Peale lateiae” rece Fle ga fh xox Se as! i : 5 an > ae j y f Ree ae); _— ~ California Academy of Sciences hicsented by ts W. Clarke. 9! November tl aie — LECLAI td. RGF ANNUAL REPORT OF THE BOARD OF REGENTS OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, SHOWING THE OPERATIONS, EXPENDITURES, AND CONDITION OF THE INSTITUTION LHRH YEAR 18s4. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1885. The Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian In- stitution for the year 1884 consists of two parts, viz: PART I.—Report of the Smithsonian Institution proper, Te its operations, expenditures, and condition. PART IJ.—Report of the United States National ioseaur showing its progress and condition. II GOST. 075 Une LESS REPORT OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM, UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, FOR THEH YEHAR 1884. Iit ANNUAL REPORT OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM FOR THE YEAR 1884, SUBJECTS. - PART JI.—Report of the Assistant Director, upon the condition and progress of the Museum in 1884, Il.—Reports of the Curators and Acting Curators of the several departments of the Museum. I1i.—Papers based upon the collections in the National Museum. IV.—Bibliography of the National Museum for 1884. V.—List of accessions to the collections. 1V UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM, Washington, January, 1885. Str: I have the honor to submit herewith a report upon the present condition of the U.S. National Museum and upon the work accomplished in its various departments during the year 1884. Very respectfully, | G. BROWN GOODE, Assistant Director. Prof. SPENCER F. BAIRD, Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution and Director of the U. S. National Museum. 26oas Tone De. " Pe ak by aia : 2" Rt cre’ Si AOTC AE ED Ae? VOR TEA ig Coupe names oft sR Bais BRE (H Trayert , UE Rvhaiae of Pieebiie: aid. usieigh ‘ale ma | yerviss PRM rn atk bee ance, Inqohtnwt Pe » Fed ak : ' lint i TN rasbel antag ly, indian teed : Pies: ew gi, +a Stik (Fe ane “adel i HORE. Neto ant, und ca ty ; al | cath Mt. 4 7 is ey Raney af ny ) ibe i oa 7 " r we lias ee 4 . i i i iy ah) ik: hd ; sin) p-N * thie vcd es Meant wisi ne e. uo Mins af, ; aa ‘a Vet Ay, | ‘ CONTENTS. EE i WM SUG Su nalpass csies Union «nace ia bevel ven 6606, 0reobpunee'cnae baie RTE EOE oo ian G hw ain died aia tnasSn nave Cees ee bh ae ben Maeda ae ees Ce cad devdahvchdde' Se ceeRhna pans. = aos Sainqeee eragieu ney. ones ParT I.—REPORT OF THE ASSISTANT DIRECTOR. en COREE. ow oe a 6 sos ccd a Uiw bn gee Wess aimaeeh Nas Wieipeeene a apegin tell haa pural #ds 6 aie ee RE UE Saal oo «nmap te as dete iend heen te whey Send cae ss ROR: ROU 30.0 sie oon ine wae etek Weel dee aon nee Sao ee i SUM LGee OF CNS OOLIOCUONEG 26.00 noc noca ncenwsdiepnn vals a cues son's seme 9. A provisional census of the collections .............--......--.---- nm mne Gf MM, 6.5.3). ia asics canoe tnaie vnpi be aaah. TAwdeo Ao an eeescs D.—Review of the administrative work of the year ...........-...-....---.-- ars INNS 0 TG ME ONOMIG cin dant Senay owaven ada des ouides (0) BOORRERy ROD SSRIS ered cere Soe ann aweheks tnexes Ce) TIEN os sei ve isan cian emia 4 Velo de hs abdnlek Bly toma (e) Chemical analysis of the air in the lecture hall of the Na- SOE PROS ads vaisca beck eacak aes co eekade eon at eee 15. The work of the Museum preparators ................-...---.---- C6) TSO «0. > 20e02eee0 2. SE a ene Se ee 62 (g) Insects: 22222 20 Use oo. Bee Dee secs eee me eee ree ee 63 (kh) Marine -invertelrates ts <2 22/2/05 t At nee te ee 63 (i) Invertebrate fossils (Paleozoic) .........-....2--- 2-22 eeee 64 (k) Invertebrate fossils (Meso-Cenozoic) .........----.--.---- 64 12:- Division of Botany 22. < 2232552223578 52224 fens eee eee 65 (@) Plants—-foseil and reéent: <: 2. 22224972: 2a eee eee 65 20. Division of Geology: .: 222265 aia sectens fae tars ece esses eee aoe 65 (a) Mineralosy-.:22c25 25s 3. beer ecco. Part [V.—BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE U. 8. NATIONAL MUSEUM FOR 1884. Part I. Publications of the Museum ..............-.. ee Ce ree Dowabate sane 339 Da as. 2eperme by offoera ef the Museum «|... 6 2i..0 6.00 wee. cannes ve edevvacen’s 345 Part ITI. Papers by investigators not officers of the Museum, based on Museum WORM atte k 2 aos han ok sf Sand ay RE oom de Sho! katt eee beatles 371 Part V, X z , J , f ‘ ; i i j \ e's 7d ¥ ‘Ah ’ P 4 ha Ws ; ms 2 hy . F * oe oe *- i ' See r Mie ii 4) _ Me ws , té ts i a ur rs Tap 2 wa q . Aye Aw , " i - fae 2 at og J re ‘ 4 bas oo mas! vt ry hale Nw ist b A : i. $7. PEAT CANE GK Bh LS) 8 i av 7) ) : «i j i RO Ae yah Pas 1} hs J z . ’ puriey Nae \ ? y ; Cm ban ae ee } Ge © uy af et at SOT en 7 y t ;,' : “i i ’ Ne , : ‘ne : mae: Ca ae ae ie ye re | a de i x ; wan ¢ ie tie ear) 4 “ d vy P | AO a ‘ be roe ‘ “ 7 a sf i Creuse. } Gy ‘ a oe ip ¥ ye J Ne ‘ ‘ ' ? ' a ‘ + ‘ i f ? \¥ as A ; s 7 4 iets ' “ Je s ‘ ' oy) M4 " Ke née + ’ co n Fe. : > J j ‘ f ’ t ces Ue fi iF ’ j ) . ve Toe ia : as as ! \ \ ‘ es" AG at . eh ho ’ Lis as fies : pie ee A » ¥ é T; ', 4 4 “ i" ’ . 4 e ‘ A 4 . ‘ z yy oy baa 4 ; 5 ty . 7 ™ Pinas ) 4 ‘ +, ( of + ' . wD ty oan of if i, a ' . ‘ voy = ff we - ee ‘ : is - why TO tet ee Peni SGT eas Meanie ae enti an i 0. ao 5 ae Rye REPORT UPON THE CONDITION AND PROGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM IN 1884, BY G. BROWN GOODE, AssIstTANT DrrEcTOR. —_—_ a - S. Mis. 33, pt. 2 REPORT UPON THE CONDITION AND PROGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM IN 1884. A.—GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS. 1, INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. During the year the officers of the Museum have continued the work of arranging the material under their charge in the exhibition halls, laboratories, and store-rooms at their disposal. It should be remembered that the reorganization of the Museum was begun late in 1881, at the time when the new Museum building was first made ready for occupation, and that 1884 is but the third year of sys- tematic effort. Much progress has been made-in removing from the exhibition halls the great mass of unclassified material which had been gathering for many years in the various store-rooms of the Smithsonian building and elsewhere, and which, on account of lack of space, had for the most part been allowed to remain in the original packing cases. The floors of the Museum have at last been almost cleared, and at present only three of the seventeen exhibition rooms are occupied for storage purposes, viz: The southwest court, which is still full of speci- mens belonging to the departments of metallurgy, mineralogy, and - lithology ; and the southeast court, which is used as a general recepta- cle for empty cases and unmounted material belonging to the depart- ments of zoology and anthropology. Before the end of February this work will be completed. The additions to the Museum have been far more numerous and val- uable than in any previous year. The activity of every department has been greater, both in respect to progress made in the administration of the collections and in respect to the number of scientific papers pub- lished by the officers in connection with their professional studies upon the specimens under their charge. By direction of Congress the Smithsonian Institution, in connection with the Executive Departments of the Government and the Depart- ment of Agriculture, has participated during the year in the industrial expositions at Cincinnati, Louisville, and New Orleans. Having been designated by yourself, and appointed by the President, representative of the Smithsonian Institution (including the National Museum and Fish Commission) on the Government Executive Board, 3 4 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884. charged with the representation of the interests of the General Govern- ment at these expositions, I have devoted the greater portion of my time during the latter half of the year to the work of preparation, an account of which will be given in fuller detail hereafter. Nearly every department of the Museum has necessarily been called upon to assist in this work, and a large proportion of the activity of the force has con- sequently been diverted to this channel. Although the progress of. regular work has thereby suffered much interruption and delay, it is hoped that the service will eventually be benefited and final organiza- tion accelerated rather than impeded. At the present time the exposi- tion at New Orleans is in progress, and the collections sent thither by the Museum cover a space fully equal to one-third of the entire exhibi- tion space in the Museum building in Washington. In accordance with established custom, the exhibition work has been carried on entirely under the direetion of the regular Museum officers, assisted by such additional workers as it was found practicable to en- gage temporarily. Many of our officers accompanied the collections to superintend their installation in the exposition building. Several of the curators are at present absent in New Orleans and will be obliged to return to that city at the close of the exhibition, in May, to attend to the packing and.return of the collections. Following established usage, I have reviewed the work of the several scientific departments of the Museum, as well as that of the division of administration. The reports of the curators of the several departments are presented in full, their extent and importance being so great as to render this necessary. In my ownreport I have included an account of the operations of the department of arts and industry, for the present assigned to my care, in preference to preparing a special curator’s report upon this department: the reports of certain of the curators of “sec- tions” of this department are, however, furnished with the others. In the present report, as in those which have preceded it, certain suggestions relating to the administration of the Museum are made for which I desire to be held individually responsible, and which the reader should not assume to be definitely determined elements of the policy of the Museum, since they may, any or all of them, at some future time, either in their present forms or with modifications, be recommended for adoption, or pronounced undesirable. This being the first of the separately printed series of Museum reports, some statements which have already been printed in previous reports are repeated, in an abridged form, for the purpose of presenting a general exhibit of the policy of the Museum. It had been the desire of myself and my associates to present in this the first report of the new series 1 somewhat exhaustive statement of the present condition of the Museum, together with a review of its past history as a whole and of its several departments: the exigencies of Exposition work having made this impossible, we hope to prepare such a report for the coming year. REPORT OF ASSISTANT DIRECTOR. 5 2. THE FOUNDATION AND SCOPE OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. Foundation and legal status.