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DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR.

11 E P 0 K T

UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

T II E T E II 11 1 T O R IBS.

F. V. HOYDEN",

UNITED STATES GEOLOG IST-IN-C H AEGE.

VOLUME X

WASHINGTON:

GOVERN M E NT PRINTING OFFI C E
187 6.

LETTER TO THE SECRETARY.

Office of United States Geological and Geographical

Survey of the Territories,

Washington, March 1, 1876.

Sir: In presenting to the public the present monograph by Dr.
Packard, I feel assured not only of the hearty approval of all entomologists,
but also of scientific men generally.

I deem it one of the most important parts of the work of such surveys,
second. only to their chief object, to seize upon the opportunity of completing
such monographs as the present; otherwise, materials which individuals and
various expeditions have been collecting, may remain for years in private or
public museums, or perhaps be destroyed, without any systematic arrange-
ment ever having been made. But this is not the only and greatest benefit to
be derived from such monographs as the present: it is practically useful as an
assistant in the economic entomology of our country, as this memoir embraces
one of the most injurious groups of Lepidopterous insects.

These monographs also enable those who are constructing elementary
works, for the use of our colleges and schools, to bring into harmony and
properly systematize the whole. In fact, so great is the want that is now
felt in this respect that I have been called upon to furnish a limited number
of copies to some of our Western institutions, to be used directly in instruct-
ing the more advanced classes.

The time has come in this country when monographs, complete and
exhaustive in reference to the field embraced, are demanded ; and no more
important work can now be done in natural history than to bring out such
memoirs where the facts and material are sufficient.

I therefore feel assured that not only scientists, but the entire educated
portion of our people, will give their hearty encouragement in this work.
Such publications are monuments which will, in years to come, point back
to the wisdom of the liberal policy adopted by Congress in aiding the prose-
cution of this Survey, and allowing it that latitude which enables it thus to
work up fully and exhaustively not only the immediate material obtained,

IV

lull to complete the work in various groups in cases where specialists are

prepared to do so.

Other monographs are in an advanced state of preparation, based on

the collections of the Survey, which will be printed as soon as they can he

rendered more complete by farther investigations in the field.

Very respectfully, your obedient servant,

F. V. HAYDEN,

United States Gi-ologist.
lion. Z. Chandler,

Secretary of the Interior.

.

UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

\J*-d*-'-» «? \J _ ^U^JZJZ~

J±

MONOGRAPH

GEOMETRIC MOTHS OR PIIALtEMD^

UNITED STATES.

By A. S. PACKARD, Jr., M. D.

WASHINGTON:

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

187(i.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Page.

Introduction 1-6

S\ oonymy of the family 7

History of tbe family -- - 7-15

Differential characters of the family 15-16

Comparative anatomy of the head 16-23

Comparative anatomy of the thorax 23-28

Anatomy of the male genital armature 28-32

Comparison with other families of Lepidoptera 32-35

Internal anatomy of the larva 35-36

Habits of the species 36

Development of the thorax of the imago 37

Secondary sexual characters of the imago 38-42

Origin of the genera and species 42, 43

Mimicry of natural objects 43, 44

Terminology 44

Description of the genera and species , 45

Geographical distribution of the Phalajuida) of the United States 567

Bibliography 595

Index 599

27 8.94

Peabody Academy ov Science,

Salem, Mass., August 10, 1875.

Dear Sik : I beg leave to transmit to you a monographical account of
the North American species of Geometrid moths. The material which was
collected by Lieut. W. L. Carpenter, in Colorado, in 1873, while attached to
your party, and by others in the same Territory, added to extensive collec-
tions received from the Pacific Slates, as well as the Atlantic States, have
made me anxious to treat the subject more thoroughly, and enlarge upon the
slight sketch published in your Annual Report for 1874.

That I can do this in the present fonn is due to your enlightened inter-
est in the connection of biological with geological and geographical science.
By an attentive study of the insect fauna of the plateaus and mountains of
Colorado and adjoining Territories, we are led to comparative studies of the
physical features of those regions with the elevated plate; us of Asia. The
comparatively few specimens previously received from Colorado indicate#a
similarity in its fauna to the Ural and Altai Mountains, most striking and
unexpected to myself, and perhaps to most persons.

Besides the relations to comparative physical geography and the geo-
graphical distribution of animals, it is believed that an extended examination
of the existing insects of the Western States and Territories will throw light
on the extinct forms which abound in the Tertiary formation in those regions,
and which have been partially worked up by Mr. S. H. Scudder, the eminent
palentomologist, on materials discovered within the limits of Colorado and
Utah. For this purpose in part, at least, -much attention has been devoted
in the illustrations accompanying this report to the venation of the wings of
each genus of the family, as well as to the anatomy of the hard [tarts of these
insects which are more likely to be preserved fossil.

From an economical point of view, a systematic account of the species

of this family, comprising the measuring or span worms, so many of which

are injurious to vegetation, will, it is hoped, prove useful to agriculturists;

and it is believed that a volume on these injurious insects, largely represented

Iph

iii the Western States, for fully one-half if mil more of my material has
come from the Western States, will not be out of place in a scries of works
illustrative of the extinct and living animals, now in course of publication
under your direction.

In closing, allow me to express my appreciation of the impetus you have
already given by the reports published under the auspices of the survey to
our knowledge of the insects of the Rocky Mountains, and to thank you for
the kind interest you have taken in the preparation of this work, and for the
increased value you have given it by extending to me the hospitalities of the
survey for a few weeks in Colorado and Utah during the present season.
I have thus been enabled to add greatly to the usefulness of the essay to
western entomologists.

1 am, sir, with much respect, yours, very truly,

. A. S. PACKARD, Jr.

Prof. F. V. IIayijen,

Geologist-in-charge of the U. S. Geological and

Geographical Survey of the Territories, Washington, D. C.

INTRODUCTION

The Phalcunidee arc a family of moths of great extent. There arc eight
hundred species of this family enumerated in Staudinger and Wocke's Cata-
logue of the Lepidoptera of Europe. In the present work, between three
and four hundred species are described, and it is not unlikely that nearly a
thousand species will be found on the continent north of Mexico and the
West Indies. The limits to which this work is confined are all of America
north of Mexico and the West Indies, i. e., all north of the southern boundary
of the United States, including British America, Arctic America, and Green-
land, as the latter belongs to the same (circumpolar) fauna as Arctic Amer-
ica, while the insects of the coast of Northern Labrador are in many cases
identical with those of Greenland.

I will now enumerate the sources from which my material has been
derived, beginning with the Arctic regions, Labrador. British America, and
going down by way of the alpine summits and lowlands of New England to
the Middle and Southern Atlantic States, thence to the Southeastern States,
to the Trans-Mississippi States, to Colorado and the Rocky Mountain region,
closing with the Pacific region, beginning with Vancouver Island and ending
with Southern California. The acknowledgments are made in this order in
giving the habitats of the different species:

1. Specimens of geometrid larva' and adult Glaucopteryx from Polaris
Bay, Northern Greenland, collected by Dr./ E. Bessels, the scientist of the
United States Polaris Expedition. Specimens from Greenland, Iceland,
Lapland, and the Swiss Alps, named and forwarded by Dr. 0. Staudinger.

2. Collections made in Southern Labrador. Straits of Belle Isle, by
myself and members of the Williams College Expedition to Labrador and
Greenland, in 1860. Larger collections made by myself along the coast,
from the Straits of Belle Isle to Hopedale, with specimens received from
Okkak, Labrador, through the Moravian missionaries.

3

;;. Collections made in the alpine, subalpine, and lower regions ol
.Moiini Washington, New Hampshire, In .Messrs. F. (i. Sanborn, S. II.
Scudder, II. K. Morrison, and myself; also, a small number taken on the
Saskatchewan River, British America, by .Mr. Scudder, and a few species
from Quebec, collected by Prof. V. X. Belanger, with a collection from
London, Canada, accompanied by notes on the early stages by Mr. William
Saunders.

I. Collections made in the New England States by Dr. T. W. Harris
and Rev. Mr. Leonard, and contained in the Museum id' the Boston Society
of Natural History, with unpublished notes of dates of capture and localities,
which I have been freely allowed to use. The specimens in the Museum of
the Peabody Academy of Science, Salem, the Museum of Comparative Zool-
ogy, and collections made by Messrs. F. G Sanborn, H. K. Morrison, C. S.
Minot, S. II. Scudder, S. E. Cassino, Frank Very, Gr. Dimmock, F. W. Put-
nam, A. E. Verrill, S. I. Smith, C. G Atkins, F. S. Scribner, S. H. Peabody,
L. W Goodell, J. H. Emerton, and myself.

5. Collections from the Middle Atlantic States, from the American
Entomological Society, Mr. A. R. Grote, the late Dr. Brackenridge Clemens,
Missis James Angus, J. A. Lintner (whose fine series have been of special
interest and value). Mr. Meske, Mr. Stultz, Mr. Graef, Mr. Smith, Professor
Comstock of Cornell University, the Kentucky Geological Survey. Prof
X S. Shaler in charge, a few species collected by Mr. F. G. Sanborn, assist-
ant on the survey, the Agricultural Department at Washington, D. C, through
Prof. T. Glover, and Mr. Dodge, Mr. T. L. Mead, and W. H. Edwards.

tJ. A few species in the Museum ol' the Peabody Academy of Science,
Salem, from Michigan, collected by Dr. Clark; collections from Detroit,
Mich., made by Mr. Swarz of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cam-
bridge, and a small collection from Racine, Wis., from Dr P. R. Hoy.

7. A few species from the Southern Atlantic States, in the Harris
cabinet, Boston Society of Natural History.

8. Large collections in the Museum of the Peabody Academy of Science,
Salem. Mass., containing my types of new species from Bosque County, Texas,
collected by <J. W. Belfrage, and from Dallas, Texas, through Mr. Loll. I have
also had t he privilege of examining the types of a few Texan species, described
bv Professor Zeller, and contained in the Museum id' Comparative Zoology.
I have also received the larvae and notes on a lew species from Mr. Belfrage.

9. Collections from the Western States and Territories beyond the
Mississippi River, made by Lieut. W. L. Carpenter, attached in 187.'» to
Professor Hayden's Geological Survey of "the Territories, and during the
same season by Mr. T. L. Mead, and during the summer of 1875 by myself in
Colorado and Utah, under the auspices of Professor Hayden's Survey. Col-
lections from Colorado, from Mr. J. Ridings, and the Department of Agri-
culture at Washington, and in Lawrence, Kans., by Prof. F. H. Snow of the
University of Kansas.

10. Very large collections in fine order from the Pacific States, received
from Messrs. Henry Edwards and James Behrens, with the collections made
in Victoria, Vancouver's Island, and California, by the late Mr. G R. Crotch,
and now contained in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, together with a
number collected in California by Mr. Alexander Agassiz, and a few received
from Mr. Junius Holleman. To all these institutions and gentlemen, as well
as to any others who may have been omitted in this enumeration, are due my
sincere thanks.

Good collections of European generic types have been received through
the kindness of Professor P. C. Zeller and Dr. 0. Staudinger. These have
been indispensable to me, and saved me some mistakes otherwise unavoid-
able.

While in France in 1872, M. Guenee most generously threw open his
entire collection of this family for my inspection and comparison of speci-
mens, taken with me for the purpose, with his types. I am also indebted to
the late Dr. J. E. Gray, and Mr. Frederic Smith of the British Museum, for
the privilege of examining Walker's types. The species thus examined with
European and other types are indicated in the synonymy thus : !!!. Those
species recognized by me at sight, but not compared, are indicated by a
single mark of exclamation. I have also had drawings made of the remain-
ing types of the late Mr. Walker, with the kind permission of Dr. A. Giinther,
keeper of the zoological department of the British Museum, the work of the
artist having been kindly superintended by Mr A. G. Butler, assistant in the
museum. By the liberality of these gentlemen I have been enabled to
identify all of Walker's types now to be found in the British Museum ; for
several species, stated by him as being in the national collection, were not to
be found. Descriptions of those species of Guenee and Walker, which I
have been unable to determine, but which I have seen and regard as good

6

species,. are reprinted, so as to give completeness to the work. I am also
indebted to Messrs. A. R. Grote, II. K Morrison, ('. S. Minot, and Dr. L.
Harvey for the examination of their types.

The plates illustrating the venation and external anatomy have been
drawn by Mr. S E. Cassino, under my superintendence. The figures in
plate I were drawn by myself with the camera lucida; those of the other
plates were drawn in the same manner by Mr. Cassino. Most of the figures
are exact copies of the camera-drawings; a tew have been reduced by pho-
tography. By this method it is believed that the drawings are at least
approximately correct. In every case I have carefully revised the drawing of
the artist. The drawings of the parts of the thorax on plate 7 were drawn by
Mr. Cassino with the camera, and then carefully corrected from the speci-
mens; Ind. after all, these drawings of the thorax must he regarded as partly
diagrammatic, as they are quite difficult to represent in outline. The work
of Mr. L. Trouvelot, of Cambridge, Mass., who drew the moths, speaks for
itself.

While this work is based largely on material contained in the museum
of the Peabody Academy of Science, wherein are contained the types of
nearly all the new species described by me, I should state that this work has
been done as an officer of the Academy; and to the enlightened views of the
trustees, who believe that one of the primary objects of the institution is
the advancement of science by the publication of original memoirs, I am
indebted for the time placed at my disposal in the preparation of this
monograph ; the funds of the Academy being too limited to warrant the
publication of so extended a paper in its memoirs. I also owe much to the
kind suggestions and encouragement of Prof. F. V. Hayden, during the
preparation and publication of the work.

An essay on the geographical distribution of the PhaUnthLc of this
country, and a list of works referring to the family, will follow the descrip-
tion of the species.

Peauody Academy of Science,

0

Salem, Mass., Aug. 10. IS 75.

A MONOGRAPH

THE PHALENIDjE OF NOR'IH AMERICA

§ 1. — Synonymy of the Family.

GeometrcB Linn., Syst. Nat., ed. x, 519, 1758.
Phalcena: Fabe., Eut. Syst., 170:?.

Geometrcv C'uviek, Tableau element, de l'hist. nat. 1798.
Geomelrce Denis and Schiff., Syst. Verz. Wieu. Geg., i, 358, 1801.
" Phalcenitea Latbeille, Hist. Nat. d. Ins.,iii, 411, 1802."— Agass., Nomen.
Phalaiites Latk., Gen. Crust. Insect., iv, 226, 1807.
Phalenites Late., Considerations, 366, 1810.

" PhalcBnides Leach, Edinb. Encyc., ix, 134, 1815." — Agass., Nomen.
Geomelrce HCbn., Teutamen, 1H16, or earlier, perhaps 1806 or 1810.
Geometrce Hijiix., Verz., 282, 1818.
Phalcenidce Leach, in Samouelle's Comp., 252, 1819.
I'luilcnites Late., Families Regne An., 477, 1825.
Geometrce Teeitschke, Schm. Eur., vi, 1, 1827.
PhaUnites Duponchel, Hist. Nat. Lep., iv, 103, 1829.
(Icomihiihr and Phahvnhhv CURTIS, Brit. Ins., 33, 1823-'40.
Geometridce Stephens, Nomen. Brit Ins., 43, 1829.
Gcomctrcc Boisd., Gen. et Index, 177, 1840.
Phalasnarice Zetteemedt, Ins. Lapponica, vi, 890, 954, 1840.
Geometrides Here.-Sch., Syst. Bearb. Scbm. Eur., iii, 1847.
Geometroidcs Ledebee, Eur. Spanner, Verb. Bot. Zool. Ges. Wieu., 172, 1853.
PhaUnites Guen., Phal., i, 25, 1857.
Gcomctrites Walk., List' Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xx, 1, 1860.

§ 2. — History of the Family.

In 1758, Linne, in "Editio decima, reformataf of his " Systema Natures"
includes all the moths below the genus Sphinx in the groups Phalcena Bom-
byx, Phalcena Noctua, Phalcena Geometra, Phalcena Pyralis, Phalama Tinea,
and Phalcena Alucita, The Geometrm are divided into Geometra pectinatqi
and Geometrce seticornes.

These divisions are still further subdivided on the characters afforded
by the shape of the hind wings, whether angulated or not. The names oi
the species with pectinated antennae end in aria, and those with simple

8

a 1 1 1 • • 1 1 1 k i ■" in ata. This custom has been followed for the mosl pari by subse-
quent authors, and is a convenience

The succession of genera is as follows, adopting modern generic names:
Todis lactearia; then follows Drepana falcataria, a Bombycid moth; TJrapteryx
sambucaria; Pn ,><//></ lacertinaria,. also a Bombycid; Evgonia alniaria, and
allied forms ending with the European Geometra papilionaria. The Seti-
cornes begin with Nemoria viridata and end with Cheimatobia brumata. This
division includes some Pyralids, and it will he seen thai the arrangement is
essentially an artificial one, except that on the whole the disposition of spe-
cies agrees with presenl classifications; those comprised in the Vrapt&ryna
and Ennominee standing above the Geomelrince.

In 1793, Fabricius, in the " Entomologica Systematica," simply followed
Linnaeus in dividing the genus Phalcvita into two sections: 1. Antetinis pecti-
natis; 2. Antennis setaceis. His first division begins with Iodis latearia, and
the second division includes besides the Phalsenids with simple antennae, the
Platyptericince, and the Deltoid moths. It will he seen that he simply fol-
lows the arrangement of Linnaeus.

In 1801, Denis and Sehiffermiiller, in their celebrated work " Syste-
malisches Verzeichniss von dot Schmetterlingen der Wiener Gegend" made
the following arrangement of the Pkalcenidce, based on the larval characters.

The group termed Geometra, Linn. {Phalcena, Fabr.), is divided into
the following subdivisions :

I. Larvce pedibus duodecim, subdivision A beginning with Metrocampa
tnargaritaria.

II. Larvce, pedibus decern, subdivisions A to P, group A beginning with
Geometra papilionaria and ending with Acidalia ornata, group P beginning
with Petrophora dot (tin.

Much fault may be found with this arrangement, but it is the first
attempt to give a natural arrangement founded on the larval stages. The
divisions I and 11 are unnatural ones, as in the genus Anisopteryx we have
one species {A. pometaria) hitherto regarded as being scarcely more than a
variety, which has rudiments of a third pair of abdominal feet, and the other
(A. vernata) entirely without such rudimentary appendages. The same
group P. besides several species of Pelrophora and Acidalia, respectively, con-
tains Pellonia vilncaria.

In 1807, Latreiile (Genera Crustaceorum et Insectorum, iv), under the

9

family-name Phalenites (which I translate into Phaleemdee), briefly classifies
the species of Phalcena, proposing no new generic division, but states that
from the larval characters the family should be divided into three genera.
The first is Platypteryx, Laspeyres (Drepana, Schrank); the other two groups
(II, Eruca pedibus duodecim ; III, Eruca pedibus decern) corresponds tu the true
Phalcenidce. The second (unnamed) genus comprises the modern genera
Metrocampa and Ellopia ; and the third (unnamed) genus (subdivided into five
sections) begins with Urapteryx sambucaria and ends with Hybemia defoli-
aria; the genera between are arranged with little regard to the natural system,
and in this respect the arrangement is inferior to that of Linnaeus.

In 1810 (Considerations), lie followed the same arrangement.

In 181o, Leach, in the Edinburgh Encyclopaedia, proposed the name
Phalcenides for the family, according to Agassiz's "Nomenclator ;" but I have
not seen his arrangement of the genera.

Previous to the year 181G, Hiibner published on a single sheet his
" Tentamen.v There is no date on it. To Mr. Scudder we are indebted for
calling attention to this publication. Says Mr. Scudder, " It is twice referred
to by Hiibner himself: once in the preface to his Verzeichniss, written in
1816; and again, in 1818, in the preface to the first century of his Zutriiger
The part relating to the Phalaanids is here reprinted.

Phalanx V. — Geometer.
Tribus I ; amplce.
I. Hylaeae — Hylaea Easciaria.
II. Tcrpiue — Terpne Papilionaria.

III. Eusarcas — Eusarca Elinguaria.

IV. Lares — Lars Sambucaria

V Eutrapelae — Eutrapela Lunaria.
VI. Erastriae — Erastria Amataria.

Tribus Ih; tenues.
I. Cyclophora' — Cyclophora Pendularia.
II. Spilotye — Spilote Gross ulariata.

III. Sphecodse — Sphecodes Pusaria.

IV. Chlenastaj — Chlenastes Piniaria.
V. Sciadia — Sciadion Funata.

VI. Cymatophorae — Cymatophora Roboraria.

10

Tribus III: ceguivocce.

1. Pachyes— Pachys Prodromaria.
II. Epirrita — Epirrita Dilutata.

III. Rheumaptera — Rheuraaptera 1 [asfcata.

IV. Hydrias — Hydria Undulata.

\'. Petrophora — Petrophora Mseniata.

There is no good reason why these names should noi stand, as observed
by Dr. I,. Harvey as well as by Mr. Scudder,* who called the attention of
entomologists to this neglected publication.

In 1818, Hiibnerf published the part of (he "Verzei.chitiss" relating to
the Phalcenidos, which are grouped under the name Geometrce, forming his
•' Phalanx quinta." He divides the group into three tribes, the tribes into
stirps, and the latter into families, genera, and species.

Tribe I, stirps i-ii comprises the modern Geometrince ; stirps iii, part of
GrueneVs Ennomidce; stirps iv contains the Uranides, and a part of the Enno-
m'nur; stirps v comprises the Fidoniinoe, some Ennominte, and Semiothisa;
stirps vi comprises, among other genera, Lythria, Hcematopw and Calothysanis.

Tribe II, stirps i contains, among other genera, Codonia ; stirps ii,
Orthostixis, Rhyparia, Panthera, Baptria, etc. ; stirps iii comprises certain
Acidalinai and the Caberinee ; stirps iv comprises the Hiibnerian genera
Scotopteryx, Catascia, Ascotis, Dyscia, etc. ; stirps v comprises Cymatophora,
"or GrueneVs Boarmidee.

Tribe III, stirps i comprises the modern genera Amphidasys, Bistort,
Phigalia, Nyssia, etc.: stirps ii contains Operophtera, Oporiniu,Hydriomc)in,
Trickopteryx, the groups represented by Evpithecia, etc.; stirps iii includes,
among other genera. Melanippe ; stirps iv comprise Calocalpe, Plerocymia,
etc., and Glaucopteryx ; stirps v, and last, Ochyria, Lygris, Car.sia, Litlto-
stege, etc.

from this arrangement it will be seen that Hiibner placed the Geome-
tiimc above even I rania and the Ennomidte of Guenee, while his third tribe
is a mixture of certain of GuencVs Boarmidee with the Larentidce. Here

•Bulletin Buffalo Soo. Nat. Sci., March, 1874.

1 1 accept Mr. Scudder's discovery that " page 7 1 of the f erseichniss, or, in other words, its lil'ih
signature, aud all following it, could not have been printed before two years after the Verzeiclvnisi is
dated." Historical Sketch of the Generic Names proposed for Butterflies. Proceed. Amer. Acad., x (ii),
1875, p. 97.

11

again. Glaucopteryx is placed above Carsia and Lithostege, though evidently
lower than the latter two genera.

The great merit of Hiibner's classification is his recognition of many
subdivisions of the families (in Latreille's sense) of the Lepidoptera, and the
subdivision "into groups which correspond to modern ideas of a genus. 1
have found it necessary to set aside many modern genera, and adopt Iliib-
ner's names for them as fairly entitled to recognition.

In 1K19, Samouelle, in the "Entomologists' Useful Compendium," gave
the following arrangement: Phalcenidce, stirps i, larva with twelve feet,
Phalcena margaritaria ; stirps ii. larva with ten feet, Uipparchus, Bupalus,
Geometra, Ourapteryx, Biston, Abraxas.

In 1825, Latrcille, in his "Families Naturelles," left out of his Phalce-
nite.s, which he regards as simply a tribe of his family JVocturna, embracing
all the moths below the Sphinges, the Platyptericince, and followed the same
arrangement of the true Phaleenidee as he proposed in 1807.

The Phalcenites are strangely placed between the Tortrices, comprising
the modern Deltoids (in part) and Pyralids (in part) and Cramhites.

Latreille's arrangement as regards the succession of genera is certainly
much inferior to that of Linnaeus, and his conceptions of the families of the
Lepidoptera much less carefully elaborated than in other orders of insects.
In the " Families Naturelles" he retrogrades in his views regarding a family,
as applied to the Lepidoptera, as since 1807 he considers the Phalcenites as
forming the " Familia octatia" of the Lepidoptera.

In 1827, Treitschke, in the continuation of Ochsenheimer's " Schmetter-
linge -non Europa,\ uses the term Geometra for the group, and makes no sub-
divisions above genera. He begin,- the description of the genera with
Ennomos, and the remaining genera follow on, thus: Accena (TJrapteryx),
Ellopia, Geometra, Aspilates, Crocallis, Gnophos, Boarmia, Amphidasys, Psodos,
Fidonia, Chesias, Cabera.

In 1829, Duponchel, in the "Histoire Naturelle des Lqridoirtcres den
France", IV, proposed the following division of the Phaleenidee into forty-
eight genera :

I. Chenilles h quatorze pattes — Rumia.
II. Chenilles a douze pattes — Metrocampa.

III. Chenilles a dix pattes — Ennomos, Himera, Crocallis, Ai/ur<">aa
Eurymene, Aventia, Philobia, Epione, Trimandra, Hemithea, Geometra, Am-

12

phidasis, Nyssia, Phigalia, Hibemia, Boarmia, Halia, Fidonia, Ligia, Nu-
meria, Cabera, Ephyra, Dosithea, Acidalia, Aspilates, Pellonia, Cleogene, Pha-
svine, Eubolia, Ourapteryx, Gnopkos, Vcnilia, Zerene, Corycia, Melanihia,
\felanippe, Cidaria, Anai'tis, Larentia, Amathia, Chesias, Strenia, Tanagra,
Psodos, Siona, Minoa.

It will be seen that the arrangement, based on the larval stages, is afi
artificial one, and open to the same objection as that of Denis and Schiffer-
miiller. It begins with the Ennomince (in part); Geometra is placed above
Hibemia and Boarmia; Acidalia and Aspilates are brought together; and Ura-
pteryx succeeds all these, while Gnopkos is widely separated from Boarmia.
The Larentince come last and lowest, with the exception of Tanagra {Bapta),
Siona, and Minoa and Cidaria, which should really precede the genus La-
rentia {Glaucopteryx, Petrqpkora). Duponchel includes the Noctuid genus
Ligia in the family, placing it between Fidonia and Numeria.

In the same year, Stephens published "The Nomenclature of British
Insects'', a simple list with many new genera. He proposes the term Geo-
metridce for the family, but does not attempt a subdivision of it.

The succession of genera is here given. A few new genera are indi-
cated (n. g.), but not named. Psychophora, Speranza, Fidonia, Bupalus,
Anisopteryx, Lampetia, Amphidasis, Biston, Metra, Crocallis, n. g. {Ennomos
bidentata), Geometra, Pericallia, n. g. {Hipparckus Prunarid}, n. g. {Enno-
mos: cratcegata), Ourapteryx, Phalcena, Ellopia, Hipparckus, Chora, Alois,
Hemcrophila, Boarmia, Grammatophora, Azinephora, Cabera, Cyclopkora,-
Bradyepetes, Aspilates, Larentia, Cie/aria, Harpalyce, Steganolophia, Electra,
Idcea, Abraxas, n. g. {Xerene melanaria), Xerene, Ypsipetes, Phibalapteryx,
Scotosia Triphosa, n. g. {Acidalia bilineata), n. g. {Acidalia undulata), Cha-
rissa, Packycnemia, Lozogramma, Aplocera, Chesias, n. g. {Chesias simulata),
n. g. Acidalia dilutata, Cheimatdbia, Lobqpkora, Eupitkecia, Minoa, Baptria,
Emmelesia, Hercyna, Hyria, Ptychopoda, Macaria, Ennomos.

The arrangement is very objectionable, beginning with Psychophora,
Speranzanud Fidonia, and ending with Macaria and Ennomos; Cidaria, Har-
palyce, Electra, and Eupitkecia preceding Macaria. The merit of the work is
in the proposal of desirable new genera, though in this he and Duponchel, as
well as Curtis and Treitschke, have ignored Hiibner. Whether Stephens's
work appeared before Duponchel's fourth volume or not is not known. Du-
ponchel's names should, of course, have priority, since the descriptions and

13

figures are given; and Hie work must have been prepared before that ot
Stephens, as il is a part of an extended work.

In 1831, Stephens, in his "Illustrations," proposed several new genera.
In 1840, Boisduval, in the ''Genera et Index Methodus Europceorum Le
pidopterorum," enumerates fifty-nine genera under the head Geometree, pro-
posing a few new ones himself. No subdivisions of the Geometrce are
proposed. The group begins with Heliothea and Cleogene; then follows
Geometra, and its allies Metrocampa, Urapteryx, etc. A part of the modern
Larentina come before Ephyra and Acidalia, while at the end are placed
Siona, Sthanelia, Ode:i<<, Torula, Psodos, Pygmcena, Anthometra, and lastly
Minoa. It will be seen that the arrangement has little merit.

In LS47, Herrich-Schaeffer proposed a new classification of the family
in his " Systematische Bearbeitung der Schmetterlinge von Europa." He
divides it, under the name Grometrides, into two divisions:
I. Phylometrides.
II. Dendromef rides.

The latter comprises Anisopteryx, Lythria, Sterrha, Minoa, Hydrelia,
Eupithecia, Larenlia, Cheimotobia, and Chesias. All the remaining genera,
of which there are fifty-two, are included in the Phytometrides.

The arrangement of these genera is not satisfactory, and many well-
defined genera are regarded as subgenera by the author. It is needless to
remark that the division into Phylometrides and Dendrometrides is essentially
artificial.

In 18 >0, Stephen's "List" of the Lepidoptera in the British Museum
appeared. It is a new list, but notable from his adoption of Hiibner's genera.
He divides the family into nineteen subfamilies. The arrangement of the
genera is quite unnatural.

In 1853 appeared Lederer's "Versuch die europaischen Spanner." This
was by far the most carefully prepared work that had hitherto appeared on the
European species of this family. The genera are carefully described, especial
stress being laid on characters drawn from the venation. A number of new
genera are proposed, some of which, however, I have felt obliged to set aside
on account of their having, in my judgment, been pre-oceupied by Hiibner's
names. He divides the family into four groups, without naming them.

Group I comprises the Geometrida of Guenee. Group II is my Acula-
Unce. Group III comprises the Ennomidce, Amphidacidez, Boarmidce, Cube-

14

>itlii\ Macarldce, Fidonklce, Zerenida, and Hibernida of Guene'e. Group IV
is nearlj equivalenl to GueneVs Larentidee, excepl thai Lythria is contained

in it, and if also embraces Cheimatobia, and ends with Eupithecia.

\\ bile there are main good features in (his classification, and the genera
are carefully described, 1 can see no good reason for placing the Geometrce
higher than the Ennomince, or for placing his second group above the third.

The last important work is the excellent general treatise on this family
by A. Guene'e. It appeared in 1857." It is the most useful work that has
appeared, and it is of special value to entomologists in this country from the.
large number of American species described in it. The generic characters
are given with considerable fullness, and the characters drawn from the larva'
and pupa, are valuable, as being the first attempt to use them in conjunction
with the imaginal characters.

M. Guenee's classification is as follows: He divides the family Uranides,
which he regards as a group equivalenl to the Nbctuidce or Phalcmidce, into
the following families:
I. Cydimonida.
II. Uruiiidn.

III. Nyctalemon idee.
IV. Sematurida.

The Phaldnites of the globe are subdivided into twenty-six families, as
follows: Urapterydce, EnnomideB, CEnochromidce, Ampkidasydce, Boarmidce,
Boh tob i<l<i\ Gi:nniiii'iili,\ Micoceridee, Palyada, Ephyridce, Acldalidce, Micro-
ii nl i. Caberida:, Macaridos, Fidonidce, Hazidce, Zerenidce, LigUhe, Hybernidm,
Larentidee, Eubolidce, Sionidce, Hedylidce, Erateiniidce, Emjrfocidm, Hypo-
ckrosidce.

While I would not regard these groups as of sufficient importance to be
considered as families; in the succession of the genera, and the recognition of
the groups to which the learned author applies family names, I cannot but
regard this as the best classification hitherto presented, while it is the most
elaborate work on the family that we have. It must always remain a classic.

It will be seen thai I have in the main followed 31. Guenee's arrange-
ment of genera. Il should be borne in mind that my arrangement is based
mainly on a study of North American species, with the aid of European types,
while GueneVs work includes species from the tropics of both hemispheres
an. I Australia, as well as China, and, in fact, the globe. Whether the changes

15

proposed in 1 he following classification will stand, remains to be determined
by any one who may undertake to elaborate the Phakvnid fauna of the world.
I have ventured only after careful observation of anatomical facts to unite
some of M. GueneVs families into larger groups, which may provisionally be
regarded as subfamilies. All through my work, the elaborate monograph of
M. Guende has been my chief guide. The students of moths are under
greater obligations to him than any other author. Next to his work 1 rank
Lederer's, which has been also of much use to me.

Walker's "Lists of the Lepidoptera Heterocera in the British Museum"
simply follow GueneVs classification. A great opportunity was lost by the
authorities of the British Museum in the publication of a series of meagre
descriptions which have only brought maledictions on the head of the amiable
but uncritical author of the Catalogues. I have endeavored to do full justice
to the work, as stated in the introduction.

§ 3. — Differential Characters of the Family.

Body slight, long, and slender. Thorax rather small and weak, never
tufted or crested. Head small, quite free from the thorax, either moder-
ately long or very short. Compound eyes rather large, full, and spherical ;
simple eyes, two in number, often wanting. Front of the head rather nar-
row, usually decreasing in width toward the anterior edge, full and bulging,
rarely flattened, often with an acute, dense tuft projecting between the base
of the palpi. The clypeus is nearly square, forming nearly the whole front
of the head ; the antennas being inserted high up on the vertex; it is smooth;
in only one genus (Fidonia), so far as known to me, with a denticulated,
median, compressed tubercle; the epieranium is very small and short, often
only half as long as wide; while the occiput is a narrow, transverse piece, not
quite so long as the epieranium. Vertex not tufted, or with a low, flat, incon-
spicuous crest.

Antennae either simple, with minute, fine cilia'"; more often with large,
dense cilia', sometimes like fine bristles ; or they are pectinated ; the branches
short, spatulate, and ciliated, or, more usually, well developed, sometimes long
and slender; the antennae sometimes plumose, but a single pair of branches to
a joint; the pectinations often wanting on the outer third or fourth of the
antennae. Palpi slender, porrect, nearly always passing beyond the front; the
second joint ^much longer than the others, moderately broad, usually passing

16

beyond the fronl ; third joint usually rather short, conical, often partly indis-
tinguishable from the second on account of the projecting hairs ol the latter.

The wings are large compared with the slight, feeble body. The lore
wings are triangular, the outer edge being nearly, sometimes quite, as long as
the inner edge; apex often acute, subfalcate, or markedly falcate; inner angle
distinct: costal edge straight, or considerably curved or sinuous. Hind wings,
with the inner edge long and straight, longer than the outer, the latter full and
rounded, often angular, sometimes remarkably so. Venation: usually six sub-
costal venules; always but three median venules; no submedian vein, some-
limes a fold representing it. A subcostal ceil often present, sometimes two;
the cell being formed, almost invariably, by the anastomosis of the first sub-
costal venule with its vein. Independent vein well marked; usually in the
middle of the discal space.

The le«s are always long and slender; in only one genus (Litkostege)
are the short and stout fore tibiae armed with a heavy, acute spine. The hind
legs are long and slender ; the hind tibiae nearly always long and slender, often
swollen, with two pairs of slightly unequal, long, slender spurs; sometimes
there is but one pair, \rry rarely none at all. Occasionally the hind tibia?
have a long tuft of hairs (scales) appressed to the joint. Hind tarsi usually long
and slender, often a little longer than the tibia?; sometimes (as in Acidalia
and a few other genera) they are not more than half as long as the tibiae.

Abdomen long and slender, usually with a well-marked tuft of hairs at
the end; sometimes with lateral and dorsal slight tufts, and dorsal spots or
lateral lines.

The genital armature is large and well developed, but varying greatly in
the different genera. The supra-anal plate is more or less triangular, varying
much in size; the recurved spine is usually long and recurved; the lateral
claspers are usually broad, spatulate, and simple.

Larva slender, with usually but two pairs of abdominal legs, rarely three
or four pairs, so that it has a looping gait. The larvae live free, except in
certain species of Eupithecia, which bore in seeds. Pupa slender, often green
or variegated in color, inclosed in a .slight, silken cocoon or subterranean cell.

§ 4. — Comparative Anatomy of the Head.

The head in the imago of the Lepidoptera consists of three pieces: first,
the basal or occiput; second, an intermediate piece, the epicranium; and

17

third, the clypeus. The relation of these parts is remarkably constant in all
the Lepidoptera. In the Bombycidse there is a great variation in all the
groups; but in the Noctuidse they are very constant. The relative proportion
of these pieces is very constant in the Phalaenidse, so much so that they are
seldom of much practical use as generic characters.

The occiput, or base of the head, on the vertex, is separated by suture
from the orbits. It is usually very short (antero-posteriorly) in the median
line of the head, widening out where it touches the orbits.

The epicranium is very small and narrow, often not extending on either
side to the orbits. It is contracted in front, extending between the insertion
of the antennae, and is moderately convex.

The clypeus occupies nearly the entire front of the head, and is so large
as to carry the insertion of the antennas well up on the vertex. It is usually
considerably longer than broad, especially in many of the higher genera;
while in Euplthccia it is shorter; so, also, in Boarmia. The sides are often
parallel, and often also converge a little anteriorly; the base is deeply sinuous,
being excavated on each side to receive the antenna1.

How these pieces vary in several of the typical genera may be seen
from the following notes and figures, beginning with the lower genera and
ascending to the higher:

Euplthccia mlserulata (pi. G, fig. 19). — In this species, the occiput is longer
than usual, and as long in the middle as on the sides, being transversely
oblong. The epicranium is equilaterally triangular, though a little shorter
than broad. The clypeus is considerably longer than broad, the sides slightly
converging. It is rather full on the surface.

Petrophora diversilineala. — Head much narrower than in the higher sub-
families. Eyes full and globose ; both the occipital and clypeal regions more
elongated than usual. Occiput long, being one-fourth as long as wide, and
of even length throughout, but near the orbits extending anteriorly in a slight
point. Epicranium rather small; subtriangular; hinder edge a little more
convex than usual. Antennas moderately far apart. Clypeus nearly square,
a little longer than broad; sides straight and parallel. No orbital region;
front of clypeus well rounded, convex; mandibles well developed; labrum
minute; and tongue well developed as usual.

Hijdria undulata. — In some respects a mean between PetropJiora and
Phibalapteryx. Eyes less full. Occipital region not so wide as in Petrophora;
?> v II

18

occipul a little more than a third as long as wide; epicranium somewhat
short lozenge-shaped; same distance between antennae as in Petrophora.
Clypeus, however, shorter, hardly as long as wide, and very slightly converging
anteriorly, and not so much rounded on the front edge as in Petrophora.
Mandibles, tongue, etc., same as Petrophora.

Melanippe. — Front long and very narrow; occipital region widening
considerably. Eyes a little lamer than in Petrophora ; occiput one-third as
long as broad, and nol hollowed out by the epicranium, which is small,
flattened lozenge-shaped. A little narrower between the antennse than usual.
Clypeus remarkably long, taking up whole front ; on upper side of clypeus,
orbital region slightly developed. Front edge like clypeus of Petrophora,
being well rounded ; and mandibles and tongue as in Petrophora.

Phibalapteryx intestinata. — Front shorter, clypeal region more triangular,
and occipital widening more than in Petrophora. Occiput a little smaller than
in Petrophora, being shorter; but the epicranium is of the same form, only
larger. Clypeus of about the same form, but the sides converge more
anteriorly. Front edge much less rounded. Mandibles and tongue the same.

Caripeta divisata, $ (pi. 6, fig. 20). — Occiput moderately long; excavated
in front to receive the epicranium, which is subtriangular, and nearly as long
as broad. Clypeus moderately full, oblong, much longer than broad; sides
converging very slightly anteriorly. Two ocelli present.

Fidonia truncataria. — The front is very broad, the eyes being smaller than
in the higher genera. Occipital region just as long as clypeus. Occiput very
short, forming a slightly marked ridge of even width throughout. Epicra-
nium large, moderately convex, hind edge moderately curved, broad between
the antennas. Clypeus very broad, square; very slightly shorter than broad ;
free from orbits ; quite a wide region between the clypeus and eyes. Tongue
as large as usual ; mandibles and labrum minute, the former very slender. In
this and the next species the tegument is mahogany brown.

Fidonia notataria. — Differs from F. truncataria in having Ihe occiput
blended with the epicranium, and a little longer; the epicranium is a little
smaller; clypeus the same, but Orbital region much narrower. Eyes a little
fuller,, and appearing proportionally larger. So that there are sometimes
specific differences in the proportions of the head. Compared with the generic
characters, they are slight, varying most on the occipital and orbital regions.

Perconia time/aria g and 9. — The struct are of the head isvery remark-

19

able, especially as the head of the European P-fasciolaria is nearly normal,
having no crest on the clypeus. In both species, however, the occiput is
moderately long, but not as usual excavated in front; on the contrary, the
front edge is remarkably straight, the piece not dilating on the side. The
epicranium in P.fimelaxia is raised above the surface of the head ; it is trape-
zoidal in outline, two-thirds as wide in front as behind, the anterior edge
forming a thin projecting crest overhanging the base of the clypeus. This
latter piece is not separated as usual by a well-defined suture from the orbits.
The middle area is much raised, oblong, bound by a high, thin crest;' (he
lateral crests denticulated. Along the middle of the oblong inclosure runs a
high, rounded denticulated crest. There are no ocelli.

Zerene catenaria. — Resembles closely Fidonia. The front is very broad,
and widens more on the occiput than in Fidonia. Occiput forming a wider
ridge than in Fidonia; encroached upon in the middle by the epicranium,
but widening on the side rapidly. Epicranium small, subtrapezoidal, not
reaching the occipital region ; moderately convex, and hinder edge moder-
ately rounded. Antenna3 much nearer together than in Fidonia. Clypeus
trapezoidal ; sides Harrowing in front. No longer than broad ; surface mod-
erately convex; tongue rather long, and of the usual size; occipital region
lather wide; clypeus rounded in front. Labrum as usual ; mandibles minute,
slender, not overlapping the tongue. Tegument dark mahogany brown-
Eyes a little larger proportionally than in Fidonia.

Eujilcliia ribearia. — Occipital region widening moderately ; occiput very
large, about one-third as long as wide; of the same length throughout, on the
sides as in the middle. Epicranium small, tubtriangular : inter-antennal space
rather narrow; the epicranium divided into two parts by a ridge just oppo-
site the hind edge of the antennae. Clypeus square, a little longer than broad.
The clypeal region narrows a little anteriorly. Eyes large and globular;
tongue long and well developed : mandibles long, slender, partially overlap-
ping the tongue ; labruin as usual.

Pantherodes pardalaria. — This Brazilian species closely resembles
Eufitc.hia; the clypeus of Pant her odes is a little longer and flatter, and the epi-
cranium is a little fuller, but the relative size of the three pieces are the
same.

Acidalia 4:-lineataX\A. G, tig. 2i). — Front rather narrow, widely diverging
on the occipital region, with large, full globose eyes rising considerably above

20

the surface of the front. The occipital region is considerably shorter than
the clypeal; the occipui being shorl in the middle, and dilated on the side.
The epicranium is rather small, subtriangular ; the hind edge being moder-
ately rounded and encroaching on the occiput. Ciypeus squarish ; consider-
ably longer than broad, the sides narrowing considerably in front, ami with
no orbital region; surface moderately convex. Mandibles long, slender;
labrum minute; tongue well developed Two ocelli present.

Eucrostis chlo?'oleucaria, 3 (pi. (I. fig. 22). — Head remarkably broad on the
vertex; occiput remarkably short, dilating on the sides. Epicranium very
large, transversely diamond-shaped, extending much farther back than usual,
with two tubercles in the middle. The clypeal region Hal and very broad at
base, narrowing rapidly in front, more so than in any genus of the family
thus far examined. The ocelli are very small, partially obsolete.

Tephrosia canadaria. — This genus is allied to Acidalia and Petrojrftora in
the form of the head, the ciypeus being long and narrow. Occipital region
long; eyes full and globular; epicranium small and subtriangular.

Cymatophora crepuscularia (pi. G, fig. 23). — Head short and broad. Oc-
ciput moderately long, excavated by the epicranium, which is narrow, small,
rounded, and very convex. Ciypeus nearly square, only slightly longer than
broad, the sides slightly converging anteriorly.

Ennomos magnaria. — The head resembles Eurymene in its general
shape, size of the ryc^, breadth, and form of the clypeal region (i. e., region
between Ihc eyes). The occiput is larger than usual, being very long, and
not much wider at the end than in the middle, since the epicranium is small
and does not encroach as usual on it. Epicranium small, globose; very
convex behind each side; not reaching so near the orbits as usual; the
intcrantennal space being rather wider than usual. Ciypeus large and broad;
not so free from the orbits as usual ; very wide; not much longer than wide;
front edge rounded. Labrum small ; broadly triangular. Mandibles small ;
almost obsolete. Maxilla' small, weak ; one-third «s long as in Calx-units,
Y>\ the cephalic characters, this is a lower genus, evidently, than most of the
Ennomince, and should follow on alter Eurymene.

Angerona crocataria. — Occipital region full, and very convex: wider
than in Caberodes, the eyes being Hatter and smaller. Occiput very short,
especially in the middle, where it is \r\-y narrow, forming a slight ridge, but
expands triangularly between the epicranium and orbits; the epicranium

-}1

being unusually full convex, encroaching on the occiput, and broad between
the auteunal sockets. Clypeus full, much longer than broad, convex, and
distinct from the orbits; longer than in Caberodes; the front edge is rather
narrow, and rounded in front. Tongue weaker and slenderer than in the
higher genera. Mandibles rather slenderer.

Eurymene unitaria. — In this genus the front is wider than in Caberodes,
Eutrapela, or Tetracis. The occipital region (/'. e., the occiput and epicranium
together) is nearly as long as the clypeus; the epicranium is long, uniformly
so, forming a transverse band as wide at the middle as the ends. The
epicranium is squarish; hind edge but slightly convex ; a median central
depression; antenna? inserted wide apart. Clypeus squarish, being but little
longer than broad; the sides narrow a little anteriorly, the orbits much more;
the posterior and anterior edges are both much rounded, and the surface is
very convex, as much so as in Caberodes. The head grows wider on the
occipital region than in Eutrapela or Caberodes, and the eyes are smaller and
flatter, the clypeal region being wider.

Tetracis crocallata — Occipital region larger than in Eutrapela and
Caberodes; the epicranium being longer, and projecting more broadly
between the sockets of the antenna? and the eyes. Epicranium transversely
oval, somewhat approaching that of Eutrapela in form ; both pieces moder-
ately convex. Antennae as wide apart as in Eutrapela. Clypeus in form like
Caberodes, but a little less convex, though much more so than in Eutrapela,
and a little more trapezoidal than in Caberodes. Mandibles and labrum as
usual. Maxilla? large. The whole head is smaller, and the eyes decidedly
smaller, than in Caberodes.

Caberodes metrocaniparia. — The occipital region is large, but the occiput
is smaller than in Eutrapela, being shorter, while the epicranium is consider-
ably larger than in Eutrapela, and does not form a lozenge, the hind edge
being very convex. Surface very full and convex, much more so between the
antennae than in Eutrapela, the space between them being wider. The cly-
peus is subtrapezoidal, the sides narrowing a little anteriorly, and the sut-
face is very convex, much more so than in Choerodes, rising up Hush with the
eyes; it is considerably longer than broad. Thus, Eutrapela is much nearer
to Cydimon Leilus than Caberodes is; in the latter, the head growing wider
between the eyes.

Endropia hypochraria. — Head slightly smaller than in Caberodes, to which

ii is closely allied ; the occipital region widens more posteriorly. Occipuland
epicranium as in Caberodes, but the epicranium is flatter. Clypcus longer
and less convex ih. in in Caberodes; lull and bulging over the front edge,
which is quite thin. Mandibles, maxillae, -and labrum as in Caberodes ; labrum

a little longer and more pointed, however. The whole head is not so wide
and is higher than in Caberodes.

Endropifi bilhiearia. — Elcad intermediate between TLutrapela and Cabe-
rodes, the occiput widening, hut the clypeus is square, much as in Eutrapela.
Occiput very short, in tin1 middle encroached upon by the epicranium, being
very short, Forming a simple ridge. Epicranium of the form of Caberodes,
not so wide between the antenna1. Clypeus almost square, subtrapezoidalj
hut flat, as in Eutrapela, and much less narrowed in front than Caberodes.
Maxillae large and well developed. Mandibles smaller than in Caberodes.

Eutrapela transversata (pi. (>, fig. 24). — The occipital region is much
broader than in Cydimon, the occiput being rather long antero-'posteriorly,
while the epicranium is large, being lozenge-shaped transversely, lull and
convex, almost bullate, and surmounted by two tubercles. The size of the
occipital region forces the insertion of the antennas down the front. Clypeus
nearly square, being but little longer than broad, with parallel sides ; its surface
is quite full, convex, and a little sunken below the eyes. Mandibles, maxilla},
and labrum as described in Cydimon.

Cydimon Leilus (pi. G, fig. 25). — The occiput and epicranium are small
and narrow, the antenna; being inserted on the summit of the head; the
epicranium is very small, the basal joints of the antenna' being large and
near together. The clypeus occupies the entire front, being much longer
than broad, narrow, the sides parallel, not narrowing in front, and the surface
Hush with the eyes. The front edge is slightly arcuate, being slightly
produced in the middle of the edge, with the lateral foramina distinct.
Mandibles rather long, incurved, and with the usual dense, golden seta?
lying over the base of the maxillae. Labrum small, narrow. Max illae well
developed.

As the Uranides do not. belong to the fauna of the United Stales, they
will not be treated of further in this work. I will only say that on account,
ol the structure of the head I cannot at present agree with (Jueuee in regarding
them as a distinct family . The venation is also much as in the Phalamida,
there being only three median venules. On this account, 1 regard themes

23

forming the highest subfamily of the Phalosnidce. I am aware that the
larva' have sixteen feet, no other Phalsenid having more than fourteen.

Eyes.- — There are no peculiarities in the eyes sufficiently marked to
distinguish the genera and species. They are full, spherical, dotted with
flack spots, and provided with scattered, short, minute hairs.

Ocel/i. — Although it is stated* that the Phal<znid(B have no ocelli, I have
found that they generally occur in our species; though, compared with those
of the Nod aulas, they are small, and easily overlooked. They are situated
very near the eyes, usually on the suture between the epicranium and occiput.
They sometimes appear as it actually situated on the occiput, but this is not
the case, as their normal site is the posterior edge of the epicranium.

They are present or absent in different species of the same genus. For
example, in Semiothisa quadri-signata they are unusually large and distinct;
while, in <S. ocellinata, they are entirely absent. It is a question whether they
are ever of use to the insect, as, in most cases, they appear as if partially
aborted, and their presence and absence in different species of the same
genus shows that they are not very essential to the life of the insect.

They occur in various degrees of perfection in the following species:
Glaucopteryx ctesiata, Plemyria Jluinata, Hydriomena trifasciata, Ochyria
designata, Melanippe rvficillatq and hastata, Phibalapteryx intestinata, Eucos-
mia undulata, Bapta albooittata, Heterophelps triguttata, Zerene catenaria,
Semiothisa quadri-signata, Azelina hubne?wia, Tcphrosia canadaria, Metrocam-
pa perlaria, Caripeta divisata, Acidalia quadri-lineata, Eucrostis chloroleucaria,
Metanema inatomaria, Endropia hypochraria, Cabcrodes covfusaria and metro-
cainparia, Eutrapela transversata, Cydimon Leilus.

The following species were found to have no ocelli : Eupithecia miseru-

Ititu, Petrophora prunata and P. diversilineata, Oporinia perlineata, Semiothisa

ocellinata, Anisopteryx pometaria, Cymtttopltora crepuscularia, Nematocaiupa

Jilamentaria.

§5. Comparative Anatomy of the Thorax.

In studying the anatomy of the thorax of the Phalcenidce, as compared
with that of other families of the Lepidoptera, we are baffled by the want of
a. comparative knowledge of the parts of the thorax in this and other orders
of injects. It is the writer's intention to prepare a work on the comparative
external anatomy of insects, and he has collected some materials for the pur-

*A. GucuJe. rhalcnitcs.

24

pose in the Lepidoptera, Hyinenoptera, as well as the Hemiptera, Orthoptera,
and Neuroptera. Hitherto the pieces composing each of the thoracic lines

have been used with the greatest success in the Coleoptera by Dr. J. I.. Le
Conte, in his winks on Ninth American Coleoptera.*

Various hymenopterists have found the thoracic characters very useful
in classification.

in the Lepidoptera the writerf lias found that good family (diameters
exist in the relative size and proportion of parts in the thorax as well as
the head.

The Zi/irnhltc and Noctuidce% have been found to differ in apparently reli-
able thoracic characters. The Phalanidce also differ from the other lepidop-
terous families in the form of the thorax. In order to bring out these differ-
ences, 1 have on plate 7 represented the dorsal and lateral aspect of the thorax
in a typical species of each lepidopterous family, so that the eye may at once
seize upon the differential characters without long verbal descriptions.

The terminology of parts is as given in my "Guide to the Study of In-
sects-', which was adopted from the works of Audoum§ in connection with
those of Fabricius, Kirby and Spencc, Burmeister, Newport, and others.
Without at this time revising the nomenclature of the external anatomy of
the thorax of Lepidoptera, further than I have done in my "Guide to the
Study of Insects'', which could not be accomplished without extended study
of all the other orders of insects, I will briefly call attention to the most appa-
rent differences between the families of Lepidoptera, beginning witli the
lowest. The terminology is given in the explanation of the plates.

Pteroplio/ida' [Pterophorus marginidactylus Fitch, pi. 7, fig. 9, da). Ter-
gum.- — There is a greater equality in the size of the meso- and meta-thorax
than usual in the other families, unless we except the Hepiali among the Dom-
bycidie. The mesoscutum is very small, squarish; mesoscutellura very large
and long, the sides equal; in extent, it is about one-half as large as the scu-
tum; metascutum with the two halves remarkably large and broad; scutel-

* Classification of the Carabidtz of the United States. Transactions of the American Philosophical
Society, vol. x, lfc'53. On the Systematic Value of Ehynchophorous Coleoptera. American Journal of
Sciences and Ails, vol. xliv. .Inly. 1867. Classification of the Coleoptera of North Ameiica. Miscellaneous
Collections, Smithsouian Institution.

i Notes on the Family Zygwnidai. Proceedings of the Essex Institute, April. 1864.

! Characters of the Noctuidce. Proceedings of the Portland Society of Natural History.

<Si L'Auatoinie comparative des Parties solides des Insects. (Ann. pen. ties Se. Phys., 1820, torn. 7).
1,'eclierelies anatomiqaes sur lo Thorax des Animanx articules et colui des lloxapodes en particular.
Acad. Sc, 1820.

25

linn equilaterally triangular, being remarkably lung and narrow, where in
other families it is transverse and about a third shorter than wide.

Pleurum. — The epimera and episterna are narrow and rather long com-
pared with the Tineidce, while the coxce and troehantines aie of remarkable
length and slenderness.

Tineidce (Scardia boleti Fabr., an European species, pi. 7, tig. 10, 10a). —
In this family the thorax is much shorter than in the Pterophoridce, and the
Hanks less oblique.

Tergum. — Mesoseutum much larger proportionally than in Pterophorus,
and more scutellate in shape; scutellum short and small, the surface very
convex. Metathorax : scutum large, not separate, united for about half its
length by suture; the pnescutum large and distinct, triangular in shape.
The scutellum is of the shape usual in other families, but longer and narrower,
though still very different from that of Plerophorus.

Pleurum. — While the thorax is still long and slender, it is much shorter
than in Pterophorus. The thoracic segments seen laterally are very oblique,
and the costa and troehantines of all these segments are very long compared
with the epimera and episterna".

Tvrtrickhc (Tortrix, sp. undetermined, allied to T. rosaceana Harris, pi.
7, fig- 11, 11a). — Here the thorax is very short and subspherical.

Tergum. — Mesoseutum very short, and rather broad; scutellum rather
large in proportion to the scutum, both cuds pointed much the same; meta-
praescutum obsolete ; scutum short, the two halves just touching on the median
line of the body; scutellum very short, but distinctly triangular.

Pleurum. — The thorax is much shorter, more spherical than in the
Ti ne idee ; the flanks are much more vertical than in the Tlneidce, and are
in this respect much as in the higher families. The epimera and episterna
are broad and long in proportion to the coxae and troehantines united. The
latter are short and thick, somewhat swollen, much more so than in any of
the allied families.

PyraliddB (Boti/s sp., pi. 7, fig. 12, 12a). — The thorax in this family is

usually rather long and slender; that of Botys is selected as a mean between

the extreme forms.

Tergum. — Mesoseutum moderately long and large, much longer than in

Tortrix; the scutellum very large, about as large in proportion to the thorax

as in Pterophorus. it is slightly longer than broad, and nearly equilaterally
4 P u

26

square, almost as long as the scutum in the middle; mctascutuin short, the
two halves being united by a very short isthmus. The scutellum is short and
crescent-shaped.

I 'leu in in. — The flanks are very oblique. The coxas and trochantines col-
lectively are rather short, thick, and somewhat swollen, though not so much
so as in Torlrix.

Phalanida (Eutrapela transversata, pi. 7, fig. 21, 21c). — We now come

to mollis in which the thorax becomes more spherical and concent rated than
before. This is due to Andouin's law of enlargement of one part of a seg-
ment at the expense of an adjoining part. The differences may be best
brought out by comparing the thorax of an Eutrapela with a Hadena The
entire thorax is longer than in Hadena; the flanks are more oblique.

Tergum. — The niesosciituni in the median line is about as long as the
entire piece is wide. The scutellum is considerably shorter than wide, and
does not differ from that of Hadena. The two pieces of the metascutum are
widely separated by a distance nearly equaling the width of the scutellum.
The latter is very short, transversely linear-oblong rather than crescent-
shaped.

Pleurum. — The epimera and episterna are rather narrower and scarcely
as long as in Hadena, while the coxa' and trochantines arc longer and much
narrower. The proportions are the same in Anisopteryx pometaria 9, PI 7,
Fig. — .

Nocluidce {Hadena destructor, pi. 7. fig. 15, 15a). — The thorax is shorter,
more spherical, and the Hank less oblique than in the Phalcenidce.

Tergum — Mesoscutum shorter on the median line than broad. The
two halves of the metascutum are not so widely separated as in the Phalai-
nidce, the distance between them being equal to about half the width of the
scutellum. The scutellum is linear crescent-shaped.

Pleurum — The characters have already been brought out in the descrip-
tion of the Phalcenidce.

Bombycidce { Teiea Polyphemus, pi. 7, fig. 16, 16a). — The thorax in Telea
is not, so spherical as in Hadena, while the Hanks are much less oblique,.

Tergum. — The mesoscutum is shorter than in the Phalasnidce, while the
scutellum is equilalerally triangular, being less produced behind than usual.
The two halves of the nietascutuin are widely separated, much as mHadena,
and the scutellum is much the same.

27

Pleurum. — The epimera and episterna arc rather large, while the coxa;
and trochantines are shorter and broader than in the NoctuidcB.

Zygcenidce (Zygoma near loniceros, pi 7, fig. 17, 17'/). — Tergum. — Meso-
scutum somewhat compressed, narrowing in front ; scutellum as long as wide,
well-rounded posteriorly; metascutum with the two halves widely separated
by a distance equal to the width of the .scutellum.

Pleurum. — Epimera and episterna of the raesothorax very broad. The
meso-trochantines and coxa? unusually short and broad, the trochantines espe-
cially much swollen.

Ageriadce (Algeria sct'/m&z Harris, pi. 7, fig. 18, 18a). — Notwithstanding
the slenderness of the body, the thorax is quite spherical, in some respects
much as in Zygcena, while along the tergum the thorax is rather long and
narrow; the Hanks are short and broad.

Tergum, — The tegula>, winch I have not hitherto attempted to describe,
are very large and broad. Removing them, the mesoscutum is seen to be
remarkably long and narrow, not much wider than the scutellum. The latter
is as long as wide, well pointed behind. The two halves of the metascutum
nearly touch each other; scutellum very small, in the form of a flattened tri-
angle.

Pleurum. — While the flanks of the prothorax are rather more slender
than usual, more so than in Zygcena, those of the two hinder segments, espe-
cially the metathorax, are shorter and broader. The epimeral and episternal
pieces of the two hinder segments an1, large and broad. The coxae and tro-
chantines arc very short and broad, particularly the meta-trochantine, where
in Zygcena and Telea it is long and comparatively slender.

Sphingidce (Deilrphila lineata, pi. 7, fig. 19, 19a). — In the thorax of
Algeria we have a close approximation to that of Deilephila and the SpJdngidce
generally, as well as the Papilionida, as shown in the short, broad, full flanks
and very long, narrow mesoscutum.

Tergum. — Mesoscutum long and narrow, slightly wider than in Ageria.
Scutum much shorter posteriorly than in Algeria. The metathorax is very
short, the two halves of the scutum arc small, widely separated by a distance
nearly equaling the width of the scutellum. The latter is shorter than in any
ol the previous families, forming a sinuous transverse ridge.

Pleurum. — The epimera and episterna are short and very broad, while
the coxie and trochantines are very short and broad. The middle trochan-

28

tine is nearly equilaterally triangular, while the metacoxa is nearly as bi"oad,
the trochantines of both segments being very short and small.

Papitionidce, ( Vanessa atalanta, pi. 7, fig. 20,20a). — The entire thorax is
relatively shorter, more compressed, the tergal portion descending farther

down the sides, the epimeral and epistornal pieces being much shorter than
in any of the moths, while the coxa1 and trochantines collectively are full as
short as in the Sjihimxiild'.

Tergum. — Blesoscutum long and narrow, not much wider than the
scutellum; the latter is very large, elevated, both ends much alike, the poste-
rior end being much produced, so that in outline each side is nearly of equal
length. The metathorax is more vertical than in the moth's; the scutum
is large, the two halves not quite touching. The scutellum is very small
and narrow, vertical instead of horizontal, as in the moths, subtriangular, very
short and linear.

Pleurum. — Episternal and epimeral pieces very short; middle trochantine
short and broad, triangular; hind trochantine larger than the coxa', where in
the Sphingida it is much swollen.

The prothorax, which is so slightly developed tergally, has not been de-
scribed in these notes, and the tergum has not been figured. This comparison
of the thorax in different groups confirms the relative standing of the fami-
lies as usually given. The Pyralids should stand below the Phalcenidee, and
the latter below the Nocluidoe.

The Phalcenidee hold a middle position between the moths below them
and the Noctuidce, while the jEgerklaz and Sphingidcc have strong resem-
blances to the Papilionidce; the Bombycidic and Zi/ivnidcc being more closely
allied to each other than to any other groups.

§ 6. ANATOMY OF THE MALE GENITAL ARMATURE. ,

These organs, as in other orders of insects, differ much in form even in
different species of the same genus, so that it is impossible to lay down any
characters applicable to the family generally. I will briefly describe some
forms in certain of the typical genera of the family.

In Petrophora truncata (pi. 7, fig. 24, 24a, 24f), the parts are, on the
whole, more largely developed than in any other species of the family. The
supra-anal plate ( pi.) is large and broad, subtriangular or rather scutellate ;
considerably longer than broad, rounded at the apex, with the two halves

29

closely united by suture; the recurved spine attached to it is very long and
stout ; the lateral claspcrs (7c.) are very long, broad, spoon-shaped. In Petro-
phora diversilineata the armature is entirely different. The end of the abdo-
men is large, long, square, and membranous. It conceals the armature, and
the ends of the claspers are even with the end of the membrane. On
removing this, the proportions of the parts arc much as in P. truncata, but
smaller; the lateral claspers are narrower and somewhat pointed, and the
supra-anal plate is shorter.

In Glaucopteryx polata, the genital armature is very different from that
of Petrophora truncata, so much so as to afford excellent generic characters ;
and thqge who with Lederer do not believe in separating the lower genera of
the Larentince as done by Iliibner, Stephens, Guenee, and others, would do
well to take into consideration the excellent generic characters afforded iu
the male genital armature.

In G. polata, the lateral claspers are very large ; the lower portion is large
and spatulate, reaching as far beyond the supra-anal plate as in Petrophora :
but the middle is membranous, and, at what would correspond to the upper
edge in Petrophora, becomes converted into a chitinous edge, which ends in a
long, acute spine; the upper edge of this sharp chitinous portion has a deep
sinus at base, and the mucronate tip does not extend as far out as the tip of
the spatulate portion. The chitinous portion at the first glance looks as if it
were a separate appendage ; but the lower edge on examination appears con-
tinuous with the membranous spatulate portion. This chitinous portion does
not appear to be represented in Petrophora. The supra-anal plate is smaller
than iu Petrophora, and membranous at base and in the middle, the edge
forming a broad rim, being solid and chitinous. The recurved spine attached
to it is very large.

In G.sabinii, there is also an upper solid chitinous portion, which is ful
and rounded at the end, instead of pointed, and this portion is much larger
than the membranous portion, projecting considerably beyond it, the expanded
rounded end encroaching on the membranous portion, and much hollowed on
the lower edge, slightly sinuous on the upper and free edge. The supra-anal
plate is broad and solid, with no median suture, and the end is slightly exca-
vated. Thus it seems thai, while very different from G polata, the two
species agree in having the upper edge of the lateral claspers solid and
chitinous. Though quite different in form from that of G. polata,! should
still regard (he differences as subgreneric.

30

In Eupitkecia tniserulata, the terminal segment is large, square, and mem-
branous, much as in Lygris divcrsilineala; bul the large spatulate claspers
end on the upper edge in a ] < > i 1 lt , recurved, partly chitinous hook, meeting with
its fellow over the spine of the supra-anal plate. This last is membranous,
the edge solid, with a median solid portion from which the spine arises.
There is also a large sharp infra-anal mucronate chitinous plate.

In Eupitkecia absyntkiata, (lie end of the abdomen is covered with a
conical membrane covered with scales, in which I could perceive no suture;
after removing the scales with a hair pencil, I was obliged to rupture the
membrane before laying open the geuital armature. The latter then appeared
covered with scales. From this it would appear that immediately previous to
copulation this membrane is ruptured and possibly east oil". The lateral
claspers are very large, long, pointed triangularly. The supra-anal plate is
short and broad, entirely dill'erent from that of E. miserulata; the recurved
spine is membranous, forked, and apparently immature The moth was very
fresh, and evidently was not sexually mature.

In one E. subapicata which had not copulated, the terminal segment of
the abdomen is conical, with no suture above or beneath, but perforated at
the end, out of which projected the extreme tips of the lateral claspers This
membranous covering is evidently preputial in its function. The claspers
arc entirely different from those of the two other species, being widely and
unequally forked. The supra-anal plate is much as in E. miserulata, but
less membranous. The recurved spine is large and solid, with a broad
truncate tip.

In an individual of Hydriomena Irifasciata, in which the parts of the
armature were separated, and the insect had evidently used them, they arc
much as in Lygris truncata; the lateral claspers arc, however, much broader
at bas:>, subtriangular at tip; the supra-anal plate is remarkably short, with a
median suture, and terminating in a square expansion, from which arise two
long spines, blunt, not much curved. Thus, here wc have a new character
added to separate this genus from Petropkora or Glaucopteryx ; i. r., the forked
supra-anal spine. In Eupitkecia only have I seen it separated, and then in an
immature individual.

Not having farther time to spend on this subject at present, I will leave the
matter so far as relates to the Larentince, and go to another group, merely
remarking in passing that, after a study of (lie genital armature, it seems an

CM

unnatural combination to place under a single generic head the genera united
by Lcderer, Staudingcr, and others, under Cidaria.

Zerene catenaria. — In this -species the lateral claspcrs are large and long,
oval, obtusely pointed at tip, with the upper edge thickened like the hack of
a back-saw. The supra-anal plate is very small, broad, and short; the spine
broad at base, short and stout ; the last segment partly covers the armature.

In Acidalla enucleala the supra-anal plate is small, solid, triangular; the
spine large and double; the lateral claspers are very small, full, and rounded,
with a deep sinus on the upper edge. There is also a pair of large, solid
black chitinous hooks, which I have not noticed in the previously-mentioned
genera.

In Gueneria Jidlculata the last segment entirely covers the armature ;
the lateral claspers are very long, membranous, extending far beyond the rest
of the armature; the supra-anal plate is very complicated, the end being
divided into two rounded, flat concave portions, from beneath which projects
the broad, incurved triangular spine.

In Aplodes mimosaria, the armature is covered as usual; the lateral
claspers are very long, subspatulate, the upper edge chitinous, the chitinous
portion expanding and bent up at right angles at the end, and ending ia a
broad, mucronate point. The supra-anal plate is rather large, scutellate,
membranous in the middle, and the spine is very long and slender, with the
end blunt.

In Cymatophora timbrosarta, the supra-anal plate is moderately large, acute,
scutellate, ending in a rather short spine ; the lateral claspers are large and
long, moderately broad, spatulate, the end curved up a little and meeting its
fellow on the median line of the body ; on the inside, at the bend in the outer
edge, is a small bunch of short, acute spinulcs.

In Endropii bilinearia, the lateral claspers arc large, very broad at the
base, somewhat upcurved, the end broad subspatulate, a deep sinus on the
upper edge, with a long spine projecting inward from the base of the upper
edge. The supra-anal plate is small, triangular, depressed.

In Caberodes metrocamparia, the lateral claspcrs are moderately large,
broad at the base, the upper edge straight, the end rounded, the lower edge
bent up a little. I.t is unarmed. The supra-anal plate is large, broad,
triangular, with the median suture very deep. The spine is large, and
reaches as far. as the end of the lateral claspers.

32

In conclusion, il seems that the male genital armature, irrespective
of the intromitte.nl organ, consists of a supra-anal plate, a recurved spine
(usually simple ;m<l acute), and of a pair of large, subspaf ulate, usually
simple, lateral claspers; and thai all these parts are usually concealed by the
large, square, and open, or conical and (dosed terminal (in the imago) segment
el' the abdomen, which is necessarily ruptured before: the parts can lie put to
their normal use.

The male armature is much simpler in the Phalcenidce than in some
of (lie Nbctuidoe, where the lateral claspers are often very complicated (as in
Hadena destructor'), though they are much as in Agrotis tessellata. The supra-
anal plate and spine arc much alike in certain genera of the two families.
1 doubt, however, if any reliable family characters, separating the Noctuidce
from the Phalcenidce, can be drawn from the genital armature.

§ 7. COMPARISON Willi OTHER FAMILIES OF LEPIDOrTERA.

Comparing the denuded head of the Phalcenidce we have described
with a typical Noctuid, such as Mamestra arctica, the eyes in the Phalcenidce
are fuller, more spherical, nearer together; the clypeus much longer and
narrower; the epicranium is a little smaller in proportion, narrower, and
more elevated, while the occiput is longer in proportion to the width; the
labrura is rather smaller and shorter, while the maxilla; are shorter, smaller,
and weaker. Indeed, the shortness of the occiput in Mamestra carries the
whole front back, and it is less vertical than in the Phalcenidce. This is seen
especially in Eutrapela and Cydbnon, where the front of the head is much
longer and narrower than in the Noctuidce.

Now, turning to the hitherto doubtful genera Doryodcs and Pachycnemia,
they agree well with the relations of parts in Mamestra. The head is much
alike in both of these genera ; the ocelli are nearly as large in proportion,
and as shining black, as in Mamestra, in color differing entirely from the
ocelli of the Phalcenidce, which are almost indistinguishable in color from
the surface of the head. In these two genera, also, the epicranium is larger
than in any Phalsenid known to me, forcing back, as it were, the occiput out
of sight, the latter being very short, merely a transverse rim on the posterior
edge of the head. The clypeus in Doryodes is scarcely longer than its width
at the base, and it is still shorter in Pachycnemia, with the edge thickened

and much rounded. The maxillae in these genera are still stouter than in
any Phalsenid with which I am acquainted.

In the venation these genera arc true Noctuidce ; the subcostal cell is
formed by the anastomosis of the second subcostal venule with its main vein,
and there are four median venules. Pachycnemia and Doryodes arc nearly
identical in their venation. The former genus, in the shape of the wings, is
also truly noctuiform. I have been unable to find in the accounts of the
caterpillar given by Boisduval, and quoted by Gruence and Newman, whether
it is a geometer or not, but suppose it is; but (here are larvae of the Noctuidce
which a"re partially loopers ; for example, Tarache candefacta has but three
pairs of abdominal feet, and is a looper. The palpi of Pachycnemia are much
like those of the Phalcenidce.

In Doryodes, Ligia,&n(\ its ally, Sudariophora, recently placed by Professor
Zeller* among the Phalcenidce, the palpi are truly noctuiform, as well as the
shape (if the wings.

The Phalcenidce are sometimes confounded with certain Bombyckke, such
as Drepana and its allies, Platypteryx and Dryopteris, but here a slight exami-
nation of the structure of the head and the venation is sufficient to show that
the resemblance is one of mere analogy.

With Eupkanessa, a near ally of the European genus Nudaiia, the case is
different, since Mr. W. Saunders'sf discovery of the larva of this genus. By
raising them from the egg, he ascertained that the larva- are loopers. He says
that "they were extremely active, about one-tenth of an inch long, with
cylindrical bodies, and true geometers in their larval characteristics and mode
of progression," with two pairs only of abdominal i'ffi.

I have carefully recompared this genus which was proposed by myself and
placed next to Nudaria, and am still of the opinion that this is its proper position.
In the small head, with tin1 large occiput and the male genital armature, it is
much like Crocofa; the antennae and legs are much as in other Lithosians.
The venation, though different in some important respects from that
of Crocota (there being a subcostal cell where there is none in Crocota, and
but five subcostal veins where in Crocota there are six), is still Lithosian in

* Verbandlungeu der K. K. Bot. Zuol. Ges., 1872, 481). Doryodes and Ligia are, in Lederer's I 1853)
and GueneVs works (1657), and in Staudinger & Wocke's Catalogue (1871), placed among the Phalcenidce.
Dr. Clemens was the first, as 1 am informed by Mr. Giote, to remove Doryodes to the Noctuidce. In Grote's
catalogue of the Noctuidce, Doryodes is included in that family.

t Canadian Naturalist, iii, 1871, 227.

5 r ii

34

ils plan, there being Four median veins. ( In a fresh comparison of Euphanessa
with European examples of Nudaria, 1 see no reason to doubl the clear sub-
family relal inns of i be two genera.

In these characters, then, viz, the smaller occipul and epicranium; the
longer ami larger clypeus, in proportion to the two other pieces; in the vena-
tion, there being 1ml three, median veins; in the longer thorax, with mure
oblique Hanks, and in the genital armature, as well as less essential features,
the imago Phalsenids differ from the Bombycidce.

From the Pyralides, especially the Deltoids, the Phalsenids differ as
regards the more external characters, I. e., in the shorter palpi, particularly the
second joint, and in the fore-legs being simple, without tin; tufts and pencils
of hairs which adorn the le<rs of the Deltoids; also, in the shape of both pairs
of wings, as well as in the want of -the long projecting scales of the vertex
seen in the Deltoids, and in the shorter front of the head.

In the more essential features, such as the form of the pieces of the head,
and the venation, the Phalsenids differ from the Deltoids in the same way as
they do from the Noctuids.

Larva — The body is unusually long and slender, cylindrical, sometimes
slightly flattened ; there being, besides the three pairs of thoracic legs, usu-
ally two, rarely three or four, pairs of abdominal legs. The head is usually
not quite so wide as the body, but sometimes larger and wider, and is, as a
general rule, smooth, but sometimes angular, or the epicranium is prolonged
on each side into a large tubercle. The abdominal segments arc sometimes
(in the higher genera) variously ornamented with tubercles; sometimes, as in
Nematocatnpa, forming long, curved filaments. The supra-anal plate is large,
triangular. The terminal feet are often prolonged posteriorly at their base
into spines; and there is a median spine projecting between the pedal spines.
The larvae differ from those of the Noctuids and Pyralids in the smaller num-
ber of feet and the looping gait, so that, except in a very few instances, where
certain Noctuidce are semiloopers, need they be confounded with the larvae
of those families.

They either spin a slight, thin cocoon among leaves ; or are free, attached
to twigs, or are subterranean, remaining loose under the surface of the soil,
or forming a rude earthen cocoon.

Pupa. — As a rule, the pupa is rather thick a little in front of the middle
of the body, thence tapering rapidly to a point, the posterior half being con-

35

ical. The wing-covers usually extend to the sixth ring from the end of the
body, i. e., to the hinder edge of the fourth abdominal segment. The tip is
acute, with sometimes three pairs of curved, stiff filaments arising from the
solid tip. As in Nematocampa, or in Anisopteryx, which is subterranean, the
terminal spine is long and triradiate at the end. and the long, curved filaments

In the subterranean pupa1, the color is of the usual uniform dark reddish
horn-brown hue. In those which live exposed, the color varies, the pupae
being banded and spotted with whitish and pale-reddish tints.

Compared with the pupae of the Noctttidce and Pyralidce, those of the
present family are more pointed, conical, and variegated, while those of the
latter are always dull reddish-brown.

§ 8. — Internal anatomy of the larva.

Anatomy of the larva of Zerene catenaria. — The following notes are
drawn up from a dissection of the larva of Zerene catenaria. The cesoph-
agus is not so long as in Dalana ministra, and its junction with the
proventriculus is not so distinctly marked as in Datana. The intestine
is much as in Datana. The coecum is much the same, but without the
well-marked longitudinal bands on it. The six urinary tubes are as in
Datana; they are once folded, and the end of the fold reaches nearly
to the middle of the body. The silk-glands are longer than the body by
a distance equal to the thickness of the latter; being shorter than in D.
ministra, in which they are longer than the body by one-half the length of
the latter. They are folded in the same manner in both; being folded twice,
the folds parallel, and situated along the under side ol the intestine. There
is a pair of dorsal yellowish glands lying parallel to the median line of, and
resting above, the intestine. Each one is as thick as the terminal third of
the silk-glands, not diminishing in thickness in the head as do the latter.
These glands are about one-fifth the length of the entire body, and pass into
the head on the sides, and are situated much farther apart than the salivary
glands.

Anatomy of a Nematus (!) larva. — The following notes on the internal
organs of a saw-tly larva, probably Nematus, or a closely-allied form. "
introduced for purposes of comparison. The digestive system is mucl
Datana ministra. The oesophagus is small and short; not so long a^

:;<;

'Hill.

ventricle is wide. The latter is a simple lube of uniform width. No ilei
A verj small, short coecunij as thick as the oesophagus, and hut little longer;
il is slightly dilated in the middle. The salivary glands arc large and well
developed, and when stretched mil arc about half again as long as the body.
1 1 nl arc folded up in short, close, sigmoid flexures, not in two long folds, as in
lepidopterous larvae. The urinary tubes arc about thirty in number and
rather short (there arc tour in Bombus larva'), emptying into the pyloric end
of the stomach. The coecum and posterior end of the alimentary canal are
much as in Ihiittnu and Zerene, there being no colon.

Anatomy of the larva of a Phryganeid. — To show in what respect the
larva' of the Phryganeidte differ from lepidopterous larva', 1 introduce the
following notes made during the dissection of a larva of this family; the
genus unfortunately not determined. The salivary glands are very long,
filiform, and make a long fold opposite the pyloric end of the ventricle,
then, turning around at the anterior third ol the colon, they return, ending
at the pyloric end of the ventricle, extending, when stretched out. beyond
the body by one-fourth the length of the latter. The alimentary canal
is no longer than the body, not being convoluted. The oesophagus is
rather large, equaling in length that of the head. It dilates not very sud-
denly into the proventriculus, which latter is long and rather large, with
transverse prominent muscles. The ventriculus is about as long as, but con-
siderably larger than, the proventriculus, elongate-pyriform, thickest on the
anterior third; the surface is covered with thickened portions like a pave-
ment. The colon is dilated behind the ventricle into an oval region, about
three times as long as thick, suddenly contracting behind, and then dilating
toward the rectum ; the larger anterior region is about one-third as long as
the posterior. There are six long, slender urinary tubes, reaching, when
stretched out, to the head.

§ 9. — Habits of the species.

The geometrid moths have not a strong flight. When disturbed, they
rise from their resting-place on the upper or under side of some leaf, and fly
off in a weak, vacillating way, to light on' some neighboring leaf or trunk of a
tree. They seldom fly more than a rod or two. At rest, they usually spread
the wings almost flat, the hind body being nearly uncovered.

The species are found in fields adjoining woods, and in forests. They

37

arc seldom found in open grass-lands, as with the Nbctuidce, excepl a few
species, chiefly Larentinte, which gather about houses. In Maine, where I have
observed them for many seasons, the geometrid moths begin to appear during
the last week in May, when Lozogramma defluaria begins to appear in dry,
open fields near pine-woods, and soon after Nemoria grataria, Fidonia nota-
taria and truncafaria, Corycia vestal into and semiclamta, lead off the hosts
that soon follow. During the last of May, Plemyria jluviata and Ochyria
designata and ferrugata enter houses, attracted by the light. About the
middle of June, the Ennomincc begin to appear, and are most abundant late
in June and in July in hard-wood forests. During the middle of June, the
species of Cymatophora {fioarmid) and Tephrosia also appear in pine-woods,
often clinging to the trunks of trees in shady places.

In Massachusetts, the season opens a week earlier, and in the Middle
States a week or two still earlier. In Colorado, June and July are the
best collecting-months. In Vancouver Island, Mr. Crotch collected with
great success in July. In California, the winter-months and March are good
collecting-seasons.

I have not attempted in this essay to generalize the times of appearance
of our geometrids, but to carefully give, so far as I have been able, the dates
of capture in connection with the localities.

§ IO.-^Development op the thorax of the imago.

The following observations relate to the development of the different
parts composing the segments of the thorax in a Tineid moth. They were
made many years ago on the larvae of a Tineid moth, found in the nest of
Odynerus albophaleratus. The caterpillars had been paralyzed by the sting
of the wasp, and, though incapable of motion, in one or two cases had sufficient
vitality to pass into the pupa state. Some of the drawings were made from
life by myself; others, from alcoholic specimens, by Mr. Emerton. Unfor-
tunately, the specimens have been lost, and the following description is accord-
ingly drawn up from the sketches, which represent the specimens just as
they appeared, with the pupal integument showing very plainly through the
thin, tense, larval skin. The species to which the larva belonged is unknown.
It was a green caterpillar, of the usual form, and seemed to be a Ti»',: '
rather than a Tortricid.

, Fig. 1, la, (pi. 7), side-view, shows the first stage of the sen

38

The prothoracic ring is unchanged, while the metathoracic ring is already
much diminished in size, and the outlines of the primitive form of the meso-
scutum arc indicated.

Fig. 2 represents an extremely interesting stage; the prothoracic ring
is now much smaller; the mesothorax is large; the scutum is well marked;
while the metathorax indicates the scutum deeply hollowed out. apparently
to receive I he mesoscutellum.

Figs. .'), 3a, 4, 4a, 5, ha, represent ;i more advanced stage. The thorax
is more swollen, and has assumed somewhat of the characteristic form of I he
imago, lni) the abdomen is still as seen in the larva.

In figs. 6, 6a, the semi-pupal condition is nearly completed. The pro-
portions of the three thoracic segments now approach those of the imago.
The prothorax is still undifferentiated ; but the scutum is well marked, though
the drawings do not indicate that the scutellum has been separated from the
scutum. The abdomen is now much contracted, and of the pupal proportions.

Fig. 7 is a dorsal view of the end of the semi-pupal stage.

Fig. 8 represents the pupa. Owing to the paralyzed, enfeebled state of
the larva, the ends of the wings have not reached the end of the depression
in the under side of the abdomen.

The facts here given are, however, sufficient to show that the transfor-
mation of the larva into the pupa is a very gradual process, and may be com-
pared with the stages that I have already showed to exist in the semi-pupal
condition of Bombus* It seems that the pieces of the thorax are indicated
during this stage, but that the scutum of the prothorax and metathorax do not
separate until the close of the pupal life, while the mesoscutellum does not
become differentiated until after pupation. This process must go on in the
hypodermis of the pupa, which is destined to form the imaginal integument.

§ 11. — Secondary sexual characters of the imago.

The more apparent sexual characters of the adult Phalsenids consist in
the antenna' being ciliated or pectinated in the male, and simple or suit-
simple in the female. The head in front is wider in the female than in the
male, as in other Lepidoptera. The wings, particularly the anterior pair, are
broader and blunter at the apex in the males than in the females. The abdo-

• Observations on the Development and Position of the Hymenoptera. — PnhtciUiii's liost. Sue. Nat.
Hist., x, 1866,379.

• 39

men, in fact llie whole body, is shorter and stouter in the female, while the
genital armature is widely different. These- are sexual differences to be
found in all the families of moths.

In the Phalaenids occur, as in some Bombycidce, namely, the species of
Orgt/ia, genera in which the females have only the rudiments of wings.
There are also other important differences, which we would draw attention to.

The female Hybernia differs from the male in the body being much
shorter and thicker; in the scales being finer and shorter; in the simple
antennae and slightly stouter legs. The palpi are of nearly equal size in both
sexes, being remarkably short and hanging down. Denuding the head and
thorax, the head is considerably smaller in the female than the male, and tlie
eyes are less rounded. The front of the head is proportionately shorter and
broader, and less depressed between the eyes; the epicranium and clypeus
are a little fuller than in the male; the clypeus is shorter and broader than in
the male.

But the most remarkable changes are seen in the female thorax, where
the entire tergum of the thorax is smaller than that of the first abdominal
segment. The female thorax of Hybernia is so much like that of Amso-
pterijr that I will reserve further descriptive remarks until the thorax of that
genus has been described.

The head and body of the female Anisopteryx vernata differ from those
of the male, when undenuded, much as those of the female Hybernia from
the male. The differences in the head (pi. 7, fig. 26) are much greater in
Anisopteryx than in Hybernia, the head being wider. The head is smaller
and much wider in front, and the eyv^ much smaller in the female than in
the male In the female, the occiput is a transverse, narrow rim; the epi-
cranium is small, narrow, subtriangular ; while the clypeus is subscutellate,
as broad as long, with the front edge narrowing a little, and the margin invo-
lute; the surface is rather convex. The thoraces of the male and female of
A. pomctaria have been engraved. The thorax of the male (pi. 7, fig. 13, 13«)
is of the usual form, differing hut little from that of Eutrapeia. In the female
(pi. 7, fig. 14, 14a), however, the mesoscutum is about one-fourth as long as
wide, the hinder edge being slightly excavated ; the scutellum is very short
and wide, transversely narrow lozenge-shaped. The metathorax is remark-
ably short; the distance between the two halves, which are widely separated,

Ill

being equal to the length of the mesoscutellum. The metascutell is a

verj (transversely) narrow piece, nearly obsolete.

The pleurites, or pieces of the flanks, are very narrow and oblique.
Above them are inserted (he rudirnentarj wings, which are minute tubercles ;
the posterior pair about half as long as the anterior pair. The Hanks of the
prothoracic ring, including the coxse and trochantines, are as large as those
of the two posterior segments. Tin- flanks of the mesothorax are so much like
those of the metathorax that a description of one will answer for both. The
episterna are long and moderately wide, while the epimera are very narrow,
almost linear. The pieces making up the episterna and epimera collectively
are of the same width, and nearly as long as the basal segments of the legs
(coxae and trochantines collectively). The coxse are moderately wide, while
the trochantines are very narrow, being almost linear.

The thorax of Hybernia differs in the mesoscutum being slightly longer,
the hinder edge not being excavated, while the scutellum is not distinctly
lozenge-shaped. The metascutum is much smaller than in Anisopteryx, the
two halves being much more widely separated, while the scutellum is very
short, transversely linear, and very wide.

In Phigaiia nevadata Gr. & R., the wings of the female are much larger,
the pads being either nearly as long as the thorax or longer and wider in
proportion, They differ in size in different individuals. The patagia are
nearly as large as -usual. The specimen from which the following descrip-
tion is made is one in which the wings are not quite as long as the thorax.

The head of the female is a little smaller, and much narrower between
the eyes than in the male; but the difference between the two sexes is, in this
respect, not so ureal as in the two other genera. The occiput and epicra-
nium are much as in Hybernia. The elypeus is nearly square, being as long
as wide, not narrowing much in front, and very full on the surface. The
palpi are better developed than in the other genera mentioned; and the max-
illa- are very short, as in the other genera, scarcely reaching beyond the tips
of t he palpi.

The thorax is much larger than in the two other genera mentioned. The
two halves of the prothoracic scutum are rather smaller than in the male, but
well developed. The mesoscutum is much longer than in the two other
genera, being fully half as long as wide, and rather deeply excavated posteri-
orly to receive the scutellum, which is aboul one-third as long as wide, being

41

narrower anil proportionately longer than in the others. The metathorax is
much more like the male than in the two other genera. The two halves of
the scutum are broad, similar in form to those of the male, but more widely
separated. The scutellum has the peculiar transversely oblong form of the
male, but more exaggerated, being shorter and wider. The Hanks are much
wideband the pieces shorter than in the two other genera; the principal
difference being that the trochantines of the meso- and meta-thorax are much
wider, more triangular. In this and other respects, the thorax of the female
Pkigalia is much more like the male thorax than in Hybemia and Aniso-
pt*ri/z, and this difference in structure is correlated with the larger wings. In
all these characters, the female Phigalia is intermediate between the normal
phalsenid females and the apterous species.

A third step towards the normal female form is seen in the female Ope-
rhoptera boreata. On examination of a male and female received from Europe,
I find the following differences between the sexes: The head is as large, if
not larger, in the female as in the male: but the eyes are still somewhat
smaller and less rounded. The front of the female is much wider. The
palpi are as large and well developed as in the male, being much longer than
in the three previously-named genera, while the maxillae are as long as usual
in normal females, being rolled up between the palpi. The occiput is rather
long and large; the epicrauium large, very convex; clypeal region square, as
long as wide; orbits well marked; the clypeus narrows a little in front, the
edge being distinctly emarginate; the mandibles as large and setiferous as
usual. The wings are erpial in size; the hinder pair being as large as the
anterior pair. They are marked as described beyond in the specific descrip-
tion. In the fore wing, the discal cell is very large. There is a large sub-
costal cell situated near the apex, and the median venules are very short.
The submedian fold is very distinct, and the internal vein well marked.

The thorax is about as large as in the male; the two halves of the pro-
scutum and tegulse much as in the male. The mesoscutum is nearly square.
The scutellum is large; being half as long as wide. The metascutum is very
widely divided, the two halves being nearly as large as in the male; while the
scutellum is of the usual shape, but very short and wide. The episterna and
epimera collectively are shorter in proportion to the coxa? and trochantines
collectively than in the three other genera. The coxae and trochantines ol
the metathorax are much longer and narrower than those of the mesothorax.

We thus have successive stages of degradation from the nearly winged

I) P H

42

Female Ckeimatobia to the entirely wingless Anisopteryx. The facts are simply

here recorded. The causes which have led to such fundamental secondary

sexual differences arc interesting subjects for speculation.

In the genus Lobophora, the^nales are distinguished by the large lobe, or

bubble-like expansion, at the base of the inner edge of the hind wings. In

Calocalpe undulata ami the species of Scotosia, the males are distinguished by

the large ear-like expansion of the inner edge of the hind wing, and by the

tul't of hairs.

§12. — Origin of the genera and species.

It will be noticed that the tendency in this work has been to unite what
some might regard as distinct varieties, or even species, as I have myself
done until receiving better material. This course of treatment has been
applied especially to the circumboreal species. It has been done in dealing
with species described by myself as well as others, so that the work has been
performed as impartially as the material would warrant, lucre is a tendency
in some European authors to multiply species unnecessarily; and it is not
unlikely that many species of this family will ultimately be regarded as vari-
eties. At the present day, two methods are in use by evolutionists: one, to
multiply varieties, calling them incipient or "Darwinian'- species: the other,
to unite them. It is sometimes a difficult epiestion what to do. The work
should be done on the merits of each case, without being influenced by theory.
This would be easy enough to do if the varieties and species were fixed.
They often vary so greatly that no two persons can agree on the same species;
their opinions varying with the number of specimens and the geographical
extent of the area collected from. Our ideas will undergo a revision when
we know the life-histories; though often the larva1 vary much, while the imago
is stable.

My descriptions, then, may be looked upon as provisional, and doubtless
will have to he modified. The number of so-called species tends to be reduced
as our specimens and information increase.

The genera, also, are as artificial creations as species and varieties. The
work of- the systematic biologist often amounts to little more than putting
nature in a strait-jacket.

In some genera, as Hyperetis and Boarmia and others, scarcely any two
specimens, as they exist in our museums, seem to be alike. Sometimes, the
individuals differ so much as to indicate the formation of sports, strains, or
incipient varieties It is so with some genera. For example, had we no

43

Semiothisa californiata, no Phasiane orillata, no Thamnbnoma guenehia, if
would be easy to define these genera, and separate them by well-marked
characters ; but the lowest species combine more or less the characters of
the different genera, and the three groups seem to diverge from a form like
any one of the above-mentioned species. Such species are synthetic types,
combining the characters of the three genera to which they belong. It is
impossible to say which of the three genera is the higher. In fact, they are
somewhat parallel forms, like the topmost branches of a tree. It is so with
the genera. Thamnonoma and Evfitchia vary in different directions in one
or two or three characters, viz, in the venation, in the form of the abdomen,
in the peripheral characters, and especially coloration. The genus Eumacaria
is one of much interest, as, while closely allied to Se?niothisa in its structural
features, it anticipates Epione in its general appearance and markings, so that
it would be easily regarded as belonging to the Ennominte.

It thus appears that there may be synthetic types among species and
genera. It also appears that there may be synthetic types between two fam-
ilies, such as Doryodes and Sudariophora and Ligia, which are Noctuids, with
some phalaenid characters.

It is not improbable that these so-called synthetic or comprehensive
types are ancestral forms from which other species and genera have diverged.

§ 1J. — Mimicry op natural objects.

No cases of mimicry of other insects, so far as I
am aware, are known to occur among the larvre or
imagines of this family. That, however, the geometrid
caterpillars closely resemble the twigs of the plants on
which they rest was noticed by Linnaeus in the tenth
edition of his " System a Naturae." The most remark-
able example which has fallen under my observation is
the larva of Drepanodes varus, Gr. & R., which lives on ^3^,
the stems of the juniper-bush. The best description
that could be given of it is to say that it would easily
be mistaken, as it holds itself straight out motionless
by means of its anal legs, for a portion of a twig of the
tree on which it feeds. It is about an inch and a half
long, and less than a line in thickness. Its body is quite

44

rough, with a few proininenl tubercles, in size and form resembling the scales
left by the falling-off of the leaves of the juniper.

That this is an illustration of protective mimicry, of service to the species,
seems nol unlikely. There are so many cases of this sori among the larva' of
this family that il seems unnecessary to adduce other examples.

0 § 14. — Tkkminology.

In describing the head, the term " front" applies tit the region in fronl
of the insertion of the antennae, while the term "vertex" applies to the por-
tion above and behind the insertion of the antennae.

As regards the venation, the term "venule'' is applied to the branches ot
the mam veins. The branches are numbered from the first one thrown off
to the last, going from the costa of the wing backwards (the costa being
regarded as the front edge of the wings when expanded, as in flight). The
costa is the front edge of the wing; the outer edge is situated between the
apex and the inner angle; the latter situated at the end of the internal vein;
while the inner edge extends from near the end of the internal vein to the
insertion of the wing. Of the discal vein (which primarily consists of two
veins), the portion sent off from the subcostal vein is called the (interior discal,
and the venule thrown off from the median vein is called the posterior discal.
The vein originating from the point of union of these two veins is called the
independent rein by French authors.

Of the markings on the ir/ngs, there are often four or five lines, the inner
of which is called the basal, the second the median or intradiscal, and the third
the extradiscal; while there are often a submarginal line and a marginal line,
the latter interrupted by the venules. See also the explanations of the plates.

DESCRIPTION OF THE GENERA AND SPECIES.

Subfamily I. LARENTIN^ Packard.

Eubolidi aud Cidaridi (in part), Chesiadi, MelantMdi (in part), Stepb., List Lep. 15r. Mns , 18:!, 169, '20G,

213, I860.
J.im ntidir Gueuee (in part), Phal., ii, 257, 1857.

Head large, rather long, and free from the thorax ; front usually full
and convex, either narrow or broad and subtriangular, usually with a frontal
interpalpal tuft. Palpi usually large and stout, with the third joint quite long
and pointed, held beak-like in front of the head ; but, in the higher genera,
they often become short, not extending far beyond the front (very rarely,
however, not extending to the front), with the third joint scarcely distinguish-
able at its base from the projecting hairs of the end of the second joint.
Antenna? usually ciliated, very rarely with short and slender pectinations.
Wings usually large, particularly the hinder pair; the fore wings often sub-
falcate, with the costa full, sinuous, outer edge seldom ^lightly bent ; hind
wings usually large and rounded, with the inner edge long, or, in some of the
higher and more aberrant genera, smaller than usual, short or oval, but never
aborted; in one genus (Lobopkora), with a swelling or blister near the base
of the inner edge ; in two genera (Scotosia and Hydria), with an ear-like
expansion of the edge and brush-like crest of hairs. Venation: one, usually
two, subcostal cells; first subcostal venule usually long, but sometimes
scarcely longer than the second and third; independent vein situated in the
middle of the discal space; posterior discal venule usually oblique and much
bent. Abdomen usually long and slender; more or less .tufted on the side
and back, or rather stout, sometimes extending beyond the hind wings.
Fore legs long and slender, unarmed, in one genus (Lithostege), with the
tibiae short and thick, hind legs long, with the tarsi usually about as long as
the tibia?; in one genus (Haliommata), thickened, and tarsi only half as long
as the tibia?.

40

4(3

This is quite a homogeneous group, if, as should plainly be done, we
. sclude Operhoptera {Chebnatobia) from it, which, though included in il by
M. Guenee, should. I think, form the type of an equivalent group.

As regards the larval and pupal characters, we are, from our imperfect
knowledge, not in a position to lay down any characters peculiar to the group.
Gruene'e gives the following characters: " Larvae more or less elongated, with-
out any eminence; slightly or not al all attenuated, cylindrical, or distinctly
flattened; mostly green, with distinct lines; head generally small and globu-
lar; living sometimes exposed, sometimes contained in a folded leaf, on trees
and low plants. Pupae contained in cocoons.''

As regards the sequence of genera, I have placed Eupithecia first and
lowest, in accordance with the plan of arrangement of the species.

Synopsis of the Genera. •

Species small ; fore wings long aud narrow ; hind wings short, inner edge shorter than the

outer edge Eupithecia.

Species large ; hind wings large ; costa straighter and palpi shorter than in Petrophora . . . . Glaucopteryx.

Species smaller than in Glaucopteryx; palpi long and slender; wings with many lines Plemyria.

Wings short and broad ; front of head very full aud convex Kpirrita.

Differs from Petrophora in venation; first three intercostal venules much shorter than in

Petrophora Tin in.

Wings large and squarish, oblong; apex very obtuse; fore wings with smoky bauds Hydriomena.

Fore wings falcate ; head narrow ; palpi long; hind wings shorter than in Glaucopteryx . . . Petrophora.

Antenna' pectinated or ciliated ; outer edge of hind wings sometimes bent Ochyria.

Antenna? always simple, scarcely ciliated; hind wings not bent, sometimes scalloped ; spe-
cies often black, with white lines aud spots Rheumapiera.

Head broad : vertex tufted ; palpi short ; fore wings broad; hind wings produced Auticlea.

Fore wings largo; bind wings small, scalloped; both wings with numerous wavy lines ...Phibalapteryx.

Palpi short; wings with distinct white and dark zigzag lines; hind wings cared and

tufted Ili/driit.

Wings acute ; palpi long ; hind wings eared, scalloped Scotosia.

Palpi long ; hind wings with very deep scallops Triphosa.

Hind wings very small, with a lobe in the male Lobophora.

Fore wings narrow, acute, subfalcate ; hind wings narrow Carsia.

Species entirely black, with a white hand ; wings short, broad, much rounded at the apex. Jiaptria.

Hind tibiae swollen ; tarsi very short; otherwise like Baplria but with metallic scales Haliommata.

Antenna' heavily ciliated ; palpi very short ; fore wings large; hind wings small Beteroplu lp*.

Fore tibia> armed with spines; fore wings very long and narrow Lithostege.

EUPITHECIA Curtis. Plate 1, fig 1.*

Chlorocystis, Tephroclystia, Dyscymatoge, Tarachia, Leucocora, Arcyonia, Eucymatogc Hiibu., Verz., 323-324,

1818.
Eupithecia Curt., Br. Ins., pi. 04, 1823-40.
Larentia Treits. (in part), Schm. Eur., vi, 75, 1828.
Eupithecia Steph., Norn. Br. Ius., 44, 1829.
Larentia Dup. (in part), Leo. France, viii (v), :*,58, 1830.

* The figures referred to in connection with the genera represent the venation.

47

Evpithccia Boisd., Gen. Iud., 208, 1840.

H.-Sch., Sohm. Eur., iii, 112, 1847.
Steph., List Lep. Br. Mus., 200, 1850.
Lederer, Verb. B. Z. Ges. Win,, 554, 1853.
Guen., Pbal., ii, 298, 1857.
Walk., Lep. Het. Br. Mas., sxiv, 1210, 1862

Head with a short tuft of scales projecting between (lie palpi. Male
antenna1 strongly ciliated. Palpi long, porrect, extending far beyond the
head, sometimes by a distance greater than the length of the head itself; the
miter half of the second joint projecting beyond the front; third joint long
and slender, half as long as the second joint; the palpus is either rather
slender or stout and bushy, the third joint slender and pointed. Fore wings
very long and narrow; the costa arched toward the apex, which is produced,
subacute, usually more rounded than in Petrophora; outer edge very oblique.
Hind wings small, short, the apex much produced, the inner edge much
shorter than the o\Aev edge, which is rather full. Venation: a single sub-
costal cell; the two discal venules together form a remarkably straight line, the
posterior not being oblique, in this respect differing from all the other genera
of the subfamily. The second subcostal venule co-originates with the fifth.
Hind legs as usual. Abdomen rather slender, usually slightly crested dorsally
and laterally. Coloration: gray, with numerous transverse wavy lines usually
present on the hind wings; prominent discal dots, with conspicuous costal
spots, and usually a black band at the base, of the abdomen.

This extensive genus may be readily determined by the small size oi
the species, the long narrow fore wings, and by the short hind wings, which
are much elongated laterally toward the apex, and by the inner edge of the
small hind wings being much shorter than the full convex outer edge.

The different species vary much in form, and considerably in markings.
C. subapicata has such long wings and unusual style of coloration that I mis-
took it for a Chesias, which it somewhat resembles.

Larva "more or less short; raide ; keeled on the side, often marked
\vith dorsal chevrons, with a small and rounded head ; living on trees or low
plants".

Pupa " slender, conical, pointed." — Guenee.

Though Hiibncr's genera have been usually well indicated, in the present
genus he entirely tailed to establish a natural group, and his names should
accordingly tall into the rank of synonyms.

1>

SYNOPSIS OF THE SPECIES.

Atlantic States.

A. Cinereous; diseal dot rounded:

Whitish, with two reddish bands ; one basal, the other submarginnl 77. albicapitata.

Fore wind's rounded at the apex; three large black costal patches; diseal dot

large, ovate; no distinct angulated extradiscal line, E. abmnthiata.

Like /'. dbsynthiata, but larger, with the wings rather more produced; outer edge

slightly sinuous; the lines liner, and diseal dot much smaller /■.'. zygadeniata.

Fore wings pointed, with numerous transverse, fine, wavy, black lines, angulated
sharply out waul: extradiscal line forming a large right angle opposite the
distinct diseal dot, with a notch pointed upward on the subcostal vein ; a
distinct submarginal, wavy, white line ending iu large twin spots at the
inner angle; five dark lines on hind wings; beneath, heavy black costal
spots and marginal lines /■;. miserulata.

Fore wings still more pointed than in E. miserulata, lineated transversely ; beyond
the diseal spot, the wing dull carneo-cinereous, with the extradiscal line in
the middle; a huge rectangle opposite the diseal dot; palpi long E. lutcata.

Form and size of /:'. miserulata, but russet-brown ; extradiscal brown line curved

opposite the diseal dot , E. strattonata.

B. Of large size: whitish; diseal dot very linear; wings very long:

White, with brown bands and patches ; COSta reddish-brown, interrupted by clear

white lines E. rarocoetaliata.

Pacific States.

A. Of rather small size :

Like E. miserulata, but with a decided russet tinge, more distinct lines, the extra-
discal less acutely bent, and five lines on hind wings E. rotundopunctata.

Like E. rotundopunctata, but nearly twice as large, and with still longer palpi ;

with similar markings, but smaller linear d Bcal dots E. longipalpata.

Like B. absynthiata, but much larger, with the wings much produced, and outer
edge sinuous E. behrensata.

B. Of large size, with very long wings :

Like E. ravocostaliata, but more cinereous, with a russet-brown costo-apieal patch. E. nevadala.
Larger than the others, reddish brown E. subapicata.

EUPITHECIA ALBICAPITATA, 71. Sp. Plate 8, fig. 1.

2 <3 , 1 9. — A rather small species, with large acute palpi; a scutellate area
of hairs on the vertex, quite distinct from the similar scutel-shaped front,
which rounds to a point more than usual. Palpi very long and large, longer
than the head, acute, porrect, dark on the sides, paler above and at the lips.
Antennae slender, simple, very minutely ciliated beneath. Prothorax doubly
crested, one crest before, one on the posterior edge; the anterior black in
the middle. At base of abdomen, an obscure slight reddish band; a dorsal

49

and lateral row of black dots; a basal, narrow, black, curved line; between
this and the mesial black curved line, which dilates very broadly on the costa,
and encloses the large, oval, black, discal dot, is a broad reddish band, darker
on the costa. Between this and the mesial band is a linear dark line. Beyond
is a broad whitish band, interrupted by three black, obscure, broken rows of
black scales, bounded by a black line, which is oblique on the costa, going
from within outward. Beyond this is a broad reddish band, limited externally
by the usual waved white line, which is bordered within with blackish, with
two geminate, black spots in the middle, and two others on the inner angle of
the wing; edge black; fringe pale, darker at the base. Hind wings with five
dark lines; discal dot distinct. Beneath pale cinereous, with one inner and
two outer narrow, diffuse, dusky lines ; costa dusky; discal dots very distinct;
wings more produced than usual.

Length of body, 0.30; fore wing, 0.3G ; expanse of wings, 0.75 inch.

This small species may be readily recognized by the two pairs of gemi-
nate, dark spots on the outer edge, the two broad reddish fasciae, and the white
head and white ground-color, and by the two reddish diffuse bands and large
discal dot.

Quebec, Canada (Belanger) ; Brunswick, Me., June, not uncommon
(Packard).

Eupithecia absynthiata Linnaeus. Plate 8, figs. 2, 3.

" Geomctra absynthiata Linn., Fauua Suec, 339, 1761."
" Ilubu., Schui. Eur., 453, 1790."
" Dysmatoge absynthiata Htibu., Verz., 324, 1818."
Larcntia minutata Treits. vi, 105; Snppl., "213, 1828.
"Eupithecia notata Steph. 111. Hans., iii, 286, 1831."
Eupithecia minutata Boisd., G™. Iud., 211, 1840.
Eupithecia coagulata Gtien., Phal>, ii, 339, 1857.

Walk., List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxiv, 1241, 1862.
Eupithecia geminata Puck., Fifth Rep. Peab. Acad. So., 58, 1873.

4 $ and 4 5 . — Wings well rounded at the apex, much more so than usual.
Palpi large and stout. Body and wings uniformly rather pale cinereous ;
wings very free .from the usual lines ; four costal dots, larger than the
ol Iters, the outer one forming a large dark triangle, the third an oblique
line connecting with the discal dot, which is large and very distinct, black;
an inner one consisting of a few minute, black, fine dots. A fine, wavy,
scalloped, submarginal, pale line, often interrupted, and forming a row of dots.
Edge of wing with very narrow, black, intervenular lines ; fringe pale dusky

7 P H

50

cinereous, like the wings, with black spots on the base of fringe on the cuds
of the veinlets; a quite distinct geminate white dpi on the inner angle of the
fore wings, heing the last of a scries of submarginal dots, not forming a
continuous wavy line as in E. miserulata. Hind wings with wavy, acute,

zigzag, pale and cinereous lines on the outer edge; diseal dot distinct;
edge and fringe otherwise as in lore wings. Beneath, these markings are
repeated, with the addition of quite a distinct submarginal dusky line common
to both wings. Abdomen with a broad black band near the base.

Length of body, 0 30-0.34; length of fore wing, *, 0.38,2, 0.45-0.50;
expanse of wings, 0.70-1.00 inch.

London, Canada (Saunders). Maine, July 8-24 (Packard) ; Boston,
Mass. (Harris Coll., Sanborn, Stratton, and Morrison).

This common species is easily known by the twin dots on the inner angle
and the large triangular costal dot; by the indistinctness of the usual lines;
by the large costal dark spots; and by the rounded wings.

In the female, the wings are more acute and larger, and the fringe
shorter, than in the male. In a large female from Boston, the lines are unusu-
ally heavy; seven of them being traceable, exclusive of the submarginal white
line. The black costal spots are also conspicuous.

Upon comparing two European examples with those from the Eastern
States, I am unable to find any differences that I can put into words, or that
would amount to varietal differences. The European ones are a little tinged
with russet, and the submarginal white line is more interrupted. The New
England examples vary more among themselves than some of them do from
the European examples received from the Vienna Imperial Museum. Its
range in Europe is said by Staudinger {Catalog) to be Central and Northern
Europe, Middle Lapland, and Sicily. It is doubtfully regarded as an inhab-
itant of the polar regions of Europe. According to Newman (111. Nat. Hist.
Brit. Mot lis i, it is common in England, and occurs in Scotland and Ireland.
As species of Petrophora, Ochyria, and Hydria, &c, are common to the two
continents, it is natural that some species of Eupithecia should be found to be
circumboreal. It agrees well with GueneVs description. There is, how-
ever, no reddish tinge in any specimens I have yet observed.

Larva. — Mr. Crewe has written thus of the caterpillar: "It would be
impossible to give an accurate description of the almost endless varieties of
this most variable caterpillar. They run so closely into each other that it

51

Mould be an almosl herculean task to separate them. The ground-color is
either deep rose-color or dirty reddish-brown, with a series of reddish lozenge-
shaped spots down the center of the back, generally becoming faint or con-
tinent toward the head or tail. In the green variety, these spots are often
entirely wanting; on each side is a number of narrow, slanting, yellow stripes,
forming a sort of border to the dorsal spots; spiracular line waved, yellow;
body wrinkled, thickly studded with minute white tubercles, and somewhat
more sparingly with short white hairs ; segmental divisions yellow ; it is thick
and stumpy, tapering but little. It feeds, from the end of August to the begin-
ning of November, on the flowers of the common yellow and hoary -leaved
ragwort (Senecio jacohcea and 8. eriicifolius) , on the hemp-agrimony {Eupa-
toriuin cannabhium), the mugwort {Artemisia vulgaris), the yarrow {Achillea
millefolium), the golden-rod {Solidago virgaurea), and other plants. The
chrysalis, which is inclosed in a tightly-spun earthen cocoon, has the wing-
eases b right-green, the rays very prominent, the thorax yellowish-green, and
the body reddish-yellow, with a dark-green dorsal line." — Newman's British
Moths, 136.

EUPITIIECIA ZY6ADENIATA, 71. Sp. Plate 2, fig. 7.

2 5. — A little lighter in hue than E. absynthiata; similar to that species
in form, but the body is much stouter, with the wings much more produced
toward the apex, which is much less rounded than in absynthiata; while the
outer edge of the wing is sinuous, that of absynthiata being full. Palpi rather
longer and larger than in that species. Fore wings crossed by about ten
slight, wavy, dark lines, bent outward a little below the costa; the lines
become more oblique beyond the discal dot; the line situated half way
between the discal dot and the edge of the wing is curved inward between
the costal edge and the last subcostal vein. The usual submarginal white line
is present, but the white spot on the inner edge is slightly marked. The
discal dot is much smaller and more linear than in absynthiata. The hind
wings are much as in that species, but the lines are much finer and narrower;
beneath of the same tint as above, with the lines feebly reproduced, the most
conspicuous line being the one situated midway between the discal dot and
the outer edge of the wing. There are several dark spots on the costa.

Length of body, s, 0.45; of fore wings, 2, 0.50; expanse of wings, 1.00
inch.

Bosque County, Texas, March 23-24 (Belfrage).

52

Larva. — Mr. Belfrage, who has reared llic moth from the caterpillar

(figured on of the plates), ami 'has sent me specimens alive, tells me thai

ii feeds mi Zygadenm nuttallii Gray (kindly identified by Mr. S. Watson).
He says: "The larva is flesh-colored, with dark spots, and feeds on the
flowers. Il is gregarious, and appears during the flowering of the plant, viz,
late in April and beginning of May, at the end of which time it transforms to
a reddish-brown pupa, which is not hatched before the next year, aboul the
time when the plant commences to flower, or shortly before. It is not rare.''

In living specimens received from Mr. Belfrage, the body is very broad,
thick, somewhat flattened; the ground-color yellowish-orange, including the
head, which is immaculate. There is a dorsal and two lateral rows of large,
conspicuous, black blotches, the lower lateral row not seen from above.
Beneath is a row of small median black dots.

Length, 0.60 inch.

Eupithecia miserulata Grote. Plate 8, figs. 4, 5.

Eupithecia miserulata Grote, Proo. Ent. Soc. Phil., ii, 3-2, pi. 2, fig. 4, 1663.
Eupithecia interrupto-fasciata Pack., Fifth Rep. Peab. Acad. Sc, 59, 1873.

6 <* , 6 2 . — Head and body cinereous; anterior edge of front with blackish
scales along the orbits. Palpi rather long, scarcely so large as in E. alisynthiata,
whitish above, dark on the sides. Antennas finely ciliated beneath, above
minutely annulated with black. Thorax cinereous, uniformly concolorous
with the wings ; a transverse black band in front, ending on the patagia. Fore
wings uniformly cinereous, with indistinct lines or bands; on the outer third,
beyond the discal spot, russet-brown between the veinlets. Veinlets dotted
with black scales; on the costa, three dark, indistinct spots within and two
beyond the discal spot, the two outer ones being the largest, and sending faint
lines across the wings, all bent outward at right angles below the costa.
Discal dot large, distinct, black; beyond is a broad transverse area, where
the veinlets are dotted more thickly with black scales than elsewhere;
bounded beyond by a wavy, doubled, elbowed line, extending from costa to
median vein ; between the angle and the costa the line is bent inward on the
subcostal vein; submarginal whitish line very narrow, more zigzag and linear
than usual, often interrupted, consisting of intervenular dots, edged externally
with dark scales. A geminate white dot on internal angle, very distinct, form
ing a V, with the lower dot much smaller than the upper. Fringe long, cine-
reous, interrupted with dusky on the end of the veinlets. Hind wings with

53

a round, small,. but distinct discal dot; an indistinct submarginal band; five
dark bands on the inner edge, which do not pass beyond the median vein.
Margin of wings uniformly dusky, without any light or dark scales. On
second ring of abdomen, a broad black band, interrupted by a pale, mesial,
white, narrow band, which extends along six rings, with a mesial black dot
on each ring. Sides of abdomen with brownish scales ; extreme tip pale
luteous. Margin of both wings black; fringe as in fore wings; beneath clear
cinereous, with no brown scales ; the broad costal dark bands inclosing two
much smaller bands; a short line half-way between discal dot and outer edge
of wing. Margin of both wings dusky, containing a white hair-line ; fringe paler
than margin of wing. Hind wings with five dusky lines, two within the discal
dot (sometimes wanting); the third, including the dot, very narrow; the two
outer ones broader, especially the submarginal one, which reaches to the edge.

Length of body, 0.20 ; length of fore wing, 0.30 ; expanse of wings, 0.85
inch.

London, Canada (Saunders) ; Norway, Me., common (S. I. Smith, Mus.
Cotnp. Zool.) ; Boston, Mass. (Harris Coll., Sanborn, Morrison); Nantucket,
Mass., August (L. L. Thaxter, Mus. B. S. N. H.); Catskill Mountains, New
York (Mus. Comp. Zool.); Albany, N. Y. (Lintner); Pennsylvania (Mus.
Comp. Zool., Amer. Ent. Soc.) ; Ohio (Morrison) ; Missouri (Riley, No. 40) ;
West Virginia, April 9 (Mead) ; near Waco, Tex., June 6, October, Novem-
ber (Belfrage).

Differs from E. Strattonata, to which it is rather closely allied, by the
wings being more cinereous, and beneath with no brown scales at all; by the
geminate white V-shaped spot on the inner angle, and the five lines on the
under side of the hind wings, which only appear on the inner edge above; by
the interrupted black band on the second abdominal ring, and the white line
on six rings, each ring clouded by a black dot; and by the very pale luteous,
straight, converging hairs of the extremity.

This is our most common species, and may be distinguished by the
pointed fore wings, with the numerous transverse lines angulated sharply out-
ward, the extra-discal line forming a sharp angle opposite the discal dot, and
notched inward on the subcostal vein ;' by the distinct submarginal wavy
white line ending in a large white twin spot at the inner angle; by the fine
dark lines on the hind wings ; and by the heavy black costal spots and mar-
ginal lines on the under side.

54

Though Grote's miserulata was evidently described and figured from
a rubbed example, I am now inclined to regard my interrupto-fasciata as a
synonym of it. It is very closely allied to the European E. innotata Hfn,
l>nt the wings are less produced toward the apex, and, consequently, the lines
are less oblique; bul their arrangement is almost identical, so much so that I

am half inclined to regard ■ species as a climatic variety of the European

form. It is much like E. arcencata Boisd., but wants the inward subcostal
bend, so well marked iii E. innotata. The twin white spot on the inner angle
is larger and heavier in our species than in E. innotata.

In two females from Texas, the markings are more distinct than above
described, and there is an obscure submarginal row of white dots on the bind
wings. From E. absynthiata it differs in the longer wings, and the presence
of lines in the middle of the fore wings, while the discal dots are smaller.

It is still possible that my E. interrupto-fasciata is distinct from Grote's
miserulata, of which I have seen types; but it can only be decided by better
specimens than I have been able to get together. Should they be distinct,
interrupto-fasciata may be retained for the specimens with rather blunt fore
wings and distinct angulated lines, with black streaks running inward on the
veins from the extradiscal line.

I have received from Mr. Behrens, of Californa, three well-preserved spe-
cimens, which scarcely differ from the immaculate variety of this species, some-
times occurring in the Atlantic States. They are males, with the fore wings
narrow and much pointed. The usual lines are only represented by slight
costal spots ; 1 he submarginal white line is very faint, as well as. the twin spot
at the inner angle. The hind wings are well rounded at the apex. The fore
wings are deep ash-brown, with a faun-colored tinge along the costa and the
veins. The hind wings are without markings and whitish, except on the
inner edge; but beneath are two rows of black dots, less diffuse than in east-
ern specimens.

I have specimens from the town of Ohio, 111. (Morrison), (see pi. 8, fig. 5),
and have others from Norway, Me. (M. C. Z.), in which the wings are shorter
and the apex squarer than usual, with the lines very distinct, the discal dots
on both wings heavy, and with a distinct, dark shade on the outer third of
the wing, with a waved whitish hair-line passing through the middle, while
beneath the dots and lines and shades are very heavy. The wings expand
0.66 inch. I am at present inclined to regard this as a variety of miserulata,
though it may prove to be distinct. It is possibly Walker's E. implicata. •

55

Larva. — Of the characteristic form, being rather thick in the middle;
the body seen dorsally decreasing in thickness from the tail to the head.
Supra-anal plate large, triangular, not acutely pointed, deep red, white on the
edges. Head small, not so wide as prothoracic ring, pea-green, color of the
leaves on which it feeds; dorsal line dark-green; subdorsal white, and a wider
lateral white line. Segments transversely wrinkled. Body provided with
short, black, scattered hairs.

Length, 0.50 inch.

Food-plant, juniper (Taxus baccata Linn.).

Pupa. — On June 4, the larva began to spin, the pupa being inclosed in
a slight white cocoon. In the body of the pupa are four segments beyond
the end of wings (in Cleora pulchraria six), of the usual family-form; thorax
and under side of wings and limbs with a greenish tinge; rest of body pale
horn-brown, as usual. Head full, convex between the eyes. End of abdo-
men with a long rounded spine, with three pairs of long hairs, curved out-
wards at end.

Length, 0.28 inch.

I am indebted to Mi-. S. E. Cassino for the discovery of this larva near
Salem, Mass., which he reared and drew. The moth had the wings imper-
fectly developed, but I think that it is, without much doubt, this species.

Eupithecia eotundopunctata Packard. Plate 8, fig. 6.

Eupithecia rotundopuncta Pack., Proc. Bost. S. N. H., xiii, 395, 1871.

3 <?, 3 9. — This species is of the more usual form, and very closely resem-
bles E. miserulata. The palpi long, slender, reaching far beyond the head.
General color pale russet-brown. Head, palpi, and body like the wings. Fore
wings covered with wavy brownish lines, dull whitish between. Discal dot
large and round. Just beyond the discal dot, there is a clearer band, consisting
of two double lines, which are directed obliquely inward and downward toward
the discal dot, and are then suddenly curved outward opposite the discal dot;
below the curve is a series of black dots and streaks inside the band, suc-
ceeded by a more dusky band, widening on the costa, and lined externally at
intervals with whitish ; a distinct slightly-waved line, ending in two larger
white spots at the internal angle ; at base of fringe, a row of intervenular.
deep-brown, linear spots ; fringe concolorous with the rest of the wing, check-
ered with black on the basal half. Hind wings clear in middle and on costa;

56

a submarginal, zigzag, brown line, and marginal row of intervenular linear
spots on the subtnedian space and inner edge; five lines only extending as lin-
ns the median vein. Beneath, the dusky discal dot and hand and submarginal
white line is distinct; wings checkered on the costa, with a submarginal
dusky band ; a marginal row of intervenular linear spots, and a dusky spot on
the fringe opposite the end of each venule; hind wings with five well-marked
lines, two beyond the discal dot.

Length of body, $ 0.30; lore wing, $, 0.40-0.50; expanse of wings,
0.75-0.95 inch.

California (Edwards); Sanzalito, February 20 (Behrens).

It is allied to E. miserulata, but the wings are more russet-brown, and
the lines are more distinct; the extra-discal line is curved farther from the
costa, and the lines on the hind wings are much more distinct. It seems to be
the most common species in California, as abundant as our E. miserulata.
The submarginal line should be represented on the plate as waved.

EUPITHECIA LONGIPALPATA, Sp. 11. Plate 9, fig. G.

2 <?. — Palpi very long, much longer than in an undescribed species closely
allied to this; extending by a distance beyond the head greater than the length
of the latter; third joint long and slender, acute. Fore wings long, the apex
produced, but elongated ; outer edge very oblique; hind wings more pointed
toward the apex than usual. The moth is much of the form of rotundo-
punctata, but nearly twice as large, while the hind wings are more acute.
The color and markings are much as in that species. The fore wing is
crossed by about ten wavy black lines, but two double dark lines (sending a
slender point out into the discal space), situated half-way between the base
of the wing and the extradiscal prominent wavy line, are the most prominent
lines. This last line is bent sharply below the costa, and is followed by a clear
space. Half-way between the clear space and the edge of the wing is a sub-
marginal row of white dots, with a large V-shaped spot on the inner angle.
A marginal interrupted black line. Fringe pale-ash, checkered distinctly.
Hind wimjs with four well-marked wavy black lines, and a submarginal row
of white spots. Discal dots much smaller, more linear than in rotundo-
punctata; larger on the under side of the wings. Beneath both wings paler
than above, with an intra- and ext ra-discal broad blackish band, and on the
fore wings the margin of the wing is broadly shaded with blackish. On the

57

hind wings, there are two extra-discal lines, but the edge of the wing is clear,
with a black interrupted marginal line. Abdomen long and slender, with a
black band at base and a lateral linear black stripe.

Length of body, <?, 0.45 ; of fore wings, $ , 0.52 ; expanse of wings, 1.05
inches.

Mendocino, Cal. (Behrens). ,

Somewhat like E. rotundopunctata in its shape and style of markings,
but with more acute hind wings, and nearly twice as large.

Eupitiiecia luteata Packard. Plate 8, fig. 7.

Eupitiiecia luleata Pack., Pioc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., xi, 46, 1867
Eupitiiecia palpata Pack., Fifth Eep. Peal). Acad. Sc, 53, 1873.

2 <S , 1 ? . — Fore wings long, more pointed than in E. miserulata. Palpi
unusually large and stout, broad at base, acute, extending out farther than the
width of the head; dark gray, with light scales; tips luteous. Head dark gray;
front edge black. Fore wings crossed by three blackish lines, very regularly
curved and parallel to each other, represented on the hind edge by a black dot
on the costa; the wing, in the middle and along the hind edge, somewhat lute-
ous; a broad, luteous, extra-discal space, with black speckles and strigse on the
veins; a submarginal row of white dots, shaded within with black, ending in
the usual geminate white dot; edge of wing black. Fringe very long, luteous,
cinereous, interrupted by broad, dark, square patches at the end of the veins.
Hind wings with four obscure dark lines, the second inclosing the discal dot;
discal dot black, distinct, edge black. Fringe as on fore wings. Abdomen
cinereous, with black scales; a black line on each side; tip squarely trun-
cated, though longer than broad, with long, straight, blackish scales. Beneath,
pale-ashen, with two outer black lines, and on hind wing four dark lines;
fringe with smaller dusky spots than above. Abdomen pale beneath. Legs
pale, uniform with the body and wings.

Length of body, 0.35-0.38 ; fore wing, 0.40-0.43 ; expanse of wings,
0.85 inch.

Caribou Island, Straits of Belle Isle, Labrador, July 14, 1860 (Packard);
Brunswick, Me. (Packard); West Farms, N.- Y. (Angus); Albany, N. Y.
(Lintner).

This is not a common species. It may be readily recognized, as it differs
in the much-pointed wiugs; the large, stout, acute, black palpi; the four regu-
8 p n

58

larly-curved parallel black lines on both wings, seen more distinctly beneath;
and by tlie broad, clear, flesh-yellow, or luteous band between the discal dot
and the extra-discal line.

The Labrador specimen does not differ from those from Maine and Mas-
sachusetts, except thai it is rather larger. (Length of body, 0.35 ; fore wing,
0.42 inch.)

The following is a description of the Labrador example:

More luteous on the fore wings than usual. Palpi rather stout; hairs
scarcely as long as usual ; front dark cinereous. Fore wings cinereous, with
darker scales, especially on the costa and toward the apex; the base of the wing
is crossed by dark diffuse lines; discal dot larger, more diffuse than usual;
beyond is a broad luteous hand, very diffuse and irregular, but free from dark
scales, and still beyond is a submarginal, diffuse, blackish band ; fringe as
usual. Secondaries with a dusky discal spot; edge of ring black; fringe
long, cinereous, interrupted by narrow dusky spots; inner margin of the wing
with blackish scales, gathered just beyond the discal dot into a faint diffuse
line, disappearing toward the middle of the wing.

Length of body, 0.35 ; of fore wing, 0.42 ; expanse of wings, 0.85 inch.

Caribou Island, Straits of Belle Isle, July 14, 1860.

This species is much larger than several allied forms from Maine, and
the discal dot is more diffuse and larger, the space beyond luteous, more clear
from dark scales, while the anterior two-thirds of the hind wings are clearer.
Beneath, the discal dot is distinct, on the tore wings being black, linear, with
an outer slightly sinuate line; a little dusky on the costa and outer edge. On
the hind wings, a dusky line, more distinct than above. Legs pale, as usual.

Eupithecia Strattonata Packard. Plate 8, fig. 8.

Ewpiihecia Strattonata Pack., Fifth Rep. Peab. Acad. Sc, 60, 1873.

1 9. — Fore wings acutely produced, less so than in E. luteata; outer
margin quite oblique. Head and palpi dark-cinereous; palpi acute, extreme tip
pale; thorax covered with brownish scales; abdomen banded with pale-ashen,
the broadest band on the basal joint. Fore wings light russet-brown, with
brownish-ochreous scales; costal margin rusty-cinereous, with five blackish
spots, each sending an obscure russet-brown line across the wing, the extra-
discal one being most distinct, and regularly curved opposite the discal dot;

59 .

beyond is a broad, diffuse, submarginal, russet-brown band ; the one just
before the discal dot largest, square. Middle and outer margin of the wing
brownish; a submarginal, pale, obscure line; a few black strigse and dots on
the median and internal veins on basal half of the wing ; and a short row of
black venular dots just beyond the discal dot, which is very distinct, on a
cinereous ground. Margin of wing black; fringe long, dusky, with interven-
ular black linear spots. Hind wings cinereous, with black speckles at base,
outer third brownish ; a short, wavy, whitish, geminate line, becoming obso-
lete toward the middle of the wing, with a single pale dot on the inner angle;
no discal dot. Beneath brownish, especially externally ; discal dot very dis-
tinct, small on hind wings; an extra-discal narrow band and a marginal broad
brown band common to both wings.

Length of body, 0.28 ; length of fore wing, 0.38 ; expanse of wings, 0.82
inch.

Natick, Mass., July 17 (Stratton).

This is not a common species, but one example having as yet occurred.
It may be known by the rusty-brown wings, an outer, pale, curved line, includ-
ing black dots ; by the costa being paler, with five black spots ; and by the
want of the usual zigzag, waved, pale, and dark lines, the extra-discal line being
regularly curved opposite the discal dot.

Eupithecia Behrensata, sp. n. Plate 9, fig. 5.

1 $ . — A very large species. Head, body, and wings of a uniform gray ash-
color, being of much the hue of E. absynthiata ; without the usual lines and
markings, being the most clear gray species yet known from California. Both
wings very much elongated toward the apex, being narrow, oval, and rather
more pointed than in E. subapicata. Fore wings with a prominent, sublinear,
rather thick, black, discal dot. No costal spots. Two very faint, narrow,
intra-discal lines, very oblique below the costa. Beyond the discal spot are
traces of four very oblique, black, parallel lines, and of a submarginal, white,
wavy line, with a bent, white, narrow spot near the inner angle. A taint
discal line, and traces of the beginnings of two or three lines, on the hind
wings. On the second segment of the abdomen is a prominent black band,
and there is a dorsal and lateral row of black dots. The under side of the
wings exactly as the upper, except that the discal dots are much smaller, and
there are no traces of lines.

60

Length of body, $ , 0.42 ; of fore wings, <?, 0.60 ; expanse of wings, 1.20
inches.

Sanzalito, CaL, April (J. Behrens).

I take pleasure in dedicating this 6me species to Mr. .lames Behrens, ils
discoverer, ll is one of the largest of the genus, and may be recognized by
its large size and the pointed wings, the outer edge of (lie wings being sinu-
ous; also by the absence of the usual markings. It is but little rubbed, and
so well marked that I venture to describe it. There is no species in the
Eastern States like it.

ElJPITHECIA RAVOCOSTALIATA, Sp. 71. Plate 8, fig. 9.

1 9. — This exceedingly pretty species is, in form and size, intermediate
between E. miserulata and subapkata. Like E. nevadata, the head is very
prominent, the wings very long and subacute, the outer edge of the tore wings
being very oblique. The palpi are very short and thick, broad: the third joint
very short, minute, and passing but slightly beyond the front. Head and thorax
white; palpi and front edge of the head dark tan-brown. Wings whitish-
ash. Costa of fore wings dark russet-brown, almost tan-color, interrupted by
fine white spots, the widest one being beyond the discal dot, while the one
over the discal spot is very faint. The discal spot is black and linear, oval.
The middle of the wing is whitish. There are faint traces of transverse lines,
more distinct on the inner submedian region of the wing, which is tinged
irregularly with russet-brown, with wavy, transverse lines. On the bases of
the median branches are fine tan-brown streaks and dots. A double, white,
extra-discal, wavy, somewhat interrupted line is bent outward below the costa,
and sends a pointed scallop inward on the second and third median venules,
and again on the internal vein ; beyond, a broad, interrupted, russet-brown
band, beyond which is a wavy, distinct, submarginal, white line, beginning on
the costa midway between the apex and the extra-discal costal spot (the
beginning of the extra-discal line). Hind wings white on the costal half;
behind ash-colored, with four fine, wavy, white lines, the fourth (and sub-
marginal) being distinct and sharply zigzag. Marginal white line interrupted
by white dots. Fringe on both win^s long, whitish-ash. with a broad, basal,
smoky line, and checkered with smoky-ash; beneath whitish, with more
regular lines than above. Costa dull smoke-gray, interrupted by dull white
spots. The four discal dots large, black, very distinct; several obsolete trans-

61

V

erse lines, and a siibmarginal, broad, smoke-gray band, filling up the scallops
of the siibmarginal white line. On the under side of the hind wings, which
are white, are four well-marked lines, two within and two beyond the large
round discal dot ; the two outer lines are deeply scalloped, the points lung
and parallel; the marginal line of round or triangular dots is very distinct.
Abdomen brown. Legs brown, spotted with white.

Length of body, ?, 0.32; of fore wing, 9, 0.46; expanse of wings, 1.00
inch.

Norway, Me. (S. I. Smith, Mus. Comp. Zool.).

One of the best-marked species of the genus. It is separated from the
others by the long wings, short obtuse palpi, the white head and thorax, and
the deep-russet or tan-brown costal edge of the fore wings, interrupted by
white spots, and contrasting with the white surface of the wing; and by the
multilineated hind wings.

Eupithecia nevadata Packard. Plate 8, fig. 10.

Eupithecia nevadata Pack., Proc. Bust. S. N. H., xiii, 395, 1871; xvi, pi. 1, fig. 2, 1874.

4 $ , 2 9 . — In this pretty species, the wings are much longer than usual ;
the outer edge being very oblique, the head very prominent, the prothorax being
lather long, and the palpi rather short, very broad, passing beyond the front
by a distance equal to that between the base of the antennae; while, in the
species previously described, the palpi surpass the front by a distance equal to
the length of the head itself. They are black, with a few white scales along
the middle of the side ; front edge of front blackish ; front itself and vertex
whitish; thorax whitish, with a few black scales. Fore wings pale-gray. Base
of costa dark tan-brown, terminating abruptly in a slightly-curved black line,
ending in the middle of the median space ; costa throughout dark reddish-
brown, interrupted by four white spaces. Just before the middle of the wing
is an oblique blackish band, directed outward and passing below the subcostal
vein. Just above the raised discal dot is a square, dark-reddish, costal patch,
succeeded by two white, short lines. Half-way between these and the apex
are two twin white costal bands, with a 'broad, dark-red patch on each side.
Beyond is a squarish, reddish-brown patch, and the extreme apex is gray.
The base of the wing below the costa is quite clear, with scattered dark
scales, and a black linear spot on the end of the median vein at the origin of
its branches. From this spot, a linear reddish line extends to the discal dot,

62

ami below two dusky lines extend lo the inner edge of wing, the inner being
the wider. The discal dol is curvilinear, black, very distinct, edged with
while externally, and raised, forming a high crest. A few red scales are scat-
tered over the space inside the discal dot. Beyond the discal dot is a broad,
clear, pale-gray band, with a row of longitudinal, black, linear spots on the
outer edge, becoming longer Inward the costal edge of the wing. This broad
space terminates on the subcostal vein; il is limited on the outer edge by a
wavy, lighl line. Beyond is a row of reddish, diffuse patches, forming a wide
series of scallops. The outer edge of the wing is dusky-gray ; along the base
of the fringe is a linear, narrow, black line, interrupted by the ends of the
venules. The long fringe is dirty-white, witli slightly darker scales. Hind
wings clear on the costal and median areas, with a distinct, round, discal dot;
the inner and submedian region covered with dark and light alternating,
crinkled lines, most marked on the venules. Beneath, fore wings clear, with
costa dusky at base; discal dot distinct, linear, extending nearly to the costa.
Half-way between it and a subapical black patcji is a black line consisting of
two dots. Beyond the discal dot both wings are lineated finely with black
and gray, and the black line at base of fringe is very distinct.

Length of body, 0.40; fore wing, 0.50; expanse of wings, 1.05 inches.

Nevada (Edwards) ; Sanzalito, Cal., February 14, 2G (Behrens).

This beautiful form may be recognized by the whitish-ash wings, with
russet-brown mixed with dark-ash bands and patches, and the russet-brown
costo-apical patches*. It is closely allied structurally to E. ravocostaUata.

Eupithecia subapicata GUiene'e. Plate 8, fig. 11.

Eupithecia subapicata Guen., Phal., ii, 331, 1857.

Chesiax occideiitaliata Pack., Proc. Bost. S. N: H., xiii, 404, 1871.

16 $ and 9. — The fore wings are lanceolate-oval; the outer edge of the
wing being very long and oblique, and as long as the inner edge of the wing.
It is russet-brown, the vertex being considerably paler than the front of the
head and palpi. The male antennae are finely ciliated beneath. Fore wings
russet-brown, with dark scales along the veins and their branches. No distinct
markings or transverse stripes except a pale, whitish, slightly zigzag, marginal
line, most distinct near the inner edge of the wing, and near the apex touching
on the outer end of a large, conspicuous, oblique, ochreous-white patch. The
discal dot is large, round, black, distinct. Along the costa are faint-brown
spots, especially above the discal dot, where four of them are slightly marked.

63

Hind wings clear russet-ash, paler than the fore wings, hut dusky along the
inner edge, with three short, wavy lines, one at the inner angle, the other two
approximate and nearer the middle of the inner edge. A pale line along the
middle of the abdomen, interrupted by black dots; a similar stripe runs along
each side.

Length of body, 0.42; fore wing, 0.54; expanse of wings, 1.12 indies.

California (Edwards); San Mateo, Cal. (A. Agassiz, Mus. Comp. Zool ) ;
Sanzalito, Cal., February 11, March 21, April 7-17 (Behrens).

This seems to be a common species. It may be known by its large
size, the peculiar color, like old unpainted oak-wood, with light slashes, and a
distinct marginal line. I confess I mistook it for a Chesias. On sending a
specimen to M. Guenee, he informs me that it is his E. subapicata. Professor
Zeller has also determined it to be that species from specimens I sent him

Eupithecia cretaceata Packard. Plate 8, fig. 15.

Larcniia cnlaccata Pack., Sixth Rep. Peab. Acad. Sc, 40, 1874 ; Proc. Bost. S. N. H., xvi, pi. 1, fig. 3, 1874.

.3 c? and 3 9. — Fore wings very long, pointed. Hind wings more
rounded than in E. zygadeniata, chalky white throughout, with numerous
partially obsolete, wavy, ashen lines on the middle of the wing, but distinct on
the costa; an oblique row of dark dots just beyond the middle of the wing, the
row following a straight course. Hind wings marked as on anterior pair,
with numerous ashen, obscure, parallel, wavy lines. Beneath whitish, shin-
ing with a smoky tinge, especially on the fore wings, with numerous wavy
ashen lines. Discal dots small, but distinct; a narrow, interrupted, black line
along the edge; fringe whitish, dirty-white externally. Fore legs dusky-
whitish. Hind legs whitish, broadly ringed with dusky-ash.

Length of body, <?, 0.45, 9, 0.43; fore wings, $, 0.60, 9, 0.60-0.68;
expanse of wings, 1.15-1.25 inches.

Sides of Mount Washington, New Hampshire, July 7 (Sanborn, Mus.
Bost. So'c. Nat. Hist.) ; Sierra Nevada (Edwards).

This is the largest species of the genus, and may be recognized by its
large size, the chalky-white color, and the heavy, dark, conspicuous costal
spots. It is allied in structure and venation to E. zygadeniata, but differs in
the much shorter palpi.

The Californiari specimens have longer, more acute fore wings than those
from New Hampshire.

(il

Desiderata,

Eupithecia anticaria Walk., Lep. Bet. Br. .Mus., xxiv, 1241, 1862 —
"Female: Cinereous fawn-color. Palpi short. Abdomen cinereous, with
fawn-colored bands. Wings narrow, elongated, with brownish lines, which
arc partly denticulated; marginal points blackish, elongated. Fore wings
acute, partly cinereoUs ; discal mark blackish, transverse, varying in size;
exterior holder very oblique. Hind wings cinereous, with the lines most
distinct toward the interior border.

"Length of the hotly, 3 lines; of the wings, 10 lines.

" a, b, Nova Scotia. From Lieutenant Redman's collection."

Eupithecia implicata Walk., Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxiv, 1241, 1862. —
"Female: Brownish-cinereous. Palpi shorter than the breadth of the head.
Wings narrow, elongate, with many brown, slightly undulating lines; mar-
ginal space brownish, including the pale, cinereous, denticulated, submarginal
line; marginal line dark-brown; discal point blackish, most distinct in the
hind wings. Fore wings slightly acute ; exterior border very oblique. Hind
wings somewhat paler than the fore wings, except toward the exterior border.

"Length of the body, 3 lines; of the wings, 10 lines.

" a, b, Saint Martin's Falls, Albany River, Hudson's Bay. Presented by
Dr. Barnston.

" c, h, Nova Scotia. From Lieutenant Redman's collection."

Eupithecia explanata Walk., Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxiv, 1242, 1862. —
"Female: Cinereous. Palpi short. Abdomen slightly crested. Wings nar-
row, elongate, with elongated, black, marginal lunules. Fore wings acute,
fawn-color, with several brown, slightly-undulating lines, and with two slight
whitish bands; submarginal line whitish, denticulated; discal mark black,
transverse, rather large; exterior border very oblique.

"Length of the body, 3 lines; of the wings, 10 lines.

"a, d, Nova Scotia. From Lieutenant Redman's collection."

Eupithecia gelidata Moschler, Wien. Ent. Monats, iv, 47, 1860. — "Hen-
Professor Zeller hestimmte mir diese Art als neu und ist sic auch mit keiner

• Under the head of " Desiderata" an given copies of descriptions of species not seen by me, which
an- supposed, in most rases, to be valid. In the ease of the three present species described by Mr. Walker,
! was unable to find the types in the British Museum in 1672. I have since then received drawings of
E. implicata and E. csplanata, made under the directions of Mr. A. G. Butler, but the identifications are
still very doubtful.

G5

dcr mir bekannten Aden zu verwecliseln. Ich besitee nur ein weibliches
Exemplar, welcliem die Hinterfliigel verkriippelt sind. — FHigel-Spannuiig 21
Millim. Breite eines Vorderfliigels 4-5 Milliin. Fiihler braunlich ; Kopf,
Thorax und tier Hinterleib braungrau. Brust weissgrau ; Stirne mit eingc-
mengten grauen Scliuppen. Filsse braunlich weisslichgrau bescbuppt.

" Die Grundfarbe dcr Fliigel auf der Oberseite ist ein in Grau ziehendes
Braun ; auf den Vordcrfliigeln stchen vier dunkle braungraue Querstreifen.
Der erste, nahe der Wurzel, ist scharf nach aussen gebogen, saumwarts am
Vorderrande weissgrau angelegt ; der zweite bildet nabe dem Vorderrande
cinen stumpfen Winkel und verlaufl. weit wurzelwiirts gczogcn in den Innen-
rand ; nach inncn ist er weissgrau angelegt. Dcr drittc bildet in gleicher
Ricbtung mit dem zweiten nach aussen cinen Winkel und ziebt dann, wenigcr
schrag vviejener, in einigen Bogen zum Innenvandc ;. nacb aussen ist er erst
durch eine parallele vveisslichgraue und dann wieder dunkelbraune Linis
begrenzt und ersclieint dadurcb doppelt, licht getheilt. Der viertc zieht als
auf den Kippen feingezackte, am Vorderrande und auf Rippe 2 etwas einge-
zogcne Bogenlinic durch den Fliigel; saumwarts begrenzt ihn cine breifc
weissliehe, durch eingemengte feine braune Fleckchen doppelt erscheinendc
Linie. Die Wellenlinie ist nur fein weiss vom Vorderrande bis auf Rippe 7
sichtbar. Dcr Vorderrand ist zwischen und vor den Querstreifen weisslich
bestaubt. Franzcn an der Basis weissgelb; ihre Endhalltc, sowie die Rippen
graubraun. Sauin schwarzbraun umzogcn ; in den Zellen sitzen nach inncn
gleichgetiirbte Fleckchen auf. Die Hinterfliigel scheincn drei dunkle, licht
begrenzte Wellcnlinien zu fiihren. Franzcn wie an den Vordcrrliigeln.
Unten sind die Fliigel licht gelbgrau ; dcr zweite und drittc Querstreif der
Vorderfliigcl sind als abgcbrochene schwarzbraunc Striclie am Vorderrande
sichtbar; letzterer ist zwischen und vor ihnen weissgrau bestaubt; die iibrigc
Zeichnung ist verloschen. Die Hinterfliigel sind noch etwas lichter, mit drei
gezackten, dunkelbraunen Querstreifen. Die Mittclpunkte allcr Fliigel sind
schiirfer, wie auf der .Oberseite, etwas langgezogen.

"Einige andere Exemplare einer Eupithecia aus Laltrador, wclche ich
crhielt, sind so abgcflogcn, dass sich nicht bestimmen liisst, ob sie zu obiger
Art gehorcn."
0 Pii

66

GLAUCOPTERYX Hiibner. Plato 1, fig. 2.

Glaucopteryx Hiibn., Verz., 332, I8ia
i,h,,i„ Hiibn. (in pari |, 333, 1813.
Careniia Treits. (in part), Scbm. Eur., \i, ?:., 1833.

Stepb. (in part ). Nom. Br. fus., II, 1829.
tplocera Stepb. (in part), Nomcucl. Br. Ins., II, 1829; "Cat., ii. 111. 1829."
Larentia Dnp. (in part), Lep. France Noct., viii (v), 358, 1830.
Aplocera Stepb., III., iii, 293, 1831.
Larentia Boisd. (in part), (i.n. Ind., 204, 1840.

II. Scb. (in pari ), Sehuj. Eur., iii, 1 II, 1847.
Glaucopti riix sti'ph.. Li>t Lep. Br. Mas., 194, 1850.
Cidaria Led. (in part), Verb. B. /.. Ges. Wieu, 2:>:i, 1853.
Larentia linen., l'lial ,ii, 2(56, 18,"i7.

Walk., List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxiv, 1109, 1862.

Head full and rounded in front, with no well-marked interpalpal tuft.
Antennae usually ciliated (in G. Sabiniaria with short, fine, spatulate, ciliated
pectinations). Palpi broad and long, porrect, extending well in front ot
the head; third join* small, conical, pointed. Fore wings with the costa
straight, a little arched toward the slightly-produced apex: outer edge oblique.
Hind wings long, the inner edge much longer than the outer, which is full
and rounded, with the apex much rounded. Venation: two large, well-
marked, subcostal cells (in G. Sabiniaria the inner cell very small); the second
subcostal venulearises half-way between the end of theouter cell and the origin
of the third subcostal venule; the posterior (fiscal venule bent (not curved)
near the middle. Hind Legs moderately thick: tarsi slightly shorter than the
tibia* (in G. Sabiniaria the tarsi an; a little longer than the tibiae). Abdo-
men moderately stout, with a well-marked tuft of hairs at the tip, forming in
'/. Sabiniaria a larger tuft than usual. Coloration: stone-gray, often with
golden scales, and with numerous, wavy, zigzag lines. Hind wings lineated
or clear.

This genus embraces some of (he largest species of the subfamily, and
differs from Evpithecia, on the one baud, in the large hind wings, with the
long inner edge, and from Plemi/ria, on the other, by the full, rounded hind
wings. The palpi are stouter and shorter than in Thera. The \ouii, sub-
acute fore wings, and the large hind wings extending beyond tin; end of the
abdomen, and the peculiar style of marking, mimicking the colors of lichen-
clad rocks, distinguish it.

The species are more liable to tie confounded with those of Pdroj'hom
than any other genus; but they differ in the shorter, stouter, blunter palpi,

07

straighter costa of fore wings, and rather more oblique outer edge, and the
longer hind wings.

The most aberrant species is G. Sabiniaria, which, in the pectinated
antennae and venation, forms a subgenus, but which I do not think should lie
separated genetically from G. polata. Both of these two arctic species differ
from the others, even G. ccesiata, in the hairy head and body.

Spargania magnoliata of Guenee is very closely allied to G. 'polata in
structure as well as in its peculiar style of markings, and the genus is evi-
dently a synonym of the present one.

Larva. — The body is of equal thickness from the head to the end.

Head much rounded, not so wide as the body. Supra-anal plate sometimes

rounded posteriorly. Feeds on species of Yaccinium, spinning a slight cocoon

among the leaves of its food-plant. It hybernates, pupating late in the

spring.

Synopsis of the Species.

A. <$ antennae simple :

Larger than the other species. Fore wings with convex costa ; a double, wavy, extra-
discal line, bent below the costa, and a more distinct, whitish, suhmargiiial
line. Olive-gray, witli numerous, scattered, golden scales (,'. cwsiata.

Costa straighter than in '.'. ccesiata. Steel whitish-grayish, witli about twelve wavy

lines; hind wings flesh-colored (/'. magnoliata.

Ochreous-gray, with numerous, transverse, dark lines; median band narrow, pale,

with a dark discal dot ; hind wings whitish G. implicata.

Granite-gray, with a distinct median baud, rows of dark points, and scattered yellow

scales; hind wings gray, a little dusky on the margin G. polata.

B. $ antennae pectinated :

•

Undersized. Uniform sable-brown ; fore wings with a single, median, dusky band.

Fringe sable-brown G. Sabiniaria.

Large size. Yellowish-gray, with broadly-pectinated antenna', median band, and

submarginal, waved, whitish line. Fringe yellowish, checkered with dark. ..G. phocataria.

Glaucoptekyx c.esiata Hiibner. Plate 8, fig. 10.

"Geometra ccesiata Borkh., Fur. Sclim., v, 331, 109, 1/04."

" Den. et Schiff., Syst. Verz. Schrn., i, 448, 1775."
"Lang., Verz., ISO, 178:2."
" Hiibu., Schm. Fur., 275, 1790."
Glaucopteryx cwsiata Hiibu., Verz.. 332, 1818.
Larentia cwsiata Treits., Schm. Ear., vi, part '-', 89, 1828.

Dnp., Lep. Fiance, viii (v), 39rf, pi. 199, fig. 2, 1830

Guen., Thai., ii. 271, ls;,7.

Walk., List Lep. Br. Mus., xxiv, 1173, 1802

40 S and 40 9. — Body and wings dull smoky -gray, with a decided oliva-
ceous tinge, dusted with golden scales. Front whitish, with dusky scales ;
base of the antennas whitish, beyond minutely annulated with while; palpi

68

black-brown, much darker than usual. Fore wings broader than usual,
with the costa a little more convex than usual, ashen, mottled thickly with
dull, dark scales, which are arranged in three dark, dull, obscure, diffuse,
broad bands, of which the outer two unite just below the median vein to
form a broad patch. These lines are zigzag and scalloped on the outer
edges, and margined with whitish points. A parallel row of irregular, golden

scales, especially visible on the outer third of the wing, and also on the
inner edge along its whole length. A scalloped, submarginal, white line.
Edge of the wing dark; fringe uniformly dark. Hind wings with a distinct
discal dot; clear in the middle, but, toward the outer edge, becoming mottled
with dark, with a broad, zigzag, submarginal line. Abdomen dark, ringed
with whitish. Beneath pale whitish cinereous; the lines obscurely repeated,
especially marked on the costa, which is finely dusted with yellowish; abdo-
men paler beneath. Legs pale; fore legs dark, narrowly annulated with
white. Discal dots faint on both wings.

Length of body, 0.52; of tore wing, 0.70; expanse of wings, 1.50 inches.

This is the largest native species of the genus, and differs in its short,
dark palpi, triangular fore wings, which are olive-gray, dusted with bright
golden scales on the outer third and on the inner margin, and very faintly on
the outer edge of the secondaries.

It is an obscurely marked species, but the plan of the markings is
much as in G. poluta. The submarginal scalloped line is well marked, the
scallops deep and rounded. The double-scalloped, light, extradiscal line is
bent outward below the costa. There are dark and whitish specks and dots
on the veins.

Okak, Northern Labrador, and Caribou Island, Southern Labrador
(Packard). It also occurs not uncommonly at the White Mountains, where it
was captured by Mr. C. A. ShurtlefF, August 1-11, in Tuckerman's Ravine,
specimens of which are in the collections of the Boston Society of Natural
History. Mr. F. <!. Sanborn has also obtained it from Mount Washington,
New Hampshire. Massachusetts (Morrison). Georgetown and Turkey Creek
station, ( !olorado (Mead).

Specimens taken by Mr. T. L. Mead in the vicinity of Georgetown, Colo,
at an elevation of 8,000 or !),00() feet, expand from 1.45 to 1.55 inches. The
markings are just as in Labrador and White Mountains (New Hampshire)
specimens, though with perhaps more golden scales. The Labrador speci-

m

mens arc a little stunted, expanding. from 1.40 to 1.45 inches. They agree
with specimens from Iceland as to general appearance and size, but are not
quite so dark, and have more golden-yellow specks. I have seen no speci-
mens from this country or Labrador with such clear markings as in those
received from the Austrian Alps, though the American specimens are rubbed.
In size, the Colorado individuals resemble the European ones.

Larca. — " The egg is laid on the slender stalks of the wort, whortleberry,
or bilberry {Yaccinium Vitis-Idcea) in July and August, and the young
caterpillar emerges in about twelve days, but soon hybernates on the sur-
face of the earth, at the roots of the food-plant. It begins to feed again
in April of the ensuing year, and is full-fed by the second week in May.
It then rests on the stalk of its food-plant by day, generally with the
head downward, and in a perfectly straight position. On the approach
of evening, it turns round, re-ascends the stalk, and feeds on the leaves
during the night. When full-grown, the head is prone, scarcely so wide
as the second segment, and without any manifest notch on the crown. The
body is of uniform substance throughout, and having a perceptible lateral
skin-fold along the region of the spiracles ; each segment has a few small
warts, and each wart emits a short and feeble bristle. The color of the head
is umber-brown, in some specimens inclining to red. The body is velvety
red-brown or velvety olive-green. In both varieties, there is a series of medio-
dorsal, V-shaped markings, of great beauty. These occur on the fifth, sixth,
seventh, eighth, ninth, tenth, and eleventh segments. The apex of each mark
points toward the head. The sides of these marks are not cputc closed at this
point, but allow the passage of a fawn-colored stripe, which expands immedi-
ately after entering the area enclosed by the V, and is as*ain restricted to a
mere line, where it approaches the boundary of the segment. The remainder
of the area enclosed by the V is of a lovely rose-color. Each side of the V is
bordered with rich brown. Anterior to each V — that is, adjoining the anterior
margin of each segment — arc four short, parallel lines, pale in the brown
variety, perfectly white in the green one. The lateral skin-fold in both
varieties is almost white, and thrown up in bold relief by contrast with the
ground-color immediately adjoining it. The belly is of the prevalent ground-
color. The legs arc semi-transparent and pinkish; the claspers of the pre-
vailing ground color. It spins a slight cocoon among the leaves of its food-
plant, and changes to a chrysalis in May.'' — Newman! s British Moths., p. 110.

70

Gi.w < <>ri max magkoliata Packard. Plate 8, fig. 17.

Spargania magnollata Guen.!, Phal., ii, 155, L857.

' idai i« cinnalUis Groto mxl liob., Aunala Lyceum Nat. Hist. N. Y., viii, ICO, pi. 10, li..'. 13, April, 1807.

i ii!, inn I jinn, lata Pack., Proc. Uost. Soc. N. II., xiii, 402, 1-71.
Laratlia cumatiUe Pack., Proc. liost, Sue. N. II., x\ i, 20, pi. I. lig, -, 187 I.

8 and 9. — Fron1 gray, with a few yellow scales; orbits whifisli ; palpi
lipped with whitish: four hlaek dots on thorax, and one al the base of the
patagia, which are tipped with black; a lew golden-yellow hairs are scattered
over the thorax; two rows oi" black dots along the abdomen; edges of the wings
white. Legs black, ringed with white. Fore wiugs pale-gray, crossed by
numerous wavy and zigzag white' lines, originating from numerous black costal
stripes; live whitish zigzag lines before the discal dot. These lines are edged
with black, the basal one on the inside, the fourth on the outside. The
discal dot- is very distinct, and situated in a (dear space, occupying the middle
of the wing, with a costal band just over it. There are twelve of these short,
costal, black bands connected with fainter lines crossing the wing. Beyond
the discal dot is a double white line, with large scallops, terminating on the
costa; a submarginal, more finely-scalloped, whitish line, parallel with the
outer edge. Between these two lines, and about as far from the apex as the
costa, arc several black irregular dots, a part of them sometimes forming a
short black line, bordering the extradiscal whitish line. All these lines are
accompanied by scattered golden scales, but much less numerous (ban in (!.
jin/iita. A row of black spots at the base o( the fringe, composed of two twin
subtriangular dots, opposite to which the pale-gray fringe is checkered with
dusky. The discal dot is oval, black, and conspicuous. Hind w ings whitish-
smoky, tinged with flesh-color, entirely clear, with the fringe lineated at the
base, and otherwise as in the fore wings. The under side of the wings is
tinged with salmon color, becoming deeper toward the apex of the fore wings;
costa edged with black to just beyond the discal dot, which is large and promi-
nent; a subapical, broad, subtriangular, black patch extends from the costa to
the first median venule; a discal dot present on the hind wing; fringe more
distinctly checkered with black than above, and with a heavier black line on
the edge of the wing, interrupted by the venules.

Length of body, 3 and 9, 0.40; fore wing, S and ?,0.55-0.G0; expanse
of w -fiiL's, 1.20 inches.

London, Canada (Saunders) ; White Mountains, New Hampshire, August

71

13, and Treat's Island, Eostporl, Mo., July 16 (ShurtlcfF, Mus. B. S. N. II.);
Mounl Washington, New Hampshire, July (Morrison); Kenosha House,
Colorado, June 30 (Mead); California (Edwards and Behrens); "Canada"
(Gucnc'e).

This seems to lie a more common species in California than in the East-
ern States, though it is widely diffused over the colder portion and alpine
regions of the country east of the Rocky Mountains. It is quite closely allied
to G. polata, but differs in the fore wings being more obtuse at the apex, and
the costa more convex. It may be recognized by the numerous, parallel,
scalloped, blackish-gray lines; the large, distinct discal dot; the general steel-
blue gray color of the wings; the very few yellowish scales; and by the
entirely clear, pale, smoky, flesh-colored hind wings.

On examining M. Guenec's collection, I recognized it from memory as
his Spargania magnoliata ; and Mr. Morrison has since informed inc that he
identified it as such from M. Guence's description, with which it agrees well.

1 can find no differences between two specimens from the Atlantic States
(one G. and R.'s type from Buffalo, and one from Maine, collected by myself),
and twelve examples from California, collected by Mr. Edwards. It seems
to be much more common in California than in the East. It is nearly related
to G. polata.

The Colorado male (length of fore wing, 0.G2 inch) is much larger than
three females from New York and Northern New England ; the length of
the. wing of the largest being 0.55 inch. The Californian specimens are also
much larger (the fore wing of the largest female measuring 0.63 inch). Of
nine Californian specimens, three are of the same size and the rest larger than
eastern examples. There is, however, scarcely any difference in the shape of
the wings, though the Californian specimens have on the whole very slightly
more acute, wings.

Glaucopteryx implicata Packard. Plate 8, fig. 18.

Larenlia implicala Gnen.!!!, Phal., ii, 284, 1857.

Cidaria muUiMueata Pack., Proc. liost. S. N. II., xiii, 403, 1871.

2 <?, 2 ?. — This species is closely allied to G. magnoliata in the shape
of the wings, but the costa is much straighter, and the apex more acute.
Eront gray, a chocolate-colored band between the antennae ; a black spot on
the front of tin; basal joint of the antennas; vertex behind the antennae whitish.
Orbits and palpi reddish-brown, the latter white beneath at base. Prothorax

72

1 '..Ii' reddish-brown. Abdomen pale-gray, with a pair of diverging pale-brown

spots mi each abdominal ring. Fore wings with eleven costal dark marks,
being the termination of as many lines crossing the wing with varying degrees
of distinctness ; two dark wavy lines near I he base of the winy, (he outer one
bordered externally with while; then succeeds a pale-brownish band, with a
few black dots, composing an obsolete line, hut well marked on the costa;
beyond, a row of white spots, beyond which is a broad ash band, like one just
beyond the discal dot; the latter is distinct, oval, black, and situated in a
hand of clear gray, bordered, with scalloped dark lines; beyond the extra-
diseal, broad, reddish-brown band is a row of white-spots, succeeded by two
rows of minute black dots on a clear ash ground ; a submarginal, distinct,
white, scalloped line, and a marginal, broken, black line, consisting of two
intervenular black dots; the dots arc externally edged with scattered groups
of reddish scales. The fringe is white, checkered with dusky. Hind wings
pale-ash; outer edge dusky, with a submarginal pale line; edge of the winy
and fringe as in fore wings; a minute, linear, discal dot. Beneath, four discal
dots of equal size and very distinct; both wings pale whitish-gray, with two
obscure extradiscal lines, and a submarginal, diffuse, half-effaced, dusky line
on both wings.

Length of body, $, 0.40, 9, 0.55; fore wing, cf, 0.55, ?, 0.G4; expanse
of wings, 1.20-1.25 inches.

California (Edwards); Sierra Nevada, Cal. (Crotch, M. C. Z.).

This species differs very decidedly from any of the others in the rather
narrow, whitish, or ochreous-whitish, median line enclosing the discal dot.
This band is bordered on each side by a little darker band of equal width to
the median, all the bands being scalloped. The general hue of the fore wings
is pale ochreous grayish-brown, with many black and white dots and streaks.
In one female, the median line is almost pure white, with fine gray scales, and
the bands on each side are obsolete; the scallops represented by black marks
on the veins. Half-way between this and the submarginal white line is a
row of black dots. In another female, the fore wings are decidedly ochreous-
brown, with the median band much paler, and broken up into separate round
spots.

7:j

Glaucopteeyx roLATA Packard. Plate 8, fig. 19.

Larentta polata Dnp., viii (v), 4(>J, pi. 190, Qg. 4, 1930.

tarcntia Brullci Lelbbvre, Ann. Sue Ent. Franco, 399, pi. x, fi^. 8, 18:56.

Malcmjdris polata Geyer in Hlibu., Zutr., v, 6, fig. 605, K06, 2, 1S37.

Larontia Brullcata Dnp., Suppl., iv, 32, pi. 52, li£. 7, 1842.

Larcntia polata Guen., Phal., ii, 271, 1857.

" Pltassyle polaria Lioisd.", Cbristopb, Wien. Monatscb., 313, 1858.

Lartniia polata Walk., List Lep. Mr. Mas., xxiv, 1173, xxvi, 1097, 1802.

80 £ and 9. — Wings rather narrow, with t lie apex more acute and the
costa straigliter than usual, much more so than in G. magnoliata, its nearest
ally in the United States. Male antenna1 simple, finely ciliated beneath ; palpi
large, broad, bushy beneath. Body and wings granite-gray, the ground-color
whitish-ash. Head and thorax with dark and light long scales, unusually
bushy; a black spot between the antennae. Fore wings crossed by eight more
or "less distinct dark lines; a blackish, thick, basal line, divided into four scal-
lops ; beyond, a broken, more diffuse line, succeeded by a linear, broken line.
Then conies the median, bread, dark band, paler in the middle, with golden
scales enclosing the distinct, black, discal dot. This discal area varies much
in extent ; the band being cither forked on the costa, where the discal dot is
very distinct, or dark, and closing over the discal area. Each side of the band
is irregularly scalloped ; beyond is a bread whitish 1 and, ith scattered
golden scales, as in the white spaces between the lines within and in the
median band. In the middle of the space is a row of black dots; beyond is
a dark, broad, submarginal band, sending points inward along the veins;
sometimes the band is double. It is edged externally by an indistinct, zig-
zag, white line. The edge of the wing is clear grayish-white, with a scries
of black marks on the ends of the veins. Fringe on both wings white, check-
ered with dark. Hind wings smoky-white, with a broad paler band just
beyond the middle, succeeded by a narrow dark band, or this band is contin-
uous with the dark edge of the wing, and contains an obscure, whitish, zigzag
line. Sometimes the whole wing is dusky, and the lighter bands and lines
are effaced. Beneath, uniformly stone-gray, but with a faint ochreous tinge;
the discal dots large and distinct on both wings; a costal dark spot beyond
the discal dot ; a submarginal, diffuse, dusky band on each wing. Legs dark-
gray, ringed with white. Abdomen with two rows of diffuse dark spots.

Length of body, <?,0.45, 9,0 42; of (brewing, S, 0.57, 9, O.o5, expanse
of wings, 1.20 inches.
10 p n

74

Hopedale, Indian Harbor, Henley Harbor, and Caribou Island, Straits
of Belle Isle, Augusl (Packard).

This is a truly arctic species, being found in ( rreenland and Lapland, and
the colder, exposed, treeless portions of the Labrador coast. It has not vet
been detected on the alpine summits of New England or the Rocky Mountains,
or in the European Alps.

This arctic species differs from any other in the grayish-white wings,
peppered with dark scales, with a distinct, median, dark band, paler in the
middle, and usually forked on the costa.

Seventy-five specimens were captured by me in a single day (August 22),
on a naked, almost bare rock, at Table Island, in Henley Harbor, which is
much exposed to the open sea. They were in great abundance, settling down
with their peculiar vacillating flight, like feathers, on the ground. There was
considerable variation among them. Some were more dusky than others, wit h a
greater profusion of golden scales. In others, the central dark band of ringlets
became reduced to mere points on the inner edge, with the region on each side
very pale and almost entirely free from yellow scales, or the entire line may
consist of points alone, accompanied by a broad, dusky, submarginal band.
Others have no yellow scales at all, and the mesial band is diaphanous, leaving
the discal dot very distinct, while all the characteristic bands and rows of
dots are brought out in very clear relief, as in Lefebvre's var. Brullei. The
size of the dusky spots on the fringe varies greatly.

The most aberrant example has whitish-gray wings, with fewer dark
lines Iban usual. The base of the fore wings is black; beyond is a broad
dark line, while the median dark baud is narrow, almost obsolete, consisting
of isolated square spots, with a large, discal, double patch, and a broad pale
space on the costa in front of the discal spot. Near the outer edge of the
wing is a broad dark band.

In its colors, it affords a good instance of protective mimicry; its tints
closely resembling the lichen-covered, peculiar, gray gneiss-rocks on the coast
of Labrador. In this respect, it resembles the Anartce, which have the same
colors, and can scarcely be distinguished from the lichen-covered rocks on
which they settle down after taking flight.

7a

GlaUCOPTEKYX SABINIAEIA Packard. Plate 8, fig. 20.
Paycliopliora Sabinii Curtis, Appendix Ross's -M Voyage, 73, pi. A, iijj. 7, 7«, 1S3j.

7 cf and 1 9. — While this species belongs to a subgenus of Glau-
copteryx, differing in the venation, in the pectinated antenna', and hairy,
stouter, shorter abdomen, in the general shape of the wings it closely
approaches G.polata, but still differs in the straighter costa of the fore wings,
which are also a little narrower than in polata, and the head is a little fuller
in front. Antennae with short, slender pectinations, as long as the antennae
arc thick, also thickly ciliated beneath. Body and wings of a peculiar silk
sable-brown ; fore wings sable-brown, frosted over with gray scales, darker
at base; the dark portion (basal line) bent outward on the subcostal vein ;
a broad, median, darker band, no wider on the costa than inner edge of the
wing, with a large projection outward opposite the discal dot, and below
scalloped quite regularly; a scallop in each interspace. Discal dot linear,
dark, obscure. No other lines or markings on the wing. Hind wings (in my
eight specimens) immaculate, concolorous with the fore wings, being sable-
brown, without any gray scales, and with no lines. (In Curtis's figure, two
curved lines beyond the discal dot arc represented.) Fringe uniformly sable-
brown, concolorous with the wings. Legs and under side of the body darker
than above. Abdomen very stout ; the tip broad and very hairy.

Length of body, <? 0.40, 9, 0.31; of fore wing, <?, 0.52, 9,0.-10;
expanse of wings, 0.95-1.10 inches.

Polaris Bay, North Greenland, latitude 81° 38' N. (Dr. E. Bessels,
scientist to the United States Polaris Expedition to the North Pole).

This is an exceedingly interesting form, as it differs so remarkably, both
structurally and in coloration, from the other species. The uniform sable-
brown color, with the slightly darker median band on the fore wings, and
the pectinated and ciliated antenna1, and very stout, broad, hairy, tipped
abdomen, separates it from the other species found on this continent.

None of the specimens collected by Dr. Bessels in Polaris Bay had the
two dark lines or discal dot on the hind wings, figured by Curtis in the
Appendix to Boss's Voyage. Five of my specimens an4 immaculate sable-
brown, with no dusky band on the fore wings, and the tore wings are of a-
pure sable color, with a rich silken gloss; no gray scales frosting (hem over,
as in the more typical examples. My specimens differ so much from two

7G

G. frigularia (Guenee's sp.), received from Lapland, through Dr. Staudinger,
both in size and markings, thai I am at present (notwithstanding the great
amount of variation in the species of this genus) inclined to keep the two
species separate until new material decides tlie question.

My two G. frigularia are larger than sabiniaria, the lore wings expand-
ing 1 OG inch, while my single female sabiniaria expands only 0.95 inch.
Gruende's male expanded 0.32 inch more, or 1.28 inches. In frigidaria,
the band is much wider on the costathan in sabiniaria, more finely scalloped,
and there is a discal dot on the hind wings and two outer curved lines.
The fringe is whitish, checkered with dark ; while in sabiniaria it is
uniformly sable, and not checkered with darker scales. It should be
remarked, however, that Curtis's figure represents a dot and two outer curved
dusky lines on the hind wings, thus in part connecting the two species, and
it is possible that they will prove identical.

Larva. — In a bottle marked by Dr. E. Bessels with the same number
(I!) as the pinned moths, and labeled "Polaris Bay, August 2, 1871," is ■.
larva which seems to be of this species. The body is moderately thick, of
uniform size from the head to the tail. The head is smooth, rounded, not
so wide as the body. The supra-anal plate is rounded posteriorly. The
body is blackish, with scattered, rather stout hairs; the tubercles from which
they arise being pale. There is a dorsal row of peculiar conspicuous square
spots, one on each ring, and a lateral row of irregular, concolorous, pale dots.
Length, 0.55 inch.

Glaucopteryx piiocataria Packard. Plate 8, fig. 21.

Cidaria phocata Muscbler, Wieu. Eat. Moua!scb., vi, 9, taf. 1, fig. 8, 1862.

Vorderfliigel gelbgrau, im Mittel- und Saumfeld mit vorherrschendem
Graii, drei dunkle, dicht angelcgte Querstreifen, lichte Wellcnliuie und
dunkler Mittelpunkt. Hinterflugel grau mit dunklem Mittelpunkt.

Fliigelspannung 27-33 Millim. Vordertliigelbreite 7-8 Millira.

Steht der Cidaria frigidaria Guen. am nachsten, unterscheidet sich
jedoch so wesentlich von ihr, dass an kcine Vereinigung gedacht werden
kann.

Die Fiihler des Manncs sind gekiimmt, ihre Kammzahne stehen *wie
bei frigidaria zicmlich entfernt von cinandcr, sind ebenfalls behaart, abcr

77

nicht wie bei jcncr Art keulenformig. Die Anhangzellc ist bci meinen
Exemplarcn ungetheilt. Die Palpen sind dicht behaart und fast liingcrals bei
frigidaria. Sie, sowle Kopf, Thorax, und lliutcrleib, sind gelbgrau behaart.

Die Grundfarbe der Vorderfliigel ist cin trilbes Graugelb, welches bis
zum Mittelfelde in mebr grauen oder niehr gelben Linien abwechselt.
Das Mittelfeld farbt sich dunkler gran, nur gegen den Vorderrand zeigt
sich gelbliche Bestaubung; der Mittelpunkt is schwarz; eingefasst wird es
von (lunkleren, auf ihren entgegengesetzten Seiteu weissgrau angelegtcn,
stark gezackten Streifen. Ilinter ihin ist cine (lurch cine graue Linie
getheilte gelbliche Binde, vvelche an das graue Saumfeld grenzt. Letzteres
wird von der weissgrauen, stark gezackten Wellcnlinie durchschnitten. Saum-
liuic f'ein dunkel, Fransen gclblich, mit lichler Wurzclhiilfte, auf den Rippen
schwach dunkel gescheckt. Hinterfliigel grau, mit dunklem Mittelpunkt;
Fransen denen der Vorderfliigel gleich. Unten alio Fliigel grau, auf den
vorderen vor der Mitte erscheint das lichte Feld und die Wellenlinie als
helle Bindcn ; die Hinterfliigel sind heller grau, der Sauin und zwei Quer-
streifen dunkler. Alle Fliigel mit dunklem Mittclpunkte.

Ich erhiclt drci gute Exemplare (1 3 , 2 9) dieser Art von Labrador.

My figure and description is copied from Moschler's. The artist has

not made the antennas broadly enough pectinated. This moth is evidently

a Glaucopteryx,

PLEMYRIA Iliibncr. Plate 1, tig. 3.

Plemyria HUbn., Verz., 334, 1818.

Aciduria Treits. (in part), Scliin. Ear., vi, 5, 18-28.

Camptogramma Steph., llltr. Haust., iii, 203, 1831.

Larentia Dup. (in i>ari), Lop. Fiance, Noct., iv, 389; v, 358, 1830.

Boisd. (in part), Gen. Iud., 204, 1840.

H.Sch. (in part), Schm. Lur., iii, 141, 1847.
Plemyria and Camptogramma Steph., List Lep. Hi\ Mns., 208, 209, 1850.
Cidaria Led. (in part), Verb. B. Z. Ge.s. Wien, 253, 1853.
Camptogramma Gneu., Phal., ii, 4u2, 1857.

Walk , Lep. Hot. Br. Mus., xxv, 1323, 1862.

Head not so full and broad in front as in Glaucopteryx, with a well-
marked interpalpal tuft. Male antennas heavily ciliated; the cilias arising from
conical projections. Palpi long and slender, projecting in front by a distance
equal to the width between the eyes ; third joint slender, acute. Fore wings
with the costa straight, sometimes full and sinuous; apex subacute, not much
produced ; outer edge not very oblique. Hind wings with the outer edge
somewhat sinuous, the middle being full, and forming a slight, rounded pro-

78.

jection. Venation: much as in Glaucoptcryx ; but the discal venules are
situated within the middle of the wing, while in Glaucopteryx they are with-
out, and, consequently, the median venules are longer than in that genus;
two subcostal cells; posterior discal veins regularly curved; the first medial)
venule arises nearer the second than in Glaucopteryx. Hind legs with the
tarsi shorter than the tibiae. Ahdonien moderately long, with a short, square
anal tuft. Coloration: entirely different from Glaucopteryx, the species being
reddish in the female, with numerous line, distinct, wavy lines, and some-
times a conspicuous white discal ringlet. The sexes differ much in color.

The species of this genus differ from Glaucopteryx in their color and
smaller size, the long, slender palpi, and narrow trout of the head.

Iliibner mentions only P. gemmata and P. Jluciata under this genus. It
should clearly have the priority over Camptogramma.

Larva. — "Of medium length, not attenuated, flattened above, laterally
carinated, witlf distinct lines, with piliferous warts arranged in trapezoids,
and a rounded anal flap; head small and subglobular; living on low plants.
Pupa subterranean."— G uenee.

Synopsis of the species.

A large white ring around the discal dot; ten liucs P. fluviata.

About fifteen light lines, alternating with reddish-brown bunds /'. mullifcrata.

Plemyeia fluviata Iliibner. Plate 8, fig. 23, 24.

" Geometra fluviata Hiibn., Schm. Eur., tab. "4, 230, 281 ; gemmata, 233, 1796."*

Plenty na fluviata and gemmata Hiibn., Verz., 334, 1818.

Acidalia fluviata and gemmata Tit-its., Schm. Eur., vi, 55; Snppl., "J07, 1328.

Larentia gemmata Imp., Suppl., iv, 389, pi. 81, lij;. G, 1842.

Larenlia gemmaria and fluviaria Boisd., Geu. Ind., 205, 1840.

Larentia fluviaria and gemmaria H.-Soh., Schm. Eur., iii, 175, \i\7.

Plcmyria gemmata Steph., List Lep. Br. Mns., 203, 1830.

Cidaria fluviata Led., li. Z. Ges. Wien, 26C, 1853.

Camplogramma fluviata and gemmata Guen., Phal., ii, 420, 430, 1857.

Walk., Lep. Hut. Dr. Mus., xxv, 1325, 1862.

24 c?, 23 9. — Body and wings dull clay-yellowish; head darker. Fore
wings didl clay-yellowish, the ground-color lighter than the body and hind
wings; three basal, waved, white lines, edged irregularly with black. A median
blackish band, widest in the discal space; both edges irregularly sinuous; the
outer edge with a prominent tooth below the costa, and anotheron the base of

* When I have been unable to consult the works cited, or verify the synonymy, 1 Lave put .lie
reference in quotation-marks.

79

t lie first median venule. This band incloses a prominent, large, roundish, black
(fiscal <lot, with a faint whitish circle around it, but not nearly so distinct as
in the female. A white line, mixed with dark, angular, wavy, and parallel
with the outer edge of the median band, and situated half-way between the
band and the outer edge of the wing. A fine, wavy, white, submarginal line;
a prominent, long, dark, oblique, apical streak, edged above with white.
Fringe on both wings with a prominent white line at base. Hind wings
dusky within the middle, inclosing the small discal dot; beyond are four or
five wavy lines like those on the front wing, with a more prominent one half-
way between the dark inner portion and the edge of the wing; beneath, the
lines are distinctly reproduced, but not the median band; the costa is check-
ered with light and dark spots, and there is a small, black, discal dot.

Female of the same form and size as the male, but the ground-color is
a uniform, bright, clear red. The dark mesial band is consequently indistinct;
but the large, conspicuous, broad, white, discal ringlet will easily distinguish
this species from any other Larentian moth. The outer line is white, wavy,
and irregular, and much more distinct than in the male. The markings on
the underside of the wings are much as in the male; but the outer line,
common to both wings, is much. darker and more distinct than in the male.

