemenway
exhibit during the entire period of the Historic American Exposition,
was recognized as a member of the United States Commission, and
took part in the deliberations of the delegates when called together by
the delegate-general.

The Hemenway exhibit was designed to illustrate the precolumbian
and contemporaneous life of a single tribe of North American Indians.
For this purpose an Arizona village tribe, called the Mokis, was chosen.
The exhibit contained about 3,000 objects, besides many books and
photographs, all of which relate to the Tusayan Indians. In order to
develop the plan of a monographic exhibit, this collection may be
divided into two parts: the one embracing objects referring to archeo-
logical, the other to ethnological sides of life. These were so arranged
as to demonstrate that these two aspects are very similar, and that
the ancient and modern life of the Mokis is practically identical. The
object of this method of installation was, in other words, to show that
these Indians are in very much the same condition to-day that they
were at the time of the discovery of Arizona.

The exhibit of ancient pottery, in which was included some of the
most instructive specimens from the Keam collection, represented in
series the different kinds of ceramics, passing by gradations from the
rough and coiled ware into the black, the black and white, variegated
polychrome, orange and red. The decorated jars and food basins,
some of the finest texture, showed the types of symbolism for which
these Indians had a widespread reputation. The collection of stone
implements and fetiches contained in a single case represented grind-
ing stones, mortars, stone shovels, ornaments, pipes, fetiches, and simi-
lar objects. A special case was devoted to the various stone hammers,
mauls, and similar objects found in ancient Tusayan ruins. A large
exhibit of modern pottery from the present pueblos was placed in jux-
taposition to the finer and more artistic ware to show the resemblance.

The Hemenway exhibit also contained anumber of ethnological objects.
The large collection of dolls, with various symbolisms, naturally attracted
attention, being a novelty in European museums. The ceremonial
objects—dress, paraphernalia, masks, and decorated head tablets,
offerings to gods, photographs of shrmes, and a few Tusayan musical

14 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

instruments—gave an idea of this side of the subject. Phonographic
cylinders, on which music of the pueblos had been recorded and sacred
songs written on the European scale, were shown, and the publications
of the Hemenway expedition and important collection of copies of
ancient papers bearing on the documentary history of Arizona and
New Mexico filled one case in the room.

The Hemenway expedition exhibited, for the first time in a museum
or exposition, sacred pictures made of sand, called dry painting. An
Indian charm altar with medicine bowl and corn, corresponding to the
six cardinal points, were likewise shown and justly attracted attention.

Photographs of sacred dances and ceremonials, reaching over a hun-
dred in number, were also exhibited. The collection of ornamented
tiles and small mortuary objects filled two large cases. The ancient
ladles, with handles ornamented with symbolic decorations, were among
the most curious in the collection. The mural adornments of the rooms,
also exhibited by the expedition, were objects made by the Tusayan
villagers. Baskets or plaques, made of twigs and arranged in the form
of stars and arches over the windows, occupied a prominent place on
the walls. Many large Navajo blankets were exhibited. The symbolic
figures on the walls were copied from decorated objects made by the
Indians and represented various gods of their mythology. All objects
exhibited were provided with printed labels, and a special catalogue
was prepared for visitors.

The Peabody Museum exhibited, in the room of the Hemenway
expedition, a single case of books and pamphlets, all their own publi-
cations, on American ethnology and archeology; and two upright
screens hung with photographs of excavations made in various scien-
tific studies. The collection of photographs from the ruins of Labnah
and Copan, made by members of the Peabody Museum, Honduras
expedition, was especially worthy of mention.

This brief enumeration of a few of the objects exhibited is designed
merely to indicate the general character of the several installations.
The catalogue printed by the Commission, and which forms part of
this report, will be found to contain full particulars. There were alto-
gether some eighty exhibitors, as will be seen by the list hereunto
annexed.

Articles 60 to 67, inclusive, of General Regulations for the Historic
American Exposition of Madrid provided for an international jury,
which jury was, according to certain rules, divided into subjuries. Each
subjury was required to “ examine and grade the objects belonging to
the class assigned to it; and subsequently to deliver to the president
of the jury a report regarding the merits of the objects, and of the
collective importance or scientific or artistic interest, together with a
detailed statement of the various gradings.”

Article 66 runs as follows: “The awards will consist of diplomas
bearing the following characters: Grand Premium of Honor; Gold

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 15

Medal; Silver Medal; Honorable Mention. The diplomas will be
accompanied by a medal commemorative of the Exposition, which will
be the same for each premium.”

Under the provisions of these articles there were seventy-seven
awards to the United States, the grand premium of honor naturally
going to the United States Government.

A full list of the awards is hereunto annexed.

Article 7, of the royal decree, designated the monastery of Santa
Maria de la Rabida, at Huelva, near Palos de Moguer, as the place of
the meeting of the Congress of Americanists; and by Article 17, of
the same instrument, the celebrations (las fiestas) were to begin at
Huelva on the 3d of August and be continued from time to time until
November 3. One of the most interesting, and the spectacle most
worthy to be remembered, of all these fiestas was the ceremony attend-
ing the unveiling of the monument which had been erected near La
Rabida to commemorate the Fourth Centenary of the Discovery of
America. This ceremony took place on the 11th of October. All the
delegates in chief, with but few exceptions, attended these varicus
fiestas, by invitation of the Spanish Government. One of the excep-
tions was that of the delegate-in-chief of the United States. The
reason of this exception was obvious. The majority of the delegates-
in-chief held diplomatic relations with the Spanish Government, either
as ministers plenipotentiary or as chargés d’ affaires. It was in their
diplomatic character that they were expected to take part, and did take
partin the various festivities. The delegate-in-chief of the United States
having no diplomatic character was not expected to take part, and did
not take part—no official part at least—in several of the most interesting
ceremonies. Thus it happened that on certain occasions he was placed,
in respect to his colleagues of the Exposition, in a situation the reverse
of enviable. In any future representation which this Government may
send to a country where the rules of etiquette are inflexible, 1t would
be well to insure that the United States delegates are placed upon a
footing of official equality with those of other countries.

It only remains to tender the cordial acknowledgments ot the Com-
mission to each and every expositor, both public and private, who, by
their aid and sympathy, contributed to the success of the United States
exhibit at the Columbian Historical Exposition in Madrid.

Very respectfully submitted,
S. B. LUCE,
Rear-Admiral, U. S. Navy (Retired), Commissioner-General.
Hon. W. Q. GRESHAM,
Secrevary of State, Washington, D. C.

16

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

LIST OF EXHIBITORS OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.

United States National Museum, Wash-
ington, D.C.

Smithsonian Institution,
1D), (Ge

United States Mint.

Society of the Sons of the American Rev-
olution.

Plymouth Pilgrims Society, Massachu-
setts.

United States Navy Department.

Bureau of Ethnology of the United
States.

Department of Public Instruction of the
United States.

Census Office of the United States.

United States Coast and Geodetic Survey.

Army Medical Museum, Washington,
1D. C.

United States Fish Commission.

United States Geological Survey.

United States Meteorological Survey.

United States Post-Office Department.

Department of Agriculture.

Forestry Division, Department of Agri-
culture.

Mrs. Hazen, widow of General Hazen.

Dr. G. Brown Goode.

S. Brownlow Gray, Bermuda.

School for Indian adults (industrial),
Carlisle, Pa.

F. 8. Perkins.

Byron E. Dodge, Michigan.

C. M. Crounse, New York.

Dr. Hilborn T. Cresson.

Dr. John E: Younglove.

Prof. Thomas Wilson.

Mrs. Mary Hemenway, Boston, Mass.

Historical American Association, Wash-
ington.

American Folk-Lore Society.

Anthropological Society, Washington.

Virginia Historical Society, Richmond.

Department of Archeology and Palzon-
tology of the University of Pennsy1-
vanla.

Numismatic and Antiquarian Society of
Philadelphia.

Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadel-
phia.

Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cam-
bridge.

Peabody Museum of Archeology and
Ethnology, Cambridge, Mass.

Washington,

Mrs. Zelia Nuttall.

Dr. T. H. Bean, Washington.

Walter C. Clephane, Washington.

Col. Gates J. Thruston, Nashville, Tenn.

Stewart Culin, Philadelphia.

Rey. Stephen G. Peet, Avon, Il.

Dr. James C. Welling, Washington, D.C.

John G. Bourke, captain Seventh Regi-
ment, U.S. A.

Dr. Henry Carrington Bolton, New York.

Dr. C. Hart Merriam, Washington, D.C.

J.C. Pilling, Geological Survey.

Prof. Otis T. Mason, United States Na-
tional Museum.

Walter Hough, United States National
Museum.

W. H. Holmes, Bureau of Ethnology.

James Terry.

Dr. Joseph Jones, New Orleans, La.

Rev. J. Owen Dorsey, Bureau of Eth-
nology.

Dr. Cyrus Thomas, Bureau of Ethnology.

Prot. Edward 8. Morse, Sulem, Mass.

James Mooney, Bureau of Ethnology.

H. W. Henshaw, Bureau of Ethnology.

Col. F. A. Seely, Patent Office of the
United States.

Mrs. M. E. Stevenson, Bureau of Ethnol-
ogy.

James Stevenson.

Lieut. A. P. Niblack, U. S. N.

Warren K. Moorehead, Xenia, Ohio.

Joseph Sabin, New York.

Houghton, Mifflin & Co., New York.

Harper Brothers, New York.

Charles B. Reynolds, New York.

Col. H. M. Flagler, U. 8S. Army.

Alexander Brown, Norwood, Virginia.

William E. Curtis, chief of Latin-Amer-
ican Department, World’s Columbian
Exposition, Chicago, Ill.

Dr. Franz Boas, Worcester, Mass.

Eben Norton Horseford.

Frederick Starr.

Ellen Russel] Emerson.

H. C. Mercer.

Dr. R. H. Lamborn.

Dr. Cyrus Adler.

Dr. W. J. Hoffman.

H. H. Bancroft.

Edwin E. Howell.

Charles Scribner’s Sons, publishers, New
York.

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. iby
LIST OF MEDALS (DIPLOMAS) AWARDED TO THE UNITED STATES
EXHIBITORS.
Grand Diploma of Honor to the Government of the United States.

GOLD MEDAL, DIPLOMA.

United States National Museum. Dr. George Brown Goode.
Smithsonian Institution. Mr. William E. Curtis.
Bureau of Ethnology of the United States, Dr. J. Walter Fewkes.
Washington, D. C. Geological Survey of the United States.
Mrs. Mary Hemenway, of Boston, Mass. United States Mint.
Department of Archeology and Paleon- Industrial school for adult Indians, Car-
tology of the University of Pennsyl- lisle, Pa.
vania. ; Rear-Admiral 8S. B. Luce.

SILVER MEDAL, DIPLOMA.

United States Navy Department. Mr. Stewart Culin.

Military Medical Musevm. Prof. Otis T. Mason.

Prof. Thomas Wilson. Mr. Walter Hough.

Numismatic and Antiquarian Society, Mr. W. H. Holmes.
Philadelphia, Pa. Mr. H. C. Mercer.

Department of Public Instruction of the Mr. James W. Ellsworth.
United States. United States Fish Commission.

Academy of Natural Sciences, Phila- United States Census Office.
delphia, Pa. — Mrs. M. E. Stevenson.

Peabody Museum of Archeology. Mrs. M. M. Hazen.

Mrs. Zelia Nuttall.
BRONZE MEDAL, DIPLOMA.

Society of the Sons of the American Dr. Cyrus Adler.

Revolution. Department of Agriculture.
Postal Department of the United States. Forestry Division of the Department of
Meteorological Survey of the United Agriculture.
States. Dr. John E. Younglove.
Coast and Geodetic Survey of the United py w. J. Hoffman.
States. H. H. Bancroft.
Warren K. Moorehead. Edwin E. Howell.

Dr. James C. Welling.
HONORABLE MENTION.

Mr. Brownlow Gray. James Mooney.

Pilgrim Society (Plymouth). H. W. Henshaw.

F. S. Perkins. Col. F. A. Seely.

Byron 8. Dodge. James Stevenson.

C. N. Crounse. Dr. C. Hart Merriam.

Dr. Hilborn T. Cresson. Lieut. A. P. Niblack, U. S. N.
Dr. T. H. Bean. Joseph Sabin.

Walter C. Clephane. Houghton, Mifflin & Co.
Col. Gates F. Thruston. Charles Scribner’s Sons.
Rey. Stephen G. Peet. Charles B. Reynolds.

Capt. John G. Bourke. Col. H. M. Flagler, U.S. A.
Dr. Henry Carrington Bolton. Alexander Brown.

J. C. Pilling. Dr. Franz Boas.

James Terry. Eben Norton Horsford.

Dr. Joseph Jones. Dr. Frederick Starr.

Rey. J. Owen Dorsey. Ellen Russel Emerson.

Dr. Cyrus Thomas. Dr. R. H. Lamborn.

Prof. Edward 8. Morse, Harper Brothers.

(Total, 80.)
H. Ex. 100——-2

Ree Onl

UPON THE

COLLECTIONS EXHIBITED AT THE COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION,

BY

DANIEL G. BRINTON, M. D., LL. D., D. SC,

COMMISSIONER OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.

(ire
=

CONTENTS:

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Whe Depanimien brotiGmatemalajesc =. crocs cles estes somicce eae setoseeuee

The Department of Nicaragua
The Department of the Island of Cuba

The Department of the Dominican Republic
The Department of the Republic of Colombia

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The Department of the Argentine Repapiiue

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REPORT UPON THE COLLECTIONS EXHIBITED AT THE
COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXHIBITION AT MADRID.

INTRODUCTORY.

The Exposicion Historico-Americana at Madrid was planned by the
Government of that country to display the character of the civilization
of Europe in the centuries immediately succeeding the discovery of
America; and also to represent the condition of culture which was
found on the continent of America by the first explorers.

The first of these was exhibited by a large collection of objects from
various countries of Europe, especially from Spain itself, these objects
being of a class which would show the progress of the arts and
sciences in the century following 1492, and in a general manner the
genius of that civilization which was introduced into the New World
in that period. It included many thousand specimens of secular and
ecciesiastical articles drawn from the rich stores of the museums and
public and private collections of Europe.

Leaving for the present this portion of the Exposition, I will describe
more especially that section of it which illustrated the culture of the
native tribes of America at the time they first came in contact with
the European invaders, and from that date until about the year 1750.

This portion of the Exposition was arranged originally on a geo-
graphical plan, the objects forwarded by each government in America
being separately arranged; but in some instances, numerous specimens
from various localities which had come into the possession of some
museum were displayed together. This faet required that the study
of any one culture in the American continent should be conducted by
visiting several departments of the museum. Indeed, a certain number
of objects distinctively American were exhibited on the upper floor,
which was theoretically reserved for European displays exclusively.
This was the case with some of those rare and valuable manuscripts,
the composition of native American seribes, which have been preserved
by accident to our own times.

The arrangement under each country was left entirely in the hands
of the representatives of that country, and consequently there was no
uniform system observed in the display of the objects. Moreover, in
some instances, the collection forwarded by a given country consisted

23

24 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

of several minor collections—the property of different individuals or
different institutions—which were necessarily kept apart. This also
interfered with the systematic display, such as would be desirable for
scientific purposes. It may be noted further that in many instances,
indeed in most, there was no relation expressed between the objects
displayed and the tribes or nations which occupied the localities from
which the objects were derived within the historic period.

It will be a prominent purpose with me in this report to point out
this connection wherever practicable. As to the ethnologists, the most
if not the only value of the study of such works, is to illustrate the eul-
ture and development in art of a given tribe or nation, or, in default of
that, to show that the tribe dwelling in a given locality within historic
times were not the authors of a series of works found within their area,
and that these, therefore, are witnesses to a migration apart from the
history of the country as it is known to us. The absence of such iden-
tification is always to be regretted.

This observation, however, does not reflect in any way on the board
of directors of the Exposition, inasmuch as it was not in their power
to secure information of this kind after the materials had been sent to
the museum. Much of it, moreover, had been collected by persons who
gave little or no attention to close identification of locality, and much
of it also had been transmitted from earlier generations, before arche-
ology had reached the dignity of a science, and its rules were not yet
formulated.

THE MEXICAN DEPARTMENT.

A large portion of the Mexican exhibit related to the researches of
Senor Planearte, derived from his excavations in the State of Michoa-
can. These were made with much care, and the results clearly cata-
logued and displayed. The catalogue, which has been referred to, gives
minute descriptions where the various objects were found, and also
assigns them to their probable original makers.

The most ancient of these relics are attributed by the finder to cer-
tain prehistoric peoples whose names are unknown and of whose work
we have only a few specimens, three of which are shown and described
in the catalogue as belonging to “prehistoric races.”

One of these is a rough stone, Somewhat circular in form, rudely
worked and with an elliptical cavity in the center; the second repre-
sents a human head roughly outlined, the eyes shown by mere cavities
and the nose by a protuberance; these were found together near
Jacona, along with an obsidian lance head, the surface of which indi-
cated marks of extreme age. The human head was of a basaltic lava
with a circumference of a little less than half a meter. The evidence
would not seem to be conclusive that these objects are to be attributed
to a race foreign to that known by history to have inhabited that loeal-
ity, although the fact that no signs of pottery were found along with
them 1s negative evidence of some weight.

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 25

It is well known that the greater part of the area of Michoacan was
inhabited at the time of the conquest by a nation of natives called
Tarascos. They were in a condition of civilization nearly if not quite
equal to that of their neighbors, the Nahuas or Aztees, constructing
temples and houses of stone and brick, and making use of a calendar
in all respects allied to that employed by these.

The study of the antiquities of Michoacan has been profitably con-
ducted of late years by Dr. Nicolas Leon, who has published in refer-
ence to them a number of valuable essays, and has made a collection of
numerous books and objects throwing light upon the culture of the
ancient inhabitants. His labors in this direction are admirably sup-
plemented by the collection of Senor Plancarte exhibited in this Expo-
sition. Among these objects, 1,325 are assigned by their finder as with-
out doubt representing the manufactures of the Tarascos. They
included objects representing domestic utensils, toois used in the arts,
ornaments, and decorations, and others supposed to have reference to
their religion, to their method of carrying on war, and to other pur-
poses consistent with the culture of Mexico.

Among the domestic utensils, there were many of clay, more or less
decorated and painted, and showing a great variety of forms. Some
of these have handles and feet, others are flat like a dish, some have
narrow necks with the edges flattened horizontally, others approxi-
mating closely to the form of a bottle. The clay of which they are
formed is usually carefully worked and burnt. The character of the
decoration is various. In some instances we find a series of Greek pat-
terns varied with lines, circles, and spirals; in others the decoration
has been formed by a series of impressions on the soft material, evi-
dently made by a hollow tube or cone, these impressions being disposed
in symmetrical forms. There does not appear to have been any attempt
at representing objects by hieroglyphics, the figures shown being con-
ventional or geometrical.

Among such domestic objects are a number of corn mills, called
metates, with their grinders or pestles. Some have two or three feet,
and are similar to those found in many other parts of Mexico. The
roller or pestle employed for breaking the corn is usually of a eylindri-
cal shape. They were intended to be used by pressing and crushing,
rather than by grinding.

It is interesting to find among this collection several examples of
very diminutive forms evidently intended to be used as playthings for
children, imitating in their games the labors of the'r elders.

The industries which are represented by the utensils used in the arts
are principally those of the potter, the mat maker, the paper maker, and
the worker on stone and in metals. The smoothers, apparently used in
the potter’s art, were of burnt clay, with rectangular form and a handle
on the upper surface; others of basaltic lava or of diorite or of black
porphyry. The under surface is sometimes smooth, sometimes marked
by longitudinal lines or flutings.

26 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

A number of chisels or celts are shown of stone, generally basalt or
diorite. Similar forms are presented in copper, which may have been
for hatchets or chisels. These appear to have been made by hammer-
ing the copper rather than by casting. Interesting objects in this con-
nection are the needles of copper wire. They are manufactured with
an eye in the head, but this is not obtained by piercing the material
itself, but by drawing out the wire at the head and twisting it back
again upon the body of the needle, leaving a small opening at the
extremity, which thus gives the aperture necessary in which to insert
the thread or string. Probably this form of a needle with an eye is the
only one which could be obtained on the American continent in objects
made from metal. In needles of bone the eye is not unfrequent, as in
Nos. 478 and 479 of this collection.

The use of obsidian to produce flakes with a cutting edge is illus-
trated by the presence of a number of nodules, from which the flakes
have been broken for such purpose. .

A large number of spindle whorls are exhibited from different parts
of the state. Many of these are in the form of a double cone, which is
rather rare throughout Mexico, but extremely common in Michoacan.
Some of the examples are polished, others are without polish; afew are
painted. They are employed by running a piece of wood through the
aperture in their center, and they impart greater facility to the spindle
in the process of obtaining the thread from the material; sometimes their
surfaces are ornamented with various designs impressed on the soft clay
before burning. It should be added that it has been maintained that
many objects of this common form were intended to be strung upon
cords and worn around the neck as ornaments, and were not for the
more practical purpose of aiding the process of spinning.

In the department of ornaments we find in this collection a number
of objects used for suspending in the ear and to the lip, which members
are perforated so as to enable them to support such decorations. The
earrings found are somewhat like a shirt button, and may be made of
bone, metal, or stone of various character, instances of all of which are
presented. The labrets, or lip stones, are somewhat similar in form.
Some of them are of shell, others of metal, or of obsidian. Fragments
of shell of different shapes and sizes, perforated to be strung upon a
cord, are frequent; also angular pieces of copper and a few pieces of
amber, evidently intended for a similar purpose. Some good specimens
are shown of mirrors formed of obsidian highly polished on the surface,
so that the reflection of the countenance could easily be seen. A num-
ber of bells of copper in the usual form found in ancient Mexico are
displayed; also quite a number of beads, someof copper, othersof chlo-
ritic stone and of burnt clay. It is evident that these constituted a
favorite method of decoration of the person among the ancient Taras-
cos. Someof these beads are in the shape of tubes, made from pieces of
shell bored or perforated longitudinally.

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 27

What impresses the observer most in this collection as unusual are
the numerous smoking pipes of clay, many of them elaborately orna-
mented, sometimes painted. Although the use of tobacco was known
among the ancient Mexicans to some extent, it would appear that they
very rarely smoked it in pipes. Such, however, could not have been
the case in Michoacan, for the large number of these pipes and the
skill with which they are made indicate that they were looked upon
as a favorite object with the smoker. Probably nowhere else in
America, south of the Mississippi Valley, do we find so many and
varied forms of the smoking pipe as within the State of Michoacan,
and the number of these presented in this collection is such as to show
conclusively that this was a popular method of consuming that narcotic
plant.

A series of vases from the same locality, intended for decoration or
for holding flowers, is shown. The substance from which they are
made is generally a red or black clay, but a few are of alabaster, basaltic
lava,or other stone. Some of these represent figures—one a man upon
his knees with his hands above him; another a human figure bearing
a vaseupon his back; another a human head, and still another the head
of a monkey with his four members in low relief.

Such figures bring us to those objects which are classified as belong-
ing distinctively to the religious experiences of the natives. These
are principally in clay and stone, and represent figures of men and
women, sometimes only the heads, others only the bodies or busts.
They are rude, and do not show any careful study of the dimensions
of the human body. There are also a few masks of obsidian and eal-
cite, and a number of amulets of stone and bone and burnt clay, usually
representing an animal, such as a bird, a snail, a frog, ete.

Quite a number of musical instruments are included in the collection,
but it would not appear from them that the natives of Michoacan had
in this respect developed anything different from their neighbors, the
Mexicans proper. We find, for instance, quite a number of whistles and
flutes made of burnt clay, either red or black, producing the sound on
the same principal as the clay whistle formerly in use in Nicaragua and
other parts inhabited by the Nahuas. Copper bowls and rattles were
displayed, also a large conch shell employed by the Indians as a wind
instrument, and a curious instrument of percussion formed of a human
thigh bone, cut on the surface into a number of notches, examples of
which are also obtained from Mexico proper.

The implements of war and the chase consist principally of arrow-
heads of obsidian, quartz, bone, flint, and copper. They are in most
respects sunilar to those of the surrounding nations. Some display on
the surface a peculiar discoloration, which 1t has been suggested is
indicative of great age.

Nearly all the objects above referred to were obtained on the site of
an ancient city a short distance west from the present town of Jacona.

28 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

Its locality is marked by the presence of a number of small mounds,
the remains of the ancient temples and dwellings of the former inhabit-
ants. Near by, on the site of this ancient city, is seen a curious con-
struction called the chief temple, now badly mutilated by excavators
and the effects of time, but which has been ingeniously restored in
wood by Sefor Plancarte in a model exhibited in this collection. The
character of the architecture is quite distinct from that which prevailed
among the’Aztecs or among the nations east of them near the Gulf of
Mexico. It is not easy, from the examination of the model, to explain
the purpose of the structure, and, unfortunately, here, as elsewhere, the
native arts and traditions met the fate of a general destruction at the
hands of the ruthless invaders. |

The remainder of Senor Plancarte’s collection, which numbers in all,
2,503 specimens, is derived from other sources and other localities, and
are attributed by him to various surrounding tribes. Of many of these
we are in considerable uncertainty as to their relationship. These
tribes are as follows: Matlazincas, Otomis, Tepanecas, Acolhuas, Mex-
icanos or Nahuas, Chalcas, Tlaxcaltecas, Huexotzincas, Cuetlaxtecas,
Mixtecas, Zapotecas, and Mayas.

The objects from these have a general similarity to those already
described, and they do not bring before us any notable difference in the
civilization of the peoples from whom they were derived. There is nec-
essarily some uncertainty as to the localization of the tribes, and there
is not in all instances a sufficiently clear indication as to where the
objects individually were obtained.

His statement that practically all the specimens belonging to the
Otomis are characterized by a marked deficiency of skill, showing that
they had little knowledge of the arts, isin accordance, indeed, with the
general opinion about these people, but is in contradiction to several
excellent authorities who are inclined to the belief that the assertions
in reference to the rudeness of the Otomis is mainly owing to the fact
that the statements to this effect were taken from other nations, and
especially from the Aztees.

The general display of the Mexican Government was under the care
of Rev. Paso y Troncoso, director of the National Museum of Mex-
ico, and celebrated for his acquirements in the Aztec language as
well as for his intimate acquaintance with the history of his country.

The articles exhibited included both objects of use among the early
tribes, and also a large number of their manuscript records, many of
which were brought to the notice of visitors for the first time. Among
the latter should especially be mentioned the painted records (lienzos)
known as those of Tlascala, Jucutacuto, etc., as well as two codices,
respectively called by the names Porfirio Diaz and Baranda. These
have been recently issued by the Government of Mexico, and desery-
edly rank high among the modern native documents following closely
upon the era of the conquest. Similar to them in character was a

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 29

large picture record, known as the Mapa de Mizquiahuala. Hight
native calendars were shown, in which each month was designated by
its appropriate name drawn from the date with which it began, accord-
ing to the system adopted throughout the calendar. This system is
well known and has been exemplified in detail by the studies of Mrs.
Zelia Nuttall, who believes that by following out its rules dates could
be recorded without confusion extending over several thousand years.

The elaborate computations drawn up by this lady relating to this
subject were displayed by an exhibit in one of the rooms attached to
the Mexican department. It presented on a large sheet the arithmet-
ical enumeration and names of a series of years arranged according to
the theory which she believes was carried out by the Mexican astron-
omers and priests with a degree of accuracy superior to that which at
the same date prevailed in Europe. Her studies, with ample illus-
trations and explanations, will be published by the Peabody Museum
of Archeology, at Cambridge, Mass., and therefore do not require
extended notice in this connection.

One of the most conspicuous objects in the Mexican collection was a
reproduction in wood of the temple, sacred edifices, and inclosure of the
famous ancient city of Cempoallan, visited by Ferdinand Cortez, on the
shores of the Gulf of Mexico, a little north of Vera Cruz. This impor-
tant and populous locality disappeared from history after the Conquest
and became covered with a dense tropical forest, which in some meas-
ure preserved the structures which its inhabitants had erected. A
series of explorations were conducted by the Director of the National
Museum on the site, and he succeeded in recovering, with great exact-
ness, the dimensions and general appearance of these edifices. They
owe their origin to the tribes known as the Totonacos, who at this point
occupied the shore of the Gulf south of the Huastecas, who inhabited
the rich valley of the River Panuco.

Another wooden model, carefully executed, was presented of the
structure known as the temple ef Tajin near Papantla, in the State of
Vera Cruz, a monument of prime importance, and still so well pre-
served that its outlines and appearance can be accurately determined.
Several other such models served to present the visitor with a clear
idea of the peculiar style of architecture in vogue among the native
tribes within the territory of Mexico.

From the same tribe of the Totonacos there was exhibited a quan-
tity of material guthered by the energetic Director of the Museum,
among which may be named, as of special interest, numerous small clay
heads presenting a remarkable diversity of feature and characteristic
traits. These, although derived from the State of Vera Cruz and the
province historically occupied by the Totonacos, are strikingly similar
to those which are so familiar to collectors, from the celebrated site of
Teotihuacan, northwest of the City of Mexico; a fact of the more worth
because, according to their own ancient traditions reported by the

30 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

earliest Spanish writers, the Totonacos claimed to be the builders of the
great pyramids of the sun and moon which are such striking monu-
ments on the sacred plain of Teotihuacan.

Several specimens were displayed of the so-called “ sacrificial yokes,”
made of carved stone, highly polished, whose use has been the subject
of large discussion. They were supposed at first to have been intended
to fasten the human victim to the sacrificial stone at the time his heart
was cut out and offered to the gods. Others have believed them to be
heavy ceremonial ornaments or insignia, or objects intended to be
worn on state occasions by high dignitaries or priests. Another and
recent theory of their use has been that they represent symbolically
the creative forces of nature, and they have therefore been brought
into relation with the crescent and the semicircle in the symbolism of
the Old World. A more practical use which has been suggested for
them is that they were intended to form the aperture through which,
in the favorite game of ball of the Mexicans, the ball had to be
thrown in order to win the game. This Jast-mentioned theory seems
the more probable, as they are not all yokes—that is to say, some are
opened at one end and some are closed, thus bringing them into a form
closely resembling that of the acknowledged stone aperture for the
ball shown! at Tula and other places in ancient Mexico. Although
vaguely similar to the stone yokes which have been found in consider-
able numbers in some islands of the West Indies, they do not, like
these, present a formation of rights and lefts so as to be worn on one or
the other shoulder, but the two arms of the yoke are always the same.

Other objects from the same locality, presented in numerous speci-
mens, are the small double cups of terra cotta, the hollow in each
being a little larger than that which would hold the tip of the finger.
It has been a standing puzzle to explain the purpose of these curious
articles, specimens of which are common in all collections of Mexican
antiquities. It has been suggested that they were intended to hold
some votive offerings to the gods, while others have maintained that
they were incense burners.

The collection also offered a number of objects in stone having
handles rudely resembling in shape a flatiron with equal ends. These
were labeled as grinding stones used for the purpose of rubbing the
meal into a finer consistency. Some of them, instead of a handle, pre-
sented a pointed protuberance by which they could be grasped and
moved to and fro over the smooth surface of a large corn-grinding
stone. In a few instances this protuberance had a three-cornered or
cocked-hat appearance, which is seen so clearly in a number of stone
implements of the same general shape from the West India Islands.
The latter have been generally regarded as ceremonial objects, but
appearances, in some instances at least, favor the view that they were
intended for nothing more than rubbing stones.

1 See Charnay, Les Anciennes Villes du Nouveau Monde, p. 73

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 31

A number of examples, varying in shape and marking, of stones with
fiat, striated sides, supposed to be for pounding leaves and bark so as
to reduce them to the condition of fibrous cloth or paper, were also
noticeable.! Closely related to them in appearance were a number of
stamps and seals in stone and terra-cotta derived from Aztec provinces.
There is no doubt that these were used for the purpose of stamping
designs on clothing, examples of which have been found in some of the
ancient remains.

In terra-cotta objects from the Totonacos, should also be mentioned
numerous toys in baked clay, little dishes and small figures clearly
designed to be used as playthings by children. From the same material
there were a large number of those half spherical objects, pierced with
a hole in the center, usually classed as ‘“‘spindle whorls,” and which no
doubt were often used as such; but which also in some cases were
employed as ornaments, being strung on a cord and suspended around
the neck.

An interesting exhibit in this collection was an especial collection
from Campeche, on the coast of Yucatan, known as the “ collection of
Pedro Baranda,” principal of the Institute of Campeche. It contained
a number of clay idols of small size, some peculiar in form, and also
stone objects, weapons, arrow points, chisels, ete.

The whole of the collection from Mexico was extremely well arranged,

and afforded a pleasing spectacle to the eye of the visitor. The labels
were well-written and clear, and a large number of casts of the most
important objects in the National Museum of Mexico, which, on
account of their value or size, could not be sent to Madrid, conveyed
a correct idea of the riches of that governmental institution. These
casts included the famous calendar stone, the sacrificial stone, the
statue of Tlaloc, and many others. The only criticism which might be
offered was concerning the names of some of the tribes to which cer-
tain objects were referred. For example, it can scarcely be held advis-
able at present to refer products of human art to such doubtful, if not
fabulous, peoples as the Olmecs, the Toltecs, or the Teochichimees; but
this slight objection does not in any way derogate from the general
high character of the exhibit displayed by the Government of the
Republic of Mexico.

All the articles were well displayed for easy inspection and study.
In connection with them were a number of copies of ancient Mexican
documents, offering a valuable basis on which to erect an explanation of
the intricate method of counting time adopted by these ancient nations.
Several remarkable objects in stone should be classified with these.
They represented a number of rods or canes tied together into a bundle,
these rods or canes being fitty-two in number, as indicated by the cut-
ting of the stone on its two extremities and surfaces. These curious

‘On these see Walter Hough, in Science, January 6, 1893, and my remarks in the
same journal, March 10, 1893.

32 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

objects are what the Aztecs call ‘the tying together uf the years,”
a function which took place with solemn ceremonies at the close of
each period of fifty-two solar years, the exact time being noted by the
position of the constellation of the Pleiades in the nocturnal sky.
To maintain in memory these several cycles of years, such stone images
of the “ tying together” were carved and placed in the temples, each
bearing a mark upon it indicating the cycle to which it belonged.

THE DEPARTMENT OF GUATEMALA.

The section devoted to Guatemala contained a number of manuscripts
and several collections, one offered by the Government of the state, a
second, the collection belonging to Joaquin de Minondo, and a third,
which was the property of Julio de Arellano. From these various
sources a very good idea could be obtained of the general character of
the antiquities of that country. .

The historical manuscripts included one which has been long known
under the title of “Isagoge Apologético General de las Indias.”

This work has been quoted by various writers on the history of
Guatemala, but has never been published. The catalogue gives a
brief statement of its contents. They relate to the conquest of the
country by the Spaniards in the sixteenth century, the foundation of
the first city of Guatemala, the journey undertaken by Hernan
Cortez, as described in his fifth letter, and the efforts of the mission-
aries of the religious order of St. Dominic to convert the natives of
Guatemala.

The second manuscript described was in three large folio volumes
bearing the title of ‘‘ Historia de la Provincia de San Vincente Ferier
de Guatemala y Chiapa.”

This work has been familiar by name to historical students, having
generally been considered to be the production of Father Ximenes,
This fact is questioned, however, by the authors of the catalogue. They
consider it rather to have been the result of the labors of various
monks of the order of St. Dominic. It would appear to be an error
to state, as we find in the catalogue, page 18, that it was unknown to
the writers on the history of the country, inasmuch as it is distinctly
referred to by the distinguished historian, Garcia Pelaez.' The extracts
taken from it in the introduction of the catalogue are chiefly from the
Spanish translation of the Popol Vuh, the whole of which translation
was published by Dr. Scherzer at Vienna, in 1857."

Other manuscripts of interest contain the municipal acts of the first
city of Guatemala and autograph letters of Columbus.

Turning to the objects, utensils, weapons, and similar relies dis-
played in the collection of the Government of Guatemala, some of the

1 Garcia Pelaez, Memorias para la Historia de Guatemala, p. 18, et al.
2Las Historias del Origen de los Indios, etc.

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 33

most striking are idols of stone in human form varying in height
from a quarter to half a meter.

That numbered 1 in the catalogue is a black stone, skillfully worked,
representing a human figure seated on a stool of the same substance,
which has four feet. It is stated according to tradition to represent
the god of old age.

Another idol, also of stone somewhat similar, has the left arm crossed
upon the breast, the right resting upon the legs.

Still another, No. 6 of the catalogue, also of stone, presents the figure
of a woman with her arms crossed upon the breast and a broad collar
on the lower part of the neck.

No. 7 is an idol of stone showing a human head—that of a man, and,
what is noteworthy, bearing a well-marked beard.

No. 74, 48 centimeters in height, is of clay. It represents a human
figure holding in the hands a circular bow], or vase, with small promi-
nences on the external surface; the nose is prominent, and the mouth is
open as if in the act of laughing. It was found in Escuintla, which
was inhabited by the Pipiles, of Nahuatl affiliations.

Somewhat similar is No. 100, made of fine clay, and representing a
chief seated, wearing ornaments on the head, earrings in the ears, and
a collar around the neck. Upon the head is a cap, from the sides of
which hang two pendants. On his back he is carrying two small
human heads.

No. 177, also of clay, burned, shows a human figure seated and hold-
ing in his hands a cup or bowl. He also wears a collar, earrings, and
nose rings. The majority of these idols were derived from the province
of Quiché.

Although these articles were classified as idols, and therefore sup-
posed to be objects of worship, it is not certain that they were not
portraits or small statues of living persons, or of the dead, intended to
be kept as memorials by the family or the tribe.

In this same collection there are a number of vases, cups, and jars
of terra cotta, either red or black, the clay from which they are made
usually finely worked and bearing a high polish. Some of them are
painted or decorated by lines and geometrical figures. Several of
them present the form of familiar animals, such as No. 94, where we
see the head of a crocodile, from which is proceeding a human face.

No. 106 is a human head with large circular earrings in the ears and
a surface ornamented by lines forming geometrical figures.

No. 126, which was obtained from Copan, also shows a human head
with similar large earrings, and rising above the head a circle of
feathers.

Among the objects in stone in the Government collection there is
one (No. 12) representing an armadillo.

No. 14 is a monkey, his right hand lifted to his head in the act of
scratching himself.

H. Ex. 100—3

34 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

Nos. 32 and 33 are fine specimens of corn mills, metates, with the
pestle which usually accompanied them.

An interesting piece of terra cotta modeling is No. 36, the face of a
man asleep.

No. 37 is an owl, or similar bird, and No. 38 represents a dog. Upon
his back there is a small excavation in the form of a cup. These also
are from the Pipil territory (Escuintla).

No. 46 is a small stone image with the body of a monkey, but with
the head and tail of an owl.

Nos. 66 to 69 are stone masks representing human faces. They have
small perforations at the top and sides, evidently intended to attach
cords by which they could be hung.

Quite similar masks of the same material were represented in Nos.
76 to 80. All of these come from the territory inhabited by the Quiché.

No. 87 is a vase or jar of marble which represents the body of a
monkey resting upon its knees with the hand stretched above the head,
and bearing upon its back a vase.

There are also various arrows and lance heads of stone, and an Indian
drum, obtained from the Indians of northern Guatemala, known as the
Lacandones.

A choice small collection is represented principally from the territory
of the Quichés by Sefor Minondo. It contains a number of specimens
of pottery in red and black clays, masks of the same material, a few
images in stone, arrow and lance heads, millstones, and ornaments of
burut clay, some with hieroglyphic characters.

The collection displayed by Arellano, while showing much of con-
siderable interest, is less distinctly localized than the preceding, the
catalogue rarely stating where the objects were found. They are, how-
ever, of the same general character of those already described, and
display the influences of the same civilization.

Some of these objects in clay have a peculiar value from the hiero-
glyphs rather rudely painted upon their sides.

Special attention may be called to No. 23, which is stated to have
been found near the capital city of the ancient Quichés. It is well
known that the two principal nations which owned the soil of Guatemala
at the period of the Spanish conquest were accustomed to preserve
the facts in their national history and the knowledge of the sciences
which they possessed by means of a method of writing closely allied
to that which prevailed in Yucatan. In consequence, however, of the
wholesale destruction by the early Spaniards of the manuscripts of the
natives, not a single example of these has been preserved to stand
in confirmation of their arts in stone and clay. This lends peculiar
value to the preservation of every example which will throw light upon
the manner in which they made use of the Maya characters.

From the examples in the present collection, it is quite clear that they
did not differ materially from their neighbors of the east, north and
west in the formation of their glyphs.

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 35

Those which are referred to above are evidently allied to the signs
of the calendar, which these nations, like most belonging to their stock,
had either originated or adopted, and which was identically the same
that prevailed throughout southern Mexico.

The objects in this collection which established this fact must there-
fore have a peculiar value in the eyes of all students of the ancient
history of America; and their presence should stimulate to further
investigations on the sites of the ruined cities of Guatemala.

The ethnography of Guatemala at the time of the Conquest has been
carefully studied of late years, and we are now in a position to refer
such objects as are above mentioned to the various ethnic groups to
which they belong.

Except the small tribe of Xincas on the south coast, who were in a
condition of savagery, practically all the soil of Guatemala was divided
between the representatives of the two powerful and highly civilized
stocks, the Mayas and the Nahuas. The former were represented by
the Quiches, Cakchiquels, Tzutuhils, Mams, Pokomams, Ixils, Chols,
Lacandons, Chortis, and other tribes with Maya dialects. They occu-
pied nearly all the central and northern portions of the present State.
The Nahua stock was represented by the Pipiles, in the department of
Asecuintla, and the Alaguilacs, northwest of them, on the Rio Motagua.'
There are obvious differences in the art products of these two cul-
ture centers, as there were in the languages, traditions, usages, and
mythologies of the two stocks. There is a probability that the Nahua
element reached the soil of Guatemala at a considerably later date than
the Maya element, and brought with it the principles of a civilization
already well developed in its northern home.

THE DEPARTMENT OF NICARAGUA.

The collection from Nicaragua was forwarded in part by the Govern-
ment of that Republic, and consisted in part of a private collection of
Mr. Julio Gavinet. The former included 775 labels, the latter 426.
They were both obtained with great care from comparatively recent
excavations, usually clearly localized, and presented, therefore, a satis-
tactory picture of the former industry of the indigenes there resident
at the tine of the Conquest.

It is well known that the area about the Great Lakes of Nicaragua
and Managua was inhabited by diverse populations, varying widely in
the stages of their culture. The two most developed of these nations
were the Chorotegas, now shown by their language to have been in
near relations with the Chapanecs who lived in the western portion of
the Chiapas. They had extensive settlements along the shores of
Lake Managua, and their usual name, indeed, which is that of Mangues,
is identical with the appellation of the lake. While they had not
reached to a like development with many of the tribes of Yucatan and

1On this, see Otto Stoll, Zur Ethnographie der Republik Guatemala. Ziirich, 1884.

36 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

Guatemala, they were far superior to the wild hunting hordes who
roamed the district between Lake Nicaragua and the ocean to the
north. They manufactured pottery of fine character, and were skillful
in the art of polishing, boring, and chipping stone. Their houses were
usually of wood thatched with straw; they apparently had none built
of stone and were unacquainted with metals. :

Their neighbors, the Nicaraos, whose chief seat was upon the north-
ern neck of land between Lake Nicaragua and the Pacific Ocean, and
who also occupied several islands in the lake, were of Nahuatl descent,
and spoke a language which was a quite pure dialect of the tongue of
the Aztecs in the Valley of Mexico.

As will be mentioned under the Republic of Costa Rica, their arrival
in this part of Central America was probably not more than a century
before the Spaniards reached the same district. The Nicaraos brought
with them the developed culture of the Aztecs, and erected an impor-
tant temple on one of the islands in the lake in which they set up the
stone images of their ancestral gods. A restoration of this temple is
referred to in this report under the Swedish department.

Reverting to the objects exhibited by the Republic of Nicaragua, we
find among them an extensive series of articles in pottery in the form
of urns, dishes, plates, cups, whistles, flutes, figures of men and animals,
symbolic and fantastic representations, and many fragments of handles
and feet indicative of their artistic character. Many of these speci-
mens of Nicaraguan pottery offer a facing of white clay adorned with
figures in red and black. The ornamentation is frequently elaborate
and the paintings often disclose considerable spirit. Quite a number
have three feet in the form of the human head or that of animals, hollow,
and containing a small ball of clay, dried and loose, so that in moving
the vessel, it emits a slight sound.

The funerary urns from this part of the continent are noticeable from
their abundance, their size, and their peculiar shape. On account of
the latter they are usually known as ‘ shoe-shaped” urns, their form
being vaguely similar to that of a shoe or gaiter. In these receptacles
the bones were placed after the body had been destroyed by fire, or by
exposure for a considerable time in moistearth. The urn is sometimes
molded to represent the head of an animal, as in Nos. 48, 344, and 432 of
this collection, and others.

A series of human figures in various colors (often rather rudely out
lined, representing both sexes), in the collection of Mr. Gavinet, would
appear to have been for religious purposes, probably gods of the house-
hold.

Industry in stone is displayed by arrow and lance heads, chisels, axes,
pounders, clubs, millstones, mortars, and rude figures. One of these
objects, No. 1162, is what has been called a “ pulp-pounder,” and by
some is Supposed to have been employed in the manufacture of pottery.
A further description of these somewhat puzzling implements is given
in Science, referred to on p. 31.

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 37

Some of these stone articles, the arrow points and the knives, are of
obsidian, the product so much in favor for the same purpose in Mexico,
and always selected where obtainable on account of the keen cutting
edge which it offered. In ornaments, .colored stones, some of them
quite brilliant, were polished and bored, and used as beads strung
upon a cord. Examples of these in the Gavinet collection are exhibited
in Nos. 1183, 1184, 1199, and 1200. Their number, in each instance
varies, some necklaces having from forty to eighty of these stone
beads. They are not always globular, some being oblong, varying in
diameter, and occasionally an attempt has been made to carve them
into the representation of an animal object.

The especially noteworthy features of Nicaraguan pottery are its
brilliant and elaborate polychromic designs, the symmetry of the jars
and vases, and the fine polish of the external surface, which in some
cases might easily be mistaken at first sight for a glaze. These char-
acteristics were well brought out in the display at Madrid. Another
peculiarity is the evident liking of the native potters to mold objects
of amusement, such as whistling jars, musical instruments, ete., out of
clay, bringing their art in this respect into analogy with that of Peru.
Archologists in the United States have been made familiar with
these traits by the excellent study of Dr. J. F. Bransford, published
by the Smithsonian Institution.!

THE DEPARTMENT OF CosTA RIGA.

The Republic of Costa Rica presented a rich collection of specimens,
many of them recent acquisitions and all of them admirably arranged
under the intelligent administration of Senor Manuel M. de Peralta,
envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary of his Government,
and Mr. Anastasio Alfaro, director of the National Museum of Costa
Rica, who had superintended many of the excavations of the objects.

The collection in general embraced several special collections belong-
ing to individuals, besides that sent by the National Museum of Costa
Rica. The first was one obtained by Bishop Thiel, whose works upon
the native languages of that country are well known to students of these
subjects.

An interesting feature of this collection was a series of small images
in gold, eighteen in number, weighing in all 282 grams. Several of
them represented the human figure in whole or in part; others were
figures of birds, frogs, and ornaments. Of greater antiquarian interest
than these were the vases in stone. One of them, measuring in height
a meter and a quarter, showed three symbolic animals united together.
Another, a bird belonging to the owl species, holding in its beak a figure
of aman. This is supposed to be a symbol of the creation, the bird
representing the primeval power which placed man upon the surface of

‘Archeological Researches in Nicaragua, by J. F. Bransford, M. D., United States
Navy, Washington, 1881.

38 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

the earth. This explanation is supported by an ancient myth referred
to in L. Fernandez, Documentos Ineditos, Tom. III, page 337.

The height of this object was 80 centimeters, and it may be regarded
as one of the most remarkable specimens in the collection.

Six curious examples were shown of the stone stools or seats which
were used by the chiefs or priests when they performed certain reli-
gious ceremonies. Other objects in stone which may be enumerated
were heads of animals, grinding stones for maize, axes of the same
material, and a number of worked specimens of vases and ornaments
in greenish stones, which are usually classed among the jades or
nephrites.

Quitea large number of specimens in burnt clay represent the industry
of the potter. Oneof theseis a burial urn, which was found to contain
human bones, showing that this method of interment, common in the
adjacent territory of Nicaragua, was also not unknown in Costa Rica.
Of the 78 vases in terra cotta represented, a number are in the form
of animals rather accurately portrayed. The earthenware flutes or
whistles, so frequent in this portion of Central America, are repre-
sented by 24 specimens of different forms, varying from 12 to 35
millimeters in height.

Of miscellaneous objects, 3 native drums, 2 blowpipes, 2 staffs used
by the chiefs, 21 bows, several specimens of native weaving, and various
utensils for lighting fire, were displayed from existing tribes.

Another department of the collection was derived from the Troyo
family, who have generously given to the National Museum a variety
of valuable objects. Among these may be mentioned several chisels
and spoons in stone, masses of stone intended to be used as maces or
war clubs, others with polished surface and fitted to the hand for use
as polishers or smoothers, grinding stones of various sizes and forms,
mortars and vases of the same material, and a line of small human
figures usually in a sitting position, probably intended as memorials of
the dead or as household gods.

The relies in clay in this collection include several specimens of jars,
plates, spoons, whistles, rings, bells, and flower holders. Of these
about one-half display designs upon the surface, either in low relief or
engraved upon the clay, and about one-fifth are decorated with paint-
ings in different colors.

Industry in copper and gold is represented by a series of objects
principally taken from natural history, such as eagles, frogs, lions,
and a number of curious little figures perhaps intended as images of
special deities.

A few skulls taken from native graves offer a means of examining
the cranial characteristics of the natives.

A collection of antiquities, 380 in number, obtained in the immediate
vicinity of Nicoya,is of peculiar value on account of its strict localiza-
tion. The objects which it presents are in stone, pottery and in a few

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 39

instances of metal. A prominent feature in it is the number of fine
stones, green or bluish, belonging to various varieties of jade and jas-
per. They bear frequently a high polish and have been worked up
into objects of ornament.

Another collection is that of Senor Julio de Arellano, which was
excavated principally from the slopes of the voleano Yrazu and from
Nicaragua. It includes ornaments in copper, numerous figures in stone
representing men and animals, corn mills, and a line of vases and
utensils in clay, several of them handsomely colored or presenting
designs in relief.

Over 1,000 relics which were obtained in 1891 in exploring the native
cemetery of Guayabo, situated on the slope of the voleano, form a con-
spicuous part of the collection from Costa Rica, and one highly illus-
trative of the industry of its earlier inhabitants.

Besides the archeological collections there are in this section a great
many ethnographic specimens obtained from the tribes which still exist
scattered throughout the northern and southern portions of the Repub-
hein small settlements. These include bows and arrows, blowpipes,
woven material, feather work, collars made of teeth, nets, hammocks,
fishing lines, drums, ete.

There are displayed by means of photographs and oil paintings rep-
resentations of individuals of the native tribes, their present habita-
tions, and the ancient sepulcher opened and explored by Mr. Anastasio
Alfaro, whose intelligent activity has thrown so much light on the pre-
columbian history of this part of Central America.

Prominent among the objects represented is a series of metates of
unusual size and elaborate workmanship. They are of a fine gray stone,
resting upon feet of the same material, and are elaborately decorated
with human and animal heads in relief along the sides.

One of these is of such size and bears such an amount of decora-
tion as to seem to unfit it for a domestic utensil, and it has been called
a sacrificial stone. A comparison, however, with a number of similar
objects would seem to leave little doubt that its purpose was the hum-
bler and more peaceful one of forming a surface for the grinding of
corn on a large scale.

Peculiar interest attaches to the archeology and ethnography of
Costa Rica on account of its situation on the only highway of migra-
tion between South and North America. The relations of its native
population at the time of the Conquest have offered problems of much
obscurity, which can not be said to have been completely solved up to
the presenttime. An admiral résumé of our existing knowledge of this
subject was prepared by Senor de Peralta, the president of the commis-
sion from Costa Rica to the Exposition in Madrid, and was incorporated
in the catalogue of that department. It condenses so much information
not easily accessible into such clear outlines that the following extract
from 1t 1s Inserted :

40 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

On the shores of the Pacific, in the peninsula of Nicoya, in all that territory which
now constitutes the province of Guanacaste, and embracing all the vicinity of the
gulf of Nicoya to the point of Herradura, lived the Chorotegas or Mangues, divided
into various tribes or chieftancies, feudataries of the Cacique of Nicoya, to wit,
Diria, Cangen, Zapanci, Pococi, Paro, Orotina, and Chorotega, properly so called, in
the valley of the RioGrande. By the side of these dwelt the immigrant Nahoas, who
carried this far the arts and traditions of the Aztecs, and the cultivation of cacao,
and obtained a supremacy over the previous inhabitants. The Chorotegas spoke
the language of the same name, or the Mangue, a branch, if not the trunk and origin,
of the Chiapanec. They extended through Nicaragua on the shores of the lakes,
and by the way of Nequepio on the gulf of Fonseca or of Chorotega Malalaca, in
what now forms the Province of Choluteca, in Honduras, and part of San Miguel, in
Salvador, to Chiapas, in which mountaneous region they held the important post of
Acala.

Between Chiapas, which we may call Chorotega-Acala, and Nequepio, or Chorotega-
Malalaca, intervened the colonies or provinces of the Nahuas, Cakchiquels,
Popolucas, and Pipiles of Guatemala and Salvador, as between Nequepio and Mana-
gua intervened the Maribios and Matiares; and between Masaya and Nicoya, the
Nahuatl colonies of Nicaragua, sometimes isolated and rulers of the soil, as at
Rivas, sometime adjoining or intermingled with the Chorotegas, as in the peninsula
of Nicoya.

Between the Chorotegas of the peninsula and those of the eastern shores of the
gulf, that is, between Nicoya and Orotina, were the Corobicies; but owing to the
facile communication by water the Chorotegas of both coasts were in frequent
relations.

Geographically the Chorotegas formed five provinces:

(1) Old Chorotega, their only home, and Orotina, on the east coast of the gulf of
Orotina or Nicoya, between the port of La Herradura and the river Avangares.
Between the river Avangares and the Zapandi, or Tempisque, were stationed the
Corobicies.

(2) Nicoya, the peninsula of this name, and its prolongation to the lake of Nica-
ragua, including the towns or cheftancies of Zapandi, Nacaome, Paro, Cangen,
Nicopasaya, Pocos, Diria, Papagayo, Namiapi, Orosi.

(3) Managua, or Mangua, country of the Mangues, called in the Nahuatl language
Xolotlan, including the towns of Masaya, Nindiri, Diria, Diriomo, Diriamba, Jino-
tepe, Mombacho, Niquinohomo, and Nandaime.

(4) Nequiepio, or Chorotega-Malalaca, Nacaome, Goascoran, Orocuina.

(5) Chiapas, or Chorotega-acala, Chiapa, Acala, Suchiapa, Copainala.

The Nahuas, whose most important colonies controlled the isthmus of Rivas between
Lake Nicaragua and the Pacific, were established in Nicoya and spoke the Mexican
or Nahuatl language.

A Mexican colony also existed in the valley of Telorio (valley of the Duy, or of
the Mexicans) near the Bay del Almirante, and inhabited the island of Tojar, or
Zorobaro (now of Columbus), and the towns of Chicaua, Moyaua, Quequexque,
and Corotapa, on the mainland, this being the farthest eastward in Costa Rica, or in
Central America, to which the Nahuas reached, so far as existing evidence proves.

Between the lake of Nicaragua and the gulf of Nicoya, to the east of the voleano
of Orosi and the river Tempisque, near longitude 85° west of Greenwich, dwelt the
mysterious nation of the Corobicies, or Corbesies, ancestors of the existing Guatusos.
To the east of the same meridian were the Votos, occupying the southern shores of
the Rio San Juan to the valley of the Sarapiqui.

To the east of the Sarapiqui, and from the mouths of the San Juan on the Atlantic
to the mouth of the river Matina, was the important province of Suerre, belonging
to the Guetars, who occupied the ground to Turrialba and Atirro, in the valleys of
the Reventazon and the river Suerre or Pacuar.

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 4l

Between the river Natina and the river Tarire were the provinces of Pococi and
of the Tariacas. To the east of the Tarire to the Bay del Almirante, dwelt the
Viceitas, Cabecares, and Terrabas (Terrebes, Terbis, or Tiribies).

On the Bay del Almirante to Point Sorobeta or Terbi there was the Chichimec
colony, already referred to, whose cacique Iztolin conversed in the Mexican lan-
guage with Juan Vasquez de Coronado in 1564.

The Changuenes occupied the forests about the headwaters of the Rio Ravalo.

The Doraces, south of the Laguna of Chiriqui, and at the foot of the Cordillera,
adjoined in the valley of the river Cricamola or Guaymi with the warlike nation of
the latter name.

The Guaymies occupied the coast and the interior lands situated between the
rivers Guaymi and Conception, of Veragua.

In front of the valley of the Guaymi lies the Island del Escodo, the governmental
limit of Costa Rica; so that the Guaymis were distributed in nearly equal parts
between the jurisdiction of Costa Rica and of Veragua.

In the interior, in the highlands about Cartago, on the slopes both of the Atlantic
and the Pacific, were the provinces Guarco, Toyopan, and Aserri; farther west,
toward the gulf of Nicoya, Pacaca, Garabito, and Chomes adjoined along the sum-
mits of La Herradura and Tilaran with the Chorotegas.

These provinces formed the territory of the Huetares, or Guetares, wei tlalli, in
Nahuatl, ‘‘great land,” a general term, which included various tribes and chieftan-
cies of the same linguistic stock, one entirely diverse from those of the neighboring
Mangues and Nahuas, toward whom they were unfriendly, although maintaining
commercial relations.

The province of Guarco was considered by both the natives and the Spaniards as
one of the most favored localities in the country, and for that reason was selected
by the Guetares, and later by the whites, as the sight of their principle town. It
was here that the city of Costa Rica was founded in 1568. The name is a corrup-
tion of the Nahuatl Qualcan, from ‘‘qualli,” good, convenient, with the locative suffix
‘“‘can.”’? Qualecan means, therefore, ‘‘ good place,” or, as it is translated in Molina’s
Vocabulary, ‘‘a well-sheltered and desirable place,” which answers well to the val-
ley of Cartago.

Southeast of Chorotega and the heights of Herradura, and south of the Guetares,
extending to the Pacific Ocean, between the rivers Pirris and Grande of Terraba, was
the province of the Quepos, of which the Spanish Government formed the district
of Quepo, whose extreme limit toward the southeast was the old Chiriqui River.

According to the most probable conjectures, the Quepos belonged to the family of
the Guetares and lived, by preference, on the coasts. They were also enemies of the
Mangues and the Cotos and Borucas, and in consequence of their wars with them
and with the whites, and with the burden of labors laid upon them by the latter,
their towns disappeared in the middle of the eighteenth century without leaving
any positive traces which will enlighten us upon their origin.

Adjoining the Quepos, the Cotos or Coctos occupied the upper valley of the river
Terraba, formerly known as the Coto.

These formed a numerous and warlike tribe, skillful in both offense and defense.

They are not known in Costa Rica by this name; but there is no doubt that the
Borucas are their descendants. These Borucas occupied the region about Golfo
Dulce, formerly the gulf of Osa, east of the river Terraba, and gave their name Buri-
cas, Burucas, or Bruncas to the province of Borica, discovered by the Licentiate Espi-
nosa in the first voyage of exploration made by the Spaniards to this region in 1519,
and also to Point Burica, the extreme southern limit of Costa Rica, in latitude 8°
north.

The province of Burica extended toward the east to the Llanos of Chiriqui, and
formed a part of the government of Quepo. It belongs to-day to the district of
Punta Arenas.

A2 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

The Terrabas, who have given their name to the river formerly called the Coto, do
not belong to the tribes of the Pacific Slope. They were brought to the location
there, which they now occupy, in Aldea or Terraba, partly by the persuasion of the
missionaries, partly by force, having been obliged to abandon the rough mountains
to the north about the head waters of the Tilorio or Rio de la Estrella, the Yurquin,
and the Rovalo, about the year 1697. They have been variously called Terbis, Ter-
rebes, Terrabas, and Tirribies, but there are no differences of dialect between them
and their relatives to the north, other than would necessarily take place in any
tongue from a separation of this length.

At the time of the Conquest, therefore, the tribes occupying the territory of Costa
Rica were Nahuas, Mangues, Guetares, Viceitas, Terrabas, Changuenes, Guaymies,
Quepos, Cotos, and Borucas.

The Nahuas came from the north, and landed in Nicaragua somewhere about the
year 1440.

As to the Mangues, we must admit as the most probable opinion that they extended
from the shores of the gulf of Nicoya along the lakes of Nicaragua and Managua
(Xolotlan) into southern Mexico, where up to within a few years their language was
spoken at Acala.

It is almost impossible to determine the ethnic affinities of the Guetares as long
as no vocabularies of their tongue can be found, though such were certainly written
by such able linguists as Fray Pedro de Betanzos, Fray Lorenzo de Bienvenida,
Fray Juan Babtista, and other Franciscans, who founded missionary establishments
and taught the natives around Cartago; but the testimony of archeology proves
that if they were not related to the Nahuas, they were subject to their influence,
perhaps through the active commerce they had with the Chorotegas and Nahuas
about the gulf of Nicoya.

That the Guetares were by no means rude savages is shown by the ornaments in
gold, and the precious stones finely cut, which have been unearthed in the excava-
tions about Agua Caliente and Turrialba. That they presented an honorable differ-
ence from their neighbors to the north and also the Chorotegas in not being
cannibals is testified to by Benzoni, who was among them in 1544, and also by
other documents of the time.

As to the Guaymies, Terrabas, Changuenes, and Borucas, their affinities to the
tribes to the east of them are well marked, and it would not be surprising if they
were also closely related to the natives between Paria and Darien, and even with the
Chibchas of Colombia, as has been maintained by Brinton.

The total number included by these tribes about 1564 may be estimated in round
numbers at 100,000 souls. At present their representatives are very few.

The Nahuas and Mangues of the Nicoya region have completely disappeared,
although the former survive in Mexico, and the latter have still a few descendants at
Masaya, Nicaragua, and Acala, Mexico.

It is unnecessary to say that the Nahuas have left many admirable monuments
proving their proficiency in the arts, and a language of a perfection proving that
those who developed it were a thoughtful and cultured race.

The Chorotegas or Mangues, a proud and independent people, are also shown by
the relics they have left to have been a people skillful in the arts of pottery, and in
working stone and gold. Nothing remains of the Corobicies or Corvesies except
the name Corobici or Curubici, applied to an affluent of the Rio de las Camas, a
branch of the Rio de las Piedras, tributary to the Tempisque. There are many
reasons, however, for believing that the modern Guatusos are the descendants of the
Corobicies, whose language, according to Oviedo, was quite distinct from that of
the Guetares, or Chorotegas, or Mexicans. It is possible that they are descended
from those Votos Indians who inhabited the southern banks of the Desaguadera, or
Rio San Juan, and whose village was situated near the first rapids of that river. In

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 43

either case, neither the Votos nor the Corobicies have left any traces of the character
of their culture.

Among the objects from the Guetares is an instrument of wood for making fire
according to the system employed in Mexico, a cord or line for fishing, and various
ocherous earths used in painting the body, a custom which Fernandez de Oviedo men-
tions as common among the Chontales of Nicaragua, near neighbors of the Votos.

DEPARTMENT OF THE ISLAND OF CUBA.

The objects sent to the exhibition from the Island of Cuba were
principally economic in character, including an admirably arranged
and extensive series illustrating the mineralogy aud metallic wealth
of the island and reflecting credit upon the school of mines in Havana
which had forwarded it.

There was also a fine case manufactured from the choice woods of
the island, containing documents relating to the transportation of the
bones of Christopher Columbus from the cathedral of Santo Domingo
to that of Havana, in the year 1796. Its contents have a high histor-
ical value and by many are considered conclusive upon this much
debated question. A second volume, handsomely bound, contained a
number of photographs of various views and buildings in Havana and
objects relating to Christopher Columbus, among them one of his por-
trait presented to the city of Havana by his descendant in the seventh
degree. It is claimed to be the most genuine of any known.

No collections of archzolgical specimens, illustrating the industries
of the indigenous inhabitants of the island, were included in the exhibit.

DEPARTMENT OF THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC.

The material in the department of the exhibition occupied by the
Dominican Republic in the island of Santo Domingo, or Haiti, had refer-
ence partly to the early establishment of the Spanish power in that
island and partly to the condition of its primitive inhabitants as shown
by their remains. The first of these consisted mainly of paintings and
engravings of notable buildings and places upon the island which had
been the scenes of various transactions relating to the first settlement.

The early writers have left us considerable information about the
state in which the inhabitants found themselves on the arrival of the
Spaniards. This was not dissimilar to that of the tribes of northern
South America, with whom they were closely affiliated in language and
blood. The picture thus drawn by the earliest European visitors is
borne out by the remains which have from time to time been collected.
Those in the present exhibition include small idols of stone, clay, and
wood, also points for lances or arrowheads of the same material, figures
and utensils in pottery, and collars of stone, supposed to have been
used on ceremonial occasions. Among the engravings is one of the
celebrated circular construction of upright stones designed according

44 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

to tradition as an arena for playing ball, having in its center a stone
seat of great size, supposed to have been a throne for the queen.

The fact of the burial of Columbus in the cathedral of Santo Domingo
surrounds this building with an historical interest. Numerous views
of it are presented from different aspects and others showing the leaden
casket in which his mortal remains rested until the year 1795, when
they were transferred to the city of Havana.

The native population of Haiti, of whom we have in this exhibit the
evidence of considerable Siler an remained long of undetermined
affinities, although many of the words of their language, their customs,
and their myths were preserved by the early settlers and missionaries.
They were popularly supposed to be Caribs, or related fio the Carib
stock, or connected with the Mayas or Mexicans.

In a study of the Arawack language of Guiana, published in 1871, I
brought the Haitian language, I believe for the first time, into unques-
tionable and close connection with that important South American
stock, and showed at the same time that it was the same dialect which
prevailed throughout Cuba and the Bahamas.’ The whole West
Indian Archipelago was peopled from South America exclusively, and
contained no tribes linguistically related to any north of the Isthmus
of Panama upon the continent. The definite recognition of this fact
in ancient native migration is of prime importance in the study of col-
lections of aboriginal relics from these islands.

DEPARTMENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF COLOMBIA.

The Republic of Colombia presented perhaps the most brilliant of all
of the displays in the strictly American portion of the Exposition. The
numerous magnificent specimens of native gold work and their tasteful
arrangement attracted the attention of all visitors. They also excited
the admiration of those of antiquarian taste, from their novelty as well
as for the perfection of their designs. The credit for the collection
of this unusual series as well as for their judicious arrangement rests
mainly with the distinguished Colombian archeologist, Setior Ernesto
Restrepo.

Senor Restrepo took advantage in connection with this Exposition,
and of the interest excited by the invitation to his country to partici-
pate in it, to publish several valuable contributions to the study of the
ancient history of that portion of the continent. These appeared at
Bogota, under the following titles: Estudios sobre los Aborigenes de
Colombia; Viages de Lionel Wafer al Isthmo de Darien; and Ensayo
Etnografico y Arqueolégico de la Provincia de los Quimbayas.

They are most creditable to the extent of his scholarship and the
energy with which he has Boe sued Toes ea One in the library as well

1The heaeare inkeuaee of Gunns in its lin ine ane Rihectant relations, by
D. G. Brindton, M. D., in the Tranasctions of the American Philosophical Society,
for 1871.

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 45

as in the field. They give us for the first time a fairly complete state-
ment of the native tribes present in this portion of South America
about the time it first became known to the European invaders. The
map which accompanies the first named locates with great accuracy a
large number of tribes whose precise residence has heretofore been
vague.

According to the minute and extensive investigations of this scholar,
the territory of Colombia was occupied by a great variety of tribes in
different stages of culture, not subject to any general government, but
constantly at war with each other. When the objects obtained from
the graves in different parts are carefully examined, a considerable dif-
ference is manifest in the style and in the perfection of their artistic
execution. It is quite obvious that the condition of those who manu-
factured them was one of isolation, and that very little communication
even of a commercial character was frequent between them.

With regard to the work in gold, for which this territory was par-
ticularly famous, it is found to be divisible into three different groups,
clearly characterized by contrasting traits, both in the objects repre-
sented and in the style of workmanship. These three groups are called
those of the Chibcha, the Antioquena, and the Quimbaya; these are so
clearly of independent character that a person who has thoroughly
familiarized himself with their traits will run no danger of mistaking
one for the other. Nor does it appear that the artistic development
of the one exerted an influence upon the others, or that the products
of the one entered by exchange or purchase into the territory of the
others. The excavations in the ancient graves reveal objects almost
entirely native to the locality, and very rarely specimens which could be
attributed to the workmanship of neighboring tribes.

This statement is equally true in reference to any objects which might
have been made, subsequent to the Conquest, in Central America and
Peru. The native graves of early date in those regions often contain
metal work, pottery or ornaments, which show that the interments took
place after the arrival of the Spaniards, and include some objects either
brought by them, or imitated from those so introduced. For instance,
in both countries, images in pottery of Spanish soldiers or monks are
not extremely unusual in the native cemeteries of old date. Nothing
of this kind appears to have been the case in Colombia. When the
invading forces swept down upon this thickly settled land, peopled by
small tribes not possessing any strong military force and no cohesion
among themselves, the whole industry of the country became paralyzed
and ceased, once and forever.

How small comparatively even the most important ef these nations
was, may be seen from the fact that the one which has most occupied
the attention of historians and antiquarians, to wit, the Chibchas, did
not control even the tenth part of the present area of the Republic of
Colombia.

46 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

The means for studying through material objects the degree of cul-
ture of this nation have always been limited, and much of the celebrity
which it has enjoyed has been owing to the literary studies of Duquesne
and Humboldt, and rests on insecure foundations. Indeed, all the known
objects previous to the present exhibition, which were at the command
of the students, were not over a hundred as represented in the various
works on this field. At Madrid, on the other hand, there were rep-
resented 237 specimens and 167 hitherto unpublished drawings and
paintings of specimens in other collections not heretofore represented
in any public work. The character of these objects and the variety they
presented, illustrating ancient workmanship. may be judged from the
following list:

In objects of gold there were 69 human figures, 6 masks, 23 figures
of animals, 19 instruments, and 38 bones for ornament, making in
all 155 articles in this metal of more or less pure alloy. In copper
there were 24 figures of animals and of the human subject; in pottery,
38 vases and figures; and 20 utensils of stone. The illustrations offered
of other objects not on exhibition number 167; making in all 404
new specimens, serving to illustrate not only the technical culture of
the Chibcha nation, but also throwing light upon its mythology and
symbolism.

But no doubt the most unexpected result of Mr. Restrepo’s studies,
one abundantly proved by the unequalled collection which he pre-
sented to view, was that the Chibcha Nation was not the leader in
general culture or in artistic workmanship among those who inhabited
the soil of Colombia at the time of the discovery. This distinguished
place was taken from them to be assigned to a nation or tribe hitherto
wholly unknown to historians or antiquariaus, and whose affiliations
remain in complete obscurity. This tribe is that of the Quimbaya, who
occupied a territory on the right bank of the River Cauca, between
the fourth and sixth parallel of north latitude. The area they con-
trolled does not appear to have been more than 50 miles long and 30
wide, and from the very little that can be learned about their tradi-
tions, they had entered this district at no remote period before the
Conquest.

Concerning their language, we have no other information than a few
proper names and two or three words, which offer no affinity with
neighboring tongues. In this locality, guided by a native artistic
instinct, and favored by the abundance of gold, usually impure, found
in the streams, they developed probably the highest workmanship of
any people on the American continent. They appear to have been
peaceful, given to the enjoyment of life, and limited in other respects
in their cultivation.

These characteristics combined to insure their early extinction on
the arrival of the Spaniards. Those avaricious strangers remorse-
lessly pursued the Quimbaya to extort from them their hoards of the

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 47

precious metal. The tribe was soon scattered, its survivors fled to the
forest, and in a very short time even its name was forgotten by the
rapacious invaders.

Through the assiduous labors of Mr. Restrepo we are now in a posi-
tion to appreciate the high artistic sentiment which inspired this
departed people, and to restore to them the credit on the page of his-
tory which is their due. The specimens of their work exhibited at
Madrid, make up a total of 1,012 objects, enough, as Mr. Restrepo
remarks, to enable those interested to decide whether this tribe of bar-
barians did not do honor to the human species by their love of the
arts, their excellent taste, and their really prodigious skill.

‘These specimens are in gold of more or less alloy, in copper, in clay,
and, in a few instances, in stone, wood, bone, and shell. They represent
figures of the human body, and of various animals, diadems, crowns,
scepters, collars, earrings, ornaments of various character, rings, bells,
flutes and whistles, vases, and sepulchral urns, chisels, needles,
spindles, etc.

The graceful forms and varied sizes of the gold vases from this region
impressed every observer. They indicate a true sense of symmetry and
proportion in their makers, and they vindicate for them a high position
as genuine artists. The vases of clay are decorated in colors, with fig-
ures accurately traced, and are of varied and original forms. They do
not resemble, either in the material of which they are constructed or in
the methods of decoration employed, the pottery of the Chibcha or that
of Central America. They would seem to present the product of an
evolution of art belonging stricfly to the nation who manufactured
them.

In the third region, that which has been referred to as about Antio-
quia, there have been numerous extensive collections made at different
times, which have abundantly proved that the tribes there resident
were rich in gold, and manufactured it into various articles, with a
skill greater than that of the Chibcha, but less than that of the Quim-
baya. In the Madrid collection, the industries of this region, repre-
sented either in the relics themselves or by accurate photographs, made
a total of 458 pieces, quite sufficient to give a correct idea of their prog-
ress in the arts. Here, again, we are at a loss correctly to state, from
the evidence of language, what relationship these tribes bore to each
other or to other stocks on the continent.

A tourth region, not generally included in the continent of South
America, though at present under the government of the Republic of
Colombia, is that included in the Isthmus of Panama and the territory
westward of it tothe line of Costa Rica. This embraces the rich anti-
quarian region of the bay of Chiriqui. It is well known that the
ancient graves in that district have been ransacked for many years on
account of the wealth of gold images which some of them contained.
Although the greater portion of the relics thus obtained found their

48 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

way to the smelting pot of the goldsmith, a sufficient number were
preserved by collectors to make the character of the Chiriqui gold work
quite familiar to all interested in such studies. The same tribes were
also skillful in the manufacture of clay into utensils and objects of
adornment. In the Madrid collection the Republic of Colombia dis-
played about 200 pieces of pottery from the region in question, loaned
by Bishop Peralta, of Panama, and 28 more from Mr. Restrepo’s col-
lection. The peculiarity about these pieces of pottery, and that which
distinguished them from the similar products from the tribes of the
south, was the method of ornamentation they adopted, choosing usually
figures of animals, and also their selection of bright colors. The hands
and feet of some of the vases are ingeniously arranged to be rattles,
being hollow, and containing a loose ball of burnt clay which makes a
light noise on moving the plate or jar.

Another class of objects represented in this collection is one which
affords peculiar interest to the student of the aboriginal methods of
recording ideas. These are the inscriptions or writings upon stones or
rocks dating from precolumbian times, which occur at various places
within the Republic of Colombia. Some of these had previously
attracted the attention of travelers, and in 1890 Mr. A. L. Pinart pub-
lished in Paris a photographic album containing 10 plates of such inscrip-
tions existing near the Isthmus of Panama.' It has been ascertained
that such inscriptions, examples of which may be found in various parts
of the American continent, present a series of similarities limited to
certain districts, indicating that at some remote time a uniform method
of rock writing prevailed over a considerable area, and was limited to
that area.

The examples of the inscriptions and engravings on stone shown by
the delegation from the Republic of Colombia are contained upon
twenty-eight sheets. They represent monuments of this character
from a great many sites in different parts of the country, and differing
much in the elaborateness of the designs and the skill with which they
were executed. An inspection and comparison of them does not per-
mit a classification into well-marked varieties. Still less can they be
attributed to any one system of inscriptions. It is probable that sev-
eral of them reveal the influences of the civilized Peruvian tribes who
dwelt to the south.

A small portion of the collection includes ethnographic objects
obtained from the existing tribes of the Cunas and Goahibas, such as
arrows, bows, lances, flutes, whistles, scepters, collars, combs, ete.

A few skulls are shown indicating that the habit of compression of
the frontal region was common among various of the ancient tribes.

Those who have studied the description of the Chibcha numeral sys-
tem, astronomic calendar, and mythology, as described by Alexander

1Limite des Civilisations dans l’Isthme Américain, Pétroglyphes, etc., par A.-L.
Pinart. Paris, 1890.

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. AY

von Humboldt, from the MSS. of Dr. Duquesne, will desire to learn if
those remarkable statements are borne out by these later investigations.
Such inquirers are referred to Senor Vicente Restrepo’s careful mono-
graph, Critica de los Trabajos Arqueologicos del Dr. José Domingo
Duquesne, Bogota, 1892. It is sufficient to say that later research,
as well as an examination of Dr. Duquesne’s own writing, leave little
doubt but that Humboldt was too credulous in attributing any such
advance in culture to the Chibcha nation.

DEPARTMENT OF ECUADOR.

The exhibition of the Republic of Ecuador was under the care, as
president of the commission, of Sefor Antonio Flores, formerly presi-
dent of that Republic, and now minister plenipotentiary from it to the
court of Spain.

The geographical position of Ecuador surrounds it with special
interest to the student of the ancient history of America. It lies in
the extreme northern portion of the former “ Empire of the Incas,”
and is located between the numerous tribes subjected to their rule and
a number of independent nations of a certain degree of cultivation to
the north of them. Its earliest ‘history is carried back by tradition
some five or six hundred years, or aS some would say, a much longer
time, before the arrival of the Spaniards. The first that we hear of it
concerns the nation of the Caras who are reported, somewhere about
the ninth century, to have descended the. coast from the north and to
have landed on the shore near the mouth of the Esmeraldas River.
From there they journeyed inland and established their main seat
about the city of Quito, where they continued their rule down to about
the middle of the latter half of the fifteenth century. At ‘that time
the Inca Huaynacapac conquered the.country, and incorporated it into
the nation of which he was chief.

According to the evidence of language and many traditions of great
antiquity, the great Kechua nation itself first appears within the ter-
ritory of Ecuador, from which locality it gradually advanced, in two
streams of migration, conquering as it went, until it had brought under
its influence tribes as far south as the thirtieth parallel of south
latitude.

However this may be, it is certain that in Ecuador we find many
examples of art products which show conclusively the influence
exerted by the Kechua people.

The present collection includes in all 1,327 numbers in its cata-
logue, many of which were exhibited by the Government of the Repub-
lic, and others were loaned from private collections. Among the first
there were a number of utensils in stone, one a mortar with large ears,
each bearing a figure of an animal eut upon it. Another was a long
stone with resonant qualities, used as a bell, or to sound warnings,

H. Ex. 100——-4

50 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

emitting a loud and sonorous report upon being struck. Various
circular or globular stones, some bored, were doubtless used to attach
to the ends of clubs to give greater force to the blow. A few rough
figures in this material and a number of axes were also shown.
Pottery was represented by a collection of vases, jars, and plates in
red and black clays; also masks of the same material. Several speci-
mens of copper, usually in the form of axes or hatchets, indicated
that this material was employed for objects of utility.

A valuable collection, including relics both in copper, stone, bone,
and wood, was exhibited by Mr. August Cousin. The general character
of the specimens was similar to those in the collection of the Govern- -
ment, and in many instances the workmanship deserved special atten-
tion from its perfection and artistic inspiration.

Minister Flores personally exhibited a curious collection of ethno-
graphic articles presented to him, when President of that Republic, by
a chief of the nation of the Macas. They included a whistle of clay,
vases of the same material, stone axes, head dresses of feathers and
skins, ornaments for the ears, collars of teeth and other substances,
and the instruments for boring the ears.

Within the limits of Ecuador the Jivaro Indians reside, celebrated
for their skill in extracting the bones from the human head, and drying
the soft parts and the hair in such a manner as to preserve them per-
manently. These heads they cherish as trophies. An interesting
specimen was contained in the collection deposited by Senor Brao y ue
Linan, consul-general of Ecuador to Spain. m

Quite a number of the vases in pottery exhibited were of consider-
able size, some of them resting upon feet, others pointed at the end like
the Greek vases and evidently for the same purpose, that is, that they
might be placed securely in sand or soft ground by inserting the pointed
extremity. Many of them were plain, others were in animal forms of
in rude representations of the human figure.

Several cases in this collection were filled with coins and medals
struck at various times by the Government of the Republic.

DEPARTMENT OF PERU.

From the Republic of Peru only a small and unsatisfactory exhibi-
tion was made, considering the unusual riches which that country
offers in articles of American antiquity. It consisted of about fifty
specimens in pottery of the ordinary forms and texture which are so
familiar from that country. A few objects in silver and gold compared
unfavorably'with the much richer display from Ecuador. There were
also some idols in wood, and various textile materials from cotton,
wool, and the product of the vicuia. These were supplemented by a
somewhat larger series from several private collections, consisting
mainly of specimens of pottery of black clay obtained from the coast

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 51

lands. Most of these are technically known as “huacos,” a term
applied indiscriminately to aboriginal relics in Peru. About sixty of
them were disinterred from the immediate vicinity of the famous
Temple of the Sun, in the valley of Pachacamae, and the Temple of the
Gran Chimu, so-well described by our countryman, the late Mr. E. G.
Squier, in his work on Peru.'' The specimens referred to are chiefly of
clay, finely tempered, and offering some unusual forms. It may be
that they are examples of the real ‘‘Chimu” work, which belonged to
a different culture center from the Kechuas or Ineas, and one believed
by many historians to have been much older? The natives of the
coast about Trujillo were. the Chimus or Yuneas, speaking a totally
different language from the Kechua, and having been subjected by the
Ineas about the middle of the fifteenth century.

DEPARTMENT OF BOLIVIA.

The Government of Bolivia was represented by a very small collec-
tion, chiefly ethnographic in character and throwing but little light on
the many interesting questions which relate to the ancient history of
that part of South America. Among them were two idols in stone,
found among theruins of Tiahuanaco, some models of the curious rafts
used still by the Indians of Lake Titicaca, several idols in wood as
manufactured by the present Indians of the Aymara tribe, some plates
of native manufacture, various textile materials, the result of native
labor, and the complete costume of a native Indian man and Indian
woman.

The native tribes represented were the Aymaras and the Moxos.
The first mentioned now number several hundred thousand of pure
and mixed blood. Their archeological history is peculiarly interesting
on account of the probability that their culture was considerably older
than that of the Kechuas, and that these had derived from them many
elements of their later civilization—a view ably maintained of late by
Dr. Middendorf.’

The home of the Moxos is on the head waters of the Rio Mamore.
They speak a dialect of the Arawack stock, the same which has been
referred to as the prevailing language throughout the West Indian
Archipelago. The opinion is. now generally held that the original home
of this widespread family of languages was somewhere on the Boliv-
ian highlands,* which lends special interest to an ethnographic study
of them in that locality.

'Peru; Incidents of Travel and Exploration, Chaps. IX, X. New York, 1877.

*See Dr. E. W. Middendorf, Das Muchik, oder die Chimu-Sprache. Einleitung.
Leipzig, 1892.

3Die Aimara-Sprache. Einleitung. Leipzig, 1891.

‘See Brinton, The American Race, p. 249. Philadelphia, 1891.

52 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

DEPARTMENT OF URUGUAY.

The exhibition from the Republic of Uruguay was presented chiefly
under the auspices and care of Senor Juan Zorrilla de San Martin,
envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary from that Republic
to the Court of Spain and president of the commission, known also as
a distinguished author in both literary and scientific directions.

All the specimens shown from this country may justly be attributed
to the race and tribes who inhabited its area at the time of the discov-
ery. None of them were found at any great depth beneath the surface,
or in any such relation to older strata as to lead us to assign them to
that much older age which has been claimed for some of the relies
found on the watershed of the Rio de la Plata. These.tribes occupied a
geographical position intermediate between the stocks which inhabited
Brazil and those who occupied the vast area toward the west, known as
‘“ Hl Gran Chaco.” They were in blood and language affiliated to both
of these, and they possessed traits of culture common to both.

The majority of the relics were obtained from what is known tech-
nically as “village sites,” such as are called in South America “ para-
deros.” These, as the name indicates, were localities which have for a
greater or less length of time been chosen by the natives as places
suitable for the construction oftheir more permanent residences. They
present, on investigation, many utensils, weapons, burnt stones and
clay, remains of hearths, bones of animals, fragments of shells, etc.,
indicative of the life of the inhabitants, but, as a rule, few, if any,
human bones, showing that they‘were not used as places of burial,
nor did the natives who occupied them make a habit of consuming
human flesh. The bones of the animals found are those of the same
species which still exist, or are- known to have existed recently, in the
same vicinity, not presenting any’examples of extinct species.

The cemeteries of these tribes are occasionally discovered. They
present the appearance of » number of small mounds, upon opening
which human bones are found, usually in a sitting position and accom:
panied by stone and bone implements, rude specimens of pottery, and,
in some rather rare examples, by articles of European manufacture,
such as glass beads, showing that these interments continued to be
made after the natives had come into contact with the whites and entered
into commercial relations with them.

Here, as elsewhere, in the ordinary soil of the country, various prod-
ucts of the earlier inhabitants, such as arrowheads and stone and
bone implements, occur. The specimens presented in this collection
were obtained, and to some extent classified, with reference to their
discovery on the village sites, in the cemeteries, or in ordinary soil.

Among the examples in stone, single flakes, “ teshoas,” used for cut-
ting, are abundant. They are generally small, the edges sharp and
well suited for the purpose for which they were destined. Some of

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 53

them are slightly grooved and retouched upon the edges, so as to offer
a serrated border, for which reason they are classified as saws. Another
common form of stone implement is that of the scraper. They are usu-
ally chipped on one side only, the other being left in its natural condi-
tion, the front edge being more or less grooved, while the opposite end
is arranged for adjustment into a wooden handle. They offer a variety
of forms, some being circular, others oblong, elliptical, etc. Somewhat
similar in character are flakes and pieces of stone, usually oval in out-
line, which have been chipped to a point at one end, the border being
sometimes also chipped to an edge, at others left blunt.

The use of stone arrowheads and lance heads was very common
in Uruguay. More than 9,000 specimens are mentioned in the cata-
logue as having been found, showing the various forms with which we
are familiar in those obtained in the United States. The material
of which they are made is generally jasper or quartz, and they are
worked with a great deal of skill, with symmetrical outlines, testifying
to the long practice of their makers.

Although no mention is made of the discovery of quarries, yet the
material from them in the form of cores or nuclei is abundant on these
village sites. They were evidently brought, as in the United States,
from some locality more or less distant, and worked up at the village
at leisure.

Another implement found in considerable numbers shows that the
same character of technical industry prevailed here as in the northern
continent. These are the hammer stones, the use of which was to
break the flakes from the core and chip its sides.

A rounded fragment of hard rock, of various sizes to suit the hand
and the weight of the blow desired, was its simplest form. Some of them
are oblong in shape, and they often present a small depression on each
surface, no doubt intended as pits for the extremities of the fingers,
thus allowing them to be used for striking a blow with greater accuracy.
Others, again, have a groove around the center, evidently for the pur-
pose of permitting them to be fastened securely to a handle.

This form of hammer stone brings them into close relation to a stone
implement more common in this part of the continent than in any
other, and almost unknown throughout the area of the United States.
These are what are called the sling stones or bolas, which are charac-
teristic of the greater portion of South America, south of Brazil. They
are in the shape of a roundish stone, generally polished, with a groove
around the center, by which they were fastened to a cord or string.
They were used in two methods by the primitive inhabitants, the one
intended to capture the animal, the other to kill him. In the former,
two stones were tied together at the two ends of the cord, about six
feet apart, although three could be used, on cords fastened together in
the form of the letter Y. This form is quite common to-day in Pata-
gonla, where it 1s the favorite method of capturing ostriches; but it is

54 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT’ MADRID.

believed to be a later development of the former, and it is doubtful
whether, at least in Uruguay, the natives were acquainted with it at
the time of the Conquest. The manner of its use is, that one of the
stones, the smallest of the three, is taken in the hand, and the others
are slung several times around the head and then hurled at the animal
in such a manner that his feet become entangled in the cord, and he
falls an easy prey to his pursurer.

The simple or single bola is merely a stone attached to the extremity
of acord about 3 feet long. The other extremity is taken in the hand,
whirled several times around the head, and the stone is dispatched to
strike the animal or the enemy in some vital part. Often heavy and
large stones are used for this form of the bola.

Nearly all the bolas present the circular groove above referred to;
but there are some which donot. These appear to have been wrapped in
skins or thongs and by this method attached to the cord. Those bolas
which are taken in the hand are usually smaller than the others; are
highly polished, oval, and have the groove extending longitudinally.
Not a few of them are so perfectly symmetrical in outline that it is
difficult to believe that they have not been made by machinery.

Another variety of stone weapon presenting a generally spherical
outline, with a transverse groove and often with conical prominences,
are the heads of war clubs or of maces. Many examples of these are
shown. They were fastened to the extremity of a handle and were
entirely weapons of war.

Axes or hatchets of stone often occur on the village sites. They are
usually highly polished, some having a groove, others not.

A comparatively few examples are shown of stone disks. It is not
clear for what purpose they were made, and the suggestion of the
catalogue that they were sling stones is not probable.

There are two varieties of stone utensils presenting concavities,
evidently mortars for breaking corn and other grain; the other smaller
in size and probably for use in grinding paints or similar coloring
matters.

Perforated stones are not unfrequent, for what use hag not been
clearly defined. It has been suggested that they may have been
attached to handles for the purpose of carrying nuts or hammering
on soft substances. They are of various diameters and usually cireular
in outline.

Two of the most interesting objects in the exhibition in this depart-
ment are two stones, the one representing rudely an ax or hatchet
bearing an outline of the human face, and the other approximating to
it in form, but evidently intended to represent a bird. A stone rudely
chipped or polished resembling the latter has been exhumed from some
of the ancient stations on the coast of Brazil, and the peculiar charac-
ter of such objects prompts to the suggestion that they may have
proceeded from the same inspiration; which, indeed, is not improbable,

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 55

inasmuch as the natives of this part of Uruguay belonged in part to
the same stock, the Tupi-Guarani, which at an early date spread itself
along the coast of Brazil quite up to the mouth of the Amazon and to
the north of it.

On all the village sites fragments of pottery are found. It is not
very well baked and is usually coarse, the clay being mixed with
grains of sand and small gravel in order to give it consistency. On
the surface it is reddish, in the interior dark. Most of the vases are
conical or globular, and they generally have holes in the rim which
were intended for cords by which they could be suspended. <A few of
these fragments show some rough decoration in points or straight lines
in low relief, giving simple geometrical outlines.

The graves which were examined yielded polished stones and human
and animal bones. In some instances funerary urns inclosed the
remains, and the bones were occasionally painted, showing that they
had been brought from a distance after the flesh had decayed, accord-
ing to a custom well known in both North and South America. The
funerary urns show a higher grade of pottery than was found on the
village sites, and the attempt at decoration in red and white clay and
with various combinations of straight and grooved lines indicate a
more ambitious style of art.

DEPARTMENT OF THE ARGENTINE REPUBLIC.

The Argentine Republic, occupying as it.does the southern extremity
of South America and including an area extending from the extreme
southern point of the continent almost to the limits of the Tropies, is
rich in the remains of these ancient inhabitants. It has within the
last few years especially attracted the attention of geologists as well as
archeologists by its claims to contain in the strata of the pampas both
the bones and the industrial relies of the oldest examples of the human
race on the American continent. Indeed, there have not been wanting
some daring spirits who have intimated that in this region existing
evidence indicates that man had his first home. It is unquestionably
true that his bones and the relics of his village sites have been dis-
covered in contiguity with the remains of extinct animals which have
been reasonably assigned to the Quaternary formation.

The Government of that Republic has, with judicious liberality, made
preparation for the collection of a large number of such relics in the
museum of La Plata, under the intelligent care of its director, Senor
I’. B. Moreno. In this depository, a great variety of specimens have
been collected, illustrating the natural history as well as the antiquities
of the state. It was not deemed desirable by the authorities connected
with it to forward to Madrid the best pieces. Instead of these, a full
and valuable series of water colors depicting them were exhibited,
Serving aS a means of comparison for the study of visitors. Even

56 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

these were far from exhausting or even giving a full conception of the
riches in this direction owned by the national museums of that Republic.
They present, however, in an attractive manner, the size and coloring
of a large number of painted vases of clay, usually decorated in a con-
ventional manner by representations of the human body and various
animals, especially the serpent. The majority of these were from the
Province of Catamarca, and were funerary urns obtained from the
cemeteries of that region.

It is well known tostudents of the subject that precisely in this prov-
ince some of the most difficult enigmas present themselves concerning
the history of the civilization of South America. Here alone, in any
part of the continent east of the Andes, were found tribes constructing
walls of cut stone, and erecting edifices of the same material, some of
which were of great extent and admirably designed for defensive works.
There can be little doubt but that the influence of ancient Peru made
itself felt upon the arts. of this province, but whether its inhabi-
tants, the actual builders of these stone works, belonged in language
to the great Kechua stock, is a question upon which linguists have not
reached a unanimous opinion. The articles depicted in the collection
from the Argentine Republic at Madrid will extend an interest in this
question, and will prove the comparatively high artistic skill which had
been acquired by this unknown people.

The natives of Catamarca were known as the Calchaquis, and were
in a much higher stage of culture at the time of the Conquest than their
neighbors, the tribes of the Gran Chaco, or those which roamed over
the pampas to the south. None of the latter had developed an agri-
cultural or sedentary life, while the Calchaquis were distinctly city
builders.

Although the province of Catamarca and its inhabitants became
early a field for missionary effort, and a grammar of the language was
prepared by the apostolic laborer, Father Alonso de Barcena, the work
is lost, and all that remains of the tongue is a series of place-names.
From an analysis of these, various conclusions have been reached. I
have endeavored to prove that they belong to a dialect of the Kechua,
of Peru, a conclusion which, if accepted, would bring the remarkable
remains of the Calchaquis as well as themselves into genetic relation
with the great culture-center of the Incas. Von Tschudi, however,
thought they were a part of the Atacamenos of the Pacifie Coast; and
Samuel A. Lafone-Quevedo, who has long studied the problem on the
spot, is inclined to look upon them as an independent stock, without
known affiliations.!

‘On this question the following may be profitably consulted: Brinton, The
American Race, pp. 227, 319, seq.; S. A. Lafone-Quevedo, Catalogo de las Huacas
de Chanar-Yaco, La Plata 1892; Gunardo Lange, Las Ruinas del Pueblo de Watun-
gasta, La Plata, 1892.

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. md

DEPARTMENT OF SPAIN.
THE NATIONAL MUSEUM OF ARCH OLOGY.

The National Museum of Archeology of Spain is an institution of
the highest class, and one most creditable to the scientific spirit of the
nation. It is installed in Madrid in extensive and beautiful grounds
and contains a vast collection of objects most useful to a student of
antiquarian scenes. Only a comparatively small portion of these treas-
ures were exhibited in the Columbian Exposition, but the selection was
very judicious and furnished the attentive observer a large mass of
material for his consideration.

The National Museum of Archeology owes its foundation to the
liberal mind of Charles III of Spain, who about the year 1773 collected
together the objects of interest in natural history and antiquities, and
with them formed a large collection at the capital. He also sent various
scientific men of the day on voyages to America for the purpose of
adding to this material for students. Later on it was increased by the
efforts of officers attached to the Spanish navy, by a private collection
of ancient vases from Peru, and by a large number of objects exhumed
from the sepulchers of that country, including remains, textile materials
and utensils of all kinds, and also by a collection of antiquities for-
warded by the Government of Guatemala in 1789, and from other
sources.

The materials on exhibition were disposed, in the main, geographi-
cally, and are so classified in the published catalogue. Beginning with
the West Indian Islands, we find a number of examples of the fetiches
or so-called zemis,' which are so common through Cuba, Puerto Rico,
and other islands of that archipelago. These are sometimes in stone,
sometimes in baked clay. They usually represent rudely the human
figure in part or in whole, or a figure of some of the lower animals.
Besides these, from the same locality there were stone axes in diorite
or serpentine, stones used for milling purposes, often of the peculiar
triangular shape known as ‘the cocked-hat stone,”? collars of stone
principally diorite, stone implements of the same material, rudely shaped
idols and arrow points, one of which, from Cuba, was of obsidian.

Quite a number of arrowheads, a few objects in bone and stone, and
fragments of pottery were from the United States, their exact locality
not being stated.

Of greater value than these are the extensive series from Mexico,
these unfortunately also being rarely strictly localized, and there-
fore difficult to be referred to a particular ethnic civilization. They
included a large collection of what were called religious objects, such

‘Allied to to the Arawack, semeti, medicine-man, sorcerer, or priest.
2On the purpose of these consult E. F. im Thurn, ‘‘On West Indian Stone Imple-
ments” in the Journal Timehri, Vol. I, Part II.

58 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

as idols in stone, terra-cotta masks, amulets and seals or stamps, rows
of beads, and models of temples. Among the weapons of warfare were
shown lance points, knives, some from a peculiar yellow stone, nuclei
of obsidian from which the flakes had been detached, and numerous
examples of the form in which these flakes were obtained.

The musical instruments from the same state included spherical jars
of burnt clay, whistles made of the same material, and rattles.

Certainly the most celebrated of the objects in this collection was
the ancient manuscript written before the discovery by the natives of
Yucatan, known as the “Codex Troano.” It is divided into two por-
tions, and for a long time they were considered to be two separate
ancient hieroglyphic books, but now most of those who have carefully
studied the relationship existing between the two have reached the
conclusion that they are parts of the same manuscript, which have
been detached and separated. They are written upon long strips of
the native paper, made from the maguey plant, which was covered
with a white sizing and folded on the principle of ascreen. Both sides
were written, or rather painted upon, and the pages are to be read first
along one side, and then, by turning the manuscript, along the other,
in a direction inversely of the first.

This precious manuscript has been carefully reproduced and is now
accessible to all students of the subject.' It may justly be considered
one of the most remarkable remains of the literary culture of the
natives of southern Mexico. The characters in which it is written are
distinctly those which we find inscribed on walls of the oldest cities of
Yucatan, Tabasco, Honduras, and Chiépas, and are not at all like those
which are familiar to us in the manuscripts obtained from the area occu-
pied by the ancient Aztecs.

Various religious objects, specimens of pottery, weapons, domestic
utensils, and a few archeological remains are shown from the cities of
Guatemala, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and undetermined portions of Cen-
tral America.

From South America there was a series of relics shown from Colom-
bia, among them a large number of small idols, in bronze, and copper
and gold, from the celebrated nation of the ancient Chibchas. These
merited examination the more, as not only was this nation one of the
most highly civilized of any within the area of that State, but, as is
shown by recent researches, it alone of all the South American nations
appears to have extended its influence and language into North Amer-
ica certainly as far as the western boundary of Costa Rica, and perhaps
even farther. (See above.) One of the remains which was alleged to
illustrate the sacrifices offered by this nation in the Temple of the Sun
at their capital city, Sogamoso, was a piece of the great stone upon
which the human victims were immolated.

‘First published by the Abbé Brasseur de Bourbourg, Paris, 1869; Manuscript
Troano, etc., and later by others.

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. By)

Another relic from this nation, one that has excited considerable
attention from its curious form, is a stone marked No. 345, formerly
supposed in some way to indicate the calendar of the tribe, but which
at present is generally considered to have been intended as a mold on
which thin plates of gold were hammered in order to bring them into
a desired shape. Reference will be had to this fact in speaking of
the exhibit of the German section.

Several of their instruments of music, such as whistles and bells,
were included among the objects shown, and also pieces of cloth woven
by the ancient inhabitants of the country, obtained from sepulchers in
the vicinity of this primitive capital. They are of cotton, some white
and other portions dyed in yellow and blue.

On reaching the State of Ecuador, we find in the objects shown dis-
tinct marks of the influence of the great cultured state of the Incas
to the south; for instance, in a looking-glass of obsidian of circular
form, polished on both its surfaces, and with a prolongation having a
hole bored through it, evidently for the purpose of fastening by a
cord or suspension. There is also a fine series of polished and well-
shaped stone axes, usually of a greenish or blackish diorite, and several
good specimens of pottery, some of elegant form and fine clay.

The collection from Peru is peculiarly rich and includes a vast num-
ber of objects illustrating the highest degree of art of the ancient
inhabitants. It was obtained principally from various localities along
the coast or in the warm western valleys of the Andes, and therefore
represents more especially the industry of the Yuneas, the tribe who
dwelt in that locality, and who, as has already been remarked, spoke a
different language and belonged to a different stock from the ruling
nation, the Incas, who occupied the higher land in the interior.
Among religious objects exhibited were a large number of idols made
from burnt clay, from copper, from silver, from bronze, and rarely
from stone.

Among them was one which was especially prominent by being alone
in a case Separate from the rest. It represented a human figure seated
upon a throne which was inclosed by two snakes. In the hands of the
figure were two tables on which were inscribed characters distinctly
resembling the Chinese script. Animage of the sun rested on the head
of the figure, and around its neck was a collar bearing*three eggs; the
hair was plaited, somewhat resembling the queue of the Chinese, but
which is also occasionally seen among some of the natives of the
higher Andes. This object is alleged to have been discovered near the
Port of Truxillo, but no detailed description of its finding could be
obtained. Inasmuch as it is not supported by any other finds of a
Similar character, and is left without verification as to the method or
date of its exhumation, the observer is justified in harboring serious
doubt as to its genuineness.

Among the weapons of war presented, there are a number of stone

60 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

hatchets of serpentine, diorite, and amphibolite; also a series of mace
heads, some in the form of a ring, and others with conical points or
knobs. These were intended to be fastened to the extremity of a handle.
There were also hatchets of copper and bronze, and lance points and
arrow points of the same material. Among the objects used as
utensils, those of copper, principally chisels and awls, knives and hoes,
were especially noteworthy. It has been long known that the inhabi-
tants of this portion of South America were acquainted with an alloy
of tin and copper from which they manufactured a great variety of
implements and utensils, the resulting metal compound furnishing a
hard substance capable of yielding a good cutting edge.

There were six examples from the same part of the coast, of scales or
balances, which were attributed to the ancient inhabitants, and were
supposed to have been used in weighing gold and silver or other precious
substanees. The beams were sometimes of wood, and several of them
were worked with a great deal of fineness and care. In one, the cord
which sustained the balances was ornamented with a row of rich beads
of colored stones and rude fragments of shell. These remarkabie objects
deservedly attracted the attention of many visitors, as there is very little
evidence to show that in no other part of America any balances or
scales of such a character were used by the primitive inhabitants. It
is, indeed, open to question whether outside of the ancient Empire of
Peru the notion of estimating quantity by weight ever occurred to the
native American race. Certain it is that nowhere in North America
has any evidence been adduced to show that even the most highly eul-
tivated nations distributed their produce or in any way measured the
amount of objects by means of weights.!

The sepulchers along the Peruvian Coast also contributed to this
exhibit a great number of domestic utensils, decorative objects, musical
instruments, vases, and figures in terra cotta; some of curious forms,
others representing animals, objects such as birds, alligators, snakes,
fishes, fruits,and soon. There were a great many vases of the double
form, some without handles, others intended as'toys or as games. They
‘vary in quality, but among them are many of the best style of art of
the natives.

Passing on toward the south there were a large number of bolas
shown from Uruguay, the peculiar arm used by the natives of that State
in hunting; also, from various parts of South America, the precise local-
ity not defined, numerous domestic utensils and industrial objects, a
number of mummies from the coast of Peru, a collection of skulls from
the coast and from the interior of the same country, textile materials,
clothing and garments, both modern and ancient, from the same region,
and an excellent collection of the military outfit of a warrior from Brazil.

'T have discussed this subject in my Essays of an Americanist, pages 434, 449, Phil-
adelphia, 1890, and also in the Proceedings of the Numismatic and Antiquarian
Society at Philadelphia, 1892.

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 61

From Ecuador and Peru were a number of arrowheads, lance points
maces, bows and arrows, weapons, ete.

A series of small boxes contained a collection of medical and phar-
maceutical specimens brought back from America about the year 1777
by the botanists sent thither by Charles III. The large series of cin-
chona bark is especially interesting as being the first at all complete
collection ever brought to America of this invaluable drug.

Among the postcolumbian or recent ethnographic objects from the
museum should be mentioned, in the first place, those obtained in the
expedition of the Corvettes, Descubierta, and Atrevida, in the year 1791.
They included four models of kayaks, the fishing boats in use by the
Esquimaux, and waterproof clothing which the fishermen don in
exposure to the weather. From Nootka Sound there were specimens
of carvings in wood, as masks, human faces, the human figure, and
boxes in the form of a bird; also stone implements, axes, amulets, and
wooden carvings of various descriptions from Vancouver Island, south-
ern Alaska, and the Straits of Fuea.

From the area of the United States the museum exhibited skins
dressed and painted from New Mexico, feathers and ornaments and
various garments from the same locality, stone weapons and bows
principally from the tribes in the southwestern United States.

More important than these were the collections from Mexico of arti-
cles manufactured since the Conquest, and of small images represent-
ing various native types. Modern Mexican pottery was set forth by a
collection of 956 vases from Guadalajara and Cartegena of very varying
forms, usually having feet and covers of the same material and differ-
ing widely in perfection of work. Other objects which may be men-
tioned were the peculiar Mexican hats, Mexican leather work, cups and
dishes of cocoanut very elaborately decorated, textile materials from
the Indians and from the Spanish inhabitants of the country, groups of
figures, representing various characters, extremely well made and
remarkably close to life.

A series of twenty-four paintings, with incrustations of mother of
pearl, recalling different episodes of the Conquest of Mexico and dated
from the year 1698, were of much historic interest. Others, painted on
copper and variously decorated with paper and feathers, memorialized
certain scenes of a religious character and were intended for exhibi-
tion in the churches. Some life-like figures were in wax; one, a collee-
tion of thirty species of birds, modeled in this substance, and carved
with designs appropriate to the various species represented. This was
a work of the Indians of central Mexico.

From South America specimens were shown of amulets used by the
Indians of Colombia, flutes made of cane from the same locality, combs
of vegetable fiber, vases made from shell of the fruit of a tree, and
baskets of cane for the purpose of carrying water. A number of eth-
nographic specimens, such as collars and bracelets, garments and

62 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

weapons from Ecuador, illustrated the native industries of that State.
Similar collections were present from Peru, Bolivia, Chile, Brazil, the
Argentine Republic, Uruguay, Patagonia, and the southern extremity
of the continent. As in most instances the tribes from which these
articles were obtained were not stated, their scientific value was
merely of a general character. This was still further the case with a
series of objects exhibited from America in general without otber deter-
mination of the locality whence obtained.

A portion of the Exposition was set apart for objects from the Phil-
ippine Islands, a valuable colony of Spain. It is well known that
their native inhabitants generally belong to the great Polynesian
branch of the Malayan race, and, of course, are entirely disconnected
by blood or culture with any of the American tribes. Historically,
however, these islands came under the domination of Spain at about
the same time as many of her American possessions, and for this
reason the collection was placed parallel to this from the American
continent. It included a number of specimens of the ancient and
modern industries of the inhabitants, and also a series of skulls,
some of them being from cemeteries believed to be anterior to the year
1519. Interesting examples were shown of the early and later indus-
tries; also of their work in clay and the accuracy in moulding which
they displayed previous to the arrival of the Spaniards. A curious
series was one of cones of gold and silver; and although it has been
denied by some authorities that these objects were used as coins, there
is sufficient evidence to accept it as probable.

The national board of mining engineers contributed to the Expo-
sition a series of models and plans of mines, specimens of charts
and collections of works upon every branch intended to illustrate the
geological and economical character of the country first visited by
Columbus, including the island of Cuba and other portions of the
West Indies. Of these it may be said in brief that they embraced all
the material requisite to prepare a memoir of the mineral riches of
Spanish America with considerable completeness.

Secondly, a collection of 600 specimens of rock and soils from the
island of Cuba.

Thirdly, a collection of 214 fossils from the same island, carefully
revised and classified and properly catalogued.

Fourthly, a collection of 150 specimens of minerals from the island
of Cuba; maps, plans, photographs, and sketches of mines in the
island; collections of minerals from the islands of Puerto Rico and Santo
Domingo and from some parts of Mexico, Peru, ete.

This portion of the Exposition would be found of much utility in
studying the development of the mining industry during the period of
Spanish occupation of the New World. It was highly appropriate,
therefore, that it should find a place in an exposition devoted to illus-
trating the growth of America in the early centuries of its subjection
to European influence.

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 63

THE ROYAL ACADEMY OF HISTORY.

The Royal Academy of History displayed from the rich stores of its
library a number of remarkable manuscripts, originals of the ancient
“histories of the Indies.”

Perhaps the most notable of these was a fragmentary history of
Mexico by Father Bernardino de Sahagun, being the original draft, or
rather a portion of it, consisting of only four books, from which he
composed his complete work, the only complete manuscript of which in
existence is found, notin Spain, but in Italy. That in Madrid has been
described on several occasions, especially by myself and by Dr. Seler,
of Berlin, and portions of it have been published by both of us.!

The original manuscript of the extensive general history of the
Indies, by Fernandez de Oviedo, was also on exhibition, consisting of
seven folio volumes, written in the sixteenth century; all of which, how-
ever, has been published by the Spanish Government.

Another manuscript, which has attracted great attention since the
first production of a portion of it by the Abbé Brasseur, is the deserip-
tion of Yucatan by Bishop de Landa. It appears to have been copied
from an original which is now lost. It is especially celebrated for the
light which it throws upon the system of writing invented by the
natives of Yucatan, and which is preserved in a few manuscripts
written by them before the Conquest, and also in numerous monuments
carved in stone upon their temples. The students of such inscriptions
in modern times have usually taken as their starting point the so-called
“ alphabet,” as given in this volume.

Although the results have not been very successful because the
alphabet which he gave was not intended for use in the manner of those
employed in modern languages, yet its value can not be doubted as a
genuine production of native invention. It may be added that the first
time this manuscript was published in a correct form was in 1881, when
it was issued by means of a photographic representation in a folio vol-
ume referring to the hieroglyphic writing of Central America, edited
by Senor Juan de Dios de la Rada y Delgada.”

Another of the manuscripts in this collection was one written in the
sixteenth century, of 668 folio pages in the first volume and 272 in the
second, being the ‘‘ History of the Indies,” by the illustrious Las Casas.
The history, which is here included in full, was published in Mexico,
in part, but a considerable portion of the manuscripts of this author
has not yet seen the light. It may be said of them that a great many
of his chapters treating on ancient classical religious history would have
no interest or value to the modern reader, and in an edition of his
work would scarcely merit that they should be reproduced in type.

‘See the Compte-Rendu de la VII® Session du Congrés International des América-
nistes, p. 83.

2T have also given a photographic reproduction of this alphabet in my Essays of
an Americanist, page 242,

64 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

Other portions, on the other hand, as coming from one of the earliest
and cei tainly the most sympathetic observer of his time, are of value as
indicating the state of feeling and the methods of treatment which in
the age of the writer existed between the two races on the American
Continent.

The National Library of Spain exhibited a series of very valuable
documents in manuscript, referring to Columbus and Cortes, to Pizarro
and to others of the early conquerors and explorers, the most of which,
however, have already been printed in the extensive work entitled,
“A Collection of Documents Hitherto Unpublished, Relating to the
History of Spain and her Colonies.”

Another item of interest was the original manuscript, bearing the
date 1575, of the history of the Indies and of New Spain, by the Friar
Diego Duran, in the original form, The paintings in this work are gen-
erally colored, and from a note in the catalogue it would appear that the
supposition is that these colors were not reproduced in the edition of
Duran published at Mexico under the auspices of the late Senor Ramirez,
minister to the Emperor Maximilian. Such, however, is not the case,
as the atlas which accompanies Duran’s work in that edition gives an
accurate representation of the colors of the copy of the original man-
uscript as it appears in Mexico.

Another interesting manuscript is the synopsis of the history of
Paraguay by the Jesuit Nicolas del Techo, bearing the date 1684,
It is signed by the author, but was written by Indians of the mis-
sion in imitation of printed letters, the initials and head and tail pieces
to the chapters being engraved on wood. This curious document is
quite unique in its character.

Along with these are many old printed books and other manuscripts
of less importance, also a collection of maps and plates relating to the
early voyages to America, showing the geographical notions of the con-
tinent which were prevalent in the first two centuries of this discovery.
Several paintings are shown, once the property of Christopher Columbus
and Hernan Cortes; and a small but valuable collection of early and
rare printed books relating to the languages and the native tribes of
the New World, to which reference will be had later.

Among the rarest of these scarce imprints should be noticed as
probably the only complete copy in existence that of Bernando de
Lizana’s History of Yucatan, published in 1633. From an incomplete
fragment of this work, the Abbé Brasseur extracted the chapter relating
to the ancient ruins of Yucatan which he appended to his edition of
Bishop de Landa’s description of that country. It is hoped that this
extremely rare volume will at some time in the near future be reprinted.

Among other very early editions of historical works may be men-
tioned the Relation of Cabeza de Vaca, dated in 1555; the Ordenazas.
and collection of laws relating to the management of the affairs of New
Spain, printed at Mexico in gothic letters in 1548; a similar volume on

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 65

the same subject printed at Seville in 1553; the edition of Vespucius,
printed at Milan in 1519; the History of Chiapas and Guatemala, of
Father Remesal, printed at Madrid in 1619; the works of Solorzano
on the laws of the Indies, published in Madrid between 1629 and 1648;
and a variety of other works of early Spanish and Mexican writers.

These constitute but a small portion of the riches of the National
Library of Spain, both in manuscript and printed works; but they
serve to indicate how much has yet to be examined in that country
before its resources relating to the early history of the New World can
be exhausted.

The Provincial Library of Toledo exhibited several manuscripts relat-
ing to the civil relations of Peruand the history and geography of the
Province of Guatemaia, and a number of folio volumes, including dif-
ferent papers relating to the history, the commerce, and the missionary
labors in North and South America.

Among the exhibitions from private libraries in this connection was a
collection of postage stamps used at the present time by the various
Republics of America and a large number of other nations, the exhib-
itor being Senor Candida de Zaragoza.

Under No. 828 in this department, Mrs. Zelia Nuttall, of the United
States, displayed her calculations and mathematical scheme of the
ancient calendar of the Mexicans already referred to and furnished for
the catalogue a description covering two pages as to the theory which
she had adopted in carrying out these extensive computations. This
brief résumé was by no means adequate to give a clear understanding
as to the method by which she overcame the numerous difficulties
offered in this investigation. It states in brief that the Aztecs made
use of three different calendars, the one founded on a lunar year of 9
months of 265 days, the second on a solar year of 18 months and 365
days, while the third would appear to have been a combination of these
two methods of counting. The result was that the method by count-
ing the solar years which was the ordinary one in use, was from time
to time corrected by the more accurate observations of the lunar years,
so that at the end of 13,515 days, when the new cycle commenced, they
both contained the computations of the sun and the moon, the latter
being the first day of its appearance as anew moon, these bodies having
the same position in the heavens that they did at the beginning of the
previous cycle of the same length. A preliminary communication of
this subject was presented by Mrs. Zelia Nuttall to the Ninth Inter-
national Congress of Americanists which met at Huelva, Spain, in Octo-
ber, 1892, from which this epitome was prepared.

Mrs. Zelia Nuttall also exhibited photographic reproductions of the
manuscript of the history of New Spain, written by Father Sahagun,
after the manuscript copy which is preserved in Italy; and also a
photolithographic reproduction of a valuable and unique manuscript,
preserved in Florence, the early publication of which she has in view.

H. Ex. 100 5

66 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

Among other objects in this department from private individuals
were a series of publications by Mr. Stewart Culin, of Philadelphia,
chiefly referring to Chinese and East Indian games of dice, and others
for the purpose of telling fortunes; from the University of Pennsyl-
vania, reports relating to the Museum of American Archeology; from
the Numismatic and Antiquarian Society of Philadelphia, reports of
its proceedings; from Prof. E. N. Horsford, of Cambridge, Mass., a
number of his works giving his theory of the early visits of the North-
men to the coast of New England; a critical study by Emile Travers
on the disposition of the remains of Columbus; from Mr. Alfred Mauds-
lay, London, a collection of photographs and views of ruins and monu-
ments discovered by him in Yucatan and Guatemala; rare maps and
paintings from the collection of Senor Feliciano Herreros de Tejada, of
Madrid, and a series of autographs and original documents from the
collection of Francisco de Uhagon, of Madrid. The Royal Society of
Berlin presented a copy of the Entdeckung Amerikas by Kretschmer,
a large folio volume of 368 pages, issued in 1892, with an atlas of mag-
nificent maps, intended to be commemorative of the fourth centennial
of the great discovery.

An exact reproduction of the famous map of Juan de la Cosa, pilot
for Christopher Columbus, was exhibited by Antonio Canovas y Vallejo.
This celebrated document must be considered the general foundation
for the history of cartography of the Western Hemisphere, and its repro-
duction in its present accurate form must be welcome to all scholars.

A noteworthy department of the Exposition was that occupied by the
manuscripts and historical documents and rare printed books from the
various depositories in Spain. The many sources from which these
were supplied were, first, the archives of the Indies in Seville, in Alcala
de Henares, in Simaneas, and the national archives in Madrid. Others
were derived from the rich library of the Royal Academy of History of
Spain, the Provincial Library of Toledo, the National Library, the
Royal Academy of Fine Arts, and from a limited number of private col-
lections. It would be of considerable advantage to give a notice and
catalogue of all these which bear upon the study of the history and
conditions of the native Indian tribes and on the history of the United
States.

One of the leading topics on which collections were displayed was
the life and achievements of Christopher Columbus. These were drawn
chiefly from the archives of the Indies, in Simancas, and in Seville.
Among them may be mentioned the accounts of the treasurer of Seville,
who paid over moneys to Columbus in the year 1487; the instruction
and letters of the King and Queen to him at various times; the docu-
ments conferring upon him the title of admiral of the Indies; the privi-
lege signed by the King and Queen in 1497 confirming the grants made
to him in consequence of his discoveries; orders to pay over to him
moneys at various times for the prosecution of his discoveries; a sketch

——

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 67

of his life between the years 1426 and 1493, in which are confirmed the
agreements made with him and the privileges conceded him; copies of
the Bull of Pope Alexander VI, granting to the King of Spain and his
successors all the lands discovered by Columbus; minutes of the royal
order, granting him and his successors 20 square leagues in the Dominion
of Veragua and several jurisdictions, from which grant his descendants
at the present day derive their title; documents relating to Luis Col.
umbus, one of which gives him the authority to remove the bones of
his ancestor, the first admiral, and of his son, Diego, deposited in the
monastery of Las Cuevas, outside of the city of Seville, and to transport
them to the Cathedral of Santo Domingo: and a considerable number
of Governmental acts relating to the claims of Diego Columbus and
Luis Columbus and their successors in connection with the lands they
held from the Crown.

Another series of documents related to Pinzon, principally referring
to the claims made by his descendants and heirs on account of the
services he had rendered the Crown in his expedition with the first
admiral. From the island of Santo Domingo were a considerable num-
ber of documents, one of which, by an anonymous hand, described the
customs of the natives of the island and the use of tobacco; several
letters from missionaries who were at work among the native tribes;
an account of gold which was reduced in the island in the year 1715;
a letter urging Charles V to send negro slaves to the island; various
reports relating to the expeditions of Hernan Cortes, which was pre-
paring in the island; a description of the services of Ponce de Leon,
and a number of legal documents.

From the same source, the archives of the Indies, there was shown
a considerable mass of documents referring to the early history of
Mexico or New Spain. One of them, by an anonymous writer,
described the division of land made by the Indians in the period
before the Conquest, and the order of their succession and their pos-
sessions. This appears to be the same as that published in a French
translation by Ternaux Compans. Various documents are shown from
the pen of the first bishop of Mexico, the celebrated Juan de Zumar-
raga. Other papers of interest were a map of the ports visited by the
English corsair, Drake, made in a semicircular form and in colors; a
map of San Miguel de Teopa with inscriptions in the Mexican lan-
guage; a number of other early maps, various letters, and accounts of
_ explorations of New Spain carried out shortly after the Conquest; an
original letter of Francisco de Montejo, describing the country in the
vicinity of Vera Cruz; aroyal grant giving to Cortes the control of
various towns in New Spain and vassals to the number of 23,000 as a
reward for his services; various papers referring to the services of the
well-known military author, Bernal Diaz, and the famous interpreter,
Dona Marina, who so greatly assisted Cortes in his Conquest, and
whose descendants appear to have been properly rewarded. One

68 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

document by the early missionary, Motolinia, explains the method by
which the Indians were accustomed to pay tribute previous to the
Conquest. Another, which was written on maguey paper and in hiero-
elyphies, describes the town of Azeapuzala, not far from Mexico, at
the time it was visited by the licentiate Sandoval. A manuscript of
forty-nine pages, by the licentiate Quinones, describes the numerous
towns which he visited in New Spain, and the customs and usages
which he found among them.

It is evident that the efforts of the celebrated Bishop Las Casas to
improve the condition of the Indians met with violent opposition even
from his fellow missionaries, for we find a letter from the devoted Moto-
linia to the King describing in amplitude what he calls the errors and
false statements of the bishop; and this is but one of a number of docu-
ments in this collection directed against the ‘‘apostle of the Indies” on
account of his fearless exposure of the brutality of the Spaniards and
the pastors sent to take care of these flocks. That he was quite correct
in his statements is also evident from many pieces in this collection;
for instance, one from the town of Tenayuca, which is accompanied by
drawings and paintings made by the Indians themselves, representing
some of the cruelties to which they had been subjected.

Some curious specimens were shown of playing cards manufactured
in the City of Mexico in the year 1583. They offered a combination of
European and native American characteristics.

The Territory of Florida is the subject of a number of documents
describing its geographical election, rivers, towns, soil, and ports. A
series of original manuscripts of the expedition of Ferdinand de Soto,
and letters from the early governor, Aviles, are all of much interest to
the historian of that State. Some of these have been published at
various times, but several of them have not yet been printed.

In the same department were preserved numerous interesting orig-
inals and copies bearing upon the early history of Guatemala, Panama,
Peru, Chile, Venezuela, Quito, New Granada, the Rio de la Plata, and
America in general. Several of these would appear to contain much
valuable ethnographic information; such as that by Francisco de
Toledo (No. 272), which includes the answers of a number of natives
obtained through interpreters as to the idolatry in use in Peru before
the Conquest, the methods of burial, and the customs of the indigenous
inhabitants.

A curiosity is the original manuscript of the second and third books
of the General History of the Indies composed by Las Casas; another
is the Bull of Paul IL, ordering that the Indians be instructed in the
Catholic religion, and forbidding them to be sold or considered as
slaves. It would appear from Nos. 370, 371, 373, and others, that the
histories written by Gomara, Las Casas, and Sahagun met with very
serious opposition when in the manuscript stage from the official cen-
sors of the press; for which reason, doubtless, the two last named
never saw the light in print during the Spanish domination.

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 69

The works on the native languages of America in this collection
deserve especial mention, as many of them are still in manuscript, and
others refer to tongues of which there is very little material accessible
to students. The following list of the more important will prove of
utility to those who are engaged in this branch:

138. Libro de Cartas escritas 4 8. M. por los Obispos Gobernadores, Oficiales
Reales, Caciques é Indios de la Provincia de Yucatan. MS. (This contains sev-
eral letters written in the Maya language by natives educated in the use of the
European alphabet.)

560. BBC. Carta Escrita en Indio por Varios Caciques 4S. M. el Rey. de Espanta
D. Felipe II. MS.

563. Cuaderno de Algunas Reglas y Apuntes sobre el Idioma Pame. MS. (This
also contains a Doctrina Christiana, translated into the Pame, which is a diaiect
of the Otomi stock, spoken in the State of Queretaro, Mexico.)

625. Preceptos y Observaciones sobre Moral Christiana; en Lengua Mexicana. MS.
(A MS. of the sixteenth century, containing eight leaves, from the Library of the
Cabildo de Toledo.)

626. Fr. Andres de Olmos. Arte dela Lengua Mexicana. MS. (A manuscript copy
written in the sixteenth century. This work was first printed in Paris, in 1875, from
two MSS. in that city. The present very ancient one would be valuable for com-
parison with the printed edition.)

662. P. Joseph de Anchieta. Arte de Grammatica da Lingoa mas usada na Costa
do Brasil. Coimbra, 1595. (The rare first edition of this valuable grammar of the
Tupi language.)

663. Fray Juan de la Anunciacion. Sermonario en Lengua Mexicana, con un
Cathecismo en Lengua Mexicana y Espanola; con el Calendario. Mexico, 1577. (A
good copy of this very rare issue of the Mexican press. The calendar referred to is
that of the Roman Church, not that of the natives.)

667. Arte y Vocabulario de Ja Lengua Morocosi; compuesto por un Padre de la
Compania de Jesus. Madrid, 1699. (An extremely rare work on the language of
a tribe of South America, among whom the Jesuits established a mission.)

685. Fr. Balthasar de Castillo. Luz y Guia de los Ministros Evangelicos. En
Castellano y Mexicana. Mexico, 1694. (A scarce quarto volume, valuable for the
Nahuatl texts it contains.)

691. F. Juan de Cordova. Arte en Lengua Zapoteca. Mexico, 1578. (The rare orig-
inal edition, especially valuable, not merely for its linguistic material, but as the
only source whence we can obtain satisfactory information of the early Zapotec
calendar. )

696. Declaracion y Exposicion de la Doctrina Christiana en Lengua Mexicana,
hecha por los Religiosos de la Orden de Santo Domingo. Mexico, 1545. (This is
probably a unique perfect copy of one of the first books printed in America. Itis a
small quarto, in Gothic letters, and on page 10 has the autograph of Fr. Alonso de
Molina, the author of the first Vocabulario en Lengua Castellana y Mexicana. In
Icazbalceta’s Apuntes para un Catdlogo de Escritores en Lenguas Indigenas de
America, the first edition of this doctrina was assigned to the year 1548. An earlier
edition, assigned to 1539, is referred to in the Cartas de Indias, Madrid, 1877.)

703. Pedro de Feria. Doctrina Christiana en Lengua Castellana y Zapoteca.
Mexico, 1567. (This Doctrina is the first work published in the language of the
Zapotec nation, of Oaxaca.)

731. Fr. Martin de Leon. Camino del Cielo, en Lengua Mexicana. Mexico, 1611.
(A searce work, useful for its Nahuatl texts, and for the light it throws upon some
of the Pagan rites and ceremonies which were still practiced by the natives.)

747. Alonzo de Molina. Vocabulario en Lengua Castellana y Mexicana. Mexico,
1555. (The first edition of this standard dictionary of the Nahuatl] tongue is rarely
seen, It is a creditable specimen of early typography.)

70 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

773. Fr. Bernardino de Sahagun. Psalmodia Christiana y Sermonario de los
Sanctos del Ano, en Lengua Mexicana. Mexico, 1583. (Of the voluminous writings
of Sahagun in the Nahuatl language, this appears to have been the only one
which was published during his lifetime. His profound knowledge of the tongue
gives his texts a high value.)