—The National Museum was organized in 1846 by the act of Congress transferring to the Smithsonian Institution the custody of the *‘ National Cabinet of Curiosities,” at that time de- posited in the Patent Office building.* These collections were, in 1857, placed in the Smithsonian building, the Regents of the Institution hav- ing accepted the trust on condition that the necessary appropriations for their maintenance should be continued by Congress. The act above referred to provides that ‘all objects of art and of foreign and curious research, and all objects of natural history, plants, and geological and mineralogical specimens belonging or hereafter to belong to the United States, which may be in the city of Washington,” shall be delivered to the Regents of the Smithsonian Institution, and together with new specimens obtained by exchange, donation, or other- wise, shall be so arranged and classified as best to facilitate their examination and study.t The National Museum is the authorized place of deposit for all objects of natural history, mineralogy, geology, archeology, ethnology, &c., belonging to the United States or collected by the Coast and Interior Survey, the Geological Survey, or by any other parties for the Govern- ment of the United States, when no longer needed for investigations in progress. Organization and government.—The establishment of the Smithsonian Institution, to which, in addition to the carrying out of the other re- quirements of the bequest of Smithson, is intrusted the control of the National Museum, is composed of the President of the United States and his Cabinet, the Commissioner of Patents, and a Board of Regents, which has for its members the Vice-President and Chief Justice of the United States, three members of the Senate, three members of the House of Representatives, and six other persons, not members of Con- gress, two of whom are residents of the city of Washington.§ The management of the National Museum is intrusted to the Secre- tary of the Smithsonian Institution, who is, ev-officio, its director. He is aided by a staff of assistants, who are chosen by him, and for whose action he is responsible to the Regents. The constitution of the staff is constantly changing with the varying needs of the Museum. This staff is at the present time composed of an assistant director, six curators and five assistant curators, twelve honorary curators, serv- ing without pay, a number of aids, acting in various capacities, a reg- * Aw Act to establish the ‘‘Smithsonian Institution” for the increase and diffusion of useful knowledge among men. (Approved August 10, 1846; Revised Statutes, title xxiii, sections 5579-5594.) t Revised Statutes, section 5586. t Statutes Forty-fifth Congress, third session, chap. 182, p. 394. § Revised Statutes, 5580. 6 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884. istrar, chief taxidermist and chief modeler, besides a considerable force of preparators, mechanics, watchinan, clerks, laborers, Se. The collections are stored and exhibited in the building erected for the use of the Smithsonian Institution between 1847 and 1857, and in the new building, just finished, known as the ‘‘ National Museum.” Composition of the collections.—The Museum is made up, in large part, of the following materials: 1. The natural-history and anthropological collections accumulated since 1850 by the efforts of the officers and correspondents of the Smith- sonian' Institution. , | 2. The collections of the Wilkes Exploring Expedition, the Perry Expedition to Japan, and other naval expeditions. 3. The collections of the scientific officers of the Pacific Railroad Survey, the Mexican Boundary Survey, and of the surveys carried on by the Engineer Corps of the Army. 4, The collections of the United States Geological Surveys under the direction of the United States Geologists Hayden, King, and Powell. 5. The collections of the United States Fish Commission. 6. The gifts by foreign Governments to the Museum or to the Presi- dent and other public officers of the United States, who are forbidden by law to-receive them personally. 7. The collections made by the United States to illustrate the animal and mineral resources, the fisheries, and the ethnology of the native races of the country, on the occasion of the International Exhibition at Philadelphia in 1876, and the fishery collections displayed by the United States in the International Fisheries Exhibition at Berlin in 1880 and at Lendon in 1883. 8. The collections given by the Governments of the several foreign nations, thirty in number, which participated in the exhibition at Phil- adelphia. 9. The industrial collections given by. numerous manufacturing and commercial houses of EKurope and America, at the time of the Philadel- phia Exhibition and subsequently. 10, The material received, in exchange for duplicate specimens, from the museums of EKurope, Asia, and Australasia, and from numerous in- stitutions and collectors in North and South America. Adjinets to administration.—All necessary adjuncts to the work of the Museum, a working library, a chemical laboratory, a photographic establishment, a workshop for taxidermy, modeling, and the prepara- tion of skeletons, and several smaller workshops are carried on as a part of the general work of administration. Publications of the Museum.—The scientific results of the labors of the — officers of the Museum, and of investigations upon the collections be- longing to it, are to be found for the most part in the following works: Bulletin of the United States National Museum ; Proceedings of the United States National Museum ; REPORT OF ASSISTANT DIRECTOR. 7 Reports of the Smithsonian Institution ; Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections ; Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge ; Reports of the Bureau of Ethnology of the Smithsonian Institution ; Reports of the United States Commissioner of lisheries ; Bulletin of the United States Fish Commission ; also occasionally in other scientific reports of other scientific depart- ments of the Government, especially those of the United States Geo- logical Survey, many of whose officers are also honorary officials of the Museum. A catalogue of the scientific papers emanating each year from the Museum or based upon Museum interests has been published cach year since 1881 in the Smithsonian Report. 3. THE FUNCTION AND AIMS OF THE MUSEUM. Objects and methods of work.—The collections in the National Museum are intended to exhibit the natural and industrial resources, primarily of the United States, and secondarily of those of the remainder of the world, for purposes of comparison. The activity of the Museum is exerted in three directions: (a) The permanent preservation of objects already in its possession. (b) The acquisition of new material. ~ (ec) The utilization of material already in its possession, by its exhibi- tion in the most instructive manner, and by the prosecution of and pub- lication of scientific researches for which it forms the basis; by the dis- tribution of properly-labcled duplicates of materials to colleges and other educational institutions. | The preservation of material is accomplished by means of the vigilance of the curators and the skill of the preparators. New material is acquired (a), from the various Government surveys _and expeditions, in accordance with law; (b) by gift from individuals, from other institutions, and from foreign governments; (¢c) by exchange for its duplicate specimens or publications; (d) by the efforts of officers of the Museum, who make collections in connection with their regular duties, or are detailed for special service of this nature; (e) by purchase when appropriations are made by Congress for that purpose. The treasures in the custody of the Museum are utilized to the world by exhibiting them to the public, and by encouraging investigations on the part of the officers of the Museum and other suitable persons, and facilitating the publication of the results; also by the distribution to other museums and educational institutions of duplicate specimens, which have formed the basis of scientific investigation, these being identified and labeled by the best authorities. The Museum by these means fulfills a threefold function : 1. It is a museum of record, in which are preserved the material foun- dations of a very great number of scientific memoirs—the types of . 8 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884. numerous past investigations. This iS especially the case with those materials which have served as a foundation for the numerous govern- mental reports upon the resources of the United States. Types of in- vestigations made outside of the Museum are also incorporated. 2. It is a museum of research, by reason of the policy which aims to make its contents serve as fully as possible as a stimulus to and a foun- dation for the studies of scientific investigators. Research is a neces- sary part of the work, in order that the coilections may be properly identified and arranged. Its officers are selected for their capacity as investigators, as well as for their ability as custodians, and its treasures are open to the use of any trustworthy student. 3. It is an educational museum of the broadest type, by reason of its policy of illustrating by specimens every group of natural objects and, so far as it may prove practicable, such other collections as may be found useful for the instruction of the public which are explained by displaying descriptive labels adapted to the popular mind, and by its policy of distributing its publications and its named series of duplicates. 4, THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MUSEUM IDEA. Periods in the history of the Museum.—The history of the National Mu- seum may be divided into three periods: First, that from the foundation of the Smithsonian Institution to 1857, during which time specimens were collected purely and solely to serve as materials for research, no special efforts being made to exhibit them to the public or to utilize them except as a foundation for scientific description and theory. See- ond, the period from 1857, when the Institution assumed the custody of the ‘‘ National Cabinet of Curiosities,” to 1876. During this period the Museum became a place of deposit for scientific material which had already been studied, this material, so far as convenient, being exhib- ited to the public, and, so far as practicable, made to serve an educa- tional purpose. Third, the present period, beginning in the year 1876, in which interval the Museum has entered more fully into the addi- tional task of. gathering collections and exhibiting them on account of their value from an educational standpoint. ” In the first period, the main object of the Museum was scientific re- search; in the second, the establishment became a museum of record as well as of research; while in the third period is growing up the idea of public education. As soon as a judiciously selected series of objects from the material already within the walls of the Museum can be displayed properly to the Museum visitors, the National Museum of the United States will have commenced to fulfill all the demands which are likely ever to be made upon it. The three ideas of scientific research, record, and education, co-opera- tive and mutually helpful as they are, are essential to the development of any comprehensive and philosophically organized museum. Materials are gathered together that they may serve ag a basis for scientific REPORT OF ASSISTANT DIRECTOR. 