Length of body, i, 0.30, 9 , 0.36; of fore wings, $ , 0.42, 9 , 0.45; expanse
of wings, 0.90 inch

London, Canada (Saunders); Mount Washington, N. II., July (Morrison);
Brunswick, Me. (Packard); Salem, Mass., at light, May 27, July 18 (Cassino);
Nahant, Mass. (Moering); Massachusetts (Harris Coll., Sanborn); West
Farms, N. Y. (Angus) ; Albany, N. Y., September 27 (Lintner) ; New Jersey
(Sachs); Philadelphia, Pa. (Amer. Ent. Soc); Easton, Pa. (Stultz); Pilatka,
Fla., February (Burgess); Saint Louis, Mo., February 6 (Riley) ; Detroit,
Mich. (Swartz, M. C. Z.); Dallas, Tex., August, not rare (Boll); Waco, Tex.,
March 23, July 12 (Belfrage); Lawrence, Kans., May 1 (Snow); California
(Behrens and Edwards). It is evidently double-brooded.

The Californian examples are a little larger (length of wing, <?, 0.48 inch)
than eastern ones.

Staudinger gives as the range of this species, Central and Northern
Europe, England, Bithinia, Syria, and Amur.

Larva. — That P.fluvkda is the male of gemmata was proved by a writer

80

in the " Entomologist's Intelligencer" for 1858. The following remarks are
taken from Newman's British Moths, 18G9:

" I have found the caterpillar of this geometer on the leaves of the com-
mon persicaria {Polygonum persicaria) ; but I have not described it from
nature, as a very accurate description, which 1 have; ([noted below, was pre-
viously published in the 'Entomologist's Intelligencer' for 1858 : 'A lovely
female of this species laid me some eggs on the 24th of .July. They were
oblong, llattish, and yellow, but changed to a dusky-brown color on the 1st
of August. The following day, the caterpillars hatched. At first, they were
very dingy, but on the bth of August became dusky sap-green, and on the
lGth assumed their characteristic markings. There were evidently two dis-
tinct varieties, one of which had the ground-color of a greenish gray, tinged
with red between the segments; the spiracular line blackish, and irregularly
interrupted ; the back (except the last two segments) dusky, having on the
intermediate segments a row of five elongated diamonds of the ground-color,
with a dusky dot in each ; on the front segments, these markings ran into three
parallel dusky lines, while, on the end segments, there were four slender, dusky
lines arranged in a diamond pattern ; the claspers had a dusky stripe running
down them. The other variety had the ground-color of a light yellowish
green, quite yellow between the segments; the spiracular line and pattern on
the back faintly' indicated by dusky-black lines and dots. These caterpillars
fed readily on groundsel (Seneciovu/gar/v), at last eating through steins bigger
than themselves; but, as their frass seemed very watery, I doubt whether
this is their proper food. They were quiet in their habits, resting on the
under side of the leaves, hiding themselves skillfully, and could not be easily
dislodged. When disturbed, they curled up the front segments, but not into
such a twisted knot as I have sometimes seen in more slender geometers.
From the 21st to the 23d of August, the caterpillars, being full-fed, spun up
in moss. After having been in chrysalis about a fortnight, the perfect insects
emerged. There went down two of the green and tour of the darker cater-
pillars. These have come up again, one C. Jluoiata (male), and five C. gem-
maria (female), such a narrow risk did I run of missing the solution of this
problem. Solved, however, it is; and C.Jluriata and C. gemmaria are hereby
declared to be man and wife. I expected to find the difference of color in
the caterpillar would turnout to be a sexual one; this, however, has been
contradicted by the result. The chrysalis is brown, smooth, spiked at the

81

tail, and inclosed in a thin silken cocoon in moss. I have now seen, in all,
about fifteen specimens of C. jluviata and six of C. gemmaria, and find that
the absence in each of what were considered the distinctive markings of the
other is not constant. The subapical blotch of C. jluviata may be traced more
or less distinctly (sometimes quite distinctly) in C. gemmaria, while some
specimens of C. jluviata have the central spot placed in the light ring; only
the dark ground of C. gemmaria makes this ring shine forth much more
brightly, just as a negro's sable skin enhances the whiteness of his eyes. One
of my bred specimens, having given me the slip over the edge of the table,
was detected in a dark corner of the room by the white spots on the fore
wings. As to the other markings, they are, line for line, precisely similar ;
so that the ground-color alone remains to make the sexes look unlike, and per-
haps further breeding may sometimes upset this.' "

Plemyria multiferata Packard. Plate 8, fig. 22.

Camptogram nia multiferata Walk., List Lep. Hot. Br. Mus., xxvi, 1715, 1862.

5 <? . — Body and wings reddish-brown, with a slight purplish tinge. Fore
wings with the costa fuller, more sinuate than in P. Jluviata, crossed by about
fifteen parallel lines at a regular distance apart; the lines are firm, nob" very sin-
uate, with reddish-brown bands between them. A band just beyond the middle
of the wing is somewhat irregular, broken transversely into two or three
pieces, and is wider on the costa than elsewhere. A submarginal white band
is much more sinuate than the others, making a large, rather deep, subapical
flexure. This line is double. Another whitish line, between it and the edge
of the wing, ends firmly on the apex, and posteriorly ends just before the
inner angle of the wing. On the hind wings, which are rather paler than the
anterior pair, and are a little less sinuate on the outer edge than in P. jluviata,
there are about five dark lines, the inner three of which fade out before reach-
ing the middle of the wing. A small discal dot, situated far within the middle
of the wing, as in P. jluviata. Beneath reddish-brown, with whitish blotches
and lines, effaced behind the costal region and toward the base of the wing.
Costal region checkered and marked with reddish-brown and white. A reg-
ularly and deeply scalloped submarginal line; a distinct, oblique, apical, white
line Hind wings colored much as above.

Length of body, $ , 0.40; of fore wings, $ , 0.50-0 54; expanse of wings,
0.95-1.10 inches.
1 1 r ii

82

Quebec, Canada (F. X. Bdlanger); Brunswick, Me. (Packard); Cam-
bridge, Mass. (Harris Coll.); Brewsters, N. Y. (Grote); Lthaca, N. Y. (II. II.
Smith, Corn. Univ.); Oneida. X. Y. (R V. Hawlej ); Brooklyn, N. Y. (Graef);
Phil. Pa. (Amer. Ent. Soc.) ; .Missouri, May (Riley); Lawrence, Kans..
April .")<) (Snow); Victoria, Vancouver Island, duly (Crotch); Nova Scotia).

This remarkable species need not be confounded with any other G-eo-
nietrid moth, the markings are so peculiar; as many a's fifteen light lines
alternating with reddish-brown bands.

Desideratum.

Corcmia obruptuta Walk., List. Lep. Br. Mus., xxvi, 171;!, 1862. Tbis is a Plemyria.

EPIRRITA Hiibner. Plate 1, fig. 4.

Epirrita Htibu., Tentamen, 1810 (or before).

Oporinia Hiibn. (in part), Verz., 321, 1818.

Acidalia Treits. (in part), Scbni. Eur., vi, 5, 1828.

Larentia Dap. (in part), Lep. France, Noct., viii (v), 358, 1830.

Opordbia Stepb. Illtr. Haust., "273, 1831.

Venusia Curl., Br. Ins., 759, 1839.

Eubolia Boisd. (in part), Gen. Intl., 201, 1840.

Larentia Bbisd. (in part), Gen. Iud., 204, 1840.

WydreUa H.-Sch. (in part), Scbm. Eur., iii, 110, 1847.

Larentia H.-Scb. (in part), Scbm. Eur., iii, 141,1847.

Opordbia Stepb., List Lep. Br. Mus., 198, 1850.

Ciduria Led. (in part), Verb. B. Z. Ges. Wien, 253, 1853.

Venusia Gnen., Pbal., i, 440, 1857.

Opordbia (iuen., Phal., ii, 201, 1857.

Venusia Walk., Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxii, 078, 1861.

Oporabia Walk., Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxiv, 1107, 1862.

Head large, with the front very full, bulging out much more than
usual. Palpi small and slender, not reaching to the front. Antennae either
pectinated, the branches fine, slender; or short and stout, ciliated, or simply
ciliated. Fore wings short and broad, triangular, the costa being much arched
toward the apex, which is much rounded, especially in the male; outer edge as
long as the inner in the male, shorter in the female. Hind wings large, long,
and rounded, extending far beyond the end of the abdomen. Venation much
as in Glaucopferyx, but the venules, especially the second and third subcostal,
are much shorter; the posterior discal venule very oblique, and not bent,
while there is hut one subcostal cell. Hind tarsus a little shorter than the
tibia. Abdomen long and slender, with a very slight anal tuft. The colora-
tion is peculiar, but very uniform in the different species. They are whitish-
gray, with about a dozen wavy, darker lines, somewhat broken between the
veins. The origin of the first and second median venule is black.

83

This genus is easily distinguished by the antennas being sometimes
pectinated (E. cambricaria and E. 12-lineata); by the bulging front, darker
than the rest of the head; by the feeble, slender palpi not reaching the front ;
as well as by the broad, short, triangular wings. In all these characters,
except the antennae, which are sometimes pectinated in Glaucopteryx, it
differs from the latter genus, though closely like it in venation.

Larva. — " Rather short, a little flattened, velvety green, with the ventral
region white or glaucous; head small and globular; living exposed on trees.
Pupa subterranean." — Gruenee. E. cambricaria appears by Newman's state-
ment to remain in leaves in the pupa state.

It is singular how constantly E. cambricaria has been separated gen-
etically from E. dilutata ; though, according to Lcderer, it was regarded by
Standfuss as a variety of E. dilutata. Why Curtis separated it from "Opora-
bia'1 does not seem plain, as he remarks that "it is doubtful whether it may
not be necessary to remove Oporabia to the genus before us." He then
compares E. (his Venusia) cambrica with E. dilutata and E. multistrigaria. E.
cambricaria is so close to E. dilutata that I had regarded it as a variety of
that species, and referred to it under that name in Hayden's Report for 1874.

There seems no good reason why Hubner's name Epirrita should not be
restored, though he ignored it in his Verzeichniss and used Oporinia instead.

Synopsis of the Species.

Very small, with broad, diffuse Hues, or, when a little rubbed, about twelve lines on the fore

wings ; four lines on under side of hind wings E. perlineata.

Like 0. perlineata, with twelve fine lines on the fore wings E. 12-lineata.

Nearly twice as large as the preceding, with a well-marked, black V on the origin of the

first and second median venules ; antennae pectinated E. cambricaria.

Larger than E. cambricaria, with similar markings ; antennae simple E. dilutata.

Epirrita perlineata Packard. Plate 8, fig. 25, 68.

Larentia perlineata Pack., Proc. Bost. S. N. H., xvi, 19, 1874.

5 (?, 5 ?. — Closely resembling, in size, shape, and markings of wings,
E. 12-lineata. The head is whitish-gray above, in front dark-brown ;
the palpi brown at tips above. Antennas simple. The fore wings are
white, crossed by numerous wavy, fine lines, about twelve in number. It
differs chiefly from E. 12-lineata, however, in the median line being much
broader and more distinct, and with a broad ochreous shade between it and
the line beyond. The hind wings are white, with the scalloped lines on the

84

outer hall of the wing very distinct, being continuous and a little diffuse.
Beneath much as in E. \2-Hnea/aria, with lour well-marked lines on the hind
wings, the innermost quite near the base of the wing. Abdomen whitish-
gray, unspotted. Legs: two anterior pair dusky above ; hinder pair white

Length of body, $, 0.32, 9. 0 30; fore wing, 4, 0.45, 9, 0.42; expanse
of wings, 0.84 inch.

Mount Washington, N. H„ July, common (Morrison); Albany, N. Y..
May 4 (Lintner); Brooklyn, N. V. (Graef); West Virginia, April (Mead).

This small species is half (he size of E. cambricaria, and differs in having
about twelve fine lines on the fore wings and four or five unbroken lines on
the hind wings. The median line on the fore wings is very distinct, and with
a brownish and ochreous shade beyond.

Epirrita 12-lineata Packard. Plate 8, fig. 26.

Larentia Vi-lineala Pack., Proo. Bost. S. N. H., xvi, 11), pi. 1, lij;. 1 lis, 1S74.

SS, 5 9. — An unusually small species, half the size of E. dilutata, and
about as large as E.albulata of Europe. Male antennae well ciliated. Head
above whitish-gray, in front dark-brown ; palpi brown at tip, paler below.
Body and wings white, with a slight grayish tinge on costa of fore wings and
on the thorax. Wings of the same form as in E. dilutata, except that the apex
of the fore wings is rather more pointed. Fore wings white, crossed by about
twelve black, thread-like lines, waved or scalloped, the outer ones mostly
represented by venular black dots. The inner lines are usually scalloped.
All the lines are more distinct and broader on the costa, and angulated out-
ward more or less acutely just below the costa. Across the middle of the
wings run three parallel lines, finer and nearer together than the others. The
marginal row of intervenular black spot's distinct on both wings. Hind
wings white, with four or five dark, slightly-marked lines, of which the two
inner are scalloped, while the three outer are represented by venular dark
points. Beneath a little more dusky than above, with the lines on the inner
half of fore wings wanting; a median, double, dusky line, ending in a dark,
clear spot on the costa and inner edge. The lines beyond faint. The mar-
ginal black line distinct on both wings. Hind wings marked like the fore
wings. Discal dots indistinct on both pairs of wings. Abdomen dull-whitish,
unspotted. Fore legs brown, banded with narrow white rings; bind legs
whitish.

85

Length of body, J, 0.33, 9, 0.30; ibrc wing, i, 0.45, ?, 0.40; expanse
of wings, 0.85-0.90 inch.

This diminutive species seems to occur commonly in California, where
it has been collected by Mr. Edwards. It also occurs at San Mateo, Cal. ;
specimens having been collected by Mr. Alex. Agassiz (Mus. Comp. Zoology).
It has been taken by Mr. Behrens at Sanzalito, February 4-26, March 22,
April 23, May 2. It may be recognized by its small size and white, many-
lineated wings. From GueneVs L. implicata it differs in the wings being
entirely white, and also in the markings, as well as the smaller size. It may
be found to intergrade with E. perlineata of the Eastern States. It is a little
larger, and with more acute fore wings, than that species or variety ('!).

Epirrita cambric aria Packard. Plate 8, tig. 27

)"f!H»si(i cambrica Curt., Br. Eut., pi. 759, 1839.

Bydrelia erutaria Dup., Snppl., iv. 45, pi. 54, fig. 4, 1842.

Eubolia erutaria Boisil., Geo. Iud., 203, 1840.

" Cidaria ncbttlosaria Freyer, Eur. Suhui., tab. 528" (date ?).

Sydrelia erutaria H.-Soh., Sclim. Eur., iii, 111, figs. 258, 2.59, 1847.

Cidaria cambrica Led., Verh. B. Z. Ges. Wieu, 265, 1853.

Venusia cambrica Steph., List Lep. Br. Mus., 186, 1850.

Vemisia cambricaria Guen., Phal., i, 440, 1857.

Walk., Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxii, 678, 1861.

6 i, 2 ?. — Considerably smaller than Epirrita dilutata, with distinct-
ly-pectinated antennae and more triangular fore wings. Palpi small and
slender, short, black beyond the middle. Head brown in front; antenna? dark-
brown above, with ciliated, slender pectinations, about twice as long as the
antennae are thick. Body and wings light whitish-gray. Fore wings with
seven well-marked lines, the three inner and extradiscal lines black, and the
most distinct. The basal line very near the insertion of the wing, bent outward
acutely on the subcostal and less so again on the median vein. The second line
is brown rather than black below the costa, and situated nearer the third than
the basal; it is sharply angulated outward in the costal space, and slightly
curved below, but not wavy. The fourth line black, forming below the costa
a hair-line, and accompanied within by a brown shade. Both lines disappear
between the median and internal vein. A small black discal dot, nearly touch-
ing a brown, wavy hair-line The extradiscal line black and heavy in front of
the median vein; not bent on the costa as in E. dilutata, but straight, and only
curved inward just below the median vein, below which it is wavy. It is

8U

accompanied externallj by a diffuse, wavy, brown shade. From the dark
shade, two diverging, conspicuous, black streaks follow the base of the median
veins, forming a rude =». Two similar, but parallel, black streaks follow (lie
origin of the two lower subcostal veins; beyond are two scalloped submar-
ginal lines; a marginal row of black triangular spots. Fringe whitish. Hind
wings whitish, with four waved lines, the two submarginal ones acutely zigzag.
A slight diseal dot. Beneath, the Tore wings are somewhat dusky ; the hind
wings pale-whitish, with a faint ochreous tinge. The diseal dots are more
distinct than above on both wings, with a common, sinuous, extradiscal line,
and a submarginal, fainter, double line, most distinct on the c.osta. Legs
whitish: fore legs dark in front. Abdomen whitish gray, with paler narrow-
rings.

Length of body, $ , 0.43, 9,0.41: of tore wings, <?,0.45, 9,0.46; expanse
of wings, 1.12' inches.

Quebec, Canada (Belanger); London, Canada (Saunders); Mount Wash-
ington. N. H., July 7 (Morrison and Sanborn); Catskill, N. Y. (Mus. Comp.
Zool.).

Larva — "The eggs are laid about the 17th of July, and the young
caterpillars emerge about the 27th. They feed on mountain-ash or rowan-
tree (Pyrus aucupana), and, when full-fed, spin together a division of the leaf
of the food-plant, and change to a chrysalis." — Newman's British Moths, 76.

This seems to be a truly mountain-species, not yet having occurred in
the lowlands. It is closely allied to E. dilutata, but is considerably smaller,
with more distinctly triangular wings and well-pectinated antennae; those of
the latter species being simple. The markings, which in their general
arrangement are closely similar to those of E. dilutata, differ in the extra-
discal line being straight on the costa, while there are more lines on the hind
wings.

The present species differs from E. perliweata and 12-lineata in its much
larger size, the strongly-pectinated antennas, the straight extradiscal line, and
in the distinct V, &c, on the middle of the wing, though this is indicated in
both of the diminutive species. From E. dilutata it differs in its smaller size
and pectinated male antennae.

There is not much variation among my specimens, which arc all well
preserved. In one specimen, collected by Mr. Morrison, the row of black,
short streaks, half-way between the extradiscal line and the edge of the wing.

87

is more regular and distinct than usual, owing to the obsolescence of the
usual scalloped shades or lines on each side.

Compared with two European alpine examples received from Dr. Stau-
dinger and Professor Zeller, there are no apparent differences either in size
or markings.

Epirrita dilutata Hiibner. Plate 10, last fig.

" Geometra dilutata Boikb., Eur. Schm., v, 290, 1794."

" Hiibn., Schm. Eur., tab. 36, fig. 188, 1796."
Epirrita dilutata Hubu., Tent., 1806-16.
Oporinia dilutata Hubu., Vera., 322, 1818.
Acidalia dilutata Treits., Schm. Eur., vi (ii), 26, 1828.
Oporahia dilutata Step]]., 111., iii, 273, 1831.
Larentia dilutaria Boisrt., Geu. Iud., 207, 1840.
Larentia dilutata H.-Sch., Schm. Eur., 160, fig. 188, 1847.
Oporahia dilutata Steph., Cat. Br. Lep., 198, 1850.

Gueu., Phal., ii, 262, 1857.
Cidaria dilutata Stand., Cat., 80, 1861.
Oporahia dilutata Walk., List Lep. Het. Br. M119., xxiv, 1168, 1862.

10 i. — This is a much larger species than E. cambricaria, but with very
similar markings. It may always be distinguished by the simple male antennae.
Body and wings pale ash-gray. Fore wings with eight well-defined sinuous
or scalloped blackish lines, most distinct on the costa and veins ; the basal
line is heavy, and bent rectangularly between the subcostal and median veins ;
the next line, rather remote from the basal, curves inward on the subcostal
vein, and outward on the median space ; the two lines beyond are approxi-
mate, but less sinuous; the fourth line from the base of the wing is broad,
diffuse, twice as broad on the costa as the three others ; beyond this line is a
clear median space, in the middle of which is the distinct discal dot; beyond
are four more or less distinct lines, of which the outer (or submarginal) is
most distinct and regularly scalloped ; a marginal row of twin black dots ;
fringe whitish. Hind wings with traces of four scalloped lines, the marginal
one the heaviest; marginal spots and fringe as in the fore wings ; beneath,
the lines on the hind wings are much as above ; but those on the fore wings
are obsolete, represented by four costal spots on the outer half of the wing.

Length of body, c?, 0.45; of fore wing, <$ , 0.75; expanse of wings, 1.60
inches.

Labrador, Moravian Missions (Moeschler) ; Saint George's Bay, New-
foundland, " Hew aboard in numbers September "26, 1874'' (Mr. J. Milne);
received from Mr. R. McLachlan.

88

'This species differs from the others by its large size and simple antennae.
It will undoubtedly be found in the mountainous and boreal regions of North
America, as it seems to be common in Newfoundland and also in Labrador,
and can scarcely lie regarded as an imported species. My examples do not
differ materially from European ones. Its range in Europe is set down by
Staudinger as follows : Northern and Central Europe ; Piedmont ; Ural Mount-
ains; ! Armenia; Amur; Lapland.

To the synonyms given above may be added the following from Guene"e,
which I have been unable to verity : nut'ilnhi Fabr. 226, autumnata 132,
impluviata 131, quadrifasciata 133, affiniata 134, carpinata 135? Bork.,
inscriptata Donov., Jimbriata Haw., neglectata Steph. It is ealled in Europe
1 he November moth.

Larva. — "The head of the caterpillar is rather narrower than the body,
and not notched on the crown; the body is stout, velvety, and cylindrical;
the colour of the head is dull-green, the mouth tinged with purple; the body-
is apple-green above, but liable to great variation, purple markings sometimes
appearing on all the segments; the back of the second segment, and a median
line on the tenth, eleventh, and twelfth segments, are often of this colour, and
the thirteenth segment 'is generally tinged with purple; there is, moreover, a
white stripe just below the spiracles; the body is glaucous or blue-green ;
the legs are pale transparent-green, the claspers of nearly the same colour,
but often tinged or blotched with purple. It feeds on white-thorn, black-
thorn, horn-beam, sloe, oak, and almost every forest tree, and is full-fed in
June." — Newman's British Moths, 109.

THERA Stephens. Plate 1, fig. 5.

Dysstroma Hiibn. (in part), Verz., 331!, 1818.

Pelurga Hiibn. (in part), Verz., 335, 1818.

Chesias Treits. (in part), Schm. Ear., vi (i), 330, 1827.

Dnp (in part), Lep. Franco, viii (v), 497, 1830.
Thera Steph., 111., iii, -271, 183*1.
Cidaria Boisd. (in part), Gen. et Index, 213, 1840.
Chrsi<ix Boisd, (in part), Gen. et Index, 213, 1840.
Melanthia Boisd. (in part), Gen. et Index, 217, 1840.
Zarentia H.-Sch. (in part), Scbm. Eur., iii, 141, 1847.
Thera Steph., Cat. Br. Lep., 196, 1850.

i. ii. mi., l'lial., ii, :!7ii, 1857.

Walk., List Lep. Br. Jlus., xxiv, 1260, 1862.

£ ■ — Head rather fuller and wider in front than in Petrophora. Antennae
and palpi as in Petrophora, the latter being long and pointed, rather bushy,

89

the third joint slender and acute; they projecl as Car beyond the front as in
Petrophora. Fore wings much as in Petrophora, the convexity of the costa
the same, and the apex subacute. The hind wings are of the same shape as
in Petrophora. The venation differs decidedly, the first three subcostal
venules being much shorter than in any other genus of the subfamily except
Hydriomena; the origins of these venules are equidistant, the origin of the
second subcostal being situated half-way between the end of the outer sub-
costal cell and the origin of the third venule. There are two subcostal cells,
the inner one usually much smaller than the outer. The origin of the first
median venule is rather remote from the second, much as in Lobophora.
Hind wings as in Petrophora. Hind legs with the tarsi as long as the tibiae;
the first joint of the tarsus nearly as thick as the tibiae. Coloration like that
of Petrophora, but with a narrow median band on the fore wings.

This genus chiefly differs from Petrophora in the venation, and the fuller
front of the head, and the coloration. The venation is much as in Hydriomena,
and is so different from Petrophora as to forbid uniting it with that genus.

Larva. — "Quite short and slender, a little swollen anteriorly, with very
distinct lines; head large, subglobular, bordered with the prothoracic shield;
anal points very distinct; living on conifers. Pupa green; in cocoons of silk,
among leaves." — (Guene'e.)

Thera contractata Packard. Plate 8, fig. 28.

Cidaria (Thera) contractu, Pack., Fifth Rep. Peab. Acad. So., 56, 1871.

3 <?. — Palpi, head, and thorax, as well as wings, pale cinereous; base
of fore wing with scattered black scales, and two angled, parallel, black
lines, the outer heavier, and marked with longitudinal stripes on the veinlets;
beyond, a broad, pale band, of very uniform width, slightly angled on the
median vein ; beyond, a mesial band margined with black, narrowing more
than usual on the inner margin, where it is less than one-third as broad as on
the costa, and the two black margins meet, forming two contiguous black
patches. In front, the band encloses obscure ringlets of cinereous; the sides
are more broadly dark on the costa ; discal dot black ; beyond, an obscure,
pate patch ; margin with a zigzag white line, the acute scallops enclosing
dark dots; edge of both wings with the usual black dots, and fringe concol-
orou.s with the rest of the wing, and hind wing uniform pale cinereous, with
1^ p n

90

two dusky lines. Beneath,. dusky on basal two-thirds; discal dots distinct,
outer one-third Luteous; pale, with the pale zigzag line on costal half, and on

hind wing two distinct, dusky lines.

Length of body, 0.40; leniflli of fore wing, 0.45; expanse of wings,
1.00 inch.

Brunswick, Me. (Packard); Portland, Me. (Morse, Mus. Coinp. Zool.).

Easily known by the narrow, dark, mesial hand, Mack and very narrow
on inner edge, and the pale, zigzag line re-appearing beneath; also, on fore
wing, a black streak near apex, and a smaller apical black dot. It is closely
related to the European Thera juniperata.

HYDRIOMENA Hiibner. Plate 1, fig. 6.

Sydriomena Hiibu. (in part), Vera., 322, 1818.

Acidalia Tic-its. (in part), Schm. Ear., vi (ii), 5, 1828.

Vpsipetes Steph., Nomencl. Br. Ins., 44, 1829; "Cat,, ii, 138, 1829."

Larentia I >np. (iu part), L<-p. France, viii (v), 358, 1830.

Euthalia Steph. (in part), 111., iii, 252, 1831.

Cidaria Boisd. (in part). Gen. et Index, 212, 1840.

Larentia B.-Sch. (in part), Schm. Eur., iii, 141, 1847.

Hydriomena Stepb., Cat. Br. Lep., 195, 1850.

Ypsipetes Gneu., Pbal., ii, 376, 1859.

Walk., List Lep. Br. Mus., xxiv, 1266, 1862.

\

<? and 9. — Head rather larger and a little wider and fuller between the
eyes than in Petrophora. Palpi long and porrect, pointed, beak-like ; the
hairs close; the entire appendage rather stouter than in Petrophora, and fully
as long. Antennae, of male ciliated. Fore wings rather longer and often
narrower, with the apex not subfalcate, as usual in Petrophora and other
genera of the subfamily, but the apex is obtuse ; outer edge oblique, as in
Petrophora ; hind wings shorter than in Petrophora, and much more pro-
duced toward the apex. Venation: two large, equal, subcostal cells; the
subcostal venules very short, shorter than in any other genus except Thera ;
the second subcostal venule co-originating with the fifth on the other side of
the main vein. The discal venules well marked; the posterior bent. Abdo-
men rather stout, ending in a broad tuft of hairs, rather shorter than in Petro-
phora. The hind legs with the tarsi as long as the tibiae. In coloration, this
genus differs decidedly from Petrophora by the greenish hues, often turning
dull red, and the broad smoky bands alternating with the grayish and green-
ish 1 Is, which are bounded by black lines, and are irregular, wavy. The

91

apical, oblique, black line is distinct and often dislocated. There are usually
two parallel dusky bands on the hind wings.

The species arc distinguished from those of Pefrophora by the oblong
wings, unusually obtuse at the apex, the hind wings scarcely extending
beyond the tip of the abdomen, by the broad tuft at the end of the abdomen,
and the unusual style of coloration as well as the unusual venation.

This genus as developed in North America contains both of the two
common European species and three others besides, so that this country may
be looked upon as the center of distribution for the northern hemisphere.

Larva. — " Quite short, cylindrical, thick, a little moniliforni, with numer-
ous conspicuous lines ; head small and globular ; living exposed on trees
and shrubs.''

Pupa. — "Contained between leaves." — Guene'e.

Synopsis of the Species.

A. Fore wings with the bands edged with black, oblique, and wavy lines :

Fore wings oblong; apex rectangular ; bands bordered with greenish H. trifasciata.

Fore wings pointed; bands usually bordered \\ illi reddish H. californiata.

B. No black lines ; wings crossed by several distinct, smoky, or white lines:

Fore wings pointed ; a marginal smoky line, olive-greeu, or reddish H. sordidata.

Fore wings with apex rectangular, brown, with tive distinct smoky bands; mar-
gin of wing not smoky H. 5-fasciata.

Fore wings black, with tive conspicuous white bands H. speciosata.

Hydriomena teifasciata Packard. Plate 8, fig. 29.

" Geometra trifasciata Bork., Eur. Schui., v, 308, 1794."

" Geometra impluviata Den. and Sckifl'., Verz., 109, n. Cat."

" Hiibn., Scum. Eur., 223 (post 1797)."
Acidalia impluviata Troits., Schm. Eur., vi, ii, 21, 1828.
Tpsipetes impluviata Steph., Nomencl. Br. Ios., 44, 1829; "Cat. ii, 1829."
Larcntia impluviata Dup., Lop. France, viii (v), 424, pi. 200, fig. 3, 1830.
Kuthalia impluviata Stepb., 111., iii, 254, 1831.
Cidaria bnpluviaria Boisd., Gen. Ind., 214, 1840.
Larcntia impluviaria H.-Sch., Schm. Eur., iii, 1(58, 1847.
Hydriomena impluviata Stc-pli., Cat. Br. Lep., 195, 1850.
Tpsipetes impluviata Guen., Phal., ii, 377, 1857.
Tpsipetes pluviata Guen., Phal., ii, 378, 1857.

1 psipetes impluviata Walk., List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxiv, 1267, 1862.

Tpsipetes pluviata Walk., List Lep. Hot. Br. Mus., xxiv, 1268, 1862.

(i c? and 4 9. — Palpi long and slender; fore wings rather short and
broad, and apex more rectangular than in any of the other species. Body
and wings light-gray. Fore wings light-gray, with a pale greenish tinge.

92

A basal black line directed obliquely outward, ending nearly twice as far

IV the insertion of the wing on the inner as on thecostal edge; it is either

straight in its course or wavy, and makes an acute angle cither on the median
vein, or just above it : the line widens a little at each end. Half-way
between this and the middle line is a broad, smoke-colored, diffuse, irregu-
lar band, directed obliquely outward on the inner edge. The middle black
line is wavy, directed outward on the median vein, and then making a deep
sinus in the submedian space, and ending in a large black patch on the inner
margin. Between this line and the extradiscal is a broad, irregular, whitish
space, varying in color from ash-white to a shade scarcely paler than the rest
of the wing; this broad band widens outward on the discal space, contracting
in front on (lie eosta, but more so on the inner edge of the wing. The extra-
discal line is directed obliquely outward to the first median space, and sends
an acute angle inward on the independent vein; from the angle made in the
middle of the wing, it retreats inward, curving around, and is scalloped
slightly (in some specimens the angle is much less marked than just
described). Beyond the extradiscal line, the wing is greenish. Half-way
between the extradiscal line and the outer edge of the wing is a curved
smoke-colored band, widening toward the costa. Edge of the wing clear
greenish, with a row of geminate, short, longitudinal, black spots. An
oblique, black, apical streak runs into a similar streak parallel with the costa ;
just aliove and parallel to the independent vein is a long black streak, touch-
ing the acute angle in the discal space of the extradiscal line. Discal dot
minute, obscure. Hind wings whitish gray, with two outer, faint, curved,
dusky lines Beneath, both wings are concolorous with the upper side of the
hind wings, with two common, dusky, extradiscal litres on each pair of wings ;
the inner are darker on the costa of the fore wings. Faint discal dots on
both wings. Fringe on both wings pale brown, faintly checkered with dusky.
Legs concolorous with under sides of wings and abdomen. Anterior pair of
legs dark, ringed with lighter.

Length of body, <?, 0.45, 9,0.45; of fore wing, <?, 0.60, 9 ; 0.55-0.66;
expanse of wings, 1.15-1.80 inches.

Caribou Island, Straits of Belle Isle, Labrador. July (Packard) ; London,
Canada (Saunders); Orono, Me., July 6 (Packard); Brunswick, -Me., July
16-29 (Packard); Mount Washington, N. 11., July (Morrison); Cambridge,
Mass., July 28 (Harris, Mus. Bost. Soc. N. II.); Beverly, Mass., July 8

93

(Burgess); Racine, Wis. (Hoy); Missouri (Riley); Idaho Springs, Colo., July
5, several Hying among alders, 7,330 feet elevation (Packard, Hayden's Sur-
vey); "Saint Martin's Falls, Albany River, Hudson's Bay; New York; East
Florida'' (Walker).

This not very rare moth may be recognized by the rather oblong fore
wings compared with the other species, while the apex is more rectangular,
and the pale-gray fore wings tinged between the bands with greenish, but
never with reddish. It is a more boreal and subarctic species than any of
the others, and is the only one yet found in the New England States, where
it is not uncommon. Though at first inclined to regard Gruenee's pluviata as
distinct from the European, yet, on careful comparison with specimens
apparently from Austria, received from the Vienna Museum, all the speci-
mens I have differ only in the more decided black lines, especially the extra-
discal, while the submarginal smoky band is nearer the outer edge; but the
style and position of the markings are the same, and the markings on the
under side of the wings are identical. It varies much in the distinctness
and width of the lines and bauds, especially the width of the median light
band, and the size of the two-toothed projection it makes in the first median
space. In the European and some New England specimens, this projection
is but slightly marked.

The Colorado specimens are grayish ash, and do not differ from eastern
examples. Length of fore wing, $ , 0.66 inch.

The Labrador specimen, which is a good deal rubbed, does not differ in
size and appearance from White Mountain specimens; the latter scarcely
differ from the Illinois and Missouri examples, which are perhaps more dis-
tinctly greenish. Our specimens are all, with one exception, smaller than
the European, which expand 1.30 inches ; a fact noticeable in nearly all the
other species common to the two hemispheres.

In this country — i. e., the New England States, the White Mountains,
and Labrador — the moths fly in June and July (Labrador and White Mount-
ains in July). I have no record of any being found in August. Guenee
says that this species occurs in Boreal Europe, the Alps, Pyrenees, and in the
mountain-plains in May, and again in July and August; thus indicating two
broods. Staudinger records it from Central and Southern Europe (not Ice-
land), Central and Southern Italy, the Ural Mountains, and Eastern Siberia.
Newman records it as occurring, though by no means commonly, in England,

94

Scotland, and Ireland in May; and Stamton records it as found only in May
in England.

Larva. — In Europe, the larva feeds on the alder (Stainton's .Manual).
"'The caterpillar is stoul and obese; it conceals itself during the day in a
rolled-up leaf of the alder, in which it [\-va* exclusively by night. Its color
is dingy yellow, with a medio-dorsal and two lateral lines of a glaucous
green." — Newman's British Moths, 153.

Hydkiomena califobniata Packard. Plate 8, figs. 30, 32, 33.

ffypsipetes californiata Pack., I'roc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xiii, 396, 1871.

Cidaria btotriolala Zeller, Verb. Z.-B. tics. Wim.. xxii, 493, 1S72.

Cidaria glaucata Pack., Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvi, 20, pi. I, fig. 6, Jan., 1874.

12 8 and 6 9. — Fore wings more produced toward the apex, outer edge
more oblique, and the whole moth rather larger than H. trifasciata. Reddish
ash-gray, usually with a decided brownish tinge. Front of the head pale ash;
palpi long, brown, pale on the edges. Eyes black; tegulse pale ash, speckled
with black. Base of fore wings reddish ; an oblique, black, basal line finely
and acutely pointed on the median vein (sometimes the angle is wanting)
goes obliquely outward; it is bordered within with reddish; this, with an
irregular black line crossing the wing obliquely just before the discal dot and
bordered within with red, forms a dark band crossing the wing and enclosing
a median white or whitish-ash band ; a dark, irregular, black, extracliscal
line forming a great angle on the last subcostal venule, where it is connected
with an oblique, black, apical, broken line, and joining a dark patch or tuft
of ciliae. just beyond the middle of the inner edge; between this and the
median line is a clear reddish-ash area, narrow on the inner edge of the wing,
and three times as wide on the costa, and enclosing a linear, long, black,
discal dot; this extradiscal line is broadly bordered externally and internally
with reddish-brown, which is followed by a watery -ash band indented on the
venules; beyond, the wing is dark ash, the fringe concolorous ; the oblique,
black, apical line consists of three or four longitudinal spots. Hind wings
rather paler and of the same color beneath, with a single, extradiscal, dusky
band, sometimes wanting. Fore wings considerably darker beneath.

Length of body, <?, 0.50-0.58, ?, 0.50; of fore wing, S, 0.55-0.70,

9, 0.62-0.65; expanse of wings, 1.05-1.40 inches.

Albany, N. Y. (Lintner, 2805); Philadelphia, Pa. (Amer. Ent. Soc);

Vest Virginia, April 27 (Mead); Southwestern Kentucky (Kentucky Geo-

95

logical Survey, F. G. Sanborn); Central Missouri (Riley); Waco, Tex.,
March 16 (Belfrage); Grand Rapids, mouth of Saskatchewan, July 14
(Scudder); Rocky Mountains (Grote); Colorado (Mead); Dallas, Tex. (Boll.
Mus. Comp. Zool.); Victoria, Vancouver Island, July, common (Crotch, Mus.
Comp. Zool.); Albany, Oreg. (J. Holleman) ; California (Behrens); Mendo-
cino City, Cal. (A. Agassiz, Mus. Com. Zool.); Niles, Cal., February
(Behrens); Sanzalito, Cal., January 6-26, February 9-16 (J. Behrens).

This is our most common form south and west of New England (where
it is replaced by //. trifasciata), occurring in the Southern States in March
and in the Middle and Western States in April and May. It differs
from //. trifasciata by its longer fore wings, more pointed apex, and oblique
outer margin, and its usually reddish instead of greenish bands, in the often
more sinuate, smoky, submarginal band, and, in those specimens which most
nearly approach trifasciata, i. e., without reddish tints, the middle light band
is narrower, while the arrangement of the markings is very much the same.
The narrow and pointed fore wings are the best distinguishing mark. To
H. sordidata it is closely allied in the shape of the wings, but differs entirely
in the style of the markings; the latter not having the definite basal, middle,
and extradiscal black lines which characterize H. californiata and trifasciata.

An interesting variety -(pi. 8, fig. 32), named by Professor Zeller Cidaria
blstriolata has been received from Saint Louis, Mo., through Mr. Riley.
It is a bred specimen, and in excellent condition. The black lines are heavy
and almost suffused. The general tint of the wing is olive-green, with no
lines or distinct markings of any sort between the middle band and the basal
line; the middle band is nearly white, not reaching the costal edge, which is
heavily lined with black, connecting with the apical line ; the band is deeply
scalloped, sending out a large two-scalloped projection in the middle of the.
wing, and below becoming very narrow, the points of the scallops on opposite
sides in the submedian space nearly dividing the band into isolated round
patches. A specimen from Kentucky bears a general resemblance to this,
but the base of the wing and the median band have a distinctly yellowish
tinge. A similar form also occurs in Texas. The specimen received from
Mr. Riley was bred from a pupa found under bark April 26. I have com-
pared Zeller's type (from Texas) in the Museum of Comparative Zoology
with Riley's specimen, and find no difference between them.

In small examples, the median white band is apt to be very wide and

96

conspicuous, the species varying much in this respect as If. sordidata, so thai
the varieties of the two species are apt to be confounded; the variety oi the
present species being distinguished by the whitish miter edge of the fore
wings, which in //. sordidata is smoky.

The large female specimen I described as Cidaria glaucata is a form of
H. californiata. The head is whitish on the vertex and trout; palpi ash-
brown ; antennae minutely ringed with white and brown. Thorax and fore
wings pale glaucous-green. Fore wings with a brown squarish spot at base
ofsubmedian space; wing clear-green beyond, just within the middle crossed
by a broad compound band, directed obliquely outward toward the middle of
the inner edge ; the band is made up of two filiform, slightly-sinuated, black-
ish and red lines, enclosing, on each side of the median, wavy, smoky-gray
band, a broad green band; beyond is a broad clear space; a much sinuate, sub-
marginal, smoky band starts from the inner angle, and, after a long outward
curve, ends on the cost a (just below which it is dislocated), at a distance
from the apex equal to the thickness of the thorax ; some black and reddish
scales are strewn along the edge of the band ; from a squarish thickened por-
tion, as if broken off from the baud, reaches out toward the apical black streak
a similar short black stripe; a marginal, narrow, thread-like, black line.
Fringe whitish, dark at the ends of bands. Hind wings whitish, with two
parallel, curved, slightly-scalloped, dusky lines, situated nearer the outer edge
than usual. Both wings beneath pale-whitish, concolorous with the upper
side of the bind wings, with very faint indications of two outer, parallel, dusky
lines common to both wings. Legs brown, ringed with white.

Length of body, 0.60; of fore wing, 0.70 inch.

California (Edwards).

Hydriomena sordidata Packard. Plate 8, figs. 31, 34, 35.

Geometra sordidata Fabr., Ent. Syst., 185, 1794.

" Geometra rectangulata Fabr., Systema Ent., 63(3, 1775; Ent. Syst., 195, 1794.''

"Geometra elutata ffiibn., Schm. Eur.. 224 (post 1797), 382.ab., 334, 385 ab."; Stand. Cat.

Acidalia elutaia Treits., Schm. Eur., vi, (ii). 20, 1828.

TpHpetes elutata Stepb., Nomencl. Br. Ins.. 44, 1829; "Cat., ii. 1829V'

Dup., Lep. France, viii (v), 426, pi. 200, figs. 1, 2, 1830.
Euthalia elutata Steph., 111., iir, 254, 1831.
Cidaria elutaria Boisd., Gen. Ind., 21 1. 1840.
Larentia elutaria H.-Sch., Schm. Ear., iii, 168, 1847.
Hydriomena elutata Stepb., Cat. Br. Lep., 195, 1850.
Ypsipetee elutata Gnen., 1'hal.. ii, 378, l-.">7.

Walk , List Lop. Het. Br. Mus., xxiv. 1267, 1862.

97

Hiipsipeles nubilofasciata Pack., Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xiii, 398, 1871.

Bypsipotes albifasciata Pack., Sixth Rep. Peab. Acad. 8c, 41, 1874; Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvi, pi. 1, fig. 5,

1874.

8 t? and 8 9. — In the shape of the wings, this species closely resembles
H, californiata; the apex being pointed, the outer margin very oblique, and
the costa rather convex. The palpi, however, are shorter. Head, thorax, and
fore wings olive-green (or, when faded, reddish-brown). Hind wings and
abdomen pale-ash, with a dark dorsal abdominal line. Fore wings dark olive-
green (or reddish instead), crossed by six smoke-colored bands. The basal
line linear, directed obliquely outward, but not waved. This is succeeded by
a smoky band, as broad as, or sometimes broader than, any of the others ; it is
curved regularly outward, with the edges quite regular. Just beyond, and
situated just before the middle of the wing, is a narrow band, curved and
sinuous, widening on the costa, and linear and wavy on the inner edge. On
the outer fourth of the wing is a broad, slightly sinuous, smoky band, dentate
on the outer edge except on the costa and inner edge ; a broad, marginal,
smoky band, with a row of intervenular, black, linear dots next to the fringe,
which is dull-ash or smoke-colored, with a darker line, and checkered along
the inner edge. Hind wings pale-ash, with two outer curved dusky bands,
while the margin of the wing is dusky; a dark, oblique, apical streak, some-
times'wanting. Beneath, the costa of the fore wings has five large, yellow-
ish-white, square spots, alternating with dark ones, from which proceed
obscure diffuse lines, corresponding to the smoky bands above. The margin
of the wing is finely peppered with light scales. Hind wings pale-ash, with
the lines faintly reproduced. Fore legs dusky, ringed with whitish; hind pair
paler, like the abdomen.

Length of body, <? , 0.46, ? , 0.42; of fore wings, & , 0.62, 9 , 0.46; expanse
of wings, 1.10 inches.

California (Behrens, Edwards, Mug. Peab. Acad.'Sc, Riley and Morri-
son); Sanzalito, Cal., January 2-31, February 6-21 (J. Behrens).

This pretty form differs entirely from all the other species in the outer
edge of the fore wings being broadly margined with smoke-color; in the second
band from the base being very broad and smoke-colored; in the general dis-
tinct olive-green shade on the fore wings; and by the light large checks on
the costa beneath. The markings are entirely different from those of H. tri-
fasciata and californiata; and, in this respect, it approaches H. b-fasciata.
The green portion is often of a dull brick-red. One such specimen, on being
13 P H

placed next lo ;i similar example received from Iceland through Dr. Staudin-
ger. labeled Ypsipetes sordidata Fabr. var., is not distinguishable l»y any char-
acters thai 1 can see. Other Califorriian specimens with shorter fore wings
do not differ much from the normal Iceland specimens, except in the genera]
color: the green shade being replaced in the Iceland examples by dark
reddish smoky-brown: the hind wings in the latter being darker than any
American individual.

We shall look naturally for its occurrence in boreal Northeastern Amer-
ica. Staudinger gives the. following localities in Europe in his Catalogue :
Central and Southern Europe; Iceland; Piedmont; Italy; the Ural Mountains:
and Amur.

In England, Scotland, and Ireland, Stainton and Newman report it as
being common ami very variable, appearing in July.

The interesting variety originally described as a distinct species under
the name Hypsipetes nubilofasciata (pi. 8, tig. 31) not uncommonly occurs.
The fore wings are yellowish-white, and crossed by nine bands; the linear
basal line is directed obliquely outward from the costa. and sometimes
irregularly edged on each side with reddish scales, and is waved and angulated
in the median space. This is succeeded by a broad smoky band, widest in
the middle; just beyond which is a curved smoky-black band, widening
toward the costa and wavy toward the inner edge of the wing, and bordered
on both sides with reddish scales. Parallel, and just beyond, is the extra-
discal line, but a little narrower and less distinct (sometimes obsolete), and
bordered on each side with reddish scales, which do not reach the costa.
The median band is usually whitish, and varies much in width. Just beyond
this is a broad, sinuate, smoky band, irregular on the edges. The outer edge
of the wing is also smoky, forming a broad, marginal, smoky band ; a black-
ish, oblique, apical streak. Beneath, the hands are very faintly reproduced
on both wings; but their terminations on the costa of the lore wings form
five large, square, dusky spots, alternating with light ones.

Specimens of //. californiata vary in much the same way as this; but it
may be distinguished by the outer edge of the fore wings being smoky.

A rare and singular form (pi. 8, fig. 34), which I am, now that I have
had more material for study, inclined to regard as a variety of the present
species, was originally described by me as Hypsipetes albifasciata.

This singular variety is more nearly allied to var. nubilofasciata than

99

any other from California; but the fore wings are rather longer, the outer
edge being more oblique. The hind wings are also rather longer than
in var. nubilofasciata. Head and thorax pale-gray, with yellowish scales.
Fore wings blackish, with dark olive-green as a ground-color. Base of
wing black; beyond is a dark olive-green space, with a few black scales;
then a black band; farther toward the middle of the wing is a blackish
Y-shaped band, the fork beginning just below the subcostal vein. Just beyond
the middle of the wing is a broad, irregular, conspicuous, snow-white band,
over twice as wide on the costa as on the inner edge of the wing ; the band
on the inner side is rudely sinuate, while the outer edge is nearly straight
from the costa to the median vein, when it suddenly widens out into a cone,
and below is irregularly scalloped. A submarginal smoky band. Hind wings
smoky-gray as usual, immaculate. Beneath, fore wings dusky, blackish on the
costa; the white band faintly re-appears as a little paler shade than the rest
of the wing; beyond is a triangular, costal, pale spot. Hind wings with a
discal dot and two curious dusky lines.

Length of body, 0,40; of fore wing, 0.63 inch

California (Edwards and Behrings).

In one example from Sanzalito, the bands alternating with the smoky
bauds are yellowish-green instead of reddish ; in another, the middle band,
usually whitish or greenish, is bright brick-red.

It is a more common species in California than H. californiata, though
both apparently are very abundant.

Larva. — "The eggs are laid in July on several species of sallow, Salix
caprcea and S. cinerea being preferred. The young caterpillars emerge in
twelve days, and feed on the sallow-leaves until half-grown, when they hyber-
nate. In the spring, they begin to feed again as soon as the leaf-buds of the
sallow expand. They then grow very rapidly, and are frequently full-fed by
the first of June. The full-fed caterpillar lias a singular habit of secreting
itself in the seed-down of the sallow during the day, and of spinning this
together in masses. It seems to feed principally during the night. When
full-fed, it is an obese and lethargic caterpillar, which doubles itself up and
tails from its food-plant if shaken or annoyed. The head is narrower than
the body, scarcely notched on the crown ; it is porrected in crawling. The
body is rather depressed, and slightly attenuated anteriorly. The color of
the head is clear-brown, rather glabrous; the cheeks are reticulated .with

100

black; the lip is entirely black; the dorsal surface of the second segmenl
brown and shining, that of the following segments pale-brown or smoky- black,
of verj varied lint in differenl individuals, bul in each individual the tin! of
the dorsal area is pretty uniform as far as the spiracles: it is, however, inter-
sected throughoul by two distinct pairs of white stripes, the inner stripe of each
pair being the broader and more distinct; both are irregular and interrupted,
and just below the spiracles is a third white stripe, still more obscure anil inter-
rupted. This third stripe serves as a boundary between the dorsal and ventral
area. The ventral area, anal flap, and claspers are testaceous-brown; the legs
testaceous-brown, spotted with black. These caterpillars construct themselves
cells in the down of the sallow-seed, and therein change to bright-brown and
very glabrous chrysalids in the beginning of June. The caudal extremity of
the chrysalis terminates in two setiform processes, which are approximate at
the base, but divergent at the tip.'' — Newman's British Moths, 153.

Hydkiomena (juinque-fasciata Packard. Plate 8, tig. 3b'.

RypsipeUi 5-faeciata Pack., Proo. Host. Soc. N. EL, xiii, 397, 1871.
Hypsipetes viridata Pack., Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvi, 21, 1874.

6 $ and 3 9. — Of the ash-gray color usual in the genus, though rather
darker than usual. Body and wings colored alike; two dusky spots on the
prothorax, and two on each patagium. The fore wings are crossed by five
dark-brown bands ; the basal one goes obliquely outward from the costa to
the inner edge, being angulated on the median vein. Beyond is a band twice
as broad, dislocated in the median space; beyond, and close to the preceding,
is a band half as wide, and crossing the wing just before the middle. Just
beyond it is a faint linear discal mark, more distinct in the female than the
male; the middle of the wing is clear. In the outer third of the wing is a
narrow band, more or less scalloped like the others, and obtusely angulated
outward; a distinct, broad, submarginal band, deeply scalloped on the outer
edge, the scallops being deeply pointed; the band increases in width toward
the costa; the usual oblique apical streak partially conceals one of the scallops,
being very well marked ; outer edge of wing ash, not smoky. The veins and
their branches are black on the bands. Hind wings light-ash, crossed by
two faint bands, and not sprinkled over with black scales, as in the preceding
species; a very faint discal dot.

Beneath, uniformly ash; the bands and discal spot very faintly repro-

101

rluced, more distinct on the costa ; the discal dot on the hind wing quite

distinct

Length of body. <?, 0.50, 9, 0.55; of lore wing, $ , 0.64, 9,0.68;
expanse of wings, l.oO inches.

California (Edwards and Behrens) ; Victoria, Vancouver Island, July
(Crotch, Mus. Comp. Zool.) ; San Francisco, Cal. (A. Agassiz, Mas. Comp.
Zool.).

Differs from H. sordidatam the quite different arrangement of the bands,
which are of a peculiar smoky color, not reddish, and appearing as if trans-
lucent; by the outer edge of the wing not being smoky ; and by the rectan-
gular apex. The wings in some specimens have a decided reddish tinge to
the brown. Two specimens from Vancouver Island are exactly like, the
Californian ; in another, the ground-color of the wings is Scotch-snuff colored.
Rubbed specimens show the bands very distinctly.

A peculiar, green female, rece'ived from California through MT. Behrens,
differed so much from the others that it was described as distinct under the
name of Hydriomena viridata. I append a description of this interesting
variation. It was in a perfect state of preservation, and closely allied structu-
rally and as regards size to the ordinary form, the palpi being long, and ex-
tended as far in front of the head as the latter is long; the outer edge much
as usual, being less oblique than in some other species; the third subcostal
interspace is narrower than in the other specimens. Head, thorax, and
fore, wings deep sea-green, mixed with dull, dark, smoky-ash, and some
yellowish-green and a few black scales. Palpi with no green scales, but
black and pale ash, being darker below than above. Antenna; finely ringed
with white and blackish. Fore wings of a sea-green ground-color, with
numerous fine, transverse strigae, crossed by five clear, smoky-ashen, sinuous
bands, finely edged with black ; the basal very short and narrow, close to the
base of the wing ; the second line is narrow, ends farther from the base of
the wing on inner than on costal edge, and is angulated outward conspicu-
ously on median vein. The third band is close to, and parallel with, the sec-
ond, and twice as wide ; it is bent outward on the median and submedian
veins. A fourth, faint, narrow band, close to third. The fifth, or submarginal
line, is twice as broad as third, and 'very remote from the latter (which is
within the middle of the wing) ; it is nearly straight on the inner edge,
though curved outward just below the costa, while the outer edge is deeply

102

aiid subacutely scalloped between the venules much as usual; the band is
hall ;i?- wide on the inner edge as on the costa. Fringe on both wings with
a faint median line. Hind wings smoky, with two transverse, parallel, dusky
lines. Beneath much as usual, being smoky-ash, with two dusky bands on
both wings beyond the middle, broadest and darkest on costa, less curved
and farther apart, and farther from outer edge than usual. A faint discal
dot, better marked on hind wings. Abdomen and legs nearly concolorous
with hind wings.

Length of body, 0.52; of tore wing, 0.67 inch.

Hydriomena speciosata Packard. Plate 8, fig. 37.

Sypaipetei ipeciosata Pack., Proc. Best. Sue. X. II., xvi, 22, 1874.

2 <?. — This is by far the largest and most showy species of this genus
yet known to us. Body pale-ash, with a luteous tinge; palpi long, brown.
Fore wings pale-green, arranged in broad bands, alternating with equally
broad, blackish bands, varying as usual in width. The green band in the
middle of the wing is partly or almost wholly white. Six unusually distinct
black bands; the insertion of wing black; the first band beyond very narrow,
and bent outward on the median vein ; the second very broad and more
regular than those beyond, bent outward at right angles in the discal space;
the whitish line is edged on each side by blackish, interrupted lines, the spots
varying much in size. The submarginal band also dislocated, and very irregu-
lar, bordered internally with whitish ;. this band is merged toward the apex
with the marginal band, consisting of a row of triangular spots. Fringe
dark brown. Beneath, costa paler than rest of wing, with five large, square,
dark brown, conspicuous spots. Hind wings smoky-gray beneath, with two
broad, submarginal, dusky bands.

Length of body (not including palpi), cf,0.54; of fore wing, 9,0.73;
expanse of wings, 1.40 inches.

Mendocino City (A. Agassiz, Mus. Comp. Zool.).

This showy species may be identified by the black and green bands on
the fore wings, the more or less whitish central band, and by the large, square,
costal spots on the underside. In one specimen, the margin of the fore wing
is almost wholly black, with a short vein of whitish-green spots.

103

PETROPHOKA Hiibner. Plate 1, fig. 7, la, lb.

Petrophora Hiibn., Tent,, 1810 {autante).
Chloroelysta Hiibu., Verz., 33-', 18]8.
[in,, he Hiibu. (in part), Verz., 333, 1818.
Dysstroma Hiibu. (in part), Verz., 333, 1818.
Euslroma Hiibn. (iu part), Verz., 335, 1818.
Lygris Hiibn., Verz., 335, 1818.
Euphia Hiibn. (in part), 335, 1818.
Larentia Treits. (in part), Sehirj. Eur., vi (ii), 75, 1828.
(Maria Treits. (iu part), Schm. Eur., vi (ii), 140, 1828.

Harpalyee Stepb. (iu part), Nomencl. Br. Ins., 44, 1839; "Cat., ii, 131, 1829."
Steganolophia Stepb.. Nomencl. Br. Ins., 44, 1829; "Cat., ii, 135, 1829."
Electra Stepb. (in part), Nomencl. Br. Ins., 44, 1829 ; " Cat., ii, 135, 1829."
Cidaria Dup. (iu part), Lep. France, viii (v), 298. 1830.
Harpalyee Stepb. (iu part), 111., iii, 220, 1831.
Polyphagia Stepb. (iu part), III., iii, 227, 1831.
Steganolophia Stepb., 111., iii, 232, 1831.
Lampropteryx Stepb. (in part), 111., iii, 233, 1831.
Electra Stepb. (in part), 111., iii, 238, 1831.
Cidaria Boisd. (in part), Gen. Ind.,212, 1840.
Larentia H.-Scb. (iu part), Scbm. Eur., iii, 141, 1847.
Not Cidaria StepU., Cat. Br. Lep., 188, 1850.
Electra Stepb. (iu part), Cat, Br. Lep., 189, 1850.
Harpalyee Stepb. (iu part), Cat. Br. Lep., 190, 1850.
•Steganolophia Stepb., Cat. Br. Lep., 1&50.
Lampropteryx Stepb. (iu part), Cat, Br. Lep., 193, 1850.
Polyphagia Stepb., Cat. Br. Lep., 195, 1850.
Lygris Led., Verb. Bot. Zool. Ges. Wieu., 252, 1853.
Cidaria Led. (in part), Verb. Bot. Zcol. Ges. Wien., 253, 1853.

Gueu., Pbal., ii, 456, 1>57.

Walk., 'List Lep. Br. JIus., xxv, l:'.7i:. 1862.

The head is rather narrow, and not very full between the eyes, with
a slight interpalpal tuft ; palpi large and long, sometimes projecting beyond
the head a distance equal to the length of the head ; second joint extending
nearly its whole length beyond the front, broad at the end, the settles
spreading somewhat; third joint long and slender, acute, not so long as the
second joint is wide. Male antennse flattened, ciliated, never pectinated.
Fore wings usually distinctly falcate, the costa full, considerably arched
toward the acute apex, which is a good deal produced, while the outer edge
is unusually full and rounded and nearly as long as the inner edge. Hind
wings of the usual shape, scarcely extending beyond the end of the abdomen;
the apex produced, obtuse ; the outer edge full and rounded. The venation
is more rudimentary than in any other genus of the family; the discal venules
either entirely wanting (P. truncata, fig. 7) or incomplete (P. diversilineata,
tig. la), not reaching far from their respective origins ; there is sometimes
one subcostal cell (P. flavicata, tig. lb), but more usually two, the inner

s

104

being s (times very small ( /'. truncate, fig. 7), or the (wo arc nearly equal

[P. diversilineata, fig. 7a); the subcostal venules arc long, subparallel with
the costa, and arc arranged much as in Glaucopteryx, the second subcostal
arising midway between thefirsi and third; when present, the anterior discal
venule is much curved outward, and the posterior venule is Kent at a high
angle. Hind legs with the tarsias long as the tibiae. Abdomen very long
and slender, ending in a conical tuft, with dorsal and lateral projections.
Coloration: cither gray, with numerous zigzag hands, and an apical, light,
zigzag streak, shaded with dark beneath, or some shade of black or yellow
ochreous, with fine dark lines enclosing squares and triangles. On the hind
wings are usually two rudimentary lines.

The species of this large genus have a style of coloration and facies
that enable them to be distinguished from Glaucopteryx on the one hand
and Ochyria on the other. From the former genus, it differs in the more
decidedly falcate fore wings, the narrower' head, stouter, longer palpi, and
mailer, shorter hind wings. From Ochyria, it differs in the antennae always
being ciliated, the cilia being short, in the much longer palpi, and in the
much more falcate fore wings, while the species are usually much larger.
The natural divisions of the species of the United States are indicated in
the synopsis of the species.

Larva, — "Elongated, smooth, slender, stiff (raide), pedunculiform, not
attenuated anteriorly; with the head larger than the neck [prothoracic
segment], flattened in front, and often bifid at the summit ; living on trees
or shrubs."

Pupa. — "Of various colors, spotted or punctuated.'' — (Guenee.)

The characters of the larva of our P. diversilineata agree with those
quoted above from M. Guenee's work.

SYNOPSIS OF THE SPECIES.

Atlantic and Circumboreal,

A. Species small, with an oblique apical streak, and no cloud
beneath :

Fore wiugs with two lusset-browu bands P. Iruncata.

Fore wiugs with two yellowish bands P. hersiliata,

105

B. Species larger, with a triangular dark patch under the oblique

apical streak:

Pale-ash fore wiugs,. with two whitish bauds; middle band scarcely project-
ing ; tip of male abdomen inucronate P. eunigerata.

Brownish-ash, with distinct tan-brown bands; subapical patch large and
distinct; scallops of outer edge of discal Hue angular and large,
especially those of the three-toothed projection P. prunata.

C. Apex very square ; fore wings with the outer edge of middle

line running straight out from costa, with no scallops, and
forming a more or less falcate angle:

a. Black -brow n, with clear-white lines, forming black squares and triangles; thorax

striped with white:

Size small; angle much rounded; no costo-apical triangle P. albolineata.

Large; augle acute, with costo-apical triangle and oblong patches within.. P. atrocolorata.

b. Large; bright ochreous-yellow :

A subapical deep-ochreous patch, augle rouuded ; middle band broad, unin-
terrupted, edged with white P. tcstata.

Larger than testata ; apex more poiuted; a subapical dark patch; middle

baud broad, dark on the sides ; a broad dark basal baud P. populate.

Outer angle of middle baud very acutely falcate, nearly reaching outer edge
of wiug ; lines brown, linear, forming an oblong area in inner third of
the wing, and a triangular area on middle of inner edge of wing P. diversilincala.

Pacific.

Diminutive ; inner edge of middle band acutely bent toward middle of wing. P. leoninata.
Larger; inuer side of middle band straight; both wings bright-ochreous

beneath P. mancipata.

Wings not augulated, yellow, with a broad marginal shade, and a subtrian-

gular spot on the hind wings P. flavicata.

Peteophora truncata Packard. Plate 8, figs. 38, 39, 40.

" Geometra truncata Hufn., Berl. M., iv, 602, 625, 1769."

" Geometra centumnotata Schultz, Naturf., vi, 93, iv, 4, 1775."

" Geometra russata Den. et Schift'., Verz., 113, 1776."

"Borkh., Eur. Schm., v, 405, 1794."

" Hiibn., Eur. Schm., 305, 1796."
Dijsstroma russata Hiibn., Verz., 333, 1818.
Cidaria russata Treits., Schm. Eur., vi (ii), 189, 1828.

Dup., Lep. France, viii (v), 324, pi. 193, fig. 4, 1830.
Pbhjphami centumnotata Steph., 111., iii, 230, 1831.
Cidaria russaria Boisd., Gen. Ind., 214, 1840.
Larentia russaria H.-Scb., Schm. Eur., iii, 172, fig. 189, 1847.
Polijphasia russata Steph., Cat. Br. Lep., 196, 1850.
Cidaria russata Guen., Phal.. ii, 464, 1^57.

Walk., List Lep. Br. Mus., xxv, 1380, 1862.
Cidaria brunneata Pack., Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xi, 17, 1867.

10 <? and 6 ?. — Palpi long; fore wings much produced toward the acute
apex; the costa being rather more curved than usual toward the apex. Abdo-
14 p H

L06

men slender, acutely conical at lip. Body brown-ash (sometimes quite pale).
Fore wings pale-ash; base of wing dark, especially toward the basal line,
which is curved outward in its general course ; il is verj zigzag, with a sharp
tooth projecting outward jusl behind the costal edge, a much larger, sharp,
jagged tooth in the discal space ; jusl below the median vein is a smaller,
blunter tooth ; the line sends an angle inward on ihe internal vein, being
directed outward, where it ends on the inner edge; beyond is a broad, distinct,
russet-brown hand, varying in width and curved outward in its general course
(the brown shade is often wanting, and the hand is concolorous with the resl
ol' tiie wing); the outer edge of the hand is very zigzag, there being an acute
tooth above ami just below the subcostal vein, and another large tooth in the,
submedian space ; it is bent outward on the inner edge ; the outer edge of
this brown band tonus the inner edge of the broad median band, which is
paler in (he middle, con colorous with the rest of the wing, and with two
central lines, converging as usual below the median vein, and forming three
ringlets; on the sides, the hand is blackish, especially so on the front half of
the outer edge, where it forms abroad, oblong, black patch. Discal dot
usually distinct ; the outer edge of the band sends a broad jagged projection
along the first median venule, the distance from the point to the edge of the
wing being a little greater than the thickness of the thorax: from the costa
to this point, the line is directed more or less, usually very, oblicmely out-
ward; just below the subcostal vein is a sharp sinus, followed by an acute
angle on the independent venule; in the discal and first median spaces, each,
is a large tooth, the lower one narrower, and both much smaller, and. forming
a more pointed projection than in P. prunata ; below this projection, the
line retreats either very obliquely, without much of a curve inward, or witli a
decided curve ; the line is usually scalloped; a long scallop in the second
median space, but not projecting beyond the base of the scallop in front of
it; the line is ct\u:<'(\ externally with white. Beyond the median hand is a
broad, distinct, russet-brown band, when obsolete leaving a large, subapical,
brown patch (sometimes the brown hand is entirely wanting); a submar-
ginal, zigzag, white line, the angles smaller, less distinct, than in /'. prunata;
the white points are succeeded by a marginal row ofblack triangular points;
a distinct, oblique, black, apical line, with no dark cloud below as in prunata
vars. Zugubrata, destinata, and J', mucronata (in this and some other respects
species approaches Hydriomena); the marginal black line is divided into

107

two (lots in each interspace. Fringe ash-colored, sometimes checkered, and
often with a dark line within the middle. Hind wings clear smoky pale-ash,
with a single, obsolete, much-curved line, usually represented by an obscure
row of venular dots ; sometimes a diffuse, faint, submarginal line. Beneath,
finely dusted with brown; the discal dots distinct; two parallel extradiscal
lines, the inner often absent, the outer is the reproduction of the outer line
above, and bent and scalloped as above; a dark apical cloud; the marginal
line and checkers in the fringe more distinct than above. On the hind
wings, three much-curved lines, the two inner scalloped anteriorly. Legs
dark, ringed narrowly with white. ■ Abdomen with twin black spots on each
segment, edged behind with white.

Length of body, <?, 0.42-0.50, 9, 0.45-0.48; of fore wing, <J, 0.55-0.64,
?, 0.63-0.70; expanse of wings, 1.05-1.25 inches.

Caribou Island, Straits of Belle Isle, Labrador, August (Packard);
White Mountains, New Hampshire, September 29, Tuckerman's Ravine
(Shurtleff, Mus. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist.); White Mountains, August 20-30
(Scudder) ; New Hampshire (Dodge); Deering, N. H., August 18 (Cassino);
New Hampshire (Harris Coll.); Mount Ascutney, Vermont, August (Sanborn,
Mus. Bost, Soc. Nat. Hist.) ; base of Mount Katahdin, Maine, August 15 ;
Brunswick, Me. (Packard); Salem, Mass., August 31, September 23 (Cassino);
Amherst, Mass.-, September 20, (L. W. flooded) ; New York (Mead and
Smith); Trenton Falls, N. Yr. (Osten-Sacken, Mus. Comp. Zool.); Penn-
sylvania (H. Sachs); Missouri (Riley); California (Edwards); Sanzalito,
Cal. (Behrings) ; Victoria, Vancouver Island, July (Crotch, Mus. Comp.
Zool.).

This is an exceedingly variable species in this country as well as in
Europe; but it may usually be recognized by the acute fore wings, with the
inner and outer russet-brown bands, the acute jagged projections of the outer
line extending out farther than usual; by the oblique, black, apical streak,
and the want of any cloud beneath the line. It is nearest allied to P. kersiliata,
from which it differs in the more acute fore wings, the russet-brown bands,
and the large projection of the outer line. In some specimens, however, the
direction of the outer line is much as in hersiliata. A common variation is
in the absence of the brown bands, and in the size and extent of the large
projection of the outer line and the depth of the scallops. Sometimes the
line between the projection and the costa is quite direct in its course, and the

L08

scallops or points small; al others, the scallops form deep re-entering angles,
and acute, needle-like points. The extremes of variation are shown in a single
Labrador and a single Californian specimen. In the latter, the middle band
is much less angulated than usual, much as in hersiliata, being broad and with

shallower scallops, and, as in that species, the apex of the wing is squarer
than usual; the body is of the usual size, hut the fore wings are shorter, meas-
uring 0.50 inch in length. It has the brown bands; and 1 should not call it
a true variety.

The Labrador form, from Caribou Island, is much like a specimen from
behind, labeled Cidaria truncata by Staudinger, but is much smaller. I
had described it as distinct, but am now, after a careful study of the species,
inclined to regard it as a variety, and describe it as follows:

Var. brunneata Packard. — (Plate 8, fig. 39.) — Male antennae filiform,
long and slender, minutely ciliated beneath; basal joint white. Palpi short
and small, rather hairy, a little up-curved, scarcely passing beyond the front,
which is cinereous, with dark scales. Thorax cinereous, with dark scales;
abdomen paler cinereous. Wings quite uniform!} dark-ashen; a subbasal,
irregular, brown band, whitish on the costa, and edged with whitish below ;
a broad, mesial, dark cinereous band, three times as broad on the costa as
on the inner edge, with each side irregularly dentate ; on the inner side a
large tooth near the inner edge of the wing; on the outer edge, a large tooth
situated on the first median nervure. Beyond is a broad, brown band, simi-
lar to the inner one. narrowed in the middle by the large tooth of the mesial
band, margined with a paler line of acute spots, and becoming black on the
costa; a minute, oblique, pale, apical streak; black spots on tin; margin as
usual; fringe dusky; no discal dot; on the pale hind wings a discal spot, with
two outer, submarginal, curved lines. Beneath, paler, subluteous on the outer
third of the fore wings, like the entire surface of the secondaries, which have
a submedian dusky patch, most distinct on the costa ; fringe pale, inter-
rupted with dusky. Legs dark, banded conspicuously with white.

Length of body, 0.35; of fore wing, 0.45; expanse of wings, 1.00 inch.

Caribou Island, mouth of Esquimaux River, Labrador, August 3 (Packard).

It may be known by its inner and outer broad, brown bands, margined
externally with whitish, the inner band becoming whitish, the outer blackish,
on the costa. Other specimens from the same locality are fully as large and
exactly like White Mountain specimens.

109

Two Ireland specimens differ from any American, one in having the
median hand of a peculiar uniform dark-brown, with the russet-brown band
beyond ; they are, however, much like the var. brunneata from Labrador,
though larger. Another Iceland example (expanse of wings 1.10 inches) is
almost exactly like the Labrador ones (expanse of wings 1.30 inches), though
rather smaller.

The species is most common in the White Mountains, though quite
common about Brunswick, Me., on the sea-coast. The specimen from
Missouri does not differ from the eastern examples.

A single specimen from California (Edwards) does not differ from New
England specimens, except in some very slight characters, which I am dis-
posed to regard as simply individual. Three large examples, the largest
expanding 1.30 inches, were collected by Mr. Crotch in Victoria, Vancouver
Island; they do not differ materially from the Californian individual. These
are much more nearly allied to the Northeastern American forms than to
some individuals from Iceland.

An interesting variety is represented on plate 8, fig. 40. It is paler
than usual, with the basal third of the wing cream-white, interrupted by the
basal dark band ; the mesial band is rather pale, bordered with pale-brown
beyond,' much as usual. The hind wings are unusually pale. Staudinger
gives the following geographical distribution of this species in the Eastern
Hemisphere: Central and Northern Europe; Central and Northern Italy ;
Atlas Mountains ; and Eastern Siberia.

Having received a specimen of P. immanata from Professor Zeller, lean
scarcely see on what grounds it should be regarded as distinct specifically
from P. truncata, though it may be a well-marked variety. It is possible
that it is a seasonal diinorph, as it {immanata) hybernates in the egg state, and
the ordinary truncata in the larva stale, according to Newman. I have a speci-
men from Deering, N. H, which closely approaches it, Newman remarks
that, in England, " C. russata appears in May, and again in August ; the May
moths being the parents of the August moths. C. immanata appears in July ;
thus the single brood of C. immanata is intermediate between the two broods
of C. russata."

This species is uniformly double-brooded in England. — (Newman.)

Larva. — " The eggs which produce the spring brood are laid about the
middle of August ; those which produce the autumnal brood are laid about

11(1

the middle of May; the caterpillars from this second brood hybernate, or
ml her live through the winter, feeding al intervals when the weather is mild ;
the egg is flattish, or depressed on the crown, and of a dingy-yellow color,
■ resembling thai of ;i pale-tinted chip-box'; it is laid on the leaves of wild
strawberry (Fragaria vesca), and also, according to Guene'e, on birch and
white-thorn, and. according to Mr. Hellins, 'on sallow.' The young cater-
pillars emerge aboul fourteen days alter the egg is deposited, and are at first
of a dirl} white, lint soon acquire a green tinge, which continues to increase
as they advance toward maturity. When full-fed, this caterpillar usually
rests in a straight position, hut, when annoyed or disturbed, tucks in its head,
bringing it in close contact with the legs, thus causing the anterior half to
assume the volute form. The head is ahoul the same width as the second
segment, not notched on the crown, and slightly hairy. The body is almost
uniformly cylindrical, hut somewhat restricted immediately behind the fourth
segment, which is produced ventrally into a lump, on the summit of which
are seated the third pair of legs. The thirteenth segment below the anal flap
is produced into two parallel, 'acutely-pointed,' processes, directed hack-
ward. The color of the head is pale opaque-green, with conspicuous black
ocelli. The body is pale yellow-green, with a medio-dorsal stripe, narrow
and indistinct, of a darker, duller green ; there is also on each side a paler
stripe, equally indistinct; and in many specimens, below this subdorsal stripe,
is a lateral, but often interrupted, rosy-red or purple stripe This red stripe is
accurately described by Gueiiee, and Mr. Doubleday assures me it is of com-
mon occurrence. The t ransverse skin-fold at each segmental division is yellow-
ish, and over the entire surface of the body are scattered minute, white warts,
each of which emits a slender hair, and is surrounded by an area slightly
darker than the prevailing ground-color. The anal points are generally tipped
with rose-color, and the legs and claspers are, tipped with purple. When
full-fed, it spins a leaf together with a few slight threads, in the manner of a
spider's net, and in this flimsy retreat turns to a delicately-green, semi-trans-
parent chrysalis.

"The moths appear in May and August, and are common in England,

Scotland, and Ireland C. russata certainly hibernates in the

caterpillar state ; but < '. immanata passes the winter in t he egg state

The caterpillar of C. russata is dull-ochreous at first, hut afterward brightish-
green, and often ornamented with red on the sides. The caterpillar of < '.

Ill

immanata is bright-yellow at first, bu1 afterward dull-green, and never orna-
mented with red on the sides. Mr. Hellins also says thai the anal points are
acute in C. russata, obtuse in C. immanata. The eggs are laid in August on
the leaves of Fragaria vesca, on which the larva feeds." — Newman's British
Mot lis, ISC.

Petrophora hersiliata Packard. Plate 8, iigs. 41, 42.

Cidaria hersiliuta Guen., Phal., ii. 4('»4, pi. 20, fi<;. 8, 18.".?.

Lareniia flammifera Walk.!!!, List. Lep. He*. Br. Mus., xxiv, 1184,1802.

5 $ and 4 9. — Closely allied in the form of the head and body and stiape
of the wings to P. truncata, though the fore wings are less acute, and the outer
edge a little less oblique ; the hind wings are much the same. Fore wings
blackish-gray at base, with two dark, parallel, toothed lines, the outer forming
the outer edge of the space: it has a prominent tooth just below the subcostal,
and again just below the median vein (sometimes this tooth is wanting, and
the edge goes obliquely from the tooth just below the costa to the inner edge
of the wing); beyond is a broad, bright, rusty-yellow band, varying much
in width, being sometimes wider than the median blackish band, and some-
times only one-third or one-half as wide; the middle third of the wing is
occupied with a conspicuous dark band, varying much in width and distinct-
ness; it is either dark and uniformly colored, or paler and containing two
nearly parallel, black, scalloped lines forming large ringlets behind the median
vein; the inner edge of the band is sinuate, curving outward from the
costa, and sending a deep sinus outward (away from the base of the
wing), but inward toward the center of the band itself (sometimes this
indentation is large and broad and the rest of the edge is broadly scal-
loped); the outer edge of the band is somewhat as in P. truncata; the
edge is usually nearly straight near the costa, but makes a large, broad,
rounded angle on the first median space, and then succeeds a deep, acute
sinus below the third median vein; a deep sinus, either linear or broad and
oblong (as figured by Guenee), is sent in toward the distinct black discal
dot; a deep angle, sometimes acute, below the third median vein, from which
the edge curves outward. and is twice scalloped; beyond the edge is a rusty-
yellow band, scalloped externally, the scallops filled in with deep rusty and
black, with two large, rather acute teeth opposite the deep discal sinus in the
median band (sometimes the yellow shade is wanting below these scallops

112

where the band expands); the band is limited externally by the submarginal,
white, zigzag line; an oblique, blackish, apical streak, succeeded by a row
of submarginal linear dots; the marginal, black, interrupted line distinct;
fringe gray, with a mesial darker line, and checkered with dark gray opposite
the ends of the venules. Hind wings whitish, with two fain! miter lines,
the inner ut' the two consisting of dark venular dots; discal dots distinct;
beneath, the lines are faintly reproduced, (he discal dots are quite distinct,
and the costal half of the outer yellowish hand faintly appears ;• the dark
marginal line is distinct, and the dark checks in the fringe are darker and
more distinct than above. On the hind wings, the inner line is distinctly
scalloped. Abdomen with two tows of black spots.

Length of body, <?, 0.45, 9,0.43; of fore wing, <?, 0.55-0.60, 9, 0.G2 ;
expanse of wings, 1.30 inches.

Mount Washington, N. H. (Sanborn, Mus. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist.; July,
.Morrison); New Hampshire (Harris Coll.); Albany, N. Y. (Lintner, 68 and
2444); New Jersey (H. Sachs); Wisconsin (Mus. Peab. Acad.); Victoria,
Vancouver Island, July (Crotch, Mus. Comp. Zool); Canada (Guenee);
Orilla, Canada; Trenton Falls, N. Y. (Walker).

This species may be at once recognized by the two broad yellow bands
on the fore wings, and by the deep discal sinus. It varies greatly in the
contour of the outer edge of the basal space; the scallops being either slightly
marked or acute and prominent. The width of the inner yellow band varies
much, being one-half as wide in some as in others. The inner edge of the
mesial band is scalloped with different degrees of distinctness, while the band
itself is in some specimens three times as wide as in others. The depth and
size of the discal sinus vary greatly, as also the form of the scallops and
the depth and 'distinctness of the broad submedian sinus. The form of the
fore wing in only one specimen approaches that indicated by Guenee, being
very square at the apex. The two White Mountain specimens would easily
be mistaken at first for different species: in one, the inner yellow hand is
half as wide as in the other, and the discal sinus is very small, while in the
other very large : and the mesial band is twice as wide in one as in the other,
with two distinct lines running through the middle of the space. The
specimen (female) from Vancouver's Island differs most from the others in
the basal yellow band being much wider than usual, with the edges irregu-
larly and sharply scalloped; the outer yellow hand is wanting, the outer third

1 1 8

of the line being whiter than usual, bul the brown patches present in the

other specimens and then clouding the yellow band are present; the median
dark band is very narrow, and wants the discal and subraedian sinuses so
conspicuous in the other specimens. In size and the cut of the wing, the
specimen does not show any varietal differences.

In one of two specimens received from Mr. Lintner (2444), the outer
yellow band is wanting; in the' other (G8), the two bands are rusty -yellow,
ami the middle, broad, dark band is suffused below the costa with a decided
brick-red, and the notch runs into and touches the discal dot, being as well
marked as in Guenee's figure.

Though I did not see the types of M. Guenee in his collection, his
figure and descriptions leave no doubt in my mind as to the correctness of
this determination. It was also thus determined by Mr. Sanborn. Walker's
type I saw in the British Museum under the name jlammiferata.

Petkophora mancipata Packard. Plate 8, fig. 45.

Cidaria mancipata Gnen., Phal., ii, 4C8, 1857.

Cidaria suhochreata Pack., Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., siii, 400, 1871.

3 $ and 4 ?. — Palpi long, acute. Body and wings dull rusty-brown,
with scattered white scales. Head, palpi, and body concolorous. Fore wings
dull rusty-brown, a darker band across the base; the outer edge zigzag, con-
sisting of three acute points ; that in the median space the largest, very acute ;
beyond is a paler rusty-brown band, which is succeeded by a little wider
dusky band, becoming narrower on the inner edge; a lighter median band
enclosing the oval discal dot; this band varies in being brown or white, and
is, in the female, twice as wide as in the male, and varies in width in the
latter; this median dark or white region is scalloped externally with a large,
toothed, subacute projection in the middle of the wing, being straight on the
costa and on the inner edge; in some specimens, this outer edge of the
median band is clearly resolved into two, and in the single female three,
brown, parallel, contiguous, wavy lines; the outer edge of the wing is clear
rusty -brown, with a row of obscure dusky patches half-way between the
scalloped line and the outer edge of the wing; a submarginal row of longi-
tudinal, intervenular, black, linear spots; a black line at the base of the fringe,
and a dusky line along the fringe. Hind wings dusky-ochreous, brighter on
the outer third of the wing: a slight discal dot; a brown interrupted line
15 P n

114

along the base of fringe, which is dusky-lwown. Beneath, bright-ochreous
mi both wings; a broad dusky band, angulated in the middle of the wing, in
the female consisting of two brown lines; this band disappears toward the
inner edge. On bind wings, an outer, much-curved, brown line. Brown
diseal dots present on both wings.

Length of body, c?,0.4f>; of lore wing, 3 , 0.50-0.58 ; expanse of wings,
I I 15 inches.

California (Edwards): Mendocino City; Sanzalito, Cal., May 6-20, June
18, July 16 (Behrens).

This species varies much in the central part of the wing, the band
enclosing the tliscal dot varying from brown to white, and the angle of the
(Miter edge being acute or rounded. It differs from all the other species
known to me by the bright ochreous under side of both wings, and the dusky
band bent at nearly right angles. Two specimens from Mendocino City are
larger, with the inner brown bands more zigzag, and a distinct line on the
upper side of the secondaries.

Petrophora cunigerata Packard. Plate 8, fig. 43.

Cidaria cunigerata Walk.!, List Lep. Het. Br. Mils., xxvi, 17'2C>, 1862.
Cidaria disjunctaria Pack., Fifth Kep. Paab. Acad. Sc, 53, 1-T:l.

2 i and 3 9. — Fore wings inclined to be rather square at the apex,
much as in P. hersiliata. Head and palpi as in P. truncata, the latter long;
third joint long and acute. Body and wings pale ash-gray, rather whiter than
usual. Head and palpi with white and dark scales; palpi dark on the tips.
Fore wings with four waved and scalloped lines; base of wing dark, two
basal lines parallel, the inner one situated half-way between the insertion of
the wing and the second line; it sends out a broad, truncated, prominent
tooth in the diseal space, thence goes straight to the costa; on the internal
vein, it is slightly pointed inward ;' the second line has a large full curve out-
ward in the diseal space, with two scallops in the submedian space; a broad
whitish baud, of the same width throughout, containing two slight, broken,
diffuse, dark lines; the third line forms the inner edge of a dark, broad, sub-
central band ; the line is curved outward in the anterior half of the wing,
going straight to the costa from the median vein; it is bent inward on the
costa; opposite the distinct diseal dot, it sends outward a white, sharp, long
point; on the median vein, it is scalloped outward, and twice inward in the

115

submedian space; the fourth line, forming the outer edge of the band, runs
straight (though a little obliquely) from the costa to the middle of the second
median space, and from thence it follows a generally oblique course, and ends
rather near the internal angle of the wing ; above the bend in the line, the
scallops arc flattened, slightly marked; two slight, re-entering, whitish lines
cut into the band just below the costa; below the second median space, (lie
line curves in much less than usual, the line not being angulated ; the scallops
in the first and second median spaces are alike, and the two largest in the
line; the one behind the third median venule is smaller than the one
behind it; within the band, the two lines form ringlets, as usual, below the
median vein ; a submarginal, white, zigzag, scalloped line, there being two
distinct acute triangles just below the costa, and below isolated white scal-
lops opposite the corresponding scallops, those in the second median and
submedian spaces forming distinct lunules ; a dark, zigzag, black, oblique line,
succeeded by a dark cloud ; a marginal black line, slightly interrupted by the
venules ; fringe whitish, checked with dusky scales. Hind wings whitish,
more so than usual; a little dusky on the margin, limited within by a faint-
white zigzag line, within which is a dark, distinct, zigzag line, the angles being
sharp; beneath whitish, sprinkled with fine brown scales; the four discal
dots distinct on the fore wings; an extradiscal is reproduced, and beyond is
a row of dark spots, succeeded still beyond by white scallops ; a faint sub-
apical cloud. Anterior pair of legs dark, ringed with white ; middle and hind
pair whitish. Abdomen rather stouter than in P. truncata, the end being
square, and terminating in a mucronate point; pale ash, with a pair of large
black spots on each segment.

Length of body, i, 0.52, 9, 0.45; of fore wings, <?, 0.57-0.72, ?, 0.63;
expanse of wings, 1.15-1.55 inches.

Lake Superior (Harris Coll. Bost. Soc. Nat Hist.); White Mountains,
New Hampshire, August 20-30 (Scudder, Shurtleff, Mus. Bost Soc. Nat. Hist.) ;
Brunswick, Me. (Packard); Albany, N. Y., July 25 (Liutner); "Nova Scotia''
(Walker).

This species differs from P. truncata in the apex being less produced;
in the white intradiscal band ; in the angle of the outer edge of the median
band being much less produced ; while the band is much darker, the hind
wings are also much paler, and the end of the abdomen squarcr. From P.
prunata, to which it is also quite closely allied, if differs in (he whiter

(3

116

jiound-color of the wings, and in the outer edge of the middle band being
straight From the, costa to the median vein; while, in P. prunata, it is
deeply curved in. It varies in the width of the bands, especially (lie dark
median band, the scallops of which are sometimes deeply cul in, and in the
submedian space forming an elongate, oval, black spot, separated from the rest
of t he band, whence the name disjunct-aria, under which it was iirst described.
The apical oblique line, and dark cloud beneath, and adjoining while zigzag
line, are much as in V. prunata. It is. in New England, much less common
than P. truncata, and perhaps more so than P. prunata, which seems to be
a more boreal and subalpine species. Whether it may not prove identical
with some European species is a question. It seems to be allied to the
European P. miata (Linn.), which, according to Staudinger's Catalogue,
inhabits Central and Northern Europe, Piedmont, Southern and Western
Turkey, and the Ural Mountains.

This agrees well with Walker's description and a drawing of his type
received from Mr. Willis.

A Cidaria disjunctaria lias been described by La Harpe (Contributions
a. la Faune de la Sicile, Lausanne, 1860).

Petrophora prunata Packard. Plate 8, fig. 47; vars., figs. 46 and 18.

Geometra prunata Linn., Syst. Nat., x, 52(i, 1758.

" Hiibn., Eur. Schm., tab. 59, fig. 304, 1796."
Euniroma prunata Hiibn., Vera., 335, 1818.
Cidaria prunata Tit-its., Sclim. Eur., vi, (ii), 194, 1828.
Steganolophia prunata Steph., Noinencl. Br. Ins., 44, 1829.
Cidaria prunata Dap., Lep. Fiance, viii (v), 317, pi. 193, fig. 1, 1830.
Steganolophia prunata Steph., 111., iii, 232, 1831.
fularia ribesiaria Boisd., Gen. Intl., 214, 1840.
Cidaria prunata Boisd., Gen. Iud., 214, 1840.
Larentia ribesiaria H.-Sch., Sohm. Eur., iii, 169, 1847.
Steganolophia prunata Steph., Cat. Br. Lep., 192, 1850.
Cidaria prunata Guen., Pbal., ii, 472, 1857.

Lygris destinata Moeschl., Wien. Eut. Mouats., iv, 46, pi. 10, fig. 2, 1860.
LygrU lugubrata Moeschl., Wien. Ent. Mon-.its., vi, pi. 1, fig. 7, 18G2.
Cidaria prunata Walk., List Lep. Br. Mils., xxv, 1383, 1862.
Cidaria nubilata Pack., Proe. Bost. Soc. N. H., xiii, 400, 1871.
Cidaria Iriangulata Pact., Fifth Rep. Peab. Acad. Sc, 54, 1873.
Cidaria montanata Pack., Fifth Rep. Peab. Acad. Sc, 55, 187:'..

5 $ and 5 ?. — Of rather large size, and of a peculiar deep russet-brown,
with a rusty tinge; a snbmarginal row of white lunate triangles, ocellated
with brown dots. Palpi large, stout, bushy ; tip not acute, russet-brown.
Front and thorax brown. Fore wings russet, with a rusty tinge; base brownish-

117

russet; beyond, a broad, pale, zigzag band, with luteous scales on the veins,
especially on the costa, and on the internal vein the band is broadly indented
on the inner side in the median space; beyond, a broad, russet, dark-brown
band of unusual width, blackish on each side, its inner edge sinuate, dentate,
its outer with three large, mesial, triangular teeth, thence going nearly straight
to the costa, with a broad, abruptly acute, mesial tooth ; a dark, indistinct,
discal dot; on the costa are luteous scales, as also a diffuse luteous area below
the first median vein, with dark ringlets; a subniarginal row of acutely
triangular white spots enclosing linear, lunate, brown spots, which become
acutely triangular toward the costa; from the third spot from the costa pro-
ceeds a once-angulated line to the apex, below which the margin is unusually
dark ; fringe with ochreous scales externally, and two rows of dark, acutely
zigzag lines, bordered externally with white; fringe dark-brown; beneath,
the discal dots very distinct; costa ochreous; an outer dark line, which
becomes obsolete toward the inner edge ; an apical dark patch. Hind wings
dusted thickly with brown scales; veiulets ochreous; fringe dusky, spotted
with brown, and a brown spot on the inner edge between the end of the
fringe and line.

Length of body, 0.44; of fore wing, 0.60-0.70; expanse of wings, 1.30-
1.50 inches.

Labrador (Packard); summit of Mount Washington, New Hampshire,
August 6 (Sanborn, Scudder, Morrison) ; Grand Gulf, Mount Washington,
New Hampshire, August 25 (Shurtleff) ; Mount Madison, New Hampshire,
September 1 (Scudder).

Var. nubilata Pack. — Mountains of Colorado, July 19, September 8
(Lieutenant Carpenter); Denver City, Col., June 1 (T. L. Mead): Colorado
(Ridings) ; American Fork Canon, Utah, about 8,000 feet elevation, among
firs on sides of a mountain, July 22 (Packard, Hayden's U. S. Survey) ; Cali-
fornia (H. Edwards); California, October 21 (Mead); San Francisco, Cal.
(Crotch, Mus. Comp. Zool.) ; Victoria, Vancouver Island, July (Crotch, Mus.
Comp. Zool.).

The unusual brown specks beneath on the hind wings, and brown spots
on the inner angle of the hind wings, and the brown, ochreous, rusty wings,
besides the row of triangles of white, enclosing lunules and triangles of brown,
will readily distinguish it. It, docs not differ from European specimens.

MS

As nubilata may by some be regarded as a good species, I append my
original description.

"Var. nubilata.— (Plate 8, fig. 46.) — 3 & and 3.? .—Palpi long, acute,
dark, with a few pale scales (iii the edges; front dark in the middle,
whitish mi the sides. Body and wings ash; base of lore wing dark,
limited externally by a white, scalloped line, which is straight on the
costa, with a scallop on the median space, another on the submedian, and
a third on the inner edge. Another similar line, exactly parallel to this,
crosses the wing nearly midway between it and the discal spot, which is
small, black, linear-ovate, the interspace idled loosely with scales. Beyond
this spot the wing grows more and more dusky to the outer line, which is
white and straight, widest on the costa, wrinkled slightly below and in the
middle of the wing, between the independent venule and the third median,
forming a large, rounded, double-toothed projection; from the third median
to the inner edge the line is straight, consisting of three scallops, the central
one being largest. A submarginal scalloped line, zigzag toward the costa,
each scallop separate, and centered with a triangular or lunate spot. Just
below the apex is a black patch, resting on the black line on the edge of the
wing. Hind wings whitish, with a few short, dark and white lines on the
inner edge; one sinuate, extending to the middle of the wing; just beyond
is a line of dusky spots, edged broadly with white externally; the outer
edge of the wing is dusky, with a black, marginal line, interrupted by white
dots. Beneath, both wings much alike, ashy, with a slight ochreous tinge,
blackish along the edge of the costa; discal dot distinct on the fore wings.
A dusky outer line half-way between the discal clot, and outer edge of the
wing, indented opposite the discal dot. A submarginal row of distinct white
spots, less distinct on the hind wings. A long pencil of black hairs arises
from the base of the fore wings, and is partially concealed by the costa of the
hind wings. Legs dusky, broadly ringed with white.

"Length of body, 9, 0.45-0.50; of fore wing, i, 0.64-0.75 inch
(Edwards)."

Though my Labrador specimen differs somewhat from Moeschler's

description and figure, yet I am inclined to unite it with P. prunata var. lugu-

brata. I have before me a specimen from Mount Marcy, New York (August),

(figured on plate 8, fig. 48), and from Mount Washington, New Hampshire;

Sanborn), and numerous specimens from California and Vancouver Island.

119

The extremes are presented by the Labrador and Vancouver Island examples.
The Pacific-coast forms are larger, blacker, the tore wings more elongated
toward the apex than the eastern specimens, much as observed in Semiothisa
dispuncta (Walk.), in which the Labrador individuals are stunted, while
the west-coast (Vancouver Island) specimens are larger. They are paler,
however, than the Labrador and New England individuals. The Colorado
P. prunata var. lugubrata scarcely differs from the California!) and Vancouver
Island ones. My Labrador individual (well preserved) has already been
described. The Adirondack (Mount Marcy) one is very similar, but differs in
being of a peculiar reddish-brown tint, especially along the costa and veins.
The outer line between the costa and median vein is angulated outward, instead
of curved regularly outward, as in the Labrador example. The Adirondack
is very near the Labrador one, though a little browner along the veins. In
the Colorado and Pacific specimens, the outer line near the costa is scalloped
four or five times. The middle band of the fore wings is much darker than
the rest of the wing ; the inner and outer portions being much paler than in
the eastern examples. Expanse of wings of Colorado and Vancouver Island
specimens, 1.43 inches; of Labrador and alpine, Eastern United States, 1.25
inches.

In the general style of markings, this species closely resembles C. popu-
late/, as remarked by Moeschler. I do not much doubt but that both have
come from a common stock; lugubrata being perhaps originally derived
from a melanotic variety of populata.

There are, then, four forms, or varieties, of prunata, viz : the normal pru-
nata (fig. 47); and the vars. destinata (very near prunata), lugubrata (fig. 48),
and nubilata (fig. 46).

Staudinger gives the following localities of the form prunata: Central

and Northern Europe, excluding (!) the polar regions ; Central and Northern

Italy; Dalmatia; Ural Mountains ; Altai Mountains ; Northern and Eastern

Siberia.

Petrophora leoninata Packard. Plate 8, fig. 44.

Cidaria leoniuata Pack., Proo. Boat. Soc. N. II., xiii, 401, 1871 ; xvi, pi. 1, fig. \'A, 1874.

4 <? and 3 .9 — This is a very small species, with long, acute palpi, and
male antennae ciliated as usual. The body and wings are tawny-brown, with
scattered patches of ochreous scales. Palpi tawny, with scattered white
scales. Front ochreous, with brown scales. Fore wings with three broad,

120
dusky bands, of nearly equal width, angulated on the median space, and

Scalloped on the edges, which arc black; those of the .second and third

bordered with white. The second and third, with the band between, form a
central, dusky band, occupying the middle third of the wing, and containing

an indistinct, brown, discal dot ; the outer edge of the hand is less angulated

than in the two preceding species, and consists of three large scallops, being
straight on the costal and suhcostal region. A submarginal row of brown
patches, margined externally with white points; toward the apex are three
longitudinal black streaks, with an oblique, black, apical streak, interrupted
)>y the venules. A row of marginal black dots. Fringe brown, pale at base,
and checkered with dusky spots. Hind wings tawny, rather dusky on inner
two-thirds, with the usual marginal row of fine, black dots. Beneath, ochre-
ous dusky on the inner two-thirds of wings ; the outer edge of the dusky area
indented on the independent vein, and going from the second median
obliquely inward. Two minute, black patches on the costa ; near the apex
an apical black spot. Fringe checkered with dusky spots.

Length of body, <$ , 0.40; of fore wing, 9, 0.4/ ; expanse of wings, ().!'">
inch.

California (Edwards); Mendocino City (A. Agassiz, Mus. Comp. Zool).

Two specimens from Mendocino City (received from Mr. Behrens) are
larger than usual, with the inner brown band more zigzag, and a distinct line
on the upper side of the hind wings'.

Th i s diminutive species seems more nearly allied in its style of markings
to /'. prunata than any other. We have nothing like it east of the Rocky
Mountains.

Peteophoea aluolixeata Packard. Plate H, tig. 50.

Cidaria albolineata Pack., Fifth Eep. Peab. Acad. So., 55, 1873.

2 <? and 1 9. — Front pale lutcous ; palpi pale above and at tip, blackish
on the sides; head beneath luteous. Fore wings black, with a subbasal,
broad, whitish hand, angulated on the median vein, and with smaller, very
acutely-produced angles on the veins; on each side, in the middle, the sides
formed of white lines, are intervenular dark patches; a broad, mesial, black
hand, narrowing toward the inner edge, lined externally with white; discal
dot very black; from the first median interspace to the costa the outer line
- straight, with a slight sinus on the costa: below, it consists ol three

I -'I

intervenular rounded lobes, that, in the middle of I he wing, are larger ; beyond,
on a luteous or pale-ochreous ground, is a row of acutely-triangular, black
spots, the one below the second median venule being acutely elongated,
lunate; a zigzag while line goes to the costa, marking a marginal, subapieal,
black, triangular space; Cringe long and blackish, interrupted with white.
Hind wings pale cinereous, a little dusky on basal two-thirds; discal dot
distinct; beneath, margin of wings paler, marked off by a quite distinct dark
line; near the apex on costa three narrow, black, parallel, longitudinal spots.
Legs dusky cinereous, ringed with whitish.

Length of body, 0.35; of fore wing, 0.45; expanse of wing, 1.00 inch.

Quebec, Canada (F. X. Belanger) ; Brunswick, Me. (Packard); White
Mountains, August 23 (Shurtleff); New Hampshire (Trouvelet, Bost. Soc.
Nat Hist.); Sharon, N. Y., July 24 (Lintner).

Very distinct, and easily, known by the black middle of the wing lined
with white; and by the black triangular patch just below the apex on the
outer margin, while the margin of the wing is luteous, interrupted with
acutely triangular black spots, and the head, tip, and upper side of palpi are
also luteous.

Petropiiora atrocolorata Packard. Plate S, fig. 49.

Cidaria atrocolorata Grote and Rob., Anu. Lyceum N. Y., viii, 31, pi. 16, tig. 14, $ , April, 18(37.

2 $ . — This fine species belongs near P. albollneata, but is much larger,
though in the form of the head, palpi, antennas, and wings it is nearly the
same. The ground-color of the body and wings is blackish-brown. Head
yellowish-white on the vertex and at the tips of the palpi. Thorax with
three linear, whitish stripes. Abdomen ringed with white, and the anal
tuft tawny-white. Fore wings blackish-brown, with an inner line directed
obliquely outward and bent at right angles on the internal vein, where it
touches the second double line, which is parallel to the basal as far as the
bend in the latter, thus inclosing a large, square, black patch, one side of
which rests on the costa, while there is a triangular dark spot on the inner
edge of the wing; the middle of the wing is occupied by a large square
patch connecting with a round patch on the inner edge, this round spot
being nearly cut off from the black patch by the points projecting from the
two opposite lines; the outer (extradiscal) line forms a nearly rectangular
10 r u

122

point in the middle of the wing, below which is a rounded point ; the line
is shaded externally with tawny-yellow, beyond which is a row of dark
lunules edged externally with white ; these lunules are most distinct behind
the large point in the middle of the wing; from the costa, halt-way between
the apex and the outer line, a white line, broken up by the wfhitish-yellow
venules, connects with the long, narrow, oblique, apical line; a yellowish,
narrow, marginal line, separated by a narrower, dark line from the tawny,
slightly-checkered fringe. Hind wings dull chocolate-brown, with a deeply-
sinuous, median, pale line, and a snbinarginal scalloped line; fringe as on
anterior wings; beneath, richly tinted on both wings with brown and tawny
scales; discal dots very distinct; a dark extradiscal line common to both
wings, well bent in the middle; half-way between this line and the edge of
the wing a row of white, triangular spots. Fringe' distinctly checkered.

Length of body, <$ , 0.60 ; of fore wing^ <?, 0.70; expanse of wings,
c? 1.43 inches.

Brooklyn, N. Y. (Graef) ; Philadelphia, Pa. (Grote and Robinson);
Easton, Pa. (Stultz).

This description has been drawn up from the type-specimen kindly
loaned by Mr. Grote. It is very characteristic, ami need not be confounded
with any other of the species.

Petropiiora testata Packard. Plate 8, Air. 51.

" Phalasna-Geometra testata Limi., Fauna Sveciea, 331, 1761."

Phalama testata Fabr., Eut. Syst., iii (ii), 202, 1793.

■■ Geomi tra achatinata Hiibn., Scbm. Enr., tab. 58, figs. 301, 408 ab, 1796."

Lygrift achalinulii lliibn., Vcrz., 335, 1H1 ~.

Cidaria achatinata Treits., .Scbm. Eur., vi (ii), 170, 1828.

Dap., Lep. France, viii (v), 311, pi. 192, fig. 6, 1830.
Electra te*tata Staph., 111., iii, 240, 1830.
Electra achatinata Steph., 111., iii, 241, 1831.
Cidaria achatinaria Boisd., Geu. et Iml., 213, 1840.
Larentia achatinaria H.-Seh., Scbm. Eur., iii. 172, figs. 301, 408, 1S47.
Electra achatinata Steph., Cat. Lep. Br. Mus., 190, 1850.
Cidaria testata Guerj., Pbal., ii, 473, 1857.
Lygris testata Staud., Cat., 78, 1861.
Cidaria testata Walk., List Lep. Het. Br. Mils., xxv, 1384, 1802.

2 S and 2 9 .—Closely allied structurally and in color to P. diversihneala;
lemon-yellow; abdomen and hind wings whitish. Head slightly paler above
than the palpi. Fore wings lemon-yellow, with two parallel, reddish-ochreous
lines near tin' base, each making an obtuse angle in the discal space; beyond,
an ochreous line, curved outward around from a little within the middle of the

1 23

costa to the middle of the inner edge, with a small tooth pointing inward just
above the internal vein ; outer line running straight from the outer quarter of
the costa in an oblique direction to the first median vein ; scalloped slightly in
the two succeeding interspaces; in the submedian interspace the line is
straight, directed a little outward ; the region between these two lines a little
darker ochreous than the rest of the wing, with two faint, parallel, median
hair-lines passing through it ; beyond, and especially toward the apex, the
wing is lemon-yellow, frosted with white; the apical, oblique streak white,
a little waved below; under the line deep-ochreous ; fringe whitish. Hind
wings whitish, with a faint outer line; in the male, tinted faintly with pale-
brown along the outer edge of the wing; beneath uniformly whitish, with two
brown hair-lines common to both wings, the inner obsolete away from the
costa, and a little scalloped on the hind wing ; discal dots dark, distinct
beneath on both wings.

Length of body, <?, 0.60, 9, 0.43; of fore wing, $, 0.64, <?, 0.58;
expanse of wings, 1.20 inches.

Newton, Mass. (Dr. Waters) ; Brookline, Mass., August 26 (Shurtleff, Bost.
Soc. Nat. Hist.) ; New Jersey (H. Sachs) ; Easton, Pa. (Stultz) ; Bailey's
Ranch, on South Park Road, twenty-five miles from the park, elevation 8,000
or 8,500 feet, Colorado Territory, August 29 (Mead) ; Victoria, Vancouver
Island July, (Gr. R. Crotch, Mus. Comp. Zool).

This species is characterized by the frosted appearance of the wings,
the lines being edged with white ; by the third line on fore wings being
regularly curved outward, and not pointed and scalloped. The outer line is
less scalloped below the first median venule than usual, and the triangular,
deep ochreous, apical spot is very distinct. It is identical with the Euro-
pean P. tcstata, as I find by comparing our specimen with two from Europe
received from Dr. Staudinger. The hind wings are apt to be darker, more
yellowish, in American examples.

Staudinger gives the following distribution : Central and Northern
Europe, excluding Halicia and (?) Hungary; Ural Mountains; Altai Mount-
ains; Amur.

Larva. — "The caterpillar, when full-grown, rests in a straighl posture,
and does not tall off its food-plant when disturbed ; the head is Hat and por-
rected; the body is cylindrical, without humps. The head is putty-colored,
with darker dots and reticulations ; the body, also, is putty-colored ; the back

124

has a slender, median, brown stripe; (lie sides have two dingy-white stripes,
the upper straight, the lower undulating; the spiracles are placed below the
second white si ripe, and are intensely black ; the belly has six whitish stripes,
of \\ Inch the median ones are closely approximate. The divisions of (he seg-
ments are marked by slender rings of a pink tinge. It feeds on birch and
sallow, and is full-fed at the end of May, when it spins a lew threads, and
draws together the leaves of its food plant, making a very open kind of net-
work cocoon, so open, indeed, as not in any degree to hide the enclosed
chrysalis, which will even drop out through the meshes if shaken. The
chrysalis is rather long, and very pointed at the tail; it is of pale putty-color,
willi a broad, conspicuous, median, brown stripe down the thorax and body;
the oblique posterior margins of the thorax are also of the same dark color;
the head and wing-cases are dingy-brown, lined with darker brown, by which
color the antennas, legs, wing-rays, &c., are clearly indicated ; the antenna?
case slightly exceeds that of the wings in length. On the body is a median
dark stripe below, corresponding with that above, and the lateral region
between these two stripes is spotted with dark-brown." — Newman's British
Moths, 191.

Petkophoka populata Packard. Plate !S, tig. 52.

Phalcena-Geometra populata Liun., Syst. Nat., x, 525, 1758.

Phalama populata Fabr., Eut. Syst., iii (ii), l?(i, 1793.

" Geometra populata Hiibn., Scbni. Pur., tab. 58, tig. 300 (male), 17!Hi."

Lygris populatd Hiibn., Verz., 335, 1818.

Cidaria populata Treits., Scbui. Eur., vi (ii), 1(35, 1828.

Eli < Ira populata Stepb., Nomencl. Br. Ins., 44, 1829.

Cidaria populata Dap., Lep. France, v ii i (v), 305, pi. 192, tig. 2, 1830.

Electro populata Stepb., 111., iii, 239, 1831.

Cidaria popularia Boisd., Gen. Iml.,213, 1840.

Larentia popularia H.-Sch., Sohua. Pur., iii, 172, 1847.

Electra populata Stepb., Cat. Br. Pep., 189, 1850,

Cidaria populata Guen., Phal., ii, 473, 1857.

Walk., List Pep. 11,-t. Br. Mus., nv, 1385, 1862.

3 6 and 4 9. — Straw-yellow; palpi with darker scales; third joint
much paler, large, and prominent, Front of the head yellow, darker toward
the front edge. Antennas yellow; in the male minutely ciliated; body
uniformly yellow. Fore wings with a broad, zigzag, basal stripe, and a broad,
very distinct band, occupying a third of the wing, and an apical stripe. The
broad basal band is pointed acutely on each vein, with a much larger, very
prominent angle in the median space: this hand is composed of three dark

125

lines, with yellow between, t lie mesial band being curyecl with two strong
angles below the median vein, the o ter two rounded and verv large,
much more prominent than in P. testata, shaded diffusely within. In the
middle of the baud is an angular, curved row of large, yellow, round spots;
the outer edge of the band is supplemented by a dusky ochreous, narrow
line. The submarginal row of tawny triangles lined with white, present, in
European examples, is usually wanting. The rest of the wing clear, with a
dark, oblique, apical patch, shading below into a dark ochreous hue. Base
of fringe with a dark line. Hind wings pale yellow, with a subterminal,
irregular, dark line, becoming obsolete toward the costa. Beneath, the discal
dots are conspicuous, and there is a straight, dark, narrow line on the outer
third of the wing, all that re-appears of the outer double band above. On
the hind wings is a faint, extradiscal, curved, dentate line.

Length of body, 0.55; of fore wing, 0.75; expanse of wings, 1.30-1.40
inches.

Labrador (Moeschler) ; Brunswick, Me. (Packard) ; Brooklyn, Mass.
(Shurtleff) Beverly, Mass. (Burgess); White Mountains, New Hampshire,
August (Sanborn, Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist.) ; Tuckerman's Ravine, Mount
Washington, New Hampshire, August 25 (Shurtleff, Bost, Soc. Nat. Hist.) ;
Mount Ascutney, Vermont (Sanborn, Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist.) ; near Berthoud's
Pass, Colorado, 12,000 to 13,000 feet elevation, August 16 (T. L. Mead) ;
Victoria, Vancouver Island. July (Crotch, Mus. Comp. Zool.).

This pretty species is easily known by its large size, the dark-brown
double lines and bands, the dark apical patch, and the two large teeth on the
ouler side of the middle double band.

On comparing several American examples with three from Germany,
received from Professor Zeller, I do not find any specific difference. Our
specimens mostly (except the Colorado individual) want the submarginal row
of triangular, tawny spots on the fore wings, which are very distinct in the
European examples; but, in one rubbed American specimen, there is an
approach to this in a series of obsolete spots.

The distribution in the Old World, according to Staudingcr, is as fol-
lows : Central and Northern Europe; Ural and Altai Mountains; Amur.

Larva. — "The caterpillar has the head rather small ; the second segment
also rather small ; the third segment is swollen, or furnished with a dorsal
band, raised transversely. In color, il is remarkably variable, being of one

126

or two tints of greei)t pale brown, reddish brown, or even dark brown: the
raised band is dolled with white on a black or reddish ground, according as
the ground-color of the caterpillar is dark or light. There is a medio-dorsal
stripe of a reddish tint, and an olive-green stripe in the region of the spiracles
It feeds on the whortleberry | Vaccinium vitis-idcea), and in confinement it
will thrive on sallow. For these few particulars we are indebted to .Mr.
Eellins."— Newman's British Moths, 191.

Petrophoka diversilineata Hiibner. Plate 8, figs. 53, 54.

Petrophora diversilineaia Hiibn., Samml. Exot. Schm., i, ], 2, 3, 4, 1806.
Euphya divermlineata Hiibn., Verz., 336j 1818.
Cittaria diversilineata Guen.!!!, Phal., ii, 475, 1S">7.

Walk. ! ! ! . Lcp. Br. Mas., xxv, 1389, 18G2.
Cidaria gracilineata Oneii.. Phal., ii, 476, 1857.

30 $ and 10 9. — Palpi long. Fore wings falcate; outer edge almost
angular. Hind wings slightly scalloped. Body and wings of a uniform
ochreous-yellow ; palpi dark in front of the head, tipped with dark-brown.
Fore wings uniformly ochreous ; a curved, basal, rust-brown line, denticu-
lated on the veins; beyond, two parallel, more distinct, concolorous lines,
the inner a little wavy, directed obliquely to the inner edge; the outer makes
a right angle in the submedian space, crosses the inner line, forming a broad,
triangular enclosure on the inner edge of the wing; beyond is a broad
space, just beyond the middle of the wing, usually tilled in with a purplish-
brown tint, disappearing before reaching the costal space; sometimes there
are two central lines in this space, converging a little below the median vein
and forming large ringlets; this mesial space is bounded externally by a
dark, rust-brown line, which ends at the same distance from the base of the
wing both on the costa and inner edge; in the first median space it forms a
large, sharp projection; beyond is another concolorous line, which curves
inward to where it is usually (not always) interrupted by the projection
of the other line, and thence goes straight, though zigzag in its course, to the
inner edge of the wing; a similarly-colored, more or less zigzag, oblique,
apical line extends to the middle of the wing, opposite the projection; the
edge beyond the lines either clear-yellow or filled in with lilac-brown; a
small discal dot. Hind wings clear, a little paler than the fore wings, with
a faint discal dot, sometimes absent ; in the outer third of the wing an
angulated, faint, violet-brown line, edged externally with silver, a heavier,

127

diffuse, shorter, submarginal, dark-brown, zigzag line, with a slight violet
tinge; the space between this and the wing suffused with violet-brown,
extending only toward the middle of the wing, or sometimes passing beyond
toward the apex. Beneath, the wings are yellow ochreous, speckled, espe-
cially on the hind pair, with coarse, violet-brown specks. Fore wings clear
when covering the hind ones, with three costal spots, the third in the middle
of the costa ; beyond, the angulated outer line is reproduced; apical, oblique
line distinct, with a violet-brown cloud below. Hind wings with three regu-
larly-scalloped lines; the margin of the wing broadly clouded with violet-
brown. Legs yellow; joints lipped with violet-brown. Abdomen yellow,
tinged above with rust-brown.

Length of body, <?, 0.60, 9, 0.50-0.61; of fore wing, <? , 0.58-0.84,
9, 0.65-0.70; expanse of wings, <?, 1.30-2.10, 9, 1.35 inches.

Brunswick, Me., July (Packard); Portland, Me. (E. S. Morse); Cam-
bridge, Mass. (Harris Coll.); Andover, Mass. (Sanborn, Mus. Bost. Soc. Nat.
Hist.); Brookline, Mass., August 17 (Shurtleff, Mus. Bost, Soc. Nat, Hist,);
Salem, Mass., August and early in September (Packard) ; Nahant, Mass.
(Moering); Albany, N. Y.. July 3 (Lintner); Oneida, N. Y. (R. V. Hawley);
New York (Morison) ; Brooklyn, N. Y. (Graef) ; West Farms, N. Y.
(Angus); New Jersey (H. Sachs); Philadelphia, Pa. (Amer. Ent. Soc);
Easton, Pa. (Stultz); Texas, May 14 (Belfrage); Detroit, Mich. (Swartz,
Mus. Comp. Zool.); "Amer. Sep." (Guenee); "New York; Illinois; Massa-
chusetts; Orilla, Western Canada" (Walker).

This is a common and widely-diffused species, ranging from Southern
Maine to Texas, but has not yet occurred west of the Mississippi River.
It flies during July and August, entering houses and settling on the walls,
resting with its abdomen curved grotesquely over its back. It varies much
in size and considerably in its markings, especially in the extent of the violet-
brown markings ; the middle of the wing is, however, often clear, and, when
so, the two inner lines appear, forming large ringlets below the median vein.
The margin of both wings is sometimes clear ochreous-yellow, except on the
internal angle of the hind wings. The distance between the lines varies
considerably ; but the species is very distinct from any ol-her of the genus,
and may at once be recognized by the dark, clear lines, the extradiscal one
forming a large, conspicuous, falcate angle in the middle of the wing; also,

128

bv the oblong space on the inner third of the wing, succeeded by a triangular
enclosure on the inner edge ol the wing.

The largest specimen comes from Philadelphia, li differs from all the
other specimens which 1 have carefully examined in (he triangular space
being merged in with the oblong space, the converging lines being separated
\)\ a considerable space.

It is possible that there are two broods in Texas.

I am inclined to regard this Philadelphian specimen, and others with the
intra- and extradiscal lines farther apart than usual, as GrueneVs Cidaria
gracilineata (see my plate 8, fig. 54). His description agrees well with these
specimens. There are, however, others connecting the two forms, so that
gracilineata may denote a race or strain, but scarcely a variety.

Larva. — I have found the caterpillars varying from green to brown ;
and, while diversilineata feeds on the grape-vine and Ampelopsis, the graci-
lineata is said by Guenee to feed on a Vaccinia in, on which diversilineata may
yet occur. Mr. W. Saunders, of London, Canada, has found the larva feeding
on the woodbine. According to his notes, "the body above is dark-brown,
with a slightly- red dish tint, and patches of a darker shade along the dorsal
region, being the color of the twigs of its food-plant. It remains in the pupa
state about a week." I have found both brown and green specimens feeding
on the leaves of the grape-vine in midsummer. The larva is long and very
slender, smooth, cylindrical, and in its general shape agrees with the diag-
nosis of the genus given by M. Guenee. I regret that I did not draw up a
detailed description of the larva.

Pupa. — The following description is taken from a well-preserved cast
skin in the Harris Collection : Body rather stout ; wing-covers reaching to
the seventh abdominal ring, counting from t lie end ; the tip is acutely conical;
anal spine large, acute, much flattened from above downward : bearing two
large, curved spines, with two much smaller, curved, basal spines; abdomen
with scattered, acute spinules arising from minute, black tubercles; pale
ash, minutely speckled with darker fine points, with a dark dorsal line
extending from the head to the end of the anal spine. Length, 0.55 inch.

Egg. — Cylindrical, much rounded and fuller at the posterior than at the
anterior end, which is truncated and contracted, with a swollen rim; white
with the surface granulated.

129
Pf.tropfiora flavata Packard. Plate 8, fig. 55.

Eurhinosca flavaria Pack., Proc. Bost. Soc. N. II., xvi, 35, 1874.

4 $ and 2 ?. — Body and wings deep ochreous-yellow. Palpi brown on
the sides of the second joint. Fore wings clear-yellow; costa fawn-brown
at base; two costal brown spots in tlie middle of the wing, the inner oblique,
the outer nearly straight ; no lines in the middle area of the wing ; a small
discal dot (sometimes wanting); a minute dot on the origin of the third or
lower median venule; outer edge of the wing below the apex broadly mar-
gined with fawn-brown to, and .enclosing, the anal angle, the band being as
broad as the thorax. Hind wings concolorous with the fore wings; a rather
large dark dot close to the origin of the first subcostal venule; a triangular
marginal patch just below the apex ; otherwise no markings; beneath, from
a large, basal, costal spot proceeds a fine curved line across the wing, and,
with a much-curved one within, forms a ringlet; beyond the conspicuous,
dark, discal dot, a broad, diffuse, pale-brown shade crosses the wing, slightly
scalloped externally; the shade does not connect with the outer costal spot;
the marginal shade is dark on the oblique upper edge, but is fainter toward
the anal angle than on the upper side of the wing; a faint row of diffuse
small spots between this shade and the middle shade. Hind wings with a
very distinct discal dot; a narrow, fine, much-curved line crosses the middle
of the wing; another sinuate line midway between this and the margin; the
part just below the apex is oblong rather than triangular, as above. Fringe
brown on both wings, with darker spots on the ends of the venules beneath ;
toward the anal angle of the secondaries the fringe becomes yellowish. The
two females and one male are paler, without the marginal dark band, while
the lines below are well marked, the male median shade of the primaries
being represented by a very distinct sinuate line, with three rude ringlets on
the inside of the line, and the fringe is yellowish. In another specimen, the
lines are much more distinct.

Length of body, 3 , 0.45, 9, 0.40; of fore wing, &, 0.50, 9, 0.50; expanse
of wings, 1.10 inches.

Sierra Nevada (Edwards).

This interesting species may be known by the non-angulated yellow
wings, with the broad marginal shade, the subtriangular spot on the hind
wing, and the large discal dots on the hind wing on the inner third of the wing.
17 P H

130

So much dues it differ from the other species thai I was led to regard it
as nnt belonging to the Lart ntince; but I am indebted to M. Guenee for calling
my attention to the fact that it is, to use his own words in a letter to me,

" une Cidaria voisine defuhata, pyraliata, etc.''
i

Desiderata.

Cidaria suspectata Moschler, Ent. Zeitung, Stettin, xxv, 160, 1874. —
Aus der Verwandtschafl von Truncate Hfngl. und Immanata Haw., von
welchen meine beiden iibereinstimmenden Exenrplare alter spezifisch verschie-
den scheinen.

Kopf, Thorax und Palpen braunliehgrau, Hinterleib gelblichweiss, Beine
t 1 mi iso, die Tarsen graubraun, weisslich geringelt.

Wurzelfeld der Vorderfliige] weissgrau, schwarzlich bestaubt und von
zwei schwarzlichen, gegen den Vorderrand winklig gebrochenen Querstreifen
begrenzt und durchzogen. Hinter denselben folgt ein graugelbes Querband,
welches in der Mitte durikelgrau bestaubt ist, so dass seine Rander hellen
Linien gleichen ; unterhalb der hintern Mittelrippe steht ein undeutlich
begrenzter, rostrother Fleck. Das Mittelteld wird (lurch eine schwarzbraune
Querbinde gebildet; dieselbe ist am Vorderrande breit, fast das Dritttheil
desselben einnehmend, und verschmalert sich iiber die Halfte am Innenrande;
nach innen zieht sie vom Vorderrande bis auf die vordere .Mittelrippe gerade,
bildet auf derselben eine kaum merkliche Ecke und biegt sich dann bis zur
hintern Mittelrippe etwas ein; von da bis zum Innenrande bildet sie drei
Bogen, deren mittlerer etwas wurzel warts tritt ; nach aussen bildet sie zwi-
sehen Vorderrand und Rippe 6 zwei Bogen, zieht sich zwischen Rippe 5 und
6 plotzlich ein und tritt auf Rippe 4 in einem Bogen etwas weiter nach
aussen ; sodann zieht sie sich in zwei Bogen auf Rippe 3 und 2 wieder nach
einwarts und tritt von da bis zum Innenrande wieder etwas auswarts. Gcircn
i\vu \ orderrand zeigt diese Binde weissgraue Bestaubung und beiderseits
kurze Anfange eines schwarzbraunen Querstreifen s. Die Rippen sind fein
schwarz bestaubt, der Mittelpunkt schwarz. Saumwarts wird die Binde von
einem weissgelben Fleck am Vorderrande begrenzt; aus ihm zieht sich eine
t'eine. gleich gefarbte Linie his zum Innenrande, an welchem sie in einem
kleinen Fleck endigt. Der Raum zwischen der Binde und der Wellenlinie
ist am Vorderrande schwarzlich und durch den hellen Fleck sehr verschmalert,
iibrigens rostroth. Die Wellenlinie ist weiss; am Vorderrande steht hinter

131

ihr ein weissgrauer Schragfleck zur Fliigelspitze ; von ihm bis zur Rippe 4
farbt sich das Saumfeld schwarz, von da bis zum Innenwinkel schwarzlich-
braiin, weissgrau gemischt. Die Saumlinie ist schwarz, nicht in Fleckchen
auf'gelost. Die Franzen sind weissgrau, gegen die Wurzel mit starker,
braungrauer Tlieilungslinic; eine zweite solchc, etwas hellere Linie zielit
hinter der ersten den Spitzen niiher. Beide Linien sind nicht unterbrochen,
rind es zeigeu sich in den Franzen kleine dunkle Fleckchen auf den Rip-
pen. — Hinterfliigel schrautzig weissgelb, gegen den Saum etwas dunkler
angeflogen ; durch die Mitte zieht ein undeutlichcr, fast in Fleeke aufgeloster,
schwarzlicher Querstreif, vor dem Saum ein zweiter ganz verloscllener Quer-
streif. Saumlinie dunkel braungrau. Franzen licht schmutzig gelb, mit
dunkel braungrauer Theilungslinie und dergleichen Fleckchen auf den Rip-
pen. Unterseite der Vorderfliigel bis zum aussern Rande der Mittelbinde
hellgrau, am Vorderrande weissgelb bestaubt; die zwei Bogen der Mittelbinde
nachst dem Vorderrande von einem schwarzen Streif saumwarts begrenzt.
Von der Mittelbinde bis zum Saum ist der Fliigel gelblicli. Die Wellenlinie
wird durch ein schwarzliches Querband ersetzt; hinter demselben zeigt sicb
die gelbliche Grundfarbe in der Fliigelspitze als ein dreieckiger, nacli hinten
von einem schwarzlichen Fleckchen begrenzter Fleck ; von diesem bis zum
Innenwinkel ist die Grundfarbe weissgrau. Saumlinie fein schwarzbraun von
den hellen Rippen durchschnitten ; Franzen wie oben. Hinterfliigel gelb-
licli, Wurzelfeld grau bestaubt; die beiden dunkeln Querstreiten deutlich,
Franzen wie oben.

Fliigelspannung 34-35 mm. Vorderfiugelbreite 8 mm.

2 Weiber aus dem siidlichen Labrador, von gleichem Fundort mit Pi.
frigida etc. [Lat. 55° 35' N.].

Von Truncata und Immanata trennt diese Art die sehr verschicdene
Gestalt der Mittelbinde.

Larentia cervinifascia Walk., List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxiv, 1184, 1H62. —
9. — Cinereous. Head, thorax, and fore wings minutely black-speckled.
Palpi slender; not extending beyond the head. Wings with minute, black,
marginal points, which are nearly connected. Fore wings with a fawn-colored
tinge at the base, and with a very broad, fawn-colored, whitish-bordered,
middle band, which is dilated on the outer side, and does not extend to the
costa; submarginal line whitish, denticulated, traversing a black, irregular,

L32

oblique, apical streak; a small, oblique, ferruginous streak in the band; costa
and exterior border slightly convex ; the latter very oblique. Hind wings
whitish, with a brown discal point and some traces of an exterior brown line.

Length of the body, 5 lines: of the wings, 14 lines.

a, Orilla, West Canada. From Mr. Bush's collection.

This specif.- is figured on plate 10, at the end.

Larentia ziczacata Walk., Lis! Lep. Br. JM us., xxiv, 1185, 18G2. —
9. — Cinereous. Head with a blackish mark on the vertex. Palpi mostly
blackish, extending very little beyond the head. Tegulse of the thorax marked
with black. Fore wings with a black basal point, and with three brownish
cinereous bands, which are bounded by denticulated black lines; discal mark
deep-black, large, elongated, in the second baud; costa and exterior border
very slightly convex, the latter very oblique.

Length of the body, 5 lines; of the wings, 14 lines.

a, Saint Martin's Falls, Albany River, Hudson's Bay. Presented by Dr.
Barnston.

Cidaria remotata^aXk., List Lep. Br. Mus., xxv, 1388, 1862. — <?. —
Brown. Palpi stout, hardly pilose; third joint very minute. Antenna?
stout, slightly moniliform, hardly pubescent. Wings rather broad; fringe
cinereous-; under side cinereous, with a blackish discal point and two curved,
exterior, blackish lines. Fore wings acute, with some transverse, whitish,
cinereous streaks, which are broadest on the costa, and are attenuated from
thence to the disk, where they cease; submarginal line pale cinereous, undu-
lating acutely angular toward the interior angle; an elongated black spot
extending from the tip between the submarginal line and the exterior border,
largest on the under side. Hind wings brownish cinereous, with a curved,
whitish, cinereous, submarginal line.

Length of t lie body, 5 lines; of the wings, 14 lines.

a, Saint Martin's Falls, Albany River, Hudson's Bay. Presented by Dr.
Barnston.

Cidaria propulsata Walk., List Lep. Br. Mus., xxv, 1389, 1862. — <$ and
9. — Pale-ochraceous. Palpi prominent, fringed, as long as the breadth of
the head; third joint elongate-conical. Antenna' of the male stout, pubescent.
Fore wing- acute, subl'alcate, with three darker, ochraceous, angular bauds,

1 >>•>

).)

which have fawn-colored or brown borders', and are sometimes partly shaded
with fawn-color; an elongated, darker, ochraceous patch along the fore part
of the exterior border; exterior border slightly convex and oblique. Hind
wings whitish, with an ochraceous tinge along the exterior border.

Length of the body, 6-7 lines; of the wings, 16—18 lines.

a-c, Newfoundland. Presented by W. C. St. John, esq.

d, Nova Scotia. From Lieutenant Redman's collection.

e, Orilla, Western Canada. From Mr. Bush's collection.
f—i, New York. Presented by E. Doubleday, esq.

Cidaria rigidata Walk., List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxvi, 1727, 1862.—

<?. — Cinereous. Palpi short, porrect. Antennae smooth, rather slender.
Abdomen not extending behind the hind wings; apical tuft very small. Legs
smooth, slender; hind tibia? with four long spurs. Wings elongate. Fore
wings acute, mostly tinged with brown, with three black lines; first line, near
the base, slightly zigzag; second line, interior, undulating, diffuse on the
inner side, where it is accompanied by a slight brown line; third line undu-
lating, dentate, with a black streak between it and the tip of the wing;
submarginal line pale cinereous, zigzag; exterior border slightly convex, very
oblique. Hind wings paler, with a slight, brownish, undulating, exterior line.

Length of the body, 5 lines; of the wings, 16 lines.

a, Nova Scotia. From Lieutenant Redman's collection.

Cidaria explagiata Walk., List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxvi, 1728, 1862. —
9. — Brownish cinereous. Palpi porrect, obtuse, much shorter than the
breadth of the head ; third joint extremely minute. Fore wings slightly
acute, thinly speckled with black; basal, interior, and exterior lines black;
basal space and the space between the interior and exterior lines brownish;
a row of elongated black points beyond the exterior line ; submarginal line
whitish, zigzag; discal streak blackish; exterior border slightly convex, very
oblique. Hind wings a little darker about the exterior border; discal mark
and exterior zigzag line brownish.

Length of the body, 1 lines; of the wings, 12 lines.

a, Nova Scotia. From Lieutenant Redman's collection.

Larentia fumidotata Walk., List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxvi, 1701, 1862. —
c?. — Blackish cinereous. Head very pilose in front. Palpi porrect, extending

134

wit little beyond the head; third joint extremely short. Abdomen no!
extending beyond the hind wings. Legs smooth; hind tibiae with four rather
long spurs. Wings moderately broad; marginal lunules blackish; fringe pale
cinereous, with dark marks. Fore wings acute, with several pale, cinereous,
denticulated lines; cost a almost straight; exterior bonier slightly convex,
rather oblique.

Length of the body, 5 lines; of the wings, 17 lines.

a, West Greenland. Presented by M. Boie.

Larenda longipennis Walk., List Lep. Br. Mus., xxxv, 1671, 18G6. —
9. — Pale cinereous, minutely brown-speckled. Palpi porrect, not extending
beyond the head, blackish on the outer side. Antenna' and legs slender.
Abdomen not extending beyond the hind wings. Wings long. Fore wings
slightly rounded at the tips; a brown, partly black, very deeply bent, middle
line, which is partly or completely and broadly bordered with brown on the
outer side, and has a short, transverse, black streak near its inner side; a
blackish angular line near the base; two brown, zigzag, submarginal lines,
which include a whitish band ; several other brown lines, which are only
apparent near the costa; eight pairs of black marginal points; exterior border
convex, very oblique. Hind wings without markings, slightly brownish along
the exterior border.

Length of the body, 5 lines; of the wings, 15 lines.

a, b, North America. From Mr. Carter's collection.

OCHYRIA Hiibner. Plate 1, figs. 8, 8a, 8b.

Ochyria Hiibn., Verz., 334, 1818.

(Maria Treits. (iu pari ). Sctara. Eur., vi (ii), 140, 1828.

Stepb. (in part), Nomencl. Br. Ins., 4-1, 1829.
Eubolia Hup. (in part), Lep. France, viii (v), 162, 1830.
Ctdaria Stepb. (in pari ), Ul., iii, 213, 1831.
Eubolia Boiad. (in part), Gen. Intl., 201, 1840.
'■ (fit mill (J inn., iu Duponchel's Cat., 249, 1844."
Larentia H.-Scb. (in part), Schm. Eur., iii, Ml, 1847.
Coremia Steph., Cat. Br. Lep., 186, 1850.
cnii n in Lederer, Verb. Bot. '/. .iii. Ges. Wien, 182, 1 -.",::.
Coremia Guen., Phal., ii, 408, 1857.

Walk., Lisl Lep. Het.Br. Mas., xsv, 1303, 1862.

Head much as in Petrophora ; the front being of the same width and
fullness, with or without an interpalpal tuft. Antennae either with long, fine
pectinations extending nearly to the end, or flattened and densely ciliated.

135

Palpi short, not extending far beyond the head; the second joint wide; third
short, conical, and usually merged in with the second joint, not free as in
Petrophora. Fore wings slightly subfalcate, with the costa regularly arched,
the apex acute, and the outer edge very oblique; or the wing is shorter,
scarcely subfalcate, and the apex obtuse. The hind wings are short, full, and
either shaped as in Petrophora or slightly angled ; on the outer edge, some-
times the angle is well marked. The wings project well beyond the end of
•the abdomen, which is short and thick ; much shorter than in Petrophora,
with similar, but less marked, dorsal and lateral tufts, and with an obtuse
anal tuft. The venation differs from that of Petrophora in the first subcostal
venule being longer, while the second and third are shorter. The discal
venules are always perfect; the anterior one being straight or oblique, and the
posterior one oblique and usually much bent. There are usually two sub-
costal cells, either very unequal (O. ferrugata, pi. 1, fig. 8), or large and sub-
equal, as in the closely-related species O. designata (fig. 8a) ; or, as in O. lignl-
colorata (fig. 8b), there is but one small cell, and the first costal arises some
distance from it. Hind tarsi a little shorter than the tibiae. Coloration:
usually with many zigzag lines on the fore wings, arranged sometimes in a
broad, dark, conspicuous, median band, and toothed prominently externally;
numerous fine, scalloped, more or less distinct, lines on the hind wings.

This genus differs from Petrophora by the shorter palpi, the pectinated
antenna?, or, when ciliated, by the dense cilia, and by the short, thick male
abdomen not extendins; as far as the inner angle of the wing, which is some-
times distinctly angled.

There is a good deal of variation in the generic characters given above
in the different species, particularly in the condition of the palpi and antennae,
as well as in the venation ; but there is much similarity in the markings, and,
as a whole, the genus is tolerably easy to distinguish, certainly as much so as
some of the genera in other subfamilies; as, for example, the Acidalinai or
Geometrlnce.

Larva. — "Caterpillar elongated, attenuate anteriorly, cylindrical, marked
with black points in the incisions; head small and globular; living on low
plants. Pupa subterranean." — Guenee.

136

Synojms of the Species.

A. Wings, especially hinder pair, long, produced toward the apex,

much as in Petrophora:

Male antenna- heavily pectinated ; inner and outer edge of mesial band heavy and

dark 0. muniiarla.

Male antenna- heavily pectinated : wingB wood-colored 0. lignicoloraria.

Male antenna- slightly pectinated ; ciliated; wings light ash; intradiscal hand

heavy 0. abrasaria.

Antenna- simple; wings pale ash, with flesh-colored hands; inner edge of middle
hand no heavier than the (inter; a subniarginal coffee-colored hand, edged
externally with white 0. guenieata.

Like gueneata, but smaller, and edges of middle hand less marked ; a general llesh-

colored tint 0. carneaia.

Fore wings tinged with reddish ; hind wings bright red O. rubrvsuffusata.

Smaller than the preceding; cream-white hands on fore wings, and cream-colored

hind wings 0. lacteata.'

B. Fore wings usually shorter, hind wings much shorter, than

in section A:

Antennae simple ; wings short, pale-whitish; inner edge of roseate hand heavy

and black O. designata.

Antenna,- pectinated; wings short; middle band blaek and heavy or rust-brown. 0. femigaria.

Ochyria MUNITAEIA Iliibner. Plate 8, figs. GG, Gl.

"Geometra munitata Iliibn., Schm. Eur., :'.4b, 160:;. .'"

Cidaria munitata Stepb., 111., iii, 315, 1831.

Cidaria munitaria Hoisd., Gen. Iud., 214, 1840.

Larentia munitata Il.-Sc-h., Schm. Eur,, HIT, tig. 34G; Suppl., CO, 1847.

Coremia munitata Guen., Phal., ii, 401), l-.'o.

Walk., List Lep. Hot. Br. Mns., xxv, 1304, 171::, 1802.*
('uremia lairadoriensis Pack., Proc. Host. Sue. Xat. Hist., xi, 4b, 1807.
Cidaria striata Pack , I'roe. Lost. Soe. Nat. Hist., xi, .",0, 1807.
Coremia ealiforniata Pack., Proc. 15ost. Soc. Xat. Hist., xiii, '.W*, 1871.

5 c? and 3 9. — This very variable species may be known by its heavily
pectinated antennae, in which respect it closely resembles O. lignicolorata.
The style of markings is much as in O. designala; but the fore wings are much
longer and more pointed than in that species. Fore wings pale whitish, with
the median band usually dark or reddish-brown, the inner edge of which is
heavy and blackish, while on the outer edge are three parallel lines, much as
in O. designata; the edge is angled in much the same way as in designate/,.
Beyond are two rows of black vcnular spots, a subapical black and oblique
line. There are sometimes traces of four or five lines on the hind wings.

Length of body, <?, 0.40, 9, 0.40; fore wings, <?, 0.52, 9, 0.54-0.65;
expanse of wings, 1.00-1.20 inches.

" Staudinger gives the following synonyms, which I have had no opportunity of verifying: decolo-
raria Esper., 50, "i (prior to maintain .' I ; arrticaria Germ., I'll. I. E., 10; Ze.ttersti dt, Ins. Lap., 964 ; colli-
naric Metzoer, Stett. Eut. Zeit., 238, 1846; l'n„ 521, 1.

137

Caribou Island, Southern Labrador, July 28, August G (Packard) ; Phila
delphia, Pa. (Amcr. Ent. Soc.) ; Colorado (Ridings) ; mountains of Colorado,
June 24, July 19, Sept. 8 (Carpenter, Hayden's Survey); California (Edwards);
Mendocino, Cal. (Behrens) ; Victoria, Vancouver Island (Crotch).

The Californian and Rocky Mountain examples are shaped like the Ice-
land ones, but with the inner edge of the mesial band on the Hire wings
heavier. The females are much larger than eastern ones, expanding 1.30
inches. The single Pennsylvanian individual does not differ from the western
examples. The Labrador examples usually have heavier markings, and in
nearly all cases shorter wings than in the Iceland or Californian examples.
A single Labrador example agrees well with an Iceland one which differs a
little from the normal form, the median baud being very broad, with the
edges less heavy than usual. Western and Californian examples have the
fore wing 0.62 inch long.

I append a description of the example I described as strigata:

Male antennae well pectinated, dark, concolorous with the front and
the palpi, which are long and slender, especially the third joint. Fore wings
with two basal lines; a broad, black band, contracting greatly just before the
hind edge, where it is about one-third as broad as on the costa ; a broad
mesial tooth on the outer edge, below a little sinuated. This band is accom-
panied on the outer edge by a marginal dusky band. Beyond is a row of
fine, nervular, black dots; a submarg'mal, white, zigzag line, going obliquely
to the apex. On the costa is a subapical pair of black stripes, the inner of
the two being oblique. The hind wings are pale, with very faintly-marked
lines; luteous beneath toward the apex; two dark lines beneath, the outer
one consisting of dots. Discal dots distinct. Abdomen dusky, with the seg-
ments edsred with white.

Length of body, 0.40; of fore wing, 0.50 inch.

Differs in its broadly-pectinated antennae, the broad, mesial, black band
narrowing rapidly on the inner edge; also, by the distinct discal dot, and the
quite distinct dusky line along the outer margin of the band, with the distinct,
oblique, black line on the costa near the apex, and the black dots beneath
the spot on the nervules.

August 3, Caribou Island, Labrador.

Var. labradorensis. — 8. — Allied to O. designate, but the antennse are
much more finely ciliated. Palpi as usual. Body dark cinereous, with black
18 P n

1 38

scales, ami sonic of a slightly reddish tinge. Abdomen with a pair of oblique,
diverging, black streaks on each ring. Base of the wing brown; beyond, a
broad, cinereous band; a broad, brown, mesial patch; the inner side reg-
ularly curved outward, not zigzag, bul with the edge entire, with a broad,
black line; in the middle of the band two dark, slightly oblique, sinuate lines:
the outer side of (he band is xrvy irregular, consisting of two large, unequal,
subacute teeth, the lower larger and double; below, the band contracts, being
bidentate on 1 ho outer edge, which is black; beyond is a row of nervular
dots; the usual sub marginal, whitish, zigzag line, with the edge black between
the nervules; fringe dusky. Hind wings with indistinct, dusky, zigzag lines.
Beneath, the outer side of the mesial line is partially reproduced, especially
on the costa. Discal dot distinct, especially on the hind wings, which are
crossed by two outer, black, irregular lines.

Lenirth of body, 0.40; of fore wing, 0.55 inch. Length of Californian
example also 0.55 inch, but the wing is narrower.

The distribution of this species in the Old World is thus given by Stau-
dinger: Saxony and mountainous parts of Silesia; Alps; Austria; Switzer-
land; Piedmont; England; Iceland; Lapland; Finland; and Livonia.

Larva. — " The Lev. Joseph Greene has reared this moth from the egg,
which was hatched in June. The young caterpillars fed on groundsel during
the autumn; they grew very slowly; before winter they left off eating alto-
gether, but in early spring again ate the groundsel, and were full-fed before
the end of March. The caterpillar, when full-fed, is an inch in length; the
ground-color dull green or brown, but very variable ; the segments pink or
flesh-colored; the body is slightly sprinkled with black dots, with two very
distinct blotches on the sixth and seventh segments, the latter being the
largest. It spins up in moss, and turns to a brown chrysalis." — Newman's
British Moths, 168.

Ociiyhia ligxicolokata Packard. Plate 8, fig. 59.

Coremia Ugnicolorata Pack., sixth Rep. Peab. Acad. Sc, 42, lsT-1; Pioc. Bust. Sue. Nat. Hist., xvi, pi. 1, fig.
11, L874.

."> $ and 3 9. — Allied closely to O.munitaria in the form of the wings,
and in its style of coloration. The wings are almost subfalcate, and the
antennae, which are pectinated to the tip, arc more strongly pectinated than
in O. munitaria, the branches being as long as the head is broad on the vertex.

139

Palpi large and stout. Body and tore wings of a peculiar wood or nut-brown
color, resembling the peculiar shade of Hibernia tiliaria Harris, or of a
decided pale gray. Head a little paler than the palpi and thorax. Abdomen
of the same color as the thorax, with two obscure rows of dark spots. Fore
wings nut-brown, with fine, dark, venular dots arranged in numerous obscurely
marked lines. A dark, oblique, apical line. A broad, deeper shade crosses
the middle of the wing ; the inner edge situated on the inner one-third of
the wing, and quite regularly curved outward; the outer edge situated on the
outer third of the wing; straight, with one large, obtusely triangular tooth in
the middle of the wing. The edge within is made up of deeply-scalloped,
fine lines, and the middle of the band is occupied with a row of ringlets,
which increase in size toward the costa. A very faint, finely zigzag, submar-
ginal, pale line. A row of marginal, intervenular, black dots. Hind wings
slightly paler than the anterior pair, with numerous fine dots arranged as on
the fore wings, but obsolete toward the base of the wings; a single, much-
curved, darker line just beyond the middle of the wing, the line at its bend
forming an obtuse angle; beneath, scarcely paler than above, with no lines
or any markings except the venular dots like those above.

Length of body, S , 0.43, ?, 0.42; of fore wing, <?,0.G3, 9, 0.G3; expanse
of wings, 1.16 inches.

New York, August 24 (Mead) ; California (Edwards) ; Sanzalito, Cal.,
Feb. 9, April, May 3 (Behrens).

This differs from all the other species known to me in the well-pectinated
antennae, the subfalcate wings, and its peculiar nut-brown color, with the
single, broad, darker band, in the middle of which is a row of ringlets.

The New York example, received from Mr. Mead, does not differ from
those from California.

Ociiyeia aurasaria Packard. Plate 8, tigs. 57, 58.

■ — ? "abrasaria H.-Sch.. Neue Schni., '-'7, May, 1856 ; Schtu. Eur., vi, 137, 1856."

" Cidaria abrasaria Stautliuger, Stett. Eut. Zeit., 3'J5, 1861."
Coremia ligularia Guen., Phal., ii, 417, 1857.

? " baicalata Brem., Lep. Ost-Siberiens, 80, vii, 15, 1864."

Cidaria nigrofasciala Pack., Proo. Post. Soc. Nat. Hist., xi, 49, 1867.

3 $ and 3 ?. — Front full, hairy, cinereous, with black scales. Palpi
long and slender, porrect, extending far beyond the front; second joint bushy,
broad at the tip; third joint acutely conical, depressed. Antennae dark,

140

stoutly ciliated, with short, stoul pectinations. Thorax concolorous with the
front. Wilms pale cinereous, with two fine, basal, black, parallel lines, bent
onthecosta; a broad mesial band, deep black on the edges, consisting of

four bands, the outer ones heaviest, and shaded diffusely within with black,
two-thirds as wide on the inner edge as on thecosta; a faint discal streak ;
the outer line of this broad band is very black, straight on the costa; on the first
median vein, ii has a large, acute tooth, of which the lower side is nearly con-
tinuous with the course of the band ; on the costa, one-bait' way between this
hand and the apex, is a square, dark spot, margined with white externally,
which is the beginning of a white zigzag line, continued to the inner edge of
the wing; beyond, the edge of the wing is dusky, with a marginal row of
geminate, intervenular, fine, black dots; fringe dusky at base, paler on the
outer half. Hind wings with no discal dot; two outer, zigzag, dark lines
parallel with the dusky edge of the wing, and a row of geminate, black dots
and fringe, as on the primaries; beneath, pale, with a luteous tinge ; on the
basal fourth of the costa is a conspicuous black spot; a mesial, curved, linear,
costal line; beyond is a sinuate, black line, most distinct on the costa; outer
edge of the wing dusky; fringe as above. Discal dots distinct on both
wings. An outer, curved, sinuate line, especially marked on the veinlets.
Fringe paler than on the fore wings. Abdomen pale-ashen, with a dorsal
row of black, geminate dots.

Length of body, <?, 0.40-0.45, 9, 0.40-0.45; of fore wing, $, 0.43-0.G0;
expanse of wings, 1.00-1.15 inches.

Caribou Island, Labrador, August 2 (Packard) ; Brunswick, Me., July 6
(Packard); Mount Washington, N. II., July 7 (Sanborn); early in August
(Scudder) ; Beaver Brook, Colorado, August (Uhler, Hayden's Survey);
California (Edwards and Behrens); Victoria, Vancouver Island, July (Crotch,
Mas. ( !omp. Zool.).

This species may be easily recognized by its minutely-pectinated antenna',
each branch of which ends in a slight tuft of long cilise; by the long, dark
palpi, paler at the tip, the broad mesial band, both black on the (Miter and
inner edges, and not narrowing on the inner edge so much as usual: by the
broad dusky patch between this and the apex, margined externally by a white
line; and by the hind wings having two distinct waved lines on the outer half,
and also by the very distinct double row of black abdominal spots.

When rubbed, the Californian examples look as in fig. 58. The Pacific-

141

coast male specimens are paler and considerably larger than New Hampshire
(subalpine), Labrador, and Iceland male examples; the length of lore wing in
all the eastern examples being 0.50-0.52 inch, while in Pacific-coast speci-
mens it is 0.G0 inch.

Standingcr gives the following distribution of this species in the Old
"World: Northern Lapland ; Finland; and Eastern Siberia.

OCHYEIA GUENEEATA, «. x/>. Plate 8, fig. 60.

.". t? and 3 9 — Male antennas simple. A general flesh-colored tint on the
wings. Fore wings with a heavy, angulated, basal line, with parallel lines
within and without the broader line. A broad, median, dark band, pale in
the middle, with the edges heavy and dark. The inner edge sends a sharp
angle outward from the base of the wing, an obtuse angle on the median
vein, and a larger angle on the internal vein. The middle of the band is
whitish, with a distinct discal dot. The outer edge of the band is angled,
much as in 0. munitaria; there being a large sinus in the discal space, the
angle below being large and well marked, while still below is a deep sinus.
Beyond this band is a broad, cofFee-colored, diffuse band, not present in any
of the other species. This band is sometimes interrupted, but is always
edged externally with an interrupted, rather distinct, white line. The hind
wings are pale flesh-brown, with traces of three diffuse light-brown lines and
a discal dot ; the two outer of these lines form beneath broad, irregularly-
scalloped bands, the outer very heavy, and edged externally with white. The
outer edge of the middle band on the fore wings is reproduced distinctly on
the costa, but faintly on the hinder part of the wing. The fringe is check-
ered with brown more distinctly beneath than above.

Length of body, <?, 0.50, 9, 0.40; fore wing, <?, 0.57, 9, 0.56; expanse
of wings, 1.20 inches.

Sanzalito, Cal., January 26, July 16 (Bchrcns) ; San Diego, Cal. (Crotch,
Mus. Comp. Zool.) ; California (Edwards) ; Sierra Nevada (Crotch).

This species differs from the others in the flesh-brown tints, and the
submarginal, broad, coffee-colored band. M. Guenee, to whom I sent speci-
mens, writes me that this is neither his Comma convallaria nor defensaria. I
accordingly take pleasure in dedicating this species to the author of the best
work vet published on the group.

1 ll>

Ochyria carneata Packard. Plate 9, fig. 3.

PMbalapteryx earnata Pack., Sixth Rep. Peab. Acad. Sr., 43, L874; Proo. Host. Soo. Nat. HUt., xvi, pi. 1,
fig. 9, 1874.

2 <? . — This species has the style of markings oi a Petrophorai not hav-
ing the numerous straight, wavy lines of Phifcalapteryx. Palpi unusually
long, beak-like. Fore wings produced toward the apex, which is, however,
rather more rounded than usual. Hind wings more produced toward the
apex than usual. Body and wings pale ash. Fore wings dull ash at base,
and with a broad llesh colored band, contracted on the submedian vein, where
it is edged on both sides with black; the flesh-color is less distinct on the
costa, where there are gray streaks; a broad, dark, cinereous band crosses
the middle of the wing, darker on the edges, and with a series of obscure
ringlets along the middle ; the outer edge has three scallops in the middle,
larger and projecting more than the others; beyond this band, the wing is
flesh-colored again, with a fine series of black venular dots in the middle of
the carneous band ; the latter is bordered externally by a fine, white, scal-
loped line; a row of fine black twin spots along the edge; fringe dark cine-
reous, interrupted by darker, slightly-marked, venular spots. Hind wings
whitish-ash, with three obscure scalloped lines, the outer one being the heavi-
est, dark cinereous, and edged with snow-white externally; a faint discal dot;
edge of wing with a conspicuous, interrupted, black line; fringe pale ash.
Abdomen with a row of dark dorsal spots, as usual in the genus. Two ante-
rior pairs of legs, gray, ringed with white. Beneath gray, densely speckled
with darker scales ; discal dots large and distinct on both wings; a square,
blackish, costal spot on the basal third of the wing; another over the discal
dot; a dark shade crosses the outer third of the wing, ending in a dark costal
shade; a submarginal row of dark intervenular patches, lined externally with
white scallops ; fringe as above. Hind wings much more speckled than usual,
with three scalloped lines, the outermost, very heavy and conspicuous.

Length of body, 0.42; of fore wing, 0.53 ; expanse of wings, 0.95-1.00
inch.

( lalifornia (Edwards).

This form may be recognized by the two broad flesh-colored bands on
the primaries, the long, large palpi, and the heavy outer line of scallops on the
under side of the secondaries.

143
Ochykia rubrg-sukfusata Packard. Plate 8, fig. 61.

Cidaria rubro-suffiixala Pack., Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., xiii, 402, 1871.

4 <? and 2 9 . — In this interesting species, the palpi are rather short and
blunt, hairy ; the front being unusually hairy, the scales standing up more
than usual. Body and antennae black, with scattered white scales. The lore
wings slightly suffused with red as a ground-color; the hind wings clear brick-
red. Fore wings thickly covered with dark bands; base of wing blackish,
succeeded by a narrow reddish-brown line, slightly curved ; beyond is a dark
hand, scarcely curved, and succeeded by a salmon-colored band, with a dark,
thread-like line running just beyond its middle; the middle of the wing is
blackish, with three black, wavy lines running through it; the discal dot
round and black, being situated nearly on the innermost of the three ; this
broad dark band is more curved on its inner side in the male than in the
female, and is narrower; the outer edge is sinuate, with a dentate projection
on the first median space; beyond this band is a clear, dull, salmon-colored
band, with a wavy, dusky line running through it, while the edge of the wing
is dull-brown; a marginal row of black, subtriangular spots; fringe brown at
base; beyond, obscurely checkered with reddish and dusky spots. Hind
wings brick-red; about six short, fine, wavy lines on the inner edge, disap-
pearing in the middle of the wing; a very distinct row of black, marginal,
intcrvenular spots, and fringe as on fore wings. Under side of both wings
red; hind wings deeper red than fore pair, crossed by fine, black, interrupted
lines, three on each wing; discal dots black, and costa of fore wings with
about seven black dots, the subapical one largest ; base of fore wings crossed
by two dark lines, forming three black circles ; fringe as above, but duller.

Length of body, 0.30; of fore wing, 0.44-0.50; expanse of wings, 1.00
inch.

Nevada (Edwards); San Mateo, Cal. (A. Agassiz, Mus. Comp. Zool.).

This species may at once be recognized by the brick-red hind wings
and under side of all the wings, the hairy front, and blunt, hairy palpi.

In one female, the ground-color is yellowish ; the hind wings especially
being bright yellow.

OCIIYRIA LACTEATA, 71. sp. Plate 9, fig. 2.

1 9. This beautiful little species, in the shape of the wings, especially
in the acute hind wings, closely resembles O. rubro-suffusata ; the miter edge

144

of the fore wings is rather fuller, but the palpi and form of the body arc the
same. Body brown. Fore wings brown, with very distinct white bands and
lines: a basal, broad, dark band, benl at right angles below the costaj beyond
is a wider brown space, succeeded by a thread-like, wavy, while line, the
largest wave being in the discal space; beyond this is a broad blackish band,
and beyond an equally broad, pure-white band, inclosing a round, black,
rather distinct discal dot ; half-way between the white band and the outer
edge is a zigzag white line, bent at nearly right angles below the costa, and
curved outward in the middle of the wing, with several joints in the curve;
the sinus in the discal space is fdled with a large black blotch; a black,
oblique, apical line, quite distinct; a marginal row of black dots; fringe pale,
checkered with dark. Hind wings subacute, of a soft, decided cream-color,
with no lines, but a small discal dot, and a submarginal row of black dots;
fringe concolorous with the rest of the wing; beneath, ochreous cream-color,
with four large, distinct, discal dots; an extradiscal line, more or less diffuse,
widening on the costa ; apical region brown, but the apex itself with a clear
triangular spot. Hind wings more clouded than the lore wings; two parallel
scalloped lines beyond the discal dots, and a submarginal line.

Length of body, 9, 0.30; of fore wing, 9, 0.40; expanse of wings, 0.84
inch.

Sanzalito, Cal. (Behrens).

This fine species differs from O. ruhro-suffusata in the white bands on the
fore wings, and the cream-colored hind wings, and in the under side of both
wings being cream-colored.

Ociiyria designata Packard. Plate 8, fig. 63.

"Geometra designata Hufnagel, Berlin. Mag., iv, 612, n. Cat., 17G9."

" Itottemburj;, Anui. Iliifn., Tali. SoUm., xi, 8C>, 1777."

" Borkh., Eur. Selmi., v, 385, 1794."
Geometra propugnata Denis and Schiff., Verz., 112, 177(1. »

" Fabr., Mant., 205, 1787."

"lliil.n., Schm. Eur., 286, 1797."
Ochyria propugnata Hlibn., Verz., 334, L818.
Cidaria propugnaria Treits., Schm. Eur., vi (ii), 141, 1828.
Cidaria propugnata Stepb., Nomencl. Br. Ins., 11, 1829.
Eubolia propugnaria Dup., Lep. France, viii (v), 184, pi. 18:!, Bg. 5, le30.
Cidaria propugnata Stepb., III., iii, 220, 1831.

Boisd., Gen. Ind., '.'1 1, L840.
Larentia propugnaria H.-Sch., Schm. Fur., iii, I 17, 1847,
Coremia propugnata Steph., Cat. Br. Lep., 188, 1850.

I rill 0., I'lial , ii, 112, 1857.

Walk.. List Lep. II.-i. Br. Mas., sxv, 1304, 1862.
Cidaria designata Zeller, Verh. Bot. Zool. Qes. Wien, xxii, 494, 1872.

145

10 c? and 1<> 9. — Of the size and form of O. ferrugaria ; bul the male
antennas are simple, being ciliated. Body and wings pale whitish ash. Foic
winss whitish ash, reddish at base, the red portion limited by a dark curved
line situated near the insertion of the wings; beyond is a broad light space,
with two dark, faint, thread-like lines; just within the middle of the wing, a
conspicuous, broad, blackish, even band, a little curved outward below the
costa; the extradiscal line narrow, black, straight in the costal region, though
wavy; below making a deep sinus in the discal space, and a large angular
projection in the first median space, and below curved and wavy in its course;
the median band is roseate, or light brick-red. and, near the outer edge, con-
tains two parallel, slightly sinuous, dark threads, bent outward below the
costa; a large, costo-apical, squarish, reddish-brown spot; a submarginal,
wavy, white line; no discal dot; fringe concolorous with the rest of the wing.
Hind wings whitish gray, concolorous with the anterior pair, and with seven
or eight line wavy lines, and a zigzag, white, submarginal line; beneath, both
wings with numerous common lines, of which the extradiscal is the most
distinct; discal dots very distinct.

Length of body,, <? 0.35, 9, 0 38; of fore wing, <?, 0.45, ?. 0.48; expanse
of wings, 0.96 inch.

London, Canada (Saunders); Brunswick, Me., abundant in midsummer
about houses (Packard, Mus. Peab. Acad. Sc.) ; Dublin, N. H. (L. W. Leo-
nard, Harris Coll. Mus. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist.) ; Milton, Mass , May 25, June
1, July 15; Cambridge, Mass., May 20, August 1-25 (Harris Coll. Mus. Bost.
Soc. Nat. Hist.); Dedham, Mass. (F. W. Very, Mus. Peab. Acad. Sc); Salem,
.Mass., June 9 (Cassino); North Beverly, Mass., May 20, June 12-16 (Bur-
gess) ; Ithaca, N. Y., May 31 (Comstock, Mus. Corn. Univ.) ; Oneida, N. Y.
(R. Y. Hawley); Easton, Pa. (Stultz) ; Philadelphia, Pa. (Ent, Soc).

This is the common typical American form, GueneVs var. A. I have no
European examples with which to compare it. Three Iceland specimens
only differ from these in the median band being less roseate, and with a
decided brownish tint. This is GueneVs var. B.

This form may be recognized by the simple antennae, the pale, quite
clear, ash-colored wings, and the broad, median, roseate band, limited within
by the conspicuous, black, slightly-curved band.

Staudinger gives the following distribution in the Old World : Northern

lit P H

146

and Central Europe; Piedmont; Northeastern Turkey; Southern Russia:
Altai Mountains; Eastern Siberia; Iceland.

This species is double-brooded, appearing in May and also in July, as it
is in Europe.

Larva. — "The caterpillar is figured in Sepp's exquisitely beautiful work
on Dutch Lepidoptera. It is represented feeding on a species of cabbage
(Brassica). The ground-colour is a reddish-gray, with a naedio-dorsal series
of triangular markings of a rosy-pink, and a lateral stripe in the region oi the
spiracles of a dingy-yellow." — Newman's British Moths, 168.

"Larva reddish-gray, with a row of pink triangles on the back; spirac-
ular line pale yellowish-grey (Sepp). < >n cabbage in September." — Stainton's
Manual of British Butterflies and Moths.

Ocuykia fkkki (i.\i;iA Hiibner. Plate 8, fig. 62.

" Geonietra ferrugata Hint, Icon. Ins.. 6, 14, 1759."

"Linn., Fauna Suecica, 338, 1761."

■ Borkl)., Kur. Schm., v. 387, 1794."

•■ Iliilui.. Schm. Eur., 460 (285 .'). 1796."
•■ Geometra unidentaria Haw., Lep. Brie. 308, 1803-29."
Cidaria ferrugaria Treits., Schm. Eur., vi \ii), lis, 1828.
Cidaria fetrugata Steph., Nomencl. Br. Ins., II, 1829.
Eubolia ferrugaria Dup., Lep. Prance, viii in, 181, pi. Is:',. Eg. 6, 1830.
Cidaria unidentaria Stepb., III., iii, '21.">, 1831.
Cidaria ferrugata Steph., 111., iii, '.'Hi. 1831.
Larentia ferrugaria H.-Sch., Schm. Eur., iii, 149, 1847.
Coremia ferrugata Steph., Cat. Br. Lep., 186, 1850.
Coremia unidentaria Steph., Cat. Br. Lep., 187,1850.
Coremia ferrugata (and var. unidentaria) Guen., Phal., ii, 413, 1857.

Walk. !!!, List Lep. Het. Br. Mas., xxv, 1305, 1802.
Cidaria ferrugata Zeller, Verh. lint. Zool. Ges. Wien, xxii, 495, 1872.

10 3 and in ?. — Male antennae well pectinated; front brown; palpi long
and stout, brown, pale cinereous beneath; a transverse black band on the pro-
thorax: behind, on mesoscutum, brown scales. Abdomen pale cinereous, with
a iow of blackish spots on each side very conspicuous. Base of fore wings
with distinct reddish-brown hands, alternating with pale lines, the inner one
broadest : within, at the base, dark; in the middle of the wing, a broad black
band, with a large angle on the outer side; edge finely dentate, lined exter-
nally with white; the dark band is traversed by darker, deep black, and pale
lines; discal dot small, black, indistinct ; beyond, and greatly widening on
the costa, are two parallel brown lines, which end in the middle of the wing;
a submarginal, scalloped, white line, and running just outside of a black. \rvy

147

distinct, geminate spot in the discal space; edge of wing darker; fringe icon-
colorous, darker at base. Hind wings dusky within ; discal dol distinct ;
beyond lineated obscurely with a few brownish scales; beneath, discal dot
distinct, dark cinereous, with transverse, black, scalloped, duskj lines; an
outer dark line, and a submarginal white line lined with dusky within, with
two finer lines between the discal dot and outer line.

Length of body, <?, 0.35, 9, 0.33; of fore wing, <? , 0.50, 9, 0.45: expanse
of wings, 0.90-0.95 inch.

Quebec, Canada (F. X. Belanger); Loudon, Canada (Saunders) ; Bruns-
wick, Me., common, July 10 (Packard) ; var. unidentaria, Mount Washing-
ton, New Hampshire, July 8 (Morrison); August 1G (Shurtleff, Mas. Bost.
Soc. Nat, Hist.) ; New Hampshire (Leonard, Harris, Mus. Bost, Soc. Nat,
Hist.) ; Milford, N. H. (Mus. Bost, Soc. Nat. Hist.) ; Milton, Mass., May 25,
July 15 ; Salem, Mass, attracted to lights, May 25 (Packard) ; Springfield,
Mass., July I.) (Dimmock); Brookline, Mass., August 18; Boston (Shurtlefl
and Sanborn, Mus. Boist. Soc. Nat. Hist.); Nahant, Mass. (Moering) ; West
Farms, N. Y. (Angus) ; Brewster's, N. Y. (Grote) ; var. unidentaria, Long
Island, N. Y. (Graef ) ; Philadelphia, Pa. (Ent. Soc.) ; Wisconsin (Mus. Peab.
Acad. Sc).

This species also is double-brooded, appearing in May and again in July,
as in Europe.

This moth is abundant everywhere, and differs from the equally common
O. designate/, in the pectinated antennae, very broad, black, or dark brick-
red middle band, bordered on each side with light-reddish wavy lines. The
black variety seems to be as abundant as the red, more typical form. It
seems to be less exposed to variation than in (). designate. The black or red
band varies much in width, and the discal dol in distinctness. In some speci-
mens, the median band is of a rich wine-brown hue. In some examples, the
median band is centered by a row of dark oval spots Our brown examples,
on comparison with one example from North Germany, received from Pro-
fessor Zeller, do not show any differences. Our black variety seems to be
identical with Haworth's unidentaria, common in England. Stainton retains
this as a distinct species from ferrvgaria, though he states that "the larva is
undistinguishable" from that of ferrugaria. Staudinger also regards it as a
distinct species, stating that it occurs in England, Northern Germany, and,
doubtfully, in Finland and Livland I am inclined to regard it only as a

148

variety of ferrugata, and a good example of melanism, as it occurs only in
Northern Europe, and none have yel occurred in the Southern United States
soulh of Massachusetts, though our knowledge of the distribution of this
species in America is exceedingly imperfect.

The localities of ferrugaria (not including unidentaria), given by Stau-
dinger, are as follows: Europe (excluding Andalusia, Sardinia, and Greece);
Bithinia; Altai Mountains; and Amur.

Larva. — "The eggs arc generally laid on tin' stems of ground-ivy {Gle-
choma hederacea), on the leaves of which plant the caterpillars feed. The
period in the egg-state varies from ten to twenty days, according to the tem-
perature; the cold enst winds, which so frequently prevail in the spring,
greatly retarding their emergence. The full-fed caterpillar rests with the
anterior extremity rigidly extended, but often in a slightly-arched position.
When annoyed, it lucks in its head, and rolls up the anterior part of its body
in the form of the Ionic volute The legs are crowded together and closely
appressed to the mouth : the head is prone, not conspicuously notched on the
crown, and nearly of the same width as the body; the body is of nearly the
same width throughout, and uniformly cylindrical, with the exception of a
lateral skin-fold, which extends its whole length : it is without humps, but, in
common with the head, has a few small scattered warts, each of which emits
a single small bristle: the head is putty-colored, freckled with black on the
lace, and having a darker stripe on each cheek; the color of the dorsal area
of the body, as far as the ninth segment, is dingy-brown, bill tins hue appears
to be caused by the somewhat tessellated ornamentation: this consists, in the
first place, of n medio-dorsal stripe, narrow and almost thread-like, on the
third, fourth, fifth, tenth, eleventh, and twelfth segments; on the sixth, sev-
enth, eighth, and ninth segments, the medio-dorsal stripe is interrupted, and
reduced to a median, intensely black, spot ; each of these black spots is sur-
rounded by a paler area, dilated laterally, but attenuated at the extremities;
a dorsal series of lozenge-shaped markings results as far as regards these four
segments; on each side of this dorsal ornamentation are three slender rivulet
slripes, all of them sesquialterous or semi-double, but neither of them very
conspicuous; the ventral area, extending to and including the spiracles, is
putty-colored, but the spiracles i hemselves are intensely black, and surrounded
by a paler area : there is a medio-ventral, pale-brown, or reddish stripe, con-
taining three black spots, and extending from the fifth to the twelfth segment;

149

on each side of this inedio-ventral stripe, the ground-color is extremely pale,
and the pale part is bounded by a double, sinuous, darker stripe, very similar
to those on the dorsal area; this commences at the base of the third pair of
legs, and ceases at the base of the ventral claspevs ; this is again succeeded
by a paler ground-color, and this again by a frequently interrupted and most
irregular stripe, which contains five conspicuous black spots, and terminates
in a large linear spot close to the ventral claspers. The caterpillar spins a
slight web among the stolons of the ground-ivy, and in this changes to a
smooth brown chrysalis.'' — Newman's British Moths. 168.

Desiderata.

Coremia convallaria Guen., Phal., ii, 410, 1857. — Elle est tres-voisine de
notre munitata. La couleure des supe'rieures est le testace'-rougeatre ou rose,
avec l'espace median formant une bande absolument de menie forme que
chez munitata. II est traverse de lignes plus ou moins visible, qui laissent
au milieu tantot une bai.de, tantot une simple tache claire, au milieu de
laquelle est mi petit trait cellulaire. On voit p'us loin un trait subapical et
au-dessous, une ombre; mais entre elle et l'espace median, je ne vois ni lignes
ondulees ni points. Les ailes inferieures sont claires, avec le bord teiute de
rose et une ligne niediane indistincte et plus arrondie au milieu. Les lames
des antennes sont plus robustes.

Californie. Deux £ . Coll. Gu.

Coremia defensaria Guen., Phal., ii, 411, 1857. — Elle est encore tres-
voisine de la munitata et surtout de la convallaria, mais les ailes supe'rieures
sont plus obscures; l'espace median forme un angle exte'rieur beaucoup plus
saillant quoique obtus ; la subterrainale est distincte, decoupee en dents
arrondies, et, entre elle et la coudee, on voit trois range'es de petits points
nervuraux noirs. Deux ou trois range'es; semblables se voient aux ailes infe'ri-
eures, entre la ligne me'diane et le bord terminale. Tons ces points se repe-
tent eu-dessous avec deux traces de lignes pres de la base, tandis que chez la
convallaria il n'y a que le point cellulaire et une seule ligne. Les lames des
antennes sont encore plus robustes et un pen claviformes.

Californie. Un <?. Coll. Boisduval.

Coremia plebeculata Guen., Phal, ii, 419. — 20mm. Ailes supe'rieures d'un
gris-noiralre mele d'ochracc, avec un large espace median plus foiled, traverse"

1 51 1

par cle fines lignes ; la coudee n'ayanl qu'un seul angle arrondi entre 2 cl '■>
Le bovd terminal esl egalemenl obscourci, a lignes, du role, peu distinctes,
mais de maniere qu'il se de'coupe, entre lui el la coude'e, une bandelette plus
claire el plus jaunatre, traversed d'un filel comme chez les Emmelesia. Ailes
infdrieures d'un jaune p§Lle, avec quatre Lignes noires cornmencanl au bord
abdominal, mais se perdant avant le milieu de l'aile. De petits points triangu-
lares, isoles, noires, bordenl les quatre ailes. Le dessous esl d'un jaune
d'ocre clair; les inferieures mil plusieurs petites lignes noiratres, denticule'es
el comme punctiformes. Antennes sans ciliations.

Californie. Un J. Coll. G-uene'e.

Jc n'ai vu qu'un seul individu de cette petite espece et n'oserais affirrner
qu'elle appartienne definitivement au genre Coremia. Elle a un aspect tout-
a-fail distinct.

Cidaria algidata Moeschler, Ent. Zeit. Stett., 35. Jahrg., 162, 1874. —
This Labrador species has pectinated antennae, and is apparently a pale
variety of the very variable O. munitata.

Cidaria inclinataria Walk., List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxvi, 1727, lsG2. —
This, as I '.earned by an examination of the type in the British Museum, is
a true Ochyria.

RHEUMAPTEBA Hiibner. Plate 1, tig. 10.

Rheumaplcra Hiibn., Tent., 1606-10.

ico Hiibn. (in pari ), Verz., 326, IS18.
Xant horhoe Hiibn., Vera., 327, 1818.

I'll ,ii ii na Hiibn. (in part), Verz., 327 (not Plcmyria, p. :t-!4), 1818.
Epirrhoc Hiibn., Verz., 328, 1818.
Euhjpe Hiibn., Verz., 328, 1818.
( alostigia Hiibn., Verz., 328, 1818.
/. rem Treits. (in part), S Inn. Eur., vi (ii), 217, 1828
Cidaria Steph., Nomeucl. Br. Ins., 4 1, 1829.
Melanthia Boisd. (in part), Gen. [nd., 216, 1840.
Melanthia* Dup., Lep. France, suppl. to vol. iv, 112, 1842.
Larentia H.-Sch. (in part), Subm. Km., iii, J 11, 1 - IT.
Coremia Steph. (in pari I, Cat. Br. Lep., 186, 1850.
Barpalyee Stepb. (in pari I, Cat, Br. Lep., 190, 1850.
Melanippi Steph., Cat. Br. Lep., 213, 1850.
Melanthia Steph., Cat. Br. Lep., 213, 1850.
Melanippi Gucn., Phal., ii, 386, 1857,

Walk., Lis1 Lep. Het. Br. Mns.,xxv, 1281, I 62

<? and 9. — Head much as in Ochyria; the front being rather narrow,
but full, with a well-marked interpalpal tuft. .Male antenna' simple, not

" Tbi-. is apparently the firsl time Duponchel used the term Melanthia; bul hare JCnpith,

i inder it, and Boisdnval had already employed the name.

151

ciliated. Palpi shod and stout, slightly raised, extending but a short distanct
beyond the interpalpal tuft, rather bushy; the second joint broad ; third joine
minute, conical, merged with (he second joint. Fore wings with the costa full,
arched toward the apex, which is subrectangular, the wings not being subfal-
cate. as in Ochyria; outer edge not very oblique, sometimes slightly bent in
the middle. Hind wings somewhat produced toward the apex, more so than in
Ochyria, sometimes very slightly scalloped. Venation: one (R. hastata) Or two
subcostal veins, the latter equal, or, with the inner one, small; the posterior
discal venule often not bent, sometimes, much as in Ochyria; the second
subcostal venule arises half-way between the end of the outer subcostal cell
and the origin of the third subcostal. Hind legs thick; tarsi thick, short,
not quite so long as the tibiae. Abdomen of moderate length, not reaching
beyond the inner angle of the wing, ending in a slight square tuft. Colora-
tion : there are three styles; in the ruficillata group, there is a broad white
band on the fore wings, and the hind wings are whiter than usual; in the
second group, represented by lacustrata, there is a median black band, and
there are numerous lines on the hind wings; in the third group, represented
by R. hastata, the body and wings are black, with a white common band,
and often large white spots in connection.

The species of this genus differ from Ochyria by the simple male anten-
na', almost entirely wanting in cilia, and the less subfalcate wings; while the
hind wings are never angulated, though sometimes scalloped, as in Ochyria.
Besides these characters, the species are nearly always distinguishable by
their markings, and the general habit of the genus is different. The venation
is very similar, yet slightly different. The species of the group A con-
nect the lacustrata group B with Ochyria, while hastata is quite different. I
see no reason why the genus, as here limited, is not as "'good" as those in
other subfamilies of the Phalcenidce, and do not think that the union of all
those genera under the term Cidaria, as insisted on by German writers, will
tend to clear conceptions. On the other hand, the genera are in a degree
artificial. Probably no two persons will agree on the limits of the genera of
this subfamily; at least, in the present state of our knowledge.

Larva. — "Caterpillars quite short, cylindrical, slightly attenuated in
front, with trapezoidal points, surmounted with small, quite visible hairs;
without lines, or with a few lines; head globular; living on trees or low
plants. Pupae contained in oval earthen cocoons." — GueueV

Synopsis oj the Species.

A. .Middle of 1 he fore wing while ; hind wings white :

Like ritfiviUaia, hut with the outer edge of basal dark area regularly curved /.'. brunneicillata.

Middle band white, wiili the bead, thorax, and base of lore wiugs black; a large

costo-apical patch : outer edgo of basal dark area jagged It. rufioillata.

B. Middle el' wing usually with a black hand:

Median band scalloped on thu edge; with a snbapical black patch B. basaliala.

Structurally like basaliala, but with two short parallel lines near the edge in the

extradiscal space : fore wings with a decided greenish hue /,'. parinotuta

Antenna: pectinated ; ground-color of wings chalky- white .. B. fluciuata.

Like lacustrata, bul with a decided flesh'colored tint and darker wings, while the

point iu tin' median hand is largo, trideutate It. intermediate.

Median band heavy, black, with a simplo tooth ; hind wings with six well-marked

scalloped Hues B. lacustrata.

Like lacustrata, but with a broad, clear, white baud beyond the median band, and

common to both wings B. unangulata.

C. Wings black, with white lines, bands, and spots:

Medium-sized, with usually a single, broad, white, median baud B. lugubrata.

Under-sized, with two white lines and a band on the fore wings : hind wings

marked like anterior pair It. tristata.

Largest species of the genus, with two white lines, a band, and a Bubmurginal

Hue : hind wings marked in the same manner It. haxtafa.

Kiieumaptera brunneicillata Packard. Plate 8, fig. 69.

Melanthia brunneicillata Pack., Sixth Rep. Peab. Acad. Sc., 4-2, 1874; Proc. Bost. 8oe. Nat. Hist., svi, pi.
1. fig. 10, 1874.

.'i & and ."> 9. — This species is more nearly allied to our R. ruficillata
than R. albicillata of Europe. Body brown, with a slight reddish tinge,
giving oil' metallic reflections. Abdomen darker than in the two above-
named species, with ;i tine, while line on each segment. Body and legs white
beneath. Fine wings may lie described as opaque reddish-brown, with a
median white band much narrower than in the two other allied species; the
inner angle with a deep rectangular sinus; outer edge with a large tooth
opposite the unusually large discal spot; yellowish aboul the tooth, which
varies much in .size, sometimes being obsolete; above and below (his tooth
the edge is sinuate; in (lie brown region beyond are two parallel, irregularly
sinuous, line, blue lines: the outer edge of the brown region scalloped, the
angles Idled with while, with a squarish, white patch, and a broad patch of
white in the middle of the wing, extending from near the large tooth oppo-
site the discal dot to the outer edge of the wing, including the fringe, which
i< mostly brown, with a white subapical patch. Hind wings immaculate
snow-white; beneath white, with large discal dot; outer half of wings dark-

153

brown, with a long while tooth opposite the dot; a deeply-scalloped, submar-
ginal, white line, much as above; fringe as above. Hind wings white, with
a discal dot and a submarginal, interrupted, double line, more or less obsolete,
and represented by scattered dots.

Length of body, <f,0.40, 9,0.35; of fore wing, <?,0.48, 9,0.52; expanse
of wings, 1.05 inches.

Sanzalito, Cal. (Behrens) ; California (Edwards).

Kheumapjera rukicillata Packard. Plate 8, rig. 70.

Melavthia mficiUata Gnen.!, Plial., ii. 382, 1857.

Walk.!, List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxiv, 1272, 1862.

4 S and 8 9. — Abdomen and ground-color of the wings clear white.
Head, thorax, and base of fore wings blackish, with blacker lines. Fore
wings with the base blackish, containing three zigzag black lines, with steel-
blue scales between; edge of the area shaded broadly with brown; the edge
is very irregular, with teeth projecting out on the veins, the tooth on the
median vein being small, not large and rounded as in R. brunneicillata ; a
clear, white, broad mesial band, with a small discal dot, limited externally by
a regularly-scalloped line, the largest scallop being in the second median
space; the white band contracts on the costa, being of the same width as on
the inner edge ; two parallel, submarginal, broad, white, scalloped lines, end-
ing in the large black-brown costo-apical patch; a dark patch filling two
scallops above the middle and another at the inner angle of the wing. Hind
wings with a discal dot ; an extradiscal line ; edge of the wings broadly
shaded with dark scales.

Length of body, c?, 0.45, 9, 0.40; of fore wing, <?, 0.60, 9, 0.55; expanse
of wings, 1.25 inches.