778. Fr. Doiaingo de Sancto Thomas. Gramatica 6 Arte de la Lengua General de
los Indios de los Reynos del Peru; y Lexicon 6 Vocabulario de la Lengua General de
Peru. Valladolid, 1560. (There were three so-called ‘‘Lenguas Generales” in Peru,
the Kechua, the Puquina, and the Yunca. The present work is in the Kechua, or
Quichua, that used by the Government, and presents the tongue in its ancient and
pure form.)

799. P. Luys de Valdivia. Arte y Gramatica General de la Lengua que corre en
todo el Reyno de Chile, con un Vocabulario y Confessonario. Lima, 1606.

800. P. Luysde Valdivia. Doctrina Christianay Cathecismoen la Lengua Allentiac.
Lima, 1607.

(These two works by Father Luys de Valdivia are upon the tongue spoken by the
native Indians of Chile. The Allentiac is one of the ‘‘Chaco” dialects in use at San
Juan de la Frontera. )

810. Villegas. Libro de la Vida y Milagros de N. S. Jesu Christo en dos Lenguas,
Aymara y Romana; trad. por el P. Ludovico Bertonio. Iuli, 1612. (Father Ber-
tonio is almost the only authority on the Aymara language, spoken on the highlands
of Southern Peru and in Bolivia. There has been much discussion whether his Dic-
tionary and grammar of it present the tongue in a pure form. The present work is
one of the rare issues of the Jesuit press established at the mission of uli, in the
province of Chucuyto. )

DEPARTMENT OF PORTUGAL.

The Kingdom of Portugal exhibited at the Exposition an attractive
collection classified under four different headings.

Section first included documents and books relating to the discover-
ies of the Portuguese, both in the New World and in southern Africa
and in Asia. Some of these referred especially to the centenary of
the discovery of America. A valuable collection of maps, drawings,
and pictures throws considerable light on the achievements of the Por-
tuguese navigators in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries.

The second section was devoted to ethnography, especially Ameri-
can. It embraced remains, instruments of music, weapons of offense
and defense, domestic utensils aud ornaments, textile materials, masks,
costumes, and pottery, principally from Brazil. Some of the specimens
in clay came from the celebrated prehistoric site on the island of
Marajo. Others, msre modern, were from the provinces along the
river Amazon, in which were noticeable attempts at decoration in the
same styleas in the former, but carried out with less skill, showing a
retrogression in artistic science and in technique. Some of the gourds
and shells used by the modern Indians are delicately painted in Italian
style, owing their peculiar beauty, probably, to the instruction of the
Europeans.

The remaining two sections were devoted to ornamental art and to
articles used in maritime service. These were indicative of a highly
developed state of economic skill in the nation which presented them,
but have no particular relation to the immediate topic of this report.

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 71

DEPARTMENT OF THE EMPIRE OF GERMANY,

The collection forwarded by the Empire of Germany was displayed
under the intelligent care of Dr. Edward Seler, associate director of
the Ethnographic Museum of Berlin.

Most of the objects exhibited were in originals or photographs, pic-
tures or casts from specimens in the Berlin Museum. As a rule, how-
ever, the casts were so well prepared and the selection so judiciously
made of articles of general interest in the ancient history of America
that this portion of the Exposition formed by no means the least inter-
esting and instructive of the departments.

Most prominent among the casts were those in plaster of paris of the
remarkable stone monuments, discovered at Santa Lucia Cozumalhualpa,
in the department of Escuintla, Republic of Guatemala. They were
first described by Dr. F. Habel in 1862 in a report which he afterwards
presented to the Smithsonian Institution at Washington,! and subse-
quently attracted the attention of Dr. C. H. Berendt, who urged the
museum at Berlin to obtain possession of them, and spent the last few
months of his life in seeing to their proper packing and forwarding to
that destination. Only apart of the considerable number found in the
locality are now in the museum, the others having been left at various
points on the way. The character of these remains has been made
familiar to the public by the monographs of Prof. Charles Rau, of the
Smithsonian Institution, and Prof. A. Bastian, of Berlin. They pre-
sent many points of peculiarity, differing entirely from the remains of
the Indian tribes of Guatemala, who descended from the Maya stock,
and searcely less so from the known relies of those of the Nahuatl
lineage who inhabited Escuintia at the time of its discovery by the
Spanish explorers. Nevertheless, there are traces both of the mythology
and of the workmanship of the latter so well marked that we may
safely conclude that they are the production of some branch of the
Nahuatl peoples. There was a tradition that at a remote time emigrants
from the north passed through this portion of Escuintla, and while there
they erected these monuments as a memorial to their principal chief
and high priest, who had there met his death.

There were sixteen of these casts, representing the full series as found
in Berlin, of the size of the originals.

Another series of casts, representing a number of remains from the
ruins of Tula, the reputed capital city of the ancient Toltecs, about 40
miles north of the present City of Mexico, were due to the generosity
of Dr. Antonio Penafiel, by whom they were presented to the Museum
of Ethnography at Berlin. One of them showed a support for a build-
ing in the form of a warrior whose face is represented within the open
mouth of a serpent. Like other remains from this famous site, these
do not betray any marked superiority over others from various parts of

' The Sculptures of Santa Lucia Cosumalwhuapa, by F. Habel, M. D., Washington,
1878.

72 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

the Mexican Empire, thus proving that the alleged extraordinary ecul-
ture of the Toltecs, or ancient inhabitants of Tula, was quite fictitious.

A very interesting feature of this collection were the relics and
photographs of the explorations of Mr. Hermann Stiibel in that portion
of the State of Vera Cruz, Mexico, which lies within the boundaries of
the ancient provice of the Totonacos. This province was supposed to
have been occupied in ancient times by two distinct nations, the one
of which, and probably the older, were the Totonacos, and the second,
some branch of the Nahuatl stock, who appeared later on the scene as
conquerors. This fact is reached from the very different character of
the remains which are discovered in localities closely adjoining. Some
of these bear unmistakable identity with the productions of the
Nahuas, while others show a character of industry which we do not
find where that stock exclusively inhabited.

For instance, the earthenware in some places is richly painted and
decorated with designs whose style is in all respects similar to the pot-
tery found on the table-land of Mexico. These specimens have often,
superposed on the red or black ciay of which the object is made, a fine
white clay disposed so as to form ornamental designs; whereas another
variety of pottery is coated with fine red clay deriving its color from
an oxide of iron, and this is scaled off so as to show the whitish clay
beneath, and in this manner produce the desired decoration. The
motives of the decoration itself also differ, that of the Totonacos repre-
senting in preference such objects as alligators, fish, snakes, monkeys,
or rude faces of men.

Among the specimens of pottery from this souree are also found a
great many small figures apparently made in imitation of living persons.
There is onetype quite frequent where the face is broad, the head flattened,
and a certain expression present in the physiognomy which recalls that
so common on Chinese porcelain. The relics which have been found
presenting the greater similarities to these types are those of their
neighbors of the north, the Huastecas, on the river Panuco, who were a
cultivated people of the Maya stock, and who have left in their own
locality many traces cf a comparatively high civilization.

From this part of Mexico there are derived a class of antiquities
which have much puzzled the archeologist. These are heavy yokes of
stone, Some weighing as much as sixty pounds, the surface either pol-
ished and plain or carved, and often elaborately, with complex figures
in relief. The purposes which these could have subserved have already
been discussed above in connection with similar specimens exhibited by
the Government of Mexico.

The researches in Peru of Drs. Reiss and Stiibel, which have become
so well known through other magnificent publications, are illustrated
by a few original objects and a large number of sketches, designs, and
chromographs. These researches were especially in two directions—
one in exploring the ancient cemetery of Ancon, the other in examining

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. ffs)

the mysterious ruins at Tiahuanuco, in several respects the most extra-
ordinary on the American continent.

In Ancon the bodies were in the condition of mummies. They were
seated wrapped in their clothing, or swathed in mummy cloths, and
surrounded in their graves with their household utensils, their jewelry,
and those objects which had been most useful or pleasurable to them
in their life. Many of them were tied with cords and a false face placed
in front of the real one, so as to retain a more natural aspect in death.
Articles of food, such as maize and beans, and cups, which had no
doubt contained water, were placed by their sides for use in the spirit
land. In consequence of these beliefs, the cemetery of Ancon, which is
miles in extent and contains the graves of many thousand persons,
offers an enormous treasure-house of relics, displaying the mode of life
and the manufactures of the race who once inhabited that portion of
Feri.

Among the photographs represented are several of those peculiarly
cut stones from Colombia, which have usually passed under the name
of the ‘Calendars of the Chibchas.” They are now, as has already been
stated, generally recognized to have been intended for molds on which
the ancient goldsmiths hammered out their fragments of the metal into
thin leaves of the form of the depression. Plausible proof of this is
given by a collection of ornaments made upon these very stones by
hammering out gold leaf by a person in Berlin.

One of the interesting models which was shown for examination is
that of the celebrated monolithic door, which is found in the ancient
ruins at Tiahuanuco. It is an accurate reproduction, having been
made on the exact measurements taken by Dr. Stiibel.

From the museum at Stuttgartt, in Wiirtemberg, were two ancient
Mexican shields, such as were carried by the war captains of that
nation, and also in their religious dances. They are of cane, woven
with strong cord, and ornamented with feather mosaics. They belong
to a class of antiquities very beautiful in themselves, and once
extremely common, but which have become correspondingly rare
through the extinction of this once favored art in Mexico, and the
destruction of the older examples of it, through moths and worms.

DEPARTMENT OF DENMARK.

The exhibition contributed by Denmark was composed of two parts,
the one illustrating the lite of the Esquimaux in Greenland, a province
subject to Danish rule, and the other exhibiting the grade of civiliza-
tion reached in the Middle Ages by the inhabitants of Iceland, who
were the first explorers of the new continent.

Under the former heading there were specimens of the costume made
of sealskins, now in use by both sexes among the natives of Greenland.
Models were also shown of their boats, their tents made of seal skin,
their winter houses, and the sledges on which they journey in winter.

74 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

Among the utensils exhibited were boxes and bowls of wood, and
plates and lamps of stone. An interesting feature was a series of
objects obtained from the ancient inhabitants, and tombs of the white
settlers who occupied the coast in the eleventh century.

The articles illustrating the civilization of ancient Iceland included
some specimens of medizval manuscripts, casts of stone containing
Runie inscriptions, others of ancient doorways, and various ornaments
of an architectural character.

DEPARTMENT OF NORWAY AND SWEDEN.

The commission from Norway, presided over by Dr. Gustave Storm,
exhibited an exact reproduction, one-fourth the original size, of the
ship of the Vikings of Norway, which was found in a mound in that
country in the year 1880. It was considered to have dated from about
the year 900, and in vessels of this size the ancient Norwegian Vikings
made their excursions to the south of Europe and also, in the tenth and
eleventh centuries, to Ireland, Greenland, Iceland, Labrador, and far-
ther south on the American continent.

The delegation from Sweden was composed of the distinguished navi-
gator Baron Nordeuskiéld and Dr. Charles Bovallius, the latter already
known to students of American antiquity by his work on the ancient
remains of Nicaragua.

The objects exhibited referred to the ancient geography of the cen-
tral parts of America, to the ethnography of the tribes of both coasts
about Bering Straits, to the ancient remains in Nicaragua, and to the
results of some explorations of the cliff houses in the State of Colorado
by the younger Nordenski6ld.

In the first of these there was a collection of various works on
medieval cartography, maps of the same period, and globes, largely
from the private library of Baron Nordenskiéld. They illustrated
excellently the gradual development of the knowledge of the western
ocean and shores in the fourteenth, fifteenth, and sixteenth centuries.

Among the ethnographic objects, there was a kayak or boat of the
Esquimaux, complete with its implements, and occupied by two figures.
A series of utensils in use by the modern tribes in Alaska, which were
obtained by Baron Nordenski6ld during his voyage, occupied an adjoin-
ing case; while a still larger collection from the Siberian coast, princi-
pally from the tribes known as Tchukches, furnished a correct measure
of their general culture.

The collections from Colorado exhibited by Gustave Nordenskiold,
jr., were made by him in the year 1891. They comprised a number of
photographs and an exact model of one of the houses of the class
called ‘estufas;” a sepulcher of one of the inhabitants in its original
condition and the remains found therein, together with several skulls
and various utensils.

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 75

The objects from Central America collected and arranged by Dr.
Bovallius, comprised various ethnographic specimens from the Tala-
manca Indians in Costa Rica, a number of articles obtained from the
existing natives of Nicaragua, and a collection proceeding from his
excavations in the islands of Lake Nicaragua in the year 1883. Near
these was a model in wood on a small scale, giving his idea of the
architectural character and proportions of a temple of the natives,
such as once stood on the island of Zapatero in Lake Nicaragua.

DEPARTMENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.

The United States of America was efficiently represented in the
exhibition by large and valuable collections, covering a wide range of
subjects and contributed by various individuals and institutions.

As these will be made the subjects of detailed descriptions in the
general report, it will be sufficient to name the sources from which
collections were sent :—

The United States National Museum, Washington; The Smith-
sonian Institution, Washington; The University of Pennsylvania,
Philadelphia; The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia; The
Numismatic and Antiquarian Society, Philadelphia; The Hemenway
Exploring Expedition, Boston; The Columbian Collection of Mr. W. E.
Curtis; The Peabody Museum of American Archeology and Eth-
nology, Cambridge.

These extensive collections covered in great part the archeology and
ethnology of that portion of the American continent comprised within
the area of the United States, and threw much varied and new light
upon the early history of the discovery and exploration of the New
World by the white race.

DEPARTMENT OF HKUROPEAN HISTORY.

It was originally intended to limit the European display to objects
which would illustrate the culture status of Europe at the period of the
discovery of America; but later, and with good reason, the scope was
extended to embrace all that portion of the history of civilization in
Europe which was contemporaneous with the Conquest of the New
World, down to the middle of the eighteenth century.

As my own time did not permit a close examination of this extensive
department, and as it may have less interest to those engaged in
researches strictly American, I will quote the brief but sufficiently full
description of it prepared for the trustees of the British Museum by
Mr. Charles Hercules Read, Assistant Keeper of the Department of
British and Mediweval Antiquities and Ethnography, Secretary of the
Society of Antiquaries of London, Vice-President of the Anthropolog-
ical Institute, ete., who was sent by the museum to examine and report

716 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

upon the contents of the exhibition. His report was published by the
trustees of the museum in March, 1893. The portion of it in reference
to the Kuropean department is as follows:

The most striking feature of this part of the exhibition, and that which distin-
guishes it from any other, is the extraordinary display of Flemish and Spanish tap-
estries and carpets, and Persian and Arab textiles, with which the walls of every
room on the upper floor are lined. Most of the Flemish tapestries from the Escorial
and the other royal palaces are already well known, both from their being generally
shown to visitors, and from the excellent photographs published by M. Laurent, of
Madrid. But in addition to these, many from private collections and from religious
establishments, some of them fully as important as those of the royal collections,
have come to light, and are now seen for the first time.

The most striking case of this kind is probably that of the Cathedral of Zamora.
The authorities at Zamora were asked to contribute to the exhibition some of their
works of art, and sent, among other things, several beautiful tapestries of the fifteenth
century, of great size, of fine design, and in a good state of preservation. With this
consignment came a statement that if more tapestries were required for the dec-
oration of the walls, the chapter possessed fifty others. It seems impossible that
so wonderful a series of precious tapestries could have lain entirely unknown,
probably for centuries, and doubtless unseen except by such.as attended the sery-
ices at the cathedral on certain special festivals. Such a case, and it seems to be
by no means an isolated one, illustrates in a forcible manner the unknown riches of
the religious establishments of Spain, unknown even to the comparatively few per-
sons in the country who are specially interested in such matters.

It is said, and probably with strict justice, that however remarkable the collection
of ecclesiastical objects at the exhibition may seem to a stranger it does not repre-
sent one-fifth part of the possessions of the cathedrals of Spain, some of which have
been reluctant to entrust to any hands but their own precious or fragile objects
which could never be replaced. The difficulties of communication in Spain, once
the main routes are left, and the absence of any general interest in antiquarian mat-
ters, account for much of the ignorance of the riches of isolated institutions.

A certain number of the principal objects in the exhibition are mentioned in Setor
Riano’s Industrial Arts of Spain, an excellent book, and references to this, rather
than to more pretentious works, which are not so accessible, may be given.

The Monastery of Las Huelgas at Burgos has sent one of its greatest treasures in
the standard of the Almohade Sultan, captured by Alfonso VIII at the famous
battle of Las Navas in 1212, a wonderful specimen of Arab silk weaving, still pre-
serving in many parts the original colors. Though much restored it still possesses
the most important of its original features. It is covered with verses of the Koran,
the Mohammedan formula, and other Arabic inscriptions. This precious relic is
traditionally stated to have been given by the victorious king to the monastery
which stil] possesses it, and it is only used in the procession of Corpus Christi.
Senor Riafo thinks it probable that ‘‘ Alfonso VIII” should be Alfonso XI (1312-
1350), as he considers the banner to be of fourteenth century work. An appro-
priate pendant to this comes from the Cathedral of Burgos, the standard of Alfonso
VIII, carried at the same battle, or to speak more accurately, all that now remains
of it, representing the Crucifixion, the Virgin, and St. John.

An Arab standard of similar work to the first belongs to the Cathedral of Toledo.
This is the Bandera del Salado, made in Fezin the year 1312 A. D. The central
design is very original, and the combination of colors singularly beautiful. It is
formed of sixteen crescents of gold, arranged in four lines, each having within it,
in white on a green ground, the Mohammedan formula repeated eight times, each
crescent containing one-half of the formula; and around is a broad border formed
by chapters of the Koran, written in intertwined Cufic letters. The effect of the

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 77

alternating tints of gold, green, red, and white, which appear to be but little affected
by time, is very rich and harmonious.

The display of church vestments is naturally very large, but for the most part
they are of an uninteresting period, viz, the end of the sixteenth and beginning of
the seventeenth century, rich in effect but too heavily charged with gold and raised
embroidery to produce a pleasing result. A good series of the kind is shown by the
Marquis de Cubas (room 23).

In agreeable contrast to these later developments of embroidery are a few earlier
examples of the highest quality. First of these comes a cope of opus anglicanum
of the end of the thirteenth century belonging to the Cathedral of Toledo, and
stated to have been the property of Cardinal Gil de Albornoz (1367). It is of the
usual semicircular shape, embroidered in many colors with sacred subjects and figures
of saints under canopies. Along the straight side are six figures of bishops, a king
and queen, and the rest of the surface is entirely covered with a radiating design,
the central subjects being the coronation and assumption of the Virgin, the nativity,
the annunciation, and the Virgin and Child, and on either side of the outer edge
figures of the following saints: John the Evangelist, Edward the Confessor, Lau-
rence, Mary Magdalen, Ethelbert, Dunstan, Margaret, Catherine, Thomas of Canter-
bury, Olave, Stephen, Helen, Dionysius, Edmund the King, John the Baptist, and a
bishop without name. The inner circle is composed of eight figures of Apostles
SS. Paul, Simon, Philip, James, Andrew, Thomas, Bartholomew, and Peter. The
names are inscribed upon scrolls in Lombardic capitals. In the spandrils are placed
birds, executed in brilliant colors. It will be seen that certain of the saints are
especially English, and thus help to confirm the cardinal’s description of his own
cope, as well as the internal evidence of the design and method of work, both of
which point to the conclusion that the cope is of English work.

The Archzxological Museum of Madrid exhibits (room 12, 219) a similar ‘‘ capa
pluvial” of the same date and work, but neither so rich in design nor so interesting,
nor is it in such a good state of preservation. This example has, moreover, been
described and figured in Lady Marion Alford’s Needlework as an Art (London, 1886,
pl. 59.) The Diocese of Vich sends, among other choice objects, a very perfect and
beautiful abbatial miter (room 8, 100) of silk, embroidered with the Annunciation,
the two figures of the subjects being inclosed in quarterfoils on the two sides of the
front of the miter, with a border of crockets along the upper edge, and of fylfots
along the lower. The composition and drawing are of the refined style found at the
beginning of the fourteenth century, and the work was probably executed in France.

Except for the fading of the colors it seems in perfect preservation, even the infule

being complete.

From the Cathedral of Mondonedo have been sent the pastoral staff and sandals
of the Bishop Don Pelayo II of Cedeira (1199-1218), which are of interest from the
date being fixed. The former is of Limoges champlevé enamel, of the usual simple
crook form, the head inclosing a figure of St. Michael killing the dragon, and having
a large flattened knop supported by gilt scrolls. The shoes are of somewhat inele-
gant outline, reaching to the ankle, made of stuff, originally purple in color, with
bands of gold thread across the instep and down the middle of the foot to the toe.
The soles are nearly two inches thick, somewhat like a Chinese shoe, and the edges
are ornamented with stiff interlacing floral scrolls of the style usually found in
works of art at this period.

Although they are not church vestments, it may be well to mention here the
mantle, berretta, and piece of the coat of the Infante Don Felipe of Castile, brother
of Alfonso the Wise and of Eleanor of Castile. These objects were taken from the
tomb of the infante at Villaledézar de Serga (Valencia). The mantle is of a rich
woven pattern, in gold and silk, of Moorish design, made in Granada, with the word
“blessing” in ornamental Cufic. The cap is very different in design, though it still
retains much of the Moorish character. It is cylindrical in form, somewhat longer

78 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.~

at the back than in front and is entirely covered with qnarterfoils inclosing castles
and eagles, displayed alternately red on gold, and gold onred. The colors are of
course scarcely discernible, but both the cap and mantle are in singularly perfect
condition when it is considered that they come froma tomb. Both these objects
were exhibited in the Spanish Exhibition at South Kensington in 1881, and they are
of considerable interest from their early date.

The display of church plate is of the greatest interest, and the more so that it is
almost entirely of Spanish work. There can be no doubt that so rich a collection
of material for the study of Spanish gold and silver smiths’ work has never been
before brought together. A great portion of the objects exhibited is naturally of
the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries, but many fine pieces of earlier
and more interesting periods are to be found.

The silver chalice and paten of late thirteenth or early fourteenth century from
Toledo Cathedral are remarkable among these, both for the beauty of the work and
for the unusually large size of both objects. The chalice is more than a foot in
diameter at the base, and 17 inches in height, while the paten is 16 inches in
diameter. The latter is sunk in the center, the depression having twelve foliations
around the edge, and within it is engraved the Crucifixion with the Virgin and St.
John, the whole inclosed within a stiff floral border. The chalice has a plain bowl,
widening rapidly upward (and in this it differs conspicuously from Spanish chalices
of later date), the knob is ornamented with the evangelistic symbols in repoussé,
and the stem is quite plain, except for two bands of quarterfoil tracery. The base is
in design much like that of the Dolgelly chalice, viz, it has three concentric bands
of flat lobes or scollops in slight relief, upon which are engraved figures of angels,
and the edge is molded in twelve foliations, supported upon a slight tracery of
quarterfoils, and in each foliation is a figure of an apostle. ‘The chalice is as early
in date as.any in the exhibition, and its large size renders it the most remarkable,
It is stated in the catalogue that it was probably used on Holy Thursday, when two
hosts are consecrated, one being reserved till Good, Friday, when it is consumed by
the priest. This second host is usually kept in a chalice-of large size and ancient
work.

Another chalice and paten of much the same date is sent from the Cathedrai of
Santiago, and possesses additional interest from the decoration of the knop being in
niello. The paten is of similar design to that from Toledo, but the central subject
represents Our Lord seated within an engraved quaerfoil, the engraved design being
all within a depression of eight foliations. The bowl of the chalice is again of the
shallow form, and the stem is slender and somewhat longer than is found in English
and other northern chalices. The knop has circular medallions with nielloid scrolls,
but without any sacred emblems. The base is plain, with the exception of a narrow
engraved borderof stiff scroll work, and on one side is engraved a group of the Virgin
and Child seated, with a female figure kneeling in adoration at the side. The pres-
ence of this group is the only instance in the exhibition of the practice so common
in English chalices, of placing a cross or other sacred symbol upon the side of the
chalice to be held next the priest during the celebration of mass. The catalogue
attributes this chalice and paten to the twelfth century.

Of later chalices there are a great number dating from the early sixteenth century
to the middle of the seventeenth, a period which would include by far the greatest
proportion of all the church plate exhibited. It will be sufficient to notice three of
the sixteenth century as being fine examples of their kind, and at the same time
characteristic of the style peculiar to the period.

The first, from the Cathedral of Seville (No. 49), is remarkable in having a cover,
which fits closely into the bowl, and has a central socket into which the foot of some
object has been placed, perhaps a short cross. The bow] is deep, and has round the
base, outside, a row of pear-shaped settings containing knot-work medallions of
cloisonné enamel, the patterns being an inheritance from the Moorish artists, and their

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. (és)

prototypes are seen in perfection upon the sword of Boabdil belonging to the Mar-
ques de Viane. The stem, knop, and foot are Gothic in design, the tracery being
fairly pure in style, but the foot is ornamented with embossed designs of the rich
floriated style common in Spanish and Portuguese objects of the Renaissance. This
mixture of Gothic and Renaissance motives is, in fact, the remarkable characteristic
of the church plate of the Peninsula in the sixteenth century, and the exhibition fur-
nishes numberless examples of.it. This chalice has upon the foot the arms of an arch-
bishop in enamel.

The second chalice, of about the same date, from the Cathedral of Valencia (No.
50), is of asomewhat different design and in many details recalls the drawings of
cups by Holbein, though here again the border at the foot is of Gothic tracery. But
for an unfortunate heaviness of the base, this vessel would be of very graceful design.
It issingularly secular in its details, which are chiefly composed of festoons of flowers
and fruit and cherubs, and upon the knop tiny cupids riding dolphins The only
indications of its sacred character, apart from its shape, are six circular medallions
let into the foot, which are engraved with the Crucifixion and other designs of the
same character. These have once been enameled, but the enamel has now entirely
disappeared, owing to the vessel having been passed through the fire to freshen the
metal, a practice which seems to have been co.umon in Spain, as a large proportion
of the enameled details on church ornaments of all kinds are now bare metal, owing
to this somewhat barbarons practice.

The third chalice, from the church of Osuna, has, perhaps, a more peculiar feature
than either of the others, in having the bowl and knop surrounded with small bells,
ten on the former and six on the latter. It is unusually rich in detail, with the
customary mixture of Gothic elements with florid Renaissance foliage. The knop
is composed of rich canopy work, beneath, or rather inside, which are seated figures
of Apostles, and upon the foot are highly-embossed scenes from the Passion. The
inscription on the paten is a curious instance of the misspelling of Latin, Pax
Domini sit senpir bobiscum.

Among the paxes are several deserving of special mention.

The Cathedral of Valencia sends the most beautiful of these. It is of fine gold,
elaborately chased and enameled in brilliant colors. The front is in the form of a
chair, in which is seated the Infant Savior, the whole of the figure being enameled;
the back of the chair is covered with elaborate-scroll work of beautiful design and
filled with enamel; the lower part of the chair beneath the seat is hollow and has
two small doors, which open and display a group modeled in the round, and repre-
senting the Nativity. The pediment above the back of the chair is edged with two
elegant scrolls in open work, and at the base of the pediment on each side is a figure
of a warrior standing. The back is minutely engraved and enameled with sacred
subjects, the Adoration of the Magi, Christ among the Doctors, ete. This specimen
is by far the most remarkable of all the paxes exhibited, and its attribution to the
hand of Cellini is much more reasonable than is generally the case with works
assigned to that artist. A certain delicacy and refinement in the designs points
rather to Italy than to Spain as the country of its origin, though whether it is
really by Cellini is a. far more difficult point to decide. This appears in the will
(A. D. 1566) of Don Martin de Ayala, archbishop of Valencia, who bequeathed it to
the cathedral.

A pax of perhaps greater interest, and of nearly equal beauty, is that from the
Cathedral of Ciudad Real. The interesting feature about this specimen is that it
has for its central subject a carving in black stone of Byzantine period, representing
the Descent into Hell, with the legend above, ‘‘H Anactacie,” i. e., Resurrection,
and behind the figure of Our Lord stand the Emperor and Empress, crowned, and
with halos round their heads. The frame is in the best style of the Spanish
Renaissance, of silver gilt and enameled, and its bears the date 1565. On either
side are square projecting stages, supported on well-designed caryatid figures,

80 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

and containing four figures of saints, and at the top is a frieze in relief representing
a combat between horsemen and men on foot; the pediment represents the Assump-
tion of the Virgin, with figures of Virtues at the sides, and the apex is surmounted
by an enameled figure of Our Lord holding the orb. The back, though by no means
so richly decorated as the front, is of great beauty. The handle is formed of a
female caryatid figure with wings, surmounted by the Cross of Santiago, and
toward the bottom the terminal base of the figure divides into two serpentine scrolls,
which curve toward the edges of the pax. For beauty of line this charming figure
compares favorably with any work of the period, and it would be difficult to speak
in terms too high of the masterly character of the design.

Another pax possessing unusual features is that from the Cathedral of Parazona.
The central portion, if not the whole pax, is certainly of north Italian work. It is
of silver gilt, and has in relief the subject of the Flagellation, a greup of well
modeled tigures of late fifteenth-century style. The peculiarity of the work is that
the fat background is painted in enamel, with a mountainous landscape, in the style
common in north Italy at this period, and of which there are several good examples
in the British Museum collection. The inscription at the bottom of the central sub-
ject, ‘‘ Borgia:-Car. Mon. Regal,” would seem to indicate that it was the property of
Cardinal Borgia, archbishop of Monreale, in Sicily, who died in 1503. The frame is
of uncommon design, and may be of the same work as the center, but it is possible
that it was added in Spain. Two pilasters which form the sides are somewhat poor
in execution, and the cresting round the curved top of the pax is curiously classical
in feeling, and consists of groups of two winged lion monsters, looped together at
the necks and tails, the junctions of the latter being surmounted by palmettes.
There is acertain clumsiness about the design which is scarcely Italian.

The only other pax worthy of special note is that from the Cathedral of Madrid-
Alcala, an excellent example of Spanish Gothic metal work of the late fifteenth or
early sixteenth century, without any trace of later style. The subject is the Descent
from the Cross, modeled in high relief and enameled. This is surmounted by an
elaborate canopy filled with rich tracery, and on each side are pinnacies with
buttressed bases, surrounded with figures of saints. The back is good in design,
the handle being a plain semicircle pierced to represent a dragon, while the edges
are bordered with bold tracery in relief. The work of the whole is excellent, and
little is wanting to make it a beautiful object, but a certain squatness and want of
elegance of form in the general design suffice to make it fall short of true beauty.

One of the best specimens of Spanish Gothic, and a remarkable object for its great
size, is the monstrance from the Cathedral of Jativa, which, without the modern sil-
ver base upon which it is now placed, stands 5 feet high. The occasion of its con-
struction was in itself notable. Pope Alexander VI was a native of Jativa, and had
this gigantic monstrance made for the cathedral from the first consignment of silver
received from America. The shape is very graceful, and consists of a stem rising
from a many-sided base and supporting ashaped oblong platform, the edges of which
are bordered by a light arcade. Upon this platform rest four pillars, which sustain
the roof, and from this rise three slender towers pierced with tracery, with rich can-
opy work at their bases. The actual] monstrance, or receptacle for the Host, is a cir-
cular disk of a size proportionate to the rest, with an elaborate open-work border of
what in England would be called late Tudor style, and it is held up by two angels
kneeling at opposite sides. The effect of this beautiful object is much destroyed by
the whole having been regilt, and by the enamels in the foot having been renewed;
but in spite of this drawback it remains one of the most beautiful, as it is the most
conspicuous, objects of ecclesiastical art in the exhibition.

The processional crosses, of which a very large number are shown, form a very
interesting and instructive series, possessing many features differing from similar
objects in other countries. The Marqués de Cubas (room 23) exhibits a good collection,
which is supposed to represent all the types from the eleventh century to the seven-

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 81

teenth. Whether the series begins so early is perhaps doubtful, but some of the
examples may well be of the twelfth or,more probably, thirteenth, century. These ear-
lier crosses are flat plates of copper, gilt, and decorated with champleve enamels in the
style of Limoges, but neither so well drawn nor so perfect in execution as the French
examples, though it is by no means improbable that the Spanish enamel of this kind
is an imitation of that of Limoges. The most noticeable peculiarity in design in
the Spanish crosses of this period is the presence of four oval plates upon the four
limbs of the cross, projecting beyond the edges of the limbs, and in each plate is a
subject in enamel, but those upon the horizontal arms seem always to be the Peni-
tent and Impenitent Thieves. The form of the cross remains practically the same
up to the sixteenth century, and the four oval plates are frequently found at that
date, though these two are then no longer reserved for the two thieves, but are
sometimes devoted to figures of saints, the Evangelists, ete.

A very large cross from the diocese of Vich merits special notice. It is of silver,
nearly 5 feet in total height, the surface quite plain, except for a circular disk upon
each arm, in the center of which is a six foil with a subject in translucent enamel.
This cross differs so much from all the others that it might be thought to be of for-
eign make, but the probability is that it was made in Catalonia, and, perhaps, near
Vich itself, where the influence of French designs would be more felt than in the
more southern parts of Spain. It is attributed, and I think rightly, to the fifteenth
century.

The Spanish crosses of the sixteenth and late fifteenth centuries have a character
fully as peculiar and national as those of earlier date. Those of the sixteenth cen-
tury are characterized by a richness of detail that makes them look at a little dis-
tance like filigree work, but a closer examination shows that this rich effect is pro-
duced by a multiplicity of canopies, edgings, and pendants, symmetrically designed
in asemigothic style. The richest and at the same time the best in general design
of this kind, is that from the Cathedral of Osuna (Seville), though many others
from Salamanca, Astorga, and other cathedrals are very good. Nearly all, however,
have suffered, and their enameled details are destroyed by having, been passed
through the fire to render them bright.

A very interesting class of remains to be found in Spanish churches is that of the
caskets placed upon the altar and used as reliquaries, and in one case as a receptacle
for the Host. Many of these are of pure Moorish work, with Saracenic designs and
inscriptions. The earliest and most important of these is a large casket of carved
ivory with mounts of champlevé enamel, exhibited by the Provincial Council of
Palencia. The whole surface is carved in relief with scrolls of conventional leaves
of the style common in the ornamentation of the Alhambra, the stems being inter-
laced. On the sides are hunting scenes; on the body of the casket are broad bor-
ders formed of pairs of birds and deer alternating, each pair facing, and above them
a series of triple arches. The cover is in the same style but that the borders are
much simpler, and in one panel a piece from another casket has been inserted. The
enameled mounts are an interesting feature and form an important landmark in the
history of enameling in Spain. The patterns of these are the simplest geometrical
designs, and the colors blue and white; but there is every appearance of these being
the original mounts, and if this be the case they must be of the middle of the elev-
enth century. For the great historical value of this object consists in its bearing
the date of its manufacture, A. H. 441 (=A. D. 1049-50), the name of its maker,
Abd-er Rahman ibn Zeyyan, who made it at Cuenca for Hosam-ud-Daulat Abu
Mohammed.

Another casket of nearly equal importance comes from the Cathedral of Gerona,
where it is usually placed upon the High Altar. This, though equally of Arab
work, is very different in style, as well as material. It is entirely covered with
plates of silver gilt, embossed with open scrolls inclosing symmetrical flowers, the
details of which are inlaid with niello. Around the edge of the lid, as in the pre-

Bx. 100 6

82 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

vious example, is a Cufic inscription stating that it was made in Cordova by the
order of Al-Hakam II, the Caliph of Spain, more celebrated for his studious habits
than for warlike achievements, who died in A. D. 976. The inscription states that
Al-Hakam ordered it for his son and gives the name of the maker (Riano, p. 12).
But for this inscription the style of the ornament would probably have led to the
casket being assigned to a later date.

These two caskets are without any mixture of western motives in their decora-
tion, and are of special interest in the history of art industries from the precision of
their date and country of manufacture.

Among the altar caskets one of the most beautiful is a cylindrical ivory box from
the Cathedral of Saragossa. It is of Oriental work, the sides pierced with delicate
tracery, and with bands of Arabic inscriptions in relief round the edge. These
boxes, though by no means common, are well known, and two in the British Museum
have always been thought to be of Persian origin, and it is possible that the
example now in question may be also of Persian work. It has, however, an enrich-
ment of bands of delicate filigree work, passing over and around it, which are cer-
tainly Moorish and of the late fifteenth century. This is decided by their similarity
in style and work to the mounts of the sword of Boabdil belonging to the Marques
de Viane. In both specimens there are Arabic inscriptions outlined in thin wire
running over the surface, a peculiar method that seems to have been employed only
by the Moors, and about this period. At the Cathedral of Saragossa this is used to
contain a cylindrical pyx, which is also exhibited. The pyx is quite plain, of silver
gilt, but upon the flat cover is engraved and enameled a coat of arms surrounded
by an inscription.

A painted ivory casket, of the style usually called in England Sicilian, is shown
by the Royal Academy of History. This bears upon it, many times repeated, the
arms of Aragon-Sicily, and is said to have belonged to the King Don Martin of
Aragon, who died A. D. 1410. The ornamental scrolls between the shields are of
unusual beauty and freedom, and a band of carved Cufic letters of an ornate char-
acter gives it an Oriental aspect, which is but faintly seen in the other designs.
Though the painting is not in the best state of preservation, this box is a charming
specimen of the semi-moorish art of Sicily.

The mudejar style, that is, the combination of Moorish or Saracenic and Christian
art, is perhaps even better shown in a pair of wooden doors with gilt bronze fittings
from the Cathedral of Seville. The paneling of these might be from a Cairene
mosque, so purely Saracenic are their designs, while their borders are composed of
Biblical texts in well-carved black letter, and the bronze fittings are in accord with
the ornament. The purity of the two styles is the remarkable feature of these
doors, each keeping unmixed its own peculiar characteristics and yet remaining in
perfect harmony. The very early and interesting *‘Arquilla de los Reyes,” the
reliquary of King Alfonso III (el Magno) and his Queen Ximena, should properly
have been mentioned earlier, but that its style and work are quite foreign to the
Moorish taste. Alfonso the Great reigned as King of the Asturias and Leon from
866 to 910 A. D., and the shrine is therefore interesting as an authentic monument
of a period of which few remains exist, though it can scarcely be said to have high
claims as a work of art. It is of the usual oblong form with pyramidal lid, and
nearly covered with silver plates embossed and otherwise ornamented. Upon the
lid is the inscription ‘‘ Aldefonsvs* Rex + Scemena Regina,” with a figure of the
Agnus Dei between the two names. Upon the sloping sides are embossed the sym-
bols of the Evangelists, Lucas and Johan being upon the front slope (the eagle very
like a dove), and the angel of St. Matthew on the left, with the word “ Angelys” in
place of the name of the Evangelist. On the slope at the back is a cartouche or
frame of the last century, with the names of the Saints Diodorus and Deodatus:
whose relics were doubtless contained in the shrine. The front is in two stages,
each consisting of six round-headed arches formed of cloisons, some of which still

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 83

contain the triangular or pear-shaped slabs of glass and stone, with which origi-
nally all were embellished. Within the arches are, upon the upper ranges, embossed
trees or plants more or less symmetrical, and in the lower, figures of angels facing
the middle, three in each direction. The execution is throughout of the rudest
character, the figures of the angels being reduced to the most elemental representa-
tions of the human figure, and their wings more like leaves than any feathered limb.
The presence of the cloisonné work, as a survival of Visigothic methods, gives the
object a peculiar interest, though it should at the same time be pointed out that it
is not cloisonné enamel. There can be no doubt that the stones or glass were cut
and placed in position without the application of heat, and do not therefore con-
stitute enamel

Some other altar ornaments of different styles and dates are deserving of mention.
The Cathedral of Astorga sends a very beautiful globular vessel of rock crystal,
engraved in the East with elegant scrolls in relief. This is attributed, and probably
with justice, to the eleventh century; its beauty is, however, much lessened by a
seventeenth century gilt mount, which has transformed it into a tall two-handled
vase.

An equally beautiful object, but of far different character, is the crystal Navecilla,
a crystal ship on wheels, with elaborate Gothic mounts of silver gilt, from the
Cathedral of Toledo. It is about 15 inches in length, the body of the vessel made
of rock crystal, above which is a considerable superstructure of silver gilt, in
which the ribs of the ship are indicated. At the prow and stern the bulwarks are
formed of a band of elegant tracery surmounted by a cresting of leaves. The figure-
head is a wivern in full relief, and the keel is formed of a band of boldly modeled
leaf work. All the lines of the construction are very graceful, and the composition
is pleasing as well as unusual. It is said to have been the property of Dona Juana
la Loca, and probably became the property of the cathedral as a votive offering.
Another ship, of which the body is formed of a large turbo shell, is shown from
Saragossa, but this, though very quaint, and of perhaps a somewhat earlier date,
can not be compared for beauty with the crystal ship of Toledo.

The Cathedral of Huesca exhibits three very fine chasses of Limoges champlevé
enamel, one of which is of unusually good quality and early date, though not old
enough to have been the property of Don Ramiro II, of Aragon, who reigned from
A.D. 930 to 950, and their traditional history will therefore scarcely pass muster.

Although the cathedrals and other religious establishments of Spain have only
sent a small proportion of their marvelous riches to the exhibition, and many
interesting and well-known objects are not to be secn there, yet, on the other hand,
many things have been sent, which from their size no one would expect to find else-
where than in their natural resting place. To this latter category belongs the
recumbent effigy of Maurice, Bishop of Burgos and founder of the cathedral, from
which it is now sent. It is a life-sized figure, now resting upon a wooden base,
round which is written ‘“ Pius hujus ecclesie Pontifex et Fundator Mauricius obiit
A.D. 1240, 4 Oct.” This may be a copy of an older inscription, but the date of the
death is two years later than that given by the modern authorities. The effigy
is modeled in wood, covered with thin plates of bronze or copper, cut with some
regard to the lines of the design and nailed on round the edges, and the whole
appears to have been once gilt. The vestments are covered with a carefully
engraved lozenge diaper of fleur-de-lis and castles, and the end of the efiigy, at the
feet, has an elaborate design consisting of castles of Castile, and possibly some other
devices; but from the position of the figure and the worn state of this part, it was
not possible to determine this point.

The borders of the vestments and the miter are edged with settings now empty,
but which once contained stones or glass pastes. The hands are raised, the left one
in such a position as it would assume if it held a crozier, and the right in the atti-
tude of benediction. The hands seem to be solid bronze, and, from the finger nails

84 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

being seen, would appear to be bare, but the presence of a jewel on the back of the
right hand shows that they are intended to be gloved; upon the two fingers raised
in benediction are two rings, upon the first and second joints respectively. They
are cast with the hand, and are set with simple square stones within a quarterfoil.
The face is a mask of thick bronze, stopping short at the hair and the ears, and it
has every appearance of being an actual portrait. The head rests upon a plain
cushion, enriched on the upper face with champlevé enamel. ‘The pattern upon
this is a lozenge diaper filled with open crosses. The monument as a whole is a
most dignified and impressive composition, and it has an additional interest apart
from its great intrinsic merits, and the remarkable character of the ecclesiastic it
represents, in the fact that the tradition in Toledo is that he was of English birth.
He was a trusted and valuable adviser to his King, San Fernando III, whom he
aided with counsel in matters far removed from his episcopal functions.

This tomb must have been in part, if not entirely, of French work, as the enameled
portions differ from any examples of Spanish champlevé enamel, and on the other
hand, agree in style with the known examples of similar work made at Limoges.
This is not surprising, for the bishop was a traveled man, and had relations with
many of the European states, and with France he could scarcely fail to have been
very intimate. It is, moreoverv, an established fact that the workmen at Limoges
did go into foreign countries to execute such work, even to England.

The collection of arms and armor is, as would be expected, of great interest and of
considerable extent. From the royal collection many pieces of historical interest
are shown, the jousting suits of Charles V and Philip II, three swords stated to be
those of Boabdil, Pizarro, and Cortez, a steel turban inlaid with gold and silver
formerly belonging to Barbarroja, as well as numerous suits and single specimens of
interest in themselves. © Private collectors also have contributed largely, the Conde
de Valencia sending a series of swords of high quality, while the Marques de Casa-
Torres has filled one of the smaller galleries with an excellent collection of arms and
some good suits of armor, and Senor Don José Estrech, of Barcelona, has a well-
arranged series, intended to show the history of arms and armor from the eighth
century down to the present time. The Marques de Mondejar also shows one of the
well-known papal swords, this specimen having been presented by Pope Innocent
VIII in 1486 to Don Inigo Lopez de Mendoza, second Conde de Tendilla, ambassador
at Rome.

The collection at the Royal Armory in Madrid is, however, so rich in arms and
armor, both of the highest excellence in themselves, and a large proportion of
them of an historical importance equalling their technical perfection and artistic
merit, that it is an ungrateful task to attempt a detailed description of those in
the exhibition. Itis no injustice to say that, fine as many of them are, they can not
be placed in competition with the accumulated treasures of the Armeria Real.

It seems, for this reason, a better plan to give some account of the few objects of
this class which are either unrepresented in the Royal Armory, or have interests of
a different kind.

Of these the most remarkable are the several swords stated to have once belonged
to Boabdil, the last Moorish king of Granada. One of them has been already men-
tioned as coming from the Royal Armory, but it is plain in make, and its principal
interest is its history. It is far otherwise with the beautiful swords belonging to
the Marques de Viane and the Marques Campotejar, and another sword, belonging
to the Archeological Museum of Madrid, though somewhat older, belongs to the
same class. This last is made entirely of metal, the hilt and guard being of bronze
with gilt details, the blade of steel, the total length 40 inches. The pommel is
globular, flattened on the two faces, on each of which is a circular medallion
engraved with ornamental Cufic characters; the grip is fusiform, engraved with
circles joined together by asingle twist, and containing also Cufic letters. The guard
is of the peculiar form characteristic of the Moorish swords of the late fifteenth

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 85

century, viz, rounded shoulders ending, on either side of the blade, in a narrow
limb running parallel with it, the outer edge of the limb curving inward to the end
where it suddenly turns outward in a hook, the hollow formed by this curving of
the limb being filled up in this case with a plate of metal pierced with circular
holes. The faces of the guard are quite flat, and engraved with conjoined circles,
like those on the grip, the spaces between them being filled with engraved floral
designs. The bands forming the circles are in all cases gilt. The blade is straight
and two-edged, and has upon one face the stamp of the armorer, a circle containing
badly written characters which have not yet been read, but they are conjectured to
be Hebrew from the fact of the Jews in Spain devoting themselves to the manufac-
ture of arms. This sword came from the Church of San Marcelo, the warrior saint,
at Leon, and was there long connected with him. Itis believed that it may have
been a gift by the King Ferdinand the Catholic on the translation of the body of
the martyr from Africa.

The Boabdil sword of the Marques Campotejar is of the same general type, but is
infinitely more sumptuous in execution, and, in addition, it retains its scabbard
complete. The mounts both of the sword and scabbard are of silver gilt, embossed
and richly chased with formal flora] designs of the same style as those of the ivory
casket of the Cathedral of Palencia (supra p. 81), though of course the sword is of
a much later date. The mounts are further enriched with bands and medallions of
translucent cloisonné enamel, a feature which this sword has in common with that
of the Marques de Viane. An interesting and tosome extent peculiar circumstance
connected with this sword is, that notwithstanding the pure Moorish character of
its ornament, yet it would seem to have been the work of a Christian artificer, work-
ing for the Moors at Granada. The bonds of amity which existed between Boabdil
and Ferdinand for some years, before the final stand made by the Moors for the pos-
session of Granada, would account for the presence in the Court of Boabdil of Chris-
tian workmen, who doubtless succeeded in serving two masters in different capac-
ities. Upon the plain backs of one of the two tabs to which the sword belt was
attached is stamped, in characters of the period, the name ‘‘Ivan Abad” * * *,
with the pomegranate of Granada as well as another stamp, not easy to interpret.
This Christian stamp illustrates a remark of Senor Riano (in his introduction to the
Catalogue of Spanish Works of Art in the South Kensington Museum). ‘The
continued contact of the Christian and Mohammedan races, notwithstanding the
barbarism of the time and the difference of creed did not oblige them to live per-
petually as enemies. * * * This contact could not fail to influence works of art
and industry, and for this reason many archeological objects of the Spanish Middle
Ages possess a peculiar character.”

The third sword of this type and, like the last one, once the property of Boabdil, is
that belonging to the Marques de Viane, who exhibits also the velvet jacket, another
sword and a dagger, stated to have been taken from the Moorish king at his defeat
(in 1492) and given by Ferdinand the Catholic to one of the ancestors of the present
owner. One of these is the most perfect example in the exhibition of the refinement
and richness of effect of which Arab art is capable. It combines the highest efforts
of the enameler, the carver, and the goldsmith, and, doubtless, the blade is of corre-
sponding quality, and in every part it is well preserved. The actual grip is of ivory,
the rest of the hilt is of gold, entirely covered with granular work and filagree, in
which are set at intervals eight-pointed and cruciform panels of translucent cloisonné
enamel.

The ivory grip is deeply carved with geometrical designs forming panels of various
shapes, filled with Arabic inscriptions alluding to the weapon, and ornamental leaves
and other devices, and where the ivory joins the metal are two broad bands of
cloisonné enamel (the cloisons being here, as upon other parts of the mounting, of
gold) composed of seroll work of the greatest beauty interrupted by shaped panels
containing Arabic inscriptions, among which might be expected the name of the

86 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

artist, but this nowhere appears. The pommel is spherical, but at the upper end is
prolonged as a straight point, and is entirely covered with the granular work and
enameled panels mentioned above. This granular goldsmith’s work is of the same
style as that of the bands of the Persian casket from the Cathedral of Saragossa,
and might, in fact, be the work of the same artist. The ground is filled with minute
pellets of gold, through which run lines of Arabic inscription, outlined in flat gold
wire, thus leaving the interior of each letter empty. The enameled crosses upon
the pommel are changed into a different form by the exigencies of the shape of the
pommel, the artist finding it necessary to reduce the four limbs of the cross to three,
and the corresponding outlines of the eight-pointed panels are ingeniously altered
and adapted tothe same end. The surface of the guard is ornamented with similar
work, and it is only necessary to mention that the two ends running parallel with
the blade terminate in the heads of monsters, from each of which springs an elegant
openwork border of spiral scrolls enameled in white and other colors. The blade
is straight and has the stamp of the armorer upon one side. The sheath is of red
leather, though very little of this foundation is visible, as one-half of its length is
hidden by mounts matching those of the sword itself, and these fit into each other
so closely that when the sword is in the scabbard it is impossible to distinguish
where the guard ends and the scabbard mounts begin. This sword is described,
and the inscriptions are given, by Senor Riamio (op. cit., p. 84).

The enameled details upon this sword are of peculiar interest, not only for their
intrinsic merits, which are very great, but also as serving to decide the origin of the
beautiful stirrups in the Forman collection. These stirrups were exhibited before
the Society of Antiquaries of London, and are described in their Proceedings (Vol.
XIV, 179). It is sufficient here to say that they are of Moorish form, of iron, plated
with silver, which is engraved with Oriental designs; while upon the sides are semi-
circular plates of silver with nielloed designs somewhat in the style of the arabesques
of Aldegrever. Around these are borders of cloisonné enamel on gold, in style and
execution so like the sword just described that there can be little question as to their
common origin, though it is probable that the sword is earlier in date by, perhaps,
a quarter of acentury. The niello plates of the stirrups also could very well be of
a Spanish make, as the use of niello is not uncommon, both in Moorish and Christian
work of medieval and later times. An example of this is near at hand in the sec-
ond sword shown by the Marques de Viane. This is more a weapon for use than for
parade, and is of simple form, by no means beautiful, though the details are planned
and carried out with the greatest skill. Like the other, it has a straight blade,
apparently also of Christian make, or, at least, not Moorish. The handle 1s entirely
of ivory, the grip cylindrical, with a thicker cylinder above and below, that forming
the pommel being slightly curved inwards at the sides. The whole handle is
engraved with beautiful scroll work, brought into relief by an inlay of black sub-
stance, probably akin to niello, and upon the sides of the pommel is the shield of
arms of the kings of Granada, as seen upon the azulejos of the Alhambra. The
scabbard isin keeping with the modesty of the sword, being a plain, leather sheath,
tooled like a bookbinding with a scale pattern, and having a silver mount and
chape, the former engraved and nielloed with Arabic inscriptions and the shield of
Granada, and the chape engraved in a similar manner. The contrast between this
simple and useful weapon and the gorgeous blade shown beside it is most remark-
able and instructive, and the fortunate owners of them both may be congratulated
on the possession of hereditary treasures of a kind and quality but seldom seen.

It is somewhat surprising to find among the ecclesiastical objects from the various
cathedrals so few painted enamels that are worthy of note. A good triptych belong-
ing to the Cathedral of Saragossa would seem to be from the hand of Nardon Penicaud
orof hisschool. The central subject is the Adoration of the Magi, painted in the usual
manner, the faces somewhat round, and here and there the small raised jewels or
rosettes backed with foil. Tne Conde de Valencia has also atriptych by the same

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 87

artist, who seems to have been popular in Spain, to judge by the comparative fre-
quency of his works. Three other enamels in the collection shown by the Conde de
Valencia de Don Juan are, however, of far greater interest and beauty. The first
of these is of North Italian work of the fifteenth century, a circular pectorial medal-
lion, with a hinged front displaying both sides and out scenes from the Passion
painted in the exquisite style characteristic of this period and country, and of which
we have a few good examples in the British Museum. The back of this charming
pendant is formed of a plate of pearl shell engraved with the Crucifixion, and every
part seems in perfect preservation.

The two other enamels are of Limoges, the more important being a brilliant trip-
tych, unsigned, but, doubtless, by Leonard Limousin, the second an equally brilliant,
but small plaque, painted by Pierre Reymond in 1537, with the Good Shepherd giv-
ing crooks to the shepherds, and the exhortation to the shepherds is inscribed in
two panels at the top. The triptych represents the Last Supper, and has the arms
of Lorraine beneath, quarterly and an inescutcheon of pretence of Lorraine, while
on the wings are the arms of Lorraine (on a bend three alerions) and those of France,
as well as a motto, which would point to the piece having been made for a person.
age of distinction. The Conde de Valencia also exhibits a large and interesting series
of the small champlevé enamel plaques from horse trappings, most of which have
devices of an armorial character, both Moorish and Christain. These little ornaments
were used in all European countres in medieval times, and a large number, such as
are to be found here, could scarcely fail to produce some interesting results if time
were given to their study.

The absence of any large number of Limoges or Italian enamels is not so surpris-
ing as the entire want of Flemish plate of the period of Charles V or earlier. There
are, no doubt, some pieces which, on examination, would prove to be of Flemish man-
ufacture, but there is certainly nothing like a display of such objects, and it seems
scarcely credible that great quantities of church plate and objects of domestic use
were not brought from Flanders, a country where art of this kind had attained to
such perfection.

There now remains to notice the collections of pottery which are confined almost
entirely to the lustred wares so well known and so highly appreciated all over the
world for their decorative qualities. Before describing these, however, it is desir-
able to allude to an altogether unexpected, though by no means unimportant, exhibit
of mosque lamps of pottery and glass sent by the Imperial Ottoman Museum at Con-
stantinople. Of the pottery lamps the most curious, though the least ornamental,
is one with two rows of handles, covered with oil gilding, and decorated only with
two narrow bands of inscription in blue, the rest of the surface being plain white;
probably a product of the potteries either at Cairo or Damascus. Far more beautiful,
and of unusually large size, are two richly-colored lamps of Rhodian ware, with
bosses round the lower part filled with elegant arabesque designs, the rest of the
surface covered with inscriptions and ornament. The red and turquoise colors are
of unusual brilliancy, and the execution of the ornament, as well as the outlines of
the lamps themselves, leave nothing to be desired.

Four smail lamps, painted entirely in pale blue, though neither so unusual nor so
immediately attractive, are fine specimens of their kind. Their principal decora-
tion consists of bands of ornamental Cufic, the spaces between being filled with
delicately-penciled devices that recall the illuminated Persian manuscripts of the fif-
teenth century. The glass lampsseemto be of Venetian manufacture, and probably
of the fifteenth or early sixteenth century. They are all of lace glass of various
patterns, somewhat coarse in make, and they preserve the usual form of the mosque
lamp. In addition to these, there are two trumpet-shaped lamps of the same kind of
glass, which have been used either as the oil receptacle of a pottery lamp or perhaps
independently, as they would be too large for any but the largest size of lamp.
Some of these Venetian lamps have been thought by their Mussulman owners to be

88 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

too simple in style, and accordingly they have been painted with flowing scrolls in
gold, which gives them rather a tawdry appearance.

Of Spanish wares the only collections of any note are those of the Conde de Valen-
cia de Don Juan, Senor Don Guillermo de Osma, and of the Archeological Museum
of Madrid. Unfortunately, the latter collection must be dismissed with but little
notice, for the objects were arranged in panels upon the walls of the room, reaching
to the ceiling, and it was therefore barely possible to see them, and quite out of the
question to examine any of them at all closely. One of the plates is said to have
an Arabic word written upon it, a most unusual thing, but as it was at least twelve
feet from the floor it was not possible to verify this statement, which has already
been doubted. Among the objects nearer at hand was, however, one of the famous
Alhambra vases, a fine specimen, standing more than 4 feet high, but, unfortu-
nately, wanting one of its handles. It is decorated in yellow, or pale luster, and
blue, with a profusion of arabesque designs and inscriptions, one of the latter refer-
ring to its use as a water jar. This vase came from the parish church of Hernos
(Jaen), where it was used as a holy-water vessel. A similar story is told of an
equally fine vase, now in the museum at Palermo. Another jar of Toledan make is
interesting as bearing the name of the maker, It is an oviform vessel of common
clay, nearly three feet in height, unglazed, and with two projecting ears, or handles,
on the shoulders. The ornament consists of impressions from oblong stamps, with
animals, monsters, etc. Near the neck areimpressed three stamps, inscribed in black
letter ‘‘En toled® me feci dj° perez.” This dates probably from the sixteenth century

The collections of the Conde de Valencia and Senor de Osma are shown together,
and comprise a superb series of the Justered wares of the various Spanish factories, a
number of tiles, interesting for their devices as weil as for the-technical processes of
their manufacture, and a large and unique series of a curious ware believed to have
been made in Andalusia in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, but of which the
history is at present somewhat uncertain. Among the lustered wares the most remark-
able pieces are two dishes painted in blue and luster, with figures in fantastic cos-
tumes of the fifteenth century, one of the dishes representing a fishing scene, carried
round the dish in a quaint fashion. Two covered bowls are also worthy of remark,
both trom their rarity and the originality of their design, the covers being of the
same: shape as the bowls, but somewhat larger in the mouth, and when placed
together the form is that of a barrel with narrow ends. Many other pieces of this
beautiful series deserve mention, if space permitted. The Andalusian ware, how-
ever, is less known, and therefore deserves more particular notice. Though it can
scarcely be said to possess so great a charm as the Iustered wares, yet it has an origi-
nality and vigor which is rarely found in any but the earliest productions of Valencia
and Malaga. It recalls in appearance the Italian sgraftiato wares, though the proc-
ess of manufacture is of quite a different character. The method employed is,
however, not quite clear, but seems to have been to draw the outlines of the design
in some substance which was thrown off in the furnace, leaving little or no trace of
its presence, but which, before the firing, possessed an antipathy to the colored
glaze used to fill up the design, so that these glazes could be applied close up to the
edge of the outlines without in any instance impinging upon them. In no case is
the clearness of the outline interfered with, though it is rare to find an instance of
the glaze being otherwise than close to its edge. The glazes are thick and heavy,
probably with a base of tin, and the colors used are rich and full, amber, green,
slaty blue, yellow, and manganese. The collection comprises five large dishes,
twenty-four small, an oviform vase, two large panels with the arms of Castile-Leon
and Aragon-Sicily, as well as tiles. The designs of the dishes are vigorously, if some-
what coarsely, drawn, and include a head of a young man in the costume of the late
fifteenth century, a deer and other animals, heraldic lions, and motives derived from
plants and trees. Some of the tiles have inscriptions in black letter, and the ovi-
form vase bears the legend, ‘‘Mjel rosado coad,” honey of roses. It may be of inter-

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 89

est to mention that this ware is being imitated in Spain at the present time, and a
good many examples of these imitations are to be found in the shops in Madrid; and
though the character of the work lends itself easily to imitation, there are essential
differences between the old and the new.

It should be stated that in addition to the classes of objects described above, the
exhibition contains a very large and important collection of charters, illuminated
manuscripts, and printed books. Among the latter is a considerable series printed
on vellum; the former include a number of early charters of the orders of the
Knights of St. John of Jerusalem, the Holy Sepulcher, Santiago, and of Calatravas,
an early manuscript of the treatise on astronomy by Alfonso the Wise, believed to
be the original, besides many other important works from the National Library and
other public institutions.

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CATA TOGw

AND

DESCRIPTION OF THE OBJECTS EXHIBITED

BY

THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM, THE.UNITED STATES INDIAN
INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL, THE UNITED STATES NAVY DEPARTMENT,
THE UNITED STATES ARMY MEDICAL MUSEUM, THE UNIVER-
SITY OF PENNSYLVANIA, THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL
SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA, THE NUMISMATIC AND
ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETY OF PHILADELPHIA, THE
UNITED STATES MINT, AND THE UNITED
STATES POST-OFFICE DEPARTMENT

AT THE

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXHIBITION IN MADRID.

91

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CATALOGUE OF THE DISPLAY FROM THE DEPARTMENT OF
PREHISTORIC ANTHROPOLOGY, UNITED STATES NATIONAL
MUSEUM.

By THOMAS WILSON, Curator.

The Department of Prehistoric Anthropology of the National Museum
was represented at the Exposicién Historico-Americana, Madrid, 1892,
by about 5,000 objects, selected from the department, and intended to
present a synopsis of aboriginal industry. The objects were exposed
in nineteen double slope-topped cases, which were distributed through-
out the main hall assigned to the United States at the Exposition. The
objects were classified, so far as possible, in such way as to show a
series of implements and objects in each case or in each portion of a
case. General labels descriptive of the series were printed in Spanish
and distributed in their appropriate places. A description of the
objects displayed, together with the names assigned them, the material
used, the mode of manufacture and probable purpose, is attempted
to be set forth in the following pages.

PALEOLITHIC AGE.

The first appearance of man on earth has been assigned in Europe to the Quater-
nary Geologic period; in the United States to the close of the Glacial Epoch, though
this has been denied.

The Paleolithic implements are the first known works of man. They have been
found over the world in the Quaternary deposits, associated many times with the
remains of extinct animals belonging to that geologic period. The different epochs
of human culture of the Paleolithic age have, in western and southern Europe, received
the designations of Cave-bear, Mammoth, Reindeer, Bison epochs, after the animals
which characterize them, and after the deposits, Alluvial and Cavern, and all
after the localities, Chelleen, Moustierian, Solutrien, Madalenien epochs. They are
periods represented in this display.

ALLUVIAL PERIOD.
CHELLEEN EPOCH.

Block of cemented sand and gravel from the Quaternary gravels of the river
Marne at Chelles, east of Paris, in which Paleolithic implements have been
found. Pieces of worked flint are to be seen init, while other fragments from
the loose sands beneath are by its side. This station has given its name to the
earliest epoch of the Paleolithic age.

Seven Chelleen implements from the Quaternary gravels of southern England.
Similar implements have been found on the surface. They are of the flint of the
country, and have been chipped to their present shape. Many of them show
signs of use. They are almond-shaped, thick in proportion to their width, and

have the cutting edge at the point.
93

94 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

Four Chelleen implements from the Quaternary gravels of the river Somme at St.
Acheul and Ameins, northern France; of flint, pointed, almond-shaped, crust of
pebble left for grip, and with cutting edge at the small end. (Fig. 1.)

=

PALEOLITHIC IMPLEMENT OF FLINT.
Chelleen Epoch, Alluvial Period.

St. Acheul, France.

Thirty Chelleen implements from different localities in northern, central, southern,
and northwestern France. They are of flint and have the same general form as
those mentioned from England.

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PALEOLITHIC IMPLEMENT (QUARTZITE.)
From near Madras, India,

Three Chelleen implements from central France, of the usual thick almond form.

They are of flint, which, from weathering or exposure to the chalk bed, have
become whitened.

on or near the surface.

In the highlands of the interior these are sometimes found

Two Chelleen implements from the gravels of the river Garonne, near Toulouse, made
from quartzite bowlders. They are rudely chipped, and thick, and the cutting

edge is at the point as in other paleolithic implements. They resemble the
specimens from Piney Branch, near Washington, D. C.

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 95

Two smaller Chelleen implements of quartzite, from the celebrated workshop of
Bois-du-Rocher in Brittany. Discovered by MM. Micaultand Fornier. Theseare
more in the form of disks, chipped on both sides and to an edge all around.

Paleolithic implements have been found in isolated localities throughout northern
Italy and in Spain and Portugal. These specimens are from Lake Garda in the
Tyrol. (See Cartaillac for locality.)

Twenty Paleolithic implements of flint, which, with many others, were found in the
foothills on the left border of the Nile, Egypt, by Prof. H. W. Haynes, of Boston.
He received a bronze medal from the Association Frangaise for his discovery.

Four Paleolithic implements from the Laterite beds near Madras, southwestern
Hindostan, Asia. (Fig.2.) Similar ones have been found near Nerbuddah, north-
western Hindostan. They are of quartzite, rudely made, but have the usual
characteristics of thickness and the cutting edge at the smaller end. Also 3
specimens found near Yokohama, Japan, possibly Paleolithic.

CAVERN PERIOD.

Six specimens of quartzite chips and implements of human art work, from Cresswell
Caves, Yorkshire, England, associated with remains of Mammoth, Rhinoceros,
and other extinctanimals. Collected by Prof. W. Boyd Dawkins, of Manchester,
England.

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Fig. 3. Fig. 4.
MOUSTIERIAN POINT, SPEAR OR OTHERWISE OPPOSITE VIEW OF FIG. 3.
(FLINT).

From Cavern of Le Moustier.

Five specimens of red earth from lower stratum of Kents Cavern, Torquay, contain-
ing tooth of Cave-Bear, with a section of the overlying stalagmitic deposit. In
this were found teeth of Elephant, Rhinoceros, and Hyena, associated with
Chelleen implements. Collected by Mr. W. Pengelly, of Torquay, England.

MOUSTIERIAN EPOCH.

Seven Moustierian points from Cavern of Moustier, France (Figs. 3-4). Scrapers
the same, with cutting edge on the side and not at the end (Figs.5-6). Cave-
bear tooth.

96 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

SOLUTRIEN EPOCH.

Twenty-five specimens of flint, 9 of bone, from Solutré, near Chalons-Sur-Sadne,
France. Horse bones abounded. Reindeer appear during this epoch. The
chipped edge of flint scrapers is changed from the side to the end. Two kinds
of flint points, presumably for weapons, are found; one small, rechipped only
on the back, with stem and shoulder on one side, the other the leaf shaped, long,
broad, and very thin, some are 16 inches wide and but three-eighths of an inch
thick. This was an epoch of fine flint chipping.

MADALENIEN EPOCH,

Eighteen specimens of flint, 15 of bone. From the Rock-shelter of La Madeleine,
on the Vézere, Dordogne, France. Flint chipping continued during this epoch;
scrapers, knives, points, and flakes are found. Bone points, daggers, and har-
poons were common. The man of this epoch was an artist. More than 400
specimens of engraving ou bone, horn, ivory, and stone have been found in the
Caverns of this period.

MOUSTIERIAN SCRAPER, SHOWING BULB OF PER- OPPOSITE SIDE FIG. 5.
CUSSION (FLINT).
"From Chez Poure.

EUROPEAN PREHISTORIC SKULLS OF THE PALEOLITHIC AGE.

Cast of the Neanderthal Skull. The original was found near Dusseldorf, Germany,
and is now at the University of Bonn, discovered by Drs. Schaffhausen and
Fuhlrott in 1857. Although the forehead is low and retreating, the skull is not
small; its estimated capacity is 1,220 centimeters. Its cephalic index is 0,72.
Many persons are of the opinion that it belongs to the Moustierian rather than
the Chelleen Epoch. Its great antiquity has been disputed, but, nevertheless,
Prehistoric anthropologists have given its name, possibly for want of a better,
to the earliest known type ot the human race.

Cast of the Olmo Skull, from the celebrated paleontological deposit of the Val
d@’ Arno, near Florence, Italy. It was found many feet beneath the surface asso-
ciated with worked flints, horse teeth. and mammoth tusks, all of which, with
the original skull, are in the Zoological Museum at Florence. The skull is
claimed to have belonged to the Moustierian Epoch of the Paleolithic Age. It
is too fragmentary to be measured.

Cast of Laugerie Basse Skull, found by M. Massenat, of Mailmont, near Brives
(Correze), France, in 1872, while excavating the celebrated prehistoric caverns
ot Laugerie Basse on the Vérzére, Dordogne, France. The skeleton was entire
and in place. It was on its side, the legs drawn up, the hands placed on the
side of the head and neck. It was considered that he had been killed under a
detached and fallen rock. It isin the possession of M. Massenat. The Cavern
belongs to the Madelenien epoch of the Paleolithic Age.

Columbian Historical Exposition at Madrid.—Wilson, PLATE I.

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PALEOLITHIC IMPLEMENTS.

Points of the Solutrian epoch, leaf-shaped, and shouldered on one side. Cavern period.

PLATE II.

Columbian Historical Exposition at Madrid.—Wilson.

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PALEOLITHIC IMPLEMENTS.

La Madeleine, Dordogne, France.

Flint scraper, with rounded end.

Fig. 1.

rance,

La Madeleine, Dordogne, France.

knife.
La Madeleine, Dordogne, F

probably a saw or |}
Flint gravers.
Figs. 5 and 6. Flint points or drills.

Flint flake;

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Fig. *

Figs. 3 and 4.

Columbian Historical Exposition at Madrid.— Wilson. PLATE Ill.

PALEOLITHIC IMPLEMENTS.

Figs. 1,°%, 3, and 4. Harpoons made of reindeer horn. La Madeleine. Dordogne, France.

Figs. », 6, and 7. Points and harpoons made of reindeer horn: hole and slit for attachment to shaft;
southern France.

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Columbian Historical Exposition at Madrid.— Wilson. PLATE IV.

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PALEOLITHIC IMPLEMENTS.

Fig. 1. Engraving of pike on canine tooth of bear. Grotto of Duruthy, southwestern France.

Fig. 2. Engraving of seal on canine tooth of bear. Grotto of Duruthy, southwestern France.

Fig. 3. Engravings of a man, horses, aurochs, and snake or eel on reindeer horn. La Madeleine,
Dordogne, France.

eee

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 97

Cast of the Engis Skull, discovered by Dr. Schmerling in the Cavern of Engis, near
Liege, Belgium, in the year 1833. It was of this skull that Professor Huxley
said that it might have belonged to a savage or a philosopher.

NEOLITHIC OR POLISHED STONE AGE.

The name Neolithic was given by Sir John Lubbock to the Jater stone age to dis-
tinguish it from the earlier, the Paleolithic or Chipped Stone Age. Many of the
stone implements, after being chipped or pecked into shape, were smoothed or pol-
ished by grinding. Some, such as scrapers, arrow and spear heads, were always
chipped and not polished. This period introduces a new civilization—that of a
sedentary and agricultural people, with flocks and herds, plants, fruits, textiles, and
pottery. Tribal organizations were formed, religious sentiments manifested, the
dead buried, and funeral monuments erected.

Forty-four flint objects from workshops in Great Britain and Ireland, showing the
mode of manufacture. Cores and flakes of black flint fitted together as in the
original block, with knapping hammer, from modern gun-flint workshops at
Brandon, Suffolk. (Fig. 7.) Prehistoric blades and flakes, scrapers, discs,
hatchets, chisels, and poignards, polished and partly polished, from Cissbury,
southern England, and from Ireland. Arrowheads of various forms.

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Fig. 7.
FLINT CORE, WITH ITS BLADES AS STRUCK, IN PLACE.

Brandon, England, Evans’s Ancient Stone Implements of Great Britain,

Nineteen worked flint implements from the Prehistoric workshops of Grand Pres-
signy, near Tours, France. Large cores (livres du beurre), hammers, blades,
flakes, daggers, and points. All of the yellow flint of Grand Pressigny.

Eighteen implements and objects from the Prehistoric flint quarries and workshops
of Spiennes, Belgium. Unpolished hatchets, cores, blades, flakes, hammers, etc.

Thirty-three flint implements, many of them from Prehistoric workshops in Scandi-
navia. Cores, hammers, blades, flakes, scrapers, crescents, daggers, arrow and
spear heads.

Sixty-two flint implements and objects from eastern and northern Italy. Small
cores, flakes, scrapers, discs, points, and beautiful arrowheads.

Ten flint and obsidian cores and flakes. From Syria, 2 specimens; Island of Crete, 4
specimens; Island of Milo, 4 specimens.

Seventy-one flint flakes and points discovered by Mr. W. Flinders Petrie at Kahun
in the Fayum, Lower Egypt, in 1889. Many of these show signs of use. They
belong to the time of Amenentop III, of the Twelfth Dynasty, about 2650 B. C.,
and are probably the earliest Prehistoric specimens to which an historical date
can be given.

H. Ex. 100——7

98 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

Seventeen obsidian cores and blades from Mexico and Central America (fig. 8). The
blades are thin, sharp, and beautifully made, Large worked flakes, scrapers,-
arrow and spear heads of flint and obsidian.

Fig. 8.
OBSIDIAN CORE AND FLAKES.

Mexico.

Twelve specimens of drilled axes from Europe. These are plentiful in the Swiss
lakes and in Scandinavia. In Europe the drilled axes take the place of the
American grooved axes. These specimens show different kinds of drilling, and
different stages of progress. Some were drilled from one side, others from
both. Some have been drilled with a hollow bit, and a number of entire cores
thus made are shown. These implements belonged to the Neolithic period, but
continued into the Iron Age.

Six chipped stone hatchets from Europe and Asia. These have been first chipped
into shape ready for grinding, and
then polished. The series shows
the process of manufacture. The
first (fig. 9) is rudely and the sec-
ond (fig. 10) finely chipped; the
third (fig. 11) is partly and the
fourth (fig. 12) entirely polished;
the fifth (fig. 13) is rechipped to
an edge and the sixth (fig. 14)
reground.

Stone hatchets in process of manufac-
ture, chipped but not yet ground or
polished, from the United States
of America. Similar objects be-
longing to prehistoric times are
found in nearly every country.

Polished stone hatchets are representa-
tive implements of the Neolithic
period throughout the world.

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Fig. 9. Fig. 10. They vary greatly in size. They
POLISHED STONE HATCHETS OF FLINT. were intended for the same general
Showing process of manufacture, Europe (after Mortillet). purpose as the grooved ax, and the

same remarks as to material and
mode of manufacture apply. On the coast and among the islands similar hatchets
were made of shell (fig. 16). Polished stone hatchets were inserted in wooden
handles, though in the Lake Dwellings of Switzerland horn was used as an inter-
mediary. Nearly every country isrepresented. Eighteen specimens from Europe;
9 specimens from Asia; 11 specimens from the United States and Canada (fig.
15); 2 specimens from Mexico; 6 specimens from Central America; 6 specimens
from West Indies; 5 specimens from South America. Total, 57 specimens.

Columbian Historical Exposition at Madrid.—Wilson. PLATE V.

PALEOLITHIC (?) IMPLEMENTS FROM THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. QUARTZITE.
Chipped on one side only.

PLATE VI.

Columbian Historical Exposition at Madrid.—Wilson.

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PALEOLITHIC (?) IMPLEMENTS FROM THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. QUARTZITE.
Chipped on both sides.

(Half natural size.)

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. oo

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.
EVIDENCES OF THE EXTREME ANTIQUITY OF MAN.

The existence of man on the American continent during a stage of culture corre-
sponding to the Paleolithic period in Europe has been the subject of much dispute
among American anthropologists and geologists. The investigations in this respect
in the United States of America have not been so profound as in Europe, and anthro-
pologists are not unanimous concerning the conclusions to be drawn therefrom. The
contemporaneity of the periods in the two hemispheres has not been universally
accepted, nor has the relationship of the men who made or used the implements been
established.

Implements similar in form, style, and manufacture to those of the Paleolithic age
from European countries have been found in the United States, which, if found
in Europe, would be accepted as belonging to that age. These have been found
by the hundred in every section of
the United States on the surface and
at varying depths in the gravels of
severalrivers, and inthe Pleistocene
deposits. Flint, argillite, and quart-
zite were the materials mostly used.
The implements are rude and thick
and always chipped. Twenty-one
implements from every part of the
United States are shown.

Fossil human thorax. Seven vertebra
with corresponding ribs and ster-
num, from Osprey, Sarasota Bay,
Manatee County, Fla. The bones
are fossilized. They were found on
the seashore incased in indurated
ferruginous sandstone. The two
pieces of stone belong together and
form one subject; they were broken

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in extraction. The sandstone was Fig. 11.
overlaid by surface deposits 14 to 3 POLISHED STONE HATCHETS OF FLINT.
4 eave, . ci
feet. Geologists assign it to the Showing process of manufacture, Europe (after Mortillet ).

Quaternary period. Found by
Judge John G. Webb.

Fossilized human skull, turned to iron. Irom Osprey, Manatee County, Fla. Found
in 1868 at a depth of 2 or 3 feet in the undisturbed subsoil in proximity toa
shell heap. The skull was accidentally broken at its discovery. The skeleton
was in place. The bones were sent forward, but some of them were lost. Part
of them are now in the Peabody Museum. The skull and other bones were
turned to limonite (hydrous sesquioxide of iron) by process of fossilization.
The measurements of the skull are: Glabella to occipital protuberance, 170 mm. ;
breadth above the auditory meatuses, 131 mm.; breadth of the forehead at tem-
poral ridges, 102 mm. Tound by Judge John G. Webb.

Fossilized human thigh bone, changed to iron. <A piece of limonite (hydrous ses-
quioxide of iron) containing a portion of a human thigh bone which has itself
been changed to limonite. From Sarasota Bay, Florida. Collected by Col. Joseph
Wilcox, of Philadelphia.

Rock formation from Sarasota Bay, Florida, containing fossilized shell of (1) Venus,
(2) Pecten, (3) Fasciolaria tulipa, and others overlying the limonite formation
containing the human remains from the same locality. ‘hese shells belong to
the Quaternary Geologic period as well as to the recent. Collected by Col.
Joseph Wilcox, of Philadelphia.

100 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

Fossil pyrula shell, bearing a prehistoric engraving of amastodon. This shell was
found in a peat bed near Claymont, Del., by Mons. Surault. It was associated
with prehistoric objects of stone and bone. It bears an engraving or etching in
outline of a Mastodon, and has every appearance of antiquity. The species of
shell is native to the Atlantic coast of the Southern United States.

Chert implements of human manufacture said to have been taken from the Equus beds
of San Diego, Tex. The Equus beds belong to the Quaternary Geologic period
and contain fossil bones of the Mylodon, Megalonyx, Equus, Elephas, and other
extinct animals. Late investigations by Mr. H. C. Mercer causes the belief that
these implements were on and not in the Equus deposits.

Prehistoric implements found in the auriferous gravels under Table Mountain, Cali-
fornia. In past geologic ages, the Stanislaus River ran in a different channel, 2 or
3 miles distant from the present channel, and at nigh 2,000 feet greater altitude.
This ancient channel was of coarse gravels brought down from the mountain,
and they contain the gold that has given the State the name of El Dorado. The

gravels reached a thickness in many places

of 200 feet, and became indurated, possibly
the result of an outflow of volcanic mud or
cement. After this an eruption of volcanic
basalt ran down the stream, filled the chan-
nel, and covered it and the adjacent country
with a sheet of Java hundreds of feet in
thickness. It is sometimes divided into
layers. This eruption, aided possibly by
subsequent glaciers, displaced the stream
and drove it to its present channel. All
this happened at such a distant period of
time as that the new channel has since been
eroded nigh 2,000 feet below the lava cap.

The gravels in the ancient channels are now

pierced by shafts and tunnels in search of

Fig. 13. Fig. 14. gold. These explorations are declared to

have brought to light human and animal

remains and objects of human industry,
which, if true, demonstrates the high an-
tiquity of man in America,

Mortars and pestles. From under the lava beds of Table Mountain, California. This
mortar and pestle were, with other stone mortars and several obsidian spearheads,
found by Mr. J. H. Neale in the Montezuma Tunnel, 1,500 feet distant from its
mouth and 300 feet under the solid lava cap of Table Mountain, Collected by
Dr. R. I. Bromley, of Sonora, Cal., and Mr. George F. Becker, Geological Survey,
Washington, D.C. (Bul. Geol. Soc. Amer., Vol. IH, p. 189.)

Calaveras skull. From ‘(The auriferous gravels of the Sierra Nevada of California.”
(Mem. Museum Comp. Zoology, Harvard College, by J.D. Whitney.) This broken
skull was found in Calaveras County, Cal., February, 1866, in the auriferous
gravels 132 feet beneath the surface, in a shaft while digging for gold. There
were four layers of voleanic lava over it, 40, 30, 15, and 9 feet, respectively, with
intermediate layers of gravel. According to Professor Whitney it was a Plio-
cene deposit; others have denied this and have assigned it to a much later date,
but, without discussing the age of the deposit, it is believed to be of high antiquity
and belonged to a past geologic period. The authenticity of the skull has been
attacked, but favorable evidence is accumulating; objects of undoubted human
industry are being found in the same horizon, and disbelief in its genuineness is
passing away. The original skull is in the Museum of Comparative Zoology at
Harvard College, Cambridge, Mass.

POLISHED STONE HATCHETS OF FLINT.

Showing process of manufacture, Europe (after Mortillet)

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 101

Polished stone pestle. This implement came from the cemented auriferous gravel

under the basalt or lava cap of Table Mountain, California. The finder was Mr.
Clarence King, then director of the Geological Survey of the United States.
He found it in place while searching for fossils. It is fine-grained diabase. No
doubt can exist as to the authenticity of the implement, its being of human
industry, or its extraction from the original place of deposit.

Stone implements from the auriferous gravels of California. These are enigmas of
prehistoric science in North America. If any reliance can be placed in humana
testimony, we must believe that these, with mortars and similar objects to the
number of several hundred, have been found under volcanic lava beds, and that
they belong to a past Geologic period. If thus found, they are among the
earliest known implements made by man, and yet they would seem to be of the
Neolithic or Polished Stone civilization, and so would belong to prehistoric man

Yi
yy
wy

‘,
y
Uy

SS

SS:
SSS
SS

==>
SSS SS

—~
SS
=

Fig. 15.
POLISHED STONE HATCHETS.

56, hematite, Ohio; 57, greenstone, Indiana; 58, syenite, Illinois; 59, greenstone, Tennessee; 60, chloritic slate, Tennessee
61, yellow flint, Louisiana ; 62, greenstone, North Carolina.

mound;
in the present Geologie period. The objects are mortars and pestles of hard

stone, obsidian leaf-shaped implements, steatite bowls, ladles, and platters,

hammers or sinkers with a pecked groove around. These contradictions must

await the investigation of the geologist and paleontologist as well as the
archieologist.

Obsidian spearhead from the Walker River Canyon, in the extinct Quaternary Lake
Lahontan. Found by Mr. W J McGee, of the Geological Survey, in undis-
turbed clay deposits, 25 feet beneath the surface, and ‘‘associated in such manner
with the bones of an elephant or mastodon as to leave no doubt as to their having
been buried at approximately the same time.” (Geological History of Lake
Lahontan, Vol. XI, p. 246.) Professor Gilbert, chief of the geologic work, says
(Anthrop. Journal, Washington, Vol. II, October, 1889, p. 312): ‘“‘ This object was
indubitably made by man; was from a well-determined date (the second oceupa-
tion by an ice sheet of the Laurentian basin). It was found in situ and by a
trained observer, who recognized the importance of his discovery before he dis-
turbed the matrix inclosing the implement.”

102 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

The second obsidian spearhead was found in the débris of an excavation in Mono
Lake, California, in marls of the same age as those of the Walker River Canyon,
and which Mr. McGee says are ‘“‘ presumptively Quaternary.”

The third obsidian spearhead was found projecting from the face of a precipice of
Columbia (early Quaternary) loam at the head of Chesapeake J’ay, Maryland.

These objects were all collected by Mr. McGee, who, while admitting their evident
human origin, does not accept them as evidence of the contemporaneous exist-
ence of man.

Obsidian spearheads. These, with other prehistoric implements, are found in abun-

dance in the sandy bed of an extinct lake in

254, southeastern Oregon. It has been named Fossil

Lake, from the number of fossil remains of birds
and animals found therein belonging to the
Quaternary Geologic period. The implements
are so intimately associated with the fossils as
to indicate their contemporaneous deposit.
Two specimens, collected by Prof. E. D. Cope.

Section of prehistoric rock-shelter, Claymont
(Naaman’s Creek), Del. The structure isshown
in the sectional drawing. There was a cavity

SHELL HATCHETS.

Like those of polished stone: 254, Florida; 255, Kentucky.

in the solid rock 20 or 30 feet wide and 5 or 6 feetdeep. It has been occupied by
prehistoric man, and the various layers, with their débris, show the different
periods. Layers B, D, F, and H contained prehistoric implements, of which
those in the three trays B, D, and H are samples. The upper layers contained
arrowheads, pottery, and objects identical with the neolithic culture, while the
lower layers contained large, rude implements resembling those of paleolithic
culture. Collected by Dr, Hilborn T. Cresson, of Philadelphia.

Tray I, Layer B:
Pall @ouirtibo's opr exit 21 een ee ae ee eel 2
IBF Gio) btu ovsyy Animals Ake BS A eects pace waseecscsercs Sesss 3 ee boeSaS 6
Tray Il, Layer D.::

Small, rudely chipped implements, arrow and spear heads, broken

points, flakesy-etes Lisp sc' x2. = seen crs erate creer Pee 35
Tray III, Layer H:

Small, rude implements of quartzite, jasper, etc., arrow and spear
heads, scrapers, worked flakes, lower part of polished hatchet, and
fragment: of pottery =... 2252s <cace see oe nel sae eee es ee eee 38

(See Proceedings Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. XXIV, p. 141 et seq.)

Rough, chipped, unpolished stone axes or adzes, notched on both edges, many
specimens showing that the notches were used by means of a withe or thong
apparently for the attachment of a handle. They are mostly of porphyritic

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 103

felsite (fig. 17), quartzite (fig. 18), and hard clay slate. These are found princi-
pally on the Atlantic seaboard from Massachusetts to Georgia, though they have

Fig. 17.
RUDE NOTCHED AX.

District of Columbia. Quartzite. Half natural size

Fig. 18.
RUDE NOTCHED AX, PORPHYRITIC FELSITE.

Raleigh, N. C.

been found in the West. They may have been the precursor or ancestor of the
grooved stone axe of North America.

104 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

PREHISTORIC IMPLEMENTS OF USUAL FORM.

Serapers. These are of various forms and material (fig.19). (a) Disk shaped, chip-
ped both sides and all around. (b) Long round end, the scraping edge beveled
from one side, the lower surface being formed by a continuous fracture. This form
is common all over the world and has continued without change from prehistoric
into modern times, the Eskimo of to-day using similar implements inserted in

Fig. 19.
SCRAPERS.

38, gray flint, Texas; 39, hornstone, Ohio ; 40, yellow jasper, Ohio, with arrowhead stem; 41, chalcedony, Texas, chipped round.

wooden or ivory handles. (Mason, Aboriginal Skin Dressing, Rep. U. 8S. National
Museum, 1889, p. 553, Pl. LX XII to LXXIX.) (c) Forms peculiar to the United
States are stemmed, notched, and shouldered, and their similarity to arrow and
spear heads suggests a secondary use of broken specimens. The scraping edges
of these, unlike class b, are chipped from both sides. Twelve specimens.

Ne:

Hf

Wily Hi
th ie i
Vat / i bit
A HH
Uy Minh

Fig. 20.
GROOVED STONE AXES.
59 greenstone, Massachusetts, groove all around; 73, greenstone, Arizona, flat back; 74, greenstone, South Carolina, groove all
around, projecting ridges; 75, Wisconsin, oblique groove; 76, greenstone, Alaska, square with flat back.

Grooved stone axes (fig. 20) are distributed throughout the United States, and are
not found in Europe. The groove is transverse and was for the attachment of a
handle by a thong or withe. The material differs with the locality, but granite,
trap, and rocks that would not flake were used. Water-worn pebbies served as
well as quarried rock. They were chipped or pecked into shape according to
material, and 1f smoothed or polished it was done by rubbing or grinding.

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 105

Grooved stone axes have been classified as follows: (1) Grooved either wholly
or partially, some with projecting wings. (2) Flat back for insertion of tight-
ening wedge. (3) Double bitted. (4) Hematite from valleys of Mississippi
River and its tributaries. (5) Actinolite from
the Pueblos of the Southwest. (6) Winged
and horned, from the West Indies and Central
America, (7) Longitudinal flutings on the bit.
Eighteen specimens.

Eightspecimens of grooved stone axes from Central
and South America and West Indies. There is
a certain resemblance between the grooved axes
of these countries and those of the United
States, while they bear no resemblance to Euro-
pean implements. They are chipped or pecked
into shape and then ground or polished as in
the United States. The grooves are different,
forming wings or horns, while the edge is prac-
tically the same.

Mauls. Large quartzite pebbles bearing a groove
for attachment of handle by means of a withe
(fig. 21). These were used in the mines and Colorado. Weight, 11 pounds.
quarries to break open the rock. They are
principally from Lake Superior and the Rocky Mountains.

Adzes. These are, apparently, only a variation in form and use from the grooved
ax and polished stone hatchet and gouge. They are rare. Their distribution

GROOVED MAUL OF GRANITE,

Fig. 22.

CHISELS, GOUGES. AND ADZES.

63, chisel, diorite, Ohio; 64,chisel, lydite, New York , 65, chisel, basalt, Unalaska ; 66, gouge, hornstone, New York ; 67, gouge, Penn-
sylvania, 68, gouge, greenstone, Massachusetts , 69, adz, hornstone, British Columbia; 70, adz, greenstone, Oregou; 71, adz, serpen.
tine, Northwest Coast.

in the United States seems to be limited tothe northeast Atlantic and northwest
Pacific coast (fig, 22, 69-71).

106 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

Gouges. These are similar to the grooved axes and polished stone hatchets in mate-
rial, mode of manufacture, and in every way except form. They were probably
handled and used in the same manner. Those of the southern coast and the
West Indies are of shell. They are more plentiful in the Atlantic States, and
are perhaps confined to that area (fig. 22, 66-68).

Chisels. These, as will be apparent from examination of the figures, are but varia-

tions of the polished stone hatchet.

Indeed, if the hatchet without a handle be

taken in the hand and used in connection with the mallet, no reason is seen why,
except in size, it and the chisel may not have served the same purpose. They
are brought to a smaller or narrower edge than was the hatchet. The sides,
whether round or square, are nearer parallel, while the head is not pointed but
is large enough to receive a blow from the mallet. Nos. 63 (diorite from Ohio)
and 64 (lydite from New York) are typical chisels from the interior eastern
States, while 64 (of basalt and of a peculiar shape) is marked in the eellection as
an ‘‘ice chisel,” from Unalaska Island.

y py? = A I bi
Fig. 23.
ARGILLITE LEAF-SHAPED IMPLEMENT.

Cache in Chester County, Pa.

Bunts. An arbitrary name given to this object,

having no relation to any supposed use.
They resemble somewhat the chipped and
unpolished stone hatchet. They are of white
chert of Missouri and I]linois, but are peculiar
in that they are flat on one side, showing
the fracture from the nucleus unwrought, all
chipping being on the opposite side, after the .
manner of scrapers.

Caches. Chipped implements of leaf-shaped and

other forms have been found en cache in
various parts of the United States. Most of
them are leaf-shaped in form, though some
areovaland othersround. Many are of flint,
quite thin, and finely finished; others of
quartzite, are larger and naturally ruder.
Some of chalcedony have been wrought into
spearheads with stem and barb. They are
larger than usual and evidently completed
weapons. No explanation yet given will
satisfactorily account for them in their con-
dition. They were placed in the cache in
different positions, but always with reg-
ularity, on the flat, or edge, in circles or
parallelograms, separate or overlapping.
The number in the caches vary from 10 to
100 or 200, though that in Mound No, 2,
Hopewell farm, near Chillicothe, Ohio,
contained 7,232. (See fig. 9, Mr. Mercer’s
report. )

Sixty-one argillite leaf-shaped implements, part of a cache of 95 found at Marshall-
ton, Chester County, Pa., by Mr. Edward T. Ingram, in 1890 (fig. 23). The
cache is sought to be reproduced and the implements shown as in the original
deposit. The top layer was disturhed by the plow.

A cache of leaf-shaped quartzite implements from the bank of the River Wautanga,
Carter County, northwest Tennessee. It consists of 18 pieces, 74 to 9 inches in
length, 3 to 34 in width, and five-eighths to seven-eighths in thickness. They
were buried 2 feet below the surface, laid on the flat side and arranged in a cir-
cle with the points to the center, the cache being about 2 feet in diameter. The
hole in which they were deposited was dug through the soil and into the hard
yellow clay. Nothing was found associated with them, although there was an
aboriginal cemetery 1m the neighborhood. Deposited by Thomas Wilson.

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 107

A cache of chalcedonic spearheads from the valley of the Little Missouri, Pike
County, southwest Arkansas. The excavation in which they were buried was
in yellow clay at 2 or 3 feet deep. They were laid side by side with edges
overlapping. They varied in size from 54 to 9 inches in length, 24 to 34 in width,
and one-half to five-eighths in thickness. Deposited by Thomas Wilson.

Chipped flint disks. These are peculiar to the

Mississippi, Ohio, Tennessee, and Cumber-

land River valleys. Their use isunknown.

They are of coarse, black flint, made from

nodules, are always chipped, never pol-

ished, and the edges sometimes show signs
of wear (fig. 24). They have usually been
found cached in mounds and other pre-
historic works. These implements have
been found in Ohio in caches contain-

ing 8,000 specimens, in Illinois of 5,000,

3,500, down to 50.

Prehistoric quarries and workshops at Flint
Ridge, i# Licking County, Ohio, near the
eastern boundary, equidistant from the
towns of Newark and Zanesville. Flint
Ridge isastratum of flint, continuous with
the ferruginous limestone of southeastern
Ohio, lying on the Putnam Hill sandstone
of the Ohio survey. The stratum of flint
is from 4 to 8 feet in thickness and from 4
to 10 feet beneath the surface. It is about Gaon ees Coanty
8 miles east and west and 2 miles north and
south. Itisirregularin shape, having been much eroded by small streams. The
prehistoric quarries were made by sinking shafts through the surface clay and
then working out the flint by means of fire and water. The pieces were broken
up and carried to the workshops in the immediate neighborhood and there worked
into utensils and implements, making or leaving the débris of material both of
which are here‘shown:

Fig. 24.
CHIPPED FLINT DISK.

PUA STS 2a ees oe en a Sea A enenic is aise ee wae Lae c eee ee eens 8
Nabe rlall te Sep cere Sayers ee ee as eee eps or eager ep se Nal Las 4
Large chipped implements (rude).....-.---.---- Bis is Sy As Oe eta 14
‘spank Mi Cclantoyaretel, shiny pileyeovenaiiss (COURS) Le Sees eos aoe eae Bee aeae 40
Wevisshanedeumplomentse (bon) anaemia enero erem ease eran = 16
Perforators, scrapers, arrowheads, ete...-.----.--.-----.---------- 37
WOTER eet ee eee eae a Napehe Hee Pays Ne ot sha ela sie aia eis wale eerie CT ae ene ara 16
IMIG odo nop BeoDme Eres Hoots eslinde Soci asos ceieees sees soasee 41

176

Trays, containing flint chips, implements, arrowheads, etc., showing the distribution
of material in the workshops.

Some localities of the neighborhood were strewn with ruder and heavier material,
while others had a profusion of small and fine chips, flakes, and débris. The latter
were mostly on the high bluffs overlooking the valleys below, and from which
position one could see far over the adjoining country. On these points the flints,
chips, flakes, etc., were in such profusion as to prevent the grass forming a sod.
I chose one of these spots and dug it out 10%y 12 inches square, 14 inches deep
to the bottom of all flint débris and then washed out the earth. The flints
were 7 inches deep and the earth 7 inches — half and half. The specimens from
this hole are shown in the two trays in the case, They are as follows:

108 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

Complete and perfect arrowheads..-... ..12-.-2..--2:eesse05-se- 51
Leaf-shaped:
Pentectd guia ds Pieter eats poe beer eo eee eee 9
Janperte cust 2h a SRE cio eeetieeiet aero eae 16
25
Cores':; Minely wrought. 52225 S25 tees oe sae eece ee eee eee 15
Rude'lumps of flimtiscssi 2252 St base ese tae eer eee ese bee 34
Débris:
Hard: butaticlay,"smaill 2s. ss eee eae 2
Pebbles; not tlint, smialllls 9.2 oot es rector eases eer 13
IBitsOr cw OOG,;emall Sale hes aa She ee eee repeat 5
Chips and’ spas, fiat 2 a. esase es eee eee ae
—— 3,169
otal coments of holes 2. cao) scones soe See soe oe ee 3, 294

Hammer stones are smooth, flat, or oval pebbles, nodules or rude pieces of broken
stone, usually of the material nearest at hand, used as hammers or pounding
stones for striking flakes, chips, etc., from a core or nucleus, or for pounding or
pecking (attrition), by means of which stone implements are made into the
desired shape (fig. 25). They are usually taken loosely in the hand and, if a
rude piece, by turning so as to present a new surface for each blow, the corners
are gradually worn off, and the hammer becomes round; if a smooth pebble, the
edges become roughened. Specimens which have served as hammers show a
small cup marking or depression on one or both sides, which have been thought
to be for reception of thumb and finger. Their distribution is general throughout
all prehistoric ages and countries.

HAMMER AND PITTED STONES.

R0 to 82, 44 cize. 80, quartzite, New York; 81, quartzite, Pennsylvania ; 82, flint, Flint Ridge, Ohio.

Pitted stones are mostly flat or oval pebbles, the larger proportion of which in the
eastern United States are of quartzite (fig. 25). They are similar in size and
appearance to some hammer stones. They receive their name from a worked
depression-or cup-marking in the center of one or both sides, which have been
thought by some persons to be (1) for holding with thumb and finger for use as
a hammer; (2) made by hammering on another stone as a punch; (3) by cracking
nuts. They are probably related to cup stones proper, and like them their use
not satisfactorily determined.

Cup stones. Stones large and small are found marked by a depression, smooth or
rough, varying in diameter from 1 inch to 4 or 5, and in depth from a slight
hollow to a hemisphere (tig. 26). Small pebbles may have but one such depres-
sion or one on each side, when they are called pitted stones, but larger pebbles,
even bowlders of many tons, or solid rock, as in the Carpathian and Himalaya

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 109

mountains, have hundreds of these markings, when they are called ‘‘ cup stones.”
The National Museum has one from Wheeling, W. Va., with fifty-three cup mark-
ings thereon. Their distribution is general throughout the prehistoric world
and their use or purpose has never been satisfactorily determined.

Fig. 26.
CUP STONES.

160, sandstone, Pennsylvania; 1694a, sandstone, Kentucky.

CLASSIFICATION OF ARROW AND SPEARHEADS.

The primary divisions of arrow and spearheads or knives are as follows:

I. Leaf shaped, classes A, B, C.

Il. Trianguiar.

III. Stemmed, classes A, B, C.

IV. Peculiar forms, classes A, B, C, D, E, F, G.

I. Leaf shaped. This division includes elliptical, oval, oblong, and lanceolate
forms bearing any relation to the shape of a leaf, and without stem, shoulder,
or barb.

110 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

Class A is pointed at both ends. They are widest from one-third to one-fourth
the distance from the base. Eleven specimens.

Class B is more oval, more or less pointed, with concave, straight, or convex base.
Five specimens.

Class C is long, narrow, with parallel edges, concave, straight, or convex hases,
and belongs principally to the Pacific Coast. Five specimens.

II. Triangular. This division includes all specimens which, according to geo-
metric nomenclature, are in the form of a triangle, whether the bases or edges
be convex, straight, or concave. They are without stems and, consequently,
without shoulders, although in some specimens the extreme concavity of the
base produces barbs. Eleven specimens.

J OW AAA

LEAF SHAPED TRIANGULAR.

> QA L

STEMMED.

mL

A B
PECULIAR FORMS.
Fig. 27.

FORMS OF ARROW AND SPEARHEADS.

Ill. Stemmed. This division includes all varieties of stems, whether straight,
pointed, or expanding, round or flat, whether the bases or edges are convex,
straight, or concave.

Class A is lozenge shaped, stemmed, but not shouldered nor barbed. Eight
specimens.

Class B is stemmed and shouldered, but not barbed. Sixteen specimens.

Class C is stemmed, shouldered, and barbed. Nine specimens.

IV. Peculiar forms. This division includes all forms not belonging to the three
others, and provides for those having peculiarities, or which are restricted in
number or locality.

Class A, beveled edges. Seven specimens.

Class B, serrated edges. Six specimens.

Class C, bifurcated stems. Seven specimens.

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 111

Class D, long barbs, square at ends, peculiar to England, Ireland, and Georgia,
United States. Six specimens.

Class E, triangular in section, peculiar to the province of Chiriqui, Panama.
Eight specimens.

Class F, broadest at eating ends—tranchant transversal—peculiar to Western
Peond: Nine specimens.

Class G, slate and polished, peculiar in North America to the Eskimo country,
and to New England and New York. Ten specimens.

HH

Wi

all

‘om ce iy

Di

Fig. 28.
CEREMONIAL OBJECTS? OR ‘‘BANNER STONES.”

83, Serpentine, Virginia; 84, serpentine, Pennsylvania; 85, striped slate, Wisconsin; 86, striped slate, Indiana; 87, striped slate,
Pennsylvania ; 88, brown jasper, Louisiana; 90, striped slate, Indiana; 91, ferruginous quartz, Indiana; 92, striped slate, Indiana.

SUPPOSED CEREMONIAL OBJECTS.

Banner stones, drilled tablets, boat-shaped and bird-shaped objects, etc. The names
given to these objects are no indication of their use, which is only conjectural.
They are all American, and are found in mounds and aboriginal graves, some of
them so associated with human skeletons as to indicate their use as personal
ornaments. They may have served as charms, amulets, or, as the general name
above suggests, for occasions of ceremony. Some have been drilled for suspen-

EE? COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

sion, the holes showing signs of wear, others apparently for a handle, although
it would be too small for service as a weapon. Some are soft and fragile, while
others are extremely hard. The edges show no signs of use. No early Indian
traveler or historian mentioned them, and they had apparently fallen into disuse
before the advent of the white man.

Banner stones (fig. 28) present a great variety of forms and an equal uncertainty
ofuse. ‘They are supposed to have been for ceremony or ornaments, or, with long
handles, to have served as badges or insignia of rank (baton de commandement).
They were not weapons, since most of them are of soft material, usually of slate,
are fragile and would break under even a slight blow; have no cuttinge ge,
while the hole is too small for a serviceable handle. A ee are of hard material

Fig. 29.
BOAT-SHAPED (?) OBJECTS.

134, striped slate, Ohio; 135, greenstone, Kentucky.

like quartz, jasper, etc., nevertheless they are impracticable alike for battle axes
or casse tetes. The specimens show the process of manufacture. They were
hammered or pecked into form, and then polished before being drilled. The
drilling is excellent. The broken specimens show a secondary use, having been
drilled ind used since the fracture. They belong principally to the interior,
though they have been found on the Atlantic coast line.

[HE
i init

(wll
UM \\

Fig. 30.

BIRD-SHAPED (?) OBJECTS.

210, striped slate, Pennsylvania; 211, striped slate, Ohio mound.

Boat-shaped objects (fig. 29). The title indicates cur want of knowledge concerning
their purpose. Different uses have been assumed for them, such as twine-twisters,
handles for carrying parcels, or for tightening cords, but all without evidence.
Some of the objects are solid, others are hollowed out like a boat, and are finely
finished. Most of them have two perforations equidistant from thecenter. The
material is syenite, chlorite, slate, and galena. They are found principally in
the valleys of the Mississippi and its tributaries. Six specimens.

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID, 113

Bird-shaped objects (fig. 30). A class of objects, bird-like in form, but passing erad-
ually into other conventionalized forms. They generally stand on flat bases and
are pierced with a diagonal hole ateitherend. Insome cases the eyes are not rep-
resented; in others they are marked by bead-like protuberances expanding into
disks. Some specimens were not intended to represent either birds or animals,
but are in the form of a bar with both ends alike. Various theories of their use
have been advanced as knife handles, corn huskers, etc., but none are satisfac-
tory. They may have served for gaming. The material is usually banded or
striped slate, though hard stones were employed. Five specimens.

Fig. 31.
PIERCED OR DRILLED TABLETS.

127, slate, New York, 128, slate, Pennsylvania; 129, slate, Louisiana; 130, slate, Tennessee; 131, slate, Tennessee; 132, striped

slate, Tennessee.

Drilled tablets (fig. 31) are flat, thin pieces made of striped, or banded slate, or chlo-
rite. They have one or two holes drilled, some from both sides others from ouly
one. The edges of the holes are many times worn by cord or sinew but are fre-
quently sharp and without signs of wear. They are found in mounds or graves
on the breasts and arms of skeletons. They may have served as badges, orna-
ments, or charms. Ten specimens.

Discoidal stones (fig. 32) are always round in outline; the sides may be convex, flat, or
concave. Insome specimens the concavity has been deepened until the cup became

BH; Bx2100——=s

114 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

a hole and the implement aring. They vary in diameter from 2 to 6 inches, and
are usually of hard stone, worked by pecking or grinding, or both, but with such
perfection as to excite admiration, The larger ones were used by the Indians in
a game called ‘‘Chungkee,” described by early writers. Thirteen specimens.
Sinkers, pendants, or charms (fig. 33), These names indicate the supposed use of
these objects. They are usually pear shaped, are of hematite or some hard stone,
well wrought and finely polished. Many have a slight groove near the smaller
end, while more have no groove. They are in greater abundance in the interior
than on the borders of lakes or oceans. Others having greater appearance of
sinkers are pebbles, round or oval, with a well-defined, ground or polished groove

Fig. 32.

DISCOIDAL OR CHUNGKEE STONES.

116, ferruginous quartz, yellowish brown, Tennessee; 117. ferruginous quartz, brown, Tennessee; 118, greenstone, Illinois, mound;

119, Ohio; 120, quartzite, Ohio, 121, quartzose, Georgia; 122, argillaceous, Pennsylvania; 123, ferruginous quartz, Texas.
) »4 ’ 1 8 »

in the center, evidently for the use of a cord or thong. Still others, and more
numerous, found in large numbers on the banks of rivers and lakes in the eastern
United States, are naught but a flat pebble with rude notches on each edge or
oceasionally with a hole drilled in-the center.

Perforators (fig. 34). These are peculiar to the United States. They are always of
hard stone, usually flint, the point or borer 1s sharp, the shaft is chipped nearly
round, is never polished, frequently 3 and even 4 inches long, and with slight
taper. The top or handle is chipped broad and thin and fits easily in the
thumb and finger, as if for use as a.gimlet. Its form is such that it might have
been used as arrow or spearhead. The point is frequently rounded off and worn
smooth, as though from use. They may have been used as an awl to bore hides
or skins, 28 a gimlet to bore holes in wood, or attached to a shaft for drilling
stone. These suggested uses have not all been accepted wich unanimity. If

a

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID, 115

Il

i
“Ui

Hl

Fig. 33.

PLUMMETS, SINKERS, OR CHARMS.
100, hornblende, Ohio; 101, red hematite, Tennessee; 102, amygdaloid, Arkansas; 103, greenstone, Ohio; 104, greenstone, California;
105, quartzite, Massachusetts; 106, greenstone, Massachusetts; 107, eranite, Rhode Island; 108, steatite, Georgia; 109. talcose slate,
Rhode Island; 110, sandstone, Oregon; 111, quartzite, Pennsylvania; 112,

graywacke, New York; 113, quartzite, Pennsylvania; iid,
micaceous slate, California; 115, sandstone, Ohio.

116 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

used as perforators of hide or wood, why not employ a pointed bone; if for drill-
ing a stone, why are they not found in Europe, where so much drilling was done?
Their possible use as blunt arrows has been suggested and some claim them as
charms, also as hairpins. Twenty-two specimens.

Fig. 34.
PERFORATORS OR DRILLS.
32, red jasper, Ohio; 33. brown jasper, Oregon; 34, white flint, Missouri; 35, gray flint, Ohio; 36, hornstone, Tennessee, 37, gray semi

epal, California; 318, gray flint, Santa Cruz, California.

The aborigines of America were adepts in drilling stone. They drilled holes, large

and small, straight and crooked, regular and irregular, parallel and conical, from
one side or end or from both, with tools of wood and of copper, solid or hollow.
They drilled hard stone like quartz, jasper, ete., as effectually as soft stone.
Specimens of drilling are shown in pipes, and in the supposed ceremonial objects,

but not in axes or hammers.

Fig. 35.

STONE TUBES.
175, steatite, Tennessee; 176, chlorite, Tennessee.
Tubes and pipes of stone, principally serpentine and steatite (fig.35.) They were
drilled and the hole enlarged at one end so as to form a pipe, and-were used by
the aborigines for smoking tobacco. They have been found in ancient graves
on the Pacific coast with the mouthpieces of cane fastened with asphaltum.

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 117

Stone beads and ornaments (fig. 36) are found in graves of Indians and are of every
kind, style, material, and mode of manufacture. Most of them have been drilled
for suspension. Eleven specimens.

The pipes of North America demonstrate the ability of the aborigines to represent
by modeling or sculpture living animals in ciay or stone (figs. 37-41). The use
of tobacco created the necessity for pipes, and their part in Indian ceremonies
gave an opportunity for, as well as incitement to, art and skill in making these
representations. Accordingly the pipes are of every practicable material and
represent all possible, as well as some impossible, animals and objects.

Perforated stones, club heads, digging sticks, riattas, from Santa Cruz, Santa Barbara,

* Santa Rosa, the Catalina Islands, and the coast of Southern California (figs. 42
and 43). These were drilled through the center and some served for club heads or
weights for digging sticks, while others more modern were riattas for stretching
and smoothing lariats. They pass by degrees from thick and heavy to thin and
flat. By enlargement of the hole they become rings. Some of the holes are much
worn, others unworn. Four specimens.

STONE BEADS AND ORNAMENTS.

200, serpentine, Santa Barbara, Cal. ; 201, 202, steatite, Pennsylvania; 203, silicious material, Mississippi; 204, catlinite, Oriskany
Cana’, New York; 206, sandstone, Rhode Island ; 207, sandstone, Pennsylvania ; 208, hematite, Virginia.

Mortars and grinding stones (fig. 44). “Mortars were-in common use throughout the
United States, apparently in all epochs of time. They are usually of stone of
common hardness, though .among the pioneers wood was employed. They are
sometimes dressed on the outside as well as on'the inside; at other times a rude
round orsoval bowlder was used. They are of all sizes, holding from a quart
to a bushel. The larger and finer specimens are found in California. The
grinding stone (metate) is peculiar to Mexico, where it has continued in use
until the-present time.

Pesties and hammers (figs. 45 and 46). Pestles are in great variety, long and short,
rude and finished, cylindrical and conical, decorated and plain. The various
forms are well distributed from ocean to ocean, Those with cross handles and
projecting ears are, however, peculiar’to the northwest coast.

Steatite vessels (fig. 47). Steatite quarries, opened and worked by the aborigines,
have been found on the Appalachian chain of mountains. ‘These quarries contain
vessels in various stages of completion, together with the tools employed in their
manufacture. The vessels were frequently blocked out in the quarry and car-

118 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

ried home to be finished. The oblong or oval form, with projecting ears for the
handles, prevails in the Eastern United States, while the larger round and more
perfectly finished vessels are more frequent on the Pacific Coast.

Stone picks for steatite quarrying (fig. 48). Some were grooved for a handle, as the
ax, while others were held in the hand. Both were used in mining steatite and
in the manufacture of vessels. The material was soft and easily worked, and
the traces of the pick points are plainly to be seen on the partially completed
vessels. The grooved picks were peculiar to the Atlantic Coast.

Fig. 37.
STONE PIPES.
Mounds in Ross County, Onio: 177, platform or ‘‘ monitor’; 178, Indian (?) head and head dress; 179, beaver; 182, porphyry, (bird
with man’s head); 183, red sandstone, { human head and body); 184, chlorite, { wolf). (?)

Collection of 69 specimens from Warren County, Ohio, consisting of finely chipped
spearheads, daggers, knives, leaf-shaped implements, perforators, etc., of flint,
principally from Flint Ridge; carved stone pipes, bird and boat shaped objects,
perforated tablets, sinkers, pendants or charms of stone and hematite, small pol-
ished hematite hatchets, and copper spool-shaped objects. Exhibited by Mr.
Warren K. Moorehead, of Xenia, Ohio. This collection is especially valuable, as
it comes from one locality and represents one phase of aboriginal culture.

Hematite objects. Hematite is the anhydrous sesquioxideof iron. It was variously
employed by the aborigines. They worked it as they did stone, and gave it a
high polish. It served for grooved axes, polished hatchets, sinkers, pendants,
or charms, and for muller and paint stones.

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 1t9

Mullers, paint stones, and cups (fig. 49). The harder hematite was made into mullers
for grinding paint, though other stone was employed. The forms were various,
but the conical prevailed. Other varieties of iron oxide, limonite, red and brown
ocher, served as paint for personal decoration. It was preserved in small cups,
usually of steatite.

186, |
Ohio;

<Si—
UCT

Swe

Fig. ¢
STONE AND CLAY PIPES.

argillaceous), Pennsylvania; 187, serpentine (loon) (?), West Virginia ; 188, argitlaceous (parrot New York; 189, argillaceous,

190, chlorite (platform) (?), Virginfa; 191, serpentine, New York; 192, steatite (lizard), Pennsylvania; 193, steatite, North Caro-

lina; 194, serpentine (4 human faces or masks), Texas; 195, limestone, Kentucky; 196, clay, Georgia; 197, serpentine (tube), California;
198, clay (coiled snake), New York; 199, clay (raven) (?), New York.

Digging implements (figs. 50-52). These are peculiar to the United States. They

are of silicious material, chiefly the novaculite of Arkansas or the white flint of
Illinois and Missouri, and are made entirely by chipping. Many are worn appar-
ently by use, but some show a polish or luster not yet explained. They are more
frequent in the Mississippi, Ohio, and Tennessee valleys than elsewhere. There
are three forms of these implements:

120 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

1. Large flat objects of a regular oval outline, chipped to an edge all around,
but used only on the larger end, which show a polish as though from use
in digging in earth or sand. Average size, from 12 to 18 inches long, 4 to
6 wide, and three-fourths to 1 inch thick (fig. 50).

2. Smaller flat objects, triangular in outline, shortest side slightly rounded and
chipped to an edge, occasionally showing signs of wear; 7 to9 inches long,
4} to 5 wide, and three-fourths to 1 inch thick (fig. 51°.

3. Still,smaller, flat, nearly round.in outline, sharp all around at the edge,
truncated on the top or poll, and notched as though for lashing to a handle
with a thong or withe, though no signs of wear appear; 5 to 7 inches long,
4 to 6 wide, and three-fourths to 1 inch thick (fig. 52).

Fig. 39.

CALUMET PIPE.

Steatite, Kentucky.

Stone swords were made by the aborigines of the United States. They were chipped
and never polished; they differed from the leaf-shaped implement in that they
were longer and heavier; they differed from daggers in that they were not chipped
so as to form a handle. Some were as long as 16 inches, and others reduced to 8.
The handle was wrapped with skin, cloth, grass, or the like. The specimen here
shown from the Hupa Indians, is but 5} inches long, and the handle is wrapped
with otter skin (fig. 53), which possibly has some ceremonial or medicine sig-
nificance. It was collected by Capt. P. H. Ray, U.S.A.

Stone daggers (fig. 54) are different from, and not to be confounded with, the leaf-
shaped implements, which may have had wooden handles, and have been used
indifferently as knives or spearheads. The daggers resemble the same weapon
from Seandinavia, and are, like them, always chipped, and rarely or never pol-
ished. The handles have been worked out of the solid. They are rare in the
United States.

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. |

Knives and flakes. These are of silicified wood from California. In form they
resemble Mousterien points. Traces of bitumen on the base show their attach-
ment to handles, while their general form indicates their use as knives. Many
specimens have been thus marked, and they assist in determining the use of leaf-
shaped and similar blades, so common throughout prehistoric times.

Fig. 40.
CALUMET PIPE.

Chlorite (owl), Tennessee.

Leaf-shaped blades of black flint. These are beautiful specimens of aboriginal flint
chipping. The largest specimen here is 240 mm. long, 125 mm. wide, and 1 mm.
thick. They have been found with traces of bitumen or asphaltum for the attach-

)
i
i

= 1
iil ;

Fig. 41.
CALUMET PIPE.

Chlorite (owl), Kentucky.
ment of handles. They are peculiar to the Pacific coast of southern California.
In the classification of arrow—and spear—heads, these are Class C of the leat-
shaped implements.

9

122 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT .MADRID.

Stone knives with wooden handles (fig. 55). These specimens include rude flakes
and finely-wrought blades. They are fastened with bitumen or gum, in short,
pointed handles, evidently for use as knives. They are of great importance to
the science of nrehistoric anthropology as showing the methods of attachment
and use of flint flakes, blades, etc., in common use in prehistoric times. These
are found principally on the Pacific Coast, though some have been found in
Mexico and in Tennessee.

PERFORATED STONE CLUB. HEAD.

320, greenstone, California.

Fig. 43.

PERFORATED STONE RIATTAS.

124, hornblende, Santa Catalina Islands, California; 125, greenstone, Santa Rosa Island, California; 126, serpentine, Santa Rosa
Island, California.

Slate knives are flat, thin, with a semilunar edge and with a straight back made
thicker and heavier, to be grasped in the hand (fig. 56). ‘They chiefly occur-
along the coast and in the Northeastern States. Similar implements, likewise
made of slate with a curved edge and a lateral tang, have been found in Penn-
sylvania and in Indiana. Varieties of these implements have been used in his-
toric times by the Indians of the northwest coast as fish knives.

a

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 123
Spade-like implements of compact green stone, with long, heavy, round handles,
have been found in the southern part of the United States (fig. 57). The one
here shown was found in a Tennessee grave mound and belongs to Dr. Joseph
Jones, of New Orleans. The handle at the largest part is about 1} inches in

154 157

Fig. 44.
STONE MORTARS AND METATES.

153,15. and 155, sandstone bowlder, hollowed, St. Nicholas Island, California; 156, os Pueblos, California; 157, Santa Cruz Island,

California; 158, metate sandstone, Utah (figs. 45 and 46 ); 159, metate, granite, sandstone rubber, Navajo, Arizona.

diameter, nearly or quite round, but flattened at the broadened end. It is 174
inches long. The edge is rounded off and shows no signs of wear. Its purpose
is unknown. Similar implements have been found by Mr. Clarence B. Moore in
Florida and southern Georgia and by Dr. Steiner in northern Georgia.

124 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

There is a class of well-finished and finely polished implements of which compact
greenstone and chlorite and calcite were favorite materials, the use of which is
unknown (fig. 58). They were broad, thin, and most of them flat. They were5
or 6 inches wide, from 8 to 10 inches long, and rarely more than one-half an inch
thick. The edge was rounded off so as to render cutting impracticable. They
were provided with an indefinite handle, and many have a hole drilled at the
commencement of the handle. They may have served for scraping or polishing,
but no traces of use have been found which would indicate their purpose other
than as mentioned. While these objects are rare in the United States most of
them have been found in the South.

/ \\\
“ae TL AVS
Miia

PESTLES.

163, sandstone, Dos Pueblos, California; 164, sandstone, Dos Pueblos, California]; 165, amygdaloid, Crescent City, California,
mound; 166, sandstone, Rhode Island ; 167, greenstone, Alaska ; 172, greenstone, Alaska,

Shell, horn, and bone served the prehistoric man like stone and copper as material
for implements and ornaments (figs. 59,60). They were made into axes, hatchets,
swords, daggers, poignards, wedges, points, perforators, harpoons, fishhooks,
beads, tubes, masks, and engraved gorgets. Many were of pear]-like whiteness
and served as ornaments. ‘Thirty-nine specimens of shell; thirty-one specimens
of bone and horn.

4

q COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 125

Y

Copper implements (fig. 61). The North American Indians, at the time of the discov-
ery of the continent, were in the Neolithic period of civilization, and their stone
implements were, for the most part, polished. It is commonly believed that they
had no knowledge of bronze. Virgin copper was found in divers portions of
the United States, chiefly in Lake Superior. The Indians treated it as a malle-
abie stone and hammered it into implements and ornaments. The consensus of
opinion is that the Indians could not, at the time of the discovery, smelt or cast
metal, though this has been doubted. The Conquistadores saw ornaments and
objects of copper in the hands of the natives, and had great disappointment
that it was not gold. Mr. Frederick 8S. Perkins, of Wisconsin, sent to the
Exposition at Madrid a collection of prehistoric copper implements and objects,
collected principally within the State of Wisconsin. Some were found in mounds
or burial places, but others were turned up by the plow. The distribution of
copper objects is general throughout the valleys of the Mississippi River and its
tributaries, with extensions toward the Atlantic Coast. The common objects
are axes, hatchets, hammers, knives, drills, gravers, spear and arrow heads, brace-
lets, disks, gorgets, tubes, beads, plates. Some have been perforated and others
elaborately ornamented with figures made, sometimes by puncture, other times
repousse,

WW
da

PESTLES AND HAMMERS.

161, syenite, Santa Cruz Island, California; 162, sandstone, Dos Pueblos, California; 168, greenstone, Pennsylvania; 169, syenite

Ohio ; 170, greenstone, British Columbia; 171, greenstone, Washington State.

North American sculptures (fig. 62). The aborigines of the United States were appar-
ently possessed of a great penchant to represent the human face or form in stone.
They were made both in hard and in soft rock. The implement which probably
did the most service was the hammer, and the operation performed by attrition
or pecking. ‘The sculpture was in some specimens afterwards smoothed and
polished. Whether these sculptures were used as idols, for decoration or orna-
ment, or as totems, has never been satisfactorily determined, They are distributed
throughout the United States east of the Rocky Mountains.

The stone collars of Porto Rico are puzzles to the archeologist. No suggestion as
to their use has proved acceptable. They are thus named because of their resem-
blance to the modern object of horse furniture. Some are in a rude state, indi-
cating a rude stage of manufacture. The finished specimens are ‘‘right and left
shouldered,” as though to beused in pairs. Nearly allaredecorated. The National
Museum possesses the largest and finest collection known. Five specimens.

126 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

Zémces. Stone objects peculiar to Porto Rico and possibly San Domingo. Found in
ancient caves, graves, and in human habitations. They are entirely prehistoric,
having been in possession of the natives at the advent of the white man. Their
use is unknown, and though various uses have been suggested, none are more
satisfactory than that of fetich or spirit. They are of hard, usually voleanic
rock, pecked and smoothed in a conical or mammiform shape, with a representa-
tion, on one or both ends, of a human or other animal. Eleven specimens.

WEST INDIES.

Stone masks, clubs, hatchets. These are generally from the same localities as the
stone collars and the zémés, and are believed to have the same antiquity.
The hatchets are casts. One is from Tennessee, displayed here for comparison.
Twelve specimens.

Fig. 47.
STEATITE VESSELS.

143, steatite, Massachusetts; 144, steatite, Wyoming; 145, steatite, Dos Pueblos, California; 146, Dos Pueblos, California

ALASKA, MEXICO, AND CENTRAL AND SOUTH AMERICA.

Jade, turquoise, rock crystal. Jade was a favorite material with prehistoric man,
and in some one of the following varieties was made into implements, utensils,
or ornaments innearly every part of the inhabited world. Jadeite was plentiful
in Mexico and Central America, while nephrite is indigenous in Alaska. Jade
is a generic term including jadeite (silica, alumina, soda), specitic gravity 3.3;
nephrite (silica, magnesia, lime, and iron oxide), specific gravity 2.9 to 3.1;
fibrolite (alumina, silica), specific gravity 3.0 to 3.2; saussurite (silica, alumina,
lime), specific gravity 3.2 to 3.3; actinolite (silica, magnesia, lime, protoxide of
iron), specific gravity 3.0 to 3.2; pectolite (silica, lime, soda, and water), spe-
cific gravity 2.7 to 2.9. Fifty-six specimens.

Obsidian is voleanic glass. Its source of supply was in the Rocky Mountains, where
it was in profusion. It was easily worked, took a keen edge,and was much
employed by the aborigines. It was worked principally by chipping, though it
could be ground and polished. It served for ornaments as well as implements.

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. AG

Its chief employ was in Mexico and Central America, where have been found
many wonderful specimens of sculpture, cores, flakes, and leaf-shaped blades,
the latter thin, sharp, and beautifully chipped. An extensive aboriginal com-
merce was carried on in obsidian. A thousand specimens have lately been
exhumed from the Hopewell Mound, Ohio, a thousand miles distant from the
nearest known locality where obsidian had its origin.

<A its:
itty
Pin Wd,

a
aN MN
gop yh:

Wis:

Fig. 48.

STONE PICK FOR STEATITE QUARRYING.

Graywhacke, Pennsylvania.

Chiriqui gold ornaments from Panama. The Chiriqui tribe of aborigines occupied a
portion of the Isthmus of Panama between Costa Rica and Veragua. Gold orna-
ments were discovered in 1859 in prehistoric graves. Gold, silver (in alloy),
copper, and possibly tin are represented. Gold-silver alloy is probably a
natural compound. Gold-copper alloys appear to range between purity in either
metal. Most of the gold objects were made by casting in molds rather than by
hammering. Gilding, or at least plating, was practiced. Gold was used for
ornaments and not for implements or utensils. Ten specimens from Chiriqui; 6
specimens from Central America; 1 specimen from Mexico.

113

MULLERS FOR GRINDING GRAIN AND PAINT.

173, greenstone, Georgia; 174, hematite, Ohio.

Qumbaya gold ornaments from Antioquia, South America. The Quimbaya tribe of
aborigines was found by the Conquistadores occupying territory 10 or 15 leagues
square west of the Cordilleras and east of the river Cauca, with the rivers
Tacurmbi on the north and Zegues on the south. This country was called “El
Dorado.” The natives were.adepts in working metals. The gold was alloyed
with copper from 10 up to 50 per cent, and perhaps more. It was wrought by
hammering, casting, and possibly by soldering. The gold ornaments are of every

128 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

size, from 1,710 grams down to a single gram, and of gold vases 134 inches high
and 95 wide down to the smallest. The gold objects buried with the Cacique
Yamba weighed 30 kilos. Four hundred and fifty-two gold objects from Colom-
bia were displayed by that Government at the Madrid Exposition; 41 specimens
from Colombia; and 1 from Peru, exhibited by the U.S. National Museum.

Fig. 50.
DIGGING IMPLEMENT.