9 thought. Objects which have served as a foundation for scientific study, or which, from their historical significance, are treasured up and preserved from destruction that they may serve purposes of record— permanent land-marks of the progress of the world in thought, in cul- ture, or in industrial achievement—they are not only records of what has been done in the past, but they constitute the most valuable of ail materials for future study. The museum of record, then, is not ouly an accessory to the museum of research, but an adjunct which accom- plishes similar and fully equal results in the same direction. The contents of the museum of research and the museum of record, if no other objects be sought save those already meutioned, might with- out impropriety be stored away in vaults and cabinets, inaccessible to any except the specialist. To give them their highest value, however, they should be arranged in such a manner that hundreds of thousands of people should profit by their examination instead of a very limited number, and that they should afford a means of culture and instruction to every person, young or old, who may have opportunity to visit the ‘place in which they are preserved. It is much to be regretted that many specialists, intent chiefly upon the study of certain scientific problems in which they individually are absorbed, are disposed to neglect the claims of the educated public to the enjoyment and instruction which museums afford. They do not hesitate to say that scientific museums should be administered for the benefit solely of persons engaged in research. At a recent meeting of professional naturalists, an eminent investigator in natural science pub- licly expressed his opposition to exhibiting certain scientific collections to “the gaping clowns who form the majority of the visitors to our museums.” Such a spirit defeats its own purposes, and such a remark deserves no answer. The experience of Europe with its magnificent educational museums and the history of the several expositions in the United States should be quite sufficient to satisfy any one who has studied the matter that the museum is an educational power even more influential than the public library. The venerable director of the South Kensington Museum, speaking from au experience of thirty-five years, not only in his own establish- ment, but in the work of building up the score of sister museums, now under its wing, located in the various provincial towns of Great Britain, remarked to the writer: ‘We educate our working people in the pub- lic schools, give them a love for refined and beautiful objects, and stimulate in them a desire for information. They leave school, go into the pursuits of town life, and have no means provided for the gratifica- tion of the tastes which they have been forced to acquire. It is as much the duty of the goverumeut to provide them with museums. and libraries for their higher education as it is to establish schools for their primary instruction.” 10 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884. The educational museum is of comparatively recent origin, and may be said to be one of the outgrowths of the modern industrial expo- sition. The World’s Fair of London in 1851, the first of a long series of international exhibitions, was utilized by the Government of Great Britain as a starting-point for a number of national educational mu- seums, the most perfect which have as yet been organized, aud many subsequent World’s Fairs have been taken advantage of in a similar manner, so that nearly every civilized country now has a system of public museums. One of the results of the Philadelphia Exhibition of 1876 was that it made plain to the people of the United States the educational importance of great museums. It suggested the thought that if so much that is inspiring and instructive can be imparted by the exhibi- tion of natural and manufactured objects gathered together, chiefly with commercial ends in view on the part of the exhibitors, neces- sarily somewhat unsystematically arranged and with little effort to- ward labeling in an instructive manner, an immense field is open for educating the public by gathering together a selected series of sim- - ilar objects, which may be so classified and explained by means of labels and guide-Looks that they shall impart a consistent and sys- tematic idea of the resources of the world and of human achieve- ment. The United States has as yet no system of educational museums, al- though there are several museums of limited scope, which have success- fully carried out the educational idea in the arrangement of their ma- terials; for instance, the American Museum of Natural History in New York, the Museum of Comparative Zoology in Cambridge, the Museum of the Peabody Academy of Sciences in Salem, the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, the Boston Museum of Art, the Metro- politan Museum of Art in New York, the Pennsylvania Museum of In- dustrial Art, the Peabody Museum of Archeology in Cambridge, the Peabody Museum of Yale College, and the Boston Society of Natural History. The same remark applies with equal force to the museums of Hu- rope. There are, however, institutions, like the Museum of Practical Geology, the museum of the Royal College of Surgeons, the museums at Bethnal Green and South Kensington, in London, the Museum of Industrial Art at Berlin, the Ethnological Museum at Leipsic, the National Museum of Germany at Nuremburg, the Bavarian National Museum at Munich, and others, which have admirably carried out a single idea, or a limited number of ideas, and which are marvelously rich in material and arranged in a manner full of suggestiveness. The museum now under the charge of the Smithsonian Institution has, through the action of influences beyond the control of its manage- ment, in fact by the terms of the act of Congress which authorizes its REPORT OF ASSISTANT DIRECTOR, 11 existence, been made the depository of collections. in every depart- ment—geological, botanical, zoological, and anthropological—and its work has of necessity been organized upon a very comprehensive plan. 5. PRINCIPLES OF ARRANGEMENT OF COLLECTIONS DESIGNED FOR PUBLIC EXHIBITION. The majority of visitors to any museum go thither for amusement, or actuated by praiseworthy curiosity. Many have no desire to gain in- struction, and even if actuated by such a purpose, would fail to accom. plish their object by a visit to an ordimary museum. This is due in part to the fact that where so much duplicate material is exhibited the really instructive objects are lost to view; that the objects in but few museums are labeled in a really instructive manner; but is principally because the objects exhibited are not of the kind best adapted to the needs of the museum-visiting public. The visitors carry away only gen- eral impressions of rooms full of glass cases containing animals, min- erals, and “ curiosities,” gathered by travelers among uncivilized races. Professor Huxley has defined a museum as ‘a consultative library of objects,” and this definition, true enough in itself as a description of the best ideal museums, is unfortunately too true a description of all. Most collections are as useless and little instructive to great masses of our people, who know not how to use them, as are our libraries of consultation. The museum of research, since it is intended chiefly for investigators, should be the consultative library. The educational mu- seum should resemble a great encyclopedia rather than a library full of learned volumes. Every library of importance, however, contains the cyclopedias for the general reader and the monographs for the scholar, The larger public museums may in like manner be adapted to the needs of both student and general visitor. To overcome the difficulties in the way of this adaptation many steps must be taken which are not usual in museums. By far the most im. portant of these is in the direction of thorough labeling. An efficient educational museum, from one point of view, may be deseribed as a collection of instructive labels, each illustrated by a well- selected specimen. There are many obstacles to the effort to build up a museum upon this basis. Museums which exhibit only such objects as are in them- selves beautiful or marvelous cannot fail to be attractive, no matter how poorly the objects are arranged and labeled. When, however, the objects depend for their interest upon the expla- nations on the labels, and upon the manner in which they are placed, relatively to each other, a responsibility a hundred-fold greater is en- tailed upon the curators. The materials of such a museum may be com- pared to piles of. brick, stone, lumber, and architectural ornaments, which by themselves possess little apparent interest, but which may by thought and labor be combined into an imposing and useful edifice. 12 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884. Principles of administration.—Certain cardinal principles may be © announced which should be considered in the arrangement of every public museum: (I) every article exhibited should illustrate an idea, and no two objects should be shown which illustrate the same idea in a similar manner; (II) the idea which any object is intended to illustrate should be explained upon its-label in such a manner that any intelli- gent visitor, without previous special knowledge of the subject, may be able to learn (a) why the object is shown, and (b) what lesson it is intended to teach; (III) the objects should be so carefully classified that their relations to each other may be recognized by the visitor, so that taken together, they shall suggest general conclusions; in the formation of these conclusions he should be aided by certain general or collective labels which relate to and describe groups of objects in a manner similar to that in which the individual labels describe separate articles; (IV) the labels, individual and collective, should be supplemented by guide-books and manuals for special departments, which shail contain, arranged systematically, all the information given upon the labels, and which shall be illustrated by engravings of the more important objects.* Industrial museums, as a rule, exhibit only those articles which are designed and constructed in the most sumptuous manner—the armor of * The following general rules have been formulated : 1. No object will be placed on exhibition which is not of evident educational value, and likely to interest and instruct a considerable percentage of the persons visiting the Museum. 