Quebec, Canada (Belanger) ; London, Canada (Saunders) ; Brunswick,
Me. (Packard); White Mountains, New Hampshire, July 20-30 (Scudder);
Kssex County, Vermont, (Cassino) ; Brookline, Mass., June 18 (Shurtleff) ;
Andover, Mass. (Sanborn); Amherst, Mass. (Goodell) ; Cambridge, Mass.
(Harris Coll.); Brooklyn, N. Y. (Graef) ; Albany, N. Y., May 29, June 24,
duly 21 (Lintner); Buffalo, N. Y. (Grote); Oneida, N. Y. (Havvley); Eastou,
Pa. (Stnltz) ; Lansing, Mich. (Cook).

This fine species may be identified by the white middle band, the black-
ish head, thorax, and base of fore wings, and the large blackish costo-apical
patch.

liOP H

i ;>-i

Rheumaptera basaliata Packard. Plate 9, fig. 2.

ntia basaliata Walk.. Lisl Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxiv, L184, 1862.

5 & and 5 9.— Somewhal allied to R. lacustrata in form; but the palpi
are of unusual length, rather slender, and the hind wings arc a little more
produced toward the apex. Body and fore wings brown; palpi blackish,
tipped at extreme end with white. Head gray. Fore wings with numerous
finely-scalloped dark lines; about six such linos: the median, dark, broad
band is loss distinct than- usual, without the usual angle in the discal space.
but wilh a large, distinct, Mack, discal dot; beyond the edge of this hand,
which has about nine scallops, is a whitish, narrow hand, with a faint median.
scalloped, dark line: beyond is a large black costal blotch, and a second one
below, opposite the discal dot. and limited beyond by the usual zigzag, white,
submarginal line: a marginal row of (dose-set black triangles. Hind wings
whitish, usually without any markings, except the marginal row of conspicu-
ous, black, close dots; beneath marked much as usual in lacustrata and allied
species, ike wings being clouded, with the lines faintly reproduced, and two
faint lines on the hind wings, with a discal dot.

Length of body. <? . 0.40, <? , 0.40; of fore wings, <?, 0.45-0.52, 9, 0.52:
expanse of wings, 0.90-1.10—1.20 inches.

London, Canada (Saunders); .Mount Washington, New Hampshire,
August Id (Sanborn); Mendocino, Cal., June (Behrens) ; Northern Cali-
fornia (Edwards); Victoria, Vancouver Island (Crotch).

1 tillering from all the other species by the scalloped edge of the median
hand, which is less black than usual, this species reminds one of Ochyria
designata in the two blackish patches near the apex. The two White Mountain
specimens have the hind wings darker, with traces of two lines, and are also
smaller than the Californian and Vancouver Island examples, the fore wings
measuring <».4l> inch; and the fore wings are a little blunter. It may prove
to be identical with some European species. Those from Vancouver Island
have longer, more pointed wings, and are whiter than Californian examples,
and expand a line more.

This species lias been identified from a drawing of Walker's type made
by Mr Willis.

155

Rheumaptera parinotata Packard. Plate 8, fig. 56.

Cidaria parinotata Zeller !!!. Verb. Bot. Zool. Ges. Wieu, xxii. 495, 1872.

2 $ and 1 9. — This peculiar s|iciios is structurally much like II. basali-
ata, but with a decided green hue on the fore wings. The body and fore
wings fawn-ash, with a greenish tinge on the thorax. Fore, wings with a
basal blackish band, formed of two wavy, parallel, approximate, black lines;
the band curves regularly outward; beyond are three fawn-colored lines, and
slill beyond a broad, fawn-colored band, becoming greenish toward the costa;
this band is enclosed between two black zigzag lines, which sometimes become
diffused toward the inner edge and unite, forming a black instead of fawn-
colored band; this band either touches or is quite remote on the inner edge,
with a similar band, but twice as broad, beyond the middle of the wing;
between the two bands is situated a distinct discal dot; near the outer edge
of the wing, in the extradiscal space, are two conspicuous, parallel, short,
longitudinal, black lines, somewhat like exclamation-marks ; the marginal
black marks are very distinct, much as in K. basaUata. The hind wings are
dusky, with the outer edge decidedly dusky, and with a faintly diffuse dusky
extradiscal line.

Length of body, <?, 0.40-0.42, 9, 0.45; of fore wing, 3, 0.48-0.50, 9,
0.55 ; expanse of wings, 0.95-1.10 inches. ■

Waco, Tex., November 5, December 5 (Belfrage, Mus. Peab. Acad. Sc,);
Dallas, Tex. (Boll., Mus. Comp. Zool.).

The green fore wings and the two black, parallel, twin slashes in the
extradiscal space of the fore wing separate this species from any other.
Zeller remarks that it is related to Cidaria didyiiuda (Linn.).

One of my specimens is tin; type of Professor Zeller, received from the
Museum of Comparative Zoology.

Kbeumaptera fluctuata Packard. Plate 8, figs. 71, 72.

Pkalwna-Geometra fluctuata Linn., Fauna Svecica, 859, 1746; Syst. Nat., ed. x, 5:27, 1758.
■■ Geometra fluctuata Hiibu., Schm. Eur., tali. I-, 249, 1796."

" Haw.,Lep. Brit. 333, 1803-29."
Plemyria fluctuata Hiibu., Verz., 327, 1S1*.
Zerene fluctuata Treks., Schm. Eur., vi (ii), 21'J, 1828.
Cidaria fluctuata Steph., Kotaencl. Br. Ins., 44, 1829.
Melanthia fluctuata Dup., Lcp. France, viii (v), 265, pi. 189, fig. :!. 1830.
Cidaria fluctuata Steph., 111., iii, 219, 1831. •

Melanthia fluctuaria Boiscl.,Gen. Intl., 217, 1840,
Larentia fluciuaria H.-Seh., Schm. Eur., iii. 154, 1847.

156

i orcmia fiuvliiuta Sh-pli . Cat. Br. Lep., "*'j '"•'"■
Mclanippe iduala Gaen., Phal., ii. 103, 1857.
M, hvuppi fluctuate dim.. Thai., ii, 402, L857.

,,v< ideata Walk., List Lep. Het. Br. >Ins.. xxv. 1296, 1862.
luctuata Walk., List Lep. Het. Br. Mus. sxv, 1291, L862.

2 ' mid 2 9. — Male antennae with rather long, verj slender pectinations.
Wings whiter than usual. Fore wings chalky-white as a ground-color; black
nl base, often with some reddish-brown scales; beyond, a broad white area,
extending to the middle of the wing, with sometimes one or two parallel,
faint, dark lines; the median hand is twice or three times as wide on the costa
;is on the inner edge, and often more or less obsolete behind the median vein,
where it is made up often of three large ringlets; anteriorly it is either rather
heavy and blackish, with the discal dot not apparent, or it is pale in the
middle, with the discal dot distinct (this band has sometimes a distinct red-
dish-brown tinge); beyond this median band is a broad, clear, whitish band
extending to the costa; beyond its costal end is a large, square, black patch;
interrupted by one or two white lines, which run in a zigzag course across
die wing; below this patch, in the outer part of the extradiscal space, is a
smaller black patch, filling two of the scallops of the submarginal, clear,
zigzag line; the marginal row of black dots in both wings is smaller and
isolated, compared with most of the allied species. Hind wings whitish, with
four or rive dusky lines and a discal dot.

Length of body, S , 0.40, 9, 0.35; of lore wing, S , 0.50-0.60, 9, 0.52;
expanse of wings, 1.00-1.15 inches

Caribou Island, Labrador, July 17 (Packard); White Mountains, New
Hampshire (Shurtleff); Mount Washington, New Hampshire, July (Morri-
son); Treat's Island, Eastport, Me., .Inly 16 (Shurtleff); Ithaca, N. Y. (Smith):
Philadelphia, Pa. (Amer. Ent. Soc).

This species also occurs in Europe, Asia Minor, America, and the Altai
Mountains.

Differs from the allied species by the well-pectinated antennas, the chalky-
white wings, thi' form of the dark, distinct median band, often obsolete or
very narrow behind, and in the costo-apical black patch. In the Labrador
and one' \\ hite Mountain (fig. 72) examples, the basal spot and median band
have ii derided reddish-brown tinge, while those from the Middle States are
pure blackish, and much as in the European examples received from the Vienna
Museum. The single Labrador .specimen (expanse of wings, 1.15 inches) is
much larger than any of the others, and agrees in size with the European

157

examples. Though my material is scanty, 1 do nol see any reason for sepa-
rating iduata from jiuctuata, which varies greatly in Europe. < >ne large variety
received from Europe is quite different from any American individual; bul

another is almost identical (except in being larger) with a While Mountain one.
Larva. — "The caterpillar is slightly attenuated toward each extremity;
it generally rests in a slightly-bent posture; it is very variable in color, brown,
gray, or green. I describe the brown type: the head delicately marked
transversely with dark-brown ; median stripe interrupted, and of various
colors, of which brick-red and deep-black are most conspicuous ; a small,
oblong, red space, surrounded by dingy-white, occupies the middle of the
hind margin of each segment after the fourth, and is united to a black spot
similarly surrounded on the interior margin of the succeeding segment ; the
two combined constitute what Mr. Hellins terms the arrow-head markings;
the dorsal surface of the tenth, eleventh, twelfth, and thirteenth segments is
very pale, forming a conspicuous pale patch, and this is continued beyond the
posterior margin of the ninth segment; each of the segments after the fourth
has four distant and distinct white dots arranged in a square ; those on the
tenth, eleventh, and twelfth segments are surrounded with small black mark-
ings; the sides are pale; the belly is also pale, but has darker stripes; it
feeds on the several varieties of cultivated cabbage (Brassica), on nasturtium
(Tropajo/u)» majus), and other garden-plants, and is double-brooded, both in
a state of nature and in captivity. The second brood of caterpillars is full-
fed at the beginning of September." — Newman's British Moths. 164.

Rheumaptera intermediata Packard. Plate 8, fig. 73; plate 9, fig. 1.

Melanippe intermediata Gueu., Pbal., ii, 395, 1857.

Walk., ListLep. Het. Br. Mils., xxv, 1296, 1862.

6 <? and 2 9. — Dusky cinereous, with somewhat of a flesh-colored
tint. Fore wings with two dark, parallel, wavy, black lines at the base;
the base of the wing being either clear or dark reddish-brown or dusky,
but not so dark as in R. lacustrata ; beyond the dark lines and the median
band, the wing is more or less cinereous, with two or three dusky lines,
or sometimes a single reddish-brown band; the median band is black and
heavy, limited on each side by two heavy wavy or scalloped black lines ;
the band varies much in width, especially near the inner edge of the
wing; it also varies in the prominence of the angle on the fust median
vein, which is large and composed of two or three scallops (while thai of U.

1 58

lacustrata is simple, smaller, and subacute); the discal <li>l is often surrounded
In a well-marked black ring (sometimes the band is so wide thai no ring is
formed); the wing beyond the median band is dusky cinereous, where il is
white in R. lacustrata ; there are two parallel, dusky, scalloped lines, seine
times nearly obsolete, and represented by two rows of venular black marks;
a distinct, white, marginal, scalloped line, ending on the' costa in front of a
squarish black spot. Tin; hind wings are more dusky and clouded than in
It. lacustrata, with usually less distinct lines: there are three scalloped lines
just beyond the small discal dot. and a double, diffused, marginal band;
beneath, the markings are much as in R. lacustrata, but the submarginal
white line on the fore wings is wanting.

Length of body, i,0A5, 9,0.40; of fore wing, <?,0.52, 9.0.52: expanse
of wings, 1.10 inches.

Nahant, Mass. (Moering) ; Cambridge, Mass., duly 3-21 (Morrison);
Brookline, Mass., June 1, August 18 (ShurtlefF) ; Albany and Sharon, X. Y.
(Lintner) ; New Jersey (Sachs); Easton, Pa. (Stultz) ; Philadelphia, Pa.
(Amer. Ent. Soc.) ; West Virginia, April 8 (Mead): "Canada, Xew York,
Pennsylvania" (Guenee) ; ••Saint Martin's Falls, Hudson's Bay, Canada. Nova
Scotia, and New York" (Walker),

This common species differs from R. lacustrata, with which it is liable
to be confounded, in the darker-ashen wings, the three-toothed point in the
median band, in the wing being dusky or flesh-colored beyond this band, and
in the darker hind wings. It is very near the European R. galiata (W. V.),
and may prove to be identical with it.

Rheumaptera lacustrata Packard. Plate 8, fig. 74.

Melanippe lacustrata Guen., Pbal., ii, :?9~>, 1857.

Walk., List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxv, 1296. 1862.

ii £ and 6 9. — Ground-color white; body dull-ash. Fore wings with
two curved, wavy lines at base, with an acute angle on the discal space;
between the two lines, and within them, the wings are tinged with dull red-
dish-brown : beyond the two basal lines is a clear white band containing two
or three dusky lines; the median band is heavy, black, more conspicuous
than usual: it varies in width, contracting more or less just before reaching
the inner edge oi the wing; the angle of the outer edge on the median
vein is simple, unideiitate, obtuse, sometimes subacute: above the angle the
band goes straight to the costa, without any sinus: the band is limited by

159

two parallel, Mark, wavy lines on eaeli side, and the discal dot is distinct,
sometimes surrounded by a black ring; beyond the median band is a broad
white band, containing a dusky waved line, with an angle corresponding to
the angle in the outer edge of the black median baud; the white baud is often
limited by a regularly-scalloped black line; half-way between this line and the
edge of the wing is a white scalloped line, with a square black patch before
the costal termination (sometimes the three submarginal lines are obsolete,
and the outer third of the wing is quite clear whitish, with scattered dots, or
with a flesh-tint). The hind wings are whitish, with live or six parallel,
scalloped, dusky lines beyond the discal dot.

Length of body, £ , 0.44. 9 : of fore wing, <S , 0.55, 9 ; expanse of wings,
1.15-1.25 inches.

Caribou Island, Southern Labrador, July 7-24 (Packard, Williams Col-
lege, Exp , 1860); London, Canada (Saunders); Treat's Island, Eastport, Me..
July 16 (Shurtleff); Brunswick, Me., June, July (Packard); Portland, Me.
(Morse): Salem, Mass., August 21 (Packard ; Nahant, Mass; (Moering) ;
Brookline, Mass., May 30 (Shurtleff); Cambridge, Mass. (Harris Coll.);
Springfield, Mass., May (l)immock); Dedham, Mass. (Very); New York,
August 2 (Mead); West Farms, N. Y. (Angus); Brooklyn, N. Y. (Graef ) ;
Ithaca, N. Y. (Smith); Brewster's, N. Y. (Grote) ; New Jersey (Sachs):
Philadelphia, Pa. (Amer Ent. Soc.) ; Lansing, Mich. (A. J. Cook) ; "Canada,
New York " (Guene'e).

This very abundar.t species may be known by the whitish ground-color
of the wings, and the heavy, black, median band with a simple tooth in the
median venule, and by the absence of a sinus below the costa, while the
hind wings have about six usually well-marked, dark, scalloped lines.

The two Labrador examples are rather smaller than those found farther

south.

Rheumaptera unangulata Packard. Plate 8, fig. 75.

" Geometra unangulata Haw., Lep. Brit., 332, 1803-29."

Sarpali/ee unangulata SU'i>h., Nomencl. Br. Ius., 44. 1829; 111., iii, 22o, 1831.

Larentia unangulata H.-Sch., Schru. Eur., iii, 150, 1847.

Mi lanthia amniculata Steph., Cat. Br. Ins.. 014. 1850.

Melanippe unangulata Cum., Plial., ii, 394, 1857.

Walk.,* List Lep. Het. Br. Mns., xxv, 1286, 1862.

2 J and 4 9. — This species may best be described by comparing it with
R. lacustrata, with which it is liable to be confounded. The wings are clearer

* The following synonyms an- also given by M. Guene'e ami Standinger: Ucolorala Borkh, .', 396;
Lis. Rosl., 98?: amniculata Hiibn., 386 ? ?; Boisd., 216.

11,(1

white ; the base of the lure wings dark, bound beyond by a w hite line, which
is succeeded by a broader dark band; between this and the median dark

hand is a while band varying in width ; this band traversed by a dusky line
the median band and its diseal dot is much as in lacustrata, but there is apt
to be a deeided sinus above the point on the median band: beyond this band
is a broad, clear, white band, very well marked, and common to both wings;
it is this (dear, conspicuous band which separates this species from lacustrata;
this band contains a dusky line ; the margin of the wing is dark, traversed by
the usual scalloped line. Hind wings dusky on the basal half, with a distinct
diseal dot ; the broad white band is situated half-way between the diseal dot
and the edge of the wing, which is dusky, and traversed by a wavy white line.

Length of body, <?, 0.40, 9,0.36; of fore wing, S, 0.50, ?, 0.50; expanse
of wings, 1.05 inches.

Springfield, Mass., June 12 (Dimmock) ; Cambridge, Mass. (Harris
Coll.); Brewster's, N. Y. (Grote).; Ithaca, N. Y. (Smith); Washington, 1).
C. (Dodge) ; Victoria, Vancouver Island. July (Crotch) ; Hear Creek, June
29 (Lieutenant Carpenter, Hayden's Survey ).

There is no difference between eastern and Pacific-coast examples, nor
can I see any difference in size or markings from European examples received
from Professor Zeller.

The range of this species in the Old World is, according to Staudinger,
as follows: Northern Germany; Northern England (including Scotland);
Belgium; I Southern France; ? Switzerland ; Galicia: Finland; St. Peters-
burg; Southern and Western Russia; Amur.

Larva. — "The caterpillar is stout, rather attenuated at both ends, and
rests with the head tucked in, the anterior part of the body, when disturbed,
being curled in, or curved in the manner of the Ionic volute ; the head is
brown, beautifully dotted and marked with black; the body is smoky-brown,
delicately mottled and varied; the back may be said to have seven smoke-
colored stripes, alternating with paler stripes; the medio-dorsal stripe is not
perceptible on either the second or thirteenth segments, but is distinct and
uninterrupted on the third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighth segments;
it is suddenly dilated anteriorly, and more gradually posteriorly, and is
extremely attenuated and scarcely perceptible on the remaining segments;
on each of the interstices bit ween the segments, commencing between the
fourth and fifth, is a short, transverse, reddish band, terminated at each

161

extremity by a longitudinal black spot; the remaining smoke-colored stripes,
three in number, on each side of. the median stripe, are scarcely susceptible
of verbal definition; each segment of the belly after the fourth has a cluster of
black dots, which are not present in any other British species of the genus ; but
Mr. Hellins informs me that markings of the same color and character occur
in Cidaria picata. It feeds on the common duckweed (Alsine media), and is
full-fed at the beginning of August, It spins its cocoon on or just under the
surface of the earth, and remains in the chrysalis state all the winter. In
captivity, it is sometimes double-brooded, but not in a state of nature.'' — New-
man's British Moths, 159.

Rheumaptera lugubrata Packard. Plate 9, fig. 8.

" Geomctra lucluata Denis and Schitt'., Wieu Verz., 316, n. Cat,:'

" Geometra transversata Tbuuberg, Mus. Nat., 75, fig. 8, 1788."

" Geometra luctuata Hiibn., Btr., ii, 4, 3, T, 1792 ; Schiu. Eur., 253, 179li."

Cidaria luctuata Treits., Schni. Eur., vi (ii), 214, 1828.

Melanippe luctuata Dup., Lep. France, viii (v), 28G, pi. 190, fig. 4, 1830.

Boisd., Gen. Ind., 216, 1840.
Larentia luctuaria H.-Scb,, Schni. Eur., iii, 156, 1847.
Melanippe luctuata Gnen., Phal., ii, 392, 1857.

Cidaria obductata Moeschl., Monats. Wien, 374, tab. 10, fig. 3, 1860.
Melanippe luctuata Walk., List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxv, 1284, 1862.
• Melanippe concordaia Walk., List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxv, 1295, 1862.
Cidaria lugubrata Staudhiger, Cat,, 2d ed., 189, 1871.
Melanippe Eodiakata Pack., Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., xvi, 23, pi. 1. fig. 7, 1874.

3 c? and 2 9 . — Body and wings blackish ; body whitish beneath. Fore
wings blackish on basal half with grayish scales, and a zigzag line just before
the black discal mark; just beyond the discal dot, a broad whitish band, wider
on the costal than on the inner edge, diffuse externally ; on the inside scal-
loped, and slightly excavated on the median vein ; beyond this band are two
obscure, pale, wavy lines, the outer ending on the costa, close to the apex;
edge of the wing with a narrower black line ; fringe paler than in the other
species, checkered with black. Hind wings with a broad white band, obscure
on the hind edge, and angulated outward just below the middle of the wing;
beneath, both wings white, with wide black borders, but white at base, with
a basal blackish shade; an outer blackish band enclosing the darker, large,
distinct, oval, discal dot, and below this angulated outward ; hind wings white,
with a broad black border, and a narrow dark line just beyond the distinct
black discal dot, which is much smaller than that on the primaries. Legs
blackish, ringed with white
21 ph

102

Length of body, S, 0.37-0.45, 9, 0.35; of fore wing, <?, 0.52-0.56, 9,
0.48; expanse of wings, L.00— 1.20 inches.

Hopedale, Labrador (Packard); Quebec, Canada (Belanger); Bruns-
wick, Me. (Packard); "Lake Athabasca" (Kennicott, Grote); "St. .Martin's
Falls, Hudson's River, Trrr." (Walker) ; Turkey Creek Junction, Colorado,
.June 27 (Mead); Kenay, Alaska I Behrings); Kodiak Island, Alaska (Edwards).

This easily recognizable species may be known by the uniformly black
wings, with the broad white band in the middle of both wings; the band vary-
ing much in width, and sometimes entirely wanting on the hinder pair.

Compared with an Alaskan example, a Colorado one is larger, with the
white band on the hind wings three times as wide, thus leaving a narrow,
dark margin, and a faint, dusky shade at the base of the wing. I had regarded
the Alaskan and Maine specimens as quite distinct, and the latter as distinct
from the Labrador var. obductata; but a Pacific-coast specimen, received
from Mr. James Behrings, labeled "Kenay" (near Kodiak, Alaska), is inter-
mediate between vars. kodiakata and obductata. The Pacific-coast individual
has the white band on the fore wings much bent, as in Maine specimens,
and the hind wings almost black, as in var. concordata; the white line being
almost obsolete. The Labrador individuals are more stunted than the Maine
ones, but both have black bind wings: while the Pacific-coast and Colorado
examples are much whiter, with broader white bands. The Alaskan moth
closely resembles Duponchel's figure. Thus the Pacific and Colorado forms
resemble the European much more than the New England and Labrador
examples. It inhabits Central Europe, Lapland, the Ural and Altai Mount-
ains, and Amur. It is leported by Grote as having been collected by Ken-
nicott along the route from the Mackenzie River to Lake Athabasca.

Rheumapteha teistata Packard. Plate !>, fig. !».

Phalcena-Gcometra tristata Linn., Syst. Nat., x. 526, 1758.

" liorkh., Schm. Eur., v. 430, 1794."
JSulppe tristata Hiilm.. Verz., 326, 1818,
(Maria tristata Treits., Schm. Eur., vi di), 210, 1828.

Mclanippe tristata Dap. (" in part"), Lcp. France, viii (v), 291, pi. 190, fig. .">. 1830.
ffarpalyce tristata Steph., 111., iii, 223, 1831.
Uelanippt tristaria Boisd., Gen. Intl., 216, 1840.
I.arinlia tristaria 1 l.-Srli., Si-luii. l'.m.. ni. 156, L847.
Velanthia tristata Stepb., Cat Br. [ns., 213, 1830,
Melanippi tristata Gncn. (" in part "), l'lnil.. ii, 390, L857.

Walk., Lis! Lop. U.i. Br. Mus., xxv, L283, 1862.

•"» 9 — A small black species. Fore wings black, with a wavy, curved,

163

basal Hue, bent outward on the median vein ; on the inner third of the wing
is a double (sometimes single) white line, wavy, with a distinct angle on the
median vein ; a dark, indistinct, discal dot; about half-way between the discal
dot and the outer edge of the wing is a much broader white band than the
others, traversed in the middle by a black wavy line (sometimes consisting
of a row of dots); the band is irregular, with a prominent angle in the tirsl
median space ; half-way between this band and the edge of the wing i* a
scalloped white line, usually represented by a row of white dots. Hind wings
marked just as in the fore wings; fringe black, checkered with white;
beneath, the same as above, with the bands and spots wider, so that there is
a greater white surface than above.

Length of body, 9,0.35; of fore wing, 9,0.45; expanse of wings, 0.90
inch.

This is allied to R hastata, but differs in its smaller size, and in the
hinder wings being marked like the anterior pair. Three specimens occurred
at Beaver Creek, near Fair Play, South Park, at the borders of the sur-
rounding mountains, elevation 9,000 feet, or a little over; and at Turkey
Creek Junction, Colo., June 16-25 (T. L. Mead). These examples do not.
differ from some received from Europe through Prof. P. C. Zeller. This is
its first occurrence in the United States. I am informed by Mr. H. Strieker
that he has a specimen from Labrador which does not differ from European
examples. It occurs in Central and Northern Europe and Turkey, and is
reported by Staudinger, with a query, from the Ural Mountains and Amur.

Larva. — "The caterpillar is cylindrical, slightly attenuated in front, and
rests in nearly a straight posture ; but, when disturbed, tucks in its head, and
the anterior part of the body is then slightly involute. The head is brown,
doited with black; the body brown, with a dark, nearly black, narrow, median
stripe; on each side of this are two white dots on each segment; and on each
side of the body are two narrow, pale, slightly undulating stripes, the lower
of which is immediately above the spiracles; these two stripes are most deli-
cately margined with black. This caterpillar is extremely constant in color.
It feeds on the hedge bed-straw, and is full-fed at the beginning of August.
It spins a slight cocoon on the surface of the earth, and remains in the chrys-
alis state throughout the winter." — Newman's British Moths, 157.

This species is said to be double-brooded in Europe.

1(34

Rheumaptera hastata Hiibner. Plate 9, figs. 10, 11.

Phaln nii-Ctomctra hastata I. inn., Syst. Nat., 527, 1758.

■• Borkh., Sohm. Eur., 210, L7!)4."
•' Ooometra hastala Iliibn., Selnn. Eur., tab. 49, ti^. ii&tj, 1796."
Rheumaptera hastata Iliilm., TentamcD, L806-10.
Etilype haitata Iliilm., Verz., 328, 1818.
Larentia hastata Treits., Scbm. Eur., vi (ii), 207, L828.
Xerene hastata Stepb., Nomencl. Br. Ins., -14, 1329.
Melanippe hastata Dap., Lep. Fiance, viii (v), 282, pi. L90, fig. 3, 1830.

Stepb., III., iii. 248, 1831.
Mrlaiiippt: himtaria Boisd., (Jen. In<l., 215, 1840.
Larentia hastaria El.-Scb., Scbm. Eur., iii, 156, 1847.
Melanippe hastata Stepb., Cat. Br. Lep., 212, 1850.
Melanippe gothicata Guen., Phal., ii, 388, 1857.
Melanippe hastata Guen., Phal., ii, 389, 1857.

(Maria gothicata Moeschl., Monats. Wien, 374, tab. 10, figs. 4, 5, 18C0.
Melanippi hastata Walk., List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., sxv, 1282, 1802.
Melanippe gothicata Walk., List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxv, 1293, 1802.

'6 <? and 10 9. — This very characteristic and widely-distributed species,
the largest of the genus, is deep-black, including the body and wings, with
slender white lines edging the abdominal segments. The fore wings are
black, with two remote, wavy, curved, basal, white lines often wanting; some-
times a third white line is present, situated half-way between the second line
and the outer white band ; it runs next to the obscure, black, discal dot; the
extradiscal white band is sinuous, bent outward in the middle of the wing, and
contains a median row of venular black dots, never united (so far as yet known)
into a continuous line as in R. tristata ; sometimes the black dots are want-
ing; the point of the median angle is sometimes broken off and isolated from
the band as a rhomboidal white spot; the submarginal white line is usually
more or less obsolete. Hind wings either wholly black or with traces of a
double median line. Fringe black, more or less distinctly checkered with
while. Beneath, with the same markings as above, but more diffuse.

Some of the Labrador, Alaskan, and Rocky Mountain specimens are
much whiter than usual (as in fig. 11); the lines and bands being wider,
more diffuse, and running into each other; the submarginal band is heavily
scalloped; and on the hind wings are two basal white lines. On the under
side, the white hands and spots are still larger.

Length of body, «?, 0.45, 9, 0.45; of lore wing <J, 0.65, ?. 0.65-0.70;
expanse of wings, 1.10 inches.

Okak, Northern Labrador, and Caribou Island, Southern Labrador, July
14, common, flying in the sunny valleys (Packard); London. Canada (Saun-

165

ders) ; Brunswick, Me., July, abundant during certain years (Packard) ;
White Mountains, New Hampshire, early in Augusl (Packard) ; sides of
Mount Washington, July (Morrison) ; Essex County, Vermont, July (Cas-
sino) ; Brookline, Mass., June 25— July 11 (Shurtleff) ; Cambridge, Mass.,
July 1 (Harris Coll.) ; Springfield, Mass., June 18 (Dimmock) ; Buffalo, N.
Y. (Grote); Oneida, N. Y. (Hawley); New Jersey (Sachs); Michigan (Mus.
Peab. Acad Sc.) ; Kenosha House, Colorado, June 80 (Mead) ; Alaska, com-
mon (Dall); "Vancouver's Island; St. Martin's Falls, Hudson's Bay; Canada,
Nova Scotia; East Florida'' (Walker).

This fine moth is the largest species of the genus, and may he distin-
guished by its sable hues and the conspicuous white lines and bands. Our
American examples do not differ specifically from European ones; and I am
inclined to regard R. hastulata Hiibn. and thulearia Staud. (received from
Lapland through Dr. Staudinger) as varieties of this variable species.

The Old World localities given by Staudinger are: Central and Northern
Europe (excluding ?Galicia and the polar regions); Piedmont; Ural and
Altai Mountains; and Amur.

Larva. — "The head of the caterpillar is of moderate size; the body,
when at rest, almost straight; the head not tucked in, and hence'the anterior
part of the body not involute; the second segment is covered with a shining
plate; the other segments regularly and transversely wrinkled, and of a texture
like leather; the tenth segment is rather the largest, and from that the larva
tapers slightly to both extremities; the color of the head is black and shin-
ing ; the body is generally black, but sometimes rich black-brown ; on each
side is a continuous series of minute black dots, which form a slender lateral
stripe along all the segments except the second and thirteenth ; this stripe is
above the spiracles ; the spiracles are black, and each is enclosed in a white
spot, and below each white spot is a crescentic white marking, the convexity
of which is toward the belly, the cusps toward the back ; above the slender
lateral stripe already described, there is sometimes an interrupted subdorsal
stripe. All these markings vary occasionally from white to brick-dust red.
It feeds on birch [Betula alba) and sweet-gale (Myrica gale). The economy,
habit, structure, and distribution of color in the caterpillar of Melanippe
hastata are entirely different from those of any other of the genus Melanippe.
Jt spins together the leaves of its food-plant, and feeds from the inside of the
chamber thus formed; some! imes eating through the substance of the leal,

L66

,-il others eating onrj the upper surface. It is full-fed toward the end of
August, and soon afterward becomes a chrysalis, in which slate if passes the
winter." — Newman's British .Mollis, 157.

Melanippe reciprocata Walk, is Odezia albovittata, as 1 learned from an
examination oi the type in the British Museum.

Desiderata.

Melanthia condensala Walk., List Lep. Eet. Br. Mus., xxiv, 127.'!, L862. —

New York.

Melanthia gratulata Walk., List Lep. Het, Br. Mus., .xxiv, 1273, 1862. —
Vancouver's Island.

Welanippe propriaria Walk.. List Lep. Met. Br. Mus., xxv, 1293, 1862.—
( ianada.

AXTICLEA Stephens. Plate 1, tig. 11.

dmwbe Iliibn. ( in part ), Verz., 333, 1818.
Cidaria Treits. (in part), Sclmi. Eur., vi (ii), 140, 1828.
Harpalyce Steph. (in part), Nomencl. Br. Ius., 44, 1829.
Cidaria Dup. (in parti, Ei-p. France, viii ivi, 'J!'-. I ■-':-!( i
Lampropteryx Steph. (iu part), III., iii, 233, 1831.

Inticlea Steph., 111., iii, 236, 1831.
i Idaria Boisd. (In part), Gen. Ind.,212, 1840.
Larentia H.-Sch. (in parti. Schm. Eur., iii. 141, 1847.
Lampropteryx and Anticlea Steph., Cat. Br. Lep., 193, 1850.

tnticlea Guen., Plial., ii, 104, 1857.
i idaria Staudinger, Cat., 78, 1861 ; 2d ed., 1871,
Anlidm Walk., last Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxv, 1299, 1862.

Head considerably broader between the eyes than in Rheumaptera, and
more so than in Ochyria. The stales on the vertex arc raised in a project-
ing, broad, transverse crest. Male antennae usually densely ciliated. Palpi
short, hardly passing beyond the front; second joint very broad; third, minute,
conical, concealed by the projecting hairs of the second joint. Fore wings
broader than usual; otherwise the form of the wing is much as in Rheu-
maptera. The hind wings differ in being a little more produced than in
Rheumaptera. In the venation, the genus differs from both Ochyria and
Rheumaptera in the much shorter first subcostal; the first three subcostal
venules being of (he same length, where they are, in the two above-named
genera, unequal, the first being nearly twice as long as the second: two
unequal subcostal cells; the discal venules run directly at right angles to (he
costal edge, the posterior discal venule not being oblique as usual ; in this

167

respect, they are as in Eupithecia. Hind legs rather long; tarsi nearly as
long as the tibiae. Abdomen, in the male, much thicker and less tufted than
usual. Coloration : gray wood-color, with prominent dark lines enclosing a
pale median band; the outer with large teeth in the subcostal and again in
the median region of the wing; a rather prominent, scalloped, dark line on
the hind wings.

Differs from the neighboring genera Rheumaptera and Ochyria in the
broader head, short palpi, the tufted vertex, the broader fore wings, and more
produced hind wings, as well as the stouter abdomen ami the venation. It is,
in the general shape of the wings, closely similar to Rheumaptera, but, in
coloration, is more likely to be confounded with Ochyria. Guene'e says that,
in some European species the antennas are filiform.

Anticlea vasiliata Guenec. Plate 9, tig. 12.

Antivlea vasiliata Guen., Phal., ii, 407, 1857.

Walk., List Lep. Het. Br. Mils., xxv, 1303, 1S0U.

1 $ and '2 9. — Of a dark-brown, with dark olivaceous hue, and black-
ish-brown bands and lines on the fore wings. Head with a blackish-brown
transverse line below the insertion of the antennae, and on the anterior edge
of the front blackish-brown. Male antennae single, very finely ciliated. Palpi
short; terminal joint short, projecting but slightly beyond the front of the
head, tipped with blackish-brown. Fore wings crossed by three well-marked
blackish bands, whitish, the basal conspicuous, heavy, blackish externally,
with a light inner line, and a mesial still fainter line ; the band is slightly
concave externally, on the outer edge nearly straight and scalloped, there
being two distinct scallops in front of and behind the median vein ; two faint
brown lines between the basal and median bauds, the space being faintly
tinged with purplish; the median band very distinct, blackish-brown, the
inner side heavier, blacker than the outer, with a faint, brown, median line;
on the inner side, the band is suddenly curved inward between the median
and submedian veins; externally, the band curves outward just above the
median vein, otherwise it is straight ; in the middle of the wing, a clear light
space, nearly twice the width of the median band ; sometimes the space is
almost white; it encloses a distinct discal dot; beyond the clear median
space is a light-brown space, tinged with dark olive-green, of the same width
as the median space, its inner edge dentate and scalloped, being parallel with

[68

the outer edge of the baud, which is sharply defined In a black line edged
externally with white; this line is situated about half-way between the outer
edge of the pale band and the outer edge of the wing; just below the costal
edge, it sends oil' two unequal, subacute teeth, the lines twice as large as the
upper, and bordered heavily with black internally j the line curves in as it
crosses the discal .space ; in the first and second median spaces is a promi-
nent, well-rounded scallop, below which the line runs straight to the inner
edge, being three times scalloped in its course; beyond this line, a broad,
dull, purplish shade, filling in the scallops; a submarginal, interrupted,
white thread: a conspicuous, dark, oblique, apical streak; the usual dark
marginal line; fringe brown, tipped with white. Hind wings washed with
brown, darker beyond the single, extramedial, curved line, which has two
scallops, one in each of the two first median spaces. Beneath, the wings are
less clear than usual, being finely dusted with brown, clearer on the basal
half, and with two parallel lines, the outer line consisting of venular dots
connected by a faint line; a subbasal, black, costal patch. Legs dark, ringed
with whitish. Abdomen brown, with dark transverse lines above, especially
marked toward the base.

Length of body, <? , 0.48, 9 , 0.45; of fore wings, 3 , 0.60, 9 , 0.63; expanse
of wings, 1.25 inches.

London, Canada (Saunders); Brunswick, Me. (Packard); West Eox-
bury, Mass. (Sanborn) ; Brookline, Mass. (II. K. Morrison) ; West Farms,
X. Y. (Angus); Brooklyn, X. Y. (Graef) ; "Canada" (Guenee) ; West Can-
ada ; St. Martin's Falls, Albany River, Hudson's Bay (Walker).

This fine moth may be known by the conspicuous, white, mesial band,
and. in rubbed specimens, by the three blackish bands on the fore wings, and
by its olivaceous hue; also, by the dentate and scalloped, very distinct, outer
line, situated in the outer fourth of the wing; by the clear hind wings, with
a single line, and the distinct, apical, oblique line on the fore wings.

I am indebted to Mr. H. K. Morrison for the1 identification of tins species.

PHIBALAPTERYX Stephens. Plate 1, tig. 12.

Cwnorali'i . llorismc, and Orthonama Hiibn., Veil!., 330, 331, 1818.
dcidalia I leits., I in pari I, Schui. Eur., v i ii), 5, 1828.
Phibalapteryx Steph., Noraencl. Br. Ins., 44, L829; "Cat., 138, 1829."
/. rcntia l)ii p. (in pari ). Lep. t'rancc, viii I . - 1830.
Phibala - eph., 111., iii, 255, 1831,

Curtis, Brit. I'm. 623, 1836.

169

Larcntia Boisd. (iu part), Gen. hid., 204, 1840.

H.-Sch., Schui. Eur., iii, 141, 1847.
Phibalapteryx Stcph., Cat. Br. Lep., 207, 1850.

Guerj., Phal., ii, 431, 1857.
Cidaria Staudiuger, Cat., 182, 1861.
Phibalapteryx Walk., List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxv, 1332, 1862.

Head much as in Anticlea, with no prominent vertical tuft, however,
but a well-marked interpalpal tuft. Palpi broad and stout, but short,
extending but little beyond the front; the third joint minute, concealed.
Antennae of male flattened, finely ciliated. Fore wings large, broader
than usual ; apex well produced, subacute ; outer edge slightly angular in
the middle. Hind wings small, distinctly scalloped, of the same form as
in Ochyria, but with the apex more obtuse ; the first subcostal venule is
much longer than the second, though shorter than in Ochyria and Rheu-
maptera ; second and third nearer together than usual; two subequal sub-
costal cells; second posterior discal venule bent, much as in Ochyria. Hind
legs with the tarsi nearly as long as the tibiae. Abdomen short and thick.
Coloration: either much as in Ochyria or both wings are crossed by numerous
wavy lines, much as in some species of Philereme.

Our common /'. intestinata is readily recognized by the large tore wings
and the small scalloped hind wings, as well as the numerous wavy lines. P.
latirupta, which is like the European P. polygrammata, is marked much as
in Ochyria designata, and has longer palpi than in P. intestinata, and is evi-
dently a connecting link between the two genera.

Larva. — " Caterpillars very long, filiform, a little attenuated in front,
smooth; head lenticular, flattened, having much-developed maxillary palpi;
living exposed on wood}' plants, very lively, and rolling themselves into a
helix at the least touch. Chrysalides subterranean." — Guene'e.

Synopsis of the Species.

Much like Ochyria dexignata, except that the hiud wings are scalloped P. latirupta.

Much larger and darker, with more deeply-scalloped hiud wings and longer fore wings P. intestinata.

Phibalapteryx latirupta Walker. Plate 8, figs. 64, 65.

Phibalapteryx latirupta Walk. ! !! (fide Groto), List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxxv, Suppl., pt. 5, 16rf4, 1866.
Cidaria l.iscinata Zeller!!!, Verh. Bot. Zool. Ges. Wien, xxiii, 205, 1873.

8 <? and S 9. — Antennae flattened and ciliated finely on the edges ; joints
two-thirds as long as broad. Palpi shorter and thicker than usual, blackish, a

little paler at tip above. Fore wings pale cinereous; on outer half and at base
22 p H

170

faintly roseate; a basal, double-curved, black line, edged within with roseate;
beyond, a middle, black-brown, double line; the outer line very linear, enclosing
a roseate line, a lilt le dilated inward on the costa; diseal dot round, black, in
a clear hand of pale-ashen ; the extradiscal band, consisting of a sinuate black
line or lines, shading diffusely, especially at its lower end ; opposite the diseal
dot it nearly disappears, sending a zigzag faint line straight to the inner edge;
beyond is a row of black points, still beyond which is a submarginal, zigzag,
white line, most angulatcd near the apex; a submarginal low of black lunules
toward the apex, becoming linear in the middle and at the inner angle of the
wing; fringe pale-ashen, with a roseate tint, paler on the outer half. Hind
wings pale-ashen, with a slight roseate tinge, with numerous dark lines on the
hind edge; an outer row of dark dots, and a submarginal, zigzag, white line;
edge of wing well scalloped ; fringe long, with a small, rather obscure, diseal
dot ; beneath, pale-ashen, with thick, broad scales, luteous at base, scarcely
arranged in lines, and thicker at the hase of the wing. Body and legs beneath
pale.

Length of body, 0.36 ; of fore wing, 0.46 ; expanse of, wings, 0.75-0.95
inch.

New York (Angus, Mus. Peab. Acad. 8c); Wisconsin (Mus. tVal>. Acad.
Sc.) ; Central Missouri, at light in June (Riley); Waco, Tex., March 21-29,
September 21-29.

It is evident from these dates that it is double-brooded in Texas.

A variety (plate 8, fig. 65) received from Texas (Belfrage), and taken
March 12, is rather large, expanding 0.95 inch, with the fore wings more acute
than usual. The general tint is as usual ; but the basal line is darker and
heavier, the middle line very broad and black, twice as wide' as usual, and the
outer side of the median band is heavier and darker than usual.

1 confess that at first I regarded this species as an Ochyria, closely allied
to O. designata. It differs in the large number of lines in the middle of the
fore wings and the many-lineated scalloped hind wings. It is closely allied
to the European P. polygrammata.

Phibalapteeyx intestinata Guenee. Plate 9, fig. 13.

Phibalapteryx intestinaia Guo:i.!, Pbal., ii, 432, L857.

Walk.!, List Lep. ll.-l. Br. Mus., xxv, 1337, 1862.

2 $ and 4 9. — A large species, with the fore wings large, the costa
quite full toward the apex, and the outer edge very oblique. It is dull ash-

171

colored, with about twelve black lines on the fore wings, and about the same
number on the hind wings. The lines are black, very oblique, becoming
scalloped toward the outer edge, beyond the distinct discal dot; the third line
beyond the discal dot is double, with long, regular scallops; the two next
lines are near together, and close to the submarginal, zigzag, white line ;
opposite each point of the white scallop is a marginal black dot, adjacent to
the marginal, black, interrupted line ; fringe pale, checkered with brown.
Hind wings marked like the anterior pair, with the edge well scalloped;
beneath, the wings are paler and clearer, with the black discal dots larger and
very distinct, with faint traces of the extradiscal lines.

Length of body, (J, 0.45, 9, 0.50; of fore wing, J, 0.65, 9, 0.70; expanse
of wings, 1.40-1.45 inches.

Brunswick, Me. (Packard); Portland, Me. (Morse); Salem, Mass., August
24 (Putnam; ; Brookline, Mass., August 26 (Shurtleff) ; Boston, Mass., June
10 (Minot) ; Cambridge, Mass. (Harris Coll.) ; Natick, Mass. (Stratton) ;
Amherst, Mass. (Goodell) ; West Farms, N. Y. (Angus); "Canada" (Guenee);
"Canada, Florida, Georgia" (Walker); Montreal, Canada (Lyman).

HYDRIA Hiibner.

Hydria Hiibu., Teutatuen, 180ti-ld.

Calocalpe Hiibu., Verz., 330, 1818.

Acidalia Treits. (in part), Schm. Eur., vi (ii), 52, 1828.

Larentia Dup. (iu pari), Lep. France, viii (v), 358, 1830.

Eucoemia Steph., II)., iii, 265, 1831.

Larentia Boisd. (in part), 204, 1840.

H.-Sch. (iu part), Schm. Eur., iii, 141, 1847.
Calocalpe Steph., Cat. Br. Lep., 210, 1 850.
Scotosia Guen. (iu part), Phal., ii, 440, 1857.
Eueostnia Staudiuger, Cat., 78. lsGl.
Scotosia Walk, (iu part), List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxv, 1342, 1862.

The head is as in Philereme ; but the palpi are much shorter, passing
but little beyond the head, and with the third joint sharp, minute, partly con-
cealed by the hairs of the second joint. Antennae simple, not ciliated. Fore
wings large and broad, but not so much larger than the hind wings as in Phi-
lereme, and not so falcate ; apex obtuse, outer edge slightly less oblique than
in Philereme, and not scalloped. Hind wings much longer and larger, with
the apex not produced, much more rounded than usual; outer edge full and
rounded, slightly excavated below the apex, but not scalloped; inner edge
with an ear and prominent tuft, much as in Philereme. Venation: as in Phi-
lereme, but the second subcostal venule is longer and more parallel to the

172

costa. Hind legs rather thick; tarsi as long as the tibiae. Abdomen very
thick; extremity large and conical, nol tufted as in Philereme. Coloration:
both wings crossed by distinct, uniform, scalloped, alternating white and dark

lines.

This genus is recognizable from the distinct, zigzag, white and dark
stripes, the long hind wings, beautifully tufted, but not scalloped, as well as
by the short palpi and the want of an infra-anal double tuft.

IIydria undulata Hiibner. Plate 9, fig. 17.

Hudria undulata HUbn., Tentameu, 1806-10.
Calocalpe undulata 1 1 f i 1 > 1 1 . , Verz., 330, 1818.
Acidalia undulata Treits., Schm. Eur., vi (ii). 53, 1828.
Lareutia undulata Dup., Lep. France, viii (v), 377, 1830.
Eucosmia undulata Steph., 111., iii. 265, 1831.
Lareniia undulata Boisd., Gon. I nil ., 205, 1840.

H.-Scb., Schm. Eur., 144. 1847.
Calocalpr undulata Stepb., Cat. Br. Lep., 210, 1850.

id undulata Guen. !, Phal., ii, 449, 1857.
/ /■ "*mia undulata Staudinger, Cat., 78, 1861.
Scotosia undulata Walk.!. List Lep. Het. Br. Mils., xxv, 1346, 1862.

5 S and 5 9. — Body and wings pale fawn-brown. Fore wings with
about twelve well-marked, white, scalloped, parallel, approximate lines,
becoming more deeply scalloped beyond the discal spot, which is large, black,
with one of the dark lines running through it; the brown lines alternating
with the white ones become blackish toward the base of the wing; the sub-
marginal white line is more zigzag than the others, and situated half-way
between the edge of the wing and the next white line. On the hind wings
are about six light lines, becoming whitish toward the outer edge of the
wing, as well as more zigzag; the lines are heavier than on the fore wings;
beneath, the wings are clearer, with the lines more or less obsolete, and the
discal dots large and distinct.

Length of body, <?,0.50, 9,0.50; of fore wing, cf,0.75, 9,0.75; expanse
of wings, 1.55 inches.

Brunswick, Me., common about houses (Packard); Essex County, Ver-
mont, July (Cassino) ; White Mountains, August 13 (Shurtleff) ; Cambridge,
Mass.. dune '24, October 10 (Harris Coll.); Brookline, Mass., August 6
(Shurtleff); West Roxbury, Mass. (Sanborn) ; Amherst, Mass. (Groodell) ;
West Farms. N. Y. (Angus) ; Easton, Pa. (Stultz) ; New Jersey (Sachs) ;
Black Hawk, Colo., elevation about 8,000 feet, Jul} 2, several taken inagulch
above the town (Packard, Hayden's Survey); Victoria, Vancouver Island
I Irotch).

173

This common and widely-distributed species may be known by its large
size and numerous, alternating, white and brown, scalloped lines on a clear
fawn-brown ground. The circumstances under which this species occurred
in Colorado show plainly that it is indigenous in America.

The west-coast and Colorado examples are a little larger (fore wing, ?,
0.80) than eastern examples (fore wing, 9 , 0.70).

Larva. — "Mr. Beauchamp has favored me with the following life-history
of this species : 'I took a female in 1861. She laid me some small, oval,
whitish eggs on the under side of a sallow-leaf, generally in the hollow by
the side of the midrib or some other rib, often two or more on a leaf, but
never adjoining each other. I transferred them to a young tree growing in
a pot. As soon as hatched, the caterpillars spun a web resembling that of
the Yponomeutidce, and sometimes, like them, several together. When a little
older, they bent and fastened leaves together, and ate through the walls of
their dwelling until they left only a skeleton, when they went on to another
place to behave in a similar manner. They were very sluggish, not taking
the trouble to push their tails outside, so that, when they had eaten the walls
of their tent, the lower part formed a bag full of their excrement. They
usually lay curled up in their tent, and all mine continued to dwell under
cover until they went down. I think I never saw them outside, except when
they were removing, and once when they had eaten their plant down to the
stump. Then they crawled about uneasily until fresh food. was introduced.
When full-grown, they were scarcely an inch long, and reminded me some-
what of the caterpillars of Eupithecia venosata in their general appearance. I
proceed to give a description of them: — Short and stumpy, with a few very
short hairs; head small, shining-brown, the two upper lobes round and con-
spicuous; dorsal line brown, bordered on the upper side by a slender, broken,
whitish line (perhaps this is the true subdorsal) ; spiracular line broad, dirty-
white, puckered; the ground-color above the spiracular line varies from pale
flesh-color to dark-brown, the belly from pale-gray to dark-gray ; in the
dark specimens, the dorsal line is scarcely perceptible, but the subdorsal (?)
is perceptibly darker; on the upper side of each of the anal claspers there is
a large blackish spot, in addition to which light specimens have a blackish
spot on the centre-piece of the anal segment. The chrysalis is in rather
a slight earthy cocoon. I kept mine in a tireless attic.'" — Newman's British
Moths, 179.

17-4
PHILEREME Hiibner. Plate 1. fig. 13.

PhiUreme lliil.n., Verz., 330, 1818.

Acidalia Treita. (in part), Schni. Ear., vi (ii), 52, 1-."-.

Scototia Steph., Noniencl. Br. Ins.. 1 1, 1829; "Cat. Br. Lep., ii, L39, 1829."

Larmtia Dnp. (in part), Lep. France, \ iii (v), 308, 1830.

Scotoma Steph., III., iii, 259, 1831.

Larentia Boisd. (in part), Gen. Iml.. 204, 1840.

H.-Sch., Scbm. Eur., iii. 141, 1847.
Scototia (iiii-ii. (in part), Phal., ii. 44o, 1857.

Staudinger, Cat., 78, 1861.

Walk, (in part), Lisl Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxv, 1342, 1862.

Head rather narrow between the eyes, with an interpalpal tuft. Palpi
rather long and slender, projecting well in front of the head; third joint free
from the second. Male antennae scarcely ciliated. Fore wings subfalcate,
with the apex much produced and very acute; outer edge very oblique,
slightly scalloped. Hind wings short, much produced toward the apex, which
is much more acute than in Hydriaor Triphosa; outer edge deeply scalloped,
more so than usual; males with an expansion ol the inner edge, and a long,
narrow brush of hairs below ; the first subcostal venule is long, the second
and third short, their origins remote from that of the first; two subcostal
cells. Hind legs, with the tarsi, as long as the tibiae. Male abdomen large
and stout, thick, with a large, infra-anal, broad, long tuft appressed to the side
before the thick conical extremity. Coloration : dark, with numerous indis-
tinct common lines, and an extradiscal heavier line common to both wings.

This fine genus differs from Hydria or Triphosa in the acute fore wings
and hind wings. From Hydria it differs also in the longer palpi, the much
smaller hind wings, and in both pairs being scalloped. The ear-like projec-
tion on the inner edge of the hind wing is much as in that genus. The
species differ in the degree of acuteness of the fore wings and of the scallop-
ing. In P. albosignata, the outer edge of the hind wings is bent a little,
where it is not so in /'. meadiata.

Synopsis oj the Species.

The smallest species; dark, with :i distinct, whitish, extradiscal, scalloped line; hind

win ys lint Blightlj Scalloped P. albosignata.

Very dark ; a little larger than albosignata : hind wiogs more scalloped P. califomiata

A distinct, dark, extradiscal line : bind w ings with ii\ e large scallop3 P. meadiata.

PHILEEEME AXBOSIGNATA Packard. Plate 9, fig. 14.

tpteryx intestinata Walk. ! ! ! (in part), List Lep. Het. Br. Mas., xxv. 1 '■'•:','. 1862.
i albosignata Pack., Fifth Rep. Peah. Acad. Sc, 61, 1873.

4 i and 2 9. — In this species, (he tore wings are entire, the hinder pair

< . »

but slightly scalloped, being rather finely dentate. Compared with P. undu-
hita, the wings are much smaller, the body rather larger, and the hind wings
more deeply and acutely dentate. Body and wings dark wood-brown, the
wings covered by fine, dark, irregularly-scalloped lines, forming dark venular
points. Fore wings with an indistinct, basal, whitish line, angulated on the
costa; a similar one beyond, waved between the venules; and an outer white,
irregular, scalloped line, there being two grand scallops projecting outward
in the first and second median cells; a submarginal, obscure, half-effaced,
zigzag line; three rows of white venular points (often obsolete) between these
last two lines ; a marginal row of white dots between the end of the venules
and the hind wings at the bottom of each scallop; fringe dark-brown; under
side pale-gray, dusted, and with five or six wavy, blackish, obscure lines, with
dusky scales between, the outer submarginal line forming a broad, blackish
shade on the fore wings, mingled with the broad, blackish border; also a
submarginal row of whitish points on both wings.

Length of body, $ , 0.52, 9, 0.45; of fore wing, $ . 0.G0, 9 , 0.62; expanse
of wings, 1.35 inches.

Virginia (Graef) ; North Carolina (Dr. Kneeland, Mus. Bost. Soc. Nat.
Hist.) ; Georgia and Alabama (Grote) ; Texas, July, September, and October
(Belfrage) ; "Florida, Georgia" (Walker); Bermuda Islands (J.M.Jones).

This species may be known by the dark- brown color and the unusually
blackish lines and border of the wings beneath. The fore wings are much
as in P. californiata, but the hind wings are much less deeply scalloped.

Philereme californiata Packard. Plate 9, fig. 15.

Scotoma californiata Pack., Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., xiii, 399, 1871; xvi, pi. 1, fig. 12, 1874.

It is dull-ash; palpi blackish. Fore wings crossed by very fine, numer-
ous, wavy, parallel, black lines; base of wing dull-ash, crossed by a slender
black line, and edged with black, beyond which is a pale, whitish line, suc-
ceeded by a broad dusky band, and beyond is a whitish band, situated on the
basal third of the wing; beyond are four black, wavy fines, crossing the
middle of the wing; three submarginal, black, finer lines, and well marked
on the costa, below consisting of venular black dots; a marginal, zigzag, dis-
tinct, black line; fringe dull-ash. Hind wings clear, much paler, without
any bands except four short, wavy lines near the inner angle ; a black, zigzag,

176

marginal line following the deep points of the well-scalloped edge of the
wing; beneath, the wing is clear and paler than above, bul ye! rather dusky,
with black costal bands, and two obscure rows of testaceous venular spots:
the zigzag marginal line is very distinct. Hind wings thickly dusted with
black scales, with three obscure rows of venular dots on the outer half of the
wing, and the marginal black line very distinct ; the discal dots small, bul
present on each wing. Legs black, ringed with white.

Length ofbody, <?,0.f,0, 9,0.50; of fore wing, <?,0.70, ?,0.75; expanse
of wings, 1.25-1.50 inches.

California (Edwards); Sanzalito, Cal., February S, September 24, Octo-
ber 7 (Behrens).

This species may be known by its dark wings., the hinder pair being
more deeply scalloped than in P. aibosignata.

Compared with Triphosa dubitaia, the apex is more pointed, the costal
edge less rounded, and the palpi are stouter and shorter.

Philereme meadiata Packard. Plate 9, fig. 16.

Scotosia meadii Pack., Sixth Rep. Pcab. Acad. Sc, 41, 18? I.

3 c?. — This is structurally closely allied to S. calif orniata Pack.; the
hind wings being deeply scalloped. It differs, however, in the fore wings
being rather larger in proportion to the hind wings, and the scallops on the
hind wings are larger and shallower. The lines on the fore wings are
more distinct, with a distinct discal dot. Body and wings cinereous : the
ground-color darker than in P. californiata. Fore wings with three double,
wavy, blackish, parallel lines before the distinct discal dot; beyond, a scal-
loped dusky line, and nearly half-way between the discal dot and the outer
edge of the wing a double scalloped line, making a large acute angle opposite
the apex of the wing and well scalloped below the third median venule; a
submarginal, faint, white, zigzag line; a marginal black line; fringe paler,
concolorous with the wing. Hind wings concolorous with the fore wings,
scarcely darker externally than toward the base, with five scallops edged with
black; a faint discal dot ; beneath, paler than above, grayish fawn-color, with
the discal dots black, prominent, those on the fore wings twice as large as
those on the hind wings; lour dark costal spots, the two outer sending oil'
faint, wavy, dusk} lines toward the middle of the wing, which, between the
outer line and the apex, is faintly spotted with while and dark on the venules.

177

Hind wings with a large double bunch of hairs pointing upward and down-
ward. Abdomen with a pencil of hairs around the under side near the tip.

Length of body, <?,0.50; of fore wing, J1, 0.77; expanse of wings, 1.60
inches.

This is very nearly allied to P. rhamnata of Europe. My specimens arc
all in bad condition, but the species is so well marked as to be recognizable
from the above description and the figure.

TRIPHOSA Stephens.

Flcroeymia Hiibn. (in part), Verz., 330, 1818.

Acidalia Treits. (in part), Scbiu. Eur., vi (ii), 52, 1828.

Tripliosa Stepb., Nomencl. Br. Ins., 44, 1829; " Cat. Br. Lep.,ii, 139, 1829."

Larentia Dup. (in part), Lep. France, viii (v), 358, 1830.

Tripliosa Stepb., 111., iii, 259, 1831.

Larentia Boisd. (iu part), Gen. Ind., 204, 1840.

H.-Scb. (iu part), Sebm. Eur., iii, 141, 1847.
Tripliosa Stepb., Cat. Br.- Lep., 209, 1850.
Scolosia Guen. (iu part), Pbal., ii, 440, 1857.
Tripliosa Staudiuger, Cat., 78, 1861.
Scotosia Walk, (in part), List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxv, 1342, 1862.

Head as in Philereme. Palpi much longer than in that genus, extending
far beyond the head ; third joint not easily distinguishable. Male antenna?
very finely ciliated. Fore wings short and broad ; costa much arched toward
the rectangular apex; outer edge much less oblique than usual, deeply scal-
loped. Hind wings long, extending well beyond the end of the abdomen ;
the inner edge long, with no ear or brush, the outer very deeply scalloped,
much more so than in any other genus of the subfamily, the points of the
scallops being very long and acute. Venation: much as in PMlereme ; the
inner subcostal cell much smaller than the outer. Hind leys as in Philereme.
Abdomen long and slender, witli lateral crests, and a well-marked, square,
long, anal tuft. Coloration: much as in Philereme.

This genus differs from Pliilereme in the long palpi and abdomen, and
the very deep, sharp scallops in the hind wings especially. It comprises the
largest species of the subfamily.

tllRARY

Teiphosa dubitata Stephens. Plate 9, fig. 18.

Phalama-Geomelra dubitata Linn., Syst. Nat., x, 524, 1758.

■■ Geometra dubitata Hiibn., Sebm. Eur., tab. 51, tig. 265, 1796."

Acidalia dubitata Treits., Sebm. Eur., vi (ii), 69, 1828.

Triplwsa dubitata Stepb., Norneuel. Br. Ins., 44, 1829.

Larentia dubitata Dup., Lep. France, viii (v), 362, pi. 195, tig. 5, 1830.

IHphjBa it ' ihitata Stepb., III., iii, 262, 1831.

23 P H

178

ntia dubilaria Boiad., Gen. [nd., 205, 1840.

H.-Sch., Scbm. Eur., iii, 142, 1847.
Triphoaa dubitata Steph., Cat. Br. Lop., 209, L850.
Scotosiu haxitata Guen., I'lial.. ii, 444, 1857.
Scotosia dubitata . Gueu., Phal., ii, 445, L857.

Walk.. List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xw, L342, 1862.

3 £ and 1 9. — This is a large, pair-cinereous species, with a reddish
tinge. The lore wings are crossed by three reddish, zigzag bands, the basal
one being curved angularly on the costa; beyond are three very zigzag lines,
interrupted by two paler bands; the middle reddish band is less curved than
the basal one, accompanied on the inner side by a dusky band; this line
contracts slightly opposite the small, dark, narrow, oblique, discal spot, which
is nearer the line than in the European specimen ; this line also contracts on
the inner edge; the outer line is irregularly scalloped, but is straight on the
costa, with a subacute, curved angle on the lower subcostal nervule, below
which is a broad, regular sinus, rounded out, terminating in the middle of the
first median space, but not nearly upon or just below the first median nerv-
ure, as in the English specimen ; below, the line is regularly scalloped
between the nervules ; beyond, the submarginal line is much more dusky
than in the English moth, with two faint rows of white strigae on the nerv-
ules, with a distinct, white, submarginal line, and a black, linear scalloped
line; fringe dusky. The hind wings are crossed by two distinct, but rather
(litl'use, dusky, submarginal lines, which are more distinct beneath, and do
not appear in the English specimen ; beneath, it is more dusky than in the
specimen from England, with the outer line on the fore wing differing from
the European moth as described above.

Length of body, #,0.70, 9,0.55; of fore wing, #,0.95, 9,0.80; expanse
of wings, "2.00 inches.

Caribou Island, Straits of Belle Isle; Montreal, Canada (Lyman); Eagle
Lake, Northern Maine, early in September (Packard); Brookline, Mass.,
May 21 (Shurtleff) ; Sierra Nevada, Cal. (Edwards).

Specimens of this species, which were collected in Hudson's Bay Terri-
tory by Barnston, and also in Canada, were referred by Mr. Walker, in the
Catalogue of the Lepidoptera in the British Museum, to a variety of the com-
mon European dubitata.

Our Labrador species agrees well with a specimen from the Fish River
Lakes in Northern Maine: and they seem to present indications of a climatal
variety of (lie European form. We have compared a Labrador and a Maine
specimen with a .single English specimen.

179

The California!] examples (8. heesitata Gruen.) are considerably larger
than eastern examples, with (as Guene'e remarks) the wings more pointed.
Length of wing in Californian example, 0.95; in the Maine one, 0.80 inch.

Larva. — "Mr. Crewe thus describes the caterpillar: 'The ground-color
is pale yellowish-green, with two whitish-yellow, central, dorsal stripes ; there
are two subdorsal stripes also whitish-yellow; the spiracular stripe is bright-
yellow and orange ; the back and sides are occasionally studded with a few
black tubercles, and always with a few short, whitish hairs; the belly is desti-
tute of markings. It feeds on the common buck-thorn (Rhamnus catharticus),
and is full-fed about the middle of June, when it forms an earthen cocoon,
and therein changes to a dark reddish-brown chrysalis.'" — Newman's British
Moths, 176.

Herrich-SchaefFer states that in Europe, the larva feeds on the sloe or
wild plum, " stone-fruit," and white-thorn.

The moths fly in June and September in Europe and this country.

LOBOPHORA Curtis. Plate 1, figs. 14, 14a.

Tricliopteryx Hubn. (iu part), Verz., 323, 1818.
Lobophora Curtis, Brit. Ent., SI, 1825.
Acidalia Treits. (iu part), Scum. Eur., vi (ii), 5, 1828.
Lobophora Stepb., Nomencl. Br. Ins., 44, 1829.
Amailiia Dup., Lep. Frauce, viii (v), 486, 1830.
Lobophora Stepb., 111., iii, 27(5, 1831.

Boied., Gen. Ind., 207, 1840.

H.-Scb., Scbm. Eur., iii, 178, 1847.

Steph., Cat. Br. Idb., 199, 1850.

Lederer, Verb. Boc. Zool. Ges. Wieu, 249, 1853.

Guen., Phal., ii, 364, 1857.

Staudinger, Cat., 77, 1861.

Walk., List Lep. Het. Br. Mus.

Head large, front broad and full, more so than usual. Palpi slender,
varying much in length, usually not extending beyond the front; but in L.
viridata of great length, extending beyond the head by a distance equal to the
length of the latter; third joint smallj»conical, almost indistinguishable from
the second joint. Male antennae very slender, not ciliated, annulated. Fore
wings broad and triangular, or long and rather narrow, but the degree of
fullness of the costal and outer edge the same: when the wing is long and
narrow, the outer edge is oblique ; costa straight ; apex obtuse. Hind wings
either short or moderately long, the apex suddenly subacute ; outer edge
short, rounded ; at the base of the inner edge of the wing, in the male, a
prominent oval or linear swelling. Venation: one, usually two, very unequal

180
subcostal cells; the inner, when present, small; the first three subcostal

venules very short and equal in length; the two discal venules are, in their

united course, oblique. Male hind legs long and slender; tarsi sometimes
of unusual length, much longer than the tibiee. Abdomen long and slender,
sometimes extending beyond the hind wings. Coloration: the wings are

thinly covered with scales; they are pale, often almost whitish, with dark,
wavy lines especially marked on the veins, while the hind wings are (dear, or
with a single taint line.

This genus is at once recognizable by the small hind wings, which only
extend in Highl as far as the inner angle of the fore wings : by the prominent
lobe on the hind wings in the male; and by the large, full head, and slender,
usually rather short, palpi. In some of the characters, the genus closely
approaches Glaucopteryx, and also Evpithecia, so that the long-winged species
may be mistaken for those of the latter genus, the writer having erred in this
respect. Fig. 14 a represents the venation of L. montanata. The second
cross-cell beyond the anterior discal appears to be an anomaly.
It is possible that Evpithecia cretaceata belongs to this genus
Larva — "Caterpillars of medium length, smooth, velvety, not attenu-
ated, with distinct lines; head heart-shaped, with prominent anal points.
Living exposed on trees or shrubs. Chrysalides subterranean.'' — Guende.

Synopsis of the Species.

A. Fore wings short and broad; hind wings very short:

Fore wings broader than in any other species: hind wings white, with no lines

except the marginal L. inequaliata.

Fore wings broad and short : discal dots distinct ; two broad, flesh-colored bands./., montanata.
Fore wings ra tiler broad, greenish ; hind wings smoky L. viridata.

B. Fore wings long and narrow; hind wings long:

Fori- wings very acute ; whitish-ash, with a broad, smoky shade beyond the extra-
diseal line ; discal dot linear, and continent with a black streak on median
vein ; otherwise much as in the next species L. remain.

White, tinged with pale-green, with a deeply-sinuate extradiscal line touching the
discal dot, and a double, sinuous hair-line half-way between the extra-
discal and outer edge oi the line L. anguilineata.

Like anguilineata, but larger, and with heavier, less sin nuns lines; the submarginal

regularly scalloped, chalky-white, with several scalloped dark lines L. geminata.

Lobopiiora inequaliata, sp. nov. Plate 9, tig. 20.

1 9. — Fore wings short and very broad; outer edge as long as the inner:
apex sub rectangular. Hind wings very short and small, the apex subacute.

181

Body and fore wings pale-gray, the latter crossed by numerous dark-brown
lines; a double basal line, scarcely bent on the costa, succeeded by a broad,
diffuse, dusky band, irregular on the edges ; just before the middle of the
wing, and separated from the broad band by a narrow whitish space, is a
double line, irregularly sinuous in its course; on the outer half of the wing
are four indistinct scalloped lines, especially marked on the veins ; a large,
dark apical cloud and two twin patches below the apex; fringe dirty-white,
checkered indistinctly with brown. Hind wings white, with a few dusky
scales near the outer edge ; a black marginal line; fringe white. No discal
dots to be seen above, but beneath are four, those on the fore wings being
linear; a slightly-marked extradiscal scalloped line; but the entire under side
is dirty-white.

Length of body, 9, 0.35; of fore wing, 9, 0.58; expanse of wings, 1.15
inches.

Long Island, N. Y. (H. K. Morrison).

Tins species belongs to the same section as L. montanata, but the fore
wings are still broader and the markings very different. It also differs in the
hind wings being unspotted, except the usual marginal line, and in the absence
of the discal dots on the upper side.

Lobophora montanata Packard. Plate 9, fig. 21.

Lobophora montanata Pack., Sixth Rep. Peab. Acad. Sc, 40, 1874.

3 9. — Closely allied to L. halterata and carpinata of Europe and Asia.
The fore wings large and broadly triangular; the hind wings very small,
short, and triangular; the apex much pointed. Body and wings whitish-ash.
Plead and palpi darker. Fore wings with a broad, dark, basal band, widest
on the costa; a median paler band, dark on the costa, and enclosing the sub-
linear, rather large, discal spots; edge of wing with a broad, blackish border,
the veins darker ; a row of fine black dots on the extreme edge ; fringe white
on both wings. Hind wings dull-white, with a faint, dusky margin along the
outer edge ; a faint, minute, discal dot ; a very narrow black line on the
extreme edge of the fringe; beneath whitish, tinged with pale flesh-color
along the costa; discal dots larger than above, distinct; beyond are two
dusky, scalloped lines, the inner sinuous and angulated below the costa, the
outer most distinct on the venules; these lines common to both wings. Fore
legs dusky ; hind legs whitish.

1 82

Length of body, 040; of fore wing, 0.54; breadth, 0.28; of hind wing,
0.38: breadth, 0.25 ; expanse of wings, 1.10-1.15 inches.

Quebec, Canada ( Belanger) ; Amherst, Mass., June 21 (L. W. Goodell) ;
Colorado, June 28 (T. L. Mead); Montreal, Canada (Caulfield).

L. halterata, to which this species seems nearest allied, occurs in Cen-
tral and Smith Europe and Middle Lapland, while /.. carpinata is found in
Central and Southern Europe, and also Eastern Siberia, the Ural Mountains,
and Amur.

The specimens from Quebec and Amherst, Mass., differ from the Colo-
radian example in being whiter, with less of a flesh-colored tint, and with the
lines less distinct on the hind wings; but there is no essential difference in
the markings.

LoBorHORA viridata Packard. Plate 9, tig. 19.

Lobophora viridata Pack., Fifth Rep. Peab. Acad. Sc.,56, 1873.

2 <? and 1 9. — Head greenish, with ashen and blackish scales. Palpi
of great length, porrect, large and stout, black, with a few light-cinereous
scales; at extreme tip whitish. Fore wings diffusely greenish along the costa;
median vein and inner margin with black strigee and scales; a broad, basal,
black, curved line, dentate on the internal vein and widening on the costa;
beyond, a broad, greenish band, with several rows of black, longitudinal
strigse; a broad, mesial, dark band, one-half as wide on the internal edge as
on the costa. dusky, with black scales and streaks, and on the outer edge
enclosing at the base of the first median space a green patch, also a broad,
longitudinal, apical patch; outer edge dark-cinereous; fringe pale. Hind
wings pale, immaculate; beneath uniformly pale, with a dusky line common
to both wings, and a slighf discal dot; on the base of the inner edge of the
hind wing is a kmg, blister-like expansion of the wing, by which this genus
may readily be recognized, besides its long, slender wings, with apex much
produced, and the very large, long palpi. Antennae simple, annulated also
with white. Legs dark, ringed with white. The hind wings extend nearly
a third of their length beyond the raid of the abdomen.

Length of body, <?,0..">7, 9,0.34; of line wiug, S , 0,45, 9,0.44; expanse
of wings, 0.95 inch.

Montreal, Canada (Caulfield); Brunswick, Me. (Packard); New York
i K-otc); Philadelphia, Pa. (Amer. Ent. Soc).

183

This species is readily known by its wings being green along the costal
edge and at base, and by its rather small size, and the numerous lines on the
fore wings, often represented by dark dots.

Lobophora vernata Packard. Plate 8, fig. 13.

Eupithecia vernata Pack., Fifth Rep. Peab. Acad. Sc, 57, 1873.

3 S and 3 9. — Head whitish, snow-white on edge of front,- with a black
hair-line just below the antenna;. Palpi white beneath, second joint black,
third white. Body and wings pale-whitish cinereous. Fore wings much
sharper at the apex than in L. anguilitieata ; basal half of fore wings nearly
white, with a black, linear, basal line, curved and angulated outward strongly
on the median space, and sinuated inward on the submediau interspace; a
black linear dot, often connecting with a black streak on the median vein ; a
tew brownish and yellowish scales in the middle of the wing; veins irregu-
larly spotted with white and black; an outer broadly sinuate line, very
regularly incurved below the median vein, and, in front of that, going nearly
straight to the costa, and touching the hind end of the discal spot; from this
line proceed linear black streaks along the veins, especially marked on the
median branches, which become interrupted toward the outer edge ; the line
is broadly and diffusely shaded with pale smoke-brown externally, darker
next the line; beyond is a geminate, sinuous line of brown scales, partially
obsolete below the median vein, and especially marked on the costa and in
the extradiscal space ; a marginal row of geminate, black dots. Hind wings
smoky-white, with no markings; fringe white, with a smoky-brown line;
beneath pale-white ; the fore wing with the outer curved line faintly marked,
and a little beyond intervenular, black dots; fringe pale-whitish. Hind wings
dusky. Fore legs dark, ringed with white

Length of body, 0.45; of fore wing, 0.60; expanse of wings, 1.30 inches.

Montreal, Canada (Lyman); Brunswick, Me. (Packard); Brookline,
Mass., April 28-May 29 (Shurtleff) ; New York (Grote); Albany, N. Y.
(Lintner) ; Philadelphia, Pa. (Ent. Soc).

One of the earliest insects that Hies, appearing in April in Maine, before
the snow is off. It is easily known by its large size, its white, acute wings,
with the distinct, linear, black, sinuate' lines, the outer shaded diffusely with
light-brown, and by the white and black spots and st rcaks on the veins and

IS J

their branches. It differs from L. anguilineata (Grote), to which it is very
closely. allied, by the sharper apex of the fore wings, its whitish-ash color,
wanting the green tint of anguilineata, though, in one specimen (from Penn-
sylvania), there is a yellowish-green tinge along the inner and outer lines.
'The discal do1 is much more linear, and often connected with the black streak
on the median vein, not present in L. anguilineata. The broad shade beyond
the extradiscal line is wanting in L. anguilineata, while the present species
wants the geminate, black patch in the middle of the outer margin. The
two species are very closely allied, but may be separated on these characters.
It varies considerably. The Pennsylvania specimen differs most from the
northern examples in having three large, dark, irregular, somewhat triangular,
costal spots, the middle one beginning the extradiscal line and ending as a
spot opposite the discal dot, There is also a large costal spot between the
costal termination of the basal and extradiscal lines.

This may prove to be L. fusifasciata Walk., as remarked by Dr. Speyer
in a letter to Mr. Lintner.

Lobophora anguilineata Packard. Plate 8, tig. 12.

Eupilhecia anguilineata Grote, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. V., viii, 8**,'i>l. 15A, iig. lli, 1867.

1 <?. — This fine species is very similar to L. vernata, but differs in the
following particulars: The wing is clearer and more deeply tinged with green,
the markings are heavier, and the submarginal line is more sinuous, while it
is interrupted in the extradiscal space by two short, heavy, black, parallel
lines, which converge on their inner terminations.

Length of body, <T, 0.48; of fore wing, <?, 0.60; expanse of wings, 1.25
inches.

''Massachusetts to Pennsylvania"' (Grote).

Specimens may yet be found connecting L. vernata with this.

LonoPHOKA geminata Packard. Plate 8, fig. 14.
Euvithecia geminata Grote, Proc. Ent. Soc. PLila., vi, 2'.h pi. ;i, tij;. li, I860.

3 <?. — Pure white, spotted with black. Head white, with a black line
between the antenna'. Palpi black, with dependent while hairs beneath, and
with the third joint white. Antenna' long and very slender, scarcely ciliated,
annulated with white above. Prothorax above tinged with luteous; on meso-
scutum a transverse band. Pore wings with live rows of black lines, formed

185

of partially-disconnected dots, the first three angulated obtusely on the sub-
costal veins; discal dot distinct below, the two outer lines sinuate,' with
intermediate dots on the veinlets ; a row of marginal, black dots ; fringe pure-
white. The hind wings pure-white, with no discal dot; beneath, the rows
of dots appear, though faintly. Hind wings with a discal dot more distinct
than on the upper side. Abdomen white with a row of black streaks on each
side of the general line of the body. Legs whitish-cinereous.

Length of body, <?, 0.50; of fore wing, i, 0.70; expanse of wings, 1.45
inches.

Cambridge, Mass. (Harris Coll.) ; Massachusetts (G. W. Peck) ; New
York (Grote).

This beautiful species is readily distinguished, as it is pure white, with
deep-black rows of dots spreading out along the veins. The white front, with
black palpi tipped with white, and the black line between the wings, further
serve to separate it from the other species.

Desiderata.

Lobophora fusifasciata Walk., List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxv, 1258, 1862.
Nova Scotia; Now York.

Lobophora ? nivigerata Walk., List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxv, 1259, 1862.
Saint Martin's Falls, Albany River, Hudson's Bay Terr.

Lobophora ? incommodata Walk., List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxv. 1250, 1862.
Nova Scotia.

CARS1A Hiibner. Plate 1, fig. 15.

Carsia Iliibu., Verz., 330, 1818.

Larentia Treits., Schm. Eur., vi (ii), 75, 1828.

Anaitis Dup., Lep. France, iv, 111, 1829.

Larissa Curtis. Brit. Ent., 324, 1830.

Celma Steph., 111., iii, 242, 1831.

Anaitis Boisd., Geu. Tnd., 204, 1840.

Larentia H.-Scb. (in part), Schm. Eur., iii, 141, 1847.

Celma Steph., Cat. Br. Lep., 183, 1850.

Anaitis Lederer, Verb. Bot. Zool. Ges. Wien, 248, 1853.

Carsia and Anaitis Gael)., Pbal., ii, 493, 495, 1857.

Anaitis Staudinger, Cat., 77, 1861.

Carsia and Anaitis Walk., List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxv, 1439, 1441, 1862

Head broader and fuller than in Lobophora, with a pointed inter-
palpal tuft. Palpi long and rather slender, extending well beyond the
head; second joint widening toward the end ; third minute, very acute, not

very distinguishable from the hairs of the second joint. Male antennse ciliated.
24 p n

186

Fore wings long and narrow, subfalcate; apex much produced, acute; costa
straight, sinuous; outer edge unusually oblique, very full, and rounded in the
middle. Hind wings verj much produced toward the subacute apex, so that
they are oval in shape, the inner edge being no longer than the outer. Vena-
tion: two equal subcostal cells; the three tirst subcostal venules short, but
the tirst much longer than the second; the discal venules are directed at right
angles to the costa. Hind legs very long and slender in the male; the tarsi
very long, equaling the tibia? in length. Abdomen long and slender. Color-
ation: dark-gray, with two broad double lines on the tore wings, the extra-
discal one toothed, with a double flexure; no markings on the dark hind wings.

The acute, narrow subfalcate tore wings, and the narrow hind wings,
with the inner edge no longer than the outer, and the broad, full head, separate
this genus from any of its allies. The sexes differ considerably, the wings
being much narrower in the female than in the male.

I see no reason for separating Anaitis from Carsia.

Carsia paludata, Guene"e. Plate 9, fig, 22.

" Geometra paludata Thunberg, Mus. Nat., 76, fig. 12, 1788."

" Geometra sororiata Hiibu., Schm. Eur. tab. 68, fig. 355, 1796."

" Geometra imbntata Hubn., Schm. Eur. tab. 78, fig. 403, 1796."

Carsia sororiata Hubn., Yerz., 336, 1818.

Carsia imbntata Hubn., Yerz., 336, 1818.

Larenlia sororiata Treits., Scbm. Eur., vi (ii), 86, 1828.

Larissa imbntata Curtis, Brit. But., 324, 1S30.

Celma imbntata Step]]., 111., iii, 242, 1831.

Anaitis imbntaria Boisd., Gen. Ind., 204, 1840.

Anaitis sororiaria Boisd., Gen. Ind.. 204, 1840.

Larenlia sororiaria Il.-Scb., Schm. Eur., iii, 164, 1847.

Celma imbntata Steph., Cat. Br. Lip.. 184, 1850.

" Anaitis pruinaria Eversmauu, Bull. Moscow, ii, 639, 1851."

Carsia imbntata Guen., Pbal., ii, 494, 1857.

Carxia paludata Gueu., Pbal., ii, 494, 1857.

Carsia imbntata Walk., List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxv, 1440, 1862.

Carsia paludata Walk., List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxv, 11 in, L862.

Carsia boreata Pack., Fifth Eep. Peab. Acad. Sc, 52, 1S7:>, $.

Carsia alpinata Pack., Fifth Rep. Peab'. Acad. Sc, 52, 1*73, 2 ■

."> <?. — Front and palpi blackish, with white scales; thorax dark, with
light scales. Fore wings of a peculiar ash-color, dark on the outer edge and
on the base of the costa. A narrow band just beyond the basal third of the
wing narrower and less angulated than in the other species, being curved, and
just below the costa slightly angulated; on the costa and inner side it is
single, in the middle double, being within paler, dark brown. A similarly-
colored parallel band, but more irregular, externally in the middle of the

187

wing broadly tridentate, the lower tooth rounded and set in as the line con-
tracts; it is paler in the middle of the wing, darker on the edges. A sub-
marginal, parallel, diffuse band, widening on the apical half, interrupted
opposite the middle and more prominent tooth of the middle line by a gemi-
nate rather indistinct rusty spot, which is not so distinct as' in the other
species. Fringe long, dusky, checkered with white opposite the ends of t he
venules. Wings more thickly scaled than usual, and venules not so prominent.
Hind wings dark slate-color; fringe spotted with white. Fore wings beneath
nearly concolorous with the upper side of the hinder pair; a slight ferru-
ginous tinge toward the costa. Hind wings much paler, cinereous, with red-
dish scales. An outer line goes from the costa toward the middle of the
wing.

Length of body, 0.4S; of fore wing, 0.55; expanse of wings, 1.15 inches.

Taken half-way between the Summit and-the "Ledge", Mount Wash-
ington, N. H., August 18 (Shurlleff) ; Tuckerman's Ravine, Mount Wash-
ington (Sanborn).

This sex may be determined, by its dark slate-color, without any rust-
red tinge on the fore wings above, and less beneath than in the female ; also
by the large teeth of the outer band and the narrower inner band.

3 9 . — Ferruginous ashen slate-color; front reddish. On the fore wings,
a basal oblicpie linear cross-line; a middle broad line, regular, and angulated
distinctly just below the costa, below which the line is double. Discal dot
small but distinct. Outer line narrow, doubly curved, and finely zigzag, on
the outer side twice dilating, and finely toothed, opposite which are two rusty
red spots, interrupted by two faint lines. Without, a darker line proceeds
from the middle of the wing obliquely toward the apex. Fringe long, spotted
conspicuously with white. Hind wings plain, slate-colored, with no marks.
Beneath, the fore wings are slate-colored, becoming rusty-red toward the
costa and outer edge; hind wings dull reddish beneath, with a slight purplish
tinge, and an extradiscai dark line more distinctly marked than in the other
species. Fringe not so distinctly spotted with white as on the fore wings.

Length of body, 0.35; length of fore wing, 0.50; expanse of wings,
1.10 inches.

Readily known by the red under side, the broad reddish band, the outer,
waved, finely dentate band, and the twro ferruginous spots opposite each bend
of the line.

188

I quite agree with Staudinger in regarding paludata as ;t variety of
imbutata. Specimens received from Professor Zeller, labeled sororiata, show
no differences, even varietal, from ours.

Larva. — Newman (Brit. Moths) says that Carsia imbutata feeds on the
( Iranberry ( V. uxi/coccus); Freyer describes it as " reddish yellow, with three
wide stripes down the back; spiracular line yellowish white". (Staintoifs
Manual, ii, 120.)

ODEZIA Boisduval. Plate 1. fig. 16.

Baptria Hubn. (in part), Vera., 306, 1818.
Psodoa Tr< its., Schm. vi (i), 254, 1827.
Tanagra " Dap., Lep. France, vii (iv), 112, 1829.
Mum, i Steph., Nomencl. Br. Ius. 45, 1829.
Tanagra Hup., Lop. France, viii (v), 523, 1830.
Minoa Steph., 111., iii, 293, 1831.
Odezia Boisd.,Gen. Intl., 229, 1840.

Steph., Cat. Hi-. Lq>.,2l-. 1850.

Lederer, Verh. Bot. Zool. Ges. Wien, 240, 1853.
Tanagra and Odezia Guen., Phal.. ii, 517, 518, 1857.
Odezia Stand., Cat., 76, 1861.

Tanagra and Odezia Walk., List Lep. Het. Br. JIus., xxv, 1460, 1461, 1662.
Baptria Grote, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila., ii, 67, 1863.

Head broad and full between the eyes; no interpalpal tuft. Palpi short
and slender, but much broader than in Lobophora, scarcely extending beyond
the front; third joint sharp, minute, scarcely distinguishable from the end of
the second joint. Male antennae rather thick, finely ciliated. Fore wings
broad, short, triangular, the costa regularly arched, apex much rounded; outer
edge short, moderately full, less oblique than usual. Hind wings rather long,
somewhat produced toward the much-rounded apex, not extending to tin;
end of the abdomen. Venation: a single large subcostal cell; the first sub-
costal venule nearly twice as long as the second, all the three first venules
much longer than in Carsia. Posterior discal venule oblique, curved a little
very near the independent vein. The first and second median venules
co-originating. The median and independent veins very long. Hind legs of
male with the tarsi much shorter than the tibise. Abdomen long and rather
thick : tip hardly tufted. The species are uniformly deep black, with white
bands; the hind wings entirely black or partly so.

In this melius, I he wings are short, broad, and much rounded at the apex;
these characters, with the black hues, separate it from all the others of the
subfamily-

'Preoccupied in Ornithology.

189
Synopsis oj the Species.

Foro wings broad ; apex subrectaugnlar ; one broad, white baud 0. alhoviltata.

Fore wings elongated, with thin, narrow, black bands O. californiata.

Odezia albovittata Gruenee. Plate 9, fig. 23.

Odezia albovittata Guon., Phal., ii, 520, 1857.

Baptria albofasciuta Grote, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila., ii, 66, pi. 3, fig. 2, 9 > 1863.

3 $ and 3 ?. — Body and wings uniformly black. Fore wings rather
broad; apex subrectangular, outer edge much less oblique than in O. califor-
niata; a single, very broad, white band extends from the middle of the costa
to the inner angle of the wing, where it is suddenly forked; opposite this fork
the fringe is white, as also on the apex. Hind wings black, with the fringe
white on the apex and near the inner angle. Beneath marked as above, with
the addition of a short, sinuous, white line within the broad band, and traces
of a basal line, represented by a white costal spot, and another in the sub-
median space. On the inner half, the hind wings are gray, with a large,
black, discal spot ; beyond this a black band, with a broader white band.
Abdomen whitish beneath. Legs whitish.

Length of body, <?,0.40, ?, 0.31; length of fore wing, S, 0.48, ?, 0.45;
expanse of wings, 0.90—1.00 inch.

Brunswick, Maine (Packard); near Boston, Mass. (Minot); Salem, Mass.,
June 13, July 1 (Cassino); Amherst, Mass, June 19 (Goodell); New Jer-
sey (Sachs); Brooklyn, N. Y. (Graef); Detroit, Mich. (Swartz, Mus. Comp.
Zool.); Boulder Canon, Colo., about 6,500 feet elevation, July (Packard,
Hayden's Survey), Pike's Peak (Grote); Victoria, Vancouver Island, July
(Crotch).

There seems to be no difference in size or markings between Eastern
and Pacific-coast examples.

Odezia californiata Packard. Plate 9, fig. 24.

Baptria californiata Pack., Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., xiii, 404, 1871.

This pretty species is black, with three narrow, waved, white bands cross-
ing the fore wings; the two basal ones connect on the inner edge of the
wing, where they form a circular ring, inclosing a black spot; above they are
equidistant, and are dentate on the median vein, the teeth advancing toward
each other. The outer line is very sinuate, widening much in the middle,
and thence sending a linear sinuate line to the inner angle of the wing.

190

Close to the outer edge of the wing, ;ni<l opposite the rounded bend in the
(inter band, is a round, while spot. A minute white spot on the inner angle.
Hind wings with a large, black, oval discal spot: beyond an indistinct black
line, and beyond this a broad, white band, widening outward in the middle
and connected with a round, marginal, white spot; another white spot on the
inner angle. These markings are distinctly repeated on the under side of the
wings.

Length of body, 0.35; fore wing, 0.47; expanse of wings, 0.98 inch.

California (Behrens).

HELIOMATA. Plate 1, fig. 17.

miiomata Grote, Tree. Ent. Soc. Phila., vi, 29, 1866.

Head rather narrower than in Odezia, but the palpi and antennas
the same. Fore wings inclined to be narrower than in Odezia, the costa
straighter; the apex is much less rounded, being subrectangular, while
the outer edge is a little more oblique. The hind wings are shorter, inclined
to be sinuous below the apex, which is shorter, much less produced than
in Odezia. The venation differs in the "subcostal cell being smaller, in the
first subcostal vein co-originating with the main vein," not being separated as
usual, and there is one subcostal vein less; while the last subcostal vein is
bent downward where it throws off the anterior discal venule. The first
median is widely separated from the second at its origin, in this respect differ-
ing much from Odezia. Male hind legs with the tibite much swollen, the
tarsi one-half as long as the tibiae. Abdomen longer and slenderer than in
Odezia, extending beyond the hind wings. Coloration : black, with large
white blotches, with metallic scales arranged in lines and patches.

As seen by the characters given above, this genus differs from Odezia,
to which it is nearest allied, by some important features, which serve to con-
nect it with the third subfamily.

The swollen hind tibiae and short tarsi and its peculiar style of colora-
tion will enable one to recognize the species. Grote remarks that "H. erota
Grote from Surinam belongs to this- genus, and probably other species
hitherto referred to Eratcina, the types of which latter genus are quite dis-
tinct from the present."

191

Synopsis of tin- Species.

Of large size, two whitish-yellow hands nearly meeting in the middle of the fore wing H. infulata.

Like infulata, but with only two metallic lines, and with the yellowish hands united H. elaborata.

Smaller than the other two, with two-thirds of the hind wings white, two marginal blue

metallic lines H. cycladata.

Heliomata infulata Grote. Plate 9, fig. 26.

Baptria infulata Grote, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila., ii, 67, pi. 3, fig. 4, $ , 1863.
Erateina infulata Grote, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila., iii, 542, 1864.
Heliomata infulata Grote, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila., vi, 30, 1866.

1 $ and 1 9. — Black-brown; fore wings blackish-brown, with two
broad yellowish-white bands, one extending from the outer third of the costa
to the middle of the wing, ending in the second median venule; the other
extending from the middle of the inner edge of the wing to the base of the
first and second median venules. Just beyond is a submarginal, metallic,
blue, broad line much farther from the outer edge of the wing than in
H. cycladata. A similar marginal blue line. The band on the hind wings is
continuous with the hinder band of the fore wings, but wider, though only
half as wide as in H. cycladata. Beneath much as above, with the costa
more or less pale ; fringe dark. ,

Length of body, — !; of fore wing, cf, 0.50; 9, 0.45; expanse of wings,
0.90-1.00 inch.

Brooklyn, N. Y. (Graef); Northern Virginia (Grote):

Heliomata elaborata Grote.

Baptria elaborata Grote, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila., ii, 67, pi. 3, fig. 5, $ , 1863.
Erateina elaborata Grote, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila., iii, 542, 1864.
Heliomata elaborata Grote, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila., vi, 30, 1866.

"Anterior wings blackish at the base, and terminal space with a broad
yellow band traversing the median space of the wing, interrupted at the
center and contracting as it reaches the internal margin. Posterior wings
with the basal half yellow, showing a few powdered black atoms at
extreme base and with the terminal margin entirely black. There is a faint
terminal metallic line, and a black line runs through the yellow median bands.
Under side resembling the upper, with the legs and under surface of body
powdered with yellow atoms.

A male expands f inch. Collection of Entomological Society of Phila-
delphia. Hab. — Virginia.

Resembles B. infulata, but is, 1 think, distinct. There is but a single
metallic line, and the disposition of the yellow median bands is different."

I ill'

Heliomata cvcladata Grote. Plate 9, fig. 25.

BeUomata cycladata Grote, Proo. Ent. Sue. Phila., vi, 30, pi. :'., Bg. 7, 9, L866.

2 i. — A smaller species than //. infulata, with narrower, more pointed
fore wings. Bodj and wings blackish brown; abdomen ringed with white,
with a broad white band at the base of the abdomen. Fore wings black-
brown, with the markings arranged much as in IT. infulaUi, but with the

bands whiter, broader, and more irregular, and with a brown patch between
the points of the two opposing bands. The submarginal metallic blue line
is very much more sinuous near the costa than in infulata. The hind wings
are almost entirely snow-white, dark at base and on the outer edge, with two
blue lines. Fringe blackish-brown. Beneath much as above, with a longi-
tudinal subcostal blue sheath and a broad interrupted metallic blue line.

Length of body, S, 0.35; of fore wings, <f , 0.43; expanse of wings,
0.85 inch.

"West Farms, N. Y. (Angus)"; Brooklyn, N. Y. (Graef and Sepper);
"New York State (Ent. Soc. Phila.)".

HETEROPHELPS Herrich-Schaeffec. Plate 1, fig. 18. Plate 2, fig. 18.

IIeteropheI}>8 Herr.-Sch., Aussereur. Sebm., 62, 1850-58.
Guence, Phal., ii, 513, 1857.
Walk., List Lop. Het. Br. Mus., xsv, 1457, 1862.

Head only moderately broad and full, the sides of the front parallel.
Palpi short and slender, not reaching to the front of the head; third joint
minute, conical. Male antennae with very large stout cilia, a pair to each
joint. Fore wings unusually large, costa full, sinuate, apex subacute ; outer
edge a little bent on the first median. Hind wings small, rather short, apex
suddenly but obtusely pointed; the outer edge full and rounded, extending to
the tip of the abdomen. Venation: two subcostal cells; the first subcostal
venule nearly twice as long as the second and third. Hind legs thick, short,
the tarsi much shorter than the long tibia?. Male abdomen moderately stout,
ending in a well-marked tuft. The ground-color is a whitish ochreous-gray,
with three black conspicuous costal spots, and a faint extradiscal line; no
discal spots.

This well-marked genus differs from any other of the subfamily by the
heavily-ciliated antennas, \cvy short palpi, large slightly angular fore wings,
and small, rounded, obtusely-pointed hind wings. The markings are almost
identical in the two species.

Nothing is known regarding the early stage of the genus.

193

Synopsis of the Species.

Large, whitish gray H. harvciata.

Murli smaller, witl) a decided ochreous tinge //. iriguttata.

Hetekophelps harveiatA i). sp. Plate 9, fig. 27.

1 <? and 4 9. — Nearly twice as large as H. iriguttata, but with the
wings of similar shape, and with similar markings. Body and wings dull,
nearly white instead of ochreous, while H. triguttata lias a shining lustre.
Fore wings with three large costal patches, the inner the larger. From the
third and smaller one runs a slight line curved outward in the middle of the
wing. On the hind wing, the corresponding line is narrow, very faintly
indicated, and bent at nearly right angles in the middle of the wing. No
discal dytts above; below they are well marked on both wings, those on the
fore wings being sublinear. Beneath, the wings, body, and legs are tinged
decidedly with ochreous.

Length of body, <J, 0.50, 9, 0.50; of fore wing, <?, 0.67, 9, 0.66';
expanse of wings, 1.42 inches.

Ithaca, N. Y. (Smith and Comstock) ; Middle States (Glover); New
York (Harvey); -'St. Martin's Falls, Hudson's Bay Terr." (Walker).

This large species would not at first sight be thought to be a Hetero-
phelps, but it really agrees very closely in its structure and markings, only
differing in the much larger size and whitish tint from H. triguttata.

Walker's Heterophelps atrosignata does not belong to this genus.

Hetekophelps triguttata Herrich-Schaeffer. Plate 9, fig. 28.

Heterophelps triguttaria H.-Scli., Aussereur. Schm., 62, pi. 41, fig. 202, 1850-56.
Guun., Phnl., ii,.r>14, 1857.
Walk., List. Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxv, 1457, 18G2.

6 8 and G 9. — Uniformly pale ochreous; hind wings concolorous with

the anterior pair. Fore wings with three blackish, conspicuous, costal spots

(rarely sending as many faint lines across the wing). The basal spot is

square, the middle one larger, subtriangular, situated near the outer third of

the costa. The third spot is usually much smaller than the two others and

situated rather nearer the apex than the middle spot. Often a very sinuous

(not wavy) row of minute black dots extends across the wing from the middle

spot. No other markings; no marginal black line as in H. harveiata. No

discal dots Beneath, no markings, except two minute costal spots.
25 p H

104

Length of body, <?, 0.35, ?, 0.35; of fore wing, $, 0.46, 9, 0.45;
expanse of wing, L.00 inch.

Brunswick, Me. (Packard); Cambridge, Mass. (Hams Coll.); Boston,
Mass. (Sanborn); Amherst, Mass. (Goodell) ; Waterbury, Conn., July 9
,\\. II. Patton); Brooklyn, N. V. (Graef ) ; Oneida, N. Y. (Hawley) ; New
Jersey ( Sachs).

This is one of the most common of our gcometrid moths, and may be
recognized by its uniformly pale ochreous hue, t lie three black costal spots,
and the absence of any other markings.

Larva. — "Cylindrical. Head medium sized, rather flat in front, pale
green, slightly bilobed, without any markings; mandibles tipped with black
(labium a little paler than the other parts of the head) — a few very fine small
hairs visible only with a magnifying-glass. Body bluish-green, with thickly-
set longitudinal stripes of whitish and yellowish. A double whitish dorsal
line with a yellowish-white line rather more prominent on each side of it
(these are not unbroken, but formed of a succession of yellowish short lines
and dots). Below this on each side are two or three imperfect white lines
made up of short broken streaks, much fainter than those above. The
spaces between the segments are yellowish ; the skin is much wrinkled and
folded. The under side is green, with tinge of yellowish between the seg-
ments ; abdominal legs yellowish-green and faintly tipped with brown.
Chrysalis, June 19. It feeds on the maple." (From notes received from
Mr. W. Saunders, of London, Canada.)

LITHOSTEGE Hiibner. Plate 1, tig. 19.

Gypsochroa Htibn. (in part), Verz., '■'•'■'•', 1818.
Lithostege Hiibn., Verz., 337, 1818.
Uinoa Traits, (in part), Sohm. Eur., vi (ii), 248,1828.
SUma Dup. (in part), Lep. France, viii (v), 537, 1830.

Boisd. (in part), Gen. Iud.,229, 1840.
( kesias ll.-Sch. (in part), Scbui. Eur., iii, 181, 1847.
lithostege Lederer, Verb. Hot. Zool. Ges. Wien, 248, 1853.
Gueu., Ph'al., ii, 501, l-:,7.
Walk., Li.st Lep. Hot. Br. Mus., xxv. 1417,1862.

Head large, broad, and very full in front, more so than usual. Palpi
long and rather large, extending well beyond the head ; second joint
long and rather broad ; third minute, and nearly indistinguishable from the
projecting hairs of the second. Antennae of male very slender, not ciliated.
Fore wings very long and narrow, much produced toward the rather obtuse

195

apex ; the outer edge very oblique and long, not bent, fully as long as the
inner edge. ■ Hind wings very long and narrow, regularly oval in outline, the
costal edge long and straight, apex rounded; the inner edge merged with
the outer, more so than in Carsia. Venation: two short subcostal cells, the
first three subcostal venules subequal, the origin of second and third adjacent;
the median venules very short. Fore legs with the tibiae short and very
thick, armed with a large projecting spine in both sexes; hind legs long and
slender, tarsi much longer than the tibiae. Male abdomen large, thick, long,
extending to an unusual distance beyond the hind wings. Coloration : pale
whitish-gray, with three rows of black spots on the fore wings.

This genus, remarkable' for the spines on the fore legs, somewhat resem-
bles Carsia in the long fore wings and oval hinder pair, but differs in the
venation. The head is unusually full in front, and the palpi are large, while
the antennae are not ciliated.

Synopsis of the Species.

Largo, hind wings oval L. triscriata.

Smaller, hind wings rounded ...L. rotundata.

Lithostege triseeiata Packard. Plate 9, fig. 30.

Lithostegc triseriata Pack., Sixth Rep. Peab. Acad. Sci., 39, 1874.

1 <? and 1 9 . — Form of the body and wings much as in L. farinata
Hufn. of Europe. The wings are a little more rounded at the apex, espe-
cially in the female; the form of the head is the same; the palpi, however,
are a little longer, and the two unequal spines on the fore tibiae a little shorter
than in the European L. farinata. Body and wings whitish-cinereous, part
of head and palpi dark brown. Fore wings whitish-ash, with three series of
conspicuous black, mostly venular, spots ; the inner row within the basal
third of the wing; one obscure costal spot, another situated on the median
vein, a longitudinal black spot in the interspace below and another on the.
internal vein. Beyond the middle of the wing, an oblique line of about eight
longitudinal black venular spots, and just beyond a row of about eight black
venular dots. A submarginal, slightly sinuous, broad, white line, with an
apical scallop. Fringe whitish, with a blackish marginal line. Abdomen
and hind wings uniformly smoky-ash. with no markings. Beneath, both
wings smoky-ash ; around the edges, especially of the fore wings, finely
dusted with white. Two or three subapical costal faint spots. Fringe white,
with a subbasal dark line, and faintly checkered.

I'M",

Length of body, &, 0.44, 9, 0.60; of fore wing, <?, 0.54, 9,0.64;
expanse of wings, 1.25 inches.

Denver City, Colo., 1 $ June 3, 9 June 27, in the Rocky Mountains
of Colorado (T. L. Mead).

The occurrence of this genus is of much interest, as il constitutes a new
link between the Pacific Slates and European fauna. The male of this
species is mueh smaller than the female, with the hind wings especially
much elongated. The outer row of black dots is wanting in my single
specimen.

LlTHOSTEGE rotundata Packard. Plate 9, iig. 29.
Lithoatege rotundata Pack., Sixth Rep. Peab. Acad. Sc, :!'.), 1874.

2 <?. — This is a much smaller species than L. triseriata, and the hind
wings are shorter and much more rounded. The markings are very similar.
Head and palpi with black and white scales, the palpi stout. The fore tibial
spines stout. Fore wing with the same markings as in L. triseriata, but with
the outer sub-marginal white line narrower and more distinct. The third row
of black dots wanting, as in the male of t he Colorado species. Fringe and
hind wings and under surface as in the Colorado species. A dark apical
oblique streak on the fore wing, not present in L. triseriata.

Length of body, 0.40; of tore wing, 0.4!) ; expanse of wings, 1.00 inch.

San Diego, Cal. (Gr. R. Crotch, Mus. Comp. Zool.).

This species, while closely resembling L. triseriata, resembles the
European L. farinata more closely in the peculiar shape of the hind wings
than the Colorado species. The fore wings are a little more broadly triangu-
lar than in L. triseriata.

Subfamily OPEEOPHTEEIN^ Packard.

Male — The single genus of this group is so different from the Larentina
on the one hand, and the Fidoninee on the other, that it seems warrantable to
suggesl a new subfamily for it. It certainly has no immediate affinities with
the Larentince With Hybernia and A?tisopteryx, the affinities are remote.
The head is short and small; the body, especially the thorax, unusually slen-
der. The palpi are unusually weak and short, not reaching out as far as the
front. The front of the head is nearly as wide as long. Male antenna1
densely ciliated. The wings are large and broad. Fore wings with the costa

197

straight, curving around toward flic very much-rounded apex; the outer edge
is as long as the inner. The hind wings are unusually long and large, project-
ing far beyond the end of the abdomen, and with the cuter edge much
rounded. Venation: the first, second, third, and fourth subcostal venules
are remarkably short; the large subcostal cell is situated nearer the apex than
usual. The origin of the first median venule is remote from the others; the
lower discal venule is long and very oblique. Hind legs with the tarsi slen-
der and as long as the tibia?.

Female. — Partially wingless, with the wings small and narrow, not reach-
ing to the end of the abdomen. The body is short and stout, and much
pointed toward the end. For other characters see page 41.

OPEROPHTERA Hiibner. Plate 1, fig. 20.

Operophtera Hiilju., Verz., 321, 1818.

Acidalia Traits, (in part), Schm. Em-., vi (ii), 5, 1828.

Cheimatobia Steph., Nomencl. Br. Ins., 44, 1829 ; " Cat., ii, 142, 1829."

Larentia Dnp. (iu part), Lep. France, viii (v), 358, 1830.

Cheimatobia Steph., 111., iii, 274, 1831.

Larentia Boisil. (in part), Gen. Ind., 204, 1840.

Cheimatobia H.-Seh., Schm. Enr., iii, 177, 1847.

Steph., Cat. Brit. Lep., 197, 1850.
Chimatobia Lcderer, Verh. Bot. Zool. Ges. Wien, 251, 185:;.
Cheimatobia Guen., Pbal., ii, 258, 1357.

Walk., List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxiv, 1166, 1862.

The characters of this genus are provisionally like those of the sub-
family. The male of our single species may readily be identified by the
large, thin, partially hyaline, pale ochreous wings, with the numerous brown,
scalloped wings.

Although usage has, in a degree, sanctioned Stephen's more euphonious
name, Hiibner's name was accompanied by a diagnosis, while Stephen's -was,
up to 1831, a simple catalogue-name. The law of priority compels ns here,
as elsewhere, often against our own will, to reject a useful name for one
older and therefore more lawful.

Larva. — "Caterpillars short, slightly attenuated at the extremities, cylin-
drical, a little flattened beneath, with distinct lines; head globular, smaller
than the prothoracic ring; living on fruit-trees, contained in a folded leaf, from
which it eats circular pieces. Chrysalis contained in a small, oval, subter-
ranean cocoon." — Guem'i :.

198
Operophteha boreata Hiibner. Plate 9, fig. 31.

" Gcomcira boreata Hilbn., Schui. Eur., Bg. 413, 11 1, 1796."
Operophtera boreata Hilbn., Verz.,321, 1818.
dcidalia boreata Treits., Suppl., 'Jul.
Lareniia boreata Boisd., Gen. Ind., 204, 1840.

* Dnp., Lep. France, Suppl. iv, 32, pi. 53, Qg. 3, L842.
Cheimatobia boreata II. Sch., Schm. Eur.,iii, 177, li^;. suppl. :fj:s, 1847.

Steph.,Cat. Brit. Lep., 1!»7, 1850.

Guen., Phal., ii, 260, L857.

Walk., List. Lep. Bet. Br. Mus., xxiv, 1107, 1862.

17 J. — Body and wings, including the head and palpi, uniformly tes-
taceous or dull ochreous-brown. Wings thin, semi-transparent. Fore wings
with about eight well-marked scalloped lines, the points of the scallops black,
and usually resting on the veins. The middle and extradiscal lines are curved
outward just below the costa, the three extradiscal lines being close together
and forming a mesial shade on the wing, but the three submarginal lines
beyond are not curved. Discal dot distinct and black. Fringe concolorous
with the wings, with black vcnular dots. Hind wings clear, with a faint
extradiscal diffuse line curved opposite the distinct discal dot; this line is
often obsolete: beneath, this and the extradiscal line make a diffuse shade
common to both wings. Discal dots distinct on both wings.

Length of body, <?, 0.32-0.48; fore wing, $ , 0.46-0.65; expanse of
wings, 0.95-1.30 inches.

9. — The female has not yet occurred in collections in this country.

A single female boreata, so labeled by Zeller, is pale gray, with simple an-
tennae. The front of the head is dark brown or chocolate-color; the palpi at
base concolorous with the body, the last joint chocolate-brown, and both pairs
of wings are rather large and broad, rounded at the end with a long fringe and
reaching to the apical fourth of the abdomen. The legs are gray, and the
hinder pair are rather stout. The front wings have two parallel black lines, a
little oblique; and the distance between them as great as half the width of the
wing. The single female brumata differs in the slenderer body, the narrower
head, the shorter narrower wings, the two parallel bands on the anterior pair
being represented by a broad black patch; the wings only reach as far as the
middle of the abdomen. The legs are slenderer, particularly the hinder pair,
which are dark-ringed, with a paler tint; but this specimen seems fresht'r
than the boreata, in which the color of the legs bears the marks of being faded.

From the female of Anisqpteryx, it differs in the broader, less full, bulg-
ing front of the head, the quite well-developed wings, and the stouter hind

199

Alaska, several specimens taken on marshes, near Saint Michael's, Sep-
tember 20, 1867, clinging to blades of grass (Dall, Mus. Peab. Acad. Sc.) ;
White Mountains, N. H., November (Packard, Mus. Peab. Acad. Sc); Fort
Randall, Dakota Territory (Dr. E. Coues); London, Canada (Saunders);
Portland, Me. (Morse); Norway, Me. (S. I. Smith, Mus. Comp. Zool.);
Andover, Mass., November (Sanborn, Mus. B. S. N. H.); Natick, Mass.
(Stratton, Mus. B. S. N. H.); Brooklyn, L. L, N. Y. (Graef).

This species is not so common with us as in Europe, where it rivals
Anisoptcryx in its abundance and injurious effects. The only difference I
can detect between this and O. brumata (Linn.) is in the form of the discal
space of the hind wings; in the latter, the outer end is broader and more
rounded than in most of my examples of O. boreata, the distance between the
origins of the second and third median venules being less in brumata than
in boreata. Judging by the males of the two species labeled by Professor
Zeller, I do not see on what grounds boreata should be separated from brumata.

The males differ but little except in size and in slight variations of
venation. The most striking variation is afforded by a large male from Nor-
way, Me., which is of a sea-green tint. The moth is liable to be confounded
with Anisopterijx vernata, from which it may be readily recognized by the
more rounded fore wings, its ochreous tint, the many waved linos, and, lastly,
by the entirely different plan of venatiou.

Larva. — Newman thus describes the larva of O. brumata; — Head scarcely
as wide as the body, and scarcely notched on the crown; the body is rather
obese, deceasing in size toward each extremity. Head pale green, semi-
transparent. Bod}' glaucous-green, with a narrow, median, blackish stripe on
the back, and three narrow white stripes, at equal intervals, on each side.
The caterpillar of O. boreata is very similar to that of the winter-moth, but
more transparent, and the stripes more indistinct, but it chiefly differs from
that very common species in having a brown head, that of the winter-moth
(0. brumata) being pale green and semi-transparent. It feeds on birch.

Subfamily FIDONIM] Guenee (emend.).

Family Ataiaridtr Guen., Plial., ii, HI, is.",".
Family Fidonidas Guen., Phal., ii, 95, 1857.
Family ZerenidiB Gueu., Phal., ii. 195, 1857.

This subfamily may be distinguished by the usually square front, the
usually rather slender palpi, which are as a rule rather long, always passing

21 M I

beyond the front and pointed, sometimes {Dasufidonia) very hairy and large,
while the antennae arc almost invariably well pectinated, often plumose (excepl
in Semiothisa, where they arc simple). The fore wings arc broad, sometimes
narrow and subfalcate, or, when broad, with the apex more or less rectangu-
lar, and the costa unusually straight. The hind wings are large and rounded,
seldom angled. The venation is quite characteristic, the costal being often
united with the subcostal, and the latter usually throwing off three short
branches to the costa. Either one or no subcostal cell The species arc
often high-colored, red or dark brown or deep ochreous, with dark or lighter
lines and spots. Abdomen very long and slender, much more so than usual.

Larva. — " Caterpillars elongated, cylindrical, ordinarily without swellings
or eminences; head globular, as wide as the prothoracic ring, with the anal
part terminated by two horizontal points; generally living on low plants.
( Jhrysalides usually subterranean." — GuemV.

In GueneVs "Zerenidee", tin; caterpillars are described as short, rather
thick.

I do not see good grounds for separating the uMacaridcev from the
"Fidonidd', as the differences are very slight; while the "Fidonidce'7 of M.
(riienee certainly merge insensibly with his uFidonidaiv.

Synopsis of the Genera.

Fore wings long and narrow, two subcostal cells Gorytodcs.

Like Aspilates, but with t wo spines on base of fore tibia Euaspilaies.

Wings "broad ; antennae heavily pectinated ; palpi long, acute Ispilatfs.

Fore wings green ; palpi large, broader than in depilates Chloraspilates.

Like Aspilates, but wings narrow ; palpi stouter Stenaspilates.

No subcostal cell ; wings very long and narrow ; palpi very old use Tornos.

Antennae verj plumose ; wings broad, suow- white Zerene.

Palpi slender; antenna; plumose; fore wings narrow, much pointed ; deep ochreous, with

pink extradiscal lines Hamalopis.

Palpi rather bushy; front square; antenna? thinly pectinated; colors red and brown Lythria.

Acidalia-like ; costa of fore wings full, outer edge very oblique ; palpi large Loxqfidonia.

Six subcostal venules ; bind tibiae swollen ; tarsi short Evfidonia.

Fore wing long and rounded ; front with a chitinous crest Perconia.

Differs from Ematurga in the subcostal cell being open; antenna' with short branches ; bind

wings short and Bqnare ; clypeus flat ; species of .small size Fidonia.

A n ten i ia- very busby, front full Ematurga.

Antenna' bushy ; palpi very large and busby Dasilftdonia.

Male an ten me cilia t ed ; apes of the lore wings reel angular Orthofldonia.

Male antennas heavily pectinated ; palpi short and thick; lore wings somewhat pointed,

but not falcate Ctuipt In.

Male antenna' plumose ; fore wings wil b the apex acute, square; male abdomen very slender.iS'e/idoscma.

Male antenna' simple, flattened Lozogramma.

Male antenna? well pectinated, ochreous-yellow Eufitc^ia.

Male antenna' either well pectinated or only ciliated; palpi unusually long Thamnonoma.

lake Thamnonoma, but with fore wings not falcate; hind wings marbled beneath Unnnopleryx.

20]

Fore wings slightly falcate : costa straight : outer edge bent ; hind wings square; abdomen

long and slender ; hind tibia) swollen Phamane.

Fore wings less snbfalcate than in Phasiane, with rather squarer hind wings Psammatodcs.

Fore wings distinctly falcate; hind wings more or less angular Sciniolhisa.

Like Semiolhisa, but the male antennas heavily pectinated; the markings somewhat as in

Fidania Euniacaria.

GORYTODES Guende. Plate 2, fig. 1.

Gorylodes Guen., Phal.. ii, 179, 1857.

I'lata-a H.-Sch., Ausserenr. Schm.,64, 1850-58.

Male antennas plumose, much as in Aspilates. Palpi long and slender,
extending far beyond the front, as in Aspilates. but not so acute at the ends.
The front of the head narrows more anteriorly than in Aspilates. Fore
wings unusually long and narrow, with the apex much produced, falcate, the
outer edge full, oblique, more or less sinuous, and {(!. uncanaria) dentate;
the costa straighter than in Aspilates. Hind wing much produced toward
the apex. Venation: the costal vein unites for a greater distance than usual
with the subcostal vein, finally throwing off a very short vein ; two subcostal
cells ; the apical cell very long ; discal venules very oblique. Hind legs
long and slender, tarsi a little shorter than the tibiae. Abdomen very long
and slender.

This genus differs from Aspilates, to which it is nearly allied, chiefly in
the long falcate fare wings, the more acute hind wings, and in having two
instead of one subcostal cell.

Whether Herrich-Schaeffer's name was proposed and his figure pub-
lished before the publication of Guenee's, or not, seems uncertain ; but as the
hitter's was accompanied by a full, comparative description, I see no reason
why it should not be retained.

Synopsis of the Species.

One subinarginal line ; antenna' broadly pectinated G. uncanaria.

Two snbiuarginal lines ; antenna; with short pectinations G. trUincaria.

Gorytodes uncanaria Guenee. Plate 9, fig. o2

Gorj/todee uncanaria Guen., Phal., ii, 180, \>'u.

I'latna oalifornaria H.-Sch., Aussereur. Schm., 64, fig. 537, 1850-58.

Pack., Proc. Post, Soc. N. II., xvi, 24, pi. 1 , tig. 24, 18* I

4 <?. — Body and autennse (which arc broadly pectinated) pale ash, con-
eolorous with the hind wings. Pore wings ash, speckled with brown, with
26 p ii

202

two dark, short, longitudinal streaks, one on each side of the base of the
median vein. The costal half of the middle area of the wing occupied with
a large, low, irregular, triangular dark-brown area, edged externally with
darker: apex ending in a knob, in one specimen produced angularly outward,
and connected with (sometimes separated from) an irregularly oval patch
under the third median venule, and which is traversed by a longitudinal
mesial white line. A sinuate, while, marginal Hue, beginning just before the
apex, and ending on the inner angle, and edged within with dark brown.
Fringe pale ash, checkered with blackish. A black conspicuous discal dot,
in rubbed specimens centered with white. Hind wings pale ash, with a
taint discal dot, and a dark, narrow, marginal line. Beneath, more or less
marbled with dark speckles. Fore wings with two parallel white lines,
fading away below the costal region, a slight ochreous tint along the costa ;
a faint discal dot. Hind wings pepper-and-salt, with two dark, parallel,
broad shades, angulated on the discal interspace, the outer line nearly touch-
ing the edge of the wing ; discal dot larger and more distinct than on the
fore wings.

Length of body, O.Gt); of fore wing, 0.75; expanse of wings, 1.50
inches.

California (Edwards) ; San Diego, Cal. (Crotch, Mus. Com]). Zob'l.).

A fresh specimen received from Mr. Edwards differs from certain others
more rubbed (and which better agree with M. GueneVs description) in having
the large oval brown spot below the median vein of the fore wings distinctly
united with the large costal triangular area, and in the more distinct bands
on the under side of the wings.

The broadly-pectinated plumose antennae, the single sinuous submar-
ginal line, separate tin's species from G. trilinearia, in which the pectinations
are less than one-half as long, and in which there are two parallel, sinuous
and angulated, submargirial lines.

GoKYTODES TRILINEARIA Packard. Plate 9, fig. 33.
Gorytotles trilinearia Pack., Proe. Bost. Soc. X. II.. x\ i,24, pi. 1. fig. 23, L874,

2 <?. — Whitish-ochreous. A larger species than Q, tuiainann, the
antenna' with much shorter pectinations, the palpi as long, but slenderer, the
wings of the same form, but with the apex of primaries more rounded, the

203

wing being a little less falcate. Fore wings white at base, and traversed by
three white zigzag lines, the basal one on the inner fourth of wing, with a
large angle on the submedian space, the apex of the angle filled in with a
few black scales, as also the outer side of the line (widest here) in the discal
space ; from the submedian angle is thrown out a narrow white line, running
through the middle of an oval ochreous patch. A longitudinal white streak
in the discal space, and beyond a large, lunate, transverse, white spot, the two
forming a very distinct exclamation-mark. Beyond, two parallel zigzag white
lines, the inner scalloped deeply below the first median venule ; the outer is
curved at the apex, and with a broad angle on the independent vein. Fringe
white, checkered with dark brown. Hind wings white, fringe white.
Beneath as above, but the hind wings are crossed by two irregular, rather
distinct and broad bands of ochreous with black scales, and. the base of the
wing is faintly peppered with dark and ochreous scales.

Length of body, 0.66 ; of fore wing, 0.82 ; expanse of wings, 2.30 inches.

Nevada (Edwards) ; Arizona (Dr. Palmer, from the Museum of the
Department of Agriculture at Washington).

An exceedingly elegant moth, at once recognizable by the three white
lines, the mark of exclamation in the discal space and the narrowly-pectinated
antenna?. The specimen from Arizona is in bad condition, but does not
seem to differ from the Nevada example.

EUASP1LATES Packard. Plate 2, fig. 2.

This genus is intermediate in some respects between Aspilates and
Sterrha, with characters of its own. The head is like that of Sterrha, but
much fuller in front, with short palpi not projecting beyond the front. The
antennae are pectinated as in Sterrha, much less so than in Aspilates. The
fore wings are long, triangular, much produced toward the apex. The costa
sinuous, slightly curved in before the apex. The outer edge much longer
than in either of the two other genera, and very oblique. Hind wings
rounded, much as in Sterrha. The venation differs from Sterrha and is
much as in Aspilates. There is one subcostal cell and one subcostal venule
less than in Aspilates. Two large, unequal, stout spines on th? base of fore
tibiae, wanting in Sterrha and Aspilates. Legs much shorter and stouter
than in either of those two genera.

/

I'd 4
Euaspilates spinatakia Packard.

Euaspilates spinataria Pack., sixth Eep. Peab. Acad. Sc., 1">, 1874.

1 $. — Body ;m<l %\ inirs pure white. Fore wings with
lour pale clay-brown, oblique lines, the basal very oblique
jiikI extending along the inner side of the subcostal vein a
Euatpiiates spinatana. third of the length of the wing. The second line half-
way between the basal and the third, and half as wide as third, embracing
the dark, discal, linear spot. Fourth line marginal; fringe white on both
wings. Hind wings pure white, with a small, dark, discal dot, and a narrow
pale-brown line along the edge. Beneath as above, but with the lines much
fainter, and with four distinct discal dots.

Length of body, 0.40: of fore wing, (*.f>4; expanse of wings, 1.1.')
inches.

Colorado Territory (A. R. Grote, Mus. Peab. Acad. Sc.).
This very interesting form may be recognized by the full bulging head,
the short palpi and stout spines on the base of the tore tibiae, and by the
white wings, with the four peculiar. paled)rown, broad bands on the anterior

pair.

ASPILATES Treitschke. Plate 2, fig. 3.

Eraslria Hiibn., Samml. Exot. Schm., ism;.
Sjirrhodia Hiibn., Zntr., 371,372; Verz., 300, 1818.
Perconia Hiibn. (in part), Verz., 296, 1818.
Catopyrrha Hiibu., Verz., 330, 1818.
•• Eusarca Jliii.n.. :>, v, 40, 1822."
' Aspilates Traits., Scbm. Eur., vi (i), 126, 1827.

Stepb., 111., Eii, 207, 1831.
•• Paralexia Sodoff., Bull. S. I. Mosc, 17, is:;:."
Aspilates Boisd. (iu part), Gen. Intl., 187, ls.40.

H.-Sch., Schro. Eur., iii,;r.;, 1S47.

Steph., Cat. Brit.Lep., 181, 1850.

Lederer, Verh. Bot. Zool. Ges. Wien, 238, L853.

Guen., Plial., ii, 180,1857,
Catopyrrha Wall;., List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxiv, 10(14, 1862.
Aspilates Walk., List Lep. Br. Mus., xxiv, 1065, 1862.

In this genus, the male antennae are usually heavily pectinated, the head
square in front, and the palpi very long and acute, porrect. The fore wings
are short and broad, triangular; costa straight, or curved; apex rectangular,
not falcate. Hind wings rounded at the apex, outer edge full and rounded.
Venation: three short subcostal venules; one subcostal cell. Hind legs:
male hind tibia' somewhat swollen; tarsi two-lhirds as long as the tibiae.
Abdomen rather long and slender. Coloration: usually pale, with from one

205

1o four lilies on the love wings, < lie wings beneath more or loss reddish in
some species.

This genus may he identified by the very heavily-pectinated male
antennae, ihe long, very slender palpi, and the high-colored under side of the
wings of the larger species.

Synopsis of the Species.

Whitish straw-color, will) four pale-brown lines A. 4-fasciaria.

Whitish ocbreous, often thickly speckled with brown scales, a straight outer line ending

on the ape&, (he wing often brown beyond A. pervaria.

Granite-gray, with a vinous tinge ; tinged beneath with bright red /. coloraria.

lirigbt ochreons, tinged beneath with vermilion A. iissimilaria.

Dull reddish-ochreous, with two common black interrupted lines, and an outer row of

black spots on the fore wings A. Hntneraria.

Aspilates quadri-fasciaeia Packard.

Jepilahs 4-fasciaria Pack., Fifth Kep. Peab. Acad. Sc, 62, 1S73.

1 <?. — About the. size of and allied structurally to,

k^^OyC*?^^/ A. silruria of Europe, but differing much in the niark-

jk~*$&('y$k iiiff ; it is rather smaller than A. pervaria; compared

^8&v\&?r with the latter, the antennae are not so widely pecti-

Aspilates 4-fasciaria. nated ; the fore wings are of much the same shape, but

the costa is much more convex, while the outer edge is less so, and the hind

wings are not so fully rounded. Body and wings uniformly pale yellow-

ochreous, fringe concolorous. Fore wings crossed by four faint darker bands,

straight, parallel, the second in the middle of the wing the widest; the two

outer ones nearer together than either of the others, the fourth band not

reaching the apex, and narrower than the others. On the hind wings three

similar bands. Beneath as above, with the lines reproduced and not much

less distinct than above.

Length of body, J, 0.46; of fore wing, c?, 0.^7; expanse of wings, 1.20
inches.

Kansas (T. Glover, from United States Agricultural Department) ;
Lawrence, Kans. (Snow) ; Boulder, Colo., June. 29 (Packard, Hayden's
Survey).

This species differs so much from any others we have that its pale
ochreous color, without any dark spicks above or below, and the four slightly
oblique parallel bands, will enable one easily to determine it.

206

This is one of (he most common ( iconic! rid moths found in Colorado.

It occurs in the valleys leading from the plains up among i lie foot-hills, and

will undoubtedly be found in river-valleys on the plains away from the

mountains.

AsPILATES PERVAEIA Packard Plate 9, fig. 34.

AnpUaies pervaria Pack., Fifth Rep. Peab. Acad. Sc, 62, 1873.

6 t? and 5 9. — Smaller than A. dismnilaria Hiibn. ; antennae broadly

pectinated, but the branches not inclined to be caught together, being stiffer;
palpi one-half smaller. Fore wings less pointed at apex; hind wings not
extending beyond tip of abdomen, while in A. dissimilaria they reach a little
way beyond. Cream-white (rarely snow-white), with a very slight ochreous
tinge. Front of head and palpi brown. Both wings either quite clear or
finely speckled, or with heavy, large-brown specks. A single outer, oblique,
brown line on primaries (sometimes wanting) fading out just before reaching
the costa, sometimes the wing beyond the line is shaded with brown. Discal
dots dark, distinct on both wings (varying in size on either pair). Beneath
much as above ; the single line usually reproduced. The discal dots very
distinct.

Length of body, <?, 0.50-0.57, 9, 0.50; of fore wing, S, 0.60-0.70, 9,
0.56-0.60; expanse of wings, 1.35 inches.

Papineau, Mo. (Riley); Texas, May 21-23; Oct. 3-Nov. 11 (Belfrage,
Mus. Peab. Acad. Sc.). This very variable species may be recognized by its
whitish-speckled wings, with a single outer brown line on primaries, the
wing beyond sometimes tinged with brown; also by the presence of the dark
discal dots. It is in sonic respects allied to the European Aspilates gilvaria.
It is evidently double-brooded.

The single Missouri specimen differs from all the Texas examples in
being snow-white above and beneath. The oblique sub marginal line is repre-
sented by a few scattered dark scales, the middle of the wing being clear
of them, while beyond the line and on the costal edge they are quite thickly
scattered, as also over the hind wings, so that the whole moth is without any
markings except the speckles.

Aspilates coloraria G-uenee. Plate 9, tigs. 35, 36.

"PhdUenc coloraria Fabr., Suppl. Ent. Syst, 96-97, 1798."

Crociphora artmmria Iliilin , Zntr., 26, tigs. 503, .r>04, 1825.
tGeometra "cruentaria Hiibn., Europ., tab. 10, fig. 48."

207

t Aspilates cruentaria Treits., Schm. Eur., vi (i), 1827.

?Dur>., Lep. France, viii (v), 128, pi. 179, fig. 8, 1830.
Aspilates coloraria Guen., Pbal., ii, 183, 1857.
Catopyrrha cruentaria Walk., List Lep. Br. Mus , xxiv, 10G5, 1862.
Croeiphora coloraria var. spha-romacharia Harvey, Bull. Soc. Nat. Sc. Buffalo, 284, 1875.

3 $ 1 ? . — Of the same size as dissimilaria; dark stone-gray, speckled
with blackish. Male antennae dark gray; those of the female annulated finely
with gray and whitish, exactly as in A. dissimilaria. Palpi as in dissimilaria,
but deeper red. The cut of the wings is almost exactly as in dissimilaria;
the position and form of the outer band is the same ; both wings, however,
are dull stone-gray, with a vinous tinge, especially on the fringe. An inner
dusky band crosses the site of the discal dot, and runs parallel to the outer
line, but is more decidedly curved on the costa. Half-way between the middle
band and the insertion of the wing is a still more curved basal band. The
wing is speckled with dark scales; and in the middle of the wings, just out-
side of and touching the outer line, is a dark spot not present in dissimilaria.
On the hind wings are two mesial, dusky bands, not observed or nearly obso-
lete in specimens of dissimilaria. Under side of both wings tinged more
or less with a decided bright brick-red, with the two outer bands repeated as
above, but less curved and more distinct, the inner one running just inside
of the distinct black discal dot. The basal line is wanting. The two bands
distinct. Legs pale-gray. Abdomen concolorous with the rest of the body
and wings.

Length of body, <?, 0.60; of fore wing, <? , 0.65; expanse of wings, 1.40
inches.

London, Canada, May 31 (Saunders); Brooklyn, Long Islands (Graef);
Albany, N. Y., May lfi-June 4 (Lintner); "Georgia" (Guenee).

This species is so much like A. dissimilaria that I am inclined to regard
it almost as a melanized form of that species. It differs in the much darker
wings, while the under side of the wings are light brick-red, instead of ver-
milion. I look for the occurrence of specimens of dissimilaria, with mark-
ings identical with those of this form, only differing in color. It will be an
interesting inquiry to ascertain whether it is only a melanotic variety.

Larva. — "The caterpillar is more elongated than the preceding [A. dis-
similaria], of a clear brownish-red, with the incisions darker and somewhat
radiated. The dorsal spots are brown, but finer and more elongated. The
head and all the feet are concolorous. It lives on Rubus strigosus, alhidus, and
other species of Rubus." — Guenee.

208

Guen«5e doubts whether Treitschke or Duponchel rightfully regarded this
as a South-European species, and by Staudinger (Catalog) it is not mentioned
as a European moth.

AsPILATES DIssiMii AKIA (iuenee.

Eraatria dtirimilaria Hubn., Samml. Exot. Scbm., bd. 1. 1906. •

Catopyrrha distimilaria Hubn., Vn/., 301, 1818.

Aspilates diseimilaria Gupd., Pbul., ii, 182, l^r>7.

Catopyrrha dissimilaria Walk;, Lep. Het. Br. Mns., xxiv, 1064, 1862.

5 $ and 2 9. — Head pale brown in front. Palpi yellow. Body and
wings bright citron-yellow, without any markings above, but usually with
three broad, dusky, slightly-curved bands on the fore wing, one basal band
more curved than the others; two or three dark blotches just beyond but
adjoining the outer line on the posterior half of the wing; both wings slightly
speckled with fine dark scales. Hind wing with two faint, straight shades
quite near together and parallel. Fringe pink yellowish at inner angle and
along the inner edge.

Two females differ in the strigae and specks and bands on the fore wings
(none on hind wings) being dull pink. Male antennae granite-gray, in the
female white, with scattered, dark specks above. Beneath, bright ochreous-
yellow; both wings crossed by two nearly parallel, broad, pink shades, with
fine, scattered, dull-pink scales over the wing. Sometimes the inner band
beneath is nearly obsolete, leaving large pink discal dots, and whole under
surface is suffused with pink, and the body is pinkish on the sides.

Length of body, 3, 0.55-0 60, 9, 0.50; fore wing, <? , 0.70-0.75, 9,
0.72; expanse of wings, 1.35—1.50 inches.

Albany, New York, dune 29; West Virginia, 3105, July 7 (Lintner);
Illinois (Clemens); Georgia (Le Conte, Grote, Harris Coll., Mas. Bost. Soc.
Xat. Hist.); Texas. May 3-23 (Belfrage, Mus. Peab. Acad. Sc); Maryland
(Stratlon, Mus. Comp Zool.); Long Island, N. Y., July 2 (Graef).

This species varies greatly, bui may always be recognized by the bright-
yellow color of the wings and the pink fringe, and dusky band above (when
present), and beneath by the broad pink lines and suffused pink tint.

Hiibner represents the male above with but one (outer) common band
and a costal spot, the rudiment of the middle line. In the female, the three
bands are present on the fore wings and one on the hind wings; the inner
band only extending from the costa to the median vein. The under side of

209

both the" male and female have two common bands, and the under surface
of the female is sprinkled with dark spots besides.

Larva. — "Caterpillar of a yellowish-green, with the dorsal region clearer,
limited by two subdorsal lines of a dark green. The vascular line replaced
on the intermediate rings by black marks, which stop on the first half. Stig-
matal line of a deep green. Head and feet scaly, red. It lives in April and
May on Trifolium. The chrysalis is of a clear reddish-yellow color." —
Guenee.

Aspilates lintneraria Packard. Plate 9, figs. 37, 38.

Anpilates lintneraria Pack., Sixth Rep. Peab. Acad. Sc, 44, 1874.

4 $ . — This fine, large species is of the same size as A. dissimilaria
(Hiibn.), but the antennae are less densely pectinated, though the branches
are as long. The palpi are one-half as large and do not project beyond the
front. The fore wings are subfalcate, acute, and the hind wings decidedly
bent in the middle. Body and wings uniformly reddish fawn-brown. An-
tennae horn-color. Fore wings with three narrow, parallel, more or less inter-
rupted, blackish lines; the basal much curved; the middle one curved just
below the costa, straight beyond; the outer (third) a little curved. Half-way
beyond this line and the outer edge of the wing is a row of intervenular,
round, black spots, edged externally with whitish. There is no spot in the
extradiscalspace. An oblique, blackish, apical streak. Hind wings with the same
markings, wanting only the basal line, while the outer row of spots are smaller
than those on the fore wings Fringe slightly darker than above. Beneath
uniformly pale fawn-brown, slightly paler than above, with no lines, but small,
scattered, dark, transverse specks and four small discal dots. A row of three or
four black dots near the apex Abdomen and legs concolorous with the body.

Length of body, 3 , 0.55 ; of fore wing, <S , 0.75 ; expanse of wings, 2.00
inches.

Amherst, Mass. (Professor Peabody); Albany, N. Y., September 14
(Lintner); London, Canada (Saunders).

Easily distinguished by its. large size and bright-reddish fawn-color
above and beneath, and by the three dark, narrow lines, of which the outer
(third) is interrupted in the middle of the wing, two of which are continued
on the hind wings; also by the outer row of black spots

In a remarkably suffused variety (pi. 9, fig 37), taken by Prof. S. H.

Peabody either at Racine, Wis., or Amherst, Mass.. but probably the former,
•_7 p n

210

the region between the basal and third line on both wings is blackish, the
outer, edge of the broad band deeply excavated in the middle of the wing.

The black spots in tl iter row are larger than usual, and extend nearly to

the edge of the wing, while the apical streak is broad and diffuse. The
fringe is considerably darker than the rest of the wing. Beneath as usual,
with the submarginal row of black spots present on both wings.

Desiderata.
Aspilates atropunctaria Walk., List Lep ITet. Br. Mus., xxvi, 1673.
1.802. — "Male. Pale yellowish fawn-colour. Head in front deep fawn-colour.
Palpi pilose, obliquely ascending, not rising so high as the vertex ; third joint
extremely minute. Antennae broadly pectinated, except towards the tips.
Abdomen slightly attenuated; apical tuft rather long. Wings rather broad,
with a straight, deep, fawn-coloured line, which extends from beyond the
middle of the interior border of the hind wings nearly to the tips of the fore
winss, where it is retracted to the costa; discal point black. Fore wings
acute, with a slight interior, angular, fawn-coloured line ; costa and exterior
border hardly convex, the latter rather oblique. Length of the body, 6 lines;
of the wings, 15 lines. East Florida."

Aspilates abbreviata Walk., List, xxvi, 1073, 1862. — "Male. Testaceous.
Palpi broad, obtuse, obliquely ascending, not rising so high as the vertex;
third joint nearly obsolete. Antennas broadly pectinated. Hind tibiae slightly
incrassated. Wings rather short, with a brown discal point, and a brown,
oblique, exterior, nearly straight line. Fore wings acute, minutely speckled,
with two interior indistinct darker lines; marginal points brown, very. small;
exterior border slightly convex and oblique. Hind wings paler. Length of
body, 4 lines; of the wings, 11 lines. Georgia."

Aspilates dona/aria Walk., List, xxvi, 1674, 1862. — "Male. Cinereous,
slender. Head broad in front. Antennae broadly pectinated. Abdomen not
extending beyond the hind wings. Wings elongate, minutely blackish-
speckled, with an exterior, oblique, nearly straight line of blackish poinls;
submarginal line brownish, very indistinct; marginal points black. Fore
wings acute; costa straight; exterior border hardly convex, very oblique.
Length of the body, 5 lines; of the wings, 14 lines. Georgia."

Aspilates canosaria Walk., List, xxvi, 1674, 1862. — "Male. Whitish cin-
ereous. Head luteOUS in front. Palpi very short and slender, not extending

211

beyond the front. Antennae moderately pectinated. Legs smooth, slender;
spurs rather short. Wings rather broad, minutely brown-speckled ; exterior
line blackish, oblique, zigzag; discal blackish, elongated. Fore wings hardly
acute; interior line blackish, zigzag; costa and exterior border very slightly
convex, the latter moderately oblique. Hind wings very little paler than the
fore wings, extending beyond the abdomen. Length of body, 5 lines ; of the
wings, 14 lines. Nova Scotia."

"Var. /J. Head not luteous in front. Lines and discal marks of the wings
brown. Length of the body, 7 lines; of the wings, 18 lines."

Aspilates strigularia Walk., List, xxvi, 1675, 1862. — "Male. Cinereous.
Palpi porrect, short, broad, extending a little beyond the head ; third joint
extremely minute. Antennas pubescent. Abdomen hardly extending beyond
the hind wings. Hind tibiae slightly incrassated, with four spurs, of which
the first pair are much longer than the apical pair. Wings transversely
brown-speckled; marginal points black. Fore wings hardly acute ; interior
and exterior lines blackish, oblique, the first straight, the second undulating;
space along the outer side of the exterior line partly and irregularly clouded
with brown ; discal mark brown ; exterior border straight, rather oblique.
Hind wings with some straight, indistinct, brownish lines. Length of the
body, 5-5J lines; of the wings, 13-14 lines. East Florida.''

Aspilates olenusaria Walk., List, xxvi, 1675, 1862.— "Jfafc. Luteous.
Head rosy in front. Antennas cinereous. Wings with an oblique, nearly
straight, purplish-rosy exterior line ; fringe purplish-rosy; under side bright
luteous, with transverse rosy speckles, and with two broad rosy bands. Fore
wings with the interior and middle lines purplish-rosy, indistinct. Hind
wings paler than the fore wings. Length of the body, 5^-6 lines ; of the
wings, 15-16 lines. East Florida. Georgia."

CHLORASPILATES, gen. nov.

Head, palpi, and antennae, and form of the body and legs as in Aspilates.
Antennae of the male heavily pectinated to just before the tip. Palpi very
large and broad at the end, extending far beyond the head, the third joint
being small and rounded. The wings arc small and narrow, somewhat as in
Lythria. Fore wings narrow, the costa less convex than in Lythria, while
the outer edge is much less oblique. The hind wings are a little longer and

212

less rounded than in Aspilates, bul more rounded than in Lythria, (he apex
being much rounded. The abdomen is long and slender, lulled much as in
Aspilates. The bind legs are very Long and slender, the four tibial spurs long
and slender; larsi as long as the tibiae. Coloration: fore wings, head, and
thorax green; abdomen and hind wings ochreous.

This genus would at first be mistaken for one of the subfamily Gome-
t/rince, from the green thorax and tore wings, but the characters are like those
of Aspilates, as seen in the palpi, which are larger, but very much broader,
in the heavily-pectinated antenn;e, the long slender hind legs, and the peculiar
form of the abdomen. The venation is similar to that of Aspilates, but a
careful study could not be made on the single specimen received.

Chloraspilates bicoloraria, -v/a nov. Plate 1 3.

1 <?. — Head and palpi greenish-ochreous ; antenna' dark brown; thorax
above and fore wings deep pea-green: costa ochreous: apex, however, green.
Three black small costal spots, the third one the largest and sinuate. On the
basal third of the wing is a faint, pale, straight line, which ends at the same
distance from the insertion of the wing on the inner edge of the wing as on
the costal. A straight extradiscal dark line. No discal dot or any other
markings on the front wings, which are uniformly dull-greenish. The hind
wings are pale-ochreous, dusted with pinkish scales, and with a brown extra-
discal line, and faint traces of a parallel submarginal one. Beneath, both
wings are uniformly ochreous, with pinkish speckles, but with no markings.

Length of body, <?, 0.43; fore wings, c? , 0.45; expanse of wings, 0.90
inch.

Bastrop, Tex. (Meske).

This beautiful species may be readily distinguished by its small wings,
the anterior pair being dull green, and the hinder pair rather bright ochreous.
Larentia profugaria (H.-Sch., Aussereur. Schm, p. 66, figs. 410, 411) may
belong to this genus; at any rate, it is allied to Aspilates, and does not belong
to the Larenfince. He gives the locality as North America.

STENASPILATES,* gen. nov.

This genus is closely allied to Aspilates, but the wings are much narrower,
•and it differs in other important respects. The palpi are large and broad,
' art i 6c, narrow, in allusion to the narrow wiuga ; Aspilates

213

very stout, while those of Aspilates are long and slender: thev do not extend
so far beyond the front as in Aspilates; the third joint is short and thick ; the
male antennae are heavily pectinated, much as in Aspilates. The wings are
longer and narrower; fore wings with the costa straight, becoming rounded
at the apex, with the outer edge short, less oblique than in Aspilates. Hind
wings much produced toward the well-rounded apex, the outer edge long
and decidedly sinuous, not reaching to the end of the abdomen, which is
long and slender.

This genus is well marked and intermediate in some respects between
Aspilates and Chloraspilates. It may be recognized by the stout, broad palpi
and narrow wings, the hinder pair being somewhat sinuous on the outer edge.

Stenaspilates Meskaria, sp. nov. Plate 1'6.

1 <?. — Body and wings grayish-brown, with a faint olivaceous tint. Fore
.wings with a basal shade crossing the wing, curved broadly outward opposite
the large, white, oblong, conspicuous, discal spot. The outer line is white,
linear, shaded broadly within with dark brown, especially toward the inner
edge of the wing ; the line is parallel with the outer edge of the wing on
the costal half, but posteriorly curves inward slightly and then makes a sud-
den curve outward, ending on the outer third of the inner edge of the wing.
Beyond this line, the wing is clearer, with a few dark patches, and a submar-
ginal, broad, light shade, disappearing before reaching the costa. but ending
distinctly on the inner angle of the wing. The hind wings are concolorous
with the anterior pair, but are slightly clearer, with transverse dark strigae
and two parallel dark lines, of which the inner is the more distinct. Beyond
this the margin of the wing is clouded, and below the middle of the inner
edge are two or three black dots. Beneath, the wings are lighter, clearer than
above, with faint traces of the extradiscal line on the fore wings, while on
the hind wings, besides the two short, dark, diffuse lines, is a large, black,
broken, discal spot.

Length of body, <? , 0.55; fore wing, S, 0.55; expanse of wings, 1.06
inches.

Texas ; collection of Mr. Meske, to whom the species is dedicated.

214

TORNOS Morrison. Plate 2, fig. 4.

Tornos Mow.. Proo. Host. Soo. Nat. Hist., wii, ->\7, L875.

Ill tliis singular genus, the win<.rs arc so long and narrow 1 hat it might, on
casual inspection, be mistaken for a Noctuid. The male antenna! are, however,
heavily pectinated, exactly as in Aspilates; the head is moderately broad in
front. The palpi are large, broad, and stout at the end, not slender and acute
as in Aspilates. Fore wings long and narrow, costa very straight, apex
subrectangular; outer edge not very oblique, much shorter than usual com-
pared with the length of the inner edge. Hind wings much produced toward
the apex, not- extending beyond the end of the abdomen, and sometimes not
so far as the tip. Venation: there is no subcostal cell, and but five subcostal
venules, two only being thrown off to the costa, where three are in Aspilates.
Independent vein near the last subcostal, as in Aspilates; but three median
venules, as in all Phalanidce, there being as a rule (indeed, 1 know of no excep-
tion) four in the Noctuidm. Abdomen as usual in Aspilates; male bind legs,
with the tibia.-, a little swollen, and the tarsi nearly as long as the tibiae.

This aberrant genus differs from Aspilates mainly in the broad, thick
palpi, the long, narrow wings, and the want of a subcostal cell, and in having
but five subcostal venules, six being the usual number. This genus was
placed among the Noctuidai by Mr. H. K. Morrison.

Synopsis of the Species.

Ofteu light ; outer edge short T. rubiginosaria.

Dark; outer edge of fore wing longer in proportion than in rubiginosaria T. approximaria,

Tornos rubiginosaria Morrison. Plate 9, fig. 39.

Tornos rubiginosus Morr., Proc. Best. Soc. Nat. Hist., xvii, 218, 1875.

7 J and 5 9. — Wings long and narrow; outer edge short. Antenna:
well pectinated. Body and wings usually cream-colored, chocolate-brown,
sometimes brown. Fore wings with a much curved, irregular, basal, dark hair-
line (often obsolete, and only represented by a square, dark, costal dot). The
discal dot is composed of long, raised, blackish scales, forming a large, conspicu-
ous tuft. Through the discal spot runs a dusky band, curved outward just
below the costa (often obsolete, and represented only by a broad costal dot,
situated within the discal spot). An outer, curved, sinuous, dark line, more
distinct than the others, and making a great curve outward, opposite the dis-

215

caldot; the line is often broken, consisting of black dots, Beyond a sub-
marginal row of white dots the wing is blackish, and within the line it is
tinged with reddish-brown. Hind wings concolorous with the anterior pair,
and marked in the same manner. No basal line; extradiscal line curved
and scalloped. Edge of the wing dark. Beneath dark cream-color, suffused
with dark scales, with a common, diffuse, dusky shade, and edge of both wings
dusky. Discal dots distinct. Legs concolorous with the body, with dark
scales. Abdomen somewhat carinated, and with distinct lateral projections.

Length of body, 3, 0.45, 9,0.45; of fore wing, 3, 0.45-0.56, 9, 0.53;
expanse of wings, 0.85-1.15 inches.

Lawrence, Kansas (F. H. Snow); Missouri, April 19 (Riley); Waco,
Texas, May, June 29, July 12, October (Belfrage, Mus. Peab. Acad. Sc.) ;
Demopolis, Alabama (Grote).

This is a very variable species, and it is liable to be mistaken for a
Noctuid moth, the wings are so unusually narrow and the outer edge so short.
It may, on this account, and from the presence of the large discal tuft of
dark, raised scales, be separated from its allied forms. It is very variable, and
it would be easy to " make'' three species out of the specimens I have before
me. The normal common form has, as a ground-color, a cream-tint; in others,
from Missouri and Texas, the whole insect is suffused with a chocolate-tint
so uniformly as to obscure the lines. The extradiscal line on both wings
differs in distance from the discal dot. Some specimens are intermediate in
hue between the dark and cream-colored examples. Some dark specimens
are so much smaller than the normal size as to be easily mistaken for a dis-
tinct species.

Mr. Riley states that when the moth is at rest the abdomen is raised
almost perpendicular to the thorax, while the head is held downward.

The moth is evidently double-brooded in Texas, according to the dates
given by Mr. Belfrage. The figure of the larva and pupa on plate 13 are
copied from Abbot.

Tornos approximaria, sp. nov. Plate 9, fig. 40.

2 3. — In this species, the wings are shorter and broader; the outer edge
of the fore wingslonger, with a rectangular apex, the. antennae with shorter
pectinations than in the other species.

The body and wings are uniformly chocolate-brown, both above and

216

beneath, including the legs The basal black hair-line is rather farther from
the insertion of the wing than in the other species; is regularly curved, not
wavy, and ends the same distance from the insertion of the wing on the inner
edne as on the costal edge of the wing. Just within the linear discal dot is
a line black line, curved out ward from the costa to just below the median vein,
where it makes a re-entering angle, and thence is directed outward again,
ending obliquely beyond the inner edge of the wing; the extradiscal line
runs parallel and very near to it. There are no other markings on the wing.
Hind wings exactly like the fore wings, with no markings except the indis-
tinct discal dot. Beneath of the same color as above, with no markings
except the four discal dots.

Length of body, <?, 0.33; of fore wings, cf, 0.46; expanse of wings,
1.00 inch.

Kentucky (Sanborn, Ky. Gcol. Survey, Mus. Comp. Zool.).

This pretty species differs from the other by its uniformly chocolate
color, and the two outer parallel sinuate lines much nearer together than
usual, the inner nearly touching the discal spot.

In the museum of the Peabody Academy of Science is another species
from Texas, much smaller, with very narrow wings, but with similar mark-
ings and of the same color as in the present species. The outer edge of the
wing is much longer than in either 'of the two larger species.

ZERENE Treitschke. Plate 2, fig. 5.

Orthostixia lliilm., Sam ml. Exot. ScUm., bd. ii, 1H0G.

Orihostixia Hiibn. (in part), Verz., 304, 1816.

Zerene Treits,, (iu part) Schm. Ear., vi (ii),217, 1828.

Gueu., Phal., ii, 221, 1857.

Walk., List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxiv, 1136, 1862.

Head of moderate size ; front square, moderately full. Palpi very small
and slender, acutely pointed, porrect, not projecting beyond the head. An-
tennae plumose, the branches thick and slender. Fore wings with the costa
full, especially toward the base of the wing, the apex rectangular, outer edge
much as in Aspilates, not very oblique, and moderately convex. Hind wings
much more produced toward the apex than in Aspilates, and not angled in
the middle. Venation iu its general relations as in Aspifales, but there are
two subcostal cells, the inner varying in size, lozenge-shaped, the outer long
and narrow, linear, curved, much as in Aspilates. The independent vein

217

originates farther from the sixth subcostal than usual, while the posterior
discal venule is very oblique and is not curved inward as in Aspilates. The
arrangement of the independent vein and discal venules is much as in Ortho-
fidonia. Hind legs long and rather thick ; the tarsi stout and as long as the
tibiae. Abdomen long and slender. Coloration : pure white, with black an-
tenna' and black dots and lines on the wings, and a yellow head and patagia.

This genus may be recognized by having such small, acute, slender palpi,
by the plumose antennae, and the double subcostal areole.

From the European Orthostixis, its nearest ally, it differs in the smaller
palpi and plumose antennae, while it may be always distinguished from
Aspilates by its beautiful mode of coloration and the other points already
stated.

Zerene catenaria Guenee.

Geometra catcnaria Cramer, Pap. Exot., iii, 61, pi. 228, fig. 3, E.
Geometra eatenaria Drury, 111. Nat. Hist., i, 17, pi. 8, fig. 3, 1770.
ritahena eatenaria Fabr., Eut. Syst., iii (part ii), 140, 1794.
Orthostixis eatenaria Httbn., Samml. Exot. Schm., bd. ii, 1806.
Bupalus eatenarius Westw. ed. Drury, i. 16, pi. 8, fig. 3.
Zerene eatenaria Guen., Phal. ii, 222, 1857.

Walk., List Lep. Hot. Br. Mas., xxiv, 1136, 1862.

10c? and 10 9. — This common moth is easily

recognized by its large size, the snow-white,

thin wings. Head ochreous-yellow in front;

thorax yellowish at the base of the patagia.

Fore wings white, with a black, narrow, zigzag

line on the inner third of the wing; the line

Zereue eatenaria. js more 0r less obsolete, often having venular

dots. A distinct discal spot. A scalloped, black line half-way between the

discal dot and the outer edge. Fringe checkered with black dots. Male

antenna? very plumose. End of male abdomen yellowish.

Length of body, <?,0.70, 9, 0.50-0.70; length of fore wing, <?, 0.85, 9,
0.65-0.75; expanse of wings, 1.10-1.80 inches.

Brunswick, Me., September 1-10, abundant (Packard); Portland, Me.
(Morse); Salem, Mass., October 15 (A. F. Gray); Cambridge, Mass. (Harris
Coll.); Salem, Mass. (Einerton) ; Albany, N. Y., September 8-19 (Lintner);
New Jersey (Sachs); Waterbury, Conn., September 20 (W. H. Patton); Plum
Creek, Colo., September 22, 25 (Lieutenant Carpenter, Hayden's Survey).
This common moth is single brooded, not appearing until ahoul the
28 p u

2 IS

middle of September, and flying until about the middle of October in tbe

New England States. The larva is not uncommon, feeding on sedges, etc.

In coloration, the ten specimens collected by Lieutenant Carpenter do
not differ from eastern ones; but on comparing them (5c? and 5 9) with fifteen
(10 $ and 5 9) specimens from Massachusetts, I find that the wings of the
Colorado moths are uniformly more pointed toward the apex, the outer edge
more oblique, and the wing narrower than in the eastern examples. The
fore wing of the largest Colorado moth measured 0.95 inch in length, and
that of the Massachusetts specimen 0.90 inch.

Larva. — Head of the same width as the prothoracic segment, divided by
a slight median crease into two lobes. The body is cylindrical, of uniform
width throughout, a little thicker over the first pair of abdominal feet; pale
straw-yellow. Two subdorsal brown hair-lines, and two similar ones on the
sides, interrupted by two, large, conspicuous, angular, black dots, — a pair on
each ring. Beneath, three hair-lines on each side of the body. The head
and prop-legs are dotted with black. Length, 1.50 inches. It feeds in Maine
on Car ex Pensylvanica.

It has been found, August 1-14, in Danvers, Mass., by Mr. Gray, feeding
upon the blackberry, wood-wax, wild indigo, etc , transforming into the pupa
August 14, previously spinning a slight but well-formed web of yellow threads
among the leaves.

Pupa. — Pale yellow, dotted slightly with black. Head well rounded;
abdomen acute; wings reaching to near the hinder edge of the fourth abdom-
inal ring ; length, 0.68 inch. It remains in the pupa state from three to
four weeks. For figures of the larva and pupa see plate 13.

H^EMATOPIS Hiibner. Plate 2, fig. 6.

Eamatopis Hiibner, Verz., 301, 1818.

Geyer, Hiilm. Zufcr., 9, figs. 823, 824, 1837.

Ouen., Phal., ii, 170, 1857.

Walk., List Lop. Het. Br. Mus., xxiv, 1053, 1862.

Front of the head rather longer than broad ; male antenna-, plumose,
the branches very slender. Palpi slender, acute, projecting a little beyond
the front. Fore wings long and rather narrow, much produced toward the
apex, which is pointed but not falcate; costa straight, outer edge very ob-
lique. Hind wings rounded at the apex, outer edge with a distinct bend;
the inner angle reaches to the end of the abdomen. Venation: six subcostal

219

branches; a small, short subcostal cell ; costal vein free from the subcostal;
first subcostal very long, a third longer than the third. Apical area long and
narrow. Independent vein situated midway between the last subcostal and
first median branch. Coloration: deep ochreous, with two straight extradiscal
pink lines.

The slender palpi, the long wings, with the oblique outer edge, the
angulated hind wings, and unusual style of coloration will serve to render
this genus, with its single species, readily recognizable.

H^ematopis grataria Guene'e. Plate 9, tig. 41.

" Geometric grataria Fabr., Snppl. Ent. Syst., 112, 113, 1798."

Hivmatopis saniaria Hiibn., Zutr., 26, 173, figs. 345, 346, before 1818 ; Verz., 301, 1818.

Ua-matopis grataria Gueu., Pbal., ii, 171, pi. 19, fig. 6, 1857.

Walk., List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxiv, 1054, 1862.

Riley, First Rep. Ius. Missouri, 179, pi. 2, figs. 18-20, 1869.

12 specimens. — Body and wings ochreous-yellow, hind wings a little
lighter. A large, round, pink, discal dot; beyond, two pink lines approach-
ing each other on the costa; the inner forms abroad, diffuse band, but slightly
curved opposite the discal dot ; the second line is much narrower, parallel
with the outer edge of wing, and more curved than the other. It is some-
times almost wanting, and occasionally blends with the inner line opposite the
discal dot. Edge of wing and fringe pink. On hind wings, two pink bands,
farther apart than on the fore wings ; inner straight ; outer line narrower
and sinuate. Edge of wings and fringe pink. Under side brighter yellow
than above, and dusted with brown scales, varying in thickness and size.
Discal dot distinct, and two outer lines as above, but dusky pink ; fringe
bright pink; hind wing beneath as above, but flecked with brown spots.

Length of body, <?, 0.40; of fore wing, <$ , 0.53, 9, 0.50; expanse of
wing, 1.00 inches.

Campton, N. H., June (Walker) ; Maine and Salem (Packard) ; Iowa
(" May 30th, all summer, day and night, most abundant of moths" Parker) ;
Albany, N. Y., June 9, September 24 (Lintner) ; Natick, Mass., "June 29"
(Stratton) ; Middle States (Phil. Ent. Soc.) ; New York, May 25 (Lintner
and Meske) ; Albany, May 25 (Lintner) ; Texas (Belfrage).

Varies in breadth of inner band, in some being twice as wide as others,
and in degree of irroration on under side of wings, and in breadth of band on
edge of wing. Texas specimens do not differ from those from Maine.

220

ll is ;it once known by being entirely ochre-yellow, and by the prom
inent pink discal spot and two extradiscal bands on both wings.

Larva. — Average length, 0.85. "Colorquite variable, either pale yellow-
ish-green, deep rufouswith an orange tint, or of a mixture of gray and cream-
color. Minutely punctate all over. Segments 1, 2, and 3, extremely short'
4, longest and widest, having two wrinkles each side, with a dark depression
between them; 5, 6, 7, and 8, of equal length; 9, 10, and 11, short, the two
former also somewhat wider than the other. Dorsum dark, with a lighter
middle line, and a light, somewhat irregular, subdorsal line, which converges
anteriorly and diverges posteriorly of each segment; two dark spots ante-
riorly each side of the middle line. Sides more or less wrinkled, lighter than
dorsum, and with a light longitudinal ridge below. Venter variegated with
longitudinal marks, and shaded outwardly with deep olive-green, in strong
contrast with the lateral light ridge. Stigmata minute, black, and placed on
an oval swelling at the anterior portion of the segment. Head of the same
color as body, with a dark line, edged each side with white, continuing from
the thoracic segments.

Chrysalis. — Length, 0.50. "Wing-sheaths and tip of abdomen pale
buff, the middle of the abdomen very light yellowish-green. A purplish
dorsal line, obliquely truncated at the head, having a somewhat triangular
appearance, the ventral angle being lengthened into a slightly bifurcate snout.
Anal segments quite attenuated, the extremity being also slightly bifurcated.
Stigmata small, black, and distinct.

" The female moths deposit their eggs in rows of about twenty, along the
edge of a leaf, or along the stem of the common chickweed (Stellaria media).
These eggs are not quite 0.02 of an inch long, and are oval, flattened, and
depressed near the center. When tirst laid, they are yellowish-white, but
change within two days to a very blight, shiny, red color, between Venetian
and vermilion. These eggs hatch in a very short time, frequently within a
week, into thread-like worms, with ten legs only, and with the habit of loop-
ing themselves into all manner of shapes, especially into a circle.

"In about a month, during hot weather, they acquire their full size.
They are quite variable in color, being either gray, yellowish-green, or dark
brown. They change to chrysalids within a slight net attached to the leaves
of their food-plant, and in this state the skin is so thin that before the moth
escapes the colors of the wings show distinctly through it. There are several

221

broods during the year, and the insect may often be found in all its different
states at one and the same time. It probably passes the winter in either
the larva or egg state, for I have taken both eggs and half-grown larva? in
the beginning of November.

''In the larva and chrysalis state it is not easily detected, on account of
its small size and of its assimilating the color of the food-plant. The larva
has furthermore the habit of jerking itself away to a considerable distance
when disturbed, especially while it is young." Riley.

LYTHRIA Hiibner. Plate 2, fig. 7.

Lythria Hiibn., Verz., 300, 1818.

Aspilates Treits. (in part), Schm. Eur., vi (i), 126, 1827.
Steph., Nomenol. Br. Ius., 44, 1820.
Dup. (in part), Lep. France, viii (v), 110, 1830.
Boisd. (in part), Gen. Intl., 187, 1640.
Lythria Steph., Cat. Br. Lep., 300, 1850.

Lederer, Verb. Bot. Zool. Ges. Wieu, 244, 1853.

Guen.,Pbal.,ii, 171, 1857.

Walk., List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxiv, 1054, 1862.

Front of head square; palpi slender, but more bnshy than in Hcematopis.
Antennas with long, sparse branches, not plumose. P'ore wings rather long;
costa well arched ; apex not so much produced as in Hcematopls. Apex
pointed, outer edge less oblique than in Hamatopis. Hind wings with a
slight bend; scarcely extending as far as the end of the abdomen, which is
long and slender in the male. Venation: costal vein anastomosing with the
subcostal in the middle of the subcostal cell, the latter situated entirely or
partly beyond the discal venules. Three very short, subcostal veins are
thrown off to the costa. Lower discal venule very oblique. Coloration : red
and brown, with blackish patches.

In this genus, the bushy palpi, square front, thinly-branched antenna?
and high colors are distinguishing marks. It approaches Fidonia more sen-
sibly than Hcematopls.

Synopsis of the Species.

Fore wings not. bent ; three lines inequidistant ; hind wings beneath ash-brown L. rilevaria.

Fore wings angulated ; three lines equidistant ; a black patch in middle of outer fourth

of wing ; hind wings beneath orange L. snoviaria.

Lythria rilevaria, sp. nor. Plate 9, fig. 43.

2 <$ . — Antenna? well but thinly pectinated, the branches much as in the
European L. plumularia, but shorter. Palpi long, projecting far beyond the

222

front, nol hairy. Fore wings more similar in shape to L. plumularia, being
produced and pointed at the apex, with no angle in the outer margin as in
L. snoviaria, bul the whole wing is shaped much as in L. plumularia ; the
hind wings arc full on the outer edge and distinctly angulated. Body and
fore wings ash-brown, the latter brownish-ash on the inner two-thirds, a rich
brown externally beyond the outer straight line. Fore wings crossed by
three brown lines: the inner curved outward; the middle straight and much
nearer the third than the basal line ; third line very straight and firm, not
wavy. Beyond this, the wing is coffee-brown (the color of crushed burnt
coffee). Fringe concolorous with the outer third of the wing. Hind wings
deep reddish-orange, unspotted, mottled with light and black scales on the
inner edge, especially toward the internal angle. Fringe brown. Beneath,
fore wings orange, light ash-brown, speckled with fine black strigse on the
costa and apical portion of the wings, extending to the inner angle. Hind
wings uniformly light ash-brown, speckled with black, concolorous with the
dark portions of the front wings. A slight discal spot and an outer slightly
bent distinct dark-brown line. Fringe on fore wings checkered with brown,
uniformly pale on hind wings. Legs short, concolorous with under side of
hind wings.

Length of body, <f, 0.35; of fore wings, S, 0 40; expanse of wings,
0.80 inch.

Central Missouri (Riley) ; Dallas, Texas, in April and again in July to
September, on Gleditschia (Boll.).

This interesting species is dedicated to Prof. C. V. Riley, State Entomolo-
gist of Missouri. It may be recognized by the immaculate coffee-brown fore
wings, with three inequidistant lines, the outer straight and merged with
the coffee-brown border. The hind wings are a little deeper-toned than in
L. snoviaria

Lythria snoviaria, nov. xj>. Plate 9, fig. 42.

Fore wings rather broad ; hind wings distinctly angulated Head and
thorax (abdomen wanting) and fore wings reddish-brown. Fore wings with
three deep«red, parallel lines ; the basal nearly straight, somewhat bent on
the costa, the middle line slightly bent below the costa, and the third line a
little bent in the discal space. Just beyond 111*- bend, a large, conspicuous,

<>q

22

black patch with a faint shade extending to the inner edge and to the cost a
edge. The costa is edged narrowly with black, alternating with whitish.
Beyond the third line, the wing is rather darker than within, being dull brick-
red ; the fringe is blackish-brown, faintly checkered with a lighter shade.
Hind wings bright deep orange, with a black spot on the inner angle, and a
linear black discoloration in the middle of the inner edge. Beneath, both
wings uniformly deep orange, with dark strigse on the extreme edge of the
costa, a few faint strigse toward the apical portion of the wing, but no lines.
Fringe black, checkered with brown. Hind wings more strigated than
anterior pair, with a single reddish, extradiscal line. No discal dots. Legs
dark, ringed with pale reddish.

Length of body, ? — ; of fore wing, 0.45; expanse of wings, 0.96 inch.

Lawrence, Kans. (Snow).

This beautiful species differs from Lythria rilevaria in the broader,
more angulated fore wings, the equidistant lines, and the large black patch
in the middle of the wing near the outer edge, in the internal angle of the
hind wings, and by the bright-orange hind wings. This species is named
after my friend Prof. F. H. Snow of the University of Kansas, who has done
much to develop a knowledge of the entomology of Kansas.

LOXOFIDONIA,* gen. nov. Plate 2, fig. 8.

Front of the head of the usual width, no narrower than usual, moder-
ately convex. Palpi very long, projecting over half their length beyond the
front ; they are long and narrow, and seen sideways somewhat spindle-
shaped ; the third joint is long and narrow. Antennae of male plumose,
being intermediate in the length of the branches between Eufidonia and
Ematurga. Fore wings with the costal edge arched much more than usual,
the apex much produced, not acutely so, however, while the outer edge is
very oblicpie, rather more so than in Perconia. Hind wings much produced
toward the apex, with the outer edge full and rounded ; the form of the wing
is intermediate between Ematurga and Perconia. The venation differs
entirely from Ematurga or Evjidonia, and is more like that of Perconia in its
general features. The subcostal areole is formed in the usual way, there
being six subcostal branches; the areole is small, short, broadly triangular.

* Xnfiif, oblique; Fidonia.

22 I

The subcostal venules are long, the firsl one twice as loqg as the third. Tlic
independent vein is much nearer the sixth subcostal than usual, and the pos-
terior discal venule is very oblique. Hind legs long, tibiae long, slightly
swollen, tarsi nearly as long as the hind legs. Abdomen long and slender,
much as in Eu fidonia. Coloration bright deep ochreous, with transverse,
wavy, curved, darker lines.

This remarkable genus differs from Fidonia, Eufidonin, and the allied
tonus mentioned above, by those characters of the wings which would cause
it to be mistaken for an Acidalia; the venation is remarkably like Acidalia,
being like that genus in all the points above noticed in which it differs from
its allies; the form of the fore wing is also much like Acidalia, the costa
being full and the outer edge very oblique. The hind wings are in-form
more like Eufidonia than Acidalia. On examination of the head, the very
large palpi, and the bod}-, it is quite different from Acidalia and like Eujidoiiia,
except that the palpi are much longer. It is the most remarkable case of
mimicry of a higher form I have yet met with in this family.

Loxofidonia acidaliata Packard. Plate 9, fig. 44.

Fidonia acidaliata Pack., Sixth Rep. Peab. Acad. So., 48, 1874.

G <$ and 2 9. — This singular form would at first be mistaken for an
Acidalia. In the cut of the wings, it resembles Ematurga atomaria of Europe
and our Ematurgaa faxonii, but differs from the species of that genus in the
long slender palpi and the slightly-pectinated antennae. Its palpi are much
longer than in Fidonia truncataria, and the wings, especially the hinder pair,
much more produced. The palpi reach beyond the head a distance equal to
the length of the latter. The male antennae have long slender pectinations,
about twice as loug as in F truncataria Walker. Body and wings deep
brownish-ochreous, the wings with dark-brown scalloped lines, both pairs
concolorous and with similar markings. Fore wings with about eight wavy
lines, the basal angulated on the costa, and remote from the second. The
second and filth broader and heavier than the others (inclosing three fine
lines), both angulated a little below the subcostal vein, the fifth a little sinuous
and scalloped. The fifth and sixth separated by a distance equal to the
width of the abdomen. The seventh and eighth submarginal approximate,
finely waved. The eighth sometimes lost in a dark margin. Fringe dark

22;"i

brown, a faint discal dot. Hind wings marked as tore wings, bid with- no
discal dot or lines within the middle of the wing. Beneath of the same color
as above, but rather clearer ochreous, with discal dots on both wings. Fore
wings with two costal brown spots. No inner lines, the outer (extradiscal)
line on outer third of wing broad and sinuous, with another fainter line mid-
way between it and the edge of the wing. On the hind wings, the extradiscal
line is broadly angulated in the middle of the wing, with a fainter line mid-
way between it and the outer cAixe of the wing.

Length of body, <?, 0.45, 9, 0.42: of tore wings, <?, 0.57, 9, 0.46*;
expanse of wings. 1.10 inches.

Mountains of Colorado, August 12-29 (Lieut. W. L Carpenter);
twelve miles below Montezuma, Colo., on Snake River, Middle Park, eleva-
tion of 9,000 or 10,000 feet, August 7 (T. L. Mead).

EUFIDONIA, gen. nov. Plate 2, fip 9.

Tephro8ia Walk, (in part), List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxi, 407, 1.860.
Fidonia Walk, (in part), List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxiv, 1034, lMtt.
Minot, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat, Hist., 83, 1869.

Front of the head rather full, the clypeus being full, much more convex
than in Fidonia or Perconia, but hardly more so than in Ematurga. Palpi
unusually short, scarcely projecting beyond the front, the third joint minute.
Antenna? with longer pectinations than in Fidonia : in female simple. Fore
wings triangular, much as in Ematurga, the outer edge being less oblique
than in Fidonia. Hind wings produced a little toward the apex, somewhat
as in Ematurga, but not scalloped or square and sinuous as in Fidonia. The
venation of this genus is remarkable ; there being six instead of five sub-
costal venules, as in Fidonia and Ematurga. The first subcostal venule is
one-fourth the length of the wing, and is free; the second subcostal unites
with the subcostal vein at the origin of the fifth subcostal, forming a short
broad cell. Otherwise, the venation is as usual. Hind legs with long stout
tibiae and short tarsi, about half as long as the tibia1. Coloration much as
in Ematurga, but the ground-color is white. The single species known is of
moderate size, much larger than those of Fidonia and smaller than Ematurga.

This genus, which very nearly approaches Ematurga in the form of the
wing, and also closely resembles Fidonia, differs from both in the presence of
six instead of five subcostal venules, the first being long and free. Tn the
29 P H

allied genera and in the family usually, the firs! subcostal vein is concerned
in the formation of the subcostal areole. Il ;ils<> differs in the long, some-
what swollen hind tibiae, and the unusually short, rather stout tarsi. I do
not know ot any allied European species. The larva is nol known.

Eupidonia notataria Packard. Plate !), il ii". 47.

TepKrosia notataria Walk. !!!. Lep. Het. Br. Mus., x\i. 107, I860
Fidonia disoospitata Walk. ! !!, Lep. Hut. Br. Jlns., xxiv, 1034, 1862.
Larentiat fidoniata Walk.!!'. Lep. Hot. Br. Mus., xxiv. 1183,1862.
Fidonia bicoloraria Minot, Proc. Bost. Soe. Nat. Hist., 83, 1869
Fidonia quadripunctata Morrison, Proo. Bost. Sue Nat. IIist.,xvi, 1874.

10 <? and 10 9. — Antenna' well pectinated, though less so than in F.
fimctaria, but more so than in F. truncataria. Fore wings a little produced
toward the apex, the outer edge either rather long and oblique, curving regu-
larly, or bent a little in the middle. Hind wings produced toward the apex,
much more so than in the group of the genus to which truncataria belongs.
Body and wings white, tinged on the veins with ochreous, and speckled and
banded with rust-brown, Antenna' dark, finely peppered with white scales.
Head brown, orbits and palpi white; thorax brown and while. Fore wings
whitish at base; beyond, a broad diffuse brown band as wide as the thorax
(often broken up and represented by scattered spots and patches). Beyond,
an equally broad white band, with scattered brown specks, and inclosing the
large, round, discal spot A broad extradiscal band (often narrow, irregular,
and broken up) separated by a white baud or line of varying width from the
brown margin of the wing. Fringe smoky-brown, with narrow white checks.
Hind wings white, usually less densely speckled and banded than the ante-
rior pair, sometimes with three irregular brown bands, two beyond the large
round discal dot ; a marginal brown line (these lines often effaced, and the
wing with scattered dots and scales, showing no disposition to be arranged
into lines). The marginal baud is sometimes wanting; the usual marginal
row of linear, nearly connected, dark spots is always present. Fringe white,
with faintly marked checks. Beneath, the wings are whiter and more ochre-
ous than above, but with the bands and spots repealed nearly as distinctly as
above. The extradiscal line is often most distinct on the inside, while the
submarginal white line is obsolete, the wing being flecked with brown on the
outer third. Abdomen and leys whitish.

Length of body, cf, 0.36-0.48, 9,0.40; of fore wing, $ ,0.45-0.60, 9,
0.48 : expanse of wings, 0.95—1.15 inches.

227

Brunswick, Me., common in dry pine-woods and open fields with scat-
tered pine-bushes, from the 10th of June until earl}- in July, in company with
Ematurga Faxonii and F. truncataria. Alton! Boston and in Albany, N. Y.,
from June 1 to 15 (Morrison). Its flight is rather weak and vacillating.

Portland, Me. (Morse); London, Canada (Saunders); Dublin, N. H.
(Leonard, Harris Coll Bost. Soe. Nat. Hist); Roxbury, .Mass., May
(Angus); Boston, Mass. (Minot and Sanborn, Mus. Most. Soc. Nat. Hist.);
Amherst, Mass. (G-oodell) ; Albany, N. Y., May 25 to dune 12 (Lintner
and Morrison); Anticosli Island, Gulf of St. Lawrence (Coll. II. Edwards,)";
"St. Martin's Falls, Albany River, Hudson's Bay Terr." (Walker).

This common and easily recognized species differs from all the others
of the genus by the white ground color of the body and wings. It seems to
be common in the Northeastern States. It is easily divided into two forms:
a, small, and with short wings, the Tephrosia notataria of Walker and
F. quadripunctata of Morrison ; and, h, jidon'iata, a form with long wings, the
outer edge not bent, rather long, and the wings less heavily banded and
spotted with brown ; but there are individuals before me which differ in these
respects, and indicate two interesting races, which show signs of intermingling.
It should also be observed that I have taken both races in the same field
and on the same days. In the markings, it varies much as do all the species
of the genus. In some specimens of variety Jidoniata (Minot' s bicoloraria)
there are no bands, and the wings beneath are free from large spots and
bands, with only scattered brownish scales. Sometimes, on each side of the
discal spot on the fore wings, there is a dark brown line much deeper in tone
than the brown shade which it limits. Rarely, the hind wing is densely
mottled with brown. The four large, round, equal, discal dots are always
distinct, and farther separate the species from its allies.

PERCONIA Hiibner. Plate 2, fig. 10.

Pcrconia Hiibn. (ia part), Vera., 29G, lsis.

Fidonia Treits (in part), Schm. Eur., vi (i), 262, 1827.

H.-Scb. (in part), Schm. Eur., iii, 84, 1847.

Lederer (in part), Verb. Bot. Zool. Ges. Wien, 229, 1853.

Guen. (in part), Poal., ii, 151, 1857.

Walk, (in part), List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xsiv, 1031, 1862.

Head with the clypeus not very full, as in Fidouia, or raised into a square
area bounded by a ridge, with a large, sharp, narrow-toothed, mesial carina
projecting beyond the scales. Palpi long, broad, porrect, extending half their

length beyond the front. Antennae with -hurl pectinations, much as in
Fidonia; in female simple. Fore wings unusually long; the costa straight,
a little sinuous ; apex much rounded; outer edge very oblique and convex,
much more so than usual. Hind wings unusually long; the apex continuously
rounded, with a very lull, rounded, outer edge. Venation somewhat as in
Ematurga, bul the subcostal areole is much shorter and broader, and the first
two subcostal venules are shorter, less obliquely directed to the costal edge
The arrangement of the discal venules much as in Ematurga. Hind legs
with the tibiae considerably swollen, and the tarsi nearly as long as the tibia1.
Coloration pale-brown above, with the under side of the hind wings beauti-
fully checked and marbled with silvery-white and greenish-ochreous.

This and the European P. fasciolaria Iliilui. differ from Fidonia in tin'
longer, more rounded fore wings, the apex being a little-upturned, in the loDg
and much rounded hind wings, and singular mode of coloration. The singular
median crest on the head of our P. Jimetaria is wanting in its closely-allied
European species fasciolaria, and there is nothing like it in any other species
of Fidonia and allies known to me. I restrict Hubner's name Perconia to
this and its European ally, fasciolaria ; Hubner's Perconia is equivalent <<»
Treitsehke's Fidonia, and has been hitherto strangely ignored. rJ ne female
differs from the male in the hind wings being a little more produced. The
larva of neither fasciolaria (cebraria) nor Jimetaria is known.

Perconia fimetakia Packard. Plate 9, fig. 4.">.

Fidonia Jimetaria Grote and Robinson, Trans. Auier. I'.nt. Soc, 'ii. I--', pi. ii. figs. -I. 65, 86, 1870.
Fidonia halcsaria Zeller, Verh. K. K. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wieu, \\ii. 183, 1872.

10 £ and 1 9. — Male antennae broadly pectinated; the female pectinations
nearly as long as those of the male European fasciolaria; fore wings rounded
at the apex, and the inner angle rounded, not angular, as in F. truncataria.
The hind wings narrower and more rounded externally than in truncataria,
or its European representative P. fasciolaria, and less produced toward the
apex than in the latter species, and with a less distinct notch in the outer
edge. Body and wings of a peculiar, rich, ochreous, tan-brown, with ochre-
ous markings. Head and palpi ochreous, with brown scales. Antenna'
concolorous with the body and wings. Both pairs of wings of the same hue;
fore wings ochreous along the basal third of the costa; just beyond the middle,
a large, oblong, costal, ochreous patch; just before the apex, an ochreous,
costal spot, reaching nearly to the independent vein. Below the apex, two or

229

three marginal ochreous spots. Fringe on both wings Ochreous, checkered
narrowly with brown. Hind wings with traces of the three bands of the
under side. Body beneath and legs ochreous. Fore wings brown, with the
eosta marked as above, with about five marginal, ochreous, oval spots along
the outer edge. Hind wings gayly banded with bright ochreous and silvery
white. At the base, a linear, oval, silvery spot parallel to the costa, the latter
being silvery, interrupted by an ochreous-hrown spot. Beyond, the wing is
crossed by three silvery-ochreous bands, varying in width, and often broken
up into spots; the outer row consisting of about six large, oval, contiguous
spots. Fringe broadly checkered with brown.