Quartzite, Tennessee.

ack argillitic stones similar to that shown, covered with representations in bas-

Black argillitic stones lar to that sh : l with repr tat b
relief of human, animal, and other subjects, are found in that country and have
een claime anulets and as calendars of the ancient ti ystemn. ventur,
been claimed as amulets and alend f th t time system. (Centur
Magazine, October, 1891, pp. 885-889.) They were sometimes certainly, and
probably always, used for hammering the gold in repoussé to represent the
desired object. One specimen.

Fig. 51.

DIGGING IMPLEMENT.

Quartzite, Illinois,

MODELS OF PREHISTORIC RUINS IN THE UNITED STATES.

Great Etowah Mound, Georgia. This mound stands upon the north bank of Etowah
Creek, near Cartersville. Its base covers a space of about 3 acres, and stands
at a level of 23 feet above low water in the river. The body of the mound
has an irregular form and is longest on the meridian, its diameter in that

anil

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 129

direction being about 270 feet. On the top is a nearly level area of about an
acre, the average height of which is about 50 feet above the base. A broad ramp
or graded way winds upward from the plain, around the south face of the
mound, somewhat more than halfway to.the top. There are two smaller
mounds close by—one on the south, another on the southeast—each about 100
feet distant, their bases nearly square, and of nearly equal dimensions. Both
are truncated. Most of the material of these mounds is the rich mold of the
bottom lands, with occasional lumps of red clay. Prior to the clearing of the
land, large trees flourished on the top and on the slopes. Scale: 1 inch to 10
feet, 1:120. Area represented, about 3 acres.

Ancient earthworks, Iilinois. This model represents one of the most extensive
works of the Mound Builders in this country. It is situated in the Mississippi
bottom, 15 miles from Anna, in Union County, Ill. The inclosing wall is rudely
square in outline and its length exceeds 3,200 feet. It incloses an area of about
28 acres and is from 2 to 4 feet high, with a width of from 20 to 25 feet. The
northeast quarter of the inclosure is bounded by the creek and has no inclosing
wall. Within the inclosure are found four
mounds and a great number of circular
depressions, or ‘“‘hut rings.” The largest
mound is about 12 feet high, the smaller ones
about 100 feet in diameter and 5 to 9 feet
high. The circular excavations are nearest
the creek, and number over 100. They vary
in diameter from 20 to 50 feet, and in depth
from 1 to 3 feet. Outside of the bounding
wall, on the southwest corner, occurs a large
mound, 150 feet in diameter and over 4 feet
high. Near itare three large circular depres-
sions 120 to 150 feet in diameter and from 5
te7 feet deep. Scale: Horizontal, 1 inch to
30 feet, 1:50; vertical, 1 inch to 6 feet, 1:72.
Area represented, about 57 acres.

Section of Little Etowah Mound, Georgia. This Fig. 52.
is one of the smaller mounds of the Etowah DIGGING IMPLEMENT.
group, in Bartow County, Ga. It represents Gray flint, hinous.

a section of a mound, showing the interior

construction—the different layers of earth which compose it, the position of the
stone burial cists which were found in it, the position of bones, etc. (See
Great Etowah Mound.) Scale: 4 inches to 5 feet, 1:15. Area represented,
about 1.10 acre.

Burial pit under a mound in Caldwell County, N.C. The excavation made revealed
the fact that the builders of the mound had first dug a cireular pit, with perpen-
dicular margin, to the depth of 3 feet, and 38 feet in diameter, then deposited
their dead in yaults or graves built of water-worn bowlders and clay merely
sufficient to hold them in place. Each one of these contained a human skele-
ton. There were five skeletons in the pit which were uninclosed.

Pueblos of the United States. The Pueblo country, so called, in the United States
of North America, lies in Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, and Arizona. It occupies
the territory of and between the head waters of the Rio Grande on the east, of
the San Juan and its tributaries on the north, the Colorado on the west, and the
Gila on the south. This territory is desert in large acres. The pueblos depend
for theirwater on springs as well as on streams. The models of the pueblos of
Zuni, Taos, and Wolpi have been chosen as examples, the former from the river
plain, the latter from the mesa, or high table-land. Zuni is on the Zuni River, a
triovutary of the Little Colorado, in the western part of New Mexico, about 40

H. Ex. 100——9

130 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

miles southwest of Fort Wingate, and belongs to the Indians of that name. Taos

is situated on the Taos River, a tributary of the Rio Grande in New Mexico,

northward about 200 miles from Santa Fe. It was occupied by Spaniards in the
time of the Conquerer and was the scene of a Sanguinary contest in the great
rebellion of 1690. Wolpi (spelled also Hualpe) lies at the extreme west of the

Pueblo country and belongs to the Tusayan Indians called Moquis, a name they
do not accept,preferring that of Hopi. Some of the trans-
parent photographs in the windows show views of pueblos
and pueblo life.

The first knowledge had by the Europeans of New Mexico and
Arizona was about the year 1530, when it was vaguely called
the country of the ‘“‘Seven Cities.” In 1540 Vasquez Coronado,
governor of New Galicia, organized an army of 300 Spaniards
and 800 Indians, and set out for the north to conquer the
“Seven Cities of Cibola.” It is highly probable that these
“Seven Cities” were located in the valley in which Zuni is
now found. At any rate all that country was subjugated and
an expedition was sent out to the northwest to conquer other
rumored ‘‘cities” in that direction. Supposed traces of this
expedition in the shape of Spanish mail armor, Spanish
bridles, bits, ete., have been
found far north, in Kansas,
and even in Minnesota. In
the course of this expedition
Seven villages were subju-
gated, and priests were left
with them to inculeate the
religion of the conquerors.
This region was called
Tusayan.

At a general insurrection of the

ie natives, which took place

= in 1680, the Spaniards were
expelled from Tusayan as
from the other pueblos, but
while all the others were
reconquered within a few
years and rechristianized,
the power of the Spaniards
never was reestablished as
far west as Tusayan, and
since 1680 there has not been

a priest stationed among

them. They practice to-day

NM

yn
min yy

lh
TO ayy) i
Wirt) :
Mi\\)
yy ay

ant)

\73, essentially the same rites

and ceremonies as_ their

Fig. 53. forefathers before the dis-
OBSIDIAN DAGGERS. covery by Columbus, and
Hoopa Valley, California. are therefore of peculiar in-

terest in prehistoric science.

Zuni is the largest and most populous of the existing pueblos, and is supposed to
have contained a population of nearly 5,000. There are, in 1880, but 1,602. The
houses are built of small stone laid up as a wall with little mud mortar, the
interstices chinked and the wall plastered, still with mud mortar. The Span-
iards during their 150 years’ occupation taught them the art of building with
adobe or sun-dried bricks, of which material the old church in Zuni is constructed

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 131

and is still standing, but the improvement was not adopted. The houses are
usually well finished inside, are neatly washed with white clay, and are com-

fortable habitations. The floors are occasionally made of flagging, but are

Fig. 54.
CHIPPED STONE DAGGER WITH HANDLE.

Gray flint Mound, Alabama.

usually plastered with clay adobe. It is smooth and readily kept clean. The
roofs are constructed of cross rafters, filled in with willow brush. Light is
admitted through windows formerly made of plates of mica, for which glass,
when obtainable, is now substituted. The houses on the ground are usually

J :
a yy

=
\
A \d

i

Fig. 55.

STONE KNIVES IN WOODEN HANDLES.

Hoopa Valley, California,

closed, the entrance being through the upper stories, which are reached only by
means of ladders, as shown in the model. The terraces are favorite lounging

places forthe inhabitants. The oval, dome-shaped structures close to the houses

132 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

are adobe ovens, used for baking the sacred or feast bread. In wicker bird-
coops are kept eagles, hawks, and turkeys, which are regarded as sacred birds,
and from which are plucked the feathers used in the dance and ceremonials.
Covered ways permit access to several parts of the town. The streets are not
broad enough to permit the passage of wagons, and the transportation is by
horses and donkeys.

Wolpi is one of seven contiguous Tusayan villages. These villages are located on
the flat tops of tongues or points of the mesas projecting into and overlooking

SLATE KNIVES.

93, black slate, Pennsylvania; 94, red shale, Pennsylvania; 95, red shale, Indiana.

the valley 400 or 600 feet below. The houses are built in long rows, several
stories in height, each story usually set back so as to form a terrace. Their
gardens are on the hillside or in the valley below. There is no running stream
within 40 miles, and they depend for their scant supply of water on the springs

Fig. 57.

t SPADE-LIKE IMPLEMENT.

South Carolina.

and wells far down the hills or in the valley. The Tusayans of these pueblos
number about 2,000. They are sedentary and peaceful, and live much as do the
Zunis. They may not all have the same origin, for one of the pueblos, Tewa,
speaks a different langnage from the others.

Clitf rnin, ‘‘Casa Blanca.” This prebistoric ruin, situated in Canyon de Chelly,
Arizona, is a combination of village and cliff dwelling; whether originally so is
unknown. The lower part contains a large circular chamber 16 feet in diameter,

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 133

with about 22 well-detined rooms, and traces of others. Some of the walls are
adobe and are very thin. The upper portion of the cliff is situated in anatural
cavity in the rock, measuring about 94 feet in length and 40 feet in depth. It
consists of 13 rooms and is built out even with the edge. One of the rooms is
supported by a well made buttress, a feature rare among these ruins. Traces of
walls which once extended three stories up from the ground, almost to the floor

Fig. 58.

SPADE-LIKE IMPLEMENTS.

96, greenstone, Kentucky ; 97, Arkansas; 98, South Carolina.

of the upper cavern, can still be seen on the cliff face, and access to the upper
portion was had, doubtless, by means of terraced roofs of this part. The over-
hanging ciiff extends upward for nearly a thousand feet above the ruin. The
principal room in the upper portion is two stories high and has been coated with
a wash of white clay trimmed with yellow; hence the name of Casa Blanca,
Scale, 1 inch to 5 feet, 1:60. Area represented, 150 feet high, 210 wide.

134 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

Ruined Pueblo of Wejegi, Chaco Canyon. This ruin is on the north side of the
Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, close under the cliff, about 9 miles above the junction
of the Escavada. The interior dimensions of the ruin are about 170 by 118 feet.
It forms three sides of a hollow square, and presents a front of 15 rooms on the
longer or 11 rooms on the shorter side. In the north row, some of the walls are
still standing to heights of from 12 to 18 feet, and this part of the structure was
at least three stories high. The walls are of stone, shaped as shown, and laid
up with mud or stone mortar of mud without lime. On the ground plan there
are 93rooms. The north or main row is 5 feet deep; the east and west wings
are each 4 rooms deep. The rooms on the ground average about 9 feet square.
There are no openings in the outer wall. There are two circular ‘‘estufas” 23
feet in diameter, in the corners formed by the intersections of the wings with

Ca

Fig. 59.
SHELL IMPLEMENTS.

252, Pyrula shell, Indiana, mound; 253, Pyrula shell, Kentucky, mound ; 256, Haliotis shell, California.

the main row, completely inclosing the building, but there is no standing wall
remaining. The building was once.terraced from the court outward. It prob-
ably contained about 210 rooms, and on the basis of the proportion existing in
the present inhabited pueblos, probably had a population of about 300 persons.
Seale, 1 inch to 5 feet, 1:60. Area represented, about 1 acre.

Ruined tower, Colorado, This ruin is within a mile of McElmo Creek, a small tribu-
tary of the Rio San Juan, in southwestern Colorado. The ruin seems to have
been a compact village or community dwelling, consisting of two circular build-
ings and a great number of rectangular apartments. The greater part of the
village is in such a state of decay as to be hardly traceable among the sagebrush

- andrubbish. The apartments number nearly a hundred and seem generally to
have been rectangular. The walls of the tower only are standing, and the only
portion represented. It is constructed of roughly hewn stone, and is one of the
best specimens of this ancient architecture. Scale, 1 inch to 2 feet, 1:24. Area
represented, 64 by 64 feet.

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 135

Mummy Cave, Canyon del Muerto, Arizona, This ruin receives its name from a well
preserved mummy discovered in a cist near it. It stands on a shelf as repre-

Fig. 60.

HORN AND BONE IMPLEMENTS.

sented by the model, but has been much reduced from its original width by
crumbling, and isat a height of 200 feet from the bottom of the cliff. The dwell-
ing occupied two unequal crescent-shaped caverns, and follows the configuration

136 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

of therock. At the junction of the crescents on a narrow shelf was arectangular
tower three stories in height, the walls and floors of which were ot better mate-

si!
He

ie

Fig. 61.
COPPER IMPLEMENTS AND ORNAMENTS.
United States.

rial and construction than those on either side. The village contained several
constructions which might have been ‘‘estufas” (sweat houses or cisterns), or

er

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 137

Pn

“De

MAW a
AT A OA
i (ed 4)
Nell |

I Hl i) Hh y

J i!
NVI {i |
1 TT TT

Fig. 62.

ABORIGINAL TERRA COTTA AND STONE SCULPTURES.

304, clay figure, Alabama; 305, clay figure (wolf) (?), Alabama; 215, limestone, Tennessee; 216, limestone (human head ), Virginia;
217, ferruginous sandstone, Ohio; 218, voleanic rock (human face), Tuxpan, Mexico; 219, greenstone (?), Mexico; 220, alabaster,
Mexico; 221, silicified wood, Yucatan.

138 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

might have been tanks for holding a supply of water. No means other than is
apparent from the situation have been suggested as to how the water was obtained.
The walls are of masonry. The stones of which they were made are lying about
as when the walls were destroyed. The village might have contained a thou-
sand inhabitants. The cave and cliff dwellings of this country are at all heights
in the cliffs, from 30 to 800 feet from the bottom; and the same variation in height
from the top of the cliff. These towers and some other monuments are quite
prehistoric, and were in the present ruined condition when first visited by the
Spaniards, and have never been occupied in historic times nor by any known
peoples. Scale, 1 inch equals 5 feet.

BRONZE AGE.
EUROPE.

The Bronze Age is so named because the principal cutting implements were made of
bronze. It succeeded the Neolithic or Polished Stone Age in Europe, and pre-
ceded the Iron Age; and had aduration of one thousand or two thousand years,
and in some places possibly three thousand years. No written history of the
Bronze Age has descended to us. Bronze is a composition of copper and tin in
the proportion of about 10 to 1, and is harder than either of its components.
The supply in Europe during the Bronze Age seems to have come from the
Orient. Bronze implements were made by hammering and casting, and the
bronze was used many times over by recasting. No less than fifty-seven bronze
foundries have been discovered in France, and a proportionate number in Italy,
the one at Bologna having 14,000 pieces ready for melting. Bronze casting was
extended to include all manner of prehistoric implements, utensils, and orna-
ments, and continued into protohistoric times, Etruscan, Grecian, Roman, ete.,
until its use became as at present. Seventy-five specimens of bronze and 1
mold for casting knives and pins.

Bronze hatchets. The people of the Bronze Age in Europe were descendants of
those of the Neolithic Age, and their bronze hatchets were at first in the same
general form as the polished stone hatchets of their ancestors. Copper hatchets
of this form have been found, which has given rise to a belief in a Copper Age
preceding Bronze. Bronze hatchets passed through several stages of evolution,
though the steps are not always certain. The first bronze or copper hatchets
were hammered straight and flat, though sometimes with projecting wings and
stops on the edges; second, hatchets cast in molds and with wings and stops;
third, the wings were increased in size and hammered over to clamp the handle;
fourth, the socket. Stops and rings appeared in some of the styles. Five
specimens.

Bronze hatchet, first style. Plain, straight, the edges thickened by hammering to
give strength after the fashion of a T-beam of the present day (fig. 63). ‘Two speci-
mens in this tray areof copper. Thesearerare. Many of the bronze hatchets of
this epoch, and all the copper ones, were made by hammering, but casting was
soon introduced and became universal. They were inserted in a long handle of
wood, and doubtless served both as implements and weapons. These are called
in France hatchets a bords droits. Reproductions of molds for casting are in
adjacent trays.

Bronze hatchets, second style. These are always cast and always handled. They
appear to have been an evolution from the first style. The handle, still of
wood, was either naturally or artificially bent at the poll; was split and inserted.
The stop at the bottom prevented further splitting, while the ring on the inner
side afforded means of lashing to the handle (fig. 64). They are called in Francea
talons. Reproductions of molds for casting them are in adjacent trays.

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 139

Bronze hatchets, third style. These are likewise always cast and always handled.
The handle was bent, split, and the hatchet inserted as in the preceding epoch.
The wings were cast straight, and, on insertion of the handle, were closed over it
on each side and hammered down, thus holding the handle firmly (fig. 65). No.
25245 shows a piece of the original wood thus inserted. Reproductions of molds
for casting them are in adjacent trays.

Bronze hatchets, fourth style. Always cast and always handled. During this epoch
of the Bronze Age this form was the ne plus ultra of bronze hatchets. They were
the hardest, best composition, and held their edge the best. They were most
effective whether as implements or as weapons. The handle was inserted in
the socket, and, as usual, bent at the poll and lashed with a ring. The square
forms were peculiar to Brittany, where they have been found en cache (fig. 66),
(M. de Mortillet found a cache of 100 at Moussaye, and M. de Chatelier one of 92
near Pont l’Abbe.) They were occasionally deteriorated in quality and size, and
were placed in the graves as votive offerings to the dead. Representations of
molds for casting are in adjacent trays.

Bronze spearheads. These are all cast. Their use continued into the Iron Age,
and even into historic times.
The Etruscans and Romans
used them as wellas did their
predecessors.

Bronze swords, poniards, daggers.
These continued in use until
a late period. They spread
over Europe and are traceable
by their different styles.
Nos. 101584-101586 are from
Sweden; 101121 from Brit-
tany, yet this form of grip is
often found in Italy. No.
101342 belongs to the Tron
Age, and shows the scabbard
and the netting in which it
was held. The three com-
plete specimens are casts—

Phi

originals at Konigsberg, Prus- ee:
sia. Nos. 101584, 101585 are BRONZE He are.
Swedish; 101125 is from Brit- Sees

tany ; they are from a foundry
of the Bronze Age, and have been broken into bits to be melted and recast.

Bronze sickles. These were cast in molds of stone or bronze, possibly of sand or
clay. One of these molds is in the adjoining tray. The implement was attached
to a wooden handle elaborately carved to fit the hand. (See No. 139765, right-
hand side of this tray, for example, found by Dr. Gross at the Station of Moer-
ingen, Lake of Bienne, Switzerland; a cast, the original of which is in the
Government Museum at Berne.) The sickles were lashed firmly to the handle,
were provided sometimes with holes, sometimes with rainures, and sometimes
with button-like protuberances, which, when the implement was fitted to the
handle, served to fasten it firmly.

Bronze knives. These are principally from the Swiss lakes. The small labels
indicate stations in Lake Neuchatel. They were usually cast and usually hard-
ened by cold hammering. A pair of molds are in the adjoining tray. Notice
the elegance of form and decoration, superior even to those of modern times.

Bronze razors. This utensil appeared in use in the Larnaudian epoch. The large
crescent-shaped were continued into the later, possibly the Iron Age. They
were cast and then hardened by cold hammering. Despite their appearance,
they could be held in the hand with as much firmness as the modern razor.

140 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

‘Bronze hairpins. At the station of the Bronze Age at Wallishofen, Lake Zurich,
were found, in 1884, about 2,000 such pins. Some were 16 inches in length with
a head as large as a walnut. They were decorated with concentric circles and
not infrequently colored stones more or less precious were inserted.

Bronze fibulie (safety pins). These were used during the Bronze Age, continuing
throughout the Grecian, Etruscan, and Roman civilizations, to be used as pins
for fastening their garments. They are usually found on opening the ancient
graves of the latter peoples about the shoulders and breast.

Bronze center base of shield (Roman clipeus). Remark the decoration by fheised
lines in concentric circles. Similar objects have been found with holes on one
side near the edge, supposed to have been for suspension. The shield of the
Romans (and so also believed of the Etruscans) was of immense size, made
sometimes of leather or hide, and covered with buttons with protruding points
for spikes. No. 101812 is one of these spikes.

Bronze strigile. This instrument was used in the bath and by athletes for scraping
the skin. The hollow or spoonbill held the oil poured into it from the little
flagon, and with it the skin was
anointed. Notice some with closed
handles for closed rings. No. 101402
bears the private mark of the maker
or owner.

Bronze belt of a warrior (fragment).
Found in a tomb near Vulei. Only
one end or front part has been pre
served; the center has decayed by
contact with the earth under the
back of the extended corpse. The
holes near the edges secured a bind-
ing, possibly of leather or cloth.
Notice the small nails for this pur-
pose. Th3 point is split and spread
each way over the binding. Here

Ie
Hi

el is the original of the modern McGill
patent split spike or paper fastener,
ig C6: specimens of which lie by its side.
Eun Eee. Steatite molds for bronze hatchets (cast).
Manors: Each side thereof has been utilized

for a similar purpose. Found in Cis-
ternes-la-Foret, Puy-de-Dodme, by M. Brouillet. Original in Musee Clermont-
Ferrand.

Bronze molds for bronze hatchets. A pair of molds complete for casting winged
hatchets. The wings were made straight, to be hammered over the split handle
and fasten it firmly. The ring for lashing the handle, the orifice to receive the
molten metal, and the vents for escape of air are plainly to be seen. Part of the
treasure of Vandrevanges, near Sarrelouis, Alsace. Gathered by Victor Simon.
Original at Musee Saint Germain, Paris. No. 8102.

Bronze molds for socketed bronze hatchets. Cast of a mold, in two pieces, for
socketed bronze hatchets, fourth style. The ring on the side is plainly shown;
the core is absent. Found at Bricquebec, Seine-Inferieure, France.

Terra-cotta mold for bronze hammers. With core complete, for socketed hammers.
From the station of Moeringen, Lake Bienne, Switzerland. Gathered by Dr.
Gross. Original in Government Museum, Berne, Switzerland.

Mold for a bronze knife, with a socket. Cast of a mold, with core, for bronze knives,
with a socket for the insertion of the handle instead of a tang. Complete in
three pieces. Found by Dr. Gross, Lake Neufchatel. Original in Government
Museum, Berne, Switzeriand.

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 141

ABORIGINAL MODES OF HAFTING STONE IMPLEMENTS. UNITED STATES.

Various North American tribes still use, though to a limited extent, weapons and
tools of stone and bone, hafting them according to the methods in vogue among
their forefathers. Such modern specimens illustrate the manner in which the stone
axes, celts, adzes, and other implements of earlier date were rendered serviceable
by the addition of handles, and are here shown for purposes of comparison:

FIG. 323. Grooved greenstone ax, with a hickory withe bent around the groove. The
ends of the withe, which form the handle, are firmly bound with strips of raw
hide below the stone head, near the middle, and at the lower part. From the
Dakota Indians.

Fig. 324. Polished stone hatchets of argillite, chipped thin at the poll, to fit into the
cleft end of an oaken stick, where it is secured by twisted cords of sinew. From
the Indians of the Missouri Valley.

322

324

Fig. 67.

ABORIGINAL METHODS OF HAFTING STONE IMPLEMENTS.

Fic. 325. War club, consisting of a solidly round stone, attached to a long handle
with rawhide sewed with sinew, and a looped thong in the end for the wrist.
From the Dakota Indians.

Fic. 326. A weapon of similar character. In this instance, however, the handle is
much shorter and the round stone head is not firmly attached by flexible
thongs. The rawhide covering of the weapon (including the head and handle),
consists of one piece taken from the caudal portion of an ox, a part of whose
tail forms an ornamental appendage to the handle. From the Apaches.

Fig. 327.—A war club with a well-wrought and polished egg-shaped head of yellow-
ish limestone, and strengthened by a casing of rawhide, which extends about
6 inches below the head. The part of the ashen handle that encircles the stone
is ornamented with large-headed brass nails. The extremity of the handle,
again, is enveloped by a tightly fitting covering of rawhide, taken from the
caudal part of the buffalo. A tuft of the animal’s tail has been retained for
decoration, and a feather of the wild turkey is attached to the hair by a narrow
strip of dressed skin. From the Blackfeet.

Fic. 328.—A weapon of the same description. The polished head is smaller and
more elongated than in the original of fig. 327. The handle shows the usual
casing of rawhide, and is looped for a wrist strap. From the Mississippi River
Valley.

*

142 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

Fia. 329.—Dagger knife, chiefly used as a hunting weapon. It consists of a ground
lancehead-shaped blade of dark slate, inserted and riveted by means of a
wooden peg into a barbed ivory socket, which is attached to a short cylindrical
handle of pine wood. Irom the natives of Nunivak Island, Alaska.

Fig. 330.—Scabbard of the dagger knife just described. Formed by two hollowed
pieces of pine, which are held together by a binding of split spruce roots.

CATALOGUE OF THE ETHNOLOGICAL COLLECTION OF THE
UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM OF THE SMITHSONIAN
INSTITUTION.

By WALTER HOUGH, Assistant in the Department of Ethnology.

This collection, which relates to the present condition of the Indian
tribes north of Mexico, is a part of that intended for the Chicago exhi-
bition, and is displayed here for the first time.

In accordance with the method of the National Museum, by which
Dr. Goode and his colleagues propose to unite popular education with
scientific education, the specimens exhibited are described and
explained, so far as possible, by means of maps, diagrams, illustrated
books, photographs, and labels.

Although in forming this partial collection, under the personal super-
vision and care of Prof. O. T. Mason, articles of the greatest importance
from their artistic or unusual character have been selected from the
collection, their scientific and comparative order has not been changed.

The series, consisting of more than 5,000 photographs, transparen-
cies, lithographs, paintings, and engravings from illustrated books,
represents, aS a whole, the various phases of Indian life, and form a
complete museum of drawings.

Independently of the large collection of works on this subject by
American authors here brought together, the publications of the
Smithsonian Institution and the Bureau of Ethnology form an impor-
tant library for study.

The exhibit contains sufficient materials for writing and illustrating
a work on the aborigines of the northern part of the two great conti-
nents discovered by Columbus.

This collection has also for its object the display of the method of
study and installation of the Department of Ethnology of the United
States National Museum.

All human activities and industries should be regarded as a part, or
small part, of the system of nature, and should be studied in accord-
ance with the laws and operations of natural history. Every article
which is the result of a human action should be studied, first, in the

}mode of its manufacture (ontogeny); secondly, in its relation to other
143

144 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

products of human action of the same class or similar classes (phylog-
eny); thirdly, in its historical evolution; fourthly, in its geographical,
original, and national distribution.

Visitors are requested to begin the examination of this collection at
the left corner of the glass cases, and to go on examining from left to
right, and from the top to the bottom, as if they were reading a book.

CASE) I:

Specimens of arrows from North America.—This collection comprises the kinds used
by the aborigines of North America.

By beginning the examination of the specimens contained in this case on the
left, they may be studied in their order from Labrador (including West Green-
land) on the east and Alaska on the west, across the continent, to Mexico, above
the Aztec territory. i

Plate armor.—Composed of three layers of ivory plates 1 inch wide and 6 inches long.

Every plate contains 6 holes, through which passes a thong made of deer hide,
which fastens them together. These plates are arranged like scales, in order to
afford better protection 1n war against the enemy’s missiles. The lower part
contains 43 plates, and the middle 38. The upper row is composed of 2 sections:
One of 10 plates, protecting the breast, and the other of 8 plates, protecting the
upper part of the back. The armor is kept in place by leather straps.

This armor greatly resembles that formerly used in Japan, which fact has given
rise to the supposition that the primitive inhabitants or aborigines of Alaska
had some relations or connection with the Japanese. Length of the armor when
opened, 3 feet 8 inches. Eskimo of Cape Prince of Wales, Alaska, 1892. 153491.
Collected by H. R. Thornton.

Plate armor.—A tragment consisting of 9 iron plates, resembling those of the Japa-
nese suits of armor, fastened together by three thongs.

This specimen was found in a marsh on Cape Prince of Wales, near the ivory
armor (No. 153491) before described. Each plate measures 4} inches in length
by 14 inches in width. 1892. 153492. Collected by H. R. Thornton.

Armor.—Composed of 32 pieces of cedar and other kinds of wood, fastened together
by a fine cord of sinew and other material.

The breastplate and backpiece of the armor are separate. A section of 8 small
pieces protects the throat, and another similiar set of 7 pieces protects the nape
of the neck. The armor is fastened on the right side by a wide leather strap,
and on the left by a strap and loop. A button placed on the front of the collar
probably served to hang the quiver. Length, 21} inches; width, 20 inches.
Sitka, Alaska. 9243. Collected by Dr. A. H. Hoff, U.S. A.

Wooden armor.—Composed of 74 pieces of wood of equal length and half an inch in
diameter.

These pieces of wood are woven together by strips of leather thongs and cot-
ton cord, alternating. The strips, both of leather and cotton, pass in front of
two of the pieces of wood and behind the next two, and repass at the side in
the same way, but continuing to alternate; that is to say, the whole forms a
twining from the top to the bottom and from the right to the left, which inter-
weaving produces a very good external effect. Length of the wooden pieces,
234 inches; width of the leather strips, 24 inches, and of the cotton strips, 14
inches. Tlinkit Indians (Koluschan stock), Sitka, Alaska, 1881. 49213. Col-
lected by J. J. McLean.

Armor.—Made of tanned leather, cut into fringes on both sides, and ornamented
with blue and red drawings.

The armor is attached to the body by leather straps. This armor is a good
protection but is extremely troublesome to the warrior. Hupa Indians (Atha-
pascan stock). California, 1886. 126908. Collected by Lieut. P. H. Ray, U.S. A.

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 145

War club.—The head is an oval stone, fastened to the wooden handle by a strip of
leather, which also covers the entire handle.

The leather is covered by a sheet of tin 6 inches longer than the handle, orna-
mented with beads and a hanging leather strap also embroidered with beads.
Length, 29 inches; length of the head, 6} inches. Yankton Indians (Siouan
stock), Yankton Reservation, Dakota, 8382. Collected by Dr. A. B. Campbell,
We Sake

Club (slung shot).—The head is of stone, and is of the shape of an egg; the handle
is of wood. The whole club is strongly covered with leather.

The head hangs at about an inch from the handle, suspended by the same
leather which covers both. The handle is ornamented with strips embroidered
with beads, and a plume of horsehair hangs from it. Length, 23 inches; diam-
eter of the head, 2 inches. Ute Indians (Shoshonean stock), Ute Reservation,
Colorado, 1891. 153047. Collected by Theo. Moller.

Scalp with long hair.—Taken from the head of an Indian. Mounted on a wooden
hoop covered with red flannel, to which it is fastened by a loop. Length of the
hair, 27 inches. Sioux Indians. 153950. Collected by Mrs. M. M. Hazen.

Scalp.—Taken from the head of an Indian. Mounted ona wooden hoop. This skin
has been cut and stretched in order to make the scalp larger.

The Indian tears the sealp from his conquered victim, seizing him by the hair
with the left hand, and with a knife cutting a piece of skin as large as the
palm of the hand. When the scalp is dry he sometimes ornaments it, and he
preserves it as a trophy of great value. Length of the hair, 25 inches. Sioux
Indians. 153952. Collected by Mrs. M. M. Hazen.

Scalp.—An oblong piece of skin with black hair. Length, 5? inches. Sioux Indians.
153954. Collected by Mrs. M. M. Hazen.

Scalp.—Taken from the head of an Indian. Mounted on two hoops covered with red
flannel, and placed one inside of the other. A cord is tied to the larger hoop.
Length of the hair, 12 inches. Sioux Indians. 153951. Collected by Mrs. M.
M. Hazen.

Horse tail.—Mounted on a wooden hoop, imitating the shape of a human scalp, sus-
pended by a loop of red flannel, Length, 21 inches. Sioux Indians. 153954.
Collected by Mrs. M. M. Hazen.

CASE II.

Specimens of bows from North America.—This collection of bows contains the follow-
ing specimens, comprising all those known north of the Aztee territory: The
bow with a backing of sinew cord; the bow made of pieces of bone joined
together; the bow covered with sinews glued to the back; the simple bow made
of elastic wood.

Bow with a backing of sinews.—Made of spruce pine, strengthened at short intervals
with fastenings of sinew. The cord of the bow is of twisted sinew. Length,
57 inches. Eskimo of the Yukon Delta, Alaska. 43679. Collected by E. W.
Nelson.

Mixed bow.—Of bone, in three pieces fastened together by a cord of sinew, and
strengthened, in addition, by small pieces of bone and a longitudinal cable of
sinew. Length,3 feet. Eskimo of King William’s Land. 10280. Collected by
Capt. C. F. Hall.

Bow covered with sinew.—Made of wood; the back is covered with a strong band of
sinew, plastered with glue to imitate the bark of a tree. It has curved ends,
ornamented with small pieces of skins, giving it the appearance of Cupid’s bow.
Length, 38 inches. McCloud River Indians. 76373. Collected by Lorin F.
Green.

H, Ex. 100———10

146 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

Bow made of horn.—Made of several pieces of buffalo horn joined, and covered on

the back with sinews cemented with glue. Decorated with bands of red flannel,

+ fastened with thongs of buckskin, covered at intervals with ornaments of small
feathers. Length, 3 feet. Sioux Indians (Siouan stock), Missouri River. 154015.
Deposited by Mrs. Mildred McLean Hazen.

Bow covered with sinew.—Bow of hard wood, with the back covered with sinew
cemented with glue and strengthened with fastenings of sinew and with a strap
of buckskin. The cord of the bow is of sinew, fastened to one end by six half
turns. Length, 42 inches. Ute Indians of Utah (Shoshonean stock). 14886.
Collected by J. W. Powell.

Plain bow.—Made ot wood, not strengthened, ornamented with paintings on only
one side of the bow. Sioux Indians (Siouan stock), Missouri River. 8301.
Gift of, the Army Medical Museum.

Quiver, bow, and arrows.—The cases for the bow and the arrows are separate; they
are of white sealskin. The bow is of antler, and 1s composed of three pieces,
joined together by clinched rivets of iron, and fastened together in the center
by a cord of sinew. The arrows have wooden shafts with a broad iron head,
wide and smooth notches, and two feathers placed in the same plane, the whole
tied with sinew. Eskimo of Cumberland Gulf. Quiver, 30014; bow, 34055;
arrows, 90138. Collected by L. Kumhen and Lucien Turner.

Quiver and bow.—Quiver of seal skin, with the hair outside. It is a pJain bag, with-
out compartments, for the bow and the arrows. The bow is of spruce, strength-
ened on the back with a cord of sinew. Eskimo of Point Barrow, Alaska.
89240. Coilected by E. P. Herendeen.

Quiver, bow, and arrows.—The cases for the bow and the arrows are of fish skin. The
bow is of spruce, strengthened with a cord of sinew ingeniously stretched on
the back and enveloping the whole bow. The arrows have shafts of spruce, a
bone head fastened in the groove at the end of the shaft by small strands of
sinew; two feathers are fixed in the groove, in the same or in different planes,
and are fastened to the shaft with sinew. Eskimo of Porcupine River, Alaska,
1891. 153640. Collected by J. H. Turner.

Quiver, bow, and arrows.—The cases for the bow and the arrows and the bandoleer
are of sea-otter skin, lined with red flannel, and embroidered with beads of
many colors, and have long fringes of sea-otter skin cut in strips. The bow is
of horn; compound; the pieces of horn are united by sinews, and the whole is
overlaid on the back by sinew and cement; the grooves are made by wrappings
at the end of the bow. The cord is of fine twisted sinew. The arrows have
small shafts, three feathers, and iron heads. Nez Percé Indians (Shahaptian
stock), Idaho. 22287, 29886, 23842. Collected by William H. Danielson and
J. B. Monteith.

Bow and quiver.—Quiver of sea-otter skin, lined with flannel, and ornamented with
beads and with fringes of sea-otter skin. The bow is of pieces of horn, united
by small deerskin thongs, and is covered on the outer side with raw hide
cemented with giue. Nez Percé Indians (Shahaptian stock), Idaho. 23843,
21286. Collected by Rey. G. Ainslee and J. B. Monteith.

Quiver, bow, and arrows.—The cases for the bow and the arrows and the bandoleer
(shoulder belt) are of mountain-lion skin, and are lined with red flannel, partly
cotton, and ornamented with an embroidery of beads. The bow is of wood,
plain; with astring of sinew. The arrows have plain shafts, iron heads, and three
feathers. Arapahoe Indians (Algonkian stock). 129873. Collected by Lieut.
H. M. Creel, U.S. A. Given to Lieutenant Creel by Powder Face, the head chief
of the Southern Arapahoe.

Quiver, bow, and arrows.—The cases of the bow and the arrows are of oxhide. The
bag is of leather; the bow is of hard wood, plain. The arrows have plain shafts
and three feathers. Comanche Indians (Shoshonean stock), Indian Territory.
$818, 6964. Gift of the Army Medical Museum.

;

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 147

Quiver, bow, and arrows.—The cases for the bow and the arrows are of oxhide. The
bag is of leather; the bow is of hard wood, and is plain. The arrows have
painted shafts, an iron head, and three feathers. Tonkawa Indians (Caddoan
stock), Texas. 8448. Collected by Dr. H. McElderry.

War shield.—Of leather, covered with deerskin painted yellow, ornamented with
figures and drawings. Edged with buffalo hide dyed red, and ornamented with
woodpecker’s skins, eagle’s feathers, and bands of leather covered with red flan-
nel. Diameter, 16 inches. Cheyenne Indians (Algonkian stock), Indian Terri-
tory. 58616. Given by Tich Kamatse. Belonging to Tich Kamatse, a Cheyenne
warrior, formerly in the service of the Smithsonian Institution.

War shield.—Made of leather covered with cotton cloth painted yellow and green
and ornamented with drawings representing an owl. Border of red flannel, orna-
mented with eagle’s feathers. Diameter, 17 inches. Arapahoe Indians (Algon-
kian stock), Wyoming, 1879. 127871. Collected by Lieut. H. M. Creel; obtained
from Little Raven, head chief of the Northern Arapahoes.

War shield.—Made of hide, with two coverings of deerskin painted on the outside
with concentric circles in yellow, red, green, white, and blue. Border and tas-
sels of red flannel, ornamented with eagle’s feathers and those of other birds.
Width, 15 inches. Kiowa Indians (Kiowan stock), Indian Territory. 73073.
Gift from the Army Medical Museum.

War shield.—Made of hide, of a convex form; as device, it bears a buffalo head and
rays painted in blue and black. It has around it a festoon of red flannel, to
which several eagle’s feathers are sewed. Diameter, 17 inches. White Mountain
Apaches (Athapascan stock), New Mexico, 1836. 11319. Collected by Governor

W.F.M. Arny.
CASE III.

Pipestem.—Made from an oak sapling; the upper half is wrapped in a beautiful
braid of quills dyed in various colors. Length, 38 inches. Width, 22 inches.
Sioux Indians. 154006. Collected by Mrs. M. M. Hazen.

Pipe.—The stem is of oak, flattened; the upper half is ornamented with a covering
of braid made of quills, and a horsehair plume. The bowl is made of a small,
black stone, lined at the stem end with lead. Length of the stem, 374 inches;
width, 13 inches; length of the bowl, 22 incheS. Sioux Indians. 154004, 154005.
Collected by Mrs. M. M. Hazen.

Pipe.—Stem of oak, flattened, ornamented with small tin bangles, tassels of ribbon,
and dyed horsehair, and wrapped in a braid of red and white quills and wood-
peckers’ skins. The bowl is lined at the stem end with lead. Length of tlte
stem, 29 inches; width, 1{ inches; lengthof the bowl, 5 inches. Sioux Indians.
154001. Collected by Mrs. M. M. Hazen.

Pipe.—Stem of oak, flattened; the upper half is ornamented with tassels of dyed
horsehair and with ribbons, and is covered with woodpeckers’ skins and a braid
of red and yellow quills. Length of the stem, 30 inches; width, 12 inches;
length of the bowl, 5inches. Sioux Indians. 154000. Collected by Mrs. M. M.
Hazen.

Pipe.—Oak stem, flattened; the upper part is ornamented with a covering of wood-
peckers’ skins and a braid of red and yellow quills, and tassels of ribbons and
dyed horsehair. The bowl is of catlinite, and has asmall hole init. It has a

_carved border at the point of union with the stem. Length of the stem, 28
inches; width, 14 inches; length of the bowl, 5 inches. Sioux Indians. 154002.
Collected by Mrs. M. M. Hazen.

Pipeholders (4).—Long bags of buckskin and flannel, embroidered with beads and
feathers. Sioux Indians. Collected by Mrs. M. M. Hazen.

Pipes.—Made 1n imitation of a mouthpiece. These imperfect pipes are made of the
tibia of a deer, The part near the endsis wrapped in hide with the hair on,
Length, 6} and 74 inches. Kiowa Indians (Kiowan stock), Kiowa Reservation,
Indian Territory, 1891. 152940. Collected by James Mooney.

148 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

Pipe of stone.—Obtained by the Kiowas from some northern tribe; it is about half a
century old. Length, 13inches. Kiowa Indians (Kiowan stock), Kiowa Reserva-
tion, Indian Territory, 1891. 152941. Collected by James Mooney.

Pipe.—Bow] of catlinite; the stem is a wooden cylinder. Obtained from the Kiowa
traders. Length, 25; inches. Kiowa Indians (Kiowan stock), Kiowa Agency,
Indian Territory, 1891. 152942. Collected by James Mooney.

Tomahawk pipe.—Stem of hard wood; head of iron; blade triangular; the bow] is of
the shape of a spindle, with raised edges. Length of the head, 8 inches; of the
stem, 174 inches. Ponca Indians (Siouan stock), Ponca Agency, Indian Ter-
ritory, 1891. 152805. Collected by James Mooney.

This ‘“‘tomahawk” pipe was obtained by R. R. H. Voth from an old Ponea
Indian named Hairy Bear, who claims for himself the glory of having killed
two whites with this pipe. This weapon is very old; it was used by Hairy
Bear’s grandfather. :

Tomahawk pipe.—Stem of hard wood, head the shape of a spear, with ornaments
around the stem. This tomahawk is of Mexican origin. The Kiowas claim
that this spear-shaped specimen is the true Kiowa type. Length of the stem,
20 inches; of the head, 6? inches. Kiowa Indians (Kiowan stock), Kiowa
Reservation, Indian Territory, 1891. 153013. Collected by James Mooney.

Tomahawk pipe.-—Without a stem; iron head; the blade is triangular; the hole is
elliptical; the bowl has somewhat of the shape of a spindle, with a raised )bor-
der, and a carving around the center. Length of the head, 74 inches. Kiowa
Indians (Kiowan stock), Kiowa Reservation, Indian Territory, 1891. 152894,
Collected by James Mooney.

This iron tomahawk was purchased. These weapons in the shape of a hatchet
are of English origin; those in the shape of a spear are Mexican. This speci-
men is half a century old, and many men have been killed with it.

Pipe.—The bow] is of stone, and is joined to the stem by straps of rawhide. The
receptacle for the tobacco is very small. The thick stem is made of two sections
forming a tube united by rawhide. Length of the stem, 74 inches; height of
the bowl, 13 inches. Eskimo of Point Barrow, Alaska. 59290. Collected by
Lieut. P. H. Ray, U.S. A. ;

Pipe.—The bow] is of horn, and is:joined to the stem by rawhide straps. The recep-
tacle for the tobacco is very small, and is lined with tin. The stem is curved,
and is formed of two sections hollowed out and united by rawhide strips.
Length of the stem, 13 inches; height of the bowl, 1} inches. Eskimo of Cape
Lisburne, Alaska. 46021. Collected by Dr. T. H. Bean.

Pipe.—The bowl is of bone, joined to the stem by rawhide straps. The receptacle
for the tobacco is very small, and is lined with tin. Thestem isslightly curved,
and is made of two sections of wood united by hide. Length of the stem, 134
inches; height of the bow], 14inches. Eskimo of Point Barrow, Alaska, 89287.
Collected by Lieut. P. H. Ray, U.S. A.

Pipe.—The bowl is of whalebone, and is driven far into the stem; it is small, and is
lined with tin. Thestem is curved, and is made of two sections of wood united
by rawhide straps. The mouthpiece is of ivory, joined to the stem by atin band.
A small iron wire, which is fastened to the pipe, serves to clean it. Length of
the stem, 13 inches. Eskimo of Point Hope, Alaska. 63785. Collected by E.
W. Nelson.

Pipe.—The bowl is of iron; it was once joined to the stem by hide, but this was
broken and was replaced by a white ribbon. The receptacleof the bowl is very
small. The stem is curved, and is made of two grooved pieces of wood united
with rawhide. The mouthpiece is of ivory. Length of the stem, 11% inches;
height of the bowl, 14 inches. Eskimo of Cape Lisburne, Alaska. 46020. Col-
lected by Dr. T. H. Bean.

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 149

Spoon.—Made of whalebone; it is long and flat, and is cut in the shape of aspatula.
Ornamented with totemic carvings. Length, 14ginches; width, 2inches. Sitka
Indians (Koluschan stock), Sitka, Alaska. 8944. Collected by Dr. A. H. Hoff,
Wietsa e's

Spoon.—Made of wood. The lower part of the handle is cut to represent the head
of some animal, holding the bowl of the spoon in its. teeth. Length, 11 inches;
width, 22 inches. Sitka Indians (Koluschan stock), Sitka, Alaska, 75438. Col-
lected by J. J. McLean.

Spoon for berries.—Made of wood; the outside is ornamented with totemic engrav-
ings. It has‘nearly the shape of aspatula. Length, 144 inches; width, 1g inches.
Kake Indians (Koluschan stock), Kuin Island, Alaska. 20823. Collected by
James G. Swan.

Spoon for berries.—Made of wood; it is long and flat, and is nearly of the shape of
a spatula; it is ornamented with totemic drawings. Length, 15} inches; width,
1i inches. Tsimshian Indians (Tsimshian stock), British Columbia. 16256.
Collected by Dr. W. H. Dall. ;

Most of the household utensils,of the Indians of the northwest coast are orna-
mented with engraved or carved designs.

Goat’s horn.—Horn for making spoons. ‘The bowl of the spoon is made of the wide
part of the horn, to which, after it has -been split for some inches on one side,
the desired shape is given by means of steam, with a wooden mold. The handle
is made of the long part of the horn, usually ornamented with totemic or mytho-
logical carvings. The bowl and the handle are often made in two pieces.
Length, 7} inches; width, 1? inches. Alaska. 16809. Collected by Dr. W. H.
Dall.

Spoon.—Made of goat’s horn. The bow] and the handle are united by copper rivets.
There are totemic carvings on the handle. Length, 8} inches; width, 24 inches.
Alaska Indians. 23400. Collected by James G. Swan.

Spoon.—Made of goat’s horn. The handle is ornamented with totemic carvings. The
bowland the handle are united with rivets. Length, 12 inches; width, 2% inches.
Massett Indians (Skittagetan stock), British Columbia. 88706. Collected by
James G. Swan.

Spoon.—Made of goat’s horn. There are totemic carvings on the handle. The handle
and the bowl are united. Length, 9} inches; width, 22 inches. Tsimshian
Indians (Tsimshian stock), Porcher Island, British Columbia. 20616. Collected
by James G. Swan.

Spoon.—Bowl of sheep’s horn; handle of goat’s horn, ornamented with engraved
totemic figures.

The bowl is made in a wooden mold, by means of steam. The handle is joined
to the bowl with copper rivets. Length, 124} inches; width, 3{inches. Skide-
gate Indians (Skittagetan stock), British Columbia. 89173. Collected by James
G. Swan.

This class of spoons are preserved in families as heirlooms, and are conse-
quently held in high esteem.

Spoon.—Made of goat’s horn. The handle is ornamented with totemic carving. The
bow] and the handle are united’with copper rivets. Length, 94 inches; width,
21 inches. Sitka Indians (Koluschan stock), Sitka, Alaska. 75430. Collected
by J. J. McLean.

Spoon.—Bow!] of sheep’s horn. The handle is of goat’s horn, ornamented with carved
totemic figures. The bowl is made in a wooden mold, by means of steam, The
handle and the bowl are united by copper rivets. Length, 11 inches; width, 23
inches. Alaska Indians. 23408. Collected by James G. Swan.

Spoon.—Made of goat’s horn. Handle ornamented with carved totemic figures.
The bow] and the handle of many of this class of spoons are of a single piece.
Length, 7% inches; width, 2} inches. Alaska Indians. 9278. Collected by Dr.
A. Hi. Hoff, U.S. A.

150 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

Alaskan spoons.—Made of a mixture of wild sheep’s horn and goat’s horn, retaining
their own shape, and magnificently ornamented with carved mythological devices
of the tribes of the Koluschan stock. Sitka, Alaska. 20843, 20749, 20748, 20747,
23452, 23431, 25431, 16257. Collected by James G. Swan.

Spoon.—Made of white ox horn. Large circular bowl, with a handle abont an inch
long. Ithas a buckskin loop ornamented with work in quills of different colors;
the handle is strengthened with small rings of tin plate. Diameter of the bowl,
5¢ inches. Sioux Indians. 131337 (a). Collected by Mrs. A. C. Jackson.

This class of spoons is made for trade, as the Sioux do not use them in their
homes.

Spoon.—Made of white ox horn. The bowl is of a semi-oval form. The handle is
covered with strings of beads. Length, 11 inches; width of the bowl, 3% inches.
Sioux Indians. 181337 (b). Collected by Mrs. A. C. Jackson.

Spoon.—Made of white ox horn. The bowl] is of a semi-oval form; the handle is very
slender, and is surrounded by dyed braids of quill and with little rings of
tin plate, with yellow feathers. It has a carved bird’s head at the end of the
handle. Length, 11 inches; width of the bowl, 34 inches. Sioux Indians.
131537 (c). Collected by Mrs. A. C. Jackson.

Bowl.—Made of black ox horn. Large, circular bowl; the handle is very slender,
and is surrounded by dyed braids of quill. It has a bird’s head carved on the
end of the handle. Length, 94 inches; width of the bowl, 4% inches. Sioux
Indians. 131337(d). Collected by Mrs. A. C. Jackson.

This kind of spoon is made by boiling the horn to make it flexible; in this
state the desired shape is given to it, and it is held in position until it is
entirely cold.

Spoon.—Made of white ox horn. The bowl is shallow and the handle is slender, with
bead ornaments and rings of tin plate covered with braids of dyed strips of
quill. It has the head of a bird carved on the end of the handle. Length, 94
inches; width of the bowl, 34} inches. Sioux Indians. 131337(e). Collected by
Mrs. A. C. Jackson.

This kind of spoon is made for trade; the Sioux do not use them in their
homes.

Spoon.—Made of white ox horn. The bowlis deep and the handle is slender, sur-
rounded by dyed braids of quill. The head of an.elk is carved on the end of the
handle. Length, 94 inches; width of the bowl, 3 inches. Sioux Indians.
131337 (f). Collected by Mrs. A. C. Jackson.

Buckets (3).—Made of decorated hide. Used for holding berries, sugar, pounded meat,
ete. Kiowa Indians (Kiowan stock), Kiowa Reservation, Indian Territory, 1891.
152996. Collected by James Mooney.

Pestles (3).—Made of walrus tusk. Used for pounding berries with dried meat, in order
to season it. Length, 14; 15,16 inches; width, 2,24, and 24 inches. Eskimo of
Bristol Bay, Alaska. 55919. Collected by Charles L. McKay.

Pestle.—Made of walrus tusk. Uséd.for pounding berries with meat, in order to sea-
son it. Length, 114 inches; diameter, 2 inches. Eskimo of Kassianamute,
Alaska. 127422. Collected by I. Applegate.

Ladle.—Made of buffalo bone paintedred. The bowlis very deep. Length, 9 inches.
Kiowa Indians (Kiowan stock), Kiowa Reservation, Indian Territory, 1891.
152994. Collected by James Mooney.

Ladle.—Made of wood, The bowl is of the shape of an egg. Length, 15 inches.
Kiowa Indians (Kiowan stock), Kiowa Reservation, Indian Territory, 1891.
152993. Collected by James Mooney.

Bewls.—Made of a tree knot. The Kiowas do not manufacture pottery or baskets.
Diameter 5 to 7 inches. Kiowa Indians (Kiowan stock) Kiowa Reservation,
Indian Territory, 1891. 152995. Collected by James Mooney.

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 151

Bucket.—Cylindrical birch bark. Sewed with the root of the spruce pine. Length,
13 inches; diameter, 44 inches. Athapascan Indians, Hudson Bay, British
America, 10924. Collected by J. Lockhart.

Pail.—Made of birch bark, sewed with fine root of spruce pine. It is used for
holding berries, etc. Length, 6 inches; width, 4 inches. Indians of Ungava,
Labrador. 90086. Collected by Lucian M. Turner.

Pail.—Made of birch bark, sewed at the border with pine root, under which are
attached small pieces of black cloth, at intervals of about 2 inches. It has
engraved designs on the inside. Length, 7 inches; width, 54 inches; height. 3
inches. Tinné Indians (Athapascan stock), Upper Yukon River, Alaska, 1891.
153390. Collected by I. C. Russell.

Pail.—Made of birch bark, folded at each end, and strengthened by boards. Very
rough work. Length, 7 inches; width, 5 inches; height, 2} inches. Tinné
Indians (Athapascan stock), Charleys Town, Upper Yukon River, Alaska, 1891.
153391. Collected by I. C. Russell.

Pail.—Made of birch bark, with the edge sewn with spruce-pine root, and died
pieces of quill. It is used for holding berries, etc. Length, 114 inches; width,
94 inehes. Tsimshian Indians (Tsimshian stock), Fort Simpson, British Colum-
bia. 2546. Collected by W. L. Hardesty.

Saddlebag.—Made of buckskin, lined with red flannel, embroidered with beads, and
with a fringe of buckskin. Length, 46 inches; width 11inches. Sioux Indians,
1868. 129875. Collected by Lieut. H. M. Creel, U.S. A.

This specimen was the property of Sitting Bull.

Tobacco pouch.—Made of buckskin, ornamented with red flannel, embroidered with
beads. Length, 15 inches; width, 7 inches. Bannock Indians (Shoshonean
stock), Fort Hall Reservation, Idaho. 22282. Collected by William H. Danilson.

Tobacco holder.—Made of buckskin, ornamented with bead work, rings of tin plate,
and a buckskin fringe. Length, 16inches; width 54 inches. Ute Indians (Sho-
shonean stock), Colorado. 8353. Collected by Dr. A. B. Campbell, U.S. A.

Pipe case.—It is of an oblong shape, made of hide. It has a cotton ribbon sewed on
the edge. Length, 10% inches; width, 24 inches. Hupa Indians (Athapascan
stock), Hupa Valley, California. 131157 (d). Collected by Jeremiah Curtin.

Pipe.—In the shape of a cigar holder. The bowl is of soft stone, and the stem is of
wood. Length, 5+ inches. Hupa Indians (Athapascan stock), Hupa Valley,
California. 1381157(b). Collected by Jeremiah Curtin.

Pipe.—Bowl long, tubular, of carved soapstone. The stem is of wood, and is short
in proportion to the mouthpiece. Length, 8+ inches. Hupa Indians (Atha-
pascan stock), Hupa Valley, California. 151157(c): Collected by Jeremiah
Curtin.

Pipe.—Made of soapstone, resembling a pipe bowl; it may be used without a stem.
Length, 14 inches; diameter, 1} inches. Hupa Indians (Athapascan stock),
Hupa Valley, California. 131157 (a). Collected by Jeremiah Curtin.

Purses and coins.—The purse is of elk horn, and is ornamented with zigzag design
engraved on the outside. It has a buckskin band around it to prevent the
coins from falling out. The coins are of dentalium or tooth shell, bordered
with dyed skin. These coins vary in value according to the length of the shell,
and are worth from 1 shilling to $5 apiece. Length of the purse, 5} inches.
Hupa Indians (Athapascan stock), Hupa Valley, California. 131159. Collected
by Jeremiah Curtin,

Spoon. —A long shell, darkened, polished, and worn by long use. Only women use
this sort of spoon. Length, 6inches. Hupa Indians (Athapascan stock), Hupa
Valley, California. 131163. Collected by Jeremiah Curtin.

Spoon.—Made of horn. Carved handle. Only men use this kind of spoon. Length,
6% inches. Hupa Indians (Athapascan stock), Hupa Valley, California. 131145.
Collected by Jeremiah Curtin.

152 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

Parflesche case ( Havresac).—Long oblong case of hide, used asa valise. Ornamented
with drawings painted in bright colors. ‘‘Parflesche” is the name given to
these valises by the French, because they saw that the Indians kept meat in
them. Length when folded, 30 inches; width when folded, 16 inches; Ute Indians
(Shoshonean stock), Utah. 17196. Collected by Maj. J. W. Powell.

Louse crusher.—It consists of a piece of wood in the shape of a spatula and another
section of around bone. The spatula is foreibly introduced into the hair, and
the bone keeps near the point, so that, between the two, the vermin are crushed.
Length of wooden piece, 9 inches; of the bone, 3 inches. Hupa Indians (Atha-
pasean stock), Hupa Valley, California. 181153. Collected by Jeremiah Curtin.

CASE IV.

Weaving.—Four looms (of the kind now in use) of the Zuni and Pima Indians, of the
southwest of the United States, and of the Talamanca Indians, of Costa Rica, ;
displaying the materials, apparatus, utensils, mode of work, and productions of
the Indian weavers. In addition, photographs, water-colors, drawings, and
diagrams. Collected by James Stevenson, Edward Palmer, and Dr. W. H. Gabb,

CASE V.

Ice brush.—Made of whalebone; iashed to a wooden handle, terminating at the oppo-
site with a point of deer’s horn. It is used for clearing away the snow and
ice from the breathing holes of the seal. Length, 29 inches; width, 1} inches.
Eskimo of King’s Island, Alaska. 63606. Collected by E. W. Nelson.

Ice creepers.—Cut out of bone. Fastened to the feet by hide straps. Length, 3}
inches; width, 1} inches. Chukchis of Plover Bay, Siberia. 46261. Collected
by W. M. Noyes.

Ice scoop.—A whalebone hoop, a whalebone net and a cord of sinew, interlaced;
wooden handle; fastenings of whalebone and hide. It is used for removing the
ice from the holes to which the seals come to breathe. Eskimo of St. Lawrence
Island, Alaska. C&lected by E. W. Nelson.

Ice pick.k—Made of ivory of walrus tusk, and used with the barbed harpoon. It is
used to break the ice in order to enlarge the hole to which the seal which has
been once wounded comes to breathe, in order that the hunter may pull the
animal out with ease. Length, 13 inches; thickness, 1 inch. Eskimo of Cape
Nome, Alaska. 44404. Collected by E. W. Nelson.

Snow staff.cRing of antler, with hide netting; ivory point through the center. This
ring, on the principle of the snow shoe, is fixed on the end of a long staff, and
serves, like those used in the Alps, te enable the traveler to steady himself when
walking on the ice or snow. Diameter, 34 inches. Eskimo of Port Clarence,
Alaska. 46297. Collected by W. H. Dall.

Seal probe.—Made of walrus tusk. It is used to find out whether the seal is in the
breathing hole. Length, 20 inches. Eskimo of King William’s Land. 10388.
Collected by Capt. C. F. Hall.

Harpoon (model).— Wooden shaft; an ivory bark, strengthened with wooden pegs;
an ivory ice pick lashed to the lower end with fastenings of thin hide. Length,
11 inches. Eskimo of Port Clarence, Alaska. 46326. Collected by T. H. Bean.

Knife.—Handle of ivory of walrus tusk. Short blade of iron, set into the handle.
Length, 11} inches; width, 14 inches. Eskimo of Point Barrow, Alaska. 89282.
Collected by Lieut. P. H. Ray, U.S. A.

Knife.—Wooden handle. Long iron blade inserted into the handle, and secured by
fastenings of hide. This knife is very much like those used by blacksmiths. A
strap hangs from the end of the handle. Length, 10 inches; width of the blade,
4 inch. Eskimo of Ungava Bay, Labrador. 90211. Collected by Lucien: M.
Turner.

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID 153

Knife.—Handle of deer’s horn, with three cavities for the fingers. A short iron blade
inserted in the handle. Length, 3? inch; width, #} inch. Eskimo of Anderson
River, Canada. 2278. Collected by R. McFarlane.

Knife.—Deer-horn handle. Short blade of iron, inserted into the handle. Length, 2
inches; width, # inch. Eskimo of Anderson River, Canada. Collected by R.
McFarlane.

Knife—Handle of carved deer horn. Short iron blade, secured to the handle.
Length, 5inches; width, #inch. Eskimo of Point Barrow, Alaska. 56554. Col-
lected by Lieut. P. H. Ray, U.S. A.

Knife.—Deer-horn handle. The whole blade is of iron, and is inserted into the
handle, and secured with lashing of seal hide. Length, 54 inches; width, 1 inch.
Eskimo of Ikogmut, Alaska. 37440. Collected by E. W. Nelson.

Knife and sheath._—Long and curved; handle of ivory of walrus tusk. Iron blade
fastened by rivets to the handle. Sheath of tanned hide. Length, 174 inches;
width, 1? inches. Indians of Prince of Wales Island, B.C. 20831. Collected
by James G. Swan.

Knife-—Handle of ivory of walrus tusk, with fastenings of spruce-pine root at the
end, which is secured to the blade, which is of iron, and is short. Length, 74
inches; width, 1 inch. Eskimo of Anderson River, Canada. 1309. Collected
by C. P. Gaudet.

Knife-—Handle of ivory of walrus tusk, strengthened with fastenings of spruce-pine
root. Very short iron blade set into the handle. Length, 5 inches; width, 3
inch. Eskimo of Anderson River, Canada. 2281. Collected by R. McFarlane.

Knife.—Deer-horn handle. Short iron blade set into the handle. Length, 74 inches;
width, + inch. Eskimo of Point Barrow, Alaska. 89276. Collected by Lieut.
Pe He Ray, Us A. 2

Knife.—Handle of two pieces of ivory of walrus tusk. Short iron blade inserted
into the handle, and secured by hide fastenings. Length, 44 inches; width, #
inch. Eskimo of Cape Darby, Alaska. 48087. Collected by E. W. Nelson.

Knife-—Handle of curved wood, with a curved iron blade inserted into it. A small
piece of wood hangs from the blade, fastened by astrip of tanned hide. Length,
64 inches. Indians of Ungava Bay, Labrador. 89966. Collected by Lucien M.
Turner.

Utensils and implements of arrow makers.—Consisting of rough shafts for arrows,
straightener, saw, polisher, brush, pumice stone, pieces of flint, chisel for
knapping flint, flint flaker, cord of sinew, prepared sinew, rosin, glue stick,
feathers for arrows, ground paints, salmon skin, and arrowhead, showing the
mode of attaching it to the reed, and the arrow complete. Indians of McCloud
River, California. Collected by Lieut. P. H. Ray, U. 8S. A., and Loren A. Green.

Polisher.—Two pieces of stone, with grooves through which the shafts of the arrows
are drawn to polish them. Length, 44 inches. Kiowa Indians (Kiowan stock),
Kiowa Reservation, Indian Territory, 1891. 152983. Collected by James
Mooney.

Saw knife-—Table knife, notched like a saw. It is used for making the notches in
the shafts of the arrows and for all kinds of cutting. Length, 92 inches.
Kiowa Indians (Kiowan stock), Kiowa Reservation, Indian Territory, 1891.
152985. Collected by James Mooney.

Sharpener.—Smooth stone, used for sharpening knives. Length, 4 inches. Kiowa
Indians (Kiowan stock), Kiowa Reservation, Indian Territory, 1891. 152986.
Coliected by James Mooney.

Groover.—Point of a butcher’s knife, notched, for making grooves along the shafts
of the arrows. The object of these grooves is not known. Length, 24 inches.
Kiowa Indians (Kiowan stock), Kiowa Reservation, Indian Territory, 1891.
152984. Collected by James Mooney.

154 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

Straightener (6).—A piece of rib bone, with a hole through it. It 1s used for straight-
ening the shafts of the arrows. Length, 7? inches. Kiowa Indians (Kiowan
stock), Kiowa Reservation, Indian Territory, 1891. 152981, Collected by
James Mooney.

Rasps.—Made of tin plate, folded and punched like lemon graters. They are used
for removing the bark and roughening the shafts of the arrows. Length, 44
inches. Kiowa Indians (Kiowan stock), Kiowa Reservation, Indian Territory,
1891. 152982. Collected by James Mooney.

Primitive shuttle—White yarn wound on a long stick. It is used for weaving
blankets. Length of the stick, 20 inches. Moki Indians (Shoshonean stock),
Arizona, 1885. 128475 (b). Collected by Mrs. M. E. Stevenson.

Woolen yarn, red.—Wound on a long stick. It is used as a shuttle in weaving
blankets. Length of the stick, 214 inches. Moki Indians (Shoshonean stock),
Arizona, 1885. 128475 (a). Collected by Mrs. M. E. Stevenson.

Model of a loom.—With a specimen of a blanket, striped red and green, in process of
manufacture. Length, 22+ inches; width, 144 inches. Navajo Indians (Atha-
pascan stock), New Mexico. 10359. Collected by Governor W. F. M. Arny.

Model of a loom.—In operation, to show the system or mode of weaving. Clear and
brilliant colors. Navajo Indians (Athapascan stock), Arizona. 16494. Col-
lected by Governor W. F. M. Arny.

Weaving yoke (O pis ta oee tum).—Curved wooden yoke, with a groove at either end.
The weaver carries it across his back, and it forms a part of the appendages
used for changing the threads of the warp. Length, 17 inches; width, 1% inches.
Zuni Indians (Zuiian stock), New Mexico, 1884. 127681 (d). Collected by
Col. James Steveuson.

Weft sword.—Made of oak. It is used for beating down the weft in making blank-
ets. Length, 15 inches. Navajo Indians (Athapascan stock), Navajo Reserva-
tion, Arizona. 150449. Collected by Dr. Washington Matthews.

Beater (Sooqua).—A slender wooden rod, which serves to beat the weft in weaving
blankets, ete. Length, 234i nches; width, inch. Moki Indians (Shoshonean
stock), Pueblos, Arizona. 41692. Collected by F. H. Cushing.

Yoke.—Wooden yoke used by the weaver. It forms part of the implements used to
keep the threads tight in the delicate weaving, ete. Length, 10} inches; width,
8inch, Zuni Indians (Zunian stock), New Mexico. 129068 (a). Collected by
Mrs. M. E. Stevenson.

Spindles, with wool.—A polished wooden rod, sharp at both ends, and inserted into a
disk, usually of wood, but sometimes of stone or horn, to give a violent rotary
motion to the spindle. Length, 21 inches. Moki Indians (Shoshonean stock),
Arizona. Collected by Mrs. M. E. Stevenson.

Roller (Ka 0 po ni no).—A piece of wood cut in the shape of a cylinder, on which
the belts are rolled durimg the manufacture of the cloth. Length, 7? inches;
diameter, 24 inches. Zuni Indians (Zunian stock), New Mexico. 127681 (c).
Collected by Col. James Stevenson.

Comb (Sa weech).—An oblong piece of wood, with teeth cut at the ends. It is used
for keeping the weft tight in weaving belts. Length,9 inches; width, 1{inches.
Zuni Indians (Zunian stock), New Mexico. 127681 (b). Collected by Col. James
Stevenson.

Twister.—A piece of hard wood, in one of the ends of which there is a hole through
which is passed a small rod, which serves as a handle. It is used for making
very thick cord. One end of the thread which is to be twisted is fixed ina post
or hook and the other in the twister, just below the handle. The operator then
turns the twister by means of the handle, and the thread is twisted strongly
and rapidly. Length, 10 inches; width,2 inches. ZuniIndians (Zunian stock),
New Mexico. 69308. Collected by Col. James Stevenson.

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 155

Reed.—Composed of many little reeds, or small pieces of cut reed, tied ‘at one end,
in an upright position, side by side, between parallel rods midway; each reed
has a hole burned through it. It is used in weaving to open the warp alternately
and to permit the passage of the shuttle. Zuni Indians (Zunian stock), New
Mexico. 127688, 69657, 69696. Collected by Col. James Stevenson.

Belt.—Placed in the loom to show the mode of work. Texture of white, red, and
green wool, forming geometrical figures. The Zuni and Moki Indians are cele-
brated for their skill in making and weaving belts. Zuni Indians (Zunian
stock), New Mexico. 129209. Collected by Mrs. M. E. Stevenson.

Fat scraper.—Made of ivory of walrus tusk. It has a cavity very ingeniously cut in
it and a hole in which to insert and hold the thumb. It is sharpened on only one
side. This implement is used only with the right hand; the operator scrapes the
green hide with it to remove the fat. Length, 8 inches; width of the blade, 14
inches. Eskimo of Togiak River, Alaska. 127508. Collected by I. Applegate.

Fat scraper.—Ingeniously made of a thin strip of the outside of a stag’s antler, wide
in the center and narrow at the ends. This strip is curved in the form of a
truncated cone, cut at one end in the form of a bow which locks at the other
end into a triangular opening like a barrel hoop. This implement is made
when the horn is soft. This pattern is used only at Bristol Bay. Diameter, 3
inches. Eskimo of Bristol Bay, Alaska. 55911. Collected by C. L. McKay.

Hide scraper.—Made of ivory of walrus tusk. The cavities for the forefingers and
thumb are shallow and extend nearly to the flint blade. The cut at the bottom
is very deep. Length,4? inches. Eskimo of Point Hope, Alaska. Collected by
E. W. Nelson.

Eide scraper.—The handle is of hard wood. The cavity for the thumb is deep and
long, and in it there is a projection of the shape of an ear. A cavity gives it
the appearance of a skull, and ends an inch behind the stone blade. The tail-
piece is cut in the shape of a bell. The shape of this implement is entirely
original, and gives reason to think that it was made to suit the hand of the
operator. Length, 54 inches. Eskimo of Point Hope, Alaska. 63849. Col-
lected by E. W. Nelson.

Hide scraper.—The handle is of wood, and has ashallow mortise cut in one of its ends.
The blade is a narrow hatchet of schist lashed to the handle by a fastening of
spruce-pine root. Length, 16 inches; width of the blade, 14 inches. Eskimo of
Nunivak Island, Alaska. 438886. Collected by E. W. Nelson.

Hide scraper.—The handle isof wood. The blade is a smooth hatchet of slate, care-
fully inserted in the lower part of the handle. it has a cavity for the thumb.
The cavity for the forefinger is on top, and those for the other three fingers
underneath. The palm of the hand rests on the end. Length, 11? mehes; width
of the blade, 2? inches. Eskimo of Norton Bay, Alaska. 43927. Collected by
E. W. Nelson.

Graining tool.—The handle is the shoulder blade of an ox. <A toothed iron blade is
attached to the handle-by a hide strap. Length, 12 inches; width of the blade,
1z inches. Indians of Ungava Bay, Labrador. 89924. Collected by Lucien M,
Turner.

Fat scraper.—Made of a thin strip of buck horn, bent in the shape ofa hoop. with the
ends interlaced, but not fastened. The ends are tied with three turns of a hide
strap around the outside. This is the only specimen in existence. Diameter, 3%
inches. Eskimo of Nakneek, Alaska. 127792. Collected by William J. Fisher.

Fat scraper.—Made of walrus-tusk ivory. The lower part is cut in the shape of a
preserving ladle. The handle consists of two prongs, the extremities of which
are carved to represent two bear’s heads. Length, 4 inches; width, 2? inches.
Eskimo of Putnam River, Alaska. 127896. Collected by Lieut. George M.
Stoney, U.S. N.

156 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

Fat scraper.—Made of a narrow and thin strip of buck horn twisted in the shape of a
horseshoe, and kept in that shape by a hide strap passing and repassing through
two holes made in the ends, and covered by a pretty coil. The loop is counter-
sunk at the ends. The inside edge of the strip of buck horn is beveled in order
to present the outer hird part for work. Diameter, 3} inches. Eskimo of Sledge
Island, Alaska. 44771. Collected by E. W. Nelson.

Hide scraper.—The handle is of walrus-tusk ivory, and is slightly bowed in the mid-
dle, with a tailpiece roughly cut on the end. It has two cavities for the fingers -
made above the flint blade. The lower cavity is very deep. Length, 4 inches.
Eskimo of Putnam River, Alaska, 127886(a). Collected by Lieut. G. M. Stoney,
U.S.N.

Hide scraper.—Made of walrus-tusk ivory. Above the deep cavity for the thumb it
has a protuberance carved in the shape of an ear. The cavities for the fingers
are very deep, and extend nearly to the flint blade. It has a groove deeply cut
on each side. Length, 3}inches. Eskimo of Point Hope, Alaska. 63851. Col-
lected by E. W. Nelson.

Graining tool.—The handle is the shoulder blade of an ox. On the upper part of the
bone the edge is toothed. It is used for softening deerskin in tanning it.
Length, 138 inches. Indiansof Ungava, Labrador. 90246. Collected by Lucien
M. Turner.

Beaming tool.—Made of the tibia of a reindeer. ‘The bone has been split in order to
obtain the wide part of the rear portion to serve as a support and the middle
part of the front as a scraping edge. The natural shape of the bone is admi-
rably adapted to this operation. This implement is used for scraping the deer-
skin in tanning it. Length, 13 inches. Indians of Ungava, Labrador. 89928.
Collected by Lucien M. Turner.

Woman's knife.—Iron blade and bone handle. Its shape is like that of a saddler’s
knife. Length, 5inches. Kiowa Indians (Kiowan stock), Kiowa Reservation,
Indian Territory, 1891. 152976 (a). Collected by James Mooney.

Woman’s knife.—Made of copper, with the upper edge doubled to serve as a handle.
Its shape resembles that of a saddler’s knife. Length, 7 inches. Kiowa Indians
(Kiowan stock), Kiowa Reservation, Indian Territory, 1891. 152976 (b). Col-
lected by James Mooney.

Grainer for tanning skins. —Made of a thin sheet of iron. The upper part is inserted
in a carved handle. The blade is toothed. Length, 44 inches and 74 inches.
Kiowa Indians (Kiowan stock), Kiowa Reservation, Indian Territory, 1891.
152976 (c). Collected by James Mooney.

Grainer for tanning skins. —Made of an iron rod, ‘The handle is covered with cloth.
The lower edge is toothed. Length, 144 inches. Kiowa Indians (Kiowan stock),
Kiowa Reservation, Indian Territory, 1891. 152874 (d). Collected by James
Mooney.

Grainer for tanning skins.—Made of a piece of an old gun barrel, The lower end is
flattened and toothed. Length, 133 inches. Kiowa Indians (Kiowan stock),
Kiowa Reservation, Indian Territory, 1891. 152974 (c). Collected by James
Mooney

Hide scraper.—The blade is a strip of steel; the handle is of hard wood, and is cut
in the shape of a hoe, with a handle at the end, covered with tin tacks. The
blade is fastened with hide. Length, 12 inches. Wichita Indians (Caddoan
stock), Wichita Reservation, Indian Territory, 1891. 152971. Collected by
James Mooney.

Hide scraper.—The handle is of hard wood, cut in the shape of a hoe. The blade is
of steel, and is attached to the handle by buckskin straps. Length, 123 inches.
Kiowa Indians (Kiowan stock), Kiowa Reservation, Indian Territory, 1891.
152970 (b). Collected by James Mooney.

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 157

Hide scrapers (3).—Made of flat circular stones, not polished. One is of sandstone,
and the others are of dark chert. Length, 44,54, and 6 inches. Kiowa Indians
(Kiowan stock) Kiowa Reservatton, Indian Territory, 1891. 152969. Collected
by James Mooney.

Grainer, with sharpener.—The grainer is made of an entire bone of the leg of a cow,
and hasa toothed edge. The sbarpener is a piece of rib bone. Length, 15 inches
Kiowa Indians (Kiowan stock), Kiowa Reservation, Indian ‘Territory, 1891.
152972. Collected by James Mooney.

Grainer for tanning skins.—Made of a concave strip of iron. ‘The handle is covered
with canvas. The lower edge is toothed. Length, 15 inches. Kiowa Indians
(Kiowan stock), Kiowa Reservation, Indian Territory, 1891. 152974 (b). Col-
lected by James Mooney.

Hide scrapers (3).—The handle is of deer’s antler, and is of the shape of a hoe, to
which a steel blade is fastened by buckskin straps. Length, 114inches. Kiowa
Indians (Kiowan stock), Kiowa Reservation, Indian Territory, 1891. 152970 (a).
Collected by James Mooney.

Hide scraper.—Bone of the rib of a cow, which the tanner uses for stripping the hair
from the hides, after moistening them slightly. Length, 154 inches. Kiowa
Indians (Kiowan stock), Kiowa Reservation, Indian Territory, 1891. 152975.
Collected by James Mooney.

Grainer for tanning skins.—Made of bone from a cow’ sleg, split and toothed on the
lower edge. A piece of wood is inserted in the concave part, and the whole is
covered with hide. A thin strap is fixed on the end of this covering to fasten
the implement to the operator’s wrist, in order to enable him to work steadily.
Length, 10 inches. Kiowa Indians (Kiowan stock), Kiowa Reservation, Indian
Territory, 1891. 152973. Collected by James Mooney.

Rope for tanning skins.—Made of a rawhide strap, cut in two and twisted. Length,
3 feet. Kiowa Indians (Kiowan stock), Kiowa Reservation, Indian Territory,
1891. 152979. Collected by James Mooney.

Braided rope.—Made of buffalo sinew. Four-ply braid. It is used for tanning skins.
Kiowa Indians (Kiowan stock), Kiowa Reservation,’ Indian Territory, 1891.
152980. Collected by James Mooney.

Pick for breaking ice.—Made of whale-rib bone, attached to a wooden handle by a
strip of hide which is wrapped around the handle. Its shape is very much like
that of a mattock. Length of the handle, 184 inches; length of the pick, 144
inches. Eskimo of Mackenzie River district, British America. 1852. Col-
lected by B. R. Ross.

Pick for breaking ice.—Pick made of whale-rib bone, fastened to the end of a wooden
handle by a hide thong. The pick forms with the handle an are of about 60°.
A strong strap is attached to the center of the bone, extending to the handle,
and serves as a band to keep the pick in the position described. Length of the
handle, 314 inches; length of the pick, 18 inches. Chukchis, eastern Siberia,
1864. 2511. Collected by Commodore Rodgers, U.S.N.

Pick for breaking ice.—Made of bone, fastened to a wooden handle by a hide strap,
which extends around the pick and passes through a hole made in the handle.
Length of the handle, 18} inches; length of the pick, 9% inches. Eskimo of
Cape Espenberg, Alaska, 1880. 63599. Collected by E. W. Nelson.

Adze.—An iron pick attached to a wooden handle by a hide strap, which extends
above the upper part of the pick and passes through a hole made in the handle,
Length of the handle, 11 inches; width of the pick, 5? inches. Eskimo of Mac-
kenzie River, Canada, 1869. 5126. Collected by R. McFarlane.

Adze.—Handle of stag’s horn, bowed at the lower end. A stone pick, inserted at.
right angles in thehandle. Length of the handle, 13 inches; lengthof the pick,
4 inches. Eskimo of St. Michaels Island, Alaska, 1878. 33084. Collected by BE.
W. Nelson.

158 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

Adze.—A stone head inserted in a ring of stag’s horn, which is attached to a wooden
handle by a hide strap passing through the holes in the head and handle. The
handle is painted red and blue. Length of the handle, 14 inches; length of the
head, 1} inches. Eskimo of Norton Sound, Alaska, 1877. 33082. Collected by
E. W. Nelson.

Adze.—An iron head inserted in a bone ring, which is fastened to a wooden handle
by a hide strap passing through holes in the head and handle. Length of the
handle, 10 inches; width of the head, } inch. Eskimo of Point Barrow, Alaska,
1883. 89871. Collected by Lieut. P. H. Ray, U.S.N.

Adze.—Head of nephritic stone, inserted in a small ring of stag’s horn, which is
fastened to the curved end of a wooden handle. Length of the handle, 13
inches; length of the head, 2? inches. Eskimo of Norton Sound, Alaska, 1878.
33083. Collected by E. W. Nelson.

Bark strippers (3).—Made of deer-rib bone, having one of the ends cut in the shape
of apickax. This implement is used for removing the bark from the cedars.
Length, 9%, 103, and 12 inches. Haida Indians (Skittagetan stock), Queen Char-
lotte Islands, British Columbia. 88922. Collected by James G. Swan.

Bark stripper.—Made of deer-rib bone, with one end cut in the shape of a pickax.
The other end serves as a handle and is wrapped in spruce-pine root. This
implement is used for removing the bark from the cedars. Length, 9+ inches.
Haida Indians (Skittagetan stock), British Columbia. 88897. Collected by
James G. Swan.

Bark stripper.—Made of elk horn. It has both ends sharpened. Length, 174 inches;
width, 12 inches. Lummi Indians (Salishan stock), Lummi Reservation, Wash-
ington, 1875. 130978. Collected by E. C. Chirouse.

Bark beater.—Made of an oblong piece of wood, one of the ends of which is cut in the
shape of a beak and the other is rounded to serve as a handle, having a long,
narrow hole in it, enabling the workman to grasp it more firmly while at work.
It is used for pounding the bark of the cedars and all kinds of textile materials.
Length, 14} inches; width, 3} inches. Lummi Indians (Salishan stock); Lummi
Reservation, Washirgton, 1875. 1380979. Collected by E. C. Chirouse.

Prepared cedar bark.—Insitle bark of the yellow cedar. It is used for making clothes,
blankets, thread, ete. Sheets of the same bark used for covering the roofs and
sides of houses. Indians of Vancouver Island, British Columbia, 1888. 129986.
Collected by James G. Swan.

Wedge.—Made of elk bone. It is used for splitting wood. With this kind of wedge
the Indians of the northwest coast can easily split boards of all sizes from any
sort of tree. Length, 114 inches; width, 3 inches. Clallam Indians (Salishan
stock), Washington. 20899. Collected by James G. Swan.

Wedge.—Made of wood. Used in the primitive method of splitting, to make thwarts
in building boats. Length, 11 inches; width, 3 inches. Otoe Indians (Algonkian
stock), Nebraska. 22415. Collected by J. W. Griest.

Wedge.—Mode of fir or yew. The upper part is covered with network of thick cord
made of cedar root. It is used for splintering. Length, 25 inches; width, 24
inches. Maka Indians (Wakashan stock), Neah Bay, Washington, 1884. 74780.

Jollected by James G. Swan.

CasrE VI.

Dance figures.—Representing dancers in dancing dress. These images are prepared
before the dance, and are afterwards given to the children as playthings. Zuni
Indians, New Mexico. 9567, 22935, 22936, 61198, 68069. Collected by James
Stevenson.

Dance figures.—Zuni Indians, New Mexico. 22930. Collected by James Stevenson.

Dance figures.—Zuni Indians, New Mexico. 54206, 69084, 69096, 22931, 84208. Col-
lected by James Stevenson.

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 159

Dance figures.—Zuni Indians, New Mexico. 99176-7; 189-190; 69185-6-7-8; 84190
Collected by James Stevenson.

Musical instruments.—Consisting of a notched stick and the shoulder blade of a
deer. The sound is produced by rubbing the notches with the sharp point of
the bone. A much louder sound is produced by placing the notched stick over
the mouth of an empty gourd. Moki and Zuni Indians, Arizona and New
Mexico. 68851-2-3-5; 84228-9-30; 84227-8-9. Collected by James Stevenson.

Rattles. —Made of gourds fixed on the ends of wooden handles; they have symbolical
figures painted on them in very bright colors. They are used in ceremonies.
Moki and Zuni Indians, Arizona and New Mexico, 68731-40-44-535-54 ; 164-148.
Collected by James Stevenson.

Paraphernalia of the dance.—Apron, belt, wand, and wooden figure. Moki Indians,
Arizona. 22843-66-905-59; 68865. Collected by James Stevenson.

Belts (2).—They form part of the dance dress. Made of native cotton. Moki Indians,
Arizona. 22947-53. Collected by Maj. J. W. Powell.

Dance headdresses and figures.—The headdresses are those now in use in the dance,
and the figures represent a dancer in dance dress. Zuni Indians, New Mexico.
69114, 41956, 35404, 41958, 23141. Collected by James Stevenson.

Dance wands (9).—Small wooden boards ornamented with painted symbolical figures
and with feathers. They are carried in the ceremonies callec “dances.” Zuni
Indians, New Mexico. 69171-2-5-8-9 ; 22923-4; 41931; 16169. Collected by Frank
Hamilton Cushing.

Dance wands (12).—They are carried in the ceremonies called »‘‘dances.” Small
wooden boards ornamented with painted symbolical figures and with feathers.
Zuni Indians, New Mexico. 69110; 41951-57; 19617; 22929. Collected by James
Stevenson.

CaskEs VII anv VIII.

Model of “ totem post.”—A slate column with carved ornamental figures. Height, 20
inches; diameter, 3 inches. Haida Indians (Skittagetan stock), Queen Char-
lotte Islands, British Columbia. 88981. Collected by James G. Swan.

Model of ‘totem post.”—A slate column ornamented with carved designs. Height, 16
inches; diameter, 3} inches. Haida Indians (Skittagetan stock), Prince of Wales
Island, Alaska. 23341. Collected by James G. Swan.

Sculptured bone.—Representing a human figure. Length, 3 inches; width, 13 inches.
Tsimshian Indians (Tsimshian stock), Fort Simpson, British Columbia. 9813 (a).
Collected by Lieut. F. W. Ring, U.S. A.

Sculptured bone.—Representing two human faces, one above the other. Length, 6
inches; width, 2 inches. Sitka Indians (Koluschan stock), Sitka, Alaska.
45995. Collected by J. J. McLean.

Shaman rod.—Made of bone, ornamented with engraved mythological carvings.
Length, 81 inches; width, inch. Tsimshian Indians (Tsimshian stock), Fort
Simpson, British Columbia. 89021. Collected by James G. Swan.

Sculptured ivory.—Incrusted with shell. Length, 5} inches; width, 22 inches.
Tsimshian Indians (Tsimshian stock), Fort Simpson, British Columbia, 9813 (b).
Collected by Lieut. F. W. Ring, U.S. A.

Pestle.—Made of bone, ornamented with figures in relief. A braided cord is attached
to one end. Length, 6% inches; diameter, } inch. Sitka Indians (Koluschan
stock), Sitka, Alaska, 1884. 75420. Collected by J. J. McLean.

The Indians of the Northwest Coast are remarkable for the profusion of their
carvings; almost all their articles of personal use or belonging to their houses
are ornamented.

Sculptured bone.—Length, 43 inches; width, 14 inches. Hoonya Indians (Koluschan
stock), Chichagoff Island, Alaska. 73801. Collected by Lieut. T. Dix Bolles,
WaseeNs

160 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

Sculptured bone.—Length, 6} inches; diameter, 1} inches. Sitka Indians (Koluschan
stock), Sitka, Alaska, 1884. 75459. Collected by J. J. McLean.

Sculptured ivory.—Representing a fish. Length, 52 inches; width, 24} inches. Ton-
gass Indians (Koluschan stock), Fort Tongass, Alaska. Collected by Lieut. F.
W. Ring, U.S. A.

Set of amulets of the Shaman.—Carved in ivory or bone; fastened to a delicate ivory
handle ornamented with carvings. Average length, 2} inches. Tsimshian
Indians (Tsimshian stock), Fort Simpson, British Columbia. 89021. Collected
by James G. Swan.

Needlecase.—Made of the bone of a swan’s wing-; without ornaments. The ends of
the bone are plugged with wooden stoppers, one representing the head of a fish
and the other the tail, so that the whole has the appearance of a fish. Length,
6 inches; diameter, 2 inch. Eskimo, Askinuk, Alaska. 36719. Collected by
E. W. Nelson.

Needlecase.—Made of carved ivory, representing a nude human figure. The tube
for holding the needles is of the same length as the case. Length, 3? inches.
Eskimo of Nubviakkhchugaluk, Alaska, 48945. Collected by E. W. Nelson.

Needlecase.—Made of the bone of aswan’s wing. Ornamented with four rings in a
diagonal line, and a large number of straight lines around the bone. The ends
are plugged with wooden stoppers, one representing the head of a fish and the
other the tail, the whole having the appearance of a long fish. Length, 64
inches; diameter, 3 inch. Eskimo of Askinuk, Alaska. 36723. Collected by
E. W. Nelsong

Needlecase.—Made of the bone of the wing of aswan. Ornamented with two sets
of diagonal lines and three borders of straight lines around the bone. The ends
are plugged with wooden stoppers. Length, 54 inches; diameter, +; inch.
Kaialigumut Eskimo, Alaska. 37159. Collected by E. W. Nelson.

Neediecase.—Made of the bone of the wing of a swan. Ornamented with straight
lines carved around the bone. The ends are plugged with wooden stoppers, one
representing the head of a fish and the other the tail, the whole having the
appearance of a long and slender fish. Length, 6} inches; diameter, ? inch.
Eskimo of Askinuk, Alaska. 36°27. Collected by E. W. Nelson.

Needlecase.—Carved in ivory. It has nearly the shape of aspindle. Hollow at the
top and at the bottom. On each side it has a wing supported by a small piece
which projects from the surface. Length, 5jinches. Eskimo of Norton Sound,
Alaska. 338697. Collected by E. W. Nelson.

Needlecase.—Carved in ivory, ornamented with four nude figures seated, two facing
the other two. Length, 44 inches. Eskimo of King’s Island, Alaska. 44137.
Collected by E. W. Nelson.

Needlecase.—Carved in ivory, representing a walrus carrying something in its mouth.
Ornamented with dots, rings, and lines, forming a beautiful design. This needle-
case is not like those usually carried by the Eskimos, as it only opens at one
end. Length,4} inches. Eskimo of Togiak River, Alaska. 127443. Collected
by I. Applegate.

Needlecase.—Carved in ivory, representing a whale. Ornamented with dots, rings,
and lines. It opens only at one end, and has a hole in the center, plugged with
a stopper of soft wood. Length 5 inches. Eskimo of Bristol Bay, Alaska.
7913. Collected by Dr. T. T. Minor.

Needlecase.—Carved in ivory. One end is ornamented with a seal’s head, and the
other with a walrus head. The opening of the case runs from the top down, and
has one end plugged. with wood. Length, 54 inches. Eskimo of the Lower
Yukon, Alaska. 38443. Collected by E. W. Nelson.

Needlecase.—Made of the bone of the wing of aswan. Ornamented with-small dots
and rings. Both ends are plugged with wooden stoppers. It isa fine specimen.
Length, 5 inches; diameter, inch. Eskimo of Lower Kuskokwim River, Alaska.
36762. Collected by E. W. Nelson.

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 161

Needlecase.—Made of the bone of the wing of a swan. The center is ornamented
with transverse lines forming a right angle; the ends with diagonal lines. Both
ends are plugged with wooden stoppers, one representing the head of a fish and
the other the tail, giving the whole the appearance of a long fish. Length, 6
inches; diameter, inch. Eskimo of Askinuk, Alaska. 36764. Collected by
E. W. Nelson.

Drill bow.—Made of walrus ivory, ornamented with three parallel lines. At the sides,
at intervals of about 1 inch, it has nine clefts, joined by curved lines. At the
bottom it has ornaments of rings and dots. Length, 18 inches; width, 1 inch.
Eskimo of Point Barrow, Alaska. 89423. Collected by E. W. Nelson.

Bag handle.—Made of ivory, slightly convex, and ornamented with carvings. Those
on the back represent houses, trees, and animals; those of the sides a scene from
the whale fishery. Length, 12} inches; } inch square. Chilcat Indians, Alaska.
67904. Collected by J.J. McLean.

Pail handle.—Made of ivory. The shape is semicircular. It has nine seal heads
carved in relief on the outer face. The edges have carved ornaments. Three
trees are carved on the inner face. Length, 9 inches; width, 14inches. Eskimo
of the Lower Yukon, Alaska. 186375. Collected by E. W. Nelson.

Pail handle.—Made of ivory, slightly curved in the center. It has a bear carved on
either end. Length, 8} inches; width, 1? inches. Eskimo of Diomede Island,
Alaska. 63884. Collected by E. W. Nelson.

box handle.—Made of ivory, shghtly convex, and ornamented with etchings represent-
ing apparently skins of animals. The sides are incrusted with blue beads.
Length, 153 inches; width, 1 inch. Eskimo of Kotzebue Sound, Alaska. 48529.
Collected by E. W. Nelson.

Pail handle.—Made of ivory. It has two fishes carved on the center. At each end
of the handle are three fishes, two curved in relief, and one forming a pendant.
Length, 104 inch; diameter, ? inches. Eskimo of Sledge Island, Alaska.
44690. Collected by E. W. Nelson.

Box handle.—Made of ivory, ornamented with various carved drawings. Beginning
at the left, a hunter is seen in the act of firingat the game; then come ten reindeer;
and lastly, on the right is represented a whale with its captor. Length, 15
inches; width, 1 inch. Eskimo of Kotzebue Sound, Alaska. 48831. Collected
by E. W.Nelson.

Pail handle.—Made of ivory. It has six sections of a design carved on it, giving it
the appearance of seven fish tails joined in a single line. Length, 6! inches;
width, ljinches. Eskimo of Cape Darby, Alaska. 48137. Collected by E. W.
Nelson.

Accessories of an aboriginal game.—Made of short sticks of spruce, and engraved
with totemic devices. Any number of persons may take part in this game.
The dealer sits on the ground, having before him a pile of frayed cedar bark, in
which the sticks are shuffled, and with great solemnity draws out the pieces
one by one without looking at them, and passes them to each of the players
seated in front of him. Each stick has a different value, and the highest, or the
lowest, or the defined, or the specified number gains the stake. T’lingit Indians,
Sitka, Alaska. 6556. Collected by Dr. J.J. Minor, U.S. A.

Small sticks for a game—Made of wood, 29 in number, placed in a deerskin bag. Most
of the sticks have a dinstinctive mark. Length, 5 inches; width, 2 inch.
T’lingit Indians (Koluschan stcok), Sitka, Alaska. 9939. Collected by Captain
Henriques.

Explanation of the game.—Each player, in his turn, selects a number of sticks
from the bag, and places them under a pile or piles of frayed bark. His adver-
sary must guess whether the number of hidden sticks is even ox odd, or whether
they are in one or the other pile. If the player guesses right, or not, he wins, or

H, Ex. 100: 11

162 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. .

loses, one or more sticks. The game continues until one of the players has lost
all his sticks, and he then loses the whole amount staked on the game. The
T’lingits are inveterate gamblers.

Whipping-top and whip.—The top is of wood, and the point is of bone. Length,
21 inches. Kiowa Indians (Kiowan stock), Kiowa Reservation, Indian Territory,
1891. 152905.

Dart ( Yuato-gyabo).—Made of arib bone. One is pointed, and there are two feathers
on the other. Length,16 inches. Kiowa Indians (Kiowan stock), Kiowa Reser-
vation, Indian Territory, 1891. 152906. Collected by James Mooney.

This dart is used in athletic exercises. It is thrown with great force over the
ice, and the player whose dart goes farthest wins the stake. This is the favorite
game of the young men.

Sling.—Made of deer hide painted with red clay. Used by the children. Length,
30inches. Kiowa Indians (Kiowan stock), Kiowa Reservation, Indian Territory,
1891. 152922. Collected by James Mooney.

Gaming arrows (6).—The arrow is of a single piece of wood. The head is carved and
painted. It is thrown with the hand, like a javelin; the player who throws it
farthest wins. Itisaman’sgame. Length, 29inches. Kiowa Indians (Kiowan
stock), Kiowa Reservation, Indian Territory, 1891. 152913. Collected by James
Mooney.

Game (Tangokya).—It is composed of 8 small sticks, marked differently. They are
thrown like dice. The sticks are called horses or mares. The count of the game
is kept with markers. This gameis played only by men. Itis the favorite game
of the horse racers. Kiowa Indians (Kiowan stock), Kiowa Reservation, Indian
Territory, 1891. 152909. Collected by James Mooney.

Shinny stick and ball.—The staff is curved at oneend, The ball is of hide stuffed with
hair. This is a woman’sgame. Length,3feet. Kiowa Indians (Kiowan stock),
Kiowa Reservation, Indian Territory, 1891. 152903 (a). Collected by James
Mooney.

Shinny.—Ornamented with drawings of animals. It is a game for women only.
Length, 3 feet. Cheyenne Indians (Algonkian stock), Cheyenne and Arapahoe
Reservation, Indian Territory, 1891. 152903 (c). Collected by James Mooney.

Football.—Made of oxhide stuffed with hair. Diameter, 3} inches. Kiowa Indians
(Kiowan stock), Kiowa Reservation, Indian Territory, 1891. 152904. Collected
by James Mooney.

The game of football is played by the women and girls. They do not drive
the ball with the foot like the whites. The game consists in supporting the
ball as long as possible on the toes of one foot while they dance around on the
other.

Shinny and bail.—The shinny is curved at one end. The ball is of hide and is stuffed
with hair. This game is for women. Length, 3 feet. Kiowa Indians (Kiowa
stock), Kiowa Reservation, Indian Territory, 1891. 152903 (b). Collected by
James Mooney.

“ Mescal” purse, of buckskin, embroidered with beads.—Made in imitation of the narcotic
root wafer of a cactus, which is eaten in the ‘‘mescal ceremony.” Those who eat
the ‘‘meseal” carry the purse hanging from a necklace, and it contains a small
quantity of consecrated ‘‘mescal.” Diameter, 1}inches. Kiowa Indians(Kiowan
stock), Kiowa Reservation, Indian Territory, 1891. 152883. Collected by James
Mooney. \

Mesceal is the root of the Cereus, of the cactus family. When chewed it has the
properties of a narcotic.

Amulet.—A closed bag, made of hide embroidered with beads. Length, 2 inches.
Kiowa Indians (Kiowan stock), Kiowa Reservation, Indian Territory, 1891.
152932. Collected by James Mooney.

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 163

_ Enchanted bow.—Made of rib bone. It is used when it is desired to shoot an arrow
at the malignant spirit who, from the clouds, has been the cause of the failure
of the buffalo hunt. Length, 15 inches. Kiowa Indians (Kiowan stock), Kiowa
Reservation, Indian Territory, 1891. 152989. Collected by James Mooney.

Enchanted bag of the sun dance (model).—Made of hide. It is of the shape of a saddle,
and contains the ‘‘ Great Talisman” of the Kiowas. No white has succeeded in see-
ing the talisman, but it is known to be composed of the 300 (more or less) scalp
trophies of the tribe. Kiowa Indians (Kiowan stock), Kiowa Reservation,
Indian Territory, 1891. 152927. Collected by James Mooney.

Enchanted tortoise shell.—Shell of a land tortoise, polished by use. This shell is used
in the act of parturition, as an amulet, and the family receives it witk great cere-
mony. Length, 4% inches. Cheyenne Indians (Algonkian stock), Cheyenne and
Arapahoe Reservation, Indian Territory, 1891. 152811. , Collected by James
Mooney.

Medicinal root.—Used in decoction, in the case of stomach ache. Kiowa Indians
(Kiowan stock), Kiowa Reservation, Indian Territory, 1891. 153001. Collected
by James Mooney.

Amulet (life charm).—A small diamond-shaped bag, embroidered with beads, and hay-
ing a fringe of deer hide; it is worn by young girls, and it contairs the umbili-
cal cord of the person who wears it. Length, 24 inches. Kiowa Indians (Kio-
wan stock), Kiowa Reservation, Indian Territory. 152882 (a.) Collected by
James Mooney.

Enchanted bag.—Made of the skin of the legs of a tortoise. Cheyenne Indians
(Algonkian stock), Cheyenne and Arapahoe Reservation, Indian Territory, 1891.
152810. Colleeted by James Mooney.

Obtained by Rev. H. R. Voth from an old Cheyenne doctress. It is used as
an amulet at births.

Amulet stone.—Oval stone, incrusted in a piece of hide embroidered with beads, with
two straps, ornamented with beads, to support it. Diameter, 1? inches. Kiowa
Indians (Kiowan stock), Kiowa Reservation, Indian Territory, 1891. 152884.
Collected by James Mooney.

This amulet comes from Chihuahua (Mexico), which presented it from motives
of gratitude. The Kiowas believe that this stone possesses life and the power
of motion.

Shield and saddle.—Made of dark deer hide, embroidered with beads. Kiowa Indians
(Kiowan stock), Kiowa Reservation, Indian Territory, 1891. 152928. Collected

J by James Mooney.

Doll dressed in deer hide.—Bead ornaments. The belt is ornamented with buttons of
German silver. Kiowa Indians (Kiowan stock), Kiowa Reservation, Indian
Territory, 1891. 152920. Collected by James Mooney.

Doll dressed in buckskin.—It has a buckler on its arm. A child’s plaything. Kiowa
Indians (Kiowan stock), Kiowa Reservation, Indian Territory, 1891. 152918.
Collected by James Mooney.

Small spoons.—Wooden toy. The children carry these spoons in their belts asa
plaything. Kiowa Indians (Kiowan stock), Kiowa Reservation, Indian Territory.
1891. 152923. Collected by James Mooney.

Quiver.—Toy made of squirrel] skin. Kiowa Indians (Kiowan stock), Kiowa Reser-
vation, Indian Territory, 1891. 152924. Collected by James Mooney.

Rag doll.—It carries a quiver and shield, and is seated on a saddle. Kiowa Indians
(Kiowan stock), Kiowa Reservation, 1891. 152921. Collected by James Mooney.

Doll dressed in red flannel.—It represents a woman seated on a saddle, carrying a
child on her back. Kiowa Indians (Kiowan stock), Kiowa Reservation, Indian
Territory, 1891. 152916. Collected by James Mooney.

Toilette bags.—Playthings made of hide. Kiowa Indians (Kiowan stock), Kiowa
Reservation, Indian Territory, 1891. 152930. Collected by James Mooney.

164 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

Saddles.—Toys, made of buckskin. Length, 8 inches. Kiowa Indians (Kiowan
stock), Kiowa Reservation, Indian Territory, 1891. 152929. Collected by James
Mooney. :

Little moccasins.—Plaything, made of buckskin, embroidered with beads. Length,
3inches. Kiowa Indians (Kiowan stock), Kiowa Reservation, Indian Territory,
1891. 152926. Collected by James Mooney.

Bow.—Toy, ornamented with bead embroidery. Length, 13 inches. Kiowa Indians
(iiowan stock), Kiowa Reservation, Indian Territory, 1891. 152914. Collected
by James Mooney.

Gun and case, toy.—Wooden gun, deerskin case, embroidered with beads. Kiowa
Indians (Kiowan stock), Kiowa Reservation, Indian Territory, 1891. 152951.
Collected by James Mooney.

Ivory doll.—Representing a woman dressed in deerskin, ornamented with various
skins. Length, 4 inches. Eskimo of St. Michaels Island, Alaska. 129237.
Collected by L. M. Turner.

Ivory doll.—A short string of beads hangs from its nose, which is pierced by a feather.
From its ear hangs another string of beads, which passes underneath its chin.
The sack is of duck skin, and the pantaloons of deerskin. Length, 13% inches.
Eskimo of Tuniakput, Alaska. 127292. Collected by I. Applegate.

Doll.—It wears a blouse of deerskin, festooned with another skin, a hood embroid-
ered with beads, and earrings of bells. Around its face it has a ribbon of skin,
which serves to tie it. Length, 3: inches. Eskimo, Alaska. 37889. Collected
by E. W. Nelson.

Doll.—Dressed in a blouse of different skins, with hideshoes. A wide fringe of skin
hangs from the hood, to protect the face. Length, 7 inches. Eskimo, Norton
Sound, Alaska. 37634. Collected by E. W. Nelson.

Ivory doll.—Representing an Eskimo mother dressed in a long blouse; she is carry-
ing her child in a large case. It has eight marks painted on its chin. Length,
32 inches. Eskimo, Kotzebue Sound, Alaska. 48584. Collected by E. W.
Nelson.

Ivory doll.—Dressed in skins. The blanket on which it is stretched is of duck skin
trimmed with skins. Length, 3inches. Eskimo, Togiak River, Alaska, 127312.
Collected by I. Applegate.

Wooden doll.—With ivory eyes, mouth, and ears. The rings which it wears in its
nose and ears are of beads. The dress is of various kinds of skins. Length,
124 inches. Eskimo, Togiak River, Alaska. 127297. Collected by I. Applegate.

Diadem front.—Made of wood, carved and painted, imitating the head of a bird, sur-
rounded by little human heads. It is used in the dances in ceremonies. Length,
7 inches; width, 6 inches. Haida Indians (Skittagetan stock), Queen Charlotte
Islands, British Columbia, 1883. 89159. Collected by James G. Swan.

Diadem front.—Rectangular piece of wood, from which a bear’s head rises in relief,
The outlines are black and red. It is used in ceremonial dances. Length, 7
inches; width, 52 inches. Sitka Indians (Koluschan stock). Sitka, Alaska, 1882.
56486. Collected by James G. Swan.

Diadem front.—Rectangular piece of wood, from which a bear projects in relief. The
body of the bear is painted red; the outlines of the bear’s head are black and
red. The whole is edged with red flannel cut in scallops. It is used in cere-
monial dances. Length, 62 inches; width, 6 inches. Haida Indians (Skitta-
getan stock), Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia, 1888. 89051. Collected
by James G. Swan.

The different tribes of the northwest coast believe that they are descended
from a bird or other animal, and carve the image of their supposed progenitor
on many of the articles of their personal property. The owner of the diadem
described believed that he came from the bear family.

= nee

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 165

Diadem front.—F lat piece of wood, carved and painted, representing a human figure.
It is used in the ceremonial dances. Length, 64 inches; width, 5+ inches.
Indians of the northwest coast of North America. 688. Collected by George
Gibbs.

Diadem front.—Rectangular piece of wood, from which the heads of a bear and a
bird rise in relief. Painted blue, and the outlines black and red. Length, 5}
inches; width, 3% inches. Sitka Indians (Koluschan stock), Sitka, Alaska.
20755. Collected by James G. Swan.

Ceremonial mask.—It is of the shape of a narrow face, and is of wood, painted white,
with black and red outlines. A pointed projection rises from the forehead and
descends to the eyes. It has two pairs of eyes; the upper pair is slightly open,
and contains holes; the lower eyes have large lids, which descend to the line of
the nostrils. The mask has a piece of curved wood on one side and a black
feather on the other. Length, 11} inches; width, 54inches. Eskimo of Askinuk,
Alaska. 48700. Collected by E. W. Nelson.

Dancing mask.—Of soft wood; it has a human face in the center, and above it a
deep concavity painted red, and ornamented on each side with wooden pegs.
On the upper part of the face there is a thin rectangular piece of wood. It has
large hands sculptured at the top and bottom. The lower hand has a walrus
painted on it. The rest of the face is painted white, and the borders black.
There is a little hood on the upper part of the forehead. Length, 26 inches;
width, 10 inches. Eskimo of Norton Sound, Alaska. 33113. Collected by E.
W. Nelson.

It is used in dances to the sound of the drum and of songs relating to a hunt-
ing or fishing party, or, more usually, to a mystic legend.

Ceremonial mask.—Of wood, of an oval shape. <A kind of ridge extends the whole
length of the mask, and on either side displays a concavity, painted red and
ornamented with wooden pegs. Near the lower edge and extending from right
to left it has a cleft of a semicircular shape. There are two holes on either
side of the mask. The bottom is painted white, and the edges black and blue.
A black feather rises from each side and from the top. Length, 11 inches; width,
74 inches. Eskimo, Askinuk, Alaska. 48701. Collected by E. W. Nelson.

It is used at funerals.

Finger mask.—A thin, circular piece of wood, and represents a deformed face.
Under the face are two holes to put the fingers in. The mask is festooned with
long hair from the reindeer’s tail. It is used by placing it before the face in the
ceremonial dances. Diameter, exclusive of the fringe, 34+ inches. Eskimo of the
Lower Kuskoquim River, Alaska. 37896. Collected by E. W. Nelson.

Dancing mask.—Of wood, and has:the form of the face of a white man, with black
lines on the upper part of the eyes and above the nose. The ears are of separate
pieces of wood painted red, and a hide strap hangs from each. A wooden plug
is mortised to each side of the chin. The eyes, the nostrils,and the spaces
between the teeth are entirely perforated. A feather issues from the forehead
and from the side of the left eye. A cord of spruce pine root serves to fasten
the mask on the head of the person who wears it. Length, 12 inches; width, 10
inches. Eskimo of Norton Sound, Alaska. 33133. Collected by E. W. Nelson.

It is used in dances to the sound of the drum and songs relating to a hunting
or fishing party, or, more usually, to mystic legends.

Finger mask.—A thin, circular piece of wood, and represents a deformed face. Under
the face are two holes for the fingers. The mask is festooned with long hair
from a reindeer’s tail. It is used by placing it in front of the face in the
ceremonial dances. Diameter, exclusive of the fringe, 3 inches. Eskimo of the
Lower Kuskoquim, Alaska. 37653. Collected by E. W. Nelson.

166 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

Ceremonial mask.—Of wood, painted blue, with black lines on the edges; the eyes
slightly opened, the nose and lips very large. Length, 9} inches; width, 74
inches. Bellacoola Indians (Salishan stock), British Columbia. 20580. Col-
lected by James G. Swan.

Ceremonial mask.—Of wood, painted blue, with red and black lines on the edges.
There are painted designs on the cheeks, and a worked garniture on the lower
lip. Length, 8 inches; width, 5} inches. Alaska Indians. 67953. Collected
by J. J. McLean.

Ceremonial mask.—It is of wood, and has lines painted red and black, and blue draw-
ings on the forehead and cheeks. Itisusedin dances. Length, 9 inches; width
84 inches. Alaska Indians. 67952. Collected by J. J. McLean.

Ceremonial mask.—It is of wood, and has the eyes and eyebrows painted black, A
metal ring hangs from the nose. It is used in dances. Length, 63 inches;
width, 6} inches. Sitka Indians (Koluschan stock), Alaska. 9937. Collected

by Captain Henriques.
CasE IX.

Feathers for the head (1).—Various garnished feathers, fastened to the end of a stick
by ties of ribbons. Length, 12} inches. T’lingit Indians (Koluschan stock),
Alaska. 46497. Collected by James G. Swan.

Feathers for the head (2).—Various woodpeckers’ feathers fastened to the ends of two
short sticks. Length, 18? inches and 12? inches. Indians of the northwest
coast of North America. 2491-2. Collected by Lieut. Charles Wilkes, U.S.N.

Ornament for the head.—Crown of woodpeckers’ feathers and deer hide. Diameter, 9
inches. Hupa Indians (Athapascan stock), Hupa Valley Reservation, California.
21331. Collected by Stephen Powers.

Ornament for the head.—Crown of sea-otter skin ornamented with beads, feathers,
and smull pieces of red cloth. I¢ has a string to fasten it to the head. Used in
the dances. Diameter, 84 inches. Uka Iadians (Yukian stock), Reudon Valley
Reservation, California. 21410. Collected by Stephen Powers.

Dance whistle.—Carved in the shape of a fish. It consists of two pieces of wood
carved on the outside and united by spruce-pine root. Length, 14 inches;
width, 3tinches. Skedan Indians (Skittagetan stock), Queen Charlotte Islands,
British Columbia. 89139. Collected by James G. Swan.

Dance whistle.-—Composed of two pieces of wood, carved, and joined together by
a packthread cord. Length, 44 inches; width, 3 inches. Haida Indians (Skit-
tagetan stock), Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia. 89068. Collected
by James G. Swan.

Dance whistle.—It consists of two pieces of wood, carved on the outside, and united
by three ligatures, one of hide, one of spruce-pine root, and the third of pack-
thread. The mouthpiece iscemented with rosin. Length, 192 inches; diameter,
3 inches. Haida Indians (Skittagetan stock), Queen Charlotte Islands, British
Columbia. 89071. Collected by James G. Swan.

Dance whistle.—It consists of two pieces of wood, carved on the outside, dovetailed,
and cemented with rosin. There are engravings on it, representing a face and
arms. Length, 7} inches; width, 5inches. Skittagetan Indians, Queen Char-
lotte Islands, British Columbia. 89158. Collected by James G. Swan.

Dance whistle-—Two whistles united by spruce-pine root, forming a double whistle.
Each consists of two pieces of wood, carved on the outside, joined together with
spruce-pine root, and cemented with rosin. Length, 9 inches; width, 3 inches.
Haida Indians (Skittagetan stock), Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia.
89070. Collected by James G. Swan.

Ceremonial rattle—Made of wood, ornamented with various painted engravings and
drawings, both mythological. The handle iscovered with ribbon. This pattern
of rattle is very common among the Indians of the northwest coast. Length,
121 inches; width, 34 inches. Haida Indians (Skittagetan stock), Queen Char-
lotte Islands, British Columbia. 98086. Collected by James G. Swan.

vod

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 167

Ceremonial rattle.-—Made of wood, ornamented with a painted drawing representing
a human face. Length, 9 inches. Massett Indians (Skittagetan stock), Queen
Charlotte Islands, British Columbia. 88717. Collected by James G. Swan.

Dance ratile.—Made of wood, ornamented on each side with a drawing of a human
face and other painted and engraved drawings. Length, 104 inches; width, 44
inches. Alaska. 74335. Collected by J. J. McLean.

Dance rattle.—Made of wood, engraved, and with a painted drawing representing
a woodpecker. Length, 10inches; width,3 inches. Haida Indians (Skittagetan
stock), Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia. 88797. Collected by James
G. Swan.

Rattle.—Gourd, with drawings painted white and black and the bottom painted
green, with a wooden handle passing through it. It is used in dances. Diam-
eter, 6 inches. Moki Indians (Shoshonean stock), Moki Reservation, Arizona.
84145. Collected by Victor Mindeleft.

Rattle.—Made of a gourd, with painted designs, and pierced by a handle with a loop
at the end. Itis used in the dances. Diameter, 5 inches. Moki Indians (Sho-
shonean stock), Moki Reservation, Arizona, 1886. 128740. Collected by Mrs.
M. E. Stevenson.

Rattle.—Made of wood, carved and painted, representing a t wo-headed eagle, an imi-
tation of that on the Russian flag. Length, 10 inches; width, 4 inches. T’lingit
Indians (Koluschan stock), Sitka, Alaska. 20763. Collected by James G. Swan.

Leggin rattles.—Made of blue flannel, ornamented with three strips of red flannel, and
with strings of white beads sewed around them. Along the whole length of the
leggins are sewed three rows of bird beaks, which, by knocking against each
other, produce various sounds, in accordance with the movement of the leg.
The chiefs alone use this rattle inthe dances of great ceremony. Haida Indians
(Skittagetan stock), Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia. 89088. Col-
lected by James G. Swan.

Rattle—Composed of many bird beaks fastened around two wooden hoops covered
with spruce-pine root. A stick tied to each of the two sides serves as a handle.
Diameter, 62 inches. Hadia Indians (Skittagetan stock), Queen Charlotte
Islands, British Columbia. 89088. Collected by James G. Swan.

Ratile.—Gourd painted bright green, yellow, and black, with a wooden handle run-
ning through it, with two feathers tied to one end. It is used in the dances.
Diameter, 4 inches. Moki Indians (Shoshonean stock), Moki Reservation, Ari-
zona. 68742. Collected by Col. James Stevenson.

Rattle—Rough gourd, painted green. It has fora handle astick which passes through
it, but without coming out at the opposite side. Length, 7 inches; width, 3}
inches. Moki Indians (Shoshonean stock), Moki Reservation, Arizona. 84149.
Collected by Victor Mindeleff.

Head of a crook.—Gourd painted black, with red lines; a short stick passes through
it. This handle serves as the head of a long staff which is used in the ceremo-
nialdances. Length, 19 inches; diameter of the gourd, 44inches. Moki Indians
(Shoshonean stock), Moki Reservation, Arizona. 22964. Collected by O. D.
Wheeler.

Rattle—Gourd ornamented with designs »ainted black on a background of bright
green. A stick which passes through and through it serves asa handle. It is
used in the dances. Diameter, 34 inches. Moki Indians (Shoshonean stock),
Moki Reservation, Arizona, 68746. Collected by Mrs. M. E. Stevenson.

Dance whistle-—Made of the bone of an eagle’s wing, with buckskin strips and
feather pendants. Length, 62 inches. Arapahoe Indians (Algonkian stock),
Cheyenne and Arapahoe Reservation, Oklahoma, 1890. 153057. Collected by:
Emilio Granier.

Medicine man’s enchanted rod.—Wooden staff covered with red cloth and feathers;
head of catlinite, with a tassel made of horsehair dyed green. Length, 25 inches.
Arapahoe Indians (Algonkian stock), Cheyenne and Arapahoe Reservation, Okla-
homa, 1890. 153064. Collected by Emilio Granier.

168 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

Medicine man’s enchanted rod.—Wooden staff painted red and ornamented with
beaded fringes; head of catlinite, ernamented with an incrusted German-silver
cross, Plumes of feathers on the ends. Length, 27 inches. Arapahoe Indians
(Algonkian stock), Cheyenne and Arapahoe Reservation, Oklahoma, 1890.
153063. Collected by Emilio Granier.

Whistle and necklace for dancing.—The whistle is made of the bone of an eagle’s
wing, wrapped in pieces of quill and pearls. Necklace of buckskin painted
dark and ornamented with quill work. Length of the whistle, 7;inches. Arap-
ahoe Indians (Algonkian stock), Cheyenne and Arapahoe Reservation, Oklahoma,
1890. 155056. Collected by Emilio Granier.

Flute.-—Made of two pieces of cedar, joined by fastenings of buckskin cord. The
key is stuck on with balsamic pine rosin. The six holes for the fingers are made
by burning. It is called ‘‘the love flute,” because it is used in serenades.,
Length, 21 inches. Kiowa Indians (Kiowan stock), Kiowa Reservation, Indian
Territory, 1891. 152899. Collected by James Mooney.

Whistles.—Made of the bone of eagles’ wings. They have pendants of feathers. The
largest of the whistles is about one hundred years old. It is used in the sun
dance and in giving orders for the movements of the warriors in battles. Length,
74 and 10 inches. Kiowa Indians (Kiowan stock), Kiowa Reservation, Indian
Territory, 1891. 152938. Collected by James Mooney.

Deer call.—lt is made of a kind of tin tube fixed between two pieces of perforated
wood. Itis sounded by blowing. It imitates pretty well the bleating of the
deer. Length, 7 inches. Kiowa Indians (Kiowan stock), Kiowa Reservation,
Indian Territory, 1891. 152939. Collected by James Mooney.

Enchanted rattle.—It has the handle covered with hawk skin, ornamented with ten
tin bells. The head is made of the scrotum of a young buffalo, and has birds
and cabalistie signs painted on it. Length, 2 feet. Cheyenne Indians (Algon-
kian stock), Cheyenne and Arapahoe Reservation, Indian Territory, 1891.
152807. Obtained from Rev. H. R. Voth by James Mooney.

Ornament for the head.—Bunch of feathers, with a large eagle’s feather in the center.
Used by the medicine men, on which account the name of ‘‘ Dr. Buffalo” is given
to it. Kiowa Indians (Kiowan stock), Kiowa Reservation, Indian Territory,
1891. 152861. Collected by James Mooney.

Rattle—Wooden handle wrapped in buckskin, ornamented with a horsehair plume
and a tin bell. The head is made of the scrotum of a buttalo, with figures in
relief. It is used in the dance called that of the ‘“ Warrior Dog.” Length, 8%
inches. Cheyenne and Arapahoe Indians (Algonkian stock), Cheyenne and Arap-
ahoe Reservation, Indian Territory, 1891. 152808.

Tablets of birch bark, or descriptive writing.—This instructive series of writings on
birch bark was obtained from the Ojibway Indians and collected by Dr. W. J.
Hoffman, whose account will be found in the seventh annual report of the
Bureau of Ethnology.

In the upper part of the glass case, on the left, are the ballads or mnemonic
songs used by the Shamans in the cermonies of the Great Medicine Society. The
glass case on the left contains a tablet of birch bark relating to the traditions
of the tribe. The next case contains tablets of battles and hunts. The last
case contains tablets cf songs for cures and for hunts, which are carefully
marked, in order that they may serve as a guide to the singer.

Fastener for workbag.—Made of walrus-tusk ivory, ornamented with four rows of
engraved parallel lines. A small hole made in the ivory serves for the passage
of the lace or cord with which the bag is closed. Length, 6} inches; width, 4

* ineh. Eskimo of Norton Sound, Alaska. 48778. Collected by E. W. Nelson.

Fastener for workbag.—Made of a strip of walrus-tusk ivory, ornamented with five
rows of engraved parallel lines. A small projection is carved in the center, in
which is a hole serving to pass the cord with which the bag is closed. Length,
74 inches; Uiameter, 2 inch. Eskimo of Nulokhtologumut, Alaska. 38218. Col-
lected by E. W. Nelson.

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 169

Fastener for workbag.—Made of a cylindrical piece of walrus-tusk ivory, ornamented
with twelve rows of engraved parallel lines. It has in the center a small pro-
jection, in which is a hole serving as a passage for the cord with which the bag
is closed. Length, 74 inches; diameter, inch. Eskimo of Big Lake, Alaska.
36637. Collected by E. W. Nelson.

Fastener for workbag.—Made of a cylindrical piece of walrus-tusk ivory. Slightly
curved and ornamented with eight rows of engraved parallel lines mingled with
points and crosses. There is a hole in the ivory, serving as a passage for the
cord with which the bag is closed. Length,64inches; diameter,}inch. Eskimo
of Sabotnisky, Alaska. 48966. Collected by E. W. Nelson.

Fastener for workbag.—Made of a cylindrical piece of walrus-tusk ivory, ornamented
with eleven rows of engraved parallel lines mingled with dots and circles.
Length, 64inches; width, inch. Eskimo of Paimut, Alaska. 388011. Collected
by E. W. Nelson.

Fastener for workbag.—Made of a triangular piece of walrus-tusk ivory, ornamented
with figures representing diamonds and a set of wooden plugs incrusted in the
ivory and surrounded by circles. It has a cleft serving as a passage for the
cord with which the bag is closed. Length, 54 inches; width, }inch. Eskimo
of Paimut, Alaska. 37188. Collected by E. W. Nelson.

Fastener for workbag.—Made of walrus-tusk ivory, ornamented with engraved trans-
verse lines, forming various figures. An eagle’s head is carved on one of the
ends. A small hole made in the ivory serves as a passage for the cord with
which the bag is closed. Length, 54 inches; width, $+ inch. Eskimo of Ano-
gogumut, Alaska. 37431. Collected by E. W. Nelson.

Fastener for workbag.—Made of a ‘flat and thin piece of walrus-tusk ivory, orna-
mented in the center with an engraved drawing representing a human face, and
on each side an engraved seal. A series of lines crossing each other are engraved
on the upper edge. A small hole made in the ivory serves as a passage for the
cord with which the bag is closed. Length, ? inch; width, linch. Eskimo of
Chalitmut, Alaska. 37319. Collected by E. W. Nelson.

Fastener for workbag.—Made of walrus-tusk ivory. Carved to represent a salmon.
A small hole made in the button hook serves as a passage for the cord with
which the bag is closed. . Length, 4? inches; width, linch. Eskimo of Nunivak
Island, Alaska. 43694. Collected by E. W. Nelson.

Fastener for workbag.—Made of walrus-tusk ivory and carved in the shape of a
beaver. Ornamented with engraved circles, lines, and points. Five small
pieces of lead are cemented to the ivory at intervals of about an inch. A small
hole made in the lower part of the fastener serves as a passage for the cord
with which the bag is closed. Length, 7 inches; width, } inch. Eskimo of
Sabotnisky, Alaska. 48861. Collected by E. W. Nelson.

Fastener for workbag.—Made of walrus-tusk ivory, carved in the form of a seal.
Ornamented with borders, engraved around the neck and tail. Various draw-
ings adorn the body. A small hole made in the ivory serves as a passage for
the cord with which the bag is closed. Length, 44 inches; diameter 2 inch.
Eskimo of Nulukktologomut, Alaska. 38241. Collected by E. W. Nelson.

Fastener for workbag.—Carved in walrus-tusk ivory, in the form of a seal. Orna-
mented with engraved circles, points, and lines. A small hole made in the ‘vory
serves as a passuge for the cord with which the bag is closed. Length, 6 inches;
width, } inch. Eskimo of Sabotnisky, Alaska. 48860. Collected by E. W.
Nelson.

Fastener for workbay.—Made of walrus-tusk ivory, carved in the shape of a lamprey
A small hole made in the ivory serves as a passage for the cord with which the
bag is closed. Length, 6% inches; width, ? inch. Eskimo of Norton Sound,
Alaska. 24502. Collected by Lucien M. Turner.

170 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

Denticulated rattle (2).—It consists of two pieces; one long, toothed stick and,
another small, smooth stick. It is used in the ceremonial dances. One end of
the denticulated rod is held in the left hand; a gourd, or any other sounding
object, is fixed on the other end. The long rod is rubbed from the top to the
bottom, and from the bottom to the top, with the other rod held in the right
hand. Length of the denticulated rod, 26 inches; length of the short rod, 12
inches. Shoshone Indians (Shoshonean stock), Wind River Reservation,
Wyoming, 1876. 22026-7. Collected by Maj. J. W. Powell.

Flute.—It consists of two strips of wood, guttered and joined together by a buck-
skin cord, and cemented with rosin. It has six holes for the fingers, made by
burning. The key is of reed. Length, 21 inches; diameter, 12 inches. Sho-
shone (Shoshonean stock), Wind River Reservation. 153065. Collected by
Emilio Granier.

Whistle—Made of the bone of an eagle’s wing. Ornamented with a wrapping of
dyed quills. Length, 8 inches. Sioux Indians. 153923. Collected by Mrs. M.
M. Hazen.

Whistle-—Made of the bone of an eagle’s wing, with a strap of sea-otter skin tied
to the neck of the whistle. Length, 10 inches. Sioux Indians. 153926. Col-
lected by Mrs. M. M. Hazen.

Whistle—Made of the bone of an eagle’s wing. Ornamented with a wrapping of
dyed quills. A buckskin strap, with white quills. Length, 7? inches. Sioux
Indians. 153924. Collected by Mrs. M. M. Hazen.

Rattle.—Made of two pieces of hide, cemented together, forming a ball. The handle
is strengthened by a wooden tube. A feather is cemented to the upper part of
the whistle. Length, 8 inches; diameter, 3? inches. Sioux Indians. 153920.
Collected by Mrs. M. M. Hazen.

Rattle.—A rod covered with buckskin, from which hang many deer hoofs, forming
the timbrel. It has a feather on one side and a wide buckskin loop on the other.
Length, 19 inches. Sioux Indians. 153927. Collected by Mrs. M. M. Hazen.

Whistle (broken).—Made of the bone of an eagle’s wing. A buckskin strap, orna-
mented with white and blue quills. Length, 62inches. Sioux Indians. 153925.
Collected by Mrs. M. M. Hazen.

Flageolet.—Made of reed, covered with quills, painted. It has four holes for the
fingers. A tongue placed in an oblong case produces the sound. Length, 11?
inches; diameter, } inch. Sioux Indians. 153922. Collected by Mrs. M. M.
Hazen.

Small drum.—Made of deerskin drawn over an irregular hoop and fastened with
wooden pegs which project from the whole hoop at intervals of about an inch.
Diameter, 7 inches. Sioux Indians. 153921. Collected by Mrs. M. M. Hazen.

Drumstick.—Made of a straight stick of wood. The knob is of buckskin, stuffed
with hair. The stick and knob are painted red. The little children use it.
Length of the stick, 14% inches; diameter of the knob, about 14 inches. Moki
Indians (Shoshonean stock), Moki Reservation, Arizona. 22553. Collected by
Maj. J. W. Powell.