2. The exhibition of duplicate material is to be avoided, except in instances where similar objects can be shown to advantage in different divisions of the Museum. 3. Each object will be placed in a case of the form best suited for its effective dis- - play, and the light, color of the background, &c., will be so adjusted as to show it to best possible advantage, and with the least possible fatigue to the eyes of the visitor. 4. Each object, or group of objects, will be accompanied by a large plainly printed label, which will give a concise description of what is shown, an account of its origin and uses, a synopsis of its history, and the name of the person or organization con- tributing it tothe Museum. The character of the Museum is such that any labels which might suggest advertising for business purposes must be excluded. It will be the policy of the Museum, however, to give prominence on each label to the name of the person or business house from whom it has been received, provided that the object is a gift to the Museum. 5. The objects will be grouped together in systematic order, and each case will be provided with a general descriptive label. In the case of collective exhibits, the gen- eral label may also give the name of the contributor. 6. The specimens will be illustrated and supplemented by pictures, diagrams, books, and maps, in such manner that the Museum may form an encyclopedia, the illustra- tions for which are in the exhibition cases, the text in the labels. 7. Guide-book manuals of the different departments will be published, which will embody in concise and systematic form the information given by the specimen labels, together with such illustrative material as may seem necessary to present in addi. tion. ~~ ae REPORT OF ASSISTANT DIRECTOR. 13 kings and knights, the furniture of palaces, the most artistic of metal work, stone work, and wood work. The ethnological museums, on the other hand, admit only the implements and costumes of savage and partially civilized races. Between the two there is a great chasm to be filled. It is as important to preserve in museums the more humble and simple objects which illustrate the domestic economy and customs of the masses of the people of civilized nations, as to search for similar objects in distant lands, or to treasure up only the objects which, on account of their cost, are seen and used only by the most wealthy and luxurious classes in the civilized community. Collections of this character are, perhaps, as well entitled to be called “anthropological collections” as those usually included under this vame, which are intentionally more limited in their scope. To supply the place of objects too large to.be placed in a museum, too evanescent to have been preserved, or which, on account of their rarity or neglect in preserving them at the time when they could have been obtained, are necessarily lacking in the collections, it is essential that museums should assume the administration of great quantities of mate- rial such as is usually consigned to the library or to the picture-gallery. Otherwise, deficiencies in groups of objects, which should illustrate by their collective meaning a general idea, will much impair their value. Pictures and diagrams should be freely used as temporary or permanent substitutes for specimens which may be lacking, and also to supple- ment and explain the descriptive labels. In many sections it may be impossible to exhibit anything but pictures. It is needless to point out the difference in the influence of a series of plates, like those, for in- stance, in Audsley and Bowes ‘“ Keramic Art in Japan,” the publica- tions of the Arundel Society, the autotypes of Braun, or the illustrations of many ethnographic works, if displayed in a public museum, where they are seen daily by thousands of visitors, or hidden except from the initiated few in a library, where they are only practically accessible to students with abundance of time and training in the use of books, Much of the material usually shown in art galleries and art museums, such as is ordinarily used to illustrate the history of art, or is preserved on account of its artistic suggestions, may be displayed in a much more instructive manner in a museum without in the least lessening its value to the artist or designer. Portraits, pictures of buildings, of costumes, of geological features in scenery, of ceremonies, and of social customs may be arranged and administered as anthropological specimens. In addition, much may be accomplished by having standard works, re- lating to the special departments of the museum, placed in convenient places in the exhibition halls, and, if necessary, fastened to desks in such a manner that they conld not be removed, while easily accessible to any person who might wish to become informed upon special topics relating to objects being examined. 14 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884. 6. SYSTEMS OF CLASSIFICATION. The chief requisite to success in the development of any museum is a thoroughly available plan of organization and a philosophical system of classification. The arrangement of the natural-history collections—zoological, botan- ical, and geological—which will doubtless always constitute a very large proportion of the treasures of the National Museum, and which will undoubtedly in the future, as at the present, occupy the atten- tion of at least three-fourths, if not more, of the Museum staff, is a simple matter, since naturalists are pretty generally in accord as to the affinities of different groups to one another, and since the grouping of the objects in the Museum cases may be made to accord very closely with the schemes laid down by systematists. When, however, it is necessary to take up the arrangement of collections which illustrate the history of human culture, the lack of a convenient and instructive sys- tem becomes very apparent. Much thought has been devoted to these subjects by the officers of the Museum, especially during the past four years. Many of the prin- cipal museums of Europe have been studied, their catalogues and pub- lications minutely compared, and correspondence carried on with their . officers. It is hoped that the plans which have been developed as the result of these labors may include the best features of similar plans hitherto proposed, but it is undoubtedly true that no plans can be laid down, except in a tentative way, since the experience of cach year re- veals possibilities and impossibilities not previously thought of by the student of museum methods. In my first report, published in 1881, I printed a scheme of classifi- cation for the anthropological collections which, in certain quarters, did not meet with favor. It was a purely tentative effort, published for the purpose of inviting criticism, and not in any way supported by official sanction. Some of the criticisms which it called forth were evidently just and will have due weight in planning for future work. The scheme referred to has been objected to by museum administrators because it breaks up their favorite and time-honored method of geograph- ical arrangement. It is the result of the experience of the ofiicers of this Museum that it is absolutely impossible to handle our immense collections if we adhere to the methods of older and smaller cstablish- ments. It is well known that some ethnological collections should be arranged geographically, some teleologically, some with reference to materials of which the objects are made. In this Museum in different departments of the work we shall doubt- less find it convenient to employ all these systems. Our collections are at present being arranged in accordance with a teleological rather than geographical plan of classification, objects of a similar nature being placed side by side, musical instruments together, REPORT OF ASSISTANT DIRECTOR. 15 weapons together, &e., and arranged in such a manner as to show the progress of each idea from the most primitive type. In“discarding the ethnographic method of arrangement, however, special care has been taken not to sacrifice the possibility of bringing together the objects belonging to any particular locality or race, if this shall at any time be required for purposes of study. In our method of installation, objects are mounted in glass-covered trays or deep frames, 24 by 30 inches in dimension, which are arranged for study or exhibition in cases of various forms. The articles belong- ing to two different tribes are never mounted together in the same tray; and if at any time it should be found desirable to bring together the collections from any given race, for instance, from the Eskimos, the Siamese, or the Japanese, this might be accomplished in a few hours ; in fact, when once the present system of mounting has been completed, the rearrangement of the Museum upon the ordinary ethnographic plan would be the work of only a few hours, and may be effected by a small force of mechanics and laborers under the direction of a single curator. It is no part of the plan, nor has it ever been, to separate articles which belong together. The parts of any collection or group of objects which may justly be considered a unit of administration are always kept together; for instance, if a costume is complete it is not intended to dissect it and distribute its parts. The separate elements of a costume are only placed by themselves when they have no related objects asso- ciated with them. In the same way a costume of a family, whether com- posed of two or ten individual suits, might with propriety be regarded as a unit. Collections illustrating the history of a special tribe in a monographic way may also with propriety be kept together. Sucha collection would, however, not be assigned to the department of art and industry, where the preferred method of arrangement is evolutionary or progressive, but would rather be made over to the department of ethnology. The studies of the collections already made by Professor Mason, the new curator of Ethnology, reveal the fact that there is really no con- flict between a systematic scheme classification and a geographical one, because, in those series of objects which have already been arranged, the one scheme has always proved to be explanatory of the other. They are mutually beneficial; indeed, it is impossible to understand the one without studying the other. B.—THE MUSEUM STAFF. The staff of the Museum as now organized consists of two classes of workers—the scientific officers, and the administrative officers; the former reporting to the Director of the Museum, the latter to the As- sistant Director, who also has general supervision of the administra- tive work of the curators. 16 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884. 