Length of body, <?, 0.35, ?, 0.34: of fore wings. S, 0 42, 9, 0.45; ex-
panse of wings, 0.90-0.92 inch.

Waco, Texas. June 6, August is (Belfrage, Mus. Peab. Acad. 8c); Dallas,
Texas, May 15, "Hying on the prairies" (Boll., Mus. Peab. Acad. Sc). There
arc apparently two broods.

In the female, the wings are a little longer; the apex of the fore wings
much more produced than in the male. This beautiful species may be recog-
nized by the peculiar ochreous, tan-brown color, the two square, costal,
ochreous spots, the gaily-colored under side of the hind wings, the three sil-
very-ochreous bands being faintly reproduced above, and by the broadly-
pectinated antennae. It differs from the European V. fascioIarKi, which it
represents in North America, in the broadly-pectinated male and narrowly-
pectinated female antennae. In the female P. fasciolaria, the antennae are
simple. The wings are also less produced, the hinder pair less notched on
the outer edge, and in no specimens yet seen are the costal spots continued
across the wing, sometimes forming regular bands, as in its European repre-
sentative. It varies but slightly ; in one case, the wings are suffused slightly
with ochreous, and the female is rather more ochreous than the male.

FIDONIA Treitschke. Plate 2, fig. 11.

Perconia Httbu. (in part), Vera., 296, 1816.

I nltmla Treits. (iu part), Scbm. Eur., vi (i), '_>(;■.', 1827.

H.-Scb. (iu part), Scbm. Eur., iii, 84, 1847.
Eupisteria Stepb., Cat. Br. Lep., 159, 1850.
Fidonia Lederer (iu part), Verb. Bot. Zool. Ges. Wicn, 1?'.', 1853.

Gutm. (in part), Pbal., ii, 151, Is.",?.

Walk, (in part), List Lep. Hot. Br. Mus., x.xiv, 1031, 1S62.

Head with the front usually rather flat, nol very full, usually only slightly
convex. Palpi large and stout, sometimes projecting half their length beyond

230

the bead; scales loose and long. Antennae moderately pectinated; the
branches shorl and very slender, shorter than in Perconia; in female simple.
Fore wings with the costa straight, a little sinuous, the apex a little more
produced than in Ematurga; outer edge more oblique than in Ematurga.
Hind wings with the outer edge full, slightly benl on the first median vein,
and with a slight sinus below (lie apex, which is round, not produced as ill
Emaiurga and Perconia. Venation much as in Ematurga, but the subcostal
areole is open; the areole is, however, narrow and curved, as in Ematurga.
The costal vein joins the areole either before the middle and unites with it
to near the end, as in F. truncataria, or joins it (in F. carbovaria of Europe
much as in Ematurga, bu1 a little beyond the middle. Hind legs as in Ema-
turga; the tibise being slightly swollen, and the tarsi nearly as long as the
tibiae. Coloration much as in Ematurga.

This genus, which i would restrict to Fidonia truncataria of this country
and F. carbonari-a and F concordaria of Europe, differs from Ematurga in the
subcostal areole being open, in the short branches of the antennae, anil the
more rounded hind wings. From Perconia it differs in the more pointed
apex of the fore wings, and the shorter, squarer, hind wings, and the narrower
costal area of the fore wings, with the narrow but open areole, and the Hat
clypeus. The species are of small size.

Fidonia truncataria Walker. Plate !>, tig. 46.

fidonia truncataria Walk., Lep. Het. Br. Mns., wiv, 1034, 1862
Fidonia tricoloraria Morrisou.

8 d and 1 9. — Antennae with pectinations less than half as long as in P.
fimetaria. Fore wings more acute; apex rectangular, not rounded; hind
wings a little produced toward the apex, and distinctly notched in the outer
edge. Palpi much larger than in P. jimelaria, projecting well beyond the
head. Body and wings deep rusty orange-ochreous as a ground-color.
Head and palpi more red than the thorax. Fore wings with four, well-marked,
black, irregular, equidistanl hands; the basal one curved outward a little; the
other three straight, though a little sinuous in their course; the two outer
are edged extern alh with a whitish streak; a black linear marginal line. The
spaces between tin- lines are marked with linear dots. The discal dot large
and round, sometimes contused with the transverse strigae and extradiscal
hand. Hind wings like the fore wings, with three broad, irregular, black

231

bands; the inner band bent outward in the middle; the middle band dislo-
cated and thrown outward in the middle of the wing. Fringe on both wings
dark brown ; *on the hind wings checkered faintly with pale ochreous. No
discal dot on hind wings. Beneath, deep rusty orange-ochreous, with three
dark hands. Whitish along the middle of the discal space and along the out-
side of the outer dark band, as well as along the inner edge of the wing;
costa edged at intervals with black. On the hind wings, the* bands are deep
rust-red, edged with whitish ; there are scattered black strigae over both
wings, and the fringe is as above.

Length of body, J, 0.35, ?, 0.35; of fore wing, <?, 0.42, 9, 0.42; ex-
panse of wings, 0.85 inch.

Brunswick, Me., not uncommon in dry pine-woods and adjoining fields,
with Eufidonia notataria and Ematurga Faxonii; May 28,- July 1 (Packard,
Mus. Peab. Acad. Sc); Albany, N. Y., May 23 (Lintner and Morrison);
Colorado Territory, "St. Martin's Falls, Albany River, II. B. T." (Walker),
(Mead).

This well-marked species differs from any other, except E. Faxonii, in
its color being deep rust-red, with black-brown strigse and bands. It is about
half the size of P Faxonii. It is noticeable for the narrowly-pectinated an-
tennas, the long, large palpi, and the four conspicuous black bands on the fore
wings. It does not vary much, the Colorado female specimen not differing
from Maine male*;, except in the more bent and broken middle line on the
hind wings. Structurally, it is nearly allied to Eufidonia notataria.

EMATURGA Lederer. Plate 2, fig. 12.

> ii&*

Perconia Hiibu. (in part), Verz., 296, 1818.

Fidonia Treils. (in part), Schtn. Eur., vi (i), 262, 1827.

H.-Scb. (in part), Schru. Eur., iii, 84, 1847.
Ematurga Lederer, Verb. Bot. Zool. Ges. Wien,231, 185:!.
Fidonia Guen. (in part), Pbal., ii, 151, 1857.

Walk, (in part), List Lop. Hot. Br. Mus., xxiv, 1031, 1862.

Thorax rather stout; abdomen short, not very slender, scarcely reaching
to the inner angle. Head with a full front, more so than in Fidonia, the
clypeus being more convex, with hairs projecting out from it as tar as the
ends of the palpi, which latter are rather stout and bushy, much as in Fidonia,
but with longer hairs, projecting a third of their length beyond the front.
Male antennae plumose, with remarkably long pectinations, giving a bushy
appearance to the antennae. Female antenna' simple. Fore wings triangular,

232

cost;i straight, apex sub rectangular, outer edge not very oblique, very slightly
benl mi the firsl median venule. Hind wings with the apex slightly pro-
duced, with the outer edge full, convex, and distinctly scalloped. The fore
wings in the female have the outer edge more oblique, while the hind wings
are less convex on the outer edge. The venation is very different from thai
of Fidonia, justifying the separation effected by Lederer from thai genus; there
are liul two subcostal veins, of equal length. The subcostal areole is long,
linear, curved. The costal vein unites with the subcostal in the middle of 1 he
areole. The apical cell is unusually large. The anterior discal vein is curved
and directed inward toward the origin of the independent vein, while the
posterior discal is long and oblique, not curved. Hind legs short, with tibiae
slightlj swollen; spurs long; tarsi nearly as long as the tibiae. Coloration
brown; hind wings ochreous, with darker bands.

While this genus differs from Fidonia in the more bushy, plumose an-
tennse and fuller front, these characters would seem artificial, but a glance at
the venation shows that the separation is a natural one. Our E. Faxonii
differs very slightly from the European E. atomaria, and the genus as thus
constituted is well circumscribed.

EMATURGA FAXONII Packard. Plate !>, liu-. 48.
Fidonia Faxonii Miimt. 1'icn-. Host. Soc, \;it. Hist.,xi,S*,5, lb(i9.

5 J and H 9. — Body and wings dark ochreous rusty-brown. Antenna
darker. Male fore wings with three dark, diffuse, indistinct bands, the basal
curved, the middle and extradiscal much alike, and often converging on the
inner edge. Along the extradiscal line, the wing is powdered more or less
distinctly with white scales, and again along the submarginal dark line.
Fringe concolorous with the wing, lighter or darker as the wing varies in
hue. Hind wings dull orange or reddish-ochreous, thickly speckled with
black, with three black bands, the middle one distinctly scalloped, the points
extended along the veins. The outer line is merged with the broad brown
border of the wing. Beneath, both wings alike deep ochreous. and crossed
1>\ three brown shades common to both wings, the outer one often ending in
the middle of the wing near the independent vein, and also nearly obsoleti
on l he. hind wings. Legs concolorous with the under side of I he body.

The females differ in having the wings a little more pointed, the hinder
pair especially having the apex acute ami the outer edge straighter, much less

233

full and rounded than the males. The wings are thickly dusted with white
scales, bordering the dark bands and checkering the fringe with white, with
distinct but diffuse discal dots on both wings. Beneath, much white is
mixed with the ochreous tint, and the three bands are very distinct.

Length of body, $ , 0.42, 9 , 0.35 ; of fore wing, S , 0.58, 9 , 0.54 ;
expanse of wings, 1.18 inches.

Brunswick, Me., frequently taken late in dune and early in July in open
pine-woods, flying in company with Eujidonia notataria (Packard, Mus. Peab.
Acad. 8c.) ; Portland, Me. (Morse, Mus. Peab. Acad. Sc.) ; Boston^ Mass.
(Minot) ; Salem, Mass. (Pickering, Harris Coll. Mus. Bost, Soc. Nat. Hist.) ;
Albany, N. Y., May 21 to June 7 (Lintner) ; Missouri (Riley).

This moth may be known by the dark ochreous-brown fore wings, the
ochreous hind wings, with the three darker bands, as well as by the bushy
plumose antenna?. It differs from the European Ematurga atomaria in the.
wings being less mottled with white or ochreous; the females of the two
species are much alike, but ours differs in the heavier outer band and lighter
inner band on the hind wings, the outer submarginal band wanting beneath
in E. atomaria. The sexes differ in this genus much more than in Fidonia.
The females are much lighter, with white speckles and distincter bands than
the males, and with quite differently-shaped hind wings. The specimen from
Missouri is much whiter than usual in the spaces between the brown lines,
both above and beneath. The larva of the European E. atomaria feeds on
the Lotus and Centaurea,

DASYFIDONIA,* gen. nor. Plate 2, fig. 13.

Body unusually short and thick; abdomen short, not extending to the inner "
angle of the hind wings. Head rather full and convex in front. Palpi long,
extending about one-third their length beyond the front, with very long
dependent hairs; third joint rather long, obtuse at tip. Antennae in male
with broad pectinations, not plumose, the branches not spreading as in
Ematurga; in female simple. Fore wings much as in Ematurga, but the
costa is more sinuous; outer edge slightly bent, much as in Ematurga.
Hind wings much as in Ematurga. 'out the apex is inclined to be a little
more rounded, and the outer edge more bent and more deeply scalloped.
The venation differs from that of Ematurga in there being six instead of five

* Ait'V, Iiairv ; Fidonia.

30 p H

234

branches of the subcostal vein, otherwise il is much the same; the firsl ihrce
subcostal branches are, however, shorter and of equal length. The anterior
discal vein is directed obliquely outward «in a line with the posterior discal,
while in Ematurga it is curved inward. The subcostal areole is alike in the
two genera Hind leas rather slender, the tarsi very long and slender, equal-
ing the tibiae in length. Coloration somewhat as in Ematurga, but the fore
wings tinged with ochreous above, and beneath bright orange, and the bind
wings brighl orange, but beneath ashy-brown, with two black distinct bands
common to the two wings. This interesting genus is remarkable for its long
hairy palpi, well pectinated antenna' and bright colors, and differs from
Ematurga, its nearest ally, in these characters and the presence of an addi-
tional subcostal venule. It seems to differ generically from Fidonia famula
Esper, to which it seems related by its style of coloration, judging by Dnpon-
chel's figures.

Dasyfidonia avuncularia Packard. Plate 9, fig. 49.

Fidonia avuncularia Guen., Phal., ii, 155, 1857.

1 c? and 3 9. — Body very hairy. Male antennae with long pectinations ;
palpi very large and hairy, projecting farther beyond the trout than the
length of the head. Body blackish; lore wings ochreous-orange as a ground-
color, but frosted heavily with white and discolored with black. Three
heavy black lines, the basal not oblique, bent outward on the subcostal vein,
with a large angle directed inward on the submedian space and outward on
the internal vein. A diffuse middle line, much waved, double in the middle
of the wing, the outer portion of the line running through the large (often
indistinct) discal spot. The outer line is very sinuous ; it is bent outward
at right angles on the independent vein (the angle varying in sharpness), and
is curved outward below the third median venule. A submarginal while
shade, slightly sinuous, and well marked on the costa and inner edge of the
wing. (This shade is sometimes entirely wanting.) The edge of the wing,
especially toward the costa. is dark. Fringe blackish, checkered with white;
on hind wings, white with black checks. Hind wings deep orange, more or
less strigated with black, especially on the inner edge; outer edge of the
wing bordered with black, with a whitish patch at the inner angle. Th
wings are crossed by two heavy dark lines, the inner sinuous, the outer mak-
ing a well-marked angle on the independent vein.- A conspicuous black

e

235

discal spot. Beneath, the fore wings arc deep clear orange, with the border
of the wing all around ash-colored, speckled densely with black ; costa
whitish, with tour black patches. Four large black patches on the inner
border. Fringe heavily checkered with white and black, the black lines
sometimes reproduced. A distinct discal dot. Hind wings pepper-and-salt
colored, a little paler in the middle near the black discal spot. Under side
of body and legs concolorous with hind wings.

Length of body, <?, 0.45, 9, 0.45; of fore wing, i, 0.55, 9,0.62;
expanse of wings, 1.06-1.34 inches.

Nevada (Edwards) ; San Diego, Cal. (Crotch, Mus. Comp. Zool.).

Remarkable for its immense bushy palpi, in the plumose antenna- and
shape of wings it resembles Ematurga Faxoriu. The hairy body, the blackish-
ash fore wings, and bright reddish-orange hind wings and heavily-checkered
fringe, and, beneath, the orange fore wings and pepper-and-salt hind wings,
will separate it from any American species or any European form known to
me.

It varies somewhat in the degree of predominance of the ochreous-
orange ground-tint of the fore wings, in the presence or absence of the sub-
marginal white shade of the fore wings, and the width of the black border of
the hinder pair, this being sometimes reduced to a narrow black line. In
one case, the discal dot is confused with the inner line on the hind wing.

ORTHOFIDONIA, gen. nov. Plate 2, fig. 14.

Male antennae not pectinated, but with heavy cilise ; palpi rather bushy,
not very slender, projecting well beyond the front, which is not so broad as
long. Fore wings with the costa more convex than usual; apex rectangular,
outer edge much less oblique than usual. Venation much as in Selidosema,
the costal vein anastomosing with the subcostal ; no subcostal cell ; second
subcostal venule thrown off from the first; discal venules very oblique. Hind
wings with an almost imperceptible angle. Male abdomen slender, not very
long. Coloration much as in Eufidonia notataria, being white, with dark-
brown flecks and spots.

The genus differs much from Fidonia in the ciliated antennae and rectan-
gular apex of the tore wings, while the venation is like that of Selidost ma.

236

OrtHOFIDONIA EXORNATA Packard. Plate 9, fig. 50.

tovnaia Walk.!!!, \A*t Lep. Het. Br. Mus., x\n . Il-T, lsiy.
Cidaria albifusata Walk. ! ! !, Lisl Lep. Het. Br. Mus., sxiv, L728, 1862.

1 <$ and 3 9. — Male antennae ciliated, the hair-; long, making the an-
tenna' look as it' finely pectinated. ( I round-color of body and wings ochreous-
white. Fore wings speckled densely with dark reddish-brown (of the same
hue as Eufidonia notataria). The tore wings are crossed by three irregular,
indistinct hands, made up of dark reddish-hrown patches, with lighter spaces
between where the dark scales are less numerous. The basal band, is nearly
as broad as the body is thick; it is straight, diffuse, broken. The middle of
the wing is clearer, though thickly speckled with dark scales; discal dot dis-
tinct. Just beyond, a broad, oblique, broken, diffuse band, interrupted by
the ochreous veins. Beyond this is a clear, whitish band, forked on the sub-
costal vein, and sending an oblique whitish streak to the apex. A submar-
ginal, white, scalloped line, the scallops tilled with masses of brown, forming
a row of rounded, conical spots. The margin of the wing is brown, with
white flakes; a row of distinct, black, marginal spots. Fringe brown, white
opposite the black marginal spots. Hind wings whiter than the anterior
pair, the dark scales forming scattered dots, and also arranged in three extra-
discal, diffuse, irregular hands, the subm'arginal one the most distinct, and
edged externally with a white, scalloped line. A dark, interrupted, distinct,
marginal, blackish line. Beneath, fore wings with the bands faintly re-appear-
ing; the marginal spots on both wings as distinct as above. Hind wings
with the brown spots and speckles more distinct than above ; the middle of
the three extradiscal bands is more distinct than the others. Discal dots
distinct on both pairs of wings. Abdomen concolorous with the hind wings.
Legs spotted and ringed with dark.

Length of body, <?, 0.42, 9, 0.42; of fore wing, i, 0.58, 9, 0.58; ex-
panse of wings, 1.20 inches.

Brunswick, Me., in pine-woods, June 1<> (Packard, .Mus. Peab. Acad.
8c): sides of Mount Washington, X. 11., early in July (Morrison) ; ••Trenton
Falls" (Walker).

Why this interesting moth should have been mistaken by Mr. Walker for
either a Larentia or a Cidaria 1 cannot understand, as it has the characteristic
style of coloration of the Fidonias, but with a more rectangular apex to the
lore wings and ciliated male antenna1. Otherwise, the markings resemble

>37

those of Eufidonia notataria more than any.other. species; but the hind wings

are more mottled with brown, and there are three distinct lines ; it may also

be identified by the forked, white, submarginal band sending one division to

the costa and another to the apex. It seems to be rather infrequent, and has

not yet occurred south of New England. It flies in the same localities with

Eufidonia notataria as early as the middle of June in Maine, and for the rest

of the month.

CARIPETA Walker. Plate 2, fig. 15.

Caripeta Walk., List Lep. Met. Br. Mus., xxvi, 1524, 1862.

Parennomos Pack., New and little known Insects, Rep. Mass. Board Ag., lf>, 1870.

Male antennae well pectinated, almost plumose: front rather narrow;
vertex square. Palpi very short and thick, scarcely passing beyond the front.
Fore wings .with the costa straight; the apex slightly pointed ; outer edge
oblique; hind wings well rounded, the outer edge moderately full. Venation:
costal vein anastomosing with the subcostal near the middle of the inner,
small, lozenge-shaped subcostal cell; outer cell long and narrow; third sub-
costal branch very short, the apical cell being small. Discal venules trans-
verse, not oblique. Abdomen unusually stout, not very long. The coloration
is peculiar; the two species differing remarkably in this respect; in C.
divisaria, the ground-color being white, with a broad, brown, median band;
and in C. august i or ato, a rich, deep, yellow-ochreous, with white bands.

Synopsis of the Species.

White, with a brown, middie band, inclosing a large, white, discal spot C. divisaria.

Vellow-ochreons, with three white bands C. angustioraria.

Caripeta divisaria Walker. Plate 9, fig. 51.

Caripeta divisata Walk. ! ! !, List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxvi, 1525, 1862.

6 S and 1 9. — Antennas moderately and closely pectinated, rather dark.
Palpi not reaching as far as the front; fore wings with costa a little convex.
Body and wings whitish-gray, peppered with fine dark scales. Fore wings
dark at the base, being densely mottled with dark brown. A broad, middle,
dark band nearly twice as wide on the costa as on the inner edge; it is black
on the edges, lighter in the middle, with waved black strigse, and incloses a
large, oblong, oval, white spot; on the inside, the band is curved inward
toward the middle of the wing, and is sinuous in its course; it is bordered
externally with a broad white band. The outer side of the mesial band is
oblique, with deep, irregular scallops: there are three scallops on the costal

23S

region; a deep, large scallop, with a projection, at the bottom of the sinus in
the discal space ; another larger sinus l>< low the median vein. These scallops
are filled in by a broad white band, the outer edge of which is either straighl
or a little sinuous. Beyond this while line, the margin oi the wing is dark,
often with a faint, submarginal, while, wavy line, the scallops of which are
Idled by obscure, dark patches. Fringe short, whitish, checkered with brown.
Hind wings whitish-gray, sprinkled on the outer half wit h dark specks, some-
times with a dark, curved, sinuous shade just beyond the middle of the wing,
Beneath, both wings are pale-ochreons, including the veins, and dusted with
black scales. The medial shade and discal spot are faintly reproduced: the
edge of the wing is clear, with a broad, diifuse, submarginal shade; the outer
edge of the mesial band is black and linear on the costa. Hind wings dusted
more than the anterior pair, with a deeply-scalloped black line, with a whitish
shade beyond. Legs ochreous-gray.

Length of body, «?, 0.50, 9, 0.54; of fore wing, $, 0.70, 9, 0.75; ex-
panse of wings, 1.55 inches.

Mount Washington, N. H., July 7 (Sanborn); Brunswick, Me., in dry
pine-woods, July 8-10, not uncommon (Packard); Williamstown, Mass.
(Scudder); Scoharie, N. Y., July 26 (Lintner); Florida (Clemens); "Nova
Scotia, New York" (Walker).

This fine moth may be recognized by the nearly white ground-color of
the wings, with the broad, mesial, blackish, mottled band, darker on the
edges, bordered on each side with a broad white band, and inclosing a large,
oblong, oval, white, discal spot. Il differs so much from C. angmtioraria that
it would scarcely be referred to the same genus.

It does not vary much, except in the presence or absence of the outer
sinuous shade of the hind wings, and the degree in which the wings are
speckled with dark scales. The Floridan example, though in bad condition,
does not differ from northern ones, except that the margin of the wing is
clearer and the adjoining white band wider. This is cpnte a different species
from C. latiorata Walk., from East Florida, the type of which I saw in the
British Museum.

Cakipeta angustioraria Walker. Plate 9, fig. i>2.

Caripeta angustiorata Walk.!!!, List Lep.Het. Br. Mus., xnvl 1524, 1862.
Parennomos piniaria Pack., New and Little Known Insects, Eep. Mass. Ag., 15, 1870.

4 <$ . — The head, antenna1, and thorax are pale-ochreous, the antenna'

239

of the male being furnished with short, thick pectinations; the palpi are
short, not passing beyond the front of the head, with the third joint short
and minute. The fore wings are opaque, deep-ochreous, and paler at base; on
the inner fourth is a white line forming a single, large, and acute angle on the
median vein, along which it is prolonged beyond the basal third of the wing,
extending out nearly as far as the discal dot, though situated below it, There is
a large, irregular, silvery-white discal dot, and just beyond, a broad silvery
line diffuse on the outside; it curves inward just below the median vein, and
slightly inward opposite the discal dot. Half-way between tins line and
the outer edge of the wing is a row of irregular white spots, from which
sometimes run whitish streaks to the fringe, which, between the white spots,
is ochreous-brown. These marking show through faintly on the under side.
The hind wings are pale whitish ochreous above; beneath, washed with
yellow-ochreous upon and on each side of the venules. The costal area is
yellowish. A light shade beyond the round, whitish, discal dot. The legs are
pale, concolorous with the upper side of the hind wings.

Length of body, c?, 0.58; of fore wing, c?, 0.72; expanse of wings, S
1.60 inches.

Norway, Me. (Smith, Mug. Comp. Zool.); Boston (Minot); "Nova
Scotia" (Walker).

This fine moth differs remarkably from any Geometrid we have, in the
opaque, rich, «elvety-ochre>>us fore wings, with the three broad silvery lines
and large oblong discal dot. It is very unlike in style of coloration the two
other species of the genus, and would scarcely, at the first glance, be referred
to the same genus as C. divisaria.

Desideratum.

Caripeta latiorata Walk., List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxv, 1525, 1862. —
" Male. Fawn-color, mostly cinereous beneath. Wings minutely black-
speckled. Fore wings brownish, excepting the costa, with white markings,
which consist of a round discal, an irregular discal stripe, and two irregular
exterior bands. Hind wings without markings. Length of the body 8 lines;
of the wings 20 lines.

" East Florida. Presented by E. Doubleday, esq."

I saw Walker's type-specimen in the British Museum; it is quite distinct
and new to me.

240

SELIDOSEMA Lederer. Plate 2, fig. 16.

Fidonia L'roits. in part), Scum. Eur., vi (i), 202, 1827.
Dnp. (iu part), Lep. France, viii (iv), 407, 182U.
Boisd. I in pan i, < ten. End., 190, L840.
Fidonia and I'.iuirniin H.-SoU. (iu part), Sclun. Eur., iii. Til, 84, 1-17.
Fidonia Stepb. (iu part). Cat. Brit. Lep., 158, 1*50.
Sdidoxema Lederer, Verb. Bot. Zool. Ges. Wien,232, 185:1.
Gnen., Phal., ii, 145, 1857.
Walk., List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxiv, 1020, 1802.

Body rather stout. Male abdomen long and slender, tip witn spreading
hairs. Head of moderate size. Palpi very long and slender, porrect, some-
times extending beyond the head by a distance as great, as the length of the
head; third joint nearly as long as the second. A pointed tuft of short hairs
between the palpi. Antenna' with unusually long pectinations, the tip sud-
denly simple. Fore wings acute, lip pointed and square, or a little rounded;
costa arched a little, slightly sinuous; outer edge convex, not angled. Hind
wings a little produced toward the apex, the outer edge not very convex.
slightly scalloped. Venation much as in Ematurga, but the subcostal venules
are much shorter, and there arc three subcostal veins instead' of two, the
second and third very short and equal in length There is no subcostal areole,
the first subcostal not joining its main vein again, as in Ematurga and Lozo-
gramma. The discal veins arc as in Ematurga. Hind legs very long and
slender; hind tibiae long, not swollen; tibiae as long as the tarsi. Coloration
light ochreous-gray, irrorated with brown, with a single incomplete extra-
discal line.

These characters have been drawn up from S. juturnaria and the Eu-
ropean ericetaria. {jplnmarid) alone. The California!) species has more pointed
wings than the European, while the latter has very short palpi, but the pecti-
nations of the antenna? are twice as long as in the other species, and the hind
tibiae are shorter and thicker. It need not be confounded with Bupalus or
Fidonia, or its allied forms Ematurga, &c. It has the body of Lozograwma
and Thamnonoma, but differs from them in the plumose antenna'. The vena-
tion 1 do not regard as like Cymatophora (Boarmia), as stated by Lederer.
The species are of large size.

Larva. — "Caterpillars cylindrical, neither attenuated nor carinated ;
without any tubercles; head globular; living ou low plants. Chrysalides
subterranean.'' — Gruen'e'e.

241
Selidosema jutubnaria Guene"e. Plate 9, fig. 53.

Selidosema juturnaria Guen., Phal., ii, 147, pi. 15, fig. 9, 1857.

Walk., List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxiv, 1029, 1862.

Pack., Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., xiii,394, 1871.
Selidosema californiaria Pack., Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., xiii, 391, 1871.

4 <? and 4 9. — In a male received from Mr. Behrens, the wings are
clearer, the outer line less distinct; the dusky cloud near the internal angle
of the wing is wanting, and the fringe is slightly checkered as in the female;
the hind wings are crossed on the under side by a well-marked curved band
of large brown spots, and the under side is of a paler ashen-gray than in the
other specimens.

The male differs from the female in the fore wings being clearer beyond
the outer broad band, and in not having the large dark patch below the middle
of the wing (present in the male), while the outer edge of the hind wings
is clearer ; but it differs most in having the fringe checkered with white and
dusky -brown. A faint band on the under side of the hind wings, sometimes
not present in either sex. A variety, originally described as a distinct species,
is californiaria. It is usually pale-ash, bathed on the fringe and beneath
with reddish-pink; the palpi are longer and scales of front rougher thai1
in S. juturnaria, otherwise it is structurally the same, though larger. Fore
wings crossed by a single curved, diffuse, dusky line, beginning on the
outer third of costa, and curving and fading away before reaching the inner
edge; this slightly-marked line being more regularly curved than in S.jutur
nana. No discal dot seen above. Hind wings free from markings, fringe
pinkish, and both wings beneath bathed with reddish-pink. On fore wings,
a linear, small, discal dot ; on hind wings, a larger, rounded, discal dot. No
band on hind wings, or any other markings or dusky scales, and on the fore
wings is a faint reproduction of the single outer line, disappearing before
reaching the middle of the wing.

It may be at once recognized by the red fringe and under side of wings.

Length of body, c*, 0.65-0.70; fore wing, <?, 0.75-0.86; expanse of
wings, 1.60 inches.

Alaska (Behrens) ; Sanzalito, Cal. (Behrens) ; San Francisco, Gal.
(A. Agassiz, Mus. Comp. Zool.).

31 P H

242
LOZOGRAMMA Stephens. Plate 2, fig. 17, L7a, 17/'.

Lithiua HUbu. (iu pari ), Verz., '■'•'■'<•■, 1818.

depilates Treits (in part), vi (i), 126, lJ-'7.

Lozogramma Steph., Nomencl., II, 1829; "Cat., ii, 111, 1829."

Pfawiam Dap. (in part), Lep. France, viii (v), 145, 1830.

Larentia Boisd, (in part), Gen. Ind., 204, 1840.

I.u;uyrummn Steph., Cat. lirit. l^ip., 1-:'.. 1850.

Panagra (iui-ii. i in part), Phal., ii. 126, 1857.

Lozogramma Walk., List Lep. lid. Br. Mus., xxiii, 982, 1861.

Head with a rather narrow front, and with a few long scales forming an
interpalpal tuft. Palpi ascending, the outer third or half of the second joint
surpassing the front ; third joint minute, short, or moderately long, pointed.
Male antennae simple, compressed, ciliated beneath; in the female, simple and
filiform. Thorax slender. Abdomen usually very long and slender, with a
terminal tuft. Fore wings convex on the costa; apex acute, rectangular,
sometimes very slightly falcate. Outer margin not very oblique, usually bent
in the middle. The first subcostal vein free; the subcostal areole very nar-
row, linear, not curved as in Thamnonoma; the second and third subcostal
veins nearly equal in length. The two diseal venules run in a straight line
across the wing, the posterior one being curved inward a little. Hind wings
produced toward the apex, not bent on the outer edge. Legs very long;
hind tibiae much swollen; spurs slender; hind tarsi a little more than half as
long as the hind tibiae. Coloration : pale ash-brown or whitish ; either with-
out or with two transverse lines.

This genus differs from Thamnonoma, to which it is nearest allied by
the simple flattened antenna3 and the longer legs. There is a parallelism
between the two ireuera in the most characteristic form, L. nigroseriata having
the wings much more falcate, the palpi longer, and the legs longer, while in
the lower species, such as L. disconventa and atropunctata, the palpi and legs
are shorter, and the wings are not at all falcate, there being the same range
of variation as between Thamnonoma wavaria and T. tripunctaria.

Synopsis of the Species.

A. Fore wings old use, outer margin rounded:

Win^s dark, mottled with brown : fore wings « illi a si Kit w /.. diseonvenia

Wings pale whitish : outer line faint, consisting of dots I . detersata.

P. Fore wings acute, outer margin hent:

Fore wings with outer line consisting of black dots 1.. atropmuiata

Pore win;;* wilh two broad, distinct, brown bands L. defluata.

Larger than the others; fore wings falcate ; pale tawny L. nigroseriata

Lozogeamma djscon VKMA Packard. Plate 9, fig. 56.

Tepkrosia dim on renin Walk.!!! (jidt Grote), List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxi. 404, I860.

2 <$ and I! 9. — Wings thin; apex of anterior pair much as in L. deter-
sata. Body and wing brown-ash, the latter mottled and speckled with dark
brown. Fore wings with an inner obscure curved line of dark-brown spots.
An outer slightly-curved line of obscure black dots. One or two dots on
subcostal vein, with a silver-white point externally, and a silver ^-like spot
transverse to and in the middle of the wing. A broad dark shade from the costa,
not quite reaching the apex, and fading out in the middle of the wing. A
submarginal, pale, obscure band. A marginal row of black dots. Hind
wings as anterior pair (paler in rubbed specimens), with the median row of
black dots very near the middle and double along the middle of the wing.
Under side of the wing paler than above, with the characteristic markings
of the genus; a slight ochreous tinge on the costa, which is spotted with
transverse black striga3 ; rest of wing quite regularly speckled. An outer
row of conspicuous, black, rather large, venular dots, common to both wings.
Discal dots large,, black; a marginal row of black dots. Fringe concolorous
with the wing.

Length of body, J, 0.50, 9, 0.40; of fore wing, 6, 0.60, 9, 0.60;
expanse of wings, 1.25 inches.

Brunswick, Me. (Packard); Boston (Sanborn); Oneida, X. Y. (Hawley).

At once known by the transverse, w-shaped, silvery spot in the middle
of the fore winsjs, and the pale under side witli the row of conspicuous black

dots.

Lozogramma detersata Packard, Plate 9, fig. 57.

Tephrina detersata Guen., Phal., ii, 105, 1857.

Walk.. Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxiii, 959, 1861.

2 $ and 3 9. — Body and wings whitish, speckled very densely with
dull ochreous. Head, palpi, antennae, and front edge of prothorax ochreous.
Fore wings uniformly speckled with ochreous. the specks becoming trans-
verse on the costa. An inner faint line represented chiefly by ochreous spots
on subcostal and submedian vein. A minute discal dot. An outer sinuate
row of venular dots connected by a slight line, incurved below the median
vein, with a wide ochreous-brown shade within. Beyond the line, the wing
is more densely speckled (the spots almost contiguous) than within. A quite
distinct, submarginal, slightly sinuate, broad, whitish line. A row of fine

244

marginal black points. Fringe not checkered, concolorous with rest of wing.
Hind wing like tore wing, sometimes a faini median line of dots shaded within
with pale ochreous, sometimes the wing is slightly paler than the fore pair.
A marginal row of black dots. Beneath, tinged with ochreous, especially on
the veins; wing speckled rather sparsely though regularly. An outer line
of brown dots common to both wings. A submarginal brown line from costa
to near middle of wing. Diseal dots conspicuous, elongate on anterior pair.
Fringe paler than wings beneath. Legs concolorous with the head.

Length of body, J, 0.50, 9, 0.48; of fore wing, <?, 0.62, 9, 0.64; ex-
panse of wings, 1.30 inches.

Brunswick, Me., June 16; Orono, Me., June and July (Packard); Cam-
bridge, Mass. (Harris Coll.); Boston, Mass. (Sanborn); West Farms, N. Y.
(Angus) ; New Jersey (Sachs); Philadelphia, Pa. (Ent. Soc).

This species may be known by the faint markings, the slightly-marked
lines, and its pale shade; by the partial submarginal line on the under side of
the fore wings and the whitish fringe. It varies in tint, one specimen from
Maine being quite pale, whitish.

Lozogramma atropunctata Packard. Plate 9, fig. 58.

Lozogramma atropunctata Pack., Sixth Rep. Peab. Acad. So., 50, 1874.

1 <? and 2 9. — Closely allied to L. detersata, but apex of fore wings more
acute, and outer edge somewhat bent; thus structurally it is nearer to L.
defluata, but in the markings is nearer L. detersata. Body and wings lilac-
ash, with scattered black speckles. Head, palpi, and antennae with a reddish
tinge. Fore wings with a curved, very irregular band, consisting of a few
black scales, thickest on the median interspace; an outer, very slightly curved
line of similar Mack dots, single toward the costa, the line inside shaded with
brown, fading out toward the inner line, and not discoloring the costa. A
faint diseal black dot. Margin of wing beyond the outer line brown; apex
clear lilac-ash. Hind wings just as fore wings; no inner line; outer line con-
sisting of a single row of black dots. Fringe concolorous with the wing.
Beneath, much as usual in the genus; the surface of both wings alike lilac-
ash, and uniformly speckled with black veins, less ochreous than usual; diseal
dots black on both wings, sinuate on hind wings. Outer row of black dots
common to both wings; wings slightly clearer outside of each dot. Legs

245

concolorous with the body. Abdomen with two black spots on the second

segment.

Length of body, <?, ?, 9, 0.50 ; of lore wing, J, 0.53, 9, 0.62; expanse
of wings, 1.25 inches.

Boston, June (Sanborn); Beverly, Mass., June 27 (Burgess); Salem,
Mass. (Packard).

This pretty species is at once recognizable by the two rows of black
specks and the peculiar lilac tint of the wings.

Lozogramma defluata Walker. Plate 9, fig. 59.

Lozogmmma defludria Walk. !! !, List Lep. Het. Br. Mas., xxiii, 984, 1861.

4 <? and 12 9. — Fore wings acutely pointed and distinctly bent on the
outer edge. Body and wings pale lilac-ash. Head and palpi tinged with
reddish; vertex concolorous with the rest of the head. Fore wings densely
speckled with lilac-brown; two distinct, continuous, darker lines, the inner
straight, fading out on inner side; the outer very slightly sinuous, narrow,
pale, edged on each side with brown. Between the two lines paler than the
outer border of the wing. A faint, very sinuous, submarginal line, easily
overlooked. A pale line at base of fringe, which is concolorous with the dark
margin of the wing. Hind wings paler than anterior pair; discal clot distinct,
a slight brown line beyond. Beneath tinged with ochreous, especially on the
costa and veins; with scattered speckles; discal spots large and distinct.
Outer row of venular dots distinct; beyond, the wing is decidedly ochreous,
but the fringe is pale, lilac. Legs tinged with ochreous.

Length of body, 6, 0.52, 9, 0.50; of fore wing, <?, 0.65, 9, 0.62 inch.

Brunswick, Me., end of May and early June (Packard).

This species is very abundant in dry fields and open places in pine-
woods, rising suddenly and flying with a powerful headlong flight, settling
down again at a rod or two from where it started. It may be known by the
two broad, brown, continuous shades crossing the fore wings, by the lilac
tint of the wings, and the ochreous under side. It differs from the European
L. petraria, to which it is closely allied, by the more speckled wings, acute
tips, and more sinuate outer line. The other species of the genus seem
peculiar to America.

This moth is so much like the European L. petraria that I reproduce
Newman's description of the larva of that species, as that of defluata should

246

be looked for in the same situation: — "The caterpillars, which emerge al the
end of May, feed on the common brakes {Pteris aquilina). When full-fed
their length is rather more than an inch; the ground colour of the back isolive
green, of the belly paler; the white body is covered with slender chocolate-
brown Longitudinal lines arranged in pairs; there is a double medto-dorsal
stripe, iiiid i luce double stripes on each side, the lowest darkest and broadest.
The spiracles are black, and below them is a creamy-white stripe."

LoZOGKAMMA NIGROSEKIATA. Plate 9, fig. 60
Vephrosia nigroseriata Pack., Proc. Bost. Sue Nat. Hist., xvi; 32, 1874.

5 $ and 1 9. — This is the largest species of the genus yet known from
this country. The wings are decidedly falcate, the costa being convex and the
apes acute. Body and wings pale ochreous, with a pale rusty hue. Fore
\\ ings with a basal curved series of discal dark dots, consisting usually of about
live or six venular dots — one on the costal, two on the subcostal, and one on
the median and internal vein each (sometimes connected, forming a wavy
line). A broad, rusty-brown, straight shade crosses the wing at the origin
of the first and second venules. A slightly-curved row of about nine venular
black dots; just beyond, a taint rusty shade (sometimes connected and form-
ing a waved line). A marginal row of intervenular dots. Fringe pale, con-
colorous with 'the wing. Hind wings very slightly paler than the anterior
pair, with an external row of about eight venular black dots. No discal dots
to be seen above. Beneath, four large discal dots: the extradiscal forming a
row of dots common to both wings. Under side concolorous with the upper
side of the front wings, with tine scattered scales. Legs and abdomen con-
colorous with the wings.

Length of body, <?, 0.55-0.72, 9, 0.55; fore wings, S, 0.58-0.80, 9,
0.65; expanse of wings, 1.20—1.50 inches.

Victoria, Vancouver's [sland, July, (Crotch, Mus. Comp. Zool.); San-
zalito, ( 'al (Behrens); California. (Edwards).

This line species differs from the others of the genus in its large size,
the more convex costa, and falcate fore wings, and by the two rows of dis-
connected dots on the fore wings, sometimes represented by lines. The
palpi are also a little longer than in the other species.

Certain small individuals from California differ so much at first sight
from the Vancouver Island forms that they might he regarded as a different
species. In two specimens of the same size, from Sanzalito (Behrens) and
California (Edwards), the dots are connected, and form two distinct lines.

247

Desiderata.

Lozogramma extremaria Walk., List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxiii, 984,
1861 (see plate 10, fig. 20). — "Male. Reddish cinereous. Wings minutely
blackish-speckled, with a brown discal point, and with an exterior line of
brown points on the veins; these points are apparent only on the under side.
Fore wings with a slight indication of an interior line, and with a distinct,
almost straight, ferruginous, exterior line. Length of the body, 6£ lines;
of the wings, 17 lines. East Florida.'' The figure is copied from Walker's
type in the British Museum.

Lozogramma subcequaria Walk., List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxiv, 1660,
1862. — " Female. Whitish cinereous, minutely blackish-speckled, slightly
ochraceous-tinged. Hind tibia? slightly incrassated. Wings with a slender,
brown, marginal line; fringe interlined with brown. Fore wings acute, with
two oblique whitish lines, which are diffusedly brown-bordered on the inner
side; interior line straight; exterior line very slightly undulating. Length of
the body, 5£ lines; of the wings, 16 lines. Canada." In Mr. D'Urban's
collection.

EUFITCHIA, gen. nov. Plate 3, fig. 1.

Abraxas t Fitch, Trans. N. Y. Ag. Soc, vii, 1848.

Closely allied to the second section of Thamnonoma. Male antenna?
well pectinated to near the tip, the branches ciliated; in the female simple,
unciliated. Palpi rather large, porrect, much as in Thamnonoma, passing
about one-third their length beyond the front of the head; third joint small,
acute. Fore wings subfalcate; the costa rather full, the outer edge slightly
angled on the first median. Hind wings somewhat square, a slight sinus
below the apex. The shape of the wings closely resembles Thamnonoma;
the venation is also very similar, the costal vein joining the subcostal on the
inner third of the subcostal arcole; and beyond, the vein is equal in length to
the two subcostal venules, the three venules being unusually equal in length.
The subcostal areole is long, narrow, and curved, as in Thamnonama. The
origin of the discal venules is much as in Thamnonoma brunneata. The
direction of the discal venules is different from Thamnonoma, the anterior
vein being straight and directed inward a little obliquely, while the posterior
one is oblique and not curved. In the first section of Thamnonoma, both veins
follow a regular curved line, while the course they unitedly take in T. brun-

248

in (n in is straighter, hut each vein is slightly curved. Legs as in Thamnonoma,
being long and slender; hind tibia- scarcely swollen; the tarsi three-fourths
as long as the tibiae. The male abdomen is rather stout, less slender than in
Thamnonoma.

The only species known is ochreous-yellow, with an outer row of sub-
hyaline patches common to both wings.

Ii closely resembles Thamnonoma brunnearia in the form of the head,
antenna1, and palpi, and shape and venation of the wings, differing in the
longer pectinations and stouter abdomen and mode of coloration.

This may be regarded as a mimetic form, as it imitates Abraxas of Europe
(of which we have no species) in the mode of coloration and in the stout
abdomen, and the colors of the larva, which probably caused it to be referred
with doubt to Abraxas by Dr. Fitch, who says that it cannot lie referred to
Abraxas, this also being the opinion of Dr. Harris. I regard Abraxas as a
synthetic genus, anticipating Thamnonoma. As Dr. Fitch was the first to
make known this moth, and describe its transformations, I respectfully dedi-
cate tht1 genus to him.

EuFiTCHiA riuearia Packard. Plate 9, fig. (il.
Abraxas? ribearia Fitch, Trans. N. Y. Ag. Soc, vii, 1848.

5 3 and 5 9 . — This common moth may be readily recognized by the
uniform yellow ochreous tint on body and wings, and by the submarginal
row of smoke-colored spots common to both wings, the spots in the middle
of each wing being large. On the fore wing is a discal dot. sometimes a row
of spots running over it, with two costal spots.

Length of body, 3, 0.50. 9, 0.53; of fore wing, <?, 0 67, 9, 0.61; ex-
panse of wings, 1.25-1.30 inches.

This moth is everywhere abundant in the. Northern State^ Hying in
gardens and resting on the leaves of the currant and other plants

Larva. — Body smooth, cylindrical, of uniform width throughout; head
as wide as the body, with four black snots; on each wing above four black
spots, and live on each side; ground-color yellowish-white. It appears on the
leaves of the currant as soon as they unfold in May, and attains its (nil size
in July, transforming into brown pupa' of the usual form just beneath the
surface of the soil under the bush, the moth appearing early in July. It is
represented on Plate 13, tig. 2.

249
THAMNONOMA Lederer. Plate 3, fig. 2, 2a, 2b.

Perconia Hiibu. (in part), Verz., 296, 1818.

liame HUbn. (in part), Verz., 299, 1818.

Fidunia Treits (in part), Scbm. Eur., vi (i),265, 1827.

Speranza Curtis, Brit. Eut., 225, 1828.

Baha* Dup., Lep. France, viii (iv), 400, 1829.

Fidonia Dup. (in part), Lep. France, viii (iv), 407, 1829.

Grammatophora Stepb., Nomencl.Br Ius., 44, 1829; "Cat., ii, 126, 1829."

Speranza Stepb., Nomencl., 43, 1829.

Halia Boisd., Gen. Intl., 187, 1840.

Evpiskria Boisd. (in part), Gen. Ind., 192, 1840.

Fidonia H.-Scb. (in part), Scbm. Eur., iii, 88, 1847.

Speravza Stepb. (in part), Cat. Br. Lep., 157, 1850.

Ealia Stepb., Cat. Br. Lep., 159, 1850.

Thamnonoma Lederer, Verti. Bot. Zool. Ges. Wieu, 232, 1853.

Halia Guen., Pbal., ii, 91, 1857.

Walk., List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxiii, 943, 1861.
Eupisieria Walk., List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxiv, 1040, 1862.

Male antennae well pectinated, in the less typical species (subcessaria) about
half as long as usual; female antennae simple. Palpi very long, porrect, pointed,
the third joint long and extending sometimes by a head's length beyond the
front, or, as in T. wavaria and subcessaria, they are short and not much longer
than in Semiothisa, the third joint being small and depressed. A long double
tuft of hairs projects between the palpi. Fore wings very falcate, the apex
produced, and the outer edge excavated below the apex, with a dark line
bordering the excavation; the outer edge is full below the excavation. The
costal region is considerably wider; the subcostal venules longer than in Semi-
othisa; the first subcostal venule is about a fourth longer than the subcostal
areole, which latter is long, narrow, and curvilinear, as in Semiothisa, other-
wise the venation is very similar to that of Semiothisa. Hind wings in the
male with a prominent angle in the outer wings, as distinct or more so than in
any species of Semiothisa ; in wavaria and subcessaria less distinctly angular,
and much as in most of the species of Semiothisa; in the female, the outer
edge is bent, but not distinctly angular. The abdomen is much longer and
slenderer than in Semiothisa, and reaches to the inner angle of the hind wings.
Legs much as in Semiothisa, long and slender; hind tibiae long, not swollen,
and with the four spaces as usual. The species are either clear ochreous-
brown, with two distinct lines on the fore wings, or with markings similar to
Semiothisa.

This- genus is recognized by the well-pectinated antennae and long palpi;
the species differ but slightly from those of Semiothisa in other points. In

* llaha was pre-occupied for a genus of Mollusca by Risso in 1826.
32 p H

250

/. inn-arm and suhr.esstir'ui the only difference of importance is the well-
pectinated antennae, and with this exception, if we regard the imagines alone,
t he two genera run into each other.

1 regard tin- more typical species as T. tripunctaria and marcescaria; the
former being the mosl unlike the others, having the palpi longer and the fore
wings more (ideate than in any other species. The genus may be divided
into two sections :

A. With very long, porreet palpi, broadly-pectinated antennas, falcate,
pointed fore wings, angular hind wings, and a long, slender male
abdomen.
13. Palpi blunt and shorl ; antenna' with pectinations half as long as in
section A, and with the fore wings scarcely falcate ; the hind wings
not angular, pointed, and the abdomen shorter and thicker, much as
in Semiothisa. This is represented by T. wavaria, subcessaria,
brunnearia, and argillacearia.
In T. brunnearia, argillacearia, and sulphuraria, the subcostal areole is
shorter and much wider than in T. wavaria; the outer end of the cell being
partially open in brunnearia, hut closed, as usual, in argillacearia and sul-
phuraria.

Synopsis of the Species.

A. Male antennae broadly pectinated ; palpi very long; fore wings falcate:

Three conspicuous brown patches on the fore winsts T. tripunctaria

Male antennae less broadly pectinated ; wings pale ash T. marcescaria.

B. Fore wings subfalcate; male antenna' slightly pectinated; palpi short:

A broad submarginal yellowish line T. gueniaria.

Like* wavaria, but with more broadly-pectinated male antennas, with four well-
marked lines ; the outer second line on the fore wings less bent than in wavaria. T. i-linearia.

A mcdio-costal, conspicuous, dark spot extending to tin- discal space, and two other

costal spots ; wings dull whitish-ash.. T. wavaria.

Like wavaria, but whitish-ash T. subcessaria.

Ochreous-yellow, with large brown spots T. sulphuraria.

Yellow ; wings more falcate than in sulphuraria, with four parallel Hues T. flavicaria.

Uniformly light reddish-brown T. brunnearia.

Uniformly argillaceous T. argillacearia.

Tiiamxonoma tripunctaria Packard. Plate 9, lig. <>8.
Halxa tripunctaria Pack., Proc. Bost.-Soc. Nat. Hist., xvi, 26, 1S74.

2 <? and "_' 9. — Antennae with much longer pectinations than usual, being
much longer than in T. marcescaria. Palpi as usual. Fore wings with the
apex more produced than in T. marcescaria, being acutely falcate. Abdomen
without the two rows of black dots present in marcescaria. Fore wings

251 .

uniform fawn-color; body and hind wings paler. An inner, straight, brown
line, edged externally with yellowish-brown; outer line slightly sinuate.
Discal dot large lanceolate-oval; two conspicuous dark spots midway between
the outer line and the edge of the wing, one being subapical in position.
Fringe on both wings a little darker than the wings themselves. No markings
on hind wings ; no discal dot. Beneath, a decided ochreous tinge, no lines,
discal dots distinct on both wings; fringe considerably darker than the rest
of the wing. The female differs from the male in the lines being farther
apart.

Length of body, $ , 0.50, 9, 0.50; of fore wing, <?. 0.C0, 9, 0.G6 ;
expanse of wings, 1.40 inches.

Sanzalito, Cal., August 7 (Behrens); California (Edwards); Yosemite,
October 19 (T. L. Mead).

This species differs from marcescaria Gruen. in the much more pectinated
antenna? and the absence of lines on the under side of the wings, which,
beneath, are clear ochreous, not speckled with dark scales; while the two
spots with the discal spot arranged in a triangle give it a characteristic
appearance.

Thamnonoma marcescaria Packard. Plate 9, fig. 69

Haiia marcescaria Gueu., Paal., ii, 92, 1857.

Halia cineraria Pack., Proc. Post. Soe. Nat. Hist.., xiii, 392, 1871.

6 S and G 9. — This is an ash-colored species, with slender pectina-
tions; the fore wings distinctly falcate, and the hind wings more distinctly
angled than in any other species of the genus. Certain individuals I had
regarded as distinct, and described under the name cineraria; but the
addition of more material from Mr. Behrens shows that they are not different
from the true marcescaria. I append my original description to show how
certain individuals differ from others.

Pale ash-gray. Male. Head and palpi ash ; wings a little paler, some-
times with a testaceous hue. The fore wings are marked just like T. mar-
cescaria, though the line is less distinct, but they are narrower and more
excavated just below the apex. The strigse are a little thicker on the eosta
than elsewhere. There are no indications of a basal line ; the outer line is
situated nearer the middle of the wing than in the other species ; in the
middle of the wing on the line is a black dot. Just beyond the line is a semi-
translucent broad band. Discal dot as in the other species. Beneath, the

J..L'

fore wings are pale-ash, clear in the middle of the wing, with a speckled
costa and outer edge. Hind wings ash, mottled densely with In-own scales;
discal dm distinct ; the wings darker on outer half beyond the single distinct
brown line, with a dusky patch in the middle of the wings adjoining the line.

In the female, there is only an obscure hand on the fore wings. The
hind wings are more angulated and dentated than in T. marcescaria.

Length of wing, 0.56; body, <?, 0.45; expanse of wings, 1.25 inches.

Sanzalito, Cal., January 10, April to May 20 (Behrens) ; California
(Edwards).

Thamnonoma guenearia, sp. nov. Plate 9, fig. 70.

2 S . — Body resembles in form T. tripunctaria, but the palpi are much
shorter, though longer than in T. wavaria or k-linearia. Antennas well pec-
tinated, though the branches are shorter than in T. tripunctaria or A-iincaria.
The shape of the lore wings is intermediate between T. A-linearia and tri-
punctaria, being slightly falcate, but scarcely excavated below the apex,
nearly agreeing in this respect with T. A-linearia. The hind wings are not
angled, but slightly scalloped. Antenna', front, palpi, and fore legs ochreous.
Body and wings gray, with a slight ochreous tinge. Three dark, equidistant,
costal spots, but with no lines running from them. The only line is a sub-
marginal, distinct, ochreous, slightly sinuous line, edged slightly and irregu-
larly mi both sides with dusky. A marginal row of dark dots. A small
discal dot on each wing. Hind wings a little paler than the anterior pair,
dusted, but with no lines. Beneath, bright ochreous, dusted transversely
with brown; both wings alike. A large, dusky, square, median, costal spot;
sometimes four irregular costal patches. The line is faintly reproduced, but
there are no other markings. Legs as usual

Length of body, <S , 0.42 ; of fore wings, c?, 0.57 ; expanse of wings, 1.10
inches.

North California (Crotch, Mus. Comp. Zool.).

This species differs from any of the others in its single, outer, slightly
sinuous, bright-ochreous line. On this account, it is liable to lie confounded
with some species of Phasiane, such as ]'. irroraria.

Thamnonoma quadrii.inearia Packard.

Halin quadrUinearia Pack., Proc. Boat. Soc. Nut. llist..xvi, 20, 1874.

2 S . — Closely resembling T. wavaria, to which section of the genus it

253

belongs, the wings being less falcate than in the other species, marcescaria
and tHpunctaria. The antennae are more broadly pectinated than in T-
wavaria, being in this repect intermediate between T. wavaria and tHpunc-
taria. Pale ash-gray ; head, palpi, and body being concolorous with the wings.
Fore wings marked as in T. ivavaria, having four distinct costal brown
spots, from which as many lines run parallel with each other to the costa ; the
second one includes the discal dot, but is straighter, not so much angulated
as in T. wavaria, nor so wide just above the discal dot; the two outer lines
become obsolete in the middle of the wing, but are indicated on the hind
edge, the third being close to the fourth, while beyond is a small dusky patch.
A row of intervenular black marks; fringe concolorous with the rest of the
wings. Hind wings with no marking, except the discal dot, which is quite
distinct. Beneath, pale ash, more uniformly so than in T. wavaria, tinged
faintly with ochreous, deeper on costa of fore wings. Discal dots present
on both wings, and three faint costal patches.

Length of body, 0 48; fore wing, 0.64; expanse of wings, 1.40 inches.

Sierra Nevada, Cal. (Edwards).

Closely resembling T. wavaria, it differs in the more broadly-pectinated
antennae, the less angulated, narrower second line on primaries, and the duller
ash on under side of wings, which, especially the secondaries, are beautifully
marbled in wavaria; in these respects it resembles the species of Semiothisa.

Thamnonoma wavaria Lederer. Plate 9, fig. 72.

Phalauia-geomelra wavaria Liuu., Syst. Nat edit, x, 522, 1758.

" Geometra wavaria Htibn., Scbra. Eur., tab. 11, fig. 55, 1796."

Fidonia wavaria Trcits., Scbtn. Ear., vi (i), 302, 1827. '

Halia wavaria Dup., Lep. France, viii (iv), 402, pi. 163, figs. 3 and 4, 1829.

Grammatophora wavaria Stepb., Nomencl. Br. Ins., 44, 1829 ; " Cat., ii, 126, 1829.''

Halia vauaria Stepb., 111., iii, 194, 1831.

Halia ivavaria Boisd., Geu. Ind., 187, 1840.

Fidonia wawaria H.-Scb., Scbm. Eur., iii, 88, 1847.

Halia wauaria Stepb., Cat. Br. Lep., 159, 1850.

Thamnonoma wavaria Lederer, Verb. Bot. Zool. Ges. Wien, 179, 1853.

Halia wavaria Guen., Pbal., ii, 93, 1857.

Walk., List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxiii, 944, 1861.

6 $ and 5 9. — Antennae with longer pectinations than in T.subcessaria;
the fore wings produced toward the apex, the outer edge of the wing being
quite oblique. Hind wings with three well-marked scallops below the apex.
Body and fore wings pale chocolate-brown; hind wings paler. Palpi with
an ochreous tinge. Fore wings with the usual four costal spots, much as in

25'4

T. subcessaria^ l>ui the lines proceeding from them more distincl and con-
tinuous. The second spot edged with blackish externally in thediscal space,
and the line plainly continuous to the inner edge of the wing. A broad,
dusky, chocolate, marginal shade, disappearing before reaching the apex.
Fringe faintly checkered with whitish opposite the marginal dark dots.
Beneath, both wings decidedlj tinged with ochreous, especially the cost a of line
wings and entire surface of hind wings. Discal dots large, diffuse on both
wings. The costal spots and lines faintly reproduced as smoky diffuse lines.
A faint diffuse line on each side of discal dot on hind wings, not visible above.
Fringe faintly checkered with whitish, not so distinct and broad as in T. sub-
cessaria Legs ochreous, spotted with brown.

Length of body, <?,0 50, 9,0.4;"); of fore wing, t, 0.62, 9, 0.62; ex-
panse of wings, 1.25 inches.

Gorham, Me. (F. W. Putnam); Salem, Mass. (Emerton and Packard):
Brookline, Mass., July 10 (Shurtleff); Medford, Mass. (L. Trouvelot); An-
dover, Mass. (P. S. Sprague) ; Brooklyn, N. Y. (Grraef) ; Philadelphia, Pa.
(Amer. Ent. Soc).

This species, apparently imported from Europe, differs from our native
subcessaria by the three scallops on the hind wings, the more broadly-pecti-
nated antennas, the chocolate-color of the fore wings, and the yellowish under
side of both pairs. In one female, from Philadelphia, the wings are unusually
white, and the lines much heavier than commonlv the case; the two inner
ones not interrupted, while the outer is continuous from the inner edge to the
third median veinlet.

Thamnonoma subcessaria Packard. Plate 9, fig. 71.

Halia subcessaria Walk.. List Lep. Hut. Br. Mns., xxiii, 945, 1861.

2 <? and 2 9 — Antenna- slightly pectinated; fore wings with the apex
obtuse, less produced than usual: hind wings rounded, scarcely bent in the
middle, or distinctly scalloped. Body and wings white, with scattered dark
speckles. Head dull-whitish ; palpi and prothorax brown. Fore wings with
four well-marked costal spots, of which the subapical is snuff-brown, while
the others are blackish. The basal is small, triangular, followed by a series
of dark, small, venular dots. The second is oblong, with square edges, and
not curved as in T. wavaria; it extends to the median vein and is succeeded
by a few dark obscure venular dots. The three costal spots are of tin- same

255

size ;is llic second, and the line of venular dots is much curved. The sul »-
apical patch broad, squarish. A marginal row of dark dots. Fringe a little
darker than the wing, and slightly checkered with white stripes. Hind wings
finely mottled with ochreous scales, not arranged in lines; discal dot distinct.
Beneath whitish, tinged decidedly with ochreous, and transversely strigated
with pale-brown on anterior wings, and more mottled than strigated on the
hind wings. Fringe more distinctly and broadly checkered than above, and
marginal row of spots more distinct than above. Legs yellowish, thickly
spotted with brown.

Length of body, c?, 0.54, 9, 0.47; of fore wing, J, 0.G0, 9, 0.59; ex-
panse of wings, 1.20 inches.

Amherst, Mass. (Peabody); Hastings, N. Y. (Grrote) ; Northern Illinois
(Clemens); London, Canada (W. Saunders); West Farms, N. Y. (Angus);
Brooklyn, N. Y. (Grraef).

Not only by its white color, but by its obtuse fore wings and the want
of the three scallops in the outer edge of the hind wings, may this species be
readily distinguished from its imported European representative T. wavarhi.

Thamnonoma. sulphuraria Packard. Plate 9, fig. 62.

Eupitiheria sulphurea Pack., Fifth Rep. Peab. Acad. So., 77, 1873.

2 c? and 2 9. — Uniformly sulphureous; palpi large, stout, porrect, reach-
ing far beyond the head ; concolorous with the head and rest of body. Male
antenna3 pectinated, thickly ringed with brown. Wings sulphur-yellow, with
three triangular costal brown spots, a large brown diseal dot, and a similar
spot on the outer third of the inner margin; a few transverse strigse, but no
lines as usually seen in this genus. On the hind wings, two rows of large
diffuse spots, both beyond the discal dot, the inner of which only reaches to
the middle of the wing, while the outer is more regular, following the line
of the outer edge of the wing. Fringe long, brown, on the hind wings inter-
rupted with ochreous; at base on both wings a marginal row of dark dots.
Beneath much more strigated than above. Veins very distinct, being deeper
ochreous than on the interspaces.

Length of body, 0.38; of fore wing, 0.45; expanse of wings, 1.15 inches.

Brookline, Mass. (ShurtlefF) ; Natick, Mass. (Stratton); Brooklyn, N. Y.
(Graef) ; Victoria, Vancouver's Island, July (Crotch).

Easily known by its pale sulphur-yellow hues, the usual lines on the fore

256

wings being obsolete, more distinct on the hind wings, where there are two
lines, and l>y the three costal triangular spots as well as the large discal spot,
and another large brown patch on the inner edge of the fore wing; while
beneath, the wings are much more strigated than above. The New York
and Vancouver's Island examples present mi differences in size or markings.

Thamnonoma pjliAVicaeia, sp. imr. Plate 13, fig. 40.

2 <? and 3 9. — Structurally, this species is closely allied to T. brunnearia
and argillacearia, but the fore wings are a little more falcate and the hind
wings more produced than in these species, the hind wings of the female
being considerably more so than in the male. Antennae of the male well
pectinated; body and wings bright yellow-ochreous, the hind wings being con-
colorous with the anterior pair. Fore wings yellow, quite thickly dusted
with brown; four well-marked costal spots, the third being the largest, the
fourth narrower and usually forming part of the extradiscal line, which is
sinuous, and toward the inner margin accompanied by a broad shade. Just
beyond the middle of the line is either a single or twin patch, often well
defined and square. In the female, there are four subparallel lines, the three
inner costal spots sending lines across the wing. In both sexes, the discal
dots are ve y distinct. In the male, there are traces of a single submarginal
line; but, in the female, there are traces of two, one extradiscal and one sub-
marginal. The under side of the male is concolorous with the upper side,
while the discal dots are very distinct, and there is a broad, brown, submar-
ginal, indistinct band, common to both wings ; while, in the female, there are
traces of an extradiscal line, common to both wings.

Length of body, c?,0.46, 9,0.52; of fore wings, <?,0.58, 9,0.58; expanse
of wings, 1.15 inches.

Manitou, Colorado, July 13-16, common, flying about the cliffs in
William's Canon ; common in gardens July 21, Salt Lake City, and in fields,
Farmington, Utah, July 20 (Packard, Hayden's Survey).

This species differs from T. sulphuraria in the less decided straw-yellow
hue, and the more decidedly falcate wings, and the heavier, darker markings.

Thamnonoma brunnearia Lcderer. Plate 9, tig. 63.

•• Geomctra brunneata Thunb., Diss. Ent., i, It, 1784."

" Qeometra pinelaria Hiibn., Schm. Eur., tab. 24, fig. 1H0 (after 1797)."

" Qeometra quinquaria Hiibn.. Schm. Eur., tab. 100, ii^. 516, .M7, $, after 1797."

257

Perconia guinquaria Hiibn., Verz., 200, 1818.

Fidonia pint taria Treits., Sclim. Eur., vi (i), 2G5, 1827.

Speranza sylvaria Curtis, Brit. Ent., 225, 1828.

Steph., Nomenol. Br. Ins., 4:!, 1829.
Speranza irunneata Stepb , Cat. Br. Lep., 157, 1850.
Thamnonoma brunneata Lederer, Verb. Bot. Zool. Ges. Wien, 179, 1853.
Fidonia pinetaria Gueu., Pbal., ii, 157, 1857.

Eupisteria pinetaria Walk., List Lep. Het. Br. JItis., xxiv, 1040, 1862.
Eupiotheria fermginaria Pack., Fiftb Rep. Peab. Acad. Sc, 78, 1873.

8 t? and 4 ?. — Front of head and palpi concolorous with rest of body.
Of exactly the form of T. argittacearia ; the antennae pectinated in the same
manner. Uniformly Scotch-snufF brown, with no markings except a few
darker costal specks, sometimes four larger equidistant spots, with four
obscure lines proceeding from them. A slight, dark, discal spot on each wing.
Beneath, uniformly deep dull-ochreous, with no markings or discal dots.
Fringe a little darker above and beneath than the wings. Light ferruginous
reddish-brown, ochreous on the costa, darker toward the outer margin; dusted
with transverse strigae, especially conspicuous on the costa of the fore wings.
On the fore wings, three transverse dark-brown lines, dilating broadly on
the costa, the two basal ones angulated on the median vein, the third curved,
especially on the anterior half of the wing; the outer triangular costal spot
half-way between the third line and the tip; fringe long, dull, smoky.
Hind wings somewhat paler ochreous, with two very distinct dark lines;
the inner straight, the outer obtusely angulated in the middle. A narrow
discal dot on both wings, but more distinct on the hind wings. Beneath,
bright ochreous, tinged with reddish on the venules; the lines re-appear
beneath, being broader and more diffuse; the wings speckled thickly with
ferruginous on the basal half. Legs very long and slender; tibiae and tarsi
dark; femora paler, speckled.

Length of body, <?, 0.42, 9, 0.40; of fore wings, $ , 0.50, 9, 0.45-48;
expanse of wings, 92-1.12 inches.

Maine, June 25 to July 8, in pine-woods (Packard); sides of Mount
Washington, N. II., July (Morrison); Natick, Mass. (Stratton. Mus. Bost. Soc.
Nat. Hist,).

This form may be recognized by its resemblance in the shape of the
wings and antennae to T. argittacearia, and by the uniform dull snuff-colored
wings and dull-ochreous under side of the males. The females differ
unusually in coloration, being bright-ochrcous, with three dark-brown lines.

Our examples are so closely similar to European specimens (male and

33 P TT

258

female) thai I sec no sufficient grounds for separating them. The males from
Maine differfrom a single male from Germany in having the four lines more
slightly marked than in the latter; (he German example is slightly larger than
must of thi' Maine ex imples, hut one or two arc of I he some size. My three
Maine females only differ from the European one in being a little smaller.
It varies very slightly, the males (all taken in Maine) usually having no lines;
sometimes there is a very obscure common line on the under side el' (he
wings, and an obscure basal line on the hind wings.

Larva. — Treitschke describes the caterpillar as feeding on the bilberry;
and being of a reddish lint, with white stripes on the hack, and a yellow
stripe on the sides (Newman).

Thamnonoma akgillackakia. Packard. Plate 9, fig. (14.

Tephrirta argillaccaria Pack., Sixth Rep. Pcab. Acad. Sc, 48, 1874.

• 30 <$ and G 9. — This pretty modest species is of a uniform argillaceous
hue, sometimes with an olive-greenish tinge, with no lines, ]>ut two large
costal blackish spots on the outer half of the wing; a large, round, faint, discal
spot on both wings, slightly darker than the rest of the wing, and usually not
present in specimens at all rubbed, 1 ne head is slightly ochreous, and there
are ochreous points on the edge of the costa. Beneath as above, hut mottled
with ochreous, and especially on the costa of the fore wings and on the entire
surface of the hind wings. Legs and fringe concolorous with the body.

Length of body, &, 0.48, 9, 045; of fore wing, S , 0.60, 9, 0.50;
expanse of wings, 1.20 inches.

Brunswick, Me. June 25 to July. 10 (Packard) ; Massachusetts (Grote) ;
Philadelphia, Pa. (Amer. Ent. Soc); London, Canada (W. Saunders. Mus.
Comp. Zool.) ; Andover, Mass., Augusl (Sanborn); Natick, Mass., duly 24
(Stratton); Carver, Mass., July 10, July 28, August 1 (Shurtleff, Bost. Soc.
Nat. Hist.). It is very abundant in pine-woods in Maine on a dry soil, rising
and fluttering with rather a feeble flight and soon settling again. In July,
1874, 1 captured thirty males before securing a female*; the latter are appa-
rently less ready to fly.

In an abnormal specimen from Jamaica Plain (Morrison), the two fore
wings are of the same size, hid the right hind wing is half the size of its
fellow; the discal spot and veins present, but the latter nearly one-half
shorter, more bent, and the interspaces wider.

259

This species is easily recognized by its want of any markings on the
wings, except the two costal dark spots, which are usually wanting in most
cabinet-specimens, and by the well-marked pectinated antenn;e. It varies in
tint, being pure clay-ash, or with an olive-greenish tinge, with sometimes but
one, rarely two, costal spots, and usually none at all.

MARM( UTERYX, gen. nor. Plate 3, fig! 3, 3a.

Compared with certain species of Thamnonoma, such as T.argillacearia,
which certain species resemble, it is found to differ in the fore wings not being
subfalcate, the costa being straight, the apex well rounded, while the outer
edge of the wing is not excavated, being more or less oblique. The hind
wings are rounded, not angulated, and somewhat produced toward the apex.
The front of the head is full, bulging out much more than in Thamnonoma.
The palpi are short, not projecting tar beyond the front, while the male an-
tenna? arc not pectinated, simply ciliated. Venation : two large subcostal
cells; costal vein free from the subcostal; the two discal venules transverse;
the posterior one bent.

In coloration, the species are remarkable for the white spots and bands
on the clay-colored ground -color, while the fringe is usually whitish, conspic-
uously checkered with brown; and beneath, the wings, especially the hinder
pair, are beautifully marbled with white and brown.

Synopsis of the Species.

Fore wiiijis much rounded, marbled above M. strigularia.

Larger than the other two species; lore wings much pointed )/. marnwrata.

Fore wings acute; golden-yellow M. lessellata.

Marmopteryx strigularia Packard. Plate 9, fig. 65.

Anisopteryx strigularia Minot!!!, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., xii, 170, 1869.
Tephrina strigularia Pack., Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., xiii, 393, 1871.
Larentia ceneiformis Harvey, Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci., pi. 11, fig. 5, 1974.

5 J and 2 9. — Fore wings much rounded at apex; median venules
rather short: front of head less full and protruding than in M. marnwrata
from Nevada. Body and wings uniform sable ash-color, mixed with blackish
scales on the front of thorax, and on head and palpi. Male antenna' annu-
latcd above with blackish. Fore wings with three large costal white spots,
from the outer of which proceeds a curved broad shade, which fades away on
the independent venule, but may be traced as it curves around nearly to the

260

inner edge. The two inner costal spots are within the basal halt' of the COSta.
Costa darker than rest of wing, with pale strigse. Outer margin of wing
beyond the outer whitish shade dusky. Fringe checkered conspicuously with
dark, with two narrow costal white checks just before the apex. Hind wings
uniform sable-ash, with no markings; fringe checkered. Beneath, marbled
and mottled with white and black, reminding us of the peculiar markings
of Chhowobus. Fore wings with costal and outer margin marbled, inner por-
tion of wing uniformly sable. The three costal spots distinct as above, the
outer band disappearing entirely on the independent venule. An apical
whitish region. Fringe on both wing; dark, checkered with black, and with
a slender line near the base. Hind wings uniformly marbled over whole
surface. Within the middle of the wing, a white, linear, transverse spot
connecting the discal fold with the subcostal vein. Beyond the middle
of the wing, a white hand, distinct on the costal and inner edge, but fading
out in the middle of the wing; each end of the hand with a broad blackish
patch outside; inner margin of wing blackish. Legs blackish, spotted with
white. Abdomen with a row of black dots on each side.

Length of body, c?, 0 43, 9,0.45; of fore wing, cf, 0.67, 9, 0.70; ex-
panse of wings, 1.40 inches.

".Montreal, Canada'' (Harvey); Montpelier, Vt., August (Sanborn, Bost.
Soc. Nat, Hist.); West Virginia, April (Mead).

The three costal spots vary in either being at equal distances apart,
though more usually the two inner spots are nearer together than the middle
and outer ones ; otherwise it does not vary much.

This beautiful species may at once be known by the three conspicuous
costal white spots, the outer terminating in a faint shade, and by the mesial
white hand of secondaries being obsolete in its middle third. The beautifully-
marbled under surtace will at once distinguish it from any of our other moths
of this family. The Cahfornian M. marmorata approaches Selidosema in the
acute primaries, and wants the two basal spots on the costa.

Marmopteryx marmorata Packard. Plate 9, fig. 66.

Tephrina marmorata Pack., Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., xiii, 393, 1871.

2 9. — Closely allied in form and markings to M. strigularia, wrongly
referred by Mr. C. S. Minot (Proc. Post. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. xii) to
Anisopteryx. These two species belong to a distinct section of the genus.

26 1

The front of the head is much fuller than usual, the wings are more pointed,
and the palpi are quite short, projecting but a little distance beyond the front.
Body and wings pale-ash, with a testaceous hue; a little deeper hue on the
outer edge of both wings. The costal edge is tinged faintly with reddish-
ochreous, and marked with minute striga*, most distinct on the extreme edge.
A square whitish spot on the inner third of the costa, and an outer, white,
distinct line broadest on the costa, becoming very faint before reaching the
inner edge of the wing, bent on the first median venule. The fringe on
both wings is white, checkered with large, square, brown spots; no discal
spot above or below on either wing. Under side of costal region and outer
edge of (he fore wings bathed with yellow testaceous; veins distinct, testa-
ceous ; extreme costal edge dark, with white strigas. Outer white line faintly
reproduced, making with the white apex a rude V, inclosing a triangular
mottled space; remainder of the wing clear of scales. Under side of hind
wings marbled beautifully, the ground-color being white, with dark strigae
arranged in broken bands, and with diffuse ochre-yellow blotches; a central,
broad, white baud, angulated on the independent venule, bordered on both
sides with yellowish spots, especially on the venules, and the winy within is
densely strigated, with the median area white with a few brown strigae; from
the inner angle arises a broad, interrupted, white band, which terminates on
the first median venule. The outer edge of the wing is sprinkled with brown,
especially on the apex and costa; elsewhere it is pure white. Prothoracic
scales and patagia reddish-ochreous ; middle of thorax and abdomen con-
colorous with the upper side of the wings.

Probably from near the snow-line, as our New England species was
found by Mr. Sanborn on the summit of Mount Mansfield, Vt

Length of body, 0 50; fore wing, 0.75; expanse of wings, 1.60 inches.

Nevada (Edwards).

Marmoptehyx tkssellata Packard.

Marmoptcryx tcssellata Pack., in Hayden's Aim. Rep. Geol. Sur. Terr., 552, pi. 1, fig. <i. 1875.

I 9. — Compared with M. marmorata from Cali-
fornia, its nearesf ally, the fore wings are rather nar-
rower and the outer edge more oblique, while the apex

■i*

VSV

is more pointed. The head is exactly as in thai species,
Harmopteryx lesseiiata. th c front being full and bulging. Head and thorax pale-
gray, with a reddish tinge. Palpi blackish at lip. Front of head with a slight

262

yellowish tint, reddish between the antennae. A dark streak on each side of
prothorax, and a long, narrow, dark-brown slash on the patagia. Both wings
of a rich golden-yellow, with dusky slate-brown margins. Fore wiogs with
the costa pale slate-color, checkered broadly with five large, square, white
spots, and«two minute, whitish, linear spots near the apex. < )uter edge dusky,
the dark margin narrowing toward t he inner edge. Fringe very long and slate-
colored, checkered conspicuously with white. Hind wings like fore wings;
the costa is narrowly edged with slate. Beneath, the wings are brightly
colored; the anterior pair dull golden-yellow, with a reddish tinge on the costal
side. Borders of the wing checkered very conspicuously as above; the apex,
however, whitish. Hind wings pale fawn-colored, marbled with white, with a
costo-apical, oblong (transversely), white spot, and a large, square, white spot
in the middle of the wing below; costa marbled with whitish, abdomen pale
fawn-color, like t he thorax.

Length of body, 9,0.45; of fore wing, 9, 0G4; expanse of wings, 1.30
inches.

Arizona (Dr. Palmer. 'Department of Agriculture).

Though this species is described from Arizona, it, may be confidently
looked for in Southern Colorado. The species is so remarkable that I venture
to describe il from a single individual. It may be readily recognized by its
rich golden-yellow wings, the checkered costa of the anterior pair, and the
broad dusky margin of both wings, while the hind wings beneath are beauti-
fully marbled.

PHASIANE DuponcheL Plate 3, fig. 5.

Phasiane Dap. (in part),Lep. Frauce, viii (iv), 109, 1829; viii (v), 145, 1830.

Eubolia Boisd. (in part), Gen. In<l., 201, 1840.

Fidoniu H.-Sch. (in part), iii,84,1846.

Phasiane Leden c (in pari |, Verb. Bot. Zool. Ges. Wien, 233, 1*53.

Tephrina Guen. (in part), Phal., ii,96, 1857.

Walk, (in pari ), List Lep. Het. Br.Mus.,xxiii,95l, 1861.

Male antenna' either slightly pectinated, or simple and slightly ciliated;
female simple. Palpi stout, of moderate length ; third joint pointed, porrect,
passing beyond the front by a distance twice the length of the third joint.
A short frontal tuft between the palpi, fore wings subfalcate, the apex
subacute; costa straight, the outer edge slightly bent. Hind wings square,
being bent just below the apex, which is well rounded, and again on the
first median, while the inner angle is rectangular. The venation is very

263

much like that of Semiothisa, the costal region being narrow ; the subcostal
veins are longer and more parallel to the costa than in Semiotfma ; the outer
end of the subcostal areole is open, being closed in Semiothisa and Dias-
tictis. In this respect it resembles Eubolia, in which it is also open. The
costal vein joins the subcostal areole opposite the anterior discal venule.
Abdomen long and slender, rather square at the tip. Hind tibiae swollen ;
tarsi a little over half as long as the tibia-. The markings of this genus are
usually very characteristic, the front wings being crossed by three well-
marked lines, the outer and inner often bright ochreous, the yellowish por-
tion sometimes suddenly disappearing near the costa; the yellowish lines are
sometimes replaced by distinct, black, straight or sinuous lines. There is
usually a single line on the hind wings, either entire or obsolete before reach-
ing the middle of the wing. Four indistinct discal dots usually present.
The females scarcely differ from the males in the shape of the wings and
markings.

This genus may be known by the usually slightly subfalcate fore wings,
the straight costa, bent outer edge, square hind wings, with the apex well
rounded, by the long slender abdomen, and the swollen hind tibiae Eubolia,
which is represented in this country by an undescribed species, differs from it
in the fore wings being much more rounded at the apex, the costa straighter,
being slightly curved in, and by the fuller outer edge, whilethe costal edge of
the hind wings is shorter. {Eubolia murinaria is the only named species I
have for comparison.) Dlastictls is remarkably near Phasiane, and at first I
was inclined to regard the differences as not generic; it differs from Phasiane
simply in the longer pectinations of the antenna? and the more rectangular
apex of the fore wings and the more decided bend in the outer edge of the
wing, but especially in the much longer, slenderer hind legs, the tibiae not
being swollen. The venation differs more decidedly, the subcostal areole
being wider, the whole costal region in fact wider, and the cell being closed.

The species van in the antenna? and shape of the fore wings; in P.
atrofasciata and P. subminiata, (he costa and outer edge being very straight,
especially the outer edge.

P. atrofasciata and subminiata in their venation are almost identical with
the lower division of Semiothisa, the subcostal areole being open externally,
and, except in the style of markings, it seems impossible to separate the two
genera ; and the separation as regards G. ocellinata, californiata, and P. atro-

264

fasciata&nd P. subminiata, which I have described as a Macaria (Semiothisa),
is an artificial one. I believe thai Semiothisa and Phasiane originated from
the same stock, since the generic characters of these species agree remark-
ably. This converging of generic characters of the lower species of allied
genera is seen throughout the family, and probably indeed in almost every
family and group of the animal kingdom. In like manner, the distinctions
between the two above-mentioned genera and Eubolia and Diastictis are
highly artificial, and I adopt them as genera simply for convenience. 11 is
putting nature in a straight-jackel for a temporary purpose.

SYNOPSIS OF THE SPECIES.

Atlantic and Rocky Mountain States.

A. Fore wings not falcate; outer edge very oblique :

Three parallel black lines, inner and outer not curved P. airofaseiaia.

Tbree heavy black lines, outer very sinuous, inner curved P. orillaia.

Fore wings acute ; no well-defined Hues ; wings much mottled P. nuliculata.

With :i vermilion tinge ; (inter line very siutious P. snoviata.

B. Wings subfalcate :

a. Outer and inner lines black :

Like snoviata, but wings more produced, with two very heavy curved lines

(in fore wings P. mcadiata.

b. Outer and inner lines yellow :

Outer line bent very near the apex I'- mellistrigata.

Outer line gently sinuous, rather near the outer edge ; a diseal ringlet P. trifasciata.

Outer line remote from the outer edge, sinuous ; a diseal ringlet P. tin mil a.

Pacific States.

A. Fore wings not falcate :

Like snoviata, tinged with vermilion P. subminiata.

B. Fore wings subfalcate:

Clay-yellowish, a broad inner and outer line; much speckled with gray and

black P- irrorata.

Like sinuate, but the brown portion of the outer line in siiuintit is yellow, and the

line is nearer the outer edge P. neptata.

I'll ASIAN i: ATROFASCIATA, sp. nov. Plate 9, fig. 74.
Macaria orillata Pack., Fifth Rep. Peab. Acad. Sc.,63, 1873.

3 9. — Fore wings not subfalcate, the costa and outer edge very straight
(the latter unusually oblique), more so than in any other species of the genus.
Body and wings granite ash-gray, „of the same color as P. orillata. Three
very oblique parallel black lines: the inner straight and firm in 'tis course,

265

terminating on the costa, nearly twice as far from the insertion of the wing
as on the inner margin. The middle line is faint, and passes over the site of
the discal spot. The outer line is nearly straight in its oblique course, not
sinuous, though sometimes very slightly so, and is closely accompanied by a
less distinct dark line, beyond which is a faint dusky shade reaching half-way
between the line and the edge of the wing. A slender, interrupted, marginal,
black line. Hind wings with two approximate black lines just beyond the
middle of the wing, starting from the inner edge and fading out (in my spe-
cimens) before reaching the middle of the wing. Beneath, no lines, and the
discal dots obsolete. Both wings are mottled with white and clouded toward
the outer margin. Hind tibiae swollen ; tarsi a little longer than usual.

Length of body, 9, 0.40; of fore wing, 9, 0.4 G ; expanse of wings, 1.05
inches.

Waco, Tex, July 12, September 11 (Belfrage, Mus. Peab. Acad. Sc).

This interesting species, which by mistake I had referred to Semiothisa
(Macaria), is in its venation and markings a true Phasiane. It may be distin-
guished from P. orillata by the more oblique and straight lines, the basal
not being curved, and the double extradiscal not sinuous, while the wings
are narrower and the outer edge less full and rather more oblique.

Phasiane orillata Packard. Plate 9, fig. 75.

Anaitis orillata Walk.!!!, List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxvi, 1740, 1862.
Phasiane exourvata Pack., Sixth Kep. Peab. Acad. Sc, 47, 1S74.

2 3 and 3 9. — This species is intermediate in form and style of mark-
ings between P. exeurvaria and P. atrofasciata. Male antennae simple, cili-
ated. The fore wings are not subfalcate, the costa being very straight; the
apex subacute and less convex than usual. On the other hand, the wings are
broader than in P. atrofasciata, though of much the same shape. Body and
wings granite-gray, of the same tint as the above-named species. Fore wings
with two strongly-marked, conspicuous, heavy, black lines, the inner curved
regularly outward and situated on the inner third of the wing. The outer
(extradiscal) line is sinuate, with a decided angle below the costal region,
nearly opposite the discal dot. A faint brown shade along the outer side
of the extradiscal line. A faint middle line including the small discal dot,
which is a simple black dot, not forming a circle. A marginal series of elon-
gated linear spots, much as in /'. atrofasciata. Hind wings concolorous with
34 p ii

26(3

the anterior pain a black discal dot, and a single, slightly sinuous line curved
out a little opposite the discal dot, and widening on l he inner edge. Beneath
whitish-ash, with (be four discal dots present, and the two lines on the fore
wings and the single line on the hind wings faintly reproduced. Hind tibiae
swollen; tarsi half as long as the tibiae.

Length of body, <?, o.40, ?. 0.48; fore wing, S, 0 45, 9, 0.55; expanse
of wings, 1.10 inches.

Beverly, Mass., Augusl 28 (Burgess); Boston, Mass. (Morrison); New
Jersey (Sachs); Easton, Pa. (Clemens, Stultz); Dallas, Tex., in March, not
rare, about Juniperus Virginiana, and also in October, June Hi (Boll, Mus.
Peab. Acad. Sc).

This species differs from /'. atrofasciata in the broader wings and the
usually more sinuate and angled outer line anil the curved inner line. The
species is more nearly related to the latter than to any other. My Penusyl-
vanian male is much smaller than the Texan males or the females, and the
two lines are more curved and approximate. The Texan male is much larger
than the Pennsylvanian one, and the two lines on the fore wings are much
farther apart, while the basal line is straight, not curved outward. In the
Texan male, also, the costa of the fore wing is slightly curved inward, the
apex being much rounded, the shape of the wing being much as in the
European Eubolia murinaria.

As the specimen described as Phasiane excurvala differs in some respects
from the eastern examples, I append the original description: —

1 c? . — In the outline of the wings, the antennas, and in other structural
features, this species is closely allied to 1'. trifasciata Pack., but the markings
are quite different. Body and wings deep mouse-gray. Fore wings with
inner line not curved as usual, but straight, in its course oblique, ending
nearly twice as far on the costa from the base of the wing as on the inner
edge; the line is black, with an inner dusky shade accompanying it. Middle
line not curved exactly parallel to the inner, blackish and passing very near
the oblong discal dot. Outer line black, rather oblique, curved outward a
good ileal just below the costa opposite the discal dot. A dusky shade not
much wider than the line itself accompanies the line, and is connected with
a broad costal spot midway between the Outer line and the apex of the wing.
A peculiar whitish, very broad, diffuse, irregular shade starts from the apex,
where it is narrow, and ends en the anal angle of ihe wing. Hind wings

-

267

with the same submarginal, whitish, obscure band, and with three parallel
dusky lines, much as in P. trifasciata. Beneath, much as in the latter species,
but the submarginal smoky band is wanting, and there are no lines present,
while the hind wings are mottled as usual, but whiter; anterior legs rather
dusky, ringed with paler.

Length of body, $, 0.50; of fore wing, 9 , 0 60 inch.

"Rocky Mountains" (Grote).

The outer line suddenly excurved opposite the discal dot separates this
from the other species; the lines an; also all dark, with no tawny-yellow
shade accompanying them, and in this respect it differs from all the other
species to which it is closely related ; i. e., P. neptata and P. sinuata of the
Rocky Mountains and Pacific coast, and the eastern P. trifasciata Pack, and
mellistrigata Grote. The outer line is less oblique than in P. mellistrigata.

PlIASIANE NUBICULATA, sp. 91011. Plate 13, fig. 45.

2 ?. — Palpi as usual; fore wings more acute at the apex than usual,
the costa being very straight and the outer edge more oblique and longer in
proportion to the inner edge than in most of the other species. Body and wings
white, clouded with dark brown. Instead of the usual two very distinct lines,
there are four indistinct parallel lines equally indistinct on account of the
speckled and spotted surface of the wing. The two inner lines are parallel
and similai-. The two outer lines are nearer together and more or less broken
and diffuse, with a white line between and beyond them, the submarginal
white line being a little sinuous. The usual marginal, dark, broken line on
both wings. Hind wings writh no distinct lines, but mottled with brown, and
with some ochreous scales ; discal dot obscure. The fringe is long, with two
brown hair-lines externally. Beneath, both wings alike, quite uniformly
mottled with brown and ochreous, but with no lines, though the discal marks
are slightly indicated, not being present above on the fore wings.

• Length of body, 9,0.35; of fore wings, 0.46; expanse of wings, 105
inches.

Colorado (Sachs) ; Bridger, Wyoming, July 20 (Packard, Hayden's
Survey).

This is a well-marked species, and quite different from any others of the
genus, though most nearly related l<> 1'. orUlata. It differs, however, in the

268

wings being so much mottled, and in the wanl of well-defined black lines on
the fore wings, and of any (races of one on the hind wings. The fore wings
are more acute than usual, and the enter edge is very long and oblique.

Phasiane snoviata Packard. Plate 10, fig. 1.

Not Panagra subminiaia Pack., Proc. Bust. Sue. Nat. Ili^t.. x\ i. •-'•"., 187 1.
Maearia subminiaia Pack., Sixth Rep. Peab. Acad. S i.. 49, 1-7 1.

2 £ . — This is a grayish moth, suffused with vermilion on the body and
wings. It agrees very closely with Semiothisa s-signata, from 'Texas, in the
form of the body and the peculiar cu1 of the wings; the fore wings being entire

on the outer edge, and the hind wings rounded and not angulated. The head
and prothorax are not discolorous with the rest, of the body. The antennae
are not so well ciliated as in Semiothisa s-signata. Fore wings vermilion-
gray, wiih a basal, regularly-curved, black line, ending on the subcostal line
rather nearer the large oval discal dot than the base of the wing. No traces
of a median line. Outer line black, regularly sinuous, curving once outward
opposite the discal spot, and once inward below, widening on the inner edge,
and growing narrow and faint on the costa; it is faintly-edged with vermilion
on the inside, and externally is accompanied with a broad, dusky, blackish
shade extending more than half-way to the outer edge. Hind wings con-
colorous with anterior pair, a little more clouded, with no lines. Beneath,
decidedly tinged with vermilion, especially costa and veins, with no lines,
except a marginal, dark, diffuse shade common to both wings. Legs concol-
orous with the body.

Length of body, <? 0.40; of fore wing, <i , 0.47; expanse of wings,
1.00 inch.

Lawrence, Kans. (Prof. F. II. Snow).

Resembling P. meadiata, it differs in its rather more decided vermilion
tinge and the much more sinuate outer line. The wings are more speckled,
and the body and wings are shorter and thicker than in /'. meadiata. The

«

wings in the latter species are much clearer, and the two dark bands much
more conspicuous.

On reviewing the generic characters of Phasiane, 1 find 1 was mistaken
in referring this species to Semiothisa (J\lacaria\ and consequently change
the specific name to snoviata in honor of the discoverer of the species.

Aunt her specimen from Lawrence. Kans., received from Professor Snow,

269

«

is a marked variety; the two dark hands on the fore wings being obsolete,
but the discal dot is present, and a dark reddish-brown, broad, sinuous shade
replaces the dark smoke-colored shade in the normal specimen; otherwise the
two specimens do not differ.

Phasiane meadiata Packard. Plate 10, fig. 2.

Phasiane meadiata Pcick., Sixth Rep. Peab. Acad. So., 47, 1874.

1 c?. — This is very closely allied to the European P. ripper tar ia Dup.,
the style of markings being identical. Body and wings carneous-gray. Fore
wings with light and dark streaks on extreme edge, especially marked oppo-
site the lines. Two broad, conspicuous, dark lines not reaching the subcostal
vein; the inner slightly curved, disappearing in the middle of the discal space;
the outer sinuous, ending on the last subcostal venule, shaded broadly beyond
with brown. Discal dot rather large,' fain'. Hind wings concolorous with
fore wings; a faint discal dot, and beyond a reddish-brown line, which disap-
pears opposite the dot. Beneath, more tawny-reddish than above, both wings
mottled with tawny and pale ash, veins tawny- reddish, the discal dots more
conspicuous than above, and the two lines on fore wings very faint. No lines
on hind wings.

Length of body, J, 0 45; of fore wing, S, 0.55; expanse of wings, 1.10
inches.

Denver, Colo., June 1 (T. L. Mead).

This differs from all the other species by the two blackish, shortened,
sinuous lines, the outer one shaded externally, and in the body and wings
being flesh-colored, almost reddish, with a faint vermilion tinge. The fore
wings are rather short. The antenna- are densely ciliated.

The artist has made the line on the hind wings sinuous; it should be
nearly straight.

Phasiane mellistrigata Grote. Plate 10, fig. 3.

Phasiane mellistrigata Grote, Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat, So., 12, pi. 1, fig. 11, 9 , 1873.

2 6 — Of the usual form of the genus, the apex of the anterior pair of
wings moderately obtuse. Body and wings mouse-colored, slightly paler
than in the other species. Fore wings with the inner line at the usual dis-
tance from the base, very slightly curved, pale tawny-brown, a narrow yel-
lowish edging within. The outer line makes one well-marked curve, reach-

270

i ii of a point nearer the apex than 1 1 1 < • similar line in other species, whence it
bends nearly al righl angles on the costa; it is tawny-brown, edged on each
side with yellowish, with a dark external shade, which stops al the bend; the
extreme costal portion of the line being brown, and as if made up of a row

of closely-connected heads. A small, transversely ovate, discal dot. No
middle line. A faint marginal row of dots on both wings. Hind wings
scarcely paler than the anterior pair, with a faint discal dot and a single dusky
brown line, which is distinctly bent opposite the discal dot, and terminates
on the costa. Under side of both wings as usual in the genus, being gray,
mottled with whitish, and on the costal regions of both wings mottled with
ochreous; the veins also speckled with oehreous. Legs as usual, and concol-
orous with the body.

Length of body, S, 0.47; of fore wing, (?,0.55; expanse of wings. 1.00
inch.

Albany, N. Y., May 2!> (Lintner); Missouri (Riley).

This pretty species differs from an\ others 1 have seen by the curved
outer line reaching much nearer the apex and there becoming bent at a con-
siderable angle, and only the brown portion of the line continued on to the
costa. Mr. Grote describes in his female specimen a faint median line on
the fore wings, and a faint submarginal line "appearing as a vague festooning",
and a single line on the hind wing distinctly bent opposite the discal dot.

The example from Missouri has the markings of the New York speci-
men's, but the extiadiscal line ends farther from the apex than usual, the. line
behind being a lit t lo less oblique. The wings arc also darker, and of exactly
the shade of P. trifasciata, to which the Missouri specimen shows a slight
tendency to approximate; the under side of the wings in the Missouri
example being scarcely distinguishable from that of P. trifasciata.

Piiasiane trifasciata Packard. Plate 10, fig. 4.

Phasiane trifasciata Pack., Sixth Rep. Peab. Acad. Sc, 4G, 1874.

1 3. — This species does not differ structurally from the others of the
genus, except that the apex of the fore wings is perhaps slightly more rounded.
Hind wings and legs as in the other species. Body and wings deep mouse-
gray. Fore wings with t he basal yellowish line st raight. 'The median dusky-
ash line rather diffuse, straight, and inclosing the distinct discal ringlet.
The outer line almost straight, being very slightly sinuous, tawny-yellow; the

271

yellow portion terminates midway in a line drawn from the discal dot to the
apex of the wing; from thence a dark costal continuation one-half as wide
as the yellowish portion of the line. A broad dusky shade accompanies the
yellow portion of the line. The outer portion ot the shade is continued
plainly on to the costa, running parallel to the dark end of the outer line.
The usual marginal row of black dots. Hind wings with three diffuse, rather
indistinct, equidistant, dusky lines, the second and third nearer together than
the first and second. Discal dots small, half-way between the second and
third lines. Marginal row ol" distinct black dots. Fringe concolorous with the
wings. Beneath, discal dots distinct on both, especially so on hind wings;
whiter than usual, especially the hind wings. A smoky, broad, submarginal
shade on each wing free from specks. Veins and costal region of both wings
speckled with uchreous. Legs speckled.

Length of body, c?, 0.45; of fore wings, S , 0.55; expanse of wings,
1.10 inches.

Berlin Falls, N. H., August 9 (Sanborn).

This pretty species is near P. mellistrigata, but the fore wings are more
obtuse; there are three parallel lines on (he hind wings. A distinct median line
on anterior pair, and the yellow portion suddenly ends, with an outer line
parallel to the dark termination. Beneath, the wings are whiter.

Pitasiane sinuata Packard. Plate 10, fig 5.

rhasiane sinuata Pack., Sixth Rep. Peab. Acad. So., 45, 1874.

1 <i . — Closely allied to but considerably larger than P. neptata, whien
it closely resembles. The antenna? and palpi as in that species. Body and
wings of the usual color in this genus, being mouse-ash, like P. neptata, and
finely speckled with blackish; the specks often transversely linear. Fore
wings with a curved basal line, yellowish within and tawny-brown without.
The line is regularly curved instead of straight, as in P. neptata, and does
not quite reach the costa. Discal spot large, round, situated nearer the outer
than the inner line. The outer line more sinuate than usual in the genus,
curving outward opposite the discal spot, and inward below the third median
venule; the line is moderately broad, the inner two-thirds tawny or snuff-
brown, the outer dull-yellowish. A faint, dusky, diffuse line, situated half-
way between the outer line and the outer edge of the wing, begins on the
costa and ends in the extradiscal space. A marginal row of black dots.

272

Fringe concolorous with wings. Kind wings concolorous with the anterior
pair, traversed by three equidistant, faint, dusky lines not reaching the costa.
Fringe and marginal dots as in fore wings. Beneath, both wings quite
uniformly mottled, though the hind wings are more coarsely so, with more*
white. Venules subochreous; costal region of both wings speckled with
ochreous. Fringe slightly checkered with dusky-brown. Legs concolorous
with the body.

Length ofbody, t?, 0.50; of fore \\iiiLr, J, 0.65 ; expanse of wings, 1.45

inches.

Victoria, Vancouver Island. July (Gr. R. Crotch, Mus. Comp. Zool.).

This species differs from P. neptata, to which it is closely allied, in the
head and cut of the wings, by its larger size, the sinuate outer line, and by
the three dusky lines on (he hind wings. The under side of both wings
resembles closely thai species.

Piiasiane subminiata Packard. Plate 10, fig. G.

Panagra subminiata Pack., Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., xvi. 25, 187 I.

1 9. — Differs from any other species known to me by the vermilion-
red on the costa and veins, especially beneath; the upper side of body and
wings being uniform ash, tinged faintly with vermilion. Front reddish-ash,
dull red on orbits ; the grayish hairs projecting between the palpi well marked.
Palpi stout and bushy, concolorous with the orbits, with a dark spot beneath;
vertex gray, like the thorax. Antennae reddish. Fore wings reddish-ash,
especially on the costa and veins. A linear, pale-brown, interrupted, curved
line, ending in a wider costal spot. Discal dot distinct, brown. Outer line
forming a broad sinuate shade ending just before the costa. Fringe concol-
orous with the rest of the wing, with a faint pale line just beyond the middle.
Hind wings a little paler than fore wings, speckled with brown scales: fringe
a little darker, as in fore wings. Beneath, both wings deeply tinged with
vermilion, especially costa of fore pair and entire hind wings; veins vermilion;
between them finely marbled with ash and brown scales. Feus tinned with
reddish.

Length of body, — .' (abdomen wanting); of fore wing, 0.63 ; expanse oJ
wings, 1.30 inches.

Goose Lake. Siskiyou County, Cal. (J. Flolleman ).

This fine species, communicated by Mr. Holleman, to whom the Museum

273

of the Peabody Academy is indebted for a number of rare specimens from
Northern California and Oregon", may at once be known by the reddish-ash
upper side of the body and the vermilion color of the under side of the
wings, by the absence of the usual line on the hind wings, and by t lie outer
line on primaries being diffuse, not sharply denned as usual.

Phasiane iiirorata, sp. uov. Plate 10, fig. 7.

4 9 and 1 <?. — Fore wings subfalcate (antennae wanting); palpi of
moderate length. Body and wings pale ochreous-gray, with a more luteous
tinge than in any other species known to me, dusted over with dark specks.
Fore wings with two well-marked pale-ochre'ous lines of equal width ; the
inner straight, often fading out before reaching the costa; the outer either
straight or slightly sinuous, being in one specimen curved outward rather
suddenly in the first median space, or swelling out gradually above it. Fringe
on both wings concolorous with the wings. Hind wings dusted conspicuously
with black, as in the anterior pair; a dark discal dot. The discal dot on the
anterior wings forming a black ringlet centered with white. Beneath, a little
paler than above, with finer black specks. The outer yellowish line is faintly
reproduced. Both wings are distinctly speckled with black scales; the discal
spot is on the fore wings, represented by a large diffuse collection of black
scales, with a much smaller one on the hind wings. Abdomen of male rather
long and slender. Legs with the hind tibiae swollen; hind tarsi half as long
as the tibiae.

Length of body, 3 , 0.45, 9, 0.42; of fore wing, <?, 0.53, 9, 0.54; expanse
of wings, 1.00 inch.

San Diego, Cal. (Crotch, Mus. Comp. Zool.).

This species may be distinguished from P. neptata by the lighter, more
clay-yellow (luteous) wings, the larger discal ringlets, the broad, pale, ochre-
ous, nearly straight, extradiscal line, by the want of any marginal black dots,
the absence of any dark shade along the extradiscal line. Midway between
the extradiscal line and the edge of the wing are three obscure dark patches.
Beneath, the wings are paler than above, but with no decided ochreous tinge.
I cannot identify it with any of M. GueneVs species.

Phasiane neptata Packard. Plate 10, fig. 8.

Ttplnina neptaria Guen., Phal., ii,99, 18f>7.

Panagra flaro-fauciata Pack., Proc. Host. Soc. Nat. Hist., xiii, 394, 1871.

$ and 9. — Uniform granite-gray, thickly speckled uniformly over the
35 v n

■-71

surface of the wing; bead and thorax concolorous. A slightly oblique, narrow,
brown line, lined with yellow testaceous scales on inner quarter of wing,
fading away on the costa. A circular, black, discal dol faintly centered with
whitish. An outer oblique, slightly sinuate, yellow testaceous line, 1'ainter on
inner edge and costa ol wing, lined externally with brown scales; a marginal
row ol triangular, intervenous. black dots. Hind wings concolorous with
the anterior pair; a single straight brown line going from the outer third of
the inner edge and disappearing in the middle of the wing. A faint discal
dot. Beneath, uniformly speckled with gray and white scales; costa a little
clearer; the diffuse discal spot indistinct. No bands or spots. Veins testa-
ceous and distinct beneath.

1 refer, with slight hesitation, a female specimen to this species from
Mr. Behrens, which has the two bands on the fore wings a little farther apart,
and the discal spot twice as large. These may be sexual differences The
bind wings have a diffuse discal spot, and a single, diffuse, slightly sinuous
line beyond the middle of the wing, not reaching the costa. It docs not
re-appear beneath, though the discal dot is large and distinct.

Length of body, 045; fore wing, S, 0.56, 9,0.58; expanse of wings,
1.20 inches.

California (Edwards); Sanzalito, Cal. (Behrens).

Desiderata.

Tephrina haliata Guen., Pbal., ii, 97. — "28mm. Coupe des suivantes. Ailes
dun cendre plus ou moins jaunatre, fortement strides de gris-fonce-, avec des
traits terminaux arretes. Superieures ayanl trois taches costales noires, virgu-
laires, donnant naissance a. des ombres transverses, grises, paralleles, obliques,
dout la derniere e?sf marquee superieurement d'un point et d'une liture noirs,
qui se lient avec la derniere tache costale. Un trait ccllulaire qui se lie avec
celle du milieu Ailes inferieures avec uu simple point cellulaire gris. An-
tennes moniliformes, pubescentcs.

" Californie. Deux S, envoyes par M. Lorquin."

Tephrina muscariata Guen, Pbal., ii, 98. — "o()u,m. Coupe d'unicaZcararia.
Ailes d'un gris testaee clair, linement strie de noir. Lcs superieures avec
deux Iignes dcarte'es, un pen plus foncees, dont la seconde (coudee) legere-
menl flexueuse et marquee sui- la 2 d'un a quatre petits groupes d'atomes

275

noires, sur vine celaireie Iongitudinale legerement jaunatre. Un trait cellu- /r
laire oblong, non annele et parfois suivi d'une ombre mediane arque'e et pa-
rallele a la premiere lisnie. Ailes infe'rieures avec un point et les traces d'une*
ligne sinuee, plus fences. Antennes moniliformes, pubescentes — 9 semblable. \a
" Californie. Un <?, une ?."

Tephrina gnophosaria Gruen., Phal., ii, 99. — "25mm. Ailes concolores,
d'un gris-cendre fortement asperge de noiratre, qui s'epaissit et se teint de
jaunatre a l'endroit de lignes ordinaires, avec une serie de traits noirs ter-
niinaux et une petite tache cellulaire qui, aux superieures, est evidee et sur-
montee d'une liture eostale. Inferieures un peu festonnces. avec la frange
legerement entrecoupee. Dessous fortement saupoudre et teinte" de noiratre
an bord terminal. Front et palpes concolores.

" New Yorck. Une 9 . Coll. Gn. Cette petite espece, qu'on prendrait
au premier abord pour une Gnophos, se rapproche un peu de la variete sans
bandes de rippertaria."

Tephrina monicaria Gue'n., Phal., ii, 100. — "Taille et coupe de la sui-
vante. Ailes superieures d'un gris-carnd clair, finement strie de noir, avec
un point cellulaire et la (race des deux lignes ordinaires disposers comme
chez unicalcararia, mais punctiibrmes, la seconde ayant chacun des points
legerement e'claire* de blanc en arriere. Espace terminal concolore, mais
borde d'une se"rie de petits points noir. Ailes inferieures plus claires dans
toute leur premiere moitie, avec les memes points terminaux, un tres-petit
point cellulaire et deux vestiges d'ombres vers le bord abdominal. Dessous
tres-claire, avec les points cellulaire et terminaux pour tout dessin. Eperons
de la seconde paire egaux. Antennes a lames minces et couche'es.

"Californie. Un <?, envoi de M. Lorquin."

Tephrina unicalcararia Guen , Phal., ii, 100. — "31mm. Ailes superieures
aigue's, mais non falquees a l'apcx, a bord terminal tres-peu convexe, d'un gris
un peu carne, fortement mais finement strie" de noir, avec les deux lignes ordi-
naires tres-e"cartees, mal ecrites et en forme d'ombres; -la seconde commencant
;\ la cote, non loin de l'apex, mais rentrant au milieu, eclairee anterieurement de
jaune-rougeatre fondu. Tout l'espace derriere elle d'un gris-violet plus fonce\
Un point cellulaire noir. Ailes inferieures arrondies, beaucoup plus claires,
sans atoms et n'ayant pour tout dessin de part et d'autrc, qu'un petit point
cellulaire noir. Dessous des superieures dans le meme eas. Antennes a.

276

himes longues el couche'es. rril)i;is poste*rieurs n'ayanl qu'uu seul dperon a
la place de la seconde paire.

"Califorme. Ln <?, envoys' par M. Lorquin."

Tephrina sabularia Guen.. Phal, ii, 105. — "27mm. Ailes d'un gris-testace*
clair, fitiement sable* de brun, avec une serie de petits points noirs terminaux
et une ligne commune, finement et regulieremcnt ondule'e, derriere laquelle
est une seVie de points places sur les nervures: ces points plus distincts sur
les stipe'rieures, oil la ligne Test moins Un petit point cellulaire aux quatre
ailes. Inferieures sans echancrure ni sinus. Dessous concolore, avec une
bande eteinte. Tete d'un jaune de miel, y compris la piece qui precede le
collier. Palpes longs, incombants, aigus.

"Amerique du Nord. Une?. Coll. Gruen."

I do not feel sure that all the preceding species belong to Phasiane, but
place them here provisionally.

Tephrina expressaria "Walk., List Lep Het. Br. Mus., xxiv, 1657,
1862. — "Male. Cinereous. Head with a narrow blackish band in front.
Palpi short, broad, blackish on the outer side ; third joint very minute. An-
tennas broadly pectinated, except towards the tips. Hind tibiae incrassated;
spurs very short. Wings thinly and minutely brownish-speckled; interior,
middle, and exterior lines blackish, undulating, hardly dentate, retracted, and
dilated towards the costa of the fore wings; submarginal line whitish, zigzag;
marginal points black; discal ringlet elongated, brown-bordered; underside
with a brown discal streak and a brown submarginal band, which is obsolete
in the hind wings. Fore wings somewhat rounded at the tips; exterior bor-
der slightly convex, very oblique. Length of the body, 5 lines; of the wings,
14 lines, a. Nova Scotia." From Lieut. Redman's collection.

Tephrina? inn; lata Walk., List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxiv, 1760, 1862. —
"'Male. Dark ferruginous-cinereous. Head dark brown. Palpi porrect, short,
broad, connected; third joint extremely short. Antenna' moderately pecti-
nated, rather short Abdomen extending a little beyond the hind wings;
apical tuft quadrate. Legs rather short; hind tibiffi with moderately long
spurs. Wings rather narrow, thinly and minutely black-speckled; exterior
line brown, slightly denticulate and undulating, very indistinct in the fore

2YY

>

wings; marginal space a little darker; fringe long, full. Fore wings slightly
rounded at the tips; diseal dot black, formed of elevated scales; exterior
border slightly convex, rather oblique. Length of the body, 6 lines; of the
wings, 16 lines, a. Georgia.''

PSAMMATODES Guenee. Plate 3, fig. 4.

Eubolia (in part) Lederer, Verb. Zool. Bot. Vereins. Wien, 37, 1855.
Psammatodcs GueD., Phal., ii, 107, 1857.

Male antennae simple, densely ciliated ; in the female simple. Head and
palpi much as in Phasiane ; palpi short and stout, as in Phasiane, but still
shorter, the second joint being broad at tip, and third joint small, short, and
depressed. Fore wings much as in Phasiane, but the costa is not quite so
straight; the apex is more rounded, less produced, and the outer edge is more
convex. The hind wings are much as in Phasiane, being somewhat square,
a little angulated at the apex and again on the first median venule. The
venation differs from that of Phasiane in the subcostal cell being longer, in
the costal vein nearly touching but not uniting with the subcostal. The two
subcostal venules arise as in Phasiane, but are shorter and directed at a greater
angle to the costa; the lower diseal venule is more oblique and curved than
in Phasiane, and the disposition of the two diseal veins is more like Semi-
othisa than Phasiane. The form of the abdomen, which is broad at the tip,
is as in Phasiane (male legs wanting, but Guenee states that the hind legs
are not swollen). Female legs as in Phasiane.

The above description applies to our single species, which belongs to
GueneVs second section of the genus. This genus was founded by him on
six species: one from Hayti, one from Catalonia, two from Syria, and one
from Brazil, besides P. eremiata. Guene'e remarks that the male antennae
are almost always furnished with long branches, while the legs are not
swollen.

It is very near Phasiane, and is distinguished from it by the less pro-
duced fore wings, the rather squarer hind wings, and the venation. The
markings are much as in Phasiane, it having three parallel lines, the outer a
little sinuous; but it differs in having two well-marked parallel lines on the
hind wings. The larva is unknown.

278

PsAMMATODES EREMIATA (iuenee. Plate 9, fig. 73.

Psammatodes premiata Guen., Pbal., ii. 109, 1857.

Walk., Lep. Hot. Br. Mas., xxiii. 971, 1861.

."> <J and 2 9. — Male antennae ciliated ; female simple. Body and wings
uniformly soft granite-gray, with a slighl pearl-colored tinge. The fore wings
have three parallel hrown lines, the basal angled in the discal space; the
middle line is a little nearer to the basal than the outer line, which is slightly
sinuous. A row of minute, dark, marginal spots. Fringe on both wings
concolorous with the wings. Hind wings exactly cancolorous with the
anterior pair; the inner line runs very near a faint discal dot; the extradiscal
line is benl slightly in the middle. Beneath, the wing is pearly-gray, mottled
with small white spots, and the fringe is paler than above, finely checkered
with darker. Faint discal dots present on both wings, and an outer faint line,
broader than above, common to both wings.

Length of body, S, 0.42, 9, 0.40: of fore wings, <f , 0.46, 9, 0.48 ; ex-
panse of wings, 0.90-0.M2 inch.

Natick, Mass., May 14 and August 2 (Stratton) ; Center, near Albany,
N. Y., August 5 and 6 (Lintner) ; Ohio, 111. (Morrison).

This moth is not uncommon, and is evidently double-brooded. It may-
be recognized by its elosc resemblance to some species of Phasianc, from all
of which it differs in the two brown lines on the hind wings. It differs in
the same respect from any species of Semiothisa. From S. ocellinata and
S. 8-signata, allied forms, it differs in the more obtuse fore wings, the slightly
more curved costa, and the style of markings.

I am indebted to Mr. Morrison for the identification of this species.

SEMIOTHISA Hiibner. Plate 3, fig. 6', 6a.

Pharmacia lliibu. (in part), Verz., 2!>S, 1818.
Semiothisa Iliibn. (in part), Verz., 298, 1818.
"Eutropa and Parasemia Hiibn., Zutrage."
Macaria Curtis, Brit. Ent., vi, 132, 1826.
Ennomoi Treits. (in part), vi (i), 3, 1837.
PhUobia Dup., Lep. France, viii (iv), 19."), 1829.
Miliaria Stepb., Noiuencl. Br. Ins., !.">, lsii'.l.

Boisd., Gen. Iud., 186, 1840.

B.-Sch., Srlun. Eur., iii, r.ii, 1847.
Macaria Steph., Cat. Br. Lep., 227, 1850.

cum.. Pbal., ii, 06, I-..:.

Walk.. List Lep. Het. Br. Mub., xxiii, 878, 1*01.

Male antenme simple (except in S. dislocaria, where they are well pecti-
nated), ciliated, rarely with rudimentary pectinations; in female, simple.

279

i

Palpi short, obtuse, not projecting far beyond the Iron! ; second joint wide, trun-
cated at the end, the scales partially concealing the small, short, depressed third
joint; a short frontal tuft between the palpi. Fore wings distinctly falcate;
the eosta straighter than in Thamnonoma ; the apex more or less falcate, with
usually a well-marked excavation below the apex. Hind wings either dis-
tinctly bent on the first median venule, or with a salient angle. The costal
region is very narrow, much more so than in Thamnonoma, and the subcostal
venules are usually shorter, otherwise the venation is of the same pattern as
in Thamnonoma. In S. ocellinata and californiata, the areole is open exter-
nally. The hind wings are well rounded at the apex, very angular on the
first median venule, or the angle (as in ocellinata) is obtuse and much less
distinct ; scalloped, usually distinctly, on the outer edge ; the inner angle is
well marked and parallel with the end of the abdomen, which latter is long
and slender, though much less so than in Thamnonoma. Hind tibia? scarcely
swollen, not much longer than the tarsi, or, as in S. ocellinata, they are large
and much swollen, and twice as long as the tarsi. The species usually with
three lines on the fore wings, and a fourth oblong, large, conspicuous spot,
with a dark line on the curve under the apex.

This well-marked and wide-spread genus is usually recognized by the
falcate fore wings, the distinct excavation below the apex, and the angular hind
wings. From Thamnonoma it is distinguished by the shorter palpi and nar-
rower costal region and simple antennas. The lower series of species merge
into Phasiane, the head becoming larger, the body much stouter, and the wings
less falcate and angular, as in S. ocellinata, californiata, and s-signata.

The genus may, for convenience, be divided into three sections : A, those
with the fore wings scarcely falcate, and the hind wings but slightly angular;
B, those with slightly falcate wings and angular hind wings ; and C, those with
decidedly falcate wings and the angle in the hind wings very prominent. The
species are ochreous or granite-gray, usually with a costo-apical conspicuous
brown spot.

Larva. — Caterpillar quite short, without tubercles, not attenuated, marked
with longitudinal lines, living exposed on trees and bushes. Chrysalids in
cocoons- at the surface of the earth (Guene'e).

The genus Semiotliisa was so well limited by Htibner in 1318 (only one
of the seven species enumerated by him belonging to another genus) that I
see no good reason why it should not be retained instead of Macaria.

28< i
Synopsis of tin' Species.
A.. Fore wings entire; hind wings not angulated :

Outer line deeply sinuous, waved. Insect tinged with ochreoua S. s-tignata.

Outer line straight ; three costal spots, succeeded by three rows of vennlar spots;

pale gray S. caJiforniata .

Like californiata, bui the antennas pectinated ; a broken patch in the middle of the

wing ; hind wings with a dark line S. dislocaria.

B. Fore wings slightly falcate; hind wings slightly bent:

Diseal dot forming a ringlet ; lines replaced by venular black dots. Pale gray. . . S. ocelUnnta.

Like preceding, but suboohreous, and head and prothoraz reddish-ochreous S. punctolineata.

Granite-gray; coarsely speckled; large brown costal spots, and a mesial brown

patch under the large costo-apical patch S. granitata.

C. Fore wings decidedly falcate; hind wings with a prominent angle:

Fore wings with seven lines; bind wings with four. Pale gray S. multilineata.

Whitish, tinged with ochreous ; an extreme median, eye-like, large, deep-ochreous

patch under the brown costo-apical patch 5. enoiata.

Same color as preceding, but with no eye-liko patch, and three slight lines on fore

wings &• galbineala.

Half as large as preceding, with three lines ou hind wings; very pale beneath S. minorata.

Twice as large as minorata, with border of both wings dark lilac-gray; a broad,

common, ochreous band beneath S. prcvatomata.

Dark lilac-gray, with the lines blackish, and with a submarginal, chocolate, com-
mon, brown band ' S. distribuaria.

Semiothisa s-signata Packard. Plate 10, fig. 9.

Macaria s-signata Pack., Fifth Pep. Peab. Acad. Sc, 63, 1873.

6 i and 4 9 . — The outer edge of the fore wings is not excavated, and hind
wings not angulated ; it differs from all the other species known to me by
the distinct, dark, clear sigmoid line crossing the outer third of both pairs of
wings. Body and wings tawny-ash, head a little darker than the body; front
of head, palpi, and antenna; tawny-yellow. Fore wings densely speckled
with brown, with four prominent brown spots on costa ; the two.inner being
the termini of an indistinct row of venular dark dots, the second including
the diseal dot. The third line represented by a distinct s-shaped wavy black
line, sometimes, but not usually, reaching the costal dot. Beyond is a broad
dark shade running across the wing. Half-way between the sinuate line and
the edge of the wing is a white interrupted line. The usual black points on
the edge of the wing. Hind wings (usually) with a single sinuate distinct
brown line crossing the wing; beyond, a broad brown shade, succeeded by
an irregular whitish line often obsolete. Beneath with an ochreous tinge;
densely speckled ; the line faintly reproduced. Submarginal broad band dis-
tinct ; diseal dot on hind wing large; on fore wing it is indistinct.

281

Length of body, <?, 0.43, 9, 0.50; of Core wings, <?, 0.45, 9, 0.55;
expanse of wings, 1.10 inches.

Texas, August 1 to September 30 (Belfrage) ; Dallas, Tex., July (Boll,
Mus. Peab. Acad. So.).

Differs from any other species known to me by the conspicuous s-shaped
line in outer third of fore wing.

Semiothisa californiata Packard. Plate 10, fig. 10.

Macaria californiaria Pack., Proc. liost. Soc. Nat. Hist., xiii, 392, 1871 ; xvi, 87, 1874.
Macaria pallidata Pack., Fifth Rep. Peab. Acad. Sc, 64, 1873.

8 i and 8 9. — Pale whitish-gray. Orbits and palpi tinged with ochre-
ous. Fore wings with four costal spots, from which more or less obsolete
lines run in a taint series of dots across the wing; second spot the broadest,
the discal dot forming a part of the line ; third spot forming with a part of the
line proceeding from it a large irregular s, extending to the middle of the
wing, the line continuing beyond in an interrupted series of fine dots, and
with a supplementary spot at the end of the s. Half-way between the s and
the apex is a fourth small costal dot. Hind wings with an obscure discal
spot, and a submarginal transverse shade ; the wing is faintly mottled with
smoky dots. Beneath, both wings with fine transverse subochreous spots; the
lines appear beneath of a smoky ochreous, the third line being less sigmoid
than above, as it is curved outward to the angle, and then goes obliquely and
in a straight course to outer third of inner side. Discal dots distinct, as
above. Hind wings with a distinct outer subochreons broad band near the
edge of the wing. A row of dark dots along edge of both wings.

Length of body, &, 0.32, 9, 0.40; of fore wings, <?, 0.55, 9, 0.48;
expanse of wings, 1.00-1.10 inches.

Goose Lake, Siskiyou County, Cal. (J. Holleman); Sanzalito, Cal., Sep-
tember 14 (Behrens) ; California (Edwards); Dallas, Tex., July (Boll);
Texas, April, May, September (Belfrage); Lawrence, Kans. (Snow); Gleucoe,
Nebr. (G. M. Dodge).

It may be known by the s-like third costal spot, the more yellowish tint

of the under side of the wings, and by the presence of an outer shade on the

hind wings. The sigmoid spot is much like the bent spot in the middle of the

wing in Thamnonoma wavaria. It is a common moth west ot the Mississippi,

extending from Kansas to Texas, and common on the Pacific coast. It varies

a good ileal within these limits. In a Nebraska specimen, the extradiscal
oG P II

282

line "I dote is very distinct, and continued on to the hind wings. Certain
specimens bave a pale hue, with a slighl yellowish tinge, and were originally
described as a distinct species under the name pallidata. 1 append the
original description :

3 <f and 2 9. — A pale cinereous species, with the outer edge of fore
wings straight, not excavated, the hind wings rounded, not angulated. Head
and palpi pale, concoloroiis with the body. Fore wings crossed by three rows
of venular dark dots, ending in three costal larger spots, the outer row angu-
lated just below the costa; the fourth spot beyond (usually present) wanting.
A faint diffuse brownish shade beyond the outer row of dots (often wanting).
Both wings speckled slightly with brown. Discal dots on both wings brown.
The usual marginal row of dots. Fringe concolorous with the wings. A
faint dusky diffuse band near the edge of hind wings. Beneath, the wings
are heavily speckled with pale brown; costa and veins oehreous ; discal dots
larger and distincter than above ; the outer line usually reproduced and double.
'A submarginal broad diffuse shade often present on hind wings.

Length of body, f, 0.41, 9, 0.40; of fore wings, <? , 0.47, 9 , 0.50 inch.

Texas, April 30 to May 23, September 15 (Belfrage).

Four of these specimens are whitish, a single female much darker, and
with the submarginal band present on hind wings.

Semiothisa DiisLocARiA, sp. nov. Plate 13, fig. 48.

This species is very similar to S. californiata, but differs in its larger
size, the pectinated antennae, and in other respects. It is of the same color
above and beneath, being slate-gray, with the veins quite prominent. The
antenna' are well pectinated; three heavier dark-brown costal spots than in
S. californiata. The third spot is a little larger than the othe'rs, and nearly
touches a large, dark, conspicuous patch, broken up into four spots, situated
just beyond the origin of the median venules. A pale sinuous line runs
from this patch to the inner edge of the wing; traces of similar lines run
across the wing from the two inner costal spots. The hind wings differ from
those of S. californiata in having a straight, dark, well-marked extradiscal line.
Beneath, gray, mottled with whitish spots, much as in S. californiata, with
traces of a diffuse pale line common to both wings.

Length of body, S, 0 60; id' fore wing, <?, 0.60; expanse of wings, 1.20
inches.

Waco, Te.x., March It; (Belfrage; Mus. Peal). Acad. Sc. ; Coll. Meske).

283
Semiothisa ocellinata Packard. Plate 10, fig. 11.

Macaria occllinata Guen. ! ! !, Phal. ii, 85, 1857.

Walk., List Lep. Het. Br. Mus..xxiii, 883, 1861.
Macaria duplicate Pack., Fifth Rep. Peal). Acad. Sci., 65, 1873.

3 c? and 3 9. — This species approaches the typical species of the
genus in having the fore wings faintly excavated below the apex, and the
hind wings distinctly angulated. In its markings and in the head being con-
colorous with the bod}', it approaches the S. calif or niata. Pale ash on the
body and wings, the latter more or less dusted with darker scales. Fore
wings crossed by three broad dusky bands, inclosing dark venular dots, those
in the outer band being conspicuous; this outer band is usually (not always)
doubled, the inner ending on the third costal spot, the outer more diffuse
and ending in a fourth broader costal spot (this spot is sometimes large and
diffuse, sometimes smaller than the third and quite distinct). The marginal
row of dots is less interrupted than usual, forming an almost continuous line.
Hind wings marked as the anterior pair, with two broad bands, inclosing a
row of black spots, the outer band being doubled. Beneath, whitish-ash,
with thick brown specks, an oval large discal dot on primaries centered with
white, an inner line and an outer double line on both wings; the outer por-
tion of the double brown line being wavy and three times as wide as the
inner, both wings marked the same, except that the discal dot on hind wings
is small and inconspicuous (in one specimen larger and more distinct).

Length of body, £, 0.42-0.50, 9, 0.50; of fore wing, <?, 0 50, 9, 0.50;
expanse of wings, 1.05 inches.

London, Canada (Saunders); Maine (Packard); Massachusetts (Sanborn);
Cambridge, Mass., September 7 (Harris Coll.); West Farms, N. Y. (Angus);
Brooklyn, N.'Y. (Graef) ; New Jersey (Sachs); St. Louis, Mo., February 6
(Riley); Alabama (Grote) ; Illinois (Clemens); Lawrence, Kansas (Snow);
Glencoe, Nebr. (G. M. Dodge).

This not uncommon species" differs from all the other forms by its pale
whitish-ash color, the head being scarcely darker than the body, by the fore
wings being almost straight below the apex, while the hind wings are very
slightly angulated, and by the outer double line, so dark and conspicuous on
the under side of the wings, and also by the large oval discal ringlet. The
single Alabama male is rather smaller than any of my other specimens, with
all the markings very distinct.

284

Ii; the Nebraska specimens (and one Illinois specimen from Mr. Morrison),
the ground-color is white and the broad shade on the hind wings is wanting,
and the markings consequently more distincl than in eastern ones, while the
costal spots arc larger, particularly the costo-apical one; and they arc in some
cases larger, the fore wing measuring 0.60 inch. By some, these specimens
might be regarded as specifically distinct. 1 examined M. G-ueneVs type in
his collection. The larva feeds in Kansas on Robinia pseaducacia (W. Os-
burn fide Professor Snow.)

Acidalia restorata Walk., List Lep. Het. Br. Mas., xxii, 726, 1861, from
St. Domingo, is, without much doubt, judging from a colored drawing of his
type, S. ocellitiata, or a representative species.

Semiothisa punctolineata Packard. Plate 10, tig. 12.

\ln. arui punctolineata Pack., Fifth Rep. Peab. Acad. So., 64, ls?:t.

1 9. — This species, in its tawny-ash color, the shape of the wings, and
the color of the under side, is nearer to S. ocellinata than any other species.
It differs in the hind wings being a little angular, while the outer sinuate line
is represented by a row of black dots. Body and wings tawny-ash; head,
palpi, and antenna? tawny-yellow; three obscure dusky tawny bands cross the
fore wings, inclosing a row of black dots, those in the outer line being most
marked; several black costo-apical spots, and below, in the middle of the
wing, a conspicuous oblong black patch (not represented in the figure) ; the
marginal row of black dots as usual; the same marking on hind wings, the
outer dusky band a little wider than on fore wings. Beneath as above, but
with a decided ochreous tinge; a common inner and outer band, the inner
ochreous, the outer blackish-brown, consisting of two broad obscurely-scal-
loped lines, the wing beyond washed with dull deep ochreous. Discal dots
more distinct than above; those on fore wings brown-ochreous, on hind wings
clearer blackish.

Length of body, (1.40; of fore wing, 0.52; expanse of wings, 1.05 inches.

Texas, September 23 (Belfrage) ; Dallas, Texas (Boll).

Easily recognized by the fore wings not being excavated, by the tawny
color, the three rows of black dots on primaries, the blackish costo-apical
patch and median patch below, and by the unusually dark, distinct, broad
outer band on the under side of the wings. It differs from »S'. ocellinata,
which it very closely resembles, in the more produced wings, the yellow hues,
and larger size.

285
Semiothisa granitata Packard. Plate 10, fig. 13.

Macaria granitata Guen., Pba]., ii, S5, 1857.

Tephrosia disyuncta Walk. !!!, List Lep. Het. Br. Mub., xxi, 405, 18G0.
Macaria ? subapiciaria Walk. ! ! ! , fide Grote, Can. Nat. vi, 40, 186] .
Macaria granitata Walk. !!!, List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxiii, 883, 1861.

haliata Walk. ! !!, List Lep. Het, Br. Mus., xxiii, 885, 1861.

? submarmorata Walk.!!!, List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxiii, 887, 1861.
t Macaria exauspicata Walk., List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxiii, 889, 1861.
Macaria irregulata Walk.!!!, List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxiii, 890, 1861.
'frefusaria Walk. ! ! !, List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxiii, 891, 1861.
Larentia ? exnotata Walk. ! ! !, List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxiv, 1186, 1862.
Acidalia ffminotata Walk. ! !, List Lep. Het, Br. Mus., xxvi, 1595, 1862.
Macaria retinotata Walk.!!!, List Lop. Het, Br. Mus., xxvi, 1862.

quadrisignata Walk. !! !, List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxxv, Suppl., part v, 1665, 1866.

sex-maculata Pack., Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., xi, 44, 1867.
? Macaria succosata Zeller!! !, Verb. Bot. Zool. Ges. Wien, xxii, 485, 1872.
Macaria nnimodaria Morrison!!!, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., xvi, 196, 1874.

8 S and 8 9. — Antennae serrated, ciliated, the hairs radiating so that
the ends of each brush touch and form a connected line ; fore wings but
slightly falcate, being but slightly, almost imperceptibly, excavated below the
apex ; hind wings angular, but the angle small, though acute; antennae, head,
and prothorax chocolate-brown; orbits and anterior edge of front and end of
second joint of palpi whitish ; body and wings granite-gray ; fore wings
densely speckled with three well-marked deep chocolate-brown lines, slightly
discontinuous between the veins, and sometimes rather diffuse, ending on the
costa in conspicuous triangular spots; inner line regularly curved, middle nearly
straight, outer sinuate and enlarged in middle, touching a large dark-brown
patch broken up by the veins, somewhat as in & enotata. Above this is the
usual broad costo-apical patch, sometimes irregularly oblong, or broad and
rounded ; from the outer side of this spot arises the submarginal zigzag white
line, which differs in distinctness with the degree of cloudiness of the wing;
hind wings usually thickly speckled, with a large distinct discal dot and a
broad submarginal smoky band (sometimes the wing is simply uniformly
speckled, with no discal spot or band) ; on both wings, a marginal row of
black dots, while the fringe is whitish, checkered with blackish. Beneath,
whiter than above, mottled with speckles, often forming quite large spots;
veins and costa washed with ochreous, four large diffuse discal dots; a com-
mon broad ochreous or pale-chocolate band, the outer edge irregular, and
when the band is quite perfect more or less serrate ; sometimes the band is
only distinctly marked on the costa, and is represented on the fore wings by
a similar linear line; legs concolorous with the under side of the wings; hind
tibiae long and much thickened and flattened, and tarsi short; abdomen with
two dorsal rows of fine black dots.

286

Length of body, <?, 0.48-0.60; 9, 0.40; of fore wing, <?, 0.55-0.64;
9, 0.52-0.60; expanse of wings, 1.10-1.20 inches.

London. Canada (Saunders): Montreal, Canada (Caulfield and Lyman);
Brunswick, Me., frequent, June 6 to July 10 (Packard); Mount Washington,
N. II., July 8 (Sanborn); Dublin, X. II. (Leonard, Harris Coll.); Essex
County, Yt., July 28 (Cassino) ; Boston (Sanborn and Minot, Harris Coll.);
Amherst, Mass. (Goodell) ; Natick, Mass. (Stratton) : Brookline, Mass., June,
July 5 (Shurtleff); Carver, Mass., duly 21 (Shurtleff ) ; West Farms, X. Y.
(Angus); Albany, May 24 to July 17 (Meske); New Jersey (Sachs); Phila-
delphia, Pa. (Am. Ent. Soc. Grote) ; Florida (Chapman, Coll. B. S. X. II.) ;
Colorado (Mead); Victoria, Vancouver Island (Crotch).

Though this is an exceedingly variable species, yet all the specimens
agree in the granite-gray, thickly-mottled wings, with the three subparallel
lines ending triangularly on the cosLi, and the large subdivided brown patch
in the middle near the outer edge of the fore wing; the broad ochreous or
smoky band common to both wings beneath is usually present. It varies
much in the distance between the lines. In one example from Pennsylvania,
the two inner lines are very contiguous, and both very sinuous; in an exam-
ple from London, Canada, received from Mr. Saunders, the ground-color is
whiter than usual, and the lines and spots very heavy, and the second line
runs on to the hind wings. It also varies in the cloudiness of the win<«:
some are whitish, with fine speckles and no lines on hind wings; others more
typical are granite-gray from being so coarsely and densely speckled, with a
prominent discal dot and a broad submarginal shade. When much rubbed,
the costo-apical and median spots remain to indicate the species. The Flor-
idan form does not differ from the others, except that the lines are rather
heavier, and there are indications of two lines on the hind wings, on the upper
side, near the inner edge. One individual was collected in Colorado by Mr.
Mead. It is rather larger than specimens from Victoria, Vancouver Island,
collected by Mr. G. R. Crotch, and is much darker, being much as in eastern
specimens. The lines on the fore wings are rather broad, and the dark
broken spot in the middle of the wing, near the outer edge, is obscure and
united to form a faint patch; the hind wings are without any submarginal
shade, as in some eastern examples.

I am 'disposed to regard my .)/. sex-maculata, from Caribou Island,
Labrador, Straits of Belle Isle, as a variety of this species. It is very closely

287

allied to it. If is rather smaller than usual; the lore wings tinted with an
obscure olive-gray, while the hind wings are uniformly ochreous-brown, not
mottled with whitish as usual; the costal spots on the fore wings are rather
large; it chiefly differs, however, in having a large brown spot in the course
of the median line next to the usual large brown spot, the two forming twin
spots; beneath, it docs not differ from other examples from Maine. The
specimens from Norway, Me., closely resemble the Labrador form in having
the inner spot much enlarged, though otherwise of the typical mode of
coloration.

Two males and two females, from Vancouver Island, collected for the
Museum of Comparative Zoology by Mr. Gf. R. Crotch, are rather larger than
the average of our eastern specimens, with longer wings, but they do not
materially differ; one specimen scarcely differs from an individual from New
York. They are, however, rather whiter than usual, with the submarginal
band nearly obsolete; all have the inner division of the median dark patch
on the fore wing broad, thus exactly resembling the New York example,
though not so well marked as in the Labrador specimens; beneath, the
common, broad, submarginal band is ochreous and nearly obsolete.

It is interesting to notice how the species vanes away from its apparent
geographical center, the Northeastern States. In Labrador, it grows much
smaller, is stunted and darker; while at Vancouver Island, about one hundred
and fifty miles farther south in latitude, it grows rather larger than in the
Eastern States, with the wings decidedly more elongated and paler. This
species is very common in the New England States; it is closely allied to S.
signaria of Europe. Guenee's type of M. granitata I did not see in his
collection, but his description applies well to this common species. Having
received, through the kindness of Professor Zeller, a type-specimen of his
Macaria succosata, I find that it does not differ from the usual form of what
I regard as granitata.

Semiothlsa multilineata Packard. Plate 10, fig. 14.

Macaria multilineata Pack., Fifth Rep. Peab. Acad. Sci., 05, 1873.

2 J and 1 9. — This species, in its narrow primaries and well-angled
secondaries, is allied to the more typical species of the genus, but differs in
the antennae being subpectinatcd, the branches being short slender tubercles
ending in a tuft of hairs. Body and wings whitish-ash; the head, palpi, and

288

antenna' tawny-yellow. Fore wings crossed by a greater cumber of brown
lines than usual; an inner very ilistinct line, sharply angled on the eosta; a
median taint double line ending in a single darker brown costal spot; an
outer dark distinct oblique line, a little curved outward just beloW the eosta,
and swelled out suddenly on the median vein; a fainter line on each side, ami
externally a broad pale-brown shade, becoming more distinct toward the eosta;
still beyond, a whitish submarginal line, widening triangularly on the apex;
the marginal dark-brown line very distinct, scarcely interrupted. Hind wings
with a distinct black discal dot, a line within, and beyond a broad brown
shade, bounded on each side by a darker brown line; both wings densely
speckled. Beneath, marked much as above, the four lines quite distinct, the
third forming a band composed of three parallel, brown, slightly wavy lines;
tour distinct brown lines on hind wings.

Length of body, <?, 0.45, 9, 0.50; fore wings, <?, 0.60, 9,0.55; expanse
of wings, 1.10 inches.

Massachusetts (Sanborn); Philadelphia, Pa. (Amer. Ent. Soc); New
Jersey (Sachs).

This pretty species differs from all the others in the distinct numerous
brown lines and the subpectinated antenna?.

Semiothisa enotata Packard. Plate 10, fig. 15.

rhalccna notala Cramer, Pap. Exot., 371, G.

Macaria enotata Guen., Phal., ii, G9, 1857.

Mai nrin iiniiitatariii Walk. !!!, List Lep. Hot. Br. Mus., xxiii, 884, 1861.

Mmaria enotata Walk. ! !, List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxiii, 899, 1801.

Macaria a-mutataria Zeller!! !, Verb. Bot. Zool. Ges. Wien, xxii, 487, 1872.

Macaria sectomaculata Morrison!! !, Proc. Boat. Soc. Nat. Hist., xvi, 198, 1874.

5 <? and 4 9 . — Fore wings very falcate, excavated below the apex more
than usual, while the hind wings are slightly dentate and very much angu-
lated, as much so as in S. A-signata, the angle very acute. Antennae flattened,
serrate, ciliated. Head, prothorax, and palpi reddish-ochreous. Body and
wings whitish, with a faint ochreous tinge and minute striga3. Fore wings
with three ochreous lines, varying in width, usually narrow ; inner line much
curved, middle sinuous, sometimes broad and diffuse, curved on the eosta.
Outer line straight in its course, though wavering and bent on the eosta,
where it is most distinct, and with distinct venular dots. A broad, oblong,
apico-COStal, reddish-ochreous patch, as usual, varying much in width. The
distinguishing mark of the species is the large, brown, rounded spot divided
into live or six portions, by the median venules, of which the inner two or three

289 '

are situated in the outer (third) line. Subapical hollow deep; fringe elsewhere
eoneolorous with the wings, in the excavation dusky, with a deep-brown hue
,11 base. Hind wings eoneolorous with the anterior pair, with two transverse
lines, the outer double and with brown venular dots; the lines vary much in
width and distinctness. A distinct diseal dot ; none on the fore wings. A
marginal line of brown dots on both wings. Beneath, pale ochreous-while,
with scattered dark specks. Two common lines, the inner distinctly waved,
the outer narrower, bent on the eosta on the fore wings, and opposite the
diseal dot on the hind wings, and accompanied by a broad, irregular, ochreous
shade, sometimes consisting of isolated patches; fringe and marginal line as
on the upper side. The diseal dots are large, dark, and very distinct. Legs
pale, spotted with ochreous.

Length of body, <?, 0.40-46, 9, 0.40-0.45; of fibre wing, <?, 0.47-0.60,
9, 0.52-0.60; expanse of wings, 1.25 inches.

Saskatchewan Eiver above the Rapids, Brit. Amer., July 20 (Scudder);
Brunswick, Me., frequent in the middle of June, in company with S. bisignata;
Essex County, Vt., July 28 (Cassino) ; Boston, Mass. (Sanborn); Brookline,
Mass, June 26 (Shurtleif) ; Amherst, Mass. (Goodell) ; Natick, Mass. (Strat-
ton); Dedham, Mass. (F. W. Very); White Mountains, N. H., August 20
(Shurtleff, Bost. Soc. Nat, Hist.); West Farms, N. Y. (Angus); Brewsters,
N. Y. (Grote); Brooklyn, N. Y. (Morrison); Oneida, N. Y. (Hawley); New
Jersey (Sachs); Philadelphia, Pa. (Grote and Am. Ent. Soc); Kansas (T.
Glover, Department of Agriculture, Washington); Dallas, Tex., March and
April, July to October, in bottom-lands (Boll, Mus. Peab. Acad. Sc); "New-
York, East Florida" (Walker). For description of larva see Appendix.

This pretty species, with much of the form of »S'. bisignata, may be dis-
tinguished from all our other forms by the large brown spots in the middle
of the outer third of the wing, subdivided by the pale venules into five or six
spots. It varies a good deal in its markings. The Texan example is browner
than in northern examples. I was unable to distinguish the specimen I took
for comparison from M. Guenee's M. enotata from Northern Brazil, Amazon,
and Surinam, not finding any specific differences, and shall conclude, until
more material comes in from South America, that the present species is
among the few Lepidoptera which range from Brazil to Maine. This is also so
close to Walker's example of S. enota'a from Santarem (Bates) that I should
not venture, to separate it. It is very closely allied to the European Semiotkisa
notata. I have examined Mr. Morrison's type, and also Professor Zeller's.
'■'7 P u

290

Semiothisa bisignata Packard. Plate 10, fig. 16.

I

Macaria bisignata Walk.!!!, List Lep. Het. Br. Mns., Suppl. (v), xxxv, 1655, 1866.
Maearia galbineata Zeller, Verb. Bot. Z<>< I. Ges. Wien, xxii, 484, lw7'2.

10 d- and 10 ? . — Antennae of male flattened, senate, ciliated. Fore wings
as falcate as in S. prteatomata ; hind wings very much angulated, more so than
in S. prceatomata, the angle being very marked. Head, antennae, and palpi
bright reddish-ochreous. Body and wings whitish-ochreous, gray, densely
speckled with brown, being much paler than usual. Fore wings crossed by
three brown lines, arising from moderately-sized costal spots. The inner line
much curved, somewhat angular below the costa, but not enlarged on the
costa. Second line arising from a rather large light-brown costal spot; it is
not curved and is rather diffuse. Outer line tremulous, curved outward between
the costa and median vein, darker on costa. A reddish-brown, oblong, broad
costo-apical spot nearly touches the line; this spot is continued across the
wing by a faint reddish shade, especially marked between the first and second
median venules. Below this spot, in the middle of the wing, the marginal
brown line, elsewhere interrupted, is continuous and well marked in the apical
sinus. No discal dot. Fringe pale and concolorous on both wings. Hind
wings with a broad doubled shade about midway between the faint discal dot
and the outer edge of the wing (sometimes wanting). Beneath, whitish, with
a decided ochreous tint, speckled thickly with brown. An inner and outer
ochreous-brown line common to both wings; the outer line broad on the
costa, and on the hind wings accompanied by an outer shade. Discal dots on
both wings dark, distinct. Logs ochreous.

Length of body, 3, 0.50, 9, 0.43: of fore wing, 3 , 0.60, 9, 0.64:
expanse of wings, 1.20 inches.

Brunswick, Me., common from middle of June till middle of July, in
hard-wood forests: White Mountains, N. H., July and August 10 (Shurtleff
and Sanborn); Essex ( Jounty, Yt., July 28 (Cassino); Salem, Mass. (Packard);
Salem, Mass., June 8 (Cassino); Brookline, Mass., May 30 and June 26
(Shurtleff"); Andover, Mass. (Sanborn); Amherst, Mass. (Goodell); Oneida,
N. Y. (Hawley); West Farms, N. Y. (Angus); Ithaca, N. Y (Smith); Albany,
N. Y, June 25 (Meske).

This common northern form differs from the other species by its very
angular hind wings, pale whitish-ochreous color, the three wavy lines on the
fore wings, arising from slight costal enlargements ; by the large, oblong, costo-

201

apical, reddish-brown shade ; the angular hind wings, and the well-marked
broad yellowish band common to both wings.

Professor Zeller's description is so full that there is little difficulty in
recognizing his species, while Walker's was identified by a comparison with
his type in the British Museum.

Semiothisa minorata Packard. Plate 10, fig. 17.

Macaria minorata Pack., Fifth Rep. Peab. Acad. Sci., 66, 1873.

3 <?. — Smaller than any species known tome; the fore wings slightly
excavated below the apex ; hind wings angulated a little and slightly scal-
loped. Body and wings pale pearly-ash ; head, prothorax, palpi, and antenna?
tawny-red. Fore wings crossed by three distinct wavy brown lines, ending
in three well-marked, long, oblique costal spots, the lines being angulated out-
ward betow the costa. A broad, submarginal, diffuse, tawny rust-red shade,
most distinct on the costa. A distinct dark-brown marginal line. Hind wings
crossed by three distinct brown lines, of which the middle is the better
marked, being much curved and wavy. Beneath paler, no rusty-tawny scales
on the fore wings, and only one well-marked line just before the middle of the
wing. The three lines present on hind wings, and a faint discal dot.

Length of body, <?, 0.37 ; of fore wing, <?, 0.42 ; expanse of wings, 0.80
inch.

Natick, Mass., June 16 (Stratton); Amherst, Mass. (L. W. Goodell);
Andover, Mass. (Sanborn); Salem, Mass., June 17 (Cassino).

This is our smallest species, and somewhat resembles our common S.
bisignrtta Walk., having four costal spots, of which the fourth is large, rust-
tawny, while the body and wings are of much the same color. The hind
wings, however, are much less angular and the lines more distinct, while the
moth is very much smaller than usual.

Semiothisa pr.eatomata Packard. Plate 10, fig. 18.

'• Geometra preeatomata Haw., Lc-p. Brit., 345, 1810."
Macaria prasatomata Stepb., Nonienc. Br. Ins., 45, 1829.

Wood, Index Ent., 116, pi. 36, fig. 746a, 1839.

Guen.!!!, Plial., ii, 70, 1857.

Walk., List Lep. Het. Br. Mils., xxiii, 882, 1861.
Macaria consepta Walk. ! ! ! (fide Grote), List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxiii, 941, 1861.
Macaria consimilata Zellcr, Veih. Bot. Zool. Ges. Wien, xxii, 483, 1872.

2 <?. — Male antennae broad, flattened, serrate, ciliated. Fore wings fal-
cate; apex acute, rather more so than usual. Hind wings acutely angulated.

292

Head, antennae, palpi and prothorax deep reddish-ochreous. Wings and resl
of body pale chocolate-brown. Fore wings pale gray on basal two-thirds,
with chocolate strigse, beyond the third outer line uniformly chocolate. The
three lines parallel, equidistant, slightly tremulous, chocolate, marked on costa
with darker spots. The oblong, deep velvety-brown costo-apical spot is Long
and narrow, and has a faint, ferruginous, submarginal line leading from it to
the middle of the wing. A dark line edges the scallop below the apex.
Fringe slightly darker than the wing. Hind wings with the same markings
as anterior pair, outer half being chocolate-color, with two pale, chocolate,
wavy lines, midway between which is the distinct discal dot. Outer edge
bent at right angles in the middle, the angle larger than usual and acute.
Beneath, uniformly deep ochreous-yellow, speckled with brown on both wings,
with an inner, brown, common, sinuous line, more sinuous on hind than on
fore wings, and on the latter touching the large, distinct, lunate discal dot. A
parallel basal line on fore wings. An acute, broad, brown shade common to
both wings, consisting of a sinuous line, with a broad shade beyond, widening
toward the costa on both wings. Apical region clear yellow. Marginal black
dots distinct. Fringe on both wings brown, checkered with darker. Discal
dots on hind wings distinct. Legs yellowish, spotted with brown.

Length of body, <?, 0.46, 9, 0.40-0.50; of fore wing, S , 0.G0, 9, O.oO-
0.G3 ; expanse of wings, 1.20 inches.

Norway, Me. (S. I. Smith, Mus. Comp. Zool.); Brunswick, Me. (Pack-
ard); Natick, Mass., July 21 (Stratton); West Farms, N. Y. (Angus); Phil-
adelphia, Pa. (Ainer. Ent. Soc. and Grote).

This fine species, supposed by Haworth to be indigenous to England, is
not very common. The acutely falcate fore wings and acutely-angled hind
wings, with the broad chocolate outer margin and bright-yellow under side,
separate it from any allied form.

I am indebted to Mr. Grote for the comparison of a specimen with
Walker's type of M. consepta in the British Museum. Walker gives no local-
ity for it. M. (iuence's type 1 have examined.

The specimen from Norway, Me., is much smaller than usual, and in
coloration somewhat resembles S. mivorata. It differs from those above
described in having the third line on both wings unusually distinct, very wavy.
The reddish-chocolate band beyond is broader, more diffuse, and much less
distinctly marked on the costa. The edge of both wings is much paler.

293

Beneath, the common, broad, irregular band is obsolete, and there are two
well-marked, parallel, wavy, rather distant lines on the hind wings, but situated
much nearer the middle of the wing.

Larva. — "Caterpillar of a clear green, with the vascular, the subdorsal
and a deep-green thread under the stigmatal line. Head green, with two clear
spots. All the feet green. It lives on different species of Vaccinium." —
Guene'e.

Semiothisa disteibuaria Packard. Plate 10, fig. 19.

Eutropa distribuaria Hiibn., Zutriige Samml. Exot. Schm., 3d Huud., :J9, fig. 585, 58(i, 18-25.
Macaria distribuaria Gui'ii., Pb.il., ii, 76 ; M. opposilaria, pi. 4, fig. 6, 1^57.
Walk., List Lep. Hut. Br. Mas., xxiii, 882, 1861.

1 9 . — Fore wings falcate, though not quite so distinct as in S.prceatomata;
the edges of both wings scalloped ; hind wings well angulated, but the angle
less produced than in S. prceatomata. Body and wings, above and below,
dull chocolate-brown. Head, prothorax, antenna? and palpi ochreous. Fore
wings with three narrow, black, parallel, equidistant lines, without the usual
costal expansions; the inner regularly curved, the outer less so, and bent out-
ward just below the costa, and again on the median venules. Beyond is a
clear fawn-colored, rather diffuse band, as broad as the abdomen. The usual
costo-apical oblong patch wanting. A marginal continuous black line. Fringe
on both wings concolorous with the wings. Hind wings marked as the ante-
rior pah-, with but one dark line, the submarginal fawn-colored band present,
and a faint discal dot. Beneath, chocolate, mottled with gray and black scales.
Discal dots black, distinct. The broad fawn band common" to both wings,
and nearly as distinct, as above. Marginal black lunules large and distinct.
Fringe slightly darker than the wings. Legs concolorous with the body.

Length of body, 9, 0.48; of fore wing, 9, 0.60; expanse of wings,
1.27 inches.

Demopolis, Ala (Grote); "Pennsylvania'' (Hiibner).

This species may be known by its general resemblance to S.prceato?nata,
though the wings are less falcate and the hind pair less angulated. It differs,
however, in wanting the usual costal spots, and may be distinguished from
any other species of its size by the broad, clear, fawn-colored band common
to the upper and under sides of both wings. It agrees well with Hiibner's
figures, in the outline of the wings especially; but the under side of the
wings of my specimens is much darker, with no yellowish lint, but pure

294

chocolate mixed with gray and a few black scales. I think his figures were
taken from a rubbed specimen. My single female, collected by Mr. Grote in
Alabama, is in a perfectly fresh state. Gruende also states thai beneath the
fore wings are very pale ochreous-gray. His drawing is less characteristic
than Hiibner's, especially as regards the outlines of the wings; but still,
knowing how much rubbed specimens of this genus differ from those quite
fresh, I .should hesitate long before regarding my specimen as distinct from
Hiibner's species. My S. minorata is closely allied to this species in the cut
of the wings and style of marking, but differs in its whitish-ochraceous
under side and in wanting the broad fawn-colored baud on the hind wings,
and in other respects, besides its diminutive size.

Desiderata.

Geometra bicolorata Fabr., Supp., 149, 150 (Macaria bicolorata Guen.).
Virginia. Guenee remarks: "Bien que je n'aie pas vu cette Ge'ometre, et
que je regarde comme tres-delicat de dccrire des especes sur le texte de
Fabricius, la place de celle-si me semble tellement precise, que je derogerai
cette fois a mes habitudes.

"Elle est evidemnient tres-voisine de Praatomata et Distribuaria, mais
elle doit avoir une large bordure brune, et I'dchancrure teintee de la meme
couleur; trois taches costales, dont la derniere oblique et plus grosse. Les
inferieures ont aussi une bande brune traverse'e par dva lignes ondees, plus
foncees."

Macaria contemptata Guen., Phal. ii, 86, 1857.— -"27mm. Ailes dentees,
d'un gris-clair, sa poudre- de brunatre, avep les dessins noi nitres et un feston
terminal, uoir, decoupant les dents. Eigne commune droite, suivie de dessins
confus et nebuleiix, et precedee, surtout aux inferieures. d'une ombre parallele,
passant au-dessus d'un point cellulaire 1 > i < - i i noir. Supe'rieures arrondies
et sans coude au bord terminal, ayant a la cote, pres de l'apex, une liture
noir.1t re, cclairce de blanc exterieurement. Inferieures aussi dentes que chez
^Estimaria, mais a coude. a peine sensible. Dessous blanehatre, strie et
nuage* de gris qui \ forme des bandes, surtout aux inferieures.
"Amerique septentrionale. \hi <?, une 9. Coll. (in."
I saw the type-specimen of this species in M. GueneVs collection, and
think it is distinct from any species known to me.

205

Macaria cequiferaria Walk., List Lep. Het Br. Mus., xxiii, 880, 1861,
(plate 10, fig. 21). — "Male. Cinereous. Antennae serrated, pubescent. Hind
tibiae incrassated; spurs short. Wings thickly brown-speckled, slightly pur-
plish-tinged, pale luteous on the under side; interior, middle and exterior
lines pale brown, nearly straight and parallel, darker and more distinct on the
costa of the fore wings, accompanied by a few black points, which are most
distinct on the exterior line; discal point and marginal lunules black. Fore
wings acute; exterior border hardly excavated in front. Hind wings with
the exterior border distinctly angular. Length of the body 6 lines; of the
wings 14 lines. East Florida."

This is a good species, and new to me. I examined the type in the British
Museum. Macaria postrema Walk., List xxiii, 887, 1861, is a rubbed S.
cequiferaria !! !.

Macaria transitaria Walk., List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxiii, 886, 1861. —
"Male. Brownish-cinereous. Head and fore part of the thorax ochraceous.
Antennas pubescent, minutely c'renulated. Wings minutely black-specked,
very slightly purplish-tinged; interior and exterior lines blackish, diffuse,
indistinct; a dull ochraceous submarginal band; under side paler. Fore
wings somewhat rounded at the tips; costa straight, with pale points; exte-
rior border very slightly excavated in front; tips pale cinereous. Hind wings
with the exterior border slightly angular in the middle. Length of the body
5£ lines; of the wings 14 lines. Nearly allied to M. Uturata. East Florida."

At the time I visited the British Museum, I regarded this as the type of
a species distinct from any of the others. It is very near the European S.
Uturata.

Macaria inextricata Walk., List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxiii, 889, 1861. —
"Female. Pale fawn-colour, luteous beneath. Head and fore border of the
thorax dull ochraceous. Wings brown-speckled, entire, with an exterior
oblique hardly undulating brown line; a brown submarginal spot opposite
the middle of this line ; discal point dark brown, most apparent on the under
side. Fore wings acute ; exterior border straight, rather oblique. Hind
wings luteous; exterior border convex. Length of the body 3 lines; of
the wings 10 lines. East Florida."

This seems to be a good species.

296

Macaria tractata Walk, Lis! Lep. I let. Br. Mus., xxiii, 890, 1861. —
"Male. Ochraceous-cinereous, minutely blackish-speckled. Thorax partly
white (in each side. Abdomen with a blackish spot on each side near the
base. Hind tibiae incrussated ; spurs short. Wings entire, partly white;
interior and exterior. lines brown, irregular; colours brighter and more con-
cisely marked on the under side. Fore win<rs hardly acute, with two ochre-
ous-brown streaks extending from the exterior part of the costa to the disk,
where the} are connected; exterior border straight. Hind wings with the
exterior border forming an acute and prominent angle in the middle. Length
of the body I) lines; of the wings 14 lines. North America."

This is a valid species.

Macaria latiferrugata Walk., List. xxvi, 1640, 1862. — "Male. ( linereous,
slightly ferruginous-speckled, paler beneath. Head ferruginous. Palpi very
short. Antenna- minutely serrated. Fore tibiae and fore tarsi brownish, with
pale bands. Wings entire; interior and exterior lines brown, hardly undu-
lating, slightly converging hindward; interior line retracted toward the costa
of the fore wings, much more slender and less conspicuous than the exterior
line; space beyond the exterior line ferruginous, including the indistinct
zigzag pale cinereous submarginal line, which is dilated into an apical patch;
marginal line whitish, slender; fringe brown. Fore wings acute, hardly
falcate: exterior border convex. Hind wings with the exterior border hardly
bent in the middle. Length of the body 5 .' lines; of the wings 12 lines.
East Florida."

This is apparently a valid species.

Macaria ? spilosaria Walk., List, xxvi, 1611, 1862. — "Female. Brown.
Palpi very short. Thorax with a black band in front. Abdomen with the
hind borders of tin1 segments whitish. Legs blackish; tarsi with whitish
bands. Fire wings cinereous, with the exterior pari brownish; two brown
slightly undulating black-bordered bands; first basal; second interior; a
denticulated slightly undulating exterior black line, followed by an incomplete
line of white lunules; marginal line composed of elongated black points.
Hind wings cinereous, with the lines very slightly marked. Length of the
body 5 lines; of the 'wings 14 lines. Canada."

The type of this species is not in the British .Museum.

Macaria ? subapicaria Walk., List, xxvi, 1641, 1.862.— "il/flfe. Whitish,
slender. Palpi short, slightly ascending, extending very little beyond the

207

front. Antenna- pubescent. Wings thickly speckled with brown; discal
mark brown; marginal [minis black. Fore wings with four diffuse and very
indistinct brown lines, which are distinguished by some blackish marks and
end on the costa in tour blackish spots; the adjoining spaces more white than
the wings elsewhere. Hind wings with the exterior border angular. Length
of the body 5 lines; of the wings 14 lines. Canada."

The type of this species is also not contained in the British Museum.

Since the preceding remark was put in type I learn from Mr. Grote that
this species, first described in the Can. Nat. and Geo!., vi, 40, 1861, is ecpial
to Walker's T. dispuncta. It should be entered, then, as a synonym of
Son loth isa gran it«ta.

Macaria proxanthata Walk., List, xxvi, 1042, 1862. — "Male. Purplish
cinereous, pale cinereous with a luteous tinge beneath. Head reddish.
Palpi porrect, very short. Antenna; stout, minutely setulose and pubescent,
Thorax ochraceous in front. Abdomen extending very little beyond the hind
wings. . Hind tibiae incrassated. Wings minutely black-speckled, with a black
discal dot; interior and exterior lines black, dentate, paler and less distinct in
the hind wings; under side with the lines much more distinct. Fore wings
hardly acute, with an indistinct incomplete blackish dentate middle line, and
with an ochraceous band beyond the middle' line; costa straight; exterior
border slightly excavated in front. Hind wings with the exterior border
entire. Length of the body 7 lines; of the wings 18 lines. East Florida."

Macaria laticincta Walk., List, xxiii, 885, 1861. This is a Hyperetis,
allied to H. alienaria!. (Examination of type in British Museum.)

Macaria inaptata Walk., List, xxiii, 886, 1861. This is not a Semiosthisa!.
(Ex. type Brit. Mus.)

Macaria impropriata Walk., List, xxiii, 888, 1861. This is a Paraphia,
too much rubbed for identification !!!. (Ex. type Brit. Mus.)

Macaria HndecUnata Walk., List, xxiii, 888, 1861. This is Endropia
kypockraria.'. (Ex. type Brit. Mus.)

Macaria vntegraria Walk., List, xxiii, 889, 1861. This is Aspilates
lintneraria!. (Ex. type Brit. Mus.)

Macaria Jidoniaria Walk., List, xxxv, Supplement, part v, 1654, 1866.
This is not a Semiosthisa!.
38 P H

298
EUMACARIA Packard. Plate 3, Bg. 7.

Eumacaria Pack., Filth Rep. Peal). Acad. Sc, G7, 1873.

Front rather narrow; scales rather long, closely appressed to the surface.
Palpi long, narrow, ascending; a third of second joint surpassing the front;
third joint minute, pointed. Antenna' broadly pectinated nearly to the tip;
in female, subpectinated, serrate. Thorax rather stout. Primaries: costa a
little convex; apex a little produced, but much less so than usually in Semio-
thisa or Phasiane, slightly subfalcate; outer margin not so oblique as in
Semiothisa, hardly excavated below the apex, rather convex in the middle.
Venation much like that of Semiothisa and Phasiane; the costal vein is,
however, longer, and ends beyond the subcostal areole by a distance equal to
half the length of the areole, while in Semiothisa it ends opposite the end
of the areole-; the costal also connects with the areole in its middle, while in
the two other genera named it joins the areole near the inner end. The first
subcostal venule is longer, and the second much shorter, than in Semiothisa
or Phasiane. The discal venules are as in Semiothisa. Secondaries with the
internal angle rectangular, even with the tip of the abdomen. Apex much
rounded; middle of outer margin not produced, obtusely slightly angulated,
above slightly scalloped. Legs short and feeble; hind tibiae slightly swollen,
the two pair of spurs not remote, slender, pointed, subequal; tarsi half as
long as the tibiae. Abdomen very slender, with an anal tuft.

Coloration: cinereous, dusted thickly with brown; an outer obscure line
of black spots; margin dark-brown.

By the pectinated antenna1, long, slender palpi, and short, obtusely-angu-
lated secondaries, as well as the peculiar coloration, it may be readily distin-
guished from Setniotlusa. The markings and the antenna? remind us more,
of Epione and allied forms than Semiosthisa, Phasiane, and its allies. In the
venation, it entirely differs from Ej'ione and its allies. Anticipating Epione,
etc., in the characters of the antennae and coloration, and its peculiar aspect, I am
inclined to regard this as a synthetic or prophetic type, and therefore a true
mimetic form, and indicating that by its present mimicry it has been preserved
longer than the species possibly cotemporaneous with.it.

Eumacaria brunnearia Pack. Plate 10, fig. 22.
Eumacaria brunneala Pack., Fifth Rep. Peab. Acad. Sc., 67, l-*73.

4 c? and 2 9. Pearl-ash, with chocolate-brown markings. Head, palpi,
and antennae chocolate-brown. Abdomen with two rows of dorsal spots.

299

Fore wings crossed by three distinct brown lines; inner line with a sharp
outward curve just below the costa, and below slightly sinuate; a fainter
median line slightly sinuate, and not reaching as far as the conspicuous linear
discal dot. The outer line is broad, firm, very slightly sinuate; beyond it, the
wing is chocolate-brown, with a row of large, brown, intervenular spots near
the line ; beyond, a narrow, faint, whitish line, widening triangularly on the
apex. Fringe on both wings chocolate-brown. Hind wings marked as fore
wings, though there are but two lines. Beneath, the wings pearly-whitish,
checkered with the same lines as above, and with numerous strigse, some
ochreous tints mixed with the brown ; a brown band outside of the third line,
becoming ochreous on the hind wings ; a marginal brown line, fringe brown
near the apex, becoming white behind and on hind wings, and tipped with
brown and narrowly marked with brown at the ends of the venules.

Length of body, <?, 0.37, ?, 0.35; of fore wings, <?, 0.44-0.48, 9, 0.46;
expanse of wings, 0.90-1.00 inch.

Maine, June 9 (Packard) ; Massachusetts (Sanborn, Stratton) ; Albany,
N. Y., May 25 (Lintner) ; New Jersey (Sachs) ; Texas, June 3 (Belfrage) ;
Head of Plum Creek, Colorado, June 29 (Lieut. Carpenter, Ilayden's Survey).

The larger of ten eastern and Texan specimens measures 0.48 inch on
the fore wing, while the single Colorado example measures 0.53 inch. This
beautiful and widely-diffused species may at once be recognized by the choc-
olate-brown lines and markings, the checkered under side of the wings, the
two rows of abdominal dots, and the heavily-pectinated antennae.

Subfamily CABERIN^ Guenee (emend.).

Subtribe Caberites Duponcbel, Cat. Lep. Eur., "2(58, 1844.

Caberidi Guen. in Duponchel's Cat. Lep. Eur., 268, 1844.
Subfamily Zerenidi Stepb. (iu part), Cat. Brit. Lep., 211, 1850.
Family Caberidw Gnen., Pbal., ii, 43, 1857.

Walk., List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxiii, 859, 1861.

Head square in front and quite full or longer than broad, not very full
or flat, and narrowing considerably on the front edge of the clypeal region.
Male antennae either simple or pectinated. Palpi short, slender, subacute,
either not projecting beyond the front, or but slightly so. Fore wings short
and broad, not subfaleate; costal edge straight or sometimes well arched; outer
edge entire, full. Hind wings well rounded, not augulated, or but slightly so.
Venation: usually no subcostal cell (one is present, however, in Guencria and

300

Corycio, vestaliata, bul not in Cseiniclarata). Discal venules sometimes very
oblique; in Eudeilinia, the posterior discal venule is remarkably long and
oblique, the firsl and second median venule arising much nearer the outer
edge than usual: five or six subcostal venules. First subcostal venule often
short. Hind tibiae not swollen; spurs well developed; hind tarsi well devel-
oped,

Larva andpupa. — "Caterpillars moderately long, pedunculiform, without
tubercles, scarcely swollen posteriorly; head rounded, as broad as the protho-
racic segment; living exposed on trees. Chrysalides contained in cocoons." —
GucniV.

The moths of this group are usually pure white, or white with dark
spots, or with a decided ochreous tinge.

Synopsis of the Genera.

Second subcostal venule originating within tbe origiu of the fifth subcostal Corycia.

Antenna' simple; costa of fore wings very full; independent vein co-originating with tbe first

median, making the posterior discal venule very long Eudeilinia.

Antenna- pectinated ; second subcostal vein arising beyond the origin of the fifth subcostal.. Deilinia.
Antenna' simple, like Deilinia, but a subcostal areole present, and fust subcostal venule forked. Gueneria.
Antenna' pectinated; palpi extending beyond the head ; Acidalia-Wko in the cut of the wings;

costal joined with first subcostal; no areole; only five subcostal venules Slcgania.

CORYCIA Duponchel. Plate 3, fig. 8, 8a.

Lomographa Hiibn. (in part), Verz., 311, 1818.

Zereni Treits., Schrn. Eur., vi (ii), 'J1-, 1828.

Corycia . Dup., Lep. France, iv, 110, 1629; v. 247, 1830.

Bapla Steph.,Nomencl. Br. Ins., i:., 1829; "Cat. ii, 147. 1829."

Cabera Boisd. (iu part). Gen. Ind., 218, 1*40.

Acidalia Boisd. (in part), Gen. Ind., 221, 1840.

Bapta H.-Sch., Sohni. Eur., iii, 69, 1847.

Corycia Steph., Cat, 15r. Lep., 21-2, 1850.

Bapta Lederer (in part), Verh. Bot. Zool. Ges. Wien, 17.",, 198, L853.

Corycia Gtieu., l'lial., ii, ",7, l-.",7,

Walk., List Lep. Hot. Br. Mus., xxiii, 871, 1861.

Head with the front square; antenna' simple, flattened beneath. Palpi
short and broad, slightly depressed, not reaching as far as the front; third
joint minute, short, conical. Thorax moderately stout; abdomen slender,
pointed at the end. not tufted. Fore wings with the costal area moderately
broad; costa much arched on the basal half; apex more rectangular than in
Deilinia or Eudrilinia; outer edge short, not convex. Hind wings with the
apex usually somewhat produced, forming a more or less distinct angle; outer
edge lull and rounded; inner edge forming a distinct angle. Venation some-

301

what of the type of Fidonia and Thamnonoma rather than Acidalia; the

costal vein touches or nearly adjoins the first subcostal venule before it bends

forward to the costa, or does not bend (E. herminiata) and goes straight to

near the apex; there is no subcostal areole in C. semiclarata (plate 3, fig 8a);

the second subcostal venule arises within the origin of the fifth subcostal (C.

vestaliata, plate 3, fig. 8, and C. semiclarata). Hind legs slender; hind tarsi

nearly as long as the tibiae, which are not swollen. The species are either

snow-white or white mottled with dark brown, the wings not crossed by lines.

This genus may be recognized by the arched costa, (he rectangular apex,

simple male antennae, conical, untufred abdomen, and the full outer edge of

the hind wings, with the apex and inner angle well marked. The species

differ from those of Deilinia in the simple antennae and the want of lines.

The venation differs somewhat in the two species; the second subcostal

venule arising close to the origin of the fifth subcostal, while in vestaliata it

arises midway between it and the first; the posterior discal is very oblique in

vestaliata, straight in semiclarata; in one C. vestaliata, the fifth subcostal vein

is entirely wanting!. I doubt whether Walker's Corycia hexaspilata is a

Corycia at all.

Synopsis of Species.

Small, pure white; front entirely white; costa of fore wings beneath, snioky C. vestaliata.

Discolored with dark brown, and with four discal spots C. semiclarata.

Corycia vestaliata G-uenee. Plate 10, fig. 23.

Corycia, vestaliata Guen. !, Phal., ii, 59, 1857.

Walk., List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxiii, 873, 1861.
Acidalia junctaria Walk. ! ! ! , Cau. Nat., vi, 39, 1SC1 ; List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxvi, 1593, 1861 (fide Giote).

10 S and 10 ?. — Fore wings distinctly rectangular at tip; outer edge
of both wings rather fuller than in the following species; front rather longer
and more triangular than in the two succeeding species, and the palpi rather
slenderer and not extending so far out as in herminiata, but much as in semi-
clarata. Snow-white, with no markings above, but irised; stained with brown
along the under side of the costa of fore wings as far as the apex (sometimes
ths costa is almost entirely white beneath); fringe long, white; front of head
white, palpi yellowish on the outer half; antenna? white above, sometimes
brownish, yellowish beneath. Legs: fore and middle pairs whitish externally,
the femora and trochantines dusky within and beneath; hind pair white.

Length of body, <t , 0.38, 9, 0.35; of fore wings, <?, 0.41, 9, 0.42:
expanse of wings, 0.85-0.95 inch.

302

Brunswick, Me., very abundant rn .h , appearing as early as June 4,

but more abundanl a week later; it Hies with a vacillating, weak flight, at
dusk flying in pine-woods and open blueberry-fields about the blossoms of
the wild thorn (Packard); .Montreal, Canada (Lyman); Brookline, Mass.,
(ShurtlefF); Boston, Mount Auburn, Cambridge, Mass., June 1, in meadow,
on bushes (Harris Coll., Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist); Williamstown, Mass., June
If) (Scudder); Andover, Mass. (Sanborn); Salem, Mass., June (Packard);
Amherst, Mass. (L. W. Goodell); Brooklyn, N. Y. (Graef); Albany, N. Y.,
May 25 (Lintner) ; London, Canada (Saunders); Waco, Texas. April 22,
June 30 (Belfrage, Mus. Peab. Acad. Sc.) ; Colorado (Ridings), and near the
South Platte, June 28 (Lieutenant Carpenter) ; St. Martin's Falls, Albany
River, Hudson's Bay Territory; Newton Falls, N. Y. (Walker).

This common and widely-spread species may be distinguished by its
white front, which is more triangular than in Eudeilinia herminiata, and by
the white wings. It varies in sometimes not being tinged with brown on the
under side of the costa, both in examples from Maine and Texas. It is one
of the earliest of our Gcometrids.

Corycia semiclarata Walker. Plate 10, fig. 24.

Corycia semiclarata Walk. ! ! !, Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxv, Supplement, part v, 1653, 1866.
Bapta viatica Harvey, Bull. 800. Sc. Buffalo, pi. TT, fij;. 6, 1874.

6 S and 6 9. — Head square in front rather .than triangular as in vesta-
liata; antenna' gray; body and tore wings whitish, suffused with gray, with
two very broad, parallel, diffuse, dark-brown bands, ihe inner curved regularly
outward and the outer sinuous; a submarginal, dark, diffuse band; a mar-
ginal row of black dots on both wings; fringe on fore wings dark, whitish at
tip and on the inner angle; hind wings white, with a line of five indistinct
.dots parallel with the outer edge of the wing. Beneath, white ; the discal
dots art; very large, those on the fore wings larger than those on the hind
wings, and oval; an extradiscal scalloped line common to both wings, and
broad on the costa; on the fore wings, a submarginal line, broad toward the
costa ; the marginal line of dots is connected ; fringe dusky on the fore wings,
white on the hind wings. Fore legs dusky; hind pair white, dark on the ends
of the tarsi.

Length of body, <J, 0.3(5, 9, 0.39; of fore wing, J, 0.42, 9, 0.45;
expanse of wings, 0.90 inch.

303

London, Canada (Saunders; : "Quebec'' (Belanger) ; Brunswick, Me.,
frequent in June, in company with C. vestaliata; Mount Washington, N. H.,
July (Morrison) ; White Mountain Valleys, July 9 (Scudder, Mus. Peal).
Acad. Sc.) ; " Catskill Mountains'' (Mead); March-April, Andover, Mass.
(Sanborn); Brookline, Mass., April, May (Shurtleff) ; West Roxbury, Mass.
(Minot) ; Williamstown, Mass., June 15 (Scudder); Philadelphia, Pa. (Amer.
Ent. Soc).

This characteristic form may be recognized by its stone-gray color, the

three diffuse bands and dark fringe on the fore wings, which contrast with

the white hind wings ; also by the large dark discal dots and the two bands

on the fore wings.

Desiderata.

Corycia albata Guen., Pbal., ii, 58, 1807.

Walk., List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxiii. 873, 1861.

"Ni differe absolument de la pre'ce'dente [Corycia herminiata~\ qu'en ce
que la cote des supdrieures est blanche en dessous, comrae tout le reste.
Georgie ameVicaine. Un $ ."

I have been unable as yet to identify this species, though I saw the type
in M. GueneVs collection; but, as I saw it in the evening, (most of my
comparisons were made by daylight, however), I could see no difference
between this species and vestaliata. It may prove to be a variety either of
the latter or of E. herminiata.

Corycia hexaqrilata Walk., List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxxv, Suppl., 1653,
1866. — '■'Female. Very pale fawn-colour. Palpi porrect, smooth, slender, not
extending beyond the head. Antennae slender. Abdomen as long as the
interior border of the hind wings. Legs smooth, slender. Wings broad ; an
indistinct, paler, postmedial, undulating Hue. Fore wings acute; three black
costal spots ; third subapical, very much smaller than the other two; fringe
with brown dots ; exterior border convex, slightly oblique. Length of the
body 4 lines; of the wings 12 lines. North America."

EUDEILINIA, gen. nov. Plate 3, fig. 9.

Head with large eyes; front subscutellate, not square. Palpi slender,
not reaching as far as the front. Male antennae compressed, simple. Fore
wings unusually full and convex on the costa; apex obtusely rectangular,
outer edge not bent; hind wings much rounded on the apex, and not bent on

304

the outer edge. The venation is remarkably differeni from thai of Corycia
and allied genera. The costal area is remarkably broad, the costal vein very
straight; thefirsl subcostal venule is straighl and about two-thirds as long as
the costal; the second and third subcostals are remarkably short and originate

\er\ near the apex, the second subcostal arises hall-way between the apex
and the origin of the fifth subcostal venule; the anterior discal venule is short
and straighl as usual; the posterior discal is remarkably long and very oblique,
earning the origin of the first median and independent venules out opposite
to that of the fifth subcostal; the independent vein co-originates with the first
median. Hind legs with slight, not swollen, tibiae; tarsi slender, and nearly
as long as the tibiae. Abdomen t hick ; tip suddenly conical. Coloration snow-
white, with two series of pale, faint, dusky spots.

This remarkable genus may be recognized by the full, arched costa of
the fore wings, the simple antennae, the slight palpi, and the remarkable
venation, the independent vein arising next to the first median. This abnor-
mal character throws light on the history of this vein, and shows that it was
originally a branch of the median vein. In other characters drawn from the
venation, it approaches Deilinia rather than Corycia.

Eudeilinia herminiata Packard. Plate 10, fig. 25.

Corycia herminiata Guen., Phal. ii, 5s, is:,;.

Walk., List Lep. Het. Br. Mas., xxiii, ST'-', 1861.
Corycia bistriala Tack., Filth Eep. Peab. Acad. Sc, 68, lsr:i.

3<?. — Uniformly white. Head white; palpi dark. Fore and middle legs
blackish-brown beneath. Fore wings with two rows of indistinct smoky
spots on the venules; the inner regularly curved, the outer broadly sinuate,
situated on the outer quarter of the wing, the inner crossing at the origin of
the fourth median venule. Secondaries the same; beneath, the costa of fore
wings slightly tinged with brownish at base. Two discal dots present on
each wing; a dot at the origin of each discal venule.

Length of body, 0.30; length of fore wings, 0.50; expanse of wings,
1.15 inches.

West coast of Lake Winnepeg, July (S. 11. Scudder) ; Orono, Me., July
4 (Packard); Boston. Mass. (Sanborn); Brookline, Mass.. June 19 (Shurtleff);
Amherst, Mass. {Peabody and Goodell); Albany, X. Y. (Lintner); Ithaca, N.
Y. (Comstock); Maryland (Scudder); "Canada" (Walker).

At once recognized by its uniform pure white color and the two cursed

305

scries of smoky faint venular spots, as well as the double discal dots on tlic
under side, one of which faintly reappears on the upper side of both pairs
of wings.

Although the spotted forms which I had regarded as distinct from M.
GueneVs herminiata do not agree with his description, as he only mentions
the two black discal spots on the under side of the wings, I am inclined to
unite biseriaia with lierminiata, as two specimens of the latter in my possession
agree exactly in other respects with M. Gucnec's description of herminiata,
and D. rariolaria is sometimes entirely white on the wings. I am also inclined
to regard Gucnce's albata as a variety of herminiata.

DEILINIA Hiibner. Plate 3, fig. 10.

Ddlinia Hiibn., Vera.. 310, 1818.