Drumstick.—The knob is of hair, covered with cloth. The men use it. Length, 22
inches; diameter of the knob, 44 inches. Moki Indians (Shoshonean stock),
Moki Reservation, Arizona. 22553. Collected by Maj. J. W. Powell.

Drumstick (Tatchi).—The two painted with dark colors. The knob is of buckskin,
stuffed with hair. Used by the children. Length of the stick, 13 inches;
diameter of the knob, about 24 inches. Moki Indians (Shoshonean stock), Moki
Reservation, Arizona. 128630. Collected by Mrs. M. E. Stevenson.

Drumstick.—Painted with dark colors. A cloth knob, stuffed with hair, is fastened
to one end of the stick. Length,15 inches. Moki Indians (Shoshonean stock),
Moki Reservation, Arizona. 68919. Collected by Col. James Stevenson.

ies

*

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 179i

Drumstick.—Painted red. A buckskin knob, stuffed with hair and painted red and
black, is tied to one end of the stick. Length, 14+ inches. Moki Indians (Sho-
shonean stock), Moki Reservation, Arizona. 68923. Collected by Col. James
Stevenson.

Drumstick,—Ornamented and painted. A knob, made of buckskin stuffed with hair,
is tied to the end of the stick. Length, 12} inches. Moki Indians (Shoshonean
stock), Moki Reservation, Arizona. 68922. Collected by Col. James Stevenson.

Drumstick.—A knob covered with buckskin is tied to the end of the stick. Length,
18 inches. Moki Indians (Shoshonean stock), Moki Reservation, Arizcna, 1883.
68918. Collected by Col. James Stevenson.

CasE X.

Hat.—Made of spruce-pine root, finely woven, and ornamented with shells, beads,
and painted drawings. Diameter, 15} inches. Aleuts, Aleutian Islands, Alaska.
11378. Collected by Vincent Colyer.

The resemblance of these hats to those of the Chinese is remarkable.

Hunter's hat.—Made of spruce-pine roots, finely woven with cord. Painted blue, with
red and blue drawings on the crown. Ornamented with shells, beads, and two
plumes of walrus hair. Diameter, 16inches. Eskimoof Kadiak Island, Alaska.
74720. Coliected by William J. Fischer.

Head ornament for men.—F ine, dark network, ornamented with small pieces of haliotis
shell. Indians of Pitt River (Palaihnihan stock), Round Valley department,
California. 21378. Collected by Stephen Powers.

Head ornament.—Made of many small pieces of quill, painted red, and placed per-
pendicularly. At equal intervals there are pieces of quill with a portion of the
feather on. The straps to fasten it to the head are of buckskin. Length of
the quill, 24 inches. Indians of McCloud River (Copehan stock), California,
1875. 19276. Collected by Livingston Stone.

Head ornament for men.—Fine, dark network, ornamented on one side with feathers
of very bright colors. Hupa Indians (Athapascan stock), Hupa Valley Reserva-
tion, California, 1874. 21333. Collected by Stephen Powers.

Curl.—Made of hairs from the tail of ahorse. Ornamentformen. Length, 24inches.
Kiowa Indians (Kiowan stock), Kiowa Reservation, Indian Territory, 1891.
152872. Collected by James Mooney.

Shirt ornaments.—Small perfumed bag of yellow cloth, with pendants of lynx and
deer tails sewed to anembroidery of beads. It is worn on the shoulders, breasts,
or backs of men’s and children’s shirts. Kiowa Indians (Kiowan stock), Kiowa
Reservation, Indian Territory, 1891. 152874. Collected by James Mooney.

Pin for arranging the hair.—Of wood, with a head in imitation of the ‘‘mescal” cac-
tus, which the Kiowas eat, and is used tomake the part in the hair. Length,
8 inches. Kiowa Indians (Kiowan stock), Kiowa Reservation, Indian Territory,
1891. 152937. Collected by James Mooney.

Magic ornament for the head.—Made of strings of beads attached to a button of Ger-
man silver. When worn on the head it serves as an amulet, and is probably
used in the celebration of some secret ceremony. Length, 10 inches. Kiowa
Indians (Kiowan stock), Kiowa Reservation, Indian Territory, 1891. 152910.
Collected by James Mooney.

Head ornament.—Made of an eagle’s feather. The quill of the feather is covered
with buckskin embroidered with beads, to which is attached an ornament of
hide embroidered with beads, cut in a circular shape. The men wear this orna-
ment. Kiowa Indians (Kiowan stock), Kiowa Reservation, Indian Territory,
1891. 152871. Collected by James Mooney.

Feather for the head.—The quill is covered with buckskin embroidered with beads,
to which is attached a silver button and a string of blue beads. The men wear
this ornament. Kiowa Indians (Kiowan stock), Kiowa Reservation, Indian
Territory, 1891. 152870. Collected by James Mooney.

»
172 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

Garter.—Made of a ribbon, embroidered with beads, half an inch wide, with little
pendants of ribbon. The men wear it just below the knee. Kiowa Indians
(Kiowan stock}, Kiowa Reservation, Indian Territory, 1891. 152866. Collected
by James Mooney.

Earrings.—Beads of real ‘‘wampum,” with silver ornaments and brass chains. The
men wear them. Kiowa Indians (Kiowan stock), Kiowa Reservation, Indian
Territory, 1891. 152875. Collected by James Mooney.

Warrior’s helmet.—Made of a long band of elk hide, ornamented with figures painted
red and black, two eagle’s feathers placed on thefront. ‘The straps for securing
the helmet on the head are of elk-skin cord. Width of the sash, 62 inches. -
Klamath Indians, (Lutuamian stock), Klamath Reservation, Oregon, 1876.
24095. Collected by L. S. Dyer.

Head ornament.—Made of buckskin, ornamented with woodpeckers’ feathers and
white hair cut from above the feet of the deer. The straps for securing the
ornament on the head are of buckskin. The men use this ornament in the dances.
Length, 24 inches; width, 16 inches. Natano Indians (Athapascan stock), Hupa
Valley Reservation, California, 1885. 77192. Collected by Lieut. P. H. Ray,
U.S. A.

Head ornament.—Made of a wide elk-skin sash, painted red and blue, with many
feathers placed on the front. The strings which serve to fasten the ornament to
the head are of cotton. The young men wear this ornamentin the dances. Width
of the sash, 7} inches. Kenuck Indians (Athapascan stock) Hupa Valley Reser-
vation, California, 1885. 77191. Collected by Lieut. P. H. Ray, U.S.A.

Brush for the head.—Made of porcupine skin. Length, 5} inches. Piute Indians
(Shoshonean stock), Nevada. 19052. Collected by Stephen Powers.

Brush for the head.—Made of fiber. The handle is of buckskin. Length, 6 inches;
width, 34 inches. Hupa Indians (Athapascan stock), California, 1885. 77195.
Collected by Lieut. P. H. Ray, U.S. A. :

Brush for the head.—Made of a pine cone. Length, 5 inches. Tarahumara Indians,
Chihuahua, Mexico, 1885. 126652. Collected by Dr. Edward Palmer.

Louse killer.—Made of four spatulate wooden strips joined together at the end.
Length, 5 inches; width, § inch. Zuni Indians, New Mexico. 41900. Collected
by James Stevenson.

Brush for the head.—Made of soapwort roots. The fibers are secured with packthread
and wax. Length, 5% inches. Ute Indians (Shoshonean stock), Owen River,
California. 19718. Collected by Stephen Powers.

Brush for the head.—Made of vegetable fibers. Length, 15 inches. Ute Indians
(Shoshonean stock), Utah. 12019. Collected by Maj. J. W. Powell.

Belt.—Made of hide, ornamented with deer teeth. The lower edge contains the
incisors of some 230 deer, placed above each other in two rows strongly sewed
to the hide. The belt is fastened to the waist by cords of very strong hide.
Length, 34 inches; width, 2?inches. Eskimoof Fort Alexander, Alaska. 76702.
Collected by J. W. Johnson.

Necklace.—Made of hide, ornamented with deer teeth. The lower border contains
the incisors of 44 deer, placed above each other, and they are strongly sewed to
the hide. Jen walrus teeth hang at the ends of the same number of strings of
white and blue beads. At one end of the necklace there is a hide cord with a
large blue bead, which serves to insert it in a loop at the other end, in order to
secure it and fasten it to the neck. Length, 174 inches; width, 1} inches.
Eskimo of Fort Alexander, Alaska, 1886. 127647. Collected by J. W. Johnson.

Belt.—Made of hide, ornamented with transverse fringes of white and blue beads.
Length, 31 inches; width, 12 inches. Eskimo of Fort Alexander, Alaska, 1886.
127646. Collected by J. W. Johnson.

-COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. Lie

Woman’s belt.—Made of hide, ornamented with deer teeth. The lower part contains
the incisors of 51 deer, placed above each other, and strongly sewed to the hide.
Length, 26 inches; width, 14 inches. Eskimo of St. Michaels Island, Alaska.
48690. Collected by E. W. Nelson.

Bow for the hair.—Made of a rod curved in the shape of a bow. Used by the Moki
maidens. Length, 7? inches; width, 7? inches. Moki Indians (Shoshonean
stock), Arizona, 1876. 22539. Collected by O. D. Wheeler.

The Moki maidens use this characteristic ornament in dressing their hair,
inserted in the hair, and placed in such a way that it presents the appearance of
two large ears or wings on both sides of the head.

Ornament for the head.—Made of a strip of wood bent in the shape of a bow. Used
by the Moki maidens. Length, 114 inches; width, 11 inches. Moki Indians
(Shoshonean stock), Arizona, 1876. 41916. Collected by O. D. Wheeler.

Ornament for the head.—Made of a strip of wood bent in the shape of a bow. Used
by the Moki maidens. Length, 9 inches; width, 12? inches, Moki Indians
(Shoshonean stock), Arizona, 1876. 22541. Collected by O. D. Wheeler.

Curler.—Rod bent in the shape of a yoke. Used by the Moki women. Length, 54
inches; width, 3? inches. Moki Indians (Shoshonean stock), New Mexico. 9546.
Collected by Dr. Edward Palmer.

Ornament for the head.—Two flat rectangles of wood, with the borders painted
black. Used by the women to bind the hair above the ears. Length, 44 inches;
width, 2%inches. Zuni Indians (Zunian stock), New Mexico. 69406. Collected
by Maj. J. W. Powell.

Toilet bag.—Made of hide, embroidered with beads, with a fringe of twisted buck-
skin cords. Length, 9 inches; width, 4 inches. Kiowa Indians (Kiowan stock),
Kiowa Reservation, Indian Territory, 1891. 152889 (a). Collected by James
Mooney.

These bags serve to hold paint, mirrors, combs, ‘‘mescal,” feathers, jewels,
savings, etc. :

Fire bag.—Made of hide, with bead embroidery. On the side it has a hand embroid-
ered in red beads on a background of blue beads. Length, 4% inches; width, 44
inches. Kiowa Indians (Kiowa stock), Kiowa Reservation, Indian Territory,
1891. 152890. Collected by James Mooney.

The “‘fire bags” are worn suspended from the waist. They contain the flint,
steel, and tinder for striking fire.

Woman’s belt.—Wide hide band ornamented with stamped figures, beads, and but-
tons of German silver, on a background of red ribbon. Brass buckle. Length,
40? inches; width, 24 inches. Kiowa Indians (Kiowan stock), Kiowa Reserva-
tion, Indian Territory, 1891. 152867. Collected by James Mooney.

Maiden’s belt.—Made of tanned hide, ornamented with large buttons of German
silver. The cases for the knife and awl and the bag for perfumes, etc., are
attached to the belt. Length, 29 inches; width, 2 inches. Kiowa Indians
(Kiowan stock), Kiowa Reservation, Indian Territory, 1891. 152869. Collected
by James Mooney.

Brooch.—lt consists of two buckskin loops embroidered with beads, united by a cord,
having buttons of German silver in the center. It is used for fastening the
blanket to the body. Diameter, 2 inches. Kiowa Indians (Kiowan stock),
Kiowa Reservation, Indian Territory, 1891. 152881 (b). Collected by James
Mooney.

Perfumery bag for maiden.—Made of beaded hide, ornamented with metal hoops.
Used for holding aromatic plants. It is worn suspended from the belt. Length,
5+ inches; width, 34 inches. Kiowa Indians (Kiowan stock), Kiowa Reserva-
tion, Indian Territory, 1891. 152886. Collected by James Mooney.

Maiden’s necklace.—Buckskin thong, with beads. Kiowa Indians (Kiowan stock),
Kiowa Reservation, Indian Territory, 1891. 152864. Collected by James Mooney.

174 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

Necklace.—Made of white glass beads (imitation of the old ‘‘wampum”), with beads
and pieces of hide at intervals. A ribbon embroidered with beads hangs from
either end. Kiowa Indians (Kiowan stock), Kiowa Reservation, Indian Terri-
tory, 1891. 152863. Collected by James Mooney.

Head ornament for men.—lt consists of a circular piece of hide, with a button of Ger-
man silver in the center, surrounded by an embroidery of beads, and pendants
of ribbons of bright colors. Diameter, 1? inches. Kiowa Indians (Kiowan
stock), Kiowa Reservation, Indian Territory, 1891. 152873 (c). Collected by
James Mooney.

Head ornament for men.—It consists of four strings of beads, fastened by a silver button
to a small piece of sea-otter skin. These ornaments are sometimes consecrated,
and a religious meaning is given to them. Length, 13 inches. Kiowa Indians
(Kiowan stock), Kiowa Reservation, Indian Territory, 1891. 152873 (b). Col-
lected by James Mooney.

Head ornament for men.—Ring of white beads, from which hang a small piece of sea-
otter skin, a silver button, and many ribbons and blue beads. Length, 13 inches.
Kiowa Indians (Kiewan stock), Kiowa Reservation, Indian Territory, 1891.
152873 (a). Collected by James Mooney.

Necklace and war whistle.—Necklace of beads, from which hang three united feathers
and a war whistle made of the bone of an eagle’s wing. The whistles made of
eagles’ bones are the war trumpets of the Kiowas. Kiowa Indians (Kiowan stock),
Kiowa Reservation, Indian Territory, 1891. 152862. Collected by James Mooney.

Man’s necklace.—It consists of a hide cord with beads, small pieces of lead, brass,
and iron, to which are attached an iron ring and a cloth bag with perfumes.
Kiowa Indians (Kiowan stock), Kiowa Reservation, Indian Territory, 1891.
152865. Collected by James Mooney.

Ornament for blankets.—It consists of four circular pieces of hide embroidered with
beads, joined together by four little strips of the same material, ornamented in
the same manner. Length, 61 inches. Kiowa Indians (Kiowan stock), Kiowa
Reservation, Indian Territory, 1891. 152835. Collected by James Mooney.

These ornaments are used for decorating the front borders of the blankets.
The beadwork displays great skill.

Ornament for blankets.—Made of four circular pieces of buckskin, embroidered with
beads, joined together by four little strips of the same material, ornamented in
the same manner. It is sewed to the border all around the blanket. Length,
28 inches. Kiowa Indians (Kiowan stock), Kiowa Reservation, Indian Terri-
tory, 1891. 152888. Collected by James Mooney.

Strips for garters.—Of buckskin, with embroidery of beads. Length, 26 inches;
width 31 inches. Kiowa Indians (Kiowan stock), Kiowa Reservation, Indian
Territory, 1891. 152834 (c). Collected by James Mooney.

These strips are sewed, as an ornament, to the men’s garters. This is a
remarkable specimen of beadwork.

Ornament for blankets.—Made of four circular pieces of buckskin, joined together
by strips of the same material. The whole ornament is decorated with beads,
bells, and ribbons. Length, 33 inches. Cheyenne Indians (Algonkian stock),
Cheyenne and Arapahoe Reservation, Indian Territory, 1891. 152815. Collected
by James Mooney.

Bracelets (3).—Very primitive specimen. Made of two twisted copper wires. T’lingit
Indians (Koluschan stock), Alaska, 1891. 153197-8-9. Collected by Lieut.
George T. Emmons, U.S. N.

Bracelets (3),—Native manufacture. Made of twisted brass wire. T’lingit Indians
(Koluschan stock), Alaska, 1891. 153200 (a). Collected by Lieut. George T.
Emmons, U.S. N.

Bracelet.—Made of a flat, plain strip of brass. ative manufacture. T’lingit
Indians (Koluschan stock), Alaska, 1891. 153200(b). Collected by Lieut. George
T. Emmons, U.S.N.

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 175

Bracelet.—Native manufacture. Made of strips of brass, with chiseled ornaments.
T’lingit Indians (Koluschan stock), Alaska, 1891. 153200(c). Collected by
Lieut. George T. Emmons, U.S.N.

Bracelet.—Native manufacture. Made of thick copper wire, without ornaments.
T’lingit Indians (Koluschan stock), Alaska, 1891. 153196. Collected by Lieut.
George T. Emmons, U.S. N.

Bracelets (2).—Native manufacture. Made of a strong strip of copper. Tlingit
Indians (Koluschan stock), Alaska, 1891. Collected by Lieut. George T. Emmons,
U.S.N.

Bracelet.—Made of a silver coin, forged with the hammer. Ornamented with
engraved totemic drawings. Without clasp. Width, 14 inch. Haida Indians
(Skittagetan stock), British Columbia. 20251. Collected by James G. Swan.

The Haida Indians are the most practiced silversmiths of the northwest coast.

Bracelet.—Made of a silver coin, forged with a hammer. Without ornaments and
without clasp. Width, ;j; inch. ‘T’lingit Indians (Koluschan stock), Alaska.
19545. Collected by James G. Swan.

Bracelet.—Made of a silver coin, and ornamented with the totemic drawing of the
bear. Haida Indians (Skittagetan stock), Queen Charlotte Islands, British
Columbia. 20251. Collected by James G. Swan.

The Haida Indians are the best sculptors and the most expert silversmiths
of the coast.

Napkin ring.—Made of silver, with the head and wings of the American eagle engraved
on it. Diameter, 14 inches; width, 13 inches. Haida Indians (Skittagetan
stock), British Columbia. 20257. Coliected by James G. Swan.

Bracelet.—Made of a silver coin, forged with the hammer. Ornamented with
engraved totemic drawings. Fastened around the wrist with a clasp. Width,
1% inches. T’lingit Indians (Koluschan stock), Alaska. 19532. Collected by

- James G. Swan.
The silver bracelets have replaced those of iron, copper, bone, and shell, which
the Indians of the northwest coast formerly used.

Bracelet.—Made of a silver coin; ornamented with the totemic drawings of the
bear. Haida Indians (Skittagetan stock), Queen Charlotte Islands, British
Columbia, 20251. Collected by James G. Swan.

Bracelet,—Made of copper with incrusted shells. Width, 2inch, T’lingit Indians
(Koluschan stock), Fort Wrangel, Alaska. 19529. Collected by James G. Swan.

Bracelet.—Made of a silver coin, forged with the hammer. Ornamented with totemic
engravings. Secured around the wrist by a clasp. Width, inch. T’lingit
Indians (Koluschan stoek), Alaska. 19541. Collected by James G. Swan.

Bracelet.—Made of a silver coin, forged with the hammer. Ornamented with totemic
engravings. Secured around the wrist by a clasp. 21603. Collected by Dr. J.
B. White, U.S.A.

Smoking set.—It is composed of four pieces: Pipe with a long wooden stem, engraved
and painted, and a catlinite bowl; a buckskin tobacco bag, magnificently orna-
mented with embroidery of beads and with buckskin fringes dyed yellow; a
buckskin bag, containing the flint and a piece of tinder, and a pricker (for
cleaning the pipe), which is placed in a case embroidered with beads, and which,
together with the tinder bag, is tied to a belt. Sioux Indians, Dakota. 8481,
131827-8. Collected by J. P. Kimball and Mrs. A. C. Jackson.

Gloves.—Made of buckskin, stuffed and lined with cloth, and ornamented with
embroidery of beads. Length, 10} inches; width, 5 inches. Sioux Indians,
Devils Lake Reservation, Dakota. 23741. Collected by Paul Beckwith.

Tobacco bag.—Made of buckskin and ornamented with bead embroidery. Length,
72 inches; width, 3{ inches. Yankton Indians (Siouan stock), Yankton Reser-
vation, Dakota. 8393. Collected by F. W. McGuire.

176 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

Bag.—Made of buckskin, ornamented with bead embroidery and buckskin fringes.
Length, 16 inches; width, 6} inches. Sioux Indians, Devils Lake Reservation,
Dakota. 23747. Collected by Paul Beckwith.

Purse.— Made of buckskin, ornamented with bead embroidery and tin rings. Length,
34 inches; width, 3} inches. Sioux Indians. 113348. Collected by Mrs. A.C.
Jackson.

Ornament for the ankle.—Made of the skin of the American skunk, tanned, and orna-
mented on the inside with sacred red painting. Used by the medicine men.
Length, 40 inches; width, 4 inches. Ojibwa Indians (Algonkian stock), White
Earth Reservation, Minnesota, 1891. 153026. Collected by Dr. W. J. Hoffman.

Magic purse for maidens.—A weasel skin. Ojibwa Indians (Algonkian stock), White
Earth Reservation, Minnesota, 1891. 153047. Collected by Dr. W. J. Hoffman.

Armlet.—Made of hide. It is worn just above the elbow. Used only by the medi-
cine men. Length, 36 inches; width, 24 inches. Ojibwa Indians (Algonkian
stock), White Earth Reservation, Minnesota, 1891. 153027 (b). Collected by Dr.
W. J. Hoffman.

Armlet.—A strip of red flannel; it is worn just above the elbow. Used only by the
medicinemen. Length, 54 inches; width, 24 inches. Ojibwa Indians (Algonkian
stock), White Earth Reservation, Minnesota, 1891. 153027(a). Collected by
Dr. W. J. Hoffman.

Purse.—Embroidered with brass; made of red flannel. The front and back of the
purse are ornamented with bead embroidery, forming beautiful figures. The
sides are trimmed with bright blue and green ribbons. On the edges are sewed
bands of beads, from which hang small tassels of twisted yarn. Length, 16
inches; width, 114 inches. Chippewa Indians (Algonkian stock), White River
Reservation, Minnesota. 129889. Collected by Lieut. H. M. Creel, U.S. A.

This purse belonged to Wild Goose, a Chippewa chief. The Chippewas are
celebrated for their skill in bead embroidery. -

CASE XI.

Fishing line.-—Made of the stem of the Alga marina gigantea. The stem is about
1. inch thick, and greatly resembles a grapevine stem. It is very tender, and
breaks easily when dry, but when soaked in water it increases greatly in
volume and becomes extremely tough. Haida Indians (Skittagetan stock),
Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia, 1883. 88869. Collected by James
G. Swan.

The Alga marina gigantea grows in the water at the depth of 3 to 30 fathoms,
(A fathom is equal to 6 feet.) Near the root it is about + inch in diameter, and
is very strong. As it grows it expands and grows hollow from about half of its
height. At the end it has a large, hollow bulb, from which issue long, narrow
leaves. The Indians cut this plant with a knife made in the shape of a V, at the
end in which the cutting edge is fixed. This implement is placed over the plant,
and is allowed to slide to the bottom. By drawing hard on the cord which
holds it the plant is cut near the root. The hard part of the stem is the only
part that is uscd for fishing lines. Bottles for holding oil are made of the bulb.

Lasso.—Made of light and chestnut buffalo hair. Thickness, about} inch. Coman-
che Indians (Shoshonean stock), Fort Cobb, Indian Territory. 6922 (b). Col-
lected by Dr. .dward Palmer.

Lasso.—Made of braided buffalo hair. Thickness, about +inch. Comanche Indians
(Shoshonean stock), Fort Cobb, Indian Territory. 6922 (a). Collected by Dr.
Edward Palmer.

Lasso.—Four strips of hide plaited in around form. Articles for trading transac-
tions. Indians of Round Valley Reservation, California, 1889. 131150. Col-
lected by A. J. Purcell.

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. LET

Awl.—Made of walrus-tusk ivory. Ornamented with several bands of parallel lines
engraved around it. It has a ball carved on the end of the handle. Length,
91 inches; width, 2 inch. Eskimo of Paimut, Alaska. 38378. Collected by
E. W. Nelson.

Awl.—Made of walrus-tusk ivory. The handle is ornamented with two sets of
engraved circles, between which there is a figure resembling an X. On the end
of the handle there are two balls, one above the other. Length, 64 inches;
diameter, 2 inch. Eskimo of Cape Vancouver, Alaska. 387751. Collected by
E. W. Nelson.

Awl.—Made of walrus-tusk ivory. The handle is ornamented with engraved figures of
a shape resembling a diamond, and with many circles and crosses. The head of a
fish is carved on the end of the handle. Length, 7 inches; diameter, ~ inch.
Eskimo of St. Michaels Island, Alaska. 24451. Collected by Lucien M. Turner.

Awl.—Made of walrus-tusk ivory. Ornamented with lines engraved from the top to
the bottom, extending to within 3 inches of the point. Length, 9 inches; width,
2inch. Eskimo of Norton Sound, Alaska. 33257. Collected by E, W. Nelson.

Awl.—Made of walrus-tusk ivory. The end of the handle represents a fish, near
which it has a set of parallel lines,engraved around it, and many short vertical
lines, and among them many signs or figures of the form of an X. Length, 84
inches; width,4inch. Eskimo of Paimut, Alaska. 37988. Collected by E. W.
Nelson.

Awl.—Made of walrus-tusk ivory. The handle is ornamented with four sets of
parallel lines engraved around it and diagonals over them and other short per-
pendicular lines at the point. The end of the handle has the shape of the tail
of a fish. Length, 8 inches; diameter, }inch. Eskimo of St, Michaels Island,
Alaska. 24449. Collected by Lucien M. Turner.

Awl.—Made of walrus-tusk ivory. The handle is ornamented with a series of parallel
lines engraved around 1t. An ivory chain hangs from the end of the handle. A
part of the last link of the chain is carved in the form of the tail of a fish.
Length, 9 inches; diameter, 2 inch. Eskimo of Lower Kuskoquwim, Alaska.
36631. Collected by E. W. Nelson.

Awl.—tThe point is of iron, the handle is of walrus-tusk ivory, carved in the form of
a fish. Tufts of hair are fixed in some holes bored in the back of the fish.
Length of the handle, 2? inches; length of the blade, 3} inches. Eskimo of Cape
Vancouver, Alaska. 37304. Collected by E. W. Nelson.

Awl.—The point is of iron. The handle is of walrus-tusk ivory, ornamented with
three sets of engraved borders. On the end of the handle are two ornaments,
placed one above the other; the first is of the shape of the spindle, and the sec-
ond of that of a ball, ornamented with a great number of dots. Length of the
handle, 34 inches; lengthof the blade, 3tinches. Eskimo of Chalitmut, Alaska.
37621. Collected by E. W. Nelson.

Awl.—The blade is of iron. The handle is of walrus-tusk ivory, ornamented with
engraved lines, borders, and dots. A chain curved out of ivory hangs from the
end of the handle of the awl. Length of the handle, 24 inches; length of the
point, 14 inches. Eskimo of Chalitmut, Alaska, 387752. Collected by E. W.
Nelson.

Awl.—The point is of iron. The handle is of walrus-tusk ivory, carved to represent
a fish, ornamented with engraved borders, dots, and lines. Length of the handle,
3} inches; length of the point, 3}inches. Eskimo of Nulokhtologomute, Alaska.
38385. Collected by E. W. Nelson.

Stone hammer.—The head is round; the handle 4 sapling, covered with hide. The
head has a hole bored in it, in which the handle is inserted. It is used for
pounding meat, breaking bones, driving tent pins, etc. Length, 13 to 154 inches.
Kiowa Indians (Kiowan stock), Kiowa Reservation, Indian Territory, 1891.
152996. Collected by James Mooney.

H. Ex. 100 12

178 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

Pestle.—Used for pounding meat which has been dried in the sun until it is in a con.
dition to be pulverized. This pestle is placed in a hide case. Length, 5} inches.
Kiowa Indians (Kiowan stock), Kiowa Reservation, Indian Territory, 1891-
153004. Collected by James Mooney.

Hammer.—The head is of wood; the handle is of hide. It is used for break-
ing bones, pounding wild cherries, ete. Length of the head, 5 inches; length
of the handle, 53 inches. Cheyenne Indians (Algonkian stock), Cheyenne and
Arapahoe Reservation, Indian Territory, 1891. 152812. Collected by James
Mooney.

Barbed harpoon and sheath.—The shaft is of wood, and is joined to the foreshaft,
which is of bone, by a fastening of cord of sinew. The dart is inserted in the
bone, and has two barbs cut at the point. The sheath is composed of two exca-
vated pieces of wood, fastened together by a cord of sinew. Length of the har-
poon, 13 inches; length of the sheath, 43 inches. Eskimo of Ugashik, Alaska,
1885. 127763. Collected by William J. Fisher.

Spear points (4) and sheath.—The shafts are of wood. The blades are of iron, inserted
in the handle, and secured by whalebone fastenings. The’ sheath is of hide.
Length, from 15 to 18 inches. Eskimo of Port Clarence, Alaska. 46078. Col-
lected by Dr. W. H. Dall.

It is used for killing whales, walrus, etc., after they have been wounded and
caught, and also as a dagger.

Dagger and sheath.—The handle is of wood, with a hilt made of a piece of stag horn,
which is fastened to the handle with a ligature of hide and sinew. The blade
is of copper, and is inserted in the hilt and secured by a rivet. The sheath is
composed of two hollow pieces of wood, fastened strongly together by a
sewing of seal skin. Length of the dagger, 10} inches; length of the sheath,
72 inches. Eskimo of Nunivak Island, Alaska. 16356. Collected by Dr. W. H.
Dall.

Dagger and sheath.—The upper part of the handle is of wood, the lower is of stag
horn. The blade is of iron and is secured by a rivet. The sheath is composed
of two pieces of excavated wood, strongly fastened together by a hide sewing.
Length of the handle, 98 inches; length of the blade, 23 inches. Eskimo of
Nunivak Island, Alaska. 16360. Collected by Dr. W. H. Dall.

Spectacles.—Made of spruce pine painted red, and the ends rubbed with graphite.
The eyepieces are separate and are oval and concave, and have horizontal slits
to look through. Ornamented with white and red beads. Length, 74 inches;
width, 2 inches. Eskimo of St. Michaels Island, Alaska. 24339. Collected by
L. M. Turner.

The natives use these ‘‘goggles” to guard against the blindness produced by
the snow and against the sphthalmia caused by the reflection of the sun on the
mist which rises from the snow during thaws.

Spectacles.—Made of light wood. They are of a very convex shape, and have no
visor. The holes for the eyes are very large, and are probably arranged for
placing in them dark-colored lenses. Length, 54 inches; width, 2 inches.
Eskimo of St. Lawrence Island, Alaska. 63269. Collected by E. W. Nelson.

Spectacles.—Made of light wood, without a visor. They have a cavity for the nose
toward the top and toward the bottom, in order that the apparatus may be used
indiscriminately on either side. A simple horizontal cut serves for both eyes;
they have no fastening. Length, 5} inches; width, 1} inches. Eskimo of Nor-
ton Bay, Alaska. 44329. Collected by E. W. Nelson.

Spectacles.—A broad visor characterizes this apparatus. The orifices for sight were
at first separate, but the wood having split, the two halves are joined together
by little pegs. The spectacles are of a graceful shape, which permits their being
well adjusted to the nose and the cheeks. Length, 6 inches; width, 2} inches,
Eskimo of Sledge Island, Alaska. 45075. Collected by E. W. Nelson.

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 179

Spectacles.—Made of damaged wood, covered with a double strip of canvas, to which
are glued little pieces of glass placed in such a way that they come in front of
the eyeholes in the wood. Length, 8 inches; width, 3 inches. Eskimo of
Diomede Island, Alaska. 63626. Collected by E. W. Nelson.

Spectacles.—Made of wood; a sphere, without a visor. The eyeholes are cut in the
exact shape of the eye. A rough, nose-shaped bridge is glued to the outside,
and there is a slight cavity on the inside for the nose. Length, 6} inches; width,
2 inches. Eskimo of Sabotnisky, Alaska. 48996. Collected by E. W. Nelson.

Spectacles.—Made of spruce pine. This apparatus is characterized by a narrow visor,
an elliptical hole for the two eyes, and a cavity for the nose. Secured by hide
strips. Crude specimen. Length, 6} inches; width, 1} inches. Eskimo of the
Lower Yukon, Alaska. 38704. Collected by E. W. Nelson.

Sheathes for knives (2).—One is of tanned leather; the other of rawhide. The men
use them. Length, 194 inches. Kiowa Indians (Kiowan stock), Kiowa Reserva-
tion, Indian Territory, 1891. 152977. Collected by James Mooney.

Cases for knives.—Made of tanned leather ornamented with brass-headed tacks. The
men use them. Length, 10, 13, and 16 inches. Kiowa Indians (Kiowan stock),
Kiowa Reservatioh, Indian Territory, 1891. 152891. Collected by James Mooney.

Needlecase.—Made of walrus-tusk ivory. A small chain made of the same material
hangs from the end. Length,9 inches. Eskimoof Cape Darby, Alaska. 44173.
Collected by E. W. Nelson.

Needlecase.—It consists of a copper tube, through which passes a strip of hide in
which the needles are stuck. A small chain made of ivory hangs from the end.
Length, 16inches. Eskimo of St. Michaels Island, Norton Sound, Alaska. 24467.
Collected by L. M. Turner.

Needlecase.—It consists of a tube of walrus-tusk ivory, through which passes a strip
of hide in which the needles are stuck. Two ivory pendants hang from each end
of the strip of hide. Length, 16 inches. Eskimo of St. Michaels Island, Norton
Sound, Alaska. 24493. Collected by L. M. Turner.

Thimble and needles.—The thimble is of walrus skin, and is used on the thumb. The
needles are of ivory, and have eyes made in the same way as the needles among
civilized nations. Eskimo of Point Barrow, Alaska. 89395. Collected by Lieut.
Epp vaiye Winosae

Needlecases (2).—Made of tubes of walrus-tusk ivory, through which pass folded
strips of hide in which the needles are stuck. The tubes have ornaments of
blue beads. Length,8 inches; diameter, ? inch. Eskimo of Mackenzie River,
British America. 2088. Collected by R. McFarlane.

Needlecase.—Made of a tube of carved ivory, through which passes a strip of hide
in which the needles are stock. From each end of the strip of hide hang two
knife-shaped pieces of ivory, which are used for creasing the soles of the boots.
Length, 12 inches. Eskimo of St. Michaels Island, Norton Sound, Alaska.
24494, Collected by L. M. Turner.

Trinket box.—A small oval box, carved out of wood. The hinges and the fastening
are of rawhide. Length, 4 inches; width, 1} inches. Eskimo of Cape Nome,
Alaska. 45348. Collected by E. W. Nelson.

Trinket box.—Carved out of wood and ornamented with inlays of ivory. Length,
4} inches; width, 2 inches. Eskimo of Nunivak Island, Alaska. 43878. Col-
lected by E. W. Nelson.

Trinket box.—Made of wood. The box and the lid are carved in the shape of a
walrus. There are ornaments of incrusted blue beads on the lid. Length, 7
inches; width, 24 inches. Eskimo of St. Lawrence Island, Alaska. 63267.
Collected by E. W. Nelson.

Trinket box.—Carved in wood in the shape of a hu:iaan head. Ornamented with
white glass and ivory beads. The upper part is painted red and the lower
black. Diameter, 3 inches. Eskimo of Kushunuk, Alaska. 36280. Collected
by E. W. Nelson.

.

180 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

Trinket box.—The top and bottom are carved out of wood. The sides are of birch
bark. Length, 3 inches; width, 1}inches. Eskimo of Chalimut, Alaska. 36279.
Collected by E. W. Nelson.

Box for keeping spear and harpoon points.—The entire box is made of a single piece
of wood, carved in the shape of a boat. Length, 9% inches; width, 24 inches.
Eskimo of Nunivak Island, Alaska. 58253. Collected by E. W. Nelson.

Box.—Made of a single piece of wood, carved in the shape of a walrus. It is used
for keeping harpoon points. Length, 94 inches; width, 2} inches. Eskimo of
Cape Nome, Alaska. 44458. Collected by E. W. Nelson.

Case for fancywork.—Made of a single piece of wood, painted red, and ornamented
with engravings. Grooved lid. Length, 74 inches; width, 1? inches. Eskimo
of Cape Nome, Alaska, 45514. Collected by E. W. Nelson.

Rabbit clubs.—They consist of a curved branch or a flat strip of wood, worked from
a branch, resembling the boomerang, and are used for killing rabbits and other
game. The rough sort consists in a branch naturally curved, and there are all
grades from this to the flat painted club with a worked hand grip. Moki and
Zuni Indians of Arizona and New Mexico. 69202-446-508-525, 41980, and 84258.
Collected by James Stevenson and Victor Mindeleff.

Slings (5).—They consist of a piece of tanned hide folded equally, and having for
cords strips of leather. They are used for killing small game. Indians of Cal-
ifornia and New Mexico.

Slings (4).—Of the same kind as the preceding. Eskimo of St. Lawrence Island,
Alaska. 63256-515 and 46016-17. Collected by E. W. Nelson and Dr. W. H.
Dall.

Bird bolas.—Composed of 4 oval pieces of wood, attached to short strips of hide
joined together at the ends. They are used for hunting waterfowl. The balls
are thrown at the flock of birds when they fly up, and some of them are struck
and knocked down by the implement. Eskimo of St. Lawrence Island, Alaska.
63259. Collected by E. W. Nelson.

Bird bolas.—They consist of eight pieces of ivory carved in the shape of the heads
of various animals. The balls are attached to each other by long strips of hide.
This implement is used for hunting waterfowl, throwing them at the flock of
birds when they fly up, so that some of them are struck and knocked down.
Eskimo of Point Hope. 63815. Collected by E. W. Nelson.

Bird bolas.—They consist of four pieces of wood carved in the shape of an egg,
attached to a bunch of quills by long cords of sinew. They are used for hunt-
ing waterfowl.. The balls are thrown at the flock of birds as they take flight,
and some of them are entdngled and brought te the ground. Eskimo of St.
Lawrence Island, Alaska. 63258. Collected by E, W. Nelson.

Bird bolas.—They consist of four pieces of bone of about the size of a hen’s egg,
attached to four braids of cord made of sinew. They are used for hunting water-
fow!. The apparatus is thrown at the flock of birds as they take flight, and
some of them are entangled and brought to the ground. Eskimo of St. Law-
rence Island, Alaska. 63262. Collected by E. W. Nelson.

Bird bolas.—They consist of four walrus teeth, attached to each other by long cords.
They are used for hunting water hens. The projectile is hurled at the flock of
birds as they take flight, and some of them fall to the ground entangled by the
apparatus. Eskimo of Shaktolik, Alaska. 38404. Collected by E. W. Nelson.

Club for killing sea otters.—Carved in the form of the animal itself. Haida Indians
(Skittagetan stock), Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia. 88828. Col-
lected by James G. Swan.

Club for killing seals.—Carved in the shape of awalrus. Haida Indians (Skittagetan
stock), Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia. 88824. Collected by James
G. Swan.

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 181

Club for killing seals. —Carved in the shape of a walrus. Haida Indians (Skittage-
tan stock), Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia. 88980. Collected by
James G. Swan.

Block.—Made of walrus-tusk ivory. It is used for handling the cords of the sails
of the boats. Length, 14 inches; width, § inch. Eskimo of Sledge Island,
Alaska. 44753. Collected by E. W. Nelson.

Block.—Made of very bright walrus-tusk ivory. It is used for handling the cords
of the sails of the boats. Length, 1? inches; width, ~ inch. Eskimo of St.
Lawrence Island, Alaska. 63370. Collected by E. W. Nelson.

Detacher, or disentangler.—Made of walrus-tusk ivory. It is used for facilitating the
handling of cords of the harpoon. Length, 1? inches; width, inch. Eskimo
of Kushunuk, Alaska. 37053. Collected by E. W. Nelson.

Disentangler.—Made of walrus-tusk ivory. It is used for facilitating the handling
of the cords of the harpoon. Length, 1? inches; width, ? inch. Eskimo of
Sabotnisky, Alaska. 49009. Collected by E. W. Nelson.

Disentangler.—Made of walrus-tusk ivory. One end is carved in the shape of the
head of a bear. It is used for facilitating the management of the cords of the
harpoon. Length, 1} inches; width, ? inch. Eskimoof Askinuk, Alaska. 37056.

. Collected by E. W. Nelson.

Disentangler.—Made of walrus-tusk ivory. It is used for facilitating the manage-
ment of the cords of the harpoon when they become tangled or twisted, or when
it is desired to change the harpoon-head. Length, 2 inches; width, ¢ inch.
Eskimo of Chalitmut, Alaska. 38006. Collected by E. W. Nelson.

Guide.—Made of walrus-tusk ivory, ornamented with engraved circles. It is used
for preventing the two cords of the line from becoming entangled. Length, 14
inches; width,+ inch. Eskimo of Kushunuk, Alaska. 37087. Collected by E.
W. Nelson.

Guide.—Made of walrus-tusk ivory, carved in the form of a bear. It is used for
preventing the two cords of the line from becoming entangled. Length, 1
inches; width,+ inch. Eskimo of Paimut, Alaska. 37218. Collected by E. W.
Nelson.

Seal drag.—-Composed of a hide strap, attached to a handle of walrus-tusk ivory, on
which two seals’ heads are carved. It is used for towing the dead seals.
Length, 8 inches. Eskimo of St. Lawrence Island, Alaska, 33663. Collected
by E. W. Nelson.

Seal drag.—Composed of hide cord, attached to a handle of walrus-tusk ivory. Just
at the end the handle has a hole to pass the strap through. Itis used for towing
the dead seals. Length, 144 inches. Eskimo of Point Barrow, Alaska. 89469.
Collected by Lieut. P. H. Ray, U.S.A.

Seal drag.—Composed of a hide strap, attached to a handle of walrus-tusk ivory,
carved in the shape of aseal’s head. It is used for towing the dead seals. Length,
14 inches. Eskimo of Cape Darby, Alaska. 44153. Collected by E. W. Nelson.

Seal drag.—Composed of a hide strap, attached to a handle of ivory carved in the
form of aseal. It is used for towing the deadseals. Length, 11 inches. Eskimo
of Cape Nome, Alaska. 44579-80. Collected by EK. W. Nelson.

Hook for workbag.—A small piece of walrus-tusk ivory, with ornaments, at intervals
of about an inch, of five small pieces of wood set into the ivory with engraved
circles around them. A small hole in the ivory serves to give passage to the cord
with which the bag is closed. Length, 54 inches; width, } inch. Eskimo of
Chalitmut, Alaska. 37616. Collected by E. W. Nelson.

Baskets.—Made of strips of spruce-pine root, dyed vine and fern stalks. Tliese bas-
kets are a magnificent demonstration of the dexterity in weaving and of the
artistic skill of the Indians of the northwest coast of North America. Makah
Indians (Wakashan stock), Washington. Collected by Lieut. F. W. Ring,U.S. A.

182 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

Braided baskets.—Not finished; showing the process of braiding; the twigs dyed by
the Jndians and used in the manufacture of basket work. Moki Indians, Ari-
zona. 128711. Collected by Mrs. M. E. Stevenson.

Woven, twisted, and braided basket work.—Baskets in a state of elaboration, displaying
the method of making the three principal kinds of coiled basketry.

Materials for the manufacture of baskets.—Exhibit of the elaboration of the basket,
from the raw material to its complete form; the impJements used by the basket
makers; baskets in various stages of elaboration, and coiled baskets. Moki
Indians (Shoshonean stock), Arizona. Collected by James Stevenson.

Basket of birch bark.—Fancy embroidery, with dyed quills. Micmac Indians (Algon-
kian stock), Nova Scotia. Collected by R. B. Hough.

Basket work —Twined sieves and winnowing trays of the southwest of the United
States Ute Indians (Shoshonean stock), Utah and Nevada. Collected by Maj.
J W. Powell.

Double wallets —Made of grass, neatly trimmed and festooned with thick braid;
ornamented with colored wools. Aleut Indians (Eskimauan stock), Aleutian
Islands, Alaska. Collected by Dr. W. H. Dall.

Belt-weaver’s equipment.—The cotton is stretched on a bed of sand, and is vigorously
beaten with a flexible rod to card it; it is spun very fine with a spindle, and is
used for the manufacture of belts, blankets, ete., of superior quality. Moki
Indians (Shoshonean stock), Arizona. Collected by James Stevenson.

Apparatus for comminuting cedar bark.—Consisting of a breaking frame, an imple-
ment for comminuting the bark, and a woman’s skirt.

The giant cedar (Thuja gigantea) grows along the whole Pacific Coast of North
America, and in southeast Alaska, British Columbia, Washington, and Oregon.
The development of all the industries among the natives of the countries men-
tioned is due to the wood and bark of this tree.

The bark is torn from the tree in pieces, as is done by our tan-bark gatherers,
with the rib bone of a deer, to which implement is given the name of “bark
stripper.”’ One side of this implement is used for marking and splitting the
sections and the other for severing the piece from the trunk.

The comminuted bark is used for manufacturing stuffs for petticoats and
other articles. It is prepared by putting a strip of inside bark in the wooden
frame, No. 127868, and it is broken to pieces with a wooden or bone implement.
The bark is then softened by rubbing it between the hands. Usually, packages
or bundles are made of it, and it is sold by weight. It is used for clothes, mat-
tresses, etc. "

Ornaments for petticoats.—Made of long strips of frayed cedar bark, united by a cord,
and with a cotton fringe at the bottom. Length, 17 inches. Quinaielt Indians
(Salishan stock), Quinaielt Agency, Washington Territory, 1887. 127867. Col-
lected by Charles Willoughby.

Equipment of weaver of rush mats.—Consisting of rushes, needles, bark fiber, and
creasers for flattening the seams. Quinaielt Indians (Salishan stock), Chehalis
County, Washington Territory, 1887. 127842-52-73. Collected by Charles
Willoughby.

Models and photographs.—Showing the processes employed by the Navajo Indians of
Arizona for tanning skins, 129436. Collected by Dr. R. W. Shufeldt, U.S. N.

Tanned buckskin.—Showing the result of the processes employed for tanning skins
in the southwest of the United States. Navajo Indians (Athapascan stock),
New Mexico. 9548. Collected by Dr. Edward Palmer.

Navajo shoemaker’s utensils.—Consisting of needles, awls, specimens of sewing and
of finished shoes, and the published description. (Proceedings of the United
States National Museum, 1888, p. 131.) Navajo Indians (Athapascan stock),
Arizona. 128112-16. Collected by A. M. Stephen.

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 183

Gatherers of cactus fruit.—Nippers, hooks, holders, and cutters for gathering the
fruit of the cactus (chumbo fig). Indians of Arizona, New Mexico, and Mexico.
9971, 22535, and 126577. Collected by James Stevenson and Edward Palmer.

Hoes of mussel shells.—These primitive agricultural implements were found in the
hands of a band of Yacqui Indians, at the mouth of the Yacqui River. in Sonora,
Mexico. 129845. Collected by Edward Palmer,

EXHIBIT OUTSIDE OF THE CASES.

Kiowa Indian woman ( figure of « woman).—Algonkian stock. Oklahoma, Indian Ter-
ritory. Modeled by Theodore A, Mills. The dress was collected by James
Mooney.

Kiowa Indian warrior (figure of aman).—Algonkian stock. Oklahoma, Indian Terri-
tory. Modeled by Theodore A. Mills. The dress was collected by James Mooney.

Sioux Indian woman (female figure).—Siouan stock. Missouri River. Modeled by
U.S. G. Dunbar.

Sioux Indian warrior (male figure).—Siouan stock. Missouri River. Modeled by
Theodore A. Mills. Thedress belonged to Red Cloud, a celebrated chief, and was
collected by Lieut. G. A. Warren, U.S. N.

"Zuni Indian (male figure).—Zunian stock. New Mexico. The head was modeled from
life by Clark Mills. The dress was collected by James Stevenson.

Eskimo man.—Reindeer coat and pants, trimmed with white skins. Seal-skin boots
and bearskin gloves. Eskimo (Eskimauan stock), Prince William’s Land. Col-
lected by Capt. C, F. Hall.

Photographs of Indians.—Representing 85 different tribes of the majority of the
stocks still in existence. This magnificent series of 1,300 photographs is the
result of the work of many years of collection by the United States Geological
Survey and Bureau of Ethnology, and supplements, with the aid of the photogra-
phy, the famous galleries of Indian portraits, painted by George Catlin and
Stanley. A portion of this collection forms a section in the Northeast Saloon.
Exhibited by tho Bureau of Ethnology of the Smithsonian Institution.

Lithographs of celebrated Indians.—This series of 130 lithographs is taken from
MacKenney and Hall’s Indian Tribes. These pictures form a section in the large
saloon. Exhibited by the National Museum.

Reed wigwam.—These wigwams are constructed by erecting a number of uprights in
a circle, and inclining them until they meet at the extremities, which are fastened
together by strong ligatures of bark fiber. Above the uprights are placed many
horizontal layers of small saplings, which are covered with rushes attached to
other layers of saplings smaller than the first, and which are tied together by
cords on the inside. The horizontal layers leave an opening between two
uprights, which serves as an entrance, and which is closed by a door of elk hide.
The chimney is constructed in such a way that the wind can not drive back the
smoke. ‘The fireplace is in the center and the beds are around the sides of the
wigwam upon an earthen bank. Piute Indians, Nevada. 19027. Collected by
Stephen Powers.

Eskimo seal hunter in his skin boat.—The boat (kyak) is built with great care. The
frame is of wood, over which is stretched a seal skin saturated with oil. There
is a hollow space in the deck, with a raised border, and in this the hunter seats
himself, dressed in an inner coat of skins and an outer one made of the intes-
tines of the walrus, thoroughly waterproof, and carrying a short paddle. Asa
projectile, he has a harpoon, with the shafts used in hurling it, cord, and buoy,
which he keeps fastened to the boat until the moment arrives when he has to
make use of them. This ‘‘kyak” is an extremely unsteady and light boat, but
the Eskimo is capable of undertaking any navigation whatever when embarked
init. Eskimo of St. Michaels, Norton Sound, Alaska. Collected by E. W. Nelson.

184 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

Canoe of birch bark,—Manned by two Algonkian Indians, occupied in fishing with the
harpoon. They wear dresses of buckskin, with painted figures imitating
embroidery. In fishing with the harpoon it is necessary thata fisherman should
guide the canoe in accordance with the orders,of the one who handles the har-
poon. The canoe is made of a large piece of birch bark, attached to a wooden
frame; the seams and holes are calked with spruce-pine rosin. These canoes
are very light and of a graceful form. Two men can carry one of them
on their shoulders for a stretch of many miles, which they do at rapids.

The canoe exhibited was constructed by the Algonkian Indians of Canada.

Cradle.—A wooden frame bent in an oval form, having the ends tied with diagonal
ligatures of bark fiber, A mattress and blanket of pounded bark fiber are
attached to the frame by a fringe of woven wool. The hood for the protection
‘of the head of the infant is a willow texture. Mojave Indians (Yuman stock),
Colorado. 152489. Collected by Geo. A. Allen.

Cradle.—Frame made of walnut staves, in the shape of a crutch, having the ends
ornamented with brass-headed nails. The cover is of buckskin, ornamented
with a great profusion of white and colored beads and with ribbons. Arapahoe
Indians (Algonkian stock). Collected by Capt. R. H. Pratt.

Cradle.-—Made of willow switches, in the form of a shoe. A light half basket of
willow switches serves as a parasol to it. Hupa Indians (Athapascan stock),
California. Collected by Stephen Powers.

Cradle.—The frame is a piece of wood bent in an oval shape, supported by transverse
bars. The bottom of the cradle iS composed of twenty-one wooden rods fast-
ened to the frame between the thick bars by thread made of sinew. The hood
is of hide covered with calico.! The bed articles consist of two mattresses of
cotton, placed on a thin skeet of tin. The infant is supported by bolsters made
of woyen belts. The cradle has two arches to protect the infant’s head and a
transverse piece of wood to support the feet. Length,3 feet. Wichita Indians
(Caddoan stock). 152944. Collected by James Mooney.

Cradle.—Made in the form of a boat, out of a hollowed cedar trunk. It has a handle
at oneend. The bed is composed of pounded cedar fiber; the counterpane is of
woven cedar bark. Inside of the cradle there is a wooden model of an infant,
showing the process for flattening the head with a special apparatus, which is
also seen in the cradle. Indians of Oregon. 2574. Collected by George Catlin.

Helmet.—Crowned with a sculptured beaver. The figures painted on both sides
represent sheets of copper, emblems of fortune and power. Skedan Indians,
British Columbia. 89035. Collected by James G. Swan.

Helmet.—Carved in wood in the form of a bear and painted. The teeth and tongue
are imitated with sheets of copper. It is worn on the head in the dances.
Haida Indians (Skittagetan stock), British Columbia. 89144. Collected by
James G. Swan.

Helmet.—Carved in wood in the form of a fish and painted. The lips are of copper.
This helmet is used in the dances. Haida Indians (Skittagetan stock), British
Columbia. 89054. Collected by James G. Swan.

Mask.—Initating a fabulous marine monster. Made of pieces of wood cut with an
adzeand painted. Used by the actors in the ceremonies called ‘‘dances,” Maka
Indians (Wakashan stock), British Columbia. 23949. Collected by James G.
Swan. | .

Wooden figure.—Of cedar, painted. Indians of the northwest coast. Collected by
James G. Swan.

Totem post (model),—Carved out of a cedar trunk. The sculptured figures are
painted in bright colors. Model of the ‘‘totem post” which is erected in front
of the houses of all the chief men of the tribe. Indians of Bella-Bella, British
Colombia. 74743. Collected by James G. Swan.

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 185

Sculptured totem post (model).—Of cedar, painted. The sculpture of this trunk may
have been made in commemoration of some entirely mythological event, or, as
is commonly said in heraldry, to show the genealogy of the family before
whose dwelling the pillar was erected. Some of these pillars are of great dimen-
sions, and are beautifully carved, by dint of greatlabor. Indians of Bella-Bella,
British Columbia. 74744. Collected by James G. Swan.

Council house.—The wood which is used for these structures is the giant cedar; they
are built with great care, by the combined efforts of many laborers; usually the
whole village lends its cooperation. The erection of the first upright is always
an occasion for holding great festivities. The front is ornamented with paint-
ings representing some legendary date and that of the inauguration. Indians
of British Columbia. Collected by James G. Swan.

Snowshoes.—Bent sole, raised at the point; three transverse bars; netting of fine
thread of twisted sinew; middle portion of thick seal-skin straps, interwoven.
Length, 59 inches. Eskimo,of the Yukon River, Alaska. 49099. Collected by
K. W. Nelson.

Snowshoes.--Oval and curved wooden sole, with two wooden braces which cross the
shoe and are rabbeted into the sides, dividing the shoe into three equal parts.
The network is of fine rawhide. A small strap serves to tie it on. Length, 324
inches: width, 28 inches. Eskimo of Ungava Bay, Labrador. 90149. Collected
by Lucien Turner.

Snowshoes.—Oval and curved wooden sole, strengthened by a toe piece and two
transverse braces. The network is a texture of fine rawhide. The straps are
of hide, embroidered with painted quills. This kind of snowshoe is used by the
experienced Canadians. Quebec, Canada. 24788. Collected by G. R. Renfrew.

Snowshoes.—Curved soie, raised at the point; three transverse braces. Strap of fine
thread gf twisted sinew. Network of thickseal-skin straps, interwoven. Length,
59 inches. Eskimo of the Yukon River, Alaska. 49099. Collected by E. W.
Nelson.

Provision basket (djelo).—Warp of pine roots and the weft of split twigs, and joined
together by twined weaving. The twine work is covered with fine straws of
bright colors, forming figures. The upper edge of the basket is strengthened by
awooden hoop. Height, 3 feet; diameter, 28 inches. Hupa Indians, California,
1889. 111433. Collected by Jeremiah Curtin.

After these baskets are made they are filled with hot, wet sand,in order to
give them a good shape. They are placed against a wall, on a bank of earth,
in the semi-subterranean houses of the Hupa Indians, and are filled with acorns for
the winter’s provisions. As many as twelve baskets may be seen -in one house.

Coiled basket.—Made of bunches of small twigs joined by coiled sewing. The bot-
tom is of a single spiral, and the body of the basket is a double coil formed by
carrying two coils around simultaneously. It is ornamented with small strips
of black Martynia pod. All the colors of this basket are natural. Made by an
Apache Indian, of the San Carlos Reservation, Arizona. This is the largest

“specimen of basket work that this tribe has made and probably the largest in the
world. Height, 3 feet 64 inches; depth, 30 inches. San Carlos, Arizona. Col-
lected by Mrs. Charles Dodge.

Mexican feather shield (copy in water colors and gilt).—The original is in the castle
of Ambras, in the Tyrol, where it was discovered, in the year 1891, by Mrs.
Zelia Nuttall, of Dresden, Germany.

Mrs. Nuttall made‘this copy for the Smithsonian Institution, and described it
in a writing which she presented to the American Association at Washington, in
August, 1891. Catalogue number, 153192. United States National Museum.

Pictograph.—Representing a battle between the Sioux and Arickara Indians; painted
on cloth by a Sioux Indian. Collected by Mrs. General Hazen.

*

EXHIBITS OF THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT.

EXHIBIT OF THE BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY.

MAP OF THE ABORIGINAL LANGUAGES OF NORTH AMERICA.

This map shows the distribution, according to languages of the North American
Indians exclusive of Mexico at the time of Christopher Columbus. This map has
been in preparation by the Bureau of Ethnology for a number of years. The fol-
lowing is a list of the principal tribes, classified by families according to language
as displayed on the map: ;

Adaizan family (Texas): Adai.

Algonquian family (in the east of the United States and Canada): Abnaki, Algon-
quin, Arapaho, Blackfoot, Cheyenne, Chippewa, Cree, Delaware, Kickapoo,
Menominee, Miami, Micmac, Missisaga, Montagnais, Mohegan, Narraganset,
Ojibwa, Ottawa, Pequot, Pottowotomi, Powhatan, Sac and Fox, Shawnee.
(23.)

Athapascan family (northwestern Canada): Kutchin, Slave, Taculli, Hupa, and the
various tribes of the Apache, Chippewyan, Dog Ribs, Hares, Nahanies, Navajo.
(10. )

Attacapan family (Texas): Attacapa.

Beothukan family (Newfoundland): Beothuk.

Caddoan family (Louisiana): Pawnee, Arikara, Wichita, Keechi, Caddo. (5.)

Chimakuan family (coast of the State of Washington): Chimakum, Quile Ute. (2.)

Chimarikan family (coast of California): Chimariko, Chimalakwe. (2.)

Chimmesyan family (coast of British Columbia): Chimsian, Nass. (2.)

Chinookan family (coast of the State of Washington) : Cathlamet, Chinuk, Clatsop,
Wasco. (4.) S

Chitimachan family (Gulf of Mexico, Louisiana): Chitimacha,

Chumashan family (coast of California): Indians of San Buenaventura, Santa Bar-
bara, and San Luis Obispo, Cal. (3.)

Coahuiltecan family (Texas): Comecrudo, Cotoname, Pacads or Pintos. (3.)

Copehan family (coast of California): The Patwin and Wintu tribes of California, (2.)

Costanoan family (coast of California): Costano.

Eskimo family (on the northeast coast of the ocean): Aluik, Ivimiut, Narsuk,
Taterat, of Greenland; Itivimiut, etc., of Labrador; Aggomiut, Negumiut, etc, of
the central Arctic region; Chiglit, Ikogmiut, Kuagmiut, Oglemiut, Unaligmiut,
ete., of Alaska, and the Atka and Unalaska, of the Aleutian Islands. (14.)

Esselenian family (coast of California): Esselen.

Troquois family (Atlantie Coast): Cherokee, Cayuga, Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga,
Seneca, Tuscarora, Wyandot, Iroquois. (9.)

Kalapooian family (coast of Oregon): Atfdilati, Calopooya, Lakmint, Yonealla. (4.)

Karankawan family (Texas): Karankawa,

Keresan family (New Mexico): Acoma, Tochiti, Laguna, San Felipe, Santa Ana, Santo
Domingo, Sia. (7.)

Kiowan family (Wyoming and Nebraska): Kiowa.

Kitunahan family (Idaho and British Columbia): Cootenai, Akoklako, Klanoh-

Klatklam and Tobacco Plains Cootenai. (4.)
187

188 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

Koluschan family (coast of British Columbia): Auk, Chileat, Hunah, Kek, Sitka,
Taku, Yakutat, Tungas. (8.)

Kulanapan family (coast of California): Ball6é Kai Pomo, Chawisheh, Erio, Erissi,
Kaimé, Kai Pomo, Komacho, Kulanapo, Sok6éa, Yokaya Pomo, Yusal. (11.)

Kusan family (coast of Oregon): Coos Bay tribes, Mulluk, and Nacu? (3.)

Lutuamian family (coast of California): Klamath, Modoc. (2.)

Mariposan family (coast of California): Chukaimina, Chunut, Kassovo, Kiawetni,
Tachi, Tinlinneh, Wichikik, Wiksachi, Yukol. (9.).

Mosquelumnan family (coast of California): Miwok, Olamentke. (2.)

Muskhogean family (Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi): Chata (Choctaw), Chicasa,
Creek or Maskoki proper, Seminole, Yamassi. (5.)

Natchesan family (Louisiana): Nah’tchi (Natchez) and Taensa. (2.)

Palaihnilian family (coast of California); Chumawa, Hantéwa, Ilmawi, etc., of Pit
River, California. (3.)

Piman family (southern Arizona and Mexico): Opata, Pima, Papago. (3.)

Pujunan family (coast of California): Konkan, Kwatoa, Otaki, Pustina, Wima,
Yuba. (6.)

Quoratean family (coast of California): Ehnek, Karok, and Pehtsik. (3.)

Salinan family (coast of California): Indians of San Antonio and San Miguel Mis-
sions, California,

Salishan family (Idaho, Oregon, British Columbia): Atnah, Bellacoola, Chehalis,
Clallam, Cowlitz, Nisqualli, Pent d’Oreilles, Puyallup, Salish, Shooswap, Skagit,
Skokomish, Snohomish, Spokan, ‘Tillamook, Twana. (16.)

Sastean family (California): Saste.

Shahaptian family (Columbia River, Oregon and Washiae ton): Clickatat, Chopun-
nish Umatilla, Walla-Walla, (4.)

Shoshonean family (Oregon, Idaho, Nevada, California, Utah, Wyoming, Colorado,
New Mexico, and Texas): Bannock, Chemehuevi, Comanche, Pai Ute, Shoshoni,
Uta, Tusayén (Moqgui). (7.)

Sionan family (Canada, Montana, Dakota (North and South), Wyoming, Minnesota,
Nebraska, Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, Indian Territory, Arkansas): Santees, Sisse-
tons, Wahpetons, Yanktons, Tetons, Brules, Blackfeet, Ogalallas, Assinaboines,
Omahas, Poncas, Kaw or Kansas, Osages, Quapaws, Iowas, Otoes, Missouris, Win-
nebagoes, Mandans, Gros Ventres, Crows, Tuteloes, Biloxi, Catawba, Woccon,
Sioux, Croro, Hidatsa.’ (28.) ‘

Blea ceri family (British Columbia): Tribes of Queen Chaontoa islands! etc. (2.)

Takilman family (Oregon): 'Takelma.

Tanoan family (New Mexico): Hano, Isleta, Jemez, Nambé, Picuris, Pojoaque, Sandia,
San Ildefonso, San Juan, Santa Clara, Senect, Taos, Tesuque. (13.)

Timuquanan family (Florida): Timucua, Moscoso, etc. (extinct) (2.)

Tonikan family (Mississippi): Tonika.

Tonkawan family (Texas): Tonikawa.

Uchean family (South Carolina): Yuchi.

Waiilatpuan family (State of Washington): Kéyus, Molale. (2.)

Wakashan family (coast of British Columbia): Ahowsaht, Muclaht, and Haeltzuk. (3.)

Washoan family (California): Washo.

Weitspekan family (coast of California): Mita, Weitspek, Chillula. (3.)

Wishoskan family (coast of California): Wishosk, Weeyot, Patawat. (3.)

Yanan family (coast of California): Yana or Nozi.

Yakonan family (coast of Oregon): Alsea, Yakwina, Kuitc, Siuslaw. (4.)

Yuma proper, Mojave, Havesupai, Hualapai, Seri. (7).

Yukian family (coast of California): Chumaya, Napa, Yuki. (3.)

Yuman family (southwestern Arizona and Lower California): Cochimi, Cocopa,
Cuchan or Yuma proper, Diegneno, Havasupai, Maricopa, Mohave, Seri, Wai-
euru, Walapai. (10.) ;

Zuiian family (New Mexico): Zuni. (1.) Total, 58 families.

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 189

PRECOLUMBIAN MINING AND STONE WORKING IN THE UNITED STATES
OF AMERICA.

Collections made by Mr. W. H. Holmes, from seven large mines and quarries, exhib-
ited by the Bureau of Ethnology of the Smithsonian Institution. J. W., Powell,
director.

This collection was presented after the close of this exhibition to the Spanish

Museo Arqueologico by the Bureau of Ethnology.

Primitive quartzite quarries (suburbs of Washington, District of Columbia): The
aborigines worked this very extensive quarry to procure the rounded quartzite
pebbles, of which, when chipped into thin, oval pieces, they made various
implements. The excavations extend over many acres, and the residue from the
work is considerable. Little was done inthe quarry itself, only the formation
of the rough blanks, which were carried elsewhere to be worked into implements.
There is therefore not much to be found at the site of the quarry except the
waste or ‘“‘rejects,” from the work of which remains have been found in all
stages of completion, so that we have a complete line of forms, from the natural
pebble with one chip removed to the leaf almost finished, which line is repre-
sented by many broken blades which were left in the quarry. These are
exhibited in the lower line. All the leaf-blades which turned out well were carried
away. The photographs are correctly labeled and may be studied in detail.

Remains of chipped pebbles, abandoned at-the beginning of the work,

Remains of blades well advanced in working. Two specimens. There is little
difference between them.

Blades which turned out well, removed from the quarry, but yet similar. Found
on the sites of villages near the quarries.

Various implements made of the quarry blades and found on the sites of villages
and widely scattered over the country.

Remains of knives of leaf form abandoned in various stages of completion.

Blades of quartzite, abandoned on the eve of completion.

Blades of quartzite, broken on the eve of completion. Section of an ancient
quarry, with débris, C?C*. Stratum of stones, B, B.

Primitive flint quarries (Ohio): The ancient flint works of Licking County, Ohio,
are the most noted of the primitive quarries. A very good quality of flint for
chipping into blades could be obtained from a thick stratum covered by a high
ridge close to Licking River. The ancient pits and ditches are large and numer.
ous, and cover a little more than a square mile of territory. The work was in
nearly the same state as that of other quarries where similar material was found.
Little was shaped on the spot, except the rough outline of the blades, the
residuum from which is found in inexhaustible quantities. The series of speci-
mens illustrates the whole range of the abandoned forms, and by means of the
photographs may be learned the nature of the blades which turned out well,
and the various forms which were made from them.

Rejects of blades abandoned at the start, and when half finished.

Rejects of blades abandoned in an advanced stage of completion.

Well-finished blades found on sites of villages in the vicinity of the quarries.

Implements differing from the quarry blades, found on sites of villages dispersed
widely in the State of Ohio and the neighboring States.

Primitive novaculite quarries (Arkansas): These, so far as is known, are the most
extensive of all the flint quarries of America. The stone is found in massive
strata which form the crests of the mountain chains, and these quarries have
been worked by the quarriers for many miles. Many of the pits and trenches
are very large, measuring more than 100 feet in length or diameter, aud about
25 feet in depth. The quantity of broken, loose, and wasted stone abandoned is
enormous, and thousands of stone hammers and blocks which were used in
working the quarries are found on these sites. The work of shaping did not

190 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

extend beyond roughly outlining knives in the form of leaf-blades, pictur2s of
which are in the collection of photographs. The blades which had turned out
well were carried away to be utilized in various ways.

Photograph No. 1 represents a series of blades, and No. 2 the particular imple-
ments which were found on the sites of villages and in the neighboring fields.
Quarry refuse which was abandoned in various stages of manufacture into blades,

Stone hammers which were used in breaking and extracting the novaculite.
‘Blades made in the quarry, and dressed in the neighboring villages, but not
different.
Various quarry implements made of blades foune on sites of villages, and of
which there is a considerable distribution over the country.

Primitive chert quarries (Indian Territory): These quarries are especially interest-
ing from the nature of their stone. It is a whitish, massive chert, found in
strata of many feet in depth, and so homogeneous that very large implements
can be made from it. The deposits of quarry refuse on the spot indicate that
here, as elsewhere, the principal articles made were blades, the largest of which
were 15 or more inches in length. A series of rejects of manufacture is exhib-
ited in the collection, and the photographs display very fine specimens belong-
ing to the Bureau of Ethnology. The explanations may be read on the labels
of the photographs. Stone hammers and articles in the form of a pebble are
placed in the lower row.

Rejected articles of medium size, abandoned at the beginning of their manufacture
into knives of leaf shape.

Rejected articles, large and small, abandoned at the beginning of their manufacture
into knives of leaf shape.

Refuse of the leaf-shaped knives, half finished.

Refuse of the leaf-shaped knives in an advanced stage of manufacture.

Refuse of leaf-shaped knives, almost finished.

Stone hammers which were used in breaking and flaking the chert.

Quarry residuum, abandoned in various stages of manufacture into blades.

Refuse of pebbles.

Stone hammers which were used in flaking the chert.

Primitive steatite quarry (suburbs of Washington, District of Columbia): There are
many steatite quarries from one end to the other of the eastern slopes of the
Appalachian range of mountains. The pits are not large, seldom more than 25
feet in diameter, and 6 feet in depth. The rock is soft, but very compact, and .
when it hardens can not be worked without great difficulty. Nos. 1 to 12, frag-
ments of bowls, partly finished, from the quarry and the adjacent villages. The
finishing was not done in the quarries. Nos. 13 to 20, implements of quartzite,
diorite, etc., used for removing and cutting the steatite. The largest specimens
had handles, and the small chisels were probably fixed on bone handles.

Quarry and workshop refuse of bowls or pots left unfinished.
Tools, picks and gouges, which probably had handles when they were used in
extracting and cutting the steatite.

Primitive copper mines (Royal Island, Lake Superior, Michigan): Implements Nos.
1 to 11, mauls made of large stones rounded by the water, from the shore of Lake
Superior. Some are grooved for applying handles, and almost all had probably,
when they were in use, some variety of handle. The largest weighs 20 pounds.
They are found in great numbers in and near the ancient pits, thousands of them
being seen at a glance. They were used tor breaking the rock in which the cop-
per was concealed, and for extracting the masses of native copper. Specimen
No. 12, native copper and portions of the rock containing it. There is no evidence
that the copper implements were made at or near the quarries.

Stone mauls which were used for breaking the rock and extracting the lumps of
copper.

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. Oa

Pieces of copper, and rock containing copper.

Section showing ancient pits and the distribution of lumps of copper.

Stone hammers and mauls found in a ditch 3 feet wide, crossed by an ancient pit
20 feet in diameter and 10 feet deep.

Section of an ancient pit containing heads of mauls.

Exhibit of rubbish from an ancient pit containing heads of stone mauls.

Quarry of sacred stone for pipes (Minnesota): The quarry. of red stone for pipes
is situated in the southwest of Minnesota. In the ancient pits are found many
stone hammers and mauls, which are an evidence that this work was performed
in prehistoric times. The quarry has been worked uninterruptedly up to the
present time, and the Yankton Sioux make a journey of 200 miles every year to
work init. The Indians manufacture and sell pipes, and make a considerable
revenue by selling the rough material to the whites, who manufacture many
articles of it. The stone slab for pipes is about 12 inches thick, and the work
on it requires much time and labor. The collection contains a quantity of pieces
of the red stone for pipes, and specimens of the hammers which were used in the
prehistoric quarry.

Fragments found on sites of workshops and dwellings.

Hammers and mauls which were used in extracting and breaking the pipestone.

Red quartzite which was used for making hammers, picks, and sharpeners.

Pipes made of red stone, now in the United States National Museum. All the above
materials for the study of the ancient quarries were collected by W. H. Holmes.

YURKISH HiSTORY OF THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA.

The manuscript is illustrated with colored maps and drawings.

A third of this manuscript treats of the discovery of America and gives a succinct
sketch of the life and voyages of Christopher Columbus from a Moslem point of
view. Certain political events give rise to the suppositior that this manuscript
was written in A. H.977; that is to say, in 1569-70 A.D. The work was printed in
Constantinople in 1730. <A copy of it exists in the library of the School of Oriental
Living Languages at Paris and another in the Hodgson collection of the United
States National Museum, Washington, D.C. Collected at Constantinople in 1891,

’ and exhibited by Dr. Cyrus Adler, United States National Museum.

DRAWINGS.

I. (F.17.) The tree ‘“‘wak wak,” with women instead of fruit. Discovered in an
island of the Bay of Bengal.
Il. (F.45.) Manati, or sea cow, found in the West Indies.
Ill. Manatis, or sea cows, of Darien (F.55); probably tapirs.
IV. The ‘‘man fish,” founds in Tobago. (F.57.)
VY. Birds of the Riatieune, whose flesh is supposed to possess medicinal virtues
when prepared with spice and cinnamon.
VI. Duck, black swan, and monster pelican (F. 65 op.), which ‘‘swallows three
babies at one gulp.”
VII. The cochineal cactus.
VIII. Wild bull and stag of America. (F. 86 op.)
IX. The city of Potosi and its mountains of silver.
X. Jaguar, ant-bear, and a rare animal which has a natural seat on its body.
XI. A sloth, resting on the trunk of a tree, and a maritacaca, with its young.
XII. The cacao (F.104). ‘‘ Cures almost all diseases.”
XIII. Various trees of the New World.

192 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

MAPS AND DIAGRAMS.

F. 6. Diagram of the equator and the poles.
F. 11. Diagram of the zones.
F. 34. Map of the Old World.
F. 35. Map of the New World.
The maps of the two worlds form a single one.

EXHIBIT OF THE UNITED STATES INDIAN INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL
FOR THE EDUCATION OF ADULT INDIANS, CARLISLE, PA.,
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. ESTABLISHED IN 1879.

Number of pupils, 812; male, 492; female, 320. Number of tribes represented, 43.
Total of pupils admitted to date, 2,187. Duration of instruction, five years, or more
in necessary cases. Voluntary assistance of half a day in the school, and the other
half in the workshop. ‘ Official expenses, $100,000 a year. Occupations and trades
taught in the Industrial School: Cooking, sewing, washing, nursing, teaching, bak-
ing, blacksmithing, carpentry, belt making, shoemaking, wagon making, tinning,
tailoring, cabinet making, dairy work, gardening, agriculture, printing. Education
jn all branches of industry, exclusively in the English language. Superintendent,
R. H. Pratt, captain in the Tenth Regiment of Cavalry of the United States Army.

EXHIBIT OF THE NAVY DEPARTMENT.

MODEL OF THE UNITED STATES SHIP-CF-WAR COLUMBIA, EXHIBITED
BY THE NAVY DEPARTMENT.

So named in honor of Christopher Columbus, and built in 1892, to commemorate
the fourth centenary of the discovery of America.

The ship is presented in broadside, with its exact proportions and with all its most
minute details.

This model was constructed expressly to be exhibited at this exhibition.

UNITED STATES THREE-SCREW CRUISER COLUMBIA.

Length, overall ces. 2h Be oo Sa rao Se cai ule cla aleve oe Win crea elmer 416 ft. 3 in.
Greatest Weamissd6 ae Rees ete ee os ae cae eee ome neces seers 58 ft. 24 in.
Average: draft. .222 22 sa caet cate csewe eee she niece eec mine a aaeeeeae 23 ft.
Lanzamiento on the main deck..---. Be Sate oe Ane eye cate Mae Ore eter erate 17 ft.
Displacemenities ot atwete Secale ee hele tae Sele oe chem sere ale or eeeree eet 7.550 tons.
IndicatedhorsespOwersorcce cee. sees aes el et rermnetne ares eteetelee eelererat= 23, 000.
Maximum svelocityii ct. ice sseae eee fo ete oem ceisee rn aceie ctacie sie seeieraree 22 knots.
ARMAMENT.

_ Principal battery.—One 8-inch breech-loading rifle, two 6-inch rapid-fire guns,
eight 4-inch rapid-fire guns.

Secondary battery.—Twelve 6-pounder rapid-fire guns, four 1-pounder rapid-fire
guns, four gatling guns, five torpedo tubes.

ARMOR.

Protected deck:
Waist: ser Bi ee Bt Del Ne as RE en ie Ue at sed RTA ete ne inches... 4
Por ward and sate sls Yah ee a ee ine rerehe a a eee eee ene sees do.... 24

REDOUBTS.

Four 4-inch rapid-fire guns, two 6-pounder rapid-fire guns.

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 193

EXHIBIT OF THE UNITED STATES ARMY MEDICAL MUSEUM.

Skull of a Nisqually Indian chief, Puget Sound, Washington. The flattening is
extraordinary.

Skull of a Peel River Indian, Fort McPherson, Arctic America (Jukkuthkutchin).
From Mr. R. Kennicott’s collection.

Skull of a Pawnee Indian, near Fort Harker, Kansas. Presented by Dr. B. E. Pryer,
surgeon, U.S. A.

Skull of an Arapahoe Indian warrior, from Fort Larned, Kansas. Presented by Dr.
W.-H. Forwood, assistant surgeon, U.S. A.

Skull of a Ponka Indian, from Fort Randall, Dakota. Presented by Dr. A. J.
Comfort, assistant surgeon, U.S. A.

Skull of a Piegan Indian, of the Blackfeet Nation. Killed near Fort Shan, Mon-
tana. Presented by Dr. F. L. Jown, surgeon, U.S.A.

Skull of a California Indian, from Santa Rosa Island, California. From Rey.
Stephen Bowers’s collection.

Skull of a Brulé Sioux Indian, from Beaver Creek, Nebraska, 4 miles north of Camp
Sheridan, Nebraska. Presented by Dr.W. H. Corbusier, assistant surgeon, U.S. A.

Skull of a Wahpeton Sioux Indian, from near Fort Sisseton, Dakota. Presented by
Mr. A. Gecks, hospital steward, U.S. A.

Skull of a Nez Percé Indian, from Bear Paw Mountain, Montana. Presented by
Dr. David S. Snively, assistant surgeon, U.S. A.

Skull of an Eskimo of Alaska, from the northwestern extremity of St. Lawrence
Island, Bering Sea. From Mr. E. W. Nelson’s coilection.

Skull of an Alaskan Eskimo, from the northwestern extremity of St. Lawrence
Island, Bering Sea. From Mr. E. W. Nelson’s collection.

In the same case are seen ‘‘composite” craneographic photographs, with the

apparatus for making them, and a collection of craneographic outlines, taken
with the craneoscope.

H. Ex. 100

13

ARCHEOLOGICAL OBJECTS EXHIBITED BY THE DEPARTMENT OF
ARCHAOLOGY AND PALZONTOLOGY, UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA,
PHILADELPHIA.

STEWART CULIN, Director of the Museums of Archeology and Paleontoloyy of the University of Penn-
sylvania.

VALLEY OF THE DELAWARE RIVER.
Casnia:

The valley of the Delaware River embraces part of the States of Pennsylvania,
New Jersey, New York, and Delaware; it is rich in remains of its primitive inhab-
itants. The Cases I to III contain different classes of objects found in this region,
and Case IV contains a special collection from a limited area. The greater part of
these objects, except those specially indicated, were found on the surface of the
earth, and many of them were brought to light by the plowshare.

Some circumstances excepted, there are no indications of their precise antiquity,
as they might come from the times of the first contact with European civilization,
before the abandonment of stone implements, or from a more remote epoch.

1. Historical map of Pennsylvania, with { 13. Celt: Burlington County, New Jer-
the Indian names of the streams, | sey.
towns, roads, sites of forts, battle- | 14. Celt: Burlington County, New Jer-
fields, etc., made by P. W. Sheafer. | sey.
Private publication of the Penn- | 15. Celt: Gloucester, New Jersey.
sylvania Historical Society. Phil- | 16. Celt: Delaware, Pennsylvania.
adelphia, 1875. 17. Celt: Delaware, Pennsylvania.

2. Grooved axe; weight, 13 pounds: | 18. Celt: Chalfont, Bucks County, Penn-
Scrabbletown, New Jersey. sylvania.

3. Grooved axe: Burlington County, | 19. Gouge: Burlington County, New Jer-
New Jersey. sey. -

4, Grooved axe: Burlington County, | 20. Gouge: Burlington County, New Jer-
New Jersey. sey.

5. Grooved axe: Trenton, New Jersey. | 21. Gouge: Burlington County, New Jer-

6. Grooved axe: Burlington, New Jer- sey.
sey. ‘| 22. Gouge: Burlington County, New Jer-

7. Grooved axe: Burlington, New Jer- sey.
sey. 23. Gouge: Burlington County, New Jer-

9. Grooved axe: Burlington County, | 24. Gouge: Burlington County, New Jer-
New Jersey. sey.

|
|
8. Grooved axe: Wilmington, Delaware, | sey.
|
; |
10. Grooved axe: Delaware Valley. | 25. Spade (?): Doylestown, Bucks

11. Celt: Burlington County, New Jersey. County, Pennsylvania.
12. Celt: Burlington County, New Jer- | 26. Spade (?): Doylestown, Bucks
sey. County, Pennsylvania.

194

a

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

195

27. Implement (?): Bristol, Bucks | 32. Pestle: Pennsylvania.

County, Pennsylvania. 33. Pestle: Salem County, New Jersey.
28. Woodenmortar; Indianmanufacture: | 34. Pestle: Lumberton, New Jersey.

Burlington County, New Jersey. 35. Pestle: Durham, Bucks County,
29. Wooden mortar: Burlington County, | Pennsylvania.

New Jersey. | 36. Grinding stone: Western Pennsyl-
30. Mortar: Burlington County, New | vania,

Jersey. | 37. Cup-shaped stone.
31. Pestle: Burlington County, New |

Jersey. |

Cask II.

1. Three discoidal stones: Burlington | 26. Gorget: Pennsylvania.

County, New Jersey. 27. Gorget: Burlington County, New
2. Stone disk: Germantown, Pennsyl- Jersey.

vania. 28. Fragment of engraved gorget: Mar-
3. Three perforated stones: Gloucester | shall Island, Bucks County, Penn-

County, New Jersey. sylvania.
4, Worked stone: Burlington, New | 29. Gorget: Pennsylvania.

Jersey. | 30. Ceremonial object: Burlington
5, Sinker: Camden, New Jersey County, New Jersey.
6. Sinker: Gloucester, New Jersey. 31. Ceremonial object: Burlington
7. Sinker: Burlington County, New | County, New Jersey.

Jersey. | 32. Ceremonial object: Burlington
8. Sinker: Burlington County, New | County, New Jersey.

Jersey. 33. Ceremonial object: Burlington
9. Sinker: Burlington County, New County, New Jersey.

Jersey. 34. Ceremonial object: Burlington
10. Drilled stone: Trenton, New Jersey. |

11. Worked stone (?): New Jersey.

12. Worked stone: Doylestown, Bucks
County, Pennsylvania.

18. Worked stone: Burlington County,
New Jersey.

14. Werked stone: Burlington County,
New Jersey. *

15. Ground and polished stone: New
Jersey.

16. Semilunar slate knife: Wilmington,
Delaware.

17. Semilunar slate knife: Burlington
County, New Jersey,

18. Gorget: Burlington County, New |
Jersey.

19. Gorget: Burlington County, New
Jersey.

20. Gorget: Ocean County, New Jersey.

21. Gorget: Trenton, New Jersey.

22. Pendants:

. Gorget:

Burlington Island, New
> ’

Jersey.

New

Burlington County,

Jersey.

. Gorget: Northumberland, Pennsyl-

vania.

5. Gorget: Pennsylvania.

. Ceremonial object:

5. Ceremonial

County, New Jersey.
Burlington
County, New Jersey.
object: Burlington
County, New Jersey.

. Ceremonial object: Bridgeport, New

Jersey.

. Ceremonial object: Bridgeport, New

Jersey.

. Ceremonial object (fragment show-

ing method of drilling): Trenton,
New Jersey.

. Pipe: Pennsylvania.
. Pipe: Burlington County, New Jer-

sey.

. Pipe, catlinite.
. Pipe, catlinite. ;
. Pipe: Burlington County, New Jer-

sey.

. Pipe, with double face: Burlington

County, New Jersey.

Pipe, resembling the preceding,
found in Allegheny County, Penn-
sylvania.

. Four clay pipestems: Burlington

County, New Jersey.

196 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

48.

49.

50.

51.

bo

onto or

16.
17.
18.
19.

Iron tomahawk: Bucks County, This series of notched pebbles, or
Pennsylvania. “net sinkers,” was found buried at
Three conical beads of iron and cop- Point Pleasant, Bucks County,
per: Burlington County, New Jer- Pennsylvania. It has been claimed
sey. that these simple implements had
Thirteen fragments of pottery: Bur- also other uses than that indicated
lington County, New Jersey. by the name of ‘‘netsinkers,” which
Two hundred and two notched peb- is very probable, as they are fre-
bles: Point Pleasant, Bucks quently found in ash pits and in
County, Pennsylvania. other places a great distance from
the water.
CasE III.
. Ten argillite stones, roughly flaked: Trenton, New Jersey.
. Argillite stone, roughly flaked: Morrisville, Bucks County, Pennsylvania.

Eight argillite stones, roughly flaked: Point Pleasant, Bucks County, Penn-
sylvania.
These are the objects which have been designated as paleolithic implements.

. Argillite stone, roughly flaked: Trenton, New Jersey.

. Five argillite stones, roughly flaked.

. Eighteen stones, roughly flaked: Point Pleasant, Bucks County, Pennsylvania.
. Argillite blade: Point Pleasant, Bucks County, Pennsylvania.

. One hundred and sixteen argillite blades: Point Pleasant, Bucks County, Penn-

sylvania.

These objects were discovered in a cache in an island in the Delaware River,
Bucks County, Pennsylvania, by Mr. Henry C. Mercer, of Doylestown, Penn-
sylvania.

Deposits of objects of the same kind, apparently intended to serve as materials
for the manufacture of implements, have been discovered in various localities
east of the Mississippi River. The continuation of The History of Travaile
in Virginia, by William Strachey, treats of this subject.

Their maize and, no doubt, their copper, hatchets, horses, wampum, beads, and
many other of their articles were of great value, owing to the estimation which
they attached tothem. The Indians hid them from each other in the earth or
the woods, where they kept them whole years, until they needed them.

. Flat stone, with worked edges: Found in the cache above mentioned.

. Four spearheads: Lumberton, Burlington County, New Jersey.

. Eight spearheads: Lumberton, Burlington County, New Jersey.

. Thirteen spearheads: Trenton, New Jersey.

. Four arrow or spear heads: Trenton, New Jersey.

. Nine flaked blades, usually described as knives, but probably ‘‘blanks,” which

were made to be wrought into arrowheads, etc.: From a cache containing some
200. Lumberton, New Jersey.

. Flaked stone, probably a ‘“blank:” From a cache which contained some 150

similar specimens, found in a meadow about 3 miles south of Trenton, New
Jersey.

Notr.—According to the observations of Mr. William H. Holmes, it was custom-
ary to dress the stones in the quarry in the manner resembling Nos. 14 and
15, in order to facilitate their transportation. The form that was wanted was
afterwards given to these “‘ blanks.”

Three flaked stones, resembling the preceding: Mercer County, New Jersey.

Two flaked stones, resembling the preceding: Burlington County, New Jersey.

Flaked implement: Burlington County, New Jersey.

Two spearheads: Burlington County, New Jersey.

ae

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 197

20. Spear: Burlington County, New Jersey.

21. Two spearheads: Gloucester County, New Jersey
22. Spearhead: Chester County, Pennsylvania.

23. Spearhead: Burlington County, New Jersey.

24. Spearhead: Burlington County, New Jersey.

25. Spearhead: Sussex, New Jersey.

26. Sword (?): Cape May County, New Jersey.

27. Five arrowheads: Burlington County, New Jersey.
28. Three arrowheads: Trenton, New Jersey.

29. Arrowhead: Trenton, New Jersey.

30. Two arrowheads: Burlington County, New Jersey.
31. Five arrowheads: Burlington County, New Jersey.
32. Four arrowheads: Burlington County, New Jersey.
33. Six spearheads: Burlington County, New Jersey.
34. Four arrowheads: Burlington County, New Jersey.
35. Four arrowheads: Trenton, New Jersey.

36. Fifteen arrowheads, Burlington County, New Jersey.
37. Eleven arrowheads: Trenton, New Jersey.

38. Five awls: Burlington County, New Jersey.

’ 39. Five awls: Trenton, New Jersey.

40. Six scrapers: Trenton, New Jersey.

41. Scraper: Burlington County, New Jersey.

42. Scraper: Lumberton, New Jersey.

43. Three knives (?): Trenton, New Jersey.

44. Three blades of argillite: Trenton, New Jersey.

CaAsE IV.
Riegelsville, Bucks County, Pennsylvania.

The ovjects exhibited in this case were found on the site of the old village inhab-
ited by Shawnee Indians, near Riegelsville, Bucks County, Pennsylvania, which is
thought to have been given to them by the Delawares (Lenni Lendpé) in 1680, and
which was abandoned in 1727-1728.

The village was called ‘‘ Pechot-Woalhenk,” which means ‘‘ great hollow in the
ground,” doubtless with reference to the large cave which was within its limits,
and of which a part still exists.

1. Grooved axe. | 19. Ceremonial object.

2. Grooved axe. | 20. Ceremonial object.

3. Grooved axe. | 21, Ceremonial object.

4, Grooved axe. | 22. Ceremonial object.

5. Celt. | 23. Ceremonial object.

6. Celt. | 24. Tron tomahawk.

7. Celt. 25. Drilled stone.

8. Grooved hammer. 26. Glass bead.

9. Grooved hammer. 27. Drilled pendant.

10. Ten stone balls. 28. Engraved pestle.

11. Thirteen pestles. | 29. Ten pestles.

12. Stone cup. 30. Two discoidal pieces of argillite.

13. Mortar. dl. Two discoidal stones, engraved.

14. Pestle. 32. Four fragments of argillite, probably
15. Pestle. rejected in working.

16. Pestle. 33. Five flaked stones, similar to the pre-
17. Pestle. ceding ones.
18. Ceremonial object.

198 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

. Eighty-four argillite arrowheads.

. Stone blade. ’The distinction between the spears,
. Six argillite spearheads. the arrows, and the perforating
. Thirteen argillite spearheads. objects frequently can not be made.
. Eight argillite spearheads. | 40, Three scrapers. .

. Twenty-four argillite spearheads. | 41. Two awls.

42. Fourteen fragments of pottery.

STATE OF OHIO.
CASE V.

The objects from Ohio are usually of better workmanship than those of the eastern
coast of the United States. Many of those found in mounds are worked to great per-
fection. ‘The greater part of the specimens exhibited in this case are from the col-
lection of Dr. Daniel G. Brinton, of Philadelphia, by whom they were presented to
the museum of the university.

1. Grooved axe. 40, Perforated stone disk: Ross County.
2. Grooved axe. 41. Ball with imperfect hole.

3. Grooved axe. 42. Gorget: Ross County.

4. Grooved axe. 43. Gorget.

5. Grooved axe. 44, Gorget.

6. Grooved axe. 45. Gorget.

7. Grooved axe. 46. Gorget.

8. Celt. 47. Gorget.

9. Celt. 48. Gorget.

10. Celt. 49. Gorget.

11. Celt. 50. Gorget.

12. Celt. 51. Gorget.

toa Oelu 52. Gorget.

14. Celt. 53. Of shell Ceremonial, object: Auglaize
15. Celt. County.

16. Celt. 54. Ceremonial object: Warren County.
17. Celt of hematite. 55. Ceremonial object.

1x. Copper celt. 56. Ceremonial object: Auglaize County.
19. Celt. 57. Ceremonial object.

20. Chisel. 58, Cross.

21. Grooved hammer. 59. Bird. shaped stone.

22. Pestle. 60. Bird-shaped stone.

23. Pestle. 61. Bird-shaped stone.

24, Pestle. 62. Boat-shaped stone.

25, Pestle. 63. Boat-shaped stone.

26. Pestle: 64. Ornament (?).

27. Pestle. 65. Ceremonial object.

28. Mortar and pestle. 66. Ceremonial object: Ross County.
29. Discoidal stone. 67. Worked stone.

30. Discoidal stone. | 68. Worked stone.

31. Discoidal stone. 69. Ceremonial ornament.

32. Worked stone. 70. Ceremonial object.

33. Worked stone. 71. Pipe.

34. Worked stone. : 72. Pipe.

35. Hematite paint stone. 73. Catlinite pipe.

36. Paint stone of hematite. 74. Five rudely flaked blades.

37. Ring. 75. Rudely flaked blade: Allen County.
38. Perforated stone disk. 76. Flaked stone: Clermont County.

39. Perforated stone disk. 77. Flaked stone: Warren County.

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 199

78. Flaked stone. * | 91. Seven spearheads.

79. Flaked implements: Warren County. | 92. Sixteen arrowheads.

80. Three implements. 93. Six arrowheads: Blennerhasset
81. Seven flaked implements. Island.

82. Three spearheads. 94. Twelve arrowheads.

83. Spearhead: Hardin County. 95. Awl: Pike County.

84. Spearhead: Flint Ridge. 96. Two awls: Warren County.
5. Thirteen spearheads. 97. Three awls.

86. Spearhead: Warren County. 98. Semilunar knife.

87. Spearhead. 99. Thirteen scrapers.

88. Spearhead: Allen County. 100. Scraper: Brown County.
89. Six spearheads. 101. Three scrapers.

90. Two spearheads: Chillicothe.

FLINT RIDGE, LICKING COUNTY, OHIO.
CaAsE VI.

From the chert quarries of Flint Ridge, Licking County, Ohio, the Indians of the
adjacent country obtained the materials for their chipped implements. The deposit
lies between the cities of Newark and Zanesville, and forms a ridge of rock 10 miles
in length. ‘The ridge displays on all sides the trenches and pits made by the ancient
quarriers.

The quality of the stone varies, and is principally of three kinds: Chert, jasper,
and chalcedony. Specimens of these various stones, in worked condition, have
been found in the States of Indiana, Kentucky, at the source of the Kanawha
River, and in the Allegheny River, near the boundary of the State of New York.
Many objects of this stone have also been found in mounds widely distributed.

It is thought that the Indians first removed the upper covering of earth, which is,
in many places, 9 or 10 feet deep, and on reaching the flint made a large fire on the
rock, in order that the heat might crack it, and they then probably threw water on
it to expedite the work.

Large quantities of flakes, broken arrowheads, knives, etc., found in the vicinity
of Flint Ridge, give reason for the belief that the greater part of the materials
were worked in the quarry itself; but fragments found at great distances, some-
times a hundred miles or more from the quarries, indicate that, after diminishing
the weight of the blocks by chipping them hastily, they carried them away to give
them suitable form.

The quarrier, to shape his block, knocked off flakes with a stone hammer, hun-
dreds of which of different sizes are found scattered over the country.

. Fourteen stone hammers of various sizes.
. Two large masses of flint.
. Twenty-one masses of flint, partly. flaked.
Twenty-three flaked flints worked in the quarry, more or less imperfectly, and
commonly designated as ‘‘ blanks” or leaf-shaped blades.

5. Nine spearheads.

6. Twenty-four spearheads or knives.

7. Five knives.

8. One hundred and one arrowheads.

9. Forty-two scrapers.
10. Eleven awls.

11. One hundred and thirty-six small flakes.

12, Flint cores from which knives have been flaked.

13. Twelve large flakes.

he OND

200

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

IREDELL COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA.

Case VII.
1. Grooved stone axe. 15. Stone ball.
2. Grooved stone axe. 16. Fragment of steatite pipe.
3. Grooved stone axe. 17. Steatite pipe.
4, Grooved stone axe. 18. Steatite pipe.
5. Grooved stone axe. 19. Seven fragments of pottery.
6. Grooved stone axe. 20. Nine chipped blades.
7. Grooved stone axe. 21, Six dressed knives or spearheads.
8. Stone pestle. 22. Three spearheads.
9. Discoidal stone. 23. Nine spearheads.
10. Discoidal stone. 24. Forty-one spear or arrowheads.
11. Stone ball. 25. Six roughly flaked stones.
12. Stone ball. 26. Four knives (?).
13. Stone ball. 27. Arrowheads.
14. Stone ball. 28. Five awls.
FLORIDA.

OAD OF 09

. Pertorated

. Perforated

. Perforated

. Perforated

. Perforated

. Perforated

. Perforated

. Perforated

. Perforated

. Perforated

Case VIII.

. Twenty roughly worked stones,

probably rejected in the quarry:
Marco Pass, southwest coast.

County.

. Polishing stone: Punta Rassa.
. Polishing stone: Punta Rassa.

Celt.
Celt.

. Celt: Levy County.
. Perforated

shell (strombus
Marco Pass, southwest coast.
shell (strombus
Marco Pass, southwest coast.

shell (strombus
Marco Pass, southwest coast.

shell
Marco Pass, southwest coast.
shell (strombus
Marco Pass, southwest coast.
shell (strombus
Marco Pass, southwest coast.
shell (strombus
Marco Pass, southwest coast.
shell (strombus
Marco Pass, southwest coast.
shell (strombus
Marco Pass, southwest coast.
shell (strombus
Marco Pass, southwest coast.
shell (strombus
Marco Pass, southwest coast.

ise

. Three worked stones, like the preced- |
ing: St. Johns Island, Hernando |

. Perforated

Perforated shell (strombus
Marco Pass, southwest coast.

shell (strombus

Marco Pass, southwest coast.

sp.):

sp.):

. Dish, worked shell: Punta Rassa.
. Five sinkers,

shell:
southwest coast.

Marco Pass,

. Eighteen sinkers, shell: Punta Rassa.
. Five disks, shell: Marco Pass, south-

west coast.

. Two disks, shell: Goodland Point,

near Cape Roman.

. Disk, shell: Punta Rassa.
. Spoon, shell: Punta Rassa.
. Two spoons, shell: Alatia River.

29. Worked shell: Punta Rassa.

(strombus sp.): |

. Worked shell: Marco Pass, south-

west coast.

. Two fragments of shell rings: Marco

Pass, southwest coast.

. Two fragments of pottery: Marco

Pass, southwest coast.

. Six fragments of pottery: South Flor-

ida.

. Three fragments of pottery: West

Florida.

. Fragment of pottery: Mound, Tampa

Bay.

. Seven fragments of pottery, -Guif

Park, Hernando County.

. Fragment of pottery.

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 201

The articles which follow, from No. 38 to No. 102, inciusive, were found in the shell
heaps at Punta Rassa, dating from the time of the Spaniards.
The stone objects ave of Indian manufacture; those of metal are chiefly of Euro-

pean origin.

The rough beads of gold are made of native gold dust, probably brought from

Georgia or North Carolina.
The large beads are of glass.

38. Fragment of a human skull.

39. Human lower jaw.

40. Two fragments of pelvis.

41, Three human bones, femur.

42, Six silver disks.

43. Silver ornament in the form of a bird’s
head.

44, Silver cross.

45. Silver cross.

46. String of silver beads.

47. Silver beads.

48. String of shell and glass beads.

49, String of shell and glass beads.

50. String of shell and glass beads.

51. Bead.

52. Grooved bead,

53. String of glass beads.

54. String of glass beads.

55. String of glass beads.

56. String of glass beads.

57. Three strings of small glass beads.

58. Two strings of small shell and glass |
beads. |

59. String of glass beads.

60. String of glass and amber beads.

61. Two shell beads.

2, Coral bead.

63. Brass buttons.

64. Gilt bead and two metal buttons.

65. Earrings of blue glass.

66. Imitation precious stone, blue.

67. Two fragments of cut glass.

68. Carved ornament ef bone in the form |
of a bird. |

69. Implement of carved bone.

70. Bone awl.

71. Two carved bone beads.

72. Fragment of the end of a bone.

73. Bone arrowhead.

4, Three bullets.
75. Lead plummet.

| 105.
106.
107.
108.

109.
110.
Uk

. Small shell plummet.

. Ornament of metal, gilded.

. Ornament, copper.

. Ornament, brass.

. Two fragments of copper ornaments.
. Three fragments of metal ornaments.
. Two metal disks.

. Head of a pair of brass compasses.
. Fragment of a Spanish sword hilt,

with the arms of Leon andCastile.
Fragment of a sword blade.

. Fragment of iron.

. Iron key.

. Iron axe.

. Four fossil shark teeth.
90.
91,
. Fragment of glass.

. Two large gold beads.
. Two oval gold beads.
. Small oval gold bead.
. Oval gold bead.

. Oval gold bead.

. Oval gold bead.

. Long gold bead.

100.
101.
102.
108.
104.

Two fragments of glazed pottery.
Fragment of pottery.

Gold disk.

Two gold beads.

Small gold bead.

Finger ring.

Pipe carved in the form of a bird:
Southwest coast.

Copper pendant.

Carved bone in form of a bird.

Die.

Silver disk found in a pile of shells:
Estero Bay.

Fragment of hammered gold.

Two gold beads.

Fragment of pottery: Gulf Park,
Hernando County.

202 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

PUBLICATIONS OF THE DEPARTMENT OF ARCHAEOLOGY AND
PALAZZONTOLOGY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA,
PHILADELPHIA. ;

1. Annual Report of the Curator of the Museum of American Archeology, Philadel-
phia, 1891.

2. Catalogue of the Loan Exhibition. Objects used in the religious ceremonies, and
charms and implements for divination, 1892.

3. Addresses Delivered at the Opening Ceremonies of the Exhibition of Objects
Used in Worship (Philadelphia, 1892).

ir

COLLECTION OF ABORIGINAL INDIAN SKULLS EXHIBITED BY THE
ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA,

STEWART CULIN, Active Member of the Academy.

The forty-four skulls forming this collection represent thirty-five
Indian tribes of the United States, found in graves and mounds.
Many of these tribes are extinct.

This collection possesses great historic interest. It forms part of the
celebrated collection of human skulls made by Mr. Samuel George
Morton, of Philadelphia, and referred to by him in his great work
Crania Americana. A copy of this work is also exhibited. Some of
these specimens are engraved in this work.

The interior capacity of the skulls is given in cubic inches.

NotEe.—tThe skulls are classified according to the language of the
stock to which they belong, following the system of linguistic classifica-
tion of the Bureau of Ethnology.

ALGONQUIAN STOCK.

Skull of a Lenape or Delaware Indian: Woman 40 years old. Facial angle, 76°;
cwhbic inches, 82. (Crania Americana, pl. 82, p. 159.)

Skull of Menominee Indian: Woman 40 yearsold. Facial angle, 76°; cubic inches, 87.

Skull of Miami Indian: Woman 40 years old. Facial angle, 79°; cubic inches, 81.

Skull of Narragansett Indian: Woman 80 years old. Cubic inches, 84.

Skull of Ottigamie or Fox Indian of Wisconsin: Man 50 eure old. Facial angle,
82°; cubic inches, 92. (Crania Americana. )

Skull of Nantick Indian of Nantucket.

Skull of Nantick Indian of Nantucket.

Skull of an Ottawa warrior: 75 years old. Cubic inches, 89.

Skull of Indian of the Penobscot tribe of Maine: Man 50 years old. Facial angle,
76°; eubic inches, 80.

Skull of the young Pottawatomie: A warrior 20 years old, who killed Majimik, the
chief of the Miamis, at the Wabash River, in 1841, and who, in his turn, died at
the hands of the Miamis.

Skull of Sac Indian: Woman 40 years old. Cubic inches, 98.

Shawnee (?) Indian of Ohio: Cubic inches, 87.

_ ATHAPASKAN STOCK.
Skull of Chippewa Indian: Man 30 years old. Facial angle, 73°; cubic inches, 85,
CHITIMACHAN STOCK.

Skull of Chitimacha Indian of Louisiana: Man 50 years old. Facial angle, 71°;
cubic inches, 75. (Crania Americana, pl. 19, p, 163.)
203

204 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

CADDOAN STOCK,

Skull of Arickara Indian of the Missouri River: Worman 50 years old. Cubic
inches, 80.

Skull of Pawnee Indian of Platte River: Woman 30 years old. Facial angle, 75°;
cubic inches, 75. (Crania Americana, 1. 38.)

CHINOOKAN STOCK.

Skull of Chinook Indian of Oregon: Woman 60 years old. Facial angle, 73°; cubic
inches, 82. Natural form.

CHUMASKAN STOCK.
Skull of Indian of Santa Barbara, Cal.
IROQUOIAN STOCK.

Skull of Cherokee Indian: Woman 20 yearsold. Facial angle, 74°; cubic inches, 84.
Skull of Huron Indian: Woman 40 years old. Cubic inches, 83. Found in a mound
near Michigan Strait in 1844,
Skull of Iroquois Indian (?): Exhumed, with many others, near Lake Erie, about 20
miles east of the Niagara, in,1824. Facial angle, 74°; cubic inches, 103.
Skull of Mohawk Indian: Woman 16 years old. Exhumed near Manheim, N. Y.
‘Cubic inches, 81.

KITUNAHAN STOCK.

Skull of the Chief Cootonay (Blackfoot), called the ‘‘ Bloody Hand”: 50 years old
Facial angle, 75°; cubic inches, 88. Missouri River, 1845.

MUSKHOGEAN STOCK.

Skull of Athla-Ficksa, Maskoki, or Creek chief: 50 years old. Facial angle, 72°;
cubic inches, 97. (Crania Americana, pl. 26, p. 170.)

Skull of a Seminole warrior of Florida: 50 years old. Facial angle, 72°; cubic
inches, 96. (Crania Americana, pl. 22, p. 166.)

Skull of Yamasi (?) Indian of Florida: Man 50 years old.

SALISHAN STOCK.

Skull of Indian of the Klatsoni tribe of Oregon: Man 50 years old. Facial angle,
70°; cubic inches, 75. Artificially compressed. (Crania Americana, pl. 44, p.
210).

Skull of Nass Indian of Fort Simpson, Washington Territory.

SHOSHONEAN STOCK.

my

Skull of Shoshone Indian; Women 40 years old. Cubic inches, 72.
SIOUAN STOCK.

Skull of Assinaboine Indian of Missouri: Woman 20 years old. Cubic inches, 85.

Skull of Aubsaroke or Crow Indian: Woman 40 years old. Cubic inches, 95 (1845).

Skull of Dacota or Sioux Indian of Wisconsin: Man 20 years old.

Skull of Mandan Indian of the Upper Missouri: Man 40 yearsold. Cubic inches, 91.

Skull of Minnetare or Gros-Ventre Indian of the Missouri: Man 40 years old. Cubic
inches, 94.

Skull of an Otoe warrior of the Upper Missouri: 50 years old. Cubic inches, 83.

Skull of a Winnebago warrior: Facial angle, 79°; cubic inches, 92.

ie a

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 205

UNIDENTIFIED.

Skull of Indian, found in a tomb at Steubenville, Ohio.

Skull of Indian, found in a tomb at Steubenville, Ohio: Man 60 years old. Facial
angle, 77°.

Skull of Indian, found in a tomb at Steubenville, Ohio: Facial angle, 79°.

Skull of Indian, found in a tomb at Steubenville, Ohio.

Skull of Indian, found in a mound about 3 miles from the mouth of Huron River,
Ohio: Woman 60 years old.

Skull of Indian, found in a mound at Chillicothe, Ohio: Man 60 years old. 1846.

Skull of Indian, found in a mound in Butler County, Ohio.

Skull of Indian, found in an ancient mound in Illinois: Man 70 years old. Cubic
inches, 80.

Crania Americana, or a Comparative View of the Skulls of Various Aboriginal
Nations of the North and South of America, by Samuel George Morton, M. D.;
296 pages, 4to. 72 plates. Philadelphia, 1839.

Catalogue of the Collection of Human Skulls in the Academy of Natural Sciences
of Philadelphia, by J. Aitken Meigs, M. D. 112 pages. Philadelphia, 1875.

AMERICAN MEDALS, PAPER MONEY, AND WORKS ON AMERICAN COINS
AND PAPER CURRENCY, EXHIBITED BY THE NUMISMATIC AND
ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETY OF PHILADELPHIA.

STEWART CULIN, Recording Secretary of the Society,

Fifty medals of Gen. George Washington.

Fifty medals of eminent Americans.

Fourteen medals of the War of the Revolution and the Independence of America.
Forty American medals, religious, political, and miscellaneous.

Collection of paper money, 220 specimens (1800 to 1863).

This paper money was issued by the State and private banks and commercial
houses, from 1800 to 1863, before the creation of the national banks and the
currency of the national paper.

Collection of the fractional currency of the United States. Fifty specimens (1862
to 1876). ;

By act of Congress, in 1862, the issue of paper money of less value than $1
was authorized, of which a total amount of $368,720,079.51 was issued from 1862
to 1876, in five series. Of this amount $6,903,462.62 remained in circulation on
the 30th of June, 1892.

PUBLICATIONS OF THE NUMISMATIC AND ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETY
OF PHILADELPHIA.

. Constitution and By-Laws, 1870.

. The Falsification of Antique Coins. By H. K. Harzfeld, 1879.

. Presentation of a Silver Medal to Hon. Eli K. Price, president, 1879.

. The Remains of an Aboriginal Encampment at Rehoboth, Delaware. By Francis
Jordan, jr., 1880.

5. Some Modern Monetary Questions, Viewed by the Light of Antiquity. By Robert

Noxon Toppan, 1881.

6: The Books of Chilan Balan. By Danie! G. Brinton.

7. Act and Bull. | :

8

9

mo bom

. William Penn’s Landing in Pennsylvania, 1881.
. Old and New Style Fixed Date Calendars. By John R. Baker, 1881.

10. Proceedings in Celebration of the Twenty-Fifth Anniversary of its Foundation,
1883.

11. Constitution and By-Laws, 1883.

12. Report of the proceedings of the society for 1865.

13. Report of the proceedings of the society for 1878, 1879.

14. Report of the proceedings of the society for 1880.

15. Report of the proceedings of the society for 1881.

16. Report of the proceedings of the society for 1882.

17. Report of the proceedings of the society for 1883.

18. Report of the proceedings of the society for 1884.
206

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 207

19. Report of the proceedings of the society for 1885.
20. Report of the proceedings of the society for 1886.
21. Report of the proceedings of the society for 1887-88-89.

22. Report of the proceedings of the society for 1890-91.

23. A collection of books and pamphlets relating to American coins and paper money

WORKS OF STEWART CULIN ON THE CHINESE IN THE UNITED
STATES OF AMERICA.

States. Philadelphia, 1887.

States. Philadelphia, 1887.

. The Religious Ceremonies of the Chinese in the Eastern Cities of the United
{. China in America. Study on the social life of the Chinese in the United

. The Practice of Medicine by the Chinese in America. Philadelphia, 1887.
. Chinese Drug Stores in America. 1887.

. Chinese Games with Dice. Philadelphia, 1889.
. The ‘‘I Hing,” or Patriotic Rising. Philadelphia, 1890.
. Chinese Secret Societies in the United States. 1890.

. Customs of the Chinese in America. 1890.

. The Gambling Games of the Chinese in America.

Philadelphia, 1891.

ae a Tenn a
: Nh Ay oe ee an Ge F

Abbas Wy ri LS yal

Pesach if
ae

fi mer

AR ae ty wee va I jie

i.

AMERICAN MEDALS, PAPER MONEY, AND BOOKS CONCERNING
THE CURRENCY AND MANUFACTURE OF AMERICAN MONEY,
EXHIBITED BY THE NUMISMATIC AND ANTIQUARIAN SOCI-
ETY OF PHILADELPHIA.

By STEWART CULIN, Recording Secretary of the Society.

Fifty medals of Gen. George Washington.

Fifty medals of eminent Americans.

Fourteen medals of the War of the Revolution and of the Independence of America.

Forty American medals of religions, corporations, politics, and miscellaneous.

Collection of the manufacture of paper money, containing 224 specimens (1800 to
1863). .

This paper money was issued by the State and private banks and commercial
houses, from 1800 to 1863, before the creation of the national banks and the
currency of the national paper.

Collection of the fractional currency in the United States. Fifty specimens (1862
to 1876).

By act of Congress, in 1862, the issue of paper money of less value than $1
was authorized, of which a total amount of $368,720,079.51 was issued from
1862 to 1876, in five series. Of this amount $6,903,462.62 remained in circula-
tion on the 30th of June, 1892.

PUBLICATIONS OF THE NUMISMATIC AND ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETY
OF PHILADELPHIA.
. Constitution, 1870.
. The Counterfeiting of the Ancient Dice. By H. K. Harzfeld, 1879.
3. Presentation of a Silver Medal to Hon. Eli K. Price, president, 1879.
4. The Ruins of a Primitive Encampment of Rehoboth, Delaware. By Francis J.
Jordan, 1880.
5. The Modern Monetary Questions, Viewed in the Light of Antiquity. By Robert
Noxon Toppan, 1881. ¢
6. The Books of Chilan Balan. By Daniel G. Brinton.
7. Proceedings.
8. William Penn’s Sand-Glass in Pennsylvania, 1881.
9. Ancient and Modern Calendars. By John R. Baker, 1881.
10. Memorial of the Twenty-Fifth Anniversary of its Foundation, 1883
11. Legal Constitution, 1883.
12. Account of the labors of the society in the year 1865.
13. Account of the labors of the society in 1878, 1879.
14. Account of the labors of the society in 1880.
15. Account of the labors of the society in 1881.
16. Account of the labors of the society in 1882.
17. Account of the labors of the society in 1885.
18. Account of the labors of the society in 1884.
H. Ex. 100 14 209

toe

210 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

19. Account of the labors of the society in 1885.

20. Account of the labors of the society in 1886.

21. Account of the labors of the society in 1887-88-89.

22. Account of the labors of the society in 1890-91.

23. A collection of books and pamphlets relative to the currency of American paper
money and of the coined money.

WORKS OF STEWART CULIN ON THE CHINESE IN THE UNITED
STATES OF AMERICA.

I. The Religious Ceremonies of the Chinese in the Western Cities of the United
States. Philadelphia, 1887.
IJ. China in America. Study on the social life of the Chinese in the United
States. Philadelphia, 1887.
III. The Practice of Medicine by the Chinese in America. Philadelphia, 1887.
IV. Chinese Drug Stores in America, 1887.
V. Chinese Games of Dice. Philadelphia, 1889.
VI. The ‘‘I Hing,” or Patriotic Rising. Philadelphia, 1890.
VII. Secret Chinese Sanctuaries in the United States. 1890.
VIII. Dresses of the Chinese in America. 1890.
IX. The Gambling Games of the Chinese in America. Philadelphia, 1891.

9

9

EXHIBIT OF THE UNITED STATES MINT.

One hundred and twenty-one medals, coined by the mint in honor of the Presidents
of the United States, including the originals of the medals presented to the
Indian chiefs by the Presidents; together with the originals of the medals voted
by resolutions of Congress to officers of the Army and Navy for distinguished
conduct, and to citizens for eminent services, and the medals coined in commem-
oration of national events, and the medais of the directors and superintendents
of the mint.

The following coins of the American colonies, wedals of the United States, and
paper money of the colonies and of the continental era, are from the United States
National Museum:

Sixty-eight coins of the British colonies of Asia and of the time of the Revolution
of the United States.

Ninety-seven medals of Gen. George Washington.

Seventeen medals of eminent Americans.

Sixty-seven medals of the war of the revolution and of the independence of
America.

(a) Paper moneu of the British colonies of America and of the American States.

Paper money of Massachusetts: Four notes (1780).

Paper money of New Jersey: Nineteen notes (1756-1776).

Paper money of New York: Eight notes (1771-1775-1776).

Paper money of Delaware: Eight notes (1776).

Paper money of Pennsylvania: Twenty-five notes (1775-1776).

Paper money of Pennsylvania: Fifteen notes (1777).

Paper money of Pennsylvania: Nineteen notes (1760-1773).

Paper money of Maryland: Twenty-two notes (1775-1776).

Paper money of Rhode Island: Nineteen notes (1780-1786).

Paper money of Maryland: Twelve notes (1767-1770-1774).

Paper money of North Carolina: Twenty-three notes (1776-1779).

Paper money of North Carolina: Eight notes (1780).

Paper money of South Carolina: Twelve notes (1775-1779).

Paper money issued by resolution of the Continental Congress: Twenty-four notes
(1775-1776).

Paper money of Georgia: Eight notes (1776-1777).

Paper money of Virginia: Nine notes (1775-1781).

Paper money of Georgia: Twenty-three notes (1776-1777).

Paper money issued by resolution of the Continental Congress: Twenty-four notes
(1778-1779).

211

FA? COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID

EXHIBIT OF THE UNITED STATES BUREAU OF ENGRAVING AND
PRINTING.

EXAMPLES OF BONDS AND NOTES ISSUED BY THE UNITED STATES.

(a) Legal value of the notes.

One dollar. One hundred dollars.
Two dollars. Five hundred dollars,
Five dollars. One thousand dollars.
Ten dollars. Five thousand dollars.
Twenty dollars. Ten thousand dollars.

Fifty dollars.

In 1862 the United States Government began the issue of paper money with pro-
visional notes, and declared them a legal tenderin payment of all public and private
debts except customs duties and interest on the national debt.

(b) Treasury notes of 1890.

One dollar. Ten dollars.
Two dollars. Twenty dollars.
Five dollars.

The issue of this paper money began in 1890, and it is redeemed in gold or silver
coin, at the discretion of the Treasurer of the United States.

(ce) National-bank notes.
)

Five dollars. Fifty dollars
Ten dollars. One hundred dollars.
Twenty dollars.

(d) National-bank notes.

Five dollars. Fifty dollars.
Ten dollars. One hundred dollars.

Twenty dollars.

The national banks were authorized to issue paper money by act of Congress in
1863. The national banks, before issuing paper money, must deposit in the cofters
of the United States Treasury a sum equal to the issue.

(e) Silver certificates, issue of 1878.

One dollar, Ten dollars.
Two dollars. Twenty dollars.
Five dollars.

The issue of silver certificates began in 1878. This paper money is guaranteed by
the silver coin deposited in the United States Treasury.

(jf) Selver certificates, series of 1881.

One dollar. Twenty dollars.
Two dollars. Fifty dollars.
Five dollars. One hundred dollars.

Ten dollars. One thousand dollars.

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

(9) Gold certificates.

Twenty dollars.
Fifty dollars.

One hundred dollars.
Five hundred dollars.

The issue of gold certificates began in 1863.

One thousand dollars.
Five thousand dollars.
Ten thousand dollars.

the coined gold deposited in the United States Treasury.
g i J

(h) 4 per cent bonds of 1907.

Fifty dollars.

One hundred dollars.
Five hundred dollars.
One thousand dollars.

Five thousand dollars.
Ten thousand dollars.
Twenty thousand dollars.
Fifty thousand dollars.

213

This paper money is guaranteed by

The bonds bearing interest at 4 per cent per annum, redeemable July 1, 1907, were

issued by act of Congress of July 14, 1370.

(i) 3 per cent bonds of 1882.

Fifty dollars.
One hundred dollars.
Five hundred dollars.

One thousand dollars.
Ten thousand dollars.

The bonds bearing interest at 5 per cent, issued from 1855 to 1868, were, by act of
Congress of July 12, 1882, converted into 3 per cent bonds, which were redeemed

prior to 1888.

(j) 44 per cent bonds of 18917.

Fifty dollars.

One hundred dollars.
Five hundred dollars.
One thousand dollars.

Five thousand dollars.
Ten thousand dollars.
Twenty thousand dollars.
Fifty thousand dollars.

The coupon bonds bearing interest at 4} per cent per annum were issued by act

of Congress of July 14, 1870.

were converted into 2 per cent bonds or paid, at the option of the holder.

When these bonds fell due, in September, 1891, they

EXHIBIT OF THE UNITED STATES POST-OFFICE DEPARTMENT.

UNITED STATES POSTAGE STAMPS.

Stamps: 1847-1890.

Stamped-letter envelopes.

Envelope for certified and stamped pack-
ages.

Wrappers for periodicals,

Centennial envelope, 1876.

Stamps for periodicals and magazines.

Ordinary stamp.
Special-delivery stamps.
Postal cards.

Official stamps.

Stamped official envelopes,

Envelope for official documents.

Stamped envelopes.

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1

REPORT OF WM. E. CURTIS, ASSISTANT TO COMMISSIONER
GENERAL, IN CHARGE OF THE HISTORICAL SECTION,
EXHIBIT OF THE UNITED STATES AT THE COLUMBIAN
HISTORICAL EXPOSITION, MADRID, SPAIN, 1892.

WASHINGTON, D.C., April 5, 1893.

Str: I have the honor to hand you herewith my report as your
assistant in charge of the historical section of the exhibit of the United
States at the Columbian Historical Exposition at Madrid, Spain,
1892-93.

The delay of Congress in authorizing the participation of the United
States in the Spanish celebration of the Columbian anniversary, and
in making an appropriation to defray the necessary expense, left no
time to prepare a historical exhibit suitable to the importance of the
Exposition and the event it was intended to commemorate. This is
much to be regretted for many reasons.

There is in existence much historical material concerning the early
voyages to and the exploration and settlement of the United States by
Spanish soldiers, sailors, colonists, and missionaries that has never
been assembled or described, and which will undoubtedly disappear
unless some steps are taken to collect and preserve it. Some of it is
for sale; more could be obtained as permanent loans or gifts if the
owners were properly approached and adequate assurances could be
given of its protection and preservation. There is no association in
existence, so far as I have been able to ascertain, whose motive is the
collection and preservation of Spanish remains in North America,
although there is no more interesting or attractive field for the student
and collector. The Southern and Southwestern States and Territories,
which were once a portion of the Spanish domain—particularly New
Mexico, Arizona, and California—still shelter many interesting relies
of Spanish occupation, and could have contributed a large number
of valuable objects to a historical collection at Madrid had there
been time and means to secure them for the United States exhibit.
Such collections are brought together much more easily by pubusie
authority, and upon some similar occasion, when the attention of those
interested can be concentrated, than by the slow and patient search of
the curators of our museums; and so favorable an opportunity for
gathering the relics of the Spanish epoch in the history of the United
States may never again oceur.

215

216 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

Fortunately, however, as chief of the Latin-American department
of the Chicago Columbian Exposition, I had for two years been engaged
in collecting material for a historic exhibit there, with the inspiring
sympathy and cooperation of the late James G. Blaine, then Secretary
of State. The subject had for him more than ordinary interest, and he
gave me much valuable advice and assistance.

The funds to meet the expense were furnished from the allotment of
the Department of State of the appropriation made by Congress for
the board of management and control of the United States Govern-
ment exhibit at Chicago, and the work was done under the direction
and subject to the approval of that body. Additional funds were fur-
nished by the board of directors of the World’s Columbian lWixposition.
They provided the means for Mr. Frede:ick A. Ober, one of my assist-
ants, to follow the course of Columbus among the Bohama and the
West India Islands and visit all the scenes with which the great
discoverer was identified in America, and also for the survey and inves-
tigation by the same gentleman of the ruins of the first three towns
established in the New World, where many relics of value and interest
were obtained.

This collection, so far as it was completed or could be made avail-
able, was hastily packed and shipped to Madrid, where it added some-
thing to the importance of the United States exhibit and received
considerable attention, particularly from historical students and those
engaged in scientific study.

It is a singular fact that, although the Exposition at Madrid was
intended to be exclusively historical, and to commemorate the discoy-
ery of America by Christopher Columbus by a nation whose greatest
glory is in his achievments, both the man and the event were practi-
cally ignored by Spain, and all the other nations participating, with the
exception of the United States. The building was crowded with a
magnificent and remarkable display of articles illustrating the art, the
industry, the piety, the martial conquests, and the luxury of the reign of
Ferdinand and Isabella, the golden age of Spain. The archives of the
Government, the museums and libraries, the cathedrals, churches, and
monasteries, the public and private palaces of the Peninsula were
stripped of their treasures to form an exhibition that was never sur-
passed in the extent and value of its historical features; but the only
articles contributed by Spain that related directly or indirectly to
Christopher Columbus were the following:

(1) An autograph letter from Juan Colona, the notarial secretary
of Ferdinand and Isabella, to Friar Boil, the priest who accompanied
Columbus upon his second voyage. Exhibited by the Royal Academy
of History.

(2) A certified copy, made in 1545, of the will of Diego Colon, the
son of the discoverer, dated September 8, 1525, with a codicil dated
May, 1526. Exhibited by Don Ignacio de Alcazar Castaneda.

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 2G

(3) A copy of the letter written to the Catholic sovereigns by Colum-
bus after his wreck on the coast of Jamaica in 1505. Exhibited by the
Queen Regent.

(4) The original of a memorial addressed by Don Luis Colon, the
grandson of the discoverer, to the Licenciado Prado, treasurer of their
majesties, demanding the rights to which he was entitled under the
contract made with the Catholic sovereigns by his grandfather. Exhib-
ited by the Queen Regent.

There were also several medals struck in Spain and elsewhere from
time to time commemorating the discovery of America.

In the Papal exhibit was a facsimile of an autographie letter from
Alexander VI, Pontiff, dated at Rome, May 3, 1493, congratulating
Ferdinand and Isabella upon the triumphant return of Columbus and
invoking for them the divine blessing.

There was also a facsimile of the famous Bull of Demarecation by
which the same Pope, upon the same date, divided the world between
the Spaniards and the Portuguese.

Also a facsimile of a communication from Pope Alexander VI, dated
June 25, 1493, to Friar Bernardo Boil, the first missionary to the New
World, who accomparied Columbus on his second voyage.

Also a facsimile of a letter from Pope Julius II, dated at Rome, April
10, 1507, commending Bartholemew, the brother, and Diego, the son, of
Christopher Columbus, to King Ferdinand, then an exile in Naples or
Sicily.

The Government of Santo Domingo exhibited a facsimile of a cross
set up by Columbus in 1493 at Santo Cerro in token of his first victory
over the Indians, and a number of photographs of that island, which
was the scene of the first civilized settlement in the New World: and
the Government of Guatemala exhibited two manuscripts which are
claimed to be genuine autograph letters of Columbus, but which are
only clever copies of the originals, to Nicolo Oderigo and the directors
of the Bank of St. George, preserved in the municipal palace at Genoa.

Spain is rich in precious manuscripts. In the archives of the Indies,
and the Colombina Library at Seville; in the collection of the Duke of
Veragua, the Duke of Alva, and the Royal Historical Society at
Madrid are the most valuable and interesting historical documents in
the world, while scattered through the Kingdom are private collections
relating to the discovery and the conquest of America that are both
unique and extensive. But for some reason none of them were exposed
at the Columbian Historical Exposition, and it was noticeable that
during all the festivities that attended the celebration of the anniver-
sary the descendants of Columbus were conspicuous by their absence.

It was, therefore, as opportune as it was appropriate that a consid-
erable portion of the space allotted to the United States should be oceu-
pied by objects illustrating the life and achievements of Christopher
Columbus, and it was not unnatural that they should attract more than
ordinary attention.