7. THE SCIENTIFIC STAFF. In the scientific staff of the Museum there are at present nineteen curatorships, some of which are subdivided below, so that the number of heads of departments and sub-departments is twenty-five, and the total number of menin the scientific staff thirty-six, of whom twenty- four are in the pay of the Museum, and the others honorary, five being detailed for this duty by the Director of the United States Geological Survey, one by the Director of the Bureau of Ethnology, others by the United States Commissioner of Fisheries, and by the Secretary of the Navy, while two are volunteers. It may be stated here that the de- tails just referred to are in every instance made in the interests of co-operation with those Government bureaus engaged in work closely connected with that of the Museum. The paleontologists of the Geo- logical Survey find it so much to their advantage to have access to the paleontological collections ‘of the Museum and the use of the laboratories, storage cases, and general administrative machinery, that they are permitted by their chief to assume the responsibilities of cura- torships and perform a general work of supervision; and the mineralo- gists and the curator of aboriginal pottery are similarly situated. In nearly every instance, however, the Museum supplies the honorary curators with assistants, who relieve them of much of the routine work. The curatorships are-now organized as follows: DIVISION OF ANTHROPOLOGY. Department I—Arts and industries, the Assistant Director acting as curator (A. Howard Clark, assistant, two preparators), with subcurator- ships as follows: (a) Materia Medica. Dr. H. G. Beyer, U. S. N., honorary curator, with one clerk. (b) Textile Industries. Romyn Hitchcock, acting curator. (c) Fisheries. R. Edward Earll, curator. (dq) Animal Products. R. Edward Earll, acting curator. (ec) Naval Architecture. Capt. J.W. Collins, United States Fish Com- mission, honorary curator. (f) Foods. W. O. Atwater, acting curator. (g) Historical Relies. In this department, it may be stated, is administered very much of the material, such as is usually arranged by museums in their ethno- logical series, and the Curator of Ethnology is consequently acting as adjunct curator in the Department of Arts and Industries. Department IT.—Ethnology. Dr. Otis T. Mason, curator, with one preparator and two clerks. Lepariment III (A).—Antiquities. Dr. Charles Rau, curator, HE. P. Upham, assistant. REPORT OF ASSISTANT DIRECTOR. 17 Department IT (BL).—American Prehistoric Pottery. W. H. Holmes, Bureau of Ethnology, honorary curator, Dr. Edward Foreman, assistant, one preparator. DIVISION OF ZOOLOGY. Department ITV.—Mammals. Frederick W. True, curator, one clerk, two preparators. Department V (A).—Birds. Robert Ridgway, curator, Leonhard Stejneger, assistant, one clerk and one preparator. Department V (bL).—Birds’ Eggs. Capt. Charles Bendire, U. 5. A,, honorary curator (volunteer), and one clerk. Department VI.—Reptiles and Batrachians. Dr. H. C. Yarrow, hon- _ orary curator (volunteer). | Department VII. YVishes. Dr. T. H. Bean, curator, two assistants detailed from the United States Fish Commission. Department VIII.—Comparative Anatomy. Frederick W. True, cura- tor, F. A. Lucas, assistant, and one preparator. Department IX.—Mollusks. W.H. Dall, curator, R. E. C. Stearns, adjunct curator, both of U. 8. Geological Survey, one clerk. Department X.—Insects. Prof. C. V. Riley, honorary curator (vol- unteer). Department XJ.—Marine Invertebrates. Richard Rathbun, U. S. Fish Commission, curator, one assistant, and one clerk detailed from the United States Fish Commission. Department XIT(A).—Invertebrate Fossils, Paleozoic. C.D. Walcott, United States Geological Survey, honorary curator. Department XIT (B).—Invertebrate Fossils, Mesozoic and Cenozoic. Dr. C. A. White, United States Geological Survey, honorary curator, J. B. Marcou, United States Geological Survey, honorary assistant, one clerk. DIVISION OF BOTANY. Department XIII.—Fossil and Recent Plants.—Lester I’. Ward, United States Geological Survey, honorary curator, one clerk, one pre- parator. DIVISION OF GEOLOGY. Department XITV.—Mineralogy. Dr. F. W. Clarke, United States Geological Survey, honorary curator, W. 8S. Yeates, assistant. Department X V.—Lithology and Physical Geology. George P. Mer- rill, acting curator, one preparator. Department XVI.—Metallurgy and Economic Geology. Fred. P. Dewey, curator. A comparison of the above classification with that presented in the re- ports for 1885 willshow changes in the following particulars, namely, that the scope of the Department of Arts and Industries has been augmented during the year by the addition of two sections: (1) Naval Architecture, of which Capt. J. W. Collins is the honorary curator, and (2) Animal S: Mis. 33, pt. 2——2 18 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1894. Preducts, in charge of R. Edward Harll, as acting curator. Mr. Harll has also been acting as curator of the section of Fisheries. Tor greater convenience the section of J’oods and Textiles has been reorganized in two divisions: (1) Textile Industries, Mr. Romyn Hitchcock as acting curator, and (2) Foods, under the direction oft Prof. W. O. Atwater. To the Division of, Anthropology has been added the Department of American Aboriginal Pottery, under the honorary supervision of Mr. W. H. Holmes, of the Bureau of Ethnology. The Department of Ethnology has been organized under the curatorship of Prof. Otis T. Mason, taking the place of the Department of Races of Men in the classification as given in the report for last year. The Division of Zoology has been increased by the addition of (1) the Department*of Birds’ Eggs, Capt. Charles Bendire. U.S. A., serving, aS honorary curator; and (2) the Department of Compara- tive Anatomy under Mr. I’. W. True, assisted by Mr. F. A. Lucas. The three Departments of Crustaceans, Worms, and Radiates and Pro tozoans, as classified in 1883, have been merged in one, the Department of Marine Invertebrates, under Mr. Richard Rathbun. Department XVI, Physical Geology, under the old classification, is now an adjunct of the Department (XV) of Lithology under the direction of Mr. George P. Merrill; and the Department of Mineralogy, which was in 1883 con- nected with that of Lithology, is now classified separately. 8 THE ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF. The classification of the departments in the Division of Administra- tion remains essentially the same as detailed in the report for last year, and is as follows: Department A.—Direction. This department is under the immediate charge of the Assistant Director, who, as executive officer to ‘the Di- rector, has general supervision of the routine work in all the depart- ents, the care of the installation of specimens, the construction of cases, &c., the purchase of supplies, &e., the assignment of work and of apartinents, leaves of absence, curators’ reports, and routine correspond- ence. The organization of the offices of the Director and Assistant Director has not been materially changed during the year, except that, on account of the increase in efficiency of the other departments of the Division of Administration, a considerable amount of routine work, with its accompanying responsibilities, has been-transferred from the Assist- ant Director to the heads of these departments. During the absence of the Assistant Director for five weeks during the summer, on business connected with the preparation of the Smithsonian exhibit at the World’s Exposition in New Orleans, Mr. F’. W. True was designated to act in his place. Mr. lh. I. Geare, executive clerk, has rendered most efficient service in the Assistant Director's office. i f | } REPORT OF ASSISTANT DIRECTOR. 19 Department B.—Registry and storage. This department is in charge of Mr. 8. C. Brown, whose duties pertain to the reception, unpacking, and assignment: of accessions and other packages, the packing and ship- ment of boxes, We., the storage of accessious subject to the call of cura- tors, and the custody of department catalogue books. Department C.—Archives. Mr. 8. C. Brown also has charge of all papers relating to accessions and the distribution of Museum material. Department D.—tLibrary. Mr. F. W. True, librarian. Department H.—Publication. Dr. Tarleton H. Bean performs the duties of editor of “* Proceedings” and “ Bulletins.” Department F.—Labels. Mr, A. Howard Clark in charge. His duties consist in the arrangement of material for labels, in receiving the printed labels from the printer, and in arranging a duplicate set of labels for reference. Department G.—Duplicates and exchanges. Mr. 8. C. Brown in charge. The work of this department includes the distribution of du- plicate collections for exchange and the custody. of the files relating to applications and proposals for exchange. Department H.—Property and supplies.» Mr. C. W. Schuermann in charge. All cases, furniture, and supplies of all kinds are under his care, and are distributed by order of the Assistant Director. Department I.—Accounts. All disbursements are made by the Dis. bursing Clerk of the Department of the Interior. Estimates for sup- plies and the general care of contracts and orders are included in the work of this department. Department K.—Buildings and labor. Mr. Henry Horan, superin- tendent, in charge. In this department are included the care of police and inspection, mechanics and labor, construction and repairs, clean- ing and public comfort, heating and lighting. ' Department L.—Electric service. In this department are embraced the telephone service, time service, burglar-alarm service, and watch- clock service. Department M.—Preparation. This department is divided into sev- eral sections, each of which is in charge of a preparator, and is thor. oughly discussed in another portion of this report. Haposition staff.—tIn addition to the regular administrative staff of the Museum, an administrative staff for exhibition work has been maintained since July, 1582, under the general charge of the Assistant Director. Mr. R. Edward Earll is the executive officer, and Mr. W. V. Cox finan- cial clerk of the staff, which is increased from time to time as occasion requires by the employment of extra clerks and preparators, and to which also, when necessary, are detailed various officers of the Museum scientific staff. In addition to the exhibition work of the year else- where referred to, this staff is still engaged in the preparation of a re- port upon the International Fisheries Exhibition at London, in 1883, 20 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884. , . C.—THE CONDITION OF THE COLLECTIONS. The custodianship of the specimens of the several departinents has been conscientiously fulfilled by the curators with the assistance of the various preparators. Iam confident that the material in the possession of the Museum has never been in better condition than itis at the present time. . 9: A PROVISIONAL CENSUS OF THE COLLECTIONS. Estimated number of specimens now in the several departments of the National Museum.