Cahira Trcits. (in part), Scum. Knr., vi ( ), 343, 1807.

Step]]., Noincncl. Br. Inc., 44, 1829.

Dup. (in part), Lep. France, viii (v). 5, 1830.

Boisd. (in part), Gen. Iiid., 218, 1840.
Fidonia Il.-Sch. (in pari), Schm. Eur., iii, 84, 1847.
Cabcra Steph., Cat. Br. Ins., 177, 1850.

Guen., PUal., ii, 52, 1857.

WTalk., List Lep. Het. Br. Mas., xxiii, 807, 1861.

Head with a square front; the palpi a little larger than in Corycia, and
extending a little beyond the front; third joint a little longer than broad,
pointed. Male antennae well pectinated nearly to the tips; in female, simple.
Apex of lore wings as well as that of the hind wings inclined to be somewhat
produced, and there is a slight angle in the outer edge of the fore and
hind wings. Venation much as in Corycia, but the first subcostal is farther
from the costal, and less sinuous than in Corycia; while the second subcostal
arises half-way between the origin of the third and filth subcbetal venules,
much as in Acidalia. The posterior discal venule is oblique, as in Corycia.
Hind legs with the tibiae not much swollen, the tarsi nearly as long as the
tibiae. Coloration: the wings white or cchreous, with two parallel ochreous
diffuse lines, more or less distinct, common to both wings, and usually a basal
line on the fore wings.

The species are distinguished from Corycia by the pectinated antennae,
the two common lines, and the generally ochreous tint, though the females
of variolaria are with difficulty separated from those of Corycia. From
Acidalia, it differs in the pectinated antennae, the want of a decided band in
the hind wing:-., and the larger palpi.
*39 r ii

306
Synopsis of (he Species-.

ATLANTIC.

White; front reddisu-ockreons ; strigie and lines brown 1). variolaria.

i Ichreona ; front ochrcoua : sti ij;; ■• and Hues ocurcous I), erythemaria.

PACIFIC.
Like tryih maria, but larger, .mid wit b 1 be middle line nearer tb<- outer than tbc inner linr. U. pacificaria.

Deilinia variolaria Packard. Plate 10, fig. 2(>.

i , ill 1:1 variolaria Guen., Pbal., ii, 56, 1857.

Walk.. Lep. Het. Br. Mns., xxiii. 869, 18GI.
' 'altera inteniaria Walk.!!!, Lep. Het. Ur. Mus., xxiii, h70, 1861.

2 <i and 6 9. — Front of head deep reddish-ochreous ; white on the front
edge; palpi deep ochreous. Antennae white. Fore wings with the costa
rather full. Both wings strigated more or less thickly with brown; some-
times the wings are pure white. In the male, the strigae arc arranged in two
parallel lines on both wings. Beneath, pure white; sometimes a distinct
black discal dot on each wing. Fore and middle legs ochreous.

Length of body, 9, 0.37; of lore wing, 9, 0.52; expanse of wings,
1.05 inches.

Brunswick, Me., July (Packard, Mus. Peab. Acad. Sc.) ; Boston, Mass.
(Morrison); Dedham, Mass. (F. W. Very); Amherst, Mass. (Prof. S. II.
Peabody) ; Springfield, Mass., A.ugus1 3. (Diminock) ; Natick, Mass., August
2 (Stratton) ; Belmont, Mass., August 3 (Morrison); Albany, N. Y., July 24,
September 15 (Lintner) ; Ithaca, X. Y. (Comstock) ; New Jersey (Sachs) ;
Detroit, Mich. (Swartz, Mus. Comp. Zool.) ; Lansing, Mich. (Miles, Mus.
Peab. Acad. Sc.) ; " Pennsylvania " (Gucnce) ; " St. Martin's Falls, II. B. T. ;
New York" (Walker).

This pretty species differs from the two next in the white wings, often
without lines, and the deep reddish-ochreous front.

Deilinia erythemaria Packard. Plate 10, fig. 27.

Cdbera erythemaria Gnen., Pbal., ii, 56, 1857.

Walk.!!!, Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxiii, 869, 1861.

Larger than D. variolaria, otherwise much the same. Head and body
pale ochreous; front of head pale ochreous, while on anterior edge. Wings
whitish-ochreous, with two diffuse ochreous lines common to each pair; on

the fore wings, a basal similar line, bent below the costa. The middle line is

307

nearer the basal than the extradiscal. Both wings are strigated with ochrecus.
Beneath, a little clearer than above, -with no lines; the extradiscal line faintly
reproduced toward the costa; no other marking's on the under side of the
wings in either sex.

Length of body, <?', 0.40, 9,0.38; of fore wing, <?,0.47, 9,0.53; expanse
of wings, 1.05 inches.

Augusta, Me. (F. L. Scribncr, Mus. Pcab. Acad. Sc); Brunswick, Me.,
June 1G, not very common, (Packard, Mus Pcab- Acad. Sc); Essex County,
Vt. (Cassino); Andover, Mass. (Sanborn); Natick, Mass. (Stratton); Cam-
bridge, Mass., and Mount Washington, N. II., July (Morrison); Pennsylvania
(Guenee); "St. Martin's Falls, II. B. T . ; Nova Scotia; Trenton Falls, N. Y."
(Walker).

This species may be recognized by the pale ochreous tint of the wings,
by the three lines on the fore wings, with the middle one nearer the basal
than the extradiscal, and by the absence of any markings or submarginal
row of dots.

Deilixia pacificaria, ,tp. nov. Plate 10, fig. 28.

2 £ . — This species is very closely allied to D. erythemaria, and oidy
differs from it in its larger size and the more ochreous front, the anterior edge
not being whitish, and in the more distinct markings on the wings. It also
differs in the fact that the middle line on the fore wings is nearer the extra-
discal than the basal. There are traces of two common lines on the under
.side of the wings, the extradiscal being heavy and dark on the costa.

Length of body, S, 0.45; of fore wing, 9, 0.60; expanse of wings,
1.12 inches.

Victoria, Vancouver Island, July (Crotch, Mus. Comp. Zool).

GUENERIA, gen. nov. Plate 3, tig. 11.

This genus is nearer Deilinia than any other of the subfamily; the front
is, however, narrower, while the palpi are the same. Male antennae simple,
compressed ; in the female, simple, round. The wings are of the same shape
as in Deilinia, though the apex of the fore wings is a little more acute. There
is a slight angle in the outer edge of both wings, much as in Deilinia, and the
markings on them are much the same. In venation, Gueneria differs from
Deilinia in the presence of a subcostal areole; beyond if, the first subcostal

308

venule subdivides; 1 lie second subcostal venule, as it were, separates fvom its
origin with its main vein, and arising from the Grsl about half-way between
the areole and the costal edge; otherwise the venation is mucbasin Deilinia.
It also differs remarkably in Ihe large, swollen, hind tibia', and the short, small
tarsi, which are only hall as long as the tibias. This remarkable genus is an
interesting synthetic type, combining the characters of Deilinia and Acidalia,
having the head and palpi of the former with the hind legs of the latter,
while in the venation it differs from Deilinia in the presence, of a subcostal
areole, in which it is also allied to Acidalia. The species may be recognized
by their close resemblance to those of Deilinia.

It gives me pleasure to dedicate this remarkable genus to M. Guende,
to whom American entomologists are under lasting obligations for his contri-
butions to American lepidopterology.

GuENERiA BASIATA Packard. Plate 10, fig. 2'J.

Ellopia lasiuria Walk.!, List Lep, Ilet. Dr. Mus., xxvi, 1D03, 1862.

10 <? and 8 9. — Body and wings pale ochreous, with ochreous strigae,
much as in Deilinia erythemaria. Front of the head ochreous; antenna' and
palpi ochreous. Both wings with a single, wavy, line, ochreous, common line.
There* are faint traces of two inner lines on the fore wings, much as in Deili-
nia, and of a single inner line on the hind wings; but these lines are often
nearly obsolete. Beneath, a little paler than above; four discal dots, those
on the hind wings much larger and more distinct than those on the front
wings. A submarginal row ot distinct veuular dots parallel with the outer
edge of the wing. Fore legs ochreous; hind legs white.

Length of body, S, 0.40, 9, 0.40; of fore wing, <?, 0 50, 9, 0.50-0.55;
expanse of wings, 1.05-1.15 inches.

Montreal, Canada (Lyman); Brunswick, Me., very common, June 8 to
duly 10 (Packard, Mus. Peab. Acad. Sc); Essex County, Vt. (Oassino);
Salem, Mass., July 13 (Cassino); Boston, Mass. (Sanborn and Morrison);
Amherst, Mass. (II. W. Goodell); Springfield, Mass., June 5-21 (Dimmock);
Mount Tom, Holyoke, Mass., July 2 (Morrison); West Farms, N. Y. (Angus);
Ithaca, N. Y. (Smith).

This is one of our most common moths, Hying in pine-woods and adjoin-
ing fields in June and July. It may be distinguished at once from the species
of Deilinia by the series of veuular dots and the discal dots on the under

809

side of t lie wings. All (lie markings are often wanting in cabinet-specimens,
and it varies in much the same way as the species of Deilinia. 1 have iden-
tified tliis species by a drawing made from Mr. Walker's type in the British

Museum.

STEGANIA Guene'e. Plate 3, fig. 12.

Anagoga Hiibn. (in part), Verz., 294, 1818.

Lomographa Hiibn. (in part), Verz., 311, 1818.

Fidonia Tieits. (in part), Scbni. Eur., vi (i), 262, 1827.

Bradyepeles Stepb. (in part), Nomonrl. Br. Ins., 44, 1S29; "Cat., ii, 128, 1829".

Cabera Boisd. (in part), Gen. Ind., 218, 1840.

Stegauia Gnen., MS. in Dnponchel's Cat., 270, 1844.

ll.-Scb., Sehm. Eur., iii, 70, 1847.

Stepb., Cat. Br. Lep., 299, 18.r.0.
Terpnomicta Lederer,* Verb. Dot. Zool. Ges. Wien, 199, 1853.
Slegania Guen., Pbal., ii, 43, 1S.">7.

Walk., List Lep. Het. Br. Mua., xxiii, 18C1.

Head with full eyes, and front not very wide. Palpi long and large,
extending one-third their length beyond the front; third joint rather long and
large, obtuse at tip. Male antennae well pectinated. Fore wings: costa
straight, arched toward the apex, which is subfalcate; outer edge oblique,
much less convex than in the other genera of this subfamily. Hind wings
much as in Acidalia, being square, with a well-marked angle in the median
edge, the apex being short and much rounded. Venation : the costal vein
joins the first subcostal by a very short transverse vein. There is no sub-
costal areole; the first subcostal venule runs parallel with the subcostal main
vein until it reaches the origin of the, fourth venule (what is usually the fifth,
for there are but five subcostal venules), where it diverges to the costal edge.
The posterior discal venule is v-shaped, and sends a fold inward. Hind
legs long and slender; tibiae slender; tarsi slender, two-thirds as long as the
tibiae. Coloration: white in our American species, with deep-ochreous costal
spots and broken lines.

This genus combines the characters of the Caberince and AcidalintE,
approaching the latter in the slightly subfalcate fore wings and angular hind
wings and the general points in venation, while it differs from the others of
its group in the more heavily-pectinated antenna?, the large palpi extending
farther beyond the front than usual, and the absence of one of the anterior
subcostal venules.

Our S. pustularia is quite near the European S. dilectaria, which is
ochreous, lined and dusted with brown.

* Lederer dropped GuenoVs name Sttgavia because SUgana vyas previously used for a genus of
l.'iptera ; but tbis is scarcely a sufficient reason.

310

Stegania pustulakia Guence. Plate 10, fig. 30. Larva, PL 13, fig. 33;

pupa, .'!.'!(/.

Stegania pustulai /</ I ■inn., Pbal., ii, 19, pi. 17, li^. '.'. 1857.

Walk., Lep. Het. Br. Hire., sxiii, 862, 18(>1.

,"> c^ and 5 9. — Body and wings pure white; palpi and antennae ochreous.
Fore wings pure while, with lour well-marked, costal, deep-ochreous spots,
from the three inner of which arise slender ochreous lines. The basal line
is much lieut below the costa, and a little wavy; the middle line is usually
wanting; the extradiscal line is bent outward in the discal space; it is some-
times broken up into spots and often wanting. A lew tine dots proceed
toward the middle of the wing from the fourth costal spot, hut very rarely.
A marginal row of tine deep-ochreous spots. Hind wings with a single deep-
ochreous thread-line. Abdomen pure white, bore and middle legs tinged
with ochreous: hind legs white.

Length of body, <?, 0.42, 9, 0.40; of fore wing, J, 0.48, 9, 0.54;
expanse of wings, 1.10 inches.

London, Canada, July 4 (Saunders); Montreal, Canada (Lyman); North-
ern Maine, August, in woods (Packard); White Mountains, N. II., August 1G
(Shurtleff) ; New Hampshire (Dodge); Brookline, Mass., August 1G (Shurt-
lefF); Amherst, Mass. (Goodell); Natick, Mass. (St rat ton); Boston, Mass.
(Sanborn); Albany, N. Y., August 8-17 (Lintner); West Farms, N. Y.
(Angus); Brooklyn, N. Y. (Graef) ; New Jersey (Sachs); Philadelphia, Pa.
(Grote and Amcr. Ent. Soc).

This pretty species may be recognized by its white body and wings, and
four deep golden-ochreous costal spots, with usually a basal and extradiscal
line. The lines are often wanting; and, in one example received from Mr.
Lintner, there arc only two (third and fourth) costal spots and faint traces of
a common line.

Larva. — "The larva of this little delicate-looking geometric moth feeds
on the maple. It is common in our neighborhood, and may be readily got, in
season, by striking the branches of the frees a sharp blow, when it drops at
once part way to the ground, remaining suspended by a silken thread, by
means of which, when danger passes, it can regain its position on the tree.
It is found full-grown about the middle of June, enters the chrysalis state
within a i'rw day:; afterwards, and produces the moth early in July.

"When full-grown, the larva measures about five-eighths of an inch in
length, body cylindrical.

O

311

"Head medium-sized, rather flat in front, slightly bilobed, and of a pale
green color, with a few very fine hairs, invisible without a magnifying glass,
scattered over its surface; mandibles tipped with black.

"Bod}' above bluish green, with thickly set longitudinal stripes of whitish
and yellowish. A double whitish dorsal line, with bordering lines of yellow-
ish-white, neither of which arc unbroken, but are formed of a succession of
short lines and dots. Below these, on each side, are two or three imperfect
white lines, made up of short streaks, and much fainter than those bordering
the dorsal line; spaces between the segments yellowish. The skin all over
the body is much wrinkled and folded.

"The under surface is green, with a tinge of yellowish between the seg-
ments; feet yellowish-green, prolegs green faintly tipped with brown,

"The moth is of a pure white color, with three or four reddish-brown
spots on the costal margin of each of the fore wings, and with a taint curved
line of the same, crossing them a little beyond the middle; it expands one
inch." — W. Saunders, Canadian Entomologist, iii, 225.

Pupa. — Of the usual conical-oval shape. The wings reach to the hinder
edge of the fourth abdominal segment. The end of the abdomen terminates,
as usual, in a stout spine. Length, 0 50 inch.

Desideratum.

Stegania? quadrinotata Walk., List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxiv, page 1759,
1862. — Male. Pale cinerous-testaceous. Palpi porrect, acute, not extending
beyond the head; antenna? sctulose. Abdomen not extending beyond the
hind wings. Hind tibia? not incrassated; spurs rather long* Wings mode-
rately broad: fore wings slightly acute, with three brown costal spots;
exterior border convex, rather oblique.

Length of the body, 4 lines; of the wings, 12 lines.

New York (in Mr. Saunders's collection).

Subfamily G ONI ACID ALIN.E.

Head short and very broad. Palpi slender. Antenna1 simple. Fore
wings entire or variously notched ; hind wings trideutate or entire. Venation :
from three to six subcostal veins. Independent veins co-originating with the
anterior discal venule. Hind tibia1 swollen; tarsi two-thirds as long as tibia?.

Of the larval ibrms of this remarkable group we as yet know nothing.

312

The species are rare, and Ihe genera may be readily recognized l>y the sin-
gularity of their forms.

Synopsis of (he Genera.

Wings very oblong, aDgulnr; hind wings cut ire Goniacidalia.

Costa of fore wings very convex; outer e go deeply excavated ; hind wings tridentate... Callcdaptcryx.
Core wings entire ; apex mucb ronnded; bind wings tridentate Callizzia.

GONIACIDALIA Packard. Plate 3, fig. 13.

Goniacidalia Pack., Fiftb Hep. Peab. Acad. Sc.GS, 1-7:!.

Head and legs as in Acidalia, the antenna' in the male slightly ciliated; in

the female simple. Palpi very short, as in Acidalia. This singular genus may at
once lie recognized by the oblong primaries, 1 he apex being prolonged, while the
inner tingle is elongated into a blunt, rounded, allotted tail, making the wing
as broad near the base as near the apex, and beyond the "tail*' the inner edge
is exactly parallel to the costal. The outer edge is short and straight, less
oblique than in the narrow-winged species of Acidalia. The hind winys are
still more grotesque than the primaries, appearing as if crumpled up from not
having properly expanded alter the moth had left the pupa. They are so
deeply notched in the inner part of the outer ^{]\ie of the wing as to appear
bifurcate, sending the inner fork, which is acute, nearly as far as the tip of
the abdomen, while the outer half of the wing forms the other fork. The
inner edge of the wing is much revolute, and near the base of the inner fork
carries a crest of tine inrolled hairs. The venation is very remarkable.
There is a subcostal cell and but three subcostal veins, the main vein branch-
ing but three times; the usual two subapical veins wanting. The independ-
ent vein is thrown off" from the base of the anterior discal veins. The third
median vein is very short, and its origin is very remote from the first two.

Goniacjoalia furciferata Packard. Plate 10, fig. 31.

Goniacidalia fnrciferata Pack., Fifth Rep. Peab. Acad. 8c, 68, 1ST:!.

2 $ and 1 9. — Brick-red; head with front and palpi red; vertex and
antennas dull yellowish. Fore wings reddish, with a broad, median, yellowish
patch, not reaching to the inner edge, and extending to the base of wing, inter-
rupted by a basal reddish line; costa reddish as far as the middle of the wing.
This yellowish area is centered with the reddish-brown discal dot. Outer
margin of the wing paler, with a submarginal, yellowish, zigzag line, not reach-
ing any farther than the basal yellowish patch. Hind wings pale reddish; rev-

olute edge yellowish, including the brush of hairs. Beneath, much as above,
bul paler, the wing beyond the middle being crossed by a broad reddish
shade, and yellowish on each side, including the apex. Hind wings with two
parallel yellowish lines.

Length of body, <?, 0.23, 9, 0.21; of fore wings, S, 0.28, 9, 0.28;
expanse of wings, 0.G0 inch.

Texas, August and September (Belfrage).

CALLEDAPTERYX Grote. Plate 3, fig. 14.

Callcdapteryx Grote, Trans. Aincr. Ent. Soc, ii, 119, 1838.

$ and 9. — Head much as in Acidalia, being short, small, and the front
rather wide, subtriangular. Male antennae simple, very slightly flattened.
Palpi slender, slightly upcurved, pointed, projecting a little beyond the front.
Fore wings with the costa very much arched, the apex being very falcate;
below the apex, the outer edge is deeply and regularly excavated, with a sub-
acute angle between the first and second median venules; the inner angle is
sharply rectangular, and the inner edge is deeply sinuate. The hind wing is
oblong; below the apex, produced into a long, very acute point, below which
the wing is deeply hollowed, with a small acute tooth near the middle of the
hollow; a broad acute angle on the first median venule ; inner angle rectangu-
lar. Venation: six subcostal branches, the independent forming a seventh,
as it co-originates with the origin of the anterior discal venule. The first
three subcostal venules originate near together, and some distance before the
origin of the anterior discal venule. .The remaining venules are very straight,
not arched as in Callizzia. The internal vein is very sinuate. Abdomen
short and thick. Hind legs stout ; tibiae swollen, with large unequal spines;
tarsi two-thirds as long as the tibiae. The single species known is dull ochre-
ous, with two nearly parallel lines, and dark patches on the hollows of the
outer and inner edges.

This singular genus may be at once recognized by the deeply-hollowed
falcate fore wings, with the deeply sinuate inner edge, and by the deeply-
notched, tridentate, outer edge of the hind wings.

Calledapteryx dryopterata Grote. Plate 10, fig. 32.

Calledapteryx dryopterata Grote, Trans. Amur. Ent. Soc, ii, 1C0, 1SG*.

2 t? and 3 9. — Body and wings dull ochrcous. Head brown in front.
Fore wings with a broad dark shade, limited very distinctly on each side by
40 p ii

314

brown lines; the inner line begins considerably within the middle of (lie
costa, and curves outward (the curve very deep), and ends in a large, 'dark,

oblong patch just beyond the middle of the inner edge. The outer line is
much less curved, and is situated midway between the inner line and the outer
edge. The deep, regularly rounded, subapical sinus is bordered with brown,
and there is a short, brown, linear, transverse streak on the inner edge, mid-
way between the inner angle and the black patch. Hind wings with two
line, brown, parallel lines, both bent at a right angle in the middle of the
wing. A black dot at the base of the third point. Beneath, clear ochreous,
paler than above, with no markings except fine scattered strigae.

Length of body, <$ , 0.25, 9, 0.25; of fore wing, <?, 0.38, 9, 0 38;
expanse of wings, 0.75 inch.

West Farms, N. Y. (Angus, Mus. Peal). Acad. Sc); Demopolis, Ala.
(Grote).

This singular moth, with the peculiar cut of the wing, is so unlike any
other that it will be easily recognized.

CALLIZZIA, nov. gen.

Body short and thick; head short, very broad, much as in Callednptcryx,
but the front is much broader. Male an tenure simple, a little compressed,
finely ciliated. Palpi as in Callcdaptenj.r. Fore wings entire, subfalcate,
but the costal edge much arched, the apex being much rounded; outer edge
oblique, but entire, with a faint angle in the middle. Hind wings with a
deep hollow in the outer edge, armed with three unequal acute teeth, the
middle tooth being smaller than the others and situated near the middle of
the hollow. The teeth are much smaller than in Calledapteryx, and the inner
angle is less rectangular. Venation : three very long subcostal veins arising
near the inner fourth of the wing, as in Calledapteryx, the third subdividing,
forming a short apical fork. The tilth subcostal venule is thrown off on the
inner third of the sixth subcostal; while in Calledapteryx it arises in the
middle. The internal vein is as straight as usual. Abdomen short and thick.
Hind legs short and thick; tibiae swollen, with large unequal spurs; tarsi
two-thirds as long as the tibiae.

The single species known is pearl-gray, gaily marked with dark, distinct
lines.

This beautiful genus may be recognized by the broad, short head, the

315

much-rounded apex of the lore wings, the costa being very convex, and

l>y the notched, tridentate hind wings and the delicate ground-color and

markings.

C.iLLIZZ£A amorata, sp. HOV. Plate 10, fig. 33.

3 t?. — Body and wings uniformly pearly-ash. Front dark chocolate-
brown. Fore wings with two dark lines, which arise wide apart on the costa,
curve outward, and unite just behind the third median vein, and then form a
triangular inclosnre on the inner edge of the wing. Just below the apex is
a dark, triangular inclosure, limited by a distinct brown line, the apex obtuse
and directed toward the base of the wing. Fringe slightly checkered with
brown, otherwise concolorous with the wing. Both wings with scattered
brown striga\ Hind wings with two subparallel dark lines, the inner quite
regularly curved, the outer with a large, sharp angle in the middle of the
wing. A few marginal dark dots on the outer edge near the last point.
Beneath, dull pearl-brown ash, with no markings, but a few fine, scattered,
dark strigse. Legs a little more dusky than the wings.

Length of body, S , 0.25 ; of fore wing, £ , 0.40 ; expanse of wings, 0.85
inch.

Quebec (Rev. F. X. Belanger) ; Montreal, Canada (Lyman) ; Albany,
N. Y. (Lintner).

This beautiful and singular species may be recognized by ils three-
toothed hind wings, the anterior pair being entire, by its delicate pearl-ash
tint, and the meeting and separating of the two lines forming a large triangle
on the inner edge of the hind wings: also by the large acute angle made by
the outer line on the hind wings.

Subfamily ACIDALINiE Stephens (emend.).

Subtribe AeidaUt.es Dnp., Cat. Lop. Ear., 271, 1S44.

Subfamily MclanthhU (in part), Addalidi (p. 213) Steph., Cat. Brit. Lep. 218, and Timaiidridi (in part)

Steph., Cat. 22r>, 1S50.
Family Acidalidce Gnen., Phal., i, 422, 1857.

Walk., List Lep. Het. Dr. Mus., xxiii, 757, 1631.

Head usually short, and broad in front. Palpi usually short and weak,
extending but slightly beyond the front. Antennae usually simple (sometimes
pectinated). Fore wings usually slightly subfalcatc. Hind wings a little
bent on the outer edge. Venation : usually a subcostal cell (sometimes two);
the first subcostal venule is usually very long, originating at the subcostal cell.

316

Abdomen Long and slender, lliiul legs in some species with swollen tibiae
without spurs; the tarsi in such cases very short.

Larva and pvpa. — "Caterpillars slender, without tubercles, cylindrical
or carinated ; with the head as broad as the prothoracic ring; living con-
cealed under lew plants. Chrysalides cylindrico-conical, brown, contained in
cocoons under debris, or in the earth." — Gu.ene'e.

Synopsis <>f the Genera.

A. Antenna' pectinated :

Ai>tinn;i' broadly pectinated : wiugs very angular Calothysanii.

B. Antenna' simple; first subcostal venule very long:

Wings very long; two subcostal cells; the independent vein nearer the subcostal

vein than usual Euacidalia.

Wings vi iv long; fore wings triangular; one subcostal cell; head broader in front

than in Acidalia Eois.

Hind wings angular; palpi very long; two subcostal cells; abdomen longer and

slenderer than usual Ceratodalia.

Fore wings with costal region broad; eosta arched ; bind wings much rounded \sthena.

Wings slightly angnlated ; palpi short; a single subcostal cell (two in onsulata) Acidalia.

0. Antenna' pectinated on basal two-thirds:

Head broad ; first subcostal venule short Ephyra.

Like Ephyra, but wiugs scalloped Euephyra.

CALOTHYSANIS Hiibner. Plate 3, fig. 18.

Calolhysama (m part) Hiibn., Verz., 301, 1818.
Enrtomos Treits. (in part), Sehni. Kur., vi (i), ;!, 1827.
Timandra Dup., Lep. France, vii (iv). 224, 1829.

Boisd., Gen. Ind., 227, 1S40.
Bradyrpetes (in part) Stepb., Nomencl. Br. Ins., 44, 1829.
Acidalia H.-Sch. (in part). Scbni. lair., iii, 12, 1847.
Timandra Lederer, Verb. Dot. Zool. ties. Wien, 194, l-r>'J.

C.nen., 1'lial., ii, 1,1857.

Walk., Lep. llet. Br. Mas., xxiii, ?'J7, 1861.

Body long and slender. Head longer than in Acidalia; front very long
and full," broad, where that of Acidalia is narrow and sunken between the
eyes. Antennae of the male broadly pectinated, plumose. Palpi long and
slender, extending well beyond the head; third joint very long and slender.
Eyes not so large and full as in Acidalia. Wings large; lore wings falcate,
eosta very full, apex sharp, outer edge much hollowed below the apex, scal-
loped ; hind wings square, the angle in the middle of outer edge produced into
a long sharp point, the edge scalloped, inner angle square. Venation: much as
in Acidalia, the subcostal cell longer and the outer end squarish, the first sub-

317

costal venule arising remotely from its vei:i ; in Acidalia, the venule arises
directly from it, the end of the cell being acute. Legs very long and slender.
Hind legs very long; tibiae not swollen; spurs long; tarsi nearly as long as
the tibiae. Abdomen reaching beyond the hind angle. Coloration: brown-
ish-ochreons, with darker lines, the extracliscal sometimes broadly shaded.

This genus may at once be known by the plumose male antenna?, the
falcate fore wings and very acutely-angled hind wings.

Larva and pupa. — ''Caterpillars carinated on the sides, much swollen
on the fourth segment ; head small, a little squarish ; living concealed under
low plants. Chrysalides slender, swollen beneath, with the head prolonged
into a point; resting between leaves." — Guenee.

Calothysanis amaturaria Packard. Plate 10, fig. 34.

Timandra amaturaria Walker, Lep. Hot. Br. Mns., xxxv, 1034, 1836.

7 S and 2 9. — Pale fawn; vertex a little paler; front a little darker;
antenna; of the same color with the rest of the body. Fore wings dusted
with scattered brown specks ; three dull-pink, often brownish, lines on the
fore wing; inner oblique, curved hair-line in the middle of the wing; a
slight transverse discal dot ; an outer oblique line going straight from the
middle of the inner margin to near the apex, where it almost touches the
submarginal line, and is then curved back upon the costa, becoming much
narrower and almost obsolete ; the submarginal line slenderer than the outer
line, and sinuate, having a great curve a little below the middle of the wing;
toward the apex it becomes oblique, dark, uncurved, and appears as if the
continuation of the outer line; edge of wing deep pink, fringe pale, inter-
rupted at ends of venules with pink spots. Two similar lines on hind wings;
basal sometimes broader than outer, slightly curved, sometimes straight;
outer line parallel with it, a little curved; edge of wing and fringe as in fore
wing; beneath, slightly paler than above, and flecked with large transverse
pink specks; discal dot transverse; lines as above, but deeper pink. In
some specimens, the lines appear dull and faded into brown. Female larger
(inner line wanting in one rubbed specimen), with the outer line more angu-
lated in middle of the wing than in the male. The deep pink-brown of the
wings and lines in some cases becomes dull, almost pure brown.

Length of body, <?, 0.35; of fore wing, <?, 0.00, 9, 0.66; expanse of
wings, 1.05—1.32 inches.

3 1 8

Albany, X. Y. (Lintner) ; Philadelphia, Pa. (Ent. Soc, and Clemens);
Illinois (Clemens); Alabama (Grotc); Dallas, Tex., May 17 to June 26, not
very rare (Boll, Mus. Peal*. Acad. He); Maryland (Mus. Cornp. Zool.); Law-
rence, Kans. (Professor Snow).

At once known by the Falcate wings and pink lines and specks on llin
under side.

In one specimen from Texas, (he extradiscal line forms a broad brown
shade on both wings.

EUACIDALIA Packard. Plate 3, fig. 15.

Euacidalia Pack., Fifth Rep. Peab. Acad. Sc, 00, 1873.

Though the head and legs are much as in Acidalia, yet the wings are so
much elongated, especially the hinder pair, that the species to be described
below must form the type of a distinct genus. Head much as in Acidalia,
the front being rather wide and flat; palpi short and small; male antennae
slightly denticulated and densely ciliated; in female, simple. Fore wings long
and narrow, much produced toward the apex; outer edge very oblique.
Hind wings very long and narrow, oblong, not reaching when expanded the
end of the abdomen, with sometimes a deep notch in outer edge. The vena-
tion differs from that of Acidalia in the presence of two subcostal cells.
The independent vein is nearer the subcostal vein than usual. Legs as in
Acidalia.

The two species known differ from those of Acidalia in the long, narrow
wings, and rounded hind pair; while they differ from Eois in having two sub-
costal cells. The coloration is not very uniform, one species being pale
brown with dark fine lines, and the. other ornamented with bright pink

bands.

Synopsis of the Sjiecies.

Silky-gray E. strict ata.

Banded with pink E.Jloridala.

Euacidalta sericeata Packard, Plate 10, fig. 35.

Euacidalia sericcaria Pack., Fifth Rep. Peab. Acad. Sc, 69, 1873.

3 £ and 1 9. — Uniform glossy ash-gray. Vertex of head and antenn;e
white; front and palpi dark brown. Fore wings with an inner line formed of
three dark spots, one on subcostal, one on median, and tin1 third on subine-
dian vein, and all situated on inner third of wing, the subcostal spot much

319

larger than Hie others ; an outer, straight, dark, very slightly-interrupted line,
parallel with the outer edge. Fringe concolorous with the wings, a dark line
at base. Hind wings with no markings ; concolorous with primaries. No
discal dots on either wing. Beneath, as above, with a common dark line,
straight on fore, much curved on hind, wings. Fringe, especially ou hind
wings, with six dark spots.

Length of body, £, 0.30, 9, 0.23; of fore wings, <?, 0.35, 9, 0.27;
expanse of wings, 0.77 inch.

Demopolis, Ala. (Grote) ; Texas, May 10 to July (Belfrage) ; Dallas, Tex.,
July 7 (Boll, Mus. Peab. Acad. Sc).

This interesting form may at once be known by the long wings, the
hinder pair being notched, and by the dull silky-gray color.

Euacidalia floeidata, sp. iiov. Plate 10, fig. 36.

2 (? . — Fore wings of the same shape as in E. sericeata, but the hind
wings are more rounded and not notched. Grayish-ochreous as a ground-
color. Anterior half of the front, palpi, and fore legs at base pink. Fore
wings pink on the costa; a bright pink spot near the base of the wing on
the inner edge; just beyond, a very oblique pink band; a parallel, slightly
narrower, submarginal band ; edge of the wing pink. Fringe dull ochreous.
Three similar pink bands on the hind wings. Beneath, both wings uniformly
dull pink.

Length of body, J , 0.25; of fore wings, <$ , 0.27-0.35 ; expanse of wings,
0.60-0.70 inch.

Dallas, Tex., Aug. 23, October 2 (Boll, Mus. Peab. Acad. Sc).

EOIS Hiibner. Plate 3, figs. 16, 17.

Eois Hiibn., Verz., 308, 1818.

Acidalia Treits. (in part), Solini. Eur., vi (i), 3, 1827.

Fidonia Dup. (in part), Lep. Fiance, vii (iv), 407, 1829.

Hyria Steph., No-mend. Br. Ins., 45, 1829.

Acidalia H.-Sch. (in part), Sclim. Eur., iii, 12, 1847.

Hi/ria Steph., Cat. Br. Lep., 217, 1850.

Acidalia Lederer (in part), Verb. But. Zool. Ges. Wien, 191, 1853.

llijrla Guen., 1'bal., i, 428, 1857.

Head small; front broad, subtriangular, narrowing considerably ante-
riorly. Palpi long, slender, upcurved, slightly projecting beyond the head.
Male antennae very slender, simple. Fore wings much elongated; costa
straight, except toward the apex, where it is arched ; apex much produced,

320

subacute; outer edge very oblique. Venation: one narrow, linear, subcostal
cell (in ferrvginata open) ; (he second and third subcostal venules much shorter
than in Acidalia, parallel, and near tlie apex; the origin of the first and
Second median venules more remote than usual. Hind wings much rounded
on the outer edge. The hind legs in the male rather smaller than the middle
pair, and more or less aborted, when well developed; tibiae shorter than the
femora, with no spurs; the tarsi longer than the tibiae.

The moths of this genus differ from Acidalia by their small size, the
triangular, pointed fore wings, the well-rounded hind w inirs. and the broader
front of the head. They are usually reddish-ochreous, with two darker com-
mon lines. E. gemmata is, however, ochreous-white, with a broad, conspicu-
ous, dark-brown band common to both wings.

Larva. — "Caterpillars elongated, carinated, flattened on the back and a
little less so beneath; head deeply notched on the vertex, with short hairs,
the prothoracic ring with two pyramidal tubercles, and a third smaller one
between them; living on low plants. Chrysalides subterranean." — Guenee.

Si/nopsis of the Sj,ccies.

Whitish, with a brown, common, broad, central hand F. gemmata.

Likr gemmata, but largo, and with a heavy submarginal line /.'. occidenlata.

Reddish, with brownish lines E. fcrruginata.

EoiS GEMMATA, . sp. nor. Plate 10, fig. 37.

2 r/. — Whitish-ochreons, of the tint of Acidalia enucleala. Head in front
and beneath and palpi brown. On both wings, a broad common band, occu-
pying the middle third of the wing; the band curves outward from the cosla,
is toothed on the lower subcostal venule, and again extends outward on Ihe
first and second median venules, while below is a broad, deep sinus; on the
inner edge, the baud is deeply siuuated from the costal edge to the middle of
the subniedian space ; the edge of the band is of a rich brown, and in the
middle are patches of a dull purple-brown. Both edges of the band on the
hind wings are denticulated, there being three obtuse teeth on the inside,
and two acute teeth on the outside; just beyond this band is a faint, diffuse,
dusky line, and a submarginal one common to both wings; beneath, slightly
paler than above, with the common dark band, and the shade next to it
faintly reproduced.

Length of body, <?, 0.22; of fore wing, <$ , 0..">0 ; expanse of wings,
0.C0 inch.

321

Waco, Tex., May 12-22 (Belfrage, Mus. Peal). Acad Sc.) ; Clear Creek
Canon, August (P. R. Uhler, Hayden's Survey).

Tliis beautiful, delicate, little species differs from the other eastern
species in its whitish color and the broad, sinuate, mesial, brown band. It
closely resembles the Californian E. occidenfata, and may be found to inter-
grade with it,

Eois occidentata Packard. Plate 10, fig. 38.

Syria occideniaria Pack., Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., x\ i, 29, 1874.

1 $ . — Fore wings with much the same shape as in E. auroraria of
Europe, though the apex is slightly more rounded, while the hind wings have
the outer edge more rotund. Antennae finely ciliated. Body and wings
very pale fawn-brown, tinged very faintly with vinous; vertex of head pale;
front and palpi dark brown. Fore wings clear pale fawn, with the middle
occupied with a broad dark hour-glass-shaped band, wider on the front edge
than on the inner; the inner side quite regularly hollowed out, the outer side
produced outward in the middle, with two acute parallel teeth, and a third
below situated farther within the wing; below this, the band dilates on the
inner edge, while on the costal side it goes nearly straight to the costa ; a
diffuse, faint, submarginal shade. On both wings, a row of venular, marginal,
black dots ; fringe long, silky, concolorous with the wing. Hind wings with
the same markings as on the fore wings, but with the submarginal shade
rather more distinct ; the broad band has two larger teeth on the outer edge,
and the shade beyond has two zigzag angles parallel with it. Obscure yel-
lowish discal dots on both wings (distinct under a lens). Legs pale, fore
femora and tibiae dark. Beneath, smoky, the bands being replaced by diffuse
smoky lines.

Length of body, 0.24 ; of fore wing, 0.33 ; expanse of wings, 0.66 inch.

California (Edwards).

This fine species differs from the eastern species {E. gemmata) to which
it is structurally closely allied, in having rather darker wings, with the submar-
ginal band much darker, while the form of the middle band is quite different.

Eois feerugata, sp. nov. Plate 10, fig. 39..

4 $ and 4 9. — Body and wings bright brick-red; head in front deep
reddish-brown. Fore wings with three dusky lines, the two inner parallel,
41 P H

:122

slightly sinuous, the space usually filled up with dusky-brown, forming a
lineal band with its outer edge embracing the distinct discal dot. The outer
line is wavy and curved outward regularly from the costa to just below the
third median venule, where il is bent outward on (o the inner edge. Beyond
this line, the wing is usually clear, bul in some specimens is dusky-brown
excepl on (he apex. A dark marginal line; fringe on both wings concolorous
With the rest of the wing. Two wavy lines on the hind wings, the inner
situated just within the distinct discal dot; the outer line is curved, sinuous,
the curve outward being greatest behind the middle of the wing, and near
the inner edge is a deep sinus; beyond this line, the edge of the wing is
usually clear, but sometimes dusky reddish-brown. Beneath, much as above,
with a common extradiscal wavy line, situated half-way between the discal
dots and the edge of the wing; the hind wings have an ochreous tinge,
concolorous with the under side of the abdomen.

Length of body, <?, 0.30, 9, 0.20-0.25; of fore wing, <?, 0.35, 9, 0.30;
expanse of wings, 0.60—0 75 inch.

Amherst, Mass. (Professor Peabody) ; Demopolis, Ala. (Grote); Waco,
Texas, May 27 to June 5, August 20, September 30 (Belfrage, Mus. Peab.
Acad. 8c).

This pretty species looks like a Pyrausta at first sight. It is closely
allied to the European E. auroraria. I did not see it in the British Museum
or in M. Guem'e's collection. It may be known by the pale brick-red tint
and the dusky reddish-brown shade situated within the middle of the wing.

( 'ERATODALIA,* gen. nov. Plate 4, tig. 1.

Head with the front not very broad, subscutellate in shape; the sides
parallel; eyes large, spherical. Palpi remarkably long, passing by one-half
their length beyond the head ; second joint very long, growing a little wider
toward the end ; third joint slender, pointed, not so long as the second joint
is wide. Antennae of male simple, flattened, ciliated. Fore wings subfalcate,
costa much arched, apex produced, but not acute, a little rounded; outer edge
oblique, but straight in its course, much less convex than usual. Hind wings
square, the angle of the outer edge very marked, the edge somewhat scal-
loped. The venation is much as in Acidatia, but there arc two subcostal
cells; the second subcostal vein arises half-way between the first and third,
■ Kcpaia, feeler (alluding to tbe palpus), and c ^ <■;-/.. r , mythological name.

32:5

while in Acidalia the origin of the second subcostal is usually very remote
from the first subcostal; the median venules are shorter than in Acidalia.
Legs very long and slender; hinder pair slender, the tibiae not swollen, but
long and slender, with two pajrs of large, long spines ; tarsi two-thirds as long
as the tibia1. Male abdomen very long and slender. Coloration: wings thin,
glossy gray, with pale-yellowish costal spots, with two much-curved, sinuate,
faint lines.

This genus is remarkable for the extremely long palpi, while the fore
wings are much arched on the costa, and the angle of the hind wings is large
and prominent. The venation differs chiefly from Acidalia in there being two
subcostal cells.

Ceratodalia gueneata, sp. nuv. Plate 10, fig. 40.

8 6. — Body and wings ash-gray, with a silky luster. Head brown in
front; orbits much paler. Tore wings with eight or nine pale-ochreous,
irregular, costal spots, with about six indistinct lines, which are parallel and
bent outward below the costal region nearly at right angles ; the four inner
lines are dark and indistinct; the fifth line is a continuation of one of the
yellow costal spots ; just below the costa, it is curved inward, and then makes
a rectangular bend outward, and thence goes obliquely to the outer third of'
the inner edge, curving in a little on or just below the third median vein ; a
submarginal scalloped light line; a fine blackish marginal line on both wings;
fringe pale gray, spotted with blackish. Hind wings with two much-curved
pale shades, the cuter bent at right angles and parallel with the outer edge
of the wing. Beneath, highly colored ; basal two-thirds of wing dark brown,
mottled with light dots near the costa ; a dark discal linear dot ; half-way
between the dot and the outer edge of the dark-brown area a dusky line,
bent at right angles opposite the dot. The brown area is limited by a repro-
duction, very distinct, of the whitish line, which makes an acute rectangular
bend opposite the discal dot, the angle being situated half-way between the
discal dot and the apex of the wing. Beyond this line, the wing is much
lighter, mottled, with white, with deep-ochreous slashes, the veins deep
ochreous, and the fringe as above. Hind wings with the same markings as
above. Legs brown, ringed and spotted with whitish.

Length of body, <?, 0.45; of fore wing, 9, 0.55; expanse of wings,
1.05 inches.

324

Victoria, Vancouver [sland, July (Crotch, Mus. Comp. Zool.) ; California
i Edwards).

The long palpi, the square, angled hind wings, the silken brown-gray
wings, and the peculiar markings on the under side, the colors reminding one
el' the under side of a Glaucopteryx, and the very ^lender abdomen, charac-
terize this peculiar species, which is named in honor ot M. (lueuee.

ASTHENA Hubner. Plate 4, fig. 2.

dethena lliilm., Vera ., :U0, 1818.

Acidalia Treits. (in part), Schm. Ear., vi (i), :!, 1827.

Dap., Lep. Franco, vii (iv), 224, 1829.
"Cymatida Sndi.ll'., Hull. 8. I. Mosc, 18, 1837."
Addalia Boisd. (in part), Gen. Iixl., 227, 1840.

H.-Scb. (in part), Sclun. Eur., iii, 12, 1847.

Steph., Cat. Lep., 221, 1850.
Cidaria Lederer (in part), Verb. Hot. Zool. Ges. Wien, 253, 1853.
Asthena Guen., Phal., i, 434, 1857.

Walk., List Lep. Het. Br. Mus.,xxii, 673, 1861.

Head narrow in front; sides of front parallel; eyes large, globose. Palpi
very slender, not reaching the front. Male antenna' simple, as in Acidalia.
Wings much as in Acidalia, but shorter, not subfalcate; apex much rounded;
costal region rather wide. Hind wings much rounded, sometimes with a very
slight angle. Venation much as in Acidalia; a single subcostal cell; the
diil'crences from Acidalia are mainly due to the differences in the shape of
the wings. Hind legs well developed; tibiae long and slender, the spurs
unusually long; tarsi not much more than half as long as the tibia?. Abdo-
men of male very Ions? and slender. Coloration : white or ochreous, with
four to six transverse, sinuous, darker lines.

This genus differs very slightly from Acidalia, and mainly in the more
arched costa of the fore wings, the broad costal region, and the rounded apex.
On these accounts, I originally mistook our albogilvaria for a Corycia.

Larva. — "Caterpillars short, moniliform, swollen in the middle, very
attenuated on the anterior segments; flattened beneath and carinated on the
sides during locomotion; head very small and globular; living exposed on
trees. Chrysalides contained in leaves or in moss." — Guenwe.

32o
Synopsis of the Species.

White, bands yellow A.albogilraria.

White, bauds brown, apex tipped with In-own A. brunneifasciala

White, front of head brown, base and middle of wings brown and ochreous A. lueata.

AsthenA albogilvaeia Packard. Plate 10, far. 41.

Acidalia albogilvaria Morrison!.'!, Proc. Bust. Soc. Nat. Hist., xvi, 1!>4, 1874.
Corycia Iriseriata Pack., Sixth Eep. IVab. Acad. Sc, 50, 1B74.

4 £ and 4 9. — Pure white. Front of head with a lew ochreous scales.
Antennae white, faintly ringed with dark. Eyes black. Fore wings slightly
dusky beneath on base of costa, with three rather broad ochreous lines; the
inner a little wavy, regularly curved, the two outer wavy, the middle with
three scallops pointing outward and the line about twice as wide as the outer;
the lines are sometimes equidistant; sometimes the two outer are nearer to-
gether. Hind wings with two wavy lines, the inner very near the discal dot;
fringe white, discal dots black. Beneath, pure white, with the two outer lines
indicated on the. costa. Hind wings pure white.

Length of body, «?, 0.30, 9, 0.25; of fore wing, S, 0.3G, 9, 0.40;
expanse of wings, 0.80 inch.

White Mountains, N. H. ; Beverly, Mass., feeds on the elm (Burgess);
Andover, Mass., July (Sanborn, Mus. Bost. Soc. Nat, Hist.) ; Amherst, Mass.
(Goodell); Mount Tom, Mass., July 2 (Morrison) ; Albany, N. Y. (Lintner);
Brooklyn, N. Y. (Graef ) ; West Farms, N. Y. (Angus).

This pretty species may be at once recognized by the three sinuous,
broad, ochreous lines on the tore wings, and two similar ones on the hind

wings.

ASTHENA BRUNNEIKASCIATA, sp. HOV. Plate 10, fig. 42.

4 9. — This species closely resembles the eastern .A. albogilvaria, but is
rather larger, though the shape of the wings is the same. Body and wings
snow-white. Antenna? spotted with blackish above; a pale-brown transverse
line in front of the antennae. Fore wings with three irregular, more or less
interrupted, sinuous, pale-brown bands, arranged as in the preceding species.
Apex brownish. Beneath white; the lines do not re-appear, but the costal
region is brownish.

Length of body, 9, 0.28; of fore wings, 9, 0.45; expanse of wings,
0.90 inch.

Victoria, Vancouver Island, July (Crotch, Mus. Cornp. Zool.).

326

ASTHENA LDCATA (lueiire. Plate 10, fig. 43.

Jathena lucata Guen., Phal., i. 137, ls.">7.

Walk., Lisl Lep. Hot. Br. Una., xxii, 673, 1861.

2 9. — Wings ol the same shape as in the other species. Head in fronl
and thorax ochreous-brown. Wings white: fore wings with the space
between the basal line and the insertion of (lie wing brown, mixed with deep
ochreous; a median very sinuate line just beyond but touching the discal dot,
and still beyond a broad, irregular, Large, brown patch, represented on 1 he costa
by three spots, and below the third median vein by two lines; the patch
extends to the indistinct submarginal line; apex (dear white. On the hind
wings, the discal dol is distinct, and there are traces of two brown lines in
the middle of the wing. Beneath, the discal dots on both wings are distinct :
on the Ion- wings are three indistinct scalloped lines, more or less diffuse and
blended; on the hind wings, traces of a single curved line just beyond the
discal dot.

Length of body, 9, 0.30; of fore wing, 9, 0.43; expanse of wings,
0.90 inch.

" Canada " (Guene'e) ; Brunswick, Me. (Packard, Mus. Peab. Acad. Sc.) ;
Dorchester, Mass. (Sanborn); Amherst, Mass., June 27 (Goodell).

This description should be compared with that of M. Guene'e ; but I
have little doubt that the examples before me represent a variety of his
species, but with the lines on the fore wings confused and blended. My
description should be regarded as provisional.

ACIDALIA Treitschke. Plate 4, tigs. 3, 3a, 3b, 3c; plate 6, fig 21.

Cosmorhoe Hiibn. (iu part), Vera., 326, 1818. •

Eois Hiibn. (in part), Verz., 308, 1818.
Leptomeris Hiibn. (in part), Verz., 310, 1818.
Arrhostia Hiibn., Verz., 311, 1816.
Idaa Tivits. (in part), Schm. Eur., v (i), 446, 1825.
ti idalia Treits. (in part), v (ii), 438, 1825; vi (ii), 5, 1828.
Ptychopoda Stepb., Nomencl. Br. Ins., 4.">, 1829.
Dosithea Dnp., Lep. France, vii (iv), 106 1829; viii (v), 43, 1830.
dcidalia Dnp. (in part), Lep. France, vii (iv ), 108, 1829; viii (v), 70, 1830.

Curtis, Brit. Ent., 384, 1831.

Uoistl., Gen. ln.l., 221, 1840.

H.-Sch. (in part), Scbm. Eur., iii, 12, 1-17.

si, ph.. Cat. Brit. Lep., 221, 1850.

Lederer, Verb. Bot. Zool. Ges. Wien, 191, 1853.

Gnen., Phal., i. 444, 1857.

Walk., Lisl Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxii, 680, 1*iU.

Head \er\ short : front narrow, and sunken between the large globose

327

eyes. Antennae simple in both sexes (except in A. insulsaria and A. subalbata,
where they are well pectinated on the basal half). Palpi short, slender, por-
rect; third joint short, not extending usually beyond the front. Fore wings tyith
the costa slightly arched, sometimes very straight ; apex sometimes slightly
subfalcate, outer edge usually bent .slightly on the first median venule. Hind
wings squarish, bent, or rounded. Venation : usually a small, diamond-shaped
subcostal cell (in insulsaria there is no cell) ; the first subcostal venule is some-
times very long, but differs much in length in the different species; in insul-
saria, it is no longer than the second subcostal venule. Hind legs with the
tibia1 large and much swollen ; in the male with no spurs, or slender and
spurred, with all grades between; tarsi either one-fourth as long as the tibia?
or as long. Coloration : head often black in front ; body and wings white,
whitish-ochreous, or brown and red, with from two to four lines on the fore
wings.

Larva. — "Caterpillars moderately long, but still slender, a little cari-
nated on the sides, stiff, with minute transverse folds, slightly swollen on the
posterior rings; head a little smaller than the prothoracic ring and retractile;
living principally on low plants and hiding by day. Chrysalides subterranean."
— Guene'e.

This is a remarkably homogeneous group, and the species are nearly
always recognizable from the slightly-angulatcd wings, the short small head,
usually black in front, and the slender, short, feeble palpi, and by the invari-
ably simple male antennae.

' The genus may be divided into three well-marked sections, as indicated
in the synopsis of the species. In A. ossulata, the venation differs from the
other species by the presence of two subcostal cells, while the origin of the
first and second median venules is very far apart.

The most aberrant group is that represented by A. insulsaria, in which
the costa of the fore wings is remarkably straight, and there is no discal cell
(plate 4, fig. 3a); while the first subcostal venule is very short, and its origin
is situated beyond that of the fifth subcostal. These characters are certainly
of subgeneric value; but in other characters, the three species in this section
agree with the more normal forms. In the third and highest section (C),
there is much variation in the venation and proportions of the joints of the
leg, as well as in the degree of angulation of the wings; but there is a com-
mon fades to the section. In no large genus will there probably be found a

-

328

greater shifting and variation of structural characters than in this, and vet ii
is nearly always easy to recognize an Acidalia.

I retain Treitschke's name for the group, as Hiibner's Arrhostia only con-
tained five (ml of over one hundred European species, and his views of the
genus were vague compared with Treitschke's. Probably fifty or sixty addi-
lioual species are to be discovered on this continent. Bui it is to be hoped
that isolated descriptions of them will not be published.

Synopsis of the Species.

ATLANTIC STATES.

A. Species small ; fore wings elongated ; hind wings rounded:

a. Ash-gray; fore wings with four lines beyond the discal dot :

Fore wings with outer edge convex I. ossulata.

Fore wings witli onler edge very straight : apex pointed 1. perirrorata.

b. White, niili »< hreous lim ■ :

Small: wings narrow; much elongated i. longipennata.

Like loiigipt nnaia, but wings broader I. peralbata.

Like peralbata, l>nt larger; submarginal line- often zigzag, and black or

ochreous A. punctofimbriata.

c. Fore icings long ; hind icings rounded:

Larger I nan any of the preceding ; silky-ocbrcous, with slightly darker

lines 1. productata.

B. Costa of fore wings very straight, paler than rest of wing; hind wings

short : (Miter edge less convex than usual:

Hind wings very short, less convex than usual, triangular ; pale greenish, with

numerous fine obscure lines .A. insulsaria.

Reddish tinged with vermilion; costa reddish, and connected with three red-
dish transverse lines A. pannaria.

Like pannaria, but bind « ings as in insulsaria ; costa of fore wings con.spicu- »

nil sly while 1. albocostaliata.

C Of large size; hind wings usually angled: hind tarsi short :

Whitish : no well-marked lines; lure and hind wings much rounded A. rotundopennata.

Perfectly white; very large; hind wings much bent A.nivosata.

Hind wings slightly bent, fawn-gray, with four distinct, slightly darker lines.. J. inductata.
Like inductata, but brick-red, and more hairy, with dark reddish-brown lines.. J. sentinata.
Whitish-ocbreous; hind wings distinctly bent ; two ochreous lines common to

both wings; smaller than enucleata /. quadrilineata.

Small. Wings narrow : hind wings very angular 1. cacuminata.

Fore wings subfalcate ; whitish-ocbreous; hind wings much bent; both wings

with heavy black lines and patches on the outer tliird A. enucleata.

Wings subfalcate, nearly white, with two very distinct ochreous lines, common

to both wings A. ordinata.

PACIFIC STATES.

V. Diminutive; hind wings rounded:

Like- ossulata, granite graj A. granitata.

329

B. Hind wings angulated :

Small, reddish-ochreous; wings dusky at, base; a subinarginal row of black

pi lints A. rubromarginata.

Like A. inductata, grayisb-ocbreons, with two common dark hues A. calif orniaia.

Like the preceding, bat reddish, with deep, conspicuous, red, wavy lines I. rubrolineata.

Like 5-lineata, but wings blunter, and outer edge of hind wings rounded ; two

outer lines on fore wings, much nearer together than usual; white 1. subaliata.

Wings subfaleat.e, white, with five dusky lines on the fore wings; four com-
mon to both wings A. 5-lineata.

A( idalia ossulata Guenee. Plate 10, fig. 44.

»

Leptomerui ossularia HUbner-Geyer, Samml. Exot.Lep. Zutr., ^7, figs. 909, 910, ls:i7.
Acidalia ossularia Gueu., Phal., i, 475, 1857.

Walk., Lep. Het. Br. Jlus., xxii,71<>, 1861.

12 £ and 20 9. — Of small size, with heavily-ciliated male antennae;
the fore wings long and narrow, outer edge long, oblique, quite full; hind
wings produced considerably toward the well-rounded apex. Body and wings
uniformly ash-gray. Fore wings with three blackish extradiscal lines common
to both wings; a basal, dark, well-marked line, sometimes situated half-way
between the base of the wing and the first extradiscal line, sometimes much
nearer the latter; it is bent at right angles on the subcostal vein. The first
extradiscal line is more or less sinuate, heavier, sometimes much broader than
the other lines, and varying slightly in its distance from the distinct, round,
black discal dot; the next line is linear, wavy, parallel to the first extradiscal
line,- and either a continuous line, or scalloped, or formed by a series of black
dots; the next line is a submarginal shade, parallel with the outer edge of
the wing, slightly diverging toward the costa from the second extradiscal line ;
fringe on both wings concolorous with the rest of the wing. Hind wings
with the outer edge rounded, not bent; discal dot situated on the inner third
of the wing, no lines within it. Beyond it are three lines, sinuous and par-
allel to each other, the outer one parallel with the outer edge of the wing;
the lines are as on the fore wings; the innermost either runs just beyond the
discal dot, or it nearly touches it and sometimes nearly includes it. Beneath,
a little dusky, otherwise the same as above, with the three lines well marked,
and hardly less clear than above, contiguous to each other and common to
both wings (the second one often heavier than the others) ; marginal row of
black dots as on the upper side. Hind legs either well developed, with the
tarsi very long and equaling the tibiae in length, or sometimes partially aborted,
short and small, not half as long as the middle pair; tarsi a little shorter,
42 P n

330

sometimes noi much more than half as long as the tibiae ; the latter noi
sw ollen, and withoul spurs.

Length of body, 3, 0.25-0.30, ?, 0.27; of fore wing, <f, 0.30-0.33, 9,

0.35; expanse of winas, 0.60-0.70 inch.

Beverly, Mass., Augusl 10 (Burgess); Natick, Mass., July 24 (Stratton);
Springfield, Mass.,. Inly 1!) (Dimmock); Amherst, Mass. (Professor Peabody);
Philadelphia, Pa. (Amer. Ent. Soc.) ; Demopolis, Ala. (G rote) ; New Orleans,
La. (Salle", Mus. Peab. Acad. Sc.) ; Waco, Texas, May 28, June 27, July,
August, September 14, October 24 (Belfrage, Mus. Peab. Acad. Sc); Dallas,
Texas. April 2 (Boll); "Pennsylvania'" (Hiibner and Gnenee).

This common and widely-diffused species may be recognized by its
diminutive size, the ash-gray long wings, the heavily-ciliated antennae, the
cilia unusually stout and arranged in pairs, the three blackish extradiscal lines
equally well marked on the upper and under side of both wings. It varies
in size and the disposition of the lines.

Acidalia granitaria Packard. Plate 10, fig. 45.

Acidalia granitaria Pack., Proc. Post. Soc. Nat. Hist., xiii, 390, 1871.

3 $ . — A smaller species than usual, of a granite-gray, slightly tinged with
brown. Body dusky, with conspicuous white scales; tarsi white; abdomen
ringed with white; tipped with white. Antenna1 with curved bristles Palpi
dark. Head rather dark. Inner half of fore wings uniformly black-pepper-
colored, inclosing a black, round, rather prominent discal dot, just beyond
which is an oblique, slightly waved, pale, whitish band, bordered externally
with a black line, most prominent on the inner edge of the wing. Beyond this
line is a narrow white line, broadest on the inner edge of the wing Beyond
is a brownish, broad, diffuse band, with a row of longitudinal white spots just
beyond, with brownish scales between the spots. On the edge, at the base of
the fringe, is a row of white spots, each spot with a dark patch on the outer
edge, consisting of a few blackish scales. Fringe concolorous with the rest
of the wing. Hind wings marked the same as in the fore wings and colored
the same; just beyond t he conspicuous discal dot is a brown line; beyond is a
broader pale band, lined with black and with a narrow whitish line beyond;
then succeeds a diffuse brownish band, and the outer edge and fringe are
marked in the same way. The same markings are repeated on the under
side of the wing; the discal dot is less distinct than above; beyond is a dis-

331

tincfc, sinuate, blackish line on a whitish field, and still beyond is a brown
line half as wide as on the upper side of the wing; the edge of the wing is
whitish, with fine intervenular black spots, and the fringe is checkered with
black opposite the ends of the venules.

Length of body, 0.23 ; of fore wing, 0.28 ; expanse of wings, 0.60 inch.

California (Edwards).

Differs from the other species here noticed by its diminutive size and
granite-gray color. It is closely allied in form and size, as well as the style
of markings, to the eastern A. ossulata.

Acidalia perirrorata Packard. Plate 10, fig. 46.

Acidalia perirrorata Pack., Fifth Rep. Peab. Acad. So., 71, 1873.

6 <f . — Compared with A. ossulata Guen., witli which this species struc-
turally agrees, the wings are much produced, and the primaries still more
acute. The front of the head is not colored differently from the body, and
the palpi are stout, porrcct, but not passing beyond the front ; body and
wings, including fringe and palpi, ash-gray, paler than in A. ossulata. Fore
wings crossed by three dark, distinct lines (often obscure) ; they are oblique,
wavy, but not sinuate, being straight in their oblique course : inner line remote
from the base of wing; second line running just beyond the fine dark discal
dot, nearly touching it, and much nearer the outer than inner line; outer line
straight, parallel with the outer edge; fringe pale gray, speckled finely with
dark, dark at base. Hind wings paler than primaries, discal dot more distinct,
with three faint lines beyond the discal dot. Beneath, much as above ; more
densely dusted than above on both wings ; posterior half of primaries, except
on outer edge, clear whitish ; discal dots more distinct than above ; the two
outer lines on the fore and three outer lines on the hind wings distinct.

Length of body, <?, 0.25, 9, 0.25; fore wing, <?, 0.38, 9, 0.36; expanse
of wings, 0 77 inch.

Waco, Texas, June, July, August (Belfrage) ; Dallas, Texas, April 2-5
(Boll, Mus. Peak Acad. Sc).

This peculiar species has the front not dark as usual, but concolorous
with the body ; this, with the pointed fore wings, with their long, very
oblique outer edge, which is much less convex than in A. ossulata, the dark
fringe, straight lines, and densely-dusted wings, will separate it from any other
species known to me.

332
Acidalia longipennata Packard. 1 'late 10, fig. 47.

Acidalia longipmnata Pack., Fifth Rep. Peab. Acad. Sc., 71, L873.

1 <? and 4 9. — A species with unusually long wings, the apex of (lie
primaries greatly produced, while (lie hind wings are well rounded. The
male antennae are almosl subpectinated, the bristles arising (rum acute tuber-
cles; female antennae filiform. Body and wings snow-white; palpi white,
very slender; front of head brown-black; four small distinct discal dots.
Primaries with three nearly equidistant, sinuate, wavy, rather broad, ochreous
lines: the inner one sinuate, remote from the base of the wing; the middle
one rims very near the discal dot, and is less sinuate than either of the two
others: outer line deeply curved twice; fringe pure white. Hind wings like
primaries, hut with two ochreous lines beyond the distinct discal dot. Be-
neath, both wings a little dusky, more or less thickly speckled with dark scales,
with a conspicuous dark hair-line half-way between the discal dot and outer
line on both wings. A row of dark marginal spots, as usual, on the upper
and under side of each wing.

Length of body, <?,0.37, 9, 0.25-0.30; Core wing, c?,0.33, 9,0.30-0.38;
expanse of wings, 0.80 inch.

Texas, May 2-8, September 24 (Bclfrage).

This pretty snow-white species may be readily recognized by the long,
pointed primaries, the slender white palpi, subpectinated antennae, and three
distinct, sinuate, ochreous bands on the fore wings. The fore wings are longer
than in A. ossulata, while the hind wings are more rounded. It differs from
A. peralbata, to which it is nearest allied, by the longer and narrower wings
and its smaller size. The markings are very similar in the two species, but
in longipennata the discal dot and extradiscal line of the hind wings are situ-
ated farther from the base of the wing than in peralbata, this line in longi-
}>< unata being a little outside of the middle of the wing.

Acidalia peralbata Packard. Plate 10, fig. 48.

Acidalia peralbata Pack., Fifth Rep. Peab. Acad. Sc.,70, 1-;:;.

1 <S and 5 9. — A small species with wings of the usual form, not being
elongated. Head white above, including antennae; (Void black-brown; palpi
white, with a few brownish scales. Body and wings pure while, the latter
with a few dark fine specks and four distinct dark discal dots. Fore wings
crossed by three wavy, sinuate, ochreous lines, the first and second a little

333

nearer together than the second and third, the second touching the discal spot;
the outer (or third) line is much more wavy than the inner two; it reaches
nearest to the outer edge of the wing on the second median venule. The
marginal black points distinct. Hind wings like the primaries, with two
lines, the outer more zigzag than on the primaries, the inner running just
beyond the discal spot.

Beneath, the discal spots larger than above, the basal line not present,
the two outer lines dark brown, the inner the fainter and touching the discal
dot, the outer broad, conspicuous. The marginal row of black points present,
while the wing is dusted quite thickly with brown scales. Hind wings with
a line a little beyond the discal dot. the outer line distinct (sometimes the
inner line is wanting on both wings beneath). Fore and middle femora and
trochanters brown in front.

Length of body, <?,—?, 9, 0.35; fore wing, <?, 0.35, 9,0.35-0.39;
expanse of wings, 0.80 inch.

Texas, May and June (Belfrage).

This pretty species differs from any other white species known to me
by the three yellow-ochreous lines and dark lines beneath, and the clear black
discal dots, as well as its small size and broad wings and whitish palpi.

Acidalia ruNCTOFiMr.RiATA Packard. Plate 10, fig. 49.

Acidalia puncto Jimbriata Pack., Fifth Ui'i>. Peab. Acad. Sc, 70, 1873.

1 S and 9 3. — Closely allied in structure and shape of wings to A. peral-

bata, though a rather larger species. Body and wings whitish-ochreous, with
fine dark specks. Vertex of head and antennas a little whiter than body ;
front of head and palpi dark brown. Fore wings crossed by five dull obscure
subochreous lines; the inner bent outward sharply just below the costa;
second line broader than the others, nearly touching or passing a little beyond
the discal dot; third line fine, sometimes black, but distinct, waved, some-
times sharply scalloped, ami sinuous, situated half-way between the discal dot
and outer edge. Two obscure, somewhat diffuse, submarginal lines. Edge
of wings with an interrupted dark-brown line. A row of black points (about
eight) in the fringe. Hind wings marked like fore pair, except that there are
but four lines. Discal dots black, distinct on each wing. Beneath, the discal
dots distinct,' black ; and one prominent black fine line on both wings half-
way between the discal dots and outer edge.

Length of body, <?, 0.30-0.35, 9, 0.30; lore wings, <?, 0.30-0.40, 9,
0.40: expanse of wings, 0.82 inch.

Texas, September (Belfrage); Philadelphia, Pa. (Amer. Ent. Soc).

This species is marked by the Mack points on the fringe of both wings,
as well as by the five subochreous lines and blackish palpi.

In the Pennsylvanian example, the third line is black, more distinct, with
the scallops ending in sharp points; but the markings on the hind wings are
as in the Texan speci ns. Il is a little larger than any from Texas.

This species is near Walker's Ajcidalia tacturata (plate 10, fig. 71), but
the extradiscal line is situated much farther beyond the discal dot in the latter,
and the line beyond is less sinuate and situated nearer the edge of the wing.

ACIDALIA PRODUCTATA, Sp. 710V. Plate 10, fig. 51.

2 <$ . — Head as usual; fore wings long and narrow, very much produced
toward the apex: costa much arched toward the apex; outer edge very
oblique; hind wings much rounded, slightly bent on the outer edge. Body
and wings pale ochreous fawn-color. Head white between the antennas, black
in front. Palpi short, not projecting as far as the front, deep ochreous.
< )> ciput and front edge of the thorax a little deeper in tint than the rest of the
body. Fore win^s with three oblique firm lines, slightly darker than the rest
of the wing; the middle and outer lines are much nearer together than the
middle and inner; the middle line runs a little beyond the slight discal dot.
On the hind wings, two faint darker lines, the inner one running close to the
sublinear indistinct discal dot. Beneath, the discal dots are as distinct as
above, and there is a line on the outer third of the wing more distinct than
above, and common to both willies. Hind legs long and slender; tibia? long
anil slightly swollen ; tarsi half as long as the tibiae.

Length of body, £ , 0.35; of fore wing, £, 0.50; expanse of wings, 1.05
inches.

Philadelphia, Pa. (Amer. Ent. Soc).

rJ uis delicate species has remarkably long fore wings, with the outer
edge very oblique, and three faint fawn-colored lines; indistinct linear discal
dots, and the hind tarsi are half as long as the tibiae. There is no species
to which it is nearly allied. It is related in some respects to A. enucleata,
though widely differing in the shape of the wings.

335
Acidalia insulsaria Guene"e. Plate 10, fig. 52; plate 13, fig. 32, pupa.

Aeidalia insulsaria Guen. ! ! !, Phal., i, 469, 1857.

Walk., Lep. Het. Br. Mus.,xxii,718, lHfil.
Acidalia persimilata Grote!!!, Proc. Eut. Soc. Phila., i, 347, pi. 3, fig. 5, 1863.

8 <$ and 8 9. — A delicate species, with very triangular wings, especially
the hind wings, which are less curved on the outer edge than usual, being
nearly straight (but slightly bent), and as long as the inner edge; outer edge
scalloped with fine points. Antenna? and space between silvery-white; in
the male, pectinated on the basal half; front of a peculiar greenish tawny hue;
palpi pale, upcurved, and passing beyond the front, slender. Both wings
alike, with a peculiar luteous tinge, and a very dull, slightly greenish, tinge,
without any distinct lines, but flecked irregularly with darker scales, with a
submarginal waved, white, obscure line, dotted with black on the venules.
Discal dot represented by raised scales. Edge of both wings dark, slightly
scalloped; fringe very long, slender, a little unequal ; on the edge, a slight row
of dark points. Beneath paler, with the submarginal row of minute black
points present.

Length of body, S , 0 30, 9 , 0.28 ; of fore wing, $ , 0. 12, 9,038; expanse
of wings, 0.75-0.85 inch.

Maine (Packard, Mus. Peab. Acad. Sc); Chelsea, Mass, September
(Sanborn) ; Andover, Mass. (Sanborn) ; Salem, Mass., July 18, at light (Cas-
sino) ; West Farms, N. Y. (Angus) ; Buffalo, N. Y. (Grote) ; Albany, N.Y.,
August 20, September 4 (Lintner and Meske) ; New Jersey (Sachs) ; Waco,
Texas, October 21-28, November 13 (Belfrage) ; Dallas, Texas, May 4-12
(Boll, Mus. Peab. Acad. Sc).

This very delicate luteous species, with an almost imperceptible greenish
tinge, is, on both wings, flecked irregularly with darker scales, with no lines,
except a submarginal, waved, fine, white line, with black points, on the
venules. It may also be recognized by the short hind wings, with the outer
edge much less convex than usual. Its range is wide, as it was one season
common in Maine, and appears to be frequently taken in Texas. This com-
mon species is M. Guenee's insulsaria, as I learned by examination of his
type-specimens; it is also Mr. Grote's persimilata, as I have received, through
his kindness, several type-specimens. The larva I have reared on Celastrus
scandens at Brunswick, Me., but, unfortunately, preserved no description of
the caterpillar. Mr. Belfrage has also reared it in Texas, and sent me the
pupae.

336

Pupa (plate 13, fig. 32). — Flattened; the thorax above is produced inlo
two car-like projections at the insertion of the wings, somewhat as in Ejihyra
pendulinaria, the anterior end of the body being broad and truncate. The
general color is horn-colored, with lighter streaks, and two dorsal rows of
black dots. Length, 0.38 inch.

AciDALlA PANNARIA Gueilce Plate 1 0, fig. 53.

Acidalia pannaria Gueu., Phal., i. 470, 1857.

Walk., Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xsii, 718, 1861.
Acidalia purpurissala Grote ! ! ! , Can. Ent., iii. 103, 1-71.

3 9. — Like A. insulsa?-ia, the fore wings being triangular, the costa
very straight, and the hind wings short, but the outer edge of both wings is
fuller, and the moth is larger and stouter. Body and wings reddish-brown.
Head deep reddish, eoncolorous with the lore legs. Front, thorax, and costa
of fore wings with three well-marked, clay-yellow, much waved, nearly
parallel lines, eoncolorous with the yellowish costa; the inner line is bent
outward a little on the median vein and widens on the inner edge; the
middle line is nearer to the outer than the basal, and both middle and outer
lines are much waved, curving out below the costa and again on the second
median venule; the two outer lines arc edged irregularly with reddish; half-
way between thi' inner and middle line is a long clay-yellow discal streak;
a marginal row of (day-yellowish distinct dots. Fringe reddish. Hind wings
with three well-marked, clay-yellow, wavy lines, as on the fore wings, with a
marginal row of dots and reddish fringe. Beneath, yellowish flesh-colored,
tinged with reddish, especially on the outer edge of both wings; costa yel-
lowish ; no lines or discal dots.

Length of body, 9, 0.32; of fore wing, 9, 0.40; expanse of wings,
0.80 inch.

Demopolis, Ala., July (Grote).

This well-marked species may be recognized by the resemblance in form
to the common A. insulsaria, by the reddish color, and the three common
wavy yellowish lines proceeding from the yellowish costa, and the marginal
yellowish dots I am indebted to Mr. Grote for type-specimens. It agrees
exactly with M. GrueneVs description.

0

Acidalia albocostaliata. sp. nor. Plate 10, fig. 54.

4

1 9 — Very near A. pannaria in the shape of the wings, but the costa is
a little straighter, the apex verj acute, indistinctly subfalcate, and there is a

.) .1-

slight bend in the outer edge. The hind wings are much as in A. vnsulsaria,
the outer edge being very straight. The palpi are long and slender, curved
up, and surpassing the front a little, being longer than usual. Body and

wines clear reddish-brown, of a duller hue than A. pannaria. Fronl edge

r? j

of thorax and costa of tore wings cream-white, forming a broad and con-
spicuous band. Fore wings with two slender, clear, white hair-lines; the
inner curved and remote from the outer, which is sinuous, being curved
outward on the median vein; a submarginal row of black faint scallops; a
marginal row of black points. Fringe concolorous with the wings. Hind
wings marked like the anterior pair, with a single clear, distinct, white line
beyond the middle; four equal, dusky, diffuse discal dots; beneath, flesh-
colored clay-yellow, mixed with reddish-brown; the discal dots distinct.
No lines on the fore wings; a faint dusky shade beyond the middle of the
wing, while the black marginal dots are reproduced

Length of body, 9, 0.32; of fore wing, 9, 0.40; expanse of wings,
0.70 inch.

Demopolis, Ala. (Grote).

This remarkable species differs from any other of the genus by its
brick-red body and wings, contrasting with the thoracic and costal broad
conspicuous white band, and by the two fine distinct lines on the fore wings,
as well as the submarginal row of dusky triangles and the marginal row of
black dots.

ACIDALIA ROTUNDOPENNATA, sp. 1WV. Plate 10, fig 55.

2 <$ . — Fore wings rather short, much rounded on the apex; outer edge
moderately convex. Hind wings much rounded, not bent on the outer
edge, which is very convex; the inner edge regularly rounded, not square, as
usual. Body and wings cream-white, very finely dusted with brown, the
speckles finer than usual. Head black in front; palpi very short and small,
not reaching nearly as far as the front of the head, pale, concolorous with
the rest of the body. Fore wings with only two parallel, very fine, indis-
tinct, blackish, sharply-waved hair-lines, common to both wings, the outer
of the two lines situated on the outer fourth of the wing. No discal dots on
either pair of wings. Fringe on both wings cream-white, concolorous with
the wings; a pale ochreous slightly-scalloped line at the base of the fringe.
Wings semihyaline; fore wings a little dusky beneath, with diffuse linear
43 i> n

338

discal dots on both pairs of wings, with a single dark wavy line half-way
between the discal spol and outer edge of the wing, common to both wings.
Hind tibiae long, no! dilated; tarsi longer than the tibiae

Length of body, <?, 0.40; of fore wing, <?, 0.50; expanse of wings,
1.00 inch.

Brunswick, Me., duly 10, not common (Packard, Mus. Peab. Acad. Sc).

This is an interesting species, with very small palpi, semitransparent
wings, much rounded at the apex and on outer edge of hind wings, with
two very faint, much waved, dark lines, the outer very distinct on the under
side, and with the hind tarsi longer than the tibiae.

Acidalia nivosata Guenee. Plate 10, fig. 56.

Acidalia uirosuria Giii'ii,, Phal., i, 499, 1857.

Walk., Lop. Het. Br. Mus., xxii, 723, 1861.

5 S and 2 9. — Of large size; costa of lore wings much arched, espe-
cially near the hase; apex subacute; outer edge lull hut not bent; hind
wings square, with a prominent angle in the middle. Body and wings uni-
formly snow-white, with no markings or discolorations. The front of the
head is rather narrow and white, the upper edge of the short, slender palpi is
discolored with blackish, hut the terminal joint is white. Fore wings slightly
discolored along the costa; four discal dots visible on the under side, not seen
above; some specimens are entirely white. Fore tibia' dusky on the inside;
hind tibiae considerably swollen, with two pairs of unequal spurs; the tarsi
two-thirds as long as the tibiae.

Length of body, c?, 0.50, 9, 0.50; of fore wing, i, 0.60, 9, 0.63;
expanse of wings, 1.20-1.30 inches.

London, Canada (Saunders); Essex County, Vt„ July 28 (Cassino) ;
Maine, August (Packard); vicinity of Boston, Mass. (Sanborn); Easton, Pa.
(Stultz).

rJ nis species, while closely resembling A. enucleata in size and the shape
of the wings, differs in the narrower front of the head, the more arched base
of the costa of the fore wings, and the presence id' tibial spurs; it is much
slighter. Well-preserved examples show the four dark discal dots and dusky
tint on the under side of the anterior tibia' and along the palpi. Other
examples are immaculate, and justify G-ueneVs remark that this is the only
example known to him of a Lepidopter "entirely white in all its parts".

339

Acidalia iujrromarginata Packard. Plate 10, fig. 57.

Acidalia rubromarginaria Pack., Proc. Bost. Soe. Nat. Hist., xiii, 391, 1871.

6' $ and 2 9. — Brown, with a reddish tint. Body and base of both
wings ferruginous dull brown; both wings dusky reddish-brown at base; on
tore wings, this tint extends Id a little beyond the middle of the wing, its
outer edge irregular, angulated in the middle and excavated below. In some
specimens, it is crossed just before the middle of the wing by a slightly
oblique, dark line, on which rests an irregular row of light-brown scales; in
other specimens, the inner halt of the wing is entirely dusky-brown; beyond,
the wing is of a clear tawny brown, with a submarginal line curved and slightly
waved, either entire or made up of black dots on the venules, connected by a
slight line; this line is parallel with the outer edge of the basal dark area; a
marginal row of black dots ; fringe deep brick-red. Hind wings the same;
the dark portion at base extends nearly to the middle of the wing, and the
broken, wavy, curved line of dots is half-way between this and the outer edge;_
fringe brick-red, contrasting well with the clear tawny brown of outer two-
thirds of wings. Beneath, uniformly pale tawny brown, with a common, diffuse,
waved, middle line, doubled on the anterior half of hind wings, inclosing a
narrow, oval, irregular spot, and a very faint submarginal row of minute black
dots; fringe red.

Length of body, 0.28; fore wing. 0 35; expanse of wings, t).8U inch.

Nahant, Mass. (Moring) ; Dallas, Texas, April 4 (Boll, Mus. Peab. Acad.
Sc); Central Missouri, May (Riley); Lawrence, Kans. (Snow); California
(Edwards).

The Nahant example differs from the others in the dusky band of the
fore wing being nearer the base of the wing, while the outer dark line is less
sinuate below the costa, though agreeing quite well in the latter respect with
one or two Californian examples. The specimen from Missouri does not differ
from those Californian examples in which the base of the wings are clear,
not dusk\-, nor does it differ in size. The Kansas and Texan examples differ
from all the others in their different tint, being more decidedly wine-reddish.
Both pairs of wings are clear at base; but in the fore wings is a median diffuse
shade, which, however, does not extend on to the hind wings, which are clear,
uniformly reddish, as in the fore wings, ami with only a single black line, con-
sisting of connected black dots; the line 'is less sinuous than usual, and sit-
uated farther from the edge of the wing than usual. The species may be

34(1

known l>v tlif squarish hind wings, its deep-red color, and* the very sinuous
outer line common to both wings, and by the basal two-thirds of both wings
being often blackish.

-

A.CIDALIA INDUCTATA Griienee. Plate 10, figs. 58, 59.

Addalia inductata Guen.!!!, Phal., i, 494, 1857.

Aciddlia frigidaria Moschler, Wiener Ent. Monats., 44, taf. 10, lis- 1, I860.

Acidalia inductata Walk.. List Lep. Het. Br. Mas., xxii, 721, 1861 (not inductata p. 792).

Acidalia okakaria Pack., Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist,, xi, 4H, 1867.

10 3 and 8 9. — Fore wings subacute at the tip; outer edge not bent;
hind wings slightly bent on the outer edge, but decidedly less so than in A.
k-lineata. Head with the front black; vertex, body, and wings of a uniform
light grayish-ochreous, being darker and more grayish than in A. enucleata.
Palpi blackish above and at tip (sometimes entirely grayish). Both wings
alike, and speckled with scattered fine black scales. Fore wings with three
well-marked, parallel, darker lines, and a fourth fine, wavy, paler, submarginal
line, all equidistant, the third sometimes darker than the two inner and decidedly
wavy; a marginal row of black linear marks ; a distinct discal fine black dot,
just within the second (extradiscal) line; on the hind wings, the dot is just
without the same line. Hind wings with three darker lines; fringe on both
wings concolorous with the rest of the wing. Beneath, colored as above,
perhaps a little more dusky, but the lines are darker, more wavy, the second
common line much waved, the scallops acute, the marginal black points
distinct. Hind tibiae swollen, dilated, fringed on the edge; tarsi slightly
longer than the tibiae.

Length of body, 3, 0.38, 9, 0.30-0.38; fore wings, 3, 0.45, <?, 0.40-
0.45; expanse of wings, 0.80-0.fc5 inch.

I am inclined to regard Moschler's Acidalia fngidaria (my A. okakaria,
fig. 59) as a climatic variety of this species. About one specimen, from Hope-
dale, I have no doubt. The two other better preserved specimens are more
densely dusted with dark scales, and the lines are consequently less distinct,
ami there are no discal dots to be seen on either side. It may be regarded
as a melanotic variety of the common and wide-spread A. inductata.

Brunswick, Me., June 16 to July 30; Salem, Mass. (Packard, Mus Peab.
Aea.l. Sc); While Mountains, N. II. , late in August (Scudder, Mus. Peal).
Acad. Sc); Mount Washington, N'. II., July 4 (Morrison); Brookliue, Mass.
August 20 (Shurtlelf, Mus. Bost, Soc, Nat. Hist,); Natick, Mass., July 17

341

to 24 (Stratton, Mus. Bust. Soc. Nat. Hist.); Amnerst, Mass. (Goodell) ;
London, Canada (Saunders) ; Brooklyn, N. Y (Graef) ; West Farms, N. Y.
(Angus, Mus. Peab. Acad. Sc.) ; Brewster's, N. Y. (Grote) ; Oneida, N. Y.
(Hawley); New Jersey (Sachs) ; Lawrence, Kans. (Professor Snow) ; Glen-
coe, Nebr. (Dodge).

This common species is as abundant as A. k-lineata in the Northeastern
States, and may be recognized by the ochreous-gray body and wings, the
blackish front, the hind tarsi being slightly longer than the tibia?, and by the
presence of discal dots and marginal lines ; the wings are much less angu-
lated than in A. k-lineata. There is no species in the Northeastern States
with which it can be confounded. It is very closely related to A. californiata,
but is much paler, less hairy, with distinct discal dots. The examples from
Kansas and Nebraska do not differ from eastern ones, and show no approach
to californiata.

I append my original description of A. okakaria: — Very uniform, finely
mottled gray, with a pearly luster on both wings. Head with the vertex
whitish ; antennae finely ciliated, gray above, with blackish fine scales ; front
black, orbits with a few gray scales. Palpi black, with a few gray scales
above. Wings with three dusty obscure stripes ; the basal line oblique, not
zigzag, obsolete on the costa and inner edge ; a mesial oblique line ; the outer
parallel line once waved, and flexed outward in the middle of the wing. No
discal dot or any other markings on either wing; edge with a very narrow
dark line ; fringe long, concolorous with the rest of the wing. Hind wings
with two lines, the inner very obscure, the outer more distinct, curved, and
sinuate slightly in the middle ; edge of the wing and fringe just as in the fore
wing. Beneath, very uniform gray, but little lighter than above; at the base
of the wing, a pearly luster; darker on the costa and outer edge, with the
lines as distinct as above, the outer more so, and flexed as above. No discal
dot on the fore wing; that on the hind wings is nearly obsolete. Legs dark
above, paler beneath.

Length of body, 0.38 ; of fore wing, 0.48 inch.

Okak (Weiz) ; Hopedale, August 3, frequent.

Acidalia californiata Packard. Plate 10, fig. 60.

Acidalia ealifomiaria Pack., Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., xiii, 390. 1871.
Acidalia pacificaria Pack., Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., xiii, 301, 1871.

$ and 9. — Snuff-brown; head and antennas and thorax darker brown;
•antenna? with long dense cilia, curved at the ends. Abdomen concolorous

342

with t lie thorax. Wings of a uniform snuff-brown, speckled minutely with
black, especially along the costa. No basal line on fore wing; a prominenl
dusky, diffuse, wavy, extradiscal line, oblique, a little sinuate, parallel with
the outer edge of the wing; hall-way between this and the base of the fringe
are two indistincl lines, the inner one more distinct and very wavy; a narrow
dark line along the base of fringe, which lasl is (dear snuff-brown. A mar-
ginal row of distinct, minute, black dots. A faint brown discal dot. The
same lines are repeated on hind wings. Beneath, scarcely paler than above,
with the extradiscal line black and very distinct, finer than on the upper side;
the two other lines very taint, the inner one, however, in some specimens,
quite distinct and very wavy. A marginal row of small black dots; the base
of both wings is thickly speckled with black scales.

Length of body, 0.35; fore wing, 0.35-0.46; expanse of wings, 1.00-
0 40 inch.

Mendocino City, Cal. ; San Mateo, Cal. (A. Agassiz) ; Sanzalito, Cal.,
May 6 (Behrens); California (Edwards); mountains of Colorado, July 22 to
August 29 (Lieutenant Carpenter) ; banks of Blue River, Middle Park,
elevation from 9,000 to 10,000 feet (Mead); Colorado (Mr. Ridings).

Having received more specimens from Mr. Edwards, I find that A.
jinrijicaiia is simply a variety of californiaria, differing in its smaller size,
the more rounded apex of the fore wings, and the less oblique outer border.
The extradiscal line is blacker than usual and much less oblique, with a bend
inward below the median vein. Discal dot distinct, black. Near the outer
edge is a pale, clear, irregular, scalloped line parallel to the outer edge, and
diminishing in width toward the costa. It is as common apparently in Cali-
fornia as its representative, A. inductata, is in the States east of the Rocky
Mountains.

Acidalia SENTINARIA Iliibner and Greyer. Plate 10, fig. 61.

Mcematopis eentinaria Hiibner and Geyer, Zntr., 9, figs. 823, 824, 1837.
"4spilai.es spuriana Christopb, Ent. /.fit. Stett., \ix, 312, 1858."
I. alalia spuriaria Moeach., Wien. Ent. Monats., 12, tat', in, lij;s. (>,7, 1860.

1 <?. — Antenna' very strongly ciliated, two pairs of cilia' to each joint,
much as in .1. rubrolineata ; body rather more hairy than in the Californian
species. Dark reddish brick-brown; body and base of wings darker than the
wings. Fore win^s rather narrow, with four blackish Hues, the basal farther
from the insertion of the wing than usual, and united with the second line on

343

the median vein. Second line zigzag, situated in the middle of the wing.
Half-way between it and the outer edge of the wing is the sinuous extradiscal
line, accompanied externally by a faint dark line. There are three lines on
the hind wings. Beneath, of a decided ochreous tint, with black scales at the
base, and two very dark lines common to both wings. Fringe above con-
colorous with the wings, beneath with a reddish tinge. Legs bright shining
gray.

Length of body, c?, 0.35; of fore wings, 0.47; expanse of wings 1.05
inches.

Okak, Labrador (Mus. Peab. Acad. Sc).

This interesting species differs from all the eastern forms by its heavily-
ciliated antennas, its bright brick-red wings, which are pure ochreous beneath.
It is closely allied to the Californian A. rubrolineata, but rather darker, with
darker lines, and the body is rather more hairy than in the Californian species.
It differs, in fact, from the Californian rubrolineata in those characters which
Arctic species are apt to have, viz, a tendency to melanism, a more hairy
body, and heavily-ciliated antennae.

Actdalia rubrolineata Packard. Plate 10, fig. 62.

Acidalia rubrolinearia Pack., Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., xvi,28, 1874.

1 <? and 1 9. — Closely allied to A. californiata. Dull reddish-ash; the
fore wings with. four dull brick-red wavy lines (three on hind wings). Body
and appendages, including legs, a little darker than wings, especially on the
under side of body, where there are black scales mixed with the brown ones.
Palpi stout and bushy, with unusually tang hairs. Antennae with long dense
cilia?; beneath black, above pale brown. Wings a little darker at base than
externally; fore wings with a basal curved, reddish-brown line; an indistinct
brown discal dot; beyond, three parallel dull reddish-brown wavy lines, the
inner twice as broad as the outer. An interrupted tine black line at the edge
of the fringe on both wings. Hind wings with three lines, the inner straight,
the broadest and darkest wavy, within which the wing is dusky. Fringe on
both wings reddish snuff brown.

Beneath, the wings are a little clearer than above, with the two middle,
lines very distinct, reddish-brown, the inner less wavy than the outer, the
wing within being dusky, edge of wing with the black line and fringe as above.
Legs reddish-brown, tarsi paler, though with scattered black scales.

:!44

Length of body, ', 0.35. 9, 0.33; lore wing, 3, 0.43, 9, 0.43; expanse
of wings, 0.85 inch.

( lalifornia ( Edwards).

This species is deeper brick-red than usual, and the scales on the palpi
arc longer and more spreading than usual, with lour brick-red lines crossing
the fore wings; the middle line on hind wings is much more waved than in
A. californiata. 11 is very closely allied to A. sentinaria.

Acidalia subalbakia Packard. Plate 10, fig. 63.
Acidalia subalbaria Pack., Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Ili>t., xvi. 28, 1874.

1 cf and 1 9. — Allied in general form to A. 5-lineata, bill with the apex
of lore wings much blunter, with Ihe hind wings much shorter, and with the
outer edge rounded instead of angulated. Head and antenna' white; front
with a broad black bandjusl below the insertion of antenna', which are well
pectinated in the male. ('ream-colored, being whitish, with a very (hint
ochreous tinge, whiter and less speckled, with darker scales than A. 5-lineata.
Primaries crossed by three light-brown lines, the basal slightly curved, farther
from the base, of the wing than usual. The two outer lines much nearer
together than usual, the inner one being narrower and less distinct; both are
less oblique than usual, and not waved. Discal dot obsolete. Hind wings
with a discal dot, and beyond the two parallel outer lines the same as on the
hind wings. Both wings with a narrow black line at base of the whitish
fringe. Beneath, cream-white; discal dots distinct on both wings, those on the
primaries largest ; beyond them, a common, diffuse, dusky line, straight on the
fore win^s. A tine, narrow, brown line at base of fringe. Legs white; fore
femora and tibiae blackish in front.

Length of body, <».;;(); fore wing, 0.47; expanse of wings, 1.00 inch.

( lalifornia (Edwards).

In this species, the wings are clearer whitish than common, especially on
the under side, and the two outer lines are nearer together than usual, while the
hind wings are shorter, and with the outer edge less convex than usual in those
species ill which the hind wings are rounded instead of angulated. The male
antenna' are well pectinated, an unusual exception to their ordinary form in
this genus.

345

AdDALIA QUADRILINEATA, Sp. 710V. Plate 10, fig. 64.

8 $ and 6 9. — Fore wings less acute and hind wings less angled than
in A. enucleata. Front black, extreme edge paler. Palpi rather large, heavier
than usual, projecting well beyond the front, and blackish above. Antennae
of male whitish above, beneath testaceous, with a minute fringe. Wings
white, peppered over with black scales, with sometimes five (usually three)
rather broad, pale-ochreous, oblique, firm lines, the marginal one curved and
parallel with the edge of the wing; costal border ochreous; fringe long,
ochreous at base. The same arrangement of four lines on the hind wings,
the lines being very equal in size, three of them being a little broader and
more diffuse than the basal one. Beneath, the wing is subochreous on the
costal and outer edge, usually with a dark scalloped line common to both
wings, and situated half-way between the discal dot and outer edge. Legs
white, fore legs brownish. Hind tibiae flattened and swollen, but less so than
in A. enucleata, while the tarsi are two-thirds as long as the%tibia\

Length of body, 3, 0.38, 9, 0.35; of fore wing, <?, 0 50, 9, 0.50;
expanse of wings, 1.08 inches.

Orono, Me., July 4; Brunswick, Me., July 10; Salem, Mass. (Packard,
Mus. Peab. Acad. Sc.) ; White Mountains, N. H.; Mount Washington, July 7
(Sanborn, Mus. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist.) ; White Mountains, N. H, July 20-30
(Scudder) ; Mount Washington, N. H, July (Morrison).

Brookline, Mass., June 4 ; Cambridge (Shurtleff, Mus. Bost. Soc. Nat.
Hist) ; Central Missouri, April (Riley) ; Michigan (Miles).

This moth, where it occurs, is fully as common as A. enucleata, but
seems more restricted to the Northern States. It differs from A. enucleata,
to which it is nearest allied, by its smaller size, the much longer hind tarsi
and shorter tibia?, the less pointed and angulated wings, by the want of any
discal dot and marginal black dots, while the extradiscal line is firm, not
waved. It varies much in the. number of the lines, there being often only
three lines on the fore wings and three on the hind wings, and sometimes
the lines are nearly effaced. It differs from AValker's description of A. restric-
tata in wanting any discal dots or submarginal lines, and in its smaller size.
On a comparison with Mr. Walker's type of A. restrictata, kindly made for me
by Mr. Charles O. Waterhouse, assistant in the British Museum, it proves to
be different. Mr. Waterhouse writes me that it "differs from the specimens
[of A. quadrilineata] sent, in having the apical of the three transverse bands
44 p H

34(5

of the Fore-wings distinctly flexuous, the l>;isal band being scarcely visible.
The hind wings with the basal and second band wider apart, and with a
commencement of a band between the second and third hand. There are
three minute black dots at the apex of the fore wings. It is very closely

allied but distinct."

Acikai.ia CACUMINATA Morrison. Plate 10, fig. 50.
Acidalia cacuminaiin Morr., 1'ioc. Bost. Soo. Nat. Hist., wi. 194, 1874.

o ?. — Fore wings much elongated, with the costa rather straight,
slightly convex toward the apex, which is subrectangular ; outer edge slightly
bent, oblique. Hind wings remarkably square, the outer edge long, with a
very prominent angle, the inner angle sharply rectangular, and the inner edge
is short, much shorter comparatively than in A. enucleata, for example.
Palpi black, rather long and slender, passing slightly beyond the front; third
joint small, but slender and pointed. Head black in front; vertex concol-
orous with the rest of the body and wings, which are whitish ochreous,
being of the same tint as in A. enucleata. Fore wings with the basal line
obsolete, represented by a few dark venular scales; discal dot round, black,
distinct; a dull-reddish, extradiscal, very oblique, sinuous line, not running
very near the discal dot; halfway between the discal dot and the outer line
is a series of large black spots, becoming large and confluent on the inner
edge of the wing; just beyond, a similar line, fading out toward the costa,
and more or less confluent with the other line toward the inner angle; a
marginal row of large and conspicuous black dots. Hind wings with four
lines, the innermost reddish, running directly from the inner edge to the
distinct discal dot ; beyond is a parallel, straight, reddish line, with black
dots; the third line is like the second, but sinuous, and with heavier black
dots, but with no reddish tinge; a curved, submarginal, black, narrow line;
marginal black spots as on the fore wings; beneath, paler than above; discal
dots large, alike on both wings ; a single, diffuse, irregular, black, sinuous line,
about half-way between the discal dot and outer edge, and common to both
wings; submarginal. dots distinct; a few dusky scales scattered over the
wings: sometimes a submarginal shade, with a large dark cloud near the
inner angle. Abdomen with a row of black dots.

Length of body, 9, 0.30; of fore wings, 9, 0.40; expanse of wings,
0.85 inch.

347

Brunswick, Me. (Packard, Mus. Peab. Acad Sc.) ; "Mass., early in July"
(Morrison) ; West Farms, N. Y. (Angus, Mus. Peab. Acad. Sc.) ; Philadel-
phia, Pa. (Amer. Ent. Soc.) ; Maryland (Mus. Comp. Zool.) ; New Jersey
(Sachs).

This remarkable form may be recognized by the large and very distinct
angle in the hind wings and the three black lines consisting of black dots
on the outer fourth of the fore wings, which are continued on the hind wings,
and by the row of black dots along the abdomen.

Acidalta enucleata Guenee. Plate 10, fig. 07. Larva, Plate 13, fig. 26;

pupa, fig. 26rt.

Atidalia enucleata. (A nun., Pbal., i, 505, platu 12, fig. 3, 1857.

Walk.!, Lep. Het. Br. Mas., sxii, 723, 1861.

20 <$ and 5 9. — Of large size. Fore wings pointed at the apex, dis-
tinctly angulated on the outer edge. Hind wings square, the angle more
distinct than usual; outer edge slightly scalloped. Body and wings whitish-
ochreous. Head whitish on the vertex, black-brown in front; palpi blackish
above; tip blackish. Fore wings with three faint-ochreous lines, the inner
oblique, faint, and parallel with the middle line, the latter bent at nearly
right angles below the costa, the outer or extradiscal line bent at right angles
below the costa, and below much waved. Below the subcostal bend, this line
blends with a black patch, growing wider toward the inner angle of the wing.
Beyond is a diffuse, wavy, black line; when the dark patch is wanting, there
are two wavy submarginal lines. Hind wings with three lines, the inner one
ochreous, nearly touching the discal dot, running inside of it, the distance
between the two outer lines equal to the distance from the discal dot to the
inner of the two lines, the two outer lines usually blackish instead of ochre-
ous,-and discolored as on the fore wings. A marginal row of black dots on
both wings; fringe on both wings concolorous with the rest of the wings.
Beneath, whitish; costa ochreous; discal dots on both pairs of wings; a
single dark, wavy, extradiscal line on the fore wings ; no lines on posterior
pair; marginal dots distinct. Hind tibias of male very broad, dilated, no
spurs; tarsi but little longer than the tibiae are broad.

Length of body, <?, 0.52, 9, 0.50; of fore wing, i, 0.55, 9, 0.60;
expanse of wings, 1.15-1.20 inches.

Brunswick, Me., July 10, and later in the month (Packard, Mus. Peab

348

Acad. Sc.) ; Calais, Me., July 19; Brookline, Mass., July l!)-29; Carver,
Mass., July 23 (Shurtleff, Mus. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist.); Natick, Mass., July 22
to 29 (Stratton, Mus. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist.); Loudon, Canada (Saunders);
Amherst, Mass. (Goodell) ; Essex County, Vt. (Cassino) ; Kennebunk, Me.
(Rev. Mr. Swan. Mus. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist.); Albany, N. Y., July 12, Augusl
15 (Lintner); Wesi Farms, N. Y. (Angus, Mus. Peab. Acad. Sci.); Brooklyn,
N. Y. (GraeQ; Oneida, N. Y. (Hawley); Philadelphia, Pa. (Amer. Ent. Soc);
Easton, Pa. (Stultz) ; Waco, Texas, May 5-10, August, and September
(Belfragc, Mus. Peab. Acad. Sc.) ; Dallas, Texas (Boll); Central Missouri
(Riley); Lawrence, Kans. (Professor Snow).

This is our largest and most widely distributed species, ranging from the
Saint Croix River, Maine, to Waco, Texas. It differs from any other in its large
size, 1 he acute fore wings, and the well-marked fine lines on the fore wings ; the
two submarginal ones, instead of being ochreous, are usually black and con-
fused into a large conspicuous black patch near the inner angle, while on the
hind wings there are often three well-marked, black, wavy lines; sometimes
the lines are so heavy on the fore wings as to inclose dark round patches. It
is a variable species, but always easily recognized. It is evidently double-
brooded in Texas, the moths appearing in May and again in August; but in
New England only in midsummer.

Larva. — "Caterpillar elongated, of a dark green, with the incisions and
a dorsal annular spot on each wing of a deep red; the under side dark roseate,
with a white stigmatal line on the posterior wings. It lives in the spring on
Rhexia lutea, and enters the ground toward the beginning of April. The
chrysalis is brown, and depressed on the back.'' — Guenee.

Acid alia quinque-linearia Packard. Plate 10, fig. 65.

Acidalia h-lincaria Pack., Proo. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist, xiii, 389, 1871.

5 £ and 5 9. — White, speckled with minute brown scales. Head
white on the vertex; front black; palpi white, edged above with black scales.
Antennae of male with long coarse hairs. Thorax and abdomen white; wings
white, finely powdered with brown scales. Fore wings with five yellowish-
brown lines, the basal one on the inner fourth of the wing much curved on
the median vein; the second is the broadest and most distinct, going obliquely
from the outer third of the costa to the middle of the inner edge; half-way
between this line and the outer edge is a wavy slender line, parallel to the

349

edge, and between it and the outer edge are two faint, diffuse, irregular lines.
The outer four of these lines are continued on the hind wing, the inner and
shortest one being straight and distinct, the others more or less waved; discal
dot minute, black, much larger, and more distinct on hind wing. The outer
edge of fore wing is narrowly edged with black between the venules, and
there are small black dots on the fringe opposite the ends of the venules ;
fringe white : costa testaceous above and on the under side. Beneath, the
discal dots more distinct; beyond the discal dots on fore wings are two black
lines, the outer wavy, and on the hind wings one line only is present, being
wavy and situated nearer the outer edge than its fellow on the upper side ;
wings paler than above; the innermost line on the fore wings is often obsolete.

Length of body, 0.3S-0.48 ; fore wing, 0.54-0.64; expanse of wings,
1.10 inches.

California (Edwards ; Behrens).

This species is apparently common in the Pacific States, representing

and being closely allied to our eastern A. enucleata Guen.; it is also frequently

met with in Colorado. It was discovered by Lieutenant Carpenter, near

Denver, and near Kenosha House on the South Park road, four miles from

the Park ; elevation, 9,000 feet It was found in Clear Creek Canon by Mr.

Uhler (Hayden's Survey) in August; also at Blackhawk, July 2, Golden,

July 3, and Manitou, July 15 (Packard, Hayden's Survey). This species is

.closely related to A. strigilaria from Central and Southern Europe, Russia,

and Amur.

Acidalia ordinata Walker. Plate 10, fig. f>6.

Acidalia ordinata Walk., Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxii, 722, 1861.
Acidalia candidaria Pack., Fifth Rep. Peab. Acad. So., 72, 1873.

Unusually glistening white, free from dark speckles. Body white. Head
black in front ; palpi rather short, tip obtusely pointed, black above and at
tips, beneath whitish; antennae white, densely ciliated, "Wings pure glisten-
ing-white, with three ochraceous lines, oblique, very slightly sinuate; inner one
smallest, not reaching the costa; the middle one the widest; submarginal
one more sinuate than the others, not reselling the apex. A narrow, marginal,
ochraceous line at base of the white unspotted fringe. Two lines of equal
width on hind wings, the inner one straight, bent a little just before the costa;
the outer bent in the middle and a little inward. Beneath, entirely white;
costa of fore wings tinged with pale ochraceous; lines very faintly reproduced

150

beneath; body and legs with a slighl ochraceous tinge; hind tibiae greatly
swollen, white above; hind tarsi very short, only one-third longer than the
thickness of the tibiae.

Length of body, 0.50; length of wing, 0.60; expanse of wings, L25
inches.

Georgia i LeConte, Harris Coll.); "Georgia" (Walker).

Ii differs from any northern species known to us by its white body and
wings being unusually free from dots, by the three parallel pale ochraceous
lines not reaching the costa of the fore wings, by the greatly swollen hind
tibiae, and by the black palpi, white beneath. The specimen in the Harris
collection is considerably larger than Walker's, his example expanding one
inch. I have been able to determine Walker's species from a drawing made
under the direction of Mr. A. G. Butler from the type in the British Museum.

Desiderata.

Acidalia magnecaria Guen., Phal., i, 450. — " ^4mm. Ailes entieres, pulve"-
rulentes, couleur de rouille, avec un lisere terminal pen marque, et les dessins
ferrugineux-fonce's. Une ombre mediane commune passe derriere un point
cellulaire, et la base de l'aile est plus 1'oneee, surtout aux inlerieures. Puis
vient la coude'e, egalement commune, fine, tremblee ou denticulee, suivie
des deux ombres subterminales ordinaires. On voit, en dessous, les memes
dessins proportionnement plus marques. Antennes a cils assez longs et irises."
Tete concolore, tres-velue. Tibias posterieurs tres-dpais, fusiformes, sans
eperons, avec le tarse de meme longeur.

"Californie. Deux <? envoy es par M. Lorquin.

"Cette espece est u la Sideraria, ce que la Perochraria est a VOckrata."

Acidalia sideraria Guen, Phal, i, 451. — '"34mm. Ailes arrondies, d'un
gris-argileux pulverulent et teinte de rougeatre, surtout a la cote, sur les bords
et sur la frange, avec deux lignes medianes communes tres-paralleles, trem-
l)K:es, noiratres, et de tins traits terminaux noirs, presque contigus. Supdri-
eures ayant en outre une extra basilaire arquee et les traces, a peine visibles,
d'une subterminale claire. Dessous plus rouge&tre, avec les memes dessins.
Antennes courtes, avec des cils longs, fascicules. Tibias posterieurs renlles,
sans eperons, avec le tarse de meme largeur. 9 plus petite ('JM11""). d'un
rouge plus clair et plus uni, avec un point cellulaire visible.

351

"Californie. TJn <?, une 9. Coll. Gn.

"A. — Plus petite (27mm). Les deux ligues plus rapproche'es, moins pa-
ralleles, plus arquee; la coudde suivie de deux ombres subterminales, plus
marquees en dessous.

"Californie. Un <?. Coll. Bdv.

Acidalia balistaria Guen., Phal., i, 453. — " 18mm. Ailes a franges d'un
gris-eendre; les superieures aigues a l'apex, d'un carne-jaunatre ou argileux,
avec deux lignes plus foncees paralleles entre elles et au bord, presque droites,
pen apparentes, et une troisieme extrabasilaire encore moins visible. Un
petit point cellulaire. Inferieures arrondies, a, bord subfestonne', d'un blanc-
carne, .marque'es aussi de deux lignes grises et d'un point cellulaire. Dessous
des quatre ailes concolore, plus clair, saupoudre d'atomes noirs, ayant, outre
les deux lignes du dessus, une ombre mediane bien marquee et plus noire, et
le point cellulaire mieux marque?. Antennes bien pectinees, a lames longues,
mais extremement minces et aigues au soinmet, qui est termine par des cils.
$ semblable, mais plus claire.

"Amerique septentrionale, Georgie. Trois <f, une 9. Coll. Bdv. et
Lefebvre."

Acidalia demisaria (Eois dtmissaria) Hiibner, Zutr., 563, 564, 1825 ;
Guen.,-Phal., i, 466. — "21mm. Ailes superieures prolongees h l'apex, et k bord
presque droit, inferieures petites, bien arrondies; les quatre d'un jaune-argileux
sale, luisant, avec une. large bordure d'un brun-violet, envahie au sommet de
chaque aile par la couleur du fond, en sorte que, aux superieures surtout, on
distingue tres-nettement la ligne qui servait a, limiter cette bordure, laquelle
est denticulee, legerement arquee jusqu'a la 4, puis rentrante de la au bord
interne. Ces memes ailes out, en outre, une extrabasilaire arqut'e, et le fond
teinte" de brun-violet d'elle a la base. Un point cellulaire aux quatre ailes.
Dessous plus oclirace", avec la bordure plus pale, laissent la ligne plus appa-
rente dans toute sa longeur.

"Amerique septentrionale. Un mauvais exemplaire. Coll. Bdv.

"Je ne puis rien dire du corps, des pattes ni des antennes, qui manquent.
Cette espece semble avoir de l'analogie avec Ostrinaria pour les dessins et
les couleurs. La figure de Hiibner a les ailes trop arrondies et les couleurs
trop ternes."

352

Acidalia pladdaria Guen., Phal., i, 4G9.— "18mm. Ailes
avec fcrois lignes communes, paralleles, e'quidistantes, ecarteos, pen tranche'es,
el indique'es, surtout sur les bervures, en noiratre; la derniere un peu e'claire'e
de blanchatre en arriere. Point de subterminale proprement dite. Frange
concolore, sans poinl ni liseVe". Un traite cellulaire aux quatre ailes, long,
occupant toute la cellule, concolore, mais un peu saillant. Dessous d'un
blanc sale, soyeux, avec les traces, a peine sensibles, de lignes fines el grises.
Palpes appliques contrc le front, mais tres-ascendants et depassant le niveau
du vertex.

"Ame'rique septentrionale. Une 9. Coll. Bdv."

Acidalia hepaticaria Guen., Phal., i, 471. — "18mm. Ailes arrondies, (run
brun-testace clair, avec des lignes et de larges bandes d'un rouge-violet
obscur, qui occupent presque toute leur surface; l'une terminale et a peine
coupee par une legere ligne de la couleur du fond, qui part du sommet;
l'autre au milieu de Paile, et, entre les deux, une fine ligne sinuee, divisant a
peu pres par moitic un large espace de la couleur du fond. Pas de points
cellulaires ni terminaux. Dessous sans dessins, mi-parti de rose obscur et
de blanc-paille fondus, luisants.

"Ame'rique septentrionale, Baltimore. Une 9. Coll Gn.

"Facile a distinguer de toutes les autres par ses couleurs."

Acidalia sublataria Guen., Phal., i, 474.— "19mm. Ailes etroites et
oblongues ; les supcrieures a apex prolonge, les inferieures arrondies; les
quatre d'un gris-testace clair, poudre d'atomes noirs, avec des dessins
noiratres bien marques. L'ombre mediane dpaisse, passant, aux quatre
ailes, sous le point cellulaire, qui est bien distinct. La coude'e sinuee,
tremblee et composite de petits traits presque interrompus. Une seule ligne
la suit, bien parallele, et seulement moins marquee, eloignee du bord.
Celui-ci est horde de petits traits festonnes, contigus. La frange est longue,
blanche et salie de nombreux atonies noirs. Front presque concolore.

"Amdrique septentrionale. Une 9. Coll. Gn."

Acidalia temnaria Guen., Phal., i, 47G. — "16mm. Ailes legerement
festonnees d'un gris-de-poussiere saupoudre de gris plus fonce jusque sur la
frange, avec un lisere terminal de cette derniere couleur. Les deux lignes
principales sont minces, e'earte'es el presque perdues dans le sable; mais
l'ombre mediane se detache bien et touclie le point cellulaire qu'elle laisse en

353

dedans aux quatre ailes. Dessous encore plus sombre (jue le dessus.
Antennes ganiies de eils longs et disposes deux a deux. Front large, d'un
brun-noir, a vertex gris. Tibias posterieurs greles et peu reufles — 9 sem-
blable.

"Amerique septentrionale. Un <3 , une 9. Coll. Bdv. et Gii."

Acidalia myrmidonata Guen., Phal., i, 487, 1857. — " 14",m. Ailes entieres,
d'un beau blanc, a frange concolore et prece'dee de points noirs seulement
dans la moitie- supeTieure, avec une ligne commune (la coude'e) d'un brun
ferrugineux, suivie au milieu, puis au bord interne des supe'rieures, de deux
groupes d'atomes d'un brun-noir, et aux inferieures, d'une trainee d'atomes
semblables. Un tres-petit point cellulaire noir. Supe'rieures ayant, en outre,
une extrabasilaire brune. Dessous blanc ; les supe'rieures lavdes de noiratres.
Front noir, a vertex d'un brun pale. Antennes tres-finement pubescentes.
Tibias posterieurs aplatis et un peu contourne's, blancs, avec le tarse de la
moitie\

"Amerique septentrionale. Deux <?. Coll. Bdv.

"Serait-ce la Lautaria de Hiibner? [Craspedia lautaria Hubn.?, Zutr.,
539, 540, 1825.] Cette derniere parait plus oblongue et beaucoup plus
chargde de dessins."

Acidalia purata Guen., Phal., i, 488, plate 7, tig. b'. — "20mm. Ailes
entieres, d'un beau blanc, borders de traits noirs, contigus, avec une ligne
commune (la coude'e) sinueuse, noire, suivie de groups d'atomes de meme
couleur, t'orniant ca et la des taches arrondies. Un petit point cellulaire noir.
Supe'rieures ayant parfois quelques traces d'une extrabasilaire. Dessous
blanc, avec un point cellulaire et une seYie meVliane de points noirs, parfois
re\inis en ligne. Antennes pubescentes. Front noir, a vertex blanc. Tibias
posterieurs un peu elargis, une demi-fois plus longs que les cuisscs, avec le
tarse de la moitie — 9 semblable.

Amerique septentrionale. Deux t , deux 9. Coll. Mus. et Bdv.

Acidalia tacturata Walk., List Lep. Het. Br. Mus, xxiii, 721, 1861.
Plate 10, fig. 71. — "White. Hind tibiae with two long spurs. Wings thinly
and minutely black-speckled ; lines brownish ; interior lines obsolete ; middle
line and exterior lines denticulated, the former more distinct than the latter,
which is accompanied by black points; submarginal line indistinct; marginal
45 p H

354

points almost obsolete Fore wings acute Hind wings broad; exterior
border slightly benl ; discal point black, distinct.

"Length of the body 1 lines: of the wings 10 lines

''The specimen here recorded is mutilated, and on that account the
above description is incomplete.

"a. East Florida. Presented by E. Doubleday, Esq.''

Addalia impaupercUa Walk., List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxiii, 72 1, 1861.
Plate 10, fig. 70 — "Female Hoary, thickly brown-speckled. Front with a
black band adjoining the vertex. Hind tibiae with four long spurs. Wings
with brown lines; interior line indistinct; middle line broad, straight,
passing over the discal points ; exterior line also distinct and nearly parallel
to the middle line; submarginal line almost obsolete; discal point and
marginal points brown, the latter elongated ; exterior border slightly convex.
Fore wings somewhat rounded at the tips.

''Length of the body 3i lines; of the wings 10 lines.

"a-c. St. Martin's Falls, Albany River, Hudson's Bay. Presented by
Dr. Barnston."

Acidalia restrictata Walk., List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxiii, 722, 1861.
Plate 18, fig. 52 — "Male. Whitish. Head black; vertex white. Palpi short,
obliquely ascending, black above. Antennae pubescent. Hind tibiae incras-
sated, with almost obsolete spurs; hind tarsi more than half the length of
the tibiae. Wings thinly and minutely black-speckled, with pale fawn-
colored lines; interior line indistinct, slightly undulating; middle line
straight, distinct, passing without the discal point in the fore wings, and
within it in the hind wings; exterior line undulating, slightly dentate; two
less distinct submarginal lines, nearly parallel to the exterior line; discal
point and marginal points black. Fore wings hardly acute. Hind wings
with the exterior border slightly bent.

"Length of the body d lines ; of the wings 14 lines
"a, b. Nova Scotia. From Lieut. Redman's collection."

Acidalia compensata Walk, List Lep. Het. Br, Mus., xxiii, 724, 1861.
Plate 10, fig. 69. — "Male. Brownish-cinereous. Head black: vertex white.
Palpi porrect, very short. Antennae pubescent. Hind tibiae incrassated,
without spurs; hind tarsi short. Wings black-speckled; lines brown;

355

interior line almost obsolete, distinguished by a black mark on the costa of
the fore wings; middle and exterior lines denticulated, slight, the latter ending
in a black mark on the costa; submarginal line very indistinct; discal point
and marginal points deep black, the former rather large. Fore wings acute.
Hind wings with the exterior border slightly bent.

"Length of the body 3 lines; of the wings 10 lines.

"«. East Florida. Presented by E. Doubleday, Esq.''

Acidalia timandrala Walk., List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxiii, 724, 1861 .
Plate 10, fig. 68. — "Male. Pale cinereous. Head blackish in front. Palpi
short, porrect, hardly extending beyond the head, blackish above. Antennae
minutely ciliated and pubescent. Hind tibiae much incrassated, without
spurs ; hind tarsi very short. Wings ample, very minutely black-speckled ;
lines pale rosy, a little darker than the ground hue; interior and submarginal
lines obsolete; middle line very indistinct; exterior line hardly distinct,
slightly undulating and dentate; discal point black, minute; exterior border
and fringe rosy. Fore wings very acute ; costa rosy. Hind wings with the
exterior border distinctly angular.

"Length of the body 5 lines; of the wings 14 lines.

"« East Florida. Presented by E. Doubleday, Esq."

Acidalia rufilinearia Walk., List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxiii, 783, 1861. —
"Allied to the 7th European group. Male. Bone-white. Head black in front.
Antennae setulose. Hind tibiae incrassated, without spurs. Wings ample,
interior and exterior lines reddish, the latter slightly undulating; submarginal
line nearly obsolete ; exterior border and fringe reddish; discal point and
marginal points black, the latter very minute. Fore wings acute, with a
blackish patch by the interior angle; interior line reddish, indistinct ; costa
reddish.

"Length of the body 4 lines; of the wings 10 lines.

"a. East Florida. Presented by E. Doubleday, Esq-"

Acidalia oslentaria Walk., List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxiii, 784, 1861. —
"Allied to the 17th European group. Female. Whitish-cinereous, black-
speckled. Head blackish. Hind tibiae with two long apical spurs. Wings
hardly elongated ; lines undulating; interior and exterior lines black, very
distinct, the former obsolete in the bird wings; middle and submarginal
lines cinereous, indistinct ; marginal lunules cinereous; marginal point and

356

discal point black, the latter large and very distinct. Fore wings rectangular
at the tips: hind part of the exterior border rather oblique.

"Length of the body 3 lines; of the wings 8 lines.

"rt East Florida. Presented by E. Doubleday, Esq."

Acid/ilia magniferaria Walk., List Lep. Het. Br. Mus , xxiii, 784, 1861. —
"Allied to the 17th European group. Female Cinereous. Head brown
in front. Antennae and legs slender. Wings elongate, thickly blackish-
speckled; lines dark cinereous ; interior line obsolete; middle line distinct,
rather broad, very slightly undulating; exterior line slight, denticulated;
sub marginal line rather broad; marginal dots dark cinereous ; discal point
black, large. Fore wings acute; exterior border very oblique.

"Length of the body 3 lines; of wings 8 lines.

"a. East Florida. Presented by E. Doubleday, Esq."

Acidalia basipunctaria Walk., List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxiii, 785, 1861. —
"Allied to the 17th European group. Female. Very pale cinereous, with a
slight rosy tinge. Palpi porrect, obtuse ; third joint almost obsolete. Wings
elongate, hardly speckled; submarginal line blackish cinereous, diffuse, dentate,
obsolete toward the costaof the fore wings; the other lines obsolete; marginal
points and discal points black; the former large, very distinct; fringe very
long. Fore wings with a black basal point, and with blackish marks along
the costa.

" Length of the body 2 lines; of the wings 6 lines.

"«, h. East Florida. Presented by E. Doubleday, Esq."

Acidalia retractaria Walk., List Lep. Het. Br. Mas., xxiii, 785, 1861. —
"Allied to the 17th European group. Male and Female. Cinereous. Head
blackish in front. Antennae stout, pubescent in the male. Abdomen of the
male with a large apical tuft. Hind tibiae not incrassated, with two long
apical spurs. Wings elongate, indistinctly speckled, slightly tinged with
ferruginous about the lines; interior and exterior lines black, zigzag, the
former indistinct, except toward the interior border of the hind wings; sub-
marginal and marginal lines dark cinereous, undulating, parallel; marginal
points ferruginous, rather large; discal point black. Fore wings slightly
rounded at the tips.

"Length of the body 3 lines; of the wings 8 lines.

"a—c. East Florida. Presented by E. Doubleday, Esq

357

Acidalia reconditaria Walk., List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxiii, 786, 1861. —
"Allied to the 17th European group. Male and Female. Bone-white. Head
black in front. Antennae of the male pubescent. Hind tibiae of the male
dilated, without spurs. Wings ample, very thinly black-speckled, with cine-
reous more or less undulating and dentate lines; exterior line more distinct
than the others ; submarginal line broad, double; discal point and marginal
points black, small. Fore wings acute. Hind wings with the exterior border
slightly angular in the middle.

"Length of the body 5-6 lines; of the wings 16 lines.

"a, New York. Presented by E. Doubleday, Esq. b. East Florida.
Presented by E. Doubleday, Esq.

Acidalia obfusaria Walk., List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxiii, 786, 1861. —
"Allied to the 17th European group. Female. Whitish. Head black in front.
Hind tibiae with apical spurs. Wings ample, thinly black-speckled; interior,
middle, and submarginal lines cinereous, indistinct; exterior line black, den-
ticulated; marginal points ou the fringe and discal point black, the latter
rather large.

"Length of the body 3-3£ lines; of the wings 11-12 lines.

"#, b. East Florida. Presented by E. Doubleday, Esq."

Acidalia violacearia Walk., List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxiii, 786, 1861. —
"New group. Female. Violet slate-color. Head black in front. Wings
elongate, hardly black-speckled ; interior, middle, and exterior lines black,
slight, denticulated, partly interrupted ; submarginal line pale cinereous; discal
point and marginal points black, the latter on the fringe; under side with the
markings almost obsolete. Fore wings slightly rounded at the tips.

"Length of the body 2i lines ; of the wings 8 lines.

"a. East Florida. Presented by E. Doubleday, Esq."

Acidalia mensurata Walk., List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxxv, 1621, 1866. —
"Male. Whitish. Head black, except the vertex. Palpi hardly ascending,
black above, extending very little beyond the head. Antennae minutely
pubescent. Hind tibiae incrassated; hind tarsi very short. Wings broad,
with a black point in the disk ; a dull pale-ochreous slightly undulating line,
which is on the outer side of the point in the fore wings and on the inner side
of it in the hind wings; an exterior more slender brownish zigzag line; two

358

undulating very pale ochraceous sub marginal lines, which are more indistinct

than the first line; marginal points black, very minute. Fore wings hardly
acute; costa slightly rounded toward the tip; exterior border convex, moder-
ately oblique. Hind wings with the exterior border slightly angular in the
middle. Length of the body 6 lines; of the wings 15 lines. It is larger
than A. restrictata, and in the latter the post medial lino of the wings is
ochraceous. The ante medial line of A. reconditaria is less slender and the
post medial line is more dentate. North America."

Acidalia continuaria Walk, List, xxxv, Suppl., 1622, 1866. — "Main.
Whitish cinereous. Head black; vertex white. Palpi obliquely ascending,
black above, not rising so high as the vertex. Antennae minutely pubescent.
Hind tibia; incrassated; hind tarsi very short. Wings broad, thinlj and
minutely black-speckled ; four dull pale ochraceous lines, first line anterrie-
dial, nearly straight; second, third, and fourth lines postmedial, zigzag; mar-
ginal points black, extremely minute. Fore wings slightly acute; costa
slightly rounded towards the tip ; exterior border slightly convex, moderately
oblique, Hind wings with the exterior border hardly angular in the middle.
Length of the body 5 lines; of the wings 13 lines. North America."

Acidalia consecutaria Walk., List, xxxv, Suppl., 1623, 1866. — "Male.
Pale cinereous. Head black; vertex white. Palpi porrect, black above,
extending very little beyond the head. Antennas densely setulose. Thorax
fawn-colour along the fore border. Hind tibiae slightly incrassated; hind tarsi
long. Wings broad, very minutely brown-speckled; two zigzag brownish
lines, one antemedial, the other postmedial; two extremely indistinct zigzag
pale ochraceous lines between the second line and the exterior border; a brown
discal point, which, as well as the lines, is more conspicuous on the under
side; marginal points blackish, much elongated transversely. Fore wings
hardly acute; costa and exterior border very slightly convex, the latter mod-
erately oblique. Hind wings with the exterior border regularly rounded.
Length of the body i\ lines; of the wings 12 lines. North America."

. [cidalia congrua Walk., List, xxxv, Suppl.. 1623, 1866. --"Mule. Whitish.
Body with a pale ochraceous tinge. Palpi porrect, broad, hardly extending
beyond the head; third joint very minute. Antenna' smooth, rather stout.
Abdomen hardly extending beyond the hind wings; apical tuft rather large.

359

Legs slender ; hind tibiae incrassated ; hind tarsi short. Wings broad, thickly
and minutely ochraceous-speckled ; three ochraceous zigzag lines, the third
postmedial ; marginal points brown, very minute. Fore wings slightly acute ;
exterior border slightly convex and oblique. Length of the body 5 lines;
of the wings 12 lines. North America."

Acidalia sobria Walk., List, xxxv, 1624, 1866. — "Male. Pale cinereous.
Head black ; vertex white. Palpi porrect, black above, hardly extending
beyond the head. Antennae densely setulose. Thorax fawn-colour along the
dbre border. Abdomen with a rather large apical tuft, Hind tibiae incras-
sated; hind tarsi short. Wings broad, with seven slightly dentate cinereous
lines, of which the three last are most distinct ; a brown point on the disk.
Fore wings slightly acute ; exterior border slightly convex, moderately
oblique. Length of the body 4 lines; of the wings 11 lines. North
America."

Acidalia favillif era Walk., List, xxxv, 1624, 1866 — "Male. Dark cine-
reous. Head blackish ; vertex dark cinereous. Palpi blackish, porrect, not
extending beyond the head. Antennae densely setose. Hind tibiae not
incrassated. Wings rather narrow, minutely black-speckled, with four lines;
first line blackish, diffuse, undulating; second black, dentate, interrupted
between the teeth; third and fourth cinereous, zigzag; marginal festoon
brownish ; a black antemedial point in the disk. Fore wings slightly acute ;
exterior border slightly convex, rather oblique. Length of the body 2J lines;
of the wings 8 lines. North America."

■*&'-

Acidalia repletaria Walk., List, xxxv, ]624, 1866. — "Male. Dark cine-
reous Head black, except the vertex. Palpi porrect, black above, not
extending beyond the head. Antennae densely setose. Abdomen brown,
cinereous at the base and at the tip; a cinereous band in the hind border of
each segment. Hind tibia? slender; hind tarsi long. Wings brown-speckled,
rather narrow, with five brown lines; first line near the base, incomplete ;
second and fourth slightly undulating, rather broad; third composed of
points; fifth paler, indistinct ; marginal points brown, transversely elongated.
Fore wings hardly acute; exterior border slightly convex, rather oblique.
Length of the body 2.\ lines; of the wings 7 lines. North America."

360

Acidalia? albifera Walk., List, xxxv, Supp]., 1C25, 1 H G < J . — "■Female.
White. Palpi porrect, slender, no! extending beyond the head. Antennae
and legs slender. Abdomen shorter than the interior border of the hind
wings. Legs slender. Wings semihyaline, rather broad, with four indistinct
zigzag interrupted pale ochreous lines. Fore wings slightly acute ; exterior
border convex, moderately oblique. Hind wings with the exterior border
very slightly angular in the middle. Length of the body 2£ lines; of
the wings !> lines. North America."

Macaria Jidoniaria Walk., List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxxv, 1654, 1866 —
"Male. Cinereous, thickly brown-speckled. Palpi blackish, porrect, stout,
extending rather beyond the head ; third joint very minute. Antennas
broadly pectinated, except at the tips. Abdomen as long as the interior
border of the hind wings. Hind tibiae hardly dilated, with four short spurs.
Wings with a broad blackish band near the base, and with a postmedial
undulating blackish line; a blackish middle dot; fringe alternately blackish
and cinereous. Fore wings hardly acute; two blackish more or less con-
nected sometimes ferruginous-varied patches between the postmedial line
and the exterior border, which is convex and moderately oblique. Hind
wings with the exterior border hardly angular in the middle.

"Length of the body 3i lines; of the wings 16 lines.

"((,/>. North America. From Mr. Carter's collection."

Acidalia ferruminaria Zeller, Verb. Bot. Zool. Ges. Wien, 478, 1872. —
"Pedibus posticis £ mancis 9 4 calcaratis; alis rufescenti-ochraceis vel
ochraceo-rufescentibus, anterioribus fascia media nigricanti strigaque punc-
torum majusculorum dentata nigra per posteriores continuata. £ 9 .

"Pie mehr noch als bei Straminata etc. verkiimmerten £ Hinterbeiue
beweisen, dass diess eine echte Acidalia ist, der sich aher, wenn man diesen
Umstand und die Farbung beriicksichtigt, in der Gesellschaft der europa-
ischen Arten kaum eiu passender Platz anweisen lasst.

"Grosse kaum wie Muricata. Korper rothlich ochergelb oder ocher-
gelbrothlich. Gesicht etwas gebraunt. Taster kurz, spitz, rothlichgelb.
Fiihler rothlichgelb, beim J durch feine, braune, behaarte Kammziihne
doppell gefiedert. Hinterleibssegmente am Anfange mehr oder weniger
brauustaubig. Heine rothlichgelb; die & Hinterbeine ganz verkiimmert,
klein und blassgelblich ; die Schiene cin weuig langer als der Schenkel,

361

schwacli verdickt ; der Fuss aus zwei Gliedem bcstehcnd, dessen crstes so
lang wie die Schiene, alter etwas diinner, das zweite sehr kurz, di'mii unci
zugespitzt ist. Beini 9 sind die Ilinterlieinc regelmiissig ausgebildet mit
2 Paar ansehnlichen Dornen, dereti oberstes bei | angesetzt ist.

"Vorderflugel 4-4V" lang, mit, deutlicher Spitze, vor welcher der Vor-
derrand etwas convex ist. Grundfarbe vvie die des Korpers. Die Mittel-
binde wird gebildet durch eine schwarze, wellige, auf der Median- und
Subdorsalader winklige, grobe Querlinie, die auf der Aussenseite in ansehn-
licher Breite von einem rothlichbraunen Scluttten begleitet ist, dessen
Aussenrand auch in einigen scharfen Ecken hervortritt. Ein sehwarzer
Mittelpunkt fehlt, In der Mitte zwischen dieser Binde und dem Hinter-
rande ist eine Querreilie grober, sehwarzer Punkte, die im Innenwinkel
endigt und bei | und unter ihrer Mitte einen ausspringenden Winkel bildet;
die Punkte sind hier und da durcb feine, schwarzliche Linien verbunden.
Den Hinterrand entlang ziebt eine Reibe sehwarzer, stricliformiger Punkte,
die nicht so scharf wie jene sind und bei dem einen dunkelrothlicben $ in
dunklem Staube, der den Hinterrand nebelartig begleitet, fast versehwinden.
Fransen wie die Gruudfanbe oder etwas violettgrau. Die scliwarzen groben
Punkte haben auf alien Fliigeln etwas Glanz.

"Hinterfliigel mit gerundetem Hiuterrande, docli ziemlicb deutlichem
Aualwinkel, und von gleicher Grundfarbe wie die Vorderflugel. Nur auf
dem Innenrande zeigen sicb vor der Mitte die Anfange von zwei sebwarz-
lichen Querstreifen. Die Querreilie sehwarzer Punkte der Vorderfliigel ist
als Fortsetzung vollstiindig vorhanden und bildet in ihrer Vorderhalfte einen
finspringenden Winkel. Zeichnung des Hinterrandes weniger deutlich als
bei den Vorderflugeln.

'Unterseite lebhaft rothlich ochergelb. Alle 4 Fliigel haben schwarze
Striche auf den Queradern, das 9 die deutlichsten. Die Querreihe sehwarzer
Punkte ist recht deutlich, ebenso die Hinterrandspunkte.

"Vaterland: Texas (Boll.) 2 <S , 1 9 in meiner Sammlung."

EPHYRA Duponchcl. Plate 4, tig. 4.

Cosymbia Hiibu., Verz., 302, 1818.

Leucophthalmia Hiibn., Verz., 302, 1818.

Cudonia llubn., Verz., 302, 1818.

Cabera Treits. (in part), Schm. Eur., vi (i), 343, 18'J7.

Cyclophora Stoph.. Nomencl. Br. Ins., 44, 1829; "Cat.,ii, 127, 1829."

46 P II

362

Ephyra Dup., I-ep. Frame, viii (iv), 108, 1829; (v), 20, 1830.

Boiud., Gen. hid., 220, 1840.

II. -s.-li.. Sohm. Km., iii. 1847.
Ephyra Steph., Cat. Ur. Lop.. 178, 1850.
Zonoaoma Lederer, Verb. Bot. Zool. Gea. Wien, 194, 1853
Ephyra Gnen., Pbal., i, 405, 1857.

Walk , Lep. II, it. Br. Mub., xxii, 624, 18G1.

Head rather broad in front ; the front being sometimes shorter than
broad. Palpi long, acute, extending more than usual in front; third joint
long, acute. Antennas slightly peciinated on the basal two-thirds. Fore
wings much as in Acidalia, but scarcely subfalcate ; the costa straight; apex
acutely rectangular ; outer edge with an almost imperceptible angle. Hind
wings short, the outer edge not very convex, slightly bent. Venation much
as in Aciduliti, the subcostal cell and venules the same, except that the three
first subcostal venules are of the same length, the first arising remotely from
the subcostal cell. Abdomen long and slender. Hind legs long and slender;
tarsi nearly as long as the tibiae. The species are usually whitish or reddish-
brown, with large discal ringlets.

This genus differs chiefly from Acidalia in the antennas being always
pectinated, in the much longer palpi, and the slightly different venation.
So closely allied is it to Acidalia that I see no reason for separating it, as
Guene'e does, from the AcidaUnce as the type of a separate "family". It has
no affinities with the Geometrince beyond the wide front and long palpi.

Larva and pupa — "Caterpillars elongated, cylindrical, without tubercles;
head as broad as the prothoracic ring, flattened in front, and a little bifid at
the summit ; living exposed on trees and holding the body in repose folded
like a swan's neck. Chrysalids truncated anteriorly, regularly conical poste-
riorly, suspended in the air by an anal thread and attached by a transverse
line." — Guene'e.

Hiibner, however advanced in his views of genera, evidently had little

better ideas of the true generic relations of this group of species than of the

genus Acidalia Lederer rejects Ephyra because he says that it has been

pre-occupied as a genus of Acalephai ; but the name Ephyra of Pe*ron and

Lesson (1809), was conferred on an early phase of Aurelia, and therefore

may be retained.

Synopsis of the Species.

White, with four lines on tbo front wings K. pendulinaria.

Light tawny-brown ; two rows of dark dots E. myrtaria.

363

Ephyra pendulinaria Gruenee. Plate 10, fig, 72. Plate 13, figs. 14, l\a,

14b. pupa.

Ephyra pendulinaria Gueu. !!, Phal., i, 414, 1857.

Walk., List Lep. Het. Br. JIus., xxii, 631, 1861.
deidalia quadravgulaia Walk. !!!, List L,ep. Het. Br. Mus., xxvi, 1595, 1862.

3 $ and 3 9. — Antennae moderately pectinated in the male. Body and
wings white, speckled with dark gray or blackish. Head white on the
vertex, brown in front; palpi white; antennae white above; pectinations
white. Fore wings with an inner curved line of venular black spots; a
middle sinuous, indistinct, dusky shade half-way between the discal ringlet
and the outer parallel curved line of venular blackish dots; a submargihal,
dark, slightly-scalloped shade ; marginal row of black dots distinct on both
wings. Hind wings with four lines and shades, as in the anterior pair, but
the middle (second) shade touches the large discal ringlet. Beneath, white.
Fore wings slightly dusky in the middle of the wing ; the outer row of black
dots present, but less curved than above and situated farther from the edge
of the wing. Hind wings almost pure white, with a faint outer row of dots.
The marginal row of dots alike on both wings Legs white, dusky in front
on the anterior pair.

Length of body, i, 0.36, 9, 0.36-0.38; of fore wing, <J, 0.47, 9, 0.43-
0.50; expanse of wings, 1.00 inch.

Boston and Andover, Mass. (Sanborn) ; Brookline, Mass., August 6
(Shurtleff); Cambridge, Mass., May 25, July 26 (H. K. Morrison); Brooklyn,
N. Y. (Graef ) ; West Farms, N. Y. (Angus) ; New Jersey (Sachs) ; Phila-
delphia, Pa. (Amer. Ent. Soc.) ; Maryland (Scudder). y

This species may at once be known by its white color and large discal
ringlets and the mesial shade. It is nearly related to the European E. pen-
dularia. Like the following species, it varies considerably in size.

Larva. — "Light green with longitudinal white lines, and dotted with white
spots. A dorsal and three subdorsal lines; the dorsal straight, but the others
broken and irregular, the stigmata! edge wrinkled, the white spots irregu-
larly scattered. Body beneath with the white lines interrupted. The last
segment with the anal prolegs and tip of the first pair of prolegs slightly
reddish. Thoracic legs pale greenish, black at the tips. A few scattered hairs
on the body. Head faint reddish marbled with whitish, with two white
stripes. -Length 0.40 ; thickness 0.12 inch. It feeds on Comptonia aspleni-
folia in Massachusetts.

664

"When about to transform it slings itself in a thread which crosses
its body between the 6th and 7th segments, and closes its anal prolegs

tightly in a mass of silk spun at this point, and on the 17th of July ehanged
to a pupa. On the 12th of August I found a chrysalis just ready to turn;
it was fastened to the midrib of a leal' near the middle, with the threads of
the swing well separated and well pushed under."

Pupa. — "Lighl L'reen, a black stripe broken twice towards the end on
each side, along the hinder margin of the wing. Two protuberances, one at
the base of each wing, white, brownish at base; tail piece almost colorless,
tip red. Abdominal segments of a lighter color than the rest, with dots of a
lighter tint ; anterior half of each abdominal segment punctate; posterior
half minutely striate; a thread crosses the body upon which it rests sus-
pended ; the thread splits into two, being fastened by four points. It is
slightly roofed on the back.'' — Scudder.

Ephyra myrtaria Guenee. Plate 10, fig. 73.

Ephyra myrtaria Gum. ! !, Phal., i, 408, Pupa, pi. 2, fig. 7, 1857.

Walk. ! .', Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mils., xxii, 631, 1861.

3 £ and 4 9. — Of the same form as the preceding, but the antenna?
rather more pectinated. Body and wings uniformly pale tawny-brown ; ver-
tex of head and antennae slightly paler than the rest of the body, while the
front is considerably darker. Both wings with a large, blackish, discal ringlet,
centered with white, those on the hind pair usually (not always) larger. Fore
wings with an inner curved row of fine venular black dots and an outer
curved row of black venular dots, the discal spot being half-way between the
two lines. Hind wings with two similar lines. A marginal row of dark fine
dots on both wings. Beneath, flesh-colored ; hind wings slightly paler than
anterior pair; fringe on both wings decidedly darker than wings themselves.
Discal dots pinkish; margin of both wings speckled finely with pinkish
scales. Body and legs whitish testaceous. Exterior of front legs dull reddish.

Length of body, $, 0.35-0.38, ?, 0.38; of front wing, j, 0.42-0.47,
9, 0.43-0.45; expanse of wings, 1.00 inch.

Boston, .Mass. (Sanborn); Princeton. Mass., August 12 (Scudder); West
Farms, N'.Y. (Angus); New Jersey (Sachs); Pennsylvania (Clemens); Phil-
adelphia. Pa. (Amer. Ent. Soc.) ; Demopolis, Ala., July and August (G-rote);
"Illinois. Georgia" (Walker).

.'565

This is our more common species of the genus, and is characterized by
the tawny-brown hue, tinged with carneous, by the two common lines of
small, black, venular dots, the dark discal ringlets centered with white, and
by the pale under side tinted with flesh-red.

Larva and pupa. — Guene'e describes the caterpillar as of a clear green
with yellowish incisions; the head, the anal region, and the feet reddish-
yellow. On the fifth segment are two small, black, dorsal points. The chry-
salis (figured by Guene'e) is deep green, with a lateral white line edged with
faint, rose on the wings and anal extremity.

Desiderata.

Ephyra culicaria Guen., Phal., i, 407, 1857. — "18mm. Ailes d'un gris-
testace clair, avec la frange rose et deux series de petits points noirs. Un
petit anneau cellulaire au centre, plus blanc que le fond, et quelquefois une
ombre mediane rougeatre ; le tout ordinairement tres-fin et peu saillant.
Dessous sans dessin ; les supeYieures plus rosees, les inferieures plus
blanches Vertex concolore, avec le front d'un brun-cannelle clair.

"G^orgie ame'ricaine. Trois <$ . Coll. Lefebvre et Gn.

"Les ailes inferieures de cette petite espece n'ont pas Tangle anal
prolong^ com me la Rudimentaria ; le bord terminal est seulement un peu
coude et la cote droite. Elle ressemble, en petit, ;\ nos especes euro-
pdennes."

Arrlwstia lumenaria Iliibn.-Geyer, Zutriige, 35, fig. 757, 758, 1832. —
This species, or one allied to it, has been raised by Abbot, and the following
description has been drawn up from his colored MS. drawing: Body long
and slender; head narrower than the body. Head, feet, and abdomen testa-
ceous. Body grass-green, with two conspicuous, thin, dorsal, black spots just
in front of the middle. Pupa attached to the stem of the plant, as in Ephyra.
It is green, purplish along the hind edge of the wing and at the'end of the
body. Food-plant, Psoralea melitofoides. Plate 13, fig. 22, 22a.

EUEPHYKA Packard. Plate 4, fig. 5.

Euephyra Pack., Fifth Ann. Rep. Teab. Acad. Sc, 73, 1873.

This genus is allied to Ephyra, notwithstanding that it has two pairs of well-
developed spurs on the hind tibiae, though M. Guene'e regards one pair ol poste-

366

rior liliial spurs as characterizing the group "Ephyrida". It differs from
Ephyra in the palpi being much lunger, the third joint projecting far beyond the

head, while the tore wings are much longer, more acute, and the hind wings an;
rather longer, fuller, and rounder at the apex, and delicately scalloped. The
wings are thinner and the moth slighter and more delicate than in Ephyra,
its nearest ally. The venation differs from that of Ephyra mainly in the filth
subcostal venule arising just within the origin of the first subcostal but on the
opposite side of the main vein. Unfortunately, the male has not yet occurred,
so that this diagnosis must be quite imperfect.

Euephyra serrulata Packard. Plate 10, fig. 74.

Enphyra serrulata Pack., Fifth Rep. Peab. Acad, fie, 7:5, 1873.

4 9 . — Pale reddish-ash-brown ; head and palpi clearer, pale reddish-brown.
Both wings crossed by two remote dark hair-lines, sinuate and wavy, the inner
acutely angulated on the costa, and indented on the median vein. An outer
line curved considerably outward between the costa and lowermost branch of
the median vein, the line most of its length parallel to the outer edge. Discal
dot distinct, oval, white, circled with dull rust-red on the fore wings, with a
darker circle on the hind wings. Fringe long, concolorous with the wings,
with a black line at base. Beneath, with minute discal white dots. Wings
paler than above, not speckled with brown, clear, with a single, common,
outer, curved line, and a dark line at base of the fringe.

Length of body, 9,0.30; of fore wing, 9,0.33-0.40; expanse of wings,
0.77 inch.

Lawrence, Kans. (Snow); Texas, May and June (Belfrage).

This moth may be distinguished from the species of Ephyra, to which it
is allied in its coloration and style of marking, by the delicately-scalloped or
senate hind wings, the pointed primaries, and the two wavy, curved, dark
lines. It is marked beneath much as in Ephyra myrtaria Guenee.

Subfamily GEOMETEIN^ Guenee.

Geometrini Guen., MSS. See Dup., Cat., 169, 1844.
Subtribe Chlorochromiten Dnp., Cat. Lep. Eur., 223, 1*14.
Subfamily Geometridi Stepta., Cat. Br. Lep., 169, 1350.
Family Geometridce Guen., Phal., i, :;:'•'-'. 1857.

Walk., List Lep. Het. I5r. Mus., xxii, 499, 1861.

Head rather short, broader in front than in the Acidalince, the front
often tiring very broad near the antenna! and narrowing anteriorly. Male

367

antennae moderately pectinated on the basal three-fourths. Palpi very
unequal in length in the sexes, usually short and slender; the third joint
short and conical, scarcely reaching beyond the front in the male, while
they are longer in the female, and, as in Synchlora, of extraordinary length
and very slender, including the third joint. The wings are of very uniform
shape, the fore wings being triangular with the costa, rather straight ; the apex
subacute and the outer edge slightly convex, sometimes slightly bent or very
angular. Hind wings round or angular, sometimes partly aborted {Dyspteris).
Venation : usually no subcostal cell present, only in Dyspteris, and partially
formed in some species of Nemoria. The costal venule anastomoses with the
subcostal; six well-marked subcostal venules; the independent venule much
nearer the sixth subcostal than usual, the posterior discal venule consequently
much longer and more curved than usual. The oi'igin of the first median is
usually continuous with the main vein. Hind legs with the tibiae either long
and with a dense tuft or projection beyond the end, where the tarsi is very
short, or the tibiae are as usual and the tarsi equal to them in length. Some-
times but a single pair of tibial spurs.

The species are green, usually with two common white lines and some-
times the front of the head and fore tibiae are a reddish or pink.

Synopsis of the Genera.

A. Posterior discal venule not much curved:

Hind wings partially aborted ; fore wings large Dyspteris.

Hind wings rounded ; antennae broadly pectinated Encrostis.

Hind wings angular; antenna; simple Nemoria.

Hind wings very angular; fore wings acute ; anteunae pectinated lodis.

B. Posterior discal venule much curved :

Like Chlorosea, but with more rounded hind wings Anncmoria.

Species of large size; bind wings produced toward the apex; antennas with long

pectinations Chlorosea.

Head broad in front ; female palpi very long; bind wings rounded Synchlora.

Like Synchlora, but abdomen ornamented with raised white spots circled with red;

hind wings rounded Racheospila.

Front of head narrow; palpi short; hiud wiugs angular; abdomen spotted with

white or red, or with a simple dorsal white line Aplodes.

Front broader than in Aplodes; outer edge of fore wings more oblique; hiud tibiae

not swollen Anaplodes.

Palpi long and stout ; third joint slender ; hiud wings rounded, extending farther

than usual beyond the tip of the abdomen ; wings with broad, white, straight

bands '. Geotnctra.

368

DYSPTERIS Hubner. Plate 4, fig. G.

Dyspteria ]|iil>n.. Vera., 286, 1818.

H.-Sch., Ansserrnr. Scfam., 1854 58,

Cum., Plial., i, 361, 1857.

Walk., List Lep.Het. Br. Mus., xxii, 557, 1801.

Head rather large; front large and prominent, not narrowing anteriorly.
Palpi not reaching beyond the front; second join) broad, though very distinct
from, and narrower than, the first; third minute, short, conical, not so long
as the second joint is wide. Antennae pectinated in the male rather broadly
on the basal two-thirds. Fore wings very large; costa much arched ; apex
much produced; outer edge very oblique; inner edge but little more than
half as long as the outer. Hind wings much aborted, small, regularly trian-
gular; outer edge slightly convex; apex subrectangular ; the wings reach as
far as the tip of the abdomen. Venation: fore wing* with a large subcostal
cell; the second subcostal but little longer than the third; fifth subcostal
venule long, thrown off from the subcostal cell. In the hind wings, the costal
area'is very broad.

This peculiar genus differs from all others of the subfamily in the great
difference in size between the wings, the anterior pair being very large and
the hinder diminutive and triangular in outline, the outer edge being very
straight. The species only occur in the New World.

Dvspteris abort ivaria Herr.-Sch. Plate 10, fig. 75.

Ihjaph'ris abortivaria H.-Sch., Aufcsereuj'. Scum., 62, tig. 340, 18u4-5S.
Guen., Phal., i, 363, 18:>7.
Walk., last Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxii, .">?, 1861.

3 -i and 2 9. — Pea-green; head and thorax rather darker. Antennas
green above on the basal half, white beyond, pectinations testaceous. Palpi
green; thorax green above and beneath, except the hind pair of trochantines
and coxae, which are concolorous with the pale-yellowish abdomen. Fore
wings crossed by two parallel, oblique, white, moderately wide lines, straight,
not waved; the inner fading out before reaching the costa, disappearing near
the distinct white discal dot; the outer line parallel with the outer edge,
slightly bent before reaching the costa; fringe green. Hind wings with
a single line, rather broad and diffuse Beneath as above, but with two
broad, diffuse lines, one submarginal on the fore wings; discal dots much

larger and more distinct than above. Hind wings with the single line diffuse.
Lesrs srreen. washed with white; hind femora yellowish below.

Length of body, <?,0.42, 9,0.40; of fore wing, <J, 0.52-0.60, 9,0.58;
expanse of wings, 1.10-1.20 inches.

Montreal, Canada (Lyman); Boston, Mass., Andover, Mass., July (San-
born): Philadelphia, Pa. (Amer. I'lnt. Sop.); New Jersey (Sachs); Demopolis,

Ala. (Grate),

This interesting species varies but slightly, and may always be separated
from all the other green Geometrids by the great inequality in the size of the
wings. . .

EUCROSTIS Hiibner. Plate 4, fig. 7; plate 6, fig. 22.

Encrostis Hiibn., Verz., 283, 1818.

Geometra Treits., (in part,) Scbm. Eur., v, 430, 1825.

Fidonia Dap. (in part), Lep. France, viii (iv), 407, 1829.

Boisd., Gen. Ind., 170, 1840.
Vhlorochroma lhip., Cat., 224, 1844.
Fidonia Il.-Scb., Solim. Eur., iii, 7, 1847.
Encrostis Lederer, Verb. Hot. Zool. Get,. Wieu, 189, 1853.

and Xcmoria Guen. (in part), Pbal., i, 306, 345, 1857.

Walk, (in part), List Lep. Het, Br. Mus., xxii, 505, 1861.

Front rather narrower anteriorly than in Nemoria. Palpi rather large,
projecting well in advance of the front, the second joint rather large and
bushy. Male antennas with rather long pectinations, terminal fourth simple;
in the female simple, finely serrated. Fore wings with the costa straight, the
apex rather obtuse. Hind wings much rounded. Fringe on both wings
unusually long. Venation: the costal region is rather wide, the subcostal
cell is sometimes open (chloroleucaria) ; the posterior discal venule is very
oblique, but not much curved; the origin of the first median venule is a little
removed from that of the second, while in Nemoria the origins of the two are
blended. Hind legs: tibiae long, with a large brush of hairs; tarsi one-third
to one-half as long as the tibiae (chloroleucaria), or a little longer than the
tibia? (in the European herbaria). Abdomen moderately long. Coloration:
green, with white firm lines, the outer common to both wings, broad and
conspicuous; fringe whitish, rarely deep red.

This genus, some species of which, as our common chloroleucaria and
the European herbaria, have been referred to Nemoria by Guenee, is readily
distinguished from the other Geometrina. by the large bushy palpi, well-
pectinated antennas, the triangular fore wings with their straight costa and
47 P H

170

obtuse apex, and Lhc much-rounded liiud wings, as well as the long fringe on

hot li pairs. In the European E. herbaria, the subcostal cell is closed, but in

several specimens of our E. chloroleucaria il is open. The legs differ greatly

in the length of the tarsi in (lie differenl species, bul the shape of the wings

is very constant.

Synopsis of the Species.

Lines narrow, very distinct ; outer lint' curved ; palpi short E. tteilleraria.

Lines broad, distinct; outer line straight : palpi rather long K. chloroleucaria.

Eucrostis ZELL1SRARIA, sp. line. Plate 10, fig. 76.

t! 3 and 1 9. — Pea-green. Head and antennae whitish-ochreous; fronl
deep green. Palpi and legs pale ochreous. Fore wings pale ochreous on the
eosta; two parallel, very distinct, whitish-ochreous lines, both curved on the
costal region, much alike., and nearly parallel and both a little wavy. The
outer line continued on to the hind wing, and rather suddenly bent a
little outward in the middle of the wing, the similar line in cliloroleucaria
being straight. The fringe on both wings is paler than the wings. Beneath
greenish, washed slightly with ochreous; costa of fore wings ochreous.

Length of body, <?, 0.27, 9. 0.33; of fore winy, <?, 0 30, 9. 0.40;
expanse of wings, 0.60—0.84 inch.

Waco, Texas, August 8-21 (Belfrage, Mus. Peab. Acad. Sc).

This exquisite species differs from E. chloroleucaria, being less strigated
with white, and in the head being green in front instead of reddish; in the
outer line being curved like the inner on the costal region instead of straight;
and in the single line on the hind wings being suddenly bent in the middle.
It is more nearly allied to the European herbaria than cliloroleucaria. The
hind legs are as in chloroleucaria, however, with a large brush of hairs; hind
tarsi half as long as the tibiae.

Eucrostis chlokoleucaria Packard. Plate in, tig. 77.

Ncmoria chloroleucaria Guen., Phal., i, 351, 1857.

Walk., List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxii. .r>:U, 1861.

10 3 and 10 9. — Pale pea-green, with numerous whitish strigas. Head
pale whitish on the vertex; front and palpi ochreous. Antenna; whitish.
Fore wings with two broad whitish lines: the inner situated half-way
between the outer and (lie base of the wing, a little curved: the outer more

:!71

distinct, straight, and continued on to the hind whit
the wing. Costa of fore wing whitish; fringe on both wings paler greenish
than the wing, sometimes almost whitish. Wings beneath paler than above, -
lore wings greenish, with a whitish, diffuse, outer band; costa washed faintly
with ochreous. Legs deep ochreous, sometimes with a reddish tinge.

Length of body, i, 0.30-0.35, 9. 0.30; of fore wing. <?, 0.32-0:40,
9. 0.42-0.4;"): expanse of wings, 0.73-0.80 inch.

Montreal, < 'a nada (Lyman); ( 'a nipt on, X. II., June (Walker); Brunswick,
Me. (Packard); Portland, Me. (Morse); Dublin, X. II., Milton, Mass. (Harris
Coll. Mas. Bost. Soc. Nat, Hist.); Nahant, .Mass. (Moering); Natick, Mass.
(Stratton) ; Boston, Mass., June and September (Sanborn) ; BrooUli'ne, Mass.,
May 31 (Shuftleff) ; Cambridge, Mass. (Verrill) ; Amherst. Mass., September
(Packard, Mus. Peab. Acad. Sc.) ; Peabody, Mass. (Mrs. Colcord) ; Spring-
field, Mass., June 18 (Dimmock) ; West Farms, N. Y. (Angus, Mus. Peab.
Acad. Sc.) ; Brooklyn, N. Y. (Grraef ) ; New Jersey (Sachs); Harrisburgh,
Pa., August 20 (Shurtleff); Easton, Pa. ^Stultz) ; Central Missouri (Eiley);
Lawrence, Kans. (Snow) ; Demopolis, Ala. (Grote); Waco, Texas, May 1,
October (Belfrage, Mus. Peab. Acad. Sc.) ; Dallas, Texas, April 13, May 5
(Boll, Mus. Peab. Acad. Sc); New Orleans, La. (Mus. Peab. Acad. Sci.).

From the dates given above, it appears that this moth is double-brooded.
One of our most common green moths, and easily recognized by the ochreous
front and palpi, pale whitish-green wings, and the two broad, parallel, whitish
lines; it readily lades out, so that the lines are almost effaced. Some appear
as il minutely mottled with whitish flecks. Texan specimens do not seem
to vary from New England ones. The distance between the two lines varies
considerably. This common and widely-spread species is easily recognized
by the pale-green body and wings", the ochreous front and palpi, anil by the
broad, common, whitish band, also its small size and rounded hind wings. It
seems to lie double-brooded, as it appears in Massachusetts in June and again
in September. It varies but little, sometimes differing in the depth of the
green shade, often occurring in collections almost white. Il is closely allied
to E herbaria of Southern Europe.

Larva. — Mr. L. W. Goodell has raised this moth, and writes me that the
caterpillar was found on the red raspberry. "It is green, marked obscurely
with paler green, and when fully grown measured an inch in length. July
24th it fastened itself to the bottom of the box in which it was confined and

372

changed to a chrysalis without making a cocoon. The chrysalis was also
green with a row of black dots on each side. The moth appeared August
loth." According to a MS. drawing of Abbot's, the body is very slender and
cylindrical, smooth, somewhat thickened on the end of the abdomen. Head
no wider than the body; it is reddish, while the body is grass-green, with
no* markings. Food-plant. Heleni/wm autumnale.

NEMORIA Hiibner. Plate 4. figs. 8, 8a.

Nemoria Hiilm.. Verz., 285, 1818.

Geometra Treits. (in part), Schm. Eur., v, 430, 1825.

Hi miiliiii Hii[>. (in part), Lep. Prance, viii (iv), 233, 1829.

Geometra Boisd., Gen. Ind., 179, 18-10.

Chloroehroma Dap., Cat., 224, 1844.

Geometra H.-Scli , Schiu. Km-., iii, 7, 1S-I7.

Wemoria Lcderer, Verb. Bot. Zool. Ges. Wieu, 189, 1853.

Guen. (in part), Phal., i. 345, 1857.

Walk, (in part), List Lep. Het. Br. Mas., xxii, 531, 1861.

Head rather wide in front, wider than in Eucrostis, not narrowing much
in front. Palpi slenderer than in Eucrostis, a little upCurved, passing a little
beyond the front. Male antennae simple. Fore wings triangular; costa
regularly arched ; apex slightly produced, acute. Hind wings distinctly
angled on the outer edge. In the venation, it only differs from Eucrostis 'm
the subcostal cell being always closed. Hind legs long and slender; tarsia
little more than half as long as the tibia1; a single pair of tibial spurs.
Abdomen long and slender, ending in a regular pencil of hairs. Coloration
green.

This pretty genus differs from Eucrostis, with which some of the species
have been confounded, by the angular hind wings and the simple antennas.
The species are of small size, delicate and graceful, and usually green, or
green with an ochreous tinge and reddish fringe. The species Hy in June
in open fields near pine-woods.

Synopsis of the Species.

Yellow above ami beneath -v- tubcroceata.

Dull sea-green ; bind wings with lino curved -V. gratata.

Larger than gratata, with line on bind wing bent rectangularly .V. pisiaciata.

Nemokia subcroceata Walker. Plate 10, fig. 78.

Nemoria subcrocata Walk., List Lep. Het. Br. Mns., xxvi, 1557, lsr,-.>.
Nemoria incertata Walk.. last Lep. Het. Br. Mns. xxvi, l.v.T. 1862.

5 $ and 1 9. — Shape of the wings as in N. gratata. Bright ochreous,
including the body and wings, antenna' and legs. Head white on the

.i i 6

vertex, extending some distance on to the antenna"; front deep dull red.
On the wings is a common whitish line, situated nearer the middle of the
wings than in the succeeding species; the line is nearly straight on the fore
wings, much less oblique than in gratata, a little wavy; on the hind wings,
the line is less curved than in N. gratata (it is sometimes obsolete). Beneath,
both wings are uniformly deep orange-ochreous, with no markings. Fringe
above and below concolorous with the wings.

Length of body, &, 0.84, 9, 0.36; of fore wings, S , 0.40, 9, 0.46; ex-
panse of wings, 0.82-0.95 inch.

- Milford, N. H. (C. P. Whitney, Mus. Bost. Soc. Nat, Hist); West Rox-
bury, Mass. (Sanborn, Mus. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist.) ; Albany, N. Y. (Lintner) ;
Brooklyn, N. Y. (Graef).

This beautiful little species is of the same shape as in the more common
dull-green N. gratata, but differs in the body and wings being usually of a
uniform deep ochreous-orange tint above and beneath.

The specimen received from Mi-. Lintner agrees with Walker's descrip-
tion of N. incertata. Both wings are above yellowish-green, and the fringe
is slightly reddish, but the wings beneath are deep orange; it is thus, when
seen above, apparently a variety of gratata, but beneath is unmistakably
subcroceata. Specimens may still be found to connect the two species. All
three species are much alike, and the differences between them very slight,

Nemoria gratata Walker, MS. . Plate 10, tig. 79.

4 S and 4 9. — Dull deep green, with a single faint, whitish, wavy line
on the outer fourth of the wing, parallel with the outer edge of the wing.
(This line is sometimes wanting, and there are no other markings on the
wing in perfectly fresh specimens.) The fringe has a decided reddish tinge,
or is concolorous with the, wing. Beneath paler than above, with no mark-
ings. Both wings are of the same hue, and the fringe beneath is reddish.
Prothorax deep rusty-ochreous. Head whitish-ochreous on the vertex,
including the antenna.' ; front deep rust-brown. Palpi and legs ochreous.

Length of body, 6, 0.30, 9, 0.32; of fore wings, <?, 0.35, 9, 0.35-0.40;
expanse of wings, 0.80-0.85 inch.

Brunswick, Me., common in fields adjoining pine-woods. May 28 to
June 10 (Packard); London, Canada (Saunders): Salem, Mass., June 17
(Cassino) ; Amherst, Mass. (Goodell) ; Boston, Mass. (Sanborn) : Lansing,

" - I

Mich. (Cook) ; Albany, N. Y.. .\hi\ ijO (Meske) ; Philadelphia, Pa. (Amer.
Knt. Soc).

This species, common northward, may be known by the unusually deep
dull-greenish tint ; the common line, and only one present, is very faintly
marked, sometimes entirel} wanting. The fringe varies in being concolorous
with the wing or tinged with reddish. There is sometimes a russel tint to
the wings. It is smaller than .A. subcroceata, with a blunter apex to the fore
wings and les> angular hind win^s.

Nemoeia i'istaciata Guenee. Plate 1". tiu. 80.

Nemoriat pistaclaria Guen., Pbal., i, 348, 1857.

Walk.. Lis! Lep. I let. Br. Mils., xxii, 534, 1861.

4 9. — This is a larger species than gratata, with more produced acute
fore wings and much more angular hind wings, as well as more distinct
markings. Fronl edge of prothorax and palpi and legs deep ochreous.
Front of head reddish. Wings deep sea-green, of the same tint as in
V. gratata. Costa of fore wings tinged with reddish on the extreme edge
(no inner line to lie seen in my specimens). An outer line common to both
wings, at ahout the- same relative distance from the outer edge as in gratata;
the line on the fore wings is a little sinuous, when a little effaced represented
by venular dots: on the hind wings, the line is bent at nearly right angles
following the outline of the outer edge. The fringe on, both wings is rather
long and unusually reddish (but in one case pale-green). Beneath, both
wings are uniformly pale pea-green, with the costa of the fore wings distinctly
yellowish : the fringe is reddish, as above. Both wings with very taint discal
dark-green discolorations.

Length of body. 9, 0.34; of fore wings, 9. 0.46; expanse of wings, 0.90
inch.

Salem, Mass., dune x (Cassino); Amherst. Mass., June 1 (Peabodj I;
Brooklyn, N. V. (Graef) ; Hastings on Hudson, N. Y. (Grote) ; Albany, N.
Y.. dune 9 ( Meske) ; West Farms, N. Y. (Angus).

This pretty species is larger, with more angular wings, than in \. gra-
tata, and the costa of the fore wings is reddish above and yellow beneath,
though the general tint of the wings is the same as in the two species. It
agrees well with GueneVs description, except that there is in my examples
no "external second line on the fore wings'', as he states. His description
is baser! on r single "9 en mo ft rain etat".

375

Desiderata. '

Nemoria? fasceolaria Guen., Phal., i, 851, 1857— "22mm. Ailes superi-
eures d'uu vert; vif, parseme d'une infinite de petite stries transversales, dues
a ^interruption des ecailles vertes, avec une seule ligne pen apparente, droite,
formee aus'si par l'interruption de ces ecailles. Frange verte a extremitc
blanche. Cote finement liseree de rose obscur. Ailes infeVieures blanches
et seulement teinte"es de vert au bord et a Tangle anal, sans dessin Dessous
des quatre ailes dgalement vert, avec le bord interne blanc. Front, palpes et
partie externe des pattes d'un ruse sali.

"California Une 9. Coll. Bdv.

"Appartient-elle bien au genre Nemoria! II faudrail voir le male pour
l'affirmer."

Nemoria indiscrinrinata Walk., List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxvi, 1556,
1862. — "Female. Pale yellowish-green, whitish beneath. Palpi obliquely
ascending, bent; third joint linear, shorter and more slender than the second.
Antenna? stout. Wings transversely, minutely and indistinctly mottled with
paler colour; interior and exterior lines paler, very indistinct. Fore wings
hardly acute; costa straight; exterior border slightly convex. Length of the
body 3 lines; of the wings 1!) lines. East Florida."

Nemoria? densaria Walk., List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxvi, 1557, 1862. —
"Male. Very pale green. Head pale rosy in front. Palpi obliquely ascend-
ing, not rising higher than the vertex; third joint conical, very minute.
Antennae moderately pectinated, except toward the tips. Legs smooth ; hind
tibiae with apical spurs only. Wings moderately broad, with a paler, straight,
oblique exterior line; fringe long, full. Fore wings hardly acute; costa
hardly convex; exterior border convex, moderately oblique. Length of the
body 4 lines; of the wings 10 lines. East Florida."

ANNEMORIA Packard. Plate 4, tig. 10.

Eunemoria Pack., Proo. Host, Soc. Nat. Hist., xvi, 30, 1874.

Allied to Eucroslis, but the head is much narrower in front, and not so
broad on the vertex; in front, the sides are nearly parallel. Palpi about as
long as in Eucrostis, but much stouter, slightly ascending ; third joint distinct,
thick, rounded. Antenna? pectinated nearly to the ends, the branches short,
those in the middle of the antennae about twice as long as the joints. Fore

wings shaped much as in Eucrostis, bui rather more pointed al the apex;
outer edge straighter ; hind wings long, much more rounded, and not angu-
lated, as in Eucrostis.

The costal space of the fore wings is very much narrower than in Eucrostis.
Venation much as in Chlorosea, bul the free end of the costal vein is thrown
off from the outer end of (lie subcostal cell, and the origin of the sixth sub-
costal venule is rather remote from that of the anterior discal venule. Abdo-
men shaped much as in Eucrostis, being acutely pointed at the tip, which just
reaches the anal angle of the hind wings. Hind tibiae swollen, with four
stout acute spurs, while there are but two (terminal) in Eucrostis (male); a
long large accessory tuft, as in Eucrostis. Hind tarsi slender, nearly two-
thirds as long as the tibia', while in Eucrostis they are half as long as the
tibia; and stouter. The single species known is light green, with a single
rather broad common line, not wavy and straight on the fore wings, curved
on the hind wings. Differs from Chlorosea in the more rounded hind wings
and in the venation.

Annemokia umtakia Packard.
Eunemoria miliaria Pack., Proc. Dost. Soc. Nat. Hist., xvi, HO, 1874.

1 i . — Palpi pink; front red; vertex white and antennae white above;
abdomen white; thorax and wings deep pea-green, deeper than in Eucrostis.
Extreme costal i-^ixt' white. A single common white line crosses both wings;
on the primaries it is straight, and situated just beyond the middle ot the
wing; on the hind wings it is well curved, and situated just beyond the
middle of the wing. Fringe white, on the outer edge pinkish. Two anterior,
pairs of legs reddish. «

Length of body, 0.45 ; of fore wing, 0.53 ; expanse of wings, 1 10 inches

Nevada (Edwards).

The narrow, red front and I lie structure of the hind legs, the pinkish
edge of the fringe, and its rather large size, are the distinguishing marks of
this species.

CHLOROSEA* Packard. Plate 4, tig. 11.

Chloro • ■: r.i. i. . I 'in. . I '.i". i . .-mii . Nat. Hist., xvi, 31, Vi'i I

Belonging apparently to the same group as Nemoria and Annemoria, and
less closely to Phorodesma. Head with the vertex not so broad in proportion

" . grceu : B>n , mntb.

or->7

as in Eucrostis or Pseudoterpna ; front moderately broad, less so, however,
than in Eucrostis. Palpi rather long and slender, projecting farther than usual
beyond. the front (though not nearly so much so as in Synchlora), slightly
ascending; third joint small, but distinct. Antenna' pectinated almost to the
tip; branches about half as long in proportion as in Eucrostis, or longer than
in any other genus except Eucrostis; in the female, slender and filiform. Fore
wings shaped much as in Eucrostis, costa curved in the same manner; apex
subacute, outer edge curved in much the same way. The costal space is
slightly narrower in proportion than in Eucrostis, and the fifth subcostal or
subapical space is small, being one-fourth as long as the wing, while in
Eucrostis it is much larger, being one-third as long as the costa of the wing.
Hind wings of much the same shape as in Phorodesma and Pseudoterpna, not
being produced and subangulated as in Eucrostis, or so long and fully rounded
as in Eunemoria ; the apical region is full and rounded, while the outer edge
is very straight. The venation is much as in Annemoria, the posterior discal
venule being greatly curved; the sixth subcostal venule co-originates with
the anterior discal venule. The costal vein, after anastomosing with the sub-
costal, is thrown off near the base of the subcostal cell. The abdomen does
not reach the anal angle of the hind wings ; its shape is much as in Eucrostis.
Hind legs unusually small; tibiae very slender and short, shorter than the
tarsi, and with but a single terminal pair of spurs in both sexes. No essen-
■tial difference between the sexes, except in the antenna?.

Coloration pale green, with a single oblique white line on the fore wings ;
hind wings immaculate. The known species are of larger size than usual in
the allied genera. ■

While the palpi are less ascending than in Eucrostis, the antennae are one-
half as widely pectinated, but wider than in Eunemoria, or, in fact, any genus
ef the subfamily except Eucrostis. The hind legs are much as in Phorodesma,
but there is but one pair of spurs, and the vertex is not so broad as in that
genus, while the antenna? are pectinated near the tip. The hind wings are
more produced toward the apex than in Annemoria.

Synopsis of the Specie

Of largo size, with male antennae narrowly pectinated C. nevadaria.

Like nevadaria, but fore wing.s sharper ; outer edge more oblique C. bistriaria.

Small; male with very broadly-pectinated antennae C. perririduria,

48 P H

■ I

7*

( 'lILoh'OSKA NKVADAKIA Packard. Plate LO, fig. 81.
i I: lorosoa nevadaria Pack., Proc. Boat. Soc. Nat. Hist., xvi, 31, 1874.

2 <? and .") 9. — Pale pea-green. Bead whitish a1 the insertion of the
antennae (which arc while above), I ml greenish on the hinder edge of vertex;
front pale greenish, pink on the orbits, or entirely pink. Palpi whitish;
thorax green. Both wings pale green, coarsely and diffusely strigated with
white. Fore wings whitish on extreme edge of costa; an oblique, rather
broad band, straight in its course, crosses the wing from just beyond the
middle of the inner edge to the outer tilth of the costa: it is situated nearer
the outer edge in the female. No other markings. Hind wings slightly paler
than the primaries, with a white line just beyond the middle, broader and
less distinct than on the fore wings. Beneath, uniformly pale green; hind
wings a little paler than primaries; faint traces of the line on the fore wings.
Legs whitish; two anterior pairs of tibiae pink. Abdomen white, tinged
with pinkish at the base, with two conspicuous round spots, having an irreg-
ular v-shaped pink spot between them, and another behind.

Length of body, J1, 0.55, 9,0.45-0.50; fore wing, 3, 0.70, 9,0.60-0.68;
expanse of wings, 1.45 inches.

Nevada (Edwards) ; Victoria, Vancouver Island (Crotch, Mus. Comp.
Zool.) ; Southern California (U. S. Dept. Agriculture): Sanzalito, Cal., June
2-7 (Behrens).

The species may be recognized by its large size, the single line common
to both wings, by the white and pink spotted abdomen, and by the very slen-
der hind legs with the single pair of tibial spurs.

Chlorosea bistriaria, .sp. i/or. Plate l.">, tig. 55.

I (?, — This line species is intermediate between < '. nevadaria and pervi-
ridaria. It is of the same size as nevadaria, but the fore wings are more
produced toward the apex, the outer edge being more oblique; the antennae
arc much more heavily pectinated, while the palpi are considerably stonier.
From 0. perviridaria it differs in being much larger, the antenna' are a little
more heavily pectinated, while the palpi are stouter; the wings are also a
little more produced toward the apex, the outer edge being much more.
oblique. Body and wings pea-green. Head in front roseate. Fore wings
with two heavy, broad, distinct, parallel, while lines: the inner line arises in

379

the middle of the costa and ends on the inner third of the inner edge of the
wing; the outer line is nearly parallel with the outer edge of the wing, but
is still more oblique, ending a little inside of the outer third of the inner
edge. Hind wings of the same form as in C. perviridaria; white on the
inner two-thirds. Beneath, greenish, with an extradiscal broad band on both
wings; that on the hinder pair being much broader than that on the fore
wings.

Length of body, c?,0.50; of litre wing, J, 0.68; expanse of wings, 1.40
inches.

Nevada (H. Edwards).

Chlorosea perviridaria, sp. nov. Plate 10, tig. 82.

2 <t . — Of the same form as in C. nevadaria, with longer pectinations to
the antennae. Front reddish-brown ; vertex and antennae reddish. Palpi
rather brighter reddish than the front of the head. Head beneath, thorax,
and wings bright pea-green. Fore wings uniformly bright pea-green, with
no markings except a single, narrow, oblique, firm, white line, which runs
from a little beyond the middle of the inner edge to the outer fifth of the
costa; costal edge reddish (hind wings greenish, like the fore wings). Beneath,
both wings of the same hue as above, hinder pair uniformly greenish ; a faint
trace of the oblique line on the fore wings. Legs greenish ; anterior and
middle tibice deep red internally, white externally; all the tarsi whitish.
Abdomen whitish, with some green scales.

" Length of body, J, 0.35; of fore wings, 9, 0.50; expanse of wings,
1.00 inch.

Sanzalito, Cal., June 27 to duly 10 (Behrens).

This pretty species differs from C nevadaria in its much smaller size,
more broadly-pectinated antenna', reddish costa, and brown front.

SYNCHLORA Gruenee. Plate 4, tigs. 9, 12.

Syncklora Gueu., Thai., i, 375, 1S57.

Eimemoria Pack., Fifth Auu. Rep. Pea.lt. Ar.nl. Sc, 7(i, 1-7:;.

tf. — Allied more closeh to Racheospila than any other genus of this
group. The front is unusually broad and square, much more so than in
Aplodes. Male palpi short, small, and weak, not extending beyond the front;
tip subacute, hairy; terminal joint short, pointed, partially concealed in the

380

hairs of the second ; in the female, remarkably long and slender, extending far
beyond the head ; third joint long and slender, one-half as long as the second
joint. Antennae short, just half as long as the fore wings, stout, thick at
base, well pectinated on the basal two-thirds, terminal third simple. Wings
of much the same shape as in Aplodes, but the outer side is more oblique.
The hind wings are of the same shape as in Aplodes; not angulated mesially,
but well rounded on the outer edge. All the venules are shorter than in
Aplqdes, originating farther out toward the outer edge of the wing. The
subcostal venules much shorter than in Aplodes. and the posterior discal
venule much less bent. The body is short and stout, and the abdomen is not
ornamented with pale pustules or reddish scales, but with a dorsal white
line. The front is more like Nemoria than Aplodes. Hind legs as in Aplodes.

The species of this genus may be known by the broad front of the
head (not square, as in Aplodes), by the straight costa of the fine wings, and
the rounded outer edge of the hind wings. The antenna' are more broadly
pectinated than in Aplodes. The palpi differ greatly in the two sexes, so that
I was misled into separating the males, and regarding them as types of a dis-
tinct genus (Eunemoria). The female palpi are of great length, and are much
as in Racheospila.

Larva. — Body cylindrical, ornamented with large conical or flap-like
dorsal tubercles. Plate 13, fig. 23, is probably the larva of Synchlora excur-
varia. The moth, copied from Abbot's MS. drawing, is represented by fig.
41, and agrees well with excurvaria, but may prove to be distinct. The
caterpillar is rather thick-bodied, with ten very large dorsal tubercles, which
are brown, tipped with yellow. The body is yellowish, thickly spotted and
slashed with brown. It bears a close resemblance in color to the brown
center of the flower of Rudbeckia nitida, the food-plant. The pupa is moder-
ately thick and brown.

The larva (plate 13, fig. .'SI) of another Synchlora (tig. 46) allied to
excurvaria, but with the fringe of the wings red, is represented by Abbot
in a MS. drawing as quite slender and cylindrical, green, with a reddish
head, and seven pairs of slender, red, conical tubercles, the sixth pair situated
a little behind the middle of the body, and the seventh forming the terminal
pair. The chrysalis is reddish-green and very slender. The food-plant is
Baccharis halimi folia.

381
Synopsis oj the Species.

Costa of wings reddish ,S. tricoloraria.

Front greou, lines much excurved, and scallops large. S. excwvaria.

Front green : scallops slightly marked ; outer line slightly sinuous X. rubiroraria.

Female like female of rubiroraria, but with the front reddish ,S'. rubrifrontari'a.

Synchlora tricolorafia Packard. Plate 10, fig. 83.

Eunemoria tricoloraria Pack., Proe. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist.,xvi, 30, 1874.

1 </ and 1 9. — Antennae well pectinated, white above; palpi stout, red,
white along the lower edge; wings much as in the eastern species, S.
rubivoraria. Front duller red than palpi ; vertex white, with a few reddish
scales at base, Body and wings pea-green. Fore wings green ; costa white,
tinged with red at the base. Two curved, much wrinkled, white lines
nearer together and more waved than usual, cross each wing. Fringe green,
whitish at insertion and at the outer edge. Fore and middle tibiae and tarsi
reddish. Beneath, fore wings pale, deeper green on the costal half; basal
two-thirds of costa deep red. Hind wings whitish-green. The outer line
on fore wings faintly re-appears. Abdomen wanting.

Length of fore wing, <?,0.40, 9,0.50; expanse of wings, 0.85-1.00 inch.

California (Edwards); Sanzalito, Cal. (Behrens).

The female is much larger than the male, and has very long pink palpi.
This species differs from all the Atlantic States species in the costa of the
fore wings being reddish.

Synchlora excurvaria Packard. Plate 10, fig. 85.

Synchlora excurvaria Pack., Fifth Rep. Peab. Acad. So., 70, 1873.

1 <S and 3 9. — Of the usual form. Front green. Palpi green, tipped
with pale brown or reddish. Fore wings whitish on the costa, the two lines
much as usual and at the usual distance apart; inner line sinuate; outer line
on both wings much more irregular and wavy than usual, approaching the
outer edge more on the median venules. The usual white line on the abdomen.
Beneath whitish, greenish on costal half of fore wing; two anterior pairs of
legs greenish at base ; fore tibiae washed with pale brown.