218 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

The collection was necessarily incompleteand unsymmetrical. It con-
tained only such articles as had been made ready in July, 1892, for an
Exposition that was to open in May, 1893; but it was sufficient to con-
vey an adequate idea of the broad plan of which it was a part, and to
indicate the purpose it was designed to accomplish. It was installed
under my direction in two large and well-lighted rooms on the main
floor at the right of the main entrance to the Bibliotheca National, the
handsome and permanent. building occupied by the Exposition. The
rooms opened upon the principal patio of the building, which was beau-
tifully embellished by plants and flowers.

Her Majesty the Queen Regent graciously asked a private view of
the exhibit before the public opening of the Exposition, and made sey-
eral appropriate suggestions as to its rearrangement, which were
adopted.

The Iconografia Colombina, as it was designated in the official cata-
logue, was divided into four parts, as follows:

I. The portraits of Columbus and his descendants, and the monu-
ments erected in his honor.

II. Places identified with the life history of Columbus.

Ill. Pictures illustrative of the manner in which America received
its name.

IV. Remains of Spanish occupation in the United States.

THE PORTRAITS OF COLUMBUS.

The portraits of Columbus, which were 77 in number, included the
originals or copies of all that had been painted or published of any his-
torical interest or artistic value up to the 1st of January, 1892. It was
the first time any attempt had been made to assemble the various types
and ideals, although partial and incomplete collections exist in several
of the European and American libraries and galleries. In securing
these pictures I received valuable assistance from Lieut. W. McCarty
Little, United States Navy; Frank H. Mason, United States consul-
general at Frankfort-on-the-Main; Henry Vignaud, secretary of lega-
tion, Paris; Remsen Whitehouse, secretary of legation, Rome; Col. F.
D. Grant, United States minister, Vienna; B. F. Stevens, United States
dispatch agent, London; Mr. Howell, the librarian of the British
Museum; Hayden Edwards, United States consul-general, Berlin;
Cay. Guiseppi Baldi, and James Fletcher, United States consul, Genoa;
Nestor Ponce de Leon and Benjamin Betts, New York; Edward M.
Barton, Worcester, Mass.; Prof. Halsey C. Ives, St. Louis. and from
James W. Ellsworth, of Chicago, who generously furnished the funds
to purchase the Lotto portrait, which was too valuable to be paid for
from the slender appropriation allowed for the work. I am also under
obligations to the Eastman Company, of Rochester, N. Y., for the
excellence of the mechanical enlargements that were made at their
establishment.

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. Pod WC

None of the portraits were collected or exhibited as works of art.
They were presented solely for their historical interest, and to furnish
a complete exhibit of the varied conceptions which artists in all coun-
tries, for four hundred years, have lad of the appearance of the genius
who discovered America. Nor were any of the portraits offered as
authentic. It was distinctly stated in the catalogue of the collection
that there was no evidence that the features of Columbus were ever
painted or engraved by anyone during his life, and that the date of
the earliest picture that pretended to represent him was six years later
than his death. The most reliable authorities (and the subject has
been under discussion for two centuries) agree in this opinion, and
although the whole world was carefully searched in making this col-
lection, the investigation only confirmed the belief that all are apoc-
ryphal. His portrait has been painted, like that of the Madonna and
those of the saints, by many famous artists, each dependent upon the
verbal descriptions given of the man by contemporaneous writers, and
each conveying to the canvas his own conception of what the great
seaman’s face must have been; but it may not be said that any of the
portraits are genuine, and it is believed that all of them are more or
less fanciful.

Five contemporaneous writers, who knew him, sympathized with him,
and were intimately associated with his career, have left us descriptions
of his features and his person.

His son, Fernando, says:

The Admiral was a well-made man, of a height above the medium, with a long
face, and cheek bones somewhat prominent; neither too fat nor too lean. He had
an aquiline nose, light-colored eyes, and a ruddy complexion. In his youth he had
been fair, and his hair was of a light color, but after he was 30 years old it turned
white. In eating and drinking he was an example of sobriety, as well as simple and
modest about his person.

Gonzales Fernandez de Oviedo y Valdez witnessed the triumph of
the discoverer at Barcelona, was present at several of his receptions,
and at his interviews with the Queen. ‘ Columbus,” he writes, ‘‘was a
man of honest parentage and sober life. He had a noble bearing, good
looks, and a height above the medium, which was well carried. He
had sharp eyes, and the other parts of his visage were well propor-
tioned. His hair was a bright red, his complexion flushed and marked
with freckles. His language was easy, prudent, showing a great genius,
and le was gracious in manner.”

Andres Bernaldez, who was known as “the good curate of Los
Palacios,” and at whose house at Grenada Columbus made his home
for months at a time, wrote the Historia de los Reyes Catolicos, and
gave a description of the person of the admiral. ‘*Columbus,” he
said, ““‘was a man of fine stature, strong of limb, with an elongated
visage, fresh and ruddy of complexion, marked with freckles. He had
a noble bearing, was dignified of speech, and bore a kindly manner.”

Peter Martyr, or Petrus Martyris Anglerius, afterward secretary to
Charles V, described the admiral in similar terms.

220 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

Fray Bartholome de Las Casas was also an intimate friend of Colum-
bus. From him, also, we know that Columbus had red hair and freckles,
keen gray eyes and aquiline nose, a large mouth and a sad expression
of countenance, which was the result of much mental suffering. From
him we know, too, that he was unusually reticent, but spoke with great
fervor and fluency when so inclined. He
describes him, too, as a lover of justice,
but quick in anger when there was reason
for it.

These verbal portraits do not coincide
with many of the pictures which bear the
name of Columbus, and most of them were
doubtless painted without a knowledge
of what had been written of his ap-
pearance. The only portrait which is
positively known to have been drawn
= = during the life of the discoverer was a
ee ae caricature, thesketch of La Cosa, the pilot.

No: 1. THE LA COSA VIGNETTE.

Juan de la Cosa was the pilot of Columbus, and made the first chart of the West
Indies. Jt was drawn upon an oxhide, and is inscribed: ‘Juan de la Cosa la Fijo
en el Puerto de St. Maria cn ano de
1500.” At the top, in the center, is
a rude vignette, drawn with an
ordinary pen and an awk ward hand,
representing St. Christopher bear-
ing the Christ child across a stream,
and meant to be symbolical of Co-
Jumbus carrying Christianity to
the New World. It was one of the
legends of the day that La Cosa
intended to give St. Christopher
the features of Columbus. Baron
von Humboldt, who had heard ot
the chart, found it in Paris, in 1882,
in the library of Herr Walcknaer,
from whom it was purchased by the
Spanish Government, and it now

hangs in the Naval Museum at
Madrid

The several pictures which are
intended to represent the real or
the ideal Columbus may be grouped

; c : THE CAPRIOLO,
into four classes, as follows: See page 222.

(1) Those of the Giovio type—
either copies of the portrait which hung in the gallery of the archbishop of Como,
or drawn from verbal descriptions given of the Admiral by his contemporaries, upon
which that was undoubtedly based.

(2) The De Bry type, representing Columbus as a Dutchman.

(8) The portraits with beards and costumes of the century subsequent to his
death.

(4) The fanciful pictures without pretense to authenticity.

PLATE lI.

Curtis.

Columbian Historical Exposition at Madrid.

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THE GIOVIO.

222, COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

No. 3. THE CAPRIOLO PORTRAIT (page 220).

This was engraved from the Giovian portrait, by Aliprando Capriolo, for the Ritratti
dedi Cento Capitani Illustri, published at Rome in 1596, and was reproduced by
Carderera and Navarette in their celebrated works on Columbus, as well as by many
authors who accepted it as genuine. It closely re-
sembles the engravings in Giovio’s Elogia, but is con-
sidered a more accurate and artistic piece of work.

No. 4. THE CRISPIN DE PAZ PORTRAIT (plate 1.

The portrait that hung in the luxurious palace of the
archbishop of Nocera on the banks of Lake Como was
engraved for another work, Effegies Regnum et Prin-
cipium, Cologne, 1598, by Crispin de Paz, or Crispin de
Passe, as the name is sometimes given, and as a work
of art is considered to surpass both the woodcut in the
Elogia of Giovio, and that of Capriolo. But the artist
added a hood to the Franciscan frock, placed an octant

‘in the hand, and hung a chain around the neck of
Columbus. The appearance of the latter is explained

THE COGOLETO.
See page 224 by Carderera, on the ground that contemporary

writers said he constantly wore over his monkish habit
a chain of gold that was given him by Guacanagari, the cacique of Hispaniola.
A copy of the Giovian portrait, with the face reversed as it would appearyin a
mirror, was engraved for Peter von Opmeer’s Opus Chronographicum, 1611. ~

No. 5. THE FLORENTINE PORTRAIT (page 221).

While a portrait that hangs in the Uffizi Gallery, at Florence, is claimed by some
writers to have been the original Giovio, there seems to be indisputable evidence
that it is a copy of that work,
painted about the middle of the
sixteenth century by Christofano
dell Altissimo, at the order of
Cosmo di Medici. It is painted
on a panel of wood, and is con-
sidered an admirable work of art.

When Thomas Jefferson was min-
ister to France, in 1784, he engaged
an artist to copy ‘‘ what was consid-
ered by the most competent critics
to be the best authenticated like-
ness of Columbus.” The Altissimo
picture was selected, and the copy
hung in Mr. Jetferson’s library at
Monticello until the settlement ot
his estate. It then passed into
the hands of Mr. Israel Thorndike,
who presented it to the Massachu-
setts Historical Society, Boston, aes oniine
November 26, 1835. Mr. Jefferson See page 226.
wrote of this portrait as follows:

“The Columbus was taken for me from the original, which is in the gallery of
Florence. I say from the original, because that it is well known that in collections
of any note-—and that of Florence is the first in the world—no copy is ever admitted,
and an original existing in Genoa would be readily obtained for a royal collection
in Florence. Vasari names this portrait, but does not say by whom it is made.”

Columbian Historical Exposition at Madrid. —Curtis PLATE II,

Christophorus ——- mm 7” Gersia, ee limbus
(Se quo Me; = wz alrum
(Defend clagius, Solem ver fasgue cadentem
recto Bes T/ tls Pe tee hactemis abdita Mundo
letrora defexi, Hoperio pariuraLhilgpa :
od Fs Aine aus rlura et matwora Pee
sant Ac chEL G ge at Aly t gas.

THE CRISPIN DE PAZ.

4

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 225

No. 6. THE YANEZ PORTRAIT (page 221).

In 1763 the Spanish Government purchased from Senor N. Yanez, of Grenada, four
portraits—those of Columbus, Lope, Cortez, and Quevedo—all claiming to be genuine.
The portrait of Columbus was placed in the National Library, and was recognized

by all critics as bearing a close
resemblance to that by Altissimo,
at Florence. Artists who gave it
close study were satisfied that it
had been tampered with, and ob-
tained permission to make aun
examination. On the upper mar-
gin of the canvas were the words
“Christof Columbus novi orbis
inventor.” When subjected to a
chemical test this inscription
disappeared, and another was
found beneath it which read,
“Columb Lygur novi orbis rep-
tor.” Further investigation de-
monstrated that the original had
been repainted, and by some in-
ferior artist; and upon the further
application of chemicals the flow-
ing robe with a heavy fur collar,
“more befitting a Muscovite than
a mariner,” as the investigators
said, vanished, leaving a simple
garb such as Columbus usually
wore, a closely fitting tunic and
a mantle folded across the breast.

ar)

SKURTE

_ THE CANCELLIERA.

See page 226.

The lines of the face were also changed and’ a new expression was disclosed.
Carderera believes this to be a copy of the Giovio portrait, also painted in Italy,
perhaps that made by order of Cosmo di Medici, in 1552, or that made for the Princess

THE BELVEDERE.

See page 227.

Hippolyte. Itis of the same size as
the Altissimo portrait at Florence,
and is painted upon poplar wood,
which was not used in Spain, al-
though common in Italy. The style
is that of the Florentine school of
the middle of the sixteenth century,
and the horizontal plaiting of the
toga was in fashion at that date.
Its age is about the same as that of
the Altissimo picture, and the por.
traits of Cortez, Lope, and Quevedo,
which were found with it, are
painted on poplar panels of the same
size, with the same materials, and
evidently by the same hand. De
Conches pronounces it the most
ancient portrait of Columbus that
exists, and Senor Rios y Rios, a good
Spanish authority, maintains with
considerable circumstantial evi-

dence that the Yanez is the long-lost and much-desired original of the Giovian ecol-
lection. Senor Montojo, of Madrid, insists that it formerly belonged to the Council
of the Indies at Seville, and was probably painted by an artist named Ibanez.

224 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT. MADRID.

A copy of this portrait, by M. Hernandez, was secured by Gen. Lucius Fairchild
when minister to Spain, and presented to the Historical Society of Wisconsin,
It hangs in the capitol at Madison. There is also a
copy in the collection of Dr. E. M. Hale, at Chicago.

No.7. THE MARINE PORTRAIT. ORIGINAL IN THE
MARINE MUSEUM, MADRID (plate m1).

This is one of the most widely known and generally
accepted portraits of Columbus, and has been used
more than any other to illustrate biographies and
volumes of history. Itis given a conspicuous place in
the Marine Museum at Madrid, and has been asserted
to be a genuine portrait, painted in 1504 or 1505, at
Seville, upon the return of Columbus from his fourth
and last voyage, and shortly before his death. There
is no testimony to sustain this claim, but there is
very good evidence that it was painted during the
present century, at the order of the ministry of marine,
and that the artist used the Capriolo engraving as his
model, taking the liberty to add age and signs of anxiety to the face of the Admiral.

A good copy was presented to Colby University, Maine, by the Honorable Han-
nibal Hamlin, while minister to Spain. It resembles the Caprioli very closely,
except that the face is turned to the right instead of the left.

THE CEVASCO,,

See page 227.

No. 8. THE RINCON PORTRAIT (plate Iv).

A portrait of Columbus which hangs in the private library
of the Queen of Span in the palace at Madrid is said to have
been painted by Antonio del Rincon, upon the return of Colum-
bus from his second voyage, although in the long list of the
works of this famous artist there is no mention of this picture.
Rincon was the founder of the Spanish school of portrait
painting. He was made painter in ordinary to the court of
Ferdinand and Isabella, who decorated him with the Order of Sener
Santiago in 1500. He was born at Guadalajara in 1446, and See page 227,
was therefore contemporary with Columbus. At the time of
the latter’s return from his first voyage, Rincon was engaged, under the orders of
Cardinal Ximenes, in decorating the University of Alcala, and had every opportunity
to paint his portrait had he desired to do so. He
doubtless witnessed the triumphal reception of
Columbus, and Sir William Stirling Maxwell, in his
Annals of the Artists of Spain, says ‘‘he mingled
with the great navigator in the courtly throngs of the
presence chamber of Isabella.”

No.9. THE COGOLETO PORTRAIT (page 222).

Cogoleto is a small town 15 miles from Genoa, which
claims the honor of being the birthplace of Columbus.
An old house on one of the principal streets bears a
tablet to commemorate the fact, and visitors are shown
the room in which the eyes that discovered America
first opened to the light of day. The portrait, which
bears no date or signature, hangs in the town hall.
Its history can be traced back three centuries, and it,
too, is asserted to be the original of the Giovian collection. The portrait bears a
similar inscription to that of Dr. di Orchi at Como: ‘Christoforus Columbus novi
orbis repertor,” but the artist is unknown.

THE ARAMBURU.

See page 227.

Columbian Historical Exposition at Madrid —Curtis, Plate Ill.

THE MARINE PORTRAIT.

Columbian Historical Exposition at Madrid.— Curtis. PLATE IV.

THE RINCON.

Columbian Historical Exposition at Madrid.— Curtis. PLATE VI.

|

“

THE LORENZO LoTTo PorTRaIT.

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 225

No. 10. THE ORCHI PORTRAIT (plate v).

There is in possession of Dr. Alessandro di Orchi, of Como, Italy, a portrait bearing
the inscription: “Columbus Lygur Novo Orbis Reptor,” which is believed by many
competent critics to be the original of the Giovian collection. According to Dr, di
Orchi, the villa of Paolo Giovio was sold in 1600 to his
nephew, Francisco Giovio, and thirteen years later the
art collection was divided among the sons of the pur-
chaser. Most of the pictures remained in the possession
of the heirs of the eldest brother of the family, including
the portrait of* Columbus, and this was passed down,
from father to son, until the last of the male line, Paolo
Giovio, dying in 1849 without direct descendants, the
picture of Columbus was inherited by his sister, Antonia
Giovio, the wife of Dr.
Alessandro di Orchi, its
present owner. It hasa
striking resemblance to
that in the museum in
Florence. It bears no
signature, but has been
attributed to both Sebas-
tian del Piombo and Bartolombo Suardo. Piombo
could not have painted Columbus from life, as he was
only 21 years old when the latter died, and at the date
of the alleged visit of the great navigator to Rome he
was 12 years of age and still living at Venice, where
he was born in 1485. Heremoved to Rome a few years
later, became a pupil of Michael Angelo, and was a
rival of Rafael. He might have painted the Giovian
portrait, for the Archbishop employed the best artists to contribute to his collection ;
but if so it was a copy or made from verbal descriptions. Bartolombo Suardo, or
Suardi, also called Bramantino, was
contemporary with Columbus, al-
though a younger man, and reached
his’ greatest fame in 1620. He was
working at Rome in 1513 when the
archbishop of Nocera was living. Dr.
Fossati, who has given the subject con-
siderable study, suggests that the por-
trait was painted in Rome, after an
original sketch obtained from Barthol-
omew Columbus, who visited that city
to intercede with the Pope in 1505. Or
it may have been painted at the order
of Giovio, who was frequently asso-
ciated with Ferdinand, the son of
Christopher Columbus, while he was
in Rome in 1512.

. THE FOCILLON.

See page 229.

THE LEFORT.

See page 229,

y
Uy,

No. 11. THE LORENZO LOTTO POR-

HD
We )

TRAIT (plate vi). Mild =

cay : SoH 2 THE ZEARING.
This portrait, which is recognized by Sve page 229,

experts to be as nearly authentic as any

that exists, is believed to have been painted for Domenico Malipiero, a Venetian senator
and historian, at the instance of his correspondent, Angelo Trevisan (Trivigiano),
secretary to the ambassador sent to Spain by the Venetians in 1501, and who was in

Ex, 100. 15

226.» COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

constant communication with Columbus at that time. Malipiero’s manuscripts, and
presumably this picture, passed into the possession of Senator Francesco Longo.
The Gradenigos were the heirs of Longo, and it was from them that the Caviliera
Luigi Rossi, a steward of the Duchess of Parma, purchased
the portait. Shortly before Rossi’s death the picture was
sold to a Signor Gondolfi, who had it restored and repaired,
the badly damaged head and cap of an Indian at the right
being cut out, and the canvas made square instead of oblong.
From Gondolfi it passed to Signor Antonio della Rovere, from
whom it was bought by Capt. Frank H. Mason, United States
consul-general at Frankfort, for Mr. James W. Ellsworth, of
Chicago. The signature
and date read, ‘‘ Lawrens
Lotto f.1512.” Lotto was
a painter scarcely second
to Titian. He was born
about 1480, and reached the summit of his fame
about 1522. The chart which is represented in the
portrait is very nearly like the Ruysch map pub-
lished in the Rome edition of Ptolemy of 1508. This
portrait was selected as the model for the face of
Columbus upon the World’s Columbian Exposition
souvenir coin, and was awarded a silver medal at
the Columbian Historical Exposition at Madrid as
being the most authentic likeness of the discoverer,

THE HULL.
See page 229

No.12. THE NAVARETTE PICTURE (page 222).

M. Navarette, in his Relations des Quatre Voyages Breas,
de Christopher Colomb, Paris, 1828, uses as a frontis- See page 230.
piece a beautiful engraving of the admiral, evidently
copied from the portrait of Columbus in the ministry of marine at Madrid. It
resembles the Capriolo, however, and wears the same costume, but the face is turned
to the right instead of the left. The engraving hasan inscription, which in English
reads ‘‘Drawn on stone from an original and contem-
porary portrait belonging to His Catholic Majesty, by
Pedro Columbus, Duke of Veragua, a great-grandson of
the illustrious navigator.”

No. 13. THE CANCELLIERA PORTRAIT (page 223).

The family of Fidele Colombo, which sprang from the
brother of Dominco, father of Christopher Columbus,
owned what was known as the Castillo di Cuccaro, an
ancient castle near the village of Cuccaro, in the Mont-
serrat, Italy. In the hall of this castle was an alleged
portrait of Columbus, which is said to have been painted
by Antonio del Rincon, a famous Spanish artist contem-
porary with. Culumbus, and to have been brought to
Italy from Spain by Baltazar Columbus, second cousin of
the discoverer, who in the reign of Philip II contested
in the courts with other relatives for the rights, titles,

THE GREGORI. i ieee x was 5
See page 230. and dignities of Christopher Columbus. This portrait

was accepted as genuine by Napione, and was used by
him to illustrate his Della Patria di Colombo (Florence, 1805), and by Francisco
Cancelliera in his Notizie di Vristofero Colombo (Rome, 1809). It is signed by Jean
Patrini, and was engraved by Joseph Callandi. Patrini was a painter of the Milanese
school and left many works of distinction. This portrait was given by the last

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 227

descendent of Fidele Colombo, about forty years ago, to Count Rosely de Lorgues,
of Boulevard San Germain, Rue Chanel, No. 16, Paris, the author of the well-known
eulogistic life of Columbus.

No. 14. THE BELVEDERE PORTRAIT (page 223).

In 1579, according to written evidence, Ferdinand I of Austria had a copy painted
of the portrait owned by Archbishop Giovio. In 1610 it passed into the possession
of the Archduke Ferdinand, his son, Count of Tyrol, who was also a nephew of
Charles V of Spain. For many years it hung in the castle of Ambras, near Inspruck,
in the Tyrol, but in 1805 it was returned to Vienna, where it now appears in one
of the several magnificent collections of the Austrian capital. It is a miniature
in oil, painted upon a small panel of wood. De Conches says it is very old, as
old as the Altissimo at Florence, and was done by an accomplished artist, but
it bears no signature. It was engraved for Frank’l’s German poem, “ Cristo-

foro Colombo” (Stuttgart, 1836).
No. 15. THE ROHRBECK PORTRAIT.

A young artist named Carl Rohr-
beck, of Milwaukee, has produced a
very excellent full-length portrait of
Columbus in oil, from photographs of
other and more famous representa-
tions of the discoverer.

No. 16. THE CEVASCO PORTRAIT.

A portrait was presented to the city
of Genoa some years ago by Commen-
dador Cevasco, that bears signs of an-
tiquity and resembles the accepted
likeness of the discoverer, but the art-
ist is unknown. It hangs in the royal
palace. (See page 224).

No. 17. THE BOSSI PORTRAIT (page 224).

The Bossi portrait of Columbus as a
: . = ee THE MELLADO.
boy was first published in 1596, as an See page 231.
engraved medallion to illustrate a
biography of Columbus. It has no claim to genuineness, but was used by Bossi
in La Vera Patria e la Vita di C.Columbo. The same face appears beside that of
Vespucci in a frescoed frieze in the municipal palace at Genoa.

No.18. THE ARAMBURU PICTURE (page 224).

A work of art, but a pure fancy, is the head of Columbus painted by Ricardo
Aramburu in 1892. It is owned by Don Francisco de Paula Dominguez of Seville,
and has been published widely in the illustrated papers of Spain.

An ancient portrait in oil, on a small panel, very similar to the Yanez in the
National Library of Spain, hung for many years in the palace of the Marquis de Mal-
pica at Madrid. It lacks the sadness of the Yanez face and has more hair, but it is
of the same dimensions, and de Conches pronounces it a copy. The inscription on
the background is the same. Carderera says:

‘Although the painting is almost three hundred years old, it is unfortunately but a
copy, somewhat shorter, of the portrait placed in the series of illustrious men in the
gallery of Florence, and, like that of other different persons, scattered through the
city, was copied, with slight alterations either in the costume orin the age, and of the
same size, during the third part of the sixteenth century and the beginning of the

228 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

seventeenth, from those contained in the famous museum founded by Paulus Giovius in
his country seat at Como, precisely on the spot where Pliny, the younger, had his villa.”
According to Carderera the Giovian portrait was also copied for Don Pedro de

THE HAVANA.

See page 231.

Toledo, Fifth Marquis of Villa-
franca, in 1601. It has the same
features as the Capriolo.

In a German translation of
Washington Irving’s Life of Co-
lumbus appears a quaintrepresen-
tation of the admiral in chains.

No. 19. THE ROUEN PORTRAIT.

Inthemuseum at Rouen, France,
there used to be two alleged pic-
tures of Columbus, side by side,
but as unlike as it is possible for
two portraits of the same person
to be, and the contrast was very
amusing. In one the hair is gray
and thin, and the flesh is pallid,
almost livid. It is a modern can-
vas, presented to the city in 1851
by Paul Le Carpentier, who
painted it in 1835 from the Rincon
in the Queen’s library at Madrid,
and inscribed it, ‘Columbus Ly-
gur noviorbio Repertor.” A note
on the back says: ‘‘This portrait
was copied in wax in i835 from the
original portrait of Sebastian del
Piombo, which formed a part of the

collection of the Escurial, and which is attributed by some to Antonio del Rincon.”
The other portrait was a sharp and vigorous piece of work, with black hair, black

eyes, considerable color, and expressive features.

It

points a finger to a sphere resting upon a table with
some books. It is attributed both to Velasquez and to
Ribera, and figures in the catalogue as the work of the
first-named artist. Within recent years the catalogue
has been corrected, so that the picture no longer pre-
tends to be a portrait of Columbus, but as a ‘‘ Portrait
of a man disserting on a globe.”

No. 20. THE STUPPI PORTRAIT.

Undoubtedly a copy in oil of the Capriolo by G.
Stuppi, engraved for Iconographia di Uomini Sommi
nelle Scienze e nelle Arti Italiane, Napoli, 1854.

No. 21. THE FONTAINE PORTRAIT.

Painted by J. M. Fontaine, and engraved by P.
Columbo, Duke de Veragua. Published by Danlos.
Evidently a copy of the ministry of marine portrait,

with a more cheerful expression.

THE YOUTH OF COLUMBUS.
From an old print. (Page 231.)

No. 22. THE FARMER PORTRAIT.

The portrait which has been longest in America hangs in the New York State

library, in the capitol at Albany.

It was presented to the State in 1784 by Mrs.

Maria Farmer, a granddaughter of Jacob Leister, governor of the province of New

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 229

York in 1689, and is said to have been painted in 1592, the centennial of the dis-
covery, by some Spanish artist. It bears the inscription ‘‘ Ano 1592, 78. 23,” which
is supposed to mean that the artist represents Columbus at the age of 23.

The inscription on the frame reads: “Columbus. ‘The gift of Maria Farmer to the
senate of New York, 1784.” The entry inthe Senate journal for that year (p. 57) reads:

‘* A letter from Mrs. Maria Farmer, directed
to his honor the president, offering to the ac-
ceptance of the senate an ancient portrait of the
celebrated discoverer of America, Christopher
Columbus, taken from an original painting,
anno 1592, and which has been in her family for
upward of one hundred and fifty years, was read.

“Resolved, That this senate do accept with
grateful acknowledgments the ancient and
valuable portrait offered by Mrs. Maria Farmer.

“Ordered, That the acceptance thereof be
signified by the president in a letter to that
lady with the thanks of the Senate.”

When the capitol was removed from New
York in 1797 this picture was left behind, and
remained in New York until 1827. In that year
the clerk of the senate was directed to remove
the portrait from New York and place it in the

: z TALLEYRAND PORTRAIT.
senate chamber. After considerable search it Seomage 232:

was found in the garret of the city hall and
taken to Albany. In 1850 it was found to be somewhat damaged by heat, as it had
been placed over the fireplace, and was sent to New York for restoration and reframing.

No. 23. THE FOCILLON ETCHING (page 225).

An etchirg has been made by F. Focillon, of Paris, after the painting in possession of
Dr. di Orchi, of Como, and the portrait that hangs in the Naval Museum, Madrid. Itis
owned and exhibited by W. H. Lowdermilk and V. G. Fischer, of Washington, U.S. A.

No. 24. THE LEFORT ETCHING (page 225).

This is an artist’s proof of an etching by M. Henri Lefort, from the portrait in the
Marine Museum, Madrid. M. Henri Lefort, the author
of this copy, was born in Paris, 1852. He was a pupil
of Flameng and Courtry, and is now president of the
French Society of Etchers,

No. 25. THE ZEARING BAS-RELIEF (page 225).

The Zearing portrait is purely fanciful, and was made
by H. H. Zearing, of Chicago, in 1890, after a close study
of other portraits. The original is a bronze cast in low
relief.

No. 26. PORTRAIT OF COLUMBUS. AUTHOR UNKNOWN.

A dignified but rather youthful representation of
Columbus appears in several of his biographies and
numerous works of biography and history; but there

BRADLEY PORTRAIT. ae
See page 234. is no knowledge of its origin or authorship, and it is

probably the work of some engraver.

No. 27. THE HULL PORTRAIT (page 226).
Miss Esther Hull, of Danbury, Conn., hasa portrait of Columbus which is of evi-
dent antiquity, but there is no knowledge of its age or origin. It represents Colum-
bus of middle age, with a dove resting upon his shoulder, and there is a companion

230 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

piece, by the same artist, of Americus Vespucci. All the owner knows of their his-
tory is that many years ago they were left for storage with Mr. William Jaggers, of
New York, with several other paintings. In 1850 the owner wrote Mr. Jaggers, from
a Western State, that he had met with reverses and desired to sell his collection.
The two portraits were purchased by the father of Miss Hull, who brought them to
Danbury. At the left-hand upper corner of each canvas is an inscription. On one
is “Amerigo Vespucci,” on the other ‘‘ Cristoforo Colombo,”
which indicates that the artist was an Italian, but nosigna-
ture can be traced. The canvas has been very frequently
repaired by a delicate and skillful hand.

No. 28. THE RINCK PORTRAIT (page 226).

This portrait has a curious history. The owner is an
old gentleman who lives on Clinton place, New York.
Many years ago he was a dealer in second-hand articles
in New Orleans, and purchased the picture at auction.
It had belonged to an old Spanish family then, and is
said to have been brought by them from Cuba. He claims
that it is an original, painted when Columbus was an old

THE COSTA.
See page 234. man, and taken to San Domingo by one of his descendants.

One corner is cut off, which Mr. Rinck believes was for
the purpose of identification. It was brought before the Congress of Americanists
at Luxembourg in 1877 and discussed at length.

No. 29. THE SAVAGE ENGRAVING.

An old engraving, which is claimed to represent Columbus, engraved by D. Edwin,
from a painting by E. Savage, published in the city of Philadelphia, by the painter,
in 1800. The inscription is as follows:

“The Landing of Christopher Columbus. On the morning of Oct. 12, 1492,
Columbus (Richly Dress’d) with a drawn Sword in his hand
First set his foot on the New World, which he had Dis-
covered. The Portrait of Columbus is copied from the
original Picture in the Collection of the Grand Duke of
Tuscany at Florence.” '

Savage was a resident of Worcester County, Mass., and
his will, on file in the probate court of that county, shows
that he painted and engraved many portraits of distin-
guished men. There are two portraits of Washington by
him, one owned by Harvard College, and the other by the
Adams family at Quiney. The engraver, Edwin, was an
artist of considerable note in his day.

No. 30. THE GREGORI PORTRAIT (page 226).

In the University of Notre Dame, South Bend, Ind., is a
collection of pictures representing scenes in the life of
Columbus, painted by Luigi Gregori, an Italian artist, as

Bee tore Bite : d MONTANUS PORTRAIT.
the gift of Father Sorin, a venerable member of the fac- See page 235,

ulty. One of them represents Columbus in the costume of
a Spanish courtier. The face is modeled after the accepted likeness, but it is a recent
work, and offers no greater claim to attention than artistic merit.

No. 31. AN UNIDENTIFIED CARICATURE.

A curious freak of the imagination of some unknown artist is found in a preposterous
picture that has been before the public for many years, labeled ‘‘A portrait of Chris-
topher Columbus.” It bears no resemblance to any other representation of him.

Ae

CA i ale

4

Columbian Historical Exposition at Madrid. —Curiis. PLaTe VII.

THE VERSAILLES

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 231

The Spanish scientific review, entitled El Cosmos, in the editions for April 18 and
25, 1891, gives a description of an unpublished portrait of Columbus recently dis-
covered. The picture, according to the statement in the publication, is painted in
oil, belongs to a good school, is well preserved, and experts fix the date of its origin
at the beginning of the sixteenth century. It measures 48 by 40 centimeters, and
reproduces the head of Christopher Columbus, with these words disposed in the
following order: Columbus Orbis Lygvy+Nov
Reptor. It represents a man past 60 years of age,
with a high forehead and scanty white hair, pro-
nounced cheek bones, aquiline nose, and an unusually
prominent forehead. It hears a general resemblance
to the Florentine and Giovian types.

No. 32. THE MELLADO PICTURE (page 227).

A purely fanciful portrait of Columbus appears in
D. F. Mellado’s translation into Spanish of Fenimore
Cooper’s Columbus, published at Madrid in 1852. é

No. 33. THE BRYAN ENGRAVING.

What is claimed to be a portrait of Columbus in his
youth is owned by William A. Bryan, Sandy Hill,
N. Y., but the author is unknown.

No. 34. THE HAVANA PORTRAIT (page 228).

: : PARMIGIANO PORTRAIT.
A portrait of Columbus, which hangs in the “ con- See page 235.

sistorial hall” (council chamber) of the captain-gen-

eral’s palace at Havana, was presented to the municipality by one of the Dukes of
Veragua, 4 descendant of Columbus, nearly two hundred years ago. The features
differ from all other likenesses, and the admiral is given a small mustache and goatee.
The garb is that of a Familiar of the Holy Inquisition. Its origin is unknown,

No. 35. WOODCUT FROM THE GOODRICH LIFE OF COLUMBUS.

A man by the name of Aaron Goodrich, of St. Paul, Minn., some years ago wrote a
book entitled, A History of the Character and Achievements of the so-called Chris-
topher Columbus, which was intended as a “ protest
against the further propagation of a falsehood in the
name of history,” and ‘‘ to place inits true light the
character of a man the merits of whose connection
with the history of America has been magnitied.”
This curious volume contains a picture of Columbus
with a sword in one hand and a flag in the other,
which was intended to be a portrait.

No. 36. THE HERNANDO PORTRAIT.

A modern piece of work of much merit artistically,
but bearing no resemblance to the traditional fea-
tures of Columbus. It is owned by Don Mariano
Hernando, of Madrid.

No. 37. THE YOUTH OF COLUMBUS.--FROM AN OLD
PRINT (page 228).

MORO PORTRAIT.

See page 235.

No. 38. THE VERSAILLES PORTRAIT (plate vin).
There were two portraits of Columbus in the great
galleries at Versailles, France. One was presented by the Count de Montesquieu
many years ago. It bears no signature, but Feuillet de Conches, the famous French
savant, who spent a great deal of time in the investigation of its origin, believes that
it was painted by a student of ‘‘ Jean of Bruges,” Jan Van Eyck, for with its heavy
Flemish face it possesses all the characteristics of his school; and it is known that

232 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

his students were scattered widely over Spain and Portugal. One of the legends
attached to this work is that it was painted while Columbus was at the court of
Portugal, and De Conches observes that it is entirely probable that Columbus might
have sat to a Flemish painter there. It is on a small wooden panel, and is of ancient
appearance. J. D.C. Gavard has reproduced it in his Galeries Historique,and it has
been beautifully engraved by Paolo Mercuri, the famous Roman artist. De Conches
also believes that this portrait is the original of the De Bry (No. 46), which the latter
refers to as having been stolen from the councilof theIndies. Ithas been reproduced
thirteen times with variations, by De Bry, 1595; J. Boissard, 1650; Isaac Bullart, 1682;
D. Pauli Freheri, 1688; A. Azett, 1690; Etienne Desroches, 1723; Bodonia, 1781; Luigi
Bosse, 1818; Geruano Scotto, 1821; J. D. C. Gavard, 1844; P. Mercuri, 1844; Angelos
Sanguieneti, 1850; Edouard Cat, 1862.

The second Versailles portrait, which is said to have disappeared during the
Franco-Prussian war, was very ancient also, and plainly of Dutch origin. It was
painted on a small panel of wood, 12 by 14 centimeters in size. It was not on
exhibition, but was retained in a private room. There was an anchor on the frame,
and on the right side of the figure an inscription of
eight lines in ancient Dutch, which read, ‘“ Cristoff
de Colomb Groots Admiral Vost Zee onder Fernand,”
that is, ‘Christopher Columbus, Grand Admiral of
the Eastern Seas, under Ferdinand.” The head was
completely bald, and the costume a great coat, or
vitchouva, worn by sailors in the beginning of the
sixteenth century. Its antiquity was evident, not
only because of the materials used, but because
of the costume and the style of letters and or-
thography of the inscription, which were not in
vogue later than 1650.

No. 39. PORTRAIT OWNED BY THE DUKE OF
TALLEYRAND (page 229).

One of the most artistic of all the alleged portraits
of Columbus has hung for more than a century in
GLADERN FORTRATT: ’ the chateau of Valencgay, department of Indre,
See page 236, France, and belongs to the Duc de Valengay de
Talleyrand de Legan. It belonged to Prince Talley-
rand, and is an ancient work. It is claimed that it was painted by Sebastian del
Piombo, and it bears his signature. Piombo lived from 1485 to 1547, and was an
artist of great fame. His family name was Luciano, His usual signature was
Sebastian Venetus faciebat. The picture bears the following inscription: ‘‘ Hee est
effigies Liguri Miranda Columbi antipodum primus rate qui penetravit in orbem.
Sebastianus Venetus facit.”
The National Gallery at London has a Resurrection of Lazarus, bearing the same
signature as this portrait.
In the National Library, Paris, is a copy of the Talleyrand portrait, of which the
engraver is unknown.

No. 40. THE JULIENNE PORTRAIT.

A modern fancy, painted in 1891 by M. Julienne, a celebrated artist of Madrid.
Tt does not claim to be anything more than an ideal.

No. 41. THE LOUIS PHILIPPE PORTRAIT.

In 1837 King Louis Philippe, of France, presented to the chapter of the cathedral at
Seville an alleged portrait of Columbus, which has since been hanging in the library
founded by Fernando Columbus in that city. It is generally regarded as an excel-
lent work of art, although the posture and drawing have sometimes been criticised.
There is no signature, and the artist is unknown.

Columbian Historical Exposition at Madrid.—-Curtis. PLATE VIII.

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Columbian Historical Exposition at Madrid Curtis. PLATE |X

THE VENETIAN MOSAIC.

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 2a0

No. 42. THE HERMITAGE PICTURE.

There hangs in the Hermitage at St. Petersburg, in that magnificent collection of
art and archeology which Catherine the Great erected as her own mouument, a
portrait (Catalogue No. 852) of a man, by Ferdinand Bal, a Flemish artist of the
seventeenth century, who was a pupilof Rembrandt. It is an excellent work of art,
and was purchased by Count Bandoni, of Paris, in 1780. In his catalogue it appeared
as a portrait of Columbus, but in modern catalogues it appears as the Philosopher.

In a biography of Columbus, published about two hundred years ago, in the German
language, appears a rude picture of a man with a battle-ax in one hand and a shield
in the other, standing on the deck of a vessel. Behind him are bags of gold and at
his left a seaman’s chest. It is claimed to be an ‘‘authentic likeness of the great
discoverer.”

No. 43. FACSIMILE OF THE DE BRY PICTURE (plate vil).

In the preface to his famous work, Grand et Petit Voyages, published at Frank*ort,
1595, familiarly known as De Bry’s Voyages, the author says:

“Theodore De Bry sends help to the reader. In a former number of the History
of America, containing not only a written account of wonderful and extraordinary
matters relating to the recently discovered New
World, but also pictorial representations, by means of
drawings, of many scenes, it was stated that the dis-
covery had been made by the persevering industry of
Christopher Columbus, contrary to the expectation of
all those whom he had consulted on the subject. As
Columbus was a man of intelligence, and endowed
with great genius and spirit, the King and Queen of
Castile, before his departure, directed his portrait to
be painted by a skillful artist, that they might have
a memorial of him in case he should not return from
his expedition. Of this portrait I have had the good
fortune to obtain a copy, since finishing the fourth
book of this work, through a friend, who had received
it from the artist himself; and it has been my desire, . SAY
kind reader, to share this pleasure with you, for which CHRISTORAT, COLON
purpose I have caused it to be engraved in a reduced Sn,
form on copper by my son, with as much care as See page 237.
possible, and now offer it for your inspection in this
book. And, in truth, the portrait of one possessing such excellence deserves to be
seen by all good men, for he was upright and courteous, pure and noble minded,
and an earnest friend of peace and justice.”

At another place De Bry observes that the original of his portrait was painted from
life by order of King Ferdinand, and was stolen from a salon of the council of the
Indies and taken to the Netherlands. The engraving appears in all the many
editions of De Bry’s Voyages, and has been widely copied. It shows Columbus with
a Dutch countenance, and in the earliest prints two warts appeared on his right
cheek, but they were afterwards erased. De Conches, as stated above, insists that
the picture in the Versailles Gallery (No. 27) was the original from which the De
Bry was engraved, with a more elaborate costume and the hair dressed after the
fashion of the time.

RS

No. 44. THE VENETIAN MOSAIC (plate 1x).

A mosaic portrait of Columbus was presented by the city of Venice to the city of
Genoa as u peace offering to her ancient enemy when the latter joined the sisterhood
of States which now constitutes the Kingdom of Italy. It is inclosed in a beautiful
frame of ebony, inlaid with ivory, and is considered a remarkable work of art,
although it makes no claim to genuineness and is of modern workmanship. The
Giovio, Capriolo, and other accepted portraits of Columbus were used as models.
The portrait hangs in the municipal palace at Genoa.

234 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

No. 45. THE BRADLEY PORTRAIT (page 229).

Mr. William Harrison Bradley, of Chicago, the United States consul at Nice, has a
portrait of Columbus, which he purchased in the winter of 1891 from the heirs of an
aristocratic French surgeon and courtier named Imbert-Dolonnes, who figured con-
spicuously at the court of Louis XVI. The portrait is of the De Bry type, and
resembles very closely the Talleyrand canvas. During the general panic and flight.
which followed the inauguration of the revolution, Imbert-Dolonnes fled with the
multitude of Royalists to seek safety out of Paris. For some time he remained
secluded at Avignon, but, hearing that many of the King’s paintings and household
effects were to be sold at auction, he ventured to return and save from the wreck this:
portrait of Columbus and copies of two Titians, which are now in the Louvre. The
story has come down through the family that Imbert-Dolonnes himself set a very
high estimate on the portrait, and that it was a particular favorite of Marie Antoi-
nette. The canvas is cased in an old frame. Its general tone is somewhat somber,
and the “school” is unmistakably Flemish.

The navigator is represented in a dark-green or green-black coat, and his headdress
is of the same hue. The background is filled in with a very warm and reddish
brown. Across the top of the canvas is painted
the legend in simple Latin, ‘‘Christoph. Co-
lombo, Ligur. Orbem Alterum Excogitavit et
primus Visit. an. 1492.” At the side of the
picture appears the line from Virgil, ‘‘ Et mihi
facti fama sat est.”

How the portrait came into the royal family
of France no one knows, but it is claimed to
be the original of the De Bry.

In Freherus is a sour-faced De Bry, with the
head turned to the right, by Rosapina. The
inscription is ‘‘ Christopher Columbus, India-
rum Primus Inventor.”

No. 46. THE COSTA PORTRAIT (page 230).

A type of the De Bry or Versailles appears in
Cento Ritratti de Illustri Italiani, Milano, 1825,
Germo Costa, Del Germo Scotto.

No. 47. THE BERWICK-ALBA PICTURE (plate x).

COLUMBUS IN CHAINS.
Froman old Print. (See page 237. )

There are two portraits bearing the name of
the family of Berwick-Alba, which at one time
held the titles and dignities descending from Columbus. One of them is a painting
and the other an engraving. They are generally alike, representing Columbus
arrayed in highly colored silks and embroideries—a costume he never wore, and
which was unsuitable to his rank and circumstances. In the painting he is repre-
sented as seated in a gorgeous chair, while in the engraving he is represented as
standing, and there are some additional variations in the background. The
engraving was executed with considerable spirit and vigor by the distinguished
artist, D. Rafael Esteve, from a drawing made by the painter Galiano, and bears
this inscription: “El quadro original fué pintado en America por Von Loo” (the
original was painted in America by Von Loo). No such artist is known in the annals
of American art, but there was a painter of that name in Holland a century or more
ago. The late Mr. James Lenox, the founder of the Lenox Library at New York,
thought well of the picture, and a copy hangs in his collection.

No. 48. THE JOMARD PORTRAIT (plate xt).

The Jomard portrait is so called in honor of a distinguished scholar and critic, M.
Jomard, for many years librarian of the Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris, who dis-
covered it in a gallery at Vicenza, Italy, in 1844. ‘‘I saw it by chance,” says M.

PLATE X,

Columbian Historical Exposition at Madrid.—Curtis.

a

p

THE BERWICK-ALBA.

PLATE XI.

Columbian Historical Exposition at Madrid— Curtis.

Hi!)

THE JOMARD.

g

Jomard (in Bulletin de la Société de Géographie, Troisiemé Serie, Tome III, 1843),
“though I was attracted by the ancient appearance of the painting, by its beauty,
and by the noble character of the whole figure. * * * Drawing nearer to the
painting, what was my surprise when I saw in gold letters of the style of the time,
on the right angle, these two words, ‘Christopher Columbus.’ It will easily be be-
lieved that I lost no time in collecting all information apt to enlighten me as to its
origin. Thanks to the kindness of the noble and learned Count Orti Manava, Podes-
tat of Verona, Iwas soon in possession of all facts. It will be easily understood why
such a treasure remained so long unknown. The family owning it kept it carefully,
although unaware of its importance; the last member bequeathed it to his native city,
and at his death it was placed in the public gallery.”

M. Jomard does not assert that it was painted from life, but believes it to be the
work of Titian or one of his students, perhaps Domenico Campagnola, between 1530
and 1540, and gives an extended argument to sustain this opinion. It is a superior,
piece of art, and it has been frequently copied to illustrate modern works on Colum-
bus and American history; but the costume is that of a courtier of the eighteenth
century, and the beard as shown was never worn
in that way until more than eighty years after the

_ death of both Columbus and Titian.

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 235

No. 49. THE MONTANUS ENGRAVING (page 230).

This portrait first appeared in Nieuwe en Onbe-
kende Weereld, by Montanus, in 1671, and was
copied in Ogilby’s America. Also in the 1728 edi-
tion of Herrera. It is supposed to have been
painted in Nuremberg in 1661.

No. 50. THE PARMIGIANO PORTRAIT (page 231).

There hangs in the Royal Museo Borbonaico,
at Naples, an alleged portrait of Columbus, which
has more artistic merit than most of the others
claiming to present his features, and was selected
by Prescott to illustrate his Ferdinand and Isabella.
It was formerly claimed to be genuine, but the best nica Se nas
authorities now declare that it is not a portrait of See page 237.

Columbus at all, but of one Gilberto di Sassuolo,

an Italian statesman and scholar who lived in Naples from 1502 to 1570. There is no
doubt that it was painted by Francesco Mazziolo, who took the name of Parmigiano
in honor of his native city, Parma. He was born in 1503, so that he was but 3 years
old at the death of Columbus, and he died in 1540. He was a student of Rafael, and
produced many great works, including a portrait of Americus Vespucci, which was
also fanciful. Both the so-called Columbusand the Vespucci portraits were executed
at Parma in 1527, at the order of Cardinal Alexander Farnese, and remained as decora-
tions of his palace for many years. The King of Naples succceded to the Farnese
estates, and removed the painting to the Royal Museum some years later. ‘The por-
trait of Columbus is a rare example of art, but it does not bear the slightest resem-
blance to the features of the Admiral as described by his contemporaries; nor is the
garb such as was worn in Spain at the time he lived. Beautiful copies of both the
Columbus and Americus portraits, by Antonio Scardino, were presented to the An-
tiquarian Society of Worcester, Mass., in 1853, by Mr. Iva M. Barton.

No. 51. THE ANTONIO MORO PORTRAIT (page 231).

Another beautiful work of art, whose artistic authenticity is fully established, is
the portrait of Columbus purchased by Mr. Charles F. Gunther, of Chicago. It was
painted by Sir Anthony Moore, an artist of English origin, known in Spain as Sir
Antonio Moro, and in Flanders as Chevalier Antonius Moor von Dashhorst, who was

236 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

born in 1519, and died in 1581. Wornum regards him as ‘‘in every respect the best
portrait painter of his time,” and says that-he represented in perfection the school of
Flemish art at the time of Rubens and Rembrandt. Waagen, also an acknowledged
authority, places him in the first rank among the masters of his epoch. He visited
Madrid in 1552, at the request of Charles V, to paint the portraits of the royal family.
The Madrid gallery contains some excellent examples from his brush, especially that
of Queen Mary of England. He remained there until the time of Philip Il, when
for some slight offense, said to have been heretical utterances, he was denounced
to the Inquisition. He escaped from Spain, however, and spent the rest of his life
in Flanders. This portrait was painted about 1570, from a miniature of Columbus
said to have been in the possession of the royal family at Madrid, at the order
of Margaret of Parma, regent of the Netherlands under Philip H. Margaret was
the natural daughter of Charles V of Spain and Margaret von Gest, a lady of his
court, and was in turn the wife of Alessandro di Medici, Duke of Florence, and
Octavio Farnese, Duke of Parma. She was the mother of Alessandro Farnese, the
famous cardinal, for whom the
Parmigiano portrait of Columbus,
now at Naples, was painted. The
Moro portrait wasremoved to Spain
when the Spanish court abandoned
the Netherlands, and it is said to
have hung in the cabin of one of the
vessels of the Spanish Armada
during the famous sea fight of 1588.
The vessel which carried it went to
pieces on the Cornish coast of Eng-
land, and the owner of the adjoining
estate kept the picture as his share
of the wreckage. From that date
to the middle of the present century
it remained in the possession of the
same family, when it was purchased
by William Cribb, of Covent Gar-
den, London. His descendants sold
itto Mr. Charles F. Gunther, of Chi-

COLUMBUS AND HIS SONS. :
See page 237. cago. The portrait was engraved

in 1850, and was used by Irving to
illustrate his Lifeof Columbus. It is painted upona panel of wood, about 3 feet by 2
insize, and bears in faint letters the inscription ‘Ch. Colombo.” The frame in which
it is inclosed is a marvelous piece of carving and appears to be as old as the painting.

No. 52. THE CLADERA PORTRAIT (page 232).

In the building known as the Lonja, at Seville, which was formerly the royal
exchange, are kept the archives of the council of the Indies—a committee of
churchmen and politicians, who had charge of the spiritual and temporal welfare of
the New World for two centuries. Hanging over the principal entrance is a por-
trait of Columbus, representing him in ruff and armor, witha full young face, like a
courtier of 30 years, and a mustache and imperial. This portrait was used as the
model for the tablet that conceals the burial place of the alleged remains of Colum-
bus in Havana. It was also used by Don Cristobal Cladera as a frontispiece to his
Historical Investigations concerning the Discoveries of the Spaniards on the Ocean
in the Fifteenth and the Principal Part of the Sixteenth Centuries, published at
Madrid, in 1794. The signature of the engraving is “‘ Bart Vasque la Grabo, 179i
The picture has been copied many times; but it is supposed to be an original of
Luis Columbus, or some other member of the family, instead of the discoverer.

PLATE XII.

Columbian Historical Exposition at Madrid. —Curtis.

THE BRIERA.

Columbian Historical Exposition at Madrid.—Curtis. PLATE XIII.

THE HERRERA.

‘ ae

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 237

No. 53. THE BRIERA PORTRAIT (plate x1).

A portrait by Simeon Briera, and engraved by Antonio Carnercero in 1764, is evi-
dently a copy of that just described, except that a globe has been introduced.

No. 54. THE BAINBRIDGE PORTRAIT (page 233).

An interesting old picture is owned by Mr. R. Somers Hayes, No. 39 West Thirty-
eighth street, New York City. It is said to have been painted by one Cortez, a pupil
of the famous Velasquez. It resembles the Cladera portrait, and is painted on a
cedar panel. It belonged toan old Valencia family. Bernard Henry, who was consul
of the United States at Gibraltar in 1804, married into the family, and obtained the
picture by inheritance. He presented it to Commodore Bainbridge, of the United
States Navy, from whom it was inherited by his grandson, Mr. Hayes.

No. 55. THE MUNOZ PORTRAIT.

In his celebrated Historia del Nuevo Mundo (Madrid, 1793), in which were pre-
sented for the first time many important documents from the archives of Spain
that relate to the discovery, Dr. Juan B. Munoz presents a portrait of Columbus,
with a beard, armor, and ruff of the seventeenth
century, which, like many others, bears no resem-
biance to the traditional or printed descriptions of
his person. It was painted by Mariano Maella,
probably a hundred years after the death of Colum-
bus, and is considered simply afaney. The original
is in the collection of the present Duke of Veragua,
the descendant of Columbus, and a copy hangs in
the archives of the Indies at Seville. Another copy
was presented to the Philadelphia Academy of
Arts by R. W. Meade in 1818, but disappeared some
years later, and can not be traced. Delaplaine used
it as the frontispiece of his Gallery of Distinguished
Americans, publisked in Philadelphia in 1814.

No. 56. THE HERRERA ENGRAVING (plate xi).

One of the standard works on early American

history is Herrera’s Historia General de los Hechos,
j ae an THE FLAMENG.

published at Madrid in 1601, aud familiarly known See page 238.
as Herrera’s Decades. In the later editions appears
a portrait of Columbus, which resembles in many respects that which Munoz adopted
some years after, except that the face is turned in the opposite direction. It was
accepted and copied by William Cullen Bryant and Sidney Howard Gay as a
frontispiece to their History of America, but it does not recall the appearance of
Columbus as described by his son and other associates. It was also used to illus-
trate Grove’s Life of Cardinal Wolsey, London, 1742.

No. 57. COLUMBUS IN CHAINS (page 234).
No. 58. THE BORGHESE PICTURE (page 235).

A portrait in the Borghese Gallery, at Rome, which is catalogued as one of Colum-
bus, and is said to have been painted in 1519, is believed by critics to be a portrayal
of the Saviour’s face by some early but unknown artist. According to Carderera it
was painted for Prince Alobrandine, and fer a century adorned his magnificent
palace.

No. 59. COLUMBUS AND HIS SONS (page 236).

Mr. William Cunningham, of London, England, has kindly loaned a vigorous por-
trait of Columbus and his sons, which formerly belonged to Edward Horne, of Bevis
Mount, near Southampton, and was sold by him to William Thompson, consul of
the United States at the latter city for many years. Its origin and age are unknown,
but it was engraved and published as early as 1794.

238 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

No. 60. THE FLAMENG PORTRAIT (page 237).

A picture painted by Leopold Flameng, a French artist, for the Marquis de Belloy,
and purely fanciful. Thecollection, of which this isan example, isowned by Paul Due-
roque, Paris. The entire collection were used as illustrations for Belloy’s Columbus.

No. 61. THE MENGS PORTRAIT.

An alleged portrait of Columbus, in oil, on can-
vas of small size, hangs in the public library at
Concord, Mass., but it bears no resemblance to
the traditional appearance of Columbus, and is
unlike any other representation of him. It was
presented to the library, in 1873, by Mr. A. P.
Chamberlaine, of Concord, and is a copy, by
Raphael Mengs, of an alleged Spanish portrait
said to be by Titian. It was formerly in the col
lection of Letitia Bonaparte, Napoleon’s mother—
““Madame Mere”—at Rome, and was purchased
by Mr. Chamberlaine after her death. There is
a legend that Mengs, the artist, left a record
somewhere that he made a copy of a portrait of
oak Columbus, by Titian, with but a single change

THE MENGS. in it—the substitution of an admiral’s cloak for

the armor which Titian had painted; but this

record has never been found, nor is there any evidence that Titian and Columbus
ever inet, or that the former ever painted a portrait of the great admiral.

No. 62. THE GIACOMO ZATTA PICTURE.

Feuilett De Conches, the French critic, describes a portrait of-Columbus by Giacomo
Zatta, or Latta, as ‘‘ with the hair in disorder, the nose in air, the neck stretched,
the shirt collar down, and dressed in the costume of 1792.” Nothing is known
about the artist or where the original can be found.

No. 68. THE PILOTY PICTURE.

A picture of Columbus on the deck of his vessel, by
Piloty, is in the gallery of Count von Krack, Munich.

THE PTOLEMY WOODCUT.

In the Venetian edition of the Cosmographia of
Claudius Ptolemy, published in 1548, appears a cu-
rious picture that is claimed to represer.t Columbus,
but the same picture had previously appeared in
other publications over the title of ‘An Astronomer.”

No. 64. THE THEVET ENGRAVING

Andre Thevet, in his Portraits et Vies des Hommes
Illustres, which was first published in Paris in 1584,
gives us a Columbus of a solemn type that looks ‘o
more like an astrologer of the middle ages than THE PILOTY,
aseaman. It is a rude woodcut and has been
frequently copied. It appears in N. D. Clerck’s Tooneal der Beroemder Hertogen,
published at Delft in 1617; in North’s edition of Plutarch’s Lives, published at Cam-
bridge in 1676; in Isaac Bullart’s Academie des Sciences et des Arts, published at
Brussels in 1682, and in several other works of later date. Clerck says that Thevet
obtained the portrait in Lisbon, and thatit was painted by a Dutch artist while
Columbus was living there. Thevet went to America with the Marquis de Villegag-

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 239

non in 1555, when the latter attempted to establish a French colony near the mouth
of the Rio de Janeiro, and returned the year following with Bois-le-Comte, seems to
have sailed northward, and Thevet speaks of Canada and Newfoundland as if he had
been there himself.

No. 65. THE PHILOPONO WOODCUT.

Honorio Philopono, a monk of the Order of St. Benedict, published a book in 1621
based upon the narratives of the priests and monks who accompanied Columbus and
later explorers. The book had the following title: ‘ Voy-
age to the New World of the Western Indies, given now to
the press, made by the Most Reverend Father Dom Buell,
of Catalonia, abbot of Monserrate, and apostolic legate 4
latere of the Holy See for the whole America, or New
World, and patriarch of the same, and his associates or
brethren of the same Order of St. Benedict, sent by His
Holiness the Pope, Alexander VI, in 1492, to preach the
Gospel of Christ to the barbarous people of those regions,
written upon the notes and statements of several authors,
and illustrated with engravings.”

COLUMBUS IN CONVERSATION WITH AMERICUS VES-
PUCCI.

é Sethe yo ite THE THEVEY.
While at Seville in 1505, Columbus saw a good deal of See page 238,

Americus Vespucci. They had become acquainted while

the Admiral was fitting out his ships for his second voyage, the contract for furnish-
ing the supplies having been awarded to a merchant named Beradi, by whom Vespucci
was employed, and the latter had active charge of the business. In the meantime
Vespucci had himself made two voyages to the Indies, cruising along a good deal of

the northern coast of South America, and
down the east coast as far as Bahia, Brazil,
where the Portuguese had established a
trading post. It was at the conclusion of
his second voyage, in September, 1504, that
Americus had written the account of his
discoveries, which, three years later, caused
his name to be given to the New World; but
there is no reason to believe that he antici-
pated or even hoped that his fame would be
so closely linked to the western hemisphere.
Noris there evidence of the slightest rivalry
or jealousy between the two voyagers. On
the coutrary, Columbus sent a letter to his
son, on the 5th of February, 1505, by Ameri-
cus, of whom he wrote:

“‘Within two days I have talked with
Americus Vespucci, who will bear this to
you, and who is summoned to court on mat-

PHILOPONO PORTRAIT. ters of navigation. He has always mani-

fested a disposition to be friendly to me.

Fortune has not always favored him, and in this he is not different from many others.
His ventures have not always been as successful as he would wish. He Jeft me full
of the kindliest purposes toward me, and will do anything for me which is in his
power. I hardly knew what to tell him would be helpful in him to do for me, because
Idid not know what purpose there was in calling himtocourt. Find out what he can
do, and he will do it; only let it be so managed that he will not be suspected of ren-
deringmeaid. Ihave told him all that it is possible to tell him as tomy own affairs,
including what I have done and what recompense I have had. Show this letter to
the Adelantado, so that he may advise how Vespucci can be made serviceable to us,”

240 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

Shortly after this date Americus was appointed as a sort of general agent of the
Spanish Government, at a salary of 30,000 maravedi, about $2,000 a year, to superin-
tend the fitting out of expeditions to the Indies and the north coast of South America.

No. 67. THE LAWSON PICTURE.

Mr. Robert Lawson, of Baltimore, Md., has a portrait of Columbus which he
bought at an auction in 1851-52, where a number of other old paintings of a similar
type were sold. Its age and author are unknown.

No. 68. THE NOVAK PICTURE.

An old portrait of Columbus owned by Mr. Ernest Novak, of New York City, which
belonged to the collection of acertain antiquarian in Seville, and at his death passed
into other hands. The canvas is very old, and
an attempt to bring out the colors only made
the picture worse.

No. 69. THE ERSKINE PICTURE.

An old portrait of Columbus, by Gentile Bel-
lini (1421-1507), owned by Mr. Charles Erskine,
of Roxbury, Mass. It is said to have been
brought from England by Governor Benning
Wentworth, of New Hampshire.

In addition to the portraits of Colum-
bus there was an interesting collection
of portraits of his descendants, so far
as they could beobtained. The pictures
of the earlier members of his family,
his brothers, Bartholomew and Diego,
and Diego and Ferdinand, his sons, and
8 that of Beatriz Enriquez de Arana, the

No. 66. mother of Fernando Columbus, with

Sine | ieee Pest ara whom he lived while at Cordova, were

without doubt purely fanciful, but the

authenticity of those of the later members of the Colon family was well
established.

There were a number of facsimiles of autographs of Columbus,
notably of the letters written by him to Nicolo Oderigo, the Genoese
ambassador to Spain at the time of his return from his first voyage,
and to the Bank of St. George. Here, too, were photographs of votive
offerings which Columbus is said to have placed at the shrine of the
Holy Virgin at Siena, Italy, upon his return from his first voyage,
in obedience to a vow made by him during a terrible storm at sea.

THE MONUMENTS OF COLUMBUS.

Associated with the portraits of Columbus were a series of models,
photographs, and engravings of the monuments and statues that have
been erected in his honor in various parts of the world, seventy-two in
number, and the collection is believed to have been complete.

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 241

It is a common error of historical writers to lament that art has done
so little to commemorate the event that stands most conspicuous among

the achievements of men. Although it is true that no monument of

appropriate proportions has ever been erected
in honor of Columbus, like the stately shaft
that bears testimony tothe greatness of Wash-
ington in the city of his name, or the statue of
Liberty at the sea gates of our metropolis, it
is nevertheless a fact that the effigy of ‘‘ the
Admiral of the Indies” has been painted and
carved oftener, perhaps, than any other ex-
cept the Saviour of mankind, and that the
world is reminded of its obligations to him by
more monuments than have been reared tothe
honor of any other hero of history. There are
no less than twenty-nine statues and monu-
ments to Columbus in America alone, and the
revival of interest in his career because of
the four hundredth anniversary of the dis-
covery will result in the erection of several
more. There are six monuments to Colum-
bus in Spain and seven in Italy, but the other
nations of Europe have thus far neglected to
pay such tribute to his memory, because, per-
haps, they had no association with his career.

THE BALTIMORE MONUMENT.

MONUMENT IN BALTIMORE.

Erected by Italian residents.

The first monument to Columbus is that
which is said to have been placed by King
Ferdinand over his grave in the chureh of
the Carthusian friars at Seville, but the
stone has disappeared, if it ever existed,
of which there is much doubt.

No. 70. THE BALTIMORE MONUMENT.

The first erected in America still stands in the
grounds of the Samuel Ready Orphan Asylum,
within the city limits of Baltimore. Itis a plain
shaft about 30 feet high, resting upon a turf-
covered mound, and surrounded by a group of
stately cedars. It bears the inscription, ‘‘ Sacred
to the Memory of Chris. Columbus, October
XII, MDCCVIIIC ;” and was erected by General
@Amamor, a French soldier of fortune, who came
tothe United States with Count de Grasse to serve
in the Revolutionary army. After the surrender
of Yorktown he took up his residence in the then
suburbs of Baltimore, where he lived until 1797.
The monument was dedicated on the three hun-
dredth anniversary of the discovery of America.

No. 71. MODEL OF A STATUE ERECTED BY THE ITALIAN CITIZENS OF BALTIMORE.

One hundred years later the Italian residents of Baltimore erected another mon-
ument in honor of the great discoverer. It stands in Druid Hill Park, and was paid
for by public subseription. The sculptor was Achille Canessa, of Genoa, ‘The mon-
ument was unveiled on the 12th of October, 1892.

H. Ex. 100——16

242 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

No. 72. MARBLE GROUP AT THE CAPITOL AT WASHINGTON.

When the main portion of the Capitol at Washington was completed, in 1846, a
semicolossal group in marble was placed upon the southern buttress of the eastern
portico at the right of the main entrance. It was carved in Italy, by Signor Persico,
and cost $24,000; the first piece of statuary that was ever
purchased by the Government of the United States. An
armor-clad figure of the discoverer stands in a dramatic
posture, holding aloft in the right hand a small globe on
which is carved the word ‘‘ America.” A nude Indian girl
crouches, awe-stricken, at his side.

A bill has been introduced in the Congress of the United
States and has passed the Senate, appropriating $75,000 for
the erection of a monument at the western entrance to the
Capitol grounds at the head of Pennsylvania avenue, where
a ‘‘peace monument” now stands. It is also proposed to
erect a ‘triumphal arch” in honor of Columbus at the crest
of the hill at the end of Sixteenth street.

MARBLE GROUP. No. 73. THE STEBBINS STATUE.

On Capitol steps, Washington. In 1867, a fine statue of Columbus was erected in Central

Park, New York, by Mrs. Marshall O. Roberts, as a gift to
that city. It was designed and executed in Rome, by Miss Emma Stebbins, sister of
the Honorable Henry G. Stebbins, who also designed the fountain at the terrace in
the park. The statue is 7 feet high, and the base 3l inches. It represents Columbus

COLUMBUS POINTING OUT THE LIGHT,

in the garb of a sailor with a mantle thrown over his shoulder. The face is copied
from the accepted portraits of the Giovian type.
No. 74. COLUMBUS POINTING OUT THE LIGHT.

Mr. Napoleon Sarony, the well-known photographer of New York, has a beautiful
group by D. Anvers, of Naples, representing Columbus on the deck of his caraval,
pointing out the light he is said to have seen on the night before the discovery of land
to Pedro Gutierez, a gentleman of the king’s bedchamber, who accompanied him on
the voyage.

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 243

No. 75. THE ST. LOUIS STATUE.

In 1886 a statue of Columbus was inaugurated at St. Louis, the gift of Mr. Henry
Shaw, a public-spirited citizen of that place. It consists of the single figure of
Columbus, in gilt bronze, of heroic size, standing on a somewhat lofty granite
pedestal, which is enriched by four bronze
panels, with reliefs portraying prominent
eventsinhiscareer. He isrepresented at
the moment when, on the evening of the
11th of October, 1492, he imagined hv saw
a light in the westward, and is looking
forward with an expression half anxious,
half triumphant, to this beacon of an un-
known world. The face of this statue is
copied from that at Genoa. The figure
was modeled and cast in the Miiller
foundry at Munich.

No. 76. THE INSPIRATION OF COLUMBUS.

Some yearsago Mr. A. P. Chamberlaine,
of Concord, Mass, presented to the Acad-
emy of Fine Arts, Boston, a beautiful
piece of marble representing the First
Inspiration of the Boy Columbus. He is
represented as a youth, in the costume of : :
the period, sitting upon the capstan of a STATUE AT ST. LOUIS.
vessel, with an open book in his hand, and
his foot carelessly swinging in an iron ring that hangs from a staple in the capstan.
It is the work of Guilio Monteverde, a young artist of
Rome, in 1871, and was awarded the first gold medal
at the National Art Exhibition at Parmathat year. A
duplicate is owned by Prince Giovanelli, of Florence.
Monteverde is now a senator in the Italian Parliament.

No. 77. STATUE IN LOUISBURG SQUARE, BOSTON.

There is another statue in Boston of Columbus as
a boy, which stands in Louisburg Square, and was
presented to the city in
1849 by Joseph Iasigi,
a wealthy resident, of
Grecian nativity. It
was carved in Leghorn.

No. 78. THE SACRA-
MENTO GROUP.

INSPIRATION OF THE BOY COLUMBUS.
A marble group, rep-

resenting Columbus explaining his theory of a western
passage to the Indies to Queen Isabella, was presented
to the State of California by Mr. D. O. Mills, of New
York City. It stands in the rotunda of the capitol
atSacramento. Larkin G. Mead was the sculptor. It
was carved in Italy, from a single block of marble,
and cost $60,000. SACRAMENTO GROUP.
The most conspicnous ornament on the building of

the Long Island Historical Library, Brooklyn, is a terra-cotta bust of Columbus, of
modern but artistic workmanship, by Olin L. Warner, of New York, who took
for his model the bust at Genoa, but introduced some changes of costume, including
a headdress.

244 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT’ MADRID.

No. 79. THE WHITE HOUSE BUST.

In the main vestibule of the White House at Washington is a bust in marble, but
its origin and authorship have been forgotten.

No. 80. THE PHILADELPHIA MONUMENT.

After the Centennial Exposition in 1876, the Italian
residents of Philadelphia purchased a statue of Column-
bus there exhibited by one of their countrymen, and
presented it to the park commissioners, by whom it
was placed in Fairmount Park.

No. 81. THE CHICAGO HERALD MONUMENT.

In 1891 the Chicage Herald sent an expedition to
Watling Island, and, at or near the point where Colum-
bus is supposed to have landed, erected a column of
masonry, which is surmounted by a marble globe bear-
ing an appropriate inscription: ‘‘On this spot Colum-
bus first set foot on the soil of the New World. Erected
by the Chicago Herald, June 9, 1891.

Nos. 82, 88, AND 84. MONUMENT ERECTED BY ITALIAN
RESIDENTS OF NEW YORK.

A beautiful statue of Columbus was erected by the
Italian residents of New York last summer, and un-

STATUE ON TOP OF MONUMENT, veiled on the 12th of October, 1892. The design was by

sn ae eS Be Gaetano Russo, an Italian sculptor, and the work was
executed under the direction of a committee appointed

by the Italian Government at Rome. The figureis 13 feet high, the shaftand pedestal
62 feet high, which, with the heavy stone foundation, gives the structure a total height
of 84 feet from the ground. The figure is of marble, inciuding the pedestal. The
base is about 36 feet square. At the base of the circular marble shaft will be four

BAS-RELIEF ON MONUMENT, NEW YORK CITY.

Erected by Italian residents.

BAS-RELIEF ON MONUMENT, NEW YORK CITY.

Erected by Italian residents.

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 245

figures, one representing a Spaniard, the second an Italian, the third an American,
and the fourth a winged genie. The work was done in Italy and cost $35,000. The
sculptor gave the design and services free. The money to pay the expense was
raised by subscription from the Italian citizens of New York.

No. 8. DESIGN OF MONUMENT TO BE ERECTED BY SPANISH
CITIZENS IN NEW YORK.

Not to be outdone by their neighbors of Italian birth, the
Spanish residents of New York propose to place in Central
Park a magnificent fountain, from the baseof which will rise a
halfglobe. Uponitssummit willstand
a colossal figure of Columbus, explain-
ingachart to the two Pinzon brothers,
his companions in the first voyage.
It was designed by Fernando Miranda.

No. 86. BUST OF COLUMBUS BY FER-
NANDO MIRANDA. MONUMENT IN NEW YORK.

Erected by Spanish residents.
The people of Columbus, Ohio, pro-

pose to erect a monument to the man in whose honor their
city was christened, and designs have been asked for from

prominent artists.
It is proposed by the citizens of Chicago to erect a monu-
ment to Columbus on the lake front of that city, and its dedi-
MIRANDA BUST. cation will be a part of the services of the World’s Fair. The
monument will be placed on a quadrangular terrace, at each
angle of which wil! be a lamp-post with torches, an
anchor, and a chain, the links of which are sym-
bolieal of Columbus's days of captivity. Four
jong steps will be placed on either side, and the
monument will consist of a pedestal ornamented on
its principal front with a tablet in the shape of a
medallion and destined for an inscription. The
other fronts will contain each a bas-relief repre-
senting the following subjects: (1) the appearance
of Columbus at the convent of La Rabida; (2)
Queen Isabella offering her jewels; (3) the recep-
tion of Columbus at Barcelona on his return from
his fourth voyage; and (4) reception by Queen
Isabella. On the principal front of the base will
be the prow of a vessel, terminated by a figure, the
genius of Columbus, holding in each hand a torch
and showing him the route to take. Above the
vessel’s prow, but back, will be the principal group,

Columbus surrounded by afew of his companions,
and illustrative of his pomting to the new land
promised, and for which he had searched so long,
On the lateral sides, about the height of the prow,
and sitting on a small pedestal, Fame is proclaum-
ing, to the sound of a trumpet, the glories of
Christopher Columbus. The figure on the poste-
rior side personifies the city of Chicago, support-

STATUE ON DRAKE FOUNTAIN.

ing an escutcheon with this inscription: ‘‘The city of Chicago to Christopher
Columbus.”
No. 87. THE DRAKE FOUNTAIN AT CHICAGO.
Mr. John B. Drake, of Chicago, presented to the people of that city a beautiful
fountain, with an ice chamber capable of holding two tons of ice, and furnishing
water at ten faucets. The monument is gothic in style, the base being made of

246 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

granite from Baveno, Italy. Upon the pedestal in front of the fountain is a bronze
statue of Columbus 7 feet high, designed by R. H. Park, and cast in the Royal Foundry
at Rome. ‘The inscription reads, ‘‘Ice-water drinking fountain, presented to the city
of Chicago by John B. Drake, 1892.”

No. 88.—THE LIVERPOOL STATUE.

On the portico of the Exchange building in
Liverpool, England, stands a statue of Colum-
bus, which was erected in 1866, and it is the
only monument that was ever erected to Co-
lumbus in Europe outside of Italy and Spain.

No. 89.—_THE NASSAU STATUE.

A statue of Columbus at Nassau, New Provi-
dence, in the Bahama Islands, was presented
to the colony by Sir James Carmichael Smyth,
governor of the Bahamas from 1829 to 1833.
It was modeled in London in 1831, by an art-
ist named Groggon. The monument stands
directly in front of the Government house, is

igs: a nd Ca? eae | made of metal, and painted white.. The figure
[Se lee aa cop woop 7 al is 9 feet high, pad is placed upon a pedestal 6
ie ~s —— oF | feet high and 5 feet square. On the northern
a Fe NWala he He and seaward side of the pedestal is the in-

scription, ‘‘Columbus, 1492.” It was erected
in May, 1832.

No. 90. THE CARDENAS STATUE

TABLET IN CATHEDRAL AT HAVANA.

There is a statue at Cardenas, Cuba, which
was erected by the celebrated Cuban authoress, Senora G. Gomez de Avellaneda,
the wife of a former governor. It was carved by J. Piguer, of Madrid.

Nos. 91 anp 92. THE CATHEDRAL TABLET, HAVANA. STATUE IN THE CAPTAIN-
GENERAL'S PALACE, HAVANA. BUST IN EL TEMPLETE, HAVANA. COLUMBUS
IN CHAINS, HAVANA.

In addition to the marble tablet that is embedded in the wall of the cathedral at
Havana, where the remains of Columbus are supposed to rest, there are three statues
to the discoverer in that city. One, a full-
length, heroic figure in marble, stands
upon a lofty pedestal in the courtyard of
the palace of the captain-general. The
second is a marble bust upon a column in
front of the little chapel, ‘‘ El Templete,’
which marks the spot where the first mass
was celebrated on the island of Cuba; and
the third is an impressive figure of an old
man in chains sitting on the deck of a
vessel, which ornaments the library of
the Bibliotheca Publica, of the Royal
Economical Society of the Friends of the
Country, which has kindly loaned it for
exhibition in La Rabida. It was modeled
by Valtmijana, at Barcelona, Spain. COLUMBUS IN CHAINS.

No. 93. THE MELERO STATUE. :

Mr. Miguel Melero, director of the Academy of Painting and Sculpture at Havana,
has designed and finished in gypsum a statue of Columbus that will be cast in bronze
for the city of Colon, in the State of Matanzas, Cuba. The work is paid for by the
generosity of a rich sugar planter in Matanzas.

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 247

No. 94. THE MELIDA DESIGN FOR A TOMB OF COLUMBUS, HAVANA.

On February 25, 1891, a royal decree was issued by the Government of Spain,
through the ministry of colonies, inviting competition between Spanish artists for
the erection of an appropriate sepulcher in which to preserve the alleged remains

of Christopher Columbus in the
cathedral at Havana, and for a
statue in his honor in the central
plaza of that city. Fifty thou-
sand dollars was appropriated
for the first and $100,000 for the
others. Several designs were sub-
mitted to a jury, who awarded
the first prize to Arthur Melida
and a premium of $5,000; the
second prize was given to Don
Antonio Alsina; and the third
to Don Francisco Fons The
sepulcher is now being erected,
upen the Melida design, at
Havana,

The Melida design represents
a bier covered with a heavily
embroidered pall, borne upon the
shoulders of four heralds, in gar-
ments richly carved to represent
lace and embroidered work. The
two front figures bear scepters
surmounted by images of the
Madonna and St. James, the pa-
tron saint of Spain. On the front

MELIDA DESIGN FOR MONUMENT.

of their garments are represented the arms of Castile and Leon. The rear bearers

THE ALSINA DESIGN.

ports the shield of the Catholic kings.

represent Aragon and Navarre
the former being indicated by
four red staffs on a gold field,
and the fourth has gold-linked
chains on a red field. The
group is supported on a pedes-
tal ornamented about its edge
with a Greek fret.

No. 95. DESIGN FOR A TOMB OF
COLUMBUS BY ALSINA.

The design submitted by An-
tonio Alsina represents Spain
and America united by the
symbol of the Christian faith.
The sitting statues represent
Hope, Cosmography, and Navyi-
gation. The Spanish lion sup-

The statue of Fame, whose wings partly

appear behind the upper group, is pointing to the name of Columbus inscribed on a

medallion placed on the rear of the funereal urn.

248 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

No. 96. DESIGN FOR A TOMB OF COLUMBUS BY FONS.

The design of Francisco Fons represents a sarcophagus supported by six pillars,
three at the head and three at the feet. Upon it lies Columbus, represented as in his
dying bed, with a cross at his head, before which an angel is standing. One hand
of the angel is resting on his shoulder and the other is pointing upward. At each
corner of the sarcophagus is a winged figure representing Fame. Below it is a globe
covered with tropical foliage in relief. About it sit four allegorical figures, and on
the sides of the base, supporting the pillars, are symbolical figures in high relief.

THE FONS DESIGN.

No. 97. DESIGN FOR MONUMENT TO COLUMBUS AT HAVANA, BY SUSILLO
(pls. XIV-XV1).

The design submitted by Don Antonio Susillo was adopted for the monument, and it
is now being carved. It represents a boat supporting a vessel, which has carved on its
bow the date 1492. In it are two figures, one of an Indian and the other of a white
man, bearingacross. Onone side isa large medallion of Ferdinand and Isabella, The
globe rests on a truncated pyramidal base, which in turn is supported by a pedestal
having at each of its four angles an allegorical figure and on each of its faces a
a bronze bas-relief.

No. 98. THE SAN DOMINGO STATUE.

The statue of Columbus in the city of San Domingo, which was founded by
Columbus, in front of the cathedral in which his bones lay for two hundred and
fifty years, and where it is claimed they still remain, is a heroic statue in bronze.

Columbian Historical Exposition at Madrid. —Curtis. Plate XIV.

THE SUSILLO DESIGN. BAS-RELIEF ON SUSILLO DESIGN

Columbian Historical Exposition at Madrid.—Curtis. PLATE XV

BASE OF SUSILLO MONUMENT.

BASE OF SUSILLO MONUMENT

py? ae

ee he ie peony |
ae cae . ;
NF
as
; a
vy

Columbian Historical Exposition at Madrid. —Curtis PLATE XVI.

BAS-RELIEFS ON SUSILLO MONUMENT.

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 249

It stands in the center of the plaza opposite the Government palace. It was cast in
France, by order of the Dominican Government, about 1880. It represents Colum-
bus in heroic size, pointing to the westward. At the base is a life-size figure of an
Indian girl, representing Anacaona, the unfortunate wife of the no less unfortunate
eacique of Cibao, tracing an inscription which reads: ‘‘Yllustre y Esclarecido
Varon, Don Cristoval Colon.”

No. 99. THE ISABELLA MONUMENT.

Some enterprising and patriotic citizens of Boston have raised funds for the erec-
tion, on the site of Isabella, the first civilized settlement in the New World, of a
statue to commemorate the event and the man. It is to be a bronze figure of Colum-
bus, designed by the sculptor Buyens, of Ghent, and will be cast at Chicopee, Mass.
It will stand on a massive pedestal of Cape Anne Granite. There are two bas-reliefs,
representing the Genius of Christianity and the Genius of Civilization. The former
is a temale figure, representing the Mother Church fostering a little Indian child and
pointing to a suspended cross in the distance, the emblem of man’s salvation. The
second bas-relief is an ideal figure of the Goddess Ceres drawn in a chariot by
prancing horses; her arms are filled’ with gifts and flowers, and Columbus at the
heads of the horses is pointing the way for her to follow. <A third tablet carries an
inscription in Latin, from the pen of M. Schroeder, as follows:

ANNO. CLAUDENTE. SAECULUM. XV
EX. QUO. COLONI. CHRISTIANI. COLUMBO. DUCE
HIC. POST. OPPIDUM. CONSTITUTUM
PRIMUM. IN. MUNDO. NOVO. TEMPLUM
CHRISTO. DEO. DICARUNT
CIVES. BOSTONIAE. SUB. AUSPICE
EPHEMERIS. BOSTONIENSIS
CUI. A. SACRO. CORDE. EST. NOMEN
NE. REI. TANTAE. MEMORIA. UNQUAM. DELABATUR
HAEC. MARMORI. COMMENDAVIT
A. D. MDCCCLXXXXTI.

No. 100. MONUMENT IN THE CITY OF MEXICO.

The capital of Mexico has long had, in one of its public thoroughfares, a truly
artistic monument to the great discoverer. It was executed by Cordier, a French
sculptor, and was the gift to the city of one of her sons, Senor Don Antonio Escandon,
by name. The subbase of this monument is a large platform of basalt, surrounded
by a balustrade of iron, from which spring five lanterns. From the platform rises
a square mass of red marble ornamented with basso-relievos. One of these repre-
sents the arms of Columbus, surrounded with garlands of laurel; another portrays
the rebuilding of the monastery of Santa Maria de la Rabida; the third represents
the discovery of the island of San Salvador, while the fourth reproduces a fragment
of a letter from Columbus to Raefael Sanchez, beneath which is placed the dedica-
tion of the monument by the patriotic gentleman to whose munificence the city is
indebted for the memorial. Surrounding the pedestal, four life-size figures, in
bronze, stand above the basso-relievos, representing, respectively, Padre Marchena,
guardian of the monastery of Santa de la Rabida; Padre Fra Diego Deza, confessor of
King Ferdinand, to the encouragement and support of which two men the hardy
adventurer owed the royal favor; Fra Pedro de Gante and Fra Bartolome de las
Casas, the two missionaries who most earnestly gaye their protection and services
to the Indian natives of the soil. Surmounting the whole is the dignified effigy of
Columbus, in the act of drawing aside the veil which hides the New World. In
’ both conception and treatment this monument is conceded to rank with the best of
its class, even in the Old World.

250 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

No. 101. THE PILAR STATUE, MEXICO.

A statue of Columbus, designed by Pilar, was erected in the Paseao de la Reforma,
City of Mexico, October, 1892.

No. 102. THE STATUE AT COLON.

In the Colombian seaport which was christened Colon, in honor of. the famous
discoverer, but to which modern commerce has given the less distinguished and less.
appropriate name of Aspinwall, stands a bronze group of Columbus, by Vicente
Vela, an Italian sculptor, the gift to that place of Eugenie, late unfortunate Empress
of the French, It represents its subject clothed in the semimonkish garb which he
sometimes wore, with his right hand touching, as
if to protect, the half-clad Indian woman by his side,
and is a pleasing and artistic monument.

No. 108. THE FOUNTAIN AT COLON.

A fountain at Colon is also dedicated to Columbus,
and in one side of the column is a bas-relief in marble

representing the landing at Guanahani.

No. 104. THE STATUE AT LIMA, PERU.

The statue of Columbus at Lima, Peru, was erected
in 1850, by Salvatore Rovelli, an Italian, at the ex-
pense of the Republic, andit was dedicated with great.
ceremony. It is a handsome group, representing
Columbus in the costume of a courtier of the six-
teenth century, raising an Indian girl from the
ground. The pedestal is of marble, bearing the in-
scription ‘“‘A Cristoval Colon” upon one face, and
upon the other three faces handsome urns intended for
tropical plants, and the bust is handsomely carved
with geographical and astronomical designs.

coon. |

PILAR STATUE. At Valparaiso, Chile, is a marble statue of the dis-

coverer, of heroic size. It stands at an angle of two

streets and in front of one of the handsomest houses of the city. The figure is of

bronze and the pedestal of marble. On the several faces of the latter are appro-

priate inscriptions and representations of nauticalimplements. In the figure Colum-
bus stands in an advancing attitude, holding a cross in his right hand.

No. 105. THE VALPARAISO STATUE.

No. 106. BUST AT SANTIAGO, CHILE.

The bust of Columbus at Santiago, Chile, is of marble, and represents a face of the
De Bry type, with a Dutch cap and garments.

No. 107. THE GENOA MONUMENT (plates xvii and xviii).

That which is admitted to be the finest existing monument to Columbus stands
near the railway station in Genoa, the city of his birth. The Genoese monument
was erected in 1862. It was first ordered from the sculptor Bartolini, who shortly
after died.’ Freccia then took it up, but had only just finished a rough model;
however, it was finished by Franzone and Syanascini, of Carra. It consists of a
huge quadrangwar pediment, at the angles of which are seated allegorical figures of
Religion, Geography, Strength, and Wisdom. Resting on this pediment is a large
cylindrical pedestal decorated with ships’ prows, upon which stands a collossal
statue of Columbus, with his left hand resting upon an anchor. At his feet. in a

Columbian Historical Exposition at Madrid.—Curtis. PLATE XVII.

= SS ES

A
CRISTOFORD COLOMBO
LA PATRIA

GENOA MONUMENT.

Célumbian Historical Exposition at Madrid:— Curtis. PLATE XVIIi.

BAS-RELIEFS ON GENOA MONUMENT.

Columbian Historical Exposition at Madrid.—Curtis. PLATE XIX.

CUSTODIA BUST.

-COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 251

half sitting, half kneeling posture, is an allegorical figure of America in the act of
adorning a cross or crucifix which she holds in herright hand. The four bas-reliefs
on the sides of the pediment represent the most important events in the life of
Columbus: (1) Columbus before
the Council of Salamanca; (2) Co-
lumbus taking formal possession
of the New World; (3) his flatter-
ing reception on his return by the
‘Spanish sovereigns, and (4) Colum-
bus in chains.

a

Br SE me ee ee

No. 109. ‘‘ THE CUSTODIA,”
GENOA (plate X1x).

The bust of Columbus which
surmounts the hollow shaft called
the ‘‘Custodia,” at Genoa, in
which the manuscripts and auto-
graphs of Columbus are preserved,
was carved by Peschiera in 1826,
but it has been repudiated by
de Conchas, a learned critic, who
claims that it is the head of a
Roman emperor, by a deaf mute
named Castilli.

4
|

No. 110. STATUE IN RED PALACE,
GENOA.

The statue of Columbus in the
Red Palace, Genoa, represents him
standing upon the deck of the ship
pointing out land to his incredulous sailors, while behind him stands a padre with
across. The pedestal is ornamented with prows of earavels,
and on each side of it is a mythological figure representing
Discovery and Industry.

STATUE IN RED PALACE, GENOA.

No. 111. BUST IN RED PALACE, GENOA.

The bust of Columbus, which stands in the Red Palace
at Genoa, was carved from the Capriola portrait, which was
submitted to the committee in charge by the Duke of
Veragua, a descendant of Columbus, who was invited to
recommend a model.

No. 112. STATUE IN COLLEGE AT GENOA.

In 1892 the students of the Christopher Columbus College
at Genoa demonstrated their patriotism by raising a large

fund, which was expended in the erection of a statute to

BUST IN CIRCOLO FILO- ; ‘ ysis
LOGICO & STENOGRA- Columbus in the patio of that institution. It represents
FICO, GENOA. the discoverer in a sitting posture.

No. 118. PORCELAIN COPY OF BUST IN GENOA.

In the Philological Circle at Genoa is a beautiful piece of marble with a strong
face very much like the traditional types of Columbus, but around the neck is a
chain, to which is attached a medal bearing an unknown face.

252 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

No. 114. THE GENIUS OF COLUMBUS.

A beautiful figure in marble, representing the Genius of Columbus, stands in the
Royal Palace at Genoa. It represents 1 young man with a genie with wings,
surrounded by nautical implements.

No. 115. BUST AT ROME.

There is a bust of Columbus in the Capitoline
Museum, Rome, but its origin and artist are
unknown. There is a copy in marble in the
rooms of the Historical Society at New York.

No. 116. THE COGOLETO MONUMENT.

At the town of Cogoleto, which claims to
have been the birthplace of Columbus, is a
heroic bust of the Giovian type upon a pedestal
of granite, bearing an appropriate inscription.
The pedestal also bears nautical designs, and
upon one side is a griffin in marble.

No. 117. THE BARCELONA MONUMENT (pl. xx).

The monument to Columbus at Barcelona was
unveiled, in the presence of Queen Christinaand
the ministers of state, on the 2d day of May,
eons 1888. It cost $200,000.

GENIUS OF COLUMBUS. It is 240 feet high, and

an hydraulic elevator

carries visitors to the top. It was cast in eight pieces at
Barcelona. The plan comprises an extensive landing stage
at the harbor in front of the city, flanked on either side by
the prow of a vessel, one representing the Pinta, and the
other the Nina, with a magnificent balustrade, adorned by

statues of famous explor-
ers of various nations.
Behind this stretches
an ample paved square,
shaded on its sides and
rear by rows of orna- yust IN CAPITOLINE MUSEUM,
mental trees, and from ROME.
this in turn rises a lofty
and elaborately decorated column, surmounted by
the colossal figure of Columbus, holding in his left
hand a marine chart, and pointing with his right
to the newly discovered land. The base and
accessory figures—one group of which represents
the provinces of Leon, Castile, Arragon and Cata-
lonia, the other portraying the patrons and friends
of the intrepid Admiral—are of stone; the eight
colossal lions guarding its base, and the main shaft,
itself, are of iron; while the four graceful figures
of Fame and Renown, the panels, with their elabo-
rate reliefs, and the other decorative devices which
RONGBENT AT COGOLETO. enrich the monument, and the crowning effigy of
of Columbus—which is a little over 18 feet in
height, and weighs some 30 tons—are all bronze, cast from the cannons contributed
for the purpose by the Spanish Government. This monument was the work of several
artists, the principal figures being the conception of Rafael Atche, a Catalan sculptor,
and the cost of defraying it was borne partly by the city and partly by voluntary
subscription from various municipalities, corporations, and private individuals.

Columbian Historical Exposition at Madrid. Curtis. PLATE XX.

BARCELONA MONUMENT.

ee. -
. ts Pe iy @

PLATE XXI.

Columbian Historical Exposition at Madrid.— Curtis

MADRID MONUMENT.

LA RABIDA MONUMENT.

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. yASYs}

In the courtyard of the Lonja at Seville, the building which was formerly the
Royal Exchange but is now used to shelter the archives of the Council of the
Indies, is an ancient and rather ordinary statue of Columbus in marble, erected
nearly a hundred years ago.

No. 118. THE CARTUJA STATUE, SEVILLE, SPAIN.

After Columbus returned from his last voyage to the New World, he found shelter
in the old monastery of the Carthusian Monks at Seville, and there he remained for
two years. After his death, at Valladolid, his remains were
removed to the chapel of this monastery and lay for nearly
half a century, when they were removed to Santo Domingo.
The monastery is now occupied as a porcelain factory, but the
chapel has been left intact and is still used for worship. Before
the main entrance, under the shelter of some beautiful trees,
is a statue of Columbus. hy some unknown artist, that was
erected many years ago.

No. 119. SALAMANCA (SPAIN) MONUMENT.

At Valcuebo, a country farm once belonging to the Domini- | SALAMANCA MONUMENT.
cans of Salamanca, Columbus was entertained by Diego de
Deza—prior of the great Dominican convent of San Esteban and professor of theology
at Salamaneca—while the Junta of Spanish ecclestiastics considered his plans. The
country people have a tradition that on the crest of a small hill near the house, now
called ‘‘Toes de Colon,” Columbus passed long hours conferring ‘with his visitors
or reading in solitude. The present owner, Don Martin de Solis, has erected a
monument to his memory on this hill, consisting of
a stone pyramid surmounted by a globe and sur-
rounded by an ordinary iron fence.

No.120. THE MONUMENT AT GRANADA, SPAIN.

bt A monument in honor of Columbus and Isabella was
pie dedicated at Granada on the 2d of November, 1892.
:. Se It is of highly polished black and white marble, and
represents Isabella seated in a large gothic chair with
a geographical chart on her lap. Before her stands
Columbus explaining his theories. The sculptor was
Mariano Bellinure.

No. 121. THE BEER STATUE.

After an investigation of the different portraits
of Columbus the Lotto was adopted by Frederic Beer
as a model for his statue of Columbus. It has been
reproduced in bronze by Cottin. Columbus is repre-
sented on his ship, thoughtful, almost anxious, having
on his face the absolute certainty of his calculations,
but also the troublous inquietude of a solution that

CROSS ON TOP OF LA RABIDA. is fleeing from him. At his feet lie an anchor and

a map of the world, around him are the signs of
a revolt that will soon break out; but the serenity of the strong does not abandon

him, and alone against all he believes and dares.
Nos. 122 AND 123. MONUMENT AT LA RABIDA. CROSS AT SUMMIT OF LA RABIDA
MONUMENT (plate xx1).

On the 12th of October, 1892, a magnificent monument, erected by the Government
of Spain in honor of Columbus and the Pinzon brothers, was dedicated with great
ceremony. It stands in front of the old monastery of La Rabida, at Palos. It

254 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

represents a fluted Corinthian column capped by a crown supporting an orb sur-
mounted by across. The column rests upon a prismatic support from which pro-
trude four prows of vessels, and the pedestal of the whole is in the form of a tomb
with an Egyptian-like entrance, to which broad staircases lead on four sides. The
orb bears two bands—one about its equator, and the other representing the zodiac.
On the Corinthian column are the names ‘‘M. Pinzon” and ‘‘V. Pinzon.” Under the
prows of the vessels is the name ‘‘C. Colon,” with a list of the persons who accom-
panied him on his voyage of discovery.

No. 124. COLUMBUS AND THE PRIOR OF LA RABIDA.

There has always been a dispute as to the exact spot where Columbus first
addressed the monks at La Rabida. Many years ago a shaft was erected about 600
yards from the convent to identify the place, and it has been very badly chipped by
relic hunters, and the soft stone has worn rapidly away by exposure to the weather.

COLUMBUS EXPLAINING HIS PLANS TO THE PRIOR,

Some years later a second monument was erected about 30 feet from the main entrance
where the historians claim later evidence locates the first interview between Columbus
and the monks.
No. 125 THE MADRID MONUMENT (plate xxi).

The city of Madrid has honored itself, while honoring Columbus, by the recent
erection of his effigy in bronze, of heroic size, in the Paseo de Recoletos, one of the
principal promenades in the Spanish capital. This representation portrays a benign
and reverent expression of countenance with the figure clothed in the ordinary cos-
tume of his period, wearing over it a short fur-trimmed over-garment. He stands
on a lofty pedestal, or, rather, crowns a column of considerable height, his left hand
outstretched, as if pointing to the newly discovered land he had reached after so
many hardships, while the right upholds the furled flag of Spain, the cross-tipped
staff of which rests upon a miniature semblance of the globe, which, in turn, rests
upon the head of a capstan, about which a cordage cable is gracefully coiled.

No. 126. THE SUNOL STATUE (plate xxi).

The statue of Columbus at the top of the monument is by a Spanish artist
named Sunol, and is considered a very fine figure. A duplicate of the Sunol statue
is to be erected at New York.

PLATE XXIl.

Columbian Historical Exposition at Madrid.—Curtis

SUNOL STATUE.

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COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 255

Nos. 127, 128, AND 129. THE SAMARTIN STATUE. STATUE IN SENATE CHAMBER,
MADRID. PROPOSED STATUE BY GAUDARIAS, MADRID.
There is a similar statue in the offices of the ministry of colonies, Madrid, by J.
Samartin.
A monument to Columbus at Madrid has been proposed by Don Alberto Palacio.

THE SAMARTIN STATUE.

GAUDARIAS STATUE

No. 130. PLUS ULTRA

In the Royal Academy at Madrid is a beautiful allegory in marble entitled, ‘“‘ Plus
ultra,” or there is more beyond. The author was J. Gaudarias, and he intended
this work to illustrate the discovery of the New World. It represents a female fig-
ure upon the back of a winged lion treading upon globes

256 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

No. 131. THE ISABELLA GROUP, MADRID.

There is still a monumental group in Madrid which, while it was erected in honor
of Queen Isabella, may be said to honor Columbus in equal degree, though his effigy
is no part of it. This conception represents his royal patroness in bronze, holding
aloft a cross, and seated on a richly caparisoned horse, whose reins are held on the
one side by a monk and on the other side by a soldier,
with an unsheathed sword resting on his left arm.

No. 132. THE SHTELD OF COLUMBUS.

There is in the Armeria Real (Royal Armory’) at
Madrid a remarkable shield, intended to commemorate
the discoveries of Columbus, which was designed by
Julio Romano, one of the most celebrated pupils of
Rafael. It is said to have been made at the order of
CharlesV. According to mythology, Hercules divided
the two mountains, Calpi and Abyla, which stood
where now is Gibraltar, at the entrance of the Medit-
erranean Sea, placing one in Europe and the other in
Africa, and then erected two pillars on their summits,
bearing the inscription, ‘‘Non plus ultra,” which
means ‘‘ there is nothing beyond.” The design of the
shield represents the moment when the pillars of Her-
cules are being extended to include the countries dis-
covered by Columbus. Charles V stands upon arichly
carved ornamented vessel, holding the standard of
Spain, and crowned by victory. Fame, with her trum-
pet, is before him, and hands him a shield, upon which
Stattaiessakssees tes, arethe words “ plusultra” (thereissomething beyond).

ONGEN TO ISRGRLL ADA In the background Hercules appears, bearing the pillars
MADRID. away, to the astonishment of Neptune and other gods.

No. 133. THE TRIUMPH OF COLUMBUS, SKETCHED BY HIMSELF (page 257).

The contracts, commissions, and other papers of Columbus have been published in
a book called the Codice Diplomatico, with some facsimiles. Among other relics is

a sketch called The
bus, which is allege:
himself at Seville, in
gestion to some art-
to commemorate his
Columbus appears
with Providence by
Ignorance are mon-
wake, while Con-
Christianity, Victory,
of Seraphim, attend
the floating figure of
trumpets, one
and the other ‘‘Fama

Harrisse, in his
says that good judges
to Columbus’s own
none of the drawings

SHIELD OF COLUMBUS.

Triumph of Colum-
to have been made by
1502, perhaps a sug-
ist who might wish
deeds. Inthesketch
seated in a chariot
his side. Envy and
sters following in his
stancy, Tolerance,
and Hope, in the fourm
him. Above all is
Fame, blowing two
marked ‘‘ Genoa”
Columbi.”

Notes on Columbus,
assign this picture
hand. Although
ascribed to him are

authentic beyond doubt, it is true that he had the reputation of being a good drafts-
man. Feuillet de Conches, the well-known French writer, doubts its authenticity.

The sketch is surrounded by explanatory notes in the manuscript of Columbus, or a
very good imitation of it, and at the lower left-hand corner are the initial letters he
was accustomed to use with his rubric.

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 2506

No. 184. SPANISH MEDAL COMMEMORATING THE DISCOVERY, 1892. COLUMBUS
MEDAL ISSUED BY SPANISH GOVERNMENT, 1892.

Anverso. Reverso,

MEDAL COMMEMORATING THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA.

No. 135. THE LAWRENCE STATUE.

Miss Mary Trimble Lawrence, of New York, a member of the board of trustees of
the Art Students’ League and a pupil of Augustus St. Gaudens, was selected by the
board of directors of the World’s Columbian Exposition to furnish the model for a
statue of Columbus to be erected upon the grounds at Jackson Park, Chicago. The
commission was originally offered to St. Gaudens, but he suggested that Miss Lawrence
be employed to work out his conception.

Columbus stands bareheaded, with
face uplifted, clad in armor, as if he had
just taken possession of the soil. In one
hand he holds uplifted the standard of
Castile and Aragon, as does the statue
of the discoverer by the Spaniard, Sunol,
and in the other his sword.

No. 1386. THE STATUE AT PAVIA.

The early biographers of Columbus all
asserted that he was educated at the Uni- Von aden Amiga
nighae ys 5 ; ae ahe cacscuae

versity of Pavia, but later investigation

as f E : TRIUMPH OF COLUMBUS.

fails to disclose any evidence of that fact. See page 256.

That he had a knowledge of the lan-

guages and the sciences there is no doubt, but in none of his own writings, and they
are numerous, (oes he mention the place where he was educated. Thereverend fathers
of that university, however, claim that he was a student there, and have erected a
pedestal and bust to commemorate the fact.

os INC

SCENES IDENTIFIED WITH THE LIFE OF COLUMBUS.

The collection of pictures representing scenes in the life of Columbus
began with a series of views of the several cities that claimed the honor
of being his birthplace, Genoa and Cogoleto being the most prominent.

Although the birthplace of Columbus may be in doubt, the strongest
probabilities are in favor of Genoa. His pedigree and the movements
of his family. have been traced with remarkable patience by Henry
Harrisse, who found in the archives of Genoa records of real estate
transfers and other business transactions by the father of Columbus,

H. Ex. 100 WG

258 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

about the date of his birth; and Columbus, in his will, says, ‘‘ I was
born in Genoa.” In a subsequent paragraph of the same document he
writes, ‘Il came from there and there was I born.”

One of the most interesting of the pictures was a water-color sketch
by Miss Bertha E. Perrie, of Washington, D. C., of the house at
Quinto where the father and mother of Columbus lived and where they
were married. The grandfather of Columbus lived at Terrarossa, a
hamlet about 20 miles northeast of Genoa, and there his father was born.
Some time between 1430 and 1445 he moved to Quinto al Mar, a little
place on the coast 4 miles east of Genoa. The house in which he dwelt
is still standing in the Via dei Colombo, No. 8, owned by Mr. Giuseppe
Piaggio, and occupied by several peasant families. Here Domenico,
the father of Christopher, was married to Susanna Fontanarossa, who
came from Quezzi, and belonged to a race of weavers. About 1446 he
moved into the city of Genoa, where he purchased a residence, and in
that year qualified as a citizen. In 1471 Domenico Columbus went. to
Savona, where his wife died. About 1484 he returned to Genoa to
reside with his daughter until his death, at an advanced age, in 1499
or 1500. He lived to see the triumph and enjoy the fame of his son, and
it is believed that Christopher visited him after the first voyage.
There is, in the municipal archives at Savona, a document witnessed
by Columbus in 1472. On August 26, 1472, he indorsed a note for his
father, and on August 7, 1473, signed a deed relinquishing all claims to
the house in Genoa.

A series of plans in eight parts of the house at Genoa in which
Columbus is said to have been born were also shown. The learned
antiquarian, Marcello Staglieno, of Genoa, identified the Vico dritto
del Ponticello, No. 37, as the house in which Dominico Columbus lived
during the younger years of Christopher’s life, and it is probable,
although not certain, that the latter was born there. The discovery of
the ownership was made by tracing back the title to the property.
Through the efforts of Cavaliere Giuseppe Baldi $6,300 was raised in
June, 1887, the property was purchased, and a tablet was placed over
the door, with the Latin inscription which in English reads: ‘No
house better deserves an inscription. This is the paternal home of
Christopher Columbus, where he passed his childhood and youth.”
The house was, at that time, just outside of the city walls of Genoa, by
the gate of St. Andrew.

Some writers argue that the republic instead of the city of Genoa was
meant by Columbus when he said that he was born there, which will
admit to the controversy the claims of several suburban towns in which
his family at one time resided. In the little village of Cogoleto, about 15
miles from Genoa, an ancient structure is pointed out as the birthplace
of Columbus which bears the following pretentious inscription: ‘ Trav-
eler, stop at this place. It was here that Columbus, the greatest man
in the world, first saw the light; here in this humble house! There
was one world; this man spoke and there were two.”

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 259

There was a number of pictures of places identified with the career
of Columbus in Spain, but these were not so new or novel as the large
collection which represented the present appearance of Watling Island,
which is believed by the best authorities to have been the landfall of
the discoverer.

All the places in America visited by Columbus can be absolutely
identified except his first landfall, called by the natives Guanahani,
and by him San Salvador. Each of half a dozen islands in the Bahama
group has had its advocates, but the highest authorities favor Watling
Island because it answers more closely to the description given
by Columbus in his journal. Watling Island les in latitude 24°
north. Itis about 13 miles long, from 6 to 7 wide, and has an area of
about 60 square miles, nearly half of which is covered by a series of
lagoons, connected with each other by narrow passages. Watling
Island is 175 miles from New Providence, the capital of the Bahamas,
which can be reached by the New York and Cuba Line of steamers, and
about 75 miles from Fortune Island, where the Atlas Line of steamers
from New York touch, but it has no regular transportation facilities,
and to reach it one must hire a sailboat at Nassau.

Although there has been some dispute about the actual landing place
of Columbus on Watling Island, owing to a confused rendering of his
journal, yet the majority of writers have agreed that it was on the east
coast, in or near the bay known as Greens Harbor, and in a cove at its
southern extremity. There is aheadland there, whence the bay stretches
northwardly some 3 miles, and an excellent place for landing, after the
coral reefs have been passed, under the lee of the cliffs. Stopping here
a day, Columbus explored the coast in small boats, keeping behind the
barrier reefs of coral that lie off the beach and surround the island.

An important point in favor of Watling as the landfall of Columbus,
in comparison with other islands claiming it, is the fact that it has in
its center a great lagoon as a distinctive feature. Columbus particu-
larly states that the first island on which he landed had a large lagoon
in its center, and this description will only apply to Watling and to
Crooked Island.

The only settlement on Watling Island is that of Cockburn Town,
at Riding Rock Bay, on the west side of the island. Here is the port
of entry, the house of the resident magistrate, a chapel, church, and a
few score huts and houses. Riding Rock has a fine bay, but is exposed
to storms at times and is then unsafe. It is supposed that Columbus
vame around the island—around its northern point—and then along
the west shore as far as this point, whence he took his departure for
Rum Cay and Long Island.

The Baptists are in the majority in Watling Island, and their chief
place of worship is at Cockburn Town. Like nearly all the houses of
the island, it is built with walls of stone, and covered with a roof’ of
thatch composed of palm leaves.

260 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

The Bahamas, for many years after their settlement, were the abode
of pirates and wreckers, who systematically pursued their nefarious
business of wrecking vessels and sometimes murdering the crews for
the plunder they obtained. The establishment of light-houses by the
English Government was looked upon by them with deep resentment,
a feeling with which they still regard them. Thelight-house at Watling
is first-class, built upon a hill overlooking the site of the first landing
place of Columbus, and is equipped with everything necessary to an
isolated station where stores are not easily obtained.

The entire population of Watling, except the magistrate, the parson,
the schoolmaster, and the police force (consisting of one individual), is
composed of laborers and fishermen. In the interior of the island they
have their ‘‘farms,” where they work hard to raise a scant crop of corn,
pineapples, bananas, and vegetables.

The present inhabitants of Watling support themselves by fishing,
conching, wrecking, turtling, and trying to cultivate the thin soil that
covers the rocks of which their barren island is composed. They earn
a precarious existence, and are frequently on the point of starvation,
as in the summer of 1892, when all the crops failed on account of the
drought. They are honest, good workmen, and demand only 2 shillings
a day for their services. From the nature of things, their island being
so poor and so far distant from a market, being visited only by infre-
quent vessels, they can never improve their condition.

Of the several hundred people composing the population of Watling
Island there are but two or three that are white. They are nearly all
the descendants of the slaves freed by the English act of emancipation
and who have succeeded to the estates of their former owners. ‘These
estates are now 1n ruins, the cleared fields long since overgrown with
serub, and ruin and desolation are visible everywhere.

The chief building material of the Bahamas, abundant everywhere,
is the soft coral limestone, that is easily worked and sawed into build-
ing blocks. It makes the best of foundations and walls, giving strong
and cool houses, and withstands the shocks of the hurricane as no
other could. The roofs are of thatch, made from the native palmetto
or “head palm,” and neatly laid on the rafters. There are few glass
windows, the apertures being closed with wooden shutters, and the
furnishings of the houses are simple in the extreme.

Until quite recently, the oniy white family on the island was that of
the resident magistrate, Hon. Maxwell Nairn, who has lived there for
many years and is looked upon by the inhabitants of Watling Island
as a father and friend. He has earned a reputation for uprightness
and. hospitality that is universal throughout the Bahamas, and the
news that he was stricken with paralysis in the summer of 1892 was
received with general sorrow. After many years of faithful service,
he is now retired on a pittance of a pension not adequate for his
support.

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 261

The collection included views of the coast and the interior of the
island from every point of observation, and photographs of all the build-
ings and many of the inhabitants. There was a similar collection of
views of the other islands visited by Columbus, and particularly the
city of La Navidad, where he landed on the coast of Santo Domingo, and
where his flagship, Santa Maria, was wrecked on Christmas eve, 1492.
The settlement has ever since preserved the name of Guarico, and is
identified with the present bourg of Petit Anse, not more than 3 miles
from Cape Haytien.

The wreck of the Santa Maria occurred on Christmas eve, 1492, and
- from that circumstance Columbus called the first fort he erected here
Navidad, or the Nativity. It was built mainly out of the wreckage of
the flagship, and was said to be a tower surrounded with a ditch.
Having then but two vessels, and not room enough for all, Columbus
left some forty men at Navidad, and then, after provisioning and arm-
ing the fort, sailed for Spain.

The site of the fort is a hill, isolated by surrounding salines, or salt
flats, and commanding the channels by which the vessels of Columbus
approached the shore. The fort was destroyed and the garrison mas-
sacred by Indians in 1493, and Columbus, on his return on the second
voyage, found not oneof his men alive.

The next group of pictures represented the present appearance and
condition of the city of Isabella, the first civilized settlement in the New
World. After reaching the coast of Haiti in 1493, on his second voy-
age, finding the fort he had erected at Navidad destroyed and the gar-
rison massacred, Columbus retraced his track to a point easterly from
Navidad and Monte Cristi, and entered a small but sheltered harbor
at a place nearer to the gold mountains of the interior. Here he dis-
embarked his weary men and munitions and provisions, and began the
foundation of a settlement, which he named Isabella, after his royal
patroness. ;

He erected a church, a public storehouse, known as ‘*The King’s
House,” and a residence for himself, known as the ‘‘Governor’s Palace.”
These were built of stone. Many private houses were constructed of
wood, plaster, reeds, and such other material as were found on the
ground. The city, however, was abandoned after the discovery of gold
in the mountains, and fellintoruins. Mr, I’. A. Ober, the Commissioner
of the Columbian Exposition to the West Indies, made a thorough
investigation of the ruins and brought back all of the stone that was
left on the grounds.

The ruins of what is thought to have been the “ King’s House” were
found on the bluff overlooking the river, and a little distance away
were other ruins that may have been those of the church. The chureh

ras dedicated January 6, 1494, when high mass was celebrated by
Friar Bovl and 12 ecclesiastics.
The site of Isabella is now completely overgrowr with wild vegeta-

262 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

tion, chiefly the different forms of cacti there indigenous, which ren-
ders exploration somewhat difficult. But the cactus forms are beautiful,
and the glimpses through the openings in the clumps of the Bajo-Bonico
River, the bay, and the mountains beyond are attractive.

The ruins of what is known as the ‘“ Royal Mint,” at Isabella, are
just above the bay on the bluff, and there are numerous fragments of
pottery shards there, supposed to be of the crucibles in which the gold
from the Cibao was smelted, as well as of the roofing tiles of the
buildings. Much of the structure has tumbled into the sea, but the
greater portion, doubtless, has been carried away to Puerto Plata, for
building purposes, in recent years.

The harbor of Isabella is small, and protected from the ocean by a
line of coral reefs, the water being shallow, but cf sufficient depth for
the vessels of Columbus. <A river flows into it called the Bajo-Bonico,
which is a stream of some volume in the rainy season, but 1uns nearly
dry in thesummer,. It rises in the mountains of the interior, and large
quantities of mahogany logs are floated down its current from the hills.
It now enters the bay ata little distance from the site of Isabella, but is
thought to have flowed at the foot of the bluff in the time of Columbus.

There were, also, views of Concepcion de la Vega, Santo Cerro, San-
tiago de los Caballeros, Jacagua, Santo Tomas, and Vega Vieja, the
towns that were established immediately after Isabella in the interior
of Santo Domingo. In 1494, after the discovery of gold in the moun-
tains of Cibao, everything transportable was removed from the old to
the new town, including the bell, which was hung in the tower of the
chapel at La Vega, and remained there until the place was destroyed
by an earthquake in 1564, when the survivors built a third town near by.

Jacagua, or old Santiago, was founded by Columbus in 1494, and
called Magdalena, but was destroyed by an earthquake in 1564. The
town had a church and public buildings, and was, at the time of its
destruction, a thriving settlement. The church was recently excavated
at the expense of the Latin-American department of the Chicago
Exposition, and many minor articles of antiquity discovered of the
times in which it was built. The ruins are about 4 miles distant from
the city of Santiago, the present chief city of the province of the same
name, to which the inhabitants of Jacagua removed after the loss of
their houses. The proprietor, Senor Don Ricardo Ovies, is intelligent
and hospitable, speaks English fluently, and aided the Commissioner of
the Exposition in his excavations, furnishing laborers and guidance
and placing the entire property at his disposal. Through him many
interesting relics were recovered which throw light upon the early
history of the country.

The Cibao country, of Santo Domingo, of which La Vega and Santiago
are the chief towns, and from which most of the antiquities recovered
in the island have been obtained, is in the interior and is best reached
from the port of Sanchez, at the head of the Bay of Samana. Thence

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 263

a railroad runs as far as La Vega, a distance of 64 miles, whence it is
some 20 miles farther to Santiago.

The first gold found by the Spaniards in America came from the
river Yaqui, north coast of Santo Domingo, which was called by
Columbus the Rio del Oro, or River of Gold, from the richness of its
sands. It is said that golden particles adhered to the hoops of the
water casks when the sailors took water at the mouth of the river.
The richest deposits of gold, or rather the largest nuggets, were found
in tributaries of the Yaqui, such as the Yanico, on the bank of which
the fort, for the defense of the gold region, called Santo Tomas was
built and garrisoned by 50 men.

Santo Tomas was the first fort erected in the interior of Santo
Domingo, and guarded the gold region of the famous Cibao. The site
of the fortress was traced by the Columbian Commissioner in 1892 and
photographed. At the base of the hill on which the fortress was built
runs a stream, the sands and gravel of which contained gold at the
time the Spaniards came, and even to-day some gold is obtained by the
people living there.

The old fort, Concepcion de la Vega, was built by orders of Columbus
in 1494, shortly before or soon after the first great victory over the
Indians on the Royal Vega. It lies some 6 miles from the present town
of La Vega, and there yet remains enough to show the original plan,
though it is entirely in ruins except the northeast angle, where the
circular bastion is nearly perfect. Here the walls are about 10 feet
high, 6 feet thick, with a space inside of 16 feet. The old fort was
probably about 200 feet square, built of brick, and with circular
bastions at the four corners. The fortress itself is the only structure
of ancient Concepcion sufficiently preserved to indicate its original
outline. It was intended to keep in subjection the Indians of Santo
Domings. A lombard was discovered in the fort, and has been used
for many years in the firing of salutes in honor of the virgin of Santo
Cerro.

Santiago de los Caballeros, in the interior of Santo Domingo, was
settled by hidalgos, Spaniards of noble blood, who obtained permis-
sion from the King of Spain to affix this distinguished appellation,
‘‘de los Caballeros” (of the gentlemen) to their city. Hence, there are
yet resident there the descendants of some of the conquistadores, who
have retained at least a portion of the arms and martial equipment of
their ancestors, and from them were obtained several old Toledos that
were exhibited. The blades are vouched for as genuine from Toledo
in Spain, which has produced as famous work as Damascus, and which
were carried by the conquerors of America, and did valiant service
against the Indians. They are not numerous, and the most of them
that can be found are supplied with new hilts, of rude and native
workmanship, making them unique and valuable.

The present town of La Vega has no ruins or antiquities, being a

264 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

commercial center, near the banks of the River Camu. About 4 miles
beyond is the Santo Cerro, or Holy Hill, with a modern church, and a
mile or so farther the ruined city of Vega Vieja, or Old Vega, destroyed
by earthquake over three hundred years ago. Many minor antiquities
pertaining to the period of the conquest have been found there, and
are still unearthed.

The city of Concepcion de la Vega, or Vega Vieja, as it is now called
by the natives, was completely destroyed by an earthquake in 1564,
It was at that time an important place, beautifully situated, and as all
the gold of the Cibao was brought there to be refined, previous to being
sent to Spain, it has been thought that a great deal of treasure has
been buried in the ruins. People have been digging for over three
hundred years, not only for treasure, but for the brick and stone as
building material. The old Spanish bricks are better than any now to
be obtained, and the cut stone is excellent. The consequence is that
the old city is nearly obliterated, only the fortress retaining any sem-
blance of its original shape.

At Santo Cerro, the holy hill of Santo Domingo, may be seen an
ancient tree, called by the natives the “‘ Nispero de Colon,” beneath
which, tradition states, Columbus stood while directing the operations
of his army against the Indians in 1494, when the great victory then
gained decided their fate forever. It is regarded as a sacred relic, and
beneath it mass was celebrated after the victory. A cross was set up
also by Columbus, upon which the Virgin (it is said) once descended,
and which was removed to the cathedral at Santo Domingo in 1514,
where it has been revered as a most sacred relic.

On the summit of the hill is a handsome chapel, recently completed,
which contains a very old and revered image of the Virgin. The
chapel is near the site of the first cross erected here by Columbus, and
overa “holy weil,” to which have been ascribed miraculous virtues.
In his will Columbus directed his son Diego, when his estates yielded a
sufficient revenue for the purpose, to erect a chapel on the sacred hill
of the “Royal Plain” of Santo Domingo, where masses might be said
daily for the repose of the souls of himself and his relatives. A church
was erected at this place shortly after, but it is not known that Diego
contributed anything toward the expeuse.

The “Holy Hill,” or Santo Cerro, hes about 5 miles distant from
La Vega, which is reached by the Samana Railroad from the Bay of
Saman:. Itis a famous )l] ce in the annals of the island, and seldom
can a Dominican be found who has not at some time seen it. The
village is composed of the priest’s house and a single row of miserable
thatched luts, occupied by the people who make a living selling relics
and attending upon the church, which contains the revered image of
the Virgin.

In May, 1494, on his second voyage, Columbus discovered the beau-
tiful coast of Jamaica, anchoring in the spacious harbor of St. Anns

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 265

Bay, which he named Santa Gloria. At this same place, on his fourth
voyage, he ran his vessels ashore to prevent their sinking, and passed
many months there before he was rescued.

‘‘St. Anns is considered the finest parish on the north coast,” says
an old writer. ‘ Earth has nothing more lovely than the pastures and
pimento groves of St. Anns, nothing more enchanting than its hills and
vales, delicious in verdure and redolent with the fragrance of spices.
Embellished with wood and water from the deep forests whence the
streams descend to the ocean in beautiful falls, the blue haze of the air
blends and harmonizes all into beauty.”

Dry Harbor, called by the first discoverers Puerto Buenos, lies to
the west of St. Anns, and was visited by Columbus. Near this harbor
is a cave of great length, with two long galleries hung with stalactites
of much beauty. It was at the end of his fourth and last voyage that
Columbus, driven thither by a storm, entered the port of Puerto
Bueno, but finding no water here, stood eastward to the present harbor
of St. Anns.

There was a full series of pictures in the collection representing the
places visited by Columbus on his third voyage, when, it will be remem-
bered, he was taken back to Spain in chains. On the fourth voyage,
in 1502, Columbus coasted along the north shore of Central America,
where his first landing place was at Carxinas Point, near the town of
Truxillo, Honduras.

Had he gone farther westward he might have anticipated Cortez in
the conquest of Mexico, but he was not looking for new lands. He
sought a western passage around the world, and, turning eastward,
groped along the coast seeking the channel he felt should be there, cruis-
ing into each river and following the shore lines of each gulf and bay.
Exposure and disappointment had shattered the constitution of theonce
hardy seaman, and his strength was fast failing. His old enemy the
gout had attacked him again, and the miasmatic coasts had filled him
with fever. There was little left of him but his will. He had a bunk
built in the bow of his little vessel where he could rest his weary bones
and still guide the course of his fleet. And thus he explored the whole
coast of the isthmus from Yucatan to Colombia, finding an unbroken
line of continent, in defiance of all his theories, in contradiction to all
his reasoning, and an impassable barrier to the ambition he had cher-
ished for thirty years. ;

On the coast of Honduras Columbus found evidences of a higher civ-
ilization than had appeared among the natives of the islands he had
previously visited. The Indians were better looking, more intelligent,
and more warlike than any he had yet seen. While the natives of the
islands stood in awe of the white men and showed a gentleness of
demeanor, those of Honduras offered resistance at once, and greeted the
voyagers with a shower of arrows from their crossbows. They wore
garments of cotton, they had copper knives and hatchets, pottery of

266 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

exquisite workmanship, and their houses were built of stone and adobe.
The Government of Honduras has recently issued a decree for the erec-
tion of amonument to mark the spot where Columbus first landed upon
the soil of Central America. It will be a life-size statue, standing upon
a pedestal, and will bear the inscription: ‘The Republic of Honduras
to Christopher Columbus, 1492-1892.”

A series of pictures was given also of the present appearance of all
the places visited by him. At the site of Puerto Bello, on the Isthmus
of Panama, Columbus established a colony during his fourth and last
voyage, for the purpose of ascertaining the source from which the
Indians got their gold; but it existed only four months. Several of the
party were massacred by the Indians and many died of disease. The
food became low, and the ships were so worm-eaten that they would
searcely float, so he started back toward Hispaniola, and the leaking
caravels were beached in Santa Gloria Bay, on the northern coast of
Jamaica. As the name (bestowed by Columbus in 1502) implies,
Puerto Bello has a very fine harbor, with from 8 to 10 fathoms of water
at the entrance of the bay, with Drake Point on the north and Buena-
ventura Island on the south. A town was founded there in 1584,
which rapidly grew in importance, being the great depot for the gold
and silver from Peru brought across the isthmus and taken to Spain
by the royal galleons. It was destroyed in 1739 by Admiral Vernon,
of the British navy. The population was at that time 10,000, but it is
now less than 1,000, the decline being due to the loss of trade and the
unhealthiness of its situation.

A mile or more to the east of St. Anns Bay, which Columbus named
Santa Gloria, he ran his ships aground, and, lashing them together,
built thatched cabins on their decks. ‘Thus castled in the sea, he
hoped to be able to repel any invaders, and at the same time to keep
his men from roving about the neighborhood and committing their
usual excesses.” Here he was compelled to remain for nearly a year,
until finally reseued by a vessel from Santo Domingo. The cove is a
beautiful and seeluded one, with white sand beach and bordering
fringe of sea-grape trees.

A very interesting series of pictures illustrated the two alleged
burial places of Columbus, in Santo Domingo and Havana, and were
presented with impartiality. These pictures were made by Mr. Fred-
erick A. Ober, the commissioner of the Chicago Exposition to the
West Indies, with the permission of the archbishop of Santo Domingo
and others in authority.

Columbus died on the 20th of May, 1506, after partaking of the holy
sacrament, and uttering the words “Into Thy hands, Oh, Lord, I com-
mit my spirit.”

The house at Valladolid, Spain, in which Columbus died May 20,
1506, is still standing, and is visited by multitudes of tourists. At the
time of his death it was an inn. His brother, Bartholomew, was with
him. In none of the chronicles of the time, and they were numerous,

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 267

is there any allusion to the event. It was not until nearly a month
after that the fact was officially recorded, and then in the briefest and
most indifferent manner. Onthe back of one of his belated appeals to
the King some clerk wrote ** The within admiral is dead.” The house is
a plain structure, at No. 2 Calle Ancha de Magdalena, its most note-
worthy feature, until recently, being a sign over the door announcing
the sale within of Leche de burros y vacas (cows and asses’ milk).

The biographies of Columbus usually state that King Ferdinand
ordered the removai of the remains of Columbus to Seville immediately
after his death, and erected a monument bearing the inscription: ‘“¢A
Castilla y a Leon, Nuevo Mundo dio Colon.” (To Castile and Leon,
Columbus gave a new world.)

This statement did not appear in print for eight years after, and if
the will of Diego can be accepted as testimony, the remains of Colum-
bus were removed three years after his death to the vault of the Car-
thusian Monastery of Las Cuevas, near Seville, by members of his own
family, who erected the monument without the aid or knowledge of the
King. His remains were first deposited in the Convent of San Fran-
cisco, Valladolid, and subsequently removed to Seville in 1513, whence,
about the year 1541, they were taken to Santo Domingo.

In 1537, upon the application of Dona Maria de Toledo, the widow of
Diego Columbus, a royal order was issued permitting the removal of
the body of Columbus to Santo Domingo, but for some reason it was
not carried o1t, and three separate orders to the same effect were
eranted to Dona Maria between 1537 and 1541. In the latter year her
efforts appear to have been successful, although some historians hold
that the removal did not take place until nine years later, upon the
completion of the great cathedral at Santo Domingo. The records of
that city throw no light upon the controversy, for it was not until 1676
that an entry was made in canonical books of the cathedral concerning
the reentombment of the remains. It is said, however, that when the
city was sacked by Sir Francis Drake, the British freebooter, in 1589,
the archives of the cathedral were destroyed.

When the treaty of Basle, in 1795, transferred the colony of Santo
Domingo from the Spaniards to the French, the Duke of Veragua, who
had inherited the titles and estates of the admiral, obtained permission
to transport the remains to Havana, in order that they might remain on
Spanish soil. With great solemnity and ceremony, what was believed
to be the coffin of Christopher Columbus was removed from the pres-
bytery of the Santo Domingo cathedral, and, attended by a splendid
retinue of ecclesiastic and civil dignitaries, with a fleet of the Spanish
navy, was carried to Havana and there embedded in the walls of the
cathedral to the left of the altar.