* No. of specimens. Department of Arts and Industries: (ey Maberiamiedses Oise cco Wt ook nee Uber eee me ek A es een 4, 442 (Oy Pex GUS SIRO LEION 45.2 CSC Lives ste cee a eee eek wale tae Set cea eo eee 2, 000 CG) oe WO MOLICR ce tes.) cu dee UU Sek ne MEMO Capita eee wed eee ee ota arene ee 5, 000 (a) Ania prog nets 222 'so5 pee een a ee Ei ec neice 1, 000 (é) Ne) BrGbisechune sate, ped os Lig ak 215 2 ieee dis Cee eS eee ee 600 Go ke hl ee See ane wid pen he pnietins wie 2 hs lat i Se 0 1, 580 Depiertment, OF, WiLONGG ey an oon npn = ae oe eloaw oa7 aan ode ene ese ee ame Me =. 200, O00 Peper NeNiG! “AMM IOS «22 pice h alee tn wa seis as wae aie elm &: uw) k ele: 61m wh aig taeiel cee a 159, 000 Depart:nent of Marine Invertebrates ...-.. .......-...-.--- ae Rare eee ee 200, 000 Department of Invertebrate Fossils (Paleozoic)........-.-.-. APPR AAS SA bs 73, 000 Department of Invertebrate Fossils (Mesozoic and Cenozoic) .......-..-----. 100, 000 Department of Plants, fossil and recent... 2) Le eee yee Department of Mineralogy soo ce et 3.05 bn opie Marshes + Wee timcteMics 5 eiaca jhe Bieta 16, 610 Department of Lithology and Physical Geology....-...-----..----.-+ ss---- 18, 000 Department of Metallurgy and Economic Geology ..-.-. al iar aidhe (6 Mdegelad = ace 40, 000 0) 1 Re oh rp EP. PERC pe gyal Oa oP aera RDS amRERY, LE KURES Wb. a tof. 1, 471, 000 10. ASSIGNMENT OF SPACE. There has been made no material change in the assignment of exhi- bition space, as described on page 2 of my report for 1883. The north- west court will probably be opened during 1885 with the collections of North American pottery. The exhibition space for the collections of the metallurgical department will shortly be increased by the opening of the southwest court. 7 In the Smithsonian building the four main halls are occupied as ‘ee were in 1883, and as follows: Main hall, Ornithology; upper main * These selamiates ae ae take into account ho: acti a oie of specimens, but refer to “lots” of specimens, which inay include one or several hundred, but which are included in a single entry of the Museum register, REPORT OF ASSISTANT DIRECTOR. 2] hall, Pre-historie Archeology; west range, Ichthyology; west hall, In vertebrates. . The south galleries of the Smithsonian main hall have been cleared, the exhibition cases, which were old and unserviceable, having been taken down and used for other purposes, and the gallery spaces assigned for laboratory use. The southwest gallery is now oceupied by the ornithological department for a work-room, and for storage of the great collection of unmounted bird-skins; the southeast gallery is similarl) oceupied by the conchological department. . The large room adjoining the northeast pavilion in the Museum building is now used as a depository for the oological collection, and as a laboratory for the section of birds’ eggs. The office of the Director of the Geological Survey having been re. moved elsewhere, the northeast pavilion is now oceupied by the chemi- eal and physical laboratory of the Survey. The southwest pavilion is being fitted up for the accommodation of the mammal, metallurgical, and mineralogical laboratories; the west balcony is used as a laboratory for ethology; the north balcony for the department of textiles, and the south balcony for plants, recent and fossil. , The photographer of the Geological Survey having vacated the rooms for several years occupied by him in the brick annex, second story, the workshop of the taxidermist attached to the department of birds has been transferred thither. | The Armory building, with its wooden annex, occupied jointly by the Museum and the Fish Commission, is still crowded with unassorted material belonging to the Museum collections. In order to provide suitable accommodations for the preparators, in connection with the preparation of the exhibit for the three expositions of Cincinnati, Louisville, and New Orleans, and also to give much-needed space for packing the collections to be sent, it was deemed advisable to construct a wooden building east of the Museum building. On July 15 the work of breaking and leveling the ground was commenced. The annex is 150 feet long, 50 feet wide, and 50 feet high. The eastern end was assigned to the modeling department of the United States - Geological Survey. The southwestern portion was occupied by the tax- idermic force of the National Museum, and in the northwest part the packing and general exposition work was carried on. The cost of this annex was about $3,500, expended as follows: nr mmaatens Sow belting. Soon Fit) ai oct al ob dei ees Jedds - $10 00 Constrnction......... ech 40d BALL bs a a eeu Lehre tas dts. Cetebedel faeeeu 3,055 41 TE abies wince anny pix ben 9 ah ahd mtd etn Cae 54 YO eRe Std Sad od 257 76 tL. CSIs ing ood aks tn Bevan s > 4:4de n> Sree buphennlmementeree 131 11) Cause vet d rac cae kewe Le rics Js cs oleae os ache Ceo cemeayesdaveate 60 00 © heal phe 6 per gape SINE ACR SEPP IRE LHS AR Bey Pet BURY SP FSO 3,514 2 Two wooden sheds, one to be used as a poisoning-house for skins, We., and the other for the preparation of the collection of building-stones bo 2 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884. for the New Orleans Exposition, were erected in July between the Mu- seum and the Annex building. | The need of an additional Museum building is each year more se- riously appreciated. Very many objects of great interest and requir- ing a large space for their accommodation have been promised by ex- hibitors at New Orleans, and it is a serious problem to know where - these can even be stored, aside from the possibility of properly display- ing them. Extensive collections of alcoholic specimens are known to greatly endanger the safety of museum buildings and their contents, and most of the establishments in HKurope have lately taken the precaution to construct separate buildings peculiarly adapted for the purpose. It is sincerely hoped that the application which was made at the last session of Congress for an appropriation to put up a similar building in the grounds of the Institution will be acted upon favorably. D.—REVIEW OF THE ADMINISTRATIVE WORK OF THE YEAR. 11. ACCESSIONS TO THE MUSEUM. The total, number of packages recorded by the registrar during the year was 5,507. In addition to this number, 209 wagon-loads of boxes, packages, &¢., were received and distributed to the several depart- ments. Of the entire number, 3,509 packages, boxes, &c., were ad- dressed to the National Museum and its officers, the remainder being intended for the Smithsonian Institution and the United States Fish Commission. The registrar of the Museum acts also in the capacity of transporta- tion clerk for the Smithsonian Institution, and much material passes through his hands with which this report has no concern. The total number of individuals and institutions sending collections to the Mu- seum, aS Shown in the list published in the appendix to this report, is 1,084. It should be stated that very many of the objects sent in by the correspondents of the Museum are of very little value, and are trans- mitted simply for the purpose of obtaining a report upon their names and character. It has been the policy of the Smithsonian Institution to receive all objects offered which have any relation to its work, since the majority of such contributions, after they have been identified and studied, are valuable for exchange or distribution to museums and in- stitutions of learning, and often prove to be of unexpected importance. Many of the specimens sent in for examination and report are entirely useless. It is hardly proper, therefore, to consider each one of the 3,500 packages received as constituting an important contribution to the col- lections. Many of them, however, contain specimens of great value. REPORT OF ASSISTANT DIRECTOR, 23 The Museum has, during the past year as in previous years, received accessions from the following sources: (a) By gift from correspondents. (b) By exchange with institutions at home and abroad. (c) By the deposit of the collections of the various surveys and Gov- ernment departments which here find their legal repository. (d) From the work in connection with the several expeditions. (e) As a result of the explorations carried on under the patronage or with the co-operation of the Smithsonian Institution and Museum. Mr. John Durand has rendered efficient service in negotiating ex- changes with European museums, Every important accession is fully described in the reports of the sev- eral scientific departments. 12. PROGRESS IN CLASSIFICAT#ON AND ARRANGEMENT. (a) Laboratory work and catalogue entries. By “laboratory work” is meant the work of the curators upon the col- lections in their special apartments, which are not open to the publie. Here the collections are received, unpacked, classified, identified, and catalogued ; here also it is determined whether specimens should be placed in the exhibition series; or, if not thus assigned, whether or not they are sufficiently important as material for investigation in the study series, or should be called “duplicates” and distributed to other insti- tutions. The efficiency of the Museum work depends, in a large degree, upon the facilities which are afforded to curators for careful and thorough work in the laboratories. It is here that the specimens are indelibly marked with the catalogue number, upon which all future authentications de- pend. Here also must be prepared the labels, upon which the value of the exhibition series to a great extent depends; and here are prose- cuted the scientific investigations, which, through the publications of the Museum, establish the reputation of its scientific staff for thorough and accurate work. The laboratory accommodations are being im- proved, but still there is much to be desired in respect to space, number of clerical assistants, and facilities for the use of books and instru- ments and other appliances. In a museum, as in a temporary exposition, the efficiency of each department depends also upon the energy and constant presence of a thoroughly competent head, and consequently upon the opportunities afforded him for good work in his laboratory. The present organization of the Museum is of such recent date that nearly all the curators are still embarrassed by the accumulations of past years, and the greater portion of their time is necessarily devoted to unpacking and overhauling the unclassified material which they found already on hand when they assumed the duties of their present ofiices. These heritages from the past will soon be under control, and 24 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884. it may be expected that our next year’s report will show a great increase in the amount of work directly concerned with the preparation of the exhibition series, of final labels, of catalogues and hand. books, and the prosecution and publication of original researches. The activity of 1884 may best be gauged by the following table, which shows the total number of entries made in the Museum registers of the several curatorships: ; ta Be Se ee a a Ss No. of | No. of “bo Name of department pene | ee Name of department. anes 1884. 