Length of body, <$ , 0.30, 9, 0.30; fore wing, 3, 0.32, 9, 0.40; expanse
of wings, 0.65-0.90 inch.

Dcmopolis, Ala. (Grote); Dallas, Texas, October 1 (Boll, Mus. Peal..
Acad. Sc); Waco, Tex., October 10 (Belfrage).

This species differs froin.the others by the outer line being much more

scalloped and curved outward near the outer edge of the wing, making a hold
and sudden rune mi both wings; the inner line common to both wings with
much larger scallops than in any of the other species known to me.

Synchlora rubivoraria Packard. Plate 10, fig. 86.

Jj>lode8 rubivora Rilej '. Inst Ann. Rep. Ins. Missouri, 139, plate '-'. fig. 25, 18H9.
Sgnchlora alboKneata Puck., Fifth Ann. Rep. Peab. Acad. So., 75, 1873.
Eunemoria graoilaria Pack., Fifth Rep. Peab. Acad Sc, 77. 1-7:'..

10 6 and 6 9. — Pea-green; a white stripe between the antennae, which

are also while, and beneath pale testaceous; palpi and legs white; front and
pectus green; a green stripe on the fore trochanters. Palpi very long,
extending out nearly twice the length of the head, greenish or reddish at tip.
Fore wings with the costal edge white: a basal curved line, slightly dentate
on the venules. Discal dot very linear, pale, obscure. Outer white line par-
allel with the outer edge, dentate on. the venules. Edge with white dots on
the venules. Fringe pale green. Secondaries with a much curved basal
white line, a linear, small, white, discal dot ; outer line very dentate on the
venules, much more so than the same line on fore wings. Fringe pale; edge
with white dots on ends of venules. Beneath, fore wings testaceous, whitish
on costal edge; fringe white; anterior half of wings greenish, posterior
whitish. Secondaries whitish ; the line appears, though very faintly. Abdo-
men green, streaked mesially with white.

Length of body, S , 0.33, 9. 0.43; length of lore wing, c7 , 0.36, 9. o..r>4;
expansion of wings, 0.65—1.08 inches.

.Maine (Packard); Boston, Mass. (Sanborn); Natick, Mass. (Stratton);
"Mass., Aug. 5" (Harris Coll. Bost. Soc Nat. Hist.); Springfield, Mass., July
1!) (Dimmock); Dorchester, Mass. (Sanborn); Amherst, Mass., September;
Brooklyn, N. Y. (Graef); Long Island (Morrison); "West Farms, N. Y.
(Angus); New Jersey (Sachs); Central Missouri, September (Riley) ; Law-
rence, Kans. (Snow); Demopolis, Ala (Grote); Dallas, Tex., June 10 (Boll,
Mus. Peal). Acad. So.).

This common species may be recognized by the uniformly green front
of the head: otherwise it very closely resembles S.rubrifrontaria. It varies
greatly, as do all the species in size. It also varies somewhat in the distance
between the two common lines, and in t he degree of sinuosity and scalloping
of the lines.

Larva. — " Color light yellowish-gray, darker jus! behind each joint, and

QUO

->n.)

very minutely shagreened all over. On each segment, a prominent, pointed,
straight projection on each side of the dorsum, and several minor warts and
prickles below. Two very slightly raised, longitudinal, lighter lines along the
dorsum, between the prominent prickles. Ten legs. Average length, 0.80
inch. It has the peculiar faculty of thoroughly disguising itself with pieces of
dried berry, seed, pollen, and other debris of the fruit, which it- sticks to a series
of prickles with which it is furnished. Add to this disguise the habit which
it has of looping itself into a small ball, and it almost defies detection. It is
most numerous (in Illinois) during the months of June and July, the moth
appearing July 9. It feeds upon the fruit of the raspberry." — Riley.

Synchloea rubrifrontaria Packard.

Synchlora rubrifrontaria Pack., Fifth Rep. Peab. Acad. Sc, 75,1873.

1 $ and 3 9 . — Closely resembling 8. rubivoraria, but differing in the
front and palpi being reddish, as also the fore tibiae; the fore wings are a
little more prolonged toward the apex, but the markings and coloration
of the wings and body are almost identical, except that the basal line on the
hind wings is much less curved than in the other species, and the lines
generally are a little less curved, but about the same distance apart.

Length of body, $ 0.35-0.38 ; length of fore wing, S 0.43-0.50 ; ex-
panse of wings, 0.85-1.05 inches.

West Farms, N. Y. (Angus); Brooklyn, N. Y. (Graef) ; Central Mis-
souri, August (Riley).

This species differs from the more abundant 8. rubivoraria in the front

of the head being reddish and the lines more distinctly scalloped and

inclined to be heavier.

Desideratum.

Synchlora liquoraria Gruen., Phal., i, 375, 1857. — '-23mm. Ailes d'un vert
pomme, a frange concolore a la base, blanchatre a, l'extre'mite, prece'dee
seulement de petits points blanc place's an bout des nervures. Les deux
lignes communes, blanches, bien nettes, la premiere onde'e, la seconde dentee.
Un trait cellulaire pen visible. Superieures avec la cote blanche, liscree.
interieurement de rose carne*. Dessous d'un blanc-verdatre. Les supe-
rieures plus vertes, avec la cote plus largement rose qu'en dessus. Front
d'un carne obscur. Palpes Wanes, teintes de rose. Abdomen blanc, a dos
vert, divise par unc ligne media nc blanche.

■'California Une <?. Coll. Bdv."

384

RACHEOSPILA Guende.

liachcoapila Gucu., Phal. i, 372, 1857.

Walk , Lep. Bet. Br. Mus., xxii, E81, 1861.

"Antennes des ' pectindes, a sommel filiformes. Palpes a dernier
article lindaire, plus ou moiris lung. Corps assez robuste; l'abdomen muni
de petites crates redressdes ou ornd de ladies blanches, cercldes de rouge
obscur, conique chez les $, ovoides, dpais chez les 9. Pattes greles, assez
loogues, sans aigrettes; les tibias postdrieurs a deux paires d'dperons. Ailes
entieres, a (range liseree ou errtre coupde de rouge; les infdrieures avec
un coude pen, senti ou milieu."

From the want of any male in this <.renus, 1 am obliged to copy
Guenee's description. Comparing my single female of 11. sitellaria Guen.,
from Porto Rico, I am unable to find any good structural characters to
separate it from females of Si/nclilord. In the style of coloration, it differs
decidedly, having a well-marked brown discal dot on each wing, and a dorsal
row of raised abdominal white round spots surrounded with red. The usual
white lines are represented by rows of isolated white dots. The hind wings
are, perhaps, a little less convex on the outer edge than in Synchio?~a. The
female palpi are as in Synchlora. Until our native species is discovered in
both sexes, the generic characters must remain as quoted from M. Guende.
In venation. R. site/lurid differs from Synchlora chiefly in the posterior discal
venule being benl in the middle rather than near the origin, as usual: other-
wise the venation is much as in Synchlora.

RaCHEOSPILA L1XARIA GueUe'e.

RachcoxpiUi Urartu Gruen., Phal., i, 374.

Walk., Li*t Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxii, 081, 1861.

"26mm. Ailes d'un beau vert-d'eau, avec un liseree rouge fin. t res-net,
interrompu par des points blancs vis-a-vis des traits rouges qui entre coupent
la frange. One ligne commune, tres-tine, dentde, d'un blanc-verd&tre, traverse
le milieu des ailes qui out, en outre, chacune un tres-petit point cellulaire
brun. Les supdrieures out la cote liseree de blanc. Dessous d'un blanc-
verdatre pale, avec le liseree tres-distinct. Front rouge. Abdomen avec
dr grandes taches blanches liserees de rouge. Amdrique septentrionale.
Un i. Coll. Guen."

385
ArLODES Guenee. Plate 4, figs. 13, 13a.

Jjilodcs Guen., Thai., i, 37(>, 1857.

. and loili.s Walk, (in part), List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxii, 540, 58G, 1861.
Hipparchischus Walsh, l'roe. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., is, 300, 18G4.

Head nearly square in front. Palpi slightly ascending, rather slender,
reaching a little in front of the head; third joint short, conical. Antennae
of male with short, slender pectinations. Fore wings with the costa rather
full; apex subacute. Hind wings usually distinctly angled in the middle.
Venation : a subcostal cell closed or open ; the costal vein touches the middle
of the subcostal cell, the posterior discal venule and the first two median
venules either co-originating or the origin of the first median remote from
that of the second. Hind legs of the male: tibiae rather long, four equal
spurs, with a pointed projection extending beyond the spines; tarsi short,
very slender, but little more than half as long as the tibies. Abdomen long
and slender, greenish above and spotted with white, or with a long, white,
dorsal baud. Wings with two common, white, narrow lines, the outer line
on the hind wings usually distinctly bent.

The green or whitish abdomen, with the conspicuous white or reddish
spots, and the angled hind wings, distinguish the species of this genus from
Racheospila, in which the species are smaller, with very long palpi, the
third joint being of great length, while the spots on the abdomen are white
surrounded with red.

Larva. — " Ten-footed, its dorsum with curved lateral appendages cov-
ered with short, velvety hair, and similar to those of Limacodes? hyalinus
Walsh, except that they are much shorter and none of them abruptly longer
than the others.'' — (Walsh.) The pupa is greenish or brownish, enclosed in
a slight cocoon among leaves, fastened together with a lew silk threads. —

(Sc udder.)

Synopsis of the Species.

A. Origin of first median venule remote from that of the second;

hind wings scarcely bent; abdomen spotted with red:

Green, with a brown line behind the antenna-; fringe reddish on the

outer two-thirds 1. ruirifrontarifl.

B. First and second median and posterior discal venules co-

originating; hind wings angled:

a. Species brown :

Brown, with a marginal, darker, interrupted line 1. briiniiearhi.

40 p II

38G

/.. Species green :

Larger than the succeeding species ; hind wings bent ; three conspicuous

abdominal spots A. mimosaria.

Like A. rubrifrontaria, bat with the lines broader than usual 1. rubromarginaria.

A line, interrupt d, reddish line :il base of fringe 1- rubrolinearia.

The two lines on fore u iuj;s very wide apart; fringe white 1. latiaria.

The two lines approximate; fringe green -I. approximaria.

Aplodes klbrii'kontalia Packard. Plate 10, fig. 87.

Bacfteospila rubrifrontaria Pack., Filth Rep. Peah. Acad. Sc, ?(i, 1-7;!.

2 <? and ."> 9. — Front pale ochreous-brown; front edge and clypeus pale,
concolorous, slightly roseate at tip; vertex white between the antenna', mar-
gined behind with reddish. Antennae pale testaceous, whitish above. Wings
pea-green, as usual: costal edge of primaries whitish; an inner, slightly curved,
irregularly-undulating line; an outer, more distinct, straight line, a little waved
just before the costa, where it becomes obsolete; outer half of fringe rosa-
ceous: fringe rosy on tip of the fore wings. On the secondaries hut one line,
bent a good deal in the middle. Beneath, paler, the lines appearing faintly
through. Thorax green, a white (sometimes red) blister at base of abdomen;
on third and fourth abdominal rings a white spot, margined irregularly with
dull ochreous or entirely reddish; beyond white. Legs concolorous with
the front.

Length of body, J, 0.40, 9, 0.40; of fore wing, J, 0.53, 9, 0.GO;
expanse of wings, 1.10-1. "25 inches.

Brunswick, Me., June 0, in open fields near pine-woods (Packard);
Massachusetts (Sanborn): Chicago, 111. (Wescott) ; Victoria, Vancouver
Island, July (Crotch); Sierra Nevada (Crotch, Mus. Conip Zool.).

The ochreous-brown front, legs, and palpi tipped with rosaceous, the
abdomen green at base, with the conspicuous blister, white in the male and
red in the female, and the two succeeding dull reddish spots, and the red
spot on the fringe at the apex of tin; fore wings, will distinguish this not
uncommon species.

I am unable to defect any differences between the Pacific and Atlantic
coast individuals in the markings or colors. The female from Sierra Nevada
is slightly larger than the female from Chicago, the lore wing of the former
measuring 0.63 and that of the latter 0.(10 inch. In a specimen front Texas,
there are four discal spots; in other respects, it does not seem to differ from
northern specimens.

oo i

Larva and pupa. — The following description of (he larva and pupa is
copied from Mr. Scudder's notes: "Light grass-green. The shape of the
larva is quite peculiar. The head is quite small and may be partially
withdrawn within the prothoracic segment, the thoracic segments are also
rather small ; the remaining segments are nearly equal, but each segment
bears a peculiar elongation at the lateral line, those of the segment bearing
1 lie ventral proleg, and the one posterior to it being much smaller than the
rest, becoming merely a horizontal wart, while on the others they become
•compressed appendages turned outwards and upwards, inclined considerably
forwards and armed at t lie tip with two elliptical warts, terminated with a
bristle, the anterior one pointing in the general direction of the appendage,
the posterior directed backward ; these appendages are reddish towards the
end and increase in size posteriorly, attaining their maximum size on the
sixth segment and then decreasing to the ninth. The eleventh segment bears
subdorsal horns long, conical, straight and spiny, each surmounted by a bristle-
bearing wart, like that on each of the lobes of the appendages mentioned. The
prothoracic segment .also bears anteriorly a transverse row of four short horns
similar to those on the eleventh segment, and posteriorly two situated behind
the central two of the anterior row; each of these bears two bristles. On
all the other segments there are two pairs of subdorsal minute bristle-bearing
warts. The entire body, legs, head and horns are covered with minute short
white blunt spines. The head is rather deeply cleft, whitish, granulated,
with some dark spots; labrum edged with reddish ; antennae pale. The body
is slightly paler beneath, with a pale stigmatal band on the abdominal segment
turning upward at the fourth and fifth segments. Length 0.70 inch, breadth
ts inch. It was found at Princeton, Mass., Aug. 24, feeding on Cowplonia
aspleni folia. On the fourth of September it began to make a cocoon by
fastening together pieces of leaves and the ends of whole leaves, with a few
silk threads.

"Pupa grass green, doited profusely with dark green; the top of the
head and thorax and all of the abdomen is of a dirty white color, dotted
rather profusely with brownish; the last segment is hoof-shaped and yellow-
ish, with two reddish hooks. An indistinct dark stigmatal band. Spiracles
brownish encircled witli dirty white. A black dorsal band runs the whole
length of the body. Length 0.44 inch." A chrysalis was also found at
Framingham, Mass., August 2.

Aplodes brunnearia, up. nov. Plate 10, fig. 88.

2 i. — Of the size of A. mimosaria, bul with the wings slightly more
bent, particularly the hinder pair, and the apex of the fore winirs more obtuse.
Body and wings light brown. Head while on the vertex; in front, brown,
like the rest of the body. The white bands are arranged much as in A.
mimosaria, (here being two white lines common to both wings, the inner wavy
and fading away near the cOsta, the outer being slightly oblique and a little
wavy. On the hind wings, the outer line is a little broader than m ?ni?nosaria,
but bent in the middle at the same angle; a narrow, marginal, dark-brown
line, interrupted by the venules; fringe long and silky. Beneath, paler than
above, with a very faint ochreous tinge on the costa ; the lines are faintly
reproduced.

Length of body, 9, 0.33-0.43; of fore wing, ?, 0.43-0 53; expanse of
.wings, 1 00 inch.

West Virginia, April 18 (T. L. Mead); Central Missouri, May 7
■ (Riley); Dallas, Texas (Boll, Mus. Peab. Acad. Sc).

This differs from all the other species of this genus in being pale brown,
and is a remarkable exception to the prevalent mode of coloration in the
Geometrinm. It differs from A. mimosaria in the blunter apex of the fore
wings, the broader lines, and the presence of a dark, marginal, interrupted
line.

Larva. — Body short and thick, with two small tubercles on the thoracic
segments; four large triangular flaps on the median rings, and one on the
end of the body. Pale brown, slashed with a darker tint. Pupa slender,
pale brown. Food-plant Juglans nigra (described from Abbot's MS.
drawings). This is certainly the larva of brunnearia ; but since the male is
represented by Abbot as green, and scarcely distinguishable from A. rubri-
fronlaria, it may prove to lie the same larva as that described by Mr. Scud-
der, and brunnearia may prove to be the female of this or a closely-allied
speeies, though what I have described as the females of rubrifrontaria seem
to lie such. Fig. 47, plate 1.'!, represents the male of Abbot's drawing.

Aplodes mimosaria Guenc'e. Plate 10, fig. 89.

Aplochs mimosaria Guen.!, Pbal., i, :iTT. 1857,

Walk., List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxii, 586, 1861.
Iodis traclaria Walk.!!! (fidt Grote), List Ley. Het. Br. Mus., xxii, 540, 1861.
nipparchisttte venuatus Walsh! (jidi Rilei I, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., ix, 301, 1834.

4 t? and 9. — A rather large species, with the antenna' moderately well

389

pectinated. Apex of tore wings square, outer edge not very convex. Hind
wings well rounded, less angulated than usual ; anal angle square, Body and
wings of the usual pale-green color; head and antennae white, front bright
rose-colored, except on front border. Palpi white; end of second joint and
under side of third joint roseate. Both pairs of wings crossed by linear,
slightly-waved, white lines. Inner line on fore wing, very near the base of
wing, regularly curved ; outer line straight, waved, parallel with outer edge.
Costa narrowly edged with white. Fringe white on both wings. Hind wings
with the inner line nearer the base of wing than on fore wings, curved regu-
larly. Outer line bent outward in the middle, the line not so wavy as on fore
wing. Beneath, both lines faintly reproduced (not " avec line seule ligne
blanche", as Guenee says). Hind wings and posterior two-thirds of fore wings
whitish-green. Outer side of fore femora green, of tibia? dull red; two pos-
terior pairs white. Abdomen white, green at hase above, with a conspicuous
white spot at base.

Length of body, J, 0.45, 9, 0.40; of fore wing, <?, 0.G0, 9, 0.5fi inch.

Roxbury, Mass., June (C. S. Minot); Dedhain, Mass. (F. W. Very);
Berkshire County, Mass., July 7 (Shurtleff); Albany, N. Y, June 9 (Lintner);
Brooklyn, N. Y. (Graef); Philadelphia, Pa. (Amer. Fnt. Soc); Easton, Pa.
(Stultz); Saint Louis, Mo., May 5 (Riley); Pock Island, 111. (Walsh);
"Trenton Falls, N. Y ; Orilla, West Canada ; Nova Scotia" (Walker).

Larva and pupa. — The following description is taken from Mr. AValsh's
account of this insect. "Larva ten-footed, cylindrical, its dorsum with curved
lateral appendages covered with short, velvety hairs, and similar to those of
IAmacodes? hyalinus Walsh, except that they are much shorter and none of
them abruptly longer than the others. Of a dingy brown color, and includ-
ing the appendages about one-fourth of an inch in diameter.

"The pupa is of a pale ochreous brown color, varied with reddish-brown,
with many fuscous dots, especially along the ncrvurcs of the wing-cases, and
with the caudal spine simple. It measures 0.43 inch, including the spine."
It feeds on the oak.

Api.odks rubromauginaeia, sp. nor. Plate 13, fig. 44.

1 9. — This is rather smaller than any of the other species, but the
wings are of the same shape; the apex of the tore wings is a little more
rounded than in A. rubrifronlaria, which it approaches in most respects nearer

390

than any other species. Vertex of the head, and antenna white; front red-
dish, with a f'ainl white line at base and in front. Palpi reddish, extreme tip
white. Body and wings of the usual pea-green tint. Fore wings with the

usual two white lines, hut wider than in any other species of the genus,
particularly the outer line, which otherwise is situated much as in A. nibi'i-
frontaria. The line on the hind wings is hut slightly bent, much less so than
in A. rvhnfrontaria. The fringe is reddish, with a deep-red line at the base.
Body beneath and legs white (the abdomen above is too much rubbed for
description). Beneath, pale greenish, with the common white line faintly
reproduced. w

Length of body, 9, 0.33; of lore wing, 9, 0.45; expanse of wings,
0.90 inch.

Montreal, ( lanada (< laulfield).

Aplodes ];i;brolineakia Packard. Plate 10, fig. (J0.

Aplodes rubrolinearia Pack., Fifth Rep. Peab. Acad. Sc, 74, 1873.

1 <4. — Structurally very near A. mimosaria, but differs from it and the other
two species in the peculiar glossy silken luster of the win^s. Antennae and
palpi as in A. mimosaria ; palpi reddish on the two terminal joints ; front
reddish. Wings not so deep green as in A. mimosaria. Fore wings white on
the costa as usual; inner line, situated the same distance from the base of
wing as in mimosaria, wavy, angulated distinctly outward on the median vein.
Outer remote from inner line, a little wavy, and a little narrower than usual.
Secondaries with the two lines well marked, remote inner one distinct, very
near base of wing, curved and waved; outer line slightly wavy, curved out-
ward more than usual in the middle of the wing. Fringe of a peculiar pale
silken-green luster, with a faint narrow red line at base (this line easily over-
looked). Abdomen with a white spot at base, and with two white distinct
bands on two following segments; terminal third white. Fore legs whitish-
brown, ringed with white ; two binder pairs white. Wings beneath whitish-
green ; costa of lore wings white. The outer line faintly reproduced on the
fore wings.

Length of body, 0.41 ; fore wing, 0.4<! ; expanse of wings, 0.95 inch.

Philadelphia, Pa. (Coll. Amer. Ent. Soc).

This species may at once be identified by the faint, linear, reddish line
at base of fringe.

391

Aplodes latiaria Packard. Plate 10, fig ill.

Aplodes laliaria Pack., Fifth Rep. Peab. Acad. Sc, 74, in?:!.

1 6 — Pale pea-green. Front reddish above, below white ; palpi reddish
on the outer half; antennae pectinated as usual. Wings of the usual form;
fore wings white on the costa ; the'two lines remote ; the inner very near the
base of wing, a little curved and slightly waved. Outer line rather broader
than usual, at the same distance from outer edge as usual, slightly bent before
reaching the costa. Hind wings with no basal line; the outer line rather
broad, bent in the middle, not rounded, as in the two other species of its size,
but much as in A. mimosaria. Fringe whitish, nearly concolorous with the
lines. Abdomen with a round white spot at base. Beneath whitish, green
on costal half of fore wings, with the line faintly reproduced.

Length of body, 0.42; fore wing, 0.50; expanse of wings, 1.05 inches.

Albany, N. Y. (Lintner).

This delicate species may be known by the front being half red and
half white, by the outer line being rather broader and the two lines on fore
wings rather farther apart than usual; also by the single line on the hind
wings being angulated, not curved in the middle. In this respect, it differs
from the two other species of its size, A. rubrolinearia and A. approximaria.

Aplodes approximaria Packard. Plate 10, fig. 92.

Aplodes approximaria Pack., Fifth Rep. Feab. Acad. Sc, 73, 1873.

1 9. — Wings much as usual, though the fore wings are broader and the
hind wings more rounded and less angulated than in the female of A. mimo-
saria. Front and outer half of palpi reddish-brown. Fore wings white on
the costa, as usual; the two white lines much nearer together than in any
other species, the inner line being remote from the base, ending nearly in the
middle of the hind edge; it is scarcely curved, and with a slight angle on
the median vein ; outer line farther from the edge than usual, not waved,
bent slightly before reaching the costa. Hind wings with inner line almost
obsolete ; outer line much nearer middle of wing than usual, curved, not bent
so much as in the other three species known to me. Fringe green, nearly
concolorous with the body. Beneath, both wings greener than in any of the
other species, with faint traces of the outer line on the fore wings. Two
anterior pairs of legs, bathed in pale brown. Abdomen greenish on basal
half, with a dorsal pale line.

392

Length of body, 0.4.0; of fore wings, 0 53; expanse of wings, 1.06
inches.

Albany, June 9 ( Lintncr).

This pretty green species differs from the others pi ils size in ils red
front, leaving bul a narrow, white, anterior margin, ils brown legs, the close
approximation of the (wo lines on the fore wings, and in the slightly benl and
curved line on the hind wings: also by the greenish fringe, and by both wings
being greener than usual beneath.

Desideratum.

Aplodes glaucaria Guen., PhaL, i, 377, 1857.—" 18""". Ailes supeVfeures
a bord presque droit, inferieurcs arrondies; les quatre d'un vert clair, avec
deux lines lignes blanches, e'earte'es, presque denies; la premiere com in c
chez mimosa fia; la sec'onde sinuee aux supe'rieures, arquee et coudee anx
interieures; cote d<^ supe'rieures blanche. Dessous d'an blanc-verdatre,
sans dessin. Front vert, avec le vertex blanc. Pattes blanches, avec la
partie interne des tibias anterieurs mi pen rosee. Base de l'abdomen verte,
tachee de blanc.

'• Gc'orgie ainerieainc. Deux & . Coll. Mus. et Lefebvre."

ANAPLODES, gen. nov.

Male. — Head rattier broad, wider than in Aplodes. Palpi a little longer
than in Aplodes, but much shorter than in Racheospila, porrect, extending
well in front of the head. Antennae pectinated much as in Aplodes. Fore
wings of much t he same form as in Aphides, lint with the outer edge less
oblique. Hind wings much as in Aplodes, bat with no bend in the outer
edge. Hind legs long and slender; the hind tibiae not swollen; tin1 tarsi
long and slender, two-thirds as long as the tibiae. Abdomen long and slen-
der, as in Aplodes, but with no pink spots.

This genus only seems to differ from Aplodes in the broader front, the
less oblique outer edge of the fore wings, and the slender, unswollen hind
tibia', those of Aplodes being somewhat swollen, and the tarsi being only one-
half as long as I he tibia-.

Anaplodes pistaciaiua, sp. nor. Plate 13, tig. 58.

2 <f . — Body and wings of the usual pea-green color. Head white on
the vertex; in front deep red; palpi deep red. Fore legs in front deep red;

593

hind tibiae pink externally. Both wings uniformly strigated with while. A
single white extradiscal line, common to both wings; on the fore wing the
line straight, ending at the same distance on the costa from the apex as on
the inner edge from the inner angle. On the hinder pair, the line is situated
on the middle of the wing. Discal dots on both wings brown. Abdomen
green, whitish on the edges and sides of the segments. Costa of fore wings
whitish, tinged immediately on the edge with brown; beneath, deep brick-
red on the basal half. Discal dots beneath on both wings; the common line,
obsolete.

Length of body, S, 0.45; fore wing, 3 , 0.55; expanse of wings, 1.10
inches.

Sanzalito, California, June 30 (Behrens).

GEOMETRA Linnaeus (emend.). Plate 4, tig. 14.

Gcomctra Linn, (in part).

" Hipparchva Leach, Eilin. Ency., ix, 134, 1815."
Euchioris tliibn., Verz., "263, 1818.
Holothalassis Iliibu., Verz., 285, 1818.
Geomelra Tieits., Scum. Eur., v, 430, 1825.

Dup., Lep. France, viii (iv), 106, 1829.
Hipparchus Steph., Nomencl. Br. Ius., 4:S, 182'J.
Veomitra Boisd., Gen. Ind., 179, 1840.

Dup., Cat., 226, 1844.

11. -Sch., Sclnn. Eur., iii, 7, 1S47.

Steph., Cat, Br. Lep., 169, 1850.

Guen., Phal., i, 341, 18o7.

Walk., List Lep. Hot. Br. Mas., xxii, S06, 1861.

£ and 9. — Head square in front, the sides converging a little ante-
riorly. Antenna? moderately pectinated. Palpi in the male large and
bushy, extending well beyond the bead, the third joint less than half as
long as the second joint is wide; in the female, the third joint is somewhat
longer, and the palpi project farther beyond the head than in the male. Fore
wings very slightly subfalcate, the costa full near the subacute apex ; the
outer edge is rather more oblique than usual, and usually distinctly bent in
the middle. The hind wings are elongated toward the inner edge, the anal
angle projecting farther than usual beyond the tip of tin; abdomen ; tin;
outer angle is slightly bent. Venation much as in Aplodcs, the posterior
discal venule being curved as in that genus; the costal region becomes
very narrow toward the apex, while the space usually represented by the

subcostal cell is considerably wider than usual; the origins id' the first and
o0 v II

394

second median venules are wider apart than usual. Hind legs long and
slender, the tarsi very long and equaling the tibiae in length, the latter with
four large spurs. The species are green, with scalloped or broad, straighl

lines.

The long, stout palpi, long hind wings and subfalcate fore wings, and
broad, straight, oblique white bands and discal dots, as well as the large size
of the species, will enable them to he readily recognized.

Our (J. iridaria differs greatly in its markings from the European
O'. papilionaria ; that species has faint scalloped lines and no discal dots.

Larva and pupa. — "Caterpillars a little elongated, pubescent, granulated,
armed on the hack with rough projections: head small; living on trees.
Chrysalides rugose, grayish-brown (grises), contained in thin silken cocoons
among leaves." — Guence.

Geometra iridaria G nonce. Plate 10, tig. 93.

Gcomelra iridaria Guen., Phal., i, 344, 1857.

Walk., List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxii,508, 1861.

4 $ and 4 9. — Wings entire ; primaries slightly augulated in the middle.
Hind wings rounded, extending farther beyond the tip of the abdomen than in
G. papilionaria, while the antennae are less strongly pectinated than in that
species. The palpi are stout and bushy; they are brown, white below.
Head white, with brown scales in front, sometimes forming a line. Body
and wings pea-green. Fore wings white on the costa, with brown scales on
the basal half; two broad, white lines of the same width, the outer forming
a common, tine, broad, oblique line, sometimes shaded with faint yellowish
on the inner side of the common line and the outer side of the inner line.
Small black discal dots on both wings; beneath, the dots are much more
conspicuous; the lines faintly re-appear beneath. The fore wings are whitish
on the hinder (h\^,. Fore legs greenish at the base on the trochantines ;
legs white, with souk1 black scales at the base; femora of all three pairs
tipped with brown-black; tibiae brown at end, and tarsi washed in spots
with pale brown. Abdomen green above, white below.

Length of body, <?, 0.42, 9, 0.36; of fore wing, rf, 0.46-0.55, 9, 050;
expanse of wings, 1.00-1.55 inches.

Andover, Mass. (Sanborn); Brooklyn, X. Y. (Graef); Pennsylvania

(Clemens); Maryland (Glover); Demopolis, "Ala. (Grot e); Lawrence, Fans.

(Snow); Waco, Texas, May to October (Belfrage) ; Sanzalito, Cal. (Behrens).

;'»(J5

This beautiful species may be at once known by the four black, raised,
discal <lots and black-tipped femora, as well as by the broad white bands and
brown-mottled base of costa. It, varies much in size, the larger individuals
being larger than those of any other species of this subfamily.

The Californian examples are much larger, with slightly more pointed
fore wings than in eastern examples; the fore wings of the largest of the two
specimens measuring 0.75 inch, the largest eastern example (from New York)
measuring 0.63 inch in length. Except the differences in size. I do not see
any others to warrant a specific separation. The Californian examples
closely resemble those from Texas, the lines being inclined to be straighter
and less diffuse, and with less of a yellowish tinge, to the wing than in
examples from the Northern States. In the shape of the wings, the Texan
examples closely approach the Californian ones, and thus differ in a corre-
sponding degree from individuals from Alabama and the Middle and Northern
States (Alleghanian fauna).

Desiderata.

Geometra inclusaria Walk., List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxii, 508, 1861. —
"Male and female. Bright green. Body beneath and abdomen white. Head
rosy; vertex white. Palpi porrcct, extending a little beyond the head; third
joint conical, not more than one-fourth of the length of the second. Antennae
slightly pectinated to two-thirds of the length. Hind tibiee with four long
spurs. Wings ample, with a black discal point, and with indistinct interior
and exterior denticulated whitish lines; marginal line crimson; fringe yel-
lowish white. Fore wings acute; costa white; exterior border hardly convex,
moderately oblicpie. Hind wings extending beyond the abdomen.

"Length of the body 4-44 lines; of the wings 11-12 lines.

" St. John's Bluff, East Florida."

This is a valid species, and distinct from G. iridaria.

Geometra mimicata Walk., List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxxv, 1601, 1866. —
"Female. Bright green. Head, palpi, body beneath, and legs white. Palpi
slender, decumbent, nearly as long as the breadth of the head; third joint as
Ion"- as the second. Abdomen white, sreen toward the base, much shorter
than the interior border of the hind wings. Wings broad, with two slender
white lines; first line antemedial, nearly straight ; second postmedial, undu-

396

luting. Fore wings acute; cosla while; exterior border slightly convex,
moderately oblique.

"Length <>l the body '2f, lines; of the wings 8 lines.

"a. North America. From Mr. Carter's collection."

Iodis euchloraria Abb. Gruen., Phal., i, 355, 1857. — "24mm. Ailes superi-
enres aigues a I'apex, a bord le'geremepl coude, les inferieures ayant un angle
marque an boui de la 2, avec les bords droits; les quatre d'un beau vert-pomme
clair de pari et d'autre, avec la frange blanche, un peu rose'e. Superieures
avec nne ligne blanche k peine visible, droite, oblique, allant du milieu du bord
interne aux deux tiers de la cote. Pattes concolores.

"Ame'rique septentrionale. Un ex. ' Coll. Bdv.

"Elle est mal conserved. Peut-etre la ligne blanche est elle plus visible
siir les individus frais. Le front est bombe, mais eiiticremcut denude dans
nion exemplaire."

Thalassodes deprivata Walk., List Lep. Ilei. Br. Mus., xxvi, 1559, 1802. —
"Male. Pale green. Head ochraccous in front. Palpi porrcct, smooth, ex-
tending very little beyond the head; third joint extremely minute. Antennae
broadly pectinated. Abdomen not extending beyond the hind wings. Ante-
rior legs mostly ochraceous. Wings with an exterior, pale, straight, oblique
line. Pore wings acute; exterior border slightly convex, moderately oblique.

"Length of the body 4 lines; of the wings 10 lines.

"St. John's Bluff, East Florida."

Thalera superata Walk., List Lep. Ilet. Br. Mus., xxxv, 1612, 18GG. —
"Female. Sea-green. Body beneath and legs white. Head reddish; vertex
white. Palpi reddish, slender, porrect, not extending beyond the head.
Abdomen whitish, shorter than the interior border of the hind wings.
Wings broad, with two slightly denticulated and undulating whitish lines;
first line antemedial; second postmedial; fringe whitish. Fore wings acute;
costa reddish, very slightly convex ; exterior border slightly convex, rather
oblique. Hind wings with the exterior border angular in the middle.

"Length of the body .'U lines; of the wings 11 lines.

'■</. North America. From Mr. (Jailer's collection."

397

Subfamily 150ARMIM Guenee (emend.).

Gnophidi, Boarmidi, and Hibernidi Gnen., MS. ; Dup., Cat., 1844.
Sub tribes Gnophites, Boar mi tea, Cleoriles, Ampltidasites, and Hibernites Dup., Cat., 1844.
Subfamilies Cleoridi, Boarmidi, and Gnophidi Stepb., Cat. Br. Lep., 171, 173, 17(i, 1850.
Families AmphidasydtB, Boarmida; and Hybcrwidas Guen., Plial., i, 191, 213; ii, 244, ls.~i7.

Walk., List Lep. Het. Br. Mtis., xx, 294, 310, 1800.

Body moderately stout, sometimes very thick and hairy ; the head,
however, is smaller than usual in proportion to the body, while the male
abdomen is rather long and slender, though occasionally stout. Head broad
in front, the clypeal region being rather short. The palpi are usually stout
and large, exceeding the front, with the first and second joints subequal in
length; the third joint small, not distinct from the second. Male antenna1
cither simple and ciliated or slightly pectinated or plumose. Wings
moderately large or quite large. Fore wings triangular, with the costa
usually straight, the apex more or less rounded, the outer edge sometimes
serrate. Hind wings full and rounded, sometimes scalloped or serrate.
Venation : the costal vein is usually free from the subcostal vein, sometimes
(as in certain Ctjmatophonv, C/eora, and Gnophos) anastomosing with the
subcostal; the number of branches of the subcostal vein varies from five to
six; when the subcostal cell is present, it is long, linear, irregular; only in
Chora is it rhomboidal as in the Ennomince. Hind legs sometimes with the
tibiae much swollen, .and the tarsi short in proportion. In style of coloration,
the species are usually ash-gray, like the bark of the trees to which they
cling; this granite-gray color is very persistent, the species of Paraphia
forming an exception. When rubbed, the individuals of many of the species
tu i-n whitish.

The females of a few of the lower North American genera (Anisopteryx
and Ilybernht) are wingless.

Larva and pupa. — The caterpillars arc either slender, with sometimes
(Anisopteryx aatumnatd) a third pair of abdominal legs, and the head round,
or, in the larger species (Pltigalia and Eubi/ja), the head is square in front,
each side ending in a tubercle ; sometimes tuberculated on one or more rings
of the body. Pupa brown, acutely conical, situated in leaves, or subter-
ranean.

The venation of Anisopteryx and ILbcntia is so much like that of
Eubyja and Biston that I have removed them fiom the place usually

398

assigned them by authors, and regard them as true Boarmirne, II gh with

some aberranl features. Pkigalia seems to conned Anisopteryx with
i'.iihi/jn and Tephrosia, and I see no good reason for not placing the
two hitler genera in the same subfamily.

Synopsis of the Genera.

A. Read very small; palpi short; wings rather narrow, entire;
males often wingless :

Mulo palpi very short ; antenna Bimple, ciliated, or subpeotinate; males ash-
gray; females dull gray, unspotted; wings obsolete Inisopferyx.

Males like male Anisophryx, hut the antennae are pectinated, ami the females

have wings as long as the head Phigalia.

Male antenna' subpectiuated, with long, large cilia'; the single American spe-
cies of large size, light ochreous; females whitish, spotted with black.. Hybeiiiia.

R Head of the usual size hut not prominent ; body thick and stout;
species of large size: male antennae pectinated; palpi rudi-
mentary ; legs short :

Wiugs large, triangular, outer edge usually very oblique ; species large Eubyja.

Wings rather narrow, oblong, outer edge not very Cibliqne; antenna' very

broadly pectinated ; species of smaller size than in Eubyja Bistort,

C. Body slender; palpi as well developed as usual; antennas often

plumose; wings large, sometimes serrate; species usually

ash-gray :

a. Species ochreous :

Wings angular, senate, especially in the females ; the species subochreons, with

white spots and blotches Paraphia

b. Species wood-gray :

Antenna' usually plumose; wings with a slight angle; front rather narrow;

abdomen with two rows of black spots Tephrosia.

Wings entile ; antenna' rarely plumose ; shorter palpi and hind legs than in

Tephrosia Cymalophora.

Wings very large, broad, di eply scalloped ; antennae plumose ; palpi large and

thick Bronclielia.

Much as in Bronchclia, but the wings short and broad, slightly senate, while

the species are .smaller, and the antenna' are simple or subpeotinate (innphos.

Species of large size; antennae heavily pectinated ; wiugs deeply serrate Hetuerophila.

Species of very large size; head broad, unusually full in front and on the ver-
tex: wings serrate Stenotrachelyt.

Species of moderate size : w ings broad, entire, seniihyalinc ; antenna' plumose;
a clear, deeply-scalloped, extradiscal line common to both wings; discal
dots distinct Cleora.

AXISi >PTERYX Stephens. Plate 4, fig. 15.

Erannis Hiibn. (in part), Vers-.., 320, 1818.

Alsophila lliilui. (in part), Verz., 3-20, 1818.

Fidonia Tieits. (in part), Schtn. Eur., vi (i) 2C2, 1827.

399

Hibernia Dup. (in part), Lep. France, vii (iv), 301, 1829.
Anisopteryx Steph., Nomencl. Br Ins., 4:!, 1829; " Cat., ii, 116, 1829."

Steph., 111. iii, 151, 1831.

Boisd., Gen. Iuil., 193, 1840.
Anysopteryx Dnp., Cat., 235, 1844.
Ahophila Steph., Cat. Brit. Lep., 100, 1850.
Anisopteryx Lederer, Verb. Bot. Zopl. Ges. Wien, 177, 1853.

Guen., l'hal., ii, 254, 1857.

Walk., List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., sxiv, 1162, 1862.
PaUacrita Riley, Trans. Acad. Sc. St. Louis, iii, 273, 1875.

Male. — Antennae subpectinate ; the short tooth-like pectinations ending
in long cilia?, varying in size and length in the different species. Palpi very
short, not reaching to the front. The head is rather full in front, much as
in Phigalia and Hybernia. Fore wings with the costa straight, the apex
usually less rounded than in Phigalia and Hybernia; I lie outer edge more
oblique than in Phigalia. Hind wings usually more produced toward the
apex than in Phigalia. Venation : the costal vein either free or anastomosing
with the subcostal (varying in different individuals) ; subcostal cell long
and narrow, much as in Hybernia, but rather wider, usually beginning at a
considerable distance within the origin of the sixth subcostal venule, rarely
beginning at the origin, as in the figure on plate 4. The chief difference
from Hybernia is in the origin of the median veins being situated much
beyond the middle of the wing. Hind legs as in Phigalia.

Female. — Differs chiefly from Phigalia in the wings being almost
entirely aborted, the rings of the abdomen smooth (autumnata) or armed with
spines {vematd). The body is quite hairy in vernata, the scales being shorter
and closer in autumnata.

Egg, larva, and pupa. — The eggs are either oval-cylindrical or subcorneal
and truncate. The larva is smooth, cylindrical ; the head smooth, rounded,
not notched, and as wide as the body. In A. autumnata, there is a pair
of rudimentary abdominal legs on the sixth abdominal segment. The cater-
pillar pupates a few inches under the earth. The pupa in the male (plate 13,
fig. Ga) is much slenderer than in the female.

Both species of Anisopteryx differ from the European ascularia in the
fore wings being much less rounded at the apex, and in the hind wings being •
much more produced toward the apex.

While Mr. Mann has shown, with much ability, from a consideration
of the imaginal characters, that we have two well-marked and perfectly
distinct species, Professor Wiley has carried the matter further, and judges,

400

•

From a comparison of the egg, larval and pupal states, as well as (he
imaginal, that not only arc the two species distinct, lint thai there are really
two genera, and for vernata he proposes the name Paleacrita. While his
work shows great care and thoroughness, J am unable to agree with Mr.
Wiley's opinion that the differences he points out are of generic importance.
The imaginal characters are certainly not so; for in other genera we have as
greal differences between the different species. The European cbscularia
would have to form the type of a third genus, it Mr. Riley's views are
correct. We have seen that, as regards the larval characters, vernata in one
case has an extra pair of legs, and the two species are sometimes easily con-
founded in the larval state. The eggs of the two species are very distinct ;
but the form and structure of the eggs in the Phalcenids have not been exam-
ined enough yet for us to form a deeided opinion as to what are generic and
speeilie characters among them.

Anisoptebyx autumnata Packard. <?, Plate 11, fig. 1 ; 9 , Plate 13, fig. 38.

dnisopteryx vernata Harris (in part). Inj. Ins. Mass., 332, 1841 ; 3d ed., 461, fig. 229?, 230, 16G2.

Fitch (in port), Third Rep. Nox. Ins. N. Y., 25, 1*.">G.

Pack, (in part), Guide Study Insects, 324, 1869.
Anisopteryx pomctaria Mann, Proc. Host. Sue. Nat. Hist., xv, 3-2, 1873; xvi, 163, 20-1, 1874.
Riley, Trans. Acad. Sc. St. Louis, iii, 273, tigs. 18-21, ]-::>.

Male. — Six examples. Palpi shorter than in A. vernata; antennae sub-
pectinate, ciliated, the cilia; arising from much larger tubercles than in A.
autumnata, and only one pair to a joint. Fore wings a little more elongated
toward the apex, the outer edge being a little longer and more oblique than
in A. vernata. Instead of being pale ash-gray as in vernata, this species is of
a peculiar ochreous-brown tint, as in the European eescularia. There are two
broad whitish bands on the fore wings ; the basal is regularly curved outward,
and is situated nearer the middle of the wing than usual: it ends on the
costa in a dark spot. A faint, discal, linear streak. On the outer fourth of
the costa, a broad, distinct, oblique white spot connecting with a bread, dif-
fuse, zigzag, white line ending on the inner angle of the wing. A broken,
linear, black thread at the base of the fringe. Hind wings clear, with a pale,
indistinct, extradiscal line. Beneath is a pale costal spot connecting with the
extradiscal taint shade, which is common to both wings.

Length of body, 0.40; lore wing. 0.G5 ; expanse of wings, 1.38 inches.

Female. — Antenna' not hairy (laid backward along the side of the body

401

when at rest in both sexes). The body is fuller and plumper; abdomen less
acute at tip, and not spined as in A. vernata. It is uniformly ash-gray, with

the anterior edge of the segments above (over which the segmenl in front
moves) mouse-colored. A row of five lateral dorsal black spols on the front
edge of each segment (sometimes wanting). On the side is a row of tine
black dots situated nearer the middle of the segment than the large subdorsal
spots. Antenna? and feet concolorous with the body. Beneath, colors as
above. Length of a gravid female, 0.40-0.42 inch.

For further descriptions of the head and thorax of this and the female
A. vernata see the introduction, p. 38.

Salem, Mass., October and November, on elm and apple trees; much
less common than A. vernata (Packard); Cambridge. Mass. (Harris, Mann.
Morrison); November 20, 1848 (Harris).

Egg, larva, and pupa. — Egg cylindrical, increasing in diameter anteri-
orly, where it is truncated, being more rounded at the posterior end. On the
anterior end it is slightly convex, with a dark rim around the edge and a cen-
tral depression Length, 0.03 inch. On the 9th of April, 1875, tin' eggs of
this species were not developed, unless in a very early stage of the embryo.
The larva is pale whitish-green as a ground-color, with a broad, brown,
dorsal, median band and three lateral white lines, the middle of which is
fainter than the two others. These are succeeded by a broad, brown, spirac-
ular line, below which is a broad, continuous, white line. Body beneath flesh-
colored, without any median line. Head brown, with a whitish clypeal
region. Six abdominal legs reddish flesh-color or whitish ; the third smaller
pair, situated on the fifth abdominal ring, are one-half or one-third as large
as the adjoining ones, and are sometimes much smaller, while in two or three
out of the twenty-seven specimens examined this pair was nearly obsolete.
These specimens were gathered from several apple-trees, June' 15, in my
garden (Salem, Mass.). It varies a good deal, with a general tendency to
become darker, approaching in some cases remarkably near A. vernata Harris
in coloration, the brown lines being more prevalent, the light lines being finer
and slightly interrupted.

There thus seems a decided tendency in the autumnal species to approach
Hie spring (vernata) ; and as the latter is the more abundant and wide-spread,
it is possible that autumnata is a derivation of vernata. As if in continua-
tion of this view, vernata, when it varies, becomes paler, and in some cases so

51 P H

402

much so as to be only distinguished from autumnata by (he absence of :i third
pair of abdominal legs, there being one exceedingly rare exception in this

last character. It is possible that the two species were al firsl seasonal
dimorphs. A. autumnata, however, according In .Air. Mann (Proc. Host. Soc.
Nat. Bist., xv, 384, L873), does sometimes appear in the spring, as will he seen
by the following ([notation: "Of 16 dated specimens of the male in my col-
lection, 12 were taken in ( >ctober or November, and 4 in March or April. The
two spring specimens in my collection now are among the most, strongly
characterized I have. Of several hundred females in my collection, .four were
taken in April and the rest in November."

Mr. Mann describes, in the Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., xvi, a female, of
this species, which had two aborted wings and pectinated antennae.

As this species was wrongly called A. vernata Peck by Harris: and as
Harris's pometaria, as shown by Mr. Mann, is Peck's vernata, it clearly follows
that a new name must In- proposed for Harris's "vernata '; I therefore propose
autumnata, as it is on the whole an autumnal species.

Axisoptkryx vernata Harris.* Plate 11, fig, 2, S; Plate 13, fig. 39,
enlarged twice; larva, PI. 13, fig. 6.

Phalcena vernata Peck, Mass. Mag., Sept , Oct., 32'!. 415, flgs. 1-7, 1795.

Nut AnUopteryx vernata Harris, Inj. Ius. Mass., 332, 1841.

AnUopteryx ■pometaria Harris. Inj. Ins. Mass., :;:!:',, 1841 ; 3d oil., 462, figs. 228, 231, 1862.

Fitch, Third Rep. Nox. Ins. N. Y., 24, 1856.
Anisopteryx vernata var. pometaria Puck., Guide Study Insects, plait- 8, figs. 9, 9a, Ob, 324, 1869.
AnUopteryx vernata Mann, Proc. Bost. Sue Nat. Ilisr., w, :'.-■_>, 1-7::.
AnUopteryx pometaria Mann.t Proc. Bust. Sue. Nat. Hist., xvi, 163, 1874.
AnUopteryx vernata Maun. Proc. Bost. Sue. N'at. Hist., xvi, 204, 1874.
Paleacrita vernata Riley, Trans. Acad. Sc. St. Louis, iii, 273, li^s. 14-17, 1875.

20 <f . — Pale ash, body a little darker; head with often a slight, trans-
verse, darker hair-line across the trout just below the antennae. Fore wings
crossed by three interrupted black lines, consisting of costal and venular black
dots. Inner line much curved, on the costa forming an oblique black spot ;
the second line varying in position, being near the middle of the wing or on
the inner third, and much nearer the inner line: it is straight, oblique on the
costa, and a little sinuate ; third line oblique, not sinuate, and deflected on
the costa. A slender, black, apical, oblique streak, from which runs a zigzag.
obscure, broad, whitish line to the inner edge; this line is much less distinct

"Although tlii— species is do1 tin- .!. vernata of Harris, yet, as hr was the fust to place lie- species
in tin' correct genus, Ins name should follow the scientific name.

I The "Anisopteryx pometaria Harris descr." is nut .1. vernata of Mann.

403

than in A. vernata. A marginal row of intervenular black dots. Fringe

paler, clear, concolorous with the hind wings. The latter pale ash, clear,
without any markings, except a faint discal dot. Beneath, clear like the hind
wings above and with four discal dots, those on the hind wings largest, with
a costo-apical black spot; fringe concolorous with the wings.

Length of body, 0.30-0.40: fore wing, 0.50-0.(17: expanse of wings,
1.12-1.28 inches.

It varies much in the distinctness of the lines, usually represented by
spots on the costa, median vein, and inner edge.

Salem, February 25, March, April, and Boston, Mass. (Emerton, San-
born, Packard); "New Haven, Conn." (Herrick); Albany, N. Y. (Lintner);
Illinois (Shimer, Riley): Missouri (Riley); Dallas, Tex. (Boll, Mus. Peab.
Acad. Sc).

The pale-ash transparent wings, the few black dots and costal spots, and
oblique, apical, black streaks, and the four discal dots beneath, characterize this
species. One of the two Texan specimens received oidy differs from Massa-
chusetts examples in having the markings a little more distinct, the narrow
black lines being more distinct than usual.

Female. — Pale gray. Body hairy, acute at the end of the abdomen, the
scales loose, the body being somewhat hairy. Head dark; thorax whitish-
gray; sides of body and beneath whitish-gray, with a lateral row of dark
spots; sometimes a large square black spot on hinder part of the thorax.
AntemiEe loosely ciliated. A dark stripe along the back, sometimes consist-
ing of two black lines filled in with white between, or replaced by a row of
white, dorsal, abdominal spots. Legs spotted and ringed with black. The
segments of the abdomen armed with two irregular rows of sharp, distinct,
slender spines. End of abdomen elevated in walking, more acute than in
autumnata.

Length, 0.25-0.40 inch (fifty specimens described from life).

To show that, as stated by Messrs. Morrison and Mann, Peck had the
present species before him when he drew up his account, I quote his original
description, which applies throughout, as do his drawings, to the spring brood : —
"Egg elliptic, So of an inch in length, of a pearl colour with a yellowish cast.
Eggs laid in thirteen days after the females appear." lu twenty-one days, the
worms appear, and have ten feet, of which four are posterior. "The larva
or caterpillar is, when full grown, about nine lines long, t he head pale, marked
on each side with two transverse blackish stripes; the back ash coloured,

40 1

marked lengthwise, with small interrupted dusky lines; the sides blackish
with a pale line along the length ol the body; there are two white spots on
the last segmenl of the body; the abdomen or under side is ash coloured."
The chrysalis state, he adds, is entered upon in twenty-four hours after the
larva has penetrated the earth ; "and ii appears thai the insect is soon per-
fect, since a course of warm weather has been found to raise some of them
from the earth in the mouth of November." (Here he evidently confounds
the autumnal species with vernata.) "The body of the male is of an ashen-
umber colour, almost five lines in length, extent of its upper wings one
inch, two lines. The wings are asli coloured, with three obscure blackish
transverse stripes, and a small dash of the same colour at the tip. The
under wind's are of an uniform colour, and rather lighter than the ground of
the upper ones. The body of the female is nearly lour lines in length, ash-
coloured, and marked on the back with a brown list extending from the
thorax to the tail. She is destitute of wings. Legs dusky, with white joints.''

Peck's diagnosis is as follows: — "Phalcena (vernata*} geometra seticornis,
alis cinereis; fasciis tribus obscuris fuscis, posticis immaculatis; femina aptera."
The canker-worm is said by Peck to have been first observed in the Southern
States, where it is probably a native, and may have been introduced
into New England by the importation ol trees from the Southern States.
"It has been discovered on a plum tree." Mr. Peck made bis observations
in Battery, Me. We have never observed it in Brunswick, Me., during
several years' observations; but in 1875 it was said to be, for the first time,
injurious in orchards in that town. While Peck's idea that it is a soul hern
importation is probably incorrect, it is probable that it is indigenous to all
parts of the country east of the Mississippi, as we have specimens from
Texas, and as far north as Southeastern Maine, but is abundant only locally
originally along the coast of Northeastern Massachusetts, and of late years
in Illinois and Missouri.

Its native food-plant is the elm, and, according to Mr. John Sears, of
Danvers, Mass., the black ash, both in deep woods and in the open meadow,
as he has found the females ascending the trees: but it is usually more
destructive to the apple and at times the cherry. In April, 1ST."). I noticed
particularly .1. vernata in my garden; none had appeared before the loth
and Llth, the season having been a very backward one. During these
two days, which were warm and line, 1 counted about one thousand males

" From its appearing early in Iho spring."

40*

and two hundred females, mostly stuck to the inked bands on fourteen apple
and three elm trees. There was not an autumnata to be seen among them.
This may show, in a rough way, the numerical disproportion between the
sexes — one male to five females. 1 also suspect that the males lly about one
or two days before the appearance above ground of the females.

Egg, larva, and pupa. — The eg<>' is oval-cylindrical, yellowish, the shell
much thinner, and less dense, and rougher than in A. autumnata. They are
laid in piles irregularly, not in tlat cakes, side by side, as in autumnata. The
larva is brown as a ground-color, with three broken, partly obsolete, while,
dorsal threads, a broad, brown, subdorsal band, nearly twice as wide as the
dorsal striped area. A lateral, broad, whitish area broken by two broken brown
lines, the lower part of the band being whiter than on the upper edge, and
forming a narrow broken line more or less marbled with brown. This broken
white line is the only line contrasting with the brown body, while in
autumnata there are as a rule several such white lines. Beneath, a broad,
whitish, median line, contrasting with the flesh-colored under surface.

The tendency to variation is in this species shown to consist in the body
being whiter, the dorsal area being pale, with a dark lateral line, some speci-
mens being pale, with a broken lateral line sometimes represented by isolated
spots. It thus appears 1 hat the variation is in the direction of autumnata.
The two species are of about the same size, though several out of the twenty-
seven autumnata are larger than any of the seven hundred and thirty vernata
examined.

Length of vernata, 0.70-0.80; of autumnata, 0.90 inch.

In one example, which on repeated examination I unhesitatingly pro-
nounce to be vernata, as it agrees in all its other characters with that species,
there is a third pair of abdominal legs on tin' sixth segment! These legs are
well developed, as much so as in most autumnata, and provided with a perfect
crown of hooks.

The pupae of the two species I have not myself studied. Mr. Riley
describes that of vernata (male) as pitted, the wing-sheath extending to the
fifth abdominal ring, with the terminal spine simple; while the pupa of
autumnata (male) is not pitted, is darker brown than vernata, the wings
reaching to the sixth abdominal ring, and with the terminal spine bifurcate.

The pupa of autumnata differs, Mr. Riley states, in the same way as in
the male, but is relatively stouter and more arched dorsally. ami with a broad,

m

dusky, dorsal stripe often visible Inward the time ol issuing, — "all the more
remarkable thai there is no such stripe <>n the imago, .when as in. vernata,
w here the imago has such a si ripejl is noi indicated in the chrysalis." Mr. Mann
stales ( Proc. Bost. Sue. Nat. Hist., wi, 163, 1^7 1 ) thai the pupse of I he females
of A. autumnata have well-developed wings. He says they were developed
"even to such a poinl thai in all which I examined for the purpose, six or
more, 1 counted the eighl veins of the wings as ridges, and distinguished the
fifth or intermediate vein as arising from the discal nervure." This will
undoubtedly apply to the other species of this genus and the family where
the females are wingless. As to the causes lor the abortion of the wiiii^s in
the females, it seems probable that this remarkable secondary sexual charac-
ter may have been originally due to seasonal changes acting on the adult
insect, and become a matter of inheritance, as we know that wingless (or
partially so) species of beetles and Hies are (he result of the physical agencies
manifested on islands or from disuse. The local distribution of the canker-
worm seems due to the fact that the females are apterous. We know that
there are in the Phalcenidce different grades of the apterous condition, hence
the causes which produced such changes must have been comparatively
slight,

PHlGrALIA Duponchel. Plate 4, tig. 16.

Ipoi '" i "1 ii I Hi I ii i. i iii part), \ Viz.. 319, I Si ■ .
Amphidasis Treits. (in part), Sebm. Eur., vi (i), 229, 1827.
Phigalia Dup., Lep. France, vii (iv), 296, 1829.
"Amphidasis Stepb. (in part), Cat. Lep., ii. 1 IT. 1829."
Hibernia Boisd., Gen. In.!.. 194, 1840.
Amphidasi/s H.-Scli. (in part), Scum. Eur., iii, 99, 1*47.
Phigalia Stepb., Cat. Br. Lep., 161,1850.

Lederer, Verh. Bot. Zool. Ges. Wien, 177. 1853.

Guun., Thai., i, 195,1857.

Walk., List Lep. II. t. Br. Mus., xxi,-J!>7, I860.

Male. — Antennae well pectinated, the pectinations long and very slender.
The palpi are a little longer, and the body is rather stouter than in Aniso-
pteryx. Fore wings with the apex either as in Anisopteryx or more rounded;
the outer edge is shorter, and the hind wings are shorter than in Anisopteryx.
Venation: though so near Anisopteryx in its general appearance, it differs
much in tin- venation; the costal vein is tree from the subcostal; there are
lull live subcostal venules, no subcostal cell, and the subcostal venules are not
curved up toward thecosla as in Anisopteryx and Hybernia. The disposition
of the median venules is more like" that in Anisopteryx than Hybernia.

407

Female. — Differs from Anisopteryx in the partly-developed wings, the
anterior pair being nearly as long as the head is broad.

Larra.^- "Caterpillars with the first rings thick, having the trapezoidal
areas raised into small piliferous pyramids on the intermediate rings and on
the 11th; head tlat and quadrangular; living on trees. Chrysalids subter-
ranean."— Guene'e.

This genus differs from Anisopteryx in the well-pectinated antennae and
different venation ; the markings being much the same in the two genera.

Phigalia strigataria Packard. Plate 11, fig. 3, $ ; plate 13, fig. 37, 9 .

diiwplei'yxf strigataria Minot, Proc. Boat. Soc. Nat. Hist., xiii. 84, 1869.
Hibernia olivacearia Morrison, Proc. Bust. Soc. Nat. Hist., xvi, 200, 1874.

9 i . — A much smaller, less pilose species than the European /'. pilaria,
with the pectinations of the antenna' much shorter. Pale ash with blackish-
brown specks and lines Head while on the vertex, brown on the front.
Thorax whitish with a black collar, not extending, however, to the base of the
wings. Two rows of black spots along the abdomen. Fore wings pale ash,
speckled with dark brown; three blackish lines, the two inner parallel, the
outer one diverging and parallel to the outer edi.re, often obsolete, indicated
by distinct squarish, costal, black spots and venular marks. Inner line a
little curved, the middle one straight ; outer sinuate. A diffuse, faint, broad
marginal shade edited with whitish. A row of intervenular black spots on
the edge of each wing. Hind wings whitish, finely dusted with dark scales,
with three lines, the middle the most distinct, and the inner and outer usually
present only on the inner edge. Beneath paler, smoky-ash, with the middle
lines faintly shown. Costa of fore wings thickly speckled: lour indistinct,
discal dots also seen beneath.

Length of body, 0.45-65; fore wing, 0.65-0.85; expanse of wings,
1.35-1.60 inches.

It varies greatly in size and in distinctness of the lines, some small indi-
viduals with partly obsolete lines closely resembling A vernata, and in the
distinctness of the bands on the hind wings; also in the distance between
the two outer lines on the hind edge of the fore wings, in some the two
touching each other on the edge of the wing. It differs from Anisopteryx
vernata, with which, when small, it may be easily confounded by the broadly-
pectinated antennae, by the black collar, by the much shorter hind wings, the
tip of the abdomen reaching to the inner angle.

408

W'csl Roxbury, Mass., April (Sanborn and Minot); Massachusetts (J. C.
Merrill, Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist.); Albany, X. Y. (Lintner); Wesl Farms, X. V.
i An-us); Philadelphia, Pa. (EntSoc.); [llinois (Ridings) ; Dallas, Tex. (Boll,

Mils. Peal). Acad. Sc. ).

2 9. — The females arc light stone-gray, with an indistinct double row ol
dorsal black spots. The wings are quite well developed, reaching to the pos-
terior edge of the second abdominal segment ; they are pale ash, and each one
is crossed by a tine black line.

Length, 0.50 inch.

Cambridge, Mass., April 25 (Morrison), labeled tl olivacearia, type".

Tlie artist has not drawn the female well, the posterior half of the body
behind the wings being too full — too much like Anisopteryx.

1 am inclined, after an examination of a type-specimen, to refer Mr.
Morrison's II. olivacearia to this somewhat variable species.

HYBERNIA Latreille. Plate 4, fig. 17.

Erannis lliil i in pari I, Verz.. 3^0, 1818.

Hybernia Latreille, ram. Nat.. 47 T. 1825.

Fidonia Treits. (in part), Schm. Eur., vi (i I, 262, 1--J7.

Anisopteryx Steph. (in part), and Lampclia (in part), Nomencl. Br. Ins., 43, 1629.

Eibernia Dup., Lep. France, vii (iv), 301, 1829.

Dun., Cat. 234, 1-44.

Boisd., Gen. Imt., 194, 1840.

H.-Sch., Schm. Bur., iii,58, 1847.
Erannis Steph., Cat. Br. Lep., 160, 1850.
Eibernia Lederer, Verh. Bot.Zool. Ges. Wien,1853.
i niti Guen., i'lial.. ii. 249, 1857.

Walk., List Lep. 11. i. Br. Bins., xxiv, 1157, 1862.

Male. — Antemuv subpectinated, each pectination being tuberculiforrn,
and ending in a pencil of long hairs. Palpi very short, not reaching as tar as
the front. The head in front, is smaller, but the scales project more than in
Anisopteryx and Phigalia. Fore wings much rounded toward the apex, the
outer edge very oblique, nearly as long as the inner edge. The hind wings
longer than in Anisopteryx and Phigalia, the outer edge shorter and less full
than in the two other genera mentioned. Venation: the costal vein is free
from the subcostal; there are six subcostal venules, and t heir disposition is
much as in Anisopteryx, but less curved up toward thecosta; the second sub-
ial venule is twice as Ion- as in Anisopterxjx. Hybernia differs from both
the two genera mentioned in the lirsl median venule co-originating with the
second. Our single American species is ochreous in color.

409

Female. — The wings are nearly as minute as in Anisopteryx ; the legs are
larger than in either of the other two genera, and the head is a little fuller
in front.

Larva. — "Caterpillars more or less elongated, cylindrical, a little carin-
ated laterally, with a spherical head; living exposed on trees and bushes.
( ihrysalids subterranean." — Guenee.

This genus differs from the American species of the two previously
mentioned in the much rounded lore wings, the smaller, fuller front of the
head, the long hind wings, and the ochreous color of the single species known.

Hybernia tiliaria Harris.

Hybernia iiliaria Harris, Inj. Ins. Mass., 341, 1841 ; 3d ed. 472, i\g. 236, £ , 1862.

6 £ . — Pale ochreous, with light-brown specks and bands. Head, body,

costa, and transverse band on the wings concolorous, being pale brown. Fore

wings with a faint, curved, sinuate, diffuse inner line ; outer line dark brown,

slightly sinuate, with a large obtuse angle on the independent vein. It is

shaded externally with a broad pale-brown band, which breaks up into flecks

on the outer edge; on the costa, the outer edge is directed obliquely toward

the apex. Outer edge of wing as within the band. A well-marked discal

dot. Hind wings without any markings, somewhat paler than the anterior

pair. Beneath, of the same color as above, the outer dark line appearing;

discal dots very faint on the fore wings and distinct on the hind wings, where

they do not appear above.

Length of body, 0.60 ; fore wing, 0.90-0.95 ; expanse of wings, 2.00

inches.

Brunswick, Me., October (Packard) ; Salem, Mass. (Emerton); Boston,

Mass. (Sanborn); Albany, X. Y. (Lintner and Meske) ; Philadelphia, Pa.

(Ent. Soc).

It differs from H. progemmaria of Europe, to which it is closely allied,

by wanting the marginal row of black dots and the line on the hind wings,

while the outer line on the fore wings is more angulated than in the European

species ; and in wanting the discal dot on the hind wings, though in additional

specimens this may occur. Occasionally a specimen is much suffused, the

lines, forming a broad shade.

Female (four examples). — The female of this species differs from any

other of our wingless species by its much larger size, the white ground-color
52 p ii

410

of the I tody, and the double dorsal row of black spots. In one specimen, the
body is quite uniformly mottled with black, and the dorsal spots arc not
clearly indicated. Length, 0.50 inch.

Larva. — "It is larger than the canker-worm and very differenl from it
in appearance. It is of a brighl yellow color, with ten crinkled black lines
along the top of the hack; the head is mst colored; and the belly is paler
than the resl of the body. When fully grown, it measures about one inch
and a quarter in length. It often rests with the middle of the body curved
upwards a little, and sometimes even without the support of its fore-legs.
The leaves o( the lime seem to lie its natural and favorite food, for it may bo
found on this tree every year; hut I have often seen it in considerable
abundance, with common canker- worms, on other trees (elm and apple trees).
It i-s hatched rather later, and does not leave the trees quite so soon as the
latter. About or soon after the middle of June it spins down from the trees,
goes into the ground, and changes to a chrysalis in a little cell Hve or six
inches below the surface; and from this it comes out in the moth state
towards the end of October or during the month of November. More rarely
its last transformation is retarded till the spring. The eggs are laid in little
clusters, here and there on the branches. They are of an oval shape, and
pale yellow color, and are covered with little raised lines, like net-work, or
like the cells of a honey comb."— Harris. ,'341, 1841.

EUBYJA Hiibner. Plate 4, tig. 18.

Eubyja liiil.1... Verz., 318, 1818.

Atiijiliiihisis Treits. (in part), Sclun. Eur., vi ( i), '.'•.".•, 1827

Dup., (in pari | Lep. France, vii (iv), 268, 1829.
Biston Stepb. (in pari ). Nomencl. Br. Ins., 4:;, 1829.
AmphUlasis Boisd. (in part). Gen. Ind., 195, L840.

H.-Sch. (iu part), Scbni. Eur., iii, 99, 1 — IT.
Biston Stepb. (in part), Cat. Brit Lep., 163, 1850.

Biston (in part) anil Amphidaain Lederer, Verh. Hot. Zool. Ges. Wien, IT?, 1853.
Amphidasys Guen., Pbal., i. 206, 1857.

Walk.. List l,, -p. Hct. Br. Mus., \xi. 305, 1860.

Body very stout and hairy, particularly on the thorax. Head large and
prominent, broad between the eyes and on the vertex. Palpi short and
slender, not reaching the front. Antenna' heavily pectinated nearly to the
tip, though the branches are shorter than in Biston. Fore wings long and
narrow, .with the apex much produced, the costal edge being much curved
tow aid the apex, while the outer edge is long and unusually oblique, and as

411

long as the inner edge of the wing. The hind wings are short, scarcely
reaching to the end of the abdomen. Venation somewhat as in Phigalia,
but the discal venules are situated in the middle of the wing, and there are
six subcostal venules; the first and second subcostal venules are thrown off'
from a common branch, and both curve alike toward the costa. In color-
ation, the species are much as in those of Biston; but the extradiscal line is
distinctly angulated, where it is not bent in Biston. The abdomen is perhaps
rather longer than in Biston.

Larva. — Ramiform, large, and with a notched head. The pupa is sub-
terranean.

There is no good reason why Hiibner's name Eubyja should not be
adopted; besides having the priority over 'Treitschke's, it is defined and
limited in accordance with the genus as it now stands.

Synopsis of the Specks.

A. Wings broad, white as a ground-color :

The extradiscal Hue very augular, especially on first median venule E. quernaria.

Like quernaria, but the extradiscal line on the hind wings not bent outward E. cupidaria.

B. Wings narrow, ash-colored:

Extradiscal line bent at right angles on the independent, not wavy A. mgnataria.

Eubyja quernaria Smith-Abbot. Plate 11, fig. 6.

Phalama quernaria Smith-Abbot, Lep. Ins. Georgia, ii, 205, pi. 103, 1797.
.1 mphidasia quernaria Guen., Phal., i, 20fi, 1857.

Walk., List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxi, 307, 1860.

1 9. — Body stout; abdomen thick, with a dorsal row of four large tufts,
the fourth white, the others dark. Antenna' black. Head in front and
palpi black-brown; vertex white, rounded behind by a black thread-line;
thorax white, with two black spots in the center, and spotted with black
posteriorly. Abdomen white on the outer third, with a white interrupted line
on each segment, spotted thickly on the under side with white. Legs
brown, spotted with white. Fore wings long, outer edge very oblique, snow-
white as a ground-color; basal third white mottled with deep brown, espe-
cially on the costa. The middle third of the wing brown, bordered with the
black basal and extradiscal lines. The basal line is deeply and *egularly
curved outward : the extradiscal is irregularly and deeply scalloped ; it run«

412

straighl from the costa l<> the greal angle on the median line, through two
deep scallops ; the angle is jagged and sharp, and below the line tin-ins a
greal curve, sending a point outward on the internal vein. Beyond litis line
the wing is while, with scattered dark specks, and with a ferruginous patch
just below the sixth submedian, and a larger one extending from the second
median venule to the inner edge of the wing near the angle. Hind wings
white, more or less densely mottled with brown on the inner two-thirds ; the
extradiscal line is zigzag" with a l;i nr<- angle in the middle of the wing.
Beyond this the markings repeat those of the tore wings; beneath, the same
style ol markings is repeated.

Length of body, ?, 0.72; of fore wing, V, 1.00; expanse of wings,
2.21 I inches.

Cambridge, Mass. (Harris's Coll.).

While cupidaria is possibly (lie male of this species, it seems to differ
decidedly in the large angle of 1 he ext radiscal line on the hind wiui.rs especially.

Larva. — " La chenille est pins courte (pie celles de nos Amphidasys
europeennes, d'un brun marhre de jaune-roussatre, avec une raie laterale plus
claire. Le ventre esl rose entire les fausses pattes, el le ler anneau est d'un
jaune d'ocre. Elle a une caroncule sur le 5e et une sous le ventre dn (>'',
outre celle du 11", qui est commune a tout le genre. Au repos, elle tient
ses premiers anneaux tres-ramasses, en sorte cpi'elle parait avoir une boss<
tres-eleve'e. Elle vit en avril et mai sur les Quercus (Gruende).

The above description may apply to this, but the following one is drawn
up from an unpublished drawing of Abbot's in the library of the Boston
Society of Natural History. Body stouter and shorter than in the larva of
E. cogndtaria. Head angular; prothoracic segments swollen ; a tubercle on
the back oi'the third, the lower part of the side of the front, and on the back
of the penultimate segment. The body is colored in the drawing slate-gray,
with irregular dark spots and longitudinal slashes. The food-plant drawn on
the plate is Crataegus australis T. and Gr.

Amphidasis cupidaria Grote. Plate 11, fig. 5.

Amphidasys cupidaria Grote, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila., iii.f>::i. pl.G,fig.8, ', 1864.

'I'he antenna' are much more heavily pectinated than in . I. cognataiia,
the pectinations reaching nearly to the end. It is known by wanting the
black collar, t he three large while patches on the costa of the fore \\ ings, and

4LJ

the broad, blackish, median shade, lined with white, the outer edge being sin-
uate and slightly angulated on the first median venule.

A specimen from Bridgton, Me., has been received from Dr Perley,
which agrees with Grofce's figure and description, except that he does not
mention or figure the black mesial line on the hind wings as being a little
angulated on the base of the first median vein, as it is in our specimen. It is
a male, which is too much rubbed to describe.

Length of body, J, 0.65; fore wing, 6 , 0.85; expanse of wings, 1.15
inches.

Amphidasis cognataeia Guenec. Plate 11, fig. 4.

Amphidasia cognataria Guen., l'bal., i, 208, 1 -."7 .

Walk.. List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxi, 307, 1860.

3 $ and 2 9. — Of an ash, pepper-and-salt, or wood-brown color, being
speckled densely with blackish-brown. Prothorax and head part way down
the front white; front below smoky-brown. Hind edge of the prothorax with
a black line or collar extending to the base of the costal edge of the front
wings. An indistinct, diffuse, inner, curved line, with a second one nearer,
and diverging a little on the costa, being nearer together at the base, both
dilating and forming prominent costal spots. A third diffuse (often obsolete
except on the costa) line incloses the discal spot. An outer distinct black
hair-line always present; it is sinuate, with a large obtuse tooth on the inde-
pendent venule. A blackish costal patch halfway between the apex and ter-
mination of the fourth and outer line. Hind wings with three lines, an outer
distinct hair-line, as on the fore wings, angulated on the' independent venule.
A diffuse line crosses the middle of the wing, inclosing the discal dot ; a mar-
ginal, pale, diffuse, interrupted, narrow line runs through the middle of the
margin of the wing (in one female, all the lines are wanting except the
outer hair-line). Abdomen with two rows of obscure black spots. Beneath,
much paler, with all the lines reproduced faintly.

Length of body, S, 0.70, 9, 0.70-0.80! ; fore wing, i, 0.95, 9, 0.95-1.20;
expanse of wings, 2.40 inches.

It may at once be known by the narrow fore w 'ings, with the outer edge
longer than usual, and by the common black "hair-line, with a broad tooth on
the independent venule.

Brunswick, Me., July (Packard); Salem, Mass. (Emerton); Albany, N. Y.
(Lintner and Meske).

414

li represents the European A. betuiaria, bul is much more densely
speckled.

Larva. — I have raised il at Brunswick, Me, from the Missouri currant.
According to my recollections, il is a large t hick worm, with a few small t uber-
cles, the head notched, the body of the same thickness throughout, and dark
brown. The pupa is brown, of the usual shape, and is subterranean.

PISTON Leach.

Biston Leach, Edin. Encycl., ix, KM. 1815."
Lyeia Hubn. (iu part), Verz., 319, 1818.
Amphidasis Treits. (in part), Scbirj. Eur., vi (•)> 229, 1S-.J7.

Dup. (iu part), Lep. France, vii (iv), 268, 1&29.
Biston 6teph. (in part), Nomencl. Br. Ins., 43. 1829.
Amphidasis Boisd., Gen. [nd., 195, 1840,

H.-Sch., Schm. Eur., iii, 99, 1847.
Biston Steph. (in part). Cat. Br. Lep., 163, 1850.

Lederer (in part), Verb. Bot. Zool. Go. Wien, IT?. 1853.

Guen.,Phal.. i, 204, 1857.

Walk., List Lep. Het. Br, Mua., xxi, 303, 1860. .

The species of Biston are distinguished from those of Amphidasis by

the smaller, more sunken head, the more hairy spherical thorax, and the
rather smaller, shorter abdomen. The fore wings have the costa straight, not;
curved toward the apex, which is subrectangular, while the outer edge is much
less oblique, and is a good deal shorter than the inner edge of the wing The
hind wings are a little larger proportionally than in Amphidasis. Iu colora-
tion, the species of Biston differ from those of Amphidasis in the three dark
lines on the fore wings being subparallel, the outer one not being bent.

Larva. — " Caterpillars cylindrical, smooth, without other eminences than
the trapezoidal ones which form two small isolated points on the 11th ring;
head globular; living on trees. Chrysalides quite short, subterranean." —
Guene'e.

Biston ursaria Walker. Plate 11, tig. 7.

Biston ursaria Walk., Can. Nat. anil Gcol., v, '2(11, 1860; List Lep. Hit. Br. Mux., xxi. 305, I860.

2 <* audi ?. — Body and wings dark granite-gray. Antennae black, in the

male heavily pectinated. Palpi blackish. Body concolorous with the' wings;
the thorax is a little darker than the abdomen, with two transverse dark lines
and a v-shaped line behind. Fore wings uniformly dark granite-gray, darker
and more densely speckled than in B. hirtarius of Europe, with three trans-
verse, obscure, dusky lines, as in hirtarius, represented by black spots on the

415

costa ami on the veins, with obscure lines connecting them, though in well-
preserved specimens the lines are clear and continuous, base of the wing dark.
Inner line well curved; second and third lines nearer together than in hirta-
rius, especially on the inner edge of the wing. Hall-way between the third line
and the outer edge of the wing is a fainter hand than the others, represented
by a costal square spot, and a, black spot on the inner angle. The fringe is
concolorous with the wing, being a little paler at the ends of the veins, but
not so distinctly checkered as in the European species. Hind wings with
three transverse diffuse bauds; when rubbed, they are represented by the
squarish spots on the inner edge, where the wing is more thickly scaled than
in the middle, the wing being more hyaline than in />'. hirtarius. Beneath,
paler than above; outer edge of the wings somewhat frosted; apex of both
wings whitish ; second and third lines reproduced, ending in two costal black
spot's. Hind wings with two faint lines and two costal spots. Legs and body
beneath very hairy, concolorous with the upper surface.

Length of body, <$ , 0.7b, 9, 0.85; fore wing, <?, 0.85, ?, 1.00; expause
of wings, 1 55-2. 10 inches.

Albany, N. Y., "April 8" (Meske).

It may be known by the thin semi-transparent wings, pepper-and-salt
color, and three parallel, broad, diffuse, dark lines, and the hairy, long branches
of the antennse.

PARAPHIA Guenee. Plate 4, fig. l!) ; plate 5, fig. 1.

Paraphia Gueu., Phal., i, 271, is;,?.

Walk., Li*r Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxi, 4-j::. 1860.
Amilapis Guen., Phal., ii. 62, 1857.

Male antennae well pectinated. Palpi rather slender, projecting a little
beyond the front, which is rather narrow in the male, more so than in
Tephrosia. Fore wings with the costa moderately convex compared with
Tephrosia cognataria, for example ; the apex is subacute. Outer edge bent
in the middle, entire in the male, in the female distinctly serrate. Hind
wings squarish, with a prominent angle in the middle of the outer edge,
slightly dentate in the male, conspicuously so in the female. Venation:
costal vein free from the subcostal; first subcostal venule branched within
the middle, the lower branch not arising, as usual, from the main vein ; six
subcostal venules, where there are bul live in Tephrosia; the first and second
median venules co-originate, where in Tephrosia and Cymatophora they are

416

separated al their places of origin. Hind legs with the tibiae much swollen:
tarsi nearly as long as the tibiae. Coloration: pale gray, with a decided
ochreous tint.

The species of this genus may be easily recognized from the others
of the subfamily l>y the ochreous tints, the deeply serrate and angled wings
of the females, ami the angled male wings, as well as the narrow front of the
head. The sexes differ more than usual, and the species are exceedingly
variable.

Synopsis of /he Species.

(l.ar fawn-color, with a distinct subapica] white spot P- unipunctaria.

\\ hitisli. rarely tinted with ochreous P- subatomaria.

Fore wings smaller, Babochreons, with a median whitish hand, beneath ochreons /'. deplanaria.

Parapiiia unipunctaria Packard. Plate 11, fig. 10.

Geomelra unipunctata Haw.. Lep. Br., 345.

Wood, Index, Mr. 1633-39.
Amilapis unipunctata Gnen., l'lial.. ii. 62, 1857.

2 9. — Of a uniform clear lawn-color, without the usual spots and
speckles: a basal, brown hair-line bent outward acutely on the median vein;
a broad, diffuse, dark median band (wanting in one example) common to
both wings. The extradiscal line is dark, finely scalloped, curved outward
below the costa and sweeping inward below the first median venule; beyond
this line both wings tire deeper fawn-color. At a little distance below the
costa, and nearer the extradiscal line than the outer edge of the wing, is a
conspicuous, angular, clear, white spot. Fringe dark, the scallops filled with
whitish. Hind wings like the. anterior pair, bu1 the extradiscal line is not
sinuous hut curved regularly outward. Beneath, paler than above; the
median band is distinct, and the extradiscal line more or less so ; the tints
are much as above.

Length of body, 9, 0.40.; of fore wing, 9, 0.G6 ; expanse of wings,
1.40 inches.

Texas, Augusl 11 (Belfrage).

This pretty species is so different from the two other species that it is
easily recognized by the absence of the clouds and spots and by the clear
fawn-color above and beneath. The single subapica! spot seems to be a per-
manent character. So differenf is it from the other species that M. Guenee
wjis misled into regarding it as the type of a distinct genus.

417

Larva. — "Caterpillar of a yellowish-green, with the sides washed with
reddish, and the head of this last color. It lives on several trees, as the elm,
oak, 'cournouitter etc' The chrysalis is blackish, with the wing-covers
tinted with rose-flesh color." — Guene'e, description of Abbot's drawing.

Paraphia subatomaria Guene'e. Plate 11, fig. 8.

Paraphia subatomaria Guen., Phal., i, '272, 1857.

Paraphia nubecularia Guen., Phal., i, 272, 1857.

Paraphia mamitrraria Guen., Phal., i, 273, 1857.

Paraphia subatomaria Walk., List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxi, 424, 1800.

Paraphia nubecularia Walk., List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxi, 424, 1860.

Paraphia mamitrraria Walk., List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxi, 424, 1860.

Paraphia piniata Pack., New and Little Known Insects, 14, 1870.

7 <$ and 2 9. — Wings somewhat pointed toward the apex, distinctly
serrate, and angulated in the middle, especially on the hind wings. Body
and wings whitish-ash, speckled with dark-brown and ochreous scales.
Fore wings with three lines, the inner much curved, and sometimes more or
less dislocated on the costa, making it sinuous ; median band nearly straight,
either faint when the discal dot is conspicuous or the line heavy, more or
less diffuse and expanded on the veins; outer line regularly sinuate, sub-
dentate, a diffuse ochreous patch beyond in the middle of the wing; some-
times the line is shaded with dark externally and the ochreous patch is
obscured; a dusky diffuse patch in the extradiscal space, and another near
the anal angle of the wing; just within the extradiscal dark patch from one
to three rounded white patches, one especially well marked. Fringe check-
ered with white and dark. Hind wings as in anterior pair, with two lines,
the inner diffuse, nearly straight, the outer line dentate, curved below the
costa (sometimes the costal portion of the line wanting) ; beyond, as in the
fore wings; beneath, whitish, with few speckles, rarely slightly ochreous;
discal dots distinct ; an outer, common, sinuate line, consisting often of more
or less disconnected dots; speckles thicker nearer the base of the wing;
the inner line sometimes present, then heavy, diffuse, and both lines well
marked by triangular costal spots. Female either pale whitish or witli a
decided ochreous tinge ; the two inner lines forming broad shades, especially
the middle, which in one case is decidedly sinuate; the three white spots
distinct, and the wings rather densely speckled with brown ; beneath,
whitish, or with a slight ochreous tinge, the inner shade present on both
wings, while the outer line, common to both wings, consists of a row of dots.
53 p H

418

Length of body, J, 0.58, 9, 0.65; of tore wing, J, 0.65, 9, 0.85;
expanse of wings, 1 30-1.70 inches.

I.dinldii, Canada (Saunders); Brunswick, Mc (Packard); Beverly, Mass.,
June 26 (Burgess); Boston, Mass. (Sanborn); Brookline, Mass. (Shurtleff,
Coll. Bust. Soc. Nat. Hist.); Springfield, Mass. (Dimmock); Natick, Mass.
(Stratton); West Farms, N. Y. (Angus); Albany, N. Y., June 17 (Lintner);
Philadelphia, Pa. (Grote and Ent. Soc).

This species may be recognized among all (he variations different
specimens present by (he white color, rarely subochreous, the base and outer
edge of the wing being as pale as the middle portion, and by (he pale under
side of the wings and its large size.

It varies greatly in the distinctness of the lines and (he degree of irrora-
tion. In some, the lines are diffused, and the species is rather more heavily
dusted than deplanaria. Guenee's description of P. nvbecularia, described
from one male, agrees with some of my heavily-dusted specimens; and his
P. ?namurraria, described from one male, agrees with some of my specimens.

Larva. — The moth has been raised by Mr. W. Saunders, of London,
Canada, from a "brown geometric larva on the pine, the imago appearing
June 24th."

Paraphia deplanakia Guene*e. Plate 11, fig. 9.

Paraphia deplanaria Guen., Phal., i, 272, 1857.

Walk., List Lep. Hot. I5r. Mus., xxi,424, I860.
Macariafidoniata Walk. ! !! (Grote Comp.), List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxi, 924, 1861, " Hindostan."

10 £ and 4 9. — In this species, the antennae are well pectinated, but
the wings are rather shorter, less produced toward (he apex (ban in P. sub-
atomaria. Wings ochreous-ash, (he head and body uniformly tawny-brown.
Fore wings with three brown lines, the innermost bent nearly at right angles
in the discal space, The less distinct middle line is straight, and situated
just within the distinct discal dot. Between this and the outer-line, the wing
is whitish and freer than usual from the transverse brown speckles on the
other parts. The outer line is regularly sinuate, slightly dentate. Beyond
is a broad, ochreous, diffuse shade, succeeded by a brown submarginal shade,
disappearing in the extradiscal space, above which, i. e., in the last subcostal
space, is a large, round, conspicuous, white spot (sometimes there are two or
three white spots below this). Fringe checkered with white and dark
brown. Hind wings pale ash within the outer line, with a slighl ochreous

419

tint, but deep ochreous beyond. Inner line faint; discal dot very distinct ;
outer line distinct, nearly straight. Beneath uniformly ochreous; with the
outer common line very distinct, consisting of a row of blackish dots; on the
hind wings, it is bent opposite the distinct discal dot. The base of the fore
wing is rather densely shaded with dark specks, and there is a very faint
submarginal shade. Legs concolorous with the body, speckled. The wing
is whitish in the middle, with the white spot distinct, In one case, the
margin of both wings above is lilac-ash.

Length of body, <? , 0.43-0.50, 9 , 0.45 ; of fore wings, <? , 0.60, 9 ,
0.65 ; expanse of wings, 0.90-1.35 inches.

Maine (E. S Morse) ; Beverly, Mass., July 8 (Burgess) ; Boston, Mass.
(Sanborn, Mus. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist.) ; Natick, Mass. (Stratton) ; Lynn,
Mass. (W. H. Dall); Hastings-on-Hudson, N.Y., June 19 (Grote) ; Albany,
N. Y. (Lintner); West Farms, N. Y. (Angus); Philadelphia, Pa. (Ent.
Soc. and Grote) ; Pennsylvania and Maryland (Mus. Comp. Zool.) ; Illinois,
(Clemens) ; Texas, May (Belfrage).

This species is perhaps more common than the other The male may
be distinguished by its smaller size, by the wings being more ochreous, by
the distinct discal dots, and by the rather distinct median white band on the
fore wings. The female differs greatly from the male, being much larger
and with the wings more serrate, the two inner lines more or less obsolete,
the border of both wings being much darker than the inside of the wing,
the border sometimes having a lilac tinge. From the female of P. subato-
maria, it differs in its still smaller size, in having usually but one subapical
spot, instead of three, as is usually the case in the other species, and in the
outer border of the wings being darker or more decidedly ochreous. The
wings are serrated much alike in the two species, but more decidedly in the
female of P. deplanaria than that of the other species. It is a very difficult
genus, and impossible to study properly without a large amount of specimens.
It would be easy for one to be led into making half a dozen "species" if he
had but one or two specimens of each variety.

TEPHRUS1A Boisduval. . Plate 5, figs. 2, 2b, 2c.

Selidosema Hiibu. (in part), Verz., 299, 1818.
Anagoga Hiibn., Exot. Schm., 34, 1825.
Onoplxos Treits. (in part), Schm. Eur., vi (i), 160, 1827.
Balia Dup. (in part), Lep. Erauce, vii (iv), 400, 1829.
Boarmia Stepli. (in part), 111., iii, 103, 1831.

120

Trphroaia Boisd. (in part), Gen. Intl., 198, 1840

Dup. (in part), Cat., 228, 1844.
Boarmia H.-Sch. (in part), Sobm. Enr., iii, Tti, 1847.
Steph., Cat. Br. Lep., 174, 1850.

Lrclrrcr (in part i. Writ. Bot. Zool. Ges. U ten, 177, 1853.

Tephrona Guen. (in part), Pbal., i, 258, 1857.

Walk, (in part). List Lep. Het. Brit. Mns., xxi, 398, I860.

Front of thf head rather square. Palpi very stout and thick, scarcely
passing beyond the trout (71 canadaria), or slender, with the third joint acute
and passing a little beyond the front (71 cognataria). Male antennae well
pectinated, plumose. Fore wings with the costa straight, usually straighter
than in any other genus of the subfamily. Apex rectangular, subacute ; outer
edge of the wing not bent. Hind wings rather square, with a slight, bend in
the middle of the outer edge, slightly dentate in T. canadaria, usually entire;
apex slightly produced Venation: usually but five subcostal venules (six in
71 californiaria, plate 5, fig. 2 b), where there are usually six in Cymatophora;
the first and second median veins arise farther apart than in Cymatophora.
No subcostal cell. Hind legs long and slender, either with the male hind
tibia? slender and the tarsi three-fourths as long as the tibiae (71 cogna-
taria), or the hind tibia; are very long and swollen, and the tarsi are one-
tliird as long as the tibiae.

In coloration, the species usually closely resemble those of Cymatophora,
and are distinguished from that genus by the more plumose male antenna;,
the more angular wings, the narrower front, longer hind legs, while some of
the species are pearl-culored (71' cognataria), and nearly all have two well-
marked rows of black spots along the abdomen.

Tiie genus Tephrosia as limited by Duponchel and Guene'e is in part
composed of species of Cymatophora [Boarmia). C. consonaria and crepuscu-
laria are certainly not Tephrosiee, though Guene'e regards them as the typical
species of the genus. The genus is represented in Europe by 71 pnac/u-
lata, a representative of our 71 anticaria. The genus is very much better
represented in this country than in Europe.

Larva. — The larvae differ from those of Cymatophora in being smooth.
The larva of 71 punctulata is said to be smooth, and of a reddish color, with
white spots or blotches on the back of all the segments. It feeds on the
birch. — (Newman.)

421

Synopsis of the Species.

A. Hind tarsi longer than the tibiae :

Pearl-colored, with two rows of black dots T. cognataria.

B. Tarsi shorter than the tibiae :

Reddish-brown, densely-speckled with dark scales T. californiaria.

Clear reddish-brown ; fore wings falcate T.fahalaria.

Medium-sized ; dull ash-gray ; with three rows of close-set black spots T. anticaria.

Larger hind tarsi nearly as long as .tibiae; whitish-ash ; with five rows of black

spots T. cribrataria.

The largest species ; hind tibia; very long ; tarsi very short, ash-gray T. canaaaria.

Tephrosia cognataria Packard. Plate 11, fig. 11.

Anagoga cognataria Hiibu.-Geyer, Exot. Schm., Zutrage, '34, figs. 549, 550, 1825.

4 c? and 2 ?. — This singular species differs from P. cribrataria in the
longer, much slenderer legs, the hind tibiae being very slender, while the
tarsi are very long, in fact longer than the tibiae, while in T. cribrataria they
are shorter. The antennae are just as in T. cribrataria, the pectinations being
long and inclined to be interlocked. It also differs in the want of the usual
markings. Body and wings dull pearly-ash. Head whitish on the vertex,
and along the upper side of the antennae. In front, brown in both sexes.
Fore wings uniformly pearl-ash, usually with no markings except an oblique
line of venular dots in the outer third of wing, and a row of minute marginal
intervenular dots. Fringe concolorous with the wing. Hind wings v^ith the
same markings. Sometimes the four discal small round dots are present.
Under side of wings exactly like the upper. Discal dots minute, the row of
dots wanting, the marginal row present. A double row of dorsal spots, some-
times wanting, sometimes conspicuous. Legs a little paler than the body.

Length of body, <?, 0.35-0.45, 9, 0.37; of fore wing, S, 0.52-0.60, 9,
0.55; expanse of wings, 0.75-1.20 inches.

Brunswick, Me. (Packard); Maine (or Connecticut?), (S. I. Smith,
Mus. Yale College) ; Natick, Mass., May 26 (Stratton) ; Maiden, June 1,
Cambridge, Mass., July 30 (II. K. Morrison) ; Philadelphia, Pa. (Ent. Soc).

This species varies much in size and markings. It is usually pearl-ash,
having a lilac tinge, sometimes thickly dusted, and then wanting (lie outer
row of dots. In the female, there is ;i very faint shade just beyond the discal
dot on both wings. The discal dots are often wanting. In a small individual
from Pennsylvania, there are two rows of black dots, the inner just within

122

the discal dot, being a transverse shade on the hind wings, while thespecimen
is deeper pearl-ash than the others, being in a better state of presarvation.

The species may he known by the uniform pearl-ash color, and the

want of the usual speckles and dentate lines, and by the short slender tibiae
and remarkably long tarsi. Our specimen agrees well with Hubner's figure.

TEPHEOSIA califokniaria Packard. Plate 11, fig. 15.

Tephrosia ealifomiaria Pack., Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., xiii. :!8s, 1S71.

3 cf . — This species belongs to the same group as T. canadaria, but the
wings, fore and hind, are shorter and broader; otherwise the head, antennae,
and form of the body are the same. Reddish ash, fore wings a little deeper
reddish, thickly speckled with dark scales, with three diffuse, dusky, indistinct,
brown lines; the basal, on the inner fourth of the wing, curved, angulated on
the submedian vein, and sinuate just below the median vein; the middle line
is situated just beyond the discal dot, and is slightly oblique, sinuate, and
connected with a large dusky cloud inclosing the discal dot, and sending a
diffuse line to the costa and internal margin of the wing. Half-way between
the discal dot and the outer edge of the wing is a broad scalloped line
deepening in tint toward the points of the scallops; a larger scallop than the
others rests on the inner edge of the wing; just below the middle of the
wing are two large twin scallops and two larger than the others near the
apex, there being eight scallops in all. A row of black dots along the edges
of both wings; fringe concolorous with both wings. Discal dot on fore wings
minute, black, surrounded by a white round spot. On the hind wings, three
faint diffuse lines start from the inner edge, disappearing in the middle of
the wing. Beneath clear pale ash; discal dots distinct, costal and outer edge
speckled with black scales. Varies in size and distinctness of median cloud
on fore wings, and of the short lines on hind wings.

Length of body, 0.50; fore wing, 0.57-0.64; expanse of wings, 1.30

■

inches.

California (Behrens); Southern Nevada (Crotch, Mus. Comp. Zool.).

It varies a good deal in the distinctness of the bands, and maybe recog-
nized l>y the white discal spot pupiled with black, and the interrupted heavy
submarginal row of spots.

423
Tephrosia falcataria Packard. Plate 9, fig. 67.

Tephrosia falcataria Pack., Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., xvi, 3a, pi. 1, fig. 20, 1874.

1 3 . — This species has remarkably falcate wings, the tip of the fore wings
being acute, the costa being more bent down at the tip, and the outer edge
excavated much deeper than usual; the costal area is wider, hence the four
subcostal venules are shorter than usual, but their mode of branching oil' is
the same. Antennas well pectinated, dark brown, as usual, contrasting with
the rest of the body. Head, thorax, and fore wings pale reddish fawn-color;
hind wings and abdomen much paler, much more whitish than in the other
species. Fore wings very uniformly reddish fawn, with no conspicuous bands
or rows of spots, and. remarkably few scattered dark scales, the wings in all
the other species known to me being more or less densely dusted. Discal dot
small, black; a submarginal row of about six obscure dusky spots, arranged in
a straight line parallel to the outer edge. A marginal series of black venular
points. Fringe deeper reddish than wing itself. Hind wings almost whitish
fawn, unusually clear, with a few feint, scattered, dark scales; a dark discal dot;
fringe reddish, concolorous with that on fore wings; no other markings on
the wing. Beneath, both wings alike, a little less pale than hind wings behind,
but tinged with reddish on the edges, and more speckled. Discal dot and
marginal row of dots as above. Fringe darker than rest of wings. Hind
wings a little more dusted than primaries. Discal dot much larger and more
conspicuous than above. Abdomen not spotted.

Length of body, 0.50; fore wing, 0.64; expanse of wings, 1.30 inches.

California (Edwards).

It may be known by its unusually falcate primaries, its clear wings free
from the usual bands and scales, and by its reddish hue.

Tephrosia anticaria Walker. Plate 11, fig. 12.

Tephrosia anticaria Walk., List Lep. Het. Br. Mns., xxi, 404, 18C0.
Tephrosia submuraria Walk., List Lep. Hot. Br. Mus., xxi, 406, 1860.

3 S and 3 9 — Of medium size, with the apex of the wings subrectan-
gular and the outer edge less oblique than usual. Dull ash-gray ; both wings
of the same hue. Head brown in front, witli a white hair-streak on the ante-
rior edge; vertex dull ash-gray; male antennae ciliated. Fore, wings with
three black heavy lines more or less broken up into spots; they arc regularly

424

curved, parallel and equidistant, and slightly enlarged on the costa, below
which they arc beul a little. The middle line is sometimes nearer the inner
than the outer. A submarginal, broken, whitish line, shaded with dark gray,
sometimes obsolete. Hind wings with two blackish lines, the outer sinuous
toward the inner edge. The submarginal line is as on the lore wings.
Beneath, a little paler than above; the discal dots are large and conspicuous on
both wings, not being present above, while the inner line is represented by a
costal spot. The extradiscal line is distinct and common to both wings. The
submarginal line is represented by a short line, which extends from the costa
to near the middle of the wing. The abdomen has a median row of white
spots.

Length of body, 3, 0.4;"), 9, 0.40; fore wing, <t , 0.50, 9, 0.50; expanse
of wings, 1.00 inch.

Natick, Mass., July 17 (Stratton); Massachusetts (Morrison).

This species is rather obscurely marked, but may be distinguished by
the simple male antenna?, the dull gray wings mottled obscurely with white
scales, and by the three, heavy, dark, parallel, slightly-curved lines on the fore
wings, the middle one absorbing the discal dot.

Tephrosia cribrataria Guenee. Plate 11, tig. 13.

Tcphroma cribrataria Guen.!, Phal., i, 260, ltvT.

Walk., List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., 402, 1860.

3 <?. — Antenna' strongly pectinated, much more so than in T. canadaria;
the extreme tip simple. Wings much as in T. canadaria, but the binder pair
less notched in the middle of the outer edge. Body and wings whitish-gray,
the latter thickly speckled with pale brown. Fore wings with three conspic-
uous, costal, dark spots, the distance between the inner two half as great
as between the second and third ; from the inner two spots, two faint
sinuous shades cross the wing. A slender, faint, pale, discal dot. Outer line
consisting of a sinuous row of venular, conspicuous, black dots; the line
straight from the costa to the first median vein, thence curving inward.
Beyond, a broad, faint, brownish shade. A marginal row of black dots. Hind
wings with two large black dots near the base, one on the inner edge, the
other near the middle of the wing. Outer line of dots sinuous. Wing
beyond as in anterior pair. Fringe whitish. Beneath, pale whitish, with no
markings, except the faint discal dots and a marginal row of dots on both

425

wings. Fore legs brownish externally. Hind tibiae rather long and full;
tarsi of the average length, being much longer than in T. canadaria. Abdo-
men with two rows of conspicuous black spots.

Length of body, <? , 0.50; of fore wing, 9, 0.65; expanse of wings, 1.25
inches.

Massachusetts (Sanborn); New Salem, N. H. (J. N. Trask, Coll. Bost.
Soc. Nat. Hist.).

This species may be known by the stoutly-pectinated antennae, the
branches, in drying, interlocking somewhat at the end ; by the conspicuous
abdominal spots, and the outer row of black dots on both wings. The two
inner costal spots are more distinct, while the lines are fainter than usual.
The black dots are pointed, the line connecting them being really dentate.
The marginal dots are more distinct than in the other species. It is a pecul-
iar form and readily recognized.

Larva. — "The caterpillar is slightly attenuated anteriorly, of a gray-
testaceous, with the back and the sutures of a deeper hue, and a wood-brown
stigmatal line. The head is concolorous and profoundly divided into two
points. There are two small tubercles on the 11th ring, the rest of the body
without any eminence. It lives on the Pojndus tremuloides and fastigiata.
The chrysalis is entirely black." — Guene'e.

Tephrosia canadaria Guene'e. Plate 11, fig. 14.

Tephrosia canadaria Guun. !!, Phal., i, 203, 1857.

Walk. ! !, Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus., 402, 1860.
Tephrosia canadaria Pack., Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., xvi, 33, 1874.

12 (f .and 3 9. — This is the largest species of the genus, and approaches
Cymatophbra more in its markings than any of the following species. It is
characterized by the very long hind tibiae. Antennae less pectinated than in T.
cribrataria ; hind wings with a quite deep notch. Body and wings ash ;
wings thickly speckled with brown, often with a reddish-brown tint. Head
with a transverse dark band in front of the antennae. Hind edge of the pro-
thorax shaded with dark brown. Fore wings with three lines, the inner near
the base, regularly curved (often almost obsolete) ; second line broad, diffuse,
nearly touching the discal dot. Outer line somewhat sinuous, slightly scal-
loped, especially opposite the discal dot and on the submedian vein. Two
black spots just outside the two lower scallops. A faint, submarginal, white,
54 P H

42(5

zigzag line, with the scallops filial in with large black spots; six more prom-
inent, two subcostal, two extradiscal, from which a dusky shade is senl to the
edge of the wing, and two at the anal angle; in the reddish-brown race, the
line consists of a row of white dots, black within. Marginal row of black
dots very distinct. Fringe concolorous with the wing. Hind wings as in
the anterior pair; a broad, diffuse, faint band just within the conspicuous
discal dot. The line beyond slightly wavy, not reaching the costa; otherwise
tlie rest of the wing as in the anterior pair. Beneath, the veins stibochreous,
the surface more or less mottled, discal dots distinct, with abroad, diffuse,
smoky, marginal shade on both wings. Abdomen not spotted above. Two
fore pairs of legs alternately banded externally with black and ashen; hind
legs pale; the tibiae very long, full, somewhat flattened, while the tarsi are
unusually short.

Length of body, i, 0.55-0.70; of fore wing, 3 , 0.68-0.80; expanse of
wings, 1.60 inches.

Brunswick, Me., Salem, Mass. (Packard); Brookline, Mass., July 11,
Cambridge, Mass., July 7 (Shurtleff); Dorchester, Mass. (Sanborn); Hast-
ings-on-Hudson, N. Y., Philadelphia, Pa. (Grote); Philadelphia, Pa. (Ent.
Soc); Pennsylvania (H. Edwards); near Mammoth Cave, Ky., May 3 (San-
born, Ky. Geol. Surv.); New Orleans, La. (Mus. Pcab. Acad. Sc); California
(H. Edwards and Behrens).

This common species may be at once known by its large size, the long,
swollen, somewhat flattened, hind tibiae, and short tarsi, and by the heavily-
speckled fore wings and the heavy lines. The California!! examples do not
differ from eastern oiks.

There are two races: one brown-ash, 'with the wings thickly dusted,
while in the other the wings are clearer and tinged with reddish-brown, while
the submarginal rgw of white dots, with a black dot on the inner side, is quite
conspicuous.

Tephrosia ferruginosaria Pack. (Proc. Bost, Soc. Nat. Hist., xiii, 388,
1871, xvi, pi. 1, fig. 21, 1874) is a variety of Lozogramma nigroseriata Pack,
(originally described as a Tephrosia, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., xvi, 32, 1874).

427
CYMATOPHORA Hiibner. Plate 5, figs. 3, 2a; Plate 6, fig. 23.

Cymatophora Hiibn., Tentamen, 1810.

Dryocoetis, Ectropis, and Deileptenia Hlibn., Verz., 316, 1818.

Chora Curtis, Brit. Eut., 88, 1825.

Boar/ilia Treits. (iu part), Schrn. Eur., vi, i, 187, 1827.

Cleora Steph. (iu part), Jlcin, and Boarmia, Nomencl. Br. Ina., 43, 1829.

Boarmia Dup. (in part), Lep. Frauce, vii (iv), 327, 1829.

Boisd. (in part), (Jen. Ind., 196, 1840.

Dup., Cat., 229, 1844.

II.-S.h-, Schm. Eur., iii, 76, 1847.
Alois aud Boarmia Steph., Cat. Br. Lep., 173, 174, 1850.
Boarmia Lederer, Verb. Bot. Zool. Ges. Wien, 177, 1853.

Guen., Phal., i, 235, 1857.

Walk., List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxi, 334, 1860.

Head broader in front than long, much broader than in Tephrosia. Palpi
usually short and broad, not reaching beyond the front ; or slender, pointed,
and reaching well beyond the front (C. psilogrammaria). Antennas well
pectinated, but not plumose. Fore wings with the costa slightly convex,
especially toward the subacute apex ; outer edge very oblique, rather long,
not bent. Hind wings either a little elongated toward the apex or well
rounded, sometimes slightly scalloped. Venation : costal vein either anastomos-
ing with the subcostal (C. umbrosaria) or free {G. psilogrammaria). Usually
six subcostal venules (five in C. psilogrammaria). Usually no subcostal cell
[C. umbro.saria); but it is sometimes present, as in C psilogrammaria. Male
hind legs only moderately long ; hind tibiae much swollen, and tarsi about one-
third as long as the tibiae (in C. psilogrammaria very long and slender, the tibiae
not swollen, and the tarsi longer than the tibiae). Coloration: invariably
whitish or dark gray, with three sinuous black lines, often double.

The species of this genus are numerous and widely distributed, like those
of Tephrosia, occurring in deep, dark woods. They are distinguished by
their peculiar style of coloration, being, when unrubbed, dark slate-gray, and
after flving about a few days becoming whitish-gray, and also by the broad
front, heavily-pectinated antennae, usually short palpi, and convex costa of
the fore wings. Contrary to what may be regarded as convenient, I follow
the strict law of priority, aud adopt Hubner's name Cymatophora for this genus,
dropping Boarmia, which is in common use. Even were Cymatophora not
adopted, one of Hubner's other terms, Dryocoetis or Deileptenia, would have
to be used, as they are well-defined groups, nearly as much so as Treitschke's
Boarmia, while he had no right to transfer the name Cymatophora to a genus
of another family (Noctuidci-).

428

Larva. — Caterpillars ramiform, rigid, elongated, of equal size throughout,
adorned with lateral tubercles; head flattened in front, and as broad as the
prothoracic ring. Living on the leaves of trees, and rarely on low plants.
Chrysalids in small subterranean cocoons.

Spnopsis of the Specks.

A. Antennae pubescent :

Pale ash ; outer liue dentate C. crepuscularia.

B. Antennae broadly pectinated :

a. Wings long and narrow :

Diminutive; pale ash ; with three very distinct black lines C. psilogrammaria.

b. Wings long ; hind icings notched:

Outer line straight, beyond reddish-brown C. plumosaria.

c. Fore icings unite, ui1h Jive straight, parallel lines :

Hind edge of abdominal rings black and white C. h-Uncaria.

C. Antennas usually narrowly pectinated; terminal third filiform ;

wings long; discal ringlets elongated:

Outer line on the fore wing slightly sinuous, with a subcostal tooth;

1 "neath a broad submarginal shade C. pampinaria.

Outer line on the fore wing very sinuous ; a shallow subcostal scallop ;

beneath no well-marked submarginal shade C. humaria.

Outer liue angulate, sinuate ; a great angle in the extradiscal space ;

discal dots beneath large and diffuse ; outer line on hind wing

with a great angle C. larvaria.

Markings much as in humaria, but outer edge of hind wings fuller, more

distinctly scalloped, and discal dot not annular, as in larvaria and

humaria C. polygrammaria.

Wings short and broad ; very dark, discal dot on hind wings, round,

not oblong-oval; lines on fore wings not very oblique ; antenna?

plumose C. umbrosaria.

Hind wings deeply scalloped ; a very distinct dark line common to both

wings ; the largest species of the genus C. californiaria.

Cymatophoka crepusculakia Packard. Plate 11, fig. 24.

lioarmiu crepuscularia Treits., Schm. Eur., vi (i), 190, 1827.
Tephrosia crepuscularia Guen., Phal., i, 264, 1857.
Tephrosia occiduaria Guen., Phal., i, 206, 1857.

Iioarmia sublunaria Walk.!!!, List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxi, 345, 1*00.
ISoarmia signaria Walk.!!!, List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxi, 340, I860.
Tephrosia spatiosaria Walk. ! ! !, List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxi, 403, 1800.
Tephrosia intrataria Walk.!!!, List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxi, 403, I8fi0.
Tephrosia fumataria Miunt ! ! !, Proc. Bost. Sec. Nat. Hist., xiii, 84, 1869.

12 <J and 4 9. — Closely allied in the form of the wings and. the markings
to C. umbrosaria, differing in 1 lie antennae being simply pubescent, Body and
wings whitish-ash, finely and uniformly dusted with brown. Head whitish,

429

with a blackish band in front of, and another between, the antennae. Palpi
black on the sides, whitish below and at tips. Thorax with a dusky shade
on hind edge of prothorax, and a transverse dusky band behind the middle.
Fore wings with three curved, dentate, black lines, marked by distinct black
points on the veins. The inner line regularly curved, well marked on the
costa, bent outward a little just below this spot, enlarging into a round black
spot on the median vein. Middle line faint, brown, somewhat diffuse (often
obsolete), and much less curved than the inner line, with a distinct costal
patch ; third and outer line sinuate, not much curved, with a series of black
dots produced along the veins into teeth; a double tooth on the origin of the
first median vein. This line is accompanied by a broad, faint, pale, brown
shade. A submarginal row of diffuse, large, dusky spots, best marked toward
the apex, and these spots filling the teeth in the submarginal zigzag white
line; two dark scallops conspicuous in the extradiscal interspace. Marginal
row of black lunules, sometimes forming rounded dots. Fringe whitish on
both wings. Hind wings with three wavy lines, the inner just within the
discal dot (no discal dot on fore wings) and broader than the others, while the
middle line is more distinctly dentate than on the fore wings. Wing beyond
marked as on the anterior pair. Abdomen with a double row of dorsal black
spots. Beneath, either uniformly pale ash, and without any markings, except
very faint discal dots and an outer line, or quite uniformly mottled with dusky
ash, and with two lines faintly reproduced. Fore legs dusky, ringed with
whitish ; hind legs pale ash ; hind tibiae as usual in the other species.

Length of body, <f , 0.50-0.60, 9, 0.G0; of lore wing, <?, 0.65-0.72, ?,
0.75; expanse of wings, 1.50-1.60 inches.

Salem, Mass., July 13 (Emerton and Packard); Cambridge, July 7,
Brookline, October 4 (Shurtleff); Boston (Minot) ; Dorchester, Mass. (San-
born); West Farms, N. Y. (Angus); Brewster's, N. Y., April 21 (Grote);
Albany, N. Y., May 4 (Lintner); Illinois (Dr. Hoy); Philadelphia, Pa. (Ent.
Soc. and Grote).

It varies in the distinctness of the lines, the second line on the fore
wings is often wanting, and sometimes the lines are quite heavy. The
specks, usually light, are sometimes abundant, making the wings darker than
usual. The species does not differ in any particular from C. crepuscularia
from Europe. In comparing a Vienna male with fourteen others, from
different parts of the United States, 1 do not find so much difference as

430

between some taken in our own country; there arc not even any climatic or
racial differences thai 1 can perceive. It is our most common species, and
is found in boreal and middle Europe, ll may be known by the simply
pubescent antennae, its pale color, the outer dentate line, that on the fore
wing less sinuous than the corresponding line in C. vmbrosaria.

The European Tephrosia consortaria is a true Cymatophora, and larger
than, but closely allied to, crepuscularia.

(vmatophora psilogrammaria Packard. Plate 11, fig. 1G.

Boarmia psilogrammaria Zeller!!!, Vi-ih. Bot. Zool. Ges. Wien., xxii, 1872.

3 <? and 6 9. — This pretty, diminutive species is whitish-ash in color,
and has long, narrow fore wings, with the apex much rounded, though some-
what produced, and with the outer edge nearly as long as the inner. Male
antennae heavily pectinated. Fore wings with three distinct, scalloped,
black hair-lines, and two diffuse, faint lines beyond, common to both pairs
of wings; midway between the. insertion of the wing and the basal line is a
black costal spot ; basal line very oblique, arising near the middle of the
cost a and ending at the same distance from the insertion of the wing as the
first costal spot; the line is jagged, with a large angle below the costa ;
beyond the discal dots are two parallel, scalloped, black hair-lines, curved
outward opposite the discal dot, and still beyond are two smoky, diffuse,
wavy bands; the marginal row of black, elongated dots is very distinct.
Hind wings quite clear, with a line running as far as the discal dot, and,
beyond, two black lines, the outer the most distinct; beyond are two
obscure, smoky lines, as in the fore wings ; the dots on the margin are round,
and remote from each other; beneath, the wing is clear and pale, with the
discal dots distinct, and with traces particularly of the outer line, on both
wings. The fore legs are blackish.

Length of body, $, 0.30, 9, 0.30; of fore wings, <t , 0.40, 9, 0.45;
expanse of wings, 0.85-0.95 inch.

Texas, May 7-11 (Belfrage).

This appears to he a common species in Texas, but has not yet occurred
elsewhere. Jt may he recognized by its small size, (lie clear, whitish wings,
and the scalloped, tine, clear, dark lines. 1 have examined Professor Zeller's
type in the Museum of Comparative Zoology.

431

Cymatophora plumosaria Packard. Plate 11, fig. 17.

Cymatophora plumosaria Pack., Sixth Rep. Peab. Acad. Sci., 51, 1874.

2 S . — This species belongs (o a distinct section of the genus, and is
intermediate between C. humaria and C. umbrosaria; the antennae being
broadly pectinated, plumose to just before the tip, the branches being rather
longer than in C. umbrosaria, while the wings are shaped somewhat as in
C. humaria. The lines are straight, not waved, and bent, and in this respect
it resembles Hemerophila. The hind wings are distinctly notched on the
independent vein. Front dark brown, with a white line in front. Vertex
whitish. Body and wings dull ash. Fore wings with brownish scales at
the base of the wing and beyond the outer line; three black lines, the inner
much curved, obliquely curved on the costa, and from the median vein
directed obliquely and ending nearer the base of the wing than usual; middle
of the wing paler than elsewhere ; a faint discal dot ; middle line sinuate,
approaching the outer line just below the median vein ; outer line very
distinct, bent at right angles below the last (sixth) subcostal vein, and thence
to the inner edge very oblique and not curved ; beyond, the wing is reddish-
brown, inclosing a zigzag, white, submarginal line; a marginal row of black
dots. Fringe concolorous with both wings. Hind wings like the fore wings,
with two black lines, the inner diffuse, straight,. not reaching the costa, the
outer more distinct, curved round opposite the distinct discal dot to the
costa, but directed straight to the hinder edge ; beyond, reddish-brown, and
marked as in the fore wing. Abdomen with a faint black line at the base,
and the hind edge of the. segments touched with black. Beneath, both
wings uniformly ash, with a faint ochreous tinge on the veins and the costa, but
no lines, and the discal dots distinct (or very faint and diffuse). The marginal
row of venules sometimes distinct. Fore legs dark within, paler externally.
Hind legs pale.

Length of body, 3 , 0 53 ; of fore wing, J1, 0.53 ; expanse of wings, 1.08
inches.

Demopolis, Ala. (Grote).

This interesting species may be known by the very plumose antenna?,
the straight outer line and reddish-brown margin of the wings, the simple
discal dots, and by the notch, or sinus, in the hind wings.

432

Cymatopiioka quinque-linearia Packard. Plate 11, fig. 18.

Cymatophora 5-Hnearia Pack., sixth Rep. Peab. Acad. So., 51, 1874.

2 <$ and 1 9. — In this species, the body is unusually stout, the antennae

broadly pectinated, a little less so than in (J. plumosaria, and. the tip is simple,
the simple portion longer than in C. plumosaria; the wings are longer and
apex more acute than in any other species. Apex of the hind wings more pro-
duced than usual. Body and wings pale whitish-ash. Head brown, a white
line on the front edge, between and behind the antennae whitish; base of the
head next to the prothorax brown. Thorax white ; prothorax brownish. Fore
wings pale ash, with fine, parallel, black lines, very oblique and not curved, all
apparently not reaching the costa. Inner line double, broad, ending on the
inner edge half-way between the base of the wing and the third line; second,
third, and fourth close together; second very narrow; the third broad and more
distinct than any others; the fourth forming a broad shade parallel and close to
the third ; the fifth is more parallel to the margin. Discal dot round, distinct.
Hind wings with five lines, all disappearing before the costa; the inner diffuse
and a little curved, the second the most distinct and ending on the discal dot,
which is merged with it; the three beyond are diffuse bands, the outer form-
ing the margin of the wing, and twice as wide as the fourth. Abdomen
with the segments edged with white, with an inner black streak. Legs ash;
fore pair a little dusky within. Beneath uniformly dull ash, with no lines
and very faint discal dots.

Length of body, <J, 0.45, 9, 0.42; of fore wings, S, 0.58, 9, 0.52;
expanse of wings, 1.25 inches.

Texas, March 7, April 28, May 13 (Belfrage).

This singular species may be readily recognized by the broadly-pec-
tinated antennas, the pointed fore wings, the five parallel straight lines, though
oblique in their course, and the alternating white and dark linear bands on
the abdomen.

Cymatophora pampinaria Packard. Plate 11, fig. 20.

Boarmia pampinaria Guen.!!!, Phal., i, 24"), 18T>7,

Walk.!!!, List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxi, 342, 1800.
Boarmia frutjaliaria Gueu., Phal., i, 246, 1857.
lioarmia fraudulentaria Zellerttl, Verb. Bot. Zool. Gis. Wien, xxii, 492, 1872.

12 rf and 4 9. — Antennae moderately pectinated. Palpi pale gray,
blackish on the sides, white at the tip and on the under side of the bas;>l

433

joint. Head dark in front, pale on the vertex; a few dark scales between the

insertions of the antennae. Body and wings pale ash; both wings somewhat
produced toward the apex. Fore wings speckled with brown scales, a large
blister at base; three prominent lines, the inner broadly curved, the curve
continuing across the median space, the line heavy and black, subaeutely
angulated outward below the costa, broadening on the costa and on the
median vein, and angulated outward slightly on the submedian; it is dis-
tinctly prolonged on to the base of the hind wings The second or middle
line begins as a broad triangular costal patch, larger than that of the basal
line, and curved around just outside of the simple discal dot (which seems,
however, to form one side of a ringlet, of which the outer two-thirds are
formed by the curve in the line). The line widens at the origin of the first
median venule, where it. approaches the outer line ; it touches it just below
the second median and then diverges on to the inner edge. The line is slightly
scalloped. Outer line black, distinct, broadly sinuous, with three grand
curves; between the costal edge and the last subcostal venule three unequal
teeth, the largest and most acute just below the costa; below it and at the base
a point on the second venule; from the third tooth the line sweeps around
continuously to the third median venule, with a black point on each venule;
below this the line curves regularly inward, pointed outward on the sub-
median vein ; a dull-brown, almost blackish, shade borders this line. A sub-
marginal, zigzag, distinct, white line, the scallops within filled with black.
From each white point a narrow dark streak connects with each black inter-
venular dot. A dark shade in the extradiscal interspace. Fringe on both
wings gray, faintly checkered with paler opposite the black dots. Hind wings
pale within the extradiscal line; at the extreme base a black line; a straight
shade just below the discal dot, which is black, linear, distinct. The third
is narrow, black, distinct, nearly straight, pointed slightly outward on the
costal vein, and with a very prominent tooth on the first subcostal vein;
between the median vein and the inner edge a little curved inward. Beyond is
a brown shade. A broad, submarginal, dusky shade, inclosing a zigzag, white
line. A black, marginal, scalloped line. Beneath pale-ash, with a very faint
ochreous tint ; discal dot on the fore wing three times as large as on the hind
wings; middle area of the fore wings smoky. A very broad marginal
blackish shade, leaving a whitish apex, and the adjoining portion of the fringe
paler. On the hind wings, the shade is narrower, disappearing at the inner
55 P II

434

;m^rl<' of the wing, and leaving the edge of the wing pale. Botii wings
mottled with rather broad transverse streaks. A distincl Mack hand al the
base of (he abdomen; the bind edges of the second ami succeeding segments
dusky; the basal segment unusually white. Anterior pair of legs dusky, with
narrow paler rings; hind femora thick, pale, with a pencil of hairs, as usual.
The female is larger, a little more dusky above and beneath, but with the same
markings.

Length of body, S, 0.53-0.55, 9, 0.42; of lore wing, J, 0.58-0.65,
9, 0.75; expanse of wings, 1.40-1.55 inches.

Maine (Packard); Lansing, Mich. (Miles); Natick, Mass., June 28
(Stratton, Coll Bost. Soc. Nat, Hist.); Albany, N. Y. (Lintner and Meske);
Brewster's, X. Y. (Grote) ; Philadelphia, Pa. (Ent. Soc.) ; Pennsylvania
(Mus. Comp. Zool.); West Farms, N. Y. (Angus); Demojiolis, Ala. (Grote);
Texas, March 12-20, May 12, July 11-19, August 19-30 (Belfrage); Glencoe,
Dodge County, Nebr. (Dodge).

This is perhaps our most common and widely-distributed species. It
may be known by the very distinct line at the base of the abdomen, the
basal ring beyond being unusually white, and by the under side of the wings
having a broad marginal shade, while the third line on the fore wing is deeply
hut quite regularly sinuate, and near the costa acutely dentate, while in C.
h nmuria it is instead obtusely curved. It varies a good deal, especially in
the tint of the brown shade accompanying the third line. It does not appar-
ently vary much in size. I find specimens agreeing mainly with B. fruga-
liaria Guen., having the cannel-coal-colored hand, while the discal dot is
variable in all the specimens, and I have examples in which it almost, touches
the median line. In a specimen received from Mr. Angus, the basal line is
double, arising from two costal spots, and uniting on the inner edge of the,
wing.

A single female specimen collected by myself at Idaho, Colo., July 5,
at light, may prove to be the type of a distinct species. It differs from the
eastern females of pampinaria in the want of any basal black line on the second
pair of wings, the corresponding line at the base of the abdomen not being
present. The basal line on the Hire wings ends much farther from the inser-
tion of the wing, while the extradiscal line is scalloped very distinctly; other-
wise it does not materially differ from a typical pampinaria. It expands 1.50
inches.

435

Larva. — Mr. L. W. Goodell, of Amlierst; Mass., lias reared the moth
from larvae feeding on the pear-tree. lie writes me that " when fully grown
it measured one inch in length and was of a pale yellowish green color; with
a broad reddish brown stripe edged with black on the back, and on each side
of the fifth ring was a small black spot. September 4th, after spinning a lew
threads over itself it became a pupa, and was transformed to a moth Novem-
ber 14th. The pupa was one-half an inch long, and light brown in color.''

Cymatophora httmakia Packard. Plate 11, tig. 22; larva, plate 13, fig. 15.

Boarmia humaria Guen., Plial., i, 24(1, 1857.
Boarmia intraria Gum. ! ! !, Phal., i, 246, 1857.
Boarmia deftetaria Guen., Phal., i, 247, 1857.

Boarmia momaria Walk.! !!, List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxi, 345, 1860.
Boarmia humaria Walk. ! ! !, List Lep. Het. Br. Mus:, xxi, 342, 1860.
Boarmia intraria Walk., List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxi, 34,?, I860.
Boarmia transfixaria Walk.!!!, List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxi, 347, I860.
Boarmia albigenaria Walk., List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxi, 348, I860.
Boarmia sphyraria Walk.!!!, List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxi, 34D. 1860.
Boarmia infractaria Walk. ! ! !, List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxi, 349, 18G0.
Phioalapteryx erosiata Walk. ! ! !, List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxvi, 1718, 18G2.
t Boarmia larvarla Walk., List Lep. Het. Be. Mus., xxi, 344, 1860.

9 $ and 4 9 . — Antennae of the male moderately pectinated about three-
quarters their length; tip filiform. Body and wings whitish-ash, moderately
dusted with brown scales; paler, however, than in C. pampinaria G. Head
light, a broad, transverse, black band on the anterior edge of the front, and
a narrower one between the antennae. A distinct, light-brown band on the
prothorax, and some concolorous scales on the scutcllum. Both wings
longer, more produced toward the apex than in C. pampinaria, the outer
edge of the fore wings being more oblique. End of the abdomen just even
with the anal angle of the hind wings. Fore wings with the basal line
much less curved than in C. pampinaria, and ending farther from the base
of the wing; a double tooth on t lie costa, the upper being a broad, costal,
black spot, while below is a well-marked tooth ; another tooth on the median
vein; the line is broadly shaded internally with pale chocolate-brown ; the
middle line usually indistinct, except on the costa; it is sinuate, subparallel
with the outer line; it curves around outside the narrow, long, diseal ring
(sometimes appearing to pass through the outer side of the ring); it varies
in its distance from the outer line, usually joining it on the submedian vein,
and leaving a more or less well-marked v-shaped area on the inner edge
of the wing; outer (third) line black, distinct, very sinuous; between the

436

costa and extradiscal space the line is straight and divided into l.vvo shallow

scallops, I lie lower being (lie more pointed ol the two (in (J. pampinaria, the
upper scallop is represented by a prominent double tooth); below, the line
curves inward, with a similar outward curve, and then the line curves out-
ward, ending on (lie inner edge of Ihe wing; a broad, pale, chocolate-brown
shade borders Ihe line externally; the usual distinct, zigzag, while line
inclosed in a dusky area ; a whitish subapical patch ; a row of marginal,
small, round dots, each dot sending a faint black streak inward. Fringe
concolorous with the wing, not checkered. Hind wings with a black line at
(he extreme base (sometimes wanting) ; middle line broad, diffuse, straight ;
outer line linear, with a distinct point opposite the discal dot in the more
typical form, or the point obscure ; the line varies in its distance from the
narrow, large, discal ringlet; the line shaded beyond with pale chocolate;
submarginal zigzag line and edge as in the lore wings; beneath, usually with
no markings, except three faint costal spots, and discal spots and marginal
spots. Surface of both wings uniformly dusky-ash, a little darker than in
C pampinaria; in one specimen, a faint submarginal, dusky shade. Abdomen
with a narrow black stripe at the base, but Ihe basal ring not conspicuously
white, as in C. pampinaria; two rows of dorsal black spots along the abdo-
men. Anterior legs grayish, with paler rings.

Length of body, $ , 0.50,-0.55, 9,0.50; of fore wing, <?, 0.60-0.70,
9, 0.70; expanse of wings, 1.40-1 .r>() inches.

Brunswick, Me. (Packard); White Mountains, N. II., late in August
(Scudder); Naticjs, Mass. (Stratton, Coll. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist.); Lansing,
Mich. (Miles); Iowa, July 28 (Parker); West Farms, N. Y. (Angus);
Albany, N. Y. (Lintner and Meske); Brewster's, N. Y. (Grote); Philadel-
phia, Pa. (Ent. Soc.); Texas, May 6-15, July .s, August o (Belfrage).

. This variable species is nearly as common as C. pampinaria, and differs
from it in the very sinuous outer line, Ihe more oblique, less curved, inner
line of (he fore wing, by Ihe distinct discal ringlets on both wings, and by
the absence beneath of the submarginal dusky shade. Walker's Phibala-
pteryx erosiata is a rubbed individual, with very broad, suffused, black lines.
1 have it from Maine. Another variety, which 1 did not see either in M.
GueneVs collection or that of the British Museum, is chocolate-ash, with
the chocolate bands twice as broad as usual.

487

M. Gucnee tells me that his B. mofharm'is from Australia, not North
America.

I can find no character of importance in M. GueneVs description to
separate his B. defectaria from humaria and intraria. One of my specimens
oi humaria has a faint dusk)' "bande subterminale", and the variations in size
are quite marked in this species, though less so than in B. larvaria.
Walker's description of B. larvaria applies in the main to this species,
except that the expression "under side (of fore wings) with an elongated
blackish spot" is scared}' applicable, though this may refer to the faint,
dusky shade noticed in one of my specimens; at all events, it is not the
B. larvaria of Guentie.

In a specimen from Texas, the discal ringlet of the hind wing touches
the outer line, which is much more angulated than usual.

Larva and pupa. — Body rather thick, smooth, not humped ; reddish-
brown above and straw-yellow beneath ; head yellowish, spotted with brown.
Pupa (pi. 13, fig. 15a) of the usual conical form, reddish-brown. Food-
plant, an Acacia-\\ke genus. — (Described from Abbot's MS. drawing.)

Fig. 21, of plate 13, represents a caterpillar drawn by Abbot. On the
same plate is a moth closely allied to C. humaria. It is probably the larva
of some Ennomonine genus. The body is cylindrical, ramitbrm ; head
rather small, with a fungus-like dorsal hump just before the middle of the
body and a smaller terminal one. Head, humps, feet, and anal segment
reddish. Body grass-green, with a transverse, pale, dorsal baud on each
segment. Pupa slender, umber-brown. Food-plant Rhexia mariana.

Cymatophora lvrvaria Guenee. Plate 11, fig. 21.

Boarmia larvaria Gueu.!!!, Phal., i, 247, 1857.

Boarmia humaria Walk. ! ! !, List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxi, 342, 1860.
Boarmia defectaria Walk. ! ! !, List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxi, 343, 18G0.
Not Boarmia larraria Walk., List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxi, 344, 1800.

8 c? and 2 9. — Fore wings still more produced toward the apex than in
humaria. Male antennas pectinated as in that species. Tip of abdomen
projecting a little beyond the hind wings. Pale whitish-ash; head whitish;
a few black scales between the antennae. A brown line on the prothorax.
Fore wings with the inner line broad on the costa, angulated below, and
thence going obliquely, not much curved, to the inner edge, bordered within
witli a pale-brown shade. Discal ringlet broader than in B. humaria and

438

more distinct. Middle line making a righl angle opposite the discal ring,
broad on the costa, below the median vein parallel with the outer line, and
nut touching it. Outer (third) line very sinuous, with a large rectangular
bend opposite the discal ring; the line curves inward to the poinl of the
angle, which is either square and subdentate, or rounded ; another prominent
bend just below the third median venule, where the line is deeply curved
inward. The line usually bordered externally with pale chocolate-brown
(though not always). The usual zigzag, submarginal, white line inclosed in
a black shade, or both partially obsolete. Marginal row of dots as usual.
Hind wings with a broad, black, inner line, usually double and often touching,
and in one case inclosing the discal ringlet. Outer line with a greal subacute
angle opposite the discal dot, and thence following a deep regular curve to
near the anal angle. Beyond as in the fore wings. Abdomen with a black
line at base, beyond not spotted. Beneath pale, with the discal dots very
large and diffuse ; a submarginal, broad, dusky shade, sometimes not extending
beyond the middle of the winy. The outer line is faintly reproduced.

Length of body, <? , 0.40-0 60, 9, 0.50; of fore wing, <J, 0.55-0.73, 9,
0.65; expanse of wings, 1.30-1.50 inches

Loudon, Canada, July 12 (W. Saunders); Brunswick, Me. (Packard);
Portland. Me. (E. S. Morse): AVhite Mountains, N. H, August 16 (C. A.
Shurtleff); Holyoke, Mass. (J. E. Chase) : West Farms. X. Y. (Angus);.
Albany, X. Y. (Meske and Lintner); Philadelphia, Pa. (Grote); Oregon (H.
Edwards). The specimen from Oregon is rubbed, but not distinguishable
from the large pale race.

This common species seems to be divided into two races, one smaller
and darker, with the antennae more broadly pectinated, while the outer line
on the hind wing is less angulated, but it is difficult to draw a line between
them. The species may at once lie known by the very sinuate outer line on
the fore wings, and the greal angle in the corresponding line on the hind
wings.

A striking variety received from Mr. Meske has darker wider lines than
usual, the inner line on the bind wings double and very heavy and broad, and
inclosing the discal ringlet, while the outer line is but slightly angulated.

Ltnru. — Head of larva smooth and rounded, much as usual. Larva
dull red, on wild cherry dune 26; imago July 8. Pupated June 25; imago
appeared duly 12. brown, of the usual shape and color ( Saunders). The
moth reared l>\ Mi Saunders belonged to the small race.

439

Cymatophora polygrammakia, .ip. nov. Plate 11, fig. 19.

2 £ . — This species is closely allied to C. humaria, but it is a little Larger,
and the apex of the fore wings is rounder, the outer edge a little more oblique,
while the outer edge of the hind wings is decidedly fuller and more distinctly
scalloped. The body and wings are clearer white than in humaria, and of
much the same tint as in larvaria. The basal line on the fore wings is more
curved, less oblique, and not accompanied by a brown line as in humuria. A
median, narrow, dark hair-line absorbs the discal dot. The arrangement of
this and the extradiscal line much as in humaria. Extradiscal line much more
oblique and less deeply sinuous than in humaria, and accompanied beyond by
a dusky but not brown shade. The usual submarginal zigzag broad line. The
marginal scalloped black line is very distinct, much .as in larvaria. Kind
wings with an inner straight line ; a small, black, elongated, discal dot, not
annular, as in humaria and larvaria; beyond is the extradiscal line, less angu-
lar than in larvaria; beyond this line, marked as in the fore wings. Beneath
white, the hind wings clear, not lineated; the fore wings white, but a little
dusky. Discal dots present on both wings. The head is pale on the vertex,
brown in front, and the abdomen is whitish, banded above with black trans-
verse lines, with a pair of twin black spots on the white pencil of the hairs.

Length of body, £ , 0.53; fore wing, £ , 0.75; expanse of wings, 1.60
inches.

Amherst, Mass. (L. W. Goodell); Boston, Mass. (.Sanborn); Cambridge,
Mass. (Harris Coll.); New Jersey (Sachs).

This fine species is whiter than usual, with the lines arranged as in lar-
varia, but without the fawn-brown bands of that species, and with the outer
edge fuller and more distinctly scalloped, while the discal dot on the hind
wings is not annular, being a simple dark spot.

Cymatophora umbrosaria Hiibner. Plate 11, fig. 23.

Cymatophora umbrosaria Hiibu., Exot. Schui., i, 1806.

Boarmia gnopharia Guen., Phal., i, 251, 1857.

Boarmia umbrosaria Guen., Phal., i, 251, 1857.

Boarmia umbrosaria Walk., List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xsi, 350, 18ti0.

Boarmia gnopharia Walk., List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., sxi, 350, 1860.

12 £ and 4 ?. — Body stout; wings short and broad; fore wings trian-
gular; hind wings short, rounded, and not reaching beyond the tip of the
abdomen. Male antennae very broadly pectinated, speckled with white and

440

black above ; in the female, simple, dark granite-gra} . almosl blackish. Front
of Hie head blackish ; a while cross-line just below the antennae ; vertex with
white scales. Palpi blackish on the sides, white on the under side of the
basal joint, and al the tip of the second, ami on the whole of the third. Pure
wings thickly peppered with black scale's, so thai the three lines are quite
indistinguishable; inner line angulated broadly, just below the costa broad,
diffuse, and ending in a clear black costal spot, iis do the three outer lines.
Middle line subparallel, the angle opposite the discal spot, which consists of
an obscure ring (represented in rubbed specimens by a large discal oval dot).
(Inter line a little more than half-way from the inner line to the outer edge
ofthewing; if is straighter than usual, curved quite regularly opposite the
discal ring, scalloped slightly on the lower half, the scallops acutely pointed
on the costal half (in worn specimens the line is represented by a series oi
black venular points). A submarginal line of acute scallops edged externally
with white (the white line broader in. worn specimens). From each point
of these scallops, a broad, black, transverse, short stripe connects with the
marginal row of narrow lunules. Fringe on both wings concolorous with the
wing, paler externally. Hind wings as the anterior pair; basal line unusually
broad, diffuse, varying in distance from the discal ring. Extradiscal line
deeply scalloped; outer or third line margined with white; a row of faint
<lashes proceeding out ward from the points of the scallops and connecting
with the narrow marginal black lunules. Wings beneath pale dull gray, with
fine, transverse, short streaks. Four very large, black, rounded, oval, discal
spots. The third or outer line reproduced, being a row of black dots on the
fore wing, situated half-way between the discal dot and the outer edge oi
the wing; on the hind wings nearer the discal dot : a broad, conspicuous,
black, marginal shade on both wings; on the anterior pair the band widens
toward the costa. Abdomen with no black line at base, with two rows of
large, black, dorsal spots, those on the second and third segments large and
conspicuous. Legs pale-gray; two anterior pairs of tarsi dull, with narrow,
paler rings. Abdomen beneath concolorous with the under side of the
wings.

Length of body, 6 0.60, 9, 0.65; of tore wing, J, 0.65-0.70, 9,
0.73; expanse of wings, 1.40-1.50 inches.

New Brunswick, opposite Calais, Me., August 19 (Shurtleff) ; Bruns-
wick, Me. (Packard); Boston, Mass. (Sanborn, Bost. Sue. Nat. Hist., C. A.

441

Shurtleff, C. S. Minor); Natick, Mass. (Stratton) ; Salem, Mass. (Packard);
West Farms, N. Y. (Angus) ; Albany, N. Y. (Lintner) ; Philadelphia, Pa.
(Ent. Soc); Pennsylvania, and Maryland (Mas. Comp. Zool); London,
Canada (Mas Comp. Zool.) ; Demopolis, Ala. (Grote) ; Texas, April 19 to
May ,") (Belfrage) ; Lawrence, Kans. (Snow).

This common and widely-distributed species may be easily recognized
by the very broadly-pectinated antennae, the black pepper-and-salt wings,
which are shorter than usual, and by the dark bands on the under side of
the wings, together with the large discal dots, forming obscure round rings
a I line. The lines are less waved than usual. The single, perfectly pre-
served individual from Alabama would at first be thought quite distinct
from those commonly occurring in collections, which are worn and very
variable in appearance. The species varies in the distance between the lines ;
sometimes the third line is doubled, as described by Guene*e.

Cymatophora californiakia Packard. Plate 11, fig. 25.

Boarima californiuria Pack., Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., xiii, 387, 1871.

1 6 and 1 9. — This fine species belongs to GueneVs first group, and is
allied to the -European C. repandaria. The male is ash-colored, with num-
erous black scales, and is clouded more or less with dull ochreous patches.
Antennae well pectinated. The usual three transverse, black, diffuse lines
present; the basal one is much curved, a little wavy, and ends on the costa
at the basal third. On the cosfa, it is straight, just below pointed subacutely
outward, and curved outward a little just below the median vein, thence
going obliquely to the basal fourth of the inner edge of the wing. From
the inner edge, a supplementary diffuse brown line accompanies it on the
inner edge as far as the median vein. The middle line is sinuate, curved just
below the costa, and toward the costa becomes much broader. The outer
line is more clear, runs near the middle line, and consists of three wavy,
slightly-marked scallops, one point resting on the lower submedian venule,
the other on the third median venule. A submarginal, zigzag, white line; a
scalloped, black, distinct line on the edge of the wing. Fringe ash-brown;
three diffuse ochreous-brown patches on the inner edge of the wing. Hind
wings marked like the fore wings; the basal line diffuse, blackish, straight;
a rather obscure discal dot (none visible on«fore wings). An outer slightly-
scalloped line, like the basal one, not reaching the costa. It goes straight
5(j P H

442

from the inner edge to the middle of the discal area, where it makes a slighl
bend inward toward the costa; it is bordered without by a broad, diffuse,
brown line. Beyond is a blackish submarginal line, a little angulated in the
discal space; edge of the wing deeply scalloped, the points subacute. The

female is asli, with a slighl olive tinge on the fore wings, less ochreous, and
the hind wing more deeply scalloped. The outer line is black, very distinct,
angulated on the third median venule or just below it, and again on the
lower subcostal venule. This line iii the best-preserved specimen re-appears
beneath, though interrupted, and the four discal spots are very prominent,
A round black mark on the front of the head, and transverse black bands
on the abdominal segments.

Beneath, pale-ash, with blackish scales and minute strigae ; discal dot
on both pairs of wings large, rounded, and distinct; the outer line common to
both wings faintly reproduced.

Length of body, 0.65; fore wing, 0.80-0.82; expanse of wings, 1.70
inches.

California (Behrens).

Desiderata.

Phaleena titea Cramer, iii, cclxxv, fig. C, 148, 1782 ; Boarmia titearia
Guen., Phal., i, 248, 1857. — " Les antennes de cette Phalene arpenteuse sont
fortement plumacdes; au dessous des ailes elles out une couleur de gris de
ceiidre, avec des bandes transversales et des points brunfitres. On I'adecouvent
dans la Virginie."

Boarmia sublunaria Guen., Phal., i, 248, 1857. — "Je ne connais que la 9,
gris est extremement voisine de notre Cinctaria. Elle est d'un ton ge'nerale-
ment plus clair. L'ombre cpii precede l'extrabasilaire est d'un noir plus
intense et trcs-dctachee. II n'y a point (au moins dans liimi exemplaire)
d'ombre mediane, et l'espace median est d'un ton clair et uni. II en est de
memo de la base des ailes inferieures jusqu'a la ligne qui repond a la coudee.
L'abdomen est, marque* d'une large bande noire sur le premier anneau.
Amerique septentrionale, Une 9. Coll. Guen. Elle pourrait bien n'etre
qu'une varidte" ameYicaine de notre Cinctaria, ce qu'on ne saura bien que
quand le $ sera connu."

443
BRONCHELIA Guenea Plate 5, fig. 4.

Epimeria Hiibn. (iu part), Verz., 315, 1818.
Boarmia Treits. (in part), Sohm. Eur., vi (i), 187, 1827.
Dup. (in part), Lep. Fiance, vii (iv),327, 1829.
Bronchelia Ouen., Plnil., i, 286, 1857.

Walk., List Lep. Het. Br.Mus., xxi, 450, 18fi0.

Front of the head moderately wide, not broader than long. Palpi rather
large, broad at the end ; third joint scarcely distinguishable from the second,
reaching well in front of the head. Antenna' plumose, the ends being sim-
ple. Body as in Cymatophora. Wings very large and broad; fore wings
with the costa straight, outer edge not quite so oblique as in Cymatophora,
distinctly scalloped. Hind wings long, extending far beyond the end of the
long slender abdomen, outer edge full, convex, and deeply scalloped.
Venation: costal vein free. Six subcostal venules; first and second very
long, equal in length ; posterior discal venule very oblique, much more so
than in the other genera of the subfamily. Hind legs in the male rather
long ; tibia? slightly swollen ; tarsi one-third shorter than the tibia?. Color-
ation as in Cymatophora, though there is a slight brownish-ochreous tinge
along the lines, which are deeply scalloped ; both pairs of wings marked much
alike.

The long hind wings, which extend far beyond the end of the abdomen,
and are deeply scalloped, as well as the obtuse palpi extending beyond the
front of the head, separate tins genus from Cymatophora and 1'ephrosia, with
which it is most liable to be confounded.

Larva — Short and very thick ; head not so wide as the body ; the third
thoracic segment swollen beneath. (Described from a drawing by Abbot.)

Bronchelia hortaria Guene'e. Plate 11, fig. 26.

" Phalama hortaria Fabr., Ent. Syst., iii, 2, 138, 31, 1793."

Phalccna Uriodendraria Switb-Abb., Lep. Georgia, ii, 203, pi. 102, 1797.

Epimecis hortaria Hiibn., Verz., 315, 1818.

Boarmia hortaria Treits., Sebui. Eur., vi (i), 202, 1827.

Dup., Lep. France, vii (iv), 1829.
Bronchelia hortaria Guen., Phal., i, 288, pi. 2, fig. 5, 1857.
Bronchelia dendraria Guen'., Phal., i, 289, 1857.

Tephrosia amplaria Walk. !!, List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxi, 405, I860.
Bronchelia Uriodendraria Walk.!!, List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxi, 450, 1860.
Bronchelia dendraria Walk.!!, List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxi, 451, 1860.
Bronchi lin disserptaria Walk.!!, List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxi, 451, 1860.

2 J and 2 9. — Pale whitish-ash, dusted with brown; palpi and front
of the head brown, vertex whitish; antennae uniformly brown; prothoracic

444

scales edged with brown. Fore wings with five well-marked lines, the
two basal approximate, parallel, and as well marked, as are all (lie others, on
the ensta, both slightly curved, oblique, and dislocated on the submedian
vein; discal spol distinct, sublinear; the third line bends around outside it,
lull very near it, and nearly touches the fourth line just below the median
vein; sometimes this is a broad, dark band (B. dendraria Guen.); fourth line
a regularly and deeply scalloped band, inclosing a white, similar line, blackish
within, brown outside the white line, bent at, right angles on the first median
vein, thence curving around and ending beyond the middle of the inner edge;
the tilth (ami submarginal) is a dentate white line, parallel to the outer edge
of the wing, the scallops tilled in with blackish, the broad black band inter-
rupted on the first median interspace: a marginal row of linear black lunules.
Hind wings with no basal band; just before the short, lunate, discal dot, a
diffuse brown shade (in var. dendraria broad and black and confused with the
median scalloped line); middle line blackish, scalloped, edged externally with
white, with a brown shade beyond; submarginal line as in the fore wings;
marginal lunules long and linear. Fringe concolorous with the wings in both
pairs. Beneath, with a taint testaceous tinge. Costa of the fore wings
checkered with six black, square spots. The second and fourth lines repro-
duced quite distinctly; the fourth also present on the hind wings A broad,
dusky, submarginal shade on the fore wings, growing more distinct on the
costa. Abdomen with two rows of black dorsal dots. Fore legs brown,
with paler rings. Hind legs pale. In the female, the lines are not so well
marked as in the male, but otherwise it does not differ.

Length of body, cJ,0.80, 9,0.75; of fore wing, J, ].10, 9, 1.15; expanse
of wings, 2.15 inches.

Philadelphia, Pa. (Ent. Soc); Beaufort, N. C. (J. N. Trask); Kno.xville,
Tenn. (Dr. Josiah Curtis, Coll. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist.); Coalburgh, W. Va,
May 10 (W. II. Edwards).

This splendid moth may be known by its large size, the broadly pecti-
nate plumose antenna', the fine, nearly straight lines on the fore wings, with
the fourth bent once at right angles. It is the largest species of the group
in the United Stales.

Guence's 11. dendraria is evidently represented by one of my specimens
from North Carolina, in which the third and fourth lines are broad, confused,

445

and blended. It is evidently an abnormal effect, rather than indicating
even a variety, in the usual sense of that word.

Larva. — Body very thick and rather short; head small, not so wide as
the body. Pale yellowish; head pale reddish; body marked with pale
bluish-green irregular slashes. Feeds on Liiiodendron tulipifera. — (Described
from Abbot's MS. drawing.)

GNOPHOS Treitschke. Plate 5, fig. 5.

" Scotopteryx, Caluscia, Ascotis, Dyscia, aucl Hyposcolis Hiibn., Vcrz., 1818.
Gnophos Tieits, Scbm. Eur., vi (i), 160, 1827.

Dup., Lcii. France, viii (v), 202, 1830.

Boisd., Gen. 1ml., 199. 1840.

H.-Sch., Scbm. Eur., iii, 71, 1^47.
Charissa and Gnophos Stepb., Cat. Br. Eep., 176, 1850.
Gnophos Lederer, Verb. Bot. Zool. Ges. Wien, 178, 185:?.

Guen., Phal., i, 292, 1857.

Walk., List Lt-p. Het. Br. Mus., xxi, 459, 1860.

Head rather narrow in front. Male antennae simple. Palpi rather
slender, porrect, extending a little beyond the front. Fore wings broad;
costa slightly convex; apex subacute, rectangular; outer edge bent in the
middle. Hind wings extending beyond the abdomen, full on the outer edge,
which is more or less scalloped. Venation: six subcostal venules ; along,
narrow, subcostal cell; median venules much as in Hemerophild.

This genus differs from Cymatophora in the short, broad, more or less
scalloped wings and simple antennae. From Tephrosia, it differs in the
simple antennas and larger, broader, shorter wings. From Hemerophila, it
may be distinguished by the simple antennae and less scalloped wings. In
coloration, the species are dull ash-gray, with an indistinct, regularly -curved,
extradiscal line and four discal dots. The markings resemble those of
Tephrosia (21. anticaria) more than any other genus, but the species want
the distinct dark lines. The single species known from this country occurs
in Colorado, none having been found, as yet, east of the great plateau, or
plains. It is nearly, but not very closely, allied to the European G. pullata,
but is more reddish-ash-colored.

Gnophos haydenata, .sp. nov. Plate 11, fig. 27.

2 9. — Uniformly pale reddish-ash-gray; head whitish on the vertex,
but the front and palpi are concolorous with the rest of the body and wings.
Fore wings with no distinct markings, being dull ash-gray, with no markings

441 '»

within the distinct, black, discal dol ; the indistinct, regularly-scalloped,
extradiscal line is benl outward opposite the discal dot, and thence goes,
withoul much of a curve, to the inner edge ; the corresponding line on the hind
wings is regularly curved, though nol much so. and the scallops arc regular
and well rounded ; where the scallops touch the venules, there is a fine, white
dot. Beyond this line, the margins of both pairs of wings are paler than
within. Beneath, of the same hue as the under side of Tephrosia canadaria,
being pale ash, the lore wings mottled with smoky spots, and the hind wings
clear, and consequently lighter. The discal dots are distinct on both wings,
but there are no other markings,

Length of body, 9, 0.60; of fore wing, 9, 0.80; expanse of wings,
1.60 inches.

Colorado Territory, August A (Mead ) ; Clear Creek Canon, ( 'olo . August
(Uhler, Hayden's Survey).

This species is respectfully dedicated to Prof. F. V. Harden, in charge
of the United States Geological Survey of the Territories.

HEMEROPHILA Stephens. Plate 5, fig. 6.

Eemerophila Stepb., Cat. Br. Lep., 1-25, 1829.
Aeidalia Treits. (in part), Scbm. Enr., vi (ii), 5, 1838.
Boarmia Dun. (in part), Lep. France, vii (iv), 327, 1829.
Boisd. (in part), Gen. [ad., 196, 1840.
H.-Scb., Schm. Ear., iii, 76, L847.
Hemcrophila Lederer, Verh. Bot. Zool. Ges. Wien, 177, 1853.
Guen., I'baL, i. 216, 1857.
Walk., List Lep. Het. Br. Mas., xxi, 315, 18G0.

Head square in front, not being very broad. Palpi large and stout, thick
at the end, ascending somewhat, and extending well in front of the head.
Male antennae heavily pectinated almost to the tip. Fore wings broad, rather
long; costa straight or a little convex; outer edge either very oblique, bent
in the middle, scalloped, with the apex acute, subfalcate, or the wing is short
and broad, with no bend in the outer edge Hind wings large, deeply scal-
loped; outer edge either moderately or very full. Venation: lint live subcostal
branches, the fust \qy\ long; no subcostal cell. Hind tibiae long; tarsi two-
thirds as long as the tibia1. Coloration dull reddish-ash, with very oblique
lines, with a broad blackish .-hade beyond the extradiscal line on both wings.

The species of Hemerophila arc readily distinguished by the peculiar
markings, the dark, deeply-scalloped wings, the very broadly-pectinated
antenna', and the large size of the species.

447
Synopsis of the Species.

Fore wings broad ; hind wings full, deeply serrate on the entire outer edge H. latifasciaria

Fore wings Bubfaleate, long; hind wings partly serrate II. unitaria.

Hemerophila latifasciaria Packard. Plate 11, fig. 28.

Hemerophila lalifaseiuria Pack., Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., xvi, 33, 1874.

1 c?. — Of medium size; antennae broadly pectinated; hind wings rounded,
fuller than in II. unitaria and more deeply serrated, the entire edge being so.
Body and wings pale ash; front with a round dark spot; palpi with the third
joint black. Hind edge of prothorax and hinder edge of the basal segments
of the abdomen with a black band. Fore wings reddish-ash, with a broad,
curved, basal, blackish band ; outer line slightly oblique ; straight on the inner
edge, curved inward in the middle of the wing, thence going straight to the
costa ; this portion of the line is represented by three or four venular dots,
the costal one being the largest, while the posterior two-thirds of the line is
bordered externally by two diffuse, parallel, broad lines, the whole making a
broad band. Costal edge speckled with dark ash. Outer edge scalloped, with
a black point between each scallop. Hind wings concolorous with the fore
wings; two parallel slightly-waved lines; beyond the middle of the wing a
very distinct, nearly straight, blackish line, with a supplementary brown shade
beyond. A submarginal broad shade. A black line follows the scallops.
Fringe pale ash. Beneath uniformly pale ; costa with transverse dark strigae ;
the outer band forms a smoky shade beneath, and on the hind wings a smoky
line. Legs ash-colored ; two anterior pairs of tibiae and tarsi broadly banded
with blackish.

Length of body, 0.60 ; fore wing, 0.73 ; expanse of wings, 1.50 inches.

California (Edwards); Sanzalito, Cal., September 28 (Behrens).

Hemerophila unitaria Herrich-Schaeffer. Plate 11, fig. 29.

Hemerophila unitaria H.-Sch., Samml. Exot. Schrn., 46, tig. 204, 1850-56.
Guen., Phal. i, 219, 1857.
Walk., List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxi, 317, 486, 1860.

4 J and 1 9. — Body and wings whitish-ash; head brown in front, a
whitish line just in front of the antennae; vertex whitish. Thorax whitish,
witli a transverse brown line on the front edge of the prothorax. Fore wings
with two black linear lines, very oblicpie, not sinuous, and scalloped, the scal-
lops very shallow; inner line curved outward below the costa, parallel with

44s

the outer. The space between the two lines paler than the base-of the wing.
Outer line acutely angled in the last submedian interspace, curved outward
before reaching the costa, on which there is a diffused dark spot. Beyond
fliis line, the wing is brown, paler toward the apex: a faint, submarginal,
whitish line. Fringe brown, with dark, slighl lunules in the scallops ; a small,
black, discal dot. Hind wings with numerous, transverse, linear strigse; some-
times, especially toward the base of the wings, united and forming short lines.
Two lines: the inner a diffuse hand, inclosing and effacing (he discal dot;
outer line more distinct, slightly bent on the subcostal space. A broad brown-
ish band beyond, reaching to the apex, and leaving the margin id' the wing
behind the two apical teeth pale. Hind, wings deeply scalloped ; the teeth
large and acute. Fringe dark on the two apical scallops, pale posteriorly.
Beneath, both wings paler than above, and uniformly transversely strigated ;
the outer line common to both wings more deeply scalloped than above; on
the fore wings it is bent at right angles below the costa, ending in a dark
costal spot. Costa with transverse unequal spots. Discal dots quite large
and distinct. Abdomen brownish, with two rows of dorsal spots. The female
is rather larger and decidedly paler than the male, with deeper scallops, and
wanting the broad, marginal, brown band on both wings, while the fringe is
pale. Beneath, the wings are not paler than above

Length of body, J, 0.80; of fore wing, <4 , 0.90, ?, 1,05: expanse of
wings, 2.10 inches.

Montreal, Canada (Lyman); Andover, Mass. (Sanborn) ; Brookline, Mass.,
July 16, 22 (Shurtleff); Easton, Pa., and Illinois (Clemens).

This common form may be readily identified by the deeply- scalloped
dentate wings, the brown margins, and the slightly-scalloped, straight, outer
line of the fore wings, the straight outer line of the hind wings, and by its large
size. In the Illinois specimen, the margin of the wings is much paler than
usual, almost white, with a submarginal brown shade.

STENOTKACHELYS Guende. Plate 5, fig. 7.

Slenotrachelys Guen., Phal., i, 290, 1857.

Walk., Lisl Lep. Het. Br. Mas., xxi. I.>, I860.

9. — Head broader and more convex in front than usual. Palpi stout,
thick, porrect, or very slightly ascending. Fore wings long and moderately
broad; costa straight ; apex subfalcate, subrectangular. Outer edge not very

449

oblique, scalloped. Hind wings more or less produced toward the apex;
outer edge moderately full, either entirely serrate or toothed only toward the
apex ; the wings reach a little beyond the end of the abdomen. Venation :
six subcostal venules; a long, narrow, subcostal cell. Coloration: whitisb-
asb, with a common, very distinct, black, extradiscal line.

The species of this genus, so far as regards the females, may be known
by the well-scalloped wings and the large head, unusually full and convex in
front. Unfortunately, no males have yet been obtained.

Synopsis of the Species.

Hind wings serrate on the entire outer margin ; extradiscal line on hind wings bent out-
ward S. approximaria.

Hind wings partly serrate ; extradiscal line nearly straight <S'. permagnaria.

Stenotrachelys approximaria Gruenee. Plate 11, fig. 30.

Cymatophora approximaria Hiibn., Exot. Schm., vi, B.-a., 1806.
Stenotrachelys approximaria Guen., Pual., i, 290, pi. 2, fig. 6, 1857.

Walk.!!, List. Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxi, 458, 1860.

1 9. — Vertex and front very full. Wings smaller than usual in propor-
tion to the rest of the body; fore wings slightly dentate; hind wings acutely
and cpiite regularly dentate. Body and wings whitish-gray. Fore wings
with two distinct, heavy, black lines, Hie inner very near the base of the wing,
regularly curved, a little pointed on the costa. Outer line bent at right
angles on the basal third of the first median vein, the line thence going straight
to the costa, though zigzag in its course; from the rectangular bend, the line
follows a course subparallel to the median line, where it again turns rect-
angularly, ending on the middle of the inner edge of the wing. An inner
reddish-brown line is parallel and near it below the median vein, and above
passes just within the faint discal dot. Beyond this line, the wing is speckled
with linear transverse strigse ; no brown shade. A scalloped, marginal, dis-
tinct, black line. Hind wings as the anterior pair, thickly dusted, the speckles
becoming linear beyond the single median black line, which is distinctly bent
outward and scalloped between the bend and trie costa. The marginal scal-
loped line distinct. Fringe pale gray. Scallops regular, very equal in size; in
this respect the species differs from Hemerophila imitaria, in which they are
very unequal, there being one deep-rounded one in the middle of the wing.
Beneath, just as above, with the outer line faintly reproduced; no discal spots,
and the marginal line faint. Legs and abdomen speckled like the wings.
57 p ii

450

Length of body, 9, O.G0: of lore wing, 9, 0.90 ; expanse of wings
1.90 inches.

North Carolina (Harris, Coll. Bost. Soc. Nat, Hist.).

This interesting species may be known by the outer line being benl at
right angles much nearer the middle of the wing than in HemerophUa unitaria,
in which the bend is remarkably acute very near the apex, while the wings
arc clear, not bordered with brown.

Larva. — "The caterpillar lives on Smilax rotundifolia and laurifolia, and,
according to Abbot, on Qucrcus. It is also figured on a design of Rhexia ciliosa.
It is of the same color as the moth, of an ash-gray washed with brown, with
a dorsal series of white lozenges, lined with black and traversed in their
middle by a twin, interrupted black vascular line. On each side of the
lozenge is a black spot, and the first ring wants the lozenge and is traversed
by a single continuous black vascular line. It is found in March and April,
and the moth remains in the chrysalis until October." — Guenee.

Stenotrachelvs permagnaria, sp. nov. Plate 11, fig. 31.

1 9. — This is one of the largest species of Phalsenids. The head is
smaller, less full above and in front; the apex of the fore wings more falcate
and the hind wings less dentate than in S. approximaria, while it is a much
larger form. Head, body, and wings whitish-ash; palpi blackish. Fore
wings whitish-ash. speckled finely with dark scales, and mottled more coarsely
on the costa. A dark costal spot midway between the insertion of the wing,
and a second costal spot, which gives origin to the extradiscal line, which curves
suddenly outward from this spot, and thence goes by a slightly sinuous course
to the inner edge of the wing. The corresponding line on the hind wings
is heavy, black, and slightly sinuous, not bent in the middle as in S. approx-
imaria. Beneath of the same hue, but the wings are mottled with smoky
spots, and there is a large discal spot on each wing not seen above.

Length of body, 9, 0.90; of {brewing, 9, 1.12; expanse of wings, 2.30
inches.

Missouri (Riley).

CLEORA Curtis. Plate 6, fig. 3.

Synopsia Hiibn. (in pan ). Verz., :>1T, L818.
Not Chora Curtis, Brit. Eut, pi. 88, 1825.
Boarmia Treits. (in part), Schm. Eur., vi (i), 1827.

45 J

' leora Steph. (in part), Nomencl. Br. Ins., 43, 1829.
Boarmia Dap. (in part), Lep. France, vii (iv). 327, l*'J .

Boisd. (in part), Gen. Ind., 196, 1840.

Dup., Cat., 231, 1-1 1.

H.-Sch., Schni. Eur., iii, 70, 1W47.
Cleora Steph., Cat. Br. Lep., 171, 1850.

Boarmia Lederer (in part), Verb. Bot. Zool. Ges. Wien, 177, 1853.
Cleora Guen., Phal., i, 230, 1857.

Walk., List Lep. Het. Br. Mus.,xxi, 330, 1860.

Head full in front, as long as broad ; male antennae plumose; palpi very
slender, acute, extending a little beyond the front of the head. Fore wings
with the costa more convex than usual, the apex either somewhat rectangular
or somewhat produced; outer edge slightly bent, less oblique than in Cyma-
tophora. The hind wings do not reach beyond the tip of the abdomen: they
are rounded, entire, sometimes a little produced toward the apex. In the
venation, this genus is intermediate between the genuine Boarmince and the
Ennomince. The costal vein anastomoses with the subcostal. There are
six subcostal venules ; a rhomboidal, short, subcostal cell, sometimes a second
one beyond (in the specimen figured on plate 6, fig. 3, it is represented as
open). The wings are thin, seinihyaline, and whitish, with two irregularly-
scalloped dark lines on the fore wings, and one extradiscal scalloped line on
the hind wings. The discal dots are very distinct. Hind male legs long
and very slender, the tibiae not being swollen ; the tarsi are one-fourth
shorter than the tibiae. Abdomen long and slender. Curtis's genus Chora
is really synonymous with Cymatophora {Boarmia). The type being Cyma-
tophora {Boarmia) cinctaria, there is no good reason why it should be retained,
though I do so, following customary usage.

Larva. — "Caterpillars of medium length, rough, color of lichens, flat-
tened beneath, with all the rings ornamented with conical tubercles; head
small, globular; living on the lichens of trees.''— Guene'e.

Pupa rather long, with broad, longitudinal, brown bands. Guene'e states
that it is placed under bark or under moss in a light net-work of threads.

The species are easily recognized by the unusually transparent wings,
their whitish color, and the dark scalloped line and distinct discal dot, and
resemble the species of Zerene.

Synopsis of the Species.

Wings comparatively clear; extradiscal lino bent slightly backward on the costa C. pulchraria.

Wings densely speckled ; extradiscal line directed toward the apex C. unibrosaria.

Extradiscal line less oblique than usual ; veins black C. nigrovenaria.

452
Cleora pulchraeia Min,ot. Plate 11, fig. 32; pupa, plate 13, fig. 13.

Cleora pulchraria Minot, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., \iii, lTo, 1869.
Zerene piniaria Pack., New and Little Known Insects, 14,1870.
Cleora /a liai-i, i,irin Pack., Fifth Rep. Peali. Acad. Se.,7s, l-7:i.

7 <S and 8 9. — Pale ash, with dense brown settles, or white, with fine
dusky scales. Head deep yellow, paler in some; in one female, while.
Body, including abdomen, white ; legs dusky externally. Fore wing crossed
by two black lines, clearly cut in the white examples, diffuse on one side in
dark specimens; their distance apart varies greatly; in two closely-allied
female individuals, the lines vary in being separated by a distance ecpial to
halt' the length of the wing, while in the others they touch just below the
median vein. The inner line consists of four scallops, the fourth and lowest
half-formed ; the first or costal is often indistinctly marked ; discal dots dis-
tinct, larger on the fore wings than on the posterior pair. Outer line sinuate,
scalloped, with a great curve outward between the subcostal and the third
median venule. Opposite the discal dot are three acute, smaller scallops, till of
equal size. Fringe whitish, distinctly checkered with black on the ends of
the venules. Hind wings with a scalloped outer line, oftem obsolete toward
the costal edge, varying in its distance from the outer edge. Beyond this line,
the wing is darker than at the base. Beneath as above, but sometimes a
little clearer.

Length of body, <f, 0.50, 9, 0.40-0.50; of fore wing, c?,0.60, 9,0.55-
0.65; expanse of wings, 1.30 inches.

Brunswick, Me., September (Packard) ; Salem, Muss. (Cassino) ; Massa-
chusetts (Sanborn); Boston, Mass., September (Minot); Albany (Lintner
and Meske); Philadelphia, Pa. (Ent. Soc.).

This delicate pretty moth may be known by the three equal, acute,
small teeth opposite the discal spot. It varies much in color, some being
smoky -ash and densely scaled, others being almost snow-white and with
very fine, specks.

The form which I described as pellucidaria is a rather larger and more
dusky, smoky pellucid form than usual. Head white, front a little dusky :
palpi dark. Thorax and body pale mouse-colored. Wings of the same hue.
Inner line not so much curved, and outer line much as usual, but with the
three teeth a little longer and less even. The lines are duller, and do not
contrast so much with the rest ot the winy; as in the ordinary form. Fringe

453

mouse-colored, with faint dark checks. Beneath as above, but more uniformly
mouse-colored, with the outer line as on the fore wings very faint, and no
markings on the hind wings, or with the outer line indistinct, but common
to both wings. Length of body, 3 , 0.55-0.G5 ; of fore wing, c? , 0.67-0.80 inch.

The 9 individual figured on plate 11 (fig. 35), received from Alaska
through Mr. Behrens, is a remarkable form; but I will provisionally regard it
as a variety of the present species, having already described one too many in
this genus. It is dark, smoky, with the lines and discal dots very broad
and heavy. The inner line is slightly scalloped ; the outer is bent inward,
more on the costa than in pulchraria. The band on the hind wings is nearly
obsolete, and the discal dot is very large. Length of body, 0.60; of fore
wing, 0.'/5 ; expanse of wings, 2.00 inches.

Larva and pupa. — Mr. W. Saunders has raised the moth from the larva
found by him on the pine. He states that "the larva is a geometer, and is
striped with red". The pupa (plate 13, fig. 13) is rather thick, white,
with a broad light-brown band along the back, becoming widest in the middle
of the body. There is also a narrow brown band along the side of the body,
and on the nnder»side of the abdomen are four longitudinal stripes of the
same color. The wings are slashed with light brown, and the antennae and
fore legs are concolorous, while the middle and hind legs are white. Length,
0.44 inch. ,

Cleora umbrosaria Packard. Plate 11, fig 33.

Cleora umbrosaria Pack., Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist.,xvi,23, 1874.

4 tf . — Body and wings ash-colored, or pepper-and-salt; vertex of head
pale ash. Fore wings crossed by two scalloped lines, the scallops rounded,
not pointed ; the basal line straight from the costa to the median vein, thence
curved inward to the inner edge of the wing; outer line begins on the outer
quarter of the costa, and follows a nearly straight course to the outer third
of the inner edge, there being no great curve above the third median venule,
as in C. pulchraria Minot of the Eastern States. Discal dot black. Hind
wings sometimes without any line; the wing is speckled with dark gray on
the outer third Beneath, the wings are uniformly ash-colored, the fore wings
scarcely darker than the hinder pair. No discal spots or other markings.

Length of body, 0.55; of fore wing, 0.75; expanse of wings, 1.60
inches.

California (Edwards); Victoria, Vancouver Is. (Crotch).

This seems to be a larger species than the two eastern ones, and differs
in the onicr line being nearly straight in its course, the scallops being well
rounded, and in having no line on the hind wings, and no markings apparent
on the under side of either pair. The lore wings are sometimes much pro-
duced at the apex as in the race or variety pellucidaria. The antennae are
broadly pectinated, as usual.

Specimens received from Victoria, Vancouver's Island, through Mr.
Crotch (Mus. Comp. Z06L), are very light, and have the inner line on the
lore wings scalloped much as in pulchraria] while the outer line arises very
near the apex, being very oblique. < )n the hind wings, there is an extradiscal
line, bent outward in the middle, much as in the fore wings. It is one of
these specimens which is figured on the plate (fig. 33).

Cleora nigrovenaria, sp. nov. Plate 11, fig. 34.

2 <? and 2 9. — Wings rather thicker and darker than in the other two
species. Head and body dark ash-gray. Fore wings uniformly dusky-ash,
the inner line scalloped, sending out a point on each vein, curved outward
much as usual. Discal dot distinct. The extradiscal line is much less
oblique than in the other species, there being a rectangular bend in the discal
space, and from thence running straight to the inner edge of the wing, though
the line is scalloped. A submarginal, faint, wavy line The principal dis-
tinguishing mark of the species are the black veins, the black portions not
present within the basal line, and beyond this being interrupted by (he
transverse lines. Hind wings immaculate, being uniformly clear smoky-
ashen, and concolorous with the under side of both wings.

Length of body, <J , 0.58, 9, 0.60; of fore wing, <?, 0.75, 9, 0.78;
expanse of wings, 1.50 inches.

Victoria, Vancouver's Island, July (Crotch, Mus. Comp. Zool.).

Desiderata.

Anisopteryx restituens Walk., Can. Nat., v, 263, 1860 ; List Lep. I let, Br.
Mns., xxvi, 1G!»6, 1862. — This is probably A. vernata,

Anisopteryx sericeiferata Walk., List, 1697, 1862. — This is undoubtedly
A. vernata.

Synopsia phigaliaria Guen , 1'haL i, 225, pi. 1. fig. 1, 1857. — "42"™.

455

Ailes d'un gris-olivatre, lavees de roux et d'ochrace, avec une ligne meVliane
commune, noire, sinue'e, anguleuse et pre'cedee d'une ombre noiratre, avec le
bord terminal plus obscur et precede de brun fondu. SupeYieures prolonge*es
a l'apex, marquees de trois grandes tacbes blancbes costales, arrondies, tres-
nettes, sou vent suivies ou prece'dees d'un point blanc ; la troisieme apicale.
Dessous d'un blanc jaunatre, fortement picote* de noir; les supdrieures avec
des lignes noires, tres-confuses, et une liture terminale entre 1 et 2'; les
inferieures avec deux lignes medianes contigues, et les atomes condense's en
bordure.

"Amerique septentrionale. Un 9 en mauvais e'tat. Coll. Bdv.

"Elle resemble un peu k une Amphidasys par son dessin picote', ou a.
une PhigaJiu par sa forme."

Boarmia divinaria Guen., Phal., i, 245, 1857. — "Port de Pampinaria,
mais un peu plus grande (35mm); d'un blanc-grisatre, sans aucune nuance
jaune, finement saupoudre de noir, avec un feston terminal bien marque en
noir et la frange nettement entrecoupee de la meme couleur. Les dessins
sont a peu pres les memes que chez Pampinaria, c'est-a-dire une extrabasi-
laire doublee par une seconde ligne (icart^es par en haut, reunie par en bas;
une coudee dans le meme cas et, de plus, suivie d'un fdet d'un brim clair, et
une subterminale commune peu marquee, ombrtie de noir ca et la, surtout h
la cote des premieres ailes et k Tangle anal des secondes. Celles-ci out une
fine ligne mediane, semblable a la coudee, surmonte'es d'un trait cellulaire,
puis d'une seconde ligne qui n'atteint point la cote. Dessous clair. avec un
trait cellulaire et une ombre subterminale.

"California Un <?. Coll. Bdv."

Boarmia porcelaria Abbot, Guen., Phal., i, 252, 1857.— "33mm. Ailes d'un
cendre un peu jaunatre, fortement sable de noiratre, avec les lignes dispo-
sers com me dans la Gnopharia, mais un peu mete'es de jaune d'ocre. La
tache cellulaire se re'duit ici k un simple traite arque, qui, aux ailes supe"-
rieures seulement, forme parfois, avec un arc de l'ombre mediane, une sorte
de tache ovale, evidc;e. Dessous d'un gris-ocbrace clair, peu sable, avec un
trait cellulaire et la ligne mediane dessines en noiratre et assez vagues,
hormis sur les nervures. Une bande noire sur le front. A la base des ailes
superieures se voit une sorte de vesicule qui, en dessous, forme une petite
fossette arrondie.

L56

"AmeYique septentriouale. Trois i. Coll. Mus. et Bdv.

■ Cette espece rappelle aussi les Gnopkos, mais plutdi la Mucidaria que
1' Obscurata; elle pa rail varier, car les trois individus que j'ai sous les yeux
sonl font assez diffe'rents. Peut-Stre m&ne y a-t-il plusieurs especes.

"La chenille n'a aucune Eminence propremenl dite, seulement, le 6''
anneau a le dos renAe* e1 un petit tubercle lateral en pyramide; enfin, le
11° anneau porte deux petites pointes. Elle esl d'un gris-testace' clair, avec
une ligne lateVale ondulde, noire, au-dessus de laquelle le fond devient plus
foncc el esl marque d'un trait noir duns les incisions. Sur les trois premiers
anneaux la ligne est remplace'e par un trait isoK'. La tete et les pattes sent
concolores. Elle vit sur la Porcelia pygmaia."

Amphidasys sperataria Walk., List Lep. Het. Br. Mus, xxi, 307, 1860. —
"Male. Cinereous, with a slight ochraceous or olive tinge Antennae broadly
pectinated to the tips. Thorax with a In-own hand in front. Wings thickly
black-speckled, with two irregular oblique zigzag nearly parallel black lines,
the first having along its inner side a diffuse blackish band ; marginal lunules
black. Fore wings broader than those of A. cognataria and with the exterior
border less oblique.

"Length of the body 7 lines; of the wings 18 lines.

'•//. United States. Presented by E. Doubleday, Esq."

Boarmia filaria Walk., List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxi, 347, I860.— "Male.
Brownish cinereous, black-speckled. Antennae broadly pectinated, except at
the tips. Abdomen attenuated, extending somewhat beyond the hind wings.
Hind tibia incrassated. Wings rather short ; exterior line blackish brown,
undulating, parallel to two more exterior diffuse brown bands, of which the
second is limited on the outer side by the zigzag whitish submarginal line;
middle line less distinct; marginal lunules blackish; discal mark lunulate in
the fore wings, guttular in the hind wings; underside with the three lines
apparent. Fore wings with a curved blackish brown interior line; a testa-
ceous tinge along the costa, where there are many minute transverse black
lines.

"Length of the body 8 lines; of the wings 16 lines.

"a. Easl Florida. Presented by E. Doubleday, Esq."

(This is a valid species and near C. umbrosaria. — A. S. P.)

Cleora tux-tuna Walk., List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxi, 486. 1860. — "Female.
Whitish. Body, legs, and wings thickly speckled with brown. Palpi very

457

short, extending a little beyond the head. Hind borders of the abdominal

segments white. Fore wings with five brown undulating diffuse and incom-
plete lines, which are composed of confluent speckles, and are almost obso-
lete on the under side; third and fourth lines nearly contiguous; marginal
line composed of elongated black points; discal mark black, transverse. Hind
wings with less distinct marks.

"Length of the body 4 lines; of the wings 12 lines.

"Canada. In Mr. D'Urban's collection."

Cleora limitaria Walk., List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxi, 487, 1860; Can. Nat.,
vi, 3d, 1861. — "Female. Whitish. Palpi mostly black, very short, extending
a little beyond the head. Fore wings with five dentate undulating black lines,
and with three brownish cinereous bands ; second and third lines less distinct
than the fourth, which forms two conspicuous angles, and is most strongly
marked hindward; second and third bands with cuneiform angles on the
exterior side ; third much abbreviated hindward; marginal line composed of
pairs of black points; discal mark small, black, transverse. Hind wings,
with a discal dot and with two indistinct exterior lines.

"Length of the body 4 lines; of the wings 12 lines.

"Canada. In Mr. D'Urban's collection."

Cleora divisaria Walk., List Lep. Het. Br. Mus, xxi, 487, I860.— "Male.
Cinereous. Palpi porrect, extending rather far beyond the head, blackish on
the outer side ; third joint conical, very minute. Fore wings with a brown
mark by the base of the costa, and with five brown lines ; first line slightly
undulating; second and third approximate, parallel, undulating; fourth and
fifth approximate and very undulating, parallel, except towards the costa, where
they diverge; marginal points brown. Hind wings with two indistinct
exterior lines.

"Length of the body 4J lines; of the wings 12 lines.

"Canada. In Mr. D'Urban's collection."

Buarmial ejectaria Walk, List Lep. Het. Br. Mus, xxi, 489, 1860. —
"Male. Pale brownish, more cinereous beneath. Antennas slightly pectin-
ated. Tibios with blackish bands ; hind tibiae incrassated. Wings slightly
and irregularly blackjsh-speckled, with a blackish slightly undulating middle
line, which is irregularly double toward the interior border ; a more indistinct
58 P H

458

interior line; discal point and marginal points black; under side without
lines. Fore wings with a submarginal line, which is composed of black dots
in front, and is obsolete hindwards. Hind wings with a submarginal line of

black points.

"Length of the body <; lines; of the wings 16 lines.
'''Canada In Mr. D'Urban's collection."

Boarmia divisaria Walk., List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxi, 489, I860. —
"Female. Whitish cinereous, thinly brown-speckled. Abdomen blackish at
the base and on the sutures of the segments. Wings ample, with a regular
oblique brown band, which is bordered with black on the inner side, and is
intersected by black streaks ; marginal dots black; under side without lines.
Fore wings with a basal band, which is much like the middle band.

"Length of the body 6 lines; of the wings 20 lines.

"Canada. In Mr. D'Urban's collection."

(This is apparently a valid species.)

Subfamily ENXOMIN^E Guenee (emend.).

■ I.innnnidi Gu.m. MS." before 1844; Dup., C;it., 216, 1844.
Snbtribo Ennomites Dup., Cat., 216, 1844.

Subfamilies Odopteridi and Epionidi (in part) Steph., Cat. Br. Lep., 164, 180, 1850.
Families Urapterydce and Ennomidce Guen., Pbal., i. "26, 64, 18">7.

Walk., List Lop. Het. Br. Mus., xs, 4, 65, 1860.