On the 14th of May, 1877, while the cathedral at Santo Domingo was
being restored, some workmen discovered, on the epistle side of the
altar, a metallic box. The archbishop was at once notified, and he
directed the box to be removed, in the presence of a number of officials.

268 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

It was found to bear an inscription in Spanish which reads: “The
Admiral Don Luis Colon, Duke of Veragua, Marquis of Jamaica.”
The discovery caused great excitement. On the opposite or gospel side
of the altar two more crypts were disclosed. One was empty, from
which the coffin transported to Havana was taken. The other con-
tained a metallic box similar to that in which the remains of Luis Colum-
bus were found. Within it were a quantity of dust, a number of bones,
a portion of a skull, a leaden ball, and a silver plate about 2 inches long.
It was supposed that these were the remains of Christopher Columbus,
because of certain inscriptions on the box.

The box was of lead, about a quarter of an inch thick. It was 18
inches long, and about 9 inches wide and 10 inches deep. On the front
and on one end was the letter “C;” on the other end the letter “A,”
which were supposed to signify ‘‘Cristoval Colon, admiral.”

On the top of the lid were the letters ‘‘D. de la A. Per A.,” interpreted
“‘ Descubridor dela America Primer Almirante” (discoverer of America,
the first admiral).

On the under side of the lid was written in German text, ‘‘Ylletre Y
Esdo Varon, Dn. Cristoval Colon” (illustrious and renowned iman, Don
Christopher Columbus).

On one side of a silver plate, which appeared at one time to have been
screwed or bolted to the inside of the box, was inscribed ‘ U Cristoval
Colon,” which is supposed to mean ‘ Urna Cristoval Colon” (the coffin
of Christopher Columbus).

On the other side of the plate were the words: ‘Ua pte de los rtos
del pmer Alte D. Cristoval Colon D.,” which are Geciphered to be ‘‘Urna
perteneciente de los restos del primer Almirante Don Cristoval Colon
Descubridor,” or in English, ‘‘ Urn belonging to the remains of the first
admiral, Christopher Columbus, discoverer.”

The finest dust was carefully gathered up and placed in a little casket
of gold and erystal, such as is used by ladies to keep their jewels
in, and placed in the lead chest. The latter was sealed and then
inclosed in an octagonal case of satinwood with glass panels, which was
secured with three locks, to which the minister of public works, the
archbishop, and the governor of the city have the keys. The case was
further protected by broad bands of white ribbon, sealed with wax, and
stamped with the official seals of the three officials named, so that it
may not be opened without the consent and presence of all of them,
It was then placed in a vault at the left of the altar.

Once each year, on the 10th of September, the precious casket is
exposed to public view in the presence of the officials of the Govern-
ment and the public, when high mass is celebrated by the archbishop
for the repose of the soul of the great discoverer.

The people of Havana and of Spain still insist that the genuine
remains of Columbus were transported to the former city in 1795, and
a very earnest controversy has been continued from 1877 to the present

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 269

day. Several volumes have been written on the subject, the most
important of which is a report of the Royal Academy of History at
Madrid, which, at the request of the late King of Spain and the people
of Havana, made an investigation, and decided in favor of the claims
of the Cuban capital. The whole question rests upon the integrity of
the inscriptions on the casket that was found in 1877. If they are gen-
uine the cathedral of Santo Domingo contains the bones of Columbus.

An interesting series of reprints from early publications illustrating
the voyages of Columbus was given, all of them being engravings of
the sixteenth century.

THE CHRISTENING OF AMERICA ILLUSTRATED.

During the summer of 1891, with the permission of the Secretary of
State, and under my direction, Capt. Frank H. Mason, United States
consul-general at Frankfort-on the-Main, Germany, who is a thorough
scholar and artist, spent some time at the old town of St. Die, in
Lorraine, investigating the manner in which the New World received
the name America, and obtaining relics of the men who christened it.
The results of Captain Mason’s work were shown at the Madrid Expo-
sition by a series of most interesting views of the place as it looked in
the early part of the sixteenth century and as it appears to-day. He
secured also the portraits of all of the men who are responsible for the
name America, and from the early records of the place obtained much
interesting information concerning them that had never been published.

For more than three centuries Vespucci rested under the disgrace
of having usurped the title of the Jands which Columbus discovered.
It was not until 1837 that Alexander von Humboldt pointed out the
real culprit, and showed that the name America was first suggested by
a paragraph in a small Latin treatise written by Martin Waldseemuller
and published during the year 1507 at St. Die, a village in southeast-
ern Lorraine. This little book was entitled Cosmographize Introductio
(the rudiments of geography), and the story of its authorship and pub-
lication and the unforeseen part it played in christening the Western
Hemisphere forms one of the most curious and fascinating narratives in
the whole record of bibliography.

The manuscript of Cosmographize was begun during the summer of
1506, within a month, it may be, of the day when Christopher Colum-
bus, already poor, neglected, and discredited at court, was laid in his
humble grave. It was finished during the following winter, and the
first edition was published on the “VII Kalend, May, 1507,” which cor-
responds under the Gregorian calendar to the 25th of April in that
year. The success of the enterprise was immediate and extraordinary.
Four editions of the Cosmographie were published at St. Die within
less than five months, two bearing the date of April 25, as above
stated, and two more marked the “III Kalends Septembris,” which
corresponds to the 29th of August. The title is as follows:

270 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

Introduction to Cosmography, together with some principles of Geometry neces-
sary to the purpose. Also four voyages (navigationes) of Americus Vespucius. A
description of universal Cosmography, both stereometrical and planometrical,
together with what was unknown to Ptolemy and has been recently discovered.

Distich. Neither the earth nor the stars possess anything greater than God or
Ceesar, for the God rules the stars and Cesar the climes of the earth.

Among the inmates of the monastery the three most notable were the
poet, Pierre de Blarru, Jean Basin, an accomplished linguist, and Wal-
tier or Gautrin Lud, director of the mines of Lorraine and secretary to
Duke René II, the sovereign of the province and one of the most
enlightened princes of his time. To these were subsequently added
Martin Waldseemuller and Matthias Ringman, both of whom were dis-
tinguished as linguists, geographers and devotees of science and letters.

Under the ninth title, “ De quibusdam cosmographi rudimentis,” the
author, who has been describing Europe, Asia, and Africa as three
climates or grand divisions of the globe, as designated by Ptolemy,
abruptly launches the following proposition :

Americo. Nune vero and hecpartes sunt latius lustrate et alia quarta pars per

Americu Vesputium (Vt in sequentibus audietur) inventa est-qua non video cur

quis inure vetet ab Americo inventore sagacis ingenij viro Amerigen quasi Americi

terram sive Americam discendam-cum Europa et Asia a mulieribus sua fortita sint
nomina.

Which in English reads:

But now that these parts have been more widely explored and another fourth part
discovered by Americus Vespucius (as will be seen hereafter), I do not see why we
should quietly refuse to name it America, namely, the land of Americus or America,
after its discoverer, Americus, a man of sagacious mind, since both Europe and Asia
derived their names from women.

‘‘ But for these nine lines,” says Harrisse, ‘written by an obscure geog-
rapher in a little village of the Vosges, the Western Hemisphere might
have been called ‘The Land of the Holy Cross,’ or ‘Atlantis,’ or
‘Columbia,’ ‘Hesperides,’ or ‘Iberia,’ ‘New India,’ or simply ‘The
Indies,’ as it is designated officially in Spain to this day.”

As it was, however, the suggestion of Hylacomylus was immediately
adopted by geographers everywhere; the new land beyond the Atlantic
had, by a stroke of a pen, been christened for all time to come.

The village of St. Die (Urbs Deodati) was founded about the year
660 A. D., by St. Deodate, ex-bishop of Nevers, who resigned his
bishopric and retired to a pleasant valley on the headwaters of the River
Meurthe. Here he founded a chapel which he named “Galilee.” The
chapel in time expanded to a church, was christened Notre Dame, and
around it was built a powerful monastery with beetling walls and encir-
cling moat, a citadel and defense for the followers of the cross.

Under the patronage of Duke René a society of learned and inquiring
men was constituted, which, about the beginning of the sixteenth cen-
tury, were associated at St. Die for mutual inspiration and assistance,
under the title of “‘Gymnase Vosgien,” or Academy of the Vosges.

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. DAE |

Duke René II, “ King of Jerusalem and Sicily,” was a grandson of
“Good King René,” and was not only a scholar and patriot but a soldier
of shining renown in an age when prowess on the field was the one sure
title to fame. As the hero of the battle of Morat and the chivalrous con-
queror of Charles the Bold, he figures conspicuously in the annals of his
time. Upon his accession to the throne of Lorraine he found his country
invaded and harassed by Charles and his Burgundians. After repeated
but fruitless appeals to the King of France for promised aid, he raised
a force of Swiss and Germans, and joining to these his own scanty but
patriotic army, he fell upon and completely routed the invaders before
the walls of Nancy, in the year 1477, and there is to be seen to-day in
the marshes near the town a cross which marks the spot where the body
of Charles was found among the débris of the fight. René gave his
fallen adversary a magnificent burial, and devoted the remainder of his
life to study, the encouragement of learning, and torepairing the fortunes
of his war-wasted province. He died in 1508, and his epitaph tells us
that he loved but three things—justice, peace, and letters.

It was the custom for learned men in those times to conceal their
personal identity under a classical pseudonym, and accordingly the
young graduate at Freiburg assumed a Greco-Latinized rendition of his
somewhat archaic family name and called himself Martinus Hylaco-
mylus. ‘That is to say, the German Wald-see-muller (miller of the lake-
in the-woods) was converted into a combination of the Greek words
Hyle (forest) and mylos (miller).

The real authors of the Cosmographiw were Martin Waldseemuller
and his learned and devoted assistant, Matthias Ringman. Of the
family and antecedents of Waldseemuller little is known beyond the fact
that his parents lived in Freiburg, where Martin was born about 1481,
and on the 7th of December, 1490, was enrolled by Rector Conrad Knoll
as a primary student in the university of that town. At what date he
first went to St. Die can only be conjectured. It wasapparently in 1504
or 1505, at which time he was in his twenty-second or twenty-third year.
He was then an accomplished Greek and Latin scholar, a skillful mathe-
matician and draftsman, and was inspired and excited by the geo-
graphical discoveries which were then reconstructing men’s ideas of the
physical globe. The pious members of the Vosgien Gymnase, whose
proposed revision of Ptolemy was to be based on the original Greek
text, apparently engaged for the work of revision the young secular,
who, being fresh from the university lectures, would possess all the
latest information.

The cathedral, with its exquisite gothic cloisters and pretty outdoor
reading pulpit facing the quadrangle; the petite Kglise archaic,in its
simplicity, but pure in style as a Grecian temple, encircled by the cita-
del walls of red sandstone, softened and enriched in color by the storm
and sunshine of centuries, all remain stately and beautiful as ever; but
the Chapitre is no longer supreme, and a modern Protestant chureh,

212 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

with its neatly slated spire and cushioned pews, stands near the center
of the town to mark the foothold of a new faith.

In the municipal library of St. Die there is preserved as its most
precious possession a magnificent illuminated volume—the Graduel or
Lectern, containing the plain song of the various offices and ceremo-
nials of the Chapitre for the entire year. It is enriched with hundreds
of miniatures, illuminated initials, painted margins, and ‘colophons,
which illustrate many interesting phases of the history of St. Die, as
well as its industries, political vicissitudes, and the social conditions
which prevailed in that community during the period of the Vosgien
Gymnase.

Gautrin Lud, the founder and controlling spirit of the Gymnase, was
born at St. Die about the year 1448. He came from wealthy and dis-
tinguished stock, his mother, Jeannette @Ainveau, being a daughter of
one of the noblest families of Lorraine, and his father a soldier of dis-
tinction in the service of the king.

The art of printing with movable types was hardly fifty years old,
printing facilities were everywhere limited, and in order to carry out
its plans the Gymnase needed a press and type of its own. Here the
wealth and enterprise of Gautrin Lud came to the rescue. In 1494 that.
liberal prelate had set up in his own house in the principal street of
St. Die a rude printing machine, with a font of large, round-faced type.

Modern St. Die is a thriving town of nearly 12,000 people, who are
engaged mainly in weaving, spinning, tanning, and various industries
connected with the manufacture and consumption of pine lumber, which
grows abundantly in that picturesque region. It is the terminus of a
railway which was originally laid out from Luneville to Markireh in
Alsace, but which stopped abruptly at St. Die, where the events of
1870 drew the new frontier of Germany across its path.

The house of Jean Basin was partially destroyed by fire in 1554, but
the walls remain intact, so that the structure was rebuilt, or ratier
restored, with exactly its original form and dimensions; and in that
condition it exists to-day, the most perfectly preserved domicile that
remains from the Gymnase Vosgien.

Ringman was, from all accounts, aman of extraordinary zeal and ver-
satility. Of his family nothing is known, but his parents must have
been in comfortable circumstances to afford him the thorough educa-
tion he received. He was born in 1482, near the monastery of Paeris,
in the valley of the Vosges. About the year 1500, when the discov-
eries of Columbus, Cabot, and Alonzo de Ojeda had set the educated
world aflame, Ringman shared in the enthusiasm and took up a thor-
ough course in mathematics and cosmography. He studied at Paris
until 1503, when, at the age of 21, he returned to Strassburg, bringing
with him a copy of the memorable letter which Americus Vespucius
had written from Cape Verde in June, 1501, to his patron, Lorenzo de
Medici, at Florence, giving a somewhat superficial account of his third

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 273

voyage of discovery. This letter had been translated from Italian into
French and a smaller edition published at Paris. The letter was a
mere sketch, but contained so much that was new and interesting that
Ringman translated it into Latin and published it in pamphlet form at
Strassburg in August, 1503.

Jean Basin, of Sandaucourt, the second member of the Gymnase, was
like Gautrin Lud, a canon of the Chapitre of St. Die, and a classical
scholar of unusual attainments. His leisure hours were devoted to
literature. He was wealthy and luxurious, and inhabited a handsome
canonical residence which stood at the northwest corner of a block or
irregular group of buildings, of which the house of Gautrin Lud, with
its printing office, formed the southeast or diagonally opposite corner.

A copy of the Strassburg edition of the Cosmographie Introductio
found its way in 1524 to the library of Fernando Columbus, son of the
ereat admiral, at Seville, where it became one of the favorite volumes
of that renowned collector of rare and interesting books. Fernando
Columbus was an inveterate traveler, and from his copious notes writ-
ten on the margin and fly leaf of the Cosmographiz, he would seem to
have read it mainly for the information that it gave on the geography
and climate of Europe, and to have overlooked or ignored the rank
injustice which it offered to the memory of his father. Fernando had
this book in his possession during the fifteen years preceding his death
in 1539, and the fact that he did not in his famous History of Christo-
pher Columbus denounce the Cosmographiz and its author, is held by
M. Harrisse and other experts to prove that the history attributed to
Fernando was not actually written by him or within his knowledge.

A very interesting feature of this exhibit was a map prepared by
Prof. G. Brown Goode, of the National Museum at Washington, show-
ing the places in the United States that have been named in honor of
Columbus.

RELICS OF SPANISH OCCUPATION IN AMERICA

This exhibit consisted of a series of large photographs showing
views of all the places identified with Spanish domination within the
territory of the United States, including St. Augustine, New Mexico,
Arizona, and California.

I am, sir, very respectfully, your obedient servant,
WILLIAM E. CURTIS.

Rear-Admiral STEPHEN B. Luce, U.S. N.,

Commissioner-General of the United States to the
Columbian Historical Exposition, Madrid, Spain.

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CATALOGUE OF THE COLLECTION OF PICTURES REPRESENT-
ING VARIOUS PLACES IDENTIFIED WITH THE LIFE OF
COLUMBUS

Exhibited by the Latin-American Department of the Columbian Universal Exposition at Chicago.

. House in Quinto in which Columbus’ parents were married.

. General view of Cogoleto, Italy, which claims to be the birthplace of Columbus.
- Beach at Cogoleto, Italy.

. House in Cogeleto, in which it is claimed that Columbus was born.

. Street in Cogoleto, in which is the house in which Columbus is said to have been

born.

. Map of Genoa.
. View of the port and city of Genoa.
. Street in Genoa, in which is the house in which it is claimed that Columbus was

born.

. House in Genoa in which it is claimed that Columbus was born.

. Plan of Columbus’s house in Genoa (eight parts).

. House in Valladolid in which Columbus died.

2. Cathedral of Havana, in which the remains of Columbus are believed to be

deposited.

. Cathedral of Havana.

. Altar of the Cathedral of Havana.

. Cathedral of Santo Domingo.

. Vaults in the Cathedral of Santo Domingo, which contained the supposed

remains of Columbus and his sun.

. Cloisters of the Cathedral of Santo Domingo.
. Photograph of the urn containing the leaden box inclosing the supposed remains

of Columbus, at Santo Domingo.

. Urn at Genoa containing some of the supposed ashes of Columbus.

. Departure of Columbus from the port of Palos. By Leopold Flameng.

. Departure of Columbus. From De Bry’s Voyages.

. Arrival of Columbus in the New World. From De Bry’s Voyages.

. Landing of Columbus on Guanahani. From an old engraving.

. Landing of Columbus. By Bobbett.

. Landing of Columbus. By F. O. C. Darley.

. Landing of Columbus. By Christian Rubens.

. The Last Moments of Columbus. By Carlos Lira. The original is in the

Museum of Fine Arts at Santiago de Chile.

. Death of Columbus. By Luigi Gregori. The original is at South Bend, Ind.

. Place on Watling Island where Columbus is believed to have landed.

. View of Watling Island, the first land seen by Columbus.

. Present appearance of the place where Columbus landed for the first time on

the continent.

. The island of San Salvador, called Guanahani by the natives, and known in

modern geography under the name of Watling Island.

. Present inhabitants of Watling Island.

275

ZG COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

184.
185.
186.

187.
188.

189.

190.

bo bo. bo
pee
Cea)

~)
SS

b
b

il

bo bo

Persons of distinction in Watling Island.

House of the magistrate of Watling Island.

Houses of the chief inhabitants of Watling Island.

Types of the inhabitants of Watling Island.

Port of Jibara, Cuba. The place where Columbus first landed on that island,
in 1492.

Site on which stood Guarico, an Indian village of Guacanagari, Haiti, visited by
Columbus on his first voyage.

Sandbanks in the roadstead of Petit Anse, near Cape Haitien, where Columbus
erected the Fort of the Nativity, in 1492.

. Coast of Haiti, the Navidad of Columbus, 1492.
2. Isabella Bay, Santo Domingo, where the first town in the New World was

founded, in 1493.

. Promontory of the coast where Columbus landed in the Isabella, on his second

voyage.
Lower Bonico or Isabella River, Santo Domingo, where the first town in America
arose.

. Ruins of Isabella, Santo Domingo, the most ancient town in America.

Present appearance of the ruins of Isabella, the first establishment of European
civilization in America, founded in 1493.

. Present appearance of the site on which stood the King’s house, in Isabella.
. Present inhabitants of the site on which stood the city of Isabella.

The city of Puerto Plata, Santo Domingo.

. Bay of Santa Gloria, Jamaica, visited by Columbus on his first voyage.
. Bay of Samana, Santo Domingo, visited by Columbus on his first voyage.

View of the Mountains of Cibao and the port of Los Hidalgos, 1493.
Ancient fortress in Concepcion de la Vega, founded by Columbus in 1493.
Church of the Holy Hill (Santo Cerro), Santo Domingo.

. Church of the Holy Hill and Columbus’s Tree.
. The Holy Hill, Santo Domingo.

Church of the Holy Hill, Santo Domingo.

. Indian village near Truxillo, Honduras, visited by Columbus on his last voyage.
. Two houses in the time of the aborigines, in Truxillo, Honduras, where Colum-

bus landed in 1502.

. Truxillo, the first Spanish establishment on the coast of Terra Firma.
. Ancient chapel in Truxillo, Honduras.
. View of the river near Truxillo, where the companions of Columbus fought

with the natives.

. View on the River Dulce, Guatemala, visited by Columbus on his first voyage.
. Bay of Santa Gloria, Jamaica, which Columbus visited on his fourth voyage, in

1503.

. Coast at Santa Ana, Jamaica, where Columbus was shipwrecked on his fourth

voyage, in 1503.

. Port Maria, Jamaica.

. Don Cristobal Bay, where Columbus put into port, and remained eleven months.
. Lucea, Jamaica, visited by Columbus on his fourth voyage.

. Present appearance of Don Cristobal Bay.

. Port of Jamaica, called Dry Harbor.

Prison built on the ruins of the first fort erected by the Spaniards in Jamaica.

. View of Santo Domingo. From a photograph.
. View of Santo Domingo from the citadel.

. View of Santo Domingo from the bay.

. View of the city of Santo Domingo.

. Typical scene in the city of Santo Domingo

. Ancient church in Santo Domingo.

. Ancient wall in Santo Domingo.

229.
230.
231.
232.
233.
234.

235.
236.
237.
238.
239.

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. Zaut

Interior of the Convent of San Francisco, in Santo Domingo.

Church of San Antonio, Santo Domingo.

The ‘‘ Homenaje” (Fealty), Santo Domingo.

The ‘‘ Homenaje,” Santo Domingo, mouth of the Ozama River.

A glance at the streets of Santo Domingo.

Ruins of the palace of Don Diego Columbus, in Santo Domingo, as they are
to-day.

Gate of the city of Santo Domingo.

Entrance of the bay of Santo Domingo.

Ruins of an ancient convent in Santo Domingo.

Gate and sentry boxes on the wall of Santo Domingo.

Citadel of Santo Domingo.

STRANGE THINGS SEEN BY COLUMBUS ON HIS VOYAGE, TAKEN FROM ANCIENT PUB-

240

241.

242.

LICATIONS.

. Indians welcoming the Spaniards. Taken from the Voyage to the New World
of the West Indies, by Philopono.

Indians mounted on a whale. Taken from the Voyage to the New World of the
West Indies, by Philopono.

Terrible monster seen by Columbus. Taken from the History of America, by
Ogilby.

. Columbus treating with the Indians on the coast of Cuba. Taken from De

Bry’s Voyages.

. Strange monster of the New World. Taken from De Bry’s Voyages.
. Mass celebrated on top of a whale. Taken from the Voyage to the New World

of the West Indies, by Philopono.

. The first mass celebrated in the New World. Taken from the Voyage to the

New World of the West Indies, by Philopono.

. Indian mode of making bread. From an old engraving.
. Natives of America leading the way to their Queen. From an old engraving.
. Battle between Spaniards and cannibals. Taken from the Voyage to the New

World of the West Indies, by Philopono.

. Great conversion of the Indians. Taken from the Voyage to the New World

of the West Indies, by Philopono.
. Slaughter of priests by the Indians. From De Bry’s Voyages.

. Cannibals roasting children. Taken from the Voyage to the New World of the

West Indies, by Philopono.
. First plate published with regard to the natives of America, Taken froma
German geography published in Augsburg in 1497.

. Indian mode of torturing the Spaniards by pouring gold down their throats.

From De Bry’s Voyages.

. Welcome to the discoverer. From an old engraving.

. Quarrel between Columbus and Porras. From De Bry’s Voyages.
. Landing of Columbus on Pearl Island. From De Bry’s Voyages.
. First map of Santo Domingo.

VIEWS OF THE PLACE IN WHICH AMERICA RECEIVED ITS NAME, IN 1507.

. St. Die in the tenth century.
. Citadel of St. Die, France.

. View of St. Die.
. Entrance to the monastery of St. Die.

. View of the ancient monastery of St. Die.

. The River Meurthe at St. Die.
. Ancient cathedral of St. Die.

. House of Jean Basin.

278 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

267.

268.

269.

279.

House in St. Die.
House of Jean Basin.
Town of St. Die. View taken from the southwest.

PORTRAITS OF THE MEN WHO GAVE ITS NAME TO AMERICA,

. Portrait of King René II, iv the form of a medallion.

. Equestrian statue of King René II.

2. Jean Basin.

. Duke René II.

. Matthias Ringman.

. Gautrin Lud.

. Title-page of the book entitled Cosmographix Introductio.

. The eighth book which was published relative to America.

. First land seen by Leif Erickson, who, according to the Scandinavians, dis-

covered America in the tenth century. Prepared by Prof. EK. N. Horsford, of
Cambridge, Mass.
Geographical map of Behaim, prepared in 1492. The original is in Nuremberg.

MEMENTOES OF THE SPANISH DOMINATION IN AMERICA.

Havana in 1633. From the History of America, by Ogilby.
St. Augustine in 1633. From the History of America, by Ogilby.
St. Augustine and Fort Carolina in 1671.

. St. Augustine in 1892. From a photograph

Fort Marion, Florida, 1892.

. Exterior of Fort Marion, Florida, 1892.
. View of the city of St. Augustine. Exhibited by H. M. Flagler, of New York.
. View of the Ponce de Leon Hotel in St. Augustine. Exhibited by H. M. Flag-

ler, of New York.

. First plate of New York. From the History of America, by Ogilby.
. Church of San Miguel, New Mexico.
. Interior of the church of San Miguel, New Mexico.

Mission of San Gabriel, California.
Interior of the chapel of the mission of San Gabriel.

3. Mission of Santa Ines, California.

Cloisters of the mission of St. John the Baptist.

. Mission of St. John the Baptist, California.

. Mission of San Antonio, California.

. Mission of San Carlos, near Monterey.

. Mission of San Miguel, California.

. Mission of San Antonio de Padua, California.

. Exterior of the mission of San Luis Rey, California.

. Ruins of the cloisters of the mission of San Luis Rey.
. View of the ruins of the mission of San Luis Rey.

. Cloisters of the mission of Santa Barbara.

. Garden of the mission of Santa Barbara.

. Mission of Santa Barbara.

. Ruins of the mission of San Juan Capistrano, California.
. View of Honduras, where Columbus landed.

Truxillo, the first Spanish town in Central America.

. Columbian University, Washington, District of Columbia.
. Map of the United States and Territories, with adjacent parts of Canada and

Mexico; also part of the West Indies, showing places bearing the name of
Christopher Columbus, in honor of his inemory. Arranged for the fourth
centenary of the discovery of America, by Dr. G. Brown Goode.

CATALOGUE OF THE HEMENWAY COLLECTION IN THE HIS-
TORICO-AMERICAN EXPOSITION OF MADRID.

By Dr. J. WALTER FEWKES.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION.

The Hemenway expedition is a private undertaking, supported by
Mrs. Mary Hemenway, of Boston, United States of America, and has for
its object the investigation of the ethnological and archeological prob-
lems of the Pueblo Indians of New Mexico and Arizona. In the course

of several years’ work the members of the expedition have amassed a
large collection of ethnological and archeological objects from that
region, together with much data previously unknown. During the
summers of 1891 and 1892 the labor had for its main object the study
of the sedentary Indians of Arizona, called the Ho-pi.

The collection here exhibited is intended chiefly to show the result of
the operations during the last two years relative to the excavations and
to the publication of these results, without any reference whatever to
the operations prior to 1891, nor to any except those which were car-
ried on in the province of Tusayan.

The exhibit of the Hemenway expedition is a monograph of a single
tribe of the Indian pueblos, and the articles which figure in it have
been selected and arranged to show what were formerly and what are
now the customs of certain Indian pueblos of the ancient province of
Tusayan, Arizona. An eftort has been made to render this collection
a monograph of the most primitive of the sedentary Indians now inhab-
iting the southwestern part of the United States bordering on Mexico.
This subject has been treated under two points of view, the archzolog-
ical and the ethnological. These two aspects of pueblo life are prac-
tically identical, the one being merely the ancient aspect of the other;
and by only considering the collection under these two points of view
one may familiarize himself with the character of the Indian customs
at the epoch of Columbus and of the Conquest, and the probable
modifications which they have undergone through the contact which
they have had with the superior civilization with which they were asso-

279

280 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

ciated. The Indians represented in the monograph installed in this
room have changed so little during the last three centuries that we may
assert that, recognizing the greater antiquity of the archeological
objects, their resemblance to the ethnological objects proves that the
two are identical, and that, in studying the ancient objects, we are
considering the productions, not of a distinct race, but of one and the
same people. Many of the archeological objects found in ruins which
existed when the discovery of Arizona took place are so similar to the
modern ones that, considering the subject from the ethnological as well
as archeological point of view, we must perceive we are dealing with a
race which is in nearly the same condition in which it was at the time
of the Conquest.-

The province of Tusayan, from which these specimens came, is situ:
ated in the northeast part of the Territory of Arizona, near the Grand
Canyon of the Colorado. This region was discovered by the Spanish
conquerors entering it from Mexico, and was described in early accounts,
copies of some of which figure in the exhibit. It is a plateau, situated
at a height of 7,000 feet above the level of the sea, very dry and barren,
furrowed by canyons, and covered with ‘‘mesas” forming steep pre-
cipices. The few rivers which exist in this desert dry up in summer,
and change to impetuous torrents after the great rains of the autumn
and winter. There are a few fragile trees scattered over the plains,
but there is little grass and very scanty shrubbery. The cactus abounds
in some places and the sage-bush is very common.

None of the great mammifera are now found in this arid desert. The
bison never visited these deserts, and the larger ruminants have always
been scarce. The wolf, the coyote, and the rabbit are almost the sole
large mammalia existing there. Of these, the last is the only one that
is hunted to a considerable extent, although, in the mountains of the
West, the antelope, the wild goat, the American lion, and the bear are
still found.

Reptiles abound, some of them being very poisonous, and many kinds
of birds form a rich fauna, which has been but partially studied.

The varied and abundant flora is characteristic of the arid belt of
the United States and Mexico. The expedition has in course of publi-
cation an extensive memoir on the alimentary plants and those used
by the Ho-pi, especially for medicines, incantations, and food.

The Ho-pi Indians are now some two thousand in number, and live
in seven towns, built on the tops of the inaccessible mountain mesas,
the way to which is by steep paths, in many cases cut in the living
rock. The sites of these towns have no vegetation, as their gardens
are on the arid plains which extend at the foot of the mesas. They
are compelled to carry up from the plains the food, the water, the
fuel, and everything that is needed for the uses of life.

Of these seven towns, three—Wal-pi, Si-tcom-o-vi, and Ha-no—are
situated on a mesa which extends to the east of the others. The dis-

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 281

tance which separates each of these three towns from the others is a
stone’s throw. The first two are genuine Ho-pi, while Ha-no is a colony
of Indians invited to their present territory by the Ho-pi toward the
year A.D.1710. Theirlanguage is different from that of their neighbors,
and many differences exist between the customs of the two.

The second mesa is about 7 miles distant from the one already men-
tioned, and comprises two towns, Mi-con-in-o-vi and Ci-pau-lo-vi; the
latter situated on an isolated height. At about 3 miles to the west of
Mi-con-in-o-vi, on the continuation of the second mesa, is Ci-mo-pa-vi.
Orai-bi, the most populous and ancient of the Ho-pi towns, is about 15
miles from the last one mentioned, and the mesa on which it is situated
is separated from the second mesa, already mentioned, by an extensive
plain.

The inhabited Ho-pi towns are of stone, and vary from one to four
stories, forming common constructions with many rooms, and having
access to the upper stories by hand ladders. The Christian religion
does not exist among these Indians, but they retain the religion of their
ancestors. The last Spanish missionaries who lived among them were
killed by being thrown from the top of the mesas, toward the end of
the seventeenth century.

In the province of Tusayan there are many ruins of ancient towns,
the greater part of which, as the present Ho-pi claim, were inhabited
by their ancestors. The legends relative to the destruction and history
of the events which occurred wher some of these towns were destroyed
are very circumstantial. The most important of these ruins is called
A-wa-to-bi, “the high place of the bow people,” and was destroyed by
the other towns, which were indignant because its inhabitants had
received the Spaniards and accepted Christianity. Many of the jars
and other ceramic objects came from excavations made at A-wa-to-bi
and the burying ground situated near that place. A-wa-to-bi was a
flourishing city in the time of the Spanish conqueror Vargas, and sent
numerous forces to fight him.

The ancient Wal-pi of the conquerors is now in ruins at the extremity
of the mesa on which the modern town stands. A church was built at
this place, and fragments of its beams may be seen in modern houses.

Many of the articles which figure in this collection are from the ruins
of Si-kya-ki. Si-kya-ki, situated on the foot hills under the first mesa,
was destroyed many years ago. Its exact antiquity is unknown, but
it is thought that the Spanish conquerors found it uninhabited. Sev-
eral of the most important articles caine from the numerous ruins near
Keam Canyon, 10 miles to the east of the first mesa. No systematic
or scientific exploration of the Ho-pi ruins has ever been made, and a
large number of the articles here exhibited were sold to a trader, Mr.
T. V. Keam, by the Indians. In this way that gentleman obtained the
greater part of the collection, and the Hemenway expedition acquired
it from him.

282 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

The Ho-pi Indians are small of statue, peaceable, industrious, and
speak a native dialect different from the language of the other towns of
New Mexico and Arizona.

Some American ethnologists assert that in language they are related
to the Shoshones; but their true affinities still remain undecided. They
do not permit polygamy, and do not buy their wives, whom they treat
with respect. The houses and domestic implements belong to the
women, who are skillful potters and basket makers, and also take part
in the labors of the field. The men weave blankets, and are industrious,
intelligent, and very religious. All belong to some priesthood, and
participate in complicated ceremonies. The religion consists of an
elaborate system of ceremonies and practices, one important rite cor-
responding to each month. These practices last nine days, during
which secret ceremonies are performed in underground rooms ealled
“kibvas.” These rites usually terminate in a public sacred dance, none
except the initiated being permitted to be present at the other cere-
monies.

In spite of the heroic efforts of zealous missionaries, there are no
Christians among these Indians, although the influence of Christianity
is noticeable in some of their ceremonies.

The Ho-pi have much love for their antiquity, and preserve with
great care the traditions of the ancients. They dramatize some of
these traditions in their sacred dances, as do also the priests in their
secret ceremonies.

The Ho-pi possess a rich Pantheon of gods and heroes, but without
having any god superior to all the others. These divinities belong to
different orders, the most important being the rain clouds, the sun,
the star, the surface of the earth, and the Germ god. The great feath-
ered serpent is an important personage.

1. Fragment of a bell which belonged to one of the mission churches of Tusayan.
This fragment was found and preserved by the Indians of Wal-pi. The mis-
sion was destroyed toward the year 1700, and that of A-wa-to-bi was burnt by
the other towns because it was ‘‘powako,” or sorcerer (Christian). This
single fragment of the bell was found among the rubbish on the spot which
had been occupied by the church, and bears marks of the action of fire. It is
one of the few remains still preserved of the ancient missions, which were
completely destroyed, although beams of the roofs of some of them are found
inmodern buildings. The photograph behind the bell shows the present condi-
tion of the ancient mission of the town, and was taken from the entrance,
looking toward the altar.

2. Imitation of a loom, showing the mode of weaving, made for the purpose of
exhibiting the various pieces used. The blankets were woven by the men, not
by the women. Blankets of the Navajoes are suspended along the walls of the
room.

3. Collection of ancient awls, drills, and needles, some of which were doubtless
used in weaving. They come from the excavations of the rooms of the ruins
of A-wa-to-bi, destroyed A. D.1700.

4 Basket for carrying food or water. Both the nomad and the sedentary Indians
use these baskets; they are made by the Kohonino, who live near the Grand
Canyon, in the northwestern part of Arizona.

5.

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 283

Native tobacco (nicotina attenuata), used in the ceremonies. The Indians of
Tusayan smoke the leaves of various plants, and use various mixtures in
their religious rites. In these rites the oue who controls the pipe, and who is
an important functionary, must light it and immediately hand it to the chief,
friendly words being exchanged between the two. The chief blows from his
mouth the smoke which he has inhaled toward the four cardinal points, north,
south, east, west, upward, downward, and over the altar. They believe that
the smoke is the cloud symbolized by it; and the ceremonies in which they
smoke have some secret relation to the offerings made to the gods of rain. They
use the utmost care in making the mixtures of tobacco which are to serve for
this sacred purpose, and the pipe must be lit with fire produced in the man-
ner prescribed by the rite. Every ceremony and council meeting of chiefs
begins and ends with this brotherly smoking.

6. Pute-ko-hu, clubs for killing rabbits. These clubs, are used in hunting rabbits,

te

10.

1c

13.

of which there are many in the plains surrounding the towns of Tusayan.
These weapons are in some cases curved, in others straight, and are thrown
horizontally. The black bands of paint which the more elaborate have on
their sides symbolize the ears of the rabbit. The rabbit hunts are religious
rites. The maidens have a special one. On returning to the town they orna-
ment the rabbits in the manner required by ceremony; after sprinkling them
with meal they cut off a fragment and throw it in the fire. Those who take
part in these hunts go on horseback. The clubs are thrown to a considerable
distance, but unlike the boomerang which they resemble, never return to the
thrower.

Gne-las, curved sticks with which the maidens dress their hair, forming two
large verticils above the ears. These coils keep the hair in its place, and the
size of the verticil is illustrated by specimen No. 1, on which hair still remains.
Near by are pieces of a cord made of human hair, which came from the ruins
of A-wa-to-bi. It was used for tying the hair strings and was found ina niche
of the wall of a room near the church. The married women wear their hair in
two braids, which they wear hanging down, and not in curls, as that style is
exclusively that of the unmarried ones. The special coiffure of the maidens
typifies the pumpkin which has not yet ripened, and they imitate it in dolls
with wooden appendices, combined with bars forming rays, and filaments of
wool.

. Ceremonial blanket, of native cotton, with symbolical figures. It is the present

of the bridegroom to the bride, who uses it for the ceremonies. The men also
wear them in the sacred dances in which they represent Ka-tci-na-ma-nas,
or Ka-tci-nas maidens. It takes several months to make these blankets,
which are of great value. The triangles which they have on the border and
the maiden and rectangular figure represent symbolically the butterfly.

. Various kinds of arrows used by the Ho-pi in their hunts. ‘These Indians are

tillers of the soil and are peaceable, and their hunts are insignificant and
the sport is of little interest. -

Shoes of various kinds for adults and children. The pair which has the greatest
interest is that made of the skin of the ‘‘Felis concolor,” which is rarely
used for this purpose.

Ladles of mountain sheep’s horn. Formerly very common; now they are very
scarce among the Tusayan Indians, as the animal mentioned, of whose horns
they were made, has almost entirely disappeared from this region.

. Pi-lan-ko-hu, stick for making fire by the ancient process. It is used in the

ceremonial firemaking at a festival of the November moon, called Na-ac-nai-ya.

Bow and arrows, toys of the Indian children. They were given to them at
the celebration of the religious ceremony called ‘‘The Good-bye of the
Ka-tci-na,.”

284° COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

14. Wedding present of the husband to his wife at the time of marriage. It is used
in the religious ceremonies, such as the consecration of the children to the sun.
The Ka-tci-na-ma-nas or Ka-tci-na maids also use them in the sacred dances.

15. Spoons of Mountain sheep’s horn.

16. Characteristic skull from near the burying ground of the ruins of A-wa-to-bi.
The dead were interred in hillocks of moving sand, and skeletons are uncovered
from time to time by the action of the wind. The corpse was placed in the
position of a man seated with the knees drawn up to the breast and the arms
close to the body. They buried with the dead man a dish containing food or
a jar containing provisions. The present Ho-pi inter their dead among the
rocks at the foot of the heights of the mesas where they live, and still con-
tinue to place jars with food near them, though it is true that usually these
jars are broken. Above the grave they place a stick such as they use in the
planting and tie feathers to it. They wash the dead before burial, and put
sacred meal on the face and different parts of the body, and, in like manner,
place feathers on the body and over the heart.

17. Parts of the dress of the sacred dances.

18. Moccasins, Indian shoes.

19. Perforator for hard bodies, such as shells, stones, turquoises, etc.

20. Women’s belts made of native wool of natural colors. Their use is universal,
and the men and women make them indiscriminately.

22 (21). Blanket of the priests in the celebration of the serpent dance. It is orna-
mented with the likeness of the great feathered serpent, and with symbol-
ical figures of the feet of ducks, and frogs. The parallel lines at the top and
bottom represent the rainbow.

23. Bracelets, ornaments of the priests in the serpent dance.

24. Various kinds of Pa-ho, or offerings made with due ceremony, and deposited on
the shrines during religious rites. The nature of these articles varies from
small pieces of willow an inch long to cylinders of wood, or in some cases a
board with figures drawn on it. The round sticks are usually doubled, tied
together by filaments of native cotton. They are called male and female,
the latter having a face painted on the flat side. Usually,a pinch of sacred
meal wrapped in a corn husk, is fastened to them. The Indians believe that
the sacred meal is the food of the Pa-ho. They also fasten to them a hawk’s
feather and a few small herbs. These Pa-hos are placed on the ground, and
then sprinkled with sacred meal. The white disk with green spots is an offer-
ing to all the gods of the four cardinal points, which is placed on the altars at
the departure of the Ka-tei-nas or gods, in the festival of the August moon.

The last sticks on the right are precolumbian Pa-hos found in a cave near
some ruins. The wooden cylinders, much injured by the atmospheric changes,
are offerings for the ripening of the pumpkins, and came from a shrine near a
ruin. These offerings are still made, and there are appropriate ceremonies
for them.

The zigzag Pa-ho is an offering to the lightning, which, as the Indians
believe, fertilizes the earth and engenders life.

25. Four osier baskets of different shapes, for carrying provisions and water. The
Ho-pi are not in the habit of using them, but every Navajo family usually has
several. The basket smeared inside and outside with pitch is a water jar.

26. Annulet of corn husk, symbolizing the whirling of the clouds and the female
of the lightning serpent. A similar annulet is placed at the head of the pic-
ture of the female of the lightning serpent in the sand mosaic. (No. 104.)

27. Ta-pu-i-pa-hos. These boards are carried in the hand during the celebration of
the sacred dance called Mam-zrau-ti, and are arranged in pairs, as shown by
the photograph. They have symbolical emblems on them and are painted
anew every year. The ceremony of the Mam-zrau always takes place in Sep-
tember, and the boards are used on the last day of the nine during which the

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 285

festival lasts. The pictures are typical of the antelope, Sa-li-ko, and, possibly,
represent the family of the person who bears it. The picture at the side repre-
sents various objects, and the pamphlet contains a description of this cere-
mony. The town of A-wa-to-bi formerly observed this woman’s rite, and when
it was destroyed the ceremony was taught tothe Walpis by one of the members
of the family of the Serpent, whose descendant and maternal representative
is now one of the chief priestesses.

In the following numbers are shown the various appurtenances of dress and
articles used in the ceremony called the serpent dance; it lasts nine days and
nine nights, is celebrated every two years, and is a most interesting drama-
tized legend. Two brotherhoods of priests, called the Snake and the Antelope,
unite in the presentation of it.

Seven of the nine days are secret, and consist of private ceremonies which
take place in sacred subterranean rooms called kib-vas. During these festi-
vals, the Indians catch venomous snakes, and various rites are performed in
which they handle them with impunity. By far the most important is that of
the bathing of the snakes and the manufacture of the antidote for their
poison. The priests of the Antelope also dedicate an altar of sand to the gods
of the four cardinal points, and make them offerings.

On the ninth day the celebrants carry live snakes in their mouths during
the dance, and set them free when it is ended.

The blankets and the other parts of the dress of the Snake priests are the
same as those which are worn in the dance, and there is in the collection a
complete suit worn by a priest.

28. Package of hawk’s feathers, died red with oxide of iron, called cu-ta. The red
is the symbol of war. At the ends of these feathers are fastened feathers of a
bluebird. A priest wore this bundle of feathers on his head in the serpent
dance in the month of August, 1891.

The bluebird feathers commemorate an episode in the historical legend of the
Serpent hero, an ancient mythological personage who visited the interior of
the earth, guided by the sun. These bundles of feathers are placed around
the altars and figures of sand during the celebration of the secret ceremony
at the Snake dance.

29. The Snake priests carefully preserve from year to year the feathers which serve
to adorn them, arranging them in a package, and tying them with a strip of
buckskin, as shown in this specimen. y

30. Picture of the uprights of the altar of the ceremony Mam-zrau-ti. This altar is
constructed of wooden sticks on which is stretched a deerskin ornamented
with symbolic paintings representing the cloud and other gods. The cloth
behind these uprights has the cloud gods and lightning serpents painted on
it. The two fetishes placed in front of the cloth are the Mam-zrau boy and
girl, the chief idols of the ceremony.

On the ground, in front of the altar, is a row of fetishes set in a ridge of sand.
These have distinct powers, as described in the pamphlet accompanying the
picture.

On the ground in front of the altar three clouds and two lightning snakes
are represented in a sand picture. The conical upright bodies on the ground
between the row of fetishes and the sand picture, are the palladia (tiponis)
of the priesthood of Mam-zrau-ti.

This altar is removed after the termination of the ceremony, and an effort is
made to prevent anyone who is not initiated from seeing it. It is very ancient,
and regarded as very sacred. (For a description of the Mam-zrau-ti ceremony
see The American Anthropologist, Washington, April, 1892.)

31. Skin of a small mammal which the priests wear on their girdles during the
ceremony of the serpent dance. Every part of the dress is symbolic, and the
skins used are those of animals mentioned in the legend of the adventures of
the Serpent hero in his journey under the earth.

286 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

32.

33.

34.
35.
36.

37.

38.

39.
40.
41.

44,

45.

46.

47.

48.

Shoulder belt which the priests of the Serpent wear during the dance as a pre-
servative against the stings of the venomous snakes. It is of buckskin, dyed
with oxide of iron, and is worn on the right shoulder, The little globes con-
taining the charms are attached to the whole of the back of the shoulder belt ©
where the fringes begin. The fetish is made of clay, moistened with a liquid
prepared with great ceremony, and over which the traditional songs are sung.

This piece of clay is molded with the hand and incised with the nail of the
thumb, to represent the Great Feathered Serpent. Every priest wears several
charms during the dance.

Red belt of the priests in the serpent dance. It was used in the ceremony of
1891.

Moccasins, shoes with silver buttons, of a Snake priest.

Rings which the priests wear on their ankles in the serpent dance.

Wrist guard used in the serpent dance. The object of this apparatus is to pre-
vent the cord of the bow from striking the hand after shooting the arrow.
The wrist guard, which was formerly only of silver, is now adorned with
various metals.

Medicine bag containing sacred meal, which the priests carry when they go to
catch snakes; also one of the whip handles used in charming serpents. It has
a snake painted on it, and was used in the Serpent drama in 1891.

Nak-tci, or boards which the women carry on their heads in the butterfly dance.
Nine distinet specimens, all ornamented with appropriate symbols, among
which the sun, the cloud, and the growth of the corn (maize) deserve mention,
figure in the collection.

Knotted white cotton belt, worn by those who take part in the sacred dances.

Woolen garter, worn as an ornament above the knee in the religious dances.

Fox skin, worn suspended from the belt at the back by those who take part in
the religious dances. The fox skin receives a very careful preparation for this
purpose, and is one of the most important ornaments of the so-called Ka-tci-nas
or gods. It is also suspended at the entrance of the sacred room during the
secret rites, to give notice that the religious ceremonies are going on.

. Special head ornament for the sacred dances.
43.

Blanket worn on the waist in the serpent dance. It is made of native cotton,
spun and woyen by the Indians and dyed with oxide of iron. From the lower
edge of this skirt, as is seen in the adjoining specimen, hang some small metal-
lic cones representing bells, which rattle when the wearer moves in the dance.

Crown. Symbol of the ‘‘cloud” which the leader wears in the La-la-kon-ti
dance, praying for the fructification of the crops and the fecundity of the ani-
mals. In this ceremony, to which great attention is paid, and which lasts nine
days and nine nights, the chief priestess makes with sand a representation of
the sun, like that in the center of the room (603). It is an invocation praying
for the fructification of plants and the fecundity of animals and of the human
race.

Board which Zuni women wear on the head in the Ham-po-ney dance. The cen-
tral figure represents the sun, and the crosses at the top and bottom, the stars.
The triangular pieces of wood, arranged in terraces, represent the clouds.

Helmet worn by the priests of the horns, or warriors, when they light the new
fire in the estufas at the November festival. The horns are an imitation of
those of the wild goats. During this celebration the young men are initiated
into the priesthoods. The ‘‘Na-ac-nai-ya,” a baptismal washing of the head,
owes its name to a portion of the.ceremony of initiation.

Wooden tablet representing the lightning. It is worn on the helmet, or is placed
on the altars during the ceremonies. The serpent represents the lightning,
and it is represented as male and female in the altars and mosaics of sand.

Claws of a small bear, used in the incantations and ceremonies at which the
sacred medicines are prepared.

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. PST

49. Slat with painting representing lightning. Itis used in the ceremonies to imitate
the whistling of the wind and the rolling of the thunder. They are also used
to prevent the curious from intruding where some ceremony is being performed.
The whizzing of this slat resembles that of the wind and is connected with
the invocations to the winds.

50. Seven rattles, carried by the Ka-tci-nas in the sacred dances. They are of gourd,
with symbolic signs. All these symbols are of great interest, the cloud, the
“‘O-mou-uh” with the rain, and the swastic cross deserving special mention.
These rattles consist of a gourd with a wooden handle, and contain grains of
corn or pebbles. Those who take part in the dance carry them in their hands,
and shake them in unison with their singing. They are also made of clay, and
many clay ladles contain pebbles in their handles, and can therefore serve as
timbrels.

51. Original mask worn by the ‘‘ Ka-tci-na-wu-pa-mo” in sacred dances. This is the
chief of the Ka-tci-nas, and takes part in the December festivals.

52. Mask worn by the priests who represent women in the sacred dances. The red
hair above the eyes reproduces an ancient coiffure, now ob.olete. The Ka-tci-
na-ma-nas or Ka-tci-nas (virgins) appear with similar masks in all the dances
which take place from December to July.

53. Head ornament worn by the members of the Brotherhood of the ‘‘ Horn,” in the
ceremony of lighting the new fire which is celebrated in November.

54. Gourd horns worn on the head by the priests of the congregation called the
“Kwa-kwan-ti.”

55. Very ancient helmet or mask, which was used in the sacred dances. The hel-
met was formerly of bison hide, but is now usually of any kind of leather,
there being many made of leather from Spanish saddles. The high part rep-
resents the rainbow. The paintings of the head are symbolical, and vary
according to the dances. Those who wear these helmets personify gods, and
form a choir in the sacred dances. The appendage which the helmet has on
the left side represents the flower of the gourd.

56. Board which is worn on the head in the corn dance, Ka-tci-na (Sio-hu-mis-ka-
tci-na). The symbols which it bears are those of the cloud, the rainbow, the
growing corn, and the blossom of the sunflower. The adjoining slab is called
nak-tci, and represents a cloud.

57. Buckskin disk, on which are painted the moon and a star, which is placed near
the altar in the religious ceremonies.

58. Primitive musical instruments which were used in the sacred dances. The sticks,
with notches on them, are placed on a dry, hollow gourd, and are rubbed with
the adjoining bone, a sound produced by the friction being obtained as the
result. This music has to be in unison with the dancing, and is played by the
men who represent women in the dances.

59. Tortoise shell rattles with small sheep hoofs attached to them. They are tied
on the left calf below the knee, and by the movement of the leg produce a
sound in unison with the songs of the dancers.

60. Tortoise shell rattle resembling the preceding, with the sheep hoofs outside.

61. Headband of a chief in the sacred dance.

62. Bands with symbolic pictures of clouds, which the Ka-tci-nas wear on their heels
in the sacred dances.

WOODEN FIGURINES.

These figurines of the Ho-pi Indians are images of the gods of mythology, and
represent, with greater or less exactness, the personages who take part in the cere-
monies. Each one typifies some divinity or is the reproduction of some one of the
fetiches used in various rites. They are made of cottonwood, and are given to the
girls at the celebration of the Niman or farewell Ka-tci-na. The girls treat them as
dolls. They are never regarded as fetiches or idols and are never worshipped. Each

288 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

specimen bears the name of the Ka-tci-na which it represents. The mothers illus-

trate ancient traditions by making use of these dolls in giving practical lessons on

the symbols of the gods. More than seventy-five distinct classes of Ka-tci-nas are
represented by dolls. They are sometimes of clay, but the material prescribed for
their manufacture is cottonwood.

A large number of these personages have fox skins tied around the neck, the char-
acters emblematic of different gods.

The dolls are painted with natural colors, emblematic of the four cardinal points.
These colors are yellow ocher, malachite, shale, oxide of iron, and white clay. Some,
too, are painted with mineral colors bought from Indian traders.

The vignette at the side represents additional dolls which were not brought with
the collection.

63. Doll representing the mythological being who gave the Indians all kinds of seeds.
She is called Sa-li-ko-ma-na, and is regarded as the wife of Sa-li-ko, who initi-
ates the boys in the rites of the priesthoods, according to an ancient legend.
The Sa-li-ko-ma-na dolls always have on their heads ornaments forming a
ladder, representing the cloud, and curved lines around the mouth, as a repre-
sentation of the rainbow. Ee

64. Sa-li-ko-ma-na doll with a feather dress. On the forehead is seen the symbol of
the panicle, because it was she who first brought corn to the Indians, and on
both sides of the head, the symbol of the green gourd. The bow on top of the
head represents the rainbow.

65. Image of Sa-li-ko, the god of corn. He is represented asa giant, and appears as
such in the ceremonies. The blanket which he wears is a wedding blanket
with butterflies on the border. He is always represented with two horns and
a crown of eagle’s feathers.

66. Tal-a-wi-pi-ki-ka-tci-na. The lightning Ka-tci-na. He carries in each hand the
emblem of the lightning.

67. Image of Ho-tchan-e-ka-tci-na. The black net onthe body represents the feather
dress, and the crown on the head, the eagle’s feathers.

68. The same as the preceding number.

69. Images with imperfect symbols.

70. Image of Sio-hu-mis-ka-tei-na, or, god of the green corn placed inarow. The
festival of this god is celebrated in July and August, at intervals of several
years. It is a rite of the Zuni Indians, introduced into the religion of the
Tusayan Indians.

71. Images of the gluttonous priests, who amuse the spectators at the sacred dances
during their celebration by eating immoderately and performing all kinds of
fooleries. These gluttons belong toa very ancient organization or priesthood,
and some of their rites are immoral. To this same order belong others who
wear masks, with balls of clay or bags of seeds on top of their heads. These
are called ‘‘mud-heads” or clowns. j

72. Image of Ma-lo-ka-tci-na, whose festival is celebrated in July. The symbolism
is identically the same as that of the helmets which are used in the festivals.

73. Image of the Hu-mis-ka-tci-na, or, god of the green corn placed inarow. His
festival is celebrated in August and is one of the most interesting religious
rites of these nations. They frequently combine it with the departure of the
gods, and regard it as very sacred.

74. Sa-li-ko-ma-na.

75. Sa-li-ko-ma-na.

76. Sa-li-ko-ma-na.

77. Image of the mother of the monsters, who appears in the village every year; she
is the bugbear of bad children. Men with large helmets in imitation of the
heads of reptiles represent the monsters.

.

78

82
84

86.
87.
88.
89.
90.
91:

96.

97.
98.

99:
100.
101.
102.

105

103

104

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 289

. Image of Navajo Ka-tci-na. The Navajoes are nomad Indians, neighbors of the
Ho-pi. The former have taken many gods and rites from the latter.

. Image with a “phallic” symbol on its breast.

. Image of a Navajo god.

. Image of the Flute Ka-tci-na. The order of the Priests of the Flute, consisting
of two organizations, celebrates every two years a very elaborate festival of
nine days, previously described.

and 8&3. Images of ancient Ka-tci-nas.

and 85. Images of Navajo Ka-tci-nas.

Image of the Ho-tcan-e, a very important personage in the ceremonies.

Image of a Navajo Ka-tci-na.

Image with the emblems of the owl.

Unknown image.

Image of the wolf Ka-tci-na, comrade in war, and for this reason painted red.

Image of Sa-li-ko-ma-na, or virgin of the corn. The tablet on the head is called
“nak-tei” and represents the clouds, each color corresponding to one of the
cardinal points in the following order: north, yellow; west, green; south,
red; east, white; up, black; down, spotted (with dots).

The white dresses represent the wedding blanket, and the dark ones below,

the ordinary tunics or blankets.

. Image of Sa-li-ko-ma-na.

. Image of Sa-li-ko-ma-na.

. Image of Sa-li-ko-ma-na.

. Image representing a glutton priest inside of ajar. Similar idols are used at
the December festival, for which several jars with wooden snakes are pre-
pared; they are placed in front of the altar, and at intervals, the snakes are
made to leap from the jar in which they are placed.

Wooden birds used in a ceremony called that of the ‘‘ Flute,” which alternates
with the serpent dance in August. Six of the birds serve to typify the cardi-
nal points.

Reproduction of an antelope in wood.

Birds used in the religious rites. One of them can be made to move its wings by
means of a rod placed inside of the tube on which it is fastened.

Image of the gourd Ka-tci-na.

Image of the star god.

Image of a mythological hero.

Image of Ko-kly-ka-tci-na.

SAND MOSAIC OR DRY PAINTING.

to 105. Pictures called sand mosaics, prepared with sand of six colors in the
“estufas,” or sacred rooms, during the religious ceremonies. The chiefs make
them on the ground, in front of the altar, at fixed periods, and with regard to
certain rules. The colors which are used are yellow, green, blue, red, white,
and black, brown being also permitted to be used. They are emblematic
of the cardinal points, north, west, south, east, up, and down.

. The picture on the left is that which is made in the La-la-kon-ti, a festival held
by the women in September in honor of the god of germs. The figure on the
left is the star god; that on the right, the patroness of the ceremony, called
La-kon-ma-na or La-kon virgin. She is represented carrying in her hand a
small basket like those suspended on the wall. The accompanying pamphlet
contains a description of the La-la-kon-ti and the rules relative to these sand
mosaics,

, 105. The other two sand pictures are those which adorn the altar of the ‘‘estufa”
of the priests of the Antelope and of the Serpent during the biennial celebra-
tion of the serpent dance. The central mosaic is a symbolic representation of

H. Ex. 100 19

290

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

the cloud gods, O-mow-uh, and of the four cardinal points. The four colored
darts on the upper side are the four lightning snakes. Two of them are
males and two females, as shown by the model. The parallel lines outside
of the picture represent the rain.

The mosaic on the right is called the house of the serpents. It is made on
the floor of the estufa of the serpents, immediately before washing those
animals, which are placed on it to dry. The figure in the center of the mosaic
is the mountain lion. The red line which runs from the heart to the mouth
is the line of respiration or of life.

106- 113. Altar of sorcery of the cloud, similar to those which are made at all the

religious festivals, to prepare the offerings which are made to the cardinal
points, north, west, south, east, up, and down. The chief priest prepares
this altar on the floor of the estufa or kib-va, in the following manner:

A regular heap of fine valley sand is first sifted on the ground. After-
wards six lines are traced with sacred meal, intersecting each other at the
same center. One corresponds to the north-south line, another to the east-
west, the third to that of up and down, The medicine jar is deposited at the
point of intersection of these lines, and at the end of each line of meal is
laid an ear of corn of the color corresponding to the direction: To the north,
yellow; to the west, green or blue; to the south, red; tothe east, white; up,
black; down, spotted. Over each ear of corn is placed a pebble or rock erys-
tal; on each side, a small bunch of feathers. During the preparation of the
magic medicine, which is very complicated, the traditional songs are sung.

106. The rectangular jar in which the medicine is mixed. The ornaments on the

107.
108.

109.

110.

iibte

four sides, forming terraces which represent the clouds, which are also painted
on the inside. ‘The parallel lines represent the rain. J rog figure in its middle
round about; which, in the regular circle, is a row of figures representing
tadpoles. These are also represented under the rain on each side, and dragon
flies in the corners, on each side of which are emblems of the rain. The rain
festivals are among the most important that the Indians of Tusayan now
celebrate, since the region which they inhabit is very dry, and because it
rains little or not at all there in summer.

Ancient jar for salt in the religious rites.

Receptacle for sacred meal in the religious rites. This meal is used in all the
ceremonies as an offering to the gods.

Corn, sprinkler, lightning stone of the cardinal points. The color of the corn
corresponds to the direction. The sprinkler serves to sprinkle with medi-
cine the offerings which are made to the cardinal points.

tattle which serves to accompany the traditional singing during the incanta-
tion. ‘These rattles and other similar ones are used in all the religious rites.

Sacred meal. It is used in all the rites to sprinkle the offerings, the faces of the
men when they personify gods, at the altar, and to throw toward the rising
sun. It is customary to anoint the faces of the novices when they are about
to enter the priesthood, those of the children when they are consecrated to
the sun, and the bodies of the dead. Its use is not omitted in any religious
rite. Itis prepared from corn with great care, and is regarded as sacred,

2. Ancient jar for sacred meal. It has butterflies painted on the outside, they

being associated with the summer and the ripening of the corn.

. Different: kinds of native corn of the color characteristic of the god of each

direction. Corn of various colors is very common in the fields of the Indians
of Tusayan. In the diagram is seen the arrangement of the altar of the
incantation of the cloud, and some of the articles which are used to perform
that incantation. The colors of the corn indicate the directions of the cardi-
nal points. This altar is identical with that which is made in August at the
ceremony which precedes the serpent dance.

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 291

MODERN POTTERY OF TUSAYAN.

This case contains modern pottery of the present Indian inhabitants of the towns
of Tusayan. The various specimens show the variety of the pottery manufactured
by them, and also give an idea of the utensils which they use in the ordinary
employments of the houses. Everything is made by hand, and the pictures are all
emblematic. The decorations are sometimes pictures of gods, but the drawings are
usually circles, rosettes, birds, and flowers. Occasionally they successfully repro-
duce the ancient models, but the art has greatly degenerated, and is no longer of
the same importance as formerly.

The fineness of the ancient jars, in contrast with that of the modern ones, is due
to the great care with which they worked the clay which was to be used in their
manufacture and the skill with which they painted them.

The ceramic industry has greatly degenerated, and the tendency to simplify the
ornaments has increased. Pottery is made by the women; never by the men. There
are certain days of the year specially devoted to the manufacture of pottery, and on
certain nights the villages are illuminated by the fires made to bake it.

STONE IMPLEMENTS AND IDOLS.

The collection of articles of stone displays the various shapes which the Ho-pi
Indians used in ancient times. Almost all are now obsolete, or are used in the
religious rites. The stone specimens are hatchets, agricultural implements, pipes,
fetishes, ornaments, mortars and rollers, images, etc.

115 (114). Stone mortar and piece of roller for grinding paint at the ceremonies. A
little green carbonate of copper still remains in the inside.

116. Small mortar with flat surface, with green paint, found in a ruin.

117. Well-made mortar and roller. Both from near Wal-pi.

118. Flat stone for grinding paint.

119. Flat stone with a shallow cavity, and flat stone for grinding paint intended for
the religious rites.

120. Round stone serving as a defensive weapon.

121. Ancient stone shovel. It is used in planting corn.

122. Two stone hoes used in the ceremonies. They are called Tca-ma-hia and are
placed on the altar in the serpent dance.

125. Head of an ancient stone hoe.

124. Ancient stone shovel.

125. Stone hoe, found in an ancient ruin.

126. Stone hoe. ;

127. Stone hoe.

128. Piece of an ancient stone article.

129, Stone hoe.

130. Stone implement.

131. Stone shovel.

132. Stone hoe.

133. Ancient stone implement.

134. Ancient stone hoe.

135. Round stone object, with a groove, which seryed as a weapon in war.

136. Clay disks for polishing jars and other ceramic articles, found in an ancient
Tuin.

137. Fragment of a stone for grinding corn.

138. Paint pan, for grinding paint for the ceremonies.

140 (139). Sharpening stone, from A-wa-to-bi. It is used for polishing the shafts of
the arrows, and has a bow, an arrow, and the emblem of the serpent carved
on it.

141. Small buckskin bag for sacred meal.

4

292 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

142. Ancient bracelet of shells.

143. Earrings of shells with turquoises.

144, Necklace of shells.

145. Necklace of shells.

146. Necklace of shells.

147. Charm which is carried in the medicine bag.

148. Earring consisting of a small shell and a stone hanging by a strip of buckskin.

149. Fetish and earrings of lignite.

150. Various specimens of stones and ornaments of shells and clay. Seashells pos-
sess great value as an ornament, and in their absence, they are imitated
with clay. Several with varied ornaments are collected under this number.

151. Stone for polishing arrows.

152. Stone for polishing arrows.

153. Stone for polishing arrows.

154. Stone fetish of the mountain lion (Felis concolor).

155. Stones roughly representing animals and used as fetishes.

156. Fetish to be suspended from the neck, as a personal amulet.

157. Eagle ka-tci-na and fetish. The colors of the fetishes are related to the cardi-
nal points. They serve to give success in hunting.

158. Zuni fetish of the lion, for hunting.

159. Zuni fetish of the bear, for hunting.

160. Fetishes of the spider woman, a powerful goddess of the Tusayan mythology.
She is the wife of the sun and the mother of the twin gods of war.

161. Fetishes of the mountain lion.

162. Fetish.

163. Fetish of the wolf.

164. Fetish of the bear.

165. Fetish.

166. Fetish of the bear, painted yellow to show that it is the northern bear.

167. Triangular stone, resembling a fetish, and used as such.

168-171. Four clay fetishes of the bear, with emblematic characters on the nose.

172. Fetish with offerings attached to its neck. These fetishes, or similar ones, are
placed on the altars during the religious ceremonies, and are usually kept in
niches made in the walls of private houses. Sometimes the owners attach to
the necks of these objects tufts of cotton, with small feathers from the breast
of the eagle hanging from them. It is also the custom to sprinkle them, at
fixed periods, with sacred flour. Inthe great ceremony of the Serpent, dur-
ing the celebration of a very remarkable rite, in which the most complicated
ceremonies are observed, the first priest of the Antelope blows four times upon
the fetish of the bear great quantities of smoke, smoking an ancient pipe
called the great pipe of the cloud. To the Indians of Tusayan tobacco smoke
typifies the cloud and is used in the ceremonies which are performed in pray-
ing for rain. Smoking during the religious ceremonies is a serious thing, and
is done with the greatest gravity and reverence.

173. Mouthpiece for smoking, and pipe.

174. Great pipe of the snow, similar to that which is smoked in the December cere-
mony in prayers for snow. Found in the ruins of A-wa-to-bi.

175. Pipes with square bowls.

177 (176). Clay mouthpiece. The reed cigarette used in the ceremonies is a small
rush, around which along filament of cotton is twined.

178. Clay figure of the ‘‘ clown” priests, or ‘‘mud-heads,” carrying a child on its
shoulders, illustrating a legendary incident.

179. Figure of the god of war.

180. Figure of a Ho-pi married woman.

181. Figure of a Ho-pi maiden, showing the special coiffure of the maidens. This
coiffure typifies the blossom of the gourd.

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 293

182. Clay figure representing an unknown animal, which seems to be a sheep.

183-187. Clay figures of unknown personages, adorned with indistinct emblems.
These objects represent the persons who take part in the ceremonies, or are
merely secular. They are of clay baked in the sun, and painted with earth
of different colors. They are usually suspended in the houses, but never wor-
shiped. Several of these were given to children, who use them as playthings.

188. Clay fetishes of an unknown animal,

189. Personal fetishes which are worn as necklaces. They are also sometimes worn
hanging from the back in little bags.

190. Hunting stone, which they say is an eagle. It is customary to carry these
stones, or other similar ones, on hunting excursions, before undertaking which
certain simple ceremonies are observed, and prayers repeated.

191. Stone hatchet, with handle attached by tendons.

192-196. Small stone hatchets, from near the pueblo of Walpi.

197. Small stone hatchet with two grooves for the handle.

198. Small stone hatchet from A-wa-to-bi.

199-206. Stone clubs.

207-220. Small stone hatchets, from ruins near Walpi.

221, 222-230. Various kinds of hatchets of polished stone, from Tusayanruins. Found
buried or on the surface of the ground.

231-234. Large ancient stone hatchets.

235. Rough, flat stone hatchet.

236. Hatchet with the edge in the shape of a cone.

237. Small hatchet with the edge finely worked.

258-240. Small, rough hatchets.

241-245. Clubs.

246. Small, flat stone hatchet.

247. Small, sharp stone hatchet.

248. Long stone weapon.

249. Long stone weapon.

250. Small, flat hatchet.

The stone articles employed by the ancestors of the present Indians of Tusayan,
and on certain occasions by the present representatives of the race, do not differ
from those found in other parts of North America. These ancient articles are no
longer used except in the ceremonies to recall ancient customs.

ANCIENT POTTERY OF TUSAYAN.

The collection of ancient pottery from the ruins of Tusayan is the result of sev-
eral years of collecting, and is unique. The greater part was collected by Mr.
Thomas VY. Keam,an Indian trader, from whom it was bought by the Hemenway
expedition. A large number of these articles have never been exhibited outside of
the Indian towns, and-many 6f them were obtained in excavations made last sum-
mer (1892).

The collection is divided into groups, beginning with the simplest pottery, of
rough manufacture and without ornament, and passing on to the class having simple
decorations in the form of spirals, to that of the pottery with incisions.

The following classification of the pottery, although imperfect, may be made from
the color and ornaments:

I. Black and white.
II. Transition pottery.
Ill. Orange pottery.
IV. Of various colors.
V. Red pottery.

Only the decorated pottery enters into this classification. Many specimens are
worthy of mention, from the beauty of their shape and material, and some of the
unornamented specimens deserve notice.

294 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

The plans placed in the cases of ancient pottery are of ruins in the south of Ari-—
zona, and indicate the configuration of the ancient towns in the valleys of the Salado
and Gila rivers.

The Hemenway expedition has made important excavations in this region. The
plans reproduce a single town, composed of twenty-four groups of dwellings with a
large central building.

RED POTTERY.

The small collection of red pottery is among the best of the ancient ware. It is
not manufactured at the present time and the knowledge of how it was made has
diedout. The fineness of the material of the pottery of the ancient Ho-piis unequaled.
The best specimen is No. 267, the classic form of whichis readily seen. The external
figures are simple. The colors usually employed in decorating this pottery are white
and black.

251. Ancient food bowl, with plain handle and paintings on the inside in white,
black, and red.

252. Jar with figures formed by broken lines.

253. Jar ornamented with the head of a bird and symbolic offerings, called pa-hos.

254. Ancient ceremonial jar, with figures.

255. Salt holder.

256. Ancient jar, with painted spirals.

257. Bowl for food, with paintings formed of broken lines. “

258. Bowl for food.

259. Small bow] with inclined border, ornamented with cloud symbols.

260. Fragment of ladle, with the handle broken.

261. Ladle.

262. Receptacle for salt or sacred flour, which is carried at the side.

263. Vertical jar for salt.

264. Hemispherical jar with inclined edge.

265. Hemispherical jar with parallel lines.

266. Hemispherical jar, with holes for passing a cord, for the purpose of carrying it
suspended from the shoulder.

267. Wide-mouthed jar.

268. Ladle with a single white circle.

269. Square clay box, with emblems of the cloud, used in the ceremonies for salt or
sacred flour.

270. Jar with white and black figures resembling a chessboard.

271. Ladle.

272. Fretted jar.

273. Small jar.

274. Painted jar with small mouth .

275. Jar with well-executed figures of the growing gourd, the cloud, and the circle.

276. Jar with various ornaments. :

277. Jar with symbolic figures.

278. Sacred jar with external figures and ornaments.

279. Large jar with external paintings of rectangles, squares, frets, and circles. It
has been used many years in the religious rites of the present Wal-pi, and is
said to have come from a ruin in the northern part of Arizona.

POTTERY OF VARIOUS COLORS.

The so-called variegated pottery is among the best that the ancient potters manu-
factured. The clay is fine and the decoration artistic. It is only found in ove or
two of the most ancient ruins, and no attempt is ever made now to imitate it. Itis
orange or red on one side and of variegated color on the other. The number of speci-

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 295

mens of this pottery found in ruins is much less than that of any other kind except
the red or orange. They are therefore of great value, in spite of their not being very
artistic. The decorations are various, and, for the most part, simple.

280. Large jar with figures made up of broken lines.

281i. Jar with a painted bird.

282. Bowl for food.

283. Bowl] for food, with emblematic figures.

284. Salt holder.

285. Jar with black and white figures.

286. Jar for ceremonies, with spiral figures. -

287. Small painted jar.

288. Jar for ceremonies, with emblems of the cloud alternating with those of the
gourd,

289. Jar of ancient pottery, which has been used for many years in the ceremonies
at Wal-pi.

290, Jar with wings on both sides, imitating a bird.

291. Jar in the form of an amphora, with emblems of the cloud.

292. Jar for carrying the sacred flour in the ceremonies. It has the sun on one side.

293. Jar much esteemed by the Ho-pi for its great antiquity, with emblems the
meaning of which the present Indians do not know.

294, Jar with a mythological bird, the wings of which represent the clouds.

295. Narrow-necked jar, with emblems of the cloud and the lightning. 'The band
of the neck is not closed, which signifies that it was made by an unmarried
woman.

296. Jar with series of spiral figures.

297. Jar with the emblems of the cloud and circle; the latter probably formerly the

symbol of the sun.

298. Jar with unknown symbols.

299. Ancient drinking jar.

300. Ancient drinking jar, with cloud symbols.

301. Rare and unique jar, with emblematic pictures of the dwellings and families
which constituted the tribe painted on opposite sides, alternating with the
virginemblem. The same picture is found reproduced in carved pictures or
engravings cut in the rocks near the town of Wal-pi.

TRANSITION POTTERY.

. The pottery of this class is very common in the burying ground of A-wa-to-bi.
The clay is fine, and the decorations usually have more richness than those of the
white and black pottery. Here, for the first time, we meet symbolized gods, which
never occur in the less perfect black and white pottery. Still, there is little variety
in the shape of the jars, and they are not an improvement on those which belong to
the black and white class already mentioned. The collection of transition pottery
contains several house articles.

302. One of the bowls of the greatest merit in the collection. The decorations are
variegated, and the clay is very fine. The Ho-pi potters regard it as one of
the best productions of their industry in ancient times. The four imitations
of white and red birds represent the thunder bird, a mythological creation
of the Indians, about which there are many tales. These birds appear
flying near the mouth of the jar, preserving the circle of ceremonies, which
is never altered in the religious rites. Together with the drawings, the
jars have engravings, which characterize the best specimens of the Ho-pi
pottery. This is seen in the crooks in front of the wings. These crooks typify
the powerful warrior society called Kwa-kwan-ti. There are four of these

296

303.

304.
305.
306.
307.
308.

309.
310.
311.
312.
313.
314.
315.
316.
317.
318.

319.
320.
321.

G2 OO
bo bo bo
Go bo

oo
r=

325.
326.
327.
328.
329.
339.
3381.
332.

333.
304,
335.
336.
337.
338.

339.

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

birds, one corresponding to each of the cardinal points—north, south, east,
and west. The black and red lines, crossed by two other parallel lines, rep-
resent the dragon fly, a symbol of water. It is also a beneficent animal, to
which, according to the traditions, the corn crop has often been due.

Jar with unclosed band around the neck. The opening of this band represents
the line of life.

Jar with good decorations of frets and representation of clouds.

Jar for water or food, with unknown symbols.

Jar with emblems of a mythological bird and stars.

Jar with band and fret.

Ladle having a fantastic animal with wings painted on the inside. The dots
represent feathers.

Jar for food.

Small jar with rough drawings, found near a skeleton.

Ceremonial jar.

Sacred vase, from the sand hills near A-wa-to-bi.

Jar with two handles and sunflowers.

One of the vases in which the priests carry sacred flour.

Ancient jar, found in a tomb.

Jar the decorations of which represent an ancient game of the Ho-pi.

Ancient vase, with rude drawings.

Bowl with one of the buckskin nets which the priests bear in the ceremonies
to pray for rain. Ancient vase with a modern net.

Ancient sacred vase.

Ancient vase with symbols of clouds.

Small water jar. It was used in the ceremonies which are performed in prayers
for rain.

. Ancient vase used in prayers for rain.
. Vase for water used in prayers for rain.
. Small jar which was anciently used in the ceremonies which were performed

in praying for rain.

Clay spoon for secular uses.

Ladle for nonreligious uses.

Ancient vase, the use of which is not known.

Ancient vase, the use of which is not known.

Ceremonial jar, found near a skeleton, at A-wa-to-bi.

Ancient water jar.

Ancient jar for flour.

Ancient water jar, with handles through which to pass a strap in order to carry
it suspended at the side. It was adapted for excursions.

Sacred vase, similar to that which is used at the festival of the Flute. It was
probably used by the ancestors of those who now form part of the fraternity
of the Flute.

Burial bow] for food.

Ancient vase having an ancient ka-tci-na, or god, painted on the inside. It has
the serpent and the butterfly on the outside.

Ancient ladle, with unknown emblems.

Ceremonial jar.

Ceremonial vase, in which was formerly kept the honey which was used in
certain rites.

Burial bowl for food, from a grave at A-wa-to-bi.

340-392. Vases and jars for food, of various shapes and symbols. Found in graves

393.

at A-wa-to-bi and neighboring burying grounds.
Burial bowl for provisions. It has an offering to the gods of rai elaborately
drawn on it,

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 297

WHITE AND BLACK POTTERY,

Nos. 394 to 468 display the features of the so-called white and black pottery, which
is no longer made, and can only be found in one or two ruins near Keam’s Canyon.
Among the specimens of this pottery are comprised all the types now in use. The
decorations are very simple, as they represent neither animals, plants, nor sacred
emblems. It is, without any doubt, the simplest class of the painted pottery of
Tusayan.

394.

395.

396.

397.

398.
399.

400.
401.

402.

403.
404.
405.

406.

407.
408.
409.
410.
411.
412.

424,

425,

426.
427,

428,
429.

Vase with bands, dots, and triangles interlaced. It is one of the most regularly
shaped specimens in the collection.

Large jar for holding water or for carrying it from one place to another. It is
the best painted specimen of all the white and black pottery.

Amphora, with a zigzig band around the edge. The only one of this shape,
and with these characteristic decorations.

Drinking vase, with three salient protuberances, It very probably represents
some imaginary bird.

Sieve for scattering flour or sand.

Jar with a single handle, with painted triangles. One of the simplest forms of
the white and black pottery.

Vase in the shape of a shoe, for carrying the sacred flour in the ceremonies.

Small water jar.

Ladle.

Ladle with zigzag figures and long neck.

Hemispherical vase for ceremonies.

Vase for food, found in a grave.

Vase for food, with emblems of the cloud and of the four cardinal points.

Ancient pan for paint.

Vase for food, from a grave.

Ancient drinking cup.

Vase in the shape of a shoe, for sacred flour.

Vase for food, with figures imitating rectangles.

Vase for food, with figures on tLe outside. In ancient pottery, as well as in
modern, it is very rarely that vases for food are found with decorations on
the outside.

. Ancient bowl, with handle. It probably served as a ladle.
. Narrow-mouthed jar, with spirals.
. Vase with handle and triangular figures.

Narrow-mouthed jar, with spirals and parallel lines. The spiral is the emblem
of the whirlwind god.

. Narrow-mouthed cup.
. Large water jar. The decorations are very characteristic. Similar jars were

also used for cooking and for boiling water.

. Paint jar.

. Cup with diagonal figures. -

. Bowl with a single handle, or ladle.

. Pan for holding the paint with which the decorations and sacred objects were

painted.

. Wide-mouthed vase.

Vase for carrying water on long excursions.

Long-necked cup.

Drinking cup.

Perforated vase, for sifting sand or flour. It is possible that this was used in
making the sand pictures in the ancient ceremonies.

Drinking cup, wellexecuted, and of large size.

Paint pan.

430-432. Drinking cups.

298 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

433. Salt vase.

434, Long-necked globular vase.

435. Vase with two compartments, which were used for salt or pepper.

436. Water jar, with zigzag drawings.

437, 438. Cups.

439. Bowl for food, very fine, and with emblems of the cloud.

440, Salt vase, with zigzag and parallel lines.

441. Vase for food, with half spirals and black broken lines.

442. Vase of extraordinary shape, with handle. Its former use is unknown.

443, Long-necked vase.

444, Amphora, for transporting provisions, usually corn bread.

445. Fretted vase.

446. Ancient vase for ceremonies.

447, Vase with handles for cords. It is used on long excursions.

448, Ancient vase with spirals, which was formerly used in the ceremonies connected
with the ‘‘Mam-zrau-ti” dance. Observe on the side the combination of
figures forming rectangles and spirals. This jar, which is well painted, dis-
plays the highest degree of perfection attained by the Indians of Tusayan
in the decoration of the white and black pottery, and is the most valuable of
the specimens from the ruins near Keam’s Canyon.

449, Well-polished drinking cup.

450. The colors of this bowl recall those of the transition pottery. It is the only
specimen of this ware which was found in a grave near the inhabited villages.

451. Vase for food, with triangles formed by black lines.

452. Bowl for food.

453. Jar for carrying food on long excursions. It is also used for water.

454. Drinking cup, with white and black squares.

455. Ancient jar.

456. Cups.

457. Large drinking bowl.

458, 459. Drinking cups.

460. Wide-mouthed jar.

461. Jar with two conical handles, for fastening a cord.

462. Cup with large handle.

463. Jar for food.

464, Jar for food.

465. Bowl with a single handle. The inside is painted black, with white zigzags.
It was found in a grave.

466. Bowl with large circles.

467. Bowl with figures representing the teeth of the Ka-tci-nas.

468. Small cup used as a spoon. The handle of a similar cup which stands near the
preceding has the shape of an open fan. Similar cups are now used for the
purpose mentioned.

*”
RUDE POTTERY WITHOUT DECORATIONS.

This class, the most primitive of the ancient pottery, occupies three cases in the
northern part of the room, and is divided into smooth and wrinkled pottery. This
rude pottery, which is in some cases decorated, is common in ruins near Wal-pi and
Keam’s Canyon. It comprises, in general, vases, bowls, and large jars for cooking.
They are usually of coarse clay.

The potter’s wheel was not known, and the potters polished the outside of the
ware with a stone, a piece of another jar, or with a stick.

The larger vases serve indiscriminately for cooking and for storage. The former
are more or less blackened by fire. Those used as depositories were buried in the
ground here and there, the Indians filling them with water or provisions when they
went on any expedition, in order to find it fresh on their return.

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 299

Some of the specimens of the smooth rude pottery have external incisions made
with the thumb nail, a sharpened stone, or a stick. It was sometimes customary to
smear the outside of the jar or vase with pitch. The black specimens owe their color
to the smoke produced during their baking. This rude pottery 1s made to this day,
and was anciently made at the same time as the finer pottery. The Indians are
accustomed to regard the wrinkled pottery as very ancient. It is found in the most
ancient ruins, including those of the cliff-dwellers, and shows the first step taken
in the decoration of pottery.

The best specimen is No. 495, in which triangles and circles are combined, a very
rare thing in the ancient pottery. It was found in a room at the ruins of Si-kya-ki.

BURIAL ARTICLES FROM ALTARS AND GRAVES,

The collection of small clay articles found in graves at the foot of the mesas of
the Ho-pi illustrate the kind of objects which were formerly placed over the dead.
Some were also offerings made to the gods, especially to Ma-sau-wuh, the god of fire
and death. These objects constituted offerings, as already said, and never had any
other use, though the smallest may have served as playthings for the children.

ANCIENT LADLES.

The collection of ancient ladles from the ruins of the pueblos of Tusayan is instruct-
ive as regards the emblems painted on these articles. They are of all shapes and
made of different clays, decorated with characteristic figures on the inside and out-
side.

These ladles were sometimes used in the religious rites. They were filled with
sacred flour, which was piled in front of the fetishes, or was scattered over the sand
mosaics of the altars. Many of these ladles have pebbles inside of the handles, and
serve as rattles, both in the games and in the most solemn rites of the sacred dances.

Every figure on these rattles 1s symbolic, and the technical study of this symbol-
ism has a close connection with that of the ornaments of the baskets, images,
blankets, and pottery.

. With a view to establishing a comparison, a ladle of mountain-sheep horn has been
placed among them. Many of these objects,if not all, were probably used in the
ceremonies and not in the ordinary employments of life.

ADOBE (CLAY BAKED IN THE SUN) TILES, WITH SYMBOLIC PAINTINGS.

These tiles are modern imitations of those which were formerly made for the cere-
monies which were solemnized in the estufas. This collection was manufactured
many years ago, and the only person who knew how to prepare them is dead. We
see in them the characteristic symbolism of the gods, and the various spiral wind-
ings, circles, and frets which are used for decorating the pottery. On comparing
them with the images we easily see the sun, the god of the corn, and others. These
tiles are not used for ornaments of houses and are rarely manufactured by the Indians.
The value of this collection, unique for the study of the symbolism, together with
that of the pottery, is great, but with certain limitations, as the articles composing
it are modern.

Similar tiles are now used in the religious ceremonies of the present inhabitants
of Tusayan, and are, for the most part, traditional, and the priests hold them in
great veneration. The picture of an ancient tile called the Ho-ko-na-ma-na, or
Butterfly Virgin, introduced in the serpent dance, is exhibited in the case with the
specimens.

PHOTOGRAPHS OF SACRED DANCES AND PARAPHERNALIA.

1. Group of glutton priests or clowns. These priests accompany the Ka-tei-nas in
their dances and try to amuse the spectators. This priesthood is one of the
most ancient of Tusayan, and, according to their traditions, has existed since
the epoch when the race came out from the center of the earth,

300 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

oem =|

18.
Gio

20.

21.

25.
26.

. The Snake priests leaving the town. Their mission is to catch the serpents

which are to be used in the dance.

. Row of sacred dancers, or Ka-tci-nas, with two women Ka-tci-nas wrapped in

the ceremonial blankets.

. A Snake priest emerging from the kib-va to take part in the sacred dance.
. The Snake altar.
. Ceremony of the purification, which takes place after that in which the serpents

are carried in the mouth.

. The same ceremony.
. The same ceremony.
. The same ceremony.
. The principal street of the pueblo of Wal-pi and the Snake priests retiring from

the plaza.

. The Snake priests preparing to undertake the hunt for the serpents which are

to be used in the ceremony.

. Priest at the door of the estufa.
. Place in which the serpents are confined before the dance.
. The Snake chief. He has in his left hand a whip for charming snakes, and a

small bag of sacred flour to anoint the head of those animals, which they claim
to be related to the fraternity which celebrates the dance mentioned.

. Black zigzag lines which the priests of the Serpent paint on their bodies, legs,

and arms. The black lines are of clay and saliva.

. Snake priest dressed for the ceremony.
. Ceremony of the purification. On the last of the nine days of the festival the

Snake priests eat nothing. At the conclusion of the dance they take a drink
which purifies them. On the following day a more complicated ceremony of
purification takes place.

Snake priests going off to hunt snakes.

Snake dance. This is the public ceremony which takes place in the presence
of all the inhabitants of the pueblos. The two fraternities which take part
in it are the Antelope and the Snake. In this ceremony the priests of the
latter fraternity carry living venomous snakes in their mouths. Those who
take part in the dance and the spectators are seen in the photograph.

Small ladder leading to the kib-va, or sacred rooms in which the secret mysteries
of the Snake ceremony are held. From this ladder hang a bow and arrows
with red horsehair and the skin of a small mammal. Their object is to notify
the uninitiated that ceremonies at which they are not permitted to be present
are being performed in the subterranean room.

The courier emerging from the kib-va of the Antelope with the sacred offerings
which are to be made to the gods of the four cardinal points. On each of the
first seven days of the Snake ceremony this man goes around the pueblo
following a circle and placing the offerings on the four altars of the gods of the
cardinal points. Each day the diameter of the circle diminishes; on the first
it is about 7 miles, and the last is confined to going around the hatch of the
kib-va. He carries the offerings on his back. In his left hand he has the
sacred flour, with which he sprinkles the offerings after he has placed them
on the altars.

. The Snake priests in rank at the beginning of the dance.
. The chief of the Snake priests taking the flag from the ladder, to give notice

that the mysteries of the ceremony of the Snake have ended.

. The Antelope priests inviting the Snake priests to come out of their kib-va and

to go to the plaza to carry the serpents around the sacred rock. Each of the
Antelope priests deposits a handful of flour at the door of the house of the
Snake priests, calling in a low tone.

Ceremony of the purification.

Snake priest going to the hunt.

27.
28.
29.

30.

45,

50.
51.

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 301

Hatch-way of the Snake kib-va. A man is seen entering.

Ka-tci-na dance, called the ‘‘ Good-bye of the Ka-tci-nas.”

Objects used in the Mam-zrau-ti ceremony, a dance of women, which takes place
in October. (1) Offering to the Whirlwind god; (2) head ornament of hawk’s
feathers and horsehair, emblematic of the sun; (3 and 4) the two faces of a
screen called a moisture tablet, which is carried on the back; 3, the obverse;
4, the reverse. The two disks are miniature food symbols offered to the gods
of the cardinal points.

Articles used in the ceremony held to light the new fire. (1) Head ornament of
a novice whom they are about to initiate; (2) the Virgin of the Dawn,
patroness of the ceremony of the new fire; (3) offering to the god of Fire;
(4) offering to the god of War. These are of wood, and are placed on the
ground before the ceremony begins. (5) Standard of the ceremony of the new
fire; (6) implements which are used to light the new fire; (7) the ears of corn,
which correspond to the four cardinal points, the upward, and the downward.
These are hung up in the kib-va while the ceremony of lighting the fire is
going on.

. Row of shields, corresponding to the four cardinal points, the upward, and the

downward, one additional. They are used in the ceremony of the Su-my-ko-li.

. Standard which is suspended over the kib-va of the Antelope while the secret

Snake rites are being celebrated.

. Standard which is suspended over the Snake kib-va during the same rites.
. The four slabs of clay and wood, corresponding to the four cardinal points,

which are used in the ceremony of the Flute. They all have symbolic figures
of the cloud, the lightning, and the rain.

. Pillar, or primitive solar gnomon, for determining the time of the religious

dances.

. Plume or feathers, worn on the head by the members of a warrior society.
. Butterfly virgin, clay tile used in the ceremonies in which the adventures of

the Snake hero during his journey under the earth are dramatized. It has the
cloud, butterflies, and tadpoles depicted on it.

. Shrine, with door closing the room.

. Shrine under a great cliff.

. Two wooden fetishes of the ceremony of the Flute.

. Staff of the Ma-lo-ka-tci-na. The dancers carry it in their hands. The ear of

corn represents the mother, the feathers the four cardinal points.

. Snake whip. The handle has the Great Serpent (Feathered Serpent) engraved

and painted in green on it. The feathers are from an eagle’s tail, and each has
a bluebird’s feather at its extremity.

Pa-hos, or sacred offerings of the Snake ceremony. The largest is of the length
of the arm from the heart tothe extremities of the fingers; the smallest is the
length of the middle finger. Both have the four feathers corresponding to
the north, west, south, and east.

. Ka-tci-na-ma-na, or man dressed like a woman to take part in the religious

dances.

. *Clay-head” priest.
. Bower erected in the plaza of the pueblo of Wal-pi during the ceremony of tie

Flute.

. Zuni dancer, with mask.
. Adobe ball with the figure of the Serpent. The Snake priests carry this as a

charm on their shoulder belts, and make it with great ceremony,

. Large pipe which the priests of the Serpent smoke during the baptism of the

Snakes. This pipe has the cloud and the lightning depicted upon it,
Standard of the priesthood of the Flute.
Offering of a Zuni warrior priesthood.

302 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

52. Diagram of the room in which the offerings are made at the summer’solstice.
The offerings made at the same epoch.

53. The Old scold; personage with a mask, who takes part in Zuni ceremony.

54. Ka-tci-na, or sacred dance.

55. Offering made to the gods of the cardinal points at the festival of the farewell
of the Ka-tci-nas.

56. Ceremony for rain, called the ‘‘Ducking of the Clowns.” The ten naked priests
called Clowns go around the pueblo singing traditional songs, and the women,
who are on the roofs of their houses, pour water upon the heads of the priests
or throw handfuls of flour on them.

57. Ata-ka-tci-na, a rain dance. In making these pictures and photographs the
natural tendency of the Indians not to consent to the taking of photographs
of their religious ceremonies has been encountered. They believe that by
means of sorceries the likeness of a person or of an object may be used to
exert an evil influence on them, and for this reason they have an extreme dis-
trust of the photographic apparatus.

The pueblo of Zuni, in which some of the photographs were taken, is not in the
province of Tusayan, but an adjoining territory, the civilization of both peoples

being remarkably alike.
BURIAL FOOD BOWLS.

The collection of burial bowls contains some of the best specimens of the ancient
pottery, and displays the symbolism of the ancient Ho-pi. Almost all were found
in the sand hills near the ruins of A-wa-to-bi. During four days they filled these
vases with food for the dead, and did not usually bring broken vases as they do now.
The corpse had its legs doubled close to the body, and was generally buried looking
toward the east. The strong winds which sweep the sand hills disinter a skeleton
from time to time and show the presence of these vases. The hillocks which sur-
round the graves also contain fragments of ancient vases.

These burial bowls usually have symbols painted on the inside, the meaning of
which the present Indians do not know. In general, these figures are simple, of a
single color, representing the cloud, tadpoles, offerings to the gods, and occasionally
flowers, insects, and birds. On the outside they have not usually more than the
border of the bow] and offerings to the gods.

STARS ON THE WALL.

The four stars on the wall and the three bows over the windows are made of baskets,
on which are seen the different decorations with which the Indians embellished this
class of objects. The baskets which the Ho-pi made are of two distinct classes,
the respective characters of which are best observed in those over the windows.

The Indians use them for carrying bread or flour, and they are a very common
article in the interior of every house. In the ceremony of La-la-kon-ti those who
take part in it carry them in their hands, and throw them at the spectators as
presents.

These baskets were made by the Indians of Tusayan, and are characteristic of this
tribe. They have figures painted on them in the colors of the country, reproducing
symbolism of religious or profane subjects.

The class of baskets with a continuous spiral is made in the second mesa; the
other kind in O-rai-bi, the most populous and least civilized of all the pueblos
of Tusayan. When the outer end of the spiral remains loose the fact is symbolic,
and has the same meaning as the unclosed band with which some of the ancient
and moderr vases are ornamented. The inhabitants of the first mesa do not make
these baskets.

BLANKETS NAILED TO THE WALL.

The blankets covering the walls of the room of the Hemenway collection were
made by the Navajo Indians, who are nomadic, and are neighbors of the Tusayan
Indians. The figures are symbolic, representing star, lightning, and other gods.

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 303

Some of the colors are pigments of the country, others paints bought from. the
whites. All these blankets were woven by women with hand looms, from wool spun
by the Indians. Under No. 2 are shown a small model of a loom and the accompa-
nying implements. The Tusayan Indians have long known how to weave blankets,
and probably taught the art to the Navajoes. The zigzag figures represent the light-
ning, and the crosses the Star god. The men wear these blankets in the ceremonies,
but they weave others with the sole object of selling them to the white traders.
They usually use the wool of sheep, though the Ho-pi make blankets also of rabbit
skins. The ceremonial blankets are generally made from the cotton of the country.
The Navajos, who live near the line of the railroad, use wool spun in American
factories, which the traders sell them.

ANCIENT ALTAR CLOTH.

This very ancient cloth was painted by an order of priests called the ‘‘Clowns”
or “ Gluttons” (Teu-ku-wym-ki-ya). It has been used in many of their secret cere-
monies, and the owners were with great difficulty induced to give it up, owing to
the honor and respect which they pay to their secret rites. The rites in which it
was used are unknown, and the symbolism is obscure, but figures of the dragon fly
and tadpole are seen pictured upon it.

The figure in the center has some connection with the gods of the cardinal points,
and is sometimes seen on the helmets worn by those who take part in the sacred
dances. The altar cloth is surrounded by a belt which is like that which the women
commonly wear.

SYMBOLIC ORNAMENTS ON THE WALLS.

The two pictures on the walls above the blankets represent common symbols of
the Ho-piIndians. That on the lett is a copy of the sand picture made in the cere-
mony of the Serpent by Wi-kio Chief of the priests of the Antelope. It represents
the four clouds, of four distinct colors, corresponding to the four cardinal points. The
four darts are the four lightning serpents, two of which, the green and the white, ate
females, and two, the yellow and the red, males. They have the respective symbols
of their sex painted on one side of the head. A rectangle with two diagonals dis-
tinguishes the female. Over the symbol of the male lightning serpent is painted a.
small cylinder of willow, from which hangs a cord with feathers at its end. Over
the symbol of the female is placed a similar object in the shape of a hoop made of
cornhusk. A necklace consisting of four black parallel lines around the neck is
painted on every lightning serpent.

The representation of the cloud and the lightning are in a frame of four colors,
emblematic of the four cardinal points. A number of parallel black lines, repre-
senting the rain, issue from the lower line.

The symbol of the gods of rain, O-mow-uh, is found, with some modifications, on
pottery, blankets, baskets, pictures, and the articles used in the dance, and is one
which these people reproduce most frequently. Almost all the ceremonies have for .
their object a prayer that this god will be propitious to them, and offerings are
made to him in all their secret rites.

The picture on the right represents Sa-li-ko-ma-na, a beneficent goddess, the wife of
Sa-li-ko. This goddess brought man the seeds of all the vegetables, and is regarded
a very beneficent being. The reader will find her symbolism in the number relat-
ing to the image of this divinity. The red lines on the body probably represent the
ancient feather ornaments. This picture is a copy of a drawing of the goddess made
on a clay tile, and is an exact reproduction of it in all its details. The wings which
it has on the sides of the body represent clouds.

PUBLICATIONS OF THE HEMENWAY EXPEDITION.

The publications of the Hemenway expedition during the last two years are found
in the Journal of American Folk Lore, Houghton, Mifflin & Co., Boston; The Amer-
ican Anthropologist, Washington, D. C., and others. The official organ is A Journal

304 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

of American Ethnology and Archeology, Houghton, Mifflin & Co., Boston, two vol-
umes of which have been already published.

Copies of the publications are exhibited in this case.

Volume I, Journal of American Ethnology and Archeology, contains an article on
Zuni melodies, by Mr. B.1.Gilman. This music was taken from the Indian singer by
the phonograph. In this case is seen one of the cylinders of the phonograph on which
Indian music was taken. The Indians were made to sing in front of the phono-
graph, and the impressions thus obtained serve to retain the music and were used in
writing it. The members of the Hemenway expedition were the first to employ this
method.

THE BANDELIER COLLECTION OF COPIES OF DOC-
UMENTS RELATIVE TO THE HISTORY OF NEW
MEXICO AND ARIZONA.

[From the archives of the Hemenway expedition. ]

The books placed on the lower shelf in this case are copies of ancient
documents now existing in Mexico, Santa Fe, N. Mex., and other points
in the southwestern part of the United States. .

These copies were made by the eminent scholar, Mr. A. F. Bandelier,
formerly a member of the expedition. Partof the results of his studies
on the historical documents of New Mexico and Arizona, the portion
_ of the United States constituting the principal base of the labors of the
Hemenway expedition, were published by the Archeological Institute —
of America and the Hemenway expedition, in the volume on exhibi-
tion.

The following is a list of the works copies of which are exhibited in
this case:

SONORA.

{Spanish titles and translation. ]

1. Mision de Nebomes de N. P. 8. Francisco de*Borja. Atos de 1658-59.
Nebomes Mission of Our Holy Father Francisco de Borja. 1658-59.
. Carta dando noticia al P. Provincial Ambrosio Odebe que los Pimos piden el
bautismo. P. José Osorio, 8. J., 1690.
Letter notifying the Father Provincial Ambrosio Odobe that the Pimos ask for
baptism. Father José Osorio, 8. J., 1690.

3. Informe al Virrey del estado de las Misiones de la Compania en Sinaloa y Sonora.
General D. Pedro Rivera, 1727.

Report to the Viceroy of the state of the Company’s Missions in Sinaloa and
Sonora. General Don Pedro Rivera, 1727.

4. Testimonio auténtico de lo sucedido enla visita que, por é6rden del Dean y Cabildo
de Guadalajara, hizo en las Misiones de Sinaloa y Sonora. Fr. D. Tomas de
Ugarte, 1673.

Authentic testimony of what happened on the visit which he made, by order of
the Dean and Chapter of Guadalajara, to the Missions of Sinaloa and Sonora.
Fray Don Tomas de Ugarte, 1673.

5. Catdlogo de las partidas de Sonora. 1685.

List of the laws of Sonora. 1685. ;

6. Breve reJacion de la victoria de los Pimos. P. Eusebio Francisco Kino, 8. J., 1698.

Brief account of the victory over the Pimos. Father Eusebio Francisco Kino,

bo

8. J., 1698.
7. Relacién de Nuestra Senora de los Remedios. P.Eusebio Francisco Kino, S. J.,
1698.
Account of Our Lady of the Remedies. Father Eusebio Francisco Kino, S. J.,
1698.

8. Carta al P. Horacio Polici. P. Eusebio Francisco Kino, S. J., 1698.
Letter to Father Horacio Polici. Father Eusebio Francisco Kino, §. J., 1698.

H. Ex. 100 20 305

306 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

“).

10.

it

12.

or

~]

Relacién del estado de la Pimeria. PP. Horacio Polici y E. Kino, 1697.

Account of the state of the Pimeria. Fathers Horacio Polici and E. Kino, 1697.

Relacién del viaje al Rio Gila, PP. Kino, Crist6bal Bernal, etc., 1697.

Account of the journey to the River Gila. Fathers Kino, Cristobal Bernal, etc.,
1697.

Carta al Virrey. P. Miguel Janvier Almansa, S. J., 1724.

Letter to the Viceroy. Father Miguel Garico Almansa, 8. J., 1724.

Idem.

The same.

. Informe del Capitan y de los vecinos del Real de Nacosari. D, Ventura Fernandez

Calvo, 1724.
Report of the Captain and residents of the Real de Nacosari. Don Ventura
Fernandez Calvo, 1724.

. Estado de la provincia de Sonora. 1730.

State of the Province of Sonora. 1730.

5. Noticias dela Pimeria. 1740.

Notes on the Pimeria. 1740.

. Carta al P. Rector José de Echeverria. P. Jacob Sedelmair, 8. J., 1747.

Letter to the Father Rector José de Echeverria, Father Jacob Sedelmair, 8S. J.,
1747.

. Relacion de los Rios Gila y Colorado. P. Jacob Sedelmair, S. J., 1746.

Account of the Gila and Colorado Rivers. Father Jacob Sedelmair, 8. J., 1746.

. Noticia breve de la expedicion de Sonora y Cinaloo. 1771.

Brief account of the expedition to Sonora and Sinaloa. 1771.

. Noticia de las Misiones de Sonora. P. Fr. Antonio de los Reyes, 1772.

Account of the Missions of Sonora. Father Fray Antonio de los Reyes, 1772.

NEW MEXICO, 1595—1778.

. Discurso yroposicién que se hace 4 V. M. de lo tocante «4 los descubrimientos
My I a

dez Nuevo Méjico. Conde de Monterey, 1602.
Address and proposition made to Your Majesty with regard to the discoveries of
New Mexico. Count de Monterry, 1602.

. Real cédula. 1685.

Royal decree. 1685.

. Informe al Rey sobre las tierras de Nuevo Méjico, Quivira y Teguayo. Fr, Alonso

de Posados, 1686.
Report to the King on the lands of New Mexico, Quivira and Teguayo. Fray
Alonso de Posados, 1686.

. Memorial acerca de la replobacién de Nuevo Méjico, y ventajas que ofrece el

reino de Quivira. Fr. Nicolas Lopez, 1686.
Memorial with regard to the resettlement of New Mexico, and advantages
offered by the kingdom of Quivira. Fray Nicolas Lopez, 1686.

. Memorial informando de las naciones del Oriente. Juan Dominguez de Men-

doza, 1686 (?).
Memorial giving an account of the nations of the East. Juan Dominguez de
Mendoza, 1686 (?).

. Real cédula. 1596.

Royal decree. 1596.

. Mandamiento 4 D. Juan de Onate. Conde de Monterey, 1596.

Order to Don Juan de Onate. Count de Monterey, 1596.

. Relaciones de todas las cosas que en el Nuevo Méjico se han visto y sabido, asi

por mar como por tierra, desde el ano de 1538 hasta é] de 1626. Fr. Jerénimo
de Zarate Salmeron, 1626.

Accounts of all the things which have been seén and known in New Mexico,
both by sea and land, from the year 1538 to the year 1626, Fray Jerénimo de
Zarate Salmeroén, 1626.

10.

NE

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 307

Relacién anénima de la reconquista y de la replobacién del Nuevo Méjico. 1718.

Anonymous account of the reconquest and of the resettlement of New Mex-
cou Lis:

Diario y derrotero de lo caminado, visto, y observado en el discurso de la visita
general de presidios situados en las provincias Ynternas de Nueva Espana.
D. Pedro de Rivera, 1736.

Diary and itinerary of the traveling, seeing, and observing in the account of
the general inspection of forts situated in the interior provinces of New Spain.
Don Pedro de Rivera, 1736.

Carta al P. Fr. Agustin Morfi. Fr. Silvestre Vélez de Escalante, 1778.

Letter to Father Fray Agustin Morfi. Fray Silvestre Vélez de Escalante, 1778.

NEW MEXICO, 1541-1793.

Relacién postrera de Sivola. Fr. Toribio Motolinia, 1541,

Last account of Sivola. Fray Toribio Motolinia, 1541.

Real cédula. 1570.

Royal decree. 1570.

Real cédula. 1600.

Royal decree. 1600.

Ley inserta en la Ordenanza del 17 de Diciembre, 1603.

Law inserted in the Ordinance of December 17, 1603.

Real cédula. 1620.

Royal decree. 1620.

Peticion contra Juan Lopez Holguin. Pobladores de San Gabriel, 1604.

Petition against Juan Lopez Holguin. Settlers of San Gabriel, 1604.

Autos de Proceso contra Juan de Escanamad, 1617. .

Proceedings in the suit against Juan de Escaniamad, 1617.

Real cédula, 1651.

Royal decree, 1631.

Real cédula, 1636.

Royal decree, 1636.

Mandamiento del Tribunal de la Santa Cruzada. Don Lopez Altamirano y Cas-
tilla, 1633.

Order of the Court of the Holy Crusade. Don Lopez Altamirano y Castilla, 1633,

. Mandamiento del Virrey de la Nueva Espana. Marqués de Cerraloo, 1634,

Order of the Viceroy of New Spain. Marquis de Cerralbo, 1634.

. Autos sobre las Misiones de Zuni, 1636.

Documents concerning the Zuni Missions, 1636.
Autos sobre excomuniones, 1636.
Decrees concerning excommunications. 1636.

. Carta 4 Fr. Cristébal de Quiros. Fr. Jerénimo de la Llana, 1636.

Letter to Fray Cristébal de Quiros. Fray Jerénimo de la Llana, 1636,

. Carta al Virrey. Fr. Pedro Zambrano, 1636.

Letter to the Viceroy. Fray Pedro Zambrano, 1636.
Carta al Virrey. Fr. Antonio de Ybargaray, 1636.
Letter to the Viceroy. Fray Antonio de Ybargaray, 1636.

. Carta al Virrey. Cust? Def* del Nuevo Méjico, 1636.

Letter to the Viceroy. Custody and defence of New Mexico, 1636.

. Certificacién. Fr. Cristébal de Quiros, 1636.

Certificate. Fray Cristébal de Quiros, 1636.

. Carta al Virrey. Francisco Gé6mez Soto Mayor, 1638,

Letter to the Viceroy. Francisco Gémez Soto Mayor, 1638,

. Carta al Virrey. Cabildo de Santa Fé, 1639.

Letter to the Viceroy. Corporation of Santa Fé, 1639.

. Informe al Conde de Salvatierra, D.Juan de Palafox y Mendoza, Obispo, ete.,

1642.

308 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

Report to the Count de Salvatierra. Don Juan de Palafoa y Mendoza, Bishop,
ete., 1642.

. Real cédula. 1643.

Royal decree. 1643.
Autos de proceso (original), Alonso Pacheco de Heredia, 1643,

_ Proceedings of suit (original). Alonso Pacheco de Heredia, 1643.

Carta al Rey. Fr. Andrés Suarez, 1647.

Letter to the King. Fray Andrés Suarez, 1647.
Real cédula. 1650.

Royal decree. 1650.

Real cédula. 1654.

Royal decree. 1654.

. Mandamiento sobre los Indios bravos. Diego de Penalosa Brizenio, 1664.

Order concerning the savage Indians. Diego de Petialosa Brizeno, 1664.
Real cédula. 1665.
Royal decree. 1665.

. Real cédula. 1668:

Royal decree. 1668.
Real cédula. 1674.
Royal decree. 1674.

. Carta al Virrey. Fr. Francisco de Ayeta, 1676.

Letter to the Viceroy. Fray Francisco de Ayeta, 1676.

. Parecer del Fiscal Real. Martin de Sélis Miranda, 1676.

Opinion of the Royal Attorney-General. Martin de Solis Miranda, 1676.
Auto acordado, Audiencia de Méjico, 1676.
Decree granted. Audience of Mexico, 1676.

. Real cédula. 1678.

Royal decree. 1678.

. Diario del sitio de Santa Fé. Antonio de Otermin, 1680.

Journal of the siege of Santa Fé. Antonio de Otermin, 1680.
Diario de la salida de Nuevo Méjico. Antonio de Otermin, 1680.
Journal of the departure from New Mexico. Antonio de Otermin, 1680.

. Carta al Virrey. Fr. Francisco de Ayeta, 1680.

Letter to the Viceroy. Fray Francisco de Ayeta, 1680.

. Interrogatorios y declaraciones de Indios. Antonio de Otermin, 1681.

Interrogatories and declarations of Indians. Antonio de Otermin, 1681.

. Merced & Ignacio de Roybal. Pedro Rodriguez Cubero, 1698.

Grant to Ignacio de Roybal. Pedro Rodriguez Cubero, 1698.
Merced 4 lorenzo de Carabajal. Martin Hurtado, 1707-8.
Grant to Lorenzo de Carabajal. Martin Hurtado, 1707-8.

. Merced & Juan Gonzdlez. José Chac6n Medina Salazar, 1711-12.

Grant to Juan Gonzdlez. José Chacén Medina Salazar, 1711-12.

. Carta al Virrey. Pedro Fermin de Mendinueta, 1772.

Letter to the Viceroy. Pedro Fermin de Mendinueta, 1772.

. Apuntes histéricos sobre el Nuevo Méjico. Antonio Bonilla, 1776.

Historical notes on New Mexico. Antonio Bonilla, 1776.

. Descripcién Geogrifica de Nuevo Méjico. Fr. Juan Agustin Morfi, 1782.

Geographical description of New Mexico. Fray Juan Agustin Morfi, 1782.
Comunicado de Real cédula (original). Marqués de Sonora, 1786.
Communication of Royal decree. Marquis of Sonora, 1786.

. Comunicado de mandamiento del Virrey (original). Jacobo Ugarte y Loyola,

1786.
Communication of order of the Viceroy (original). Jacobo Ugarte y Loyola,
1785.

1Mentioned in table of contents, not in the volume.

10.

11.

. Real cédula, Patronazgo. 1634.

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 309

. Real cédula sobre religiosos. 1603.

Royal decree concerning monks. 1603.

. Real cédula sobre religiosos. | 1624.

Royal decree concerning monks. 1624.
Real cédula, Patronazgo. 1629.
Royal decree, presentations. 1629,

Royal decree, presentations. 1634,

. Reales provisioues y cédulas sobrerel tratamiento de los Indios y su proteccion.

Juan Francisco de Montemayor, 1530-1677.
Royal directions and decrees concerning the treatment of the Indians and their
protection. Juan Francisco de Montemayor, 1530-1677.

NEW MEXICO AND CHIHUAHUA, 1602-1690.

. Real cédula en favor de D. Juan de Onate y de sus descendientes. D. Felipe II,

1602.
Royal decree in favor of Don Juan de Onate and of his descendants. Don Philip
III, 1602.

. Nombramiento del Capitan Thomé Dominguez por Cabo del Despacho. Francisco

Martinez de Baeza, 1636.

Appointment of Captain Thomé Dominguez as Chief of the Office. Francisco
Martinez de Bzeza, 1636.

Auto de fundacién de la Misi6n de Nuestra Senora de Guadalupe de los Mansos
del Paso del Norte. Fr. Gracia de San Francisco, 1659.

Decree of establishment of the Mission of Our Lady of Guadalupe of the Mansos
of Paso del Norte. Fray Gracia de San Francisco, 1659.

Certificado de benedicion de la ae fundamental de la Iglesia de Nuestra
Senora de Guadalupe del Paso. Fr. Gracia de San Francisco, 1662.

Certificate of benediction of the corner stone of the church of Our Lady of
Guadalupe of the Pass. Fray Gracia de San Francisco, 1662.

Autos que se hicieron sobre clamar los vecinos de este reino para salir a mejorarse
de puesto por la grave necesidad que padecian. Antonio de Otermin, 1681.

Decrees issued with regard to the residents of this kingdom clamoring to change
their location for a better one on account of the great distress which they
were suffering. Antonio de Otermin, 1681.

. Extractos del ‘‘ Libro Real de Asientos y Pagos de Pobladores y Soldados, ete.”

Antomo de Otermin, 1681.

Extracts from the Royal Book of Entries and Payments of Settlers and Soldiers,
ete. Antonio de Otermin, 1681.

Tanto de Requerimiento que se despaché 4 Francisco Ramirez, Alealde Mayor de
Casas Grandes. Antonio de Otermin, 1681.

Requisition sent to Francisco Ramirez, Chief Alcalde of Casas Grandes. Antonio
de Otermin, 1681.

. Bando. Antonio de Otermin, 1681.

Proclamation. Antonio de Otermin, 1681.

Autos y diligéncias por dichos de algunas Personas. Antonio de Otermin, 1681.

Decrees and proceedings on depositions of some persons. Antonio de Otermin,
1681.

Fragmento de los autos 6 interrogatorios. Antonio de Otermin, 1681.

Fragment of the decrees and interrogatories. Antonio de Otermin, 1681.

Autos y diligéncias sobre poblar y asentar los Indios Pueblos, traidos del Nuevo
Méj1co, en las inmediaciones del Paso del Norte. Antonio de Otermin, 1682.
Decrees and proceedings with regard to settling and fixing in the nclethoehnnd
of Paso del Norte the Pueblo Indians brought from New Mexico. Antonio de

Otermin, 1682,

310 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

ie

18.

19.

28.

Autos criminales contra Juan Paititi. Antonio de Otermin, 1682.

Criminal proceedings against Juan Paititi. Antonio de Otermin, 1682

Causa contra Juan Cucala. Antonio de Otermin, 1682.

Suit against Juan Cucala. Antonio de Otermin, 1682.

Mandamiento del Virrey de la Nueva Espana, en que declara la judisdiccién desde
el Rio del Sacramento de esta jurisdiccién del Nuevo Méjico. Marqués de la
Laguna, 1682.

Order of the Viceroy of New Spain, in which he declares the jurisdiction of New
Mexico (to extend) from the Sacramento River. Marquis de la Laguna, 1682.

Representacion al Virrey de parte del Gobernador de la Nueva Vizcaya. — Bartol-
omé de Estrada, 1683.

Representations to the Viceroy from the Governor of New Biscay. Bartolomé
de Estrada, 1683.

Certificacion del Escribano Real. Miguel de Aranda, 1683.

Certificate of the Royal Notary. Miguel de Aranda, 1683.

Informe de los pobladores, etc., de San Joseph de Parral. Justicia y vecinos de
Parral, 1683.

Report of the settlers, etc., of San Joseph de Parral. Magistrate and residents
of Parral, 1683.

Bando que se publicé para que todos los vesinos pasen muestra. Domingo Jironza
Petriz de Cruzate, 1683.

Proclamation published for all the residents to be mustered. Domingo Jironza
Petriz de Cruzate, 1683.

Declaracién sobre la muerte de un Indio Jano. Diego Varela, 1683.

Declaration concerning the death of a Jano Indian. Diego Varela, 1683.

. Orden que dié6 Su Senoria Felipe Bravo. Domingo Jironza Petriz de Cruzate, 1683.

Order given by His Excellency to Felipe Bravo. Domingo Jironza Petriz de
Cruzate, 1683. ;

. Instruccién militar al Sargento Mayor Roque de Madrid, para la campana contra

los Mansos. Domingo Jironza Petriz de Cruzate, 1684.
Military instructions to Sergeant-Major Roque de Madrid for the campaign
against the Mansos. Domingo Jironza Petriz de Cruzate, 1684.

. Peticién al Gobernador Petriz de Cruzate, Francisco de Anaya, 1684.

Petition to Governor Petriz de Cruzate. Francisco de Anaya, 1684.

. Interrogatorios de Indios (fragmente). Antonio de Otermin, 1681.

Interrogatories of Indians (fragment). Antonio de Otermin, 1681.

. Confesiones y declaraciones de varios Indios de los pueblos del Nuevo Méjico

(fragmento tronco, etc.). Antonio de Otermin, 1683.
Confessions and declarations of several Indians from the pueblos of New Mexico
Gnutilated fragment). Antonio de Otermin, 1683.

. Causa criminal, por denunciacién de Andrés Jopita, contra nueyve Indios, ete.

Domingo Jironza Petriz de Cruzate, 1684.
Criminal prosecution on the accusation of Andres Jopita against nine Indians,
etc. Domingo Jironza Petriz de Cruzate, 1684.

. Causa criminal contra los Indios Cristianos Mansos. Domingo Jironza Petriz de

Cruzate, 1684.
Criminal prosecution against the Christian Manso Indians. Domingo Jironza
Petriz de Cruzate, 1684.

. Confesion de Francisco, Indio de nacién Tigua de la Isleta. Domingo Jironza

Petriz de Cruzate, 1684.

Confession of Francisco, an Indian of the Tigua de la Isleta nation. Domingo
Jironza Petriz de Cruzate, 1684.

Diario del viaje 4la junta de los rios, y hasta el rio de Pecos y Nuecos (fragmento).
Juan Dominguez Mendoza, 1684.

Diary of the journey to the confluence of the rivers, and to the Pecos and Nuecos
Rivers (fragment). Juan Dominguez Mendoza, 1684.

29.

33.

34,

36.

37.

38.

40.

41,

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 311

Carta al Gobernador Cruzate. Felipe Romero y otros, 1684.

Letter to Governor Cruzate. Felipe Romero and others, 1684.

Pedimento al Maestre de Campo Dominguez de Mendoza. Felipe Romero y otros,
1684.

Petition to Quartermaster Dominguez de Mendoza. Felipe Romero and others,
1684.

Peticién al Gobernador Cruzate. Felipe Romero y otros, 1684.

Petition to Governor Cruzate. Felipe Romero and others, 1684.

Acto que se hizo en el penol de los Xanos, etc. Francisco Ramirez de Salazar,
1684.

Proceedings which took place at the Rock of Los Xanos. Francisco Ramirez
de Salazar, 1684.

Auto de remisi6n al Virrey de los autos formados por Juan Dominguez de Men-
doza sobre sus descubrimientos. Domingo Petriz de Cruzate, 1684.

Act of delivery to the Viceroy of the documents drawn up by Juan Dominguez
de Mendoza concerning his discoveries. Domingo Petriz de Cruzate, 1684.

Lista y muestra de la gente que va 4 hacer castigo y justa guerra t los Indios
apéstatas, ete., Janos, Sumas y demas naciones. Roque Madrid, 1684.

List and muster roll of the men who are going to inflict punishment and just
war on the apostate Indians, etc., Janos, Sumas and other nations. Roque
Madrid, 1684.

Orden contra el Sargento Mayor Sebastian de Herrera y su familia. Domingo
Jironza Petriz de Cruzate, 1684.

Order against Sergeant-Major Sebastian de Herrera and his family. Domingo
Jironza Petriz de Cruzate, 1684.

Testimonio sacado de los autos del Presidente del Cabildo, ete., en que piden
licencia para salirse de este puesto. Cabildo de Santa Fé y el Gobernador
Petriz de Cruzate, 1684.

Testimony drawn from the proceedings of the President of the Corporation,
etc., in which they request permission to leave this post. Corporation of
Santa Fe and Governor Petriz de Cruzate, 1684.

Orden del Sargento Mayor Roque Madrid para que ejecute la sentencia de muerte
pronunciada contra los Apaches. Domingo Jironza Petriz de Cruzate, 1685.

Order to Sergeant-Major Roque Madrid to execute the sentence of death pro-
nounced against the Apaches. Domingo Jironza Petriz de Cruzate, 1685.

Registro de una mina de plomo de Abalos. Domingo Jironza Petriz de Cruzate,
1685.

Register of a lead mine at Abalos. Domingo Jironza Petriz de Cruzate, 1685.

Autos del Pleito entre Francisco Lucero y Juan Dominguez de Mendoza. Domingo
Jironza Petriz de Cruzate, 1685,

Record of the suit between Francisco Lucero and Juan Dominguez de Mendoza,
1685.

Testimonio de las requisitorias que se remitieron 4 diferentes jurisdiciones.
Domingo Jironza Petriz de Cruzate, 1685.

Statement of the requisitions sent to various jurisdictions. Domingo Jironza
Petriz de Cruzate, 1685.

Testimonio 4 la letra de la caussa criminal que se ha seguido contra el Maestre
de Campo Juan Dominguez de Mendoza y los demiis que con é] hicieron fuga.
Domingo Jironza Petriz de Cruzate, 1685.

Literal report of the criminal proceedings instituted against Quartermaster
Juan Dominguez de Mendoza and the others who fled with him. Domingo
Jironza Petriz de Cruzate, 1685.

Peticién al Cabildo de Santa Fé. Lorenzo Madrid y Sebastian Gonzalez, 1685.

Petition to the Corporation of Santa Fe. Lorenzo Madrid and Sebastian Gonza-
lez, 1685.

Sr 64 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

43.

44,

46.

47.

48.

ot

(oa)

Bando para que se esté con toda guardia y custodia en sus casas. Pedro Reneros
de Posada, 1686.

Proclamatian to remain with all precautions and vigilance in their houses.
Pedro Reneros de Posada, 1686.

Sentencia contra los Indios cautivos del pueblo de Santa Ana. Pedro Reneros de
Posada, 1687.

Sentence against the captive Indians of the puebio of Santa Ana. Pedro Reneros
de Posada, 1687.

. Bando para que los soldados no vendan caballos, ete. Pedro Reneros de Posada,

1687.
Proclamation that the soldiers must not sell horses, ete. Pedro Reneros de
Posada, 1687. .
Licencia al Maestro de Campo Juan Dominguez de Mendoza para que pueda
sacar del Paso del Norte 4 su mujer y familia. Conde de la Mondova, 1688.
Permission to Quartermaster Juan Dominguez de Mendoza to take his wife and
family from Paso del Norte. Count de la Mendova, 1688.

Licencia que se la concedié al Maestro de Campo Diego Lucero, por mandato del
Exemo Sr. Virrey. D. Jironza Petriz de Cruzate, 1689.

Furlough granted to Quartermaster Diego Lucero by order of His Excellency
the Viceroy. D. Jironza Petriz de Cruzate, 1689.

Fragmentos de interrogatorios tocante « la residencia de D. Pedro Reneros
Posada, 1690.

Fragments of interrogatories concerning the accounts of Don Pedro Reneros
Posada, 1690.

NEW MEXICO, 1620-1729.

. Traslado de Real cédula dirijida al P. Fr. Esteban de Perea. Don Philip III,

1620.
Copy of Royal decree addressed to Father Fray Esteban de Perea. Don Philip
III, 1620.

. Ynformaciones y diligéncias de Diego Lucero de Godoy, 1680.

Marriage notice and proceedings of Diego Lucero de Godoy, 1680.

. Peticién al P. Custodio Fr. Francisco de Vargas. Pedro Reneros Posada, 1689.

Petition to the Father Custodian, Fray Francisco de Vargas. Pedro Reneros de
Posada, 1689.

. Testimonio de mandamientos de los Virreyes de la Nueva Espamia, tocantes 4 Jas

limites del Nuevo Méjico y de Nueva Vizcaya, 1682, 1690, 1749.
List of orders of the Viceroys of New Spain, concerning the boundaries of New
Mexico and New Biscay, 1682, 1690, 1749.

. Carta-patente para que se alisten los religiosos que quieran ir 4 la conversion de

los Apaches. Fr. Francisco de Vargas, 1691.
Pastoral letter directing the enrollment of the ecclesiastics who wish to go to
convert the Apaches. Fray Francisco de Vargas, 1691.

. Testimonio de peticién 4 Diego de Vargas. Fr. Salvador de San Antonio, 1694.

Copy of petition to Diego de Vargas. Fray Salvador de San Antonio, 1694.

. Certificacién de los huesos de Fr. Juan de Jésus, hallados en el pueblo de los Jemes,

juntos «una estufa. Diego de Vargas, 1694.
Certification of the bones of Fray Juan de Jesus, found in the pueblo of the
Jemes, near an ‘‘estufa.” Diego de Vargas, 1694.

. Relacién sumaria de las operaciones militares del aio 1694 (fragmento). Diego de

Vargas, 1694.
Brief account of the military operations of the year 1694 (fragment). Diego de
Vargas, 1694.

. Ynformacién de Juan de Archebec y Antonia Gutiérrez, viuda, 1697.

Marriage notice of Juan de Archebec and Antonia Gutiérrez, widow, 1697.

10.

ale

16.

ifs

18.

19.

21.

22.

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. old

Repartimiento 4 los vecinos del Nuevo Méjico, tanto de géneros como de ganados.
Diego de Vargas, 1697.

Distribution to the inhabitants of New Mexico, both of goodsand sheep. Diego
de Vargas, 1697.

Autos y edictos contra Juan Paez Hurtado. Pedro Rodriguez Cubero, 1697.

Proceedings and decrees against Juan Paez Hurtado. Pedro Rodriguez Cubero,
1697.

. Ynformaci6n y diligéncias matrimoniales de Pedro Meusnier y Lucia Madrid,

1699.

Marriage notice and proceedings of Pedro Meusnier and Lucia Madrid. 1699,

Carta al Gobernador Pedro Rodriguez Cubero. Juan de Ulibarri, 1700.

Letter to Governor Pedro Rodriguez Cubero. Juan de Ulibarri, 1700.

Merced de Bernalillo. Pedro Rodriguez Cubero, 1701.

Grant of Bernalillo. Pedro Rodriguez Cubero, 1701.

Autos de guerra de la primera campata contra los Apaches Faraones. Diego
de Vargas, 1704.

War documents of the first campaign against the Farao Apaches. Diego de
Vargas, 1704.

Carta de testamento. Diego de Vargas, 1704.

Will. Diego de Vargas, 1704.

Autos y juntas de guerra sobre las inyasiones que hacian los Navajos. Francisco
Cuerbo y Valdés, 1705.

Proceedings and councils of war concerning the irruptions made by the Navajos.
Francisco Cuerbo y Valdés, ‘1705.

Mandamiento para que los vecinos del Nuevo Méjico envien 4 la doctrina los
naturales mulatos y negros del reino. Francisco Cuerbo y Valdés, 1705.

Order for the inhabitants of New Mexico to send the mulatto and black natives
of the kingdom to bo taught. Francisco Cuerbo y Valdés, 1705.

Testimonio del mandamiento del Virrey Duque de Alburquerque sobre la fundicién
de la villa de Alburquerque, 1706.

Copy of the order of the Viceroy Duke of Alburquerque concerning the founda-
tion of the town of Alburquerque, 1706.

Carta al Gobernador Cuerbo y Valdés sobre que mande retirar la escolta de Zuni.
Cristébal Gomez, 1706.