1884. I Arts and Industries (general)...| 4,429 || XI | Marine Invertebr pte Materia Mediceat:: 0. ...2222 398 |. Crustacese: ests sae ee 2, 924 Textile Industries .......-.. 1, 683 || WiOTNS eae 2222 'e 5 eee ee ae 151 HOOUS Ao 2a ec Caeee oon ooe ee aoe 420 Tunicates and Bryozoa .- 2 89 Mistonienl relics) a225 see eee 200 || Radistesrt ise sete. 1, 858 by inNG oes se ees ee eee 1, 184 |} Protozoa and Sponges EE pa 645 We) Antigiities..2.847 saa so es 4, 367 Invertebrate Fossils (Paleozoic) - 564. 11Ib | American Prehistoric Pottery .. 603 |} Invertebrate Fossils (Mesozoic IV HY Beg hcg YSN te Ok aay) AEP mn en ee 711 || Conozoiqged Bis fee Ces 1, 159 BVI, |G: tne Sloe Oa eee ee ae By dae Ole) | OSS UMS keer ae acces Seer eae 97 Vb BITS Gos cera ino ee hase 3) 2am) | ob | NEineralo gy: {Joe wis ascii: 2,'307 VI Reptiles. gs copes Sees aha Sous de det 584 || Lithology -3i2.26 / ese Lethe pees B 2, 541 WL. |} BUSMOB 520 a2 cael pacer ca ced 3, O15 5 ex LE Metallur OV dacin s Stomee ye loner et 11, 021 VIII | Comparative Anatomy.......-.. 547 || XIV —. Ix Moltsks; ss tie vetee ose cee ee aes Op ere: XV Total ss so estas seems 58, 195 x Insects ).22.% 2 jee tee kee ke 53 || XVI (b) Development of the exhibition and study series. The “ reserve series ” in the Museum includes all the specimens which are retained for purposes of study, the exhibition series consisting of objects which are suitable to be exposed to public view in glass cases, selected from the reserve series of which it forms a part. The study Series is formed by the residue, which are kept compactly stored either in cases in the laboratories or in the closed tables which serve as pedestals for the smaller show-cases in the exhibition halls. The study series for any special group may generally be largely re- duced in extent after an exhaustive monograph has been published upon that group, it being the long-established policy of the Museum to reserve only a sufficient number of specimens to permit the author of such monograph to entirely rewrite it, should the manuscript of his essay be destroyed. Much progress has been made during the year in many departments in the work of separating the duplicate from the reserve series, and in many of the others in the work of preliminary classification, which is the necessary preparation for this task. The development of the exhibition series is necessarily slow, since it is not considered desir- able to place on exhibition specimens which are not fully explained by priited labels. It is, to be sure, often necessary to expose to view large objects which have not been labeled. The extent and nature of the work of the Museum is not appreciated by persons who are not familiar with the character of the laboratory work and who have not access to the reserve stores... In the various departments of ethnology and indus- REPORT OF ASSISTANT DIRECTOR. 25 trial art, for instance, the wealth of the Museum is exceedingly great, but until cases have been built and labels printed it is impossible prop- erly to display it. Although very much has been done for the development of the exhi- bition and study series, it is certain that during the years 1885 and 1886 the Museum will improve in attractiveness to the visitor and general student, and in convenience to the investigator and special student, to a degree which has not in past years been in any way approximated. The exhibition series has been greatly extended during the year by the work which has been done for the several expositions, numerous specimens having been mounted and labeled, which after their return may be placed at once on exhibition. Many objects have been acquired especially for use in this exposition work, which are equally desirable for the regular exhibition work of the Museum. During this year, special improvements have been noted in the exhi- bition halls devoted to mineralogy, lithology and physical geology, metallurgy and economic geology, textile industries, fisheries, and na- yal architecture. (c) Construction of cases. It is hardly necessary to remark that no part of the work of the Mu- seum at present occupies so much of my attention as the construction of cases, since the supply at present on hand is far from adequate to our needs. The “furniture and fixtures appropriation” which Congress has made annually since 1880 permits each year the building of a large number of cases. At the same time the capacity of the Museum build- ing, with its laboratories and work-rooms, is exceedingly great, and up to the present time certainly not more than one-half of the requisite amount of case room has been obtained. In my previous report was given a statement of the number of cases in the Museum at the begin- ning of the year 1883. Appended is a list of the cases added during the year 1884:* *Case C: ner ocr-ecreen caces, 6.6. by 1.3 DY. 7 0.2. = et bo nice cients «mie oe Opal iveih chins tu Dee eee ee See UL Lee 2 Loe A The number of specimens contained in these boxes and packages amounts to 21,084. This table shows an increase in the work of this department, there having been distributed this yeat nearly 5,000 speci- mens more than in 1883. During the year, 103 applications from museums, schools, and indi- viduals in the United States for general natural history specimens have been filed, and a large number of these have been filled. The number of packages of all kinds shipped to the New Orleans, Louisville, and Cincinnati Expositions amounted to 819. oh ee le ee! ee Eo, fa SO ee eeEeEeEeEEE———————<« Viet)! (ee ee EE eee REPORT OF ASSISTANT DIRECTOR, 31 In, the report of the Department of Marine Invertebrates will be found a detailed list of the institutions to which the Fish Commission sets of duplicates of marine invertebrates were distributed during the year. References to the various exchanges made are also reported on by the several curators. A tabulated exhibit of what the Museum has done in the way of distributing its duplicates from the commencement of its history is very desirable, and will probably be prepared in time- for the next report. (c) Publications. A complete list of the publications of the National Museum for 1884 is given in Appendix B, Part IV. During the year the last five signa. tures of Vol. VI and the first thirty-one signatures of Vol. VIL ap- peared. Proceedings United States National Museum for 1833, Vol. VI, consisting of 558 pages and 14 plates, were published. Bulletin No. 25, including seven parts, and forming Vol. I of Contribu- tions to the Natural History of the Bermudas, and Bulletin No. 27, con- sisting of twelve parts and constituting a report upon the exhibit of the United States at the London Fisheries Exhibition, 1883, were printed. Hight Museum circulars were printed as separates. ‘These, including Nos. 24-31, will appear in Vol. VIII, Proceedings United States National Museum. In Appendix B, Part IV,will be found a bibliographical list of the papers published during 1884 by officers of the Museum. These papers number 229 and are distributed among the several departments as fol- lows : 2 aro S33./ 42. S858 | fn8 Rote | oof i Bon | So.th 3 ow FH a 3 . es | 7 > rie = Arts and industries (including 26 papers on fisheries and fish culture) -.-.-.-- | 30 | 1 31 EE id 6S oe de) Scere rid wb serene aon aegis eal w a eamaate 20 | 3 23 IE EAS bodys Eni on Py AD Be ho jana ekg nven haere aie wee Aint "alt 8 1 9 SE ESE RASS R Ee ey pees Seep mere ein aree se, Dames Serer 2 Pratt 7 4 11 EE Ig nae 2 ee oe A i Mie a ahowektihyaee wleurawtan hie 42 17 59 A co dak cn cone op aac ain tewes hap unaepk ~ alge eee S Lites 1 EERE pce ackisaacesaray > Usaees soncn da saccusannene nubian bk 2 2 4 Se ae epee ener e ape Se Siem omen peeee sere es ogi roe 29 32 61 ES OT en oe eta wk minim dalteinpe don pied ern nate ean ena he 9 1 10 RIDER Soe iE hah i tale eh oka, erie Na biiele wee atere eine auien 25 2 27 TT ETNIES So Oe a a hein Mea a nicy ok Rane aNd ome Oui yb maaan hgaah 5 5 10 NEA AGNTIMNUIEE oe GS) ok che, 2 SN Pe ek es Cee ec ae ’ 9 1 10 Plants: Ue eg 2 OR akan on Ry kee Ue a kaa ae ae tae S A Ae, ee Se ae Site see cekne 3 8 a ge ey ee iar pe ae Ane ER SN RE SOE eR PRS Ee URS ee Re Tee 3 2 5 SS a AR ee Cae ek ee ee ey hom oe ee ee an a yt Dees ee: 2 EY. Se, DALVIUOR! BEDIORY 5 « 0..40.Jb om ~ eee pla vebenindwopaedensdas a Sam URN Te Nh eo ie Sah wh 1167, 455 152, 744 _. §0¢. Oe artigo 2 Coy cuir al aera 202, 188 104, 823 6 EROS ZS AES MER SR aOR TP OT 5s & dh NSO OOS ON 195, 322 | 91, 130 * Estimated on basis of register. } Estimated on basis of attendance from February 8 to December 31. ———- SS oe REPORT OF ASSISTANT DIRECTOR. 33 e) Students and lectures. Reference has been made in previous reports to the arrangement by which, at the request of the Navy Department, the Institution received for three successive years six ensigns, and assigned them to duty in various sections of the National Museum for the purpose of enabling © them to become acquainted with certain branches of science, such as chemistry, mineralogy, geology, ethnology, general natural history, &e., in order that in their subsequent cruises they might be more useful. Three details of the kind have been made, none, however, in 1884, the Department having found it inexpedient to continue the arrangement. Most of the gentlemen already detailed have also been reclaimed and assigned to duty. Two of these ensigns, Messrs. Miner and Garrett, are now on the Fish Commission steamer ‘‘Albatross.” Ensign Hayden was detached in October and ordered to duty, first at the Cambridge Observatory, and subsequently to the United States Geological Survey. The experiment in connection with these junior officers of the Navy has been very satisfactory as far as it has gone, and there can be no doubt that the increased range of information thus acquired by the eighteen gentlemen so detailed will be utilized to a considerable extent in the future. The Museum is frequently favored by visits of men of science from other countries for the purpose of special inquiry into its methods, and an unusual number of such callers was welcomed during the past year in connection with a meeting of the British Association in Montreal. Several distinguished naturalists took the occasion to study the col- lections of the National Museum, which they found to contain many im- portant types otherwise inaccessible to them. Permission has been granted during the year to a considerable num- ber of students of art to make copies of specimens in the Museum, and an increase in the number of schools visiting the Museum in company with their teachers has been noticeable. ; As in previous years, the use of the lecture room in the Museum on Saturday afternoon during the winter and spring has been granted to a joint committee of the Biological and Anthropological Societies of Washington for the purpose of conducting a course of scientific lectures. These lectures are usually in some way connected with the work of the Museum, and are illustrated by specimens from the collections. They | gticrespond in