Body stout, the thorax often hairy, and the abdomen long and slender,
well tufted at the r\u\. Head rather narrow in front, especially in the higher
genera (Drepanodes and Eutrapela), with the scales appressed to the clypeus,
or loose and projecting, forming an interpalpal tuft. Palpi rather stout and
large, porrect or ascending, passing beyond the front ; third joint small, dis-
tinct, button-shaped or pointed. Male antennae, as a rule, more heavily pectin-
ated than usual, rarely simple, sometimes with short pectinations in the female.
Wings large and usually angular, the anterior pair with the apex falcate, rarely
rectangular; the outer edge often deeply excavated and scalloped on each side
of the prominent angle on the first median venule. Hind wings usually with
a prominent angle, rarely rounded. Venation : one subcostal cell is nearly
always present; it is either short and rhomboidal or long and narrow. The
costal vein almost invariably anastomoses with the subcostal. Hind legs with
the tibiae often large, long, and much swollen, sometimes with a pencil of long
thin hairs; tarsi short, one-half to two-thirds as long as the tibia'. The

450

species are nearly always yellow, or ochreous-brown, with distinct intra- and
extradiscal lines on the fore wings. They are very rarely white, as in Metro-
campa and certain species- of Tetrads and Eugonia.

Larva and pupa. — The caterpillars are large and long, often mimicking
the twigs of the trees or shrubs on which they feed, sometimes ornamented
with tubercles; the head is sometimes very large, often with large tubercles
on each side, with from two to four pairs of abdominal feet. Chrysalides
large, conical at the tip, of various hues, often protected by a thin cocoon.

The fact that genera so closely allied as Drepanodes and Eutrapela are

placed separately in the families "Ennomidai" and "Urapteryda." by M.

Guenee seems to me a proof that the groups are artificial ones and should be

united.

Synopsis of the Genera.

A. Wings angular ; costafull:

Wings with a very prominent median angle in both pairs; that ou the hind wiugs

much rounded ; female antenna; pectinated Syperetis.

Like Syperetis, but the female antennae simple, and the fore wings more deeply exca-
vated Plagodis.

Species small, yellow ; male antennas simple ; wings angular Nematocampa.

B. Wings entire ; not angulated :

A slight sinus in hind wings; four costal brown spots Caulostoma.

Hind wings with a deep sinus ; species deep yellow Angerona.

Like Angerona, but with no sinus in the hind wings ; deep yellow Opisthograptie.

C. Wings very angular ; falcate :

Hind wings rounded ; female antennae pectinated ; yellow Hetervlocha.

Male antennas pectinated : fore wings suddenly excavated below the falcate apex ;

hind wings with a slight angle ; yellow Sicya.

Like Sicya, but male antennas simple ; hind wings with a very prominent angle ;

yellow Antepione.

Fore wings less falcate than in Antepione; hind wiugs excavated below the acute

apex Epione.

D. Wings slightly angular; broad:

Male antenna; well pectinated ; wings moderately angular ; brown, with a very

broad median baud in the middle of the wing Anagoga.

Fore wings falcate ; hind wings well angulated ; male antenna? subplumose ; pearly-
white Hetrocampa.

Like Metrocampa, but male antennas more plumose; ochreous or whitish-ochreous. 17<mna.

Fore wings bent, falcate ; hind wings rounded ; male antennas heavily pectinated. Apieia.

Like the lower species of Endropia; wings entire; species deep reddish-brown;

hind wings in part ochreous ; beneath ochreous Epirrantiiis.

E. Fore wings usually falcate ; front of the head rather narrow :

Fore wings usually falcate, and both wings entire, notched or serrate Endropia.

Male antennas simple ; wings well scalloped, noctuid-like let Una.

Fore wings falcate ; both wings serrate; hind tibia- not swollen; browuish-ochre-

ous, with violet tints Selenia.

460

Head with the hairs projecting, formiog a frontal tufl ; i m I j • i unusually long and
acute; female antenna; pectinated; wings falcate, deeplj scalloped; Bpecies
yellow or white Eugoiiia.

Fore wings broad, not falcate; apex rectangular; outer edge with a slight angle,

sometimes obsoli to Cahrodes.

Fore wings regularly falcate; hind wings well rounded Dirpmwdc*.

Head short, small; palpi small, scarcely extending beyond the front; wings very

angular and falcate Metanema.

Palpi rather long; male antennas usually pectinated; hind wings shorter, with a

more marked angle than in Euirapela Tetrads.

Male antennas simple ; fore wings falcate ; hind wings with a prominent angle ; the

outer margin of both wings sometimes slightly scalloped Euirapela.

HYPERETIS Guende. Plate 5, fig. 8.

Jliipmtis Guen., Phal., i, 117,1857.

Proholt H.-Sch., Aussen or. Schm., 63, 1&50-58.

Metrocampa H.-Sch. (in part), Anssereur. Schm., GH, 1850-58.

Byperetis Walk., List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xx, 144, 1860.

Froni broad; vertex and front continuously and thickly scaled. Palpi

much ascending, broad, and rather stout; lip of second joint truncate, sur-
passing the front; third joint minute, obtuse, depressed. Antennae rather
narrowly pectinated to the tip. In the female, the pectinations are half as
long as "in the male. Thorax slender. Fore wings unusually long and
narrow; costa convex, especially at the base; apex acute. The angle between
the second and the third median venules much rounded and prominent, much
excavated below the apex, and below the angle in the middle of the wing;
more angulated in the female than in the male. Venation as in Plagodis, but
the costal region is wider; the costal and first two subcostal venules are
shorter; the second median is shorter; the third subcostal divides much
nearer the origin. Hind wings with the internal angle not rounded, not
reaching to the tip of the abdomen ; apex rounded ; middle angle of the outer
edge large and rounded, the outline being very sinuous. Legs long ; hind
tibia? slender; spurs long, and the two pairs of equal length: hind tarsi
three-fourths as long as the tibiae. Abdomen moderately slender; tip acute.
Coloration : pale, dusted with ochreous. An outer line, very much angulated
toward the middle angle of outer margin, with internal and subapical dark
patches.

The long, narrow fore wings, acute apex, and rounded, large, middle
angle, antl acutely-angulated extradiscal line distinguish this genus from
Plagodis, to which it is nearest allied; bul it differs in the more acute apex
of the fore wing, the more sinuous outer edge, the angle being much rounded

461

and very conspicuous, while it is usually nearly obsolete in Plagodis. In
coloration, also, the two genera differ decidedly, the cxtradiscal line being
produced into a long angle, while in Plagodis there is no angle, but the line
is straight in its course. The female antennae are also narrowly pectinated,
where they are simple in Plagodis.

Larva. — "Caterpillars with 10 feet, elongated, cylindrical, pedunculi-
form, without eminences; head lenticular; living on trees. Chrysalides
ochraceous, contained in a net between leaves." — Guene'e.

Hyperetis nyssaria Guenee. Plate 11, figs. 37, 38, 39, 40; plate 13, fig. 42.
Larva and pupa, plate 13, figs. 19, 19a, 25, 25a.

Geometra nyssaria Abbot, MS. (Gueude).

Metrocampa amicaria H.-Scb., Aussereur. Scbui., 63, fig. 361, 1850-58.

Probule alienaria H.-Scb., Aussereur. Scbni., 63, fig. 364, 1850-58.

Hyperetis nyssaria Giien. !!!, Pbal., i, 118, 1857.

Hyperetis exsinuaria Gueu. !!!, Pbal., i, 118, 1857.

Hyperetis amicaria Gueu., Pbal., i, 118, 1857.

Hyperetis iiisimtaria Gueu., Pbal., i, 119, 1857.

HypeYetis persinuaria Gueu. !!!, Pbal., i, 119,1857.

Hyptretis subsinuaria Gueu., Pbal., i, 119, 1857.

Hyperetis alienaria Gueu., Pbal., i, 120, 1857.

Hyperetis nyssaria Walk. ! ! !, List Lep. Het, Br. Mus., xx, 145, 1860.

Hyperetis exsinuaria Walk., List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xx, 145, 1860.

Hyperetis amicaria Walk., List Lep. Het. Br. Mils., xx, 145, 1860.

Hyperetis insinuaria Walk., List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xx, 145, 1860.

Hyperetis persinuaria Walk., List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xx, 146, 1860.

Hyperetis subsinuaria Walk. ! ! !, List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xx, 146, 1860.

Hyperetis alienaria Walk. ! ! !, List Lep Het. Br. Mus., xx, 146, 1860.

Hyperetis nepiasaria Walk. ! ! !, List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xx, 146, 1860.

Jzelina neonaria Walk. ! ! !, List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xx, 186, 1860.

12 <? and 3 9. — Pale whitish-ash, with rather thick blackish speckles.
An inner curved line pale brown, dilated on the costa, frequently fading out
before reaching the hind edge of the wing; the outer line forms a great
angle in the first median cell, the point near, but at varying distances from,
the outer edge. Beyond the line, the wing is brown, either reddish or umber
brown, with dark strigse, and a pair of diffuse black spots just below the
third median venule, one just about the point of the outer line, and one just
below the costa near the apex, the latter having an oblique, pale, broad streak.
Hind wings like the anterior pair; but the outer line is sinuate, not
deeply angulated, and the edge of the wing is either clear, like the rest of
the wing, or filled with reddish-brown, as on the fore wings. Beneath, as
above, but much more thickly speckled, with the four discal dots plainer
than above. Veins brown, lines as above (inner line on fore wing wanting).

462

Apical portion of the fore wings reddish, and hind wings often shaded with
reddish beyond the outer line. The fringe varies with the color of the
wing, being speckled with brown or reddish, with a hair-line at the base

Length of body, <?, 0.50-0.55, ?, 0.45-0.50; of fore wing, <?, 0.60-0.65,
9, 0.55—0.75; expanse of wings, L.00— 1.50 irlches.

Maine, June L6 (Packard); .Mount Washington, N. II., July (Morrison);
Essex County, Vr., July (Cassino) ; Amherst, Mass. (Peabody); Natick,
Mass., June 27 (Stratton) ; Massachusetts (Sanborn, Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist.) ;
Albany, N. Y. (Meske and Lintner); New Jersey (Sachs) ; Philadelphia, Pa.
(Grote); Maryland (Mus. Peab. Acad. Sc.) ; West Virginia, April 26 (Mead);
Saint Louis, Mo., October 5 (Biley); near Mammoth Cave, Ky., April 27
(Sanborn, Ky. Geol. Surv.).

This protean form varies greatly in the color of the wings, owing to the
degree of speckling and distance of the point of the outer line from the
edge of the wing, the point being occasionally short and obtuse, and then
obsolete, as in var. amicaria H.-Sch.

The distinctness of the submarginal black spots varies, being sometimes
entirely absent, and the outer edge of the bind wings is sometimes pale and
sometimes reddish-brown.

In another individual (<?), from Natick, Mass., the angle of the outer
line is very obtuse and short, the point being nearly as far from the edge of
the wing as on the costa, the space beyond being reddish-brown, and with
scarcely any specks ; the wings are less falcate and angulated than usual.
Beneath, the outer edge of the wings has a faint violaceous hue.

Fig. 40 represents the normal, most abundant form of H. nyssaria.
Fig. 39 represents var. amicaria H.-Sch. In this form, the outer third of
both pairs of wings is clear brick-red or red, with a decided purplish
tinge; the wings within are whitish, as in the normal nyssaria; the inner
line on the fore wings is broad. I have received it from Lawrence, Kans.
(Snow) and Alabama (Grote). Fig. 37 represents a second small variety, in
which the outer third of both wings is pale reddish; the lines are distinct,
reddish-brown, and the inner two-thirds of the wings is tinged with reddish.

This form merges into another (closely resembling Walker's H.nepiasa-
ria from Nova Scotia), which nearly agrees with GueneVs description of
H. insinuaria, in which the entire surface of the wings is nearly uniformly
pale reddish-brown, with three submarginal dark spots, one subapical, one in

4(53

the middle, and one near the inner angle of the wing; in one specimen, the
inner two-thirds of the wing is paler, somewhat whitish, thus approaching
the normal color of nyssaria. The three specimens arc from Detroit, Mich.
(Swartz, Mas. Comp. Zool.), Brewster's, N. Y. (Grote), and from Dallas,
Tex. (Boll).

Walker's nepiasaria (plate 13, fig. 42) is a small individual, with the
middle of the fore wings yellowish atid the remainder pinkish; hind wings
yellow, outer third pinkish.

A fourth variety is represented by fig. 38, of which the following is a descrip-
tion: 2 9. — Cinereous, with an obscure lilac tinge. Palpi stout, long, porrect,
tipped with black. Head, body, and wings at base concolorous. On the fore
wings, a broad, zigzag, brown line, pointed acutely four times on the nervules,
the last time on the costa, shaded within on the costa; internal margin
strigated with black more than the rest of the wing; middle of the wing
clearer than the base ; outer line very large, elongated ; angle obtuse, going
much nearer the outer edge than usual; apex rounded, not acute as usual;
line fuscous; beyond fawn-color, with a lilac tinge; a costal dark streak near
the apex, which is falcate, produced a little more than usual, well excavated
beneath; angle distinct in I he middle, rounded, below well excavated; discal
dot indistinct on both wings. Hind wings same as the fore wings, deeply
excavated on each side of the mesial, prominent, rounded angle. Beneath,
the body is fusco-cinereous ; wings ochreous, with fuscous strigse, margin
of the wing violaceous, except on the fore wing toward the costa, where it
becomes ochreous, and directly on the costa whitish-cinereous.

Length of the body, 0.40; of fore wing, 0.55 inch.

Natick, August 2 (Stratton) ; Illinois (Clemens).

This variety is easily known by the cinereous body, with the outer
margin fawn-colored, which becomes violaceous on the under side, and
without the usual dark, violaceous spots on the margin near the inner angle;
beneath, more distinctly ochreous than usual ; the apex is falcate, as usual,
and the mesial prominence well marked ; the angle of the outer line is also
more produced, and ends in an obtuse, rounded point.

This species is so exceedingly variable that no one can be blamed for
regarding the more aberrant forms as good species, if they have but a single
specimen; but, with the excellent material I have had, I have little hesita-
tion in regarding the synonymy given above as approximately correct, and

4(54

thai all the North American "species" of the genus thus far described are
variations of Abbot's nyssaria.

Larva. — Body rather thick; head narrower than the body, which is green,
with a dorsal interrupted stripe descending on the sides of the thoracic and
terminal abdominal rings. In another larva (fig. 25), of a variety with the
wings bordered with red (a/nicaria), the larva is the same as in the one rep-
resented in fig. 19.- — (Described from Abbot's MS. drawings.)

A MS. colored drawing by Abbot (copied on plate 13, figs. 19, 19 a,
pupa) represents the caterpillar as rather thick, but uniformly so, green,
with a violet dorsal stripe, and a similar lateral stripe on the sides at the end
of the body. Its food-plant is Hypericum rosmarinifolium. The pupa is
colored brown.

The larva feeds on the beech, according to Mr. Saunders, who
informs me that it forms a rude case by binding two leaves together
with silk. It is an inch long and dark brown, with a row of dull-white dots
on each side. On the posterior part of the ninth segment are two rather
prominent, rounded, black tubercles, with a few streaks of whitish at their
base anteriorly. The terminal segment is flattened and of a bluish tint.

Desideratum.

Selenia cesionaria Walk., List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xx, 182, 1860, — "Male.
"Whitish ochraceous, darker beneath. Palpi extending a little beyond the
head; third joint conical, very minute. Wings thickly blackish-speckled;.
exterior line brown, slightly undulating, diffuse on the outer side. Space
between it and the exterior border purplish-tinged; exterior border forming
a much rounded angle. Fore wings rectangular at their tips; interior line
brown, slightly undulating and angular, diffuse on the inner side; discal
lunule blackish ; exterior line forming an extremely deep bend opposite the
angle. Hind wings with a brown discal point; exterior border excavated on
each side of the angle. Length of the body 6 lines; of the wings 18 lines.
New York."

This is certainly a species of Hyperetis, as 1 learned by examination of
Walker's type in the British Museum. It was apparently distinct from H.
nyssaria.

ic,r>

PLAGODIS Hiibner. Plate :>, fig. 9.

Plagodis lliibn., Vera., 294, 1818.
Eh nomos Treits. (in part), Sclini. Eur., vi ( i ). :!, 1827.
Eurymene Dup., Lep. France, vii (iv). 18ft, 1829.
Bradyepetcs Steph. (in part), Nomencl. Br. Ins.. II. 1829.
Ennmnon Boisd. (in part), Gen. hid., 182, 1840.
Eurymene Dup., Cat.. 220, 1844.

Il.-Sch., iii, :,:,. 1847.
Plagodin Steph., Cat. Br. Lep., 181, 18ft0.
Eiirymmu Lederer, Verb. But. Zool. Gen. Wieu, 17ti, I8ft:l.

linen.. Phal., i, 144, l^.">7.

Walk., List Lep. Ilet. Br. Mas., xx, I7(i, 18C>0.

Head much as in Hyperetis, rather wide in front. Palpi lung, rather
broad, ascending, extended well in front id' the head. Male antennae rather
less heavily pectinated than in Hyperetis, simple in the female. Fore wings
with the costa full, much as in Hyperetis', outer edge deeply excavated below
the apex, which is either acute and much produced or nearly rectangular ;
below the large rounded angle in the middle, the wing is, as a rule, suddenly
and very deeply excavated, the hollow being deep and rounded or shallow.
Hind wings rounded at the apex; the outer edije lull, slightly sinuous, with,
no prominent median angle; the inner angle not reaching beyond the tip
of the abdomen. Venation: very similar to Hyperetis; a short, rhomboidal,
subcostal cell, the free end of the costal vein scarcely shorter than the first
subcostal venule:' the disposition of the discal venules much as in Hyperetis.

This genus differs from Hyperetis in the female antennae being simple,
in the deep excavation below the middle of the outer edge of the fore wings,
and in the want of a decided angle in the hind wings In coloration, it
differs in the extradiscal line being straight, not bent, sometimes being
obsolete.

Larva. — "Caterpillars smooth, ramiform; not flattened, having the third

ring strongly swollen laterally, especially in repose, and carrying on the

8th a dorsal tubercle: head square, bifid at the summit, flattened anteriorly;

living on trees. Chrysalis red, shining, subterranean '" — G-uene'e.

Synopsis of the Species.

Ochreous, with a purplish tint ; lines oblique, but not sinuous P. pMogosaria.

Like phlogosaria, hut no inner line; and outer lino broad, diffuse, sinuous P.fervidaria.

Fore wings with the notch shallower than in the two preceding ; outer lino curved inward :

beyond the wings often dark purple I'- keutzingaria.

Wbitisb, speckled with ochreons ; a discal ringlet; median angle of the wing large aud

rounded P. akoolaria.

Fore wings scarcely excavated; median angle well marked; pale straw-yellow: lines

broad, diffuse, purplish-ochreons P- sirinaria.

59 p H

4(3(3
Plagodis phlogosaria Packard. Plate LI, fig. 42.

Euryment phlogosaria Guen., Phal., i. 146, 1857.

Walk., List Lop. Het. Br. Mua., xx, 177, I860.

i. — Head, prothorax, and Hire trochanters beneath violaceous. Body
and wings ochreous, with a dull-greenish tinge: costa subfuscous toward tin*
base; an inner oblique line, which is not waved, dark or reddish-brown;
an (inter, blackish-brown, straight line, blacker toward the inner edge oi the
winy: between the two lines the wing is clear: miter line shaded externally
with gray scales: wing toward the internal angle with larger Mack strigae
than elsewhere, but no spot, with a distinct violaceous tinge; ochreous
toward the apex, as in the middle of the wing ; apex somewhat rounded,
outer edge deeply excavated toward the inner angle; a crescent-shaped spot,
on the inner angle, concolorous with the lines; a well-marked discal dot.
Hind willies ochreous, whitish toward the base and costa, more ochreous on
the hind edge; a dark outer line, slightly sinuate, becoming obsolete toward
the costa and duplicated toward the internal angle, and edged with violaceous.
Beneath, ochreous; outer edge of the winy and tip of the abdomen beneath
dull violaceous; costa strigated with dull violaceous; common line dull dark
violaceous; apical region ochreous, toward the internal angle violaceous;
inner edge whitish; hind wings more deeply ochreous, with the border
uniformly pale violaceous.

Length of body, </, 0.44 : of fore wing, i , 0.56, 9. 0.56; expanse of
w ings, 1.20 inches.

Natick, Mass., August 5 (Stratton) ; Cambridge, Mass., (Putnam);
Albany, N. Y. (Lintner); Michigan (Cook); "Canada" (Guence).

The usual absence of the discal dot, the few black strigse collected near the
internal edge, and the peculiar greenish hue in the middle of the fore wings
will distinguish this species from E. fervidaria. The antenna' are well
pectinated, and the head and thorax are violaceous. One female has no
bands, these being obliterated. It varies in sometimes having the discal dot
and in the greenish tinge on the wings.

One male specimen is dull ochreous, with a greenish tinge, the wings
being a little strigated, especially on the outer edge and on the costal edge.
Head, palpi, and front of thorax with a violet lint. Inner brown line curved
on the COSta, straight below; discal dot lame and distinct on the fore wing;
outer line a little waved, dark brown, and ending on the costa at a distance

467

from the apex equal to half the width of the wing; a diffuse, lunate, dusky

spot near I he inner angle. Hind wings yellowish, as usual, especially
toward the outer edge; a hair-line crosses the outer third of the wing, with
a parallel, broad, diffuse hand on the inner angle, of (lie wing. Beneath,
liright yellow -ochreous; fringe violet; two violet hands and a discal spot on the
fore wing; wings more speckled than above. Abdomen beneath violaceous,
and so are the legs externally. Length of body, 0.35; of fore wing,
0.50 inch.

Albany, N. Y. ((.). Meske).

This species is liable to be, confounded with fervidaria, but differs in
the straight, firm, outer line, while the inner line is narrow and distinct.
The shape of the wings is almost exactly as in fervidaria.

Plagodls fervidaria Herrich-Schaeffer. Plate 11, fig. 43.

Plagodes fervidaria H.-Sch., Ausserenr. Scum., (>:'>. fig. 203, 1850-58,
Eurymene emargataria Gueu., Phal., i. 145, 1857.

Walk., List, Lep. Het. Br. Mils., xx, I??, 1860,
Eurymene excurvaria Morrison, Hull. Buff. Soc. Sc, 1873.

1 <S and 2 9. — Like ■ phlogosaria, but the notch in the outer edge, of the
fore wings is deeper than in that species; apex of the wing rectangular, the
outer edge slightly convex below ; hind wings with the outer edge a little
more sinuous than in phlogosaria. Fore wings ochreous-ash, of nearly the
same hue as in ph/ogosar/a, but usually more strigated ; inner line represented
by a few scattered black scales in some of my specimens, wanting in the one
figured. Discal dot small or very large and touching the extradiscal band,
which is more or less sinuous, making quite an angle below the median vein ;
beyond the band and below the median vein, the wing is tinged with violet.
Fringe coucolorous with the wing, but dark in the hollow. Hind wings
tinged with yellow. The extradiscal line indistinct on the costal half of the
wing, with a short, external, parallel, dark line half-way between it and the
outer edge (sometimes wanting) ; fringe dark below the median angle.
Beneath pale yellow-ochreous, strigated with reddish-ochreous lines and dots ;
the outer line on the fore wings represented by a diffuse violaceous band,
while the. outer third of the hind wings is violet-purple. Head, thorax,
and abdomen beneath, and basal half of costa above, tinged with violet.

Length of body, <? , 0.45, 9, 0.48; of fore wings, i, 0.55, 9, 0.G0 ;
expanse of wings, 1.15-1.35 inches.

■n,s

m

Brooklyn, N. Y. (Morrison); New Jersey (Sachs).

This species, so closely allied to P. phlogosaria, differs from thai in the
want of an inner line, and in the outer line being more or less sinuous. rl he
specimen figured is (lie type of .Mr. Morrison's excurvaria, and is in a fresher
state than the others, consequently the strigae are larger and thicker; the outer
line is more sinuous than in the other two; but I caunol see any good reasons
for separating it from Herrich-Schaeffer's species, which is well figured.

Plagoiiis kkutzingaria Grrote. Plate 11. tig. 44: [dale 13, fig. M.

(! $ and I 9. — Dull ochreous ; head and base of the costa and sternum
lilac. On the basal third of the fore wings, a brown-ochreous diffuse hand,
outer edge curved; no discal dot or strigse (excepl obscure diffuse ones on
costa) on the middle of the wing; on the outer third of the wing, a dark-red
hand curved inward, and edged diffusely within with brown-ochreous, which
is powdered thickly with grayish scales, especially toward the inner angle.
Outer edge very deeply excavated, brownish al inner angle, growing paler
toward the middle of the winy. Hind wings (dear pale ochreous on the basal
two-thirds, with a few minute, scattered strigae, with a dark, straight stripe
near the inner angle, which proceeds but a short distance toward the middle
of the wing. Blackish strigae on a light ground at the inner angle of the
hind wings. Externally the wing is lilac, becoming ochreous toward the
costal edge. Legs ochreous; abdomen lilac beneath.

3 J : Length of the body, ('.40: of tore wing, 0.60; expanse of wings
1.30 inches.

Cambridge, Mass, May 23 (Morrison): "Cambridge, May 6" (Coll.
Harris, Host. Soc. Nat. Hist.): Albany, X. Y. (Lintner); Ithaca, N. Y. (Corn-
stock): New York (Grote): Maryland (Mus. Peak Acad. Sci.).

This species is easily known by the want of I lie usual transverse strigae,
being plain ochreous on the middle of the winy, without any discal dot; outer
edge and base brown, and deeply tinged with lilac and gray. Hie antennae
are well pectinated. The outer line is nearer the middle of the wing
than usual, and is curved inward, while in other species it is nearly straight.
Beneath jellowish-ochreous, thickly st rigated with an outer, diffuse, violaceous
hand, and outer edge of hind wings violaceous. In the specimen figured on
plate 13 (fig 51), the outer line is situated within the middle of the wing,
and all beyond is dark blackish-purple on both wings.

IC'J
Plagodis alcoolaria Packard. Plate 11, fig. 41.

Eurymene alcoolaria Guen., Pbul., i, 146, 18.r>7.

Walk., List Lep. Het. Br. Mils., xx, L78, 18(30.

1 <i and 4 9. — Body and wings with a slight ochreous tinge. Fore
wings with the apex obtuse, subrectangular ; the median angle large, rounded ;
the edge below this angle regularly and deeply excavated, not suddenly, as in
/'. fervidaria ; hind wings with the outer edge rather more sinuous than usual.
Fore wings whitish, rather thickly speckled with ochreous and reddish-ochre-
ous scales, arranged in a diffuse, broad, slightly but regularly curved, basal
line situated on the inner third of the wing. A large, reddish-yellow, discal
ringlet. A considerable distance beyond is the extradiscal line, which is broad,
oblique, slightly sinuous, reddish within, shaded externally with dull lead-
color. The wing is a little clearer beyond this line and within the basal line.
A dark, deep, rust-red thread-line on the edge of the wing. Fringe pale,
dark in the hollow below the median angle. Hind wings white, with scat-
tered deep-ochreous strigse near the inner angle, with a straight, dark, rust-
red line, most distinct on the inner edge, and fading out toward the middle
of the wing. Beneath bathed with ochreous and densely strigated, especially
on the hind wings. An outer ochreous line common to both wings. Legs
ochreous.

Length of body, S, 0.53, 9, 0.50; of fore wings, S, 0.65. 9, 0.65;
expanse of wings, 1.95 inches.

"Canada" (Griiene'e); Essex County, Vt. (Cassino); Boston, Mass. (San-
born); Amherst, Mass. (Goodeli); Ithaca, N. Y. (Comstock); New Jersey
(Sachs); Maryland (Mus. Peab. Acad. Sc); ''New York and West Canada'"

(Walker).

Plagodis serinaria Packard. Plate 11, fig. 45.

Epione serinaria Gueu., Phal., i, 98, 1857.

Walk., List Lep. Het. Br. Mns., xx, ISO, 1860.

2 S and 1 9. — Body and wings straw-yellow ; body more ochreous than
the wings. Front of the head with some pinkish scales in the center, with
ochreous sides; breast pinkish; palpi very stout, thick, deep ochreous; third
joint very acutely conical, passing beyond the front. Antennae rather
stoutly pectinated, ochreous throughout ; wings shaped much as in P. keutzin-
garia; outer edge sinuate, not excised below the apex, which is square, with
a broad sinus below the middle, which is not excavated so much as in the other

-170

species; uniformly pale ochreous ; a single outer, broad, rather diffuse, dark-
ochreous, sinuate band nearer (lie margin than usual; more distinctly marked
at each end mi the inner margin and costa than in the middle. Fringe con-
colorous with the rest of the wing. Hind wings pale testaceous-whitish, with
a short, abbreviated, fuscous, geminate line on the inner angle, giving rise to
a transverse, nearly straight, ochreous line. Beneath pale straw-yellow ; the
lines re-appear Iteneat h.

Length of the body, 3, 0.54, 9, 0.50; of lore wing, 3, 0.70, 9, 0.75;
expanse of wings; 1.50—1.60 inches.

Brunswick, Me., July (Packard); Essex County, Vt. (Cassino); New
York (Grote).

This species differs in its larger size, stout, well-pectinated antennae, the
pale ochreous wings, without the usual strigse and discal dot, the uniform
straw-yellow wings, and the single, dark, ochreous, broad, rather diffuse,
slightly sinuate line; in the pinkish front and pectus, while the outer edge
of the wing is less sinuate than usual. It is mentioned on page 21 under
the name of Eurymene unitaria.

NEMATOCAMPA Guehe'e. Plate 5, tig. 10.

Nematocampa Gueu., Pbal., i, 1*^0, 1857.

Walk., List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xx, 1-17, I860,

Head rather narrow in front; palpi long, ascending, extending well in
front of the head; male antennas very thick, not pectinated; in the female,
slender, simple. Fore wings unusually short and broad; costa fuller than
usual : apex rectangular: outer edge bent in the middle, deeply excavated on
each side of the angle in the female Hind wings rounded at the apex, with
a distinct angle in the middle, reaching as far as the end of the abdomen,
which is slender, ending in a long tuft. Hind tibiae much swollen; tarsi a
little less than one-half as long as the tibia'. Venation: but live subcostal
venules; no subcostal cell; costal vein anastomosing with the subcostal.
Posterior discal vein very oblique; the first and second median veins nearly
co-originating, not so remote at their origins as in Hyperetis and Plagodis.
Coloration: silvery-oc.hreous, with numerous brown, irregular, tine lines; the
veins brown, and the margin of both wings more or less suffused with ochre-
ous-brown.

The small size of the single species known, its peculiar style ol colora-

471

lion, and its thick but simple male antennae separate this genus from Hype'
retis, to which it is closely allied in the form of the wings.

Larva — Rather thick, ramiform ; head as wide as the body, which is
provided with two pairs of long, curved, dorsal filaments arising from the
middle of the body. Pupa thick, conical.

Nkmatocampa filamkntaria Guenee. Plate 11, tig. 46; larva and pupa,

plate 13, figs. 8, 8a.

Nematocampa filamentaria Guen., Phal., i, 120, 18f>7.

Microgonia vestitaria H.-Seli.. Aussereur. Schni., 41, fig. 368, 1850-58.

Nematocampa resistaria Walk., List Lcp. Het. Brit. Mus., xx, 147, 1860.

Nematocampa filamentaria Pack., Guide to Study of Iuseots, 'S20, plato 8, ligs. 7, 7<i, 1869.

Nematocampia expnnetaria Grote, Cau. Nat., iv, 101, 1872.

8 3 and 2 9. — Pale ochre, with brown veins and transverse strigae; a
brown inner line, much curved. An outer sinuate line, with a supplementary
line just inside, touching the outer line on the submedian vein and in the
extradiscal space, and forming a large circle, one side of which touches the
outer line. Beyond the line, the border of the wing is dull brown, with the
apical region clear. Hind wings streaked transversely as on the fore wing,
with the outer third brown, apex included. Beneath much paler ; veins not
colored ; wings speckled and the markings the same as above, but faint ; outer
edge of hind wings pale yellow, either with or without traces of outer line.

Length of body, <f , 0,28-0.33 ; of fore wing, 9, 0 35-0.45 ; expanse of
wings, 1.00 inches.

Montreal, Canada (Lyman) ; Brunswick, Me. (Packard); Albany
(Lintner and Meske) ; Salem, Mass., June 28 (Packard and Sanborn).

I am led, from the description, to regard N. expunctaria as a variety of
this variable species. This is probably Macaria limbata Wood, Index Ento-
mologicus, 166, fig. 748 n, 1839.

Larva. — Body cylindrical; head large, with two unequal pairs of long,
slender, fleshy filaments, situated on the third and fifth abdominal rings, the
posterior pair shorter than the others, curled at the end anil finely tuber-
culated. Head pale rust-red, marbled with a still paler hue. Head full on
each side of the median line, flattened in front. Half-way between the meta-
thoracic legs and the first pair of filaments are two subacute tubercles, which
are rust-red; when the four filaments are uncurled, they are as long as from

I. !

the bead i<> the tubercles. The anterior pair of Blameuts arc pale rust-red
beneath at base, brown above, but tipped with white. A distinct dorsal line
Iron i the prothorax to the second pair of filaments ; a pair of small 1 ubercles
uexl to the last segment, tipped with pale rust-red. Body wood-colored
above and beneath; thoracic tiu^s greenish above, succeeded by pale rust-
red between the tubercles and first pair of filaments ; behind these, variously
marked with lighl and dark brown. An oval dark spol behind the last pair
of tubercles and extending into the anal plate. Anal leas rusty, lined above
with a whitish line. Length, 0.70 inch. It feeds on the strawberry and
currant in dune.

I'tijHi. — Body rather thick, conical, pale horn-brown, slashed and
speckled with dark brown. The pupa appeared in Salem, June 17. Length,
0.40 inch.

CAULOSTOMA Lederer. Plate 5, fig. 13.

Therapia Hiibn. in part), Verz., 287, 1818.

Ennomos Treits. (in pavt), Schm. Eur., vi (i), 3,1827.

ritilnhia Dup. tin part), Lep. France, vii (iv), 195, 1829.

Ennomos Boisd. tin pari I, Gen. Iud., 182,1840.

Therapis H.-Sch. (,in part), Sclmi. Eur., iii, 49, 1S47.

Caulostoma Lederer, Verh. Bot. Zool. Ges. Wien, 176, 1853.

Guen., Phal., i, 110, l-;,7.

Walk., List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xx, 138, 1800.

Head moderately broad in front; palpi stout, porrect, not ascending,
reaching well beyond the front. Antenna? in the male well pectinated.
Fore winys with the cost a and apex much as in Angerona, but the apex a
little more obtuse: outer edge a little less bent than in Angerona, not being
excavated below the apex. Hind wings full, not excavated below the apex,
as in Angerona, and with the apex more rounded. Venation: much as in
Angerona, but there an' only five subcostal veins, while the venules arc pro-
portionately longer, and the subcostal cell is shorter, while the two discal
venules form a shorter and less curved line. The hind legs are long and
slender, the libi;e scarcely swollen, and the tarsi long, being much as in
Angerona. In the style of coloration, while Caulostoma is ochreous, it is
much duller than Angerona. and from the four brown costal spots our single
species would be easily mistaken for a species of Thamnonoma, being closely
allied in its general style of coloration and appearance to T.Jkrwcaria and
yulphuraria.

47^

( 'aujlostoma occiduaria Packard.

Cauloatoma occiduaria Pack., Sixth Rep. Peab. Acad. Sc, 5'J, 1874.

2 <?. — This interesting species, the Hist of the genus known to inhabit
the American continent, and the second species known, differs from Cjlitrl-
caria of" Europe in the rather broader wings, both pairs being much less
excavated on the outer edge. The antennae are much
the same, and the markings similar in the two species.
Body and wings deep lemon-yellow. Fore wings with
four nearly equidistant, large, conspicuous, brown, costal
spots. From the third arises a broad, diffuse, sinuous,
brown shade, extending on to the hind wings, and forming a slightly-curved
median hand. Fringe concolorous with the wings ; apical half of fore wings
brown, checkered slightly with brown on the hind wings. Beneath speckled
slightly with brown. Four faint discal spots. Two outer costal spots only
present; from them arise two faint bands, interrupted by the venules. A
single outer line on the hind wings about half-way between the discal spot
and the outer edge of the wing.

. Length of body, <?, 0.50; of fore wing, 0.70; expanse of wings, 1.50
inches.

Oregon (Harford); Colorado Territory (Hidings); Denver, Colo.,
June 3 (Mead) ; Dakota Territory (Mus. Comp. Zool.).

The line on the hind wing is less curved in the Oregon specimen than
in that from Colorado, and the latter is deeper yellow. The occurrence of
this genus on the Pacific slope of the continent is extremely interesting as a
link connecting the insect fauna of Western America with Eastern Europe.

It differs from the European C. jiavaria in having broader wings, both
pairs being much less excavated on the outer edge. The antennae, are much
the same, and the markings similar in the two species. C. Jiavaria is
reported in Staudinger's Catalogue as occurring in Galicia, Hungary, South-
ern and Eastern Turkey, Middle Russia, and Armenia.
60 p h

474
ANGERONA Duponchel. Plate •">. fig. 15.

Ennomoi Treits. (in part), Scbm. Eur., vi (i), 3, L827.
Angerona Dup., Lep. France, vii (iv), 180, 1829.

Il.-Srh.. Siluii. Eur., iii, 63, 1847.

Stepb., Cat, Brit. Lep., L67, L85I

Lederer, Verb. Bot. Zoftl. Ges; Wien, L76, 1853.

Guen., 1'lial.. i, 114, 1857.

Walk., List Lep. II, i. Br. Mus., \\, Ml. I860.

Head rather broad in front, closely scaled. Palpi slender, porrect; outer
third ot' second joint surpassing the front ; third joint minute, pointed acutely.
Antennae pectinated; in female subsimple. Thorax rather slender. Fore
wings with the costa straight. Apex obtuse, rectangular, more acute in the
female; outer margin bent slightly in the middle, not angulated; below
much rounded ; in the female with the apex more produced, acute. Vena-
tion: The subcostal cell is long and narrow; six subcostal venules, the
two discal venules together forming a deeply-curved line. Hind wings broad :
internal angle rectangular, passing beyond the tip of the abdomen. Apex
acute, especially in the female, outer margin excavated below the apex, two-
toothed, much produced above the middle, convex, not angulated. Legs
rather slender; hind tibiae hardly thickened, female as much so nearly as
the male; spurs thick, obtuse, of moderate length ; tarsi three-fourths as long
as the tibiae. Abdomen short and slender, compared with the great expanse
of the wings. Anal tuft slight. Coloration : yellow ; two costal ochreous
spots. A subinternal, oblique, broad band, continued on to the costa of the
hind wings, and re-appearing on the internal margin. Surface dotted with
ochreous specks.

This genus differs from Epione in the more obtuse apex, the slight hetid
in the outer edge of the wing, and in the female antennae being subpecti-
nated.

Larva. — The body gradually increases in size to the segment bearing
the first pair of abdominal legs; the head is flattened go as to be square above.
Body smooth. Pupa of the usual form.

Angerona crocataria. Plate 11. fig. 52; larva, plate 13, fig. 9.

I'lmlii mi crocataria Fabr., Snppl. 14i>.

Therapis citrinaria Hiilm.. ZutrUgo, figs. 499,500, 1825.

Angerona crocataria Guen., Phal., i. 1857.

Walk., List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., \x, L860,

Pack., Guide to Study of Insects, 319, pi. 8, fig. 5, larva, 5a, 1869.

8 <i and 4 9. — Bright ochre-yellow. Body concolorous with the wings;
antennae with yellow scales; front yellow: palpi yellow, spotted with pale

475

brown, like the legs. Fore wings spotted with pale brown, and crossed by two
broad, broken, light-brown lines; the inner on the inner quarter of the wing
curved and consisting of about three spots, one on the costa, one on the inner
margin, one on the median vein (the middle one often wanting). Outer line
curved, often forked on the first median cell, sending a smaller branch straight
toward the apex ; this branch often obsolete, and the whole line obsolete in
the middle of the wing, and sometimes wanting on the costa. The same
line is continued on to the hind wing ; it is usually obsolete in the middle of the
wing. No inner line on the hind wing. Fringe yellow, spotted with brown
at the ends of the venules. Beneath as above.

Length of body, <?, 0.75; of fore wing, cf, 0.68-0.85, 9, 0.95-1.06;
expanse of wings, 2.00-2.20 inches.

Iowa, June 18-20 (Professor Parker) ; Brunswick, Me., June (Packard) ;
Massachusetts, (Sanborn and Peab. Acad. Sc); Illinois (Clemens); New
Hampshire (Walker); Detroit, Mich. (Mus. Comp. Zool.); New Orleans, La.
(Mus. Peab. Acad. Sc); abundant at head of Plum Creek, Colo. (Lieutenant
Carpenter, Hayden's Survey).

A common form, at once known by the bright ochre-yellow wings, its
large size and broadly pectinated male antennae. The wings vary much in the,
extent of the spots and bauds.

One male specimen from Philadelphia (Fnt. Soc.) is almost immaculate,
with unusually broad hind tibiae, also unspotted.

Larva. — The. body gradually increases in size to the segment bearing
the first pair of abdominal legs. The head is flattened so as to be square above,
and is whitish-green, with three longitudinal brown lines. The prothoracic
ring is concolorous with the head, from which two brown lines extend, form-
ing an inverted v on the hinder edge. The body is pale grass-green above,
with the sides swollen. There are four minute black dots on each segment;
a whitish, indistinct, subdorsal line, and a lateral white line extending to the
sides of (he anal legs. It feeds on the strawberry and currant in June,
entering the pupa state June 12. The moth appears at the beginning of
July.

hi;

OPISTHOGKAPTIS Hiibner. Plate 6, fig. 5.

Opiathograptit Uitbn., Vera., sKfc!, 1-1-.
Ennomos In its.. Schua. Km-., \i (i), :;, 1827.
l.'jimiii Dup., Lep. Prance, \n in I, 117. 1829.

Boisd., Gen. End., 182, LH40.

Dup . Cat., 21(5, 1844.

ll.-Srb.. Sell in. Eur., iii. 54, 1847.
Opiaihograptis Stepb . Cat. Br. Lep., Hi-. 1850.
Ilitmia Lederer, Verb. Bot. Zoo). Gea. Wieri, l?i>. 1>X\.

Gnoii., Pba)., i. 108, 18o7.

Walk., List Lep. Hit. Br. Mas., \\, 137, 1860,
lh>iit i loniti Pack., Proe. Boat. Soc. Nat. Hist.. xvi, ;i7, H74.
Pack., Fifth Rep..Peab. Acad. Sci., 7:'. 1874.

Head, body, and palpi as in Sicya .Male antennae more heavily pec-
tinated than in Sicya; in the female simple. Fore wings triangular, the Costa
straight; apex subrectangular, the outer edge long, oblique, without any
angle in the outer edge. Hind wings large and full; outer edge full and
rounded, with a slight sinus just before the middle of the outer edge; they
reach a little beyond (he end of the abdomen. Venation: costal vein anas-
tomosing with the subcostal. Six subcostal venules, the first very short, one-
halt' as long as the second, and co- originating with the first from a common
branch; the third and fourth originating from a commoq branch; no sub-
costal cell. The independent vein is situated rather nearer the sixth subcostal
vein than usual; the anterior discal venule being short, while the posterior
one is oblique, but not much curved. .Male hind legs much as in Sicya; the
tibiae are very slightly swollen : the tarsi about one-fourth shorter than the
tibi;e. Coloration: straw-yellow, with no markings except threecostal spots,
the middle one ol which connects with a \r\-y large oval discal spot.

This genus differs from Sicya, Antepione, and Heterolocha in the tore wings
being entire, not falcate, the outer edge regularlj convex, not excavated, and
the liiinl wings rounded, not angular on the outer edge, and u living a faint
sinus below the apex. It is more closely allied to Angetona than any
other American genus of this subfamily, being like that genus in the entire
lore wings and in the sinus in the hind wings. The fore wings are a little
pointed at the apex, and less angulated in the middle of the outer edge. The
subcostal venules are shorter, sent more directly to the COSta, and the costal
interspace narrower. Hind legs as in Angetona, the spurs of the same relative
size. The female is smaller than the male, while in Angerona the female
is considerably larger than the male. Ai first regarding our species as generic

r

calls distincl from the European R. cratcegala, on reconsideration after the
first examination I see no reason for separating our species from the latter.
Larva. — ''Caterpillars ramiform, thickened posteriorly, having, besides

the ordinary ventral feet, two other shorter pairs not used ; with lateral fibrous
appendages in the form of fringes on the two last pairs; living on shrubs.-
( Jhrysalides contained in thick, dense cocoons spun on the branches." —

(Cuenee.)

Opisthograptis sulphuraria Packard. P

Hesperumia sulphuraria Pack., Fifth Rep. Peal). Acad. Sc.,79, 1S74.
Hesperumia ochreala Pack., Proc. Bost. Sue. Nat. Hist., xvi, 37, ld74.

11, fig. 47.

6 i and 4 9. — Body and wings deep sulphur-yellow; sides of the head
and palpi ferruginous; antennae darkochreous; oathe fore wings isa ferruginous,
incomplete, basal, curved line, largest on the costa ; a diffuse, slightly sinuate
line passing just outside and partially inclosing the very large, orbicular, brown,
discal ring, irised with yellow; an outer, submarginal, broadly sinuate line,
more distinct than the inner two, diffuse, dilated on the nervules, and espe-
cially on the costa; within and along the outer edge are a few transverse
ferruginous strigse ; fringe ferruginous. Secondaries very pale toward the
base, with a i'ew striga? toward the outer edges; no lines or discal dot.
Beneath, the wings are clear, witli sparse irro rations' on the costal and outer
border of the wing, and the discal dot is a round obscure spot, smaller than
above and centered with yellow ; a single wedge-shaped mark on the outer
fourth of the costa marks the site of the outer line. Fringe dark brown as
far as the inner angle of the fore wings, pale on the secondaries, concolorous
with the. rest of the wing.

Length of body, i, 0.48-0.55, 9. 0.50; of fore wing, £. 0.6G-0.72,
9, 0.62; expanse of wings, 1.30 inches.

Streaked Mountain, Paris, Me., July 22 (S. I. Smith, Mus. Yale College);
Sierra Nevada, Cal., and Nevada (Edwards) ; Clear Creek Canon, near
Golden, Colo., July 3, common among the grape-vines on the banks of Clear-
Creek ; Manitou, Colo., duly 16 (Packard, Hayden's Survey).

It maybe recognized at once by the unusually large brown ring, pupiled
with yellow, by the two mesial bands, which approach each other on the
costa and hind edge, and by the brown fringe on the fore wings becoming

47S

yellow al the hind angle aud margin. The species varies in the distinctness
of the lines and discal spots.

VVithoul suspecting at the time of describing the Pacific-coasl and

eastern specimens that they belonged to the same species, I did not bring

.them together, but on careful comparison I see no reason for separating

them. The Californian specimens (length of fore wing, S, 0.72 inch) are

a little larger than the Maine examples (length of fore wing, 0.66 inch).

HETEROLOCHA Lederer. Plate 5, fig. 12.

Heterolocha Lederer, Verh. Bot. Zoo], Ges. Wien, 17(1, 185H.
II. -s. ■],.. Supp. Scbm. Eur.. 1850-58.
Guen., Phal.. 105, 1857.
Walk., List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xx, 135, I860.

Male, an ten use plumose, the pectinations being much longer than in
Sicya; in the female, well pectinated, about one-third shorter than in the
male. Head a little wider and fuller than in Sicya. Palpi as in Sicya.
Fore wings sublalcate, much as in Sicya, but slightly less excavated below
the apex, especially in the female. Hind wings much as in Sicya. but rather
fuller and rounder, less angulated. Venation: but one subcostal cell ; discal
venules much less oblique, otherwise as in Sicya. Hind legs as in Sicya,
the tibiae not being swollen, and the tarsi long and stout. Coloration: yellow,
with a scalloped outer line, the edge of the wing beyond brown ; but in the,
hind wings the outer margin is not discolored.

Sicya being the better known form, I have made that genus the standard
of comparison with this. In the form of the body and the shape of the
wings, 1 lie two genera are closely alike; the chief difference between them
being that the female antenna' are well pectinated in Heterolocha, but in
Sicya they are simple, while the fore wings area little less excavated and the
hind wings less angular in Heterolocha, the differences being most apparent
in the females.

Heterolocha edwakdsata Packard. Plate 11, fig. 48.

Heterolocha cdwardsata Pack., Proc. Boat. Sue. Nat. Hist., xiii,:?8:S, 187].

5 <? and 6 ?. — This very interesting species evidently is an aberrant
form of this genus of Lederer's. The head agrees with that of Antepione;
the form of the wings is a mean between Opisthograptis and Antepione. The
wings seem to be more falcate aud the outer edge mure oblique than in the

479

other species described; and in our species, the usual line on the hind wings
is wanting, approaching Opisthograplis in thai respect. The male, antennae
are very broadly pectinated, the branches suddenly shortening on the outer
quarter, the tip being filiform; the female antenn;e are moderately pecti-
nated, the tip being filiform. The hind wings are not so produced and
rounded toward "the apex as in Antepione, though more so than in Opistho-
scrap! is; mesial tooth slightly marked.

The head is yellow, with reddish-pink orbits and palpi. Body
yellow, and wings of the same color, the hind wings being unmarked, a
little paler. The fore wings with a distinct discal dot and a single, oblique,
outer, scalloped line, going obliquely from the outer quarter of the inner edge
to the costa just before the apex; beyond this line, the wing is more or less
stained with brown; the fringe is yellow, slightly stained with dark brown
below the apex ; the under side of the wings is sparsely scattered with
minute brown scales. Beneath are two subapical lines, forming a v; the
fringe is brown, and the wings more speckled than above; discal dots larger
than above.

The female differs in its much larger size, and in the inner line being
present, forming an unusually broad, diffuse, brown band, interrupted by the
veins and angulated in the median space; the outer edge of the wing reddish-
brown beyond the oblique, scalloped line, the wing becoming more yellowish
on the edge, and the fringe dark brown from the apex to the median angle.
The scalloped line re-appears distinctly beneath ; discal dot large ; several
other brown flecks are scattered over the middle of the wing.

Length of body, 0.50; of fore wing, J , 0.70, 9, 0.75; expanse of wings,
1.60 inches.

California (Edwards, Boh reus).

Dedicated to Mr. Henry Edwards, who has been the first to discover
the genus in North America.

SICYA Guenee Plate 5, tig. 14.

Sicya Gueii., Phal.. i, 104, 1857.

Walk., List Lep. Het. Br. Mns., xx, 133, 1860.

Male antenna? not very heavily pectinated ; entirely simple in the female.
Front of the head rather narrow, moderately full. Palpi slender, porrect,
extending as far as the front. Fore wings with (he costa slightly convex,

480

subfalcate; the apex subacute, the outer edge 1 >< i nii deeply liollow ••<! out
below; the angle of the outer edge nearer the apex than usual. Hind wings
with a well-pronounced angle in the outer edge; the apex well rounded.
Venation: two subcostal cells, the inner small, rhomboidal; the subcostal
venules very short ; the two discal venules together forming a deeply-curved
line. Hind tibiae not thickened; tarsi long and rather stout. Coloration:
yellow; an extradiscal straighl line on the fore wings, beyond which the
wing is discolored on the lower half with pale flesh-brown; and the entire
outer edge of the hind wings is similarly discolored.

This genus may be known by the fore wings being suddenly excavated
below the subacute falcate apex, and by the angle in the outer edge being
situated much nearer the apex than usual, as well as by the distinct angle in
the hind wings.

Sicya maculakia Harris. Plate 11, figs. 50, 51.

sii-i/d maeularia Harris!! !. Agassiz, Lake Superior, 392, pi. vii, tig. 3.
Sicya truncataria Gnen. ! ! !, Phal., i, 104, 1857.
Sicya solfalaria Gtien., Phal., i, 104, 1857.
Sicya sublimaria Guen. ! ! !, Phal., i, 105, 1857.

Sicya truncataria Wall;. ! ! !, List Lep. Het. Br. Mas., xx, 133, 18G0.
Sicya solfalaria Walk. ! ! !, List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xx, 134, 1860.
Sicya maeularia Walk., List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xx, 134, 1860.
Sicya crocearia Pack., Proo. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., xvi. 36, 1874.

1 9, described from Harris's type, from Lake Superior. — Bright
sulphur-yellow. Body yellow. Front1 of head tinged with orange. Fore
wings sulphur-yellow; costa fawn-colored at base: inner line composed
of irregular, fawn-colored spots, widest on the hind edge, bent at right angles
on the costa, straight in its course, and parallel to the outer line, which is
also interrupted between the large fawn-brown patch and the apex, there
being below the costa two brown dots, representing the line, and a pre-apical,
costal, brown spot ; below the first median venule, the line, brown and paler
within, is waved more than in the normal form, and the fawn-colored patch
between the line and the outer edge is rather shorter and broader than usual;
the fringe is white opposite the brown portion and yellow above, interrupted
b\ brown spots; a slight discal dot, and a few fawn-colored, faint flecks alonu
the costa and in the middle of the wing. Hind wings with a large discal dot;
the outer line terminates opposite the discal dot ; beyond it the wing is pale
fawn-brown, deepening at the internal angle, the patch not extending beyond

481

opposite the discal dot. Beneath, the hind wings are pale sulphur-yellow,
like the fore wings, and the markings all re-appear, but the discal dots and
flecks are larger and costal end of the outer line on the tore wing is waved,
and much more distinct. Legs yellowish, tinged irregularly, and banded
with pale fawn-color. -

Length of body, 0.50 ; of fore wing, 0.65 ; expanse of wings, 1.35
inches.

The hind wings are more angulated than usual, and the fringe of both
wings more decidedly scalloped. Harris says: "The male has pectinated
antennas and a long tongue."

2 cf. — The following description applies to the specimens from the
Eastern States :

Bright sulphur-yellow; abdomen and hind wing paler. Front of the
head yellowish; orbits and palpi orange. Fore wings bright straw-yellow,
unspotted. Basal third of the costa above and beneath edged with reddish-
brown. An oblique, straight, brown, inner line bent at right angles on the
costa. A small, brownish, discal dot, paler on the hind wings. Outer line
oblique, nearly parallel with outer edge of wing, slightly sinuate, ending a
little before the apex; dark brown fading out on the outside, and spreading
out triangularly (as if split) on the costa. The space between this line and
the outer edge is pale brown on the hinder three-quarters of the margin, sul-
phur-yellow toward the apex, which is tipped minutely with brown. Fringe
yellowish, whitish opposite the brown portion. Hind wings yellowish-white,
beyond the outer, sinuate, reddish-brown line washed with brown, though
much paler than on the fore wings. Beneath as above; outer line broader,
crinkled on the costa, and with a decidedly reddish-brown edge, though paler
than above. Legs broadly banded with pale brown.

Length of body, cJ, 0.45 ; of fore wing, 0.62 inch.

Bridport, Vt. (Putnam); White Mountains, early in August (Scudder);
Mount Washington, N. H. (Mus. Peab. Acad. Sc); Albany, N. Y. (Meske).

The following description applies to the Pacific-coast specimens, of
which one is represented on plate 11, fig. 51 :

Sulphur-yellow; palpi' and orbits deep reddish-orange ; thorax sulphur-
yellow, concolorous with the primaries : hind wings pale yellow, a little deeper
than the abdomen. Primaries crossed by two light-brown lines, the inner
(often obsolete) oblique, scarcely curved, and bent at right angles on the
Gl p n

482

costa; the outer runs straight from just beyond the middle of the inner edge
of ilie wing to the costa, on which it forks, ending just before the apex;
beyond this line, the wing is pale fawn-brown, the apical region clear yellow.
Hind wings with a single, sinuate, reddish or brown line, beyond which the
wing is tinged with reddish, while within the line it is-inclined to lie whitish.
Beneath whitish-yellow, the primaries more yellow than the secondaries; the
outer line a broad reddish-orange hand, with the wing beyond tinged witli the
same color, the apical region yellowish; a brown or paler curved line on the
hind wings, with a few brown rleeks beyond, though these are often wanting.
Legs pale, a little darker at the ends of the tibia', or broadly ringed with dark
brown.

Length of body, i, 0.45, 9, 0.35-0.50; of fore wing, <?, 0.55, 9, 0.47-
0.72; expanse of wings, 1.50 inches.

California (Edwards and Behrens); Nevada (Edwards).

The inner line is often obsolete, or represented by a few spots ; the outer
varying in depth of color, usually but little darker than the brown portion
beyond. Hind wings sometimes yellowish, with a brown line. A large
female from California, received from Mr. Behrens, differs from the others in
having the outer line on the fore wings obsolete between the median vein and
the costa, the lines brown, and the hind wings more yellowish and speckled
with brown scales.

In a single male specimen from California, the costa of the fore wings is
arched, the wings being much broader and fuller, with a distinct, dark, trian-
gular, costo-apical spot, while the base of the costa is reddish, the secondaries
much more rounded, and the line nearer the middle of the wing and distinctly
scalloped, but I judge the three forms to be simple local varieties, as the mark-
ings vary considerably in this genus. The five Nevada individuals are smaller
than the others, and with narrower wings.

Upon a careful comparison of all the specimens from all parts of the
country, I see no reason for not considering that all of GueneVs and my own
species are variations of a single species, and have, since seeing Guenee's and
Walker's types, been led to this determination. Guenee's 8. solfataria is cer-
tainly equivalent to his truncataria. Harris's type of macularia differs more
than any of (he others except one. One White Mountain anil a Cali-
fornian specimen are of the same size, and with markings almost identi-
cal. I do not see any good reason for GueneVs dropping Harris's name macu-

483

laria, and substituting sublimaria (or it because maculuria has been used for
a species of tl Ennomidte", so long as it has not been used in the genus.

ANTEPIONE, gen. nov. Plate 5, fig. 16.

Epiouc Gi\>te, Proc. Eut, Soc. Pliila., iii, 90, 1864.

Head a little wider in front than in Sicya, and rather more square than
in Heterolocha ; hairs on the front projecting more than usual. Palpi longer
than in those genera, extending farther than usual beyond the front; they are
large, stout, ascending, and the third joint large and very distinct, Male
antennae thick, compressed, simple; in the female slender and simple. Fore
wings rather short and broad, the costa slightly convex; apex falcate, espec-
ially in the female, regularly excavated below the apex, not so suddenly so as
in Sicya ; a well-marked angle in the middle of the outer edge. Hind wings
with an unusually large angle, much more prominent than in Sicya, extending
slightly beyond the end of the abdomen. Venation : costal vein anastomos-
ing with the subcostal ; the first four subcostal venules equal in length ; a
long, narrow, subcostal cell; the discal venules together forming a curved
line. Hind legs with the tibia? swollen ; tarsi two-thirds as long as the tibiae.
Coloration : deep yellow, with a large costo-apical brown spot, and the edge
of both wings often brown, sometimes clear.

This genus differs from Sicya and Heterolocha in the simple antennas,
the well-angulated hind wings, subfalcate fore wings, and swollen hind tibiae.
It differs from Epione by the simple antenna?, the entire hind wings, which
are not excavated in front of the median angle as in Epione, while the fore
wings are more falcate.

Synopsis of the Species.

Wings deep yellow at base, brown cm the outer half i. dejiontauata.

Body and wings uniformly light yellow ; a costo-apical spot, and another opposite on the

inner edge of the fore wing A. sulphurata.

Antepione depontanata Packard. Plate 11, fig. 55.

Epione depordanala Grole, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila., iii, 90, pi. 2, fig. 7, $ , 1864.

3 <f . — Body and wings yellow; head in front and tips of the palpi
brown. Fore wings bright straw-yellow on the basal two-thirds; a basal
brown line curved outward toward the small discal dot, and again below the

484

median vein. The exl radiscal line runs from the triangular costo-apical spot

t ar the middle id' the inner edge of the wing, and merges into the brown

margin of the wing. The triangular costo-apical spot is edged with deep
reddish-brown. Hind wings yellow to a little beyond the middle, with a
distinct discal spot; beyond brown, as in the fore wings; beneath bright,
yellow, mottled with brown; fore wings brownish on the outer third, but
mottled more or less with yellow, a diffuse extradiscal band being left, and
a submarginal row of dark spots; a similar arrangement on the hind wings,
but less marked, the wing externally being more yellow. .

Length of body, c?, 0.53; of fore wings, 0.65; expanse of wings, 1.35
inches.

Brooklyn, N. Y. (Graef) ; West Farms, N. Y. (Angus) ; Glencoe, Nebr.
(Dodge) ; New Jersey (Sachs) ; Maryland (Mus. Comp. Zool.).

This well-marked species differs from the other in the hind wings being
a little less angular, and in the outer third (nearly one-half) of both wings
being brown.

Antepione sulphurata Packard. Plate 11, fig. 56.

Heterolocha stulphuraria Pack., Fifth Rep. Pcab. Acad. Sc, 79, 1873.

2 9. — Uniformly sulphur-yellow above and below, the outer edge of
the wings not being brown, as usual. Head and palpi brown, rest of the body
sulphur. Legs brown. Fore wings with the basal third of the costa brown
on the extreme edge. Inner line obsolete ; a few minute, pale, reddish-brown
spots indicating its site. Outer band consisting of two brown spots on the
inner edge of the wing, forming a two-scalloped short band, reaching to the
third median venule, the inner edge being deeper brown; two or three scat-
tered, diffuse spots (or none) connect the band with the subapical, costal,
large, triangular spot, which is either brown, or with paler scales (white and
yellowish) in the center. Minute brown flecks forming an obscure line
(wanting in one specimen) midway between the outer line and the edge of
the wing. Fringe on both wings yellow, with a brownish hair-line at the
base. Hind wings clear, except an obsolete transverse band indicated by a
double, brown, abbreviated line at the outer third of (he inner edge. Beneath
more spotted than above. Outer line with a large patch in the middle of the
wing; discal dot minute. This species (as also another from the Middle
States, which differs in having the outer edge of both wings broadly bordered

485

with brown, but with the large triangular costo-apical spot present, though
the specimen (from Clemens' s collection) is too imperfect to be farther charac-
terized) has unusually-angulatcd wings, the hind wing being produced into a
decided tail.

Length of body, 9, 0.55; of fore wing, 9, 0.70; expanse of wings, 1.45
inches.

West Farms, N. Y. (J. Angus) ; Middle States (Ent. Soc.) ; Kansas
(Snow).

EPIONE Duponchel.

Euchlwna Hiibn. (in part), 293, 1818.

Ennomos Treits. (in part), Schm. Eur., vi (i), 3, 1827.

Epione Dup. (in part), Lep. France, vii (iv), 211, 1829.

Bradycpctes Steph. (in part), Nomencl. Br. Ins., 44, 1829.

Ennomos Boisd., Gen. Intl., 182, 1840.

Epione Dup., Cat., 222, 1844.

H.-Sch., Schru. Eur., iii, 48, 1847.

Lederer, Verh. Bot. Zool. Ges. Wien, 176, 1853.

Guen., Pbal., i, 95, 1857.

Walk., List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xx; 117, 1860.

Larva. — " Caterpillars ramiform, but without protuberances, with the
4th ring enlarged ; head small and flattened ; living exposed on trees.
Chrysalides moniliform, reddish brown, very lively, contained in a network
of silk between leaves.'' — (Guenee.)

Epione mollicularia Zeller. Plate 11, fig. 57.

Epione mollicularia Zeller ! ! !, Verb. Bot. Zool. Ges. Wien, 481, 1872.

2 <?. — Body deep yellow; head and palpi dull pinkish. Fore wings
pinkish-brown on the basal third, limited by the inner line, which is much
curved outward, but somewhat angular on the subcostal vein. The middle
of the wing is of a clear deep yellow, with no markings except the faint
discal dot. The extradiscal dark line, which bounds the yellow portion of the
wing, is oblique, slightly sinuous, and nearly parallel with the outer edge of
the wing. Beyond this line the wing is dull pink, concolorous with the basal
third of the wing. The fringe on both wings is dark pink, concolorous with
the lines. Hind wings of the same clear deep yellow as the middle of the
fore wings, with a distinct pink discal dot. The dark pink extradiscal line
is slightly curved outward opposite the discal dot, and beyond this the wings
are pink. Beneath much as above, but the lines are darker and rather

486

heavier, and the yellow portions are freckled with brown specks; discal dots
distinct.

Length of body, <?, 0.40; of fore wing, <* , 0.55; expanse of wings,
1.15 inches.

Dallas, Tex. (Boll, Mas. Peab. Acad. Sc, Mas. Corap. Zool.).

rriiis description is drawn up in part from Professor Zeller's type-speci-
men. Il is one of the most delicate and beautiful species of the family, and,
with ils falcate fore wings, excavated hind wings, with their acute apex, the
broad pink margins of the wings, and the deep yellow middle portion, need
not be confounded with our other species of the family.

ANAGOGA Hubner. Plate 5, fig. 17.

Anagoga Hiibn. (in part), Verz., '294, 1818.

Azinephora Stepta., Nomencl. Br. Ins., 44, 1829; "Cat., ii, 126, 1829.'
Numeria Dnp. (in part), Lep. France, viii, 107, 1829.
Anogoge Steph., Cat. 15r. Lep., 177, 1850.
Numeria Lederer, Verh. Bot. Zool. Ges. Wieu, 175, 1853.
Guen. (in part), Thai., ii, 134, 1857.

Body rather stout; abdomen of the male short and stout compared with
those of Selidosema and Lozogramma. Front full and convex. Palpi large
and long, though shorter, ascending and reaching by nearly the length of the
head beyond the front; second joint very long; third short, conical, very
small, depressed. Male antennae heavily pectinated nearly to the tip; in the
female, simple. Fore wings with the costa arched rather more than usual;
the apex acute, a little produced, but hardly subfalcate; outer edge bent more
or less on the first median venule. Hind wings considerably produced
toward the apex, which is rounded, of much the same shape as in Selidosema,
the outer edge not being very full, while the inner angle is well marked.
Its venation differs remarkably from that of Lozogramma and Selidosema in the
presence of a short, broad, rhomboidal, subcostal areole, there being no areole
in Selidosema, and the areole in Lozogramma being very long and narrow.
The discal venules taken together follow a much curved line, much more
regularly bent than in the allied genera named. Hind legs with the tibiae
long and slender, not swollen; tarsi nearly its long as the tibiae.

Coloration usually ochreous-gray, dusted with ochreous-brown, with a
single brown band, and tinged beneath with violet.

This genus has the front, palpi, antennae, venation, and hind legs of
Endropia, bat with the shape of the wings <>l Selidosema and Lozogramma^

487

particularly noticeable in those individuals in which the wings are not well
angled. These characters are so fundamental that I remove the genus from
the neighborhood of Lozogramma to that of Endropia. From this genus
and Antepione, &c., it differs in the rounded hind wings, and their want of any
well-marked angle or scallops. In form, they are not unlike Heterolocha.
The venation is much as in Antepione, but the areole is much shorter, being
regularly rhomboidal, while in Endropia there is no areole. Anugugu has
therefore an interesting combination of the characters of Sclidosema, Antepione,
Endropia, and Heterolocha.

As regards the selection of a generic name, Numeria must be dropped
for either Hiibner's Anagoga (1S18) or Stephen's Azinephora (1829) ; the
former should evidently be retained.

Anagoga pulveraria Hiibner. Plate 9, figs. 54, 55.

Phalaina- Geometra pulveraria Liun., Syst. Nat., 10th ed.,521, 1758.

" Geometra pulveraria Hiibn., Scbm. Eur., tab. 39, tig. 203." »

Fidonia pulveraria Treits., Scbm. Eur., vi (i), 309, 1827.

Uup., Lep. France, viii (iv), 471, plate 170, figs. 1, 2, 1829.
Azinephora pulveraria Steph., Nomencl. Br. Ins., 44, 1829; " Cat., ii, 126, 1829."
Numeria pulveraria H.-Scb., Scbm. Eur., iii, 68, 1847.
Anagoge pulveraria Steph., Cat. Br. Lep., 177, 1850.
Numeria pulveraria Lederer, Verb. Bot. Zool. Ges. Wien, 175, 1853.

Guen., Phal., ii, 137, 1857.

Walk., List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxiii, 1016, 1861.
Numeria occiduaria Walk., List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxiii, 1016, 1861.
Ellopia plagifasciata Walk., List Lop. Het. Br. Mas., xxvi, 1508, 1802.
Ellopia californiaria Pack., Proc. Boat. Soc. Nat. Hist., xiii, 384, 1871,

3 <f and 2 9. — Pale rusty-ash, with a faint lilac tinge, with numerous
brown scales and strigae. In the middle of the fore wing, a dark-brown band,
contrasting with the rest of the wing; inner side of the band moderately
oblique, the edge being straight, not sinuate. On the outer side, the band is
deeply hollowed out below the second median venule, the curve being very
regular, and toward the costa the baud retreats toward the middle of the
wing, so that the band is just as wide on the costa as at the lower portion
opposite the excavation. Below the costa, the band sends out three prolonged
teeth on the last subcostal, and the first and second median venules respect-
ively. Beyond, the wing is colored as near the base. Hind wings, more
densely speckled than fore wings, with a short, straight, brown line, starting
from the inner edge near the inner angle, and fading away before reaching the
middle of the wing; otherwise, the wing is unmarked. Beneath, no lines,

188

bul Ihe wing is ochreous, with a distinct yellowish tinge, and is densely
speckled with brown, uniformly on both wings.

Length of body, 3, 0.45-0 55, 9, 0.45; of fore wing, S, 0.70-0.72,
9, 0.60-0 70: expanse of wings, 0.95-1.35 inches.

Brunswick, Me., June 25 to July 10, not common (Packard) ; sides of
Mount Washington, X. 11., July (Morrison); Natick, Mass., June 29 (St ration) ;
Albany, X. V. (Lintner) ; South Carolina (Sachs); Victoria, Vancouver's
Island, July (Crotch, Mus. Comp. Zool ) ; Sanzalito, Cal. (Behrens).

This widely-distributed species may be known by the uniform rust-ash
color, with the broad darker mesial hand sending the three attenuated teeth
along the venules, and by the irregular lilac band on the under side of the wing.
It is liable to be confounded, from the thinness of the wings and the style of
coloration, with the species of Therina.

I can find no differences between our specimens from New England,
California, or Europe, that would even indicate climatic varieties. The Cali-
fornian ones do not at all vary from New England examples. In the European,
the band is a little narrower on the inner edge, the sinus being shallower ;
but, in the coloration, there is absolutely no difference. In size, the Europeans
are larger than the Eastern American, and like the California!), the latter
slightly exceeding any of my European examples. Expanse of wings of the
New England specimens, 0.95-1.26; European, 1.25-1.30; Vancouver's
Island and Californian, 1.40 inches. These facts confirm what has been
seen in other species, that European and Pacific-coast examples of the same
species are usually larger than New England or Atlantic-coast specimens.

The only important variation observed is a variety figured on plate 9,
fig. 55, from Natick. Mass. It is a male, and smaller than usual, with the
wings opaque, the mesial band confused with the outer part of the wing,
and narrower than usual, and there is a broad diffuse shade on the hind
wings.

Larva — "Mr. Merryfield has described the general color of the cater-
pillar as purplish-brown, varied with ochreous: the head is bifid, light ochre-
ous-brown, especially in front ; a brown ochreous stripe, lightest at the upper
edge, along the upper part of the side of the fifth segment. On each segment
from the tilth (inclusive) backwards, is a pair of very small points, which are
lighl in front and dark behind, besides smaller points just behind the spira-
cles. A pair of large warts on the back of the ninth segment, a pair much

489

smaller on flic hack of the tenth and twelfth, and a pair smaller on the back
of the eleventh segment. The tenth, eleventh, and twelfth segments have
some dark arrow-head lines (not however quite meeting in a point) on the
back margined outwardly with ochreous ; sides wrinkled, especially in the
fore part of the body ; belly purplish-brown, with ochreous blotches on each
side, the claspers underneath being dark bluish-green, and the space between
each pair of claspers yellowish ; sometimes a lighter line down the middle of
the belly. It feeds on sallow, spinning up among leaves and moss when full
fed."— (Newman's British Moths, 90.)

Mr. L. W. Goodell writes me that he found the larva on the hazel-nut
October 4, and that it measured, when fully grown, 0.90 inch in length, and
was of a light-gray color, variegated obscurely with darker gray and a few
black points. On the back of the eighth ring was a small hump; it became
a pupa October 6, after spinning a thin cocoon within a folded leaf. The
pupa is 0.40 inch long, is light brown, tinged with greenish on the thorax.

In the female from South Carolina, the body and wings are of a dark
fawn-color, with the spots and hand much deeper in tone than in the males,
and beneath with a decided pink tinge.

The distribution of this moth in the Old World is thus given by Staud-
inger: Central and Northern Europe (excluding the polar regions); Piedmont;
Bulgaria; Ural and Atlas Mountains ; and Amur.

Of the other American species placed in this genus by M. Guene*e, N.
obfirmaria belongs to the Ennomince ; JY. duaria and iV. hamaria are species
of Endropia, as I observed by an examination of the type-specimen through
the kindness of M. Guende.

Desideratum.

Numeria frit Maria Guen. — "30mm. Ailes supeYieures a- coude a peine
seuti ; inferieures arrondies ; les quatre d'un blanc-fumeux, asperge"es d'une
multitude stries d'un brun de hois, avec des traits terminaux noirs, et une
ombre mediane commune large, fondue, indecise et traversee par une seYie de
points noirs, suivis, aux supeYieures, de petites places blanches, dont une plus
large entre 2 et 3. Les memes ailes ont, en outre, les traces d'une ombre
extrabasilaire. Dessous a, pen pres semblable h celui de Capreolaria."

I had thought this might be Cleora pulchraria, but it is evidently an

Anagoga.

62 p n

490
METROCAMPA Latreille. Plate 5, fig. 11.

•■ Campoea Lam. (in pari i. An. sans Vert., iii, ICO, 8, 1816."

Eudalimia Hiil.n. (in pari I, Verz., 286, L818.

Metrocampa Lair., lam. Nat., I", 1825.

Ellopia Treits. (in pan >. Schm. Eur., vi (v), 80, 1827.

Metrocampa Dnp. i in pan I, Lep. France, vii (iv), 122, 1820.

Fhalwna Stepb., Noraencl. Br. Ins., 43, 1829.

Campaa Steph., 111., iii. ire. 1831.

Mcti-ocam/ia Boisd. (in part), Gen. Ind., 181, 1840.

Dili.. Mil part). Cat., '.'17, 1844.

ll.-Scb. (in part), Selim. Knr., iii, :!',», 18-17.
Eudalimia Steph., Cat. Br. Lep., 168, 1850.
Metrocampa Lederer, Verh. Bot. Zool. ties. Wien, 1?."), 1853.

Guen., l'lial., i, 126, Is-.".?.

Walk., List Lep. 11. t. Br. Mils., xx, 155, 1860.

Head with the front narrow, square. Labrum long, triangular. Man-
dibles long and slender. Palpi small and slender, narrow, ascending slightly ;
third joint minute, pointed, depressed, slightly surpassing the front. Antenna.'
well pectinated, simple in the female. Thorax moderately stout. Wings
broad, fore wings with the costa convex; apex slightly bordered, slightly sub-
falcate. Outer margin distinctly angulated in the middle, being very slightly
excavated between the bend and the apex. Hind wings broad ; internal
angle subrectangular, even with the tip of the abdomen. Apex much rounded.
Middle angle obtuse, a slight scallop between this and the apex. Venation:
no subcostal cell ; the first four subcostal venules are long ; the independent
vein is situated rather near the sixth subcostal; the posterior diseal vein is
very oblique, but not curved as in Ellopia. Legs long, slender; hind tibia}
hardly thickened, very long. Spurs slender; hind tarsi but little more than
half as long as the tibiae. Abdomen long, very slender. Anal tuft rather
long. Coloration: pearly-white, with a greenish tinge; an inner and outer
straight oblique line margined without with white.

This genus, besides being easily identifiable by the pearly-white color
of the species, differs a good deal from Therina, to which it is nearly allied
in the venation; while the antenna' are scarcely plumose, though the shape
of the wings is nearly the same in the two genera.

Larva. — "Caterpillars elongated, convex above, much flattened below,
with lateral filamentous appendages as in Catocala; having three pairs of
abdominal feet, of which the first are slenderer and shorter than the second;
head flattened in front; living on trees. Chrysalides at the surface of the
earth." — Guenee

Newman states that the caterpillar of M. margaritata "is of a dull olive-

491

green colour, with a darker line down the middle of the back, margined on
both sides with a series of whitish marks". It feeds on the broom, elm, horn-
beam, birch, and oak. It is found in September, and again in May, living
through the winter.

Meteocampa perlaria Guene'e. Plate 12, fig. 1.

Metrocampa pcrtata Guen., Pbal., i, 128, 1857.

Walk., List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xx, 157, 1860.
Metrocampa virido-perlata Pack., Proc. Bost. Soe. Nat. Hist., xvi, :!8, 1874.

5 3 and 7 9 . — Pearly-white, with a decided greenish tinge. Body,
antennae, and feet snow-white. Front white; a transverse reddish line just
below the antennae, but never extending below on to the front. Fore wings
crossed by two broad, diffuse, white lines, bordered widely within with pale
brown, which fades into the ground-color of the wing ; both lines are straight-
Fringe white. Beneath white; the lines not reproduced beneath.

It is, contrary to GueneVs statement, as large as the European marga-
ritacea, but may perhaps often be smaller ; but the angle of the hind wings
is no more marked than in the European, but, as he says, the outer line
terminates nearer the apex, and this is the best character to separate our two
American species from the European, while the front of the European is
redder, the front edge of the front being white, and the wings uniformly
greener.

Length of body, <?, 0.50-0.60, 9, 0.50; of fore wing, 3, 0.75-0.85, 9,
0.90-1.00 ; expanse of wings, 1.45-2.00 inches.

Montreal, Canada (Lyman); Brunswick, Me. (Packard); Portland, Me.
(Morse); White Mountains, N. H.. July 20-30 (Scudder); New York (Grote);
West Farms, N. Y. (Angus); Philadelphia, Pa. (Ent. Soc).

This species, at once recognized by its pearly-white color and greenish
tinge, differs only from the European ntargaritaria in the extradiscal line
being bent at right angles on the costa, while in the European species there
is only a slight curve.

Although I originally regarded two Californian examples as distinct from
the eastern perlata, on further comparison with more material (2 £ and 5 9)
from Vancouver Island, I can see no differences of importance. The western
ones are a little larger than the eastern.

Length of wing of Vancouver's Island specimens, <?, 0.85, 9, 1.00; of
a 3 from New York, 0.75; of a 9 from White Mountains, N. II, 0.90, and
one from Philadelphia, Pa., 0.95 inch

I'.IL'

THERINA Hiibner. Plate G, fig. 1.

Therina HiibD., Verz ,283, L818.
Ellopia Treits. (in part), 8ohm. Eur., vi (i),89, 1827.
Metrocampa Hup. on part),Lep. Frauce, % i i ii\ I, 122, 1829.
E7topiaSUpb.,Nomenci. Br. In-.. 13,1829.

Steph., 111., iii, 177, 1831.
Mi Irocampa Boisd. (in part;, Gen. I ml., 181, 1840.
Dup. (in part), Cat., 217, L844.
II. -s,ii. mi part),Schm. Eur., iii, 39, 1847.
Miopia Stepb., Cat. Br. Lep., 108, 1850.

Lederer, Verb. lint. Zool. Ges. Wien, 175,1853.

(.iicn., Phal., i, 129, 1857.

Walk.. List Lep. Hat. Br. Mns., xx, 158, 1860.

Scales of the vertex rather long ; those of the front short and closely
appressed". Mandibles and labrum long, the bases much exserted beyond
tin' front Palpi very slender, acute, slightly ascending; the third joint,
which is as broad as the second joint, surpasses the front; the first and
second very narrow. Antennae with very long pectinations; in the female,
simple. Thorax slender. AVings thin and broad. Fore wings with the
costa convex, especially on the apex. Outer margin bent on the second
median venule, hardly angulated, somewhat excavated between the bend
and the apex; in the female, more excavated and angulated. Hind wings
with the internal angle rectangular, passing a little beyond the tip of the
abdomen. Apex much rounded, Middle angle obtuse, more acute -in the
female than in the male. Venation: costal region very wide; two subcostal
cells, the inner lozenge-shaped, long and narrow, the outer irregularly oblong ;
the posterior discal venule partly obsolete, much curved on the obsolete
portion. Legs very slender; hind tibia? not thickened. Spurs slender;
terminal pair one-third as long as the first pair. Tarsi two-thirds as long as
the tibiae. Male abdomen very slender, with a slight tuft; female slender,
very obtuse. Coloration: pale ochreous, very thinly scaled, semi-transparent.
An inner and outer line, the outer straight, or angulated inward below the
costa and on the fourth median venule.

* While very similar to Metrocampa in the form of the wings, the antennae
are more plumose, and there are two subcostal cells, where there is none in
Metrocampa. The wings of the male are more angular than in the female in
Ibis genus and in Metrocampa, while the reverse is the case in Sicya, Hetero-
locha, ami Opisthograptis.

Larva. — "Caterpillars cylindrical, withoul ventral fringes, having ten
complete feet, and besides an eleventh shorter or rudimentary pair; body

493

sometimes smooth, sometimes ornamented with small trapezoidal tubercles,
but without any other eminence ; head flattened ; living on trees." — (Guene'e.)

Synopsis of the Species.

A. Wings well bent, with a distinct angle on the hinder pair:

Suboehreous, with dark Hues edged with ochreous T. fervidaria.

Whitisb-ochreous, with two parallel straight lines T. endropiaria.

B. Wings slightly bent; hind wings rounded:

Dusky; hyaline ; veins dark T. seminudaria.

Therina fervidaria Hiibner. Plate 12, figs. 2, 3; larva, plate 13, fig. 34;

pupa, fig. 34 a.

Therina fervidaria Hiibner, Geyer's Zutr., 8, figs. 499,500, 18'£>.

Ellopia fervidaria Guen., Phal., i, 13-2, l-.">7.

Ellopia fiscellaria Guen., Phal., i, 133, 1857.

Ellopia flagitiaria Guen., Thai., i. 133, 1857.

EUopia fervidaria Walk., List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xx, 161, 1860.

EUopia fiscellaria Walk., List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xx, 161, 1860.

Ellopia scitata Walk. ! ! !, List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxvi, 1510, 1862.

12 $ and 2 9. — Pale ochreous, more so than usual; head and front of
the thorax and antennae deep ochreous. Wings densely speckled with smoky
spots (though varying in degree of irroration). Wings well angulated, the
angle on the fore wings often acute, on the hind wings forming a slight tail.
Outer line dark brown, bordered externally with ochreous. Inner line
situated either on or a little within the inner third of the wing, a little
curved. Discal dot dark, distinct, sometimes wanting on the hind wings.
Outer line sinuate, or zigzag, varying greatly, the angle on the first median
venule being slight or very marked on both wings. On the hind wings, a
single line only. Beneath, much paler ; the lines re-appear, but are diffuse
and smoky. Legs: tibiae and tarsi of the two pairs of fore legs brown; hind
legs pale ochreous.

Length of body, S, 0.60; of fore wing, <?, O.G5-0.85, 9, 0.73; ex-
panse of wings, 1.50 inches.

Montreal, Canada (Lyman) ; Dublin, N. H. (Leonard, Harris Coll.) ;
Massachusetts (Sanborn and Harris Coll.); Amherst (Packard); Maine,
common in hard woods late in September and early in October (Packard
and Morse) ; Salem, Mass., October 1 (Cassino) ; New York (Angus and
Grote) ; Albany, N. Y. (Lintrier and Meske) ; Philadelphia, Pa. (Ent. Soc.) ;
Victoria, Vancouver's Island, July (Edwards and Crotch, Mus. Comp. Zool.).

494

In one male received from the American Entomological Society, while
the wings are well angulated, the miter line is much straighter than usual,
being bul slightly sinnate, as is the lint- on the bind wings; bu1 otherwise it
does nut differ.

This is our most common species, and is at once known by the much
speckled wings and ochreous-bordered, blackish lines. It varies greatly in
the distance apart of the two lines, which, in the lore wing, are in some twice
as wide apart as in others.

This species is so variable that I have been able to find varieties corre-
sponding to Hiibner's fervidaria and GueneVs fiscellaria. About Gj-ueneVs
fiagitiaria 1 do not feel so sure ; but while it is a distinct variety, 1 find forms
of fervidaria which correspond to it, the lines being dark. Walker's speci-
mens in the British Museum labeled E. fervidaria, fiscellaria, and fiagitiaria,
arc different forms of the same species.

Hiibner's figures of T. fervidaria differ from the normal form of the
species, namely, T. fiscellaria, in the male wings being scarcely angulated, in
f he outer line on the fore wings being bent backward and inward on the costa. as
no other species has it, and he docs not represent the lines as showing
through on the under side, as those vd. fiscellaria do decidedly. Plate 12, fig.
2, represents the ordinary form (— Gruene'e's fiscellaria), and fig. 3 the
variety with simply sinuous lines, which is Hiibner's fervidaria.

Idle five males and one female from Vancouver's Island are larger, but
do not differ so much from eastern examples as the latter among themselves.
They are more yellow, with coarser dark speckles, and the lines are more
broadly shaded with yellow. The length of one fore wing is 0.85, while that
of a large eastern example is 0.73 inch. Certain eastern examples from
Salem are colored much as in the Vancouver's Island ones. The examples
from Salem are deeply suffused with dark beyond the cxtradiscal line, the
shade extending half-way to the edge of the wing, while the inner line is
\cvy diffuse.

Larva. — Body cylindrical, smooth ; head of the same width as the body.
Body yellowish-green above, pale purplish below. Two fine, blackish, lateral
lines, with a pale line above. Pupa rather slender, whitish, slashed and
spotted with brown. Food-plant, Halesia diptera. — (Described from Abbot's
.MS. drawing.)

495
Therina endkopiaria Packard. Plate 12, fig. G.

Ettopia pultaria Walk.!!!, List Lep. Het. Br. Mns., xx, 160, I860.

Ellopia eitdropiaria Grote and Rob.!!!, Arm. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., viii, plate 15A, fig. 10, 1867.

$ and 9. — Head and thorax, including the antennae and legs, pale
ochreous, extending to the costae of the fore wings, especially the under side.
Wings pale whitish, with a slight ochreous tint, with indistinct cinereous
speckles, especially marked toward the outer edge; fringe concolorous with
the rest of the wings; two parallel lines, the inner a perfectly straight, pale-
brown hair-line, situated just before the forking of the median vein, and
the outer, narrow, cinereous, slightly oblique, but not curved ; on the sec-
ondaries, which are concolorous with the fore wings, is a single line, very
slightly curved in the middle; no discal dot on either wing; outer edge
angulated distinctly; the tail on the hind wings well developed, but a little
less so than in E. Jlagitiaria, and the wings are broader and shorter, while
the anterior pair are not produced so much at the apex. Beneath, the costa
is ochreous, but the rest of the wing is whitish-ochreous; the wings are
very transparent, so that the lines distinctly appear through.

Length of body, S, 0.55; of fore wing, cf, 0.70, ?, 0 75; expanse of
wings, 1.50 inches.

Montreal, Canada (Caulfield) ; Massachusetts (Sanborn) ; Brooklyn,
N. Y. (Graef) ; New York (Grote) ; Philadelphia (Grote).

The ochreous head and thorax, including the antennae, in distinction
from the pale transparent wings, the pale-brown, parallel lines, the inner
perfectly straight and the outer one slightly curved, will separate this species
from its allies. The under side is less strigated than the upper. One male
specimen differs in the outer line being a little curved, and much nearer the
outer edge of the wing than usual.

It does not seem to be identical with Ellopia pultaria of Guene'e, for he
describes it as having the hind wings almost completely rounded, while in
our specimens they are as much bent as in Th. fcrrkhiria. Walker's pultaria
is this species, according to Mr. Grote (Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, 1868).

Therina seminudaria Packard. Plate 12, figs. 4, 5.

TEllopia mqualiaria Walk., List Lep. Het. Br. Mns., xx, 164, 1860.

Ettopia seminudata Walk. ! ! !, List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxvi, 1508, 1862.

Ellopia siccaria Walk., List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxxv, Snppl. v, 1547, 1866.

Ettopia bibularia Grote and Rob., Ann. Nat. Hist. N. Y., viii, plate 15 A, fig. 8, $, 1867.

Ellopia pellueidaria Grote and Rob.. Ann. Nat. Hist. N. Y., viii, plate 15 A, fig. 9, 9 , 1867.

3 S and 3 9. — Smoky hyaline ash-color, often whitish; head ochreous.

496

Palpi rather stout, ascending, passing a little beyond the fronl ; third joint
rather long, conical. Antennae ochreous, ashen above, with long, delicate,
line, close-set, black pectinations. Body pale cinereous, with an almost
imperceptible ochreous tinge. Fore wings with a basal, slightly-curved, dark,
diffuse line, which is especially marked on the veins; discal dot distinct, but
diffuse, rather larger than in T. Jiscellaria ; an outer, not very oblique, slightly
sinuate, dusky line, sometimes angulated on the first median venule in both
wings; it is thickened on the venules, curving inward a little toward the
base; the wings are rather thickly flaked with smoky strigse, especially on
the costa and outer edge. Hind wings without any discal dot; the single
line a little curved, not reaching to the costa; wings very transparent at the
base. Beneath, whitish, very transparent; the lines faintly appear ; no discal
dot; costa tinged slightly with ochreous. Hind wings scarcely angulated,
the angle being almost obsolete.

Length of body, S, 0.50; of fore wing, c?, 0.70-0.73, 9, 0.75; expanse
of wings, 1.50 inches.

Montreal, Canada (Caulfield) ; Massachusetts (Sanborn) ; Eastham,
Mass. (W. C. Fish) ; Cape Cod, Mass., June 16 (Prof. Agassiz, Mas. Comp.
Zool.) ; New York (Grote) ; near Mammoth Cave, Ky., April 26 (Sanborn,
( ieol. Surv. Ky.).

This is a very variable species, in rubbed examples being unusually pale
transparent ashen, but dusky in fresh specimens. The lines are arranged
much as in E. jiscellaria, but where the wings are slightly rubbed they are
represented by a series of punctures on the venules. The unusually long,
filiform, closely-set pectinations of the antennae, and the granite-gray wings,
with dusky lines, not tinged with ochreous, will distinguish it from the other
species. It varies greatly, the lines in one female being twice as far apart
as in another, and the outer line in some being almost straight, in others a
lil tie bent. If I had had Mr. Grote's types alone of male E. bibularia and
female pellucidaria, I should have regarded them as distinct; but, with the
addition of other specimens of both sexes, I have felt compelled to unite them,
as the species seems to be as variable as in T. Jiscellaria. One Kentucky
female expands only 1.20 inches. It is represented on plate 12, fig. 5; but
the artist has not. represented the inner line on the fore wings.

Desiderata.
Ellopia pultaria (iuen., Thai., i, L32, 9. — "40mm. Ailes d'un jaune.-paille

497

sale, avec les lignes pen marquees, impacte'es de jaune-fauvre et de gris
pale : supe'rieures avec Tangle de la 2 pen sensible et le bord droit jusqu'k
l'apex, les denx lignes tkartees presque paralleles, la coudee obliteree au
sotnmet et sans angle sensible. Ailes infeYieures presque completement
arrondies, avec la ligne presque droite on <1 n moins k peine arquee et sans
angle sensible. Ailes inferieures presque completement arrondies, avec la
ligne' presque droite on du moins a peine arquee et sans coude. Dessous
tout uni, sans aucun dessin ni nuance. Tele et collier d'un jaune-ochrace".

"Ame'r. Septentrionale en mai dans les prairies et les bois de chene.
Une 9. Coll. Gn.

"Chenille d'un gris-jaun&tre sur le dos, d'un gris-violatre sous le venire
et sur les cotes; ces deux nuances traversers par des lignes noires et se^pare"es
par une bandelette laterale blanche. Tete et pattes concolores. Elle vit en
avril sur les chenes. La chrysalide est d'un blanc-tostace, avec l'enveloppe
des ailes marquee de traits noirs dans le sens des nervines et quatre trainees
longitudinales d'atomes noiratres."

Ellopia? placearia Guen., Phal., i, 132, 1857. — "36mm. Ailes superieures
ayant un coude tres-marque et tres-anguleux au bout de la 2, (run ochrace"
pale, fortement strie verticalement de gris, avec les deux lignes assez rap-
prochees: la premiere coude'e sur la costale, la seconde fbrmant un coude
arrondi dans la cellule, puis paralleles jusqu'au bas et laissant entre elles un
espace plus fence" que le fond. Inferieures plus claires et un peu rougeatres,
unies et avec les traces d'une ligne en dessus, tres-striees et avec cette ligne
tres-distincte et coudee dans la cellule en dessous. Ces ailes ayant un petit
angle ou dent peu saiilante au bout de la 2. Palpes plus longs et plus herisses
que chez les autres Ellopia et de'passant notablement la tete. Californie. Un
S. Coll. Gn. Elle differe uh peu des autres Ellopia et n'appartient peufc-
etre pas h ce genre."

Ellopia panisaria Walk , List, xx, 163. One of the specimens in the
British Museum is a true E. pultaria Walk., and the other is Endropia lateri-
tiaria Walk.!!! \Numeria duaria Guen.!!!].

Ellopia? amy risaria Walk., List, xx, 1G4, is a Caberodes, and too much
rubbed for identification or description

Ellopia inyandaria Walk., List, xx, 164, from Mexico, is a Caberodes.-

Ellopia aniusaria Walk., List, xxvi, 1507, is evidently Eufitckia ribearia.
63 p H

498

Ellopia plagifasciata Walk.. List, xxvi, 1508, is evidently Anagoga pul-
/•' raria.

Ellopia basiaria Walk., List, xxvi, 1508, is Gueneria basiata!.

Ellopia subprivata Walk.. List, xxvi, 1509. This is a much-rubbed Epione
sinuaria, as labeled by Walker.

Ellopia incoloraria Walk., List, xxvi, 1509. This species is Gueneria
basiata !.

Ellopia deplanaria Walk., List, xxvi, 1510. This is an Endropia; prob-
ably E. amcenaria or near it.

Ellopia scitala Walk., List, xxvi. 1510. This is not a Therina.

EPIRRANTHIS Hiibner.

Epirranthis Hiibn., Sclnn. Exot., ii. 1806; (in part). Verz., 296, 1818.
Numeria Gaen. (in pari ), Pbal., ii, 134, 1857.

Walk, (in part), List Lep. Hit. 15r. Mus., xxiii, 1015, 1861.

Body very stout and thick, the thorax hairy, and the abdomen rather
short. Head broad, squarish in front. Palpi broad and stout, ascending a
little, extending well in trout; third joint long and slender. Male antenme
heavily pectinated to the end ; simple in the female. Wings short and broad ;
anterior pair not subfalcate; costa more convex than in Endropia; apex
pointed, subrectangular ; outer edge full, convex, with a slight bend in the
middle, scarcely more distinct in the female than in the male. Hind wings
full, with a slight bend in the middle, extending slightly beyond the end of
the abdomen. Venation : much as in the lower species of Endropia (E. hypo-
c/rraria), the costal vein free; the first and second subcostal venules very
long, equal in length ; the fifth subcostal arises nearer the origin of the sixth
than in Endropia. Discal venules much as in Endropia. Hind legs with the
tibiae not swollen; the tarsi rather long and thick, much as in Endropia.
Coloration : deep reddish-brown ; hind wings and under surface of both wings
bathed with bright ochreous.

The single species of this genus is quite unlike Numeria, and is closely
allied in all its structural features with the lower, simpler species of Endropia,
from which it differs in the slight characters indicated above, chiefly in the
more convex costa, the more acute palpi, and the shorter wings, as well as
the quite different style of coloration.

499
Epirrhantis obfirmaria Hiibner. Plate 12, fig. 7.

Epirrhantis obfirmaria Hiibn., Schiu. Exot., ii, 1806.
Xunuria obfirmaria Gueu., Phal., ii, 135, 1857.

Walk., List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxiii, 1017, 1861.

Antennae brown. Body and wings dull reddish-brown ; hind wings
at base and both wings beneath reddish-ochreous. Head and thorax brown ;
abdomen becoming ochreous at the tip. Fore wings uniformly dull rust-red
brown, except a broad, mesial, dull, ochreous shade, which is slightly oblique but
straight on the outer side and regularly curved within, and a third or a half wider
on the costa than the inner edge ; this shade speckled with brown and brown on
the costa. Hind wings deep ochreous at base; just beyond the large, distinct,
discal dot, several times larger than on the fore wings, is a single, dark-brown,
sinuate line, beyond which the wing is brown, but toward the apex dull ochre-
ous. Fringe brown. Beneath, deep reddish-ochreous, densely and coarsely
speckled, with a common dull-brown line, diffuse and dilated in the middle
on the hind wings. The female is much larger, the mesial shade much fainter,
being nearly as brown as the rest of the wing, while the two lines bounding
it are clearer, being brown, edged narrowly with deep ochreous. More coarsely
speckled beneath than in the male.

Length of body, t, 0.50, 9, 0.45; of fore wing, c?, 0.67, 9, 0.65-0.75;
expanse of wings, 1.30-1.60 inches.

Maine, June, frequent in pine-woods (Packard); Massachusetts (San-
born); Albany, N. Y. (Lintner, "May 21", and Meske); Philadelphia, Pa.
(Ent. Soc. and Grote).

ENDROPIA Guenee. Plate G, figs. 6, 10, 13, 14.

Ennomos Treits. (in part), Schm. Eur., vi (i), 3, 1827.

Boisd. (in part), Gen. Iud., 182, 1840.
Epione (in part) and Metroeampa (in part), H.-.Scb., Exot. Schm., 1850-58.
Priocycla Guen., Phal., i, 90, 1857.
Endropia Guen., Phal., i, 122, 1857.

Walk., List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xx, 148, I860.

Head nearly square in front, being rather narrow. Palpi rather large,
either porrect or slightly ascending, and reaching farther than usual beyond
the front; the three joints very distinct, the third two-thirds as long as the
second is broad. Male antennae heavily pectinated ; in the female, simple.
Thorax thick and hairy. Fore wings moderately broad and usually falcate;
the costal edge either straight or a little curved ; outer edge either bent once,

500

or angular and slightly or deeply serrate. Hind wings extending as far as the
tip of the abdomen, full and large, either scarcely bent, and with a slight sinus,
or distinctly angulated, with a single deep sinus, or regularly and deeply den-
tate. Venation: costal vein either free (hypochraria) or anastomosing with
the subcostal (bilinearia and serratarid). No subcostal cell, or else a cell is
nearly completed by the close approximation of the second subcostal venule
to the main vein. In hypochraria, the first and second subcostal venules of
the same length; in the other species, the second is very long. The posterior
discal venule is more or less oblique. Hind legs with the tibiae much swollen ;
the tarsi from three-fourths to one-half as long as the tibiae. Abdomen rather
long and slender, well tutted. Coloration : different shades of ochreous-
brown, with the extradiscal line common to both wings, and often split asun-
der in the middle of the wing, inclosing a lanceolate oval area: usually with a
white or dark oblique apical spot or streak.

The species of this large and variable genus may usually be distinguished
by the falcate and often deeply serrate wings, the large palpi, and the
thick, swollen, hind tibiae. Where the wings are not serrated, they have a
large angle in the middle of the outer edge, often preceded by a deep sinus.
The females have more deeply serrate and broader wings than -the males.

Synopsis of the Species.

A. Wings short, not falcate, entire ; body hairy :

Ash-reddish-brown above; common extradiscal line sinuous; beneath reddish-

ochreous E. pilosaria.

B. Wings subfalcate ; hind wings sinuous, but not notched :

Paler ash than usual; common extradiscal line nearly straight; beneath washed

with ochreous E. apitiaria.

Eust-brown ; extradiscal line reddish, very sinuous, but not angular E. duaria.

Ash-brown, with a violet tinge ; extradiscal line bfint at right angles E. hypochraria.

C. Fore wings more falcate than before ; hind wings notched near

the apex :

A large species, pale ash-brown ; a submarginal row of light irregular spots; outer

half of both wings darker than the iuner E. marginata.

Uniform fawn-brown, with reddish lines and fringe : do teeth near the apex of the

hind wings; extradiscal lines straight ; an apical light patch E. vinulentaria.

Hind wings tailed : not dentate oi sinuous as usual ; reddish-brown and subochre-

ous : unit i led irregularly : extradiscal line sinuous E. textrinaria.

In form like vinulentaria, but toothed near the apex ; wings whitish within, fawn-
brown mi the outer two-thirds ; a subapical light patch E. madusaria.

Deep ochreous ; margin of the wings reddish-brown ; hind wings with a deep angu-
lar notch : a subapical light patch, with an oblique row of smaller spots, - . E. amamaria.

501

1). Wings deeply serrate, but the species rather small :

A small species : wings deeply serrate ; a heavy, common, extradiscal band E. armataria.

Like armataria, but larger ; clear fawn reddish-brown, with narrow brown lines. .E. bilinearia.

E. Fore wings falcate ; hind wings in part or wholly serrate :

Pale oehreous, with brown lines; extradiscal line double in $ , straight and single

iu 9 ; three subapical teeth in the hind wings E. pectmaria.

Like pectinaria, but with larger teeth ; the wings more serrated thau in any other
species ; dark ash-ochreous-browu, with the extradiscal line wavy ; the outer
half of the wings darker than the inner E. effectaria.

Much like serralaria ; the wings as much .notched, but the wings are ochreous-
pearl-brown, not yellow, and the dark portions contrast less with the paler
thau in serralaria E. obtusaria.

Bright yellow, with a heavy inner line common to both wings; the extradiscal
line continuous with the dark-brown border of the wings, which arc serrated
deeply E. serrataria.

Endkopia pilosaria, sj). nor. Plate 12, fig. 8.

1 d . — Body stout; antennae well pectinated : thorax very stout, unusually
pilose; head stout; palpi large, porrect, extending far beyond the head;
wings short and broad; edges entire; fore wings square at tip, not falcate ;
head and prothorax ferruginous; antenna3 pale cinereous;, pectinations darker;
wings uniformly In-own, with minute ferruginous scales and a very indistinct
olivaceous tinge ; much paler cinereous beyond the outer line ; an inner,
curved, diffuse, very indistinct line; no discal dot; base of the costa ferrug-
inous; uniformly brown from the base of the wing to the outer line, which
is nearly straight compared with the other species; it is bent slightly just-
below the middle of the wing, thence going straight to the costa; it is lined
with black scales, and edged externally with a white band. The wing beyond
is much paler gray, with black scales, and a slight, almost imperceptible, oliva-
ceous tinge; edge entire, rectangular at tip; fringe concolorous with the
margin. Hind wings concolorous with the fore wings; discal dot black, dis-
tinct. Beneath, unusually bright rust-red ; discal dot small, but distinct;
the common line pale gray, broad and diffuse on the outer edge, within lim-
ited by black scales ; fringe dull, a little darker than the rest of the wing ;
inner edge of fringe pale gray.

Length of the body, <f . 0.52 ; of fore wing, $ , 0.60 ; expanse of wings,
1.20 inches.

This species may be recognized by the stout, thick, woolly thorax, with
short broad wings and rectangular tips, while the outer edge is entire, and the
wings beneath are brighter than usual, by the pale margin above, and the
uniform darker basal two-thirds of the wing, the outer line being nearly

51 >2

straight, besides being the smallest species known. Il mighf be al first sight
separated from Endropia, bul the aberranl characters are too slight, though
il forms*a distinct section <it' the genus.

Endropia apiciaria, sp. nov. Plate 12, fiu. 9

2 £ and 2 9. — The wings of this species are more angular and the hind
wings more dentate than in E. duaria, lint less so than in E. hypochraria. On
the hind wings, the sinus is deep but simple, not having the small tooth pres-
ent in hypochraria. The general color is whitish-ash, much lighter than in
the allied species. Head and antennas reddish. Wings whitish-ash, with
reddish-brown scales on the costa near the head. Fore wings with two dark-
brown lines, the inner bent and curved as in hypochraria, while the outer line
is straight in the male, not sinuous, being still straighter than in pilosaria.
In the female, the line is flexuous on both wings. Accompanying and beyond
the line is a broken, broad, diffuse band, often obsolete, in one male entirely
so. An obsolete, dark, apical line (absent in one male). Distinct black
discal dots on both wings. Hind wings with a single dark line, fading out
toward the discal dot. Beneath, the common line is more conspicuous than
above, washed with orange, as is the under side of the wings generally, while
just beyond the line on the outer third of the wing is a leaden patch. The
discal dots are smaller than above.

Length of body, <?, 0.65, 9. 0.65; of fore wing, J, 0.75, i, 0.68;
expanse of wings, 1.40 inches.

Brunswick, Me., June and July, in company with hypochraria; Salem,
Mans., June 23 (Packard): Hyde Park, near Boston, Mass., June 15 (Morri-
son); Albany, N. V., June 7 (Meske).

This species need not be confounded with any other, as the outer line
common to both wings is straight in the male and slightly sinuous in the
female, much less so than in E. duaria. It is also whitish-ash, and washed
with orange beneath more than in the other species.

Endropia duaria Packard. Plate 12, fig. 10.

NmncHa duaria Gueu.!!!, Phal., i, 135, 1-."'T.

Xiinuiiii hamaria Gueu.!!!, Phal., i, 136, 1857.

Endropia lateritiaria Walk.!!! (nol Guen.), List Lep. lid. Br. Mns., \\'. 151, I860.

Endropia homuraria Grote and Rob., Trans. Amer. Ent. Sue., ii, 80, 1868.

1 ' and 'A 9. — Head large; front ferruginous between the antennas,
the palpi very large and stout, porrect, extending fir beyond the head; anten-

503

nee well pectinated. Body and wings ashen-ferruginous (sometimes deep
rust-brown). Wings speckled with black ; an inner curved dark line with
two lobes on the median space, edged externally with ferruginous. Discal
dot distinct; outer line oblique, scarcely angulated, sometimes waved, den-
tate (especially in the middle of the wing), shaded broadly within and quite
regularly witli rust-red. In one female, the space between the two lines
is deeper brown than elsewhere. On the outer side, on the second median
cell, is a round black spot. An apical, rather long, black line, terminating
directly on the apex; above a little paler ashen. Outer edge of the wing
below clear ; fringe very slightly darker. Hind wings colored much as the.
fore wings, paler toward the base, darker beyond the line, which is more
distinct on the hind edge Beneath, more uniformly ferruginous, especially
on the outer third of the wing. The common line reappears, broad, indis-
tinct, subviolaceous. Body and legs more ferruginous beneath than above.
In rubbed specimens, the lines are interrupted.

Length of body, <? , 0.55-0.62; of fore wing, <?, 0.65-0.76; expanse of
wings, 1.50-1.60 inches.

Montreal, Canada (Caulfield) ; Brunswick, Me., June, common (Packard);
Boston and vicinity (Morse, Sanborn, Smith, Shurtleff, May 28) ; Albany. N.
Y., June 4 (Lintner and Meske); Phila. Ent. Soc; Racine, Wis. (Hoy, Riley
Coll.) ; West Virginia (Lintner).

This form differs from E. hypochraria in its simple hind wings which have
but a single slight excavation below the apex, and in the outer line being oblique,
sinuate, and not rectangular. From E. apiciaria it differs in the apex being-
rectangular ; the lines are waved, edged within with ferruginous. The single
dark spot on the middle, just outside the outer line, will separate it also.
Beneath, it is darker and more reddish than in any of the other species.

Like the other species mentioned above, this species belongs to the sec-
ond and lowest section of the genus, having the apex rectangular. When
faded, the reddish scales disappear as in hypochraria, and it has a pale-
ash hue. In some individuals, there are two diffuse, indistinct, broad, plumbe-
ous lines on the fore wings. Head and prothorax and costa of wings at base
rufous ; wings usually much brighter rufous than usual, and without any
apical oblique streaks; an unusually broad, diffuse, very indistinct, basal line,
but slightly curved, with leaden-colored scales; between the basal and the
outer line, the wing is clear rufous; no discal dots; the outer, broad, diffuse

504

line is broadly angulated on the middle of the wing. Fringe concolorous with
the lines. Hind wings concolorous with the fore wings, paler toward the
base. Discal <l<>ts rather large, distinct Beneath, the wing is ochreous,
thickly sprinkled with dull violet or tawnj strigae; a common, diffuse, broad
line, especially on the hind wings. Antennae gray; branches reddish.

Length of body, 0 58; of fore wing, 0.64 inch.

The brighl ferruginous hues, and leaden, subviolaceous, diffuse lines,
the inner of which is slightly curved, and the outer nearly rectangular at the
middle of the winy, the want of the usual apical streak, and the sinuate line
on the hind wings, with its small size, slender body, and entire wings, readily
separate it from any other species, though its nearest ally is E. hypochraria.
Of my three males, no two are alike. One male, from West Virginia (Lint-
ner), is dull tawny-brown, densely speckled with two broad plumbeous shades
on the fore wings and one on the hind wings; beneath, the shades are very
distinct, and the wings are dull ochreous; veins dull ochreous; bead and
front of thorax dull ochreous.

Endropia hypochraria Herrich-Schaeffer Plate 12, fig. 12.

Epioni i Endropia) hypochraria H.-Soh., Aussereur. Schm., (>!!. figs. 207, 'ins, 1850-58.

Endropia hypochraria'. !!, Gneu., Phal., i, 125, lsr>7.

Endropia refractaria (xtten.!!!, Phal., i, 125, L857.

Endropia lateriliaria Gueu., Phal., i. l"i">. 1857.

Endropia hypochraria Walk. ! ! !. List Lep. Het. Br. Mas., xx, 150, 1800.

Endropia refractaria Walk.!!!. List Lep. Het. Br. Mas., xx, 151, 1860.

Endropia mestusala Walk.!!!, List Lep. Het. Br. Mas., xx. 154, I860.

20 cf and 14 9. — Palpi very long and slender at tin? tip. Wings very
short and broad, not toothed, except having a sinus between the apex and
the middle angle of the hind wings, being much more entire than in any
of the preceding species. The female is much more falcate and angulated
than the male. Body and wings pale brown or ashen, mottled with dark;
wings with ferruginous mottlings, and often a distinct violet hue along the
lines and on the fringe; the tip of the abdomen projects but a little beyond
the hind wings. Fore wings with a basal line much curved in front of the
median vein ; behind it sinuate, shaded beyond with rusty-brown, with some-
times a fainl olivaceous tinge, and with a violet hue along the inside; outer
line nearly straighl in it > general course, angulated on the first median vein,
the angle very large and going straight from the apex to the costa, shaded
broadly within with brown, externally with a faint violet 4inge; this line is

505

common to both wings, and is broadly angulated on the hind wings; just
beyond, nearer the line than the edge of the wing, is a faint brownish shade,
consisting at times of long lunules interrupted by the veins; this shade is
common to both wings (and is sometimes obsolete) ; diseal dots rather large,
dark brown; fringe rather pale where the outer border is pale, and with a
violet hue or darker brown, and checkered opposite the termination of the
venules. Hind wings like the fore wings, except that the inner line is
wanting; beneath, distinctly ochreous, with dense reddish " strigse ; outer
common line \iyvy distinct, shaded externally with dull violet mingled with
whitish; fringe dull violet, checkered with darker; diseal dots distinct
reddish, whitish on the inner edge of both wings; often the strigae are
tawny, and the fringe is whitish, and the violet tinge wanting, while the degree
of mottling varies, being occasionally very dense, giving a tawny appearance
to the under side; the inner line is sometimes wanting; in one case, the
brown shading along the common line lias a faint greenish tint.

It may be at once known by the broad, large angle of the outer line,
and its violet hue, the yellowish under side, and its small size. In a female
from Kansas, the under side is bright ochreoiis-yellow.

Length of body, cf, 0.50-0.60, 9, 0.60; of fore wing, <?, 0.60-0.70,
9, 0.80; expanse of wings, 1.60 inches.

Montreal, Canada (Lyman); Maine, June ( Packard); Massachusetts, July
(Sanborn, Stratton); New York, July 8 (Meske and Lintner) ; Philadelphia,
Pa.. June (Grote and Ent. Soc.) ; West Farms, N. Y. (Angus) ; Missouri
(Riley); Lawrence, Kans. (.Snow).

GueneVs type of E. refractaria is a single rubbed hypochraria; his
lateritiaria seems, by the description, to be hypochraria. Walker's refractaria
is a much rubbed hypochraria.

Endropia jiarginata Packard. Plate 12, fig. 13.

Caberodea marginala Minot!!!, Pioc. Bost. Soe. Nat. Hist., xi. 169, 1869.

4 i and "1 9 — A large species connecting the higher species with those of
which E. hypochraria is the type, the wings being entire Fore wings slightly
falcate, entire, obtusely angled in the middle. Hind wings slightly tridentate,
the apex and middle angle being obtusely acute, with a minute tooth, between
which may be easily overlooked. Body and wings pale ochraceous, densely
mottled with tawny-brown; lines broad, tawny-brown ; the inner one curved
regularly, not angulated, sometimes nearly obsolete; outer line oblique,
64 p H

506

curved; wing shaded beyond with tawny; a submarginal row of |>;de,
irregular spots, often obsolete, connecting with a pale, apical, oblique streak
(sometimes nol present); wings beyond the outer line tawny-brown, more

or less mottled with paler patches, and with a tew scattered black scales.
Hind wings with sometimes a faint, diffuse, inner line: outer line merged in
with the darker border of the wing, faintly doubled, the inclosure being
rather small; diseal dots black, a little larger and more distinct on the hind
wings than on the fore wings. Beneath, pale ochreous, both wings uniformly
mottled all over: the outer border of the wings being the same as within;
no inner line: the common outer line very distinct tawny-brown, curved as
above and on the hind wings doubled in the middle, and sometimes shaded
beyond irregularly with tawny; diseal dots indistinct. Hind tibiae swollen;
legs pale, mottled sparingly with dark.

Length of body, J, 0.70-0.80, ?, 0.70; of fore wing, <?, 0.70-0.90,
9, 0.96; expanse of wings, 1.80 inches.

Brunswick, Me., frequent in July and August (Packard) ; Massachusetts
(Sanborn, Minot, "Aug."); New York (Meske) ; Roxbury, Mass., middle of
Augusl (Minot): New Jersey (Sachs); Missouri. May (Riley); near Mam-
moth Cave, Ky., April •_".! (Sanborn, Ky. Geol. Surv.).

It is easily known by the large non-serrate wings, its large size, and
pale ochreous color, with the submarginal row of pale spots, and nearly
entire hind wings. The outer line on the fori1 wings of the female is straighter
than in the male.

It differs from E. effectaria Walk, in the outer edge of the fore wings
being entire, and the hind pair being tridentate instead of seven-toothed,
with no teeth behind the middle of the wing. The outer third of the wing
is fuscous, the outer line being merged into this part and not so distinct
nor doubled, as in E. effectaria. The basal line on the hind wings is much
shorter and broader and is more diffuse. The antenna' and legs are darker
than in that species, though the head and palpi are of nearly the same tint.

Endropia yinulentaria Grote and Robinson. Plate 12, tig. 14.

Endropia vinulcntqria Grote and Rob.', Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist., viii, pi. 15 A, lig. :">, J, . 1867.

2 <?. — This species, in the shape of the wings, is almost identical with
E. madusaria {vinosaria), but the wings are uniformly pale chocolate-brown,
being less mottled with brown than usual. The fore win_rs are moderately
falcate compared with the higher species, and entire, while the hind wings

507

are once excavated below the apex, but not dentate. Fore wings uniformly
pale chocolate-brown, with two reddish-brown lines, the inner much curved,
with a projection on the median vein (sometimes obsolete) ; the outer line is
straight, slightly curved on the costa; in one specimen, the wing is much
paler within the extradiscal line than without; in another, it is of exactly
the same hue ; fringe concolorous with the lines ; a distinct, whitish, oblique,
apical patch; discal dots distinct on both wings, black. Hind wings with a
faint inner line, obsolete in one example; the outer line is straight, double
beneath but not above. Beneath, whitish, speckled finely with reddish-
brown ; on the fore wings the outer edge beyond the extradiscal line with
a large, oblique, apical, whitish patch ; the extradiscal line is double, but
the oval area is one-half narrower than that inclosed on the hind wings.

Length of body, £, 0.50-0.60; of fore wings, £, 0.60-0.68; expanse
of wings, 1.20-1.40 inches.

Massachusetts (Grote) ; Hyde Park, near Boston, Mass., June 15
(Morrison).

This very pretty species differs from E. madusaria, or from E. marginata,
in the uniform chocolate-color, which is not broken by paler patches and
spots. The form of the wings is exactly as in E. madusaria. It also differs
in the extradiscal line being simple in both wings, not doubled as in
E. madusaria.

Endropia textrinaria Grote and Robinson. Plate 12, fig. 15 ; larva, plate

13, fig. 10 ; pupa, 10 a.

Endrojria textrinaria Grote and Rob., Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist., viii. plate 15 a, rig. G, 1867.

3 £ . — This species differs from all the foregoing and from madusaria in
the broader wings, the rather shorter body, the tip of the abdomen not reach-
ing to the anal angle of the hind wings, in the much shorter palpi, and in
the peculiar arrangement of the two lines on the fore wings, the hind wings
being caudate rather than scalloped. Body and wings pale ochreous ; front
concolorous on the lower two-thirds, above dark brown ; vertex like the rest
of the body. Antennae pectinated broadly to near the tip. Wings densely
mottled and strigated with brownish-ocher, giving a somewhat checkered
appearance to the clearer portions. Veins ochreous-brown. An inner,
curved, pale-brown line, bent outward on the submedian vein, and meeting
the outer line, which either runs very near, or, if remote, throws out a con-
necting streak, in the former case forming an oval, with the end resting on

508

the inner margin of the wing. Outer line dusky fawn-brow n, oblique, curved
outward above and below inward to m eel the inner. Beyond, tbe wing is
shaded with ochreous-brown (with a few black specks) ; t his shade sometimes
extends to the border of the wing, interrupted by a submarginal row of

irregular pale patches proceeding from the br I, apical, diffuse, pale patch.

Discal dots black, distinct in both wings. Hind wings marked like the
anterior pair, the outer line situated just in the middle of the wing and
nearer t he discal dot than usual. Fringe fawn-brown. Beneath, a submar-
ginal scalloped fawn-brown line not reaching the hind edge, common to both
wings. (This and the meeting of the two lines on the fore wings above is
characteristic of this species.) The rest of the wings is paler than above,

with less dense strigse, and darker along the costa. Discal dots distinct.
i he outer line on the fore wings faintly re-appears through.

Length of body, £, 0.45-0.50; of fore wing, e?, 0.65-0.75; expanse
of wings, 1.50 inches.

Mount Washington, "N. H., July (.Morrison): Philadelphia (Amer. Ent.
Soc.) ; Georgia (Harris Coll.).

The two males from Philadelphia are much clearer above than Mr.
Grote's types, the hind wings being especially clear, with long linear strigae.

This is a very well-marked species, and need not be confounded with
any other. The hind wings are distinctly "tailed", not sinuated, as in
madusaria, while the fore wings are distinctly excavated, but not dentate
below the apex, and they are shorter and broader than usual

Larva. — Ramiform; head no wider than the body; a dorsal hump on
the third thoracic segment, in the middle of the bodv. and two on the end of
the body. Head rust-red. Body green, with three or four transverse red-
dish stripes on each abdominal ring. Pupa pale brown, speckled with black.
Food-plant / vularia perfoliata (described from Abbot's MS. drawing). It is
possible that the larva here figured may be that of Eutrapcla transversata,
or vice versa, compare tig. 20.

Endropia madusaria Walker. Plate 12, fig. 16.

f Endropia astylusaria Walk., List Lep. Ild. Br. Mus., xx. 152,1860,

Endropia madusaria Walk.!!! (fide Grote), List Lep. I I<i . Br. Mus., \\. 153, I860.

Endropia oponearia Walk. '.'.'., List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xx, 153, 1860.

Endropia vinosaria < : i .it •- and Rob. !! !. Ann. L'yc. Nat. Hist., \ iii, pi. 15 A, li^'. 4, $ , 1867.

4 i. — Closely allied to E. vinulentaria, bul whitish-ochreous; lore wings
"I the same shape, but hind wings not mi deeply notched^ and the abdomen

509

docs not extend quite so far behind the wings. Body and wings whitish-
ochreous. Fore wings thickly speckled with coffee-brown scales; inner line
curved and angulated rather more distinctly than in vinulentaria, forming a
distinct tooth on the median vein. Outer line (like the inner, coffee-colored)
is more curved, especially on the hind edge, than in vinulentaria, and is dis-
tinctly duplicated in (he middle. The wing beyond is uniform coffee- (with
milk-) color, and inclosing an oblique, long, narrow, apical, whitish spot, and
a large, long, oval spot in the middle of the wing interrupted by the first and
second veins, which are brown. Hind wings with a basal straight shade;
outer line very distinct, duplicated, inclosing an unusually large, narrow, oval
area: beyond not darker than the rest of the wing. Fringe dark, coffee-
colored. Beneath, pale whitish-ochreous, with the lines clearly reproduced
as above, discal dots more clear than above, outer edge of fore wings scarcely
darker than within, on the hind wings concolorous with the rest of the wing.
Fringe coffee-colored.

Hind wings as in vinulentaria, but considerably less dentate.

Length of body, <?, 0.50-0.63; of fore wing, <J , 0.55-0.72; expanse of
wings, 1.15-1.60 inches.

Philadelphia (Grote, Ent. Soc.) ; Lawrence, Kans. (Snow) ; Colorado
Springs, Colo., July 4(Mead) ; Texas, May 4, July 10-11 (Belfrage).

While there is no doubt but that this species is Walker's madusaria
and oponearia, I think that from Walker's description it is probably his
astylusaria also, as modusaria is a widely-diffused, common, and variable species.
It is evidently double-brooded in Texas.

Endropia amcenaria Guenee. Plate 12, fig. 17.

Endropia amccnaria Giien., Pbal., i, 124, pi. 3, fig. 8, 1857.

Walk., List Lep. Het. Br. Mils., xx, 150, 1860.
Endropia arefaetaria Grote and Rob. !!!, Ami. Lye. Nat. Hist., viii, pi. 15 A, fig. 7, $ , 1867.

2 $ and 1 9. — Brighter ochreous than any other species known to me,
and at once distinguished by the two large broad teeth on the apical half of the
hind wings, the incision between being unusually deep. Fore wings with an
acute subfalcate apex ; outer edge of the hind wings bent but not scalloped,
with two large prominent, though not very acute, teeth, straight behind the
middle. Fore wings and body yellow-ochreou's, speckled with heavy black
strigas. Palpi tipped with black beneath, and antennae conspicuously speckled
above. Fore wings with the inner line curved and angulated ; this and the

510

outer line dark brown. Outer line oblique, curved toward the costa, with
no tendency to double itself, and quite distinct from the border of the winn-,
beyond which it is rusty-ochreous, growing slightly paler toward the edge
of the wing. A large, pale, irregularly oval, apical spot, one of a series of
smaller irregular ones, ending just within the hind angle. Fringe dark.
Hind wings with a very faint basal shade (not present in two of the speci-
mens) (>uler line straight, or but slightly curved, duplicated in the middle,
but inclosing a smaller area, than usual. Shaded a little way beyond the
line, and on the apical portion with rusty-ochreous; edge of wing below
pah; ochreous. Beneath, deeper ochreous than usual, the outer common line
alone prominent, dark brown. Wings ochreous, heavily speckled with black
scales. Submarginal row of pale spots distinct, but not present on the hind
wings. Border partially shaded, especially on the tore wings and apical
region of the hind wings.

Length of body, 3, 0.60-0.70, 9, 0.55; of fore wing, 3, 0.G3-0.70, ?,
0.90; expanse of wings, 1.90 inches.

This well-marked species may at once be known by the two large, broad,
triangular teeth on the hind wings, the unusually bright-ochreous colors, and
the row of submarginal, pale, irregular spots near the outer edge of the fore
wings.

Springfield, Mass. (Dimmock) ; New York (Grote and Meske) ; New
Jersey (Sachs) ; Philadelphia, Pa. (Ent. Soc).

This agrees perfectly with GrueneVs description, but not with his figures,
which are usually poor. My description is partly based on Messrs. Grote
and Robinson's type. Walker's E. propriaria (List, xx, 249, I860) seems to
be this species.

Endkopia armataria Packard. Plate 12, figs. 19, 20.

Gnophos drmatana Il.-Scb., Aussereur. Scbm., 65, ii^s. 373, 374, 1850-58.
Priocycla armataria Graen., Phal., i, 91, 1857.

Walk., List Lep. Het. Br. Mns., xx, 114, I860.

4 3 and 1 9. — Antenna; not so heavily pectinated as usual. Fore wings

falcate, rather short, outer edge decidedly serrate, hind wings deeply and
regularly so. Fawn-brown, with a violet tinge, especially on the outer half
of the hind wings. Inner line on the lore wings rather broad, dark brown,
very oblique, and bent at a high angle just below the costa. The extradisca]
line is a broad band, somewhat sinuous. The wing beyond is as clear as in

511

the middle, with a dark broken patch on the inner angle, and a subapical
dark-brown shade lining the deep subapical excavation. Hind wings with two
broad extradiscal bands, the outer diffuse; the wings on each side washed
with violet. Beneath, bright ochreous-yellow ; a common brown line, beyond
which the wing is of the color of a dried leaf, especially on the hind wings,
the edges of which are yellow-ocher. In the female, the bands are narrower.

Length of body, <f , 0.60 ; of fore wing. <?, 0.65 ; expanse of wings, 1.30
inches.

Brunswick, Me. (Packard); Boston, Mass. (Sanborn and Harris Coll.);
New York (Grote and Angus); Maryland (Mas. Comp. Zool.); Missouri
(Riley).

This common and very well-marked species is smaller than most of the
others of the genus, and may be readily recognized by the heavy broad band
common to both wings, the violet tinge of the secondaries, and the bright
deep ochreous under side.

An individual (fig. 20, £) from Maryland, in the Museum of Comparative
Zoology, is of a peculiar dark umber-brown, with the lines and bands less
oblique, and of the same hue beneath ; but, as the antennae and shape of the
wings are the same, I am inclined to regard it as a much suffused melanotic
individual.

Endropia bilinearia Packard. Plate 12, fig. 21.

PHocycla bilinearia Pack., New aud Little Known Insects, 13, 1870.

10 S and 10 9 . — Clear fawn-brown ; wings much darker and less spotted
than in the other species. Body and wings concolorous ; front of the head and
the palpi a little darker than the rest of the body. Costa of the fore wings paler
than the rest of the wing and spotted finely, especially on the edge, with
brown specks. Two brown hair-lines, the inner situated on the basal, and the
outer on the outer third of the wing; the inner line bent on the costa, where
it is a little incurved, then going straight to the inner edge of the wing.
Outer line a little curved outward in the median spaces. Half-way between this
line and the outer edge of the wing is a diffuse, interrupted, taint grayish band
with a few dark scales, often wanting, and connecting with an oblique apical
patch, also concolorous with the costa. Outer edge of the wing deeply notched;
the eight acute points (including the apex, which is very acute) tipped with
a i't-w black scales, the fringe being whitish between. A faint discal dot some-
times wanting. Hind wings with a faint, basal, diffuse band (^of'ten wanting,

512

being much more distinct beneath); a median brown hair-line; fringe as
in tlir fore wings, Beneath, body and wings ocher-yellow, especially in the
middle of the wings. Both wings marked alike with a basal, diffuse, broad,

brown line, and an outer, much curved, brown hair-line. An outer row of
dark patches forming a faint broken line. An apical, oblique, whitish patch.
Beyond t lie outer hair-line, hot h wings darker. Hind edge of lore wings with
darker spots and patches than elsewhere. The female is of nearly the same
form as the male, hut with much larger deeper notches. < >n the under side,
the costa and hind edge are gray, with blackish scales. Discal dot distinct
above, larger beneath. Inner band wanting. Beyond the outer line, the
wing is fawn-brown, more as above, and the entire under surface is more
thickly speckled than in the male. On the upper side of the lore wings are
three dark patches, one at the inner angle and two near the apex.

Length of body, <f , 0.65; of fore wing, J, 0.70, 9, 0.63-0.73; expanse
of wings, 1.30—1.65 inches.

Canada (Saunders); Brunswick, Me. (Packard); Brookline, Mass, July
17 (Shurtleff) ; Massachusetts (G Dirnmock) ; New York (Lintner and
Grote); New Jersey (Sachs); Glencoe, Nebr. (Dodge); Lawrence, Kans.
(Snow); Waco, Tex., May 5, August 2!) (Belfrage); Sierra Nevada. Cal.
(Edwards); Victoria, Vancouver's Island (Crotch, Mus. Comp. Zool.).

This species is larger and differently marked from E. armataria, and is not
so acutely dentate on the outer edge of either pair of wings, which are uniformly
clear fawn-brown, witli darker lines, but not the broad heavy bands of arma-
taria. The two male and female specimens from Vancouver's Island and one
male from California follow the usual law of variation of intercontinental
species, 'and are much larger than eastern examples; but the markings are
essentially the same, the dark patches on the outer margin of the fore wings
being well marked.

Length of fore wing of a Massachusetts example, 0.70; of a Van-
couver's Island specimen, 0.85 inch.

The Nebraska and Kansas specimens do not differ in size from eastern
ones.

Larva. — The caterpillar has been found by Mr. W. Saunders feeding on
the oak. Unfortunately, it was not described. It went into the chrysalis
state on the 4th of July, and on the 17th, or thirteen days after, emerged.

513

Endropia pectinaria Guenee. Plate 12, figs. 11, <?, 18, 9.

Geometra pectinaria Den. and Schitf., Wien Verz., fig. C, 103, 1776.

" Hiibn., Sclun. Eur., Geom., tab. 6, fig. 30, mas."
Ennomos pectinaria Treits , Scum. Eur., vi (i), 00, 1827.

Dup., Lop. Franco, vii (iv), 107, pi. 145, fig. 4, 1829.

Boisd., Gen. Ind., 183, 1840.
Endropia pectinaria Gueu. !!!, Phal., i, 122, 1857.

Walk.!!!, List Lop. Hot. Br. Mns., xx, 149, 1860.
Endropia deductaria Walk. ! ! !, List Lep. Hot. Br. Mus., xx, 151, 1860.

3.<? and 3 9. — Closely resembles E. serrataria'm size and markings;
the wings are however less scalloped, the teeth in the hind wing between
the apex and middle of the wing being shorter and more obtuse; the apex of
the fore wings is similarly acute. Body and wings deep ochreous, much as
in E. amcenaria, and wanting the dark hue on the outer border of the wings,
which is nearly as clear as the middle and base. Two fawn-brown lines on
the fore wings, the inner much cur-ved, straight between the subcostal and
median vein, and bent on the costa. Outer line curved, with a tendency to
become doubled in the middle in the male but simple in the female ; shaded
outside diffusely with the same color as the line itself in the male but not in
the female. Discal dots black, distinct on both wings. Wings speckled
with black strigae; apex of fore wings quite clear, with a dark oblique shade,
the outer border clear. In one female, there are two rather large sub marginal
black spots in the middle of both wings; and in one male a pale rust-red one in
the second median cell, and one on the hind wing larger and enveloping the
second median vein. Fringe darker than the rest of the wing. On the hind
wings the common line is duplicated on the hind edge, and again in the middle;
a basal, diffuse, straight line is present. Beneath as above, but the lines are
darker and more distinct, and the fringe darker, and the strigse coarser
than above. The hind tibiae swollen: legs concolorous with the body, speckled
with black-brown. Palpi tipped with black scales beneath.

Length of body, <?, 0.75, 9, 0.60; of fore wing, <?, 0 7;>, 9, 0.77;
expanse of wings, 1.50—1.60 inches.

West Farms, N. Y. (Angus); Missouri (Riley); Lawrence, Kans. (Snow).

It may be known by the three well-marked teeth on the apical half of

the hind wings, the clear border, and clear dark lines beneath; otherwise it is

much like E. effectaria. The artist has wrongly put pectinated antennae on the

figure of the female (tig. 18). The male is well represented by Dupon-

05 p H

514

chel's figure. In the female, the common Line is straight and not doubled,
and the wings are speckled with dark blotches.

The fourth of Walker's types of this species is a Selenia.

Larva. — "The caterpillar lives on the oak and oilier trees. It is of a
testaceous gray, with a dorsal lozenge-1 ike mark. The fourth segment is
deeper-colored, and on the back of the 8th, 9th, and 10th, are also two
obscure marks bifid anteriorly on the first, and carrying a blackish angle
(arite) on eacdi extremity of the second. The head and feet are concolorous.
It is found in May and June, and the moth is disclosed towards the end of
this last month. A second generation spins {file) toward the middle of July
to appear as moths in the beginning of August." — (Guene"e.) This description
is probably taken from figures of Abbot or of LeConte drawn in Georgia.
In the Northern States, the species is undoubtedly only single-brooded.

Endkopia effectaria Walker. Plate 12, figs. 22, 24.

Endropia effectaria Walk., Can. Nat., v. 260, 1860 ; List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxvi, 1504, 1862.

4 <f and 5 9 . — In its form and the cut of the serrated wings closely resem-
bling serrataria, but the wings, while being scarcely more acutely pointed, are
more deeply serrated, especially on the hind wings, which appear as if deeply
slit in -some specimens. Deep fawn-color with black specks, frosted with
gray on the body and the costa of the fore wings, as well as on the basal half
of both wings; being darker brown than usual (rubbed specimens with an
ochreous tinge). The base of the wings but little paler than the border.
Antennae deeply pectinated ; palpi long, paler at tip. Fore wings with a
basal, dark-ferruginous, narrow line, a little curved, just beyond an oblique
dark shade, straight, and extending on to the hind wing, forming the basal
line of the wing (the inner line varies in being sometimes very diffuse,
and the outer, oblique, straight shade is usually rubbed off the fore wing).
Outer common line usually darker than the border of the wing beyond,
oblique, often sinuate, and on the hind wings doubled in the middle of the
wing, the inclosed portion being lanceolate-oval. A row of paler spots often
extends from the apical pale patch to just within the inner angle (this row
often obsolete), sometimes present on the hind wings. Fore wings acutely
falcate, with six or seven obtuse teeth, two behind the median bend, the male
being nearly as acutely serrated as the female, and with the fore wings and
apex nearly as acutely pointed. In the hind wings, the teeth in the male are

515

very large, the third tooth especially being long and often twice as large as
the others. Beneath, paler than above ; wings and legs thickly speckled with
large transverse strigse with a rusty tinge. The lines, are very distinct,
broader, and the marginal row of diffuse lunules more distinct than above;
fringe rusty-brown ; edge of wing paler gray than in the middle, in the female
decidedly frosty-gray, and contrasting well with the rest of the wing. More
common northward than serrataria.

In some specimens is a subapical row of two or three round black spots.
Discal dots either distinct or obscure, and almost obsolete. Mr. Walker's
type is not in the British Museum ; but his description, brief as it is, applies
well to this species.

Length of body, <?, 0.70-0.80, 9, 0.55-0.80; of fore wing, <S , 0.80-0.90,
9, 0.80-l.<!0; expanse of wings, 2.00 inches.

Canada (Walker) ; Brunswick, Me., July, August, frequent (Packard);
Massachusetts (Sanborn, Stratton); Amherst, Mass. (Peabody); Brookline,
N. Y., July 16 (Shurtleff); Albany, N. Y. (Lintner); Oneida, N. Y. (Haw-
ley); New Jersey (Sachs); Detroit, Mich. (Swartz).

This species is one of the largest of the genus, and, though exceedingly
variable, may usually be determined by the very deeply serrate wings, by the
rusty-ochreous hues, the irregular, dentate, not very distinct lines, and by the
ochreous under side, mottled, however, with rust-brown. While in the form
of the wings it is much like serrataria, in coloration E. obtusaria is more likely
to be mistaken for the former. I append the description of an unusual form
from Illinois :

1 i. — Fawn-color, with diffuse dark-brown bands; beneath, with an
ochreous tinge. Body fawn-color like the wings; a broad, diffuse, curved,
basal band (often obsolete); a similar mesial band not much curved, crossing
the site of the discal dot, which is obsolete. The outer line is broad, diffuse,
dark brown, becoming paler externally; it is straight to just before the costa,
where it curves, though it is not angulated; between the inner and outer-
lines the wing is tinged with ochreous ; beyond the outer line the border is
lawn-colored, with dark strigre; edge more ochreous, fringe darker. An
apical oblique dark streak, concolorous with the three lines ; edge of the
wing scalloped slightly, apex very acutely produced. Hind wings deeply
indented, both acute, tinged with ochreous within the outer line; beyond,
fawn-color, with more numerous and distinct stripe than toward the base of

516

the wing; the two lines are neaYly parallel, the outer ones doubled mesially.
Beneath, the wings are more deeply ochreous, with thick strigae; beyond the
miter line, which is doubled in the middle, the margin is fawn-colored, and a

little paler toward the apex. On the secondaries, the same basal common
line is liroader than the outer line, which is doubled. Length of the body,
0.60; lore wing, 0.84 inch. Illinois (Dr. 15. Clemens).

Endropia OBTUSARIA Gueuee. Plate 12, tig. 23.

'.'Geometra oblusaria Uiibn., Geom. Enr., 390."

Km liln an obtvsaria Hiibu., Verz., 293, 1818.

Endropia ligrinaria Gueu., Phal., i, 123, 1857.

Endropia muzaria Walk.!!!, List Lep. Het. Br. Mas., xx, 154, 1860.

4 if and 4 9. — This is nearest allied to E. serrataria, but differs in being
paler (or sometimes dark brown), whitish-ochreous, with the border of the
wings much paler, sometimes concolorous with the rest of the wings, and
the under side is pale, thickly spotted with brown specks. Antennae not so
heavily pectinated as in serrataria. Head, body, and wings concolorous,
whitish-ochreous. Fore wings clear at the base; an inner, curved, narrow, pah'
fawn-brown line, often obsolete; outer line oblique, much curved opposite
the discal dot, not confused with the shade on the border of the wing, as in
serrataria, but distinct, and bent at nearly right angles opposite the discal
dot, whence it goes to the costa; the line is in one specimen sinuate. Discal
dots in both wings black, large, and distinct. Border of both wings pale
fawn-brown, or coffee-(with milk-) color, or obsoletely so, being in one male
concolorous with the rest of the wing. A dark apical streak, with often
three rounded blackish spots or lunules in the three interspaces below.
Hind wings like the fore wings, with* an inner faint line (often obsolete)
running near the discal dot, and the outer line darker than the brown portion
beyond, sometimes duplicated in the middle (when the part is not obsolete).
The male with the apex as acute if not more so than in serrataria; middle
angle disposed 'to be more marked than in serrataria. Hind wings with
deeper notches, with four projecting teeth.

The females are a little more deeply angulated than in serrataria; teeth
arranged the same. The under side of the wings is much paler than in
serrataria, and uniformly and densely speckled. Border of the wings but
a little darker (in some no darker) than the rest of the wing. Lines and
discal dots very distinct ; the inner common line broad and diffuse, and run-

517

ning next to or actually inclosing the discal dots. A smaller species than
serratariq. The breadth of the coffee-colored border varies sometimes, as in
a Kansas specimen which is dark coffee-brown, with the outer third of the
the wings but a shade darker than the interior.

Length of body, i, 0.55-0.80, ?, 0.65 ; of fore wing, i , 0.72-0.85, ?,
0.90 ; expanse of wings, 1 60-1.80 inches.

Amherst, Mass., June (Peabody) ; Boston, Mass. (Sanborn) ; Maryland
(Mus. Comp. Zool.); Albany, N. Y. (Lintner) ; West Farms, N. Y. (Angus);
Philadelphia, Pa. (Grote); Illinois (Grote) ; Ithaca, N. Y. (Smith) ; New
Jersey (Sachs) ; Missouri (Riley) ; Lawrence, Kans. (Snow) ; Texas, March
7, April 21, July 4 (Belfrage).

This is an exceedingly variable species. It is of the same size, and
very nearly allied to E. serrataria, but is never so yellow, and the wings are
less serrate, especially on the posterior half of the hind wings, which in
several examples is not serrate at all. Certain females are uniformly pale
ash-brown, of the same hue as in E vinulentaria, differing in this respect
from any of the allied serrated forms. Other females are yellowish-brown,
but still much less yellow than in serrataria. Usually, however, in both
sexes the wings are broadly margined with brown, with two or three black
apical spots, and the discal dots are large and distinct. The specimens are
always lighter than in effectaria, and less yellow than in serrataria.

Although it does not exactly agree with Guenee's description of tigri-
naria, yet it does in the most important characters. He says the extradiscal
line is not bent below the costa, but it is usually nearly as much bent as in
E. pectin aria, though in worn specimens the bend is indistinct. It is evi-
dently his obtusaria Hiibner, as individuals agree well with his description.

Larva. — Rather thick; body of uniform thickness throughout, with the
head no wider than the body, which is smooth, less tuberculated than usual,
there being only one or two small dorsal tubercles near the end of the body.
The body is pale gray, with brown blotches, and subdorsal series of reddish
longitudinal lines. Food-plant Impatiens noli-mc-tangere. — (Described from
Abbot's MS. drawings.)

Endropia serrataria Packard. Plate 12, fig. 25.

Geometra strraia Drnry, 111., i, 40, plate 20, tifj- 4> 1770; West, ed., i, 38, pi. 20, fij;. 4, 1837.

;; A and 8 9. — This species differs from all the other species by the
body and wings being sulphur-yellow, the hind wings being deeply serrated,

5 1 8

and ilic outer border of both wings beyond 1 lit • common outer line being
Fawn-brown. Head like the 1 >< m 1 \ ; orbits in front deep ochreous. Antennae
broadly pectinated, as usual. Fore wings with a basal, curved, diffuse, fawn-
brown band, the wings being often brown at base; an extradiscal one
common to both wings; discal dots not very distinct: wings obscurely
spotted with fawn-brown; older line fawn brown; the wing beyond is filled
up with the same color, with an oblique, apical, yellowish patch, shaded
below with blackish, and with scattered black specks on the brown portion.
Hind wings like the anterior pair, except that there is no basal line; apex
very acute in the female. Outer edge of the lore wings of the male angulated
in the middle, but not scalloped, as it is ill the female. Hind wings deeply
serrated in the male in front of the middle of the wing, there being three
acute points, while in the female the entire edge is scalloped, there being
six acute points. Beneath, the markings re-appear, the wings arc more
heavily speckled, discal dots larger, black, more distinct; both common lines
present : outer border brown, but paler than above, and with the apical
oblique patch more distinct. Legs yellow, spotted with lilac-brown.

Length of body, i, 0.70-0.80, 9, 0.65-0.70 ; of fore wing, t, 0.75-0.85,
9, 0 90-1.00; expanse of wings, 1.80-2.00 inches.

It varies in the base of the fore wing being brown, or this brown portion
is represented simply by a diffuse curved line, and also in the degree of
irroration, and of the scalloping of the fore wings.

Montreal, Canada (Lyman); Boston, Mass. (Soc. Nat. Hist., Sanborn,
Stratton, and Shurtleff, the latter collecting it "July 10th") ; Albany, N. Y.
(Lintner and Meske) ; Hastings-on-Hudson, N. Y. (Grote) ; New Jersey
(Sachs); Philadelphia, Pa (Grote and E tit. Soc); Detroit, Mich. (Mas.
Comp. Zool.) ; Glencoe, Nebr. (Dodge).

Desiderata.

Endropia tiviaria Walk.. List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xx, 250, 1860. — ■
" Male. Hull cinereous lawn-color, minutely black-speckled ; under side
paler and brighter. Palpi brown, porrect, broad, extending a little beyond
the head; third joint conical, minute. Antennae broadly pectinated, except
at the lips. Legs brown: tarsi pale testaceous. Wings with two dark
geneous-brown linesand with the fringe of thesame hue; a black discal point.
Pore wings subfalcate ; interior line bent and undulating; a whitish oblique

519

apical streak, which is partly bordered with brown ; exterior border convex.
Hind wings with a loop line, which joins the outer side of the exterior line.

"Length of the body 6 lines; of the wings 16 lines.

"a, /;. St. John's Bluff, East Florida. Presented by E. Doubleday, Esq.

"Female. Fawn-color. Palpi slightly ascending, extending somewhat
beyond the head ; third joint very minute. Wings pale testaceous, with
very numerous fawn-colored speckles, which are mostly confluent on the
outer part, the latter minutely black-speckled ; exterior line brown, oblique,
nearly straight ; discal point black ; fringe aeneous-brown ; under side with a
loop line joining the outer side of the exterior line. Fore wings with a bent
interior line and with a broad apical streak; exterior border hardly bent.
Hind wings with the apical part of the costa and the fore part of the exterior
border somewhat truncated.

"Length of the body 7 lines; of the wings 18 lines.

"c. East Florida. Presented by E. Doubleday, Esq."

Endropia adustaria Walk., List Lep. Het. Br. Mus , xxxv, 1545, 1866. —
"Male. Fawn-color, ochraceous beneath. Palpi porrect, pubescent, moder-
ately stout, extending rather beyond the head ; third joint conical, not more
than one-fourth of the length of the second. Antenna3 moderately pectinated
to the tips. Abdomen not extending beyond the hind wings; apical tuft
small. Legs rather short. Wings broad, minutely black-speckled; a black
rather large point in the disk, and a brown exterior indistinct slightly undu-
lating line ; exterior border very slightly bent in the middle. Fore wings
sharply rectangular at the tips; a brown antemedial indistinct line, which is
slightly retracted near the costa.

"Length of the body 7 lines; of the wings 18 lines.

"a. North America. From Mr. Carter's collection."

Endropia incisaria Walk., List Lep. Het. Br* Mus., xxxv, 1546, 186H. —
"Male. Cinereous, with a tinge of fawn-color; under side pale yellowish,
brown-speckled. Palpi brown, porrect, smooth, stout, much shorter than the
breadth of the head: third joint conical, not more than one-fourth of the
length of the second. Antenna? rather broadly pectinated to three-fourths
of the length. Abdomen extending rather beyond the hind wings; apical
tuft very small. Hind tibiae slightly dilated. Wings broad minutely and
transversely blackish-speckled; two blackish oblique lines; first line near

520

(lie base, slightly zigzag; second in the middle, slightly retracted near the.
costa ill' the fore wings; a black point in the disk. Fore wings acute;
exterior border slightly angular in the middle. Hind wings with the exterior

bonier acutely bidentate in front.

"Length of the body 8 lines; of the wings 18 lines.
"a. North America. From Mr. Carter's collection."

AZELINA Guenee. Plate G, fig. 12

Gonodontis lliili. (in part), Samml. Exot. Schm., ii, 1806.

Hiibn. (in part), Vera., 287, 1818.
Azelina Guen., l'hal., i, 156, 1857.

Walk., Li^ Lep. I l.t . Br. Mns., xx, 185, I860.

Head square in front. Antennae simple, finely ciliated. Body rather
stout; abdomen of the male ending in -a broad tuft. Fore wings falcate,
broad, the costa straight, until near the apex it becomes much curved and
the apex is acutely falcate, and below there are three well-marked teeth, the
third on the second median venule ; below this the edge is entire. Hind
wings angular, with three small teeth, of which the central one is the largest.
Venation: costal vein free from the subcostal; six subcostal venules, the
first two very long and ecpial in length. No subcostal cell. The posterior
discal venule oblique and bent. Hind tibia; not swollen, no longer than the
tarsi.

The simple, thickened, slightly-ciliated male antennas, pilose thorax,
and finely dentate wings separate this genus from Selenia.

Synopsis of the Species.

Reddish or umber brown ; band in the middle of the fore wings but slightly darker than

tin- test of t lie. wing J. hubnerata.

Light ash-colored, with a narrow median reddish-brown band, very distinct from the rest

of the wing I. behreiisala.

Azelina hubnerata Guenee. Plate 11, S, fig. 58; 9, fig. 59.

Gonodontis ancetaria I liibn., Samml. Exot . Schm., ii, 1806 i Dot ana in Cram., fide Guen.).

Hiibn., Verz., 287, L818.
J.-i hnn hiibneraria Guen., I'hal., i, 159, 1857.

Walk., Lis! Lop. II. t. Br. Mns., xx, 186, I860.

10 $ and 10 9. — Reddish-brown, more or less strigated with dark
brown. Fore wings with the inner line, consisting of three scallops, the
first being usually a straight oblique line, extending from the costa out-

521

ward to the middle oi the discal space, thence curving inward on l<> the
median vein, the next poinl situated f)ii the internal vein. A white, curved,
linear, discal spot. The outer line is slightly oblique, nearly parallel with the
outer edge, with a deep regular curve inward between the first median
venule and the submcdian fold. This line is usually shaded with dark or
reddish-brown on the inside, and sometimes the entire middle of the wing is
dark brown. Beyond the extradiscal line, the wing is paler and clearer,
sometimes the striga; are collected into a faint, diffuse, submarginal band.
Hind wings a little paler than the anterior pair, with a whitish extradiscal
line, shaded with dark scales on the inside, and curved outward in the sub-
median space. Beyond this line near the inner angle are scattered dark
specks,, sometimes forming a short, diffuse band. Along the edge of the
wing are five distinct black dots, becoming larger toward the inner angle ;
the fifth one is situated just in front of the largest tooth in the middle of the
wing. Beneath, both wings uniformly reddish or umber-brown, with no
lines. The discal dot on the fore wings is twice as large as on the hind
wings, white, conspicuous ; on the hind wings are faint traces of the extra-
discal line, especially apparent toward the inner edge. The discal dot is
large, oval, black, edged with white. The marginal black dots are present
beneath.

Length of body, <?, 0.70-0.80, 9, 0.65; of fore wings, 4, 0.75-0.90,
9, 0.75 ; expanse of wings, 1.70-1.80 inches.

Montreal, Canada (Caulfield) ; Brunswick, Me. (Packard) ; Boston
(Sanborn) ; West Farms, N. Y. (Angus) ; Philadelphia, Pa. (Amer. Ent.
Soc.); Missouri (Riley); Glencoe, Nebraska (Dodge) ; Lawrence, Kans.
(Snow) ; California (Edwards and Behrens) ; Santa Barbara, Cal. (Harford).

This species is very variable. In the Eastern States, it is often umber-
brown as well as reddish-brown. The Pacific-coast specimens are larger
than the eastern (the fore wing of a Californian male measuring 0.90, of a
Massachusetts male 0.75 inch). The two Santa Barbara males are smaller
than usual in Pacific-coast specimens, and paler, and seem to be distinct from
A. behrensata.

Azelina behrensata Packard. Plate 11, fig. fiO.

Azelina bchrexsaria, Pack., Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., xiii, 386, 1871.

S . — Closely allied structurally with A. kubnerata. Ash granite-gray.
Head and body granite-gray, abdomen darker; a dark line on the hinder
(iO P H

522

edge of each abdominal segment; thorax very hairy, with a prominent median
crest. A broad, fawn-colored, brown band in the middle of the fore wings,

limited 1 >\ the inner and outer line, which are dark black-brown and very
distincl ; inner line curved just below the costa, and slightly sinuate below
the median vein ; outer line sinuate as in hiibnerata, having a dee]) curve
inward in the middle of the wing, and another near the inner edge, and
oblique on the costa. Beyond this line, the wing is ash-gray as at the base,
with a large, oval, diffuse, fawn-brown spot, extending from near the internal
angle to the middle of the wing. Edge of the wing a little darker than next
to the outer line; a dark line at the base of the fringe. In the hind wings,
which are pale ash-gray, the single outer line is nearer the outer edge than
in J. hiibnerata, and is a little more sinuate. Base of the fringe lined with
black, and four black, diffuse, intervenous spots, very unlike the large
distinct ones of A. hiibnerata. On the fore wings, a large, curvilinear, white,
discal dot, lined within with black scales. Beneath, uniformly pale-ash;
discal dot more diffuse than above, with a black dot within.

Length of body, 0.65; of fore wing, 0.73; expanse of wings, 1.50
inches.

California (Behrens).

At once known by the broad fawn-brown central band on the fore
wings, contrasting with the pale granite ash-gray of the rest of the wings and
body, and by the clear, large, discal dot. Antennae a little slenderer than in
hiibnerata.

Desiderata.

Gonodontis peplaria Hiibner and Gcyer, Zutr. Exot. Schm., 27, figs. 709,
710, 1832.

Azelina? zalissaria Walk., List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xx, 187, I860 —
"Male. Brownish cinereous. Frontal tuft prominent. Third joint of the
palpi very minute. Antennae moderately pectinated, simple toward the tips.
Thorax slightly crested. Abdomen extending beyond the hind' wings.
Wings slightly and minutely speckled with black. Fore wings subfalcate,
with a straight oblique blackish-brown exterior line, which is concise on
the outer side but very diffuse on the inner side; a blackish-brown streak
extending obliquely outward to the disc from the basal part of the costa";
exterior border with two slight angles. Hind wings with a slight line, which

Q

52;

corresponds to the line of the (ore wings, and is obsolete in front; exterior
border distinctly angular, with two hindward submarginal black points.
Length of body 7 lines; of wings 15 lines. East Florida."

This is a valid species, and a true Azelina. It is figured at plate 13, fig.
56. It may prove to be a variety of Azelina hubnerata.

Azelina . cdaria Walk, List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxxv, 1548, 1866.—
" Male. Cinereous, with a slight tinge of ochraceous, the latter hue most
prevalent on the under side. Head and fore part of the thorax fawn-color.
Palpi porrect, slender, pubescent, extending a little beyond the head ; third
joint very minute. Antennae broadly pectinated to the tips. Abdomen not
extending beyond the hind wings; apical tuft small, compressed. Wings
minutely and transversely brown-streaked ; a broad undulating greenish-
brown band which contains a dark brown line; the latter forms an outward
angle in each wing and is purple-bordered on the outer side; a blackish
point on the inner side of the line; marginal festoon brown; under side with
ochraceous streaks, and with an undulating rosy line, which in the hind wings
and in the hind part of the fore wings is broadly bordered with white on the
outer side. Fore wings rectangular at the tips ; basal part mostly greenish
brown; exterior border very slightly angular in the middle. Hind wings
with the fore part of the exterior border undulating.

"Length of the body 7 lines; of the wings 18 lines.

"a. North America. From Mr. Carter's collection.''

Azelina stygiaria Walk., List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxxv, 1548, 1866. —
" Male. Blackish, cinereous beneath. Palpi pilose, rather stout, slightly
ascending, hardly extending beyond the head; third joint extremely short.
Antennas very minutely serrated. Abdomen not extending beyond the hind
wings ; some small tufts along each side ; apical tuft subquadrate. Legs
slender. Wings broad, minutely black-speckled; a broad cinereous marginal
band; exterior border acutely angular in the middle, festooned in front;
under side with a whitish zigzag postmedial line, and with a mark in the disk,
which mark is whitish in the fore wings and black in the hind wings. Fore
wings very acute, with two black undulating lines; first line antemedial,
retracted and more conspicuous towards the costa; second postmedial diffuse
on the inner side, very concise on the outer side; a slender oblique white
streak in the disk between the lines. Hind wings dark cinereous, which

524

hue is divided from the paler marginal band by a blackish slightly undulating
Hue : three black marginal dots and two Mark submarginal points, the latter
nearer than the former to the costa.

"Length of the body 7. 1 lines; of the wings 20 lines.

"a. North America. From Mr. Carter's collection."

SELENIA Hubner. Plate 6, fig. 17.

Selenia lliil.n., Vera., 292, 1818.

Ennomoi Treits. (in part), Schro. Ear., vi (i), 3, 1827.

Dup. (iu part), Lep. France, vii (iv), 136, 1829.
Geomctra Steph. (in part), Nomeucl. Br. Ins., 43, 1829.
Ennomos Boisil. (iu part), Geu. Intl., 182, 1840.

Dup. (iu part), Cat., 218, 1844.
Selenia H -Sch. (in part), Schm. Eur., iii, 40, 1847.
Oelopiera Steph. (in part), Cat. Br. Lep., 1(15, 1850.
Si It nia Lederer, Verb. Bot. Zool. Ges. Wien, 176, 1853.

Guen., I'bal., i, 150, 1857.

Walk.. List L p. Het. Br. Mus.. xx. 1-1, 1860.

Head much as in Endropia, but with the frontal scales projecting more
between the palpi, which are large and stout, extending as far beyond the
front as in Endropia, but with the joints less distinct; the third joint a little
depressed. Male antennae heavily pectinated, as in Endropia; in the female
simple. Thorax thick, hairy. Fore wings with the costa sinuous, falcate ;
outer edge with a large conspicuous angle, and serrate in front of and behind
it, a little excavated below the apex. Hind wings distinctly serrate and
dentate, with no prominent angle in the outer edge; they reach slightly
beyond the tip of the abdomen. Venation: much as in Endropia, the costal
vein free ; the first and second subcostal venules free, equal in length, the
third unusually short, the fifth rather short. No subcostal cell; the anterior
discal venule short and much curved ; the posterior one very oblique. Hind
legs with the tibia? scarcely swollen, and the tarsi large and as long as the
tibia?. The abdomen is rather stout. Coloration: ochreous-brown, tinged
on the costa, along the extradiscal line, and on the under side with violet.
Fore wings with three parallel lines.

In this genus, besides its peculiar style of coloration, the falcate wings
and serrate outer edge, the hind tibiae are not swollen as in Endropia, and
the hairs on the front project more, while the posterior discal venule is
remarkably oblique. It is more nearly related to Endropia than any other,
and, as in that genus, the wings of the female are broader and a little more
falcate than in the male.

525

Synopsis of the species.

Hind wings sligbtly dentate 8. alciphearia.

Hind wings distinctly dentate S. kentaria.

Selenia alcipheakia Walker. Plate 12, fig. 27.

Selenia alciphearia Walk., List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xx, 184, 1860.

2 if. — Ochreous; whitish on the costa ; front and middle of prothorax
light gray ; edges of front ochreous ; palpi very stout, long, porrect, extending
far beyond the front; tips very conical, paler; antennae dark ochreous, with
stout, dark pectinations; fore wings with two brown lines, the inner nearly
straight, enlarged upon the costa; a broad, mesial, diffuse, brownish, indis-
tinct shade common to both wings ; discal dot nearly obsolete ; the outer line
is brown, curved slightly inward, straight and enlarged on the costa ; a submar-
gino-apical, waved, brown line, which does not extend to the mesial angle,
bordered on the inside with cinereous; outer edge dark ochreous, with fer-
ruginous scales ; entire wing strigated with ferruginous ; costal half pale
whitish ; fringe white between the points ; on the secondaries no brown linear
bands as on the fore wings ; outer half of the wing brighter ochreous than
toward the base. Beneath, a common, whitish, slightly purplish line, very
slightly sinuate; the mesial, common, diffuse band is also present; discal
dots white, angular, diffusely grayish on the outer line, and beyond are a few
grayish scales, which extend on to the mesial angle, while above and below
the border is ferruginous.

Length of the body, i, 0.52 ; of tore wing, £ , 0.72 ; expanse of wings,
1.90 inches.

Hudson Bay Territory (Coll. Grote); Alaska (Behrens).

This form differs from S. violascens in not being violaceous above, though
slightly so beneath ; the two lines are much more distinct and not edged with
paler tints, and the hind wings above are not lineated mesially. It may also
be recognized by the hind wings beneath having the outer line straight, while
the pectinations of the antennas are black. The two species are readily dis-
tinguished by the inner line in the present species being straight, while in
kentaria it is bent at nearly right angles, and in the latter the hind wings
are distinctly serrate.

526

Selenia kkntakia. Plate 12, fig. 26.

Pericallia kentaria Grote and Rob., Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, i, 1-, pi. 1. fig. 5, 1867.

2 <$ and 1 9. — Bright ochreous, with the costal half of the wing subvio-
laceous between the brown lines; a much-curved line, terminating at the
same distance from the base on both the costa and the hind edge; a mesial
line, obtusely angulated below the costa, straight from the hind edge to the
median nervure; a third outer line, straight to the obscure angle just before
the costa, and on the edge turned obliquely outward; this line is margined
for nearly the whole of its length externally with a subviolaceous hue, throw-
ing otl" an oblique line toward the hind angle. An apical line, once angulated
inward, goes to the indented outer border; beyond, deep ochraceous; fringe
darker at base, narrowly lined with silvery. Hind wings concolorous with
the fore wings ; a mesial, diffuse, brown line, and the outer one subviolaceous.
Beneath, base of fore wings violaceous ; costa at base ochreous ; inner line
nearly obsolete, middle line dark, outer violaceous line very distinct, the apical
line connected with it and inclosing an ochreous spot ; hind wings ochreous;
a mesial, dark, blackish, narrow line on the discal space ; an outer, narrow,
violaceous line, with spots on the base and hind edge; body ochreous; legs
broadly banded with violaceous.

Length of body, S , 0.50, 9, 0.55; of fore wing, & , 0.70, 9, 0.78;
expanse of wings, 1.50-1. GO inches.

Mount Washington, N. H., July (Morrison); Brookline, Mass., July 29
(Shurtleff) ; Seekonk, Mass. (Mrs. Brigham); Lawrence, Kans. (Snow).

Certain larger individuals differ in some respects, and I describe them
as follows :

Ochreous; head very hairy, the gray hairs of the front extending as far
as the tips of the palpi, which are ochreous. Antennae white, with darker
pectinations. Thorax pale ochreous ; wings bright ochreous at base and along
the outer margin ; middle three-fourths of wing whitish-gray, especially toward
the costa ; a basal, brown, curved line, widening toward the costa; the extra-
discal and outer diffuse line converging in the discal space, separating on the
costa where fchey thicken; beyond, a broad, whitish, diffuse shade; near the
apex a long whitish S. Margin bright ochreous, dusted like the whole wing
with brown; fringe brown, with white between the points; secondaries pule,
dull on the inner half, ochreous on the outer border ; a mesial double line sep-
arating on the mil Idle, t hen converging on the first subcostal nervule, and then

527

separating slightly on the costa; beyond paler, and a submarginal paler band;
discal dot clear whitish. Beneath, whitish, with smoky strigse ; base and outer
edge bright ochreous ; the smoky diffuse bands distinct, the extradiscal one
inclosing the bright, very distinct, white, lunate, discal dot, which is shaded
externally with fuscous-ochreous, making a patch included between the two
lines; a broad whitish baud; the s reaches the middle point of the wing and
connects with the broad whitish band ; secondaries white on the costa and
the inner margin, at the base between, bright ochreous, concolorous with the
outer border; a broad, ferruginous, mesial band inclosing the lunate, silvery,
discal spot; the line is bordered with whitish, and there is a second parallel
interrupted line.

Length of body, 0.62 ; of fore wing, 0.86 ; expanse of wings, 1.85 inches.

Jamaica Plains, Mass. (W. Faxon); Mass. State Coll. (Sanborn); Penn-
sylvania (Clemens); Brooklyn, N. Y. (Graef).

EUGONIA Hiibner. Plate 6, fig. 7.

Eugonia Hiibu. (in part), Verz.. 291, 1818.
Ennomos Tieits., Scbin. Eur., vi (i), 3, 1827.

Dup., Lep. France, vii (iv), 136, 1829.
(ieometra Stepb. (in part), Nomeucl. Br. Ins., 43, 1829.
" Odoptera Sodoff., Bull. Soc. Imp. Sc. Moscow, 16, 1837."
Ennomos Boisd. (iu part), Gen. Iud., 182, 1840.

Dup., Cat., 218, 1844.
Eugonia H.-Sch., Schni. Eur., iii, 40, 1847.
Odoptera Steph. (in part), Cat. Br. Lep., 165, 1850.
Eugonia Lederer, Verb. Bot. Zool. Ges. Wien, 175, 1853.
Ennomos Guen., Phal., i, 173, 1857.

Walk., List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xx, 204, 1860.

Body very stout and hairy or moderately stout. Head rather sunken in
the body, squarish in front, with long hairs projecting more than usual in a
tuft-like projection. Palpi stout and bushy, long, porrect, not ascending,
extending well in front of the head ; the third joint rather large, but
partially concealed by the hairs of the second joint, or (subsignaria) long,
slender, and quite free from the second joint, and as long as the latter joint
is wide. Male antennas very heavily pectinated to the tip, the branches stiff
and regular; those of the female with pectinations as long as the antennas
are thick. Fore wings with the costa straight; the apex much rounded, very
falcate; the outer edge deeply excavated and seriate below the apex; the
angle on the first median venule is unusually large and rounded, below which
the margin is again excavated and scalloped. Hind wings scalloped and

angulated in the same way. Veuation : the costal region is very narrow; the
costal vein anastomoses with the subcostal vein; there is no subcostal cell;
the anterior discal venule is short and regularly curved, the posterior one
very oblique. The hind tibiae are but slightly swollen, the tibia? large, long,
and thick. * Coloration: either deep ocbreous, with the basal and extradiscal
lines more or less obsolete, or white (subsignaria) and immaculate.

This genus is readily distinguished by the full, hairy, projecting front,
the long, porrect palpi, the heavily-pectinated male antenna?, those of the
female being also pectinated, by the deeply-scalloped wings, and the hairy

body.

Larva. — The body is rather thick; head large and round; a spine in
tin1 middle and near the end of the body; sometimes the body is thickest
near the end of the body. Pupaa pale in color, situated between leaves.

Synopsis of the Species.

I'n 1 1' white : wings en tire E. subsignaria.

Ochreous-j ellow; wings entire E. alniaria.

Eugonia SUBSIGNARIA Packard. Plate 12, fig. 29 ; plate 13, fig. 1, larva.

Evdalimia subsignaria Hiibn., Saniml. Exot. Sehtn., ii, 1606.
Ennomos subsignaria Guen., Phal., i, 181, 1807.

Walk., List Lep. Het, Brit. Mus., xx, 2 09, 1860.
Geometra nivi <>.- ricearia Jones, Pi-oc. Ent. Soc. Phil., i, 31, 1861.
Ennomos subsignaria Pack., Guide to Study of Insects, 321, fig. 248; pi. 8, fig. 6, larva, 1869.

4 $ and 2 9. — Wings entire in the male, in the female dentate. Entire
body and legs uniformly snow-white. Antennae with white scales; pectina-
tions testaceous.

Length of body, i, 0.60, 9, 0.60; of fore wing, 6 , 0.60-72, 9, 0.83;
expanse of wings, 1.60-1.70 inches

At once known by the snow-white body and wings, angulated fore
wings, and notched hind wings.

London, Canada (Saunders); Northern Maine, August (Packard);
Salem, Mass. (Emerton) ; Campton, N. H., August (Walker); Albany, N. Y.
(Lintner and Meske); New York City (James Kimball); West Farms,
N. Y. (Angus); "Nova Scotia" (Walker).

Larva. — The caterpillar closely resembles the twigs of the elm-trees,
on the leaves of which il lives, the body being brown, while the large head
and terminal segment of the body is bright red. A writer in the "Practical
Entomologist" (vol. i, p. 57) states that the caterpillars are hatched as soon as

529

the leaves unfold, and live unobserved for a week or so in I he young shoots
in the tree-tops, and when half-grown are seen crawling about the tree.
Toward the end of June they pupate, and in about a week after the moth
appears. It is very destructive on the elm in New York and Philadelphia.

Eugonia alniaria Hiibner. Plate 12, fig. 28 ; plate 13, fig. 1 a, pupa.

Plialana-Gmmetru alniaria Linn., Syst. Nat., edit, x, 019, 1758; Faun. Suec, 834, 1740.
" Gtometra iiliaria Borkh., Eur. Schni., v, 87, 1794."
Enijonia alniaria Hiibn., Verz., 291, 1818.
Ennomos tiliaria Treits., Scbiu. Eur., vi (ii), 295, 1828.
Dup., Lep. France, vii (w), 142, 1829.
Geometra alniaria Steph., Nomencl. Br, Ius., 43, 1829.

Stepb., 111., i i, 104, 1831.
Ennomos tiliaria and alniaria Boisd., Gen. lud., 183, 1840.
Dup., Cat., 219, 1844.
H.-Sch., Schni. Eur., iii, 41, 1847.
Odoptera alniaria and tiliaria Stepb., Cat. Br. Lep., 105, 1850.
Ennomos maynaria Guen., Pbal., i, 174, 1857.
Ennomos alniaria Guen., Pbal., i, 175, 1857.

Walk., List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xx, 205, 1860.
Ennomos magnaria Walk., List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xx, 209, 1860.

Delicate ocher-yellow, with a reddish tinge toward the edge of the
wings, and on the head and front of the thorax. Fore wings with two lines,
often interrupted, or only developed on the costa; inner line on the inner
third of the wing; the curved outer line, beginning near the inner, diverges
and follows a sinuate course, ending much nearer the apex than the inner
line, the distance varying; both wings speckled, sometimes thickly, with
unusually large spots; outer edge of both wings deeply excavated, especially
opposite the second median venule. On the hind wings, no lines ; an obscure
discal dot centered with a short translucent line. Beneath, much as above,
but no lines, except in one case a diffuse dark line crosses the hind wings.
(The female differs in the usual characters of the dentated forms.) Fringe
dark, whitish in the notches on both wings.

Length of body, <f , 0.80, 9, 0.65; of fore wing, <J, 0.90-1.08, 9, 0.95-
1.05; expanse of wings, 2.00-2.20 inches.

Northern Maine and Brunswick (Packard) ; Portland, Me. (Morse) ;
Salem, Mass. (True and Emerton) ; Cambridge (Putnam) ; Albany, N. Y.
(Lintner and Meske) ; West. Farms, N. Y. (Angus) ; New Jersey (Sachs) ;
Saint Louis, Mo. (Riley) ; Montreal and Nova Scotia (Walker).

The species varies considerably in the distance apart of the two lines
on the fore wings, and in the degree of spotting. Our specimens do not
apparently differ from European ones.
67 p h

530

Regarding the earlj stages of this species, Mr. L. W. Goodell writes
me as follows: "The caterpillar was taken at Amherst, Mass., on the
chestnut, Aug. 20th; it was of a bluish-green color, with a thick wrinkle on
each ring, those on the tilth and eighth thickest and light brown ; on the hack
of the eleventh ring are two little warts tipped with brown. When fully grown
it measured two inches and three-tenths of an inch in length, the body largest
near the tail and tapering to the head. Aug. 21st, it drew a few leaves together,
and spun a thin, silky, pear-shaped cocoon, became a chrysalis the 24th, and
was transformed to a moth Sept. 13th. The chrysalis was one inch and two-
tenths of an inch in length and bluish-white in color, ending in a flattened
tail, tipped with black, and on each edge three small black spines, each
ending with a minute hook.'' The pupa is represented on plate 18, tig. 1 a.

Feeds on the black birch; of the color of the twig, dull brownish-
red, speckled considerably, and especially above, with dirty-white specks,
arranged very frequently in lines, either longitudinal on the sides or curved
forward above and becoming transverse. Head a little paler than the body ;
lab rum and feet at base whitish. On the posterior portion of the fifth and
eighth segments above, there is a transverse paler ridge bordered with black.
Length two inches. It forms a cocoon by spinning in the midst of a bunch
of leaves a close and firm cocoon of a bluntly fusiform shape, having a long
neck extending above and below (it hangs perpendicularly) to the end of the
many threads; open at both ends by an aperture about one-tenth of an inch
in diameter. — (8. H. Scudder.)

Desiderata.

Eitnomoa concisaria Walk., List Lep Het. Br. Mus., xxxv, 1551, 1866. —
"Male. Pale yellow. Palpi stout, squamous, obliquely ascending, not rising
higher than the vertex; third joint extremely minute. Antenna' broadly pec-
tinated nearly to the tips Abdomen hardly extending beyond the hind wings;
apical appendages rather large. Hind tibia? incrassated. Wings ample, with
a broad antemedial dull ochraceous line, which is darker and more complete
in the hind wings, and is still darker on the under side; a black point in tin-
disk; a broad ferruginous marginal band, which includes an acute streak,
the latter proceeding from the costa of the fore wings; the band bordered
on the inner side beneath by a festooned blackish line. Fore wings sub-
falcate, acute; a ferruginous basal patch, which does not extend to the costa;

531

exterior border very slightly bent in the middle. Hind wings with the
exterior border dentate ; the band beneath containing a yellow costal patch-

" Length of the body 10 lines; of the wings 24 lines.
ua. North America. From Mr. Carter's collection."

Ennomos lutaria Walk., List Lep. 11.1. Br. Mus., xxxv, 1552, 1866. —

" Male. Pale ochraceous, stout. Head and thorax densely pilose. Palpi
porrect, pilose, moderately stout, extending a little beyond the head; third
joint elongate-conical, hardly one-third of the length of the second. An-
tennae very slightly pectinated. Abdomen much shorter than the interior
border of the hind wings. Legs rather short. Wings ample, thinly blackish-
speckled, tinged with ferruginous along the exterior border; disk beneath
with a small whitish blackish-bordered mark. Fore wings subfalcate, hardly
acute; a blackish outward-curved line near the base; another blackish slightly
outward-curved line, extending from four-fifths of the length of the costa
• to the interior border at somewhat before the middle of the latter; exterior
border forming a prominent much rounded angle at rather in front of the
middle. Hind wings with the exterior border dentate, the middle tooth
much more prominent than the others ; under side with a broad blackish
antemedial line.

" Length of the body 8 lines ; of the wings 30 lines.
" a. North America. From Mr. Carter's collection."

CABERODES Guenee. Plate 6, figs. 15, 16.

Eudalimia Hiibu. (in part), Verz., 286, 1818.
Cabcrodes Guen., Phal., i, 135, 1857.

Walk., List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xx, 166, 1860.

Body rather slender. Head rather broad in front and short, being
squarish. Palpi rather large and broad, slightly ascending, extending well
in front of the head, though not so far as in Eugonia. Male antenna? very
broadly pectinated, the pectinations long and leaving the end simple. Wings
very broad. Fore wings with the costa rather more convex than usual; the
apex rectangular; outer edge regularly bent in the middle, neither excavated
nor scalloped. Hind wings full and rounded, extending a little beyond the
end of the abdomen. Venation: the costal region moderately broad ; costal
vein usually anastomosing with the subcostal (free in cervinaria), a long, nar-
row, subcostal cell (wanting in cervinaria). The discal veins are transverse,
the lower one not oblique, regularly curved. Hind legs with the tibia' mbder-

532

airly swollen ; tarsi large, two-thirds as long as the tibiae. Coloration: ash-
gray, with the extradiscal line straight, bent before reaching the costa.
I fiscal spots distinct.

This genus differs from Eugonia or Tetracis in the entire, broad, non-
falcate wings, with the single bend in the middle, nearly obsolete in cerm-
naria, which is rather an aberrant species.

Synopsis of the Species.

Very .small ; fawn-color; line on the hind wings considerably curved ft eervinaria.

Two oblique costal brown streaks between the basal and outer line ft carjennaria.

( H' large size : pale ocbreous ; extradiscal Hue straight ft coiifusaria.

Still larger : pale ash-ocbreous; extradiscal line shaded with dark externally ft majoraria.

/

Caberodes cervinaria Packard. Plate 12, fig. 34.

Caterodes cervinaria Pack., Fifth Rep. Peab. Acad. So., 81, 1873.

2 9. — Head and palpi ochreous, much lighter than the rest of the body.
This belongs to a distinct section of the genus, the apex of the wings being
acute, but the angle in the middle obsolete; otherwise the markings are as
usual in the genus. Body and wings fawn-colored, being much darker than
in any other species. Both wings uniformly fawn, with fine dark speckles.
On fore wings between the two lines darker, with a large distinct discal dot,
the two lines blackish, fine, the inner curved, especially toward the costa;
in the other specimen much less curved. Outer line slightly oblique,
less so than usual, ending on the costa farther from the apex than usual,
in fact being just parallel to the outer edge of the wing; it is a little sinu-
ate; the distance between the lines varies, the space being half as wide in
some as in others. Fringe concolorous with the wings. Hind wings a little
darker inside of the line than outside; the line is as on the fore wings and
considerably curved. A very faint discal dot. Beneath uniformly fawn-ash,
being lighter than above; the lines are obsolete, but the median shade on
the fore wings faintly appears through, and the discal dots are small but dis-
tinct; the wings are regularly and finely speckled.

Length of body, 9, 0.33; of fore wing, 9, 0.50; expanse of wings,
1.00 inch.

Texas, May 8 (Belfrage).

It may be known by the fawn-colored wings, the median shade bounded
by dark lines, and by the outer line ending on the costa much farther from
the apex, and not bent back on the costa as usual in the genus. The vena-
tion of this peculiar species is represented on plate 6, fig. 10.

533
Caberodes cayennaria Packard. Plate 11, fig. 53.

Apicia cayennaria Guen., Phal., i, 82, plate 5, figs. 2,3, 1857.

3 <$ and 1 9 . — Male antenna; very heavily pectinated. Body and wings
pale fawn-brown, much as in C. confusaria ; head and thorax of the same
color. Fore wings with a pale basal line edged externally, especially
toward the costa, with brown ; this line is firm, but bent at right angles in
the middle of the wing. Discal dots on both wings minute, black. Just
above the clot on the fore wings is a very oblique, brown, costal line, fading
away below the subcostal vein. The extradiscal line is firm and even, bent
acutely, sending its angle near the apex of the wing ; above the angle is a
dark costo-apical spot; the line is narrow, brown, shaded externally with
whitish. The wing is paler between the discal dot and angle of this line
than elsewhere. Beyond the line, is a series of four or five smoky blotches,
growing smaller toward the apex of the wing. Hind wings concolorous
with the fore wings ; but a single, faint, linear, brown line, shaded with
whitish. Beneath marked with yellow, freckled with brown ; hind wings a
little paler. The lines are brown, but distinct; the extradiscal one forked
on the apex of the fore wings ; the wings beyond the extradiscal line are
discolored with dull brown, or there is a series of large dusky patches
instead, better marked toward the apex of the wing, but wanting in the
single female.

Length of body, $, 0.55, 9, 0.45; of fore wing, <J, 0.62, 9, 0.58;
expanse of wings, 1.25 inches.

Dallas, Tex. (Boll) ; Texas, July 9 (Belfrage).

This well-marked species, from the unusual style of markings, might not
be referred at first, to this genus. The rectangularly-bent inner line, the
oblique streak in the middle of the costa, and the yellow under side of both
wings are sufficient to readily separate it from its congeners ; in the female,
the lines are deep brown, and the fore wings more acute and falcate than in
the male.

This is certainly a Caberodes. It was labeled Apicla cayennaria by
Professor Zeller, and does not seem to differ from Guenee's figure and
description. GrueneVs genus Apicia seems to me not to be well limited.

534

Caberodes confusakia Guen^e. Plate 12, figs. 30, 31.

Euaarca con/unuria Iliilni. Lxot. Schru., i, 1HK>.

Eudalimia confusaria Hiibn., Verz., 287, 1818.

Caberodes metrocamparia Guen., Pbal., i, 137, 1857.

Caberodes remissaria Guen., Pbal., i, )'■'•'. 1*.">7.

i aberodes imbraria Guen.! ! !, Phal., i, 137, 1857.

Caberodes superaria Guen. ! ! !, Phal., i, 138, 1857.

Caberodes phasianaria Gnen. ! ! !. Phal., i, 140, pi. :t, liy. 10, 1S57.

Caberodes metrocamparia Walk. !!!. List Lep. Het. Br. Mus.,xx, 167,1860.