Letter to Governor Cuerbo y Valdés with regard to his ordering the withdrawal
of the garrison from Zuni. Crist6bal Gomez, 1706.

Orden al Capitan Francisco Valdés Soribas sobre la guerra contra los Moquis.
Francisco Cuerbo y Valdés, 1706.

Order to Captain Francisco Valdés Soribas concerning the war against the
Moquis. Francisco Cuerbo y Valdés, 1706.

Junta de guerra en el Pasaje de los Chupaderos, camino para Moqui. Juan Roque
Gutiérrez, 1706.

Council of war at the Pass of the Suckers (Pasaje de los Chupaderos), on the
road to Moqui. Juan Roque Gutiérrez, 1706.

. Autos y diligéncias (fragmento). Antonio Valverde Cosio, 1710.

Decrees and documents (fragment). Antonio Valverde Cosio, 1710,

Bando para que se despacharaé una posta para la ciudad de Méjico. Marqués de
la Penuela, 1712.

Proclamation concerning the dispatch of a courier to the city of Mexico. Mar-
quis de la Pefiuela, 1712.

Junta y auto sobre que se celebre el dia 14 de Septiembre, en conmemoracidn de
la toma de la villa por Vargas. Cabildo de Santa Fé, 1712.

Council and decree concerning the celebration of the 14th September, in com-
memoration of the taking of the town by Vargas. Corporation oj’ Santa Fe,
1712.

314 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

26.

27.

28.

29.

30.

31.

33.

34.

36.

38.

39.

Testimonio de diligencia sobre la fundacién de iieanetenane) Santa Maria a
Orado y San Diego de Pojuaque. Ignacio Flores Mogollén, 1712.

Copy of document concerning the foundation of Alburquerque, Santa Maria de
Orado and San Diego de Pojuaque. Ignacio Flores Mogollén, 1712.

Auto y junta de guerra sobre un robo que hicieron los Navajos en San Ildefonso,
ete. Ignacio Flores Mogoll6n, 1713.

Decree and council of war concerning a robbery committed by the Navajos at
San Ildefonso, etc. Ignacio Flores Mogollén, 1713.

Auto y junta de guerra sobre los Apaches Faraones. Ignacio Flores Mogollén,
1714.

Decree and council of war concerning the Farao Apaches. Ignacio Flores
Mogollon, 1714.

Bando para que se bautizasen todos los cautivos Apaches en el Nuevo Meéjico.
Ignacio Flores Mogollén, 1714.

Proclamation that all the Apache prisoners in New Mexico must be baptized.
Ignacio Flores Mogoll6n, 1714.

Testimonio de las juntas de guerra sobre hacer la guerra en la Sierra de Ladrones,
y robo de un Espaiiol que trajeron los Apaches. Ignacio Flores Mogollén, 1715,

Proceedings of the councils of war with regard to carrying on the war in the
Sierra de Ladrones (Robber Mountains), and abduction of a Spaniard whom
the Apaches carried off. Ignacio Flores Mogollén, 1715.

Mandamiento al Cabildo de Santa Fé para que los soldados dieran sus poderes 4
quien les pareciere. Duque de Linares, 1715.

Order to the corporation of Santa Fe for the soldiers to give their powers to
whomever they please. Duke of Linares, 1715.

. Requerimiento al Vice-custodio para que ponga ministro en la Mision de alma de

Zuni, y respuesta, etc. Ignacio Flores Mogollén, 1715.

Request to the Vice-Custodian to place a priest at the spiritual Mission of Zuni,
and reply, ete. Ignacio Flores Mogollon, 1715.

Certificacién de la entrega del gobicrno del Nuevo Méjico 4 D, Felix Martinez.
Cabildo de Santa Fé, 1715.

Certificate of the iene of the Government of New Mexico to Don Felix
Martinez. Corporation of Santa Fe, 1715.

Orden al Acalde Menor de la villa de Alburquerque, tenga aprontados de armas y
caballos 4 los vecinos para la campana de Moqui. Felix Martinez, 1716.

Order to the Lesser Alcalde of the town of Alburquerque to have the inhabitants
furnished with arms and horses for the Moqui campaign. Felix Martinez, 1716.

. Testimonio de la suerte que entregaron el palacio al Gobernador D. Felix Martt-

nez. Cabildo de Santa Fé, 1716.

Certificate of the condition in which the palace was turned over to the Governor,
Don Felix Martinez. Corporation of Santa Fe, 1716.

Mendamiento para que los Indios vengan 4 poner. enramadas el dia de Corpus
Christi. Felix Martinez, 1716.

Order for the Indians to come and erect booths on Corpus Christi Day. Felix
Martinez, 1716.

. Orden al Alealde Mayor de Santa Cruz para que tenga aprontada la gente para

la campana contra los Moquis. Felix Martinez, 1716.

Order to the Chief Alcalde of Santa Cruz to have the forces prepared for the
campaign against the Moquis. Felix Martinez, 1716.

Mandamiento para la publicacién de los edictos de la fé. Felix Martinez, 1716.

Order for the publication of the edicts of the faith. Felix Martinez, 1716.

Autos que se formaron sobre la entrada de la provincia de Moqui. Felix Mar-'
tinez, 1716.

Decrees issued on the entrance into the province of Moqui. Felix Martinez, |
1716.

40.

41.

42,

43.

44,

45,

46.

47.

48,

49,

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 315

Carta cordillera. Fr. Antonio Camargo, 1717.

Letter. Fray Antonio Camargo, 1717.

Probanza hecha por los oficiales del presidio de Santa Fé contra D. Felix Mar-
tinez (fragmento). 1718.

Evidence given by the officers of the garrison of Santa Fe against Don Felix
Martinez (fragment). 1718.

Autos y pareceres sobre el pedimento de los Tanos de Galisteo de ir 4 Moqui.
Antonio Valverde Cosio, 1718.

Decrees and opinions concerning the petition of the Tanos of Galisteo to go to
Moqui. Antonio Valverde Cosio, 1718.

Proceso contra un Indio de Taos que habia tomado peyote y alborotado el pueblo.
Antonio Valverde Cosio, 1720.

Prosecution of a Taos Indian who had taken peyote and disturbed the town.
Antonio Valverde Cosio, 1720.

Junta y paraceres scbre la jornada al reconocimiento de las poblaciones Francesas
al nordeste, y sobre establecimiento de un presidio en puesto del Cuartelejo.
Antonio Valverde Cosio, 1720.

Council and opinions with regard to the journey to inspect the French settlements
to the northeast, and the establishment of a garrison at the post of the Quar-
telejo. Antonio Valverde Cosio, 1720.

Inventarios y autos de liquidacién y participacién del caudal que quedé por la
muerte del Capitan Juan de Archibeque. 1720.

Inventories and decrees of settlement and distribution of the property left by
the death of Capt. Juan de Archibeque. 1720.

Autos y pareceres sobre la replobacién del Nuevo Méjico y reconquista de Moqui.
Antonio Cobian Busto, 1722.

Decrees and opinions concerning the resettlement of New Mexico and the recon-
quest of Moqui. Antonio Cobian Busto, 1722.

Autos sobre comercio ilicito con los Franceses del Oriente y Luisiana. Juan
Domingo Bustamante, 1724.

Decrees concerning illicit commerce with the French of the East and Louisiana.
Juan Domingo Bustamante, 1724.

Paraceres del Fiscal Real y del Auditor sobre la causa contra D. Antonio Valverde
Cosio, y sentencia (fragmento). Marques de Casafuerte, 1727.

Opinions of the Royal Attorney-General and Auditor touching the prosecution
of Don Antonio Valverde Cosio and sentence (fragment). Marquis de Casa-
fuerte, 1827.

Apuntes sobre el aJzamiento de los pueblos del Jemez, Zia, Santa Ana y Cochiti,
en el ano de 1728, y sobre la epidemia del sarampién, la cual principié 4 fines
del mismo ano. Fr. Carlos Delgado, 1729.

Notes on the revolt of the towns of the Jemez, Zia, Santa Ana, and Cochiti, in the
year 1728, and on the epidemic measles which began at the close of the same
year. Fray Carlos Delgado, 1729.

NEW MEXICO, 1680-1761.

Ynforme al Virrey, Marques de Cruillas. Fr. Pedro Serrano, 1761.
Report to the Viceroy, the Marquis de Cruillas. Fray Pedro Serrano, 1761.

. Carta al P. Procurador Fr. José Miguel de los Rios. Fr. Manuel Trigo, 1754.

Letter to the father solicitor, Fray José Miguel de los Rios. Fray Manuel Trigo,
1754.

. Estado de la Misién de San Lorenzo de Zumas.

State of the Mission of San Lorenzo de Zumas.

. Carta al P, Comisario Fr. Domingo de Noriega. Fr. Francisco de Ayeta, 1680.

Letter to the Father Commissary, Fray Domingo de Noriega. Fray Francisco de
Ayeta, 1680.

316 . COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

10.

|

10.

il

12.

13.

14.

Carta al Virrey. Fr. Francisco de Ayeta, 1680.

Letter to the Viceroy. Fray Francisco de Ayeta, 1680.

Carta al P. Comisario Fr. Pedro Navarrete. Fr. José Yrigoyen, 1744.

Letter to the Father Commissary, Fray Pedro Navarrete. Fray José Yrigoyen,
1744.

Gobierno de las Misiones de Xemeze Ysleta. Fr. Joaquin de Jésus Ruiz.

Management of the Missions of Xemeze Ysleta. Fray Joaquin de Jésus Ruiz.

Ynforme sobre las Misiones de Cebolieta, ete. D.Thomas Vélez Gorchupin, 1750.

Report on the Missions of Cebolleta, ete. Don Thomas Vélez Gorchupin, 1750.

Dictdmen fiscal. Martin de Sélis Miranda, 1681.

Decision of the Attorney-General. Martin de Sdélis Miranda, 1681,

Interrogatorios de preguntas, etc. Antonio de Otermin, 1681.

Lists of questions, etc. Antonio de Otermin, 1681.

Descripcion Geograéfica Natural y Curiosa de la Provincia de Sonora, por un Amigo
del servicio de Dios y del rey nuestro senor. 1764.

Geographical description, natural and curious, of the province of Sonora, by a
friend of the service of God and of our Lord the King. 1764. (103 pages.)

NEW MEXICO, 1682-1793.

Ynformaciones matrimoniales de Sebastian de Herrera, 1682.
Marriage notice of Sebastian de Herrera, 1682.
Ynformaciones matrimoniales de Domingo de Herrera, 1683.
Marriage notice of Domingo de Herrera, 1683.

. Peticién para dispensa matrimonial. Juan Lucero de Godoy, 1688.

Petition for marriage dispensation. Juan Lucero de Godoy, 1688.

Autos da fundacién de la villa nueva de Santa Cruz de la Canada. Diego de
Vargas, 1695.

Decrees for the foundation of the new town of Santa Cruz de la Canada. Diego
de’ Vargas, 1695.

. Lista de ventiuna familias de Zacatecas que se mandaron poblar en la villa nueva

de Santa Cruz. Diego de Vargas, 1696.

List of twenty-one families of Zacatecas which were sent to settle in the new
town of Santa Cruz. Diego de Vargas, 1696.

Pedimento « Diego de Vargas para despoblar Santa Cruz y mudarse 4 la Ala-
meda. Vecinos de Santa Cruz, 1696.

Petition to Diego de Vargas to abandon Santa Cruz and move to the Alameda.
Residents ‘of Santa Cruz, 1696.

Merced de la Bajada. Pedro Redriguez Cubero, 1698.

Grant of the Bajada (Descent). Pedro Rodriguez Cubero, 1698.

Ynformaciones matrimoniales de Santiago Geollet. 1699.

Marriage notice of Santiago Giollet. 1699.

Merced 4 Lorenzo de Madrid. Pedro Rodriguez Cubero, 1699.

Grant to Lorenzo de Madrid. Pedro Rodriguez Cubero, 1699.

Causa de la Misién de San Juan contra Lorenzo de Madrid, sobre terrenos en el
Canada. 1704-5.

Suit of the Mission of San Juan against Lorenzo de Madrid, with regard to lands
in the Canada. 1704-5.

Ynformaciones matrimoniales de Miguel Durdn y Maria de Gamboa. 1705-6.

Marriage notice of Miguel Durdn and Maria de Gamboa, 1705-6.

Ynformaciones matrimoniales de Juan del Archibeque y Manuela Roybal. 1719.

Marriage notice of Juan del Archibeque and Manuela Roybal. 1719.

Autos de residencia de D, Juan Ignacio Flores Mogollén. Juan de Estrada Antil-

lon, 1721.

Accounts of Don Juan Ignacio Flores Mogollén. Juan de Estrada Antill6n, 1721.

Ynformaciones matrimoniales de Manuel Flores. 17238. 1

Marriage notice of Manuel Flores. 1723.

19.

20.

32,

33.

36,

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID ole

. Yunformaciones matrimoniales de Bernardino de Sena y Manuela Ruibal. 1727.

Marriage notice of Bernardino de Sena and Manuela Ruibal. 1727.

. Merced de la Canada de Cochiti. Juan Domingo Bustamante, 1728.

Grant of the Canada (Glen) of Cochiti. Juan Domingo Bustamante, 1728.

. Peticién para poblar el pueblo viejo de Sandia. Indios genizaros, 1733.

Petition to settle the old pueblo of Sandia. Mixed Indians, 1733.

. Consulta sobre Misiones de Navajos. Joaquin Codallos y Rabal, 1744.

Report on Navajo Missions. Joaquin Codallos y Rabal, 1744.

Auto y peticién sobre abandonar los puestos de Abiquiu, Ojo Caliente and Pueblo
Quemado. Joaquin Codallos y Rabal, 1748.

Proceedings and petition with regard to abandoning the posts of Abiquiri, Ojo
Cahente, and Pueblo Quemado. Joaquin Codallos y Rabal, 1748.

Causa contra los Indios de los pueblos de Cochiti y Tezuque. Joaquin Codallos
y Rabal, 1748.

Suit against the Indians of the towns of Cochiti and Tezuque. Joaquin Codallos
y Rabal, 1748.

. Causa contra los Indios de San Juan. Joaquin Codallos y Rabal, 1748.

Suit against the Indians of San Juan. Joaquin Codallos y Rabal, 1748.

. Declaracién sobre cosas de Navajo. Felix Sanchez, 1748.

Declaration concerning Navajo matters. Felix Sanchez, 1748.

. Declaracién sobre cosas de Navajo. Indio Ventura, 1748.

Declaration concerning Navajo matters. Ventura Indian, 1748.

. Superior despacho sobre repueble de Sandia, y merced de Sandia. Joaquin

Codallos y Rabal, 1748.
Decision of the Governor concerning the resettlement of Sandia, and grant of
Sandia. Joaquin Codallos y Rabal, 1748.

. Autos sobre el ataque de Pecos. Joaquin Codallos y Rabal, 1748.

Decrees concerning the attack on Pecos. Joaquin Codallos y Rabal, 1748.

. Auto prohibiendo el despueble del partido de Chama. Toméas Vélez Cachupin, 1749.

Decree forbidding the abandonment of the District of Chama. Tomiis Vélez
Cachupin, 1749.

. Autos sobre el repueble de Abiquit. Toms Vélez Cachupin, 1750.

Decrees concerning the resettlement of Abiquiu. Toméds Vélez Cachupin, 1750.

. Parecer sobre el repueble de Abiquiti. Marques de Altamira, 1750.

Opinion with regard to the resettlement of Abiquiti. Marquis de Altamira, 1750.

. Carta al Gobernador del Nuevo Méjico. Conde de Revillagigedo, 1751.

Letter to the Governor of New Mexico, Count of Revillagigedo, 1751

. Merced de Abiquiti. Tomas Vélez Cachupin, 1754.

Grant of Abiquii. Toms Vélez Cachupin, 1754.

Diligencias sobre la solicitud del cuerpo de Fr. Jerénimo dela Llama. Francisco.
Maria del Valle, 1759.

Documents concerning the anxiety about the body of Fray Jerénimo de la Llana.
Francisco Maria del Valle, 1759.

Real posesién de San Miguel de Laredo, Toms Vélez Cachupin, 1759.

Royal possession of San Miguel de Laredo. »Tomis Vélez Cachupin, 1759.

Merced del Ojo de San Mateo, Pedro Fermin de Mendinueta, 1770.

Grant of the Ojo de San Mateo (St. Matthew’s Eye). Pedro Fermin de Mendi-

nueta, 1770.

. Mandamiento sobre el repueble de Abiquiti. Pedro Fermin de Mendinueta, 1770,

Order with regard to the resettlement of Abiquii. Pedro Fermin de Mendi-
nueta, 1770.

. Representacién para desplobar el puesto de Carnué. Pobladores de Carnué, 1771.

Petition for the abandonment of the post of Carnue. Settlers of Carnue, 1771.

Fé de sepultura de las victimas dela matanzade Tomé, Fr. Andrés Garcia, 1777.

Certificate of the burial of the victims of the Tome massacre. Fray Andrés.
Garcia, 1777.

318 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

37.

38.

39.

nista de las muertes hechas por los Indios gentiles en las parroquias de San Juan
y Santa Clara. 1742-1818.

List of the murders committed by the heathen Indians in the Parishes of San
Juan and Santa Clara. 1742-1818.

Sentencia dada 4 favor de los Indios de Santa Clara. Juan Bautista de Anza, 1780.

Judgment given in favor of the Santa Clara Indians. Juan Bautista de Anza,
1780.

perm sobre la epidemia de viruelas en San Juan y Chama. 1781.

Notes on the smallpox epidemic in San Juan and Chama. 1781.

. Apuntes para la historia de Zuni. 1699-1711.

Notes for the history of Zuni. 1699-1711.

. Apuntes para la historia de Pojuaque y Nambé. 1707-1753.

Notes for the history of Pojuaque and Nambe. 1707-1753.

. Apuntes para la historia de San Ildefonso. 1700-1705.

Notes for the history of San Ildefonso. 1700-1705.

. Apuntes para la historia de Pecos. 1695-1772.

Notes for the history of Pecos. 1695-1772.

. Apuntes para la historia de Galisteo. 1728-1767.

Notes for the history of Galisteo. 1728-1767.

. Apuntes para la historia de Alburquerque. 1774-1775.

Notes for the history of Alburquerque. 1774-1775.

. Apuntes para la historia de Isleta. 1724-1776.

Notes for the history of Isleta. 1724-1776.

. Apuntes para la historia de Picuires. 1748-1779.

Notes for the history of Picuires. 1748-1779.

. Apuntes para la historia de Acoma y Laguna. 1728-1771.

Notes for the history of Acoma and Laguna. 1728-1771.

. Peticién al Comandante de Arizpe. Indios Tehuas, 1786.

Petition to the Commandant of Arizpe. Tehua Indians, 1786.

. Mandamiento al Alealde Mayor de los Tehuas. Juan Bautista de Anza, 1784.

Order to the Chief Alcalde of the Tehuas. Juan Bautista de Anza, 1784.

. Peticién contra el Alealde de Laguna. Fr. Tomés Salvador Fernandez, 1786.

Petition against the Alcalde of Laguna. Fray Tomés Salvador Fernindez, 1786.

. Memorial al Comandante General. Fr. Santiago Fernandez de Siena, 1784.

Memorial to the Commander-in-chief. Fray Santiago Ferndndez de Siena, 1784.
Orden ol Alealde Mayor de Santa Cruz. Fernando de la Concha, 1793.
Order to the Chief Alcalde of Santa Cruz. Fernando de la Concha, 1793.

NEW MEXICO, 1682-1715.

Real cédula, nombrando 4 Domingo Jironza Petriz de Cruzate por Gobernador de
Nuevo Méjico. D. Felipe II, 1682.

Royal decree appointing Domingo Jironza Petriz de Cruzate Governor of New
Mexico. Don Philip II, 1682.

Peticién 4 Diego de Vargas. Francisco de Anaya Almaziin, 1692.

Petition to Diego de Vargas. Francisco de Anaya Almaziin, 1692.

Bando para que los habitantes del Paso del Norte se alisten para la entrada en el
Nuevo Méjico. Diego de Vargas, 1693.

Proclamation for the inhabitants of Paso del Norte to enroll themselves for the
entrance into New Mexico. Diego de Vargas, 1693.

Mandamiento para que se guarden al Cabildo de Santa Fé sus honores y preemi-
nencias. Conde de Galve, 1694.

Order that the corporation of Santa Fe retain its honors and privileges. Count
de Galve, 1694.

Mandamiento al Gobernador de Nueva Vizcaya. Conde de Galve, 1694.

Order to the Governor of New Biseay. Count de Galve, 1694.

10.

ial

13.

14,

19.

20.

23.

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 319

. Bando prohibiendo 4 los Espaiioles vender armas 4 los Indios. Diego de Vargas,

1695.
Proclamation forbidding the Spaniards to sell arms to the Indians. Diego de
Vargas, 1695.

. Testimonio y certificacién dada al P. Fr. Diego Leimos. Diego de Vargas, 1695.

Recommendation and certificate given to Father Fray Diego Leimos. Diego de
Vargas, 1695.

. Declaracién tocante 4 que los pueblos Indios intentan sublevarse. Fr. Francisco

de Vargas, 1695.
Declaration concerning the intention of the Indian towns to revolt. Fray
Franciseo de Vargas, 1695.

. Carta 4 Fr. Francisco de Vargas. Fr. Francisco Corbera, 1695.

Letter to Fray Francisco de Vargas. Fray Francisco Corbera, 1695.

Carta 4 los Padres religiosos (fragmento). Fr. Francisco de Vargas, 1695.

Letter to reverend Fathers (fragment). Fray Francisco de Vargas, 1695.

Carta al P. Custodio (fragmento). Fr. Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros, 1696.

Letter to the Father Custodian (fragment). Fray Francisco Jiménez de Cis-
neros, 1696.

. Peticién 4 Diego de Vargas. Definitorio del Nuevo Méjico, 1696.

Petition to Diego de Vargas. Chapter of New Mexico, 1696.

Carta 4 Diego de Vargas sobre la conjuracion de los pueblos. Definitorio del
Nuevo Méjico, 1696.

Letter to Diego de Vargas concerning the conspiracy of the Indian towns.
Chapter of New Mexico, 1696.

Peticién & Diego de Vargas sobre el préximo alzamiento de los pueblos.
Definitorio del Nuevo Méjico, 1696.

Petition to Diego de Vargas concerning the impending rising of the towns.
Chapter of New Mexico, 1696.

. Peticién 4 Diego de Vargas. Fr. Francisco de Vargas, 1696.

Petition to Diego de Vargas. Fray Francisco de Vargas, 1696.

. Carta al P. Custodio. Fr. Joseph de Arbizu, 1696.

Letter to the Father Custodian. Fray Joseph de Arbizu, 1696.

. Aviso 4 Diego de Vargas. Domingo Tuguague, Gobernador de Tezuque, 1696.

Warning to Diego de Vargas. Domingo Tuguague, Governor of Tezuque, 1696.

. Primer cuaderno de autos de guerra sobre el alzamiento de 1696. Diego de

Vargas, 1696.

First volume of war documents concerning therising of 1696. Diego de Vargas,
1696.

Segundo cuaderno (incompleto). Diego de Vargas, 1696.

Second volume (incomplete). Diego de Vargas, 1696.

Escritura de venta de una casa en Santa Fé 4 Francisco de Anaya Almazdn.
Hijas de Francisco Lucero, 1697.

Deed of sale of a house in Santa Fe to Francisco de Anaya Almazan. Daughters
of Francisco Lucero, 1697.

. Peticién contra Diego de Vargas. Cabildo de Santa Fé, 1697.

Petition against Diego de Vargas. Corporation of Santa Fe, 1697.

. Petition y autos de pleyto contra Diego de Vargas. Pedro Rodriguez Cubero, 1697.

Petition and proceedings of suit against Diego de Vargas. Pedro Rodriguez
Cubero, 1697.

Orden de poner preso al Capitan Juan Paez Hurtado. Pedro Rodriguez Cubero,
1697.

Order to arrest Captain Juan Paez Hurtado. Pedro Rodriguez Cubero, 1697.

. Raz6én .--.. con el espiritti con que murieron los ministros misioneros el ano de

1696, 1696.
Discourse on the spirit in which the missionary priests died in the year 1696.
1696.

320 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

33.

34,

38.

39.

46.

. Real cédula en favor de Antonio Valverde Cosio. D. Carlos II, 1699.

Royal decree in favor of Antonio Valverde Cosio. Don Carlos II, 1699.

. Certificacién en favor de Andrés de Vetanzos. Cabildo de Santa Fé, 1701.

Certificate in favor of Andrés de Vetanzos. Corporation of Santa Fe, 1701.

. Interrogatorios en los pueblos de Laguna, Acoma y Zuni. Juande Ulibarri, 1702.

Interrogatories in the pueblos of Laguna, Acoma, and Zuni. Juan de Ulibarri,
1702.

. Autos de justificacién a Diego de Vargas. Cabildo de Santa Fé, 1703.

Documents of justification to Diego de Vargas. Corporation of Santa Fe, 1703.

. Peticién al Marques dela Naba. Indios Tehuas, 1703.

Petition to Marquis de la Naba. Tehua Indians, 1703. j

. Autossobre la legada de Moquis al pueblo de Taos. Diego de Vargas, 1704.

Decrees on the arrival of Moquis at the pueblo of Taos. Diego de Vargas, 1704.

. Inventario de los bienes de Diego de Vargas. Juan Paez Hurtado, 1704.

Inventory of the property of Diego de Vargas. Juan Paez Hurtado, 1704.

. Autos de pleitos de los Indios de San Ildefonso contra Ignacio Roybal. Juan

Paez Hurtado, 1704.

Records of suits of the Indians of San Ildefonso against Ignacio Roybal. Jaun
Paez Hurtado, 1704. ;

Bando sobre rescates con Apaches. Juan Paez Hurtado, 1704.

Proclamation concerning ransoms with Apaches. Juan Paez Hurtado, 1704.

Diligencias sobre haber contraido amistad Jos pueblos con los infieles. Juan
Paez Hurtado, 1704-5.

Documents with regard to the pueblos having contracted friendship with the
heathen. Juan Paez Hurtado, 1704-5.

. Peticién a favor de Antonio de Chaves. Fernando Durdn y Chaves, 1705.

Petition in favor of Antonio de Chaves. Fernando Durdén y Chaves, 1705.
Peticién y autos sobre rescates. Francisco Cuerbo y Valdés, 1705.
Petition and decrees concerning ransoms. Francisco Cuerbo y Valdés, 1705.

. Orden destinando &@ Nicolas Ortiz. Francisco Cuerbo y Valdés, 1705.

Order appointing Nicolas Ortiz. Francisco Cuerbo y Valdés, 1705.

Bando para que se reedifique la villa de Santa Fé, Francisco Cuerbo y Valdés,
1705.

Proclamation for the rebuilding of the town of Santa Fe. Francisco Cuerbo y
Valdés, 1705.

Carta al Maestre de Campo Juan Roque Gutiérrez. Francisco Cuerbo y Valdés,
1706.

Letter to Quartermaster Juan Roque Gutiérrez. Francisco Cuerbo y Valdés,
1706.

Peticién 4 Fr. Agustin de Colina. Pobladores de Santa Maria del Grado, 1706.

Petition to Fray Agustin de Colina. Settlers of Santa Maria del Grado, 1706.

. Autos de junta de guerra. Francisco Cuerbo y Valdés, 1707.

Proceedings of council of war. Francisco Cuerbo y Valdés, 1707.

. Mandamiento sobre tierras. Marques de la Petiuela, 1707.

Order concerning lands. Marquis de la Pefiuela, 1707.

Peticion contra Roque Madrid. Indios de San Juan, 1707.

Petition against Roque Madrid. San Juan Indians, 1707.

Peticién al Cabildo Santa Fé. Vecinos de Alburquerque, 1708.

Petition to the Corporation of Santa Fe. Residents of Alburquerque, 1708.

Certificacién sobre cosas de Moqui (original fragmentario). Fr. Joseph Xardon,
1728.

Certificate concerning Moqui matters (fragmentary original). Fray Joseph
Xardon, 1728.

Mandamiento para que se pueblen los Indios Sumas. Juan Ignacio Flores
Mogollén, 1712.

Order for settling the Suma Indians. Juan Ignacio Flores Mogollén, 1712.

47.

48.

49,

(Jy)

5.

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. copa |

Peticién al Definitorio de Nuevo Méjico. Felix Martinez (original), 1712.

Petition to the Chapter of New Mexico. Felix Martinez (original), 1712.

Autos sobre la venida de un Indio Tano, huido de los Navajos. Juan Ignacio
Flores Mogollén, 1713.

Documents concerning the arrival of a Tano Indian who had escaped from the
Navajoes. Juan Ignacio Flores Mogollén, 1713.

Junta de guerra sobre muertes hechas por los Apaches en el Arroyo Hondo. Juan
Ignacio Flores Mogollén, 1715.

Council of war concerning murders committed by the Apaches at the Arroyo
Hondo (Deep Stream). Juan Ignacio Flores Mogollén, 1715.

Mandamiento al Gobernador de Nuevo Méjico. Duque de Linares, 1714.

Order to the Governor of New Mexico. Duke de Linares, 1714.

Causa contra Lorenzo Rodriguez. Juan Ignacio Flores Mogollén, 1715.

Proceedings against Lorenzo Rodriguez. Juan Ignacio Flores Mogollon, 1715.

Two documents are missing, one between Nos. 6 and 7, a fragment relating to
Father Francisco de Jésus. Diego de Vargas, 1694.

The other between Nos. 35 and 56. Order, etc. Francisco Cuerbo y Valdés, 1705.

MEXICO AND NEW MEXICO, 1692-1742.

Peticién del Cabildo de Santa Fé al Gobernador Diego de Vargas, sobre desplobar
el Paso del Norte, y retirarse “ otra parte del Sur, y autos hechos sobre el caso.
Archivos U.S. Sur. Gen. Santa Fé (copia de un fragmento), 1692. ;

Petition of the Corporation of Santa Fe to Governor Diego de Vargas, with
regard to abandoning Paso del Norte, and retiring to another part of the south,
and documents drawn up on thesubject. Archives of the U.S, Surveyor-General,
Santa Fé (copy of a fragment), 1692.

Diligencias hechas sobre la muerte de Maria Quiteria Sandoval, mujer de Sebas-

_ tian Antonio Varela; cautivada por los Comanches en el pueblo de Taos el ano
de 1766. » Archivos de la parroquia del Paso del Norte, 1776.

Documents drawn up concerning the death of Maria Quiteria Sandoval, wife of
Sebastian Antonio Varela, taken prisoner by the Comanches in the town of
Taos in the year 1766. Archives of the Parish of Paso del Norte, 1776.

. Certificacion en favor del Bachiller D. Santiago de Roybal, dada por el Goberna-

dor del Nuevo Méjico, D. Gaspar Domingo de Mendoza, ano 1742. Archivos de
la parroquia del Paso del Norte, Méjico (testimonio), 1742.

Certificate in favor of Bachelor-of-Arts Don Santiago de Roybal, given by the
Governor of New Mexico, Don Gaspar Domingo de Mendoza, in the year 1742.
Archives of the Parish of Paso del Norte, Mexico (copy), 1742.

Testimonio « la letra del despacho original del excelentisimo Sr. Conde de Fuen-
clara, Virrey, Gobernador y Capitan General que fué de esta Nueva Espana,
el cual me presento el R. P. Fr. Juan Joseph, Juez Misabal Custodio de esta
Santa Custodia de la Conversién de San Pablo, en orden al establecimiento y
fundacion de cuatro Misiones en la provincia de Navajo, en la forma que adentro
se percibe. Archivos Territoriales de la Agrimensura General, Santa Fe, N.
M., 1747. :

Literal copy of the original despatch of His Excellency the Count de F'uenclara,
former Viceroy, Governor, and Captain-General of this New Spain, which was
given to me by the Rey. Father Fray Juan Joseph, Judge Custodian of this
Holy Custody of the Conversion of St. Paul, for the establishment and founda-
tion of four Missions in the province of Navajo, in the manner shown within.
Territoriai Archives of the General Survey, Santa Fe, N. M., 1747.

Requerimiento del Capitan D. Alonso Victores Rubin de Zelis, al Vicario D. Miguel
de Oleachea, para que se retirase de la Misién de las Caldes « las Casas Reales
de} Paso del Norte, por la sublevacién que intentaban los Indios de la sobre-
dicha Misién. Archivos de la Parroquia del Paso del Norte, Méjico, 1749.

H. Ex. 100 21

322 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

Request of Captain Don Alonso Victores Rubin de Zelis to the Vicar Don Miguel
de Oleachea, to withdraw from the Mission of Las Caldes to the Casas Reales
(Royal Houses) of Paso del Norte, on account of the rebellion which the Indians
of that Mission were planning Archives of the Parish of Paso del Norte,
Mexico, 1749.

6. Carta dei Obispo D. Pedro Tamarén al Bachiller D. Santiago Roibal. Archivos
de la Parroquia del Paso del Norte, Méjico, 1762.

Letter of Bishop Don Pedro Tamaron to Bachelor Don Santiago Roibal. Archives
of the Parish of Paso del Norte, Mexico, 1762.

7. Ynbentario de los papeles pertenecientes 4 lo gubernativo del tiempo que fui
Gobernador y Capitan General de este nuevo reino de México, y entrega que de
ellos hago al Sr. D. Tomis Vélez Cachupin, Gobernador y Capitan General ae este
dicho reino, hoy de Febrero de 1762, A.S8. Papeles de Abraham Gold, Santa
Fé, N. M., 1762.

Inventory of the papers belonging to the Government during the time that I was
Governor and Captain-General of this new kingdom of Mexico, and delivery
which I make of them to Don Tomas Vélez Cachupin, Governor and Captain-
General of this said kingdom, this day of February, 1762. Papers of Abraham
Gold, Santa Fe, New Mexico, 1762.

8. Inventario de los autos civiles y criminales obrados en el tiempo del gobierno
del Sr. D. Tomds Vélez Cachupin, en la segunda vez que en propiedad se le
concedié la piedad de 8. M. de este reino de Nuevo Méjico. Papeles de Abra-
ham Gold, Santa Fe, N. M., 1767.

Inventory of the civil and criminal decrees issued during the time of the govern-
ment of Don Toméds Vélez Cachupin, during the second time that thesfavor of
His Majesty granted him the government of this kingdom of New Mexico.
Abraham Gold’s papers, Santa Fe, N. M., 1767.

9. Parecer de la Real Audiencia de Méjico sobre la conducta de D. Diego de Vargas
en la reconquista del Nuevo Méjico. Testimonio ,perteneciente 4 D. José
Lagunal, Santa Fé, N. M., 1697.

Opinion of the Royal Audience of Mexico concerning the conduct of Don Diego
de Vargas in the reconquest of New Mexico. Copy belonging to Don José
Lagunal, Santa Fe, N. M., 1697.

10. Mandamiento de la Nueva Espana al Gobernador de Nuevo Méjico, Pedro Rodri-
guez Cubero, tocante 4 lo resuelto en la junta general de la Audiencia Real de
Méjico. Ducumentos pertenecientes « John Gray, Esq., Santa Fé, N. M.,
1698.

Order from New Spain to the Governor of New Mexico, Pedro Rodriguez Cubero,
with regard to what was resolved at the general meeting of the Royal Audi-
ence of Mexico. Documents belonging to John Gray, Esq., Santa Fe, N. M.,
1698.

11. Visita que hizo el Sr. Marques de la Naba de Brazinas, Gobernador y Capitan
Gen eral de este reino y provincia de Nuevo Méjico, su conquistador 4 su costa
y reconquistador Castellano de sus fnerzas y presidios por 8. M., en donde
c onstan las diligencias que en la villa nueva de Santa Cruz hizo sobre los
pedimentos que presentaron los vecinos Mejicanos, en que pretendian las
tierras de dicha villa nueva y Canada, y lo demas que en dicha visita de los

naturales se ejecut6. Documentos pertenecientes 4 John Gray, Esq., Santa Fé
Nuevo Méjico, 1704.

Visit made by the Marquis de la Naba de Brazinas, Governor and Captain-Gen-
eral of this kingdom and province of New Mexico, its conqueror at his own
cost, and Spanish reconqueror of its forces and forts for His Majesty, showing
the action which he took in the new town of Santa Cruz, concerning the
petitions presented by the Mexican inhabitants, in which they claimed the
lands of the said new town and Canada (Glen), and the rest that was done
during the said visit of the natives. Documents belonging to John Gray,
Esq., Santa Fe, New Mexico, 1704.

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 320

12. ario de la campana que el Maestro de Campo Roque Madrid hizo contra los
Indios Navajos, por mandato del Gobernador D. Francisco Cuerbo y Valdés,
elano 1705. El original para en posesion del Sr. D. José Segura, Santa Fé, N. M.

Journal of the campaign which the Quartermaster Roque Madrid made against
the Navajo Indians by order of the Governor, Don Francisco Cuerbo y Valdés,
in the year 1705. The original is in the possession of Don José Segura, Santa
Hes IN. M. '

13. Parecer del P. Fr. Gonzalo Sobence Barreda, sobre la reduccion 4 pueblos de los
Indios Sumas. Archivos de la Parroquia del Paso del Norte, Méjico, 1713.

Opinion of Father Fray Gonzalo Sobence Barreda with regard to confining the
Suma Indians to towns. Archives of the Parish of Paso del Norte, Mexico,
iS:

14, Diligencias que se hiceron sobre la sublevacién de los Indios Mansos, Sumas y
Janos, y se remitieron los originales al superior gobierno de Su Exceléneia.
1711-1713.

Documents drawn up concerning the rebellion of the Menso, Suma, and Jano
Indians, the originals were transmitted to the superior government of His
Excellency. 1711-1718.

15. Mandamiento del Exemo. Sr. Duque de Linares, en que manda al Sefor Goberna-
dor D. Juan Ygnacio Flores Mogoll6n, le informe sobre la entrada que pretende
hacer 4 la provincia de Moqui el P. Agustin de Campos, de la Compania de
Jésus. Archivos del U.S. Sur. Gen., Santa Fé, N. M., 1714.

* Order from his excellency the Duke of Linares, in which he commands Governor
Don Juan Ignacio Flores Mogollén to report to him concerning the entrance
which Father Agustin de Campos, of the Company of Jesus, intends to make
into the province of Moqui. Archives of the U. S. Sur. Gen., Santa Fe, N. M.,
igalel

16. Peticién del Capitan Diego Arias y diligencias que se hicieron contra él del Tan-
que de la Ciénega. Archivos del U.S. Sur. Gen., Santa Fe, N. M., 1715.

Petition of Captain Diego Arias and proceedings instituted against Captain del
Tanque de la Ciénega. Archives of the U.S. Sur. Gen., Santa Fe, N. M., 1715.

17. Diligencias ejecutadas contra los Indios Sumas por sus osadias y sublevacion.
1725-27,

Measures taken against the Suma Indians for their insubordination and rebel-
hon. 1725-27.

18. Declaracién de Mignel y de Maria Teresa acerca de un parentesco que decian
tenian. Archivos de la Parroquia del Paso del Norte, Méjico, 1727.

Declaration of Miguel and Maria Teresa concerning a relationship which they
said existed between them. Archives of the Parish of Paso del Norte, Mexico,
1727.

19. Orden del Vicario D. José de Bustamante al P. Fr. José Antonio Guerrero, min-
istero de Santa Fé, para que casase 4 un Indio Panana con una India Cargua,
ambos sirvientes. Archivos de la Parroyuia de Nuestra Senora de Guadalupe
del Paso del Norte, Méjico, 1732.

Order of the Vicar, Don José de Bustamante, to Father Fray José Antonio
Guerrero, minister (priest) of Santa Fe, to marry a Panana Indian to a Cargua
Indian woman, both servants. Archives of the Parish of our Lady of Guada-
lupe of Paso del Norte, Mexico, 1732.

Ynformaciones matrimoniales dadas por parte de Francisco Lira y Barbara, de
nacién Caigua, siruente del Capitan D. Joseph de Aganza, en 29 de Heno de
1735. Archivos dela Parroquia del Paso del Norte, Ciudad Juarez, 1735.

Marriage notice given by Francisco Sira and Barbara, of the Caigua nation, ser-

vant of Captain Don Joseph de Aganza, June 29, 1735. Archives of the Parish
of Paso del Norte, Ciudad Juarez, 1735.

21. Ynformaciones de Pedro Suriate con Maria Petrona, hechas en este ano de 1732,

Febrero 25. Archivos de la Parroquia de Nuestra Senora de Guadalupe del
aso del Norte, Méjico, 1732.

20

324 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

Marriage notice of Pedro Suriate and Maria Petrona, made this year of 1732,
February 25. Archives of the Parish of Our Lady of Guadalupe of Paso del
Norte, Mexico, 1732.

Autos echos de visita para el teniente Coronel D. Gaspar Domingo de Mendoza,
Gounnador y Capitan G’ral del Reyno del Nuevo Mex, Srio Manuel Sanz.
de Garnisa. A. D. 1742. .

Minutes made of the visit of Lieutenant-Colonel Don Gaspar Domingo de Mendoza,
Governor and Captain General of the kingdom of New Mexico; Secretary,
Manuel Sanz de Garnisa.

- NEW MEXICO, 1704-1822.

1. Demanda puesta por Juana de Apodaco contra Miguel Garatuza y Felipa de la
Cruz, su hija, y assimismo por Juan de Chaves contra los susodichos, y lo
dems que en estos autos se expresa, ete. Archivos del pueblo Ce Santa Clara,
Nuevo Méjico, 1704.

Claim made by Juana de Apodaca against Miguel Garatuza and Felipa de la
Cruz, his daughter, and also by Juan de Chaves against the same and the
rest that is set forth in these documents, etc. Archives of the town of Santa
Clara, New Mexico, 1704.

2. Causa criminal contra Jerénimo Dirneaca, Indio del pueblo de Picuries. Archivos
Territoriales, Santa Fé, Nuevo Méjico (original),1715. Auto de culpa y cargo.

Criminal prosecution against Jer6nimo Dirucaca, an Indian of the town of
Picuries. Territorial Archives, Santa Fe, New Mexico (original), 17138. Writ
of accusation and charge.

3. Diligencias hechas sobre un crimen de bestialidad cometido por un Indio de
nacién Manso, Hamado Juan Estevan Panocha. Archivos de la Parroquia del
Paso del Norte, Méjico (original), 1724.

Documents drawn up concerning a bestial crime committed by an Indian of the
Manso Nation, named Juan Esteban Panocha. Archives of the Parish of Paso
de! Norte, Mexico (original), 1724.

4. Confesién de Diego Zuazo, hecha voluntariamente, de hechicerias cometidas
por él, y entrega de los objectos 6 implementos que usaba en ello. Archivos
de la Parroquia del Paso del Norte (original), 1727.

Confession of Diego Zuazo, made voluntarily, of sorceries committed by him
and surrender of the articles and implements which he used therein. Archives
of the Parish of Paso del Norte (original), 1727.

5. Autos y diligencias contra los hechiceros de los pueblos de la Isleta y del Paso
del Riodel Norte. Archivos de la Parroquia del Paso del Norte (original), 172%.

Decrees and proceedings against the sorcerers of the towns of the Isleta and
of the Paso del Rio del Norte (Pass of the North River). Archives of the
Parish of Paso del Norte (original), 1728.

6. Requerimiento al Capitan Joseph Valentin de Aganza por parte del P. Fr. Salva-
dor Lopez, tocante «los hechiceros de la Isleta y del Paso del Rio del Norte,
etc. Archivos de la Parroquia del Paso del Norte (original), 1728.

Request to Captain Joseph Valentin de Aganza from Father Fray Salvador
Lopez concerning the sorcerers of the Isletaand of the Paso del Rio del Norte,
ete. Archives of the Parish of Paso del Norte (original), 1728. :

7. Causa criminal contra unos Indios del pueblo de Santa Fé, denunciados por hechi-
ceros. Archivos Territoriales, Santa Fé, Nuevo Méjico, 1752.

Criminal prosecution against some Indians of the town of Santa Fe, denounced
as sorcerers, Territorial Archives, Santa Fe, New Mexico, 1732.

8. Autos que se siguen contra la persona de D. Tomasillo, Indio del Paso del Rio del
Norte, por relacién que de él] hizo Antonio Joseph Telles, asimismo Indio del
pueblo del Paso, ante su Padre ministro, Fr. Joseph Blanco, y ¢ste lo remitio
con carta ante el Sr, Vicario, D. Francisco Pedro Romano, Juez Eclesiastico de

10.

agte

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. g25

la jurisdiccién del Paso, cuya denuncia es por hechicero, seguidos en 13 de Abril
de 1742, ete. Archivos de la Parroquia del Paso del Norte, Méjico (original),
1742.

Proceedings instituted against the person of Don Tomasillo, an Indian of del
Paso del Rio del Norte, on an information laid against him by Antonio Joseph
Teilles, also an Indian of the town of Paso, befure his Father minister, Fray
Joseph Blanco, who sent him with a letter to the Vicar, Don Francisco Pedro
Romano, Ecclesiastical Judge of the Jurisdiction of Paso, which accusation is
for sorcery, instituted April 13,1742, ete. Archives of the Parish of Paso del
Norte, Mexico (original), 1742.

Causa contra Joseph de Ampardn, Gobernador del Pueblo de Santa Maria de las
Caldas, por accusacion de los Indios del dicho pueblo de ser el dicho hechicero,
Archivos de la Parroquia del Paso del Norte (original, fragmento), 1742.

Prosecution against Joseph de Amparian, Governor of the town of Santa Maria
de las Caldras, on the accusation of the Indians of the said town that the
same is asoreerer. Archives of the Parish of Paso del Norte (original, frag-
ment), 1742.

Causas de Maria Montoya Guachile y de Felipe de la Cruz, el Saladito, por hechi-
zeros. Archivos de la Parroquia del Paso del Norte (original), Méjico, 1746.
Prosecution of Maria Montoya Guachile and of Felipe de la Cruz, el Saladito.

for sorcery. Archives of the Parish of Paso del Norte (original), Mexico, 1746.

Certificacién de Gaspar Ortiz sobre brujerias de los Indios de Nambé. Archivos
del Territorio del Nuevo Méjico (MSS.), Santa Fé, 1822.

Certificate of Gaspar Ortiz concerning the sorceries of the Indians of Nambe.
Archives of the Territory of New Mexico (MSS.), Santa Fe, 1822.

NEW MEXICO, 1764-1845.

Descripcion del reino del Nuevo Méjico. Citation from ‘‘ Breve Resumen,” etce.,
ete. Villanueva y Chavarri, 1764.

Description of the kingdom of New Mexico, ‘Brief Résumé,” etc., ete. Villa-
nueva and Chavarri, 1764.

Jstado que manifiesta el nimero de vasallos y habitantes que tiene el Rey en

esta provincia, con distincién de estados, classes y castas de todas personas de
ambos sexos, con inclusion de los pairvulos. Santa Fé, 1790.

Statement showing the number of vassals and inhabitants that the King has in
this province, with distinction of ranks, classes, and castes of all persons of
both sexes, including children, Santa Fe, 1790.

Padroén de todas las gentes del pueblo de Zuni. 1750.

Noticia de la Misi6n del Sor. San José de Ja Laguna, que ocupa el P. Pr. José
Benito Pereyro, religioso de la Regular Observancia de N.S. P. 8. Francisco;
sus progresos en los anos de 1800 y 1801, etc., ete. 1801.

Register of all the people of the town of Zuni, 1790.

Account of the Mission of San Jose de la Lagnna, occupied by Father Fray José
Benito Pereyro, a monk of the Regular Observance of our Holy Father San
Francisco; its progress in the years 1800 and 1801, etc., ete. 1801.

Peticion de Bernardo de Castro al Virrey de Nueva Espana, sobre el deseubrimi-
ento del Cerro de Oro. Archives U. 8. Sur. Gen.’s Office, Santa Fe. (No date
of the original; copy), 1803.

Petition of Bernardo de Castro to the Viceroy of New Spain, concerning the dis-
covery of the Golden Hill. Archives U. 8.

Borrador de carta escrita por el Gobernador del Nuevo Méjico, tocante al descu-
brimiento del Cerro de Oro, Archives U.S. Sur. Gen.’s Office, Santa Fe, N. M.,
1803.

Draft of letter written by the Governor of New Mexico, with regard to the dis-
covery of the Golden Hill. Archives U. 38.

326 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

Carta del Gobernador del Nuevo Méjico, sobre la expedicién de Bernardo de Cas-
tro al Cerro de Oro. Archives U. 8. Sur. Gen., Santa Fe (borrador), 1830.

Letter of the Governor of New Mexico concerning the expedition of Bernardo
Castro to the Golden Hill.

Carta del Gobernador del Nuevo Méjico, tocante « las expediciones en busca del
Cerro de Oro. Archives U.S. Sur. Gen., Santa Fe (borrador), 1829.

Letter of the Governor of New Mexico concerning the expeditions in search of
the Golden Hill.

Mandamiento del Alealde Mayor de la jurisdiccién de Jemez. Papeles de David
J. Miller, Santa Fe, N. M., 1813.

Order of the Chief Alcalde of the jurisdiction of Jemez. Papers of David J.
Miller, Santa Fe, 1813.

Informe sobre los limites que se reconocen en el territorio de su mando, ste ete.
Archives of U. S. Sur. Gen., Santa Fe, 1826.

Report on the boundaries which are recognized in the territory under his com-
mand, etc., etc.

Ayuntamiento, de Cochiti: cuenta que manifiesta el fondo que reconoce este
Ayuntamiento, con explicacién de la entrada, salida y existencia que ha habido
hasta la presente. Documentos pertenecientes 4 la firma de Catron, Claney &
Knaebel, Santa Fe, N. M., 1826.

City Council of Cochiti: account showing the capital which this Council recog-
nizes, with a statement of the receipts, disbursements, and stock up to the
present time.

Borrador de la estadistica 2, que se forms en 8 de Abril de 1827. Documentos
de la firma de Catron, Claney & Knaebel, Santa Fe, N. M.

Copy of the 2nd statistics drawn up April 8, 1827. Documents of the firm of
Catron, Claney & Knaebel, Santa Fe, N. M.

Breve noticia de la provincia del Nuevo Méjico y su custodia de la Conversién
de San Pablo, segun los papeles del Archivo del Gobierno y del P. Murillo
Velarde, en el Tomo IX de su Geografia Historica, y otras noticias de varios
anuncios de dicha provincia. Papeles del Senor Arzobispo.

Short account of the province of New Mexico and its reliquary of the Conver-
sion of St. Paul, according to the papers in the Archives of the Government
and those of Father Murillo Velarde, in the ninth volume of his Historical
Geography, and other accounts from various advertisements of said province.
The Archbishop’s papers.

Merced del Rio Colorado. Archivos de Taos County, 1842.

Grant of the Colorado River. Archives of Taos County.

Promulgacién del decreto de la Asamblea Departamental del Nuevo Méjico,
imponiendo un prestamo de dece mil pesos. 1845.

Promulgation of the decree of the Provincial Assembly of New Mexico, order-
ing a loan of 12,000 pesos. 1845.

. Plan que manifiesta el censo general del Territorio de Nuevo Méjico con respecto

a su poblacion, etc., ete. (Extract.)

Plan showing the general census of the Territory of New Mexico with respect to
its population, etc., ete. (Extract.)

OTHER VOLUMES.

Relacion del descrubimiento del Nvovo Méjico 4 Sr. de Montoya. In Roma. Por
Bartolomé Bonfadino, 1608.

Account of the discovery of New Mexico to Senor de Montoya, at Rome, by
Bartolomé Bonfadino, 1608.

Historia del Nueva Méjico. Capitan Gaspar de Vilagra, 1610.

History of New Mexico. Captain Gaspar de Vilagra, 1610.

Luz de Tierra Incognita, etc. Por el Capitan Juan Mateo Mange, 1720.
Light from an unknown Land, ete. By Captain Juan Mateo Mange, 1720.

EXHIBIT OF THE PEABODY MUSEUM.

In addition to the Hemenway expedition there is in this room a
collection of photographs and books exhibited by the Peabody Museum
of American Ethnology and Archeology.

This institution is at Cambridge, Mass. (United States), and is con-
nected with Harvard University. It contains a large collection of
American archeological and ethnological objects. The chief wealth
of this collection consists in archeological objects, particularly those
relating to the mound builders and to the ancient inhabitants of the
eastern part of the United States. Harvard University is one of the
few American institutions of education which impart instruction to
their students concerning the archeology of America. The class is
under the charge of Professor Putnam who is the curator of the
museum.

The two screens covered with photographs exhibit a portion of the
scientific labors of the Peabody Museum. The most interesting photo-
graphs of the collection are those of the excavations made at Copan,
Honduras, and give an idea of the peculiar character of the houses,
“stelas,” plazas (squares), etc. There are also among them photo-
graphs of the explorations directed by the Peabody Museum at Labna,
Yucatan.

This institution contributes photographs of extensive excavations and
scientific studies of mounds, made in the valley of the Ohio River, in
the United States, which photographs are also displayed on the screens,
The Serpent Mound, situated in the valley of the Ohio River, has been
accurately studied by Prof. F. W. Putnam, curator of the Peabody
Museum, and the photographs of these excavations are on the screen
placed in the northern part of the hall. The Serpent Mound now
belongs to the Peabody Museum, and the land around it is inclosed by
a fence forming a park.

In the case at the side are the publications of the Peabody Musenm
of American Ethnology and Archelogy. It publishes annually records
of the progress made, and occasionally bulletins in 8vo. Several quarto
volumes have also been printed. In addition, assistants connected
with the museum have written and published articles in various scien-
tific magazines. Several volumes have been prepared on articles in

the collection.
327

ANCIENT MEXICAN FEATHER WORK AT THE COLUMBIAN
HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

By ZELIA NUTTALL, Delegate of the Peabody Museum of American Archeology and Ethnology, Cambridge,
Mass., U. 8. A.

Since my interest in ancient Mexican feather work was stimulated,
some years ago, by the quaintly ilustratcd Laurentian manuscript of
Sahagun’s Historia, I have made efforts to ascertain how many repre-
sentative specimens of this peculiar indigenous art are in existence at
the present day.

In 1590 I submitted to the members of the International Congress
of Americanists, assembled in Paris, a description and colored photo-
graphs of a beautiful specimen of native feather work that I had dis-
covered in Florence, and expressed at the same time the hope to learn
of similar relics elsewhere. Although my hope was not realized vefore
the opening of the exhibition at Madrid, 1 fully expected that this
would draw forth from obscurity some fine samples of the curious art.
My expectations, on the whole, were not realized, and I was obliged to
assume that, as such relics were not forthcoming on this momentous
occasion, they probably did not exist. As the majority of specimens
known were, however, assembled in the exhibition, in the original, or
in counterpart, I was afforded at all events an unprecedented oppor:
tunity for making a review of the remnants that have thus far escaped
destruction.

The present report, which I have amplified by references to all relics
of the kind that have come under my notice during my researches in
European museums, aims at being a complete inventory of all speci-
mens of ancient Mexican feather work, dating from the sixteenth and
seventeenth centuries, known to be in existence at the present day.
As such it may not only prove useful for future reference, but also
stimulate an interest which may lead to the discovery of further speci-
mens.

The only original pieces of Mexican feather work, dating from about
the time of the Conquest, contained in the whole exhibition, were the
two shields belonging to the Royal Museum at Stuttgart. These were
displayed in the section of the Imperial German Government, and
their presence deserves appreciative recognition.

329

330 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT’ MADRID.

A fine copy of a similar contemporary shield, preserved at the
National Museum of the City of Mexico, was exhibited in the Mexican
section. This shield is of especial historical interest, for, after having
in all probability, formed part of the presents sent by Cortes to Charles
V, it was preserved in Austria for nearly three centuries, and was only
sent back to Mexico at the instance of the ill-fated Emperor Maxi-
mnilian, who presented it to the National Museum.

Among the objects exhibited by the National Museum of Washing-
ton was a large water-colored sketch of the shield discovered by the
writer in 1890, at the Castle of Ambras, Tyrol. Since then it and
other ancient Mexican relics have been transferred to the Imperial
Museum at Vienna. In an adjoining room, in the same section, I dis-
played a similar copy in oil colors, and subsequently presented it to the
newly founded National Museum at Madrid.

The four above-mentioned shields, illustrated descriptions of which
have been published', belong to the category of gala shields, such as
were used by native chieftains in ceremonial dances, ete.

They are composed of narrow strips of cane skillfully interwoven with
cotton threads and surrounded by a circular wooden frame. This foun-
dation was covered with leather, as in the specimen in the National
Museum of Mexico, or with fine agave paper, as in the other specimens,
and on the smooth surface thus obtained the feather mosaic was glued.

The Ambras shield is by far the best preserved and most valuable
example of the kind. It was originally adorned with a magnificent.
fringe composed of Quetzal feathers and displays a boldly drawn mon-
ster, probably a coyote, whose eyes, claws, teeth, and outlines are
marked by thin pieces or strips of gold, applied in a skillful and pecu-
liar manner.

The probabilities are that this, as well as the other three shields, was
among the presents sent by Cortes to the Emperor Charles V._ It cer-
tainly belonged to a nephew of the Emperor Archduke Ferdinand of
Tyrol, and is minutely described in the inventory of his famous collec-
tion of armor, dated 1596. In this same document the magnifivent
piece of feather work (PI. 1) now preserved at Vienna, is designated as
a hat or headdress. In later inventories, when it had lost a part of its
original decoration, it was described as an apron. Subsequently it was
described respectively by different writers as a cloak and a standard.”

‘See Ferdinand von Hochstetter, Ueber alt-mexikanische Reliquien, Wien, 1884.
Zelia Nuttall, Verhandlungen der Berliner anthropologischen Gesellschaft, 1891, p.
485. Also articles ‘‘On ancient Mexican shields” and ‘‘ Coyote or bear?”, Interna-
tionales Archiv fiir Ethnographie Band V, 1892, and VII, 1893. Franz Heger, Alt-

.mexikanische Reliquien aus dem Schlosse Ambras in Tirol, Wien, 1892.

*See Y. Maler, p.1., Nunez-Ortega, p. 281, Anales del Museo Nacional, tomo III.
Zelia Nuttall, Standard or Headdress. Peabody Museum Papers, vol. 1, No. 1.
Compte rendu de la huitiéme session du Congrés International des Américanistes,
Paris, 1890, p. 453. Ed. Seler, Zeitschrift fiir Ethnologie, Band XXI, p. 63, Ver-
hand1., 1891, p. 114; ditto, 1893, p. 44. Max Uhle, Zeitschrift fiir Ethnologie, Heft
II, p. 144.

“WNNAIA ‘WNAaSNIA) IVOIHDVYDONHLY Lv GaAuaSaudd (GYVONVLS) SSSYO-0V3SH *303ld YaHLvVa4 TVIVLLON

WOW UTES GUT O92 OOH Y

| alvid &--Z6Bl ‘NOISSINWOD aisaYW 40 iLHOday

Pape)
ae
hi
i

DAA

Columbian Historical Exposition at Madrid. — Nuttall. PLATE Il.

OBVERSE OF ANCIENT MEXICAN FEATHER FAN.

Preserved at Castle Ambras, Tyrol.

Columbian Historica! Exposition at Madrid.—Nuittall PLATE III.

REVERSE OF ANCIENT MEXICAN FEATHER FAN.
Preserved at Castle Ambras, Tyrol.

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. sod

My study of the question led me to adopt the identification before
1596 at a time when the feather piece was complete, and when infor-
mation concerning its purpose could be obtained at first hand.

In the United States section of the exhibition a picture, copied from
a native manuscript, was exhibited by me. It represented a person-
age wearing a headdress identical in form and general character with
the Vienna original. In the Austrian section the picture of this relic
published by Ferdinand von Hochstetter, was displayed in one of the
eases. This was the only visible record of the existence of ancient
Mexican relics in the imperial museums at. Vienna.

Nevertheless, they possess a larger number of fine specimens of Mexi-
ean and Hispano-Mexican feather work than any other museum in
Europe or America. Besides the magnificent headdress and the
Ambras shield, the Imperial Ethnographical Museum owns the curious
native fan, dating from the time of the Conquest, which I also discov-
ered atthe castle of Ambras (Pls. [Land III). ‘Two other contemporary
relics, not represented at the exhibition, complete the list of known
specimens. The first is the interesting “ delantal,” or native apron,
intended to be suspended from the neck, belonging to the Royal Ethno-
graphical Museum at Berlin. This has been described by‘ Dr. Ed.
Seler in his valuable contribution published in the Rapport du Congrés
International des Américanistes, Paris, 1890, p. 401,

The second is the mantle “of Montezuma,” preserved at the Royal
Museum of Armoury at Brussels, where I saw it in 1888, It is chiefly
composed of scarlet feathers, and these are attached to a network by a
series of knots. This unique specimen has been described by Senor
Nunez-Ortega and Dr. Ed. Seler in their respective publications already
cited.

These relics complete the inventory of all of the specimens of purely
indigenous feather work whose existence and whereabouts are known.
Unless it should receive unforeseen additions, it shows that of the
many hundreds of similar trophies which were sent to Europe by the
Conquerors, there survive only: Four shields, 1 headdress, 1 fan, 1
apron, and 1 mantle; 8 pieces in all, 5 of which were represeited at
the Madrid Exposition.

The age and rarity of these relics undoubtedly render them extremely
valuable from an ethnological standpoint. A critical examination
reveals, however, that although admirable in workmanship and very
effective, they searcely testify to such an extraordinary degree of
technical skill or artistic taste as to justify the panegyrics bestowed
upon this branch of native industry by the Spanish chroniclers,

Thus, Fray Toribio de Motolinia wrote that newcomers in Mexico
from Spain or Italy remained open-mouthed in amazement on seeing,
for the first time, the exquisite work of the Amantecas, who reproduced
with facility and utmost perfection in feather mosaic, any painting or
design given them to copy.!

1 Historia de los Indios de Nueva Espana, ed. Izcabalceta, p. 68.

Baz COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPCSITION AT MADRID.

Fray Geromino de Mendieta, also writing at the close of the sixteenth
century, relates that—

What seems to surpass the genius of man was the native art of producing, by means
of feathers, the same results obtained by the best painters with their brushes and
colors. Having, nowadays, had ample opportunities of seeing our works of art, the
faculties (of the Amantecas) have been enlarged and stimulated, and it is a marvel
with what perfection they exercised their art, so entirely new to us, and produced
images and pictures worthy of being presented to princes, kings, and sovereign
pontitts.'

From this and further testimony, and a critical examination of
samples of purely native production enumerated above, it is evident
that although the art of working in feathers had long been practiced
in Mexico and had developed a remarkable degree of dexterity, it did
not reach its highest development until infused with new life by con-
tact with Spanish art. Motilinia and Mendieta expatiate on the wonder-
ful quickness of perception that characterized the native artisans in
every branch of industry, and relate many instances of their produc-
ing counterparts, difficult to distinguish from the originals of European
manufacture.

Toward the close of the sixteenth century native art and industry
attained its highest development in the City of Mexico, under the
fostering care of the Spanish missionaries who, at that time, zealously
sought to educate the Indians and took a paternal interest and pride
in their talents and improvement. It may be a surprise to many to
learn that a few masterpieces still exist that date from this period, and
were actually intended to be presented to ‘princes kings, or sov-
ereign pontiffs.”

Having had occasion to examine these carefully, I can testify that
they fully justify the enthusiasm of the Spanish friars whose words
of praise have been quoted above.

A remarkable specimen of feather mosaic, a shield (Pl. 1V), dating
from this period, was displayed in the historical European exhibition
toward its close. This shield pertains to the royal collection of
the Armory, at Madrid, and is reputed to have belonged to Phillip II.
It is designated as such in the inventory preserved, but no place of
origin is assigned to it. During my visit to the Royal Armory in
October, 1893, the shield arrested my attention, and I identified it as
being of Hispano-Mexican workmanship. Having communicated this
identification to the distinguished and learned director, Count Valencia,
he courteously afforded me every facility for making a close examina-
tion of the shield and kindly furnished me with photographs and his-
torical data relating to the battle scenes depicted on its face. As a
specimen of Hispano Mexican art, it became endowed with a fresh
interest, and was promptly transferred to the exhibition building,
where it subsequently attracted much attention. Brief notices of the
above facts appeared in a Madrid paper, and in Science, January 3,

' Historia Ecclesiastica Indiana, ed. Izcabalceta, p. 405.

PLATE IV.

Columbian Historical Exposition at Madrid.—Nuttall

a ee

im, at ¥,
te fe wrtentign, pore ia ae eT)

Pe aeal

en —

as Navas de

F PHILIPPE

C SHIELD Oo

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149:

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and the

N FEATHER M

CA

Mex!

The conquest of Granada,

; battle

9

12]

Tolosa,

I

the battle
battle of

The subjects are :

g, 1547.

Madrid.

Muhlberg

1571,

of Lepanto,

Armory,

yal

Ro

Original in the

COLUMBIAN. HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. B00

1893, but no detailed description and illustration of the shield has
since been published.

It is a large “‘adarga.” of the peculiar, rounded, heart-shaped, form
that was originally Moorish, but was adopted by the Spaniards in the
sixteenth century and generally used by their mounted lancers. It is
made of stout leather, with ribs of cane, and may have been manutfae-
tured in Spain and sent to Mexico to be only decorated there. On the
other hand, it may be a clever imitation of a Spanish shield made by a
native artisan, a fact that would have enhanced its value as a curiosity.
The design, executed in the tiniest of feathers and covering the entire
face of the shield, shows artistic merit, and is undoubtedly of Spanish
origin. A broad and beautiful border of rich arabesque design sur-
rounds the field, which displays four divisions, each containing an his-
torical scene. These represent the four memorable victories gained
by the Spaniards. The first is the battle of “las Navas,” fought
under Alfonso VIII, in 1212; the second, the entry into Granada by
Ferdinand and Isabella in 1492. In the third, the battle of Muhlberg,
which took place in 1547, the Emperor, Charles V, is represented on
horseback, in the foreground, in precisely the same attitude and armor
as in his famous equestrian portrait by Titian, a fact proving that the
artist who designed the decoration of the shield must have copied from
the latter original.

The fourth scene shows the naval victory of Lepanto, with both fleets
in action, and the Spanish conqueror, John of Austria, receiving hom-
age from the vanquished Moors. As this event transpired in 1571,
during the reign of Phillip II, the reputed possessor of the shield, a clue
to its age is afforded by this date.

A curious allegorical group occupies the venter of its field and con-
sists of two herons, wearing royal crowns, one bird in a passive attitude,
the other, smaller in size, advancing with outstretched wings and peck-
ing at a recumbent wounded dragon, near to which is a smaller reptile,
This curious group is surmounted by ascroll bearing the device, ‘‘Serae.
spes. unas. senectae.” I was informed by Count de Valencia that
this, translated, signifies “‘The only hope of declining age,” and that
the group represents the Roman Catholic faith (symbolized by one
heron), defended by the Spanish Monarch (symbolized by the fighting
bird), against infidelity and heresy (represented under the form of the
dragon and smaller reptile).

A close study of the group and the motto on the scroll leads me to
give the allegorical device a slightly different interpretation, and to
conclude that, though made during the lifetime of Phillip I, the shield
was destined for his only son and heir, for the latter was the sole
person to whom the motto could apply, aud therefore be appropriately
inscribed on his shield. It should be borne in mind that Phillip IL
died in 1598, at the age of 71, and was succeeded by the only surviving
offspring of his four marriages, Phillip III, aged 21.

334 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

The devotion of Phillip II to the Roman Catholic Church, the zeal
with which he persecuted all heretics, his virulent persecutions of the
Moriscoes, and his care to cultivate these traits in his young son, are
well known. Phillip Il must, indeed, have regarded his youthful heir
as his only hope, and intrusted the latter with the prosecution of his
ardent desire, the extirpation of infidelity and heresy in his realm. The
banishment of the Moors, which had already been decreed by Charles
V, was, indeed, carried into execution by Phillip II in 1609. In judg-
ing of this eruel deed it should be realized that Phillip III only ful-
filled thereby the long-cherished desire not only of his father but also
of his grandfather, and that the action was therefore the natural out-
come of family traditions and influences.

All facts considered incline to the belief that the motto refers directly
to the young infant, Phillip of Spain, and that it is he who figures on
the shield under the form of the smaller heron attacking the monster,
Infidelity. The larger bird, in a passive attitude, might readily repre-
sent Phillip I, the hereditary defender of the Roman Catholic faith.
This inference is further corroborated by the fact that both birds wear
the same form of serrated royal crowns, which would scarcely be the
case if one of the herons typified the Church. Moreover, the motto
_could not possibly have applied to Phillip II unless bestowed upon him
by his father, and the latter died in 1558, thirteen years earlier than the
battle of Lepanto which figures on the shield.

The manufacture of this interesting relic must be assigned to the
period between the victory at Lepanto (1571) and the death of Phillip
JI, in 1598. Its actual preservation is a matter of wonder and con-
gratulation, more especially when it is realized how narrowly it escaped
destruction in 1844, when a disastrous fire broke out in the Royal
Armory. When rescued from this by Count de Valencia it was much
disfigured by smoke and soot, and the removal of these revealed that
the velvety surface had permanently lost the remainder of its former
luster. Scant traces of humming-bird feathers are left to testify to the
lost splendor of the rich border. Fortunately, the battle scenes are
comparatively uninjured, and are of such exquisite, minute, and perfect
mosaic work that even in its present condition the shield deserves to
be termed a marvel of human ingenuity and technical skill.

It has a rival in the beautiful bishop’s miter that belongs to the royal
treasury in the Pitti Palace at Florence, and is in a remarkable and
almost perfect state of preservation. Visitors to the United States
section of the exhibition were able to form an idea of the original from
the miniature copies partly executed in metallic colors that I exhibited
there. The front and back of the miter and its pendants are entirely
covered with an extremely rich design of a religious character, executed
in feather mosaic. The design is evidently the work of a Spaniard, for
the names of the apostles and patriarchs depicted around the border
are in the Spanish language. At a first glance it might be supposed

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 335

that the miter was either enameled or on copper, painted on velvet or
silk, but an indescribably beautiful and novel effect is produced by the
employment of a background entirely composed of the wing feathers
with metallic luster that grow on the heads and breasts of tropical hum-
ming birds. When I first saw the precious relic and made inquiries
aboutits age and origin I was informed by the custodian in charge that
it dated from the seventeenth century and had belonged to a cardinal
or pope of the Medici family.!

No documentary evidence seems, however, to be obtainable. The
indication given leads, however, to the conclusion that the miter
belonged to the Cardinal Alessandro de Medici, a native of Florence,
who died in 1605, a few weeks after his consecration as Pope Leo XI.

The relic is thus assigned to the same period as the Madrid shield.
and the comparison between the workmanship of each seems to indi.
eate that they were both made by the same hand.

A second miter, apparently of the same style of design and execu-
tion, is preserved at the Kunsthistorisches Hofmuseum at Vienna. I
recently learned of its existence by a mere chance, and I believe that
this is not generally known.

In his article cited above, Hochstetter mentions that he first found
the ancient Mexican feather piece, which he identified as a standard,
“next to a bishop’s miter” in a museum case.

Beyond this bare mention I know of no publication in which the miter
figures. Not having visited Vienna since I learned of its preservation
there, | am indebted to the kindness of a scientific friend for the fol-
lowing data concerning it. The relic is displayed in Case LV, hall 23,
is entered as No. 48, in the official general catalogue, wherein it was
described as follows:

Miter, of Hispano-Mexican workmanship, covered with a mosaic composed of
humming-bird feathers. On the obverse the genealogical tree of Christ is repre-
sented. The reverse displays a rosebush with the apostles and a crucifix issuing
forth from its flowers.

In the special catalogue of the same year, 1891, the following valua-
ble detail is added:

The word Buenagia, meaning Good Road and being the motto of the Spanish
D’ Avila family, occurs in each of the pendants above the embroidered arms of a car-
dinal. With the exception of these arms that are embroidered in silks, the entire
miter is of feather mosaic.

In the above catalogues no date is assigned to the miter, but it
seemingly belongs to the Ambras collection and consequently ante-
dates 1595,

It seems as though, after having been made in Mexico, the miter was
only assigned to an owner when it reached Europe, for the embroidered
arms could not have formed part of the original design, and must have

‘See Zelia Nuttall, Ouvrages en plumes du Mexique. Rapport du Congrés des
Américanistes, Paris, 1890, p. 460.

336 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

been an unforeseen and necessary addition made at a later period with
means at hand.

Toward the period to which the miter evidently belongs, two distin-
guished membersof the D’Avila family held high ecclesiastical positions
in Spain, but thus far I have not succeeded in ascertaining whether
either of them attained cardinalship.

Sancho d’Avila, born at Avila in Old Castile in 1546, was consecu-
tively bishop of Murcia, Jaen, Sagonte, and Placentia, and died in 1625.

Gil Gonzalez d@’Avila was born at Avila in 1559 (according to Cham-
bers’ Encyclopedia), or in 1578 (according to Oettinger, Moniteur des
dates), and died in 165%. He was a Jesuit, a canon of Salamanca and,
moreover, royal historiographer for Castile and the Indies. He wrote
many voluminous works, the best known of which is perhaps the Teatro
Eeclesiastica de la primitiva Iglesia de las Indias Occidentales (Madrid,
1649-1656). Although these facts do not suffice to establish the indi-
vidual ownership of the m ter, they certainly reveal an interesting con-
nection between the D’Avila family, the Church, and Mexico. = It will
be interesting to ascertain how and when the miter came into the pos-
session of Archduke Ferdinand, who was one of the most indefatigable
collectors and curiosity hunters of his time.

The three historical relics that have been described are probably speci-
mens of the finest feather mosaic produced in Mexico at the culmi-
nating period, when the best native workers were employed in copying
beautiful designs made by Spanish artists. A high form of decorative
art was thus developed, the productions of which rival a miniature on
vellum for delicacy of execution and combining the beauties of a silky,
smooth surface like that of velvet, with a metallic brilliancy of color
and iridescenceresembling that of the Limoges enamels. When strictly
confined and applied to decorative purposes, as in these specimens, the
native art of painting with feathers affords even now artistic gratifica-
tion and evokes admiration and approval. The same can not be said
of the curious reproductions of Spanish paintings, usually pictures of
saints, which became a favorite and staple production of the native
artists. A few samples of this kind were exhibited in the Mexican sec-
tion of the exhibition, and consisted of a series of finely-executed copies
of Spanish pictures of saints, and a large archaic head of Christ of
native design and coarse execution.

I was informed that these were probably the oldest existing speci-
mens preserved in Mexico, and that they had recently been discovered
in an old provincial church.

The only specimen of the kind in Europe to which a date can safely
be assigned, are those which originally belonged to the Ambras collec-
tion, and consequently antedate 1596. One of these, representing St.
Jerome and the lion in the desert, is still preserved at the Castle of
Ambras, and attention was drawn to it in my publication on “Ancient.
Mexican shielts.”

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 337

Two other pictures representing a Madonna and St. Peter before
Christ are now in the Kunsthistorisches Museum at Vienna, and are
numbered 24 and 25 in the general catalogue.

The Royal Ethnographical Museum in Berlin and Mr. Phillip
Bectier (?), of Darmstadt, possess some fine examples of the kind. It
would be difficult to determine the precise age of the majority of these
curiosities of technical skill,as the native art has never become extinct
in Mexico, and is even practiced to the present day. Unfortunately
whereas the best and apparently oldest specimens are painstaking
copies of excellent originals, the more modern productions show a steady
deterioration of workmanship, taste, and design. <A painful contrast
toearlier productions is the meritorious but utterly inartistic histor-
ical relic that occupied a conspicuous place in the National Museum of
the City of Mexico, and is described in the catalogue as “Arms of
the Republic of Mexico, surrounded by trophies, composed of feathers
in imitation of the old native feathers-mosaic work by Senor José Rod-
riguez, who presented it to the congress in 1829.”

A brief summary of the present report establishes that there exists
at the present day eight fine specimens of purely native work, dating
from the time of the Conquest. The exhibition contained the origi-
nals of two and copies of three of these. Of the three masterpieces of
Hispano-Mexican art preserved, one was exhibited in original and
another in copy.

Moreover, reproductions of paintings by means of feathers were also
displayed, and thus the exhibition afforded unprecedented opportuni-
ties for the study of the different branches of the pecuhar art of work-
ing in feathers, invented and practiced by the aborigines of Mexico.

Hees. 100 22

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Sia sat
Pe gee

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THE ANCIENT CENTRAL AND SOUTH AMERICAN POTTERY
IN THE COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID
IN 1892.

By WALTER HOUGH, Ph. D.

There is an attractiveness about a collection of ancient American
pottery which arrests the most casual observer. The forms, having
their origin from natural sources, or from the conception of the potter,
the decorations with the lines of mquiry which they provoke, and the
uses of these objects, whether they entered into the religious or the
home life of the ancient people, all stimulate the mind to further
inquiries.

Looking deeper into the finished products the student is compelled
to observe the materials—their combination and temper rendering the
elay fit for use—the building up of the vessel, the tools for forming,
polishing the surface, the brushes; the colors, aie decoration, and the
final baptism in fire.

It is principally to this study of technique that the following paper
relates, in order to give an idea of the state of the potter’s art in Cen-
tral and South America at times more or less remote. The material
for examination consisted of large collections from Mexico, Guatemala,
Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru, with small col-
lections from several other States exhibited in the Columbian Historical
Exhibition at Madrid.

It has seemed better to describe the pottery ie countries, although
manifestly the older culture areas do not often coincide with the present
political boundaries. The time has not yet come when the ancient
tribal areas can be accurately determined, but to the attainment of this
result the testimony of pottery is of great value.

The order followed in this examination, the results of which are set
forth in this paper, is as follows: (1) The paste, whether simple or
mixed, and the components; (2) the mode of construction; (3) the
surface—whether natural, tooled, or burnished—the slips or glazes, if
any; (4) the ornamentation; (5) the forms.

One of the earliest discoveries in the ceramic art was the dégraissant,
or temper. Pure clay paste is nearly always unsuitable, because in
drying or firing it usually cracks from unequal stress, and especially so
since primitive pottery might not be dried gradually in-places of uni-
form temperature.

339

340 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

The potter’s art and all subsequent progress in the art depended on
the tempering of the clay. It must be observed, however, that some
clays are naturally tempered from conditions of deposition and a mix-
ture of clays answers the purpose of temper. The selection of clay and
its preparation require great care.

The temper is of manykinds, such as broken shell, broken rock, sand,
ashes, mica, lime, broken potsherds, vegetable fiber, ete. The paste of
unbaked clay lamps of the Eskimo of the Yukon delta is mixed with
hair and seal blood, making a very strong ware. The earliest unbaked
ware, as well as the bricks with chopped straw, of the Egyptians, Assyr-
ians, and Chinese depended for their strength and permanency on the
temper.

The function of dégraissants and cements, according to Semper,
‘‘besides destroying the homogeneity of the paste, is to furnish innu-
merable points of rest throughout the mass that reduce the fragility of
the ware after burning and the danger of cracking, whether through
change of temperature or by shock. The coarser particles serve to
break up and distribute the undulations by which the cracks are
propagated, very much as a fracture in a pane of glass may be arrested
by boring a hole at the extremity of the crack.” !

Fine pottery can not have a coarse dégraissant. The latter lowers
the tenacity of the paste and interferes with the surface finish. The
temper of shell often causes the pottery to exfoliate, or slack, in a
short time.

The Catawba Indians do not use tempers, nor as a rule do the mod-
ern Mexican potters, where a mixture of homogenous clays answers
the purpose.

Following the preparation of the clay the next step is the construc-
tion of the vessel.

By simple manipulation with the hands small vessels can be formed .
from lumps of clay. Larger vessels can not be modeled, but may be
laid up with ropes of clay by the process of coiling, building up a short
section at a time, pressing the coils together, allowing to harden, and
continuing the process. Coiling is the greatest aid to the securing of
form in larger vessels, besides seeming to give a fibrous structure to
clay by arranging it in the lines of greatest tenacity.

Even when the vessels are molded in baskets, nets, or over forms
coiling is in effect practiced, as the masses of clay added will assume
a cylindrical form in the hand of the potter before being pressed into
junction.

The process of coiling is widespread and ancient; within’ historic
times it has been practiced at various points in this hemisphere as a
native art by the introduced African slaves.

It is not strange that the need for molds had occurred to the early
potter and caused him to use baskets and forms, not unmindful of the
ornamentation so secured and preserving indelibly the styles of weaving.

1Semper. Der Stil, Band II, p. 122.

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 341

In the centers of American civilization molds came to be used, and
casts for molds, perfectly made, were taken from natural objects. It is
scarcely possible to say that the wheel was known.

The tools of the aboriginal potter are very simple. For grinding
the clay a flat stone suffices. <A shell, bit of gourd, a smooth beach
pebble aids the potter’s fingers in building up the vessels and smooth
stones or the thumb nail gives the finish when the clay becomes hard.
A sharp stick or thorn scratches ornamentation in the clay or a figured
paddle gives the desired design.

The spine of a palm, or a roughly made: brush of hair, or vegetable
fiber supplies a paint brush.

When the vessel or other object receives its form from the hand of
the potter, his next care is the treatment of the surface. Here begins
the most fascinating chapter of the ceramic art, the record on enduring
terra cotta of esthetic ideas, the origin and expression of art forms,
and the beginning of modeling and painting.

One often finds the surface of the most ancient pottery rough, with
rude ornamentation, bearing the impress of rough surfaces and unskill-
ful handling. This is not alone a feature of time, but also of culture
and surroundings.

There seem to be the following stages in the decoration of pottery:

(1) Natural surface from the hands of the potter; furrows or
scratches in the paste; impress of rough surfaces, as basketry, nets,
paddles, the coiling lines, finger ornamentations, ete., giving rise to
stamps, forms, and molds.

(2) Applied fillets, bosses, etc., on the paste running to higher
grades of relief modeling and luting.

(3) Wash or slip-paints leading to polychrome decoration.

(4) Tooling or burnishing to render the surface less porous, like
glaze. The same effect was procured by melted resin.

The last step of the process rendering the clay anhydrous and dura-
ble is the firing. Modern aboriginal pottery is burned in the open air
by setting up the dried ware, piling around it grass, leaves, or other
inflammable material, preferably bark, and firing it to a red heat in
clear coals. The ware is allowed to cool slowly in the ashes to prevent
cracks.

To secure black ware the objects are burned to a certain degree as
above and the fire dampened or smothered with fresh fuel, sometimes
resinous, producing a tarry smoke, which penetrates the pores of
the pottery. It was usually the object to produce black ware, but
frequently the dark, common ware of the greater part of the United
States and Africa seems to have been due to imperfect firing.

There is evidently as much skill necessary in baking the ware as in
any other portion of the pottery art. Kilns or pits in the ground for
firing ware may have been used in Peru, Mexico, Colombia, and other
American centers of artistic pottery.

342 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

It is probable that by certain adventitious or accidental cireum-
stances the American potters may have produced a vernis or glaze on
an occasional object; however, glazes were perhaps not desired, as the
porous character of the ware was its chief good quality, giving cool-
ness to water, etc. With kilns, better fuel, giving stronger firing,
there is no reason why the American potters should not have been
able to fuse the slip forming an enamel, or on stoneware clay to have
secured the vernis which precedes the glaze.

The color of pottery is usually due to the form in which iron exists
in the clay and the thoroughness of firing. Iron in clay is nearly.
always in the form of a carbonate, which burns to a red oxide. When
there is a silicate of iron the clay burns to cream color. Strong firing
burns out carbonaceous materials.

In the course of this investigation the broad field of the origin of
form and ornament could scarcely be touched.

It appears that the first stages of an art like pottery are marked with
uniformity; then as specialization takes place centers of styles appear,
until the higher advances are made in a region where environment and
germane causes work together with man’s adaptability for the attain-
ment of the results.

Generally, in these collections two classes of pottery can be distin-
guished, (1) Cult pottery and (2) domestic pottery.

THE POTTERY OF MEXICO.

In the great collection of Mexican antiquities exhibited in Madrid
there was a vast quantity of pottery, as well as stone and metal.
These objects, under the care of Dr. Troncoso, of the Mexican National
Museum, were grouped ethnically, and included many tribes of the
Mexican stocks.

As a general impression, the pottery seems to belong to one great
culture area, with slight differences among the Mayas, Aztecs, etc,
The two classes of pottery with regard to function can be distinguished
here, namely, pottery for domestic and other uses and cult pottery,
images, “idols,” masks, vases, ete. .

The art of the modern potter of Mexico may tell us something of
the ancient processes.

The manufacture of modern pottery in Mexico is usually in the hands
of men, and there is also now division of labor. The wheel and kiln
are used, but pottery in a great variety is now made as in former times;
there is, indeed, an unbroken continuity of the potter’s art in Mexico
without deterioration on the whole. The ancient art can thus be recon-
structed by the present art.

A detailed description of the processes of the Indian potter of Gua-
dalajara and the collections made by Dr. Edward Palmer will cast
much light on this subject.

Hh, ‘eee ty aes a
; 4 ~ a v fy ri. 7 Ae Kaa ure a
i

Columbian Historical Exposition at Madrid.—Hough. PLATE lI.

Figs. 1-8, 13-14.

APPLIANCES OF THE MODERN MEXICAN POTTER. GUADALAJARA, MEXICO.

From specimens im the U. 8. National Museum.

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 343

The Indians of Tonalon are celebrated for the manufacture of the
finer water bottles, drinking cups, animal and fruit forms.

The clay is of two varieties: one black and tenacious, from the
marshy places; the other, a gray, friable, kaolinic clay, from the high
river banks. The clay is dug out and carried to the pottery, dried,
and the two kinds mixed in equal proportions, as the white clay is too
loose by itself and the black clay too sticky.

After the clay is ground very fine on a metate and sifted, water 1s
added and the mass worked with the hands on a slab of mesquite
wood, a stone implement being also used to aid the hands. Practice
enables the potter to tell when the clay is ready for use.

The ware is built up of sections shaped over a form, showing that
the Mexican pottery is in a transition between coiling and modeling.

In the operation the potter takes a piece of clay large enough to
form the body of a simple cup (fig. 1, Pl. 1), lays it on a slab of stone,
and flattens it out with the flattener (fig. 2, Pl. I). The form is then
encircled with the sheet of clay and the surplus at the joint cut away
with an old knife blade (fig. 3, Pl. 1). The seam is obliterated by dipping
the fingers in water and rubbing the surface. Another flat piece of
clay forms the bottom, and is joined in the same way. Then the sur-
face is paddled with a wooden paddle (fig. 4, Pl. 1) to make the clay firm.

The piece is then gone over with the fingers, taken off the mold,
allowed to dry, and slipped with white clay, calied “ sweet earth,” mixed
with water, because it imparts a sweet taste to water, for which the
Guadalajara pottery is famous.

When dry enough the ware is rubbed inside with smooth stones
and burnished on the outside with a piece of iron set in a clay handle
(fiey DPI. TP).

If a pitcher (fig. 6, Pl. I) is to be made, the body is formed as above,
the form taken out, the hand is inserted and a roll of clay for the rim
attached. The pot is then twirled on the hand and the clay worked
with moist fingers to the required shape and thickness. The surface is
beaten with the paddle and smoothed with a piece of leather or sheet
iron (fig. 7, Pl. 1), polished, dried, and painted with brushes of dog hair
(hess Plt).

The red and black paint are native colors, and the white is clay. To
make the pottery dry evenly it is put into a pit, covered with a mat.
This casts light on the ancient procedure. After the ware has dried it
is burned in kilns like that described as used by Pantaleon Panduro.

Pantaleon Panduro, an Indian, is the most skillful of the Guadalajara
figurine makers. He is an adept at modeling from life, and his figures
and groups are much sought after.

The clay used by the figurine makers is the same as that described.
The heads or bodies are made either solid or hollow, and the faces
squeezed in a mold (fig. 9, Pl. Il). The finished heads are shown in figs.
10 and 11, Pl. 11.

344 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

The bodies are built up in sections and the clothing is made of sheets
of clay tried over a form (fig. 12, Pl. Il) and applied. The whole is
touched up with modeling tools (fig. 13, Pl. I) adapted for various uses,
burned in a kiln (fig. 14, Pl. I), and painted with various native and
acquired colors mixed with the milk of the mulberry tree, Morus celti-
difolia. A portrait bust by Pantaleon Panduro is shown (fig. 15, P1. I),
his workshop (fig. 16, Pl. 11), and a group of the Guadalajara ware (fig.
47°21, 00);

The paste of ancient Mexican pottery, as arule, is quite uniform and
rarely gives evidence of acoarse dégraissant. Experience has taught
the modern workmen that the admixture of different kinds of clay
answers all the purposes of tempering, as did the shell, mica, etc., of the
ancient potters. Dr. Berendt has also found wash gold in the paste of
Yucatan pottery. The Maya ware burns to various shades from red to
slate color. These colors are found in all localities, and are due to the
firing and components of the clay.

In the construction of ware the Mexican potters were conversant with
molds; some shallow, like stamps, for the front portion of the figurines,
masks, ete., and others for the entire vessel. A portion of a mold
believed to be from the Nahua area was exhibited and is the only exam-
ple in this very large collection. This extremely rare object is the only
ancient mold the writer has seen. No examples of coiling were found.
It is probable that the small, plain vessels were made in sections as
described in the manufacture of Guadalajara pottery. The complicated

vases were undoubtedly so made, and the modeled or molded portions
luted on and the finishing touches applied.

The surface of Mexican pottery was finished by polishing or burnish-
ing with tools, and the painted ware was sometimes polished. The
natural surface was sometimes left without tooling. The slip is often
missing, having been dissolved away by long burial. The marks of
finishing tools may be noticed.

The common pipe-clay slip or paint was known all over Mexico. On
the small cult figures this slip was applied with a brush, and probably
formed the base for the addition of colors used for painting. No genu-
ine glazes have been observed, and if a finish of resin varnish was
applied to the ancient ware it has disappeared with time.

Dr. Berendt mentions a vase dug out at Jaina, on the Gulf coast north
of Campeche, which was varnished and painted.’

The ornamentation by impressions in the paste are undulations, tri-
angles, stars, crosses, and frets, especially in the Tecos group. The art
of inlaying, or forming a mosaic of bits of shell, etc., pressed into the
paste, as practiced by the modern potter of Morelos, seems not to be
ancient. The bulging or indenting of the paste is not found in the old
ware.

‘Hartt. Pottery among Savage Races. Amer. Nat., Feb., 1879, p. 90.

Columbian Historical Exposition at Madrid. —Hough. PLATE Il.

Sha Mp
—

Fips. 9-12, 15-17.

APPLIANCES AND PRODUCTS OF THE MODERN MEXICAN POTTER. GUADALAJARA, MEXiIco.

From specimens in the U.S. National Museum.

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COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 345

Stamps were freely used, and many fine examples of cylindrical stamps
to be rolled on the clay, like the Assyrian seals, have been found. There
are also flat, round, and oval stamps with handles.

The majority of the pieces are painted in the usual red, white, and
black pigments of the primitive artist. In Mexico for the first time
appears a green color on pottery. A number of Tarasco vases are
painted with superposed colors, as green on red, and the latter on paste
color, yellow on red, or green on yellow on red. If this green is the cop-
per pigment used by the Zuni and Moki it must have been applied on
the baked ware, as it would burn black. There are a number of affini-
ties between the Mexican ware and the ware of the Pueblos of the
United States, of which Dr. Fewkes made a study.

The designs are animal or symbolic, and perhaps the colors are also
symbolic, and no botanical patterns are found.

There is a great variety of forms of vessels, from domestic plates,
bowls, jars, bottles, ete., to the complex cult vases, funerary urns, etc.,
which are familiar. ©

The form of the jicara fruit was observed among the Tecos. There
isa tendency to angularity in some of the vases, which shows that they
were made in sections. The Zapotecs seem to have excelled in the
manufacture of the complicated vases. In the Spanish section a
very interesting case of archeological frauds from Mexico was exhib-
ited, and in it were many grotesque vases. For many years these
frauds have been cunningly made to deceive travelers, so that a Mexi-
can grotesque vase or other archeological object requires careful
authentication. i

Vessels with rattles in the feet are frequent in Mexico.

Small figurines are very numerous and give a d.stinctive character
to Mexican pottery. The finest figures come from the Nahua area.
The Zapotec masks are very good.

Pipes of pottery appear in Mexico for the first time. In the Troano
manuscript some of the figures are represented smoking the tubular
cigar-holder type of pipe of the Zuni, Hupa, and other tribes of the
United States.

Censers like those of Costa Rica in the shape of a ladle are found in
the Tarasco area. There is a number of musical instruments in shell
and other forms. Oneof these from the Tarascos gives the eight notes
of the diatonic scale. Pottery animal fetiches like those of the Zuni
and Moki are found among the Tecos.

It is hoped that Dr. Troncoso will soon publish an account of the
splendid antiquities now in the Mexican National Museum.

THE POTTERY OF COSTA RICA.

Perhaps the largest and most complete archeological collection exhib-
ited in Madrid was that of Costa Rica. There were several thousand
pieces of pottery, arranged in the following classes: Pans, cooking

346 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

pots, jars without supports, incense burners, vases with handles, crocks,
tripod tazzas, vases without reliefs, trays, stamps, images, whistles, and
rattles. These were carefully catalogued, localized, and related to the
Indians formerly living on the areas where the pottery was collected.

Senor Anastasio Alfaro, director of the National Museum of Costa
Rica at San José, deserves great credit for the way the Costa Rican
specimens are in hand and for the illustration in every possiblé manner
by maps, paintings, photographs, ete., the derivation of the specimens
following the most approved museum methods.

The frequent failure to see the relation of buried art works to the
tribes historically known to have occupied the spot gives rise to a great
deal of confusion and misapprehension. It is pleasant to see the new
leaven of scientific candor working in the science of archeology.

The following notes on Costa Rican pottery by the late Professor
Gabb are interesting:

The pottery now made is the coarsest and poorest I have ever seen. None of the
finely made and elaborately ornamented vessels found in the huacas or graves are
made at present. The use for half a century or more of foreign cast-iron pots and
kettles has restricted this industry, and possibly helped to injure the character of
the work. But two or three vessels taken by me from the Tiribi graves certainly
not less than 50 or 60 years old are in no respect superior to those made at the pres-
ent day. Native earthenware is now only used for receptacles for chicha. The jars
are large, say from 10 to 20 gallons capacity, the form is very simple, the workman-
ship is rough, the clay is coarse and badly mixed, the burning is almost imperfect,
and they are always without the slightest attempt at ornament. The jars are molded
by hand, the clay being added spirally and molded by the fingers and trimmed with
a smooth stick, in exactly the same manner as I have seen done by the negro women
in Santo Domingo. After a certain amount of drying they are burnt in the open
air in a fire of sticks heaped over them. Each jar is burnt separately.!

The general color effect of Costa Rican ware is red or terra cotta, the
paste burning rather evenly. In No. 3060, a bowl from Aguacaliente,
from which the slip has been partially removed, the paste shows white
granules, most probably ashes, which was very commonly incorporated
with the clay in Central and South America as a dégraissant. The
ash from bark or climbing plants yielding most silica was preferred.”
In the common Nicoya ware the paste is coarse with broken rock,while
the finer ware has a homogeneous paste, the size and purpose of the
vessel determining the matter.

Coiling was practiced by the ancient Costa Rican potter, as by the
present Indians of the country. This is evident from the large burial
jars. The multitude of small funerary cups, spoons, etc., do not show
coiling, and it is a question in the writer’s mind whether coiling was
practiced or necessary in very small objects. The hemispherical pots,
Nos. 6986 to 7217, from Nicoya (?), apparently bear wheel marks. No
molds were used, and the modeling is generally rough. Stamps of
baked clay were used. The grotesques were not molded or stamped.

'Wm.M. Gabb, Indian Tribes and Languages of Costa Rica. Trans. Amer. Philos.
Soc. Phila., Aug. 20, 1875, p. 512.
2C. F. Hartt., Pottery among Savage Races. Amer. Nat., Feb., $879, p. 81.

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. BAT

In many cases the Costa Rican pottery is not burnished, but in
. objects of taste it was invariably practiced either upon the slip or the
body. The occasional pieces of black lustrous ware were finely bur-
nished. Many polishing stones were exhibited. As a rule vessels are
finished as well on the inside as on the outside.

As in Nicaragua, cream-colored slip is common in Costa Rica. In
the Nicoya vases the slip was evidently put on with a brush; this was
perhaps the method used everywhere, as no evidence has been pro-
cured of a vessel plunged in slip pursuant to modern methods. The
slip must primarily be regarded as paint, and later as a means of get-
ting a background for relief of colored ornamentation as well as a
fine smooth surface over the inequalities produced by shrinkage in
baking.

There is no evidence of resin or varnish in connection with the
finish. A small image, No. 5483, has every appearance of having
been glazed.

Quite a variety of methods of ornamentation are found on the
pottery of Costa Rica. The familiar methods of incised, punched,
scratched, and applied ornament are common on the Nicoya ware. The
crude ware of the Guetares has punched ornamentation. In modeled
portions of the Aguacaliente ware the eyes, teeth, ears, etc., have been
punched with a stick.

There is scarcely any evidence of the use of stamps, though many
stamps have been found. :

The fine ware is painted in red and black over a cream ground. This
is the method pur-
sued in the splendid
vase No. 3202 (see Pls.
III and IV), from the
peninsula of Nicoya.

Notably in a few in-
stancesred vases have
been ornamented by
the application of
thick slip in definite

EN

patterns. This, when Fie. 18,
burnished, gives a ijn aiken HURNER??

pretty, slightly raised Huacas of the Guetaro Indians, Costa Rica. Arellano collection.
or embossed surface,
as in the Hindu lacquers. This method applied to pottery is unique
and shows great originality.

Animal heads, more or less easy of determination, are applied to
vessels, and the ‘apple pie,” or scalloped border, is common.

The most common forms observed in Costa Rica are small hemi-
spherical bowls and small ladles called incensarios! (fig. 18), but in

'See p. 345.

348 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

only one of the latter has any trace of fire been found. The small
objects were funerary. A list of the forms has already been given,
which shows quite a variety (figs. 19, 20, 21, and 22), There is a num-
ber of remarkable globular pottery whistles, or flutes (ocarina), in form
of animals; one about 6 inches long by 4 inches in diameter, with four
holes and mouthpiece,, gives note C closed and then D, E, F, and
F sharp (fig. 23), specimen No. 32, Arellano collection. Another small

ocarina has the form of a bird (fig. 24).

a—sSSS
—SSSSS

{
| 1

. —
AWS — SS SSS
Figs. 19-21.
TRIPOD AND MORTAR-FORM VESSELS OF THE GUETAROS. Fig. 22. PAINTED JAR OF THE

CHOROTEGOS.

Costa Rica. Arellano Collection.

The finest object of Costa Rican pottery is the vase No, 3202. It is
of fine paste, with cream-colored slip painted red and black. It has
the figure of a salamander on one side. (Figs. 25 and 26, Pls. Il
and LV.)

The vase merits description. The shape, it will be observed from the
figure, is that of the jicara mounted upon three almost hemispherical
feet, which are hollow and contain sounders. The body of the sala-
mander is in low relief, while the head projects from the side, being
entirely in the round. The artist has applied the salamander in @

Columbian Historical Exposition at Madrid. —Hough. PLATE III.

Fig. 25.

DECORATED VASE. (FRONT VIEW.)

From the Huacas of the Chorotego Indians, Peninsula of Nicoya, Costa Rica. National collection.

a Ate ae in
ahd as ier ihe dy

pat

PE a a re

Columbian Historical Exposition at Madrid.—Hough PLATE IV.

Fig. 26.

DECORATED VASE. (REAR VIEW.)
From the Huacas of the Chorotego Indians, Peninsula of Nicoya, Costa Rica. National collection.

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 349

very spirited way, with due observance of perspective. The ornamen-
ation is applied in bands around the upper third of the vase, which is
25 cm. high, 20 em. in
greatest diameter, and
113 em. at the mouth.

NS

)

ys {

Though this vase is from
the peninsula of Nicoya it was
probably made in the neigh-
- boring island of Chira, whose
caciqia or galpon was vassal
of Nicoya, and where, accord-
ing to Oviedo in his Historia
generalde las Indias, Tome IV,
page 105, ‘‘se hacia muy her-
mosa loza de platos y escudil-
las e cantaras 6 jarros e otras
vasijas muy bun labradas, e
tan negras como un fino tercio-
pelo negro, e con un lustre de
un muy pulido azabache; y yo
truxe algunas piezas de esa POTTERY WHISTLES. (a@) DETAIL OF MOUTHPIECE OF FIG. 23.

Figs. 23 and 24.

loza hasta esta ciudad de Santo Costa Rica, Arellano Collection.
Domingo de la isla Espanola,
que se podian dar a un principe por su lindeza, e del tallo e forma que se les pide o
se las mandan haeer a los indios asi las hacen.” !

The hourglass supports for round-bottomed jars are curious. There
are great numbers of these from Nicoya
(fig. 27).

THE POTTERY OF NICARAGUA.

In examining the pottery of Nicaragua
it is found that the paste is usually mixed
with a dégraissant of sand, or broken frag-
SR Oo ments of crystalline rock, burning to a light-
red color. In the common, heavy ware the
admixture of sand renders the body stone-
like. Thedark gray and black ware seems
to have been produced by smothering the fire
in burning, as is practiced in Santa Clara and some other Pueblos of
New Mexico, in making black, lustrous ware.

There is very little to show the methods pursued in building up the
Nicaraguan pottery. From the small size and comparatively simple
character of the 1,000 pieces displayed, it may be presumed that they
were constructed entire by hand from lumps of clay rather than by
coiling.

Considerable skill in modeling is evidenced in Nicaraguan, pottery;
the handles of animal heads and the grotesque supports to the tazzas

\y
=o Ns cr

Fig. 27.
REST FOR ROUND-BOTTOMED JARS.

Nicoya, Costa Rica.

! Peralta y Alfaro, Catalogo de Costa Rica. Madrid, 1893, p. 78.

350 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

are well executed. A kneeling figure of a woman (No. 355) is noticeably
well modeled.

There is no evidence that molds were used, and the collection does
not contain stamps, nor was any stamped pottery shown from Nicaragua.

The ware was finished by smoothing the
surface with stones, ete. The burial jars
from Ometepec and other places have been
roughly curried with the finishing tool.
Some pieces received no further treatment,
and most of the ware after baking was pre-
pared for decoration by the application of
a thick, cream-colored slip of pipe clay.
When dry this was polished, presenting a
good background for the red and black
pigments used for decoration.

Tazza No. 69, with a bright-red ground,
has the appearance of being glazed by
firing. It is from Alta Gracia.

The ornamentation in or upon the body
of the ware is either painted, incised, or modeled. No. 379, a bowl of
common ware, has a border of pairs of double-radiating incisions, like
the arms of the letter V, around the rim. Some bowls have the design
inside incised through the white slip, resembling the ornamentation of
the jicaras or bowls made from the gourd tree.

Fig. 28.

VASE WITH APPLIQUE BOSSES.

Nicaragua.

<<aubaey

Figs. 29, 30, and 31.
JICARA-FORM VASES.

Nicaragua,

In a few cases the body of the vessels is ornamented by indenting the
paste, as in the modern pottery of Cartajena, Mexico, and sometimes
an ‘“apple-pie” fluting is worked around the edge by the fingers. A
number of specimens are ornamented by bosses of clay upon the exterior
(Barbotine) (fig. 28).

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. Sal

Modeled heads of birds and animals, rather true to life, are luted to
the sides of the pottery. A few tazzas upon a rather high, cylindrical,
flaring foot have the latter lightened and ornamented by triangular

openings.

Nicaraguan polychrome ware is cleverly painted in conventional or
geometric designs with fine frets and

borders. These designs are perhaps
reduced from animal forms, like those
which Mr. Holmes has admirably
traced out on the Chiriqui pottery.'

The preponderance of animal and
the absence of plant forms in all the
Central and South American pottery
The colors are a
lively red, black, and cream, laid on
very accurately, and were mineral
earths mixed with water. The artist
has lavished his highest skill upon
the painting of the tripod tazzas, as
he had in giving the form and model-
ing, and the result is superior.

is remarkable.

Fig. 32.

BELL-SHAPED OBJECT.

Nicaragua.

The almost universal globose and
hemispherical bowl, which seems to have been the effort of the earliest
potter, is common in Nicaragua. The bowl, mounted upon a bell-shaped

Fig. 32.a

POTTERY WHISTLE.

Nicaragua.

base, forms a piece having the appearance of the
Korean and early Japanese tazzas. The type
of vase is pear-shaped (jicara form), mounted on
a flaring base, or sometimes on three short feet
(figs. 29, 30, and 31). The shallow plates, with
rim mounted upon the grotesque legs, are the
best of the Nicaraguan ware. The curious sock-
shaped burial jars are also found in Nicaragua.
Perhaps the most remarkable pieces of pot-
tery from Nicaragua are the bell-shaped objects.
They are always in red, unslipped ware, deco-
rated with applique bosses closely imitating the
old-fashioned bells. Their use is unknown. Dr.
Carlos Bovallius exhibited one of these curious
bells, which was found during his explorations
in Nicaragua in 1890. No. 182 (fig. 32) is a bell-
shaped tapadera or cover of black pottery. On
the apex is a figure of some animal, well modeled.

In general appearance it resembles a miniature Alaskan hat. Fig. 32a

is a neatly made pottery whistle.

' Sixth Annual Report Bureau of Ethnology, 1884-85, p. 171.

352 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

The localities for Nicaraguan pottery are as follows: Solentiname,
Alta Gracia, Moyogalpa, Huaeas de Rivas, Costa del Pacifico, Zapatera,
Ometepe. Alta Gracia seems to be the most prolific.

THE POTTERY OF GUATEMALA.

It is obvious upon examination of the Guatemalan pottery that the
paste varies with the intention of the vessel, so that the potter must
have exercised considerable skill in the selection, mixing, and temper-
ing of clays. It is no doubt the handling of the materials, as well as
the availability of good clay that
have determined the centers of su-
perior pottery.

The best ware in Guatemala,
which is attributed to the Quichés,
evinces care in the selection of the
clay. In the grotesques the paste
has burned gray, dark brown, and
almost black, like those of Mexico.
The vases and bowls are of the
finest terra cotta, sometimes burn-
ing to reddish brown with copper
hues,as in No.177. Ina few pieces
the paste contains small white par-
ticles which are probably ashes or
broken shell. The ‘incense burn-
ers,” or vessels in which resin has
been burned, are of very coarse
crucible paste, evidently prepared
for resistance to heat.

The examination of over three
hundred pieces of pottery from
Guatemala does not bring out

ieee whether coiling was practiced or

MODERN CARVED JICARA MOUNTED IN A WOODEN pot, The specimens were small,

Brae however, and the careful finish ob-

literates traces of coiling. The

Quichés knew the use of molds and were good modelers. It is appar-

ent that molds were used in Mexico, Central and South America, thus
giving them an extensive range.

Most of the ware was tooled and burnished; the natural smooth sur-
face was left on the ‘incense burners” and upon stamped vases. No
polishing stones were exhibited. A very fine cylindrical stamp of stone,
3 inches long, pierced axially and well cut into frets was found in the
Province of Quiché. There are a number of evidences on the ware of
the application of stamps, some of them of extreme beauty. :

Guatemala,

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT

MADRID. 3500

Some of the Quiché idols bear fine striations, which lead one to sus-
pect that the surface has been finished with a coarse brush.
Several vases have been covered with a creamy or red cnamel-like

slip. Slipping was practiced usually on the finer
wares intended for decoration in color, The tri-
pod fluted vase of Quiché ware, No. 5, has a gray,
lustrous enamel, which causes it to resemble
stoneware. The paste could not be examined
but the ware rings. It is probably one of the
few examples in which accident rather than de-
sign conspires to fuse the slip.

The coarse ware is often incised with a crude
ornamentation of short furrows and numerous
projecting spines and broadly modeled faces
(masks).

The fine ware is very well painted in red and
black on creamy ground. The subjects are hu-
man figures, geometries and the cartouch-like
Maya hieroglyphies called katuns. One splen-
did Quiché jar (No. 23), 7 inches high and 5
inches in diameter, is of fine red paste covered

——

Fig. 34.
JICARA FORM IN POTTERY.

Guatemala,

with cream enamel-like slip, painted with human figures and katuns in
lively red, outlined in black. The jar sits in a similarly painted shallow
dish supported on three tubular legs.

will be figured.

Vase No. 75, of jicara form, is decorated
with two rolled-out impressions of a
complex stamp which was about 4
inches in width. The subject is two
human figures, and the stamp as repre-
sented in the impression is the finest
piece of ancient fictile work with which
the author isacquainted. This vase is
now in possession of the museum of
the University of Pennsylvania and

The finer vases in Guatemala take
the globular form of the jicara, which
are familiar objects from Mexico and
Central America at present, where they
are worked into chocolate cups, carved
or etched on the outside (fig. 33). In
the region of the “gourd tree” these

INCISED FIGURE AND CARTOUCHE CONTAINING = @ULP)S have been used from time im-

KATUNS.

From a Quiché-Maya vase, Guatemala.

memorial, and it is interesting to ob-

serve that the chocolaterias of Spain
preserve this form, and that the old stone metates are used in. that
country still for grinding cacao in chocolate making.

H. Ex. 100 23

354 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

Specimen No. 75 (fig. 34) represents a jicara sitting in a discoidal
holder or foot like those used in Guatemala.

A few urn-like forms with handles and grotesque Quiché jars showing
the marks of potters’ tools are found. The gem of the collection is a

Fig. 36.

FLUTED VASE OF GRAY WARE.

Quichés, Guatemala.

The incensarios are basins

large jicara vase painted in red and white,
with figures of katuns or hieroglyphies.
Dr. Brinton pronounces this the finest
vase in existence, and the most southerly
occurrence of the Quiché-Maya katuns.
Another fine piece of dark-brown ware
has a rectangular bas relief apparently
cut out, representing a human figure with
headdress, necklace, cincture, etc., kneel-
ingonastool. In one corner is a cartouch
containing three katuns (fig. 35).

Another jicara katun vase bears two
horizontal bands with katuns. It is 5
inches high; from Hseuintla.

There is a pretty globose fluted vase ot
eray ware, mounted on three feet (fig. 36).
Thefeet are hollow. with an oval slit; each
contains a small ball. Itis Quiehé work.
of equal height and diameter, bearing

a human face on oneedge. The exterior is regu-

larly covered with long spines, giving them a
curious appearance. All bear evidence of burn- st
ing resin. Some of them have lids—a unique
occurrence, as far as the writer knows, in ancient
American pottery. No tazzas with perforated
feet like those of Ecuador, Colombia, ete., are

found in Guatemala.

The Guatemalan potter modeled idols more or
less rudely by the aid of stamps and molds. Two

pas Pe which look
an =a) work, are
wt ie 2 noteworthy.

Fig. 38.
ORNAMENTED BORDER CF STAND.

Huehuetenango, Guatemala,

slitand all blown by onemouthpiece, having a sep-
tum, which conducts the air on either side to apair
of tubes. The sound is made by the air moving
across the slitin front like some organ pipes (fig. 37).

SSASSSSN

SS
SSS

SS

S
~~

SSA
~ Sv
SSsss

SSSSSSSSSSISSS SSSI AEE

SSS
SSS

WS
=<

trumpets of
— terra cotta,

SS

Ss
=— .

SSS

like Quiché

i uly
Me A, odie

oy

te

They consist
of four tubes,
each having a

Fig. 37.
TRUMPET WITH FOUR TUBES,

Guatemala.

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. B00

From Huehuetenango there is a flat, circular stand supported upon
three legs. It is bordered with a stepped band like the Zuni cloud
ornaments (fig. 38). A finely modeled head is fastened to the edge.

LOCALITIES OF GUATEMALAN POTTERY IN THIS COLLECTION.

Center.—Guatemala, Sacatepegue, La Majada. La Antigua.

South.—Escuinta, Amatitlan, Santa Lucia.

North.—Peten, Alta Verapaz, Quiche, Coban.

West.—Huehuetenango, Quetzaltenango, cities of Chiapa and Almo-
longa.

THE POTTERY OF COLOMBIA.

The richness of the exhibit of Colombia in gold was paralleled by its
richness in pottery. The commissioners secured loans of all private
collections possible and exhibited superb photographs of other collec-
tions in Colombia.

The pottery is from the rich areas of the artistic tribes of the Chi-
behas, Quimbayas, Cliriquis, and from the provinces of Antioquia,
Cauca, and Tolima.

Similar grades are observed in the pottery of Colombia as in the other
countries treated of in this work, the paste being mixed or tempered to
suit the intention of the ware. The paste in the commoner vessels of
the Quimbayas is coarse, red, filled with broken rock and shell, or ashes.
and the ware is heavy, dark, and smoky in appearance. All of the
Colombian ware which was seen on broken edges, or on the natural
surface, is tempered with broken rock or sand.

The finer ware has a smooth, apparently unmixed paste, varying in
color from reddish brown to fine yellow.

The writer could not find undoubted evidence of coiling or molds in
the construction of Coiombian pottery. There is a tendency in such col-
lections to pass over rude or broken specimens, which give an insight
into the pottery art, and to exhibit the striking and perfect pieces.
There is a strong presumption in favor of the coiling and molds, which
were undoubtedly used in the gold objects and might well have been
used in the seated figures and certain maskettes. Luting on of handles
and other parts was practiced,

It would be interesting to come upon the site of an ancient pottery
and excavate it, as Mr. Holmes has the quarries, or as the mounds have
been explored. A reason stands in the way of finding such a site, for
the manufacture of aboriginal pottery was an individual craft, usually
followed by the women, who performed all the operations from digging
the clay to decorating the baked ware. The prevalence of defined
forms and ornamentation, as well as certain qualities of ware in defined
areas, would show unanimity of tribal or areal custom or practice;

356 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

intercourse would bring in other forms. In countries with a settled
civilization, like Mexico, for instance, we might expect to meet with
division of labor, and perhaps the site of an ancient pottery could be
discovered.

The same procedure as to surface finish of pottery obtained in
Colombia as in other localities. Polishing before baking, smothering
some objects in order to get a black surface, and
the smooth ware as it came from the hand of
the potter are all observed in Colombia. The
tool marks are sometimes seen, but usually are
obscured by subsequent decoration, but in the
ordinary Quimbaya ware the surface has been
very roughly dressed down. No polishing stones
were shown.

The buff slip so common in American pot-
tery, both modern and ancient, is found in
Colombia. In this respect some of the Chiriqui
pottery resembles that of Nicaragua. The light
buff color of the Chiriqui and other ware often
did away with the necessity of employing a

Figs. 39 and 40. wash of pipe-clay slip as a ground for decora-
JAR AND Conical Base ann tion. Ina very few eases the slip was red.

feat As a rule the ornamentation of Colombian
pottery, like that of Ecuador, is in straight
lines, entirely conventional, whether the ware is incised or painted.

A common method of ornamentation was by seratching the paste
with a sharp instrument, these objects being unpainted. Sometimes
short rows of dots form a network design.

The Polynesian pattern, which is a network Cay
of equilateral triangles, either stamped or
incised, is common, and, as far as can be ascer-
tained, is peculiar to Colombia.

Strings, bosses, or bits of clay were applied
sometimes in an elaborate manner.

Raised lines of slip is arare form of ornamen-
tation here. The human face and body, frogs,
birds, and other animals, enter with great pro-:
fusion into the ornamentation of Colombian
pottery, usually in relief. Triangular open-
ings are cut out in the feet of some vessels
or punched through. Rarely the walls of
vessels were pressed out into low bosses, and the impress of geometric
stamps is not noticed, however, on the Quimbaya or Chiriqui wares.
Many very well cut stamps are found; most of those shown resembled
the Assyrian cylindrical seals, though commonly larger. Others

Chibchas, Colombia.

Fig. 41.
VASE WITH FOOT.

Colombia.

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

were rectangular and a few had handles.
Antioquia.

The painting is always in three colors—red, white, and black.

appears in the paste,
often tint varying from
vessels are in simple

One is agreeably
of ideas and compo-
Colombian potter, who
to taste as the potter
country. The great
lombian ware makes
thing more’ than to

The imitation of nat-
pears to culminate in
ticed sparingly in Co-
and melons were ex-
well as shells, birds, ete.
not very common.
with conical base (fig. 39).
found (fig. 40),

Fig. 42.

TAZZA, WITH PIERCED FOOT.

Colombia.

The bowls with a foot seem to grow out of this rest (fig. 41).

rather shallow decorated bowl of this kind
from the Museo de Zea, in Medellin, is a
beautiful specimen of elegant form, with small
legs at the rim and the flaring foot with a
double tier of cuneiform openings like the
Korean (fig. 42).

There were many small elliptic cups from
the Quimbayas. A number of small gravy-
bowl vessels of dark incised ware, apparently
soaked in oil, with traces of burning, might
be called lamps. If so, they are unique.

Vases are very numerous and of great vari-
ety of form and ornamentation. Some are of
human form, like those of Peru, with or with-
out support. One jarlike vase, with two pairs
of lugs and flat bottom from Antigua, is of
perfect Hispano-Moresque form (fig. 43}. It is
engraved, and the height is 12 centimeters.

357

Most of them were from

Yellow
and the light slip has
cream to gray. Many
white and black.
struck with the variety
sition of the antique
has quite as good claim
of any other age or
variety of form of Co-
it difficult to do any-
hint at the groups.
ural forms, which ap-
Peru, begins to be prac-
lombia, where gourds
actly represented, as

The globose bowl, which is a gourd form, is
There were a number of these from Chibchas, often
Supports for vessels of this character are

One

Fig. 43.

JAR OF HISPANO-MORESQUE FORM.

Antiqua, Colombia,

A very pretty vase has the form of a bird, with whistle in the tail; a

handle springs up from the head.

It is Quimbaya.

The device of put-

ting small balls of clay in the feet of vessels to form a rattle is found

in Colombia.

A curious hemispherical pottery vessel of the Chibchas has two lugs

358 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

and a bail, apparently imitating an iron pot (fig. 44). Another similar
one from the department of Tolma has two lugs and the upper surface
covered over, except a Small circular opening (fig. 45),

ae

Vig. 44. Fig. 45.
VESSEL WITH BAIL. COVERED VESSEL, WITH LUGS,
Chibchas, Colombia. Tolima, Colombia.

Double bottles and other forms resembling the Peruvian whistling
jars are found in Colombia.

THE PCTTERY OF ECUADOR.

The pottery of Ecuador shows a great variety of remarkably grace-
ful esthetic forms, being superior to that of any other country exhibiting
in Madrid. This is in harmony with what is known of the civilization
of Ecuador at the Conquest and previously, the culture status being
perhaps superior to that of any South American country. Antonio
Flores, the historian, believes that the civilization of Peru had its origin
in EKeuador.

The paste in the common forms of Ecuador pottery is tempered with
a large admixture of coarse sand, the ware on the broken edges resein-
bling stone. In the better ware the paste is mixed with fine, micaceous
sand. In general, the ware is dark brown or black, very thin, and well
made.

In the finished product there is slight opportunity to ascertain the
method of construction. There is little doubt that the method of coil-
ing, so widely known in North and South America, was pursued in
making the jarger vessels. Some of the images show distinetly the
marks of the molds like those of Peru, and the heads were made sep-
arately and luted upon the body, as were the handles and relief orna-
ments of the vessels.

In the main, Ecuador pottery has the dark lustrous finish, due to
smoothing stones passed over the surface after the ware has become
partially dry. A number of pieces, however, have a natural biscuit
surface and remarkably thin. The Ibarra ware has a rich Samian red
and is smoothly burnished.

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 359

Slipping was not practiced to the extent observed in Nicaragua or
Costa Rica. Cream-colored slip was in some localities spread over the
surface.

There were no stamps exhibited, nor does Ecuador pottery show the
use of stamps. There were two carved cylindrical objects like Assyr-

37

52

37

Figs. 46-57.

FORMS OF EQUADOR WARE.

ian seals, which resembled stamps, but they were small, and were no
doubt beads.

The common decoration is thin horizontal lines in red and white
painted on the surface. The large pretentious vases are laid off ina
diamond pattern, the lozenges alternately filled with vertical and hori-
zontal lining, which is very pretty. A few of the pieces are decorated
with small bosses of clay.

360 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

A series of remarkable cream-colored bowls from the province of
Pichincha have the inner surface painted with conventional designs in
black and red.

Sometimes well-modeled heads of animals are placed on the body
of the large bottle-shaped vessels.

The most graceful forms are vases of good outline sometimes 2 feet
high (fig. 46), bottles with very large body and narrow tubular neck,
having lugs near the base; also one or more
projecting animal heads (fig. 47), and long
pointed amphora vases with two handles on
the swell of the body (fig. 48). The latter
piece seems very much out of place in
Ecuador, but there is every reason to believe
that it is American.

The series of shallow decorated bowls,
and the same mounted on the flaring pedes-
tal, having triangular openings (figs. 49, 50,
51,52, and 53); a bottle with cubical body
and flaring neck (fig. 54), are remarkably
Korean in shape, and, leaving material out of consideration, would be
without hesitation referred to that country. The bowls are from the
province of Pichincba, Yaruqui.

Bottles with spheroidal bodies and tubular neck, with one or two
handles, are frequent (figs. 55 and 56). The form of the burial jar is
shown in fig. 57. The Ibarra bowls, of
simple shape but of very smoothly tooled
red ware of Samian color, were represented
(fig. 58).

A singularly beautiful vase from the prov-
ince of Chimborazo has an inverted pear-
shaped body from which springs a tapering
neck having two pierced loops on either
side. The body is covered with a series of
crescentic waves modeled in relief in the
paste (fig. 59).

A pottery vessel about 7 inches high, with
slanting sides, is interesting from the pres-
ence of a tube leading down the side to
the bottom and projecting about one-half
inch abovetherim. The tubecommunicates
with the interior of the vessel, which was
used for drinking purposes (fig. 60). There ee
is a superb gold vessel of this description ae
in the Peruvian collection belonging to the
Spanish Government and a pottery one in the Guatemalan exhibit. The
idea is that of the European “puzzle jugs,” which had their origin in

Fig. 58.

BOWL, WITH BOSSES.

Ibarra, Ecuador.

Chimborazo, Ecuador.

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 361

India. The same device is employed by the Eskimo of the east coast
of Greenland in their water buckets, where a stave is pierced vertically
and a bone mouthpiece is inserted.

On the whole, Ecuadorian pottery rather 9 *\.——<——s
tends to elegance of form than to the portrait \ Ux savore ie Gee
or grotesque series and genre forms of Peru. :

It forms a distinct group within the boundaries
of the ancient Kingdom of Quito.

Localities in which antiquities are found in
Eeuador: Pichincha, Manabi, Canar, Azoques,
Oninte, Imbabura, Loja, Cochasqui, Cayambe,
Yaruqui, Guano, province of Chimborazo, Lat-
acunga, Chordelig, Chimborazo, Pujili, prov- Fig. 60.
ince of Leon. DRINKING VESSEL, WITH TUBE.

Ecuador,

THE POTTERY OF PERU.

Peruvian pottery is among the most interesting relics of that ancient
civilization. While the variety of form is perhaps not as great as that
of Colombia or Ecuador, that which characterizes Peru is what may be
called the portrait or genre series of bottles, of which thousands of
examples have been perfectly preserved in the dry huacas of the coast.
These have been called grotesques from our standpoint, but they seem
rather to class themselves as portraiture, considering of course adapta-
tion of the subject to the globular vessel, ete. This is brought out in
those most curious bottles representing deformities arising from dis-
ease. Tour of these objects from Chimbote and one from Trujillo rep-
resent Indian women with the ale and septum of the nose and some-
times the upper lip obliterated by a disease which a Spanish physician
assures me can be clearly diagnosed as Iupus.! Another represents a
woman with the feet eaten away.

A bottle from Chimbote shows a sick man with swollen belly. There
is not the shghtest doubt but that the modeling is intentional.

Bottle No. 42 is another instance of portraiture. It represents a
figure of a Spaniard sitting crosslegged, with one hand on his knee
and the other held up, with the index finger pointed as though speaking.
He has a mustache and imperial and wears a coat ornamented with
tigers.

The surprising variety of subjects and the appreciation of character
shows that the Peruvian went to nature for his motives, and, like
the cartoonist of the present day, but fixed in indestructible terra
cotta, caught the salient features of his surroundings coming down

1See Habel, Archeological and Ethnological Investigation in Central and South
America, Smithson. Contributions, XXII, 1880, p. 46, for a notice of the prevalence
of lupus. Dr. Brinton tells me that itis much more likely to be syphilis than lupus,
or perhaps leprosy. Lupus is a disease of the soft parts rather than of the bones,
The specimen may be postcolumbian.

362 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

into the times of the Conquistadores and priests of the new God, leaving
abundant material for the reconstruction of his remarkable history.

The high organization of society in Peru, as elsewhere, had a tendency
to produce objects of luxury and to foster art.

They were adept modelers, and made molds of their subjects as well
as taking casts for molds from gourds, fruit, and other natural forms
which can be specifically identified.

According to Wiener (p. 632), the tradition is that the vessels were
placed in a heap of tacquia, or llama dung, and the fire blown up by
men with tubes of rush (cane?), as is practiced at the present time.

A section of the finer Peruvian ware shows a smooth paste without
dégraissant, gray blue, with a thin exterior layer of red, due to burn-
ing. This is the character of paste in the bottle series and finer ware.

It has been stated that the Peruvians mixed with the clay graphite,
charcoal, broken rock, and even wash gold as in Yucatan. No data
has been had to verify these statements from the collection shown in
Madrid, where little common ware was displayed.!

As already stated, the Peruvians were expert modelers, and used
molds almost altogether. These molds may have been half sections,
where the objects were alike on both sides, but were generally in two
or more sections. . The lines where the parts were luted together often
show. Inthe Royal Archeological Museum at Madrid there are in
some cases three casts from the same mold. Generally, each vessel
was modified by a longer or shorter spout, the application of other fea-
tures, or the skillful use of modeling tools to change the expression of
faces, ete. Undercuts were necessarily avoided. Molds have not been
discovered in Peru, to the best of the writer’s knowledge, and it would
be well for explorers to be on the alert for such relies. Perhaps in the
huacas a potter’s outfit nay be found, as have those of the weavers and
other crafts.

Coiling has not been observed. There is a suspicion in some minds
that the Peruvians were familiar with the potter’s wheel; indeed, some
vessels are so symmetrical that they look as though they had been
thrown.

Peruvian pottery divides itself pretty sharply into the terra cotta
ware, with polychrome decoration, and the black, lustrous ware, which
has been stamped or incised. The latter was probably blackened by
smoke by the known method.

Nearly all the ware is finely burnished. At present the natives of
the interior secure this polish by going over the surface of the ware
with the thumb nail of the right hand.’

Cream-colored pipeclay slip was applied to the decorated ware.
Sometimes the vessels were covered with the slip, but mainly it was
used as a color. Spherical bowl No. 6 has cream slip on the upper

1See Wiener, Perou et Bolivie, p. 650.
2Wiener, Perou et Bolivie, p. 631.

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 363

portion and below a wide band of red, with the junction covered
with a black line. The burnished slip often resembles a glaze. No.
1530 (Museo Arqueologico, Madrid) is an obscure yellow vase with a
hard vitreous glaze (enamel?). This is the only glaze observed. The
locality and period is not known.