Caberodes remissaria Walk.!!!, List Lep. Het. Br. Mub., xx, 1G8, 1860.

Caberodes imbraria Walk.!!!, List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xx, 168, 1860.

' abt roth t supt raria Walk. ! ! !, List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xx, KJ6, 18(30.

Caberodes floridaria Walk.!!!, List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xx, 169, 1860.

Caberodes confusaria Walk. !!!, List Lop. Het. Br. Mus., xx, 169, 1860.

Caberodes phasianaria Walk.!!!, List. Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xx, 170, I860.

Tetrads pandaria Walk.! !!, List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xx, 173, 1800.

L2 cT and 10 9. — Pale whitish-ochreous, -rather thickly speckled with
pale brown on the wings. Head, body, and wings concolorous. Fore wings
with two lines varying in distance apart, the inner thread-like, brown, regu-
larly curved, and slightly wavy, or bent on the costa and scarcely wavy (in
one specimen the line is quite diffuse and deeply scalloped). Outer line
brown, oblique, usually straight, and either obsolete before being bent
on the costa, or bent at right angles on the costa. In two females is a
row of three or lour pale brown diffuse spots between the outer line and
the margin of the wing. Discal dot on both wings. In one male the dot
is immersed in the line on the hind wings, but usually on the hind wings it is
jusl within the line. On the hind wings, the single line is more or less diffuse,
varying with the same line on the fore wings in this respect. A slight sinus
before the angle of the fore wings, the angle often well marked. Beneath, a
little more ochreous than above, with thicker, darker specks, the lines faintly
reproduced, the outer line sometimes bifid at the costa.

Length of body, t , 0.55-0.65, 9,0.50-0.60; fore wing, J , 0.65-0.7."),
9,0.75-0.82; expanse of wings, 1.50-1.60 inches.

Montreal, Canada (Lyman and Caulfield) ; Brunswick, Me. (Packard);
Boston, Mass. (Sanborn) : Springfield, Mass. (Dimmock) ; Albany, X. Y.
(Lintner); West Farms, N. Y. (Angus); Philadelphia, Pa. (Knt. Soc.) ;
Virginia (Packard) ; Michigan (Niles) ; Detroit, Mich. (Mus. Comp. Zool.) ;
Georgia (Grote) ; "Georgia" (Abbott, Guenee) ; Florida (Walker) ;" Texas,
May 22-25, September 20, October 4-24 (Belfrage).

A specimen from Maine is just like Hiibner's figs. .">, 4, 9 ; the
band bent back on to the costa, while usually the bend is wanting in the

535 .

female, as seen in his tig. 2 of the male. The inner line on the fore wing
(?) wanting in Hiibner's figure is also wanting in some of my specimens.

This species varies considerably, one Texan specimen wanting the inner
line, the outer common line being narrow, and the wings are not speckled. The
most decided variation is an individual from New York (Lintner), in which
the inner line is bent just below the costa, and below goes straight to the
inner edge, ending nearer the outer line than usual, and the line is deeply
scalloped. The common line is broad, and just beyond on the fore wing are
three diffuse ocher-brown spots, concolorous with the lines.

It differs from the other species known to me by the paler colors, the
lines sometimes not being edged with a paler tint, and the wings having a
sharper apex in the female, and in being less densely speckled.

It is very common, widely distributed, and varies considerably, so as to
give rise to museum species based on individual differences, but all varia-
tions of Hiibner's original confusaria. The two most aberrant forms are
those represented by figs. 30 and 31 of plate 12. Fig. 30 represents the
normal form, but without the basal line on the fore wings, which, how-
ever, is usually present. Fig. 31 represents an example from Michigan, which
has a series of dark marginal blotches, and is paler than the other form,
without any light shade to the lines. This is like the figures of Hiibner.
I am inclined to think that GueneVs C. ineffusaria (p. 138) and C. jloridaria
(p. 139) are varieties of confusaria. In examining M. GueneVs type of C.
jloridaria, I regarded it as liable to prove a variety of confusaria. GueneVs
description applies well to confusaria, except that he says the wings beneath
are "washed with reddish". None of the specimens yet found are washed
with any hue darker than a deep ochreous. He describes the larva of
jloridaria as being " grayish-white on the sides, of a rust-red on the back
and beneath, these hues running together. There are neither lines nor
points, and there are not more than two tubercles, which are situated on
each side of the sixth ring. The head and feet are concolorous. It lives in
March and April on a leguminous plant, which 1 cannot recognize from the
drawing of Abbot, and which he names the ' Devil's shoestring'. The
chrysalis is of a clear red, with extremity much pointed." While this
description is based on Abbot's drawing of a larva found in Georgia, GueneVs
type is from Pennsylvania. It may be found that it is the larva of coi/fusnria,
whatever may prove to be the fate of GueneVs aperies Jloridaria.

536

In one female, received from Mr. Grote and labeled " C. remissaria
Walk. ( Tetrads pandaria Walk.)", which had been compared by him with

Walker's type, the wings arc mottled coarsely with dark brown, and the
lines are heavily shaded, particularly the extradiscal, on both wings, while
the inner line on the fore wings is held distinctly at right angles. It is
evidently hut a variety of confusaria.

Regarding the reduction of Walker's species to synonyms, 1 find I have
arrived at the same conclusions as Messrs. Grote and Robinson. They say:
"The specimens registered as J Caberodes imbraria, \>. 168, £ C. super-
aria, id., £ C. ineffusaria, p. lo'9, and J C. Jioridaria, id., seem to us to
belong all to C. metrocamparia, Guenee; 9 C. remissaria is darker and
maculate, but hardly seems distinct." They add that " Tetrads pandaria
Walk, is evidently the 9 of his Caberodes remissaria, which may thus be a
distinct species".

Caberodes majoraria Guene'e. Plate 12, tig. 32.

Caberodes majoraria Guen., Phal., i, 138, 1857.

Walk., List Lep. Het. Brit. Mus., xx, 138, 1857.

2 £ and 1 9. — Body and wings pale ochreous, with an almost frosty
appearance. Wings well angulated ; on the hind wing a sinus just before the
angle. Apex of fore wings pointed obtusely, but more prominent than usual.
Wings more densely scaled than usual, being uniform on both wings. Fore
wings with the inner line curved as usual, faint brown; outer line brown, oblique,
very straight in its course to where it is reflected on to the costa, below which
it is broadly and diffusely shaded with brown externally, thus differing from
all the other species known to me. Hind wings with the line shaded as in the
anterior pair, but only reaching as far as the discal space. Beneath, wings tinged
with a warm yellpw-ocbreous tint, costa and fringe being yellowish, as well as
the body, the legs, and also the veins. Both wings uniformly clouded with
smoky specks, rounded, not transverse as in C. effectaria. Common line very
distinct, dusky-brown, on the fore wings bent on the independent venule, on
the hind wings well curved, sinuate, and extending on to the costa,

Length of body, c?, 0.80, 9, 0.80; of fore wing, S , 0.90, 9, 0.90;
expanse of wings, 1.90 inches.

Massachusetts, Augusl (Packard and Minot); Salem, Mass., duly 13
(Oassino); head of Plum Creek, Colo., June 29 (Lieutenant Carpenter,
Hayden's Survey)?

537

Well marked by the angular, pointed wings, by the common line being

diffuse externally, and beneath forming a very distinct dusky line, reaching to

the costa in both wings, and on the hind wings much more curved than in

any other species.

Desiderata.

Caberodes interlinearia Guen., Phal., i, 140, 1857.— "35mm. Elle se dis-
tingue de toutes les autres par une troisieme ligne droite et oblique qui est
placee a moitie entre les deux ordinaires des ailes supe"rieures. Au reste, l'ex-
trabasilaire est elle-meme droite et oblique, et la coude'e est un peu flexu-
euse. L'angle des quatre ailes est assez bien marque'. New York. Deux $ ."

Caberodes? varadaria Walk., List, xx, 251, I860.— "Male. Testaceous.
Palpi short, slender, porrect, extending very little beyond the head; third
joint very minute.. Antennae broadly pectinated. Hind tibiae slightly incras-
sated. Wings rather short with an exterior, nearly straight brown line,
beyond which they have a somewhat darker hue ; marginal points brown,
elongated. Fore wings somewhat rounded at the tips; exterior border slightly
convex, moderately oblique.

"Length of the body 4 lines; of 'the wings 8 lines. Georgia."

Caberodes? agreasaria Walk., List, xx, 252, 1860, is^zEndrojria duaria.
DREPANODES Guenee. Plate 6, fig. 11.

Drcpanodcs Guen., Phal., i, 66, 1857.

Walk., List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xx, 69, 1860.

Head rather narrow in front, nearly as much so as in Eutrapela, full, with
the scales close. Palpi slenderer than in Eutrapela, porrect, not ascending,
reaching a little beyond the front, the third joint small, button-shaped. An-
tenna? heavily pectinated, the branches even, stout, extending to the tip. Fore
wings more falcate than usual, the costa being unusually full toward the apex,
which is more produced than usual. Outer edge sinuous, being excavated
below the apex and full in the middle. Hind wings full and rounded, the
outer edge very convex, neither bent nor sinuated ; they reach slightly beyond
the tip of the abdomen. Venation much as in Eutrapela, but the subcostal
cell is open. The two genera differ from any preceding ones in the costal
region being narrow, the free end of the costal vein being equal in length to
the first, second, and third subcostal veins; apical area small. The fifth sub-
costal venule is rather short, while the discal venules are equal in length and
68 p H

538

nearly equally curved. Hind legs with the tibiae very long, swollen ; the tarsi
one-half as lung as the tibiae. Coloration: ochreous-brown, with a common
onier line bent at right angles just before reaching the cost a of the lure wings,
hill disappearing on the costa of the hind wings.

The species. of this genus are much smaller than those of Eutrapela, and
may he recognized by the very falcate fore wings, while the hind wings are
rounded The antennae are very heavily pectinated, the branches extending
(though forming simply long tubercles) to the extreme tip. The hind legs
are much as in Eutrapela, but the tarsi are a little longer. From Caberodes
it differs in the falcate fore wings and more heavily pectinated antennae.

Larva and pupa. — Ramiform, the body provided with a number of tuber-
cles, thus resembling the twigs of the tree on which it feeds. The head is
no wider than the body, which increases in thickness toward the end of the
body. Pupa of the usual conical form, rather thick.

Synopsis of the Species.

Fore wings more acute tbau in the others : dark, coarsely speckled D. rants.

Fawn-brown, with a light, common, extradiscal line D. puber.

Drici'Anodes varus Grote and .Robinson. Plate 12, figs. 36, 37.

Drepanodes varus Grote and Robinson!!!, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., viii, pi. 15 A, fig. 2, 9 , 1867.
Drepanodes aquosus Grote and Robinson!!!, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., viii, pi. 15 A, rig. 3, 9 , 1867.
Drepanodes sesqnilinea Grote!!!, Can. Eut. ii, 114, 1870.
Drepanodes juniperaria Pack., First Rep. Ins. Mass., 22, pi. 1, rigs. i. 5, 1871.

<$ — Antennae broadly pectinated ; head, body, and wings uniformly clear
ochreous, with scattered minute dark speckles; inner line deep ochreous, a little
diffuse, curved irregularly, somewhat angulated opposite the discal dot, which
it nearly touches, beyond which it curves straight on the costa; below the angle,
it is regularly curved and sometimes sinuate. It is dark ochreous, paler
without; the outer line is slightly curved inward, and toward the tip bent
back at right angles on the costa, blackish externally, shaded broadly with
dark ochraceous within. Between the two lines the wing is clear as usual.
Discal dot black, small. Wing clear beyond the outer line. Toward the
inner angle, there are three rounded, nebulose, dark spots, of which the
middle one is the largest. Hind wings like the fore wings, with a single, broad,
straight line; discal dot very distinct; a diffuse cloud, scarcely divided into
distinct spots, near the angle; beyond the lino, the strigae are sparingly scat-
tered. Fringe with a reddish tinge. Beneath paler, especially on the sec-
ondaries. The common line faintly re-appears; slightly reddish on hind wings,
.nid blackish on fore wings; discal dot very distinct, with scattered fine strigae.

539

These males are recognized readily by the three dark spots at the inner
angle of the fore wing, and the dark lines, which are nearer the discal dot
than in females. The above description was drawn up from the types of
sesquilinea.

2 & and 7 9. — Body dull ochreous, with a few black scales; antennae
minutely annulated with black scales. Wings marked much alike; fore
wings with two lines, the inner regularly curved, terminating on the costa at
twice the distance from the base, as on the hind edge; the line is black,
diffuse, with some subfuscous scales externally. Within are more numerous
grayish scales. Within this line, toward the costa, are numerous black
transverse scales. Discal spot distinct. Middle of the wing with a few
transverse strigae, especially toward the costa, which is, however, not thus
strigated The outer line straight, black, terminating in the falcate apex
of the wing, not being bent back on the costa as usual. Tip of the
wing black ; the outer line is margined broadly with gray spots; black and
gray scales are numerous toward .the inner angle of the wing, the anterior
two-thirds of the outer edge of the wings being clear. Hind wings provided
with a single straight extradiscal black line ; within the discal dot are a few
transverse strigas, while exteriorly the wing is dusky, and the scales are
grouped into transverse clouds, situated half-way between the line and the
outer edge of the wing. Outer edge rounded, scarcely angulated, clearer
toward the costa. Body beneath, with the legs and wings, alike thickly
strigated. " The line common to both wings re-appears faintly ; discal dots
more distinct than above.

The female may at once be known by the much curved inner line of
the fore wings, which is also deeply sinuate. (This line is sometimes ob-
solete.) The lines vary greatly in width, being broadest and darkest in the form
of varus figured by Messrs. Grote and Robinson. In other specimens of
"varus'''' from Alabama, received from Mr. Grote, the wings are clear and the
lines fine. Grote and Robinson's type-specimen of aquosus, figured by them,
is more densely and coarsely speckled than any of the others, the outer
border of both wings being dull violaceous, mottled with blackish ; but I
have a specimen from Missouri which approaches this type-specimen closely.
On the other hand, I have a specimen from Massachusetts (Stratton), which
is intermediate between juniperaria and the Alabama varus: the fore wing
being strigated at the base and border of the wing, with a dark shade below the

540

middle of the border, due to dark scales crowded there. Bet.eath, the width
and distinctness of the pale outer line varies, the black border of the line
predominating in Ihe type-specimens of Grote and Robinson, and appearing
like a black line alone. Had I the original type-specimens of Grote and
Robinson alone, 1 should probably, as they did, decide the two species to be
distinct ; but more material causes me at present to unite them.

From an examination of Grote and Robinson's types kindly sent me for
examination, and with other specimens from different localities, I have been
led to unite these four described species into one. My juniperaria, a single
specimen, reared and in excellent preservation, is evidently intermediate be-
tween varus and aquosus.

Length of body, <?, 0.45-0.50, 9,0.40-0.48; of fore wing, $, 0.50-0.57,
9, 0.55-0.65; expanse of wings, 1.30 inches.

Brookline, Mass., September 20 (Shurtleff) ; Boston, Mass. (Sanborn) ;
Natick, Mass. (Stratton) ; Newton, Mass. (Dr. G. F. Waters) ; Norwich,
Conn. (S. H. Scudder); Albany, N. Y. (Meske) ; West Farms, N. Y.
(Angus); New Jersey (Sachs); Alabama, West Virginia, and Pennsylvania
(Grote) ; Easton, Pa. (Clemens).

A careful examination convinces me that the males which I had here-
tofore regarded as distinct from varus (labeled sesquilihea by Mr. Grote) are
really the males of D. varus, of which heretofore we have only had the
females. Two female varus are so light and free from dark blotches, and
approach male sesqu'dinea so closely, that I am compelled to regard them as
different sexes of the same species.

Larva. — The caterpillar of this species, var. junijteraria, is figured and
briefly described on p. 43. The pupa is also figured on plate 13, figs. 30, 30 a.

Drepanodes puiseu Grote and Robinson. Plate 13, fig. 35.

Drepanodee puber Grote ami Robinson, Auu. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., viii, pi. 15 a, lig. 1, £ , 1867.

3 i and 1 9. — Pale fawn color, the wings being unusually clear, and
with very few black scales, except two black twin patches of them on the
middle near the outer edge of the wing. Head, antennae, palpi, and body
eoncolorous with the wings. Fore wing with two pale, almost whitish, lines,
inner one a little less curved than usual, slightly sinuate below the median
vein, and above not reaching very near the discal dot. Outer line bent back

541

as usual on the costa, not curved ; posteriorly it forms a well-defined pale
line, shaded within with pale brown. The apex is clear, as the rest of the
wing. A little below the middle, half-way between the outer line and the
edge of the wing, are two, twin, black, rounded patches. Fringe reddish-brown,
becoming blackish on the apex of each wing, and on the inner angle of the
hind wings. Beneath, of same color as above, but thickly and transversely
speckled; the outer line only present, forming a pale line. Discal dots dis-
tinct on both wings, which are a little tinged with dull violaceous on the apex
and the inner angle. The female differs from the males in being darker fawn-
color, with the pale lines narrower and less distinct, and more prominently
edged with brown, while both wings are speckled beyond the outer line, and
this part of the wing has a grayish tinge, as also the base of the wing inside
of the inner line.

Length of the body, i, 0.50; of fore wing, <i , 0.60, 9, 0.63; expanse
of wings, 1.25 inches.

It may be distinguished from all the other species by the pale lines, and
by the two twin dots in the middle of the outer margin of the fore wings,
while the wings are unusually free from scales. From varus, £, it differs
in the pale lines, clear hind wings, and is less ochreous.*

Boston, Mass. (Sanborn) ; Philadelphia, Pa. (Grote)

Desideratum.

Dre-panodes olyzonar'ia Walk., List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xx, 69, 1860. —
"Female. Reddish cinereous. Hind tibiae very slightly thickened. Wings

* Drepauocles panamaria Pack., Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hisr., xvi, 39, 1874.

2 $ . — This species differs structurally in some important characters from the more northern species
known to me. The wings are a little shorter, and the apex much less falcate than usual; the iirst sub-
costal interspace is much shorter and smaller than in V. varus aud sesquilinea, autfall the venules sent
off toward the outer edge of the wing are shorter than usual. The hind tibia; are greatly swollen,
nearly twice as much so as iu D. sesquilinea, and the spurs are much shorter. Antennas broadly
pectinated, fully as much as usual. Body aud wings pale yellow-ochreous, and of the same shade as
above and beneath, including the legs. Fore wings with traces of a narrow, basal, curved, ferruginous
line. An outer, oblique, pale-ferruginous line straight iu its course (not curved as usual), just below the
apex. On the costa, just in front of the angle, is a geminate black spot, and another spot on the apex.
Another larger spot between the first and second median venules, and a large round black patch on the
inner angle. Beyond the outer line, the wing is fawn-brown, and also the hind wings; the latter are
crossed by a single, faint, narrow, ferruginous, straight line. Both wings have scattered black speckles.
Beneath as above, except that there are no lines, but the brownish margins of both wings are as well
marked as above. Miuute discal dots above aud below on both pairs of wings. Fore tibi.-e a little
dusky.

Length of body, 0.45 ; of fore wings, 0..r>0 ; expanse of wings, 1.00 inches. Panama (Edwards).

It may be recognized, besides iis singular structural features, by the edge of both wings being
broadly shaded with pale fawn-brown.

This description of a Panama species of Drepanodes is appended, as the genus and possibly this
speeii s may yet occur in Southern California.

542

moderately broad, minutely black-speckled; line blackish, straight, distinct,
ochraceous-bordered on the inner side, whitish-bordered on the outer side ;
discal point black, minute; fringe ochraceous. Fore wings falcate, excavated
behind the tips, which are more speckled with black than the rest of the
wing; interior line bent, almost obsolete except towards thecosta; exterior
border hardly convex. Length of the body 5? lines; of the wings 14 lines.
East Florida."

This species is quite near D. varus, and may prove to be a variety of it,
as I observed from an examination of Walker's type in the British Museum.

METANEMA Guenee. Plate 6, fig. 4.

Mctanema Guen., Plial., i, 171, 1857.

Walk., List Lep. II. 't. Br. Mus., xx, 202, 1860.

Plead much smaller, shorter than in Tetrads and Eugonia, with the
front nearly square, narrowing slightly anteriorly. Palpi short, small not
extending beyond the front of the head. Male antennae well pectinated.
Fore wings with the costa nearly straight, sinuous, falcate, the apex acute,
prolonged, with more of an excavation beneath than in Tetrads or Eugonia,
the angle in the middle of the edge being well pronounced. Hind wings
with a large, prominent "tail" or angle, rather more pronounced than in
Tetrads, with usually a slight tooth between the apex and the angle.
Venation: two subcostal cells, the inner lozenge-shaped, the outer long and
narrow; the anterior discal venule straight, the posterior oblique, slightly
bent ; otherwise the venation is as in Tetrads and Eugonia. Hind legs
with the tibiae slightly enlarged ; tarsi nearly as long as the tibiae. Colora-
tion : lilac-gray or pale ochreous, with two nearly parallel lines on the tore
wings and a single line on the posterior pair; sometimes a large reddish-
brown discal spot on the fore wings.

The species may be separated from those of Eugonia and Tetrads by
the small, short head and small palpi, scarcely extending beyond the front.

Synopsis of the Species.

Rather dark pearl-ash: fore wings darker between the two pale flesh-coloreil lines M. camaria.

Uniformly pearl ash, with two flesh-colored lines, and a very large, rich, reddish-brown

discal spot M. inatomaria.

Pale whitish-ochreous, with reddish speckles and lines; a third, snbniargimil, wavy, fine

line J/, trilinearia.

Metanema carnaria Packard. Plate 12, fig.. 33.

Caberodes carnaria Pack., Fifth Rep. Peab. Acad. Sc, 80, 1873.

2 S. — Ash-colored, darker than usual, with a salmon tint, especially

54:3

about the lines and on the under sides of the wings. Head reddish-biown
in front and on the palpi, which are stout, and pass considerably beyond the
front; the vertex is whitish ash. Wings salmon ash-gray, a little darker
between the two lines; both lines pale, testaceous, edged on the sides lacing
the discal dot with brown; they are distinct, not blended with the rest
of the wing; inner line oblique, slightly curved ; the outer line is oblique,
ending next to the apex; on the costa a broad pale sp'ace between the line
and the dark apical streak below, the line being margined externally with a
faint brown line ; just beyond this line the wing is clear and paler, as within
the inner line, and with dark flecks, but the edge of the wing is as dark as
in the middle; discal dot black, small, curvilinear, distinct; fringe brown,
with a paler fine line at the base. Hind wings a little paler and more trans-
versely strigated than the fore wings; a single straight line just beyond the
middle of the wing, like the outer line on the fore wings; beneath, paler
than above, carneous-ash. Veins and common line with a decided reddish
tint, especially toward the apex of the fore wings ; the line is very diffuse,
especially on the hind wings. Both pairs of wings are transversely strigated.
Fringe brown beneath and darker on edge of fore wings. On the hind
wings, the line is a very diffuse shade.

Length of body, <S , 0.45; of fore wing, S, 0.50; expanse of wings,
1.00 inch.

Montreal, Canada (Caulfield) ; Lansing, Mich. (Miles) ; New York
(Mus. Peab. Acad. Sc.)

Metanema inatomaeia Guene'e. Plate 12, fig. 38.

Metanema inatomaria Guen., Phal., i, 171, pi. 3, fig. 7, 1857.

Walk., List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xs, 203, 18G0.

3 <$ and 2 9. — Pale gray, with a slight salmon tint; wings specked
transversely with brown, the specks being longest on the costa, there being
two prominent, deep, brown, squarish spots just inside the terminations
of the two lines. Wings crossed by two oblique pale lines, the inner
situated just beyond the basal third of the wing ; it is not sinuate, but
is sometimes a little curved, and is bent a little on the costa, where it
expands widely; outer line more oblique, shaded within with reddish-brown
(especially on the hind wings), not curved, and not bent on the costa, but
spreading to form a triangle it ends a little before the apex; just below the

r.i!

apex is a brown patch, shaded with deeper brown within, and a little scal-
loped ; discal dot unusually large, deep reddish-brown. Hind wings like
the anterior pair, with one straight transverse line shaded with brown on
the inside and fading mil on the costa; a small, obscure, discal dot. Fringe
like the resl of the *wing, with a pale line al the base. Beneath, a little
paler than above, with a decided salmon tint ; outer line bordered with a
delicate salmon-red, on the costa filling up the space between the outer line
and the apex; no discal dot on the fore wing, a distinct one on the hind
wing. Wings more distinctly speckled beneath than above.

Length of body, d\ 0.40,-0.47, ?, 0.55; of fore wing, <?, 0.55, 9, 0.(17 ;
expanse of wings. 1.40 inches.

Montreal, Canada (Caulfield) ; Brunswick, Me. (Packard) ; New Hamp-
shire (Walker); Cambridge, Mass. (Harris Coll.); Albany, N. Y. (Lintner);
Brooklyn, X. Y. (Graef) ; New Jersey (Sachs) ; Wisconsin (Hoy) ; Saint
Louis, Mo. (Riley) ; Glencoe (Nebraska).

Metanema quercivoraria Guenee. Plate 12, fig. 39.

" Plmlii no quercivoraria Abbot, MS." Gnen^e.
Metanema quercivoraria Goen., Phal., i, 172, 1857.

Walk., List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xx, 203, 1860.

Body and wings pale whitish-ash. Wings thickly covered with fine
speckles. Fore wings with three lines, the usual inner and outer line, and
a third wavy submarginal hair-line. The two inner lines distinct, of even
width, a little oblique, not waved ; the innermost line situated exactly on the
inner third, the outer line on the outer third of the wing. Costa stained
with reddish on the end of the outer line. Submarginal hair-line wavy,
sinuate, reddish, situated half-way between the outer line and the edge of
the wing, and disappearing below the second median venule, scalloped
between each venule, much more distinct below than above. On the hind
wings, a single brown line, and traces of a submarginal wavy line. Beneath,
paler than above, with the lines reproduced beneath, and dull-colored ; the
third submarginal line on both wings partially obsolete, but clearer than
above. Fringe reddish.

Length of body, <?, 0.45; of fore wing, <$ , 0.73; expanse of wings, 1.50
inches.

Eastport, Me, July (Packard); New York (Grote) ; Central Missouri,
August (Riley).

r»45

This species may be known by the angular falcate fore wings, with the
tight reddish-brown lines on the pale ash-speckled wings, and by the dentate
hind wings, with the single clear line and submarginal abbreviated line, as
well as by the short small palpi and elongated hind wings projecting farther
than usual beyond the body. This species is allied to M. celiaria Walk from
Florida, which may prove to be a variety of the present species.

This agrees well with Guenee's description, except that the edge of both
wings are clear in all my specimens.

Larva — "Caterpillar of a very pale green, with th'e sutures and sides
reddislya double angle {arete) bordered with reddish on the second ridge,
another more salient on the sixth, and finally another on the tenth ; the fifth
lias on each side a small pointed tubercle. Head and feet concolorous. It
lives on the oak and poplar, in April; it pupates at the beginning of May,
and the moth appears at the end of the same month. The chrysalis is of a
gray-brownish, with the abdominal incisions reddish."' — (Guene'e's descrip-
tion from Abbot's MS. drawings.)

Desiderata.
Metanema forjkaria Guen., Phal., i, 172, 1857. — ''40™'". Ailes superi-
eures a apex tres-aigu et falque*, a bord terminal ondulc, avec le coude de la
2 plus obtus que chez les autres especes, d'un testace clair, avec quelques
ecailles noires parsemees, et la frange plus foncee. Deux fines. lignes
ondulees a la place ordinaire, claires, liserees de brim, et dont la seconde va
rejoindre l'apex qui est marque de gris noir. Ailes inferieures subdente'es,
avec la dent de la 2 plus saillante, mais arrondie, plus claires que les
superieures, avec une ligne faible continuant la coude. Un point eellulaire
noir aux quatre ailes. Californie."

Metanema celiaria Walk., List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., x.x, 260, 1860. —
" Female. Pale testaceous, whitish testaceous on the underside! Front flat.
Palpi slender, very short. Antennae rather stout. Legs stout ; hind tibias
not incrassated. Wings indistinctly ochraceous speckled, slightly black
speckled exteriorly; a brown oblique nearly straight line, reddish bordered
on the outer side ; a more exterior undulating and denticulated line, which
is most apparent on the under side ; a black discal point. Fore wings sub-
falcate; exterior border concave on each side of its very distinct angle ; a
nearly straight and upright interior line which is dilated on the costa ; a
69 P H

546

patch ill black speckles near the interior angle. Hind wings extending a
little behind the abdomen ; exterior border slightly denticulated, with a very
prominenl angle in the middle. Length of the bod}' 5 lines; of the wings
16 lines. Easl Florida."

TETRACIS Guene"e. Plate 5, fig. 18 ; plate 6, fig. 2.

Tetrads Guen., Phal., i, 140, 1657.

Walk., List Lep. Her. Br. Mus., xx, 17a, 1860.

I lead large, prominent, lull in front, moderately broad, narrowing a little
anteriorly. Palpi thick, either short, not passing much beyond thewfront, or
large, acute, and extending beyond the front by a distance nearly equaling
the width of the front of the head. Male antennae either simple and thick-
ened, or with short pectinations. Thorax moderately stout and hairy, not so
pilose and thick as in Ennomos. Fore wings with the costa usually quite
straight and slightly sinuous, distinctly falcate, the apex produced, acute or
subacute; the outer edge excavated more or less below the apex, and with a
very prominent median angle, much larger in the female than in the male.
Hind wings usually large, extending beyond the end of the abdomen, well
rounded on the apex, with a large acute tooth or angle in the middle; some-
times the angle in the males is nearly wanting. Venation: the costal area
is very narrow, and the free end of the costal vein and the first three sub-
costal venules short, one short (crocallata), sometimes (truxaliatd) a rather
long and narrow cell. The discal venules vary in the anterior one being
straight and curved inward ; the posterior one is usually oblique, directed
outward The hind tibiae in the male are either moderately or considerably
swollen, the tarsi nearly as long or three-fourths as long as the tibiae.
Abdomen usually long and slender in the male. Coloration: either cream-
white or yellow, with a single oblique brown line on the fore wings, or
yellow with brown bands, or of different shades of ocbreous, with dark lines
and thickly speckled.

From the material before me, I have been unable to perceive any essen-
tial difference between Tetrads and Eugonia; they run into each other
insensibly. The species differ from those of Eugonia in the less heavily-
pectinated male antennae, the less pilose thorax, the shorter palpi, and in the
wings nol being, dentate, though those of <$ E. subsignaria arc not so. From
Eulrapela they differ in thew.ings being narrower and much more angular and

547

falcate; while the antenna' are nearly always pectinated. It is possible that
the species may intergrade with those of Eugonia. The distinctions are
certainly somewhat artificial. The genus is principally restricted to the
Pacific coast, the less typical forms (lornta and crocallata) being restricted to
the Atlantic coast. These two species are in many respects closely allied to
T. trianguliferaria of the Pacific coast, so much so as not to warrant their
generic separation.

Synopsis of the Species.

A. Male antennae simple ; wings slightly angular :

Cream-white, with a single oclireous oblique line on the fore wings T. lorata.

Yellow, with a single brown oblique line on the fore wings T. crocallata.

B. Male antenna3 pectinated ; wings of male rounded, in female

very angular :

Deep yellow, with three very large, brown, costal spots; antenna' narrowly

pectinated T. trianguliferaria.

Whitish-yellow; fore wings with two broad dark lines; antenna; plumose /'. coloradarUx.

C. Palpi long; the species of various shades of brown :

Fawn-brown ; fore wings with two pale subparallel lines T. paralleliaria.

Dull orange; fore wings with the inner lines curved outward ; the outer more

or less sinuous T. aurantiacaria.

Fawn-brown ; larger than any of the preceding species ; wings broad and well

angulated T. cervindria.

Pale oclireous ; wings very falcate, with a slight angle between the apex and
the middle angle; a single, broad, outer, sinuous line, curved outward
before reaching the costa T. grotearia.

The largest of all the species, the wings very falcate and angular, pale ochre-
ous, the anterior pair with three blackish subparallel broad lines ; male
antennae simple T. trnxaliata.

Wings much less falcate and angular than in the other species of section C ;
fore wings with two black scalloped lines ; hind wings with a single
scalloped line ; male antenna? simple T. agrotata.

Tetracis lorata Grote. Plate 12, fig. 41.

Tetrads lorata Grote!!!, Can. Ent.

4 <* and 2 9. — Body and wings uniformly cream-white. Palpi and
under side of the antenna? oclireous. Wings unspotted, with a single, dull,
ochreous, oblique, straight line extending from just beyond the middle of the
inner edge to the costa, ending just before the apex ; hind wings with no line,
immaculate. No discal dots on either wings. Beneath immaculate, the band
not re-appearing on the fore wing.

Length of body, $, 0.60, 9, 0.60; of fore wing, <?, 0.85, 9, ?; expanse
of wings, 1.75 inches.

54-8

In one male from Albany; N. Y. (Lintner), the front is dull ochreous,
this shade running up the orbits.

East Falmouth, Mass., June 4 (W. C. Pish); West Farms, N.Y. (Angus).

Ii differs from T. crocattata by the cream-wbite wings, the dull-ochreous
line on the fore wing, while the apex of the fore wing is not so pointed as in
T. crocaUata or aspilates, and there is no line reproduced beneath, mid no
traces of a discal dot beneath. The hind wings are much more obtuse than
in T. crocaUata.

Maine (Packard); Albany, N. Y. (Lintner); Philadelphia, Pa. (Grote) ;
Iowa (Parker); Saint Louis, Mo. (Riley).

Teteagis crocallata Guenee. Plate 12, fig. 40.

Tetrads crocaUata Gum., l'h;il., i, 141, 1857.

Walk., List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xx, 172, 18G0.
Tetrads aspilaia Gnen., Phal., i, Ml, 1857.

Walk., List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xx, 173, I860.

6" c? and G 9 . — Body and wings uniformly bright ocher-yellow ; wings
slightly speckled with brown. A broad, oblique, coffee-brown band on the
fore wings, extending from just beyond the middle of the outer edge to the
apex ; discal dot not large, but prominent on both wings. On the hind wings,
a single straight lrnc, not reaching the costa (in three out of twelve speci-
mens the line is entirely wanting on the hind wings). Beneath as above;
the line most distinct toward the apex; the female paler and with a narrower
line on the fore wings than the male.

Length of body, i\ 0.65, 9, 0.60; of fore wing, i, 0.58-0.83, 9, 0.80-
0.85; expanse of wings, 1.75 inches.

Montreal, Canada (Lyman); Brunswick, Me., June (Packard) ; Massa-
chusetts (Sanborn and Emerton); West- Farms, N. Y. (Angus); Albany, N. Y.
(Lintner and Meske) ; Philadelphia, Pa. (Grote); Lawrence, Kans. (Snow).

It varies in the presence or absence of the line on the hind wings; in
three out of nine specimens, the band on the fore wing is very broad, three
times as much so as in others. In a female from Iowa (Parker), with the
line present on both wings, the wings are speckled much more than usual.
I found on examination of Guenee' s types that his T. aspilaia is a pale variety
of his crocallata, without the band on the hind wings.

Larva. — "From two females confined in a box, 1 obtained on June 18th—
20th over three hundred eggs. These are subovate, slightly flattened at the

549

larger end, varnished. From fifteen to forty eggs are laid at a time, during
the night only ; they are deposited about one hundred in one spot, in curving
sometimes angulated rows, which have'the appearance somewhat of radiating
from a common centre. When first laid they were yellowish -green ; on the
20th they had become ochro-olivaceous ; on the 21st indian red, and by the
28th or 29th the greater part appeared gray, which effect was caused by innu-
merable minute black atoms on a whitish ground. On the 31st they were all
a deep though rather dull purple. Hatched on the 30th and 31st. Some of
the larvse lived until July 7th. Head several times larger than the prothorax,
ochraceous, luteous, sub-globose ; anal segment much enlarged, white ; prop-
legs, two pairs, white. The enormous head and anal segments gave these
caterpillars the appearance of minute, animated dumb bells. Above, fuligin-
ous ; stigmatical line, white ; beneath, pale red. They were very active,
almost constantly in motion. Each time before looping, it rears itself up on
its hind legs, and turns round in every direction, as if scrutinizing the neigh-
borhood. I tried in vain to rear them, experimenting with almost every food
plant I could think of."— (C. S. Minot, Can. Ent., ii, 28.)

Pupa. — Of the usual shape, with the anal spine large and acute. Gray,
spotted and speckled with reddish-brown. A double row of dorsal spots.
Head and thorax dark brown ; wings spotted like the rest of the body.
Length, 0.62 inch. "From a dark geometric larva found feeding on the
sumach in the spring. Imago late in May." — (Saunders.)

Tetracis trianguxiferata Packard. Plate 13, fig. 60.

Tetrads trianguliferata Pack., Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., xiii, 384, 1871.

1 <$ and 1 9 . — This species belongs to a distinct section of the genus
from the preceding, as the male antennae are pectinated, the palpi are remark-
ably long, and the venation is different. It differs from T. lorata and cro-
callata in the head being a little smaller, and the front slightly narrower,
while the antennae are well pectinated, the pectinations being slender and
rather long. The palpi are moderately long, ascending and reaching a little
beyond the front, and usually pointed. The hind femur is slender, not swollen
much ; the costa is much wider, so that the subcostal venules are shorter and
thrown off at a much greater angle ; the lozenge-shaped subcostal cell is small,
one-half smaller than in crocallata, and there are other slight: differences,
the venation of T. crocallata and lorata being almost identical. The wings

550

are a little narrower, much more angulated, and the markings are different.
It is brighl ochreous-yellow, both wings dotted over with scattered brown
specks. Orbits and tips of palpi speckled with light brown. Three large
brown spots edged with dark brown on the costa, the basal one next the
thorax not extending below the subcostal vein, and nearly twice as long as
broad, the second just within the middle of the wing, equilaterally triangular,
the apex blunt and resting on the median vein; the third is nearer the apex
than the second spot, and is equilaterally triangular, with the apex acute and
resting on the independent venule. Hot ween these two last spots are three
small costal spots. A short brown baud runs from the outer third of the
middle edge to the third median vein. A minute discal dot. Fringe concol-
orous with the rest of the wing. Hind wings with a large tooth ; a large
tooth in the middle of the tore wing. Hind wings slightly paler on inner
half, no markings. Beneath, the large triangular spots are faintly reproduced,
and the brown speckles are long and larger than above. The fringe is yellow,
with a brown line at the base.

Length of body, S , 0.55 ; of fore wing, e? , 0.76 ; expanse of wings, 1.60
inches.

California (Behrens); Sierra Nevada, Cal. (Edwards).

Tetracis coloradaria Packard. Plate 12, fig. 47.

Ennomos coloradaria Grote!!!, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., viii, pi. lti, fig. 11, 9 , 1867.

1 $ and 1 9.— In the male, the fore wings are long and but slightly
benl on the outer edge, while the hind wings are also only moderately
angular; while in the female both wings have a large, prominent, median
angle. Male antenna' with long pectinations, subplumose. Front of head
smooth, not pilose. Palpi large and long, pointed, extending well in front
of the head. Body and wings pale yellow. Fore wings with two unusually
broad black bands (rather than lines), the inner curved outward and rather
flexuous, the outer oblique, Hexuous, and bent on the costa; it is edged
internally with deeper black scales, the inner line edged externally in a
similar way. Hind wings with a single, very Hexuous, extradiscal line.
Discal dots on both wings, which are sprinkled over with dark speckles.
Beneath, the wings are concolorous with the upper side, and the bands on the
fore wings faintly re-appear, while the single line on the hind wings is nearly
as well marked as on the upper side.

551

Length of body, <$ , 0.60, 9 ; of lore wing, 6 , 0.75, 9, 0.75; expanse
of wings, 1.50 inches.

Colorado (Grote and Sachs).

This is a well-marked species and need not be confounded with any
other. It is not an Eugonia unless the species of Tetrads should all be
placed in that genus, as the head and thorax are closely scaled. It may be
distinguished from the other species by its pale-yellow hue and the two
black conspicuous bands on the fore wings.

Tetracis paralleliaria Packard. Plate 12, figs. 42, 43.

Tetrads parallelia Pack., Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., xvi, 38, 1874.

1 'S and 5 9 . — Male antennae with long, slender, those of the female
with short, pectinations. Palpi large and long, extending farther beyond the
front of the head than in any of the preceding species; fore wings falcate
and angulated in both sexes, while the hind wings have a rather small "tail" or
angle not less marked in the male than in the female. Fawn-brown; palpi
as dark as the fore wings, which are rather darker than the body and hind
wings. The fore wings are uniformly fawn-brown, with two nearly parallel
brown lines edged with paler scales. The inner line is oblique, bent slightly
below the costa, but straight for the remaining distance ; it is situated rather
nearer the middle of the wing than usual. Outer line oblicpie, slightly
flexuous, curved inward slightly in the middle. Fringe of a little darker hue
than the wing. Hind wings paler than the anterior pair, mottled faintly
with pale-brown scales; on the under side the spots are more distinct. The
discal dots are more distinct beneath than above. On the fore wings the
tint is uniform, and the lines are only faintly reproduced.

Length of body, t, 0.50, 9, 0.60; of fore wing, <?, 0.60, 9, 0.60-0.85;
expanse of wings, 1.20-1.60 inches.

Sierra Nevada, Cal. (Edwards) ; Sanzalito, Gal., April 24, October 8
(Behrens).

In this species, the inner line of the fore wings is straight, neither curved
nor flexuous, and the angle in the hind wings is slight compared with that
of T. cervinaria, and it is smaller than in T. aurantiacdria, while the female
antenna? are pectinated.

Tetracis aurantiacaria Packard. Plate 12, figs. 44, 45.

Mctanema aurmitiacaria Pack., Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., xvi, 34, 1*14.

2 d and 5 9. — Body ochreous; wings orange-ochreous, sometimes deep

552

reddisli-ocbreous. Palpi long and slender, passing as far beyond the front
as the head is wide: black in the outer half above. Fore wings orange-
ochreous ; inner line black, regularly curved; outer line oblique, mure
sinuous than usual (in one case, fig. 44, straight), mil bent on the costa; it
is brick-red in color, shaded inside toward the middle of the wing with deep
ferruginous orange; sometimes narrow and blackish, edged externally with
ochreous. Usually no markings on the edge of the wing, but in one very
dark example a dark diffuse wavy line, edged with light reddish ochreous
beyond, extending to the edge of the wing. A single line on hind wings,
straight, not reaching the costa, and of the same color as that on the front
wings. This line varies in color, being in one case black, sinuous, reaching
the costal edge, and interrupted in the middle, nearly opposite the discal dot;
sometimes the line is entirely wanting. Four discal dots. Beneath, the wings
are of the same color as above, but a little clearer yellow, and the lines faintly
re-appear, that on the fore wings being a little curved, while in one example
there is a broad dark band just beyond the extradiscal line. This species
belongs to the same section of the genus as T. cervlnaria, and is a little
smaller, with the apex and angles of the wing more acute; behind the angles,
the wings are entire. The moth is quite different from GueneVs M. for-
ficaria, which does not yet seem to occur in American collections.

Length of body, 0.60 ; of fore wing, 0.77 ; expanse of wings, 1.60
inches.

Nevada (Edwards) ; Sanzalito, Cal., October 10, November 8-11 (Beh-
rens).

It may be recognized by the acutely-angled wings, the ferruginous or
blackish undulating extradiscal line, the deep orange-ocher of the wings,
and the blackish palpi.

One female from Sanzalito, Cal., is fawn-brown, and might be mistaken
for T. paralleliaria, but has simple antennae, and the inner line on the fore
wings is curved as usual.

Tetracis cekvinaria Packard. Plate 12, tig. 46.

Metamma eerv'maria Pack., Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., xiii, 386, 1S71.

"2 i. — Differs structurally from the other species described by Guenee
in the antennae not being pectinated, but finely ciliated beneath, while the
palpi are rather large and stout, passing a little beyond the front. The body

553

and wings arc of a uniform fawn-color, the scales being thick and close.
The basal line is angulated on the median vein, extending thence straight to
the costa, and below the median vein its course to the inner edge is oblique
and slightly sinuous. The outer line pale testaceous, like the inner, but a
little more distinct, and slightly sinuous; it is situated half-way from the
inner line to the outer edge of the wing. Apex very acute, median angle
large, as is that on the hind wings. A minute black discal dot on both wings.
On the hind wings, the single straight pale line is a little broader than on the fore
wings. Fringe short, testaceous, a little reddish at base, especially toward
the angles. Abdomen a little paler than the thorax. Beneath, the wing is pale
ochreous, with dense black strigse, often confluent; both wings are shaded
with a slight ashen tinge on the outer edge; on the fore wings, the strigge
unite in diffuse patches, forming an irregular broad band on the outer third
of the wing ; fringe as above.

Length of fore wing, 0.87 ; of body, 0.72 ; expanse of wings, 1.50
inches.

W. Springs, Cal. (Behrens).

Another individual from California, taken by Mr. Behrens October 16,
is ochreous, with the tawny-brown lines and the inner line on the fore wings
much curved.

This fine species may be recognized by its large size, uniform fawn-
color, the simple antenna?, and the two testaceous lines on the fore wings, the
inner line being curved regularly.

Tktracis grotearia, sp. nov. Plate 12, fig. 48.

1 $. — Head smooth in front. Palpi large, extending far beyond the
front of the head. Antenna? with moderately long pectinations. Fore wings
with the costa sinuous, falcate, the outer edge not excavated as much as
usual, with a slight projection half-way between the apex and the median
angle, the latter not so prominent as usual. The angle on the hind wings is
well marked, much as in T. truxaliata. Body and wings pale ochreous.
Fore wings with the inner line broad, diffuse, curved outward, not well
marked; the outer line scalloped, sinuous, curved outward beneath the
costa ; the line is made up of a fine black line, with the shallow scallops
filled in with white scales, with a broad brown shade beyond. Hind wings
with traces of a straight dusky line; both wings speckled transversely with
70 p h

l. row 11. Beneath, slightly paler than above, with a single, oblique, dusky,
extradiscal line; no line on the hind wings. Abdomen wanting.

Length of fore wing, cf, 0.70; expanse of wings, 1.50 inches.

Garden of the Gods, Manitou, Colo., July 13 (Packard, Hayden's

Survey).

In this species, the fore wings are more blunt at the apex than in some
of the allied forms: but it is, on the whole, more nearly related to T. trux-
aliata than the others, though it differs in the antennae being well pectinated
and in the fore wings being snbdentate between the apex and median angle.

Tetracis teuxaliata Guenee. Plate 13, figs. 59, 07.

Teiraeis truxaliata Gucn., Phal., i, 142, 1857.

Walk., List Lep. Het. ISr. Mus., xx, 173, 1860.

5 i and 5 9. — Male antennae simple. Palpi large and> stout, extending
far beyond the front of the head. Wings very angular, of nearly the same
form in both sexes, being very falcate, the apex very sharp; the outer edge
well excavated below the apex ; the median angle large and very prominent.
Hind wings with a large, well-marked angle, or "tail", a little more promi-
nent in the male than the female. Body and wings bright ochreous ; the
hind wings a little clearer and paler. Fore wings with three black bands,
enlarged on the veins, and, where partly obsolete, represented by venular
spots ; the two inner lines are wide apart ; the basal is curved outward,
especially below the costa; the extradiscal line is sinuous, while the sub-
marginal (which is narrower than the other two) is bent outward opposite
the median angle; discal dots black, well marked on both wings. Hind
wings either clear or with a few strigse, and traces of an extradiscal line;
beneath, clear, uniformly ochreous, and no paler than above, while on the tore
win<:s the three lines are quite distinct.

Length of body, <f, 0.60-0.80, 9, 0.65-0.85; of fore wing, t, 0.70-
0.95, 9, 0.80-0.95; expanse of wings, 1.80-2.00 inches

California (Edwards); Sanzalito, Cal., June 5-7, September 9, October
2-7 ( Be h reus).

This species differs from those allied to it in the antenna' being simple
in the male, and in the three broad, dark lines, sometimes tinged with
ferruginous. It is the most abundant species in California. It varies a good
deal (as do all the species as seen in collections) in the distinctness of the
lines: sometimes the ochreous tint of the fore wings especially is quite deep-
toned, approaching a rust-red line.

555

Tetracis ^grotata Guenee. Plate 13, fig. 65.

Tetrads agrolata Gueu., Phal., i, 141, 1857.

Walk., List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xx, 173, 1860.
Chocrodts a-grotata Pack., Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., xiii, 382, 1871.

8 <f and 2 9. — The wings are less falcate than in T. truxaliata, and the
median angle of both wings is slight, but with a slight tooth between the apex
and central large tooth, while the wings are without the usual well-defined
angulated line on their outer third, and the male antenuse are simple. Body and
wings of a uniform pale light fawn-color; wings almost white beneath. Head
with thick hairs on the vertex, the scales being longer than usual; just below
the antenna?, a dark-brown band ; below a little paler than the vertex. Palpi
tipped with brown. Antenna? concolorous with the rest of the body. Wings
densely speckled with brown ; an inner, curved, very slightly dusky line, with
five or six black venular dots, and a similar line going from just beyond the
middle of the hinder edge, following a sinuous course to the costa near the
apex, with a black dot on each venule. A few minute black dots on the base
of the fringe, which is concolorous with the rest of the wing. A slight discal
dot on both wings, that on the fore wings small but diffuse, that on the hind
wings a minute black dot. Hind wings the same as the anterior pair, the
speckles being arranged in a faint band, straight, crossing the middle of the
wing ; an outer curved row of black dots parallel to the outer edge. Beneath,
dull white ; costa and antenna?, half of the fore wings, together with the
costa and the outer half of the hind wings sprinkled with black scales, and
a row of dots parallel to the outer edge of the wing near the edge; discal
dots as above, but larger and much more distinct. Fore legs dusky in front;
tarsi of hind and middle legs dusky ; otherwise white.

Length of body, 6, 0.K5, 9, 0.80; of fore wing, J, 0.83, 9, 0.95;
expanse of wings. 1.70-2.00 inches.

Sanzalito, Cal. (Behrens); Mendocino City, San Mateo, Cal. (A. Agassiz,
Mus. Comp. ZooL).

This common species varies in the tint of the wings, and the outer line
of dots varies in distinctness and degree of sinuosity. In one specimen, the
outer band on the fore wings divides into two; the inner, opposite the discal
dot, being a broad, wavy band, situated half-way between the dot and the
outer band.

Several specimens received from Mr. Behrens show that this species

556

varies considerably in the degree of distinctness of the bread, often very
distinct, dusky cloud on the inside of the outer row of dots, the inner edge
often being straighl and crossing the middle of the wing, while both pairs
of wings, in some examples, are much darker than in others. The lines and
the dusky borders are more conspicuous, the inner and outer lines farther
apart, and the inner line more curved in the male. The wings of this sex
are paler, the speckles being less numerous. The wings of the female also
vary.

One male from Mr. Behrens differs in being of a deeper fawn-color,
with the two lines on the lore wings and single outer line on the hind wings,
forming very distinct, dentate, black lines, and the two on t lie fore wings
much nearer together than usual; discal dot obscure, and the inner line on
the fore wings less curved than in other male specimens. It is a little
smaller in size. Beneath, the same, but the lines more distinct. I retract
nay former remark that this species was "wrongly referred to the genus
Tetrads by Guenee"; for, while in the characters of the head and antenna}
it is nearly allied to Evtrapela, still the wings have the shape of those of
Tetracis} and it should be retained where Guenee placed it. It differs from
any species of Eutrapela in the shorter hind wings.

This is probably a species of Guenee's genus Sabulodes, and near
/S. caberata, but I allow it to remain where it is provisionally.

Tetrads pandaria Walk., List, xx, 173, is a large rubbed Caberodes
metrocamparia! , as 1 learned by an examination of Walker's type in the
British Museum.

EUTRAPELA Hubner. Plate 6, fig. 18.

Eutrapela Hiilin.. Samtnl. Exot. ttcbin., i, 1806.
Eugonia Hiilm (in part), Verz., 291, 181£
Choerodea Gum., Plial., i, "•■">, 1857.

Walk., List Lep. Met. Br. Mus., xx, 14, 1860.

Head narrower in front than usual, slightly more sj> than in Drepanodes,
the scales very close. Palpi large, stout, slightly ascending, extending well
in front of the head, the third joint a little longer than in Drepanodes.
Anteniue in the male simple, compressed, ciliated; in the female simple.
Fore wings distinctly falcate, the costal edge regularly convex, the apex
suddenly acute, especially in the females. Outer edge with a well-marked
angle; the edge in both wings is entire in E. transoersata, slightly scalloped

557

in E.ctemataria, especially in the female. Hind wings large, with a prominent
angle on the first median venule, even with the tip of the abdomen. Venation
as in Drepanodes, but a subcostal cell present, and the discal venules are not
curved as in Drepanodes. Hind legs with the tibiae very long and swollen,
with a fan-like tuft of hairs on the inner edge, often folded up and not visible;
tarsi about one-third as long as the tibia'. Abdomen long and slender.
Coloration much as in Drepanodes.

The simple ciliated male antenna?, falcate fore wings, the prominent
angle in the hind wings, and the large, swollen, tufted hind tibia', as well as
the narrow front of the head, are the distinguishing marks of this easily
recognizable genus. In the narrow front of the head and the simple antennse,
this genus approaches Urania more closely than any other phalaenid moth.

Larva. — Ramiform, variously tuberculated, with the third thoracic seg-
ment either tuberculated or swollen ; the body rather thick ; head not wider
than the body. Pupa pale brown, mottled with red, or quite uniformly
reddish-brown. — (Described from Abbot's MS. drawings.)

Synojms of the Sjiecies.

Whit ish-ochreous, with three subapical black spots E.falcata.

Fawn-colored, both liues beut outward near the inner edge E. mibilata.

A costo-apical, triangular spot; the line on the hind wings much beut E. furciferata.

Outer edge of the wings entire ; wings clear E. transversata.

Outer edge of the wings slightly scalloped ; wings mottled. E. clemataria.

Eutrapela falcata Packard. Plate 13, fig. 66.

Eulrapela falcata Pack., Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., xvi, 39, pi. 1, tig. 32, 1874.

1 9. — A slighter moth than E. transversata, with the wings similarly
angulated, and the apex of the fore wings rather more falcate than in E.
transversata. The male antennas slightly slenderer than in E. transversata.
Pale ochreous; head, body, and wings of the same hue. Fore wings with
no lines, and with only a few scattered blackish speckles, a conspicuous black
discal dot, and three subapical black spots, one just behind the costal edge.
Hind wings with a few scattered specks and a distinct black discal dot.
Beneath marked just as above, the three subapical and discal spots being
reproduced. Wings a little more densely speckled with black, and the fore
wings a little deeper ochreous.

Length of body, 0.65; of fore wing, 0.82; expanse of wings, 1.70 inches.

California (Edwards).

This fine species may be at once known by the very acute falcate apex,

558

the want of lines on the wings, though the three subapical spots are appar-
ently the remains of an extradiscal line, and by the three subapical large black
spots. The front of the head is ochreous, like the rest of the body.

An egg retained on the end of the abdomen is apparently spherical,
with numerous high and very distinct longitudinal ridges.

Eutrapela nubilata Packard. Plate 13, tig. 61, J, fig. 62, 9.

Chcerodea nubilata Pack., Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., xiii, 381, 1871.

3 <$ and 1 9. — Closely allied in form and structure to E.transversata; the

fore wings slightly more falcate and the hind wings a little less caudate. Fawn-
colored, like dark individuals of E. Ininsrcrsnta. Head, palpi, and body con-
colorous with the base and outer edge of the wing, being speckled with
black scales and short strigae. On the basal third of the wing is a very dis-
tinct, dark, zigzag, broad, diffuse, blackish band, not reaching the costa, being
most distinct on the hind edge; the outer line is brown, and is curved on
the submedian cell, thence going straight to near the apex where it is reflected
at an acute angle on to the costa; the angle, however, is less acute than in
E. transversata, and the reflected portion half as long. Just outside of this
line are five diffuse blackish patches, one on the inner edge near the angle,
the other resting on the apex, and forming a diffuse oblique line, which passes
within the angle of the outer line. The median part of the wing between
the two lines is clear tawny fawn-color, with obscure, large, transverse strigse,
not present elsewhere on the wing. The discal dot is large and distinct,
smaller on the hind wings. Hind wings with thick diffuse strigae, less fine
than on the fore wings, and a single, outer, slightly sinuate, brown line, on the
inner side of which the wing is clearer than elsewhere. Beneath, the wings
are closely dotted with dark scales, with the outer lines reproduced, though
most distinct on the hind wings.

<f . — Length of body, 0.65; of fore wing, 0.85; expanse of wings, 1.75
inch.

Sanzalito, Cal., December -28 (Behrens).

In the female (fig. 61), the fore wings are very much produced and the
apex is very sharp, reminding one of Drepanodes, while the style of coloration
is very much like that of Drepanodes varus; the base and outer edge of the
fore wings are darker than in the males, and there is more of a rusty shade
along the extradiscal line than in any of the males.

559

EuTRAPELA FURCIFERATA, Sp. ?IOV. Plate 13, fig. 64.

2 r? . — Of the usual fawn-color, asin.E. tr answer sata; wings aniform, with-
out the usual transverse strigse; palpi very stout, ascending; terminal joint small,
conical, drooping; antennae simple. Head violaceous-brown; thorax and body
concolorous with the wings. Basal half of the costa with brown scales; no
transverse lines ; a v-shaped spot on the costa near the apex, dark, shaded
within with grayish scales ; an abbreviated broad band extending from the
outer third of the inner margin to the third submedian nervule; within paler
than on the sides. Discal dot small, black, present on both wings. Sec-
ondaries immaculate, with a faint line like that in the middle of the fore
wings, much bent in the middle. Beneath, body and wings yellow-ochreous,
with brown scales, arranged in a diffuse line of speckles, which are especially
distinct toward the costa, where the v re-appears; discal dots minute; base of
costa brownish ; legs brownish.

Length of body, 0.52; of fore wing, 0.Y0.

New York (A. R. Grote).

This species is easily known by its uniform fawn-color, by the two
spots on the inner margin forming a short band going to the third submedian
nervule, and the v-shaped spot near the apex; while the single diffuse line of
scales and the line on the hind wings bent at quite an angle in the middle will
also distinguish it. It is the smallest species known to us, while the palpi
are stouter than usual. A second male, received from Missouri through Mr.
Riley, is the one figured on plate 13. The extradiscal line on the fore wings
is represented in the middle of the wing by two or three whitish venular
dots. It is quite distinct from any of the varieties ot E. transversata, in all
of which the line on the hind wings is distinct and straight.

Eutrapela transversata Packard. Plate 3 3, figs. 63, 68; fig. 20, larva;

20 a, pupa.

Phalama transversata Drury, i, 16, plate 8, rig. 2, 1770.

Geometra transversata Drury (Westwood's ed.), i, 16, plate 8, tig. 2, 1837.

Chccrodcs incurvata Gueti.!!!, Phal., i, 37, plate 3, fig. 2, 1857.

Chan-odes transversataGnen.W., Phal., i, 38, 1857.

( hut-odes goniata Guen. ! !J, Phal., i, 38, 1857.

Choerodes incurvata Walk.!!!, List Lep. Het. Br. Mns., xx, 15, 1860.

Choerodes transposita Walk. ! ! !, List Lep. Het. Br. Mns., xx, 15, 1860.

t ho rod.es transversata Walk. ! ! !, List Lep. Het. Br. Mas., xx, 15, 1860.

Choerodes transvertens Walk.!!!, List Lep. Het. Br. Mns., xx, 16, 1860.

Choerodes transmnlens Walk.!!!, List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xx, 17, 1860.

Clwerodts contingens Walk. ! ! !, List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xx, 18, 1860.

560

15 <? and 15 9. — Wings acutely angled in the middle <>l the outer edge,
and fore wings very falcate; hind wings extending farther than usual behind
the tip of the abdomen. Fawn-color, sometimes frosted over and varying to
oehreous; body concolorous with the wings, which are more or less striated.
Head with the front chocolate-brown; vertex white. Fore wings with the
inner line usually present, curved, consisting of two large scallops meeting on
the median vein and pointing inward, the upper scallop touching the discal
dot, or the line is straight below the dot and parallel with the outer
line; the line is sometimes either absent, or represented by a few scattered
patches, and when well developed is dark fawn-brown, with or without a
frosty edging on the inside. Outer line straight, more or less distinctly
angled near the apex, and bending at right angles on the costa ; sometimes
the angle is much rounded, brown or black-brown, simple, or edged exter-
nally with gray. From the angle extends a more or less distinct slightly-
curved series of irregular diffuse dark spots to the inner angle ; this is usually
represented by a faint shade. Discal dots alike in both wings, Small, con-
sisting of erect black scales. Hind wings with the single line in the middle
of the wing, straight, with the outer series of diffuse spots as on the tine
wings. Fringe a little deeper in hue than the wings, varying in hue between
an oehreous or fawn color. Beneath, a little paler than above; line not pres-
ent, or very faint, distinctly dusted with transverse strigcie. Legs strigated.

Length of body, J, 0.72-0.S5, 9, 0.65; of fore wing, <? , 0.90-1.00,
9, 0.95-1.00; expanse of wings, 2.00-2.10 inches.

Montreal, Canada (Lyman) ; Brunswick, Me. (Packard); Massachusetts
(Sanborn, Emerton, Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist, Peal). Acad. So.) ; West Farms,
N. Y. (Angus) ; Albany, N. Y. (Lintner and Meske) ; New Jersey (Sachs) ;
Philadelphia (Ent. Soc.) ; Georgia (Grote) ; Detroit, Mich. (Mus. Comp.
Zool.) ; Lawrence, Kans. (Snow); Missouri (Riley).

This is a very variable species, and in the above description we have
noted the extremes. It may be distinguished l»y the very falcate wings, the
obtusely-angled outer line on the fore wings, the suhmarginal shade or row
of spots on both wings. The oehreous variety, which I take to be goniata,
would easily be considered a separate species from trcmsversata Guen. ; but
they are intermediate forms ; so one of the Georgia males is dark, uniformly
lawn-colored, with the margin of the wings beyond the outer line darker, and
would be at first thought specifically distinct.

561

Larva, — Rather slender compared with larva of E. clemataria ; a sharp
dorsal tubercle on the third thoracic ring ; a broad dorsal wart just behind
the middle of the body, and a lateral sharp one in the middle of the body.
A dorsal hump between the two pairs of abdominal feet. Body violaceous,
transversely striped with reddish. Pupa pale brown, spotted with reddish-
brown. Feeds on Clethra aini folia'. — (Described and the larva figured from
Abbot's MS. drawing.)

Mr. Emerton has found the larva in Salem, on the currant, at the end of
July ; the moth appeared August 6. Mr. W H. Patton reared the moth
from the pupa (figured on plate 13) in NcwHavon, July 26. I think that
it also feeds on the red maple.

From an examination of M. GueneVs and Walker's types, I have been
led to arrive at the conclusions given in the synonymical table of this species.
Fig. 63 represents GueneVs transversata, 68 his goniata (which is Drury's
transversata). Walker's transposita is equivalent to GueneVs transversata ;
and his transversata is ecpial to GueneVs goniata. The species of Walker
are based on individual variations of Drury's transversata.

Euteapela clematata Hiibner. Plate 13, fig. 69.

I'lialwna clemataria Siait-b-Abbot, Lep. Georgia, ii, 201, pi. 101, 1797.
Eutrapela clemataria Hiibn., Exot. Sclnu., i, 180G.
Euyonia clemataria Hiibn., Verz., 292, 1818.
Eutrapela clemataria Guen. !!!, Phal., i, 47, 1857.

Walk. ! ! !, List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xs, 35, 1860.
Choerodes transducers Walk. ! ! !, List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xx, 18, 1860.
Chccrodes trans/erens Walk. ! ! !, List Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xx, 19, I860.

3 c? and 1 2 . — Antenna?, subpectinated. Wings very falcate, especially
in the female, where they are produced into a long point. Body and wings
fawn-color, with scattered black dots; front of head reddish-brown ; vertex
white. Abdomen a little shorter than the hind wings. Hind tibiae slightly
swollen. Fore wings with two inner, reddish-brown, diffuse lines ; the inner
situated half-way between the base of the wing and discal dot, curved and
more or less scalloped, the outer curved, situated just beyond the discal dot,
and joining the third, outer line on the second median venule ; it is broader
and still more diffuse than the basal line. Outer line straight, bent back at a
very acute angle on to the costa, the line above the bend being more or less
angularly curved and dilated on the costa ; an oblicjue white line extends
from the bend to the costa just before the apex, which is white above and
blackish below, with a large reddish-brown patch extending from below the
71 r n

562

apex in the second median venule. Discal <l<>ts in both wings black; scales
Battened as usual. Hind wings with a single slightly-curved line just beyond
the middle of the wing. Beneath, the outer line faintly reappears on the
front part of the fore wing; the black specks are larger than above and not
transverse as in E. transversata, and the edge of the wings is faintly grayish.

Length of body, i , 0.72-0.80, 9, 0.80; of fore wing, <?, 0.95, 9, 1.05;
expanse of wings, 2.20 inches.

Montreal, Canada (Lyman); Maine (Packard); New Haven, Conn.
(Smith) ; West Farms, N. Y. (Angus) ; Albany, N. Y. (Lintner) ; Missouri,
May 5 (Riley).

Larva. — The caterpillar is represented by Abbot as being thick and
fleshy, with the third thoracic ring swollen above, and with four sharp
dorsal tubercles. It is pale, with a purplish tint, and mottled with brown.
Food-plant, Pyrrhopappus carolinianus. Abbot in the published work states
that the larva feeds on Clematis rosea.

Addenda and Desiderata.

Glaucopteryx cretaceata Packard. Plate 8, fig. 15. — Larentia creta-
ceata Pack., Sixth Rep. Peab. Acad. Sc., 40, 1874. — 3 9 . Fore wings long and
pointed. Hind wings much smaller and more rounded than in G. ccesiata and
polata. Chalky-white throughout, with numerous partially obsolete, wavy,
ashen lines on the middle of the wing, but distinct on the costa. An oblique
row of dark dots just beyond the middle of the wing, the row following a
straight course. Hind wings marked as on the anterior pair with numerous
ashen, obscure, parallel, wavy lines. Beneath whitish, shining, with a smoky
tinge, especially on the fore wings, with numerous wavy ashen lines. Discal
dots small but distinct. A narrow, interrupted, black line along the edge.
Fringe whitish, dirty white externally. Fore legs dusky-whitish ; hind legs
whitish, broadly ringed with dusky-ash.

Length of body, 0.43 ; fore wings, 0.68 ; expanse of wings, 1.40 inches.

White Mountains, N. H. (Sanborn); Sierra Nevada (Edwards).-

The New Hampshire specimen does not differ from the California ones.

Description of larva of Plemyria ftuviata (gemmata). — Vingt oeufs envi-
rons out t:i<: pondus par une gemmata que j'ai rencontrde le 27 Janvier dans
I'interieur de Cannes, applique'e contre un inur. Le 11 fevrier, ces cents sout
e'elos ; de vert obscur qu'ils sont d'abord, ils deviennent d'un jauue orange.

563

An moment tie l'eclosion la chenille est d'un jaune terreux, couleur qu'elle'
conserve jusqu'a sa troisieme mue. A cette epoque, celle du 10 mars, elle
passe an vert clair et acquiert des lignes dorsales mal indiqucos. Elle grossit
alors rapidement et atteint son entier developpement vers la fin de mars.
Elle est a cette epoque assez longue, cylindrique, a peine attenuee en avant,
pen careuee sur les cotes, avec les lignes mal ecrites. Cette ponte m'a donne*
aulant de sujets verdatres que d'individus d'un brim jaunatre; il serait done
difficile de preciser quelle est celle de ces deux chenilles qui doit representee
le type, d'autant que les larves que j'ai rencontrees dans la nature, en novem-
bre et en decembre, sous des touffes de Chrysanthemes et d'Anthemis, etaient
brunes et quelques-unes presque noires. Des lignes ordinaires on ne voit
guere que la sous-dorsale qui est largement interrompue, et a la place de la
vasculaire, on distingue, a l'incision des anneaux du milieu, une tache en
forme d'omicron rougeatre a fond vert claire. La stiginatale se de'tache a
peine en couleur plus claire que le fond; elle est ondulec et porte les stig-
mates qui, vus a la loupe, paraissent de couleur orange ; ils sont circles de
brun et reposent sur un fond clair. Une ligne, d'un vert obscur, parcourt le
ventre, du 4e au 9° segment. La tete est petite, globuleuse. A fond vert on
jaunatre, marquee de nombreux points pourpres. Les dix pattes sont con-
colores; les anales sont lavees de vineux a l'extremite. On ne voit aucun
des points ordinaires.

Cette chenille se tient ordinairement un peu recourbde, soit a decouvert
sur une tige, soit cachee au pied de la plante. II n'est pas, je crois, de
larves qui se fixent aussi solidement a la plante qui les supporte que celle
de la Camp. Jluviata. On la trouve aux environs de Frejus, de Cannes et de
Nice, sur une foule de plantes, telles qui VAnthcmts maritima, le Chrysanthe-
mum segetum, le Convolvulus lineatus, V Ah/ssum maritimum, etc. ; mais
ce sont le plus souvent les Antbemis et les Chrysanthemes qui les fournissent
dans les lieux incultes, et meme dans les jardins.

Sa chrysalide est rapidement forme'e au centre de feuilles seches, re-
tenues par des tils de soie. Elle est mediocrement allongee, brune, lavee de
rougeatre sur les anneaux, et de verdatre sur les ailes et les yeux. La pointe
abdominale est garnie de cinq a six petits crochets recourbes. L'eclosion a
lieu du 20 au 25 avril.

Divers sujets se sont facilemcnt accouple's en captivite. Les ceufs
qui en provenaient sont eclos et les chenilles ont re'ussi. Les generations

.r>(U

de cette ge'ome'tre doiveni se succe'der sans interruption en Provence;
excepte peut-§tre pendant les grandee seeheresses qui, sur lc littoral, sont
mi tcni|)s d'aout pour les pinnies basses surtout, notammenl pour les
Anthcinis et les Clirysantheines dont les lleurs paraissent ctrc la prineipnle
nourriture de notre chenille. Les plantes, on le sait, refleurissenl en automne.

(Milliere in Annales de la Socictc linneenne de Lyon, 1868, nouv. serie,
lorn, xvi, Paris, 1868, p. 50, pi. 00, rigs. 7, 8.)

Hypagyretis pustularkb Hiibn., Zutr., 20, tigs. 103, 104, 1818. — Georgia.

Nemoria bistriaria Hiibn., Zutr., 25, figs. 139, 140, 1818. — Georgia.

Dysstroma morosata Hiibn. Geyer , Zutr., 21, figs. 879, 880, 1837. — North
America.

Walker describes in the Canadian Naturalist and Geologist, v, 1860,
Endropia annisaria, 260; Acidalia similaria, 261 ; Acidalia anticaria, 262 ;
1'vllonia successaria, 262; Lozogramma subcequaria, 262; Numeria inceptaria,
263 ; Scotosia affirmaria, 264 ; Macaria spilosaria, 266 ; in vol. vi, Acidalia
junctaria, 39 ; Macaria? subapiciaria, 40 ; Melanippe propriaria, 40; Coremia?
palparia, 40; Cidaria lactispargaria, 41.

Aspilates gilvaria (S. V.), introduced from Europe, occurs in Labrador,
Moescbler, Beitriige Wiener Ent. Monatsschrifr, viii, No. 6, 1866.

Phasiane orillata occurred on Guadelupe Island, off the coast of Cali-
fornia (Dr. Palmer). It expands 1.50 inches, and the specimen is the
largest one I have yet seen.

Phibalapteryx intestinata was found in Colorado by Lieutentant Carpen-
ter; Aspilates coloraria and dissimilaria, Acidalia inductata, and Thamnonoma
sulphuraria have been received from Glencoe, Nebr., through Mr. G M.
Dodge.

Tornos rubigiiwsaria. — Larva, plate 13, fig. 3; pupa, 3a. — Body rather
thick; head narrower than the body ; six dorsal conical tubercles, the third
very large and higli ; body brown, with oblique, whitish slashes, shaded with
dark brown. Pupa dark brown, rather thick. Food-plant, Coreopsis auri-
culata, or probably grandijlora. — (Described from Abbot's MS.)

Semiothisa enotata. — Larva, plate 13, fig. 24; pupa, 24a. — Body cylin-
drical; bead small, spherical, not so wide as the body, which is grass-green,
with a lateral and subdorsal white stripe. Pupa slender, pale reddish-brown.
Food-plant, Lactuca graminifolia. (Abbot's MS.)

565

Acidalia ordinata. — Larva, plate 13, fig. 16; pupa, 16«. — Body very long
and slender, smooth, cylindrical, thicker at the end than toward the head,
pale flesh-colored, with a red subdorsal stripe and transverse reddish and
plumbeous stripes. Pupa reddish ; beneath, on the mouth-parts, and thorax
greenish. Food-plant, Trillium stylosum. (Abbot's MS.)

Ceratonyx satanaria Guen., Phal, i, 194; larva, plate 2, fig. 2, 1857. —
" Je la decris d'apres un dessin d' Abbot. 50ram. Ailes d'un brun-noir avec
des places blanchatres; supt'rieures avec trois lignes transverses plus foncees:
les deux premieres arque"es et paralleles, la troisieme anguleuse au milieu.
Un trait basilaire et deux autres traits semblables superposes, pres du sommet.
Deux points au dessous, pres du sommet. Deux points au dessous, pres de
l'angle interne. Inferieures unies. Georgie americaine, en fevrier.

"Chenille grise, avec la tete, les comes, trois bourgeons sur le 56 anneau,
et un autre sur le 11°, une ligne late rale du 5" au lle, et toutes les pattes,
d'un roux-ferrugineux. La tete est arrondie ; les deux cornes du cou sont
tres-longues, large, aigues, droites, dressees. Les bourgeons sont epais et
arrondis. Elle vit en avril sur le Liquida?nbar styraciflua et le Quercus
dentata. La chrysalide est d'un gris h peine rougeatre."

Exelis pyrolaria Guen., Phal, i, 324, 1857. — "23mm. Ailes oblongues,
entieres, d'un gris-fonce un pen violatre, comme chez la venetaria, avec
quelques atonies noirs Glair-seme's. Superieures avec trois lignes noirs tres-
fines : la premiere (extrabasilaire) arqude, les deux autres (coudee et ombre
mediane) sinueuses, tres-rapprochdes surtout par en bas, avec un point noir
cellulaire entre elles. Point de subterminale. Ailes inferieures avec deux
lignes medianes encore plus fines et dispose'es comme les deux dernieres des
superieures. Dessous des quatre d'un gris uni, avec deux lignes on ombres
medianes formers par des atonies. Amerique septentrionale, en aout.

"Chenille plissee, d'un gris-testace tbnee, avec les incisions et une stig-
matale noiratres partant du 3e jusqu'au 10e anneau. Tete et pattes concolores.
Elle vit sur la Pyrola umbellata et deux autres plantes dont le nom americaine
seul m'est connu. Elle file dans des feuilles vers le commencement d'aoiit,
et le papillon eclot des le milieu du meme mois."

Lepiodes scolopacinaria Guen., Phal, ii, 360, 1857. — "26mm. Ailes con-
colores, d'un bnin-roussatre, avec les dcailles du point cellulaire noires. Les

566

supe*rieures ayanl une bordure assez large, d'un gris-noir ud peu plombd,
seme d'dcailles blanchatres, un pen en relief, et bonk' de petits points noirs
internervuraux. [nfdrieures avec tin petit trail cellulaire suivi d'une ligne
noiratre nn pen onduk'e, et une bordure comrne mix supericures. Dessous
a dessins plus vagues. Anteiines garnies de lames regulieres et serrees.
Palpes droits et ibrinant un bee court. — 9 plus grande, plus oblongue, d'un
testace-jaunatre clair, avec la bordure tres-detachee, prt'cdde'e d'une ligne on
ombre d'un brun-ferrugineux. Faisccau d'ecailles cellulaire, traverse" par une
ligne brune (ombre mediane) place'e entre deux series de points (coude'e et
exl rabasilaire). Ailes inferieures semblables, mais seniles, a la base, d'atomes
noirs. Abdomen marque'e de deux series de points k peine sensibles. Etats-
Unis d'Amerique. Un c?, une 9.

"Quoique ces deux individus soient tres-dissemblables, comme on y
retrouve ;\ peu pres les memes dessins, je pense que ce ne sont que les deux
sexes d'une meme espece. Neanmoins, il est possible qu'on retrouve les
sexes opposes, ou, encore, qu'ils soient des varie'te's d'une meme espece. La
9 rappele, pour les couleurs, notre Xilophsia scolopacina."

Erratum. — Page 193, for haveiata, read harveiata.

Note. — Contrary to my first intention, the descriptions of nearly every
species described by Griienee and Walker, but not seen hy me, have been
copied into this work, so as to render it as complete as possible.

THE GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE PHALMIM OF

THE UNITED STATES.

The following remarks are based on the species which I have been able
to examine, and not those noticed in the preceding pages under the head of
Desiderata. The material has been scanty, and therefore the following essay
should be regarded as merely a provisional sketch of the subject, which will
require years of research to render at all complete.

The Phalsenid moths of America north of Mexico and the West Indies
may be divided into those which are inhabitants of the Arctic Realm and
North Temperate Realm, adopting these terms as restricted by Mr. J. A. Allen*
The species belonging to the Arctic realm may be divided into two assem-
blages— one the high Arctic region, embracing Greenland and the northern
coast of Labrador, and in one case (G. potato) the alpine summits of Lapland.
They have not as yet occurred south of the isotherm of 32°, viz, on the alpine
summits of New England or the Rocky Mountains. The list comprises but
four species, and there seems to be no alpiue zone comprising them.

PURELY ARCTIC SPECIES NOT FOUND SOUTH OF GREENLAND OR LABRADOR

NOR ON ALPINE SUMMITS.

Glaucopteryx polata. Glaucopteryx phocaria.

sabiniaria. Acidalia sentinaria.

Tlie species which apparently range between the isotherm of 32° and
44° F., and are circumpolar in their distribution, and in Europe and America
often extend southward into the lowlands of the North Temperate Realm, may
be placed under the following head (those living in Europe have an asterisk (*)

* On the Mammals and Winter Birds of East Florida, etc., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., ii, 3, 1871.

567

568

placed opposite their name, and those confined to the Atlantic Province only
have a dagger (f) ) :

SI I.ARCTIC SPECIES MOSTLY COMMON TO EASTERN AND WESTERN AMERICA,

AND EUROPE-ASIA.

*Glaucoplerv.\ csesiata. *Petrophora populate.

magnoliata. *Ochyria ferrugata.
Epirrite *tcambricaria(also Si- *raunitaria.

beria). abrasaria.

*dilutata). Rheumaptera basaliata.
*Hydriomena trifasciata. *fluctuata.

*Petrophora truncate. *lugubrata.

hersiliata. *tristata.

cunigerata. % * hastate.

prunata (vars. In- *Carsia paludata.

gubrata and nu- *Operhoptera boreata.
I)ilata).

These species are in part members of the Canadian fauna, which is,
perhaps, not so distinctly marked for insects as for birds ; they also follow the
isothermals of 44° and 48° southward into Colorado and California. In Col-
orado, they range from an elevation of about 8,000 feet to the limit of trees
(11,000 feet). It will be observed by an examination of the isothermal line
of 44° (on the Smithsonian chart) that it runs south of Eastport, Me., passes
through Augusta, Me., runs north of Concord, N. H., and then sweeps up so
as to embrace Lake Champlain, curves south of the Adirondack Mountains,
then makes a sudden sweep in a northeasterly direction so as to embrace
Montreal; then crosses Lakes Huron and Michigan a little south of Mack-
inac, including Lakes Erie and Ontario ; thence taking a general northwest-
erly course to the base of the Rocky Mountains near Helena, Mont. On the
Pacific coast it surrounds the Cascade range and the Sierra Nevada. But at
Victoria, Vancouver's Island, where Mr. Crotch collected several of the forms,
the annual temperature is from 48° to 52° F., coresponding to the temperature
of Southern New England and New York, Pennsylvania, and the greater
part of Ohio and the Alleghany Mountains, or the Alleghanian fauna.

The following species occur east of the Great Plains and north of Mex-
ico, a few extending into Colorado :

569

SPECIES INHABITING THE EASTERN PROVINCE OF THE

REALM.

NORTH TEMPERATE

Eupithecia albicapitata.
absynthiata.
zygadeniata.

miserulata.
luteata.
strattonata,
ravocostaliata.
Glaucopteryx magnoliata.
Plemyria fluviata.

multilineata.
Epirrita perlineata.

cambricaria.
Thera contractata.
Hydrioinena trifasciata.

californiata.
Petrophora truncata.
hersiliata.
cunigerata.
prunata.
albolineata.
atrocolorata.
testata.
populata.
diversilineata.
Ochyria munitaria.

lignicoloraria.
abrasaria.
designata.
ferrugaria.
Rheumaptera ruficillafa.
basaliata.
parinotata.
fluctuata.

intermediata.

72 ph

Rheumaptera unarigulat
lac ust rata,
hi gu brat a.
tristata,
hastata.
Anticlea vasiliata.
Phibalapteryx latirupta.

intestinata.
Hy dria undulata.
Philereme albosignata.
Triphosa dubitata.
Lobophora inequaliata.
montanata.
viridata.
vernata.
anguilineata.
geminata.
Odezia albovittata.
Heliomata int'ulata.
elaborata.
cycladata.
Heterophelps harveiata.
triguttata.
Operhoptera boreata.
Aspilates pervaria.
coloraria.
dissimilaria.
lintneraria.
Chloraspilates bicoloraria:
Stenaspilates meskearia.
Tornos rubiginosaria.
approxiraaria.
Zerene catenaria.
Hsematopis grataria.

570

Species inhabiting the Eastern Province of the North Temperate

Realm-— Continued.

Lythria rilevaria.
snoviaria.
Eufidonia notataria.
Perconia fimetaria.
Fidonia truncataria.
Ematurga faxoniaria.
Orthofidonia exornata.
Caripeta divisaria.

angustioraria.
Lozogramma disconventa.
detersata.
atr< (punctata.
defluata.
Eufitcbia ribearia.
Thamnonoma wavaria.

subcessaria.
brunnearia.
sulphuraria.
argillacearia.
Marmopteryx strigularia.
Phasiane atrofasciata.
orillata.
snoviata.
mellistrigata.
trifasciata.
Psammatodes eremiata.
Semiothisa s-signata.

californiata,

dislocaria.

ocellinata.

punctolineata.

granitata.

multilineata.

Semiothisa enotata.
bisignata.
minorata.
prseatomata.
distribuaria.
Eumacaria brunnearia.
Corycia vestaliata.

semiclarata.
Eudeilinia herminiata.
Deilinia variolaria.

erythemaria.

pacificaria.
Gueneria basiata.
Stegania pustularia.
Goniacidalia furciferata.
Calledapteryx dryopterata.
Callizzia aniorata.
Calothysanis amaturaria.
Euacidalia sericeata.
floridata.
Eois gemmata.
ferrugata.
Asthena lucata.

albogilvaria.
Acidalia ossulata.

pei'irrorata.

longipennata.

peralbata.

punctofimbriata.

productata.

pannaria.

albocostaliata.

insulsaria.

571

Species inhabiting the Eastern Province of the North Temperate

Realm — Continued.

Acidalia rotundopennata.
nivosata.
ordirjata.
Ephyra pendulinaria.

myrtaria.
Euephyra serrulata,
Dyspteris abortivaria.
Eucrostis zelleraria.

chloroleucaria.
Nemoria subcroceata.
gratata.
pistaciata.
Annemoria unitaria.
Synchlora excurvaria.
rubivoraria.
rubrifrontaria.
Aplodes rubrifrontaria.
brunnearia.
mimosaria.
rubromarginaria.
rubrolineata.
latiaria.
approximaria.
Greometra iridaria.
Anisopteryx auturanata.

vernata.
Phigalia strigataria.
Hybernia tiliaria.
Eubyja qucrnaria.
cupidaria.
coijnataria.
Biston ursaria.
Paraphia unipunctaria.

Paraphia subatomaria.
deplanaria.

Tephrosia cognataria.
anticaria.
cribrataria.
canadaria.
Cymatophora crepuscularia.
psilogrammaria.
plumosaria.
5-linearia.
pampinaria.
humaria.
larvaria.
polygram maria.
umbrosaria.
Bronchelia hortaria.
Hemerophila unitaria.
Stenotrachelys approximaria.
permagnaria.
Cleora pulcbraria.
Hyperetis nyssaria.
Plagodis phlogosaria.
fervidaria.
keutzingaria.
alcoolaria.
serinaria.
Nematocampa filamentaria.
Angerona crocataria.
Opisthograptis sulpburaria.
Sicya macularia.
Antepione depohtanata.

sulplmrata.
Epione mollicularia.

Species inhabiting the Eastern

Realm-

Anagoga pulveraria.
Metrocampa perlaria.
Therina fervidaria.
endropiaria.
seminudaria.
Epirrhantis obfirmaria.
Endropia pilosaria.

apiciaria.

duaria.

hypochraria.

marginataria.

vinulentaria.

textrinaria.

madusaria.

amoenaria.

armataria.

bilinearia.

pectinaria

effectaria.

obtusaria.

572

Ppeovince of the North Temperate
—Continued.

Endropia serrataria.
Azelina hiibnerata.
Selenia alciphearia.

kentaria.
Eugonia subsignaria.

alniaria.
Caberodes cervinaria.
cayennaria.
confusaria.
majoraria.
Drepanodes varus.
puber.
Metanema carnaria.

inatomaria.
quercivoraria.
Tetracis lorata.

crocallata.
Eutrapela furciferata.
transversata.
clematata.

These species may be divided into two assemblages (a and b), corre-
sponding in part (1) to the Alleghanian and Carolinian and (2) the Louisi-
anian fauna1 of the ornithologists. The limits of the first two faunae, as
applied to the Geometrids, are approximately between the isothermals of
48° and 60° F., and embrace the Middle States as far west as the eastern
borders of Indian Territory, Kansas, and Nebraska. It corresponds in the
main to Dr. LeConte's middle and western province of the Atlantic district.*
My local lists are too scanty to be more definite, and it is probable that two
or three (the third, the Canadian) lepidopterological faunae will ultimately
be established. A number of the species may, and do, extend south and
north of these limits, as well as to the westward, and they include some

* The Coleoptera of Kansas and Eastern Now Mexico. By J. L. LeConte, M. D. Smithsonian
Contributions, xi, 1859.

573

members of the Canadian fauna. Those which are probably members of
the Carolinian fauna have an asterisk (*) prefixed.

(a) Species found in the limits of the Alleghanian and Carolinian fauna.

Eupithecia albicapitata.
absynthiata.

miserulata.
luteata.
strattonata.
ravocostaliata.
Plemyria fluviata.

multilineata.
Epirrita perlineata.
Thera contractata.
Hydriomena trifasciata.

californiata.
Petrophora truncata.

prunata (normal form),
albolineata.
atrocolorata.
diversilineata.
Ochyria lignicolorata.
designata.
ferrugaria.
Rheumaptera ruficillata.

intermediata.
lacustrata.
unangulata.
Anticlea vasiliata.
*Phibalapteryx latirupta.

intestinata.
Hydria undulata.
Triphosa dubitata.
Lobophora inequaliata.
montanata.

Lobophora viridata.
vernata.
anguilineata.
geminata.
Odezia albovittata.
*Heliomata infulata.

* elaborata.
*cycladata.
Heterophelps harveiata.
triguttata.
Operhoptera boreata.
*Aspilates lintneraria.
*liberaria.
Zerene catenaria.
Hsematopis grataria.
*Lythria rilevaria.
Eufidonia notataria.
Fidonia truncataria.
Ematurga faxoniaria.
Orthofidonia exornata.
Caripeta divisaria.

angustioraria.
Lozogramma disconventa.
detersata.
atropunctata.
defluata.
Eufitchia ribearia.
Tliamnonoma wavaria.

subcessaria.
sulphuraria.
brunnearia.

574

(a) Spirit:* found in limits of Allcglummn

Thamnonoma argillacearia.
Mannopten x strigularia.
Phasiane orillata.

mellistrigata.
trifasciata.
Psainmatodes eremiata.
Semiothisa ocellinata.
granitata.
multilineata.
eaotata.
bisignata.
minorata.
praeatomata.
*Eumacaria brunnearia.
Corycia vestaliata.

semiclarata.
Eudeilinia herminiata.
Deilinia variolaria.

erythemaria.
Gueneria basiata.
Stegania pustularia.
*Callizzia amorata.
*Eois ferrugata.
Asthena albogilvaria.

lucata.
*Acidalia ossulata.

productata.
insulsaria.
rotundopennata.
nivosata.
inductata.
4-lineata.
cacuminata.
enucleata.
Epliyra pendulinaria.

and Carolinian fauna: — Continued.

Ephyra myrtaria.
Eucrostis ohloroleucaria.
Nemoria subcroceata.

gratata.

pistaciata.
Synchlora rubivoraria.

rubrifrontaria.
Aplodes rubrifrontaria.

mimosaria.

rubromarginaria.

rubrolinearia.

latiaria.

approximaria.

* Geometra iridaria.
Anisopteryx autumnata.

vernata.
Phigalia strigataria.
Hybernia tiliaria.
Eubyja cupidaria.
cognataria.
Biston ursaria.
Paraphia subatomaria.

deplanaria.
*Tephrosia cognataria.
anticaria.
cribrataria.
canadaria.
Cymatophora crepuscularia.
* pampinaria.
*humaria.
larva ria.
*umbrosaria.
*Bronchelia hortaria.
*Hemerophila unitaria.

* Stenotrachelys approximaria.

575

(a) Species found in limits of Alleghanian and Carolinian, fauna — Continued.

* Stenotrachelys permagnaria.
Cleora pulchraria.

* Hyperetis nyssaria.
Plagodis phlogosaria.

fervidaria.
keutzingaria.
alcoolaria.
sermaria.
Nematocampa filamentaria.
*Angerona crocataria.
Opisthograptis sulphuraria.
Sicya macularia.
Antepione depontanata.

sulphurata.
*Anagoga pulveraria.
Metrocampa perlaria,
*Therina fervidaria.

endropiaria.

*seminudaria.
*Epirrhantis obfirmaria.
Endropia pilosaria.

apiciaria.

duaria.

hypochraria.

marginataria.

vinulentaria.

* Endropia textrinaria.

madusaria.

*amo3iiaria.

*armataria.

*bilinearia.

pectinaria.

effectaria.

*obtusaria.

*serrataria.
*Azelina hiibnerata.
Selenia alciphearia.

kentaria.
Eugonia subsignaria.
alniaria.

* Caberodes confusaria.

majoraria.
*Drepanodes varus.

*puber.
Metanema carnaria.
inatomaria.
*quercivoraria.
Tetracis lorata.

crocallata.
Eutrapela furciferata.

*transversata.
*clematata.

The following species occur south of the isothermal of 60°, most of
them having been found in Texas, and the territory corresponds to LeConte's
Southern Province :

(b) Species occurring within the limits of the Louisianian fauna.

Eupithecia zygadeniata. Phibalapteryx latirupta.

Rheumaptera parinotala. Philereme albosignata.

576

(I)) Sj^ecies occurring within the limits of the Louisianian fauna — Continued.

Aspilates pervaria.
coloraria.
dissitnilaria.
Chloraspilates bicoloraria.
Stenaspilates meskeraria.
Tornos rubiginosaria.
approximaria.
Perconia fimetaria.
Phasiane at rofasciata.
Semiothisa s-signata.

californiata.
dislocaria.
punctolineata.
distribuaria.
Eumacaria brunnearia.
Goniacidalia furciferata.
Calledapteryx dryopterata.
Calothysanis araatu raria.
Euacidalia sericeata.
floridata.
Eois gemmata.
ferrugata.
Acidalia ossulata.

perirrorata.
longipennata.
peralbata.
punctofimbriata.
pannaria.
albocostaliata.
rubromarginata.
ordinata.
Ephyi-a myrtaria.
Euephyra serrulata.
Dyspteris abortivaria.

Eucrostis zelleraria.

cbloroleucaria.
Synchlora excurvaria.
Aplodes brunnearia.
Geometra iridaria.
Anisopteryx vernata.
Eubyja quernaria.
Paraphia unipunctaria.
Cyraatophora psilogrammaria.
plumosaria.
5-linearia.
pampinaria.
humaria.
larvaria.
umbrosaria.
Bronchelia hortaria.
Stenotrachelys approxi maria.
Hyperetis nyssaria.
Angerona crocataria.
Epione mollicularia.
Therina fervidaria.
Epirrhantis obfinnaria.
Endropia textrinaria.
madusaria.
bilinearia.
obtusaria.
Azelina hubnerata.
Caberodes cervinaria.
cayennaria.
confusaria.
Drepanodes varus.
Metanema qucrcivoraria.
Eul rapela transversata.
cleraatata.

577

Of these species, Semiothisa enotata probably extends into Brazil;
Philereme albosignata occurs in the Bermudas, and probably in the West
Indies; and Semiothisa ocettinata occurs in the West Indies.

The following list embraces those found on the Pacific coast from
Victoria, Vancouver's Island, to San Diego, Cal., with a few species occurring
in Colorado and Kansas. It would be premature to subdivide this region
into faunae based on the facts thus far known. Local lists from this region
are particularly desirable. An asterisk (*) is attached to the names of those
which occur in Colorado, Kansas, or Utah only.

SPECIES OCCURRING IN THE WESTERN PROVINCE.

Eupithecia rotundopunctata.
miserulata.
longipalpata.
behrehsata.
nevadata.
subapicata.
Glaucopteryx caesiata.

magnoliata.
implicata.
Plemyria fluviata.

multilineata.
Epirrita 12-lineata.
Hydriomena californiata.
sordidata.
5-fasciata.
speciosata.
Petrophora truncata.
hersiliata.
mancipata.
prunata (vars. lugubra-

ta and nubilata).
leoninata.
testata.
populata.
flavata.
Ochyria munitaria.

lignicoloraria.

Ochyria abrasaria.
gueneata.
carneata.
rubrosuffusata.
lacteata.
Rheumaptera brunneicillata.
basaliata.
lacustrata,
lugubrata.
. *tristata.
hastata.
Hydria undulata.
Philereme califo rniata.

* meadiata.
Triphosa dubitata.
* Lobuphora montanata.
Odezia albovittata.
californiata.
*Lithostege triseriata.
rotundata.
Gorytodes uncanaria.
trilinearia.
*Euaspilates spinataria.
*Aspilates 4-fasciaria.
Haematopis grataria.
* Lythria snoviata.
*Loxofid(inia acidaliata.

73 ph

578

Species occurring in tlic
1 >as\ lidoiiia aviincularia.

Selidosema juturnaria.
Lozogramma nigroseriata*.
Thamnonoma 1 ripunctaria.
marcessaria.
guenearia.
4-linearia.
sulphuraria.
*flavicaria.
Marmopteryx marmorata.
tessellata

(Arizona).
Phasiane orillata.

*nubiculata.
*snoviata.
* tneadiata.
sinuata.
subminiata.
irrorata.
neptata.
Semiothisa californiata.

granitata.
Deilinia pacificaria.
Eois occidentata.
Asthena brunneifasciata.
Acidalia granitata.

rubromarginata.
californiata.
rubrolineata.
subalbaria.
5-linearia.
Aiinemoria unitaria.
Chlorosea nevadaria.
bistriaria.
perviridaria.

Western Province — Continued.

S\ ocblora tricoloraria.
Aplodes rubrifrontaria.
Anaplodes pistaciaria
Georoeila iridaria.
Tephrosia californiaria.

canadaria.
Cymatophora larvaria.

californiaria.
* Gnojdios haydenata.
Heraerophila latifasciaria.
Cleora urabrosaria.

nigrovenaria.
Caulostoma occiduaria.
Opisthograptis sulphuraria.
Heterolocha edwardsata.
Sicya macularia.
Anagoga pulveraria.
Metrocampa perlaria.
Therina fervidaria.
Endropia madusaria.
bilinearia.
Azelina hiibnerata.
behrensata.
Selenia alciphearia.
Tetracis trianguliferaria.

coloradaria.

parallelia.

aurantiacaria.

cervinaria.

grotearia.

truxaliata.

aegrotata.
Eutrapela nubilata.
falcata.

571)

Two features of interest strike one in the distribution of the insects of
the Pacific slope, viz, the absence of forms characteristic of Japan and
China, and the presence of some European types which do not occur in the
Eastern (Atlantic) province. We know so little of the Phalsenid fauna of
China and Japan that our illustrations must be borrowed from other fam-
ilies and insects of other orders. Among the Phakenids there are Hydrio-
mena sord'idata, Petrophora Jlavata, two species of Lithostege, Selidosema,
Gnoplios, etc., which do not occur in the Atlantic province, and are allied to
species or belong to genera which occur in Europe, but do not inhabit North
America east of the Rocky Mountains. In other families of Lepidoptera,
Papilio zolicaon represents the European P. machaon, while the genus
Pdrnassius does not occur in the Atlantic province. The European Bom-
bycid genera Epicattia and Callarctia do not occur in the Atlantic province.
The Neuropterons genus Rhapltidia does not occur in the Atlantic States,
while Boreus californicus is more like the European B. hyemalis than the
two Atlantic species.

On the other hand, we find in the Pacific States no such development
of the genus Lithosia as in Europe, no species of Zygama, no true Psych/da;
no such development of the genus Hepialus, and any species of Lasiocanqxi
are wanting in California. We miss again in the Pacific States any species
of Trop&a, a genus linking the Atlantic or Northeastern American entomo-
logical fauna with that of Northeastern Asia. California has evidently not
borrowed her insect fauna from Northern China or Japan.

The main features in the geographical distribution of land-animals are
apparently the same with those of plants. Prof. Asa Cray has shown* that
"almost every characteristic form in the vegetation of the Atlantic States is
wanting in California, and the characteristic plants and trees of California
are wanting here" (/. e., in the Atlantic States). We may, on the whole,
perhaps say of the Californian Lepidoptera at least as Dr. Cray remarks of
the plants, that they are "as different from [those] of the Eastern Asiatic
region (Japan, China, and Mandchuria) as they are from those of Atlantic
North America. Their near relatives, when they have any in other lands,

are mostly southward, on the Mexican plateau The same may

be said of the [insects] of the intervening great plains, except that north-

* Address at Dubuque meetiug of the Amerieau Assoc. Adv. Scieuce, Aug., 1873.

580

ward and in the subsaline [insects*] there arc some close alliances with
the [insects] of the steppes of Siberia. And along the crests of high
mountain-ranges, the arctic-alpine [insect-fauna] has sent southward more or
less numerous representatives through the whole length of the country''
(p. 10). He then refers to the astonishing similarity of the flora of the
Atlantic United States with that of Northeastern Asia. Our actual knowl-
edge of the insect-species of Northeastern Asia is most vague compared
with that of the botanist, and the comparison we have drawn relates only to
generic types.

SPECIES COMMON TO TEMPERATE AMERICA AND EUROPE.

Eupithecia absynthiata. Hydria undulata.

Plemyria fluviata. Triphosa dubitata.

Hydriomena trifasciata. Carsia paludata.

sordidata. Operhoptera boreata.
Petrophora prunata (normal form). Thamnonoma wavaria

testata. brunnearia.

Ochyria designata. Cymatophora crepuscularia.

ferrugaria. Anagoga pulveraria.

Rheumaptera unangulata. Eugonia alniaria.

In the following list, the Colorado species are included in the Pacific
province :

SPECIES COMMON TO THE ATLANTIC AND PACIFIC PROVINCES.

Eupithecia miserulata. Petrophora hersiliata.
Glaucopteryx csesiata. prunata (vars.lugubra-

magnoliata. ta and nubilata. )

Plemyria fluviata. testata,

multilineata. populata.

Hydriomena californiata. Ochyria munitaria.
Petrophora truncata. lignicoloraria.

* Dr. LeConte has noticed the similarity of our saline-plains Coleoptera, comprising so many
species of TenebrionidcB, to the fauna of the deserts and steppes of Asia. (Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sei.,
1851, Albany meeting, 252.) He also states that "the only manner in which the insect fauna of Cali-
fornia approaches that of Europe is in the great abundance 6? apterous Tenebrionidce. But in this
respect it does not differ from a large part of South America ; and by the very form of these Tetiebrio-
mil, i. which bear no resemblance at all to those of Europe, the greater relation of the Califoruiau fauna
to that of the rest of America is clearly proved."

581

Species common to the Atlantic and Pacific Provinces

Ochyria abrasaria.
Rheumaptera basaliata.

unangulata.

lugubrata.

hastata.

tristata.
Hydria undulata.
Triphosa dubitata.
Odezia albovittata.
Hsematopis grataria.
Phasiaue orillata.
Semiothisa californiata.

granitata.
Acidalia rubromarginata.

Continued.

Aplodes rubrif'rontaria.
Geometra iridaria.
Tephrosia canadaria.
Cymatophora larvaria.

californiaria.
Opisthograptis sulphuraria.
Sicya^nacularia.
Anagoga pulveraria.
Metrocampa perlaria.
Therina fervidaria.
Endropia madusaria.
bilinearia.
Azclina hiibnerata.
Selenia alcipbearia.

Of tbe following genera, most are apparently of tropical origin, and those
with an asterisk (*) are found on the Pacific slope only.

GENERA PECULIAR TO NORTH AND SOUTH AMERICA.

Heliomata.

Heterophelps.

*Gorytodes.

*Euaspilates.

Chloraspilates.

Stenaspilates.

Tornos.

Zerene.

Hsematopis.

*Loxofidonia.

*Dasyfidonia.

Orthofidonia.

Caripeta.

Eufitchia.

Marmopteryx.

Eumacaria.

Eudeilinia.

Gueneria.
Goniacidalia.

Calledapteryx.

Callizzia.

Euacidalia.

*Ceratodalia.

Euephyra.

Dyspteris.

*Annemoria.

*Chlorosea.

Synchlora,

Racheospila.

Aplodes.

Anaplodes.

Paraphia.

Bronehelia.

Stenotrachelys.

582

The following list embraces those genera mentioned by G-uene'e as
occurring in Central and South America, chiefly the tropics, but which do
not occur in the l nited States. Those which occur in Mexico have an aster-
isk (*) prefixed.

GENERA WHICH OCCUR IN

[Jrapteryx.

" Ripula.

Pericallia.

< >dontopera.

Cirsodes.

Sabulodes.

Mucionodes.

Cimicodes.

Clysia.

*Oxydia.

Crocopteryx.

Cratoptera.

Gynopteryx.

Tetragonodes.

Periclina.

Apicia.

Meli nodes.

Drepanogynis (and 8. Africa).

*Synnomos.

Hyperythra (and East Indies).

Leucula.

Erosina.

Syne mi a.

Meticulodes.

Bryoptera.

Stellidia.

Achlora.

Phyle.

Amaurinia (and Asia).

*Ametis.

CENTRAL AND SOUTH AMERICA.

Mecoceras.
Almodes (Hayti).

Palyas.

Ophthalmophora.

Byssodes.

Numia (West Indies).

Cyphopteryx.

Anisodes (and East Indies).

Asellodes.

Trygodes.

Hyria (and India).

Cambogia.

Cleta (and Asia-Europe).

Odysia.

Cnemodes.

Somatina (and Asia).

Zanclopteryx (and Asia).

Berberodes.

Pigia (and Asia).

Syngria.

Falcinodes.

Erosia (Asia and Africa).

Schidax.-

Molybdophora.

Syllexis.

Acratodes.

Sphacelodes.

Cyclomia.

Pansethia (and Borneo).

Rhyparia (and Europe-Asia).

583

Genera which occur in Central and South America — Continued.

Pantherodes.

Fulgurodes.

Perigramma.

Bombycodes.

Nipteria.

*Cosmetodes.

Rhopalodes.

Scordylia.

Polysemia.

Syrtodes.

Dineurodes.

Sybarites.

Psaliodes.

Terenodes.

Hedyle.

Ve nodes.

Phillinodes.

Erateina.

Emplocia.

The following list comprises those European genera not found in Amer-
ica, and which are probably of Asiatic and African origin. The list, like the
foregoing, is compiled from GrueneVs work, Walker's lists not having been
used, as they are so unreliable.

EUROPEAN GENERA NOT FOUND AS YET IN THE UNITED STATES.

Therapis.

Venilia (and Asia).

Crocallis (and Tasmania).

Himera.

Chondrosoma.

Nyssia (and Asia).

Apocheima (Asia and Africa).

Nychiodes (and Asia).

Calamodes.

Dasydia.

Psodos.

Pygmsena.

Boletobia.

Pseudoterpna (and Asia).

Phorodesma (and Asia, Brazil,

and Tasmania).
Thetidia (and Africa).
Hemithea (and Asia).

Eupistheria.
Pellonia (and Asia).
Aleucis.

Eilicrinia (and Asia).
Strenia.

Cinglis (and Asia).
Rhoptria.
Ploseria.

Scodiona (and Africa and Tas-
mania).
Eusarca.
Heliothea.
Cleogene.
Anthometra.
Minora,

Scoria (and S. America).
Sterra (and Surinam).
Hypoplectis.

584

European genera not found as yet in the United States — Continued.

Abraxas (and Asia). Eubolia (and Asia, Africa, and
Ligdia (and Asia). \ Chili).

Lomaspilia. Anaitis (and Asia).

Ortbostixis. Chesias.

Acalia. Siona (and Asia).

Emmelesia. Grypsochroa (and Asia).

Collix (and Asia and Africa). Stamnodes (and Asia).

Pelurga. Tanagra.

Of the genera found in North America, species of Heterolocha occur in
Asia Minor, Abyssinia, Quito, and Venezuela, of Hemerophila in the East Indies
and Asia; Cfnophos, which has but a single species in North America (in
Colorado), is very fully represented in Europe and Asia: lodis occurs in
Europe, Asia and India, Australia, Tasmania, and Brazil; Acidalia is cosmo-
politan, species occurring in the several continents and Tasmania, Mada-
gascar, Isle Bourbon, Mauritius, Cape of Good Hope, and Chili.

ON CLIMATIC VARIATION IN THE PIIALiENID^E*

In examining into some of the causes of variation among species, atten-
tion is naturally given first to the influence of meteorological or climatic
agencies upon organisms. In order to study the variation due to climatic
causes, if is necessary to have before us individuals from regions as wide
apart as possible. In studying the subject as applied to our arctic and alpine
species of Phalaenidae, 1 have been fortunate enough to obtain individuals of
the same species from- Iceland, Norway, and the Alps of Central Europe,
while the arctic species found in Labrador and fhe White Mountains have
been studied under tolerably favorable auspices. In the summer of 1875, I
was enabled, by a few weeks' connection with Professor Hayden's Survey,
to make a superficial examination of the insect-fauna of Colorado and Utah
above an elevat ion of X,000 feet, and to do some work above timber-line on the
alpine summits of Arapahoe, Gray's,and Pike's Peaks in Colorado. The results
of my collecting fully confirmed the impressions 1 had received from the col-

' The remarks under this head are reproduced . with some additions and alterations from an essay
■•(in tin Geographical Distribution of the Moths of Colorado", in the Annual Report of the United States
Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories for 1873.

585

lections received from Lieutenant Carpenter, United States Army, and reported
on by himself and mc in Hayden's Annual Report for 1873. The results
obtained by Lieutenant Carpenter enabled me to say "that on the peaks above
a line of 12,000 feet, the fauna is as truly alpine as on the summits of the Alps
or the top of Mount Washington in New Hampshire. Several species occur
there which are also "found on the Swiss Alps, as well as Mount Washington,
and in Labrador and Greenland, at the level of the sea." Among the but-
terflies, Oeneis semidm, previously only found on the summit of Mount Wash-
ington, N. H., has been found by Lieutenant Carpenter at 12,000 feet eleva-
tion, and 1 found it at about the same elevation on Pike's Peak in the summer
of 1875. This establishes the complete identity of the faunae of the alpine
summits of the United States at or above the snow-line.

The following table shows the distribution of the alpine and arctic
Lepidoptera up to this lime known to inhabit the alpine summits of Colorado.
It will be observed that no purely arctic Phalsenid moth inhabits any alpine
summit in the United States.

M

m

a .

6

^ on

o
"3

•6

-•3
a

a a

a

a

o

o

C3

■V

%

C3

en

a,

O

3

A

O

h- 1

1-1

<

X

X

x

x

x

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Besides Anarta melanopa, two other species (A. quadrilunata and A.
subfuscula Grote) are recorded from Colorado by Mr. Grote. These two
species are closely allied to Anarta melanopa and- richardsoni {A. algidd)
respectively. Chionobas chryxus has been found by Mr. W. H. Edwards to
occur both in Colorado and Hudson's Bay, while another species (C. uhleri)
inhabits Colorado.

The following table shows the distribution of fourteen species of
Phalcen'idcc, most of which are found in Colorado, between an elevation of

* The Colorado and Pacific coast form of this species is regarded by Mr. Grote as a distinct species,
and described by him under the name of Agrolis auxiliaris. For my remarks on islandica, see Hayden s
Annual Report, 1873, p. 555.
74 P n

;>*<}

from S,()00 or 9,000 feet to about 11,000 feet, or the " timber-line" — i.e., the
limits of trees. They are subalpine and circumpolar species, and some also
occur in the highlands of North Temperate America and Europe-Asia.

Glaucoptervxea-siata. ...
Epirrita cambricaria .. . .

Epirritadilntata

Hydriomena trifasciata. .
Petrophora truncata . ...
Petrophora pruuata vars

Petrophora populata

Petrophora testata

Ochyria ferrugaria

Ochyria muuitaria

Rheurnaptera fluctuata. .
Rbeumaptera lugubrata .
Rbeumaptera tristata . . .
Rbeumaptera hastata ...

qa

a,

.9

o

a .

o

p
a

*->
to

a

o
=

*3

C3

a

3

Is

O u

.3

O

S.3

o 2

a

a

■o

O

< o

2 «

a

3

O

•a
a

c3

s

3

"E.

a

<*-
o
m
a,

u
o

u

O

%

J

hH

J

<t

p

X

X
X

X

X

X

X
X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

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Though P. testata and R. lugubrata have not occurred on Mount Wash-
ington, it is found in other parts of New England. We ma)- also expect to
find Epirrita dilutata in Colorado and the Pacific coast, as it is common in
Newfoundland and occurs in Labrador and Canada, and will probably be
found in the highlands of New England.

This table indicates how wide are the limits of distribution of these
species, and it will be seen how important it is to follow circumpolar and
north-temperate insect-faunae around the globe, from continent to continent.
It will then be seen how inadequate must be our views regarding the geo-
graphical distribution of the animals and plants of our own continent, without
specimens from similar regions in the same zones in the Old World. It will
be found that for the study of the insect-fauna of the Rocky Mountains and
Pacific coast we must have ample collections from the Ural and Altai
Mountains and surrounding plateaus, while a study of the Japanese and
Hindoo-Chinese fauna; must accompany examinations of the species of the
Atlantic fauna; just as we are obliged, while examining the Atlantic fauna,

587

to study West Indian, Central American, and even tropical South American
forms, several members of which spread as far north as the headwaters of
the Mississippi, and even Maine and Canada.

The facts presented in the body of this work regarding the variation in
size between Atlantic and Pacific coast examples of the same species, though
scanty, indicate the existence of some interesting laws of climatic variation,
which tend to confirm the generalizations established by Professor Baird *
and Messrs. Allen and Ridgway as regards the avifauna of North America.
I should, however, state that the fact of variation in shape of the wings,
chiefly, however, variation in size, was forced upon me by a study of the speci-
mens themselves, without at the time having the views of our ornithologists
in mind. In all the species enumerated in the following list, the Colorado
examples (when the species have been found to occur there) and the Pacific-
coast individuals are larger, and in some cases with longer, more pointed
wings than in those from Labrador or the Eastern Atlantic States, and in a
few cases show a tendency to become lighter in color.

SPECIES GROWING TO A GREATER SIZE ON THE PACIFIC THAN ATLANTIC COAST, f

Grlaucopteryx csesiata. Zerene catenaria.

magnoliata. Phasiane orillata.

Plemyria fluviata. Semiothisa californiata.
Hydriomena californiata. granitata.

Petrophora truncata. Aplodes rubrifrontaria.

prunata var. lugu- Geometra iridaria.

brata nubilata. Tephrosia canadaria.

Ochyria munitaria. Opisthograptis sulphuraria.

abrasaria. Anagoga pulveraria.

Rheumaptera basaliata. Metrocampa perlaria.

lugubrata. Merina fervidaria.

Hydria undulata. Endropia bilinearia.

Triphosa dubitata. Azelina hiibnerata.

* " The Distribution and Migrations of North American Birds," iu Amer. Jonru. Sc. and Arts, xii,
Jan. and March, 1866. See also J. A. Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., ii, 1871, " On Individual and Geo-
graphical Variation among Birds, &c." ; and R. Ridgway, " On the Relation between Color and Geograph-
ical Distribution in Birds as exhibited in Melanism and Hypercbromism," iu Amer. Journ. Sc. Arts, iv,
Dec, 1872, p. 454 ; v, Jan., 1873, p. 39.

t To this list may be added the following species belonging to other families of moths : Phrophorus
cinvreidactylus, Drasteria ei-echtea, Plusia Hochenwarthi, Agrotis islandka, and Lillwsia argillacca.

588

In a few cases, as in Glaucopteryx ccesiata and Rheumaptera liiguhrata,
the Pacific-coasI specimens resemble the European examples more than those
from the At [antic coast.

It would seem as if these differences were almost wholly due to climatic
causes. The climate of the Rocky Mountains and of Vancouver's Island is
much wanner than that of Northern New England, the highlands of
British America, and Labrador. The mean annual temperature of Victoria,
Vancouver's Island, is 48° F.; that of New York City being 52° F., while
that of Denver, Colo., is 48° F., and of the Rocky Mountains from 44° to
40° F.; that of Northern New England being from 44° to 40° F. ;
the White Mountains and the Adirondacks and the region north of the
Great Lakes being 40° F., while that of Labrador is from 32° to 30°
F. The annual rain-fall of Victoria, Vancouver's Island, is 3ti inches; at
the mouth of the Columbia River, it is 80 inches ; while that of Saint John's,
Newfoundland, is 63 inches (this is probably the same as that of the southern
and eastern coast of Labrador). The rain-fall of Denver, Colo., is 12 inches,
while, of course, that of the more elevated portions of the Rocky Mountains
is probably nearly 20, though no data are given in the Smithsonian charts.
The rain-fall of the Rocky Mountain region is colored in Guyot's map the
same as that of the Ural and Altai Mountains. The annual rain-fall of Fort
Dalles, Oreg., is 20 inches, while that of Walla- Walla, a little farther east-
ward, is 16 inches. On the other hand, that of Nertchinsk, in the Altai
Mountains, is 17 inches, while that of Peking is 24 inches ; so that the annual
rain-fall of the elevated plateaus of Northeastern Asia and Colorado is nearly
the same. Again, the annual rain-fall of the Alps, on their southern slopes,
is from 60 to 90 inches ; here we have conditions quite similar to those of
the Cascade range in Oregon.

These meteorological facts seem to explain the corresponding zoo-geo-
graphical data given above. The warmer and more humid Pacific slopes of
America cause a more luxurious growth, a greater development of the periph-
eral parts of the body, and slight changes in coloration. The climatic con-
ditions of the Rocky Mountains and Alps being more alike than those of the
White Mountains and Alps, we have certain identical features in the variation
of the alpine species of moths of those two ranges of mountains, which are
not found in comparing White Mountain and Labrador individuals with those
from the Alps of Europe.

It will be seen from the facts we have presented that the moths probably

589

follow, as regards size, a law the reverse of that established by Professor Baird
tor the birds and mammals, who shows that they decrease in size southward,
though his law of increase in the length of certain peripheral pails westward
also obtains in the Lcpidoptera. The increase in size westward is, of course,
equivalent to the well-known southward increase of size in insects; though
in a few species of insects, the Coloradan and Californian examples are larger
than Floridan aud Texan insects of the same species.

Of the insects mentioned in the list, Plusia hochenwarthi is the
clearest example (1) of the laws of increase in size westward and south-
ward ; (2) increase in length of peripheral parts westward ; (3) brighter,
deeper colors westward..

These facts in the geographical distribution of insects, though they can
hardly be called laws until confirmed by a greater number of data drawn
from all orders of insects, yet illustrate to my mind how far climatic variation
extends as a factor in producing primary differences in faunae within the same
zone of temperature. Varietal and, in some cases, specific differences may
have arisen in Asia, Europe, and- America from the climatic causes above
stated, but still these were in many cases perhaps inadequate in accounting
for the present wide distribution of circumpolar species. Here continuity of
land, geological as well as meteorological causes, were factors. And so, on
the other hand, in accounting for the species and types of genera which dis-
tinguish fauna? in zones of similar temperature, geological causes have been
the main factor in their production. For instance, we cannot explain the
similarity between the insect-fauna of the Pacific States and Colorado and
that of Eastern Europe and Central Asia without supposing the original
migration of the ancestors of the present circumpolar species from a common
source, the supposed Tertiary Arctic continent, and the preservation of their
descendants in their present areas through similar climatic and physical
causes.

ON THE ORIGIN OP THE PRESENT DISTRIBUTION OF THE PHAL^ENIDiE OF NORTH

AMERICA.

Having attempted to show that the Phalcenidce of America north of
Mexico are composed fundamentally of three elements, viz, of species belong-
ing to the Tropical American, North Temperate American, and Circumpolar
realms, we venture to speculate upon the origin of their present mode of dis-
tribution. That the tropical American forms in our insect-fauna originally

590

migrated from Central America by three avenues — i. e., the Pacific coast, the
central plateau of the Cordilleras, and the Atlantic coast — no one will proba-
bly deny. As regards the present arctic Fauna, which is truly circumpolar

and scarcely more marked in America than Europe-Asia, and has alpine out-
liers on the alpine summits of the Ural and Altai ranges of Asia, the Alps
of Central Europe, and the mountains of Scandinavia, as well as the elevated
coasl of the Labrador plateau and the alpine summits of the Alleghany and
Rocky Mountains (including the Cascade range and Sierra Nevada of the
1'acilic coast), we are forced to believe that they have originated in circum-
polar lands, and have migrated southward cotemporaneously with the advance
southward of the glacial climate. It is not improbable that during the height
of the glacial period, when it prevailed over a large portion of the north
temperate zone, the number of species of insects were greatly in excess of
what it is at present, and that the existing arctic land-fauna is but a remnant
of what it was in the height of the Quaternary period. As regards the origin
of this Quaternary land-fauna, we are naturally led to conclude that it must
be the ancient inhabitants of the Tertiary continent of Arctic America and
Europe-Asia, of which the Arctic-American Archipelago, Greenland, and Spitz -
bergen are the remnants. This view is borne out by the fact that not only
Tertiary, but even several Cretaceous forms of marine invertebrates, are still
living at great depths in the arctic and north temperate seas.

We are now restricted to a consideration of the origin of our north tem-
perate insect-fauna. Here absolute facts are wanting, as no fossil insects
common to Temperate and Arctic America have yet been found, and we are
thrown back on the facts and speculations afforded by palseontological bot-
anists, referring the reader for the facts as to the identity of certain species
in the Miocene Tertiary plants of Europe with those of Spitzbergen and
Arctic America to the writings of Heer, who shows that the Miocene "flora
of Europe had almost entirely an American character",* and to the results of
the studies of the Tertiary and Cretaceous flora of North America by Profes-
sor Newberry, and more especially those of Mr. Lesquereux in Hayden's
Annual Report of the United States Geological Survey of the Territories for
1872, and his subsequent reports and works published by the Survey.

The results of these studies confirmed certain speculations previously

* "Novdenskiold, The former Climate of the Polar Regions", iu Geological Magazine, Loutlou,
1875: American Naturalist, vol. x, 358, L876.

591

made by Prof. Asa Gray.* I quote the abstract of his views given in his
"Address".

The singular relations between the Japanese flora and that of North-
eastern America gave rise to the speculations which were published
"before Heer had developed the rich fossil botany of the arctic zone; before
the immense antiquity of existing species of plants was recognized ; and
before the publication of Darwin's now famous volume on the 'Origin of
Species' had introduced and familiarized the scientific world with those now
current ideas respecting th.e history and vicissitudes of species with which I
attempted to deal in a moderate and feeble way.

"My speculation was based upon the former glaciation of the northern
temperate zone, and the inference of a warmer period preceding and perhaps
following. I considered that our own present vegetation, or its proximate
ancestry, must have occupied the arctic and subarctic regions in Pliocene
times, and that it had been gradually pushed southward as the temperature
lowered and the glaciation advanced, even beyond its present habitation ; that
plants of the same stock and kindred, probably ranging round the arctic zone
as the present arctic species do, made their forced migration southward upon
widely different longitudes, and receded more or less as the climate grew
warmer; that the general difference of climate which marks the eastern and
the western sides of the continents — the one extreme, the other mean— was
doubtless even then established, so that the same species and the same sort
of species would be likely to secure and retain foothold in the similar climates
of Japan and the Atlantic United States, but not in intermediate regions of
different distribution of heat and moisture ; so that different species of the
same genus, as in Torreya, or different genera of the same group, as Redwood,
Taxodium, and Glyptostrobus, or different associations of forest-trees, might
establish themselves each in the region best suited to the particular require-
ments, while they would fail to do so in any other. These views implied that
the sources of our actual vegetation and the explanation of these peculiarities
were to be sought in, and presupposed, an ancestry in Pliocene or still earlier
times, occupying the higher northern regions. And it was thought that the
occurrence of peculiarly North American genera in Europe in the Tertiary
period (such as Taxodium, Carya, Liquidambar, Sassafras, Negundo, &c.)
might be best explained on the assumption of early interchange and diffusion
through North Asia rather than by that of the fabled Atlantis.'7

•Memoirs of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, vi, pp. 3/7-458, 1859. See also his
address at the Dubuquo meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, held
August, 1872. See also American Naturalist, vi, 577. 1872.

592

This solution of the problem of the origin of a large proportion of the
species of insects of om- North Temperate realm was adopted by the writer
in an article in the "American Naturalist".* It is evident thai the distribu-
tion of insects is closely dependent on thai of plants, and thai the origin of
our insect-fauna was contemporaneous and followed the vicissitudes of our
flora.

The theory advanced by Ileer and others, and still persisted in by
authors, of an intercontinental bridge between' the temperate zones of
America and Europe and America and Asia, -besides being opposed by
geological reasons of weight, is entirely useless in accounting for the present
distribution of insect-life in the temperate zone, as there is a marked absence
of Asiatic forms on the Pacific coast, and the presence of what few there arc
may be accounted for on the hypothesis of their derivation from a Tertiary
arctic continent. On the other hand, there are some remarkable features
that ally the lepidopterous fauna, at least of the Pacific coast, to that of
Europe, and which are wanting in the Eastern or Atlantic province. The
presence of the few European temperate forms occurring in temperate
America may be explained by the hypothesis of their migration from a Ter-
tiary arctic continent. Indeed, the ancestors of the Pacific-coast Rhaphidia,
Parnassius, Papilio zolicaon, Epica//ia, and Callarctia, which are true Euro-*
pean-Asiatic types, may have inhabited the arctic Tertiary continent, of which
Greenland and Spitsbergen are the remains ; and their descendants forced
southward have probably lost their foothold in the Atlantic region, and some,
like the Sequoia, survived in California and others in Europe.

Something more than similarity of climate is required to account for the
presence of such generic types, common to the western shores alone of two
continents; hence community of origin, with high antiquity, and a southward
migration of forms not of tropical origin, are the factors needed to work out
the problem.

That something of this sort has taken place in marine animals we know
to lie the fact. Certain forms, now supposed to be extinct on the coast
of New England and Scandinavia, such as Yoldia arctica Gray (Nuculaport-
landica Hitchcock), arc still living in the seas of Greenland and Spitzbergen.

* July, 1873, vol. vii, 4.">3. Sue also Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History for May
7, 1-7.:. published January, 1874, and an article entitled "On the Geographical Distribution of the Moths
of Colorado", from the Annual Report of the United States Geological and Geographical Survey of the
Territories for 1873, p. 543 (1875).

593

The Quaternary fauna of Maine indicates a much more purely arctic assem-
blage than is at present to be found.* This is also the rase with the Scandi-
navian Quaternary fauna, according to the researches of the late Prof M.
Sars As we have before shown, in the essay just referred to, the circum-
polar marine fauna extends down along the coast of Northeastern America
and of Europe, and the forms common to the two shores are circumpolar
forms, members of the circumpolar zoological realm. Europe, in all proba-
bility, did not borrow any of her specific forms from America; but both have
been, in part, peopled from a purely circumpolar lamia. If there has been
any borrowing, it has been on the part of Europe, since the fossil musk-
sheep (Ovibos) of France and Central Europe is said to be identical with
the musk-sheep of arctic America. So, also, on the coast of Northeastern
Asia and Alaska are circumpolar forms, which have evidently been borne by
arctic currents down each coast. The forms which are identical or repre-
sentative on those two coasts are species derived from the circumpolar fauna :
so the forms which are so strikingly similar in Northern Japan to those on
the coast of New England are, if we mistake not, also derived from the
northward. From the consideration of these facts, we are led to accept the
conclusion that congeneric forms occurring on the Pacific slope of North
America, as well as Europe and Asia, are the remnants of a southward migra-
tion from polar lands during Tertiary times, ami, in proportion to the high
antiquity of the migrations, there have been changes and extinctions, causing
the present anomalies in the distribution of organized beings which arc now
so difficult to account for on any other hypothesis. For this reason, it is not
improbable that those species of insects. which are more or less cosmopolite
(and independently so of human agency) arc the most ancient, just as some
forms taxonomically the most remote are remnants of earlier geological
periods. For example, the curious anomalies in the geographical distribution
of Limulus, the genus only occurring on the eastern coasts of Asia and
North America, accord with its isolation from other Crustacea. Geological
extinction has gone hand in hand with geographical isolation. It was not an
uncommon form in Europe in the Jurassic period, and was preceded by other
Meiostomata in the Palaeozoic periods.

* "Glacial Phenomena of Labrador and Maine," by A. S. Packard, .jr., in Memoirs of Boston Society

of Natural History, i, 1865.

75 p H

.V.I I

As regards the LJacific-coas1 and Coloradian species, which are similar
in those inhabiting the plateaus of the Ural and Altai Mountains, such as
the two species of Lithostege, Euaspilates, and Caulostoma, each of these
have representatives which do not occur in Northeastern America nor in
Western Europe, hut arc to be found in Central, Southern, and Eastern
Europe and Asia Minor, Turkey, and Western Asia, lint not in India or
Eastern Asia, i, e., China or Japan, so far as yet known. Now, in order to
account for this identity of generic types in regions so remote, we are led to
suppose that the nearly identical meteorological features of the plateau of
Western America and of Asia favored their preservation, their ancestors
having migrated from an arctic continent to the northward, while forms,
either identical or allied, existing in intermediate areas have become extinct.
We may imagine that much the same continuity of life existed, in Mesozoic
and Tertiary times, in the ancestors of the inhabitants of the north tem-
perate zone as now exists in the frigid zone, and composing the circum-
polar fauna, and that, in fact, this north temperate fauna of the globe was,
in Mesozoic and Tertiary times, the then circumpolar fauna.

As regards the theory as to the origin of the European insect-fauna,
that of Dr. Jager seems in part plausible. He considers, according to
Hoffmann, that it is composed of three elements: 1. A Glacial fauna, which
inhabited Europe during the Glacial period ; 2. Species which during the
Grlacial epoch retired into the Mediterranean region, and which since then
have -recrossed the Alps; 3. The larger compose a group which originally
emigrated from the North of Asia (Siberian fauna). Hoffmann adopts this
view for Diurnal Lepidoptera. See-an abstract of his views in the Bulletin de
la Societe" entomologique de Belgique, May, 1874. The original is in Wiirtem-
berger naturwissenschaftliche Jahresheften, 187,">. We have not met with
any application, however, of Heer's discoveries and speculations to zoo-
geography by European entomologists

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beitet von Dr. M. Wocke. Dresden, 1S61. 8°. pp.192. 2d ed. 1871. 8C: pp.426.
Stephens. Systematic catalogue of British insects. By J. F. Stephens. 2 vols.

London, 182'.).

The nomenclature of British insects; etc. By James Francis Stephens. Lon-
don, 1829. 12°. pp. 68.

Illustrations of British iusects. Baustellata. By J. F. Stephens. 8°. Lon-
don, 1828-46.

List of the specimens of British animals in the collection of the British Museum.

Part v. Lepidoptera. London, 1850. 12°. pp. 352.

Thmiberg. Dissertatio entoruologica novas insectorum species sisteus. Upsaliae,
1781-91.

Museum naturalium academici IJpsaliensis dissertatio. Upsaliae, 1788.

Treitschke. Die Schmetterlinge. von Europa (Fortsetzung des Ochsenheimer'schen

Werkes). Von F. Treitschke. Leipzig, V. i-ii. (1S25), iii. (1826) ; VI. i. (1827), ii.

(1828); VII. 1S29; VIII. 1830; IX. i. (1832), ii. (1833); X. i. (1834), ii-iii. (1835). 8°.

Walker. List of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the Brit-
ish Museum. By Francis Walker. Part xx — xxvi. 1860-62. Part xxxv. Sup-
plement, part 5, 1866. 12°.

Wood. Index entomologicus, a complete illustrated catalogue, consisting of 1944 fig-
ares of tbe lepidopterous insects of Great Britain. By William Wood. London,
1839. 8°.

Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York. Vol. 1-9.

Annales de Societe" eutomologique de France. Ser. i. torn. 1-ser. v. torn. 3. 1832-73.

Canadian Entomologist. 1-6. 1869-75. 8°.

Canadian Naturalist and Geologist, v-vi. 1860-61. 8°.

598

Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Philadelphia. 1-(S. 1863-67.

Transactions of the American Entomological Society. Philadelphia. 1-4. 1867-'75

Bulletin of the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences. Vol. 1-3. 1873-76. 8°.,

Entomologist's Intelligencer. Edited by H. T. Stainton. London. S°. 1S58.

Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History. 1-18. 1M1-'7G. 8°.

Reports of the Peabody Academy of Science. 1-0. 1869-74. Salem, Mass. 8°. -

Verhandhmgen derk. k. zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien. 1853, and xxii-
xxiii. 1872, 1873. 8°.

Wiener eutomologische Monatsschrift. i-viii. 1857-64. 8°.

Stettiner eutomologische Zeftunar. i-xxxvi. 1840-75. 8°.

INDEX OF SPECIES, GENERA. AND SUBFAMILIES.

Page.

Abbreviate 210

Abort ivaria 368

Abrasaria 13(5, 139

Abraxas 247

Absynthiata 48,49

Accessaria 206

Acbathiaria 122

Acbatinata 122

Acidalia, 77, 82, 90, 168, 171, 174, 177, 179, 197, 300, 316

326

Aoidaliata 224

Acidalida' 315

Acidalidi .... 315

AcidaliDie 315

Acidalites 315

iEgrotata 5.r>5

.Ennilataria 288

Jji I miliaria 495

iEquiferaria 295

yEsionaria 464

Affiuiata 88

Affirraaria 564

Agreasaria 537

Albata 303

Albicapitata 48

Albifasciata 97

Albifera 360

Albifusata 236

Albigenaria 435

Albooostaliata 328,336

Albofasciata 189

Albogilvaria 325

Alboliueata 105, 120, 382

Albosignata .• 174

Albovittata 166. 189

Alcis 427

Alcoolaria 465,469

Algidafca 150

Alicuaria II 11

Alniaria

Alpinata 1-ii

Alsopbila 393

Aniatliia 179

Amaturaria 317

Amicaria 4C1

Amilapis U5

Page

Amniciilata 159

Amcebe 66, 103, 166

Amoenaria 500, 509

Amorata 315

Ampbidasidso 397

Ainphidasis 398,456

Amphidasites 397

Aniyiisaria 497

A nagoga 309, 421, 459, 486

Auaitis 1H5

Anaplodea 367,392

Angeroua 459, 474

Auguilineata 180,184

Angiiitioraria 237,238

Anisopteryx 398, 454

Auinsaria 497

Aunemoria 367, 375

Aiuiisaria _ 504

Autepione 459, 483

Anticaria .*. 63,421,423

Anticlea 46, 166

Apicia 459,532

Apiciaria 500,502

Aplocera 66

Aplodes 367, 385

Apocbeima 400

Approximaria 214,215,386,391,449

Aquosua 538

Arefactaria 509

Argillacearia 250,258

Ariuataria 501, 510

Arrbostia .326,365

Ascot is 445

Aspilates 2111,201,221

Astheua 316,324

Astylusaria 508

Atrocolorata 105, 121

Alrofasciata 264

Atropuuctaria 210

Atropunctata 242,244

Atrosiguata 193

Auiantiacaria 551

Aiitunmata 88,400

Avuncularia 234

Azelina 459,461

Azinepbora 186

599

(illl I

ta 139

Balistaria :!:>'

Bapta 300,302

Baptria "''• >"

Ba

. 152, km

Basiata.

Basipuncl
I'xll

sata

Bibularia

oraria 212,

Bicolorata 159,

Bilinearia.

Biseriata
Bisiguatt

308
308
356

18
495
'J-^t'i
29 1
501
304
290
414
378

94
457
391
397
397

198
316
150
441!

Brulleata 73

Brallei 73

Brunnearia 250,256,298,385,388

Brnnneata 105, 108, 25- . 298

Brunneicillata 152

Brnuneifasciata 325

Biston 398,

Bistriaria 377,

Bistriolata

Boarmia 240,455,456,

1 '.u.i mi ida'

Boarinidi

I'm a rm in a'

Boaiuiites

186,

Boreata ....

petes

Brevicalata .

Broncbelia..

.309

398

CaluT

300,305,

Caberidi

Caberinaa

Caberites

i !aberodes ,

( ^acuminata

< lesiata

Califoraiaria .201,241,281,341, 121, 122, 128, 141,
( tlifomiata ....91,94, 136, 174, 175, 189,3.-0,281,
Calledapterys 312,

...460,497,
32K,

309'
299
299
299
299
505
346
67
187
329
313

Calli

ullizzia .
icalpe
Calostigia

I I

Calotbysanis. ..

i ambi'tca

Cambricaria . . ..

I jlii).;.':!

( amptograuima .

Cauadai'ia

Candidaria

Canosaria

171
150
316

-:;
25
190

Caripeta 200

Carnaria

..421, 125
349
210
,231
j 12

Page.

Cantata 142

Carneata 136,142

Carpiuata 88,182

Caraia 46

Catascia. 445

Catenaria '-'•

Catena rins. 217

Catopbyrrha 204

Caulostopia 4511, 17'J

Cayenrjaria 531,532

('. l,na 185

CentuiiiDotata - 105

Ceratodalia 316,622

( Vinton vx 531,532

Cervinaria 531,532

Cervinifascia 131

Cl.missa 445

Cheimatobia 197

Cbesiadi 45

(I,. Mas 88,194

Cbiniatobia 46, 197

Chloraspilatea 200,211

Cblorocbroma 369,372

Cblorochromitos 366

Cblon icly st a 103

Chlorocystis 46

Cblorolcucaria 370

Chlorosea 367,376

Cidaria 06,77,82,88,90,103,134,150, 166,169

Ciilariili 45

Cineraria 251

Citrinaria 474

Clemataria 561

Cleora 55,398, 127,450,456

Cieoridi 397

Cleorites 397

Cliviuaria 455

Coagulata 49

Coenocalpe "is

Cognataria 413,421

Coloradaria .547,550

205,206

Colorui ia . .
Compensate
i loncisaria
< loncordata

C'cuhIi tisat:
Coufusaiia
Congrua - ..

Consecuta
Consepta

Cousiniilata .
Contemplata
Contiuuaria .

( mil ractata

( lonvallaria

Coryeia..
Cosinui bu

354

530

K'.l

106

31,533

358

358

291

•.'.'1

294

358

-:i

41,149

34, 150

300

326

601

Page.

Crepuscularia 428

Cribrataria '. 421,424

Crocallata ;")47,548

Crocataria '. . 474

Crocearia 480

Cruentaria 200

Culicaria 365

Cumatilis 70

Cimigerata 105, 114

Cupidaria 412

Cyoladata 191,192

Cymatida 324

Cymatophora 39e, 427

Dasyfidonia 200,233

Decoloraria 130

Deductaria 513

Defecturia 435, 437

Defensaria 141 , 149

Defluaria 242,245

Defluata 242,245

Deileptenia 427

DeiliDia 300,305

Deinissaiia 352

Deudraria : 443

Densaria 375

Deplanaria 418, 498

Depoutauata 483

Deprivata 39C

Desiderata 63

Desiguata 135,144

Dest.inata 11G

Detersata 242,243

Dilutata .' 83,87

Discon venta 242, 243

Discospilata 226

Disjunctaria 114

Dislocaria 280, 282

Disprmcta 285

Disserptaria ...:. 443

Dissirnilaria 205,207,208

Distribuaria 280,293

Di versilineata 103, 105, 126, 128

Divisaria 237,457,458

Divisata 237

Douataria 210

Dositbea 326

Drepanodes 460

Di yoccefcis 427

Dryopterata 313

Duaria 497, 500, 502

Dubitarja 178

Dubitata 177

Duodecim-liuearia 84

Duodecim-lineata «3

Duplicata 2K3

Dyscia 41."

Uyscyiuatoge 46

7G P H

Page.

Dyspteris 367,368

Dysstroma 88, 103

Ectropis 427

Ed wardsata 478

Effectaria 501

Ejectaria 457

Elaboiata 191

Electra 103

Ellopia 487, 492, 497

El lit aria 96

Elutata 96

Emargataria 467

Ematurga 200,231

Endropia 459,499

Endropiaria 493,495

Enuouiida?. 458

Enuouiidi 458

Euuouiinse 458

Ennomites 458

Eiinomos 278

Euotata 7. 280,288

Euucleata 328,347

Eois 316,319,326

Ephyra 316,361

E|iiiueris 443

Epione 459,485

Epiouidi 458

Epirrantbis 459,498

Epirrhoe 150

Epirrita 46, 82

Eranuis 398,408

Erastria 204

Erateina 190

Eremiata 278

Erosiata 435

Erota 190

Erutaria 85

Erytbemaria 306

Euacidalia 316,318

E uaspilates '. 200, 203

Eubolia 82,134,262,277

Eubolidi 45

Eubyja 410

Eueblseua 485

Eueliloraria 396

Eiiebloi'is 393

Eucosmia 171

Eucrostis 367

Eudalinia 300,303,490

Eudeilinia 300

Euephyra 316,365

Enfidonia 200,225

Eutitcbia 200,247,497

Eugonia 460

Ealype 150

Enmacaria 201,298

Euuemoria 379

602

Page

Etiphia 103

Eupisteria 229,249

Enpitbecia 4ii,r..">

1 lurymene 465

] nsarca 204

Eustroma 103

Eutbalia 90

Eutrapela 160

Eutropa 278

Exauspieata 285

Excuivaria 381, 4ii7

I'm ni'viiia 265

Exnotata 285

Exornata 236

Explagiata 133

Explanata (>■)

Expressaria 27<i

Expunctaria 471

Exsinuaria 4<>1

1 '.xtremaria -.'47

Falcataria 421,423

Fasceolaria :i75

Favillifera 351)

Kaxonii 232

Ferrugaria 136,146

Ferrngata 135,146

Ferraginaria 257

Ferruginata 320,321

Fcnnuiiuaria HI 10

Fervidaria 462,467,493

Fidonia 201 1, 225, 227 . 229, 23 1 , 240, 249, 262

Fidoniaria 297,360

Fidoniata 226,418

FidoniDie 199

Filamentaria 471

Filaria 456

Fimbriata 88

Fimetaria 228

Fiscollaria 493

L'issiuotata 285

Flamiuifcra Ill

Elavaria 129

Flavata 129

Flavicaria 250, 256

Flavicata 103, 105

Elavo-fasciata 273

Floridaria 533

Floridata .318,319

Flnctuaria 155

Elm-mat a i.vj, 1:,;,

Fluviaria 79

l-'luviata 78,80

Eva mliilcnt aria |32

Frigidaria 340

Fritillaria 189

Frugaliaria i.-.j

Eumataria 128

In lot. it. 1 133

Euvi-it'i-rata ■ 312

I 11 sifasciata 184, 185

Galbiueata 280,290

Gelidata 64

Gemiuata 49, L80, 184

Geinuiaria 78,80

I Si in mat a 78, 320

Geometra. 186,367,393

Geomotridae 366

Geometridi 366

Geometrina? 366

Geoinetrini 366

Gilvaria 5(14

Glaucaria 392

Glancata ;»4

Glaucopteryx 46,66

Gnophidi :;;i7

Guopbos , .398, 145

Gnopbosaria 275,439

Gouiacidalia 312

Goniacidalinas 311

Gouiata 559

Gorytodea 201

Gotbicata 164

Gracilaria 382

Graeilineata 126, 128

Grammatopbora 249

Grauitaria 330

Grarjitata 280, 285, 328, 330

< rrataria 219

Gratata 372,373

Uratuiata. 166

Grotearia 547. 553

Gneiicaria 250,252

Gueneata 136, 141,323

Gneneria 300,307

Gypsocbroa L94

Hasmatopis 200,218

Hassitata L78

Halesaria 228

Halia : 249

Haliata 274.'.'-:.

II :i lit 11 11 mat a 45, 16

Halterata L82

Harpalycc 103,150,166

Harvriata 193

Hastaria 164

Hastata 151,152, 164

Hastulata :. 165

Haydeuata lt">

Heliomata ' 190

Hetneropbila 398, 146

Hemithea 372

Hepaticaria 352

Hervniniata :;"l

603

Page.

Herailiata 104,111

Hesperuima 176

Heterolocba - 459,478

Heteropbelps 46, 192

Hibemites 397

Ilipparcliistus 388

Hipparchua 393

Holothalassis 393

Horisme 168

Hortaria -143

Humaria 428,435,437

Hybernia 398,408

Hybernidse 397

Hydrelia 82

Hydria. 45,46,171

Hydrioraena 40,00

Hypagyretis 564

Hy peretis 450, 460

Hypocbraria 500, 504

Hy poseot is 445

Hyria 319

Idtea 326

Ideata 156

Iduata 155

Imbraria 533

Imbutaria 186

Imbutata 186

Iuimauata 109,110

Impauperata 354

Implicate 54,63,67,71

Impluviaria 91

Implu viata 88, 91

Impropriata 297

Inaptata 297

Iuatomaria 542, 543

Iuceptaria 564

Iucertata 372

Incluaaria 395

Iucoloraria 198

Incomraodata 185

Indeclinata 297

luductata 328,340

Iuequaliata 180

Inextrieata 295

Infulata 191

Insciiptata 88

Insiimaria 461

Inatitucns 454

Insulsaria y-»8, 335

Integraria 297

Intentaria ;;m;

I n t erlinearia 537

Interinediata 152, 157

Interrupto-fasciata 52

Intestinata 169,170,174

[ntiactaria 428, 135

Intraria 135

Pag(

lodis 367,396

Iridaria :»4

Irregulata 285

Iirorata 264,273

Itamo 249

Juniperaria 538

Juturuaiia J41

Keutzingaria 465,468

Kodiakata 161

Labradoriensis 136, 137

Lacteata 136,143

Lactispargaria 564

Lacustrata 151, 152, 158

Lampropteryx 103,166

Larentia . . 66, 77, 82, 88, 90, 103, 134, 150, 166, 168, 171,

174, 177, 185. 197

Larentidse 45

Lariotata 239

Larissa 185

Larvaria 428,435,437

Latiaria 386,391

Laticincta 297

Latifasciaiia 447

Latifeirugata 296

Latirupta 169

Lateritiaria 497,504

Leoninata 105, 119

Lepiodes 565

Leptomeris 326

Leucocora 46

Lignicolorata 135, 138

Ligularia 139

Limbata 471

Liniitaria 457

Lintueraria 205,209

Liqnoraria 383

Liriodeudraria 443

Lithoatege 45,46,194

Lixaria 384

Lobophora 45, 46, 179

Loiuograpba 300, 309

Longipalpata 48,56

Longipennata 328,332

Longipeuuis 134

Loxofidonia 200, 223

Lozogramma 200,242,247

Lucata .". 325, 320

Luct uaria 161

l.iictuata 161

Lugubrata 116, 152, 161

Lumenaria 305

Luscinata 169

Lutavia 530

Luteata 57

Lygris 103

I.ytlina 200,221

(-.1)1

Macaria '■' ' '' '

Macaiitlai '■ 1"

ilaria !~"

Madnearia '

Magnetaria 350

Maguifi raria 356

Maguoliata B'.'O

Mnjoraria :,;;' :

Mai aria "7

Mancipata 105,113

Marcessaria 250

Marginata 501

Marmopteryx .200,259

Maraiorata '- ■''■' 2fi "

Meadiata 174,176,264,269

Meadii '''"'

Melanippe.. '••"

Melahtbia 83,150

Melanthidi 15, 315

Mellistrigata 264,269

Heusurata ■""

Meskeraria 213

Mesoleuca 150

Metanema '""

Metroeauipa 159,460,490

Metrocamparia •"':;:;

Metusata 504

Mimicata 395

Mimosaria 386, 388

Minoa 188,194

Minorata 280,29)

Minutata i'-1

Miserulata 48,52

Mollicalaria I"-"1

Montana 435 j

Monicaiia 275

Monta'nata 116,180, 1-1

Mull ilineata 71, 78, 81, 280, 287

136

136

274

. 497

:;:.:;

362,364

Mnuitaria . ...

Manitata

Muscariata ...
Myandaria ...
Mj rmidouata .
Myrtaria

Pap

Niveosericearia 528

Nivigerata 185

Nivosata 328

Notataria 226

Not:,,;, 19,288

Nubecularia 417

Nubicolata ~(i~

Nnbilata U6

Nubilofasciata 97,98

Numaria 486, 489, 497

Nyssaria 461

Obdactata ";l

Obfirraaria 499

Obfnsaria : :;:'7

Obtusaria 501

Occidental iata ' -

Occidentata 320,321

Occiduavia 428, 173,467

Ocellinata 280,283

Oebreata 47~

Ocbyrta 46,134

Odezia 188

( kloptera 527

Odopteridi ■ ' "

i Km ilm inis 259

Okakaria ;;->"

( dcnusaria '211

Olivacearia — <"'

Olyzonaria 541

Operopbtera 16,191

Operopbterinae 196

Opisthograptia 459, 476

( tponearia 508

i tporabia " -

Oporinia 82

i )rciferata

Ordinata 328,349

Orillata 264,265

Ortbofidonia 200,235

Orthonauia 168

216

329

:$M,:}>9

355

Nebulosaria

Neglectata

Neniatocauipa .. -

Nemoria

Nconaria

Nepiasaria

Neptaria

Neptata

Nevada] ia

Nevadata

Nigrofasciata ...
Nigrosei iata ....
Nigro> unaria . ..

85

PS

. i;n

i Irtbostixis ...
Oosnlaiia ....

i issniata

i istentaria —

461
161

. . . . 27 1

...264.273

.. .::T7, 378

61

I '.!

242,246

... 151, I'll

Pacificaria 307

Puleaerita. 399

Pallidata 281

Palpavia

Palpata :'7

Paludata '~

Pammnaria 128,432

Pauamaria 541

Paudaria ",;;:;

Pauisaria 197

Pannaria 328,336

Paialella 204

Paralalia

<;<>:>

Pago.

Paraphia 398,415

Parasemia 278

Pan iiiiomos ■ 237

Parinotata 152, 155

Pectinaria 501,513

Pellonia 564

Pellucidaria 452,495

Pelnrga 88

Pcndulinaria 302, 363

Peralbata 328,332

Perconia 200,204,227,229,231,249

Perirrorata 328,331

Perlaria 491

Periata 4111

Perlineata 83

Permagnaria 449

Persinuaria 4(il

Pervaria 205, 206

Pervelata 276

Perviridaria 377, 379

Petrophora 46, 103

Pharmacia 278

Pliasiauaria 533

Pbasiane 201,262

Phibalapteryx 46, 16 -, 435

Phigalia 398, 406

Pbigaliaria 454

Philereme 174

Philobia 278,472

Phlogosaria 465,466

Phocata 76

PJiocataria (i7

Pilosaria 500, 501

Piuetaria 256

Piniaria 238,453

Piaiiata 417

Pistaciaria 392

Pistaoiata 372,374

Plaoearia 497

Placidaria 352

Plagifasciata 4S7, 498

Plagodi8 459,465

Plataja 201

Plebeculata 149

Plemyria 46,77,81,150

Plerooymia 177

Plumosaria 428, 431

Pluviata 91

Polaria 73

Polata 67

Polygni miliaria 428, 439

Polyphagia 103

Pometaria .400,402

Pop u I aria 124

Populata 105, 124

Porcelaria 155

Pi ratomata 280,291

Pbaiumatodes 201

Page.

Priocyola 511

Probole 160

Prodiictata 328,334

Propriaria 166

Propugnaria 144

Propugnata 144

Propulsata L32

Proxanthata 297

Pruinaria 186

Prnnata 105,111

Psanimatodes 277

Psilogrammaria 428,430

Psodos 188

Ptychopoda 326

Puber 540

Pulohraria 451,452

Pultaria 495,496

Pulveraria 487

Puuctofimbriata 328, 333

Punctolineata * . . . . 280, 284

Parata 353

Puipurissata 336

Pustularia. 310

Py rolaria 565

Quadrarigulata 363

Quadrifasciaria 11, 205

Qnadrifasciata 88

Quadrilinearia 250, 252

Qnadriliueata 345

Quadrinotata 311

Quadripunotata 70,226

Quadrisignata 285

Qaercaria 411

Quercivoraria 542, 544

Quinqnaria 256

Qnirjquefasciata 91, 100

Quiuquelinearia 428, 432

Quinquelineata 329, 348

Racheospila . .• 367, 384

Ravocostaliata 48,60

Reciprooata 166

Reconditaria 357

Rectangulata 96

Refractaria 504

Refusaria 285

Remissaria 533

Remotata 132

Repletaria 359

Ktsistaria 471

Restrietata 345, ::.">4

Retinotata 285

Retraotaria 356

Rheumaptera 46, 150

Ribearia 248, 497

Ribesiaria 116

Rigidata 133

Cllli

Page

Rilevarin 221

Rotundata 195, 196

Rotuudopennata 328, '■''■'■'

Rotnndo] ctata 48, 55

Rnliiginosaria 214

Rubiginosus '.Ml

Rubivoraria 381, 382

Rnbrifrcrataria 381,383,385

RnbroliDearia 343

Rnbrolineata 329, 343

Rabromargiuata 329,339,386,389

RubroBuffueata 136, 143

Rnficillata 152, 153

Rufilinearia 355,386,390

Kiimia 476

Rnssaria 105

Russata 105,110

Sabiniaria 66,75

Sabinii ". 75

Sabularia 276

Saniaria 219

493, 198

Scitata

Scolopaoinaria

Scotopteryx

Scotos'ia 45,46,171,174,

Sectomaculata

S. !,■

. 459.

Selidosema 200,

Semiclarata 301,

Semimidaria 493,

Seminudata

Semiotbisa 201,

Sentinaria -

Sent i nata

Sericeata

Sericeiferata

Serinaria 465,

Serrataria

Serrulata

Sex-maculata

Siccaria

Sicya 459,

iicya
Sideraria .
Signaria..

S-sigiiata

Similaria

Simiat a 2114

Siona

Snoviaria 221

Snoviata 264

Sol nia

Solfataria

Sordidata

Sororiata

Spararia

HI. '.«

Spargariia
Spationaria

565

445
177
288
4H4
240
302
495
495
278
342
328
318
45 1
4119
501
iiiiii
■J-:,
495
479
350
428
280
5114
271
194
222
268
359
180

1, 98

186
342

7(1
121=

Page.

Spocio8atn 91,102

SperaDza 249

Sperataria . 4511

S|,li:i Tiiiiiarliaria 207

Spbyraria 135

Spilosaria 296

Spinataria 204

Stegania 300,309

Stcgauolopliia 103

Stenaspilates 200,211,212

Stenotracbelya 398, 148

Strattonata 58

Striata 136

Strigata 137

Strigataria 407

Strigularia 211

Subseqnaria 247

Subalbaria 329,344

Subapicata 62

Subapiciaria 29(1

Subatomaria 417

Subceasaria 250, 254

Subcroceata . 27 2

Sublataria 352

SnbluDaria 428,4-12

Submarmorata 285

Submiuiata 2(14. 268,272

Snl mi in alia 423

Salmi liiiata 113

Subsignaria 528

Subsinuaria 461

Subularia. 27(1

Successaria 564

Succoaata 285

Snlpburaria 250,255, 177. 1-1

Snlphurata l-.i. 1-1

Sulpbiirea 255

Snperaria 533

Superata 390

Suspectata 130

Sylvaria 257

Synchlora 367,379

Synopsia . 150, 455

Syrrhodia 204

Tacturata

Tauagra

Tarachia

Tcinnaiia

Tupbrina

Tepbroclystia

Tephrosia 225,398,

Terpnomicta

Tessellata 259,

Tetracis ....
Texl rinaria

TlialassiMli-N

... .500,

353

188
40
352
262
16
119
309
261
123
160
507
3911

COT

Pago. |

Tlialora 390

Thamuouonia 200, 249

Thern 46,88

Therapia 472

Therina 459, 492

Thulearia . . .

Tiliaria

Tiiiiandra ..
Timandrata
Tiinandridi .

Tinctaria

Titea

165

40!)

310

355

315

450

442

Tornos 200,214

Tractaria 388

Tiactata 296

Transducena 501

Tranafixaria 435

Trausitaria ' 295

Transmntens 559

Trausversata 161

Triaugulata 116

Triauguliferaria 547, 549

Trichopteryx 179

Tricoloraria 230, 381

Trifasciata 91,95,264,270

Triguttaria 193

Triguttata 193

Trilinearia 201,202

Triphosa 46, 177

Tripuuctaria 250

Triseriata 195

Tristaria 102

Tristata 152, 162

Truucataria 230,480

Truncata 103, 105

Trnxaliata 517, 554

Umbrosaria 428,439,451,453

Unangulata 152, 159

Uneanaria. 201

Undulata 172

L'ago.

Unicalcararia 275

Uiiidcntavia 146

Unimodaria 285

Unipunctaria _ in;

Unitaria. 376, 447

Urapterydse 458

Ursaria 414

Vanaria 25;'.

Varadaria , 537

Vaviolaria 306

Varus 538

Vasiliata' 107

Ventilata 88

Venuaia 82

Vennstua 388

Vernata 180, 183, 402

Vestalia 301

Veatitaria 471

Viatica 302

Vinosaria 508

Vinulentaria 500,506

Violaoearia 357

Viridata 100, 180,182

Viridoperlata 491

Wavaria 250,253

Xantborhoe 150

Ypsipetea 90

Zalisaaria 522

Zelloraria 370

Zerene 150,200,210,300

Zerenid* 199

Zereuidi 299

Ziczacata 132 ■

Zouosoina 302

Zygadeniata 48, 51

<*y

EXPLANATION OF PLATE I.

Fig. 1. Enpitbecia luteata; 1 n, E.subapieata; show-
ing the venation of the fore wing.
2. Glaucopteryx cseaiata; 2 «, G. magnoliata.
::. Plemyria fiuviata.
4. Epirrita cambricaria.
f>. Thera contractata.

6. Hydriomena trifaseiata.

7. Petrophora trimcata; 7 «, P. diversilineata ;

; 6, P. davicata.

8. Ochyria ferragaria; ««,<>. designata; '

O. lignieoloraria.

9. Bhenmaptera rufieillata.
10. Rhenmaptera hastata.

The figures on this plate were mostly drawn,
by S. E. Cassino. In plates 1-7, the figures are not

Fig. 11. Anticlea vasiliata.

12. Phibalapterys intestinata.

13. Hydria undolata,

II. Lobophora viridata; 14 a, L. montanata,

portion of wing, showing abnormal vena-
tion.

15. Carsia paludata.

lfi. Odesia albovittata.

17. Ileliomata cycladata.

18. Heterophelps triguttata.

19. Lithostege rotundata.

20. Operhophtora boreata.

with the aid of the camera, by the author; a few
drawn to the same scale.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE II.

Pig. 1. Gorytodes uncanaria.

2. Enaspilates spinataria.

'■':. Aspilates pervaria.

4. Tornos riibigiuosaria.

5. Zerene eateuaria.

6. Hsmatopis grataria.

7. I.vlliria rilevaria.

8. Loxofidonia acidaliata.

9. Eulidonia notataria.

Fig. 10. Percouia fimetaria.

11. Fidonia trnncataria : 11 «, portion enlarged.

12. Ematnrga faxoniaria.

13. Dasy fidonia avuucularia.

14. Orthofidonia exornata.

15. Caripeta divisaria.

li i. Selidosenia jnturnaria.
17. Lozograinma defluata; 17 a,>; 17 b, L.
nieroseriata.

The figures on this plate wore drawn on stone, with the aid of the camera, by S. E. Cassiuo.

TLATE a

EXPLANATION OF PLATE III.

Fig. 1. Eufitcbia ribeata.

■-'. Tbamnonoroa wavaria; 2 a, T. argillacearia ;

2 h, T. bruntiearia.
3. Marniopteryx marrnorata.
1. Psaiumatodes eremiata.

5. Phasiane atrofasciata : '< «, 1'. inorata.

6. Semiotbisa bisignata; 6 a, S. granitata.

7. Eumacaria branuearia.

s. Corycia vestaliata ; 8 »,(-'. semiclarata.
9. Eudeilinia uerminiata.
10. Deiliuia erytbemaria.

Fig. 11. Gueueria basiata.

12. Stegania pustularia.

13. Goniacidalia furciferata.

14. Calledapteryx erosiata.

15. Enacidalia Bericeata.

Hi. Eois gemmata. The 2d and 3d subcostal
venules sbould be as in fig. 17.

17. Eois ferruginata. The cell is sometimes as
opeu as in gemmata.

is. Calothysanis amaturaria.

The figures in this plate were drawn on stoue, with the aid of the camera, by >S. E. Cassino.

.

*

EXPLANATION OF PLATE IV.

Fn;. 1. Coratodalia gueneata.
■J. Astbena albogilvaria.
:i. Acidalin enucleata ; .'! a, A. insulsaria ; :s 6, A.

cacnmiuata; :! c, A. ossulata.
I. Ephyra penduliDaria.
5, Euephyra sorrulata.
ii. Dyspteris abortivaria.

7. Eucrostis chloroleucaria,

8. Nemoria pistaciata ; 8 a, N. gratata.

9. Syneblora rubivoraria.

Fig. 10. Aiinemoria unitaria.

11. Cblorosea uevadaria.

12. Syucblora excurvaria.

13. Aplodea mimosaria.

14. Geometra iridaria.

15. Anisopteryx vernata.

16. Pbigalia strigataria.

17. Hibernia tiliaria.

18. Eubyja coguataria.

19. Parapbia subatomaria.

Tbe figures on tbis plato were drawn on stoue, witb tbe aid of tbe camera, by S. S. Cassiuo.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE V.

Fig. 1. Parapbia subatomaria.

2. Tepbrosia canadaria; 1 a, Cyniatophora
psilogrammaria : 2 />, Tepbrosia california-
iia; 'J c,Tephrosia anticaria.
'■i. Cymatopbora urubrosaria.

4. Broncbelia hortaria.

5. Gnophos haydenata.

6. Hemeropbila unitaria.

T. Stenotrachelys permaguaria.
8. Hyperei is oyssaria.
;>. Plagodis seiinaria.

Fig. 10. Xematoeampa filauientaria.

11. Metrocampa perlata.

12. Heterolocha edyvardsata.

13. Caulostorna occiduaria.

14. Sicya inacnlaria.

15. Angerona crocataria.
lii. Antepioue deporttanata.

17. Atiagoga pnlveraria, small $
1 •. Tetracis truxaliata.
19. Tetracis aegrotat a.

The ligures on this plate were drawn on stone, with the aid of the camera, by S. E. Cassino.

"E V.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE VI.

Fig. 1. Tberina fervidaria.
2. Tetracis crocallata.
:i. Cleora pulchraria (var. pelhicidaria).
;. Mctancma qnercivoraria.
5. < Ipistbograptis ochreata.
G. Er.dropia serrataria.

7. Engonia subsignaria.

8. Epirranthis oblirmaria.

9. Aspilatcs liber.aria.

10. Endropia bilinearia.

11. Drepanodes varus.

12. Azelina hiibnerata.

13. Endropia armataria.

1 1. Endropia hypochraria.
15. Caberodes confusaria.

Fig. Hi. Caberodes cervinaria.

17. Selenia keutaria.

18. Eutrapela transversata.

19. Eupithecia miserulata, bead denuded.

20. Caripeta divisaria, head denuded, showing

the ocelli.

21. Acidalia 4-lineata ; bend, showing the

ocelli.

22. Eucrostischloroleucaria; head, showing the

ocelli.
2:1. Cymatophora crepuscularia, head.
24. Eutrapela transversata, head, oc, ocelli; <,

epicraninra; c, clypeus; !6,labrum; md,

mandible max, maxilla.
•J.">. Cydimon leilus; head, showing the ocelli.

The figures on this plate were drawn, with the aid of the camera, by S. E. Cassino.

.

■

■ .

EXPLANATION OF PLATE VII.

FlG. 1-8. Transformations of a Tiueid luotli. seep.37. FlG.
9. Thorax of Pterophorns uiarginidactylns ;

9 a, dorsal view.

10. Thorax of the European Scardia boleti;

10 a, dorsal view.

11. Thorax of Tortrix sp.; 11 a, dorsal view.

12. Thorax of Botys s|i. ; 12 a'dorsal view.

13. Thorax of Anisopteryx veruata ': 13 ».

dorsal view.

14. Thorax of Anisopteryx veruata 9 ; 11 a,

dorsal view.

15. Thorax of Haden a destructor; 15 «, dorsal

virw.

16. Thorax of Telea polyphetnus; 10 a, dorsal

view.

IT. Thorax of an European Zygcena; 17 a, dor-
sal view.

18. Thorax: of Algeria scitula; 18 o, dorsal view.

All except, tigs. 1-8 drawn on stone, with the camera, by

Thorax of Deilephila Iiueata; 19 a, <l"is.il

view.

Thorax of Vanessa alah.nt.i: 20 a, dorsal
view.

Thorax of Eutrapela transversata : "-'1 a,
dorsal view : 21 h. front view of protbo-
rax; 21 e, front view: '.'1 il. posterior
view of tnesothorax; 21 e, front; 21/,
posterior view of the metathorax.

Palpus (denuded) of Petrophora diversi-
lineata.

Palpus of Oehyria ferrugaria.

Mali- genital armature of Petrophora trun-
eata, lateral view: 24 a, Ventral; -.'1 b,
dorsal view: p. penis; /»'. snpraanal
plate; /. c. lateral claspers.

Anisopteryx vernata ; £ , head.

Anisopteryx vernata ; 9 , head.

S. E. Cassino.

■

EXPLANATION OF PLATE VIII.

Fig

1.

i:„

ticbecia albicapitata.

Fig. 39

2.

absynthiata.

Hi

■ 3.

absvntbiata vai .

41

1.

misernlata.

12

5.

misernlata var. interrnptofas-

43

ciata.

44.

6.

rotuudopnnctata.

45.

7.

luteata.

46.

-.

stral tonata.

47.

9.

ravocostaliata. m

10.

nevadata.

1-

11.

subapicata.

19.

12.

Lubopbora auguiliueata.

50.

13.

Lobopkora vernata.

51.

11.

gemiuata.

52.

15.

Glaucopteryx cretaceata.

53

16.

i ajsiata.

54.

IT.

magnoliata.

55.

18.

implicata.

56.

19.

polata.

57.

20.

sabiniaria.

5s.

21.

phocata.

59.

22.

Pie

nyria multilimata.

60.

HuviaU5

01.

24.

lioviatac?

62.

25.

Epi

rrita perlinoata.

<;:;.

26.

12-liuearia.

G4.

27.

catnbricaria.

G5.

28.

Tbera contractata.

66.

29.

Hydriomeua trifasciata.

H7.

30.

californiata, normal form.

68.

31.

sordidata var.

69.

32.

californiata var.

70.

33.

i i liforniata.

71.

34.

sordidata var.

72.

35.

sordidata, normal form.

73.

36.

5-fasciata.

74.

37.

iosata.

75.

38.

IVi

opbora trnncata, normal form.

Potrophora truncata var.
trnncata var.
hersiliata.
bersiliata var.
cunigerata.
leonioata.
mancipata.

prnnata var. nubilata.
prnnata, normal form (desti-

nata).
prnnata var. lugubrata.
atrocolorata.
albolineata.
testata.
populata.
diversilineata.

diversilineata var. gracilineata.
Qavicata.
parinotata.
Ochyria abrasaria.

abrasaria when rubbed.
lignicoloraria.
gueneata.
rubrosuffusata.
ferrugaria.
deeignata.
Phibalapteryx latirupta.

latirupta var.
munita'ria.
muiiitaria var.
Epirrita 12-liuearia.
Bheumaptoia brunneicillata.
ruficillata.
ductuata.
Suetuata var.
intermediata.
lacustrata.
nnangulata,

'

~ Ipffr ^^ %f€^

■ '^ %i3

I 'Prauvalot. op]

EXPLANATION <>K PLATE IX.

Fig. 1. Rheunmptera interinediata £

2. basaliata '

3. 1 1. li> i in lacteata.

I. carneata '

5. Eupitbecia bebrensataj

6. loDgipalpata<J

7. zygadeuiata $

8. Rbeumaptera lugubrata.

9. tristata.
in. hastata9

11. hastata var. 9

T2. Auticlea vasiliata 9

13. Phibalapteryx intcstinata 9

14. Pbilereme albosigoata §

15. calit'orniata 9
Hi. incadiata 9
IT. Hydria undtilata 9

1 8. Tripbosa dubifata £

19. Lobopbora viridata £

20. iaequaliata.

21. inoiitanata9

22. Carsia paludata.

-j::. Baptria albovittata ,i

24. californiata 9

25. Huliuuiata cyeladata<J
20. iiit'nl. it .i j

■Si. Heterophelps barvciata 9

28. trigutiata,}

29. Litbostege rotundata^

30. triseriata^

31. Operopbtera boreata<?

32. Gorytodes uucauariaj

33. triliuearia^

34. .\>]iilat<-s pervaria £

35. coloraria var. £

36. coloraria.

37. lintueraria var. £

38. lintueraria* normal I'm in/

39. Tornos rubigiuosaria £

Fig

40.

Toruos approximaria £

11.

Haematopis grataria A

12.

Lytbria suoviaria 9

43.

rilevaria.

II.

Loxolidonia acidaliata^

45.

Perconia fiuietaria £

4(1.

Fidonia tnmcataria g

17.

Knliilunia Dotatai ia '

48.

Eniaturga faxoniaria.

49.

Dagyfidoniu aviuu-nlai ia £ (left side

seen from beneath).

:.i i.

( trtbolidonia exornata £

51.

Caiipeta divieata £(left bide, as seen 1

beneatb).

52.

Caiipeta august iomtuj

53.

Selidosema jntiunai ia9

54.

Anagoga pulveraria 9

55.

pnlveraria<?(left bide tevciM-

56.

Lozograiumu diseonventa

"i7.

detersata<?

58.

atropmictata

59.

defluataj

60'.

nigioseriata £ t 1 « - i t s-idu

reversed).

I'd.

EutiteUia librala^

62.

'I'baiiiiiniKiina snlpliniaria £

63.

hinnneaiiaj

ill.

ai'gillacearia<J

li".

Marim pteryx strignlata £

i'ii;.

inarmorata £

67.

Tepbrosia falcatariu £

(S3.

Tbainnooouia tripnnctai ia £

69.

lnai rcscaria £

70.

gueuearia,?

71.

suecessaiia 9

7-1

wavai ia £

73.

Psammatodes oretniata v

7 1.

Pbasiane atrofasciata 2

75.

orillata;

d).

■ n

EXPLANATION OF I'LATK X.

Fig. 1.

::.

4.

5.

6.

-..

8.

;).
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.

1!'.
20.

21.

22.
23.

24.
25.
26.
. 27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.

ra

:;l

37.
38.

ig
11.

42.
43.
44.

IG.

47.

I'Ii.isimm. sno> iuta£
mediata

Ilislrigata (

trifa.-ei.it. i
Biuu

subiuiuiatn '
ii I mat :i V
Doptata •'
Semiotbisn 8 signal

California!;! j
ocelliuatti
punctolint
grant

multilineata , '
enotata
bisignaia J
■ninnrata $
prseatomata f
distribuaria S

Lozogranuna extreniaria (fn Irawing of

Walker's type).
Semiothisa aequiferari; pied from Walk-
er's type ).

Eumacaria linn aria >

( lorycia vestaliata $

semiclarata 9
Eudeilinia lieriuiniata &
Deilinia variolaria /

erythemaria •
pacifioaria -'
Gueneria basiata £
Stegania past alalia ,-f
Goniacidalia furciferata
Calledapteryx dryopterata }
Callizzia aniorata^
( 'a lull iy san is aiiiaturaiia $
Euacidalia sericeata '
floridata '
Eois gemmata^
occidentata '
ferrugata [
( loratodalia gnem
Astlicna albogil'

brunneifasciata 3,
lucata i
Acidalia ossulata

grauitata '.
perirrorata '
longipumiatii '

I'm;. 48. Acidalia peralbata X

19. pnnctofimbl lata J

50. eaeiiminala /

51. prodttelala X

52. 1 1 1 -.11 1 ^rl I la '

53. pannai : I

54. alliiicislaliata 9
rotundopennata J

."iii. nivosata ■'

."•7. rttbromargioata^

58. incliiitata rf

59. spuraria^
I'll. califbl niata J

61. sentinaria^

62. rubrolineata^
ii:;. subalbata^
('■I. quadrilineata 2
li'i. (ininquelineata^
tiii. ordiuata,?
ti7. enncleata,?

68. timaudrata.

69. compensata.

70. impauperata.

71. tacturata.

72. Epbyra pendulinaria<J

73. myrtaria^

74. Euephyra seirulata,?

75. Dyspteris abortivaria,?
7ti. Eucrostis zelleraria $

77. cbloroleucaria $

78. Nemoria suberoceata $

79. gratata2
-n. pistachiata.
81. Cblorosea novadaria '
33. perviridaria^
-:;. Synchlora fcricoloraria9
84. albolinearia?

excnrvaria <J

-r.. rubivoraria^

-7. Aplodes riiliiiti'iintai aa J

bruunearia J

?9. miinosaria,?

90. rnbrolineata $

91. latiaiia^
92 approximaria 9
!•:!. Geometra iridaria9
94. Cidaria remotata (from Walker's type).
'.).".. Larentiaccrvitiifascia (fnmiW:ilker'st.v|ie\
96. Epirrita dilutata X

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XL

In;

1.

Auisopteryx autumnal a/

Ki<;. 32.

o_

veroata }

33.

3.

Phigalia strigataria J

34.

4.

Aii.]>lii<l:isis cognataria^

35.

:..

cnpidariaj (after Urote).

36.

»;.

quernaria9

37.

7.

BistoD ursaria^

.38.

t>.

Paraphia subatoinariaj

39.

9.

deplauariaj

40.

10.

unipunctata 9

41.

11.

Tephrosia cognataria^

42.

12.

anticaria }

43.

13.

cribrataria $

44.

II.

canadaria^

45.

15.

californiaria $

40.

16.

Cyniatopbora psilogrammaria^

47.

IT.

plumosaria $

48.

16.

ipiiucjue-liuearia $

49.

19.

polygram maria<?

50.

20.

pampinaria^

51.

21.

larval ia^

22.

buiiiaria^T

52.

23.

nnibrosaria $

53.

24.

crepnscularia .'

54.

25.

califoruiaria 9

55.

26.

Broucbelia bortariaj

56.

'J?

Guopbos haydenata £

57.

28.

Hemerophila latifasciaria J

58.

•-".i.

uuitaria ,?

59.

30.

Stenotracbelys approximaria9

60.

31.

permagnaria 9

i Heora pulcbraria<J
mubrosaria<J
aigroveoaria 9
pulcbraria var. 9
(Wanting.)
Hyperetis nyssaria var.

var. <?
var. 9

typical form £
Plagodia alcoolaria9
pblogosaria 9
fervidaria.
keutzingaria^
Berinaria^
Nematocampa iilaiuentaria 9
Opistbograptis ochreata<?
Heterolocba edwardsata 9
Tbamiiouonia flavicaria,?
Sicya macnlaria£

from a G'aliforuian exam-
ple, crocearia,?
Augeroua crocataria $
Caberodea iaveunaria<f
Aspilates liberaria9
Antepione depoutauataj

sulpburata 9
Epione mollicularia^
Azelina biibnerata^
biibnerata9
behroiisatatf

US GEOL.SURVETOF THE TERRITORIES.

> "'3 '

%v£ \ ft * •*.'■• .. -^ f - '

... ,v>
■ - ; .

i -

&

■ ... <

r, -^

' a^iie.ae.

KXIM.ANATION OF PLATE XII.

■^n;. 1.

Metrocanipa perianal

Fig. 'J.').

o.

Therina

in \ idarla A ooruial form.

26.

3.

fervidaria of Hii brier.

27.

-1.

seminudana J

28.

5.

Beminudaria var. 9

29.

6.

endropiaria$

30.

7.

Epirran

this oblirmaria $

31.

8.

Endropia pilosaria .•■

::-i.

9.

apiciaria ,-■"

:;:;.

10.

duaria<f

34.

11.

pectinariaj

:io.

12.

h ypochraria <?

:io\

13.

margiuaria<?

37.

14.

viinili'iitariarf

38.

15.

textrinaria $

39.

16.

madiiBaria ,-f

40.

17.

amoenaria^

11.

18.

pectinariaj

42.

19.

armataria^

43.

20.

ariiiataiiarf var.

11.

21.

bilinearia J

45.

•J-.'.

effectaria g

40.

•->:!.

obtusaria &

47.

24.

effectaria^

48.

Endropia serrataria J
Selenia kentaria $

alciphearia^
Eugonia a)niaria<?

BQbsiguaria <J
Caberodes confusaria var. metrocamparia^
confusaria^
majoraria 3
Metanema carnaria i
Caberodes cervinari.aS
1 Irepanodes puber^
varus $
varus 2
Metaueftta inatomarjaj

quercivoraria 9
Tefcfaoia croeallata 3
lorata ,'
parallelaria $
parallelaria $
aurantiacaria 2 var.
aurautiaoaria 9 normal form.
cervinaria$ -

coloradaria <?
grotearia $

c

. I

L Tronvelot

EXPLANATION ( >F PLATE XIII.

Fig. 1. Eugonia BubBignaria, larva j I a, pupa of
E. alniaria.

2. Eufitchiu ribeata (after Trouvelot).

3. Toraos rubiginosaria, larva; 3a, papa (af-

ter Abbot MS.).

4. Undetermined larva feeding on willow

after Trouvelot ).

5. Endropia obtusaria, larva (after Abbot,

Ms. drawing).
C. Anisopteryx vernata, larva, from Guide to

Study of Insects, 6 a, pupa of Anisopteryx,

species undetermined.
?. Plemyria Buviafa, larva; 7 a, pupa, after

Milliere.

8. Nematocampa filamentaria, larva: 8 a,

pupa ( < iuidf to Study of Insects).

9. Angerona crocataria, larva (Guide to Study

of Insects).

10. Endropia textrinaria, larva; 10 «. pupa

(Abbot, MS.).

11. Petrophora diversilineata, larva (a poor

copy from (Juidc to Study of Inserts).

12. Zerene catenaria, larva (after Trouvelot).

13. Cleora pulchraria, pupa.

14. Ephyra pendulinai'ia, pupa; 14 a, dorsal

view (after Scudder).

15. Cymatophora hum aria, larva (Abbot, MS.,

see fig. 21).

16. Acidalia ordinata, larva; 1G a, pupa (Ab-

bot, MS.).

17. Cymatophora larvaria, pupa.

18. Caberodes confusaiia, larva; 18 a, pupa

(Abbot, MS.).

19. Hyperetis nyssaria, larva; 19 «, pupa

(Abbot, MS.).

20. En trapela trans versa t a, larva (Abbot, MS.);

■.''> n pupa from nature.

21. (Cymatophora humaria, larva; 21 n, pnpa

(Abbot, MS.).

22. Arrhostia lumenaria (after Abbot, MS.).

This larva is probably not a Cymato-
phora; there seems to be no doubt bu1
that lig. 15 is tlie young of C. lminaria.

23. Synchlora excurvaria?, larva .(Abbot, MS.).

24. Semiothisa enotata, larva ; 24 a, pupa (Ab-

bot, MS.).

25. Hyperetis nyssaria, larva, bis (Abbot, M.S.).

26. Acidalia enncleata, larva; 26 a, pupa (Ab-

bot. MS.

27. Eupithecia miserulata, larva; 27 a, pupa

tafter Cassino).

Pig. 28.

29.

30.

31.

32.
33.

34.

35.

36.

37.
38.
39.
40.

41.

42.

43.
44.
45.
40.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
00.
61.
62.
63.
04.
65.
66.
07.
68.
69.

Aplodes brunneai i.i, larva ; 28, pupa (Ab-
bot, MS.).

Tetracis Iorata, pupa, from nature.

Drepanodes varus, pupa, dorsal and lateral
view (after Kinerton ). See p. 43.

Larva of 46, species near Synchlora excur-
varia latter Abbot, MS. ).

Acidalia insulsaria, pupa (from nature).

Stegania pustularia, larva; 33 a, pupa
(Abbot, MS.).

Therina fervidaria, larva: 34 a, pupa (Ab-
bot, MS.).

Aspilates dissimilaria, larva; 35 «, pupa
(Abbot, MS.).

Cymatophora larvaria, pupa, bis, same as
fig. 17.

Phigalia strignlaria 9

Anisopteryx autuninata 9
vernata 9

Chloraspilates bicoloraria g

Synchlora excurvaria?, reared from fig. 23
(Abbot, MS.).

Hyperetis nyssaria var. nepiasaria Walk.
(from "Walker's type).

Aplodes sp.? (Abbot, MS.).

Aplodes rubromarginaria 9

Phasiane nubeculataj

Near Synchlora excurvaria (Abbot, MS.).

Aplodes brunnearia 9 (Abbot, MS.).

Semiothisa dislocata 3

Xhamnonoma flavicaria<J

Stenaspilates meskearia $

Plagodis keutzingaria $

Acidalia restrictata $ ( from Walker's type).

Aspilates atropunctaria (do.).

Caberodes antidiscaria £ (do.).

Chlorosea bistriaria $

Azelma zalissaria (from Walker's type).
Napuca orciferariaj (from Walker's type).

Anaplodes pistaciaria $

Tetracis truxaliata g

trianguliferaria 3

Eutrapela nubilatag
nubilata i
transversata i
furciferata var. d

Tetracis regrotata cf

Eutrapela falcata d

Tetracis truxaliata i bis.

Eutrapela transversata J var.
cleniatata d

-