The colors used in the ornamentation of Peruvian pottery are cream
or white, black, and red. No other colors than these have ever been
observed on American pottery outside of Mexico. The painted designs
are quite often the human or animal figures, somewhat realistic, follow-
ing the modeled ware and textiles. These designs have been further
elaborated into grecques. The clothing, ete., of the relief ware is
outlined and ornamented in colors.

The black ware is modeled, incised, and stamped, and has received no
treatment with color. Some vases from near Cuzco are covered with
lines of “rickrack,” or Polynesian pat-
tern, as though following the lines of
coiling like the ancient Zuni vessels.
Many of the vessels are ornamented
with short, straight lines like those of
Ecuador. One finds fillets, lozenges,
meanders, serpents, stars, the frog, the
bat-headed serpent, ete., used for orna-
mentation.

Common as well as fine pottery is
found in the huacas of Peru, no doubt
determined by the social condition of
the dead. The common ware consists
of round bowls or jars, undecorated
and rudely finished, which can be du-
plicated anywhere.

There are many survivals from an-
cient times in modern Peru, and the comparative ethnologist has no
difficulty in establishing connections with precolumbian times. Mr.
Dorsey has lately made some studies on this point, which he presented
before the International Congress for Anthropology at Chicago.

There has been some conjecture as to the intention of the. portrait
series of bottles. Mr. Wiener thinks that the ornamentation, or glori-
fication, of the drinking vessel explains the matter. It would seem,
also, that there was rivalry among the potters, as the Eskimo seeks
the honor of producing the most elaborate and striking mask for the
feast of the returning sun.

The subjects of the bottles are fruits and animals, of which the
specific names can be ascertained; architecture (No. 728, Museo Arque-
ologico, Madrid) is an U-shaped house with high-pitched roof, with win-
dows in the gables and court (fig. 61), prisoners with hands tied behind,
like those hewn from wood; suppliants, deformed persons, priests,
warriors, portrait groups, ete.

BOTTLE IN FORM OF A HOUSE.

Yuneas, Peru.

364 - COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

The whistling water bottles are most ingenious. One fine specimen,
owned by the Government of Ecuador, has the form of a turkey and
accurately imitates several cries of that fowl. Another form, cailed

Muy: lit Lis pez.

Fig. 62.
POTTERY TRUMPET,

Yuncas, Peru.

the ‘‘ weeping bottle,” has the porous ware thin at the corners of the
eyes of the figure so that the water exudes slowly and drops like tears.
“Puzzle bottles,” like those of India, have been found, formed of an
interior arrangement of spiral tubes
and from which the fluid can only be
poured by inclining the bottle in a
certain way.

Two trumpets of pottery on the
principle of the cornet were exhib-
ited. They were made by folding a
pottery tube 40 inches long on itself
(fig. 62), and they accurately give the
fundamentals of the cord. Other fig-
ures play on the pan pipe.

A large, flat-bottomed bottle, with
handles, and (fig. 63) a black vase
with fluted body, like those of Eeua-
dor, were exhibited.

Wide-mouthed vases, shaped like
the cult vases of Egypt, in pottery
and wood, are frequent. In the
Spanish collection they were labeled
‘cult vases.” They are figured in
Wiener, page 626. Ladle-shaped “incensarios,” with masks at the
end of the handle, are also found.

Fig. 63.

LARGE BOTTLE LIKE THOSE OF ECUADOR.

Peru.

THE POTTERY OF SANTO DOMINGO

From the island of Santo Domingo were exhibited small idols or fig-
ures of pottery, some from the caves of Cotui and Samana, the last
residence of the Indians, and the cave of Santa Anna. There was
also a smali pottery jar.

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 365
THE POTTERY OF ARGENTINE.

The Argentine collection was represented by seventy-nine aquarelles
of pottery, principally funerary urns, a large number containing remains
of adults and children. In quality the pottery ranges from coarse
bowls to higher painted and modeled forms. In the painted vases the
conventional human face and body, and also the serpent, predominate.
They are all from the province of Catamarea.

THE POTTERY OF URUGUAY.

In the archeological collection from Uruguay there were some frag-
ments of pottery and one large broken jar. The ware has a coarse
paste consisting of clay mixed with sand and shell and is imperfectly
baked. The surface is rough and has a rude ornamentation of dots
and straight lines scratched in the paste. In a few cases painted ves-
‘els are ornamented in the mounds of Vizcanio and Soriano, showing
different combinations of curved and right lines in red and white paint.

The usual form is globular and conical, pierced at the rim for suspen-
sion. Funerary urns occur.

PERUVIAN AND MEXICAN POTTERY FROM THE GERMAN COLLECTIONS.

In the German section there were numerous water colors from objects
collected by Herman Strebel in the State of Vera Cruz, Mexico. The
ancient civilization in that State is of the Totonacs and Chichimecs.

Many chromolithographie plates taken from the great work of Reiss
and Stiibel entitled ‘‘The Necropolis of Ancon in Peru” were exhibited,

CHIPPED STONE IMPLEMENTS AT THE COLUMBIAN HISTORI-
CAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID, IN JANUARY, 1803.

By HENRY 0. MERCER,
Curator of the Miseum of American and Prehistoric Archieology at the University
of Pennsylvania,

That portion of the Exposicion Historico-A mericana in Madrid which
aimed to illustrate the condition of aboriginal man in North and South
America at the time of the coming of Columbus offered a valuable oppor-
tunity to the student.

Easy walks from one room to another showed a series of objects col-
lected without concerted purpose from many regions in both continents,
which series as it stretched in perspective from Bering Strait to Pata-
gonia confronted us with important suggestions.

Again we speculated upon the origin of the red-skinned people found
by the discoverer. Passing by the builder of mounds and the Cliff
Dweller, the Aztec and the Maya, the Inca and the Carib, we were
reminded of the River Drift man of Trenton, while the dispute waged
as to the evidence of his existence, and of the inhabitant of Table
Mountain, who has upset archeological theories by polishing his stone
implements, it is said, in Tertiary times.

In the series of human relics so gathered and arranged, “ve met
disappointing gaps and realized too often the lack of that intelligent
gleaning which seizes every fragment of the lost tale; for which the
chip, the broken hammer, the neglected potsherd, and charcoal have
their full meaning and every stone tells its story.

But making the most of what we saw and turning to the special ques-
tion which confined our attention, we asked no more of the specimens
than what they might tell of that craft which so much concerned man-
kind in the ages of its infancy, the chipping of stone tools. What might
these primitive implements unfold to us of the secrets of that ancient
apprenticeship which all humanity has served? What clues did they
offer to the los* story of our ancestry?

How were these knives, awls, celts, and scrapers made? Whence
came the varied material? How was it discovered, quarried, and
transported? Shall the finished forms tell us of the culture of their
maker, and shall we discover in flaked stones evidence in America of
a time when the art of Stone Age humanity was in its infancy, when
man, as in Europe, only chipped and had not learned to polish the
hardened material; when pot making, skin dressing, cord twisting,

367

368 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

and fishing with nets were unknown arts; when the early American,
like the modern Australian or Andamanese, was yet ignorant of the
use of the bow?

We must think that even the art of chipping stone had its beginning;
that at some time in the past, man, once ignorant of it, learned it; that
somewhere upon the earth lie fractured rocks to tell us, did we know
their secret, of that moment when an ancestor chipped one for the first
time. To pick up two bowlders and knock with one a piece from the
other is to force the thought upon ourselves, as we feel the sharp edge
of the fragment, that this makeshift knife, this tool of many uses,
fashioned anywhere at a blow, was man’s first implement of stone.!

THE CHIP.

The chip, as a knife or other implement, is probably too simple to
have been preceded by any other stone form, too handy ever to have
been laid aside by humanity in its age of stone.

JASPER NUCLEI AND FLAKES,

Made by ancient stone workers, gathered about the edges of the old diggings at the aboriginal jasper quarry and blade workshop at.
Flint Ridge, Licking County, Ohio.

Anyone would recognize as of human make the thin, narrow, flakes of
jasper collected by Mr. Gerard Fowke from Flint Ridge, Ohio, and
the attractive nuclei from which they have been worked, as exhibited
by the Smithsonian Institution (fig. 1), and in the cases of the Uni-
versity of Pennsylvania, and be inclined to assign for them an ancient
use. No doubt many of them were bound in handles with thongs, like
the mounted bits of hoop iron from Alaska, or set in with glue like that
made of boiled fish and bones and wild cherry gum mentioned by Peter
Kalm. So with the similar chips of obsidian and flint in the Nicara-
guan exhibit, while it would be easier still to label as human relies the

1See for an argument that man was a stone batterer and polisher (Neolithic) before
he became a stone chipper, and thatthe so-called Paleolithic status of culture never
existed, Mr. J. D. McGuire’s paper in the American Anthropologist for July, 1893.

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT’ MADRID. 369

exquisite cores and flakes of obsidian from Mexico (fig. 2, from Mexican

eas

exhibit), which Torquemada and Hernandez say were pressed off by

WAI

Crh

TIN AON,

ANNES Mis

a

FLAKES OF VOLCANIC GLASS OR OBSIDIAN.

Gathered at surface sites in Mexico, such flakes as Torquemada saw ancient Mexicans producing by pressure with long punches.

Their razor-like edges were sometimes used for shaving. Three specimens in the cut have been twisted by heat.

wooden punches held against the breast, and sometimes used by cer-
tain Spaniards for shaving their beards.!

\ aw

\

ZA
Z
A

Fig. 3.
CHIPPED RIVER PEBBLES AND PEBBLE CHIPS, PROBABLY USED BY INDIANS AS IMPLEMENTS.

Found at surface village sites in the Delaware and Susquehanna Valleys.

Those ruder chips of argillite, sandstone, quartzite, or slate (fig. 3),
so familiar to the American student, which we believe would have

1Some of these (see fig. 2, Mexican Museum, Nos. 1635, 1636, 1637) seem altogether

too contorted to have been flaked in their present shape, though passing them
through a hot fire, it is thought, would account for the twists.

H. Ex. 100 24

370 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

taken the place of the finer material in the hands of the man who had
not yet discovered it, are far less easy to identify as knives and as they
are less attractive to the collector it is not surprising that there are
none of them in the exhibit.

Fearing to confuse with them any of the multitude of similar chips
cast away in the process of making other implements, we must find
them closely associated, as has been done, with charcoal, animal remains,
and shells, at fire sites and in caves; or mounted, like the Australian
chips, in their handles of ‘“‘ Black-boy” gum, to prove that such stones
were used by man to cut meat, scrape bones, or open mollusks. The

/2 In

Gin

oie’ or

TESHOAS (discoidal implements produced by Indians at a single blow on the convex surface of a pebble)
AND PEBBLES FROM WHICH TESHOAS HAVE BEEN CHIPPED

Found at surface village sites in the Delaware and Susquehanna Valleys.

coarser the material the coarser might we expect to find the chip
knife. While the tools shown in figs. 1 and 2, if we are to believe Tor-
quemada, were made by direct pressure, others, as the bulb of percus-
sion would indicate, must have been produced by blows.

Dr. Joseph Leidy, in 1870, saw the Shoshones knocking off the
smooth sides of water-worn pebbles to make ‘‘teshoas” or hide scrapers
(see Hayden’s United States Geological Report for 1870), and many of
the ancient camp sites in the Delaware and Susquehanna valleys are
scattered with the pebbles from which these disks, it seems, have been

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 371

knocked, and the disks themselves (see fig. 4), so excellently adapted for
cutting that we wonder how or why any other knife was used.!

The pebble nucleus would take another form when these knives
were knocked off in greater number, and from the sides rather than the
middle of the stone. (See fig..3. )

ARROW AND SPEAR HEADS.

A first glance at the arrow and spear heads (see fig. 5) (including
scrapers, perforators, small leaf-shaped blades, etc.) continually dupli-
cated from many parts of the New World would almost persuade us that
nothing original or distinctive had been found anywhere; that to mix
a score of the obsidian, chert, or flint points of the Shoshones, Sioux,
or Eskimo with similar weapons from Uruguay, Ecuador, or Central
America would be, save for the clue from the origin of their materials,
to hopelessly lose trace of their parentage.

There is great variety in the kind of stone used, which I had no
means of having lithologically described (though the forms of jasper
and obsidian predominate), and in the size, the average being about 1$
inches in length.

The large spears, as, for instance, the fourteen specimens of whitish
hornstone from Pike County, Arkansas (of shape 18, fig. 5), in the
National Museum exhibit, one of which was 12 inches long; a similar
one from Uruguay, and one of the same shape from New Jersey, meas-
uring 6 inches, in the University of Pennsylvania exhibit; an obsidian
dagger (of form 75, fig. 5), 74 inches long, and a large saw-toothed spear
of hornstone, 3} inches long, in the Mexican exhibit, will be considered
separately under the head of large leaf-shaped blades. But after care-
ful sorting it will be seen that even arrow and spear heads have their
characteristics.

Fig. 5 speaks for itself, but we notice specially the dull, blunted form
(No. 5) with which most farmers’ boys in the United States are familiar,
having a sharp edge, a specimen of which (No. 11) from Alexander
County, North Carolina, is exemplified in the Austrian exhibit, and
which might have been mounted for use as a scraper, or as a dull
arrowhead for stunning animals. It is also found in Mexico (No. 91),
though not represented elsewhere.

Whoever has seen the small French blades of Mousterian pattern, so
easily made where good flakes were at hand by chipping one side only,
must have wondered why the form is not more common among North
American specimens, but here it is at last, No. 14, from Maine (National
Museum, No. 98478), and common enough in Mexico (see No. 90 of

See paper “ River pebbles chipped by modern Indians as a clue to the study of
Trenton gravel implements,” Proceedings of the American Association for the
Advancement of Science, Vol. XLI, 1892.

5 4 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

obsidian from Mexico), with Nos. 32, 33, and 34 of obsidian from Nica-
ragua (see Nicaraguan, Nos. 1187-1189).

The jasper form (No. 29), from the United States (mounted in the
National Museum exhibit, we find again in the United States of
Colombia (No. 63), and in Mexico, somewhat modified, in Nos. 70, 72, 74,

81, and 82 of obsidian.

fe () AL OOOMARA Es
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ref NBAQOB=r-AOOO)
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pe

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Fig. 5.

OUTLINES OF ALL THE FORMS OF ARROW HEADS AND SMALLER BLADES, FROM NORTH AND SOUTH

AMERICA.

Exhibited at Madrid Exposition,

The narrow, elongated form sometimes referred to as of possible
Eskimo origin, common in argillite in the Delaware Valley (see Nos.
23 and 24), we see in Uruguay (No. 35), and in Mexico (No. 80). The
forms more common in the United States, it would seem, than in South
America, and vulgarly called “war arrows” (see Nos. 8, 9, 20, and 22),

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. ate

easily run into the shapes from Uruguay (Nos. 37 and 42), northwest
coast (No. 50), United States of Colombia (Nos. 59 and 60), and Mexico
(Nos. 79 and 84).

No. 89, the double-pointed arrowhead from Mexico, is unique, as is the
double-based one, No. 10, and the curious No. 19 from North Carolina;
so is the eccentric unsymmetrical No. 26 of white hornstone from Santa
Barbara, Cal.

The saw-edged arrowhead in the United States series (Nos. 1 and 25)
oceurs in Mexico in Nos. 76 and 77, but there is nothing anywhere shown

Ma

\s Mi) NA\\\
l Nea A\
ll, {yy

Fig. 6. (3)

CHIPS OF OBSIDIAN, WORKED ONLY AT THE BASE AND MOUNTED AS BLADES, by the now extinct natives
of Easter Island. (British Museum.)

By the kind permission of Mr. Charles H, Read. )

like the Mexican form of obsidian (No. 92), of which the only point spe-
cialized is the base, the rest being left to the chance of natural cleavage,
however unsymmetrical, and while we wonder that arrowheads and
knives were not more often made in this way, and ask whether future
research will not prove the pattern to have been one of the primitive
and original forms of the arrowhead, we must rest content to compare
it with the larger shapes of obsidian, sometimes 8 inches in breadth,
but of the same unspecialized character, made and used by the Easter
Islanders. (Seetwo mounted specimens, fig.6, from the British Museum. )!

1Compare National Museum Report for 1889, article by W. J. Thomson.

dT4 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

Moreover, not all the smaller blades in the above series are chipped.
Nos. 16 and 17, representing the specimens from Maine, New York, and
Alaska, are of polished slate (National Museum, Nos. 6375, 6548, 30758,
and 62097), and these are almost duplicated by the Alaskan and Ouban
examples of polished slate in the Spanish exhibit, No. 49.

It would have been of much help to the student of archeology had
early American travelers noticed more exactly the methods employed
by Indians in finding or quarrying their material for chipped imple-
ments, transporting it, and fashioning it into weapons and tools.

The National Museum exhibits an interesting case (see Plate I) con-
taining the apparatus for arrow making among the Hupa Indians in
northern California, described by Dr. O. T. Mason in the Smithsonian
Report, 1886, part 1.

Capt. John Smith (sixth voyage, 1606) saw a Virginia Indian quickly
making his arrowhead ‘with a little bone which he ever weareth at his
bracept of a splint of a stone or glasse in the form of a heart, and these
they glue to the end of their arrows.”

Caleb Lyon (see extract from letter in Bulletin of American Ethno-
logical Society, vol. 1, p. 39) saw, about 1860, a Shasta Indian in Cali-
fornia place an obsidian pebble upon a stone anvil of talcose slate held
upon the knee, and with one blow of an agate chisel separate it into
two parts; from one of these a slab one-fourth of an inch thick was
split off, which slab, being held against the anvil with the left thumb
and finger, was chipped into an inch-long arrowhead by a series of con-
tinual blows in little less than an hour.

While Smith’s Indian worked entirely by pressure, this arrowhead
seems to have been produced entirely by direct percussion.

George Catlin (see Last Rambles among the Indians, chapter 5, pp.
187-190) saw, about 1860-1868, the Apaches making arrowheads by
what might be called indirect percussion.

An erratic bowlder of flint, ‘sometimes brought from an immense
distance,” was first “broken into a hundred pieces” by the “ indiserim-
inate” blows of a hafted hornstone pebble. From these splinters such
flakes were selected as from their angle of fracture and thickness
answered as the bases of arrowheads.

On one laid on the lett palm of the master workman and held down
by his left fingers, a punch 6 or 7 inches long and 1 inch in diameter,
made of the incisor of a sperm whale, and with its point presenting
one acute and two obtuse angles, was rested against the part to be
broken. This punch was then continually struck by a cooperator, to
the time of a song, with a heavy wooden mallet, flaking off the flint
under each projecting point struck at every blow until the arrowhead
was finished.

Nice judgment was used in selecting a flake with two opposite
parallel or nearly parallel planes, and of the thickness required for the

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Columbian Historical Exposition at Madrid —Mercer. PLATE |.

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ARROW-MAKER’S OUTFIT, HUPA INDIANS, CALIFORNIA.

DESCRIPTION OF PLATE I.—a, The piece of jasper or obsidian from which the arrowhead is chipped;
b, the chisel of hard antler struck by a cooperator as in Catlin’s description; ¢, finer punch for pres-
sure chipping ; d, wooden tool used for straightening the stick for a shaft ; e, chosen for shaft, by
running it through the holes and prying it against the bends ; f, sinew used for lashing the arrowhead
to the shaft ; g, feather, and h, complete arrow and dissections, showing stone point, feathering, and
method of inserting foreshafting ; 7, glue made of boiled lower jaw bone of the sturgeon; j, glue

stick ; k, rasp; /, scraper.
From specimens in the U. §. National Museum.

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 3715

center of the arrow point. The first chipping reached near to the
center of these planes, but without quite breaking it away, and each
chipping was shorter and shorter until the shape and edge of the
arrowhead were formed.

Admiral Sir Edward Belcher (see Transactions of Ethnological
Society of London, vol. 1, n. s., part 2, 1861, p. 138) saw, about 1858-—
1860, the western Eskimos at Cape Lisburne at a chert outcrop (evi-
dently a quarry) making blades from flakes knocked off the ledge with
jadite hammers. The flake, whether in the form of a “turtleback” or
not does not appear, was laid over a spoonshaped cavity in a log and
pressed gently (here is direct pressure again) along its margin verti-
cally on one side and the other, with a punch made of fossil ivory set
with a tip of reindeer antler until the work was done.!

Stephen Powers saw the Hupas in northern California in about 1872
flaking pieces of jasper by heating them in the fire and then letting
them cool slowly; striking one of these flakes with a rough hammer
gave it an approximately right shape. It was then held on a pad of
buckskin placed on the left hand and chipped or pinched into shape
(unknown process to the other observers) by a pair of buckhorn pinch-
ers tied together at the point with a thong. (See Contributions to
North American Ethnology, Vol. III.)

Mr. William A. Adams, a miner of Denver, Colo., told ine in Septem-
ber, 1893, at New Galena, Bucks County, Pa., that he had seen in about
1864, Pendorielles in.Crow Creek Valley, Montana, Crows in Yellow-
stone Valley,and Flatheads in Montana, chipping arrowheads by blows
with porphyry and quartz pebbles, and iron hatchets, upon splinters
shivered with pebbles or iron hatchets from masses of obsidian about
6 inches in diameter.

Lieut. EK. J. Beckwith (Pacific Railroad Survey, vol. 2, p. 45), in June,
1854, saw Indians on the Sacramento River, in California, making
arrowheads from quartz fragments by direct pressure with bone punches
creased or grooved on their ends.

B. B. Redding (American Naturalist, November, 1879, p. 667) saw a
McCloud River Indian near Mount Shasta send off an obsidian flake
by a blow on a bone chisel, from which he made an arrowhead by
direct pressure with an antler punch.

Edwin A. Cheever (American Naturalist, May, 1870) saw California
Indians, about 1840-1860, nipping arrowheads of obsidian with notched
bones.

Paul Schumacher (Archiv. fiir Anthropologie, 7, 1874, p. 264), about
1860-1870, saw Klamath Indians of northern California by direct pres-
sure with bone tipped punches making arrowheads from chips splintered
from fire-heated masses of flint obsidian or jasper.

‘See for above accounts in full, Stephens’ Flint Chips, p. 77.

376 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

S. P. Leland (Smithsonian Report, 1887, part 1), about 1850, saw
Indians, unnamed, flaking hornstone by pressing down on it with pebbles
about 5 inches broad and 6 long, heated in the fire.

Discussion of the above interesting accounts seems out of place
until we have more satisfactorily verified them by experiment. Suffice
it here to note, that all,with two exceptions, refer to flaking with a bone
punch either by directly pressing on it or by hammering it while held
against the stone.

As all seem to refer to the making of comparatively small arrow-
heads, and hence to the producing of flakes none of which probably

CHIPPED BLADES GLUED IN WOODEN HANDLES BY INDIANS OF THE WEST COAST OF THE UNITED STATES.

Found preserved in the dry burial places and caves of California. Collection of the National Museum.

needed to be over half an inch long, we must turn elsewhere for sug-
gestions as to the formidable flakes from Mexico and the large, thin,
leaf-shaped blade.

THE LARGE THIN LEAF-SHAPED BLADE.

We find these large blades (see fig. 9) beautifully chipped of obsid-
ian and flint in the Mexican exhibit, in the Hemenway collection, and
in the exhibits of the Argentine Republic, Guatemala, Nicaragua, and
Costa Rica.

They are found throughout the United States, as the Smithsonian and
University of Pennsylvania specimens show. Case 13 of the National
Museum exhibits an interesting series of them (fig. 7, National Museum

-‘COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. ola

Nos, 2406, 20504, 20501, and others), glued in wooden handles, from Cali-
fornia, with which it is interesting to compare the flint blades found in

Fig. 8.

TRACINGS FROM MANUSCRIPTS DRAWN BY INDIANS IN ANCIENT YUCATAN AND MEXICO, SHOWING HOW
LARGE FLINT BLADES WERE MOUNTED.

(a) Codex Porfirio Diaz (Mexico); (b) Codex Cortesianus (Yucatan); (c, d@) Mexican MSS,, Florence; (€) Sioux war club set with

iron blade.

a grave near Nashville, Tenn. (see Thurston’s Antiquities of Tennessee,
pp. 228, 229), by Mr. Blunkall, near its deer-horn handle, and another

A & I firn,
: L wig)

LARGE CHIPPED BLADES FROM THE UNITED STATES AND MEXICO,

flint blade with traces of glue on its once socketed end, from a stone
cist in the same Indian cemetery.

378 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

Fig. 8, presenting designs from (a) the Codex Porfirio Diaz (Mexico),
(c) and (d) the Mexican manuscript lately discovered in Florence by
Mrs. Zelia Nuttall, shows that these forms were sometimes similarly
mounted as sacrificial knives by the ancient Mexicans, or set at right
angles in curved handles (d) as the iron blade is mounted in the Sioux
war club (e). The figure (b) from the Codex Cortesianus (Yucatan),
the ancient Maya manuscript supposed to have been brought from Cen-
tral America to Spain by Cortez shows another interesting method of
mounting practiced by the Central Americans.

Fig. 10.

CACHE OF 116 ARGILLITE BLADES.

Probably buried by an Indian blade worker to dig up for final shaping to order on sale or barter.

Found accompanied by a hammer stone 1 foot beneath the surface at Ridges Island, Delaware River, June, 1891.

Well-specialized blades of this general character, made of various
grades of flint, jasper, slate, quartzite, and argillite, vary greatly in
size, from 1 inch to 14 in length, and in shape run threugh the forms
numbered 7, 31, 45, 50, 18 (in fig. 5), and many other leaf-shaped and
almost triangular patterns (see fig. 9). With them may be classed the
specimens unearthed in hoards or caches, as, for example, the largest
known series, of about 8,185 specimens, found and partially removed by
Squier and Davis, and finally completely exhumed by Mr. W. K. Moore-
head in 1891 from Mound No. 2, in the Hopewell group of mounds in
Paint Creek Valley, Ohio. Plate II.

Fig. 10 shows the cache of 117 argillite blades, exhibited in the Uni-
versity of Pennsylvania case, found by me resting upon a flat pebble
hammer 7 inches below the surface, and arranged in layers on their sides.

PLATE Il.

Columbian Historical Exposition at Madrid.—Mercer

‘OL O *<qano09 ssoy ‘ATIBVA yout) Jed ‘dnowy) punoy lTomodoyyT a7 JO GON WOAS PRBOlAlOOPW “M “AY Aq IGSL UL peaouley

‘SNAWIOSdS G8IL‘'S LNOgV 4O SHOVD IVNIDINO NV JO LNO ONINIVW3Y S3GVIg LNIT4 SEs?‘Z 40 LIisodag

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT’ MADRID. 379

at an Indian village site at Ridges Island, on the Delaware, in June,
1891.!

There was no reason for supposing that this cache of mine hidden
without sign of ceremony or mark of mound was anything but the
buried stock in trade of a blade chipper ready for nipping or flaking to
order on sale.

But Dr. J. F. Snyder (see Archeologist, March and April, 1895) found
ahoard of 6,199 ill-worked leaf-shaped blades of black hornstone aver-

Fig. 11.

TRACINGS FROM ORIGINAL DRAWINGS MADE BY THE ANCIENT PEOPLE OF YUCATAN AND MEXICO, SHOW-
ING HOW LARGE LEAF SHAPED STONE BLADES WERE SOMETIMES USED.

(a) Codex Troano (Yucatan); (b) Codex Cortisianus (Yucatan); (c) Sculpture of St. Lucia Cozumahualpa, Mexico; (d) Codex
Cortesianus, and(e) Codex Troano (Yucatan)

aging 7 inches long by 4 wide, in a mound on the west Illinois river
bank opposite Indian creek, and I agree with him in supposing that
his discovery and mine represent two distinct kinds of blade deposits.
Dr. Snyder’s hoard lay in small batches in a sand layer—covered by a
clay layer—then a hearth with cremated skeletons and trinkets, then
more clay, then a boxing of logs, and then 22 feet of clay, and it is
unreasonable to suppose that the deposit like my cache, was intended
to be dug up, worked down, or sold. His cache evidently pertained to
ceremony and religion, mine to daily use and trade, and the two classes
of cache should be kept distinct since it may modify our notion of the
material, the grain and the edge needed by the old blade worker, if we
learn that many blades were made in the first place not to use but to
bury under funeral fires in mounds.

'T found a cache of 9 chert blades at Halls Island, on the Susquehanna, in June,
1892, and on the following July obtained a deposit of 107 argillite blades in Bucks
County, Pa., now in the University of Pennsylvania museum.

380 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

That many of the larger and more delicate ones were used unmounted
as knives by the ancient Central Americans and Mexicans is proved
by the tracings in fig. 11, showing (a) priest holding a human head from
the Codex Troano (Yucatan); (b) priest holding a human head from the
Codex Cortesianus (Yucatan); (¢) priest holding a human head from the
relief of S. Lucia Cozumahualpa (Mexico); (d) priest holding a human
head from the Codex Cortesianus, and (e) priest holding human a head
from the Codex Troano.

Fig. 12, with a and d from the Codex Dehesa (Mexico), ¢ and / from
the Codex Troano (Yucatan), and e from the Codex Columbino (Yuea-

A

TRACINGS FROM ORIGINAL DRAWINGS MADE BY THE ANCIENT PEOPLE OF YUCATAN AND MEXICO, SHOW-
ING HOW LARGE LEAF-SHAPED STONE BLADES WERE SOMETIMES MOUNTED AS SPEARS.

(a,b) Codex Dehesa (Mexico); (c) Codex Troano (Yucatan); (@) Codex Lienzo do Tlascala (Mexico); (e) Codex Columbine; (/)
Codex Troano (Yucatan), and (g) Spearhead from Pike County, Arkansas. (National Museum Collection).

tan), would suggest that some of these blades, as a, b, e, and /, even
without the notched base as in g, a specimen of one of the large spears
common in the United States (see fig. 9), were mounted on poles as
spears as in a and J, and (fig. 12) the shaft seems to extend along the
delicate blade to protect it, while a wrapping of thong is suggested in ¢.
The diamond-shaped spear (d) from the Codex Lienzo de Tlascala
(Mexico) is only found in designs that suggest European contact, and,
as Senor Troncoso supposes, may have been a stone copy of the iron
weapon of the Spaniards.

The so-called digging implements from Missouri, Indiana, Illinois,
Tennessee, Kentucky, Ohio, and Louisiana are very striking, and have

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 381

no counterpart in the other exhibits. Generally of coarse chert or hard
horn stone, they are sometimes 18 inches long and polished at the
broad end (fig. 15, a and b), but the others, from Mississippi, [linois,
and Arkansas (sometimes perforated), from Tennessee, Kentucky,
Arkansas, and North Carolina, strongly resemble the stone forms (fig.
13, c,d, and e) from Chile and Peru and the copper and polished stone
specimens from Ecuador and the Argentine Republic.

In connection with these and the whole above-mentioned class of larger
blades occur two of the most interesting of all the inquiries presented

=

1 ZZ

Fig. 13.
DIGGING IMPLEMENTS.

(aand b) United States ; (c, d, e) mounted in their original handles, coliected in Peru.

to the prehistoric anthropologist. How were they made? How was
the material obtained and transported ?

At the start our arrowhead experience does us little good, for we con-
tinually find that single flakes longer and broader, though not thicker,
than entire arrowheads have been sent off these specimens. The fol-
lowing accounts offer some suggestions:

Torquemada (Monarquia Indiana, Seville, 1615) in the beginning of
the seventeenth century saw ancient Mexicans sending off obsidian
flakes 6 and 7 inches long with wooden-mounted bone punches, set
against their breasts, from cores held between their feet. But I know
that flakes nearly as long and thin can be sent off English flint by direct

382 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

percussion, for I saw the knappers at Brandon knocking them from
similar cores with steel hammers.!

Catlin (Smithsonian Report, 1885, p. 870) told George Ercol Sellers
that he had seen Indians flaking jasper and agate with long wooden
punches set with bone points, weighted with hanging stones, and held
against their breasts. When the pressure was applied a cooperator
struck a fork in the punch a blow with a elub.

Dr. Knapp (Smithsonian Report, part 1) saw Indians on Twelve
Mile Island in the Mississippi River, near Guttenburg, Iowa, making
arrowheads by pressing down on the stone with the side of the leg
bone of a deer used as a lever and set in a notched tree. The notch
was large enough to hold the blade worked upon and a basal stone on
which it rested.

George Ercol Sellers (Smithsonian Report, 1885, p. 870) heard from
a trapper who had seen Indians sending off large flakes by leverage of
the same sort. A long wooden lever was set in the notched tree, a bone
point fixed in its side pressed down upon the blade, which rested on a
flat root. When the pressure was applied the lever was struck above
the bone with a mallet.

So much for the accounts, which I believe comprise all of importance
thus far published in America, by eyewitnesses. We learn from them,
and the arrowhead narratives above mentioned, of ‘flaking ( a) by
direct percussion, (b) by indirect percussion, or hammering on punches,
(c) by direct pressure, (d) by impulsive pressure, or pressure aided by
a blow, and (e) pressure aided by heat.

Moreover, we have hints as to digging some stones out of the ground
and gathering others from the surface, wetting some, and drying or
baking others, and we fully realize that we are grappling with a very
intricate question.

Almost dismayed at the complex features of this greatest craft of
the Stone Age, and dissatisfied with our own inadequate attempts to
master it, we can well appreciate the remark of Catlin that “ great
skill was required and a thorough knowledge of the nature of each
Stone, a slight difference in quality necessitating a totally different
manner of treatment.”

But our experiments soon show us that not any chance fragment of
jasper or workable stone can be flaked into one of the larger shapes.
The jasper and chert pebbles so often used by riverside tribes for their
smaller blades will no longer serve, and we are brought to the question
of the whereabouts of the material.

Here the exhibit of Mr. W. H. Holmes (Plate IIL) in the Smithsonian
cases shows us a valuable analysis of the chipped refuse found at certain
localities in the United States (Piny Branch, in the District of Columbia,
Garland County, Arkansas, and the Indian Territory), where the fol-
lowing facts have been explained:

‘Three of these sets of flint flakes with their cores I have placed in the Archzeolog-
ical Museum of the University of Pennsylvania.

Columbian Historical Exposition at Madrid. —Mercer.

“‘payIOM OPIS oUQ—"aAhY)]s Sy

“‘payt0oM septs YOg— ‘anys puovag

‘payIOMed SApIs TOT

ADDIS PAY,

L

SERIES OF QUARRY WORKSHOP REJECTS, BEGINNING |

From the American Anthroy,

PLATE III.

IH THE BOWLDER AND ENDING WITH THE THIN BLADE.
ist, Vol. III, No. 1, January, 1890.

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAI, EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 383

(a) That sometimes ledges (of novaculite) showing evidence of the
use of fire in splitting the rock were worked to the depth of 25 feet.

(b) That the fragments so excavated were chipped in many cases into
rude leaf-shaped blades or blanks.

(c) That a small minority of these, nearly always broken, showed a
thickness and specialization equal to the cache forms (fig. 10), while
the greater majority strewn about with hammer stones and chips
seemed to have been cast aside as failures in the attempt to specialize
them to the thinness and edge of the broken specimens found with
them. (See Plate IIL)!

(d) That these failures or blocked-out forms often resembled in size
and shape the forms of argillite from the Trenton Gravels (see figs. 14
and 15), and in many cases, I may add, the specimens (see fig. 17 A)
found in the Quaternary Gravels of the Somme Marne Valleys.’

At these quarries the form ¢ (PI. ILL), the end and aim of the quarry
chipper’s effort, valuable as it was to him, and never left behind with
the refuse unless lost, is exceedingly rare, and has never, I believe,
been found save in fragments. Forms a and b, however, are not uncom-
mon, and in one refuse pile examined by me averaged about one to a
bushel of chips.

From discoveries made at Weiders Creek, Lehigh County, and at upper
Blacks Eddy in Bucks County, Pa., I have reason to think it probable
that blocks of jasper weighing 10 to 15 pounds were carried to a dis-
tance of several miles from the quarry and sometimes buried in the
mud of swamps as if to keep them wet for flaking, for in one instance of
this character blocks had been placed under a heap of earth close to
an arrowhead workshop. On the other hand, the Brandon (England)
flint knappers, working altogether by percussion, dry the nodules in
the air or by a stove before chipping it—saying that otherwise the iron
hammer does not ‘take hold.”

An excavation made in an ancient pit at Macungie, Lehigh County,
Pennsylvania, showed that fires were built there to shiver large blocks
of jasper built over the flames in the shape of ovens, and there, at the
bottom of a mass of disturbed earth 184 feet thick, we found two sharp-
ened billets of wood and a large chipped disk of blue limestone.

But there is yet much to learn as to the details of the stone-chipping
process, as to the size and manner of working the pits, possible tunnels,
the reducing and transporting of blocks, the use of the hammer stone
upon variable materials, the bone punches, and the application of pres-
sure, direct and indirect, much that Indians now living—certainly many
of those in Alaska and Brazil—could definitely tell us.

1Points a, b, and c had been established by Mr. Gerard Fowke in 1884 in his
investigation of the ancient pits and quarry refuse at Flint Ridge, Ohio. (A
sketch of Flint Ridge, Licking County, Ohio, by Charles M. Smith (Gerard Fowke),
of New Madison, Ohio, Smithsonian Report, 1884, p. 13.)

2A work in which I have had the pleasure of following Mr. Holmes and confirm-
ing the above conclusions in several newly discovered quarries in eastern Penn-
sylvania.

384 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

Itis certain that quartzite bowlders like those at Piney Branch woik
differently from jasper blocks; that some jasper specimens are coarser
or tougher than others; that novaculite from Arkansas fractures differ-
ently from the material quarried at Flint Ridge; that the latter is finer
than that from the Lehigh Hills, and that all the North American jas-
per so far noted is ill tempered and crossgrained as compared with the
silex of France and England, and no one has yet investigated fairly what
may prove a different process in the method of quarrying and working
obsidian. It is such considerations that make us realize that much
study is still needed to establish the fact that this process of proceed-
ing from the rough “turtle back,” through a series of finer and thinner
“blanks” until the specialized spear, knife, scraper, or hoe was finally
reached, was everywhere the same in an age of stone.

Catlin, quoted above, distinctly says that the Apaches made arrow-
heads from selected chips shivered by indiscriminate blows of a pebble
hammer, a process which save for the first splintering began at the
stage of flaking by pressure, while the true “turtle back” or “waster”
is Supposed to have been produced entirely by percussion. Certainly
no “turtle back” process preceded the implements from Easter Island
(fig. 6) or the Admiralty Island spears, the Australian gum hafted
blades, or indeed the ‘‘teshoas” above mentioned (fig. 4), though in
each case the unspecialized chip was a finished implement. On the other
hand, we may hardly hesitate to believe that the sacrificial knife of
Mexico and its characteristic Solutreen duplicate from the French caves,
the great hoes of Tennessee, Arkansas, and the Ohio Valley, the hoarded
blades of the Delaware Islands, the Hopewell Mounds, and Mississippi,
were evolved through a series of rejects which all look much alike,
and somewhere lie upon the earth to attest the fact.

But if we say no more than that this rude “turtle back” (Pl. IIa)
was incessantly produced by the “modern” Indian contemporaneously
with arrowheads, pottery, and polished stone weapons, we have stated
a very important fact, one that forbids us henceforth to assign an age
to these objects judged by their forms alone. This brings us to the
celebrated Trenton Gravel specimens, as exhibited in the University of
Pennsylvania and National Museum eases.

Figs. 14 and 16 show specimens of these “turtle backs” fam the
Abbott collection in the Peabody Museum at Cambridge, Massachusetts,
labeled as having been found at recorded depths in the Trenton Gravel.
There were no Trenton specimens shown at Madrid alleged to have been
found geologically in place, and none of those found at the site by Dr. C.
C. Abbott, Prof. H. W. Haynes, Prof. Boyd Dawkins, Professors Morse
and Putnam have ever been photographed in place. Opinion in Amer-
ica is divided between those who are willing to take the word and
experience of these gentlemen and those who are not.

The former declare that the implements have been found at various
depths in undisturbed gravel, disassociated with any trace of jasper
arrowheads, pottery, or polished implements, and denoting, a man in

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 385

a “Paleolithic” stage of culture, who lived during the deposition of
the gravels in Post-Glacial times.

Their opponents fear that the finders of these “Paleoliths” have
been deceived. Having visited the Pennsylvania Railroad cuts and
certain ditches in the gravels at Trenton and failed to find specimens,
they suppose that the specimens were really found by the others in
deceptive beds of talus, where the stratified layers had been read-
justed; that the seeming ancient stratification is the comparatively
modern work of freshets in Stony Branch Creek near the cuts; that the
objects, even if actually in Glacial gravel, had slipped down through
holes made by roots or animals or the cavities of uprooted trees.

TRENTON SPECIMENS OF ARGILLITE FROM THE ABBOTT COLLECTION, PEABODY MUSEUM, CAMBRIDGE,
MASSACHUSETTS.

Alleged to have been found in situ in the gravels.

Pbotographed by kind permission of Professor Putnam and Dr. C. C. Abbott in September, 1893, )

They insist further that the chipped objects, however found, exactly
resemble the forms of jasper and hornstone recently discovered in the
refuse heaps of the modern Indian quarries (above deseribed) and clas-
sified as ‘‘rejects,” ‘‘ wasters,” or blocked-out implements, that these
chipped objects, therefore, are not to be considered finished tools, and
if found in place do not prove that the man who made them was in a
Paleolithic state or differed in culture from the modern Indian.

Like the quarryman of Piney Branch he may have lived, they say, on
the hillsides at a distance from the cold flood, only descending there at
moments to find on the beaches material for chipped implements, when
having of necessity left his ‘‘ wasters” and “failures” by the waters, he
would have carried back the available blanks to his hilltop camp to be
finished into knives, scrapers, or spears.

All this is rendered more forcible by the continued finding of other

H, Ex. 100

20

386 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

argillite specimens of the same size and form as the Trenton objects
upon the surface at most of the Delaware river village sites. I have
found duplicates of the Tenton forms with pottery and net sinkers at
Lower Blacks Eddy, Ridges Island, Gilmers Island, Gallows Run, Frys
Run, and Upper Blacks Eddy and on the hilltop at Hickory Run—fifteen
of them at a workshop site strewn with hammer stones, argiilite chips,
jasper flakes, three thinned down blade fragments, and a spear head
of argillite.

Wy \Y
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: AY WA S lj ANY
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it q 3 NI / A ‘ Pa ZA i AGU,
MN AY ep CNY SB Oe Ek WW
iN | Hi H(t iy) I bY y MI \ \\ \ 3 \ UG \ LU yf ANY, 14
he” LY V7 OOS. MY VW

RUDELY CHIPPED FORMS OF ARGILLITE.

Quarriedand blocked out by Indians inhabiting the Delaware Valley in comparatively recent times, Thirty-two of 110 found in shaft
“A? in Indian argillite quarries, Gaddis Run, May, 1893,

This last site is close to the chief outcrop of argillite on the right
bank of the Delaware above Trenton. While this paper was preparing,
the writer discovered, May 22, 1893, close by the mouth of Gaddis Run, :
and one-fourth of a mile from the river, nineteen ancient pits sur-
rounded by heaps of argillite refuse. There were at least twelve work-
shops where “turtle backs” were found with the chips and pebble
hammers. <A trench 25 feet by 12, and 7 feet deep across one of the
heaps and pits yielded 111 ‘turtle backs” and 77 hammer stones.
Another about 15 feet by 10 and 2 deep, 60 “turtle backs” and 13

hammer stones (fig. 15). All the work had been done by compara-
tively modern Indians.

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 387

Moreover, there are fire sites and traces of an Indian camp on the
surface directly above the celebrated railroad cuts at Trenton, and one
of the largest Indian villages in the Delaware region occupied the
whole area of the modern city, extending several miles below. Added
to which the fossil bones, which above all else assure us as to the age of
the French gravels are almost entirely wanting at Trenton. To this Dr.
C. C. Abbott, admitting the fact of the quarry blocking-out process,
would reply that while some of the surface specimens may be modern
wasters, otherslike the many European “ turtlebacks” of drift type gath-
ered on the surface may be as ancient as the specimens declared to be
found in place. But apart from surface specimens, he and the gentle-
men above named urge that those found in situ have proved a Glacial
man, while the complete disassociation therewith of pottery or polished
implements, has argued a Paleolithic argillite chipper who could not
polish stone or make pottery. Minus any such association they con-
tend against the plausibility of supposing an ancient river shore so
forbidding and inhospitable, that the drift man who chipped blades and
left ‘“‘wasters” by the water would have dropped all other relics of his
higher culture at some inland site.!

In the writer’s opinion much further work is required to settle this
vexed and important point in America. Led by facts whithersoever
they may direct, unbiased by what has been said and written on the
subject; the investigator may be pardoned for asking a revision of
every fact alleged on either side. When once it is demonstrated to the
general satisfaction, viz, (1) that the chipped objects are really there in
place; (2) that the gravels are Glacial gravels; (3) that no arrowhead,
potsherd, or polished stone fragment can be associated with the dis-
coveries, it still remains to learn from surrounding evidence whether,
because the Trenton objects resemble rejected implements, thousands
of years younger, they are therefore also “rejects” and not finished
tools; whether, in a word, the man who made them, though still a
Glacial inhabitant, was really a Paleolithic man at all, and not like his
red successor, a polisher of stone, a fisher, and a potter.

When we compare these chipped forms from Trenton with those from
the gravels of the Ouse at Thetford, the Marne at Chelles, and the
Somme at Abbeville and St. Acheul, we are struck with the fact that
the common European form (see fig. 17 ¢), but little worked at the blunt
end and well pointed and specialized at the other, as if adapted for
grasping in the hand, does not occur save with three rude exceptions
(fig. Rea at Trenton aa the Abbott collection of specimens in the Pea-

1The argument sometimes advanced that at a river-shore quarry suc A as the grav 5
sites are held to be, just as at an island quarry we need look for no trace of the quarry-
man’s stage of culture, may be based upon the absence of such traces at Piney
Branch. But I found arrowheads, fragments of polished celts, and a piece of
worked shell among the refuse at Macungie; also a small pestle at Durham, and
three pitted hammerstones at GaddisRun. M. Cornet found pottery at Speinnes and
Canon Greenwell a polished celt in the prehistoric quarry at Grimes Graves.

388 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

body Museum at Cambridge, Massachusetts), nor indeed does the more
highly specialized leaf-shaped form (see form ), fig. 17) from Europe,
which may be said to exactly duplicate many of the thicker and heavier
cache specimens from the United States appear in the Trenton set. But
the less specialized form A, common at St. Acheul, Abbeville, Chelles,
Thetford, San Isidro, ete., is a fair enough counterpart of the Trenton
relics.

On examining the Quaternary relic-bearing grave] pits in France,
England, and Spain the American student learns that a very small
percentage of the specimens in the public and private collections have
been found by scientific observers in place, nearly all having been
bought from workmen; that many “ axes,” or “‘coups de poing,” as
Boucher de Perthes called them, exactly like those from the gravels,
have been found lying on the surface, mixed with Neolithic remains,
and that these, owing to their form, have been classed as “ Paleoliths”
in the museums.

Still it would be hard indeed to leave the classic sites on the Somme
after a careful examination unconvinced that the chipped forms (fig. 17)
are really found in situ in all parts of the gravels continually asso-
ciated with bones of the Elephas antiquus and primogenius, Hippo-
potamus major, Rhinoceros merkii and tichorinus, Equus caballus,
cave bear, hyena, and reindeer.'

'The surface about the quarries at Abbeville is a series of open meadows, edged
by a parade ground and several vegetable gardens, where fossils could no more rest
undisturbed on the surface than they could upon Boston Common. A gravel digger
at work at the Champs de Mars quarry sold me several specimens of a badly decayed
elephant’s tooth. Another at the Chemin de Poste quarry, several patinated

‘‘haches” of fig. 16 atype. At St. Acheul another had a box full of chips, fossils,
and broken ‘‘axes,” well patinated, while at Chelles the table in the foreman’s shed
was piled with flint specimens, together with elephant, rhinoceros, and reindeer
fossils.

There are many important differences to be observed between the conditions of
the French River gravels and those at Trenton.

(1) All the French implements are of flint, while nearly all the Trenton ones are of
argillite. Nearly every pebble or nodule in the French deposits was of flint, avail-
able for chipping, while in the Trenton Gravels argillite pebbles are not common.

(2) Fortunately for the European student the French gravels, largely composed
of chalky material, adapted to the preservation of bones, are well scattered with
the fossil remains of Quaternary mammals, which alone serve to define the geological
age of the stratum, while from the Trenton Gravels the discovery of only one Mam-
moth’s tusk, by Professor Haynes, and two human skulls (unfortunately not
described by Dr. Virchow in his Crania) and a unio shell by Dr. Abbott have been
noted. The French gravels, however, have yielded no human bones—the famous
Moulin Quignon jawbone discovered by Boucher de Perthes having been derived
from a Neolithic interment.

(3) M. du Mesuil, of Abbeville, says he has found many hammer stones and several
flakes at Abbeville in situ, but none have been alleged to have been discovered at
Trenton.

(4) We learn, moreover, that the French gravels had nothing to do with the
European Glacial period, while those at Trenton are believed to have been iaid
down by freshets caused by the melting of American glaciers.

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 389

=

Xo

SSA
SS
AX

S ONES

‘
WS So

Ge ave

No. 16161. No. 11752. No.45913.
4 feet from surface. Gravel of Trenton R. R. cut, 7 feet.
R. R. cut, 1878. bluff, 7 feet. May, 1888,

Fig. 16. (4) '

Three ‘Trenton specimens (Abbott collection, Peabody Museum, Cambridge, Massachusetts), rude at
base and worked to points, resembling (though lacking the specialization of the latter) the rough-
base pointed forms from Europe (see Fig. 17,a). The labels on the margin give the Museum record.

lky the kind permission of Dr, C. C, Abbott and Prof. F. W. Putnam,

Sai fae u
f :

ZZ /

AlgiluyQbs>

Fig. 17. (4)

THE THREE CHIEF TYPES FROM THE ENGLISH AND FRENCH RIVER DRIFT.
(a) Unspecialized, resembling usual Trenton forms; (4) specialized all round, leaf shaped ; (c) specialized at point, unworked at base.

By the kind permission of M. G. d’Ault du Mesnil, Abbeville.

390 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.
KNIVES OF PECULIAR FORM, DAGGERS, DRILLS, AND ECCENTRIC
PIERCING OR CUTTING IMPLEMENTS.

The exquisite specimens exhibited by Mexico (fig. 18, Mexican cases
G and L, and National Museum case 13) are mostly made of obsidian,

SSE ——
SS QA xySsa 0x wn
SS

SSSSSN

= SS SS
N SSS
Se aN NS

KNIVES AND ECCENTRIC CHIPPED FORMS.

United States aud Mexico.

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 391

and nothing like them is exhibited in any department save the inter-
esting collection of small eccentric forms of jasper from various parts
of the United States exhibited in National Museum case 14 (fig. 19),

ECCENTRIC FORMS IN CHERT AND JASPER FOUND IN THE UNITED STATES.

Collection of the U. S. National Museum,

and the two polished slate daggers from the Tlingit Indians, Alaska
(see p. 284, National Museum Report for 1888), resembling the obsidian
forms, handle and blade of one piece, from Mexico. We know, how-

So
W

L

Rk.

Fig. 20.
CHIPPED FORMS FOUND IN MOUNDS AND AT INDIAN GRAVES AND VILLAGE SITES IN TENNESSEE AND OHIO-
Pee pe ys Ee eH MORI year de Ue
ever, that the Tennessee work in jasper as figured in Thruston’s
Antiquities of Tennessee, pp. 218-222 (fig. 20), might well be compared

with the finest Mexican examples, and that the California blades in

392 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

obsidian and jasper, in the Terry collection of the New York Museum
of Natural History, are fully equal to them, as are also the two knives
of hornestone resembling form b, fig. 20, found by W. K. Moorehead in
Ohio mounds, (see Primitive Man in Ohio).

It is interesting to see one of these knives (resembling at one end
fig. 20, perhaps,) brandished in the hand of a priest in the Codex

Fig. 21.

TRACINGS FROM ORIGINAL DRAWINGS MADE BY THE ANCIENT INHABITANTS OF YUCATAN AND TENNESSEE,
SHOWING HOW LARGE ECCENTRIC FORMS OF CHIPPED STONE WERE USED.

(a and b) Codex Troano ( Yucatan) ; (c) engraved shell gorget, MacMahon Mound, Tennessee

Troano (fig. 21 a), another similarly grasped (fig. 21 b),and to compare
them with the knife resembling figure 20 a in the hand of one of the
figures upon the famous carved shell gorget from the Maecmahon
Mound, Tennessee (see fig. 21 c, Thruston, p. 338).

CHIPPED GROOVED AXES AND IRREGULAR FORMS.

We find in the Hemenway collection a mounted chipped ax (fig. 23)
from the Moqui Indians of Arizona, and another in the Nordenskjold
expedition collection (Swedish exhibit) from the Zunis. The National
Museum exhibits a series from several sites in the United States, of
various materials, and the University of Pennsylvania two from the
Delaware Valley; and it may not be going too far to connect these
forms with some of the rudely chipped slate specimens (fig. 22, a and b)
from Costa Rica and other localities.

CHIPPED CELTS, ADZES, AND SCRAPERS.

Some of these (see fig. 24 a), often doubtless only blocked out forms
to be afterwards polished into shape are exhibited in the cases of Costa
Rica, United States, and Nicaragua (Peru, Cuba, Guatemala, Ecuador,
Mexico, British Columbia, and Alaska, exhibit only the polished pat-
tern), and are not to be distinguished in form from the specimens from
England, France, Italy, Spain, and the Lake Dwellings, where they are
often found socketed in deer-horn handles (fig. 24 (¢) ).

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 393

Fi
RUDELY CHIPPED SLATE SPECIMENS.

o
g. o-.

(a, b,c) Costa Rica; (d@) Wyoming; (e) Massachusetts ; (f) North Carolina; (g) Alabama; (A andi) Uruguay.

CHIPPED GROOVED AXE, MOUNTED IN ORIGINAL HANDLE, RECENTLY OBTAINED FROM MOKI INDIANS IN
ARIZONA.

Collection of the U. S. National Museum.

394 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

We notice in connection with both the chipped and polished forms
the designs in figure 25 from the Codex Troano, (a, b, and d) from the
Codex Cortesianus, and (c) from the Codex Columbino, where, as Senor
Troncoso, curator of the Mexican exhibit, informs us, it must often be
supposed that the implements intended are the equivalent forms of
copper, since a certain attendant hieroglyph is held to designate that
metal, common in Central America and Mexico.

Still there is no reason why the stone forms in question, whether
chipped or polished, were not so mounted in Central America, as were
the polished celts in the United States and Alaska (see the mounted
celts in the National Museum case (fig. 24, d), the Spanish specimen (fig,
24, g) from the northwest American coast, a relic of the Atrivida cruise
of Captain Malespina in 1791, or the interesting specimen (fig. 24, 7), 185.

Fig. 24.

HAFTED CELTS FROM NORTH AND SOUTH AMERICA AND EUROPE.

(a) Celt chipped but unpolished, Europe and America; (b) celt polished, Europe and America ; (c) polished celt, mounted in handle
of deer antler, found preserved in the mud at the Swiss Lake dwellings ; (@) polished celt, mounted in original wooden handle, found,
handle and all, in a bog in New York; (e) partly polished celt with wooden handle, as recently made and used by Indians in Brazil;
(f) polished celt, made, handle and all, of one piece of chlorite, found in an Indian grave on the Tennessee River; (7) polished celt or
adz, found in use among the Indians of the northwest American coast in 1791.

inches, long made, handle and all, of one highly polished piece of chlorite
found in a mound on the Cumberland River, opposite Nashville, Ten-
nessee, and figured in Jones’s Antiquities of Tennessee (p. 46).

The National Museum also exhibits several interesting mounted
scrapers from the northwest coast and Alaska, where the mounting
of chipped and polished scrapers has been amply illustrated and
explained by Dr. O. T. Mason in his pamphlet on Aboriginal Skin
Dressing (National Museum Report, 1889, p. 553), (fig. 26). With
these mounted scrapers it is interesting to compare the similar forms
chipped or polished, large or small, scattered about the village sites in
the United States and common in the museums of Europe, and from
them to turn again to the obsidian flake knives of the Admiralty Islands
and the angular unworked chips set in masses of gum still used by
Australian savages, and the uncouth blades (see fig. 6) from Easter
Island.

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 395

What shall we say of the stage of culture represented by unworked
chips on the one hand and by specimens with well-specialized edges on
the other without the testimony of their handles to give us a hint of their
use, whether as hide dressers (O. T, Mason’s Aboriginal Skin Dressing),
wood chisels (Niblack’s Southern Alaska and Northern British Columbia
Indians), slave killers (Ray Expedition, National Museum Reports),
wedges, planes, adzes, sacrificial axes, and even “ tomahawks,” and to

——

Fig. 25.
TRACINGS FROM ORIGINAL DRAWINGS MADE BY THE ANCIENT PEOPLE OF MEXICO AND YUCATAN, SHOW-
ING HOW THEY MOUNTED POLISHED STONE CELTS.

a) Codex Troano (Yucatan); (4) Codex Cortesianus ; (c) Codex Columbino; (d@) Codex Cortesianus (Yucatan).

what tool shall we look for an explanation of the puzzling problem of
the methods of carving the elaborate metates and obsidian masks from
Mexico, the figurines of volcanic rock from Costa Rica, or, most won-
derful of all, the stone collars from Porto Rico (fig. 27). While it may
~2 admitted that any hard stone implement would carve the compara-
tively soft monoliths of Yucatan, it is less easy, with Mr. McGuire, to
imagine pitted hammer stones and pointed fragments doing the work
in the other cases.’ :

1See ‘The stone hammer and its various uses,” by J. D. MeGuire. American
Anthropologist, vol. 4, No.4, 1891.

396 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID.

If thin copper or stone chisels were used for some parts or corners
of the pattern, certain ancient workshops should be littered with

Fig. 26.
CHIPPED SCRAPERS, MOUNTED IN ORIGINAL BONE AND WOOD HANDLES, FOUND IN USE AMONG THE
ESKIMO OF ALASKA.

Collection of the U. S. National Museum.

battered and broken tools of this nature, yet Senor Troncoso has found
no partly finished specimen with used tools lying near; nor did Senor
Alfaro, curator of the Costa Rican exhibit, meet with these missing

Ss

=

SSS

sens tally

“Megas GB
qn 1b

—S
eG \
—— > fy an

@ s rent

Ban 7/7
I arr
; \ Alin

STONE COLLAR, PORTO RICO; HAMMER STONES AND ADZES, UNITED STATES AND PORTO RICO AND
COPPER ADZ, MEXICO.

One of the “collars” from Porto Rico carved from very hard stone by the ancient inhabitants of the

A marvel of aboriginal work.
Theories of round hammer stones, hafted hammers, stone and metal celts

island. The process of manufacture has not been proved.
(see cut), and fragments of stone have been advanced to explain the work, but no specimens have heen found in positions to demon-

strate what kind of carving tools were used,
links of evidence at the partly quarried metates discovered by him
recently in Costa Rica.

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. oot

Senor Troncoso has never heard of an ancient Mexican cast-copper
chisel hardened by alloy, and it is difficult to conceive of so soft a metal
doing effective work on the stones in question.

In here ending this notice it is needless to say that but few of the
thousands who visited the Madrid Exposition realized the relation of
these chipped objects of stone to the whole display.

The eye was dazzled by brighter tokens of human handiwork, and
the story of the New World was forgotten before the manifold marvels
of art and craft that proclaimed what Europe was at the time of the
discovery. To many it sufficed that rude stone tools were not beautiful.
The deeper meaning of the primitive shapes was overlooked. Yet they
alone spoke of the mystery of a ‘‘New World” that was not new, and
told of races who, though separated from their fellows, had moved and
developed as parts of one humanity. Fraught with problems that con-
cern man’s being, they reminded him not of art or beauty, but of his.
own childhood; not of a day of dawning greatness, but of a night in
the unknown past out of which he emerged.

ne

ISIN oy fa DE

Page.

PADD OLb eC tC fea yee iota a oa see eins, S Seiniee aysloise aoe wiersiaeie S Sa ERED econ mays 384, 387
Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, exhibit of.......--....---....-., 12,75
ING tO CON GTESS ead re ae een a ielaye nse tN eee bata a See oes eens 7
Adams, William A- - SRN SRSA ORS SOO R aC SSR EPR is rr ae e oen mas
Adler, Cyrus, Stine iiarteh HOT Oye hs oS ere SE ot tn series aS are Rane ear gto mee 191
PGES SIS DOME ere ave Nee teat cet ee re asters esta, Scien eeepc a rate a hha e<traepei as aaaees 105, 157
Ale alardenrlenares;QlChivieSoa-5 4 saeerase a= Sate lee es Save ee ensees cis eee eee keto 66
PMUEATO MATIAS ASI OMS Sete atet sce l ae Sar acento acre aieinre aie eters sis Pome Seed See 37, 39, 346, 396
ASIN A AMbOMLO! S42. S58 See eesjaio aioe Seton a5 Stee ete ice Sate cele Reise aed eater 247
FAG ATIOTMAMENAS Says se esas s eee ome oe es custonlet ore me Say sat elaeeyaaeei saa aes obs 8&3
PAU ai eT I@) Ol po ee eran eae eset fees ear ee a(S ees h orabes eye oe ae eae 217
Amoricanists © ONETESS Ob. jones a eens ae eal aeime ieee = shone oo) ata ersleva ae NS ee AS
AUN OT Ca oh CLG METS bOMIM OO terre srr se ee eee i: eae a paeieets iota s hte ele or alee aioe 269-
AumiericanyAm thro polo cis be a. s-eeeiare seis wie cis aeyeee pale rere Je s/s ioatelsicion ie ol aeeate 303
ACTIN GDS arretanet eee tate ete tek sine eens eyacey sate Sasa wi Stele a anna Sis a ere aco tate resei Nk SUN ea a 162
AMICON ME eLu, Specimens LOM g a2 — sae he ate oe oe SA RS Fen Rae este 73
AT AMMO. CALC OM senate cs6 jceee so coe A eee Oe Re ergs tee te spl SRS 227
Aran AC kal AMO UAC Cr nee set nese lara loyal tisr selene Sie es, See aia ai) sol be aes oe Ss 44
J GIG WO EG cite BGI SSF Siva UGS Eee Sear one ieee aaa sale ees 66
Arellano wiLoder collections Ol ger cay tas eee aes eee eicieni alae are ee 32
et ReTOIG. TCD IN Mies Olea ome to ereist eee al hace ae oe ik ee cote a ese Yale 10, 55
Cal Clva unis eee ee Sree eer re coo R cis raay Se Moy tartie te ip ot ree oe ‘56
Mnseumlotylarilatanims Satie Marien eee ete he Sk ee ell ny ese ne 55

A OTGeTY all OLE eernerayee ees aren Seer ee VA Taare apes NS oe ec tte ie Bases Ses 365
ROUGH eiO TNC abaya Cae ee rte era ee ee fos ale hobo 5 Pars Ware 2 hones ee 56
ASOT A BS SSO oO SAC BED ROE SD AEP Nen eRe PSE ne 1S Aa ee EEN tae rN SB 144
Armory, the loyal ae. reset ae oae aae claefaraiy oe arene a/apatntare as sane Bama Ae 84
AGIIIN ScANE CLP cL TSTILO Teese eerste cele ot tip eee ote lanes aimee Sa Sieh soos Site ME ee a ag 84
AT TOWNE ACS y LOTMS. Olt esses renee siete eae hele comic n= Ci eaae & tiers bees nee 110
MELONS TAIT (UOC lau OMe cents sve ae ctersleieia tan ete cepa S ee ps <ae each nano 153
PATTON SNOLGHVAITIORICANE, esis tiene se ae locenee ee). ciate cic om See eiee ae oat 144
ATO WRAL, Speat Nero nssecstenes Des iech ae aaick Sagerek = aoe eee ee cae alesis oeetes 371
PAT CHO wivataeliee ss see eres ey take tele ee Aare Oe See Pe chee So ae eefalers astern aelee 252
Awards to United States exhibitors, lish Of222- 252 .--~-..-<--- sccm. + sn-co5 ee 17
ACW LS noes eee ee ete bars nie = che Nae Oeyarato mia aioe ais rete lam ataleiebinis “idea ae es ao Set bee 177
ANS REISE SIO a Syeghm, 5 Be RNs eee ae ek NS OS LL nS ee ee ee serene he AES 103, 392
TOON. (ese ete oe, roe ae as eee michele eae iere tee eal sas eaten aac nliara 104

TSB OKGLI Ghoul syey eyes Dees ener Re eeeas avi SOM CSE SEiS0 a SARS Sete at oe eye ae eae 218, 258
Je Pewe veld bia) pha Ce ere eRe 2 ae i oy ents oy i Ef hee on ne ey 9 ar te ae 305
DAT Ke tO OLS ee eee cree ras en ee ee ee Sane ee eee een Rept eore eareaee aie. 158
ALCO Wr ai Vitec ee tetee pcos ceils) cra Naicle ole ie Oa ee nee era) it alae, iain Sits ae leash 235
TEVA BOTT ivy Il Nee te ee See ase ae ore eee AR ay tn) peice emelan te ciate. eee 218
SAIS GUS ee arse eM reree ree et orate no er ani ole ae en wh Ae res el iarala Kotla Glepalnfey eee sic welebies 181
IES LS ULTRA pe Net cere eta ee tet any te cee cee erate orale Tey Nel bark eis pede oat rfl
BGC Rawal bhive by selessa tpn aler oe) siete pete icl = eel As patslctepete aetales 3 Salah cigin a a 4pm se.ajaieewis ie 375
el Chern Sirebic wand atest ete cite cots Hite ta cee teins fet eee = eeig aipe cise aoe s <= 375

400 INDEX.

Page

Belts.) 260 coca untae = oe seslo sets ebdose Sos socks scateatacne Posse ase aaa 172
Belt-weaver's equipment 22252522. aoe oo eee eee eee ee a ees eeeee 182
Berendt;:C. (Meee .-- So bscbee geeks He Dake Pee cele cee Soe ee eee eee 71, 344
Betts, Benjamings. so sa5.32 eee weet se ae eee eee ee ae ee eee 218
1 BRON Vo EIA oe eR ae Ss iS 5 Scie nce ee con ROC ae ¢ BS aot ORO BS e,oo cea doSHoean acne 180
Bishopde Landa, alphabet:ot-ss4-+- ace aoe oe See ae eee eee ee ee 63
Blaine; James: Ge. 5.522. S22esase 2 ene aes clase sees ae Sees eis ee oes eee 216
Blocksstorséaliline esse .- Pee eee eeeimiaeine semis Wie sere at ree tie ele ere este 181
Bolivia; Republic olen ose 2 2c Selecteer met ele teat tect eee are 10
Codi UO) EA See Pee eens eae eo Me ee enous ker HoGueae 51

IN MOONMAS) sooecces cecsce oveces deeeeotoecees SSoAeiseEasyaeccss Soda csoue 51

IMIOROS SoS YE Sais eh See esas cae wociiae osysmenis alesis sions oe eae ee eee or
Bovallius: Charles: 2. S402) te os es Sa oe eee bees Se eee eee eee aes 74, 351
IB OW il Stee eset ee eet trata aint cyte aS eos ote eee are tee are alee ote tat verre pe eee 150
Bows, North American: |. 2S ee neue aces ol eeiseee ser Rice eee eae cae 145
IBEACCLOUS: Ress. SS aie eed inai= eter are alate Sree aes Set rare ane ore ee 174
Bradley. William Marrisonsss: oct er eatin sect eee ee eee 234
Brinton as Ge.) COMM SSION Ramer eee a ee eee ee ee eee eee eee 8, 199, 354, 361
BronzeLages Specimens HLOMey so ween kee eee ele ee ae ee ee ee ee 138
Brush, airesest ese een ees eee miceeses soSseS donee ce Sesoosees 172
i AyeI ol) Nib nine eae ASE ees ee Sean coee cemcae Sosta a aeb noes one oo See aee Soc 231
BuncawoPelnoraving andeprintine, exhibitiotese sass sae a tee eee 13
Bureau of Mthnology.. 22. 2-\ce oso sslae cies 2 wists eels pen sale wie enicieto ees eee 11, 187
Cacheimplements'.-25 25 te Fait ad steno he Sterne ec sieeiee oe ere ie ona eee 106
(OEK eV IOs cts a A eRe an RAE IRS im meee ota DOC IAN OSU ESS SmSe 183
Caltin, George - Sept eee Sa jtge see aaaed OLA OE
Cénovas, del Castillo, ivaieaeon, prime Whinherer Ge Sani Dos al See See ete ee 9, 66
Canoesbirchi bark? 3 Seat ae Seino F ee Bente tetera erate eyes Berceet 184
Cards ep laying 2h ataioc ro ecco eee eee ee ee oe ae eeenn = rere eee 68
Carlisleamdian Schooltexhibibiote.2 a sss- eee ce cei saeco eee eee 12
(CAVA O'S aerate are arse = oe ee eee eee eae aie Sra ae nele aero aes aie ees eee oes eee 159
CPICIKG IRS Saeitee ce se Se Bars bees haaS bee coe cccTaSanrmnaajoscun meses sooo Sasdnee 81
Castaneda, lonacio de Alcazar:fs 22 32. joss cee sean eee is oat eee 216

Castlevof:Ambras feather’shieldcin' 22-425 2. a. cee s cera ee so eee ae eee
Cedar bark, apparatus mor iw Onlin go Sacces) <2 sete ee a eine eee
Celts; chipped stone: 222 oS2 2325 23 Sao se Sec Sa et tee = af sls eer oe OO es
Ceremonial ‘obj ects; stone: =.2..22:5- 22 posi Sot es ae Ss wre eee tele Poe ee See eee

Chalices. - & Sea ee Soe EEN ees Py tn Sete iro een nul Wp ceilnrs, OE Lt lt lo 78
Giamhodameae vo ee ee ees ot RP a ee a Ries | PTS!
Cheever EdiwinrAw* - Sse seis Sheek Sree ets Sree ot oe eee) tage on eee creas OED
Chisels, stone. - aise ESBS Se Se Se ee eee LOG
Cleveland, Gaye. jetta ‘of teatismibtale: 32 rake ee en 3
Clubs - ee te ae ee eee eee ir a ee ceeo § — ittl
Codex, TiGanOe eR ee ET PES ae Mh er IG Rr re OS ae 58
Colombia, Repibliciofic cscs et: ahs 2 | a acetate ie eee ee , 10
ORNUD IT OLS ee Se ee re EE cet es eo 44.
Antioquenas:.225 4.22 sce see east ote eocan eee eee e Serta 45

Ghibchas.222 Soe ast ee cate cease Sore ee eee 45,

Gunas and 'Goahibasiteit< se ee ee ee eee eee eee 48.

INS CLIP CLONS TP ON RS UOMES eee ase eae ee ee ae eee re 48

pottery Of jsa.25 2420 oes ee eee a eg ee eee en eee 35).

fOTMS Of +3228 5 oe Se ee ee eee 357

ornamentation of.......- BE Be EAE aoe Stes OP GSO a5 = 356:

paste Of orn ono Sass woe Se ees ee ere OS
Quimbayass.. code 3. acs ease Co is see Se eee ee ere eee 45,

INDEX. , 401

Columbian Historical Exposition : Page.
Royal decree establishing -----.---.-------- +--+ +--+ 522s errr cr rrer rte 8
Object.s.- 22 -.--\--\--\-= += ee alin oe One Seto aan ge aero 8
Neha add Buvepemnssections =: FP 8 Gee Pee SOS Te AIOE 8
Classitication of. -- -- -- Rare ae rt Ra eee Se icy a hia fote te anys aie tinue at 9
ep elsnautions cunnactedi with’ ®. PRIUS Sips Bats AS Ve oa ese a a cisicae = 9
‘Spomsaiherecos CE ee oe cre 9

Columbus, Christopher:

NeghiivieneOnCekiloie ss 2 en aaisia< 5 4c ceils sateen ot Aloe aa nee ern ea Sis 66
ee re ee ne 219
MO EOTES LO CO eee ee ras aa ee tae npn sae oa ofa wiemine aia Sins az 240
ara Shades Bee ine 2 aetna eyes sianie~ sais Sp mre iaiciersee gimme risa ae 218

Columbus, Tis and Diage -. Fee IE BE op IOE ae Re rEe EEO OSG SOU 67

Ee oresll ii) CS SS Ae PR ht ati eet 8

Compans, aya nap ie tiles) ete eh cRieN Nes Dee t eee 67

Panic denvinlenclaie =: sec ads eas nee => 62 Sonera es seek ote Ole oe 86

Gonper, wupleme tte Of = c 2-5. -2i-22- 25-0 om case cins eee a aa 124

Th pie ET oe eI Sg, ee Ei nt ae ahaa mea aa 97

BBE NA eee eer cise aioe eistaie = match amine me ris ones Sele ciier ses 387

Cortez, Hernan:

Ravel grantees ae ea gen etme uses cane Soi s ram Ter oa st = 67
Poeuments concerning 2.6 «es asecl-- own oe ane ee rani 67
@osariaam dela map Of 22-2) sc) fa ae eee mirc a ioe Sen a 66
Wosta hice epuble-of 2.22, nc- 26a = inne sinew a on ge rises STE 10
eit ihe @) besaa de sHaoe Ss cow cen eeabeage cade Seu SSORe CECE Spb OUG UO BaaS 37
Nrollamorcollechlone ss cs sec te alo eis mie = at ine emia 39

Bishop Thiel collection ---.-------------------- +--+ e-2207 F005 000" 37
ethnological objects .... ---- ---~-----2----- 232 -- rere rt ess secs ct 38

PGT GP OS) LUO) ses oe crea te CS a I en ag 37
musical instruments .--..----.---------- +--+ 3-2-2 ern rrr 38
National Museum, exhibit of. ....---.-----------------+------+---- 37
National Museum of-_-=-..--.--:--=-+ ------=5 --=--+-+----2=-"----- 346
UTTCEY Olan ee ere ee ae een no aiaen cele cer iam ae 38, 345
uTisnine tees sake ces oe = cen inp em cee o47

PORN ee ee ee ee en ee eine tn ta) vinnie ait 346

aT RI ae ed bas Gena one a aucas Betteine nee o acre Seicemcic 348

OTMAMETUb APO Mitek, Sai areas let epot = ein ae eam arate ermim ime otal 347

TASC eo ia me ere ae ieee = inn eens oes 546

GOL ae tee acta ciw ea iain in wie niel One Gio eran 346

aide 54.26 Sana Soa oseboseedbe cocstodsose os ppEemaeano Gora coc 38

stone OMjeetS=— 22005. 6- ae ls- in seman =~ 69-2 - - cee emer sea ce 38

Troyo collection “2.2 jo... 22555252226 ao= seine nee sn ese einer e cre 38

Manne HOUSE. Soe se eet eee crane ae eerie ee sts 7 toe eat asain aae 185

Cousin, August, collection of....--....--- -------=00-- eee rcrcer tert rene rene 50

ford lass ee cone ote een ae lose eminent i= SES Sao eine nae aa 184

hosses- PLOPSSLONAL . 222.) maa ne ae ee = sal oe igs a ae ico ons 80

AO nllieiy Oe WMD Ot meio ts ee el nite inn a= a = 2'al 9 wi rine ms ecainins e Aa 43

Cubas, Marquis de .....------- ---------------5 22-2007" OR le es sey es telat 80

Geri SLONGAND oe ese sap cee ae win ae ena oe Baines 2m = 2 sein onsen ae 8, 66, 195

SMa oh ie od PABA eB Eipebee Seka One gbe SD BaOOe eC OU eUr eS Och are. 210

unwiiplism, Walwans see. - eee sna) -e eS o miaied eee soins 237

Gimli oy uit gene Bree 8) ele sie ecm ae eninge ea minnie esol ins Seer 8, 10

MEER Meee he she ea ae eee ew seems Saeminam n'a aesisieP mc as <5 178

402 INDEX.

Page

Daw loins sW,.vBOyd 2s = ecco eseiee bin regret eee ere eee re or ee 384
Decoy pwhistl ess 222 Gis 55. oe eis 5 este yaie oem iota eer sae es a ae 168
Delaware Valley, archeological objects from=- 2. 4552-2: seeaee a5 ee 195
Delgada, Juande Dios deda Radak2. 2222222. seas sales foe ele nee ee eee ee 63
Wenmiank s/s) oe So ee stock sen te oe Spouse ieeye eee Fee ee ee ey Si SCAR cose oS 10
ibd Vs) 20) See Sees ee ae eS ee ee ee a el eee SR ad 73
DetOsmanGuillerm0.s 4 sae eee eee has Se ee eee et ee rae 88
De Soto, Herdinand,, documents; rela timoy tO eee eps ease a eee 68
Miscoidal: stones. 2 22 2. seem ete see = oacia eae eee oe ee ee eS oe ees 114
1B Yo) bl epee eee a emai see Rt as OE ee eee. Mee eee eS Ske! ell
Dominguez Mranciscordeseawl aac sass ose seq) ater i as ee eee eee 227
JONG TANTAY CA VAL Mitey oe NGO, Co-lo Dh Ole cao eos ocessconcoe Seeces cet ee uSaese 4s - 43
WOTSEY wiGeOns ssc se Haseena eee Te Ne el SEO ee ere eae 363
Wraosforseales ss gk eae tee ee oes Teme eee Te ee a Re NYS i oe 181
Drake Johm Bins. sess 28 cass = cathe aie ecistohs nc eie eile ere aot ieee eee eee 245
Mapua 7S Se SE ie eke Ser SON rae ery ee crete ae ie rae ect Oe ree 170
Din) Mie ern NG a et ee Sea Bas a EE se ge ps tag pe 388
Bcuador, JRepublievote. ss eee cree cee oe eee = ee ela a aoe re eee 10
r=. 0U] OVA RO) Sher Nee eRe oN Lat eee enti nn ese Sie nae A Rear Vrs ed 49
pottery, Of. 2 eee ep alata aie soe ences Se ie sale | see eet een ere 358

absence Of, Stamp sysys see sete 2 ote cee eee are ae eee 359

localities forsee eos Osa ee es eee ee ee ee eee See 361

Manage: ses cee sen eos Ca RES AR IOL, GURY Fan aN 49

Jivaro Indians...:----.--- Re Soe e ice t eR A AS Balsa NE 5 50

Ke @hulais > iosas iene 2 5s rca oo.8 Reh hsleye eosin ors Se eae ie oie ee eae 49

Wa Cas ee 6 dati e 3 eS aie ee oie cia a re oie ceo See See ee eee eee 50
Hoiwands shrayidene Sso cos. cctie: iclge eels ae a esis Seen See ee ae ee ona Pas 218
Riis precumib enti.ase sah. = sacieeee Se epele sre ete o Satori ere ene reas eee 83
PTS Wort Jia Mes Wa actos et as oe eae eee ee eee aaa ie ae ee 218, 226
1 Oh U0 (oe Rene ae ae See a VA Aor R taste nice Seiciac ot ce 83
Painted). cee Se Ree ie Sees fale lap Neer ect ee a 86
ErskimemCharles. sen Soo ee ee eee a Senta en eee 240
Bthnologirealicollectionits ans Boos hess ee ee eo ee ee eee eee 143
Ethnolocy.worksior AmeriGanccuit Orson a= seater area le erate 12
Puropeanyhis tony. dep arte nity O lee ete ta ae eter ae 75
Hxhibitons ofthe Umiteds States wlistiotsss-.sase seems eee eee 16
EI XPOSitlon, arrangemen biol. 2 ls bes eee so eee eels aac aie eee 23
awards provided =. 22s Pa ates Sans eee are eee ee 14
installanon of UnitedsStateés @xhibl teases ssl = ee see eee aes 10, 11

jury Of awards): osetia = sisi eee oa Se ee ee 14

medal, commen oraillv.erOli soa ae eee eee ee ere 15
placéiofdrvol dines 22. ge seca ce eee nae eee ee ae ree eee 10

By oshadles (eae fa sees soe cee cet «ae leis eee yee Se ice ee ee eee eee 178

Fairchild: Gentthweius 2 v2 25 2s Soe ee a ee ee eee ener tee ee eek
Fan‘of feathers, Mexicans... 2.5522 cece e soos = ae Soe ee eee ol
Harmer,: Mrs Mariaze2 3 scan fe.esee 22 6 ae oe. ste ee eee eee eee eS
Heather shield, «Mexicam2: © 3/50. yo sere s Saree ce ee ee en
Fewkes,.J., Walter... 22.2 beh a.ts co eee cls cree as Hels se oiseine Saas ee oe ese
Figures; Zuni and: Moki... io. So 25 c asec eele sino ein Seelam ey
Pischers, VEG sc sy ee, opis ae Bias tere aie oS Re Oe ee ee ees een ae

Pishiinig Dimes. 2s aiosies ey ese ate lence a yeinettsyetate ie her Bee ee ape een 176
IIE TA: de s bol eer een Rae CASS Sooo dcad Seon pa Lcetaononcdnadotecdrstoscee 278
Fletcher James i ied ea Ses aioe ee oe ee oe ee eee eee 218
Flores, Antonios 3.2 o.c25.-t ete Sa se eee ce eee eee ee ee eee eer 49, 358
Florida, documents;relating toe. ---- -- ese ee ee eee ee eee ree eens 68

archeological objects from.......---..----------- BeSoSS pEbbooORdOGE¢ 201

INDEX. 403

Page

UREA BS tio deh sel aes Kee a Ae yee ca 170

EHS SLE AIT CTS CO see Seine as eet tae senna RI Le ee ee 247

LE PERU DIDS, Bab aoe eis a hes eh Se a A a Re I Se EE 225

HPD TSLSSER GYR Ee TUS tae SO le ae See lly Re I Oe Be eT 368

GTM WUT ene i Bese eas Onis SERIES ct ne eS ts ee a I os nes ken mV a 346

Cen © See ee ere ees ew mor RO oe De es SONS kL lsat Boe 161

DUCATI pel eyete wire cee eee ate tam aeeree aie Siew Oe Re 2 Eek She A ee wh, 255

Cs AVBLIGL © treme) UD Ome tte trre ay eee marine reps Ee nee Sr etn CN MRI RVRL Ieee Src Leyes itp ONE ME 3D

cole cieninomiuey #OxiO ul tibet a arts nok et ee te eae ee vom SE 12

NEDUTED TT yet nes SES SN re A aS Se aie Re oe nS Can RN ae LOR Aa ea 10

ONAL eee eaened tet eaeneriers CONE teee Pent arenes Le Oo irs oe aoa epee bre 71

CASUS PLOME Shee CLa Gye abEl alae £2 eyes eee ee ee el ee ge 71

HT ARETE TC OPER a eer aes bree reretc chat oe co karte eee ae 71

MOMs TOR metals workin. © olomibiass= see oss 22) seme asentoeee see 73

Mexicanmteathersshields sete sas ces cece ce ene eens eal wate ed 73

DO ULOR Ri ONG RAC One ttre ere: cee See iemis ete eh ees ea ee ee 72

00D Ger te Bio a Meee Boe Aaa - Gene te ae hots oie 365

Ssuonercollarssirom=sMexicors sae * see: ate eseeee eae a ese eae (2

(CHUA te 1B hy Ses Ste, es Sa Ce oeae eerie 2 ay WS: ier ee ny ee Are ene Aes LA a edly Home fae) Sea 304

FELTED Toy LAN SETS. 0 Gee ir are eV Re a AR A ne neon Re Ee aa OT ek WAL 68

OOM. Ge LONI Stet ee Pee AS: See ema oe enema V0 Le Nee 0M 4, 10, 148, 273

COMMLSSTON GTy erat eee ieee nated one ott) Soxd 27k A eA 8

DANE XNTD LANs DYE A ee ana e aitnn See ceo ols mince eee ee eee 278

(CREO Ned Dee ch set eat he etn Beet ey Sa Mee fee a A a, RAE Nae 218

Crecmlaned shis kr OMmpeclmMOns m2. gence os ee. geome | ICL Ee een 74

Greenvale Canons 2s Sa eeee weet ot I nN GE Seppe Se ayer eta ea 387

CoE SHAT MEL OTN Viel Qatar cera guy ery une Meare Sc LN ey hal BS wed 1d

“SACI SEETROWG W550 OPW BC ee es eR hy ra 32

ENED REIN ea tee ener nna as See Se ee eh Ie le Da ee 10

histone ldo cmimenbtSyey ees tats ssc we SE eee eo 32

NOOUS es eat re aes Sislttn Pe Thea aie a Saar Ra Re es eee eres are de 33

WACANCONe Sire ween bee cee eee eos Wate Tee ee ee ee 34

Marva hirero ri piles stem scd ee aa tee tases Sores amelie ecco bt

NUIT os) Ss ea Bee AU 7 ar gee AY RO 35

NEVI Soe Sete ee See Se oa ns, Soe ea te aE BEI 35

LET UpUNS lies Pe ONE tome Nie 4 Ap ae EON, Be So aR eae SL ae SSA DOC RR 33

MOLSER Y PLOCAIUOS ORS ee Pees tee mae ee ek ge eR te 355

VTC UGIEY Se he Coarse, AES SEAS a 1 ye Te EMRE nD, ee ehhd pC )S12)

MESDSRLO TE VASES ce sete, Sepia Lye eemen Mt BA bk oa ee A el se 3d4

CLL PC Operate pace eaters erat = Ser ee ey ne ee Re Ra Re 3d4

PEA ULES AONE eet CRT ras, See tome ns 5 Oa taro SIO one oe 353

Of QO UICH ER SEs yaee ee yac Soa Scere iste Se See em ed 352

RET) CAB Yee ra ete ee eee ERY eee Ore eat mee ek ge ee ck 35

Coun er © Weal CoH ys. ce a Mee ep, IRON egy eg NG te Diss ne 235

UDG pp Ly ae ee ynenen Soh tha se et ee kee See Me Ee ee ae al

SLANT EIS T olor a) 0:8 Uae ei, Mi Miers Sad ay os a ie Se oA 141

ERED Bie Olea, eee ee = Chie eee Ee fe Wir Coe ee be 224

Eat EOE SCOT EGR ach re h Oet Tt rev ted Reet: oe ON ie CN 108

SMe TININ C1 te rete ie ice Se iba a mete we Lr oh nye sytney dE Ce a 178

AEN SELON AED eNUIE Ly eb lee ek oe ees See Aes See en emery So! ots Wk el a 224

MPG es \ACUORSTCt. 27s eee ease sha t-te eens ES ys Ae gees J Bet 161

PE MENSNE EL LOUIE We ttee oe 1t S enee Sten Ae oe Oe Bra 7 2 lees NO Peg he 257
EMA ONS By raters ete oes Seas aoe nol ee Shas Ue ioe ca Jar ick Sh ML ose ecoseu 152),

PAE BOOT EnheUre sees nse mn ee eR LEO niel ie 8 oy 178

ISLE WEEN B Ronni HV Aas es, See sey Meee eran er I ee ne Uae ea eae 327

404 INDEX.

Page
le N WOE ahaa Soho nebooe Sbon soo ctd toctbc coho sods Socdbhne ooatonsaucss uecoe 171
Hatchets: Stone'cae 25.5.5 es qcee tet cle Seis mre eee See ere Cle eter te ee 98
ayes wht.“ SOMEIS) 51.12 chro casein, woo eee cic es a RR Sees aoe ree eee 237
Hea @S ia W is cet cris Sata oe aac yarn ara aha aI eee ees eee 384, 388
Headdressiofiteathers, Mexicamis css. -cs2 eee ee eae be eee eee eee 330
Helmets: 222. 2er leans = ior se eae meee ate ici eee oe ee ee 184
Le MeM Wiaiye p METS. MI air yi oe ache pee see Oe ee petaha ators eared area Pe cae lee eae ae 18
Hemenway Exploring Bepeuieion MESS see ee in cles aes Se alee ennets Sere ee eee 75
exhibit catalogueOn. sooo. sans sees ta tesae te ee lene ee 297
collection’ =+----- SNe Sesh Na cystine eye Saree get oes
expedition, poblieanteds or a! Seacnyele a cayeiape ne aha ee ates eae ge ne 303
Hernanado< Mariano as ace Soo ee se mre ee Aaa BF hy ee en ee 231
FIOCSSLONE: 2-252 5 else este ln coes cae ae ee goes ae eee See eee 119, 183
Holmes) Wi. Ess os. 8 acse tale Me a erate oe Passi oes OS Cte eens cepa re eee a 11, 189, 382
LOPLI Gams 2 see ese oe weer ote ete oo eee ore oe ee eee ee 280
HO OTINES Of) aici eases ee oh aicto ae yee ooh oreo ere 287

potheryOfsc. nn sie Sere aye eee ree ee ee eee 291
SlOnMe amp lermeniGspclr Cy 1G Speegere areas ee ee ee eee 291
sand pain tin CaO hs crete oto ete = eevee ee re ae Pe eae 289
Seven) towns Off tic.cs sce iae,- on eee ine eed eee eee eee 281
Hough Walter. - 2p aces Mo oe en a em Sa ee Se ee 8, 31
Houghton Mittin, ki Coy ate se ep ee Soin arches oretavar= eo eels eae ete ee 303
IVowrel le Mins, oe etcetera hae Sane aee ie ae oe Oo te eae ee 218
Horstond is Ni4.cc Cg oeiees aoe dec coe eee ee eee es seca ere ECan eee eae 66, 278
Huelwas Celebration ats cc 5 eee ooo .ce ease ee eae te ore ee cree ot ee ee aoe 9
Eiulil eisther’ -2 0.2 scteetiee tie soe, ea os os See eee ee eee ciate rr eee 229
Human bones, fossils 4222 ois. toas cost cee tec belo ae aie oae te eee eee eee 99
Iceland.'specimens tromees.. - os eos ae naee eee ae eee eee «ae Ser eee eee 74
Teeytools 2ts ics See een ee Ra nN ee Seve ease a anata Sg eae ee 152
Imiplemenitss..Chellleen’s eet cena Seger eicreta ioe eae nee ee 93
Indiantiigureste< fos 22 eee: RO EER an ae MER RoW Toh EMER oie 82 183
IndianiSehoolsCarlisle®. Fes Pec score oe ere eae nee eee eee 192
rmehurn Es ye ciGed iy Era b Om es eyes oer ee ee 57
Ives, Halsey Oi %.<c2. 52 pce 2 = ee esis nee ee eae Me as ee ea 218
JONES MOS oe So ORAS SoS ioe, Se erie eee ie one ene ee ee 394
Journal of American Ethnology and Archeology. .--.-.--.-.-.-.--.-.-------- 304
Journal of American Molk-Lores case eases ege eke oer ae ie see 303
Keotim Ts Vito: ae coos cee ctealole lalep reise acter ne re rae eg EE 281, 293
King and Queen of Portugal attend opening of Exposition...........--.....- 9
Knife. ¢cssctis ced ccisie- a eee socio te seam Steae Ssiae a ate tepals ea aera ol eee eat 152
CE) ere eee eee er iee aaa ai Aa ee Sateen Wee aoe Se ie}
Knives andidnrillis; stoners. s: oe. 6 ote ee feet Se ee ee eee eee 390
(0) 01: ee re ee eee eens eee ae Ce Se Res CSS icon aa aedeeaopoe 122
NGeWte sob), Seo ALeweee ee aps Se Le RSE EE A Pisa ea SG Se hin asec 183
Fades oe oo )aehe ioe et ee ysl RE a ge er oreo 150
Lafone-Quevedo,;/Samuel Ad oo08 oo co ssn aes Saeed see omen ee eres 56
Wie@mips, Pass. suis ns Sec Steak wee ene Sete hee ae Seen eee eee 87
MObHERY wie ens ae Rew eae ea ee Ene ee ee Eee ee 87
Tanguacesiot America, native, swOlkSiO0 sees seer eee e ee eee ee eee 69
Bai Rabida, unveiline of monuments: eee sees ee see oe eee eee 9, 15
Las Casas; History of the; Indies: 222 c24be ee ction eee ee ieee ree eee eee 63
Manuseriph history exbiDi bed. a=) sey see ee eee 68
Tj ASSO so Sim decisis ie re ices Se Ser oe a aE SE ogee ae er 176
Latin American Republics; Bureau Of. ose. - eee eee os eee 10

Laurent, Meine ence eo BIS See ele cemice eee oneness 76

INDEX. 405

Page

PV OTICO my Las ase INI) LO eran eeintaral = siete cieecieeela’s oa. a sie 2 taisiciot ede 5s eeie soc eeis 257
ANTS OL MECOD OLUEe ae tecet ee cite cai = ersiate Seo sins Silo cs ie Se wine s aa biie'c ec woe EAS she 240
| SRE ESTOS oPeT LO) STL PY A a 8 a 376
IL@iestig 1S (GIN, oe Se Se BS er MeO ae C OE OE ae SOE ERG eA IETS Senet oa 229
Waid prelOSeD Merete aerate ee ee ee ae ce ee a5 SLR Eee toe cee oe 371
IL@leueGh, Siw PBS 8 SAE acl Se Sioa SOI ae aC R eR eer papel eh 376
TL BGii, “ID TRE I uiore) ETS Se he OOS Hh intel eo aaeieg ae gees ene eed ed ea ee 25
REIN NCBA D LE ck ae leet eee nase eos SSeS eels sue a a Sates tin cess 66
RRO MIn Clal ofa lOled Oemsree sess See sae Ce ee aia a ee eee Oe oe 66

Hii POSH OL ME ravOrle seOllection! Olen cn mecwsseeee are = See ain na ceieree = 50
LO AW PLCC ATU VE eepesiatiee acto eres Sats selec < cinemsjd bane vie eae ae as 218
BOOMS bss sae te chee eee eet ho MEO rad Oe catia cent Syaeiirecieie Ae Samat Se 152
Lowdermilk, W. H........- Bp a or a IO Pee occ See Dees SED rsoe ae tel te ae 229
hacer oub Commissioner General-ns4 2-2 ce. - cite seem cle wis snl ne a esc U
OWOU PR SSecs Coan oe Sea eeAS cnn ar Beech aces dena dads ape angen 4 cOSeiod 7

MUSheLed av ares MS PAMISMAs ae ene cm tees alaise Soot eto ates eet = vaio ables ster Sees 88
ILS OM; HCH SSS rae ears SES ee ie ene att eee eee ee See ee ea 374
Madniden a Hon alearchines ans. esas as saan Ae elon ene tke oercct os nee eee 66
Malespinia, Cappel: expedibion) Of so cjs5 seer eaicis =e is se aie eieiens So oe eee 394.
MED Ota dianw An CUAMes er. awee sees yan cinse hee gas care ce Sacre eee oe ee 187
Miasomes bra milablge rs = cyseeae tects eee ciens lassolersi eee ferniclaroneials cts ol ais Sie 218, 226, 269
MVS O NO) oy epete eres Se oeMe got cel ei, citrate Sane we ie Seon ancien Sate ei 104, 143, 374, 394, 395
ICIS cS pa ees pes SU sere, orate Pen tas ee esa cine yan te ee a ANAS 8 a tesioe sass 165, 184
MALE VE Ave TSM UMP IMNG Mb pata ayer tem ints eralnials nho= Sit See ceae Sete A ciaoleiore su avn Aes 182
Wena enygy Nb bHOIES SRE a cea Aen) eae ey ee Be ystets ata Sats win icin year eo aS ope 66
VESTS eee UOTLG Serer ed foe ees d= ye eee es ents ee tare nmr Phe oc tS cee Ce eee ge 105
NIG GION eee Nee peep Naecctan nero tee 2 te nepersite ee crete ttn alan es ob yRs Seis eee 368, 395
IAS a Oo BB ren aes J eS ee a ee et a ede a 243
NCU ROE (SG 0 SI UES eae SOS One oe OS Se a ee eee ae ee ee 246
JIG) OC Ope GUE ie Be SRE SS Ee ei ce Ro oles Oe mE oa ay eg a 247
Mercer, H..C., article on chipped stone implements:.........-..-..--.-.-.---. 367
IMexdc ON CMUD Tb Ole peers ee alec cra setae at wae Seles SPs aati cette ace se 24
ENG OMA S asaya aa rae a1 Sele eee ny arstsietoe vemie oe betes ces oes eines SES 28

ANCIEMUPN UISURIES Hs sae emt eat a mens sere ceva meet es aa 25

CALON ATS Sane Seren eee easel ne oe even airs sas = nite Be ciate Sacasaiae ol
@haleastesercceeare stereos eeone Sa erpae eens: silicon tates aoe cere 28
Culdnerieaip LAN hI ae es oie eons ae ee Red, sad <a cis 25S ee syshaimotneee 25

Clays CO S Sere ee ete a rer oP re ee fe Crooks wide ae Sa ne eee Aaa 31

COTM NS av pcte tee payee ere ee telat are ace PER Sate aw teis Mes vies Se 25

(UCL ADE CAS rs teeta ee eeiane ie ara oto, a 5, SAE Reger, aes 28
documents concerning carly history of. .-..-..--..--.+.2.-.---.-:...- 67

15 Rip CoV Ab NEE Vases GSS ac SOS eUO AAO ees OSH GoM eee See Oa se Ses Peas, seats 28

INGENSEMD UGUELS joe tonl emcee eres ae ee = ce eee ree e Ae ore eer 30

MUTASE GIG Mes etals anette pe tctece ciara haere ne awe eiatete ed talc ie a east Ses Ol a sve 27
Matlaxincagy ne - sane stents ee meta selere nitions © =c, cool masse Sea eon 28

IMA AB Se ayaa nto tapetg orate Sitarae Sine a ee AS io sede so laa ene Se 28
MEXICAN OS ORINARUAS 27 eeie eet cade ocean eens <5 na tee eee 28

MICH ORGAN WB CCIM CNS thie O Ns emia et ree tees abies heel tat te oe eee 25

MERLE CAS) a Seem loser ec eee yee re eae oN SIS S Node tl She 28

AILOME 1S Ofc OLE OS ete cnr ees ee ce eect errs OR ai layed a ah eee ea 29

MUSICA ANSEL UMeN bs accor at cece Sone sea oeaiae nis Se aaa ate cemeterees 27
Nahndsor Aztecs casita ee ss aa beu seca eae 25
Nattonaly Museum collections sccmoanceeee aes «ane vac Pctapsin aay e alam 31

TG CCUG ia: fe eerte sa Pe rc eR elaine of amas Secs oS ese ee 26

OUSIAIAMM COM esse iste eee eae etc ene Sle Meee eee oe ete 26

406 INDEX.

Page.

Mexico; ornaments sfc) se Seis oe ane eae See See kee ee ee 26
Otomis 2322. SR eee eae eS e rer See Sh ae Sa tore Rete Nat FS 28
painted records 2.52.52 Sess oS eho ls eee A es oe 28
paper-making Goole 2s fee SE a a eas et a 31

PIPES 5. fig Jeviswi Ta aee cee rs Si sae or se at ym en ea 27

potbery- from sees Se pa ae ie al cles has SS we ke 25
Republic Of si 2 ate a. sya ea chee fe eee RS AF on tee ane ee 10
‘sacrificialyokesy sec. 28 Lc psoeetss So Se seins ae arene ae oe nN 30
specimens from, Jaconayen ny ook lee eee Se ee eee ee ee ee 24
Spimdiloswihe els oy eye are cate at oleae nae a a Se 26
BUOMECHISE] Sle be Piao asia eee oem hs sneer en 26

MAaLAS COB) jen) 2a eee eee eee sete oe ee See ae ae eos or RA a Sn 25

ARG UMOCAG. ae. toe necro, Se cra se Ree ee en See eee ie ae ee cee ee 28
Maxcaltecas 2. fitocceot eee Secs ner Se see ae Soe een ee vate Ss 28

WASOB "So. Sansa rere f etern ee Se ne he es cnc ha eR oe : 27
HAPOLOCAB Se sc eee ce see see eae eee ee ee eee 28
Middendorty Wee sti oe Oe ee re eee ae ee Sil
MANS T9023 Se da cat eS AA cet eae eee Ae Ul ee 243
Minondor J oacuimed ee ole eiioni cies eran eee eee 32
Miranda; Pernando. 220 252 acsearle gs 245
Miterofteather work, Mexicans: s. = i5=seeeer ce Sac ee OO
Monstrances 2: 22 eect oat ea ee ee ae Aa ee Se 80
Monteverde, Guillo.cssciete. ses Sees ee es eee eee 243
Moorehead: Wilkeyen22. soos aoe Be aoe en en ao EE oe eRe nee acoA 378, 392
Moreno; Es oss tetas Sapte Sino cleats dete aoe Sa SEE SS Seen ae ee ee 55
Morse,4is Sie see ee EIA Se ree Fiat eee ae ee aes is aA 384
Mortarstandspestles as: 5 3ee Foe se te INS ale Se ere ere eee 117
Morton samme George. see. 22. cet eae se Eee a eee meee Soe erm ee 205
Museum ot American vAr ch olog yes eee heme. oto eee ee ee 66
Museumilote Natural etas tomy Nei: Yor koe ayers ee ree ae eee eS
Miusiesimeiani © caer sec es Se Se Se ete ie ee 2 ey St hay 0 oe ae eee 304
IN fave Mase wy este 2 iS ee lt ee een Da ge 260
DS(ON COPTEH RY Wb tc( SU Ne See eek ae AR Sn cone fk Ga ee Se dealers Seema 384
Navecillasthe: of Toledo) s<. He ire Eee ah el aoe etre Sia eR ae ee 83
NavyeDepartmentt; :ex hibition ee eee. se ree ct teeters es eee ea eee 192
Ne@cklaee seo nS ete 2c aa are rte eee ty eg 172
Nee dlerCases 22220 2's serrate eee eS ep tere ce oe ee ee Sn ey go nny Sa 160, 179
New Mexico and Arizona, documents relating to-.---52-225 2225-22. -2--22-.--- 305
Niblack, Ay Pi cols rt es Fe ee ee re oe tyne Sea 395
Nicaragua, Republics: ik oe eye ee eee ae eee cen ae a tee eae ee 10
OXb Ub sO fsa ho a Se eee 35.

bark- beaters. cy seetirsce ee eee eee eee ae ee ee ee een ee 36
Bransford: Wests ls ces eee ee pre Oe ene ee 37

Chorote mas) ele t eee ats awe) ear eee ae eee ee ae es 35

Niaraos';2244 2S 52a eee eet ae Ee ee gee 36

Nicaraos; temp) eos ot a Soe Peas sd ee ee 36

pottery 22th cee a ee erie eee rete 36, 349

= Vicaratonrme.. soc ease ee Sek eee ee eee eens 390
localitiesfor:. 46 2: 42h ee ee ee ee eee 352

MOGeL iM ei ok i Se ee eC ee 349

ornamentation 2: 3.8 12 - cee ee ee eee eee 350

polychrome -ware.t2s Ss oreo ee ee oe epee eee ee 351

Nordenskiold: 'Baron:22256 2 bien eer ee ee eee en ee ee 74
exhibit} of medieval miapss 222222 ssc eee ees 74

Nordenskiolds ‘Gustavers. sooo iks ae eter ene oie eae a Tes

INDEX. 407

Page.

North Carolina, archpolocicaliobjects from. ...2....5cc.c cece aves eeee-cssccce 201
NGINUEN Rite SESS ORS SSE Sins ASA Be SARS ROSE Cena e enn een to. tee Ml See eee 10
AN GG SwWEW Sls Ox LGS Oke es yore rand each nasz Bieta eye Set Se A ee Ree 74

INOW bea BRANCH, Sa See aera 8 ee Re Screen fre Seen cae ee a Bie Ee 240
Numismatic and Antiquarian Society of Philadelphia, exhibit of........-. 12, 66, 75
publications of.....--- 209

INOUE AOA REPO IG SVU) OB BS SS OE Sad Gea CO Cea SAAR See ean te pi et 331
INUbiA Mins wZeliawesrsne see ae eevee Ree area Cee). oo Ce Rene see ee 29, 65, 378
ancient iMexicansteatherm worke. 2a. see eeerien nee eee 329

Oyen shire cleric kvl ver Ses se te yaar eee RRL Ae Reet eae I De Yl 216, 261, 266
Ono arch eoloricaliolyjects ftom 5.2255. 3. bia es Seo Sa ciacs ae tame meee eelee 199
Orman entstorneade sas Meet ts Mes Maso Clue eke SE Se eA Se 171
Oweclowmermen de 7d ee cess eerste enn 2 Ge ares oR ee ee AEA & 63
UNTER iC RGBEG Ong ne etary cote tk WE IAL S hava ae ets 3 Be cient Some ste oe 262
SE cus appears erate ere se pe tay Se eee A eR en re Ek ooh ee eo 151
RAAMNUSUOMESS wee seca oe sich atints Kite er etotui fe cias afta ene sit Boe Sek Pe es sae See ee 119

rainy reap 19) Tey Clavyicb ease c crys este ees ret Se al Re EA ee ee ya Ee hy Ee eee SAD
Bap alltexchuib Gyr ae Nor ave em e Sac pee ets oad see, wet eee ie ce ce eu Sen euclele steer ot eeaolel

Ug obrs ep eg les eterna Mh eine oras eran ata tance oe alee ae aOR Coe ee OEE 246
RASOLY EU LON COSO MCW eee sis ere isos aera cie soe ee Siac oa eee ere eee oaetae 28
rulPeb wllotewss ens eos ease se lee Scie eine See saan eee nee eee 68
TEP GEinicke Veils e Bi SES BGS Bom SA SB aeIs ong Ae aCe dad Sac Ce eee ares ae a Seed 79
Peabody Muscumvexhibit Of cos eee hae sete ee eu a 14, 75, 327, 384
HemaiieleeAmMbONLOR Ss eae) Set aye cas ota tye ateaia a weraete ce aieiceieine. 2 a lomete eRe mata (il
Bena lita DISMOPgectsers serve) mine acer s iceie act ye crates elcid s nice s etic eae mete serene 48
Peralta ele Ms: GG seess xt o es tenn ote oi nrs cba Secale SEIS ec ere Siolene a Mere c Siarne ieee Bel
TAUCES Of; COStAMNICA s2 soe eee ie moans 2 ee rrioe eles a seer 10-43

Rertorated son espes sai cele ears se sepememene Gye elaine seer oeme 2 OL ad 117
ROTLOLATORS he 2.4 teeter aa) Seta tape a ele Ciclets ajo ecle sao steiniok © eminem iets be Coe 114
IPGIARIG) ISSUE)! Dee Re RSA Sb See A SRR ae ea ee a ie ee eee eS egies 258
IBGS tle shee emineye cto sess re «eee i hel eln pers cee sie Rais cee close seueye ter 150, 178
TRG Tau Eee apes erage alate stares faye s wlata ators oo) = ieee slats seat a eal Grein/ Se vi eci elects ats bie Sse 10
KLM Titi O te eee ae tte gs hay er ee ayn cer ease ot nevis Setase ote ches tee 50
(TMS O RYU CAS ere ren net sate ava he east eset na lel cit Po vetimeie opie ieee 51
Kechivas: or Im Caste. = 2 bias: sin si =) ec eee leint tee oerad made ha neem See eek 51
OUUGI Olt c cos SLEe pd anne clobicuedsacmosecso [bas pSaube aaah e cose ca sSoppouTe 361
CtuliGtyASES ShLOMe at tat ose re ee ea e'e ce een eee 364

me thodrotehimimoe saree tee cen tee ee esc os ee lne See 362

MOULVESOL, deSiONP AE ee = Pe Eee cee eeee oe ane ecuntt clement eceee 363

POLbraivURes Oli dISeASeH-- lsh geo oryae ea sire San vo Noreen eee 361

DULZ ZO Ue Sears Persea er octet hates on Ses ies > erate Hie ered Sty ele Dee 364

Crump ebitrO mss eee e rea elers tee rots ets </ov> 3 ase) ae tema ae Be oe 364

MSO Ofer OLS san GNGaAS Us scent ater eet teva aperee ace eee 362

PUTT EG/U 80] US Rn ee mA Soot noc PO Re Se a Ua 183
CLS eal DOLD Ale ot) staves stetcsee eteneiera tote ey Schaar Sates eas Lie ts aT SETA, Sot thee 157
IPCC Oe ee eee SABES CCAS eee REE Ore HT eet a een e nie at epee Stn 185
PURE GNSS Se ea eae BOAR OPAC EE rr CnC ane Satis Mean MPs eA eer ae Sea ee eran he 246
iInZOny OCUM Ets CONCEIMIND Hs tas = sts eta a tomes to ores wi ote iS otf 67
RSTIV AT User Ae lower Morass wiatets oS LOL Ae ae way Ae TAS eras eS ERC UE et Cm S Lame a eee eh 48
LPR DOS. Gas 2 eG EI Se i POE en TO ORE Ng Ce eet rE ae tay MEE ne tat 147
SU OMG ie eee rcteet. ts aaa, tenn bane pals ie ett tote eee Oct Ca aee tebe ese 116

ONp PG LUCY, MORIC Ones ates eapetoats arate mastatsias ANate Anta Se elses aie gcin set elm ates 345
TATTLE! Bint Gsieks Sac an SAR RrS n> DOC EEE DODO SE Se oct et SOBRE Ot Ler SOS EICL SE CeiIse - 108
MBLC AT Cee ELAN CLOCOM oto alan nal oalnte whet Shard cts th NON In Sd aay ay eden ore raver Ae are Oe 24
late mele reas cete ose ce avd narncet smelt saan a Heels oahu tn stoah nels Aare Elo hiss Cees 78

408 INDEX.

Page
Ponce! de: Lieon; IN@StOr = =~. eras sot aie oe oo ee einai otal eee aaa ee eee 218
docaments, Concermmine 9--2- - = =e) | ese oe 67
Pope Alexander:Vil.sbulll of 22 <i aee eee tree eae see sea nee i ee 67
Portraits;or Columbus, types Of S25. steawee. carcte 2 eee ae eee
Tet SoBe ee oe eee pe dod= Se eae ae Sarees bace Soe Sosa soceesod casees ce 10
exhibit of .. cA ESR ie ois, oR te US EE tere 6 = MeO a eee ee 70
documents ane Sova Noes Boys NO ety Sica AO ey oe ae 70
pottery from Brazil\c5-2) = 5 jase eee cisiae oek See eee eee eee 70
IEGUAKSS7y SIDERED on oS oepeendads Sees shone Soo bebe Sain ou O Sao S coo seEe pees cate 87
of Central and SouthyAmerica ancient teas ss. 2 eee eee 339
ClASSES 2). ccs Sass te te ateSoNeee eee 342
COMM. ete e ess Sea els coe 340
colorof pastes ess see eee ee eee 342
decoration! .2-sce--ccceeee ee ee Cee 341
decoration, stages of......--...----- 341
dégraissant, function of.........---. 340
HDI Come coanenp eae secotaes Sok hee 341
ALAVAS INMex Cane eases == eee 345
(MEV A Men So eaa mena y code Oeuo Seuetaness 342
In AMOPIC Or ice cep eee ere 342
of Guadalajaras. 3.25: acceso eee 343
Mexican modernts.- eee ee eee 342
mode of examination....-.--...----- 339
MOldS =, .o 234525 oe eeeleee eee cre 344
Sees Seaateahete Simran ere semen 343
Stamps = 26.522 fo.08s Heese Bae eres 345
tenipert. Sot SeVsus ese aise es nee 339
of Lonalony Mexico se=. ss sshe- eres 343
tboolswiee 2 S52 52 Se ese Ses eee 341

Powell aw © Sir Lace oe eee ae crease fore sie eels chert eee re te eer eee 11
Powers svephen i. 22.10 52 228 Pies So eee eee eather ee eee ee
Pratt: Capt. Ro Hiei. oo... 2 gears Soe nen at ee
Prehistoric ruins: modelsyof <a... eae.-esee cee sree ee eee ee eee ee eee 128

5

UTSCS ee = see Vee bide ce ee eb Sea ae 6 Re enn egetene Une See See ree
Patan Es wo oi PRE eS Pak ed ok Se De a re eS 9 cere ee ee eee
Quarries, cases pximicon hose DS oe ce Leet ole ee oes ere ea
Queen Regent of Spain -. ----- BEE E ES ete aE EN Soba eae eas, Colla rlts,
opens Giepeuiion ae BeOS Fa aes Bee Seneca 9
CHA ae In Pe Me SS a or eee SOBRE Sa oe oo Ba scaubousos cccaot 166, 170
Tetbs Olah eeweoeteoseo aenced oon So ondobe Joosse cooecd cena gcsscasssasces ost 71
Ray ev Ae oon hora k aie ce San eee a ee aye ee ee eee 395
Read: Clee report Ole ame se eee = sete eee eee eer eee 75
a UYsLeKCu Us Teane) yal Slee een Gat nee eS Serna eisio scons Bones saades canaseSconaseshe 375
Réiss and Stibela. - 22ec sas see os oe ee oe ra eee ee ae eee eee eee 365
publications of, 3/2212 32 25-222 ono nee aes eee te ee eee eer ae 72
Reliquaries <2 205.2552 o. setae anos ce ee ee ee ee eee ee ee 82
Restrepo; Ernesto swoOrks bys 4-222 -= on eee eree eee eee ee eee 44
Rian; Semore hic fas ccc ce oe eee eae aa are ae eee tee 76
Rigelsville, Pa., archeological objects from. wove cards JURE 8 ce eee See eco ers 198
Rohrbeck; Carl’... 205 222 Fes ee See ee ee ae ee eee ee eer 227
Royall Academy of Pine) Arts) Madrid:22- 22-22. - em -ise ee 66
Royal Academy jot History. e-2-misesee = es ee eee ere 63, 66, 216, 269
Royal Society: of, Berl init ears ees sero ee ea ae ete ae 66
Russo;/Gaetano -2 - ce Saten coc os See ee wie ciel = ei ee ieee eee 244

Sacrificial stone .2.. oo<.cc eee ec 2 ee ee ee 58

INDEX. 409

Page.

Rabbis TUT TIS LOT yaGmN GSMO mate ah os. Ie tose Las ya ae sae acele walncue seca 63
SERENE VAIO Cece a Se Sear oi Sic Se wlarala ia laein vie eae ee La Setegee Saws eee UL
Sane Domineh MOblerwKirOM. 55. -0c.25< so 52-2 a2 3s 230s Son Soak Soke wes e scence 364
Sci Sia path geVo) S)c eS 9S A ye eres i, Ree oe ge ee 242
Bee dieaTis AID Tae te Mee oe Eg terre eh Ne ees ho Aas ew SSO a ani 63, 71, 331
Soins mG e Orme MEM ects uee See Lae ee tthe at Nthc as BELA awe eae ae 382
SLE TTR Salts Op oe ere ra Se ES Ssoehg pOEaEd eS Oo Ios Ss Nasa abe se ace aeae 145
Schumacher, Paul. ..-.-.- SoaAeteshGtos 53.55 See oes Someries Aetna i Senet Gee 375
SMALE) 21S) = SS RE EG Se ere eee a te, Cece A eR aE 104
eM OIPES, PLGHISHORIC! Sette oa oie OS nics icy io West walce ob. sess oe. 125
ShamMamMs TOdS'-- ease see see nese SA aS aoe tas SUCRE OS Aa AOE eae) oe aetes ae 167
PST Sl US Tb cae ey SR Sg a ESN get ee et oN aE 243
“1 CLE STEEN OLS Sr Aa aR SC CATT a i ee oe el 100
Sine dotereatners sMexiGanes | 6) sat SoD. Go pots es ae bes eeaeh eee eC eoneee 332
SHOT ENG ES 56 oN ce Ma ae eer Gee tI Cane cys RL Ne a ye ne ee ei U/
simancas, archives of -....-....--- PEE ister Sicc Nom Aue Wes eein = See Ne rosa 66
Ssh SPOS ONCIA DUT 21 sans a a ete Ta ec gs pS eS 114
MeN PUTO pO MNT ON TIO o yl. Mae ae oe ale cteihjae ole Mem aynirtae ed espe Eom ee Dele 205
DPR SULS UICC CCS ee A re RR Nee: en Se 96

SUELO WEA GEASS Sts ie I Rae Ae BA Oe eure ee Sea oe eR a eT 180
SIEM TH MO cup) bere) GUNS toe are oe nei as, eis pas ce Mapotn ke alsin ces mee see are 374
Sm Phi son lanes tbuTOMe ae. Soap NR ee Oe eer Wea. ro ercts ns, che Deel 75, 368
BS TLONVSELO OS opera toy feee eee oie roca pie ee cto chee aOR is od ei sisiayais ance ca eyo - 185
DOUG AG Key Rac 0) Ehsaan i a a See ee 379
SSD RUD SE Si Ee rhe aE She ca dea eS Oe oe Er Ye ea ey 10
Chnibchazobyectsrexhilbitedh bye sect eee emcee tie cia se oem enone Se 58
eLuhnosraphiciobyectsitrom: North Americass.. 2-2c------s22 ees. 208 a 61
exhibiijoh MuseumpoteAnchBolopy+--- -eteees eee sae once see asacee eee. eo
Mexicameip OFLERyppInOC Cliiser s\nce epee semper sie eS als Sa SRS wre ac 61
mineral coleckionstnomyNewaW Ord ess see oe eee. cee eee ee ee 62
Nationals tibrany. exhibitor, manuseriptss.o+-. 22+ -o<ss5 ese eee ee ee 64.

OL iat COMOCt LOM 4p) 0a sae tae aed eo as Sais waist ses we vie eS ein eee nec 59
Ehulpppimedsland: colleetione 22. <.- 2. See 22 oo Ye ass bot eon. Seka sce 62
FAST hese 5 BOOT SASS BORA SECIS ESE IES SESE 5. CEPI ts ORM REA EAE SE Se neg para 57
SPANISH OLONTCS Pesala tocol Seton hata cases Nelo ey aoe eee arala nica iets ote wee ae Sian 10
SP CALA OUMUS sarara ees rch A nat ein yctckele toe eicre Salis ol Weisloten siete ioe Bere setae, tis aoe 178
SH OO MSGS See HSSELE Se oe ee eRe ORT Ie reaper ns Pa a apm neers aan 149
Siliamrd ancl oti WARN AAS saa orn ree seare ces = ater Siem one la eels cicimrn seine eater see 76
SEWING) Ee ees EAA oo eas yn eRe recor ese IEC eae ee PN et 76

‘SHI TETINS Dea baan LE ait et he RS ap Pek A Ag A oe ITA 258
UG ATCO NCHS DIS rai Soe eee ge aoe ete eels ciao el ey che mine's, Sow eietemieee eh nae 117
PSU NIA y Ee MNT Sear rete iere tt era aerctchen ia ee cies or Siare Sguee ere nerm ye Sets ct 8 242
ASRUENVCLLIS d B LEY Sele es eno Sees Cee none emaee Se eefe e a e 218
SUOMI GIS LAO my yee are mere eee are a ann APN sine epee vayais ee 2 EA Nees open ane ee agen 74
PME VSL MMOL AMT. © a= tats a ate eRe amc eS wie ay wis he Rete & Cie bee 365
PUUDOl erlLornlamns is yee ease ce Meee = by rane, tame pa ee a ae 72, 73
Sue AT hel OVie le MIS OUINOL ae) eiecee ceecicnee oe eels yet aie wie tzisier steps sais me < see 329
RVME CLAD ete ee ee hee ee ever hd s sley a) ete arte Ae ee oie ae ie rei mee cecil et alsais 10
SMOLMA Ot ORG tamer tas a4 Was he Nae tal Mae eee ee etal oh wv cara Boas Seis. se sot 84
Seo, ohh OU ES OS ee ee User ee ere Rm Sai FT A ees dae ee ee 248
AMLSHS SCONE nO TiNl OC eer as ert Veetenc) 2 eavain oie ity eicl neler o mr ot oa mite aU a ls neice, Sto 113
alloy rand, pWmlcetoteerer nary sees scoala sitio te upamiete a ciclo ee are eee ee woes 232
SRST Se UII Le MUR eetere nialc ene Mian iastajeta a stniaraNa Go! ute alain e at eager em ke ok winds dy MOD
UAT OSULLOS( AN OR bOMULLOS tx ae ayer ani hue a epee ad shoe wets otek ahve siaduiatl 76

Seta Ag ECV AHO EODEOLOS On And arene stein Gah pten so 0\n ales eam slaw die wie si xicce 66

410 INDEX.

Page
THOMSON, Woe taere ses Serre cia athe ole Sate cree ae ee ee ere arene tae ee RST co
Phruostom,<Gahessey 2. 2k Se Ree cree oe eee cece re lore aaa tate as cee ae eee ee 377
Tiahuanuco; Peru, ruinsvabt. 222-2. 3:-6 . ras Je ee eiloe = tee ee ee eee 73
MWowSt! ACCESSOTICS LOT; = ones = oe wie = Se crac Sh eters See nee ee eee 173
Toledo; /Hrancisco de, manuseript Ole -emcerea tater ee a taea e 68
Toledo, Provincial LibraryOfte. 3.2.2 eset eee oes eee eee eee eee eee 65
(OMANI NO ies AOS Shas Sew Sodd dagec Se SUn Ecc RUncmeO cso oseascc ose s5agdme 184, 159
IMOMSt68 36 eee sanead Hoe se sose on oE obo non veda cobe DoScboR SaaGe4 ASmeceasosGeleras 163
MPA VELS: HEMT Oj/55 Sats ote r= ere ete cls te) a tostaa otic tate, es efehn ote eae ee te ree nae eee 66
AMSA RG [NOC o6 oa boados SoogSdGore boss Sooo baecna|ssesod ea Ses cease sere sccco- 179
IMA TNCs Aspe sede Dae Shae ESOS mabe coeecposce comsbo saad ep cap Sees ouoKs 86
TEROMOOND, NOC) 5 seacncens Saaess oo open desoc0 See Cec noosSce Hasese Bese 342, 345, 397
Wipsaw al, Mere Mh altar CLOu Ne. oe ese ere lel =m etal eee ae 303
ladles). + 2.5 228 Sack sess tele sete = c Scrasignt= oe ee Sapna ee ee ere 299
MOS AON Oe Ree BSS se Coes ooces ans aes Saad Sones 293
baskets seis os sae oes ele he sissies 2's sels laa eee ee eee ee aero 302
blankets 4. yet as ese ee eae Sse slayois 2 ease Sie siete site ett Hare, Serre sere 302
burial-food bowls... 5. sG2s20 to. -8 Pees ee fos ee ae oie See eee 302
arbicles) 002 eases es Sse eae cise seis Hearse Se ate egies 299
painited: tilesu.tsao: Seek = Site ce neo aeiotee se siesinie ae ie ey eee eee 299
photographsof sacred: dances case = ss sen es as sme oe eee ee eee
Province" Of: ges Ne cha a ate ete eae = ie ae ciciere ecole Sete ect el een 280
Wha ron sh ran cisconde meets: ee epee ate teeta erate aoe allele eee arteries eee 66
University, on bennsyilwaniaexchaliit Overs eet ae ae areal 12, 75, 195, 368, 384

publications of department of archeology and

paleontology 4. eects ae ecient een 203
(Uiivieac yg, Ney OUNCE tts so Boge CAC eke nee Sess cde ances ooo bsec soso uses ceases 10
exbiDLbrof: sees et oie. eke ee ee ie eee cee ce ree eo mttaer ere 52
ave Of Telicsy sees. tc se sek a nt ens ceca eee cera ee Don eletet pastes emer 52
MOL a is es Pee atsele: stat eyes ie stellata om staiare Pttatniare ie asim emaic oreo esate eee 54
grooved: hatchets. 222i. js nee eats Stoel te ciaiare el aels eters eine ere eer 54
Cemeteries o4.. Ack ses oe one Beate ee > eee Oe eee ie ee eee 52
Aint implements ~ 2222 sO Re Satie nian ote ise erste ae Sasce ere 52
hammerstones ss. ce aeaess se aes eee ee Peon abies Sacer as reso oe ate 53
fMAaTHC eros ys oko Fei 8 See es epee raceme sie eee esis ole aoa teeter oie eee Serene 52
perforated: stones tetas. seas -e ose eee ee eee a eee ee eeee 54
MOU ose GSEs saonso ebae saan H506 coco cob dno Good sooo mSen acta osecsec 55
FROMM RAs Setoooss to see eee eee SOO see ee eer eee eee. 365
AHH EC pn P Tt) Neo) he SSeS ssn eks Aooaoo Ssoc congue shaces Wessosescrecs 55
United States: S55 sce see o ce see elaisys ate le eye aye Caco cee Ie re ore eee ree 10
exhibit Of noes. See Se ae eect ire chet etn ee ras ee ae 75
Army Medical Museum) exhibiblote sasseeeeeee eee eee eeeae 193
Bureau of Engraving and Printing, exhibit of -...--..-.---.-.- 212
mint, exhibitiofwnc= -W.eeace- oe oe eee ee are eee 211
SIN (ea: Ora ea Tl sen ns ee 75
Post-Office Department, exhibitiot 2-55 oss-eeee eee oa ae 213
Vailencia;;\Conde: desist seo. ee Aa eta eee eee ene ener ays bee eee 332
Veracua. DulcerOfess sco o see aaa Halts ne Wo esata teas ee eames 217
Vestments; ichurch2. 28 ost cas Jo ead gale cetetnalels = re aeeee re eee ore adn
Vienna, Imperial Mmsemm ots satay econ ope ioetare terre) etcten e arate ates are eter te tere eee eee 330
Vienaud; Henrys olsen ct teat ve oak ose nw ates tesla oie ate Seance eae eae ee 218
Wiking ship. secee spas sas eee ae ren eee Caen ae 74
Von. Tschudi. cede este halted sees oe Se cite eee nea nee ees eer enters 56
Waariclubs:... ose oecgietis sects sere oe wid we crete oon enue tate ete eee 145

INDEX. 411

Page
MPRpUMTEG IST a tyre see met ateiels cpeine acinar ta civ aoe iavewis w a's; Wine Biele greleais's' aie erie ecnlale 259
Wiealv erst pl em entsearatvc tances ssice ain cilomincie nt sere eimai cslekie en ndsleer 154
\WWG UIE os Sate cacaos cbc 6 tae HOSS So rE OAC eT E SIE sec See ee eee ele 158
Wiebane) Jamesi© ., COMIEMSSIONDL sacet tc fe.) oie otal e's Pe Solas mene ee es seal 8
AW: IS tes patente 2 ee ee ee ese ee ee Nr gv cates fe eieetee Sage (se LS 166, 170
IW beh ONS. VEVOMIBOMc ie Mes ere ekee oe ieee are Ste ss haya te en een ar cea 2 So Po SF oe 218
VET OR WAIN TOO eyes tone gees. geet ne ce eA ce wnat ates nei mae aaete aS 185
ATES pos V9 Boo wae hc eae MS lives soa ee SE i ara eee raat eS Nett I sac) SR Se es 8
\WWiGiLe Cniiss TRISUPS IES Opes apis See Sead Se een as yhansbe dasopssonagP once eel Og
NV nitine aboriginal. 2220) oe aes ato oho aol a) ees Sm aia Un mi Sclra wom ia\e S)-ihar—a rein ~[e = a= 168
VEG STN CAE a 19 0 eRe ee ges ee ge SS gor SU a LS Se Sis SMR As eS 229
ZOOM Ie a COS N Eh ailaeoan bascese Baader ooeG ouaDogs en neon tcod cooScencse 52
PAV AE AO A MADE OG) etc ate wes oie Seco lola Ps, oi «ata chase wet cues atte tim le ae ley lessle’='a/s)m)~\= "5 We 67

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