character closely to the afternoon lectures ever at the gardens of the Zoological Society of London. The programme of the year is here appended: FIRST COURSE. January 5, Mr. Grove K. Gilbert: Cliffs and terraces. January 12, Prof. Otis T. Mason; Child-life among savage and un- civilized peoples. S. Mis. 33, pt. 2 3 34 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884. January 19, Prof. Edward 8. Morse: Social life among the Japanese, January 26, Maj. J. W. Powell: Win-tun Mythology. SECOND COURSE. February 2, Prof. F. W. Clarke: Lightning and lightning-rods. February 9, Capt. C. E. Dutton, United States Army: The Hawaiian Islands and people. February 18, Prof. John Murdoch: Eskimo life at Point Barrow. February 23, Prof. Harvey W. Wiley: The sugar industry of the North. THIRD COURSE. March 1, Prof. Harvey W. Willey: The sugar industry of the North. March 8, Prof. Simon Newcomb: Psychic force. March 15, Mr. John A. Ryder: Protoplasm in the light of recent in- vestigations. March 22, Dr. Frank Baker: The new phrenology. March 29, Dr. D. Webster Prentiss: The bird-life of the District of Columbia. FOURTH COURSE. April 5, Prof. T. C. Chamberlin: The great ice invasion of North America. April 12, Dr. W. W. Godding: What shall we do with the inebriates ? April 19, Prof. J. 8S. Newberry : The industrial arts as factors in mod- ern history. April 26, Maj. J. W. Powell: The cafions of the Colorado. The lecture room was occupied on March 19 for the delivery of the ninth lecture of the Toner series by Dr. Charles K. Mills, of Philadel- phia. (f) Meetings of societies. The lecture hall of the National Museum has been used during the year for sixty-eight meetings of different kinds, as is shown below. National Academy of Sciences, April 15-17: Ten meetings were held. On the evening of the 17th a public meeting was held, at which the eulogies of deceased members were pronounced, 176 persons being in attendance. American Surgical Association, April 30-May 3: Hight meetings were held. American Fish Cultural Association, May 13-15: Seven meetings were held. Invitations were extended by the Commissioner of Fisheries to the fish commissioners of nineteen States, and a large attendance was the result. Many papers were presented, but the chief point of attrac- tion was the opening to the public of the fisheries section of the Museum, as arranged after the return of a part of the collection from the Inter- national Fisheries Mxhibition in London. The Brush-Swan. Company REPORT OF ASSISTANT DIRECTOR, 35 kindly furnished the lights to illuminate the entire building, especially the fisheries section, and a large number of visitors were present on the occasion. On the evening of May 13 a public meeting took place, Hon. Elbridge G. Lapham in the chair. The formal address was delivered by Hon. Theodore Lyman, gf Massachusetts, who was followed by Hon. 8. S. Cox, of New York, in a second address. American Dental Association, July 22-23: Four meetings were held. Society of American Taxidermists, July 80: One meeting was held. Society of Naturalists of the Eastern United States, December 29- 30: Four meetings were held. The Biological Society of Washington: Fortnightly meetings were held between June 25 and May 31, and between November 1 and De- cember 27. In all there were fifteen meetings. The Entomological Society of Washington held three meetings in the office of the assistant director, on May 8, June 3, and November 3, respectively. On January 11, permission was granted to members of the Argent Club, an association of amateur photographers, to hold their monthly meetings in the photographic laboratory of the Museum. 14. CURRENT ADMINISTRATIVE WORK. (a) Buildings and labor, police and public comfort. At the commencement of the year the administrative staff for police and inspection consisted of Henry Horan, superintendent of buildings, 2 assistant superintendents, 12 watchmen, and 5 doorkeepers; for con- struction, care of buildings, and repairs, 8 carpenters, 3 painters, and 1 mason; for Jabor and cleaning, 20 laborers, 2 attendants, and 4 clean- ers. For heating and lighting there were employed 1 engineer and 4 firemen. Thesame system of Museum messenger-service as was adopted in 1885 is still in practice, and greatly facilitates the despatch of busi- ness between the offices of the divisions of administration and the offi- cers and employés of the Museum. Two Museuni messengers are now employed, it having been found impracticable for one to complete the round of the buildings within the necessary limit of time—one hour. The following abstract of the report of Mr. Horan, the superintend- ent of buildings, is here presented, to give an idea of the manner in which the mechanics and laborers have been employed. The main features of the work mentioned by him and discussed elsewhere in this report form the standpoint of the general administration : In the early part of January the exhibits of metals, ores, &c., transferred to the Smithsonian Institution at the end of the Centennial Exhibition in 1876 were brought into the Museum and assigned to their respective departments. A great many heavy specimens were brought into the New Museum from the Smith- sonian building during the early part of the year, including the Egyptian statuary, a pair of Haviland vases which were exhibited at the Centennial Exhibition, &c. Much time was also occupied during the first part of the year in shipping to their owners exhibits which had been sent to London in conjunction with the exhibit of 36 _ REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884. the National Museum. For instance, seventeen boxes were returned to the Signal Office, fifteen boxes to the Light-House Board, &c. Toward the end of January it was found necessary to add to the force two carpen- ters, two painters, four laborers, and one fireman. In February and April further additions were rendered necessary. During the latter month two additional carpenters, one painter, one stone-cutter, and ten laborers were employed. On account of lack of convenient quarters, it was found necessary in April to clear out a portion of the southeast court for the use of painters. The extra force was discharged on May 21. On the 14th of May the entire force of laborers was very busily engaged in making preparations for the opening of the fisheries section, which took place in the evening of that date. It had been necessary for several days previous to keep the men at work-until midnight, and it was only by most strenuous efforts that the fisheries hall was ready for the visitors a minute or two before the appointed time. On the 10th of July the work of preparation for the Louisville and Cincinnati Ex- positions was commenced. Three extra carpenters were employed. On this day the construction of a workshop was begun in the grounds east of the Museum building for the use of the stone-cutters, and a few days later the ground was broken for the erection of an annex building, it having been found that the preparations for these expositions demanded more space than could possibly be found in the Museum build- ing. This annex was finished on August 4, and the taxidermist’s laboratory was im- mediately removed to it from the Museum building. A portion of the annex was alloted to the Bureau of Ethnology. On the 5th of August all the ethnological speci- meus in the northeast court were taken to tbe new building. On August 6 the work of packing the Louisville exhibits was commenced in the northeast court, and on August 12 two car-loads, containing 112 packages, were shipped to the exposition. On the following day the superintendent left Washington for Louisville tor the purpose of assisting in the reception and arrangement of the ex- hibits. On August 26 two car-loads of exhibits, numbering 76 packages, were shipped to the Cincinnati Exposition, and the superintendent was also requested to go there and render similar assistance. During this month the force of laborers and mechanics was kept unusually busy, and at the end of the month the extra hands were all dis- charged. On the first of September a small frame building was erected east of the stone-cut- ters’ house for the purpose of poisoning skins, &c. In the middle of October the National Museum received from the Botanical Gar- dens some very fine tropical plants, which have been placed around the fountain in the rotunda. Smaller plants were also arranged on the four balconies overlooking the rotunda. These plants have added very much to the appearance of the Museum. On November 24 the work of shipping the exhibits intended for the New Orleans Exposition was commenced. On the 30th the superintendent left for New Orleans, in order to help in the arrangement of specimens. The preparation of the exhibit for New Orleans necessitated a large addition to the force of mechanics and laborers, and during July 31 names were added to this roll, distributed as follows: 4 carpenters, 1 painter, 4 masons, 10 laborers, and 12 aids, assigned to various departments for special duty. In August this force was in- creased by 4 painters, 1 brass finisher, 1 laborer, and several aids. During the absence of the superintendent at Cincinnati, Louisville, and New Orleans, Mr. C. P. Crandell acted in his place, On account of sickness Mr. Crandell was forced to temporarily resign his duties, and Mr. C. A. Steuart was then placed in charge. (b) Electric service. There have been no important additions to this service during the year, and a statement of the electrical apparatus now in use in the REPORT OF ASSISTANT DIRECTOR. 37 National Museum will be found under this heading in the report for 1883., The Superintendent of the United States Naval Observatory has in- cluded the Smithsonian building and that of the National Museum in the series of public establishments which receive telegraphic time at noon on each successive day, and a clock, fitted up under the direction of the Observatory, with an arrangement by which the Observatory itself corrects any aberration in time, has been supplied. The money expense has been borne by the Institution, but no charge has been made for the time service. Through the courtesy of Colonel Rockwell, Superintendent of Public Buildings and Grounds, connection has been made with the underground telephone laid by his authority through the public grounds by the War- ing Company. A special advantage in this was the opportunity of making a more satisfactory connection between the National Museum building and the United States carp ponds, a service that previously had been much interrupted. Connection was also made through the same trench with the Fire Alarm Telegraph Company, and the neces- sary permission to open North B street was promptly granted by the District Commissioners. (c) Property and supplies. The property clerk has, as hitherto, been in charge of and held re- sponsible for all articles of furniture, and, in general, all Museum sup- plies, and has been required to inspect the same and report upon them to the Assistant Director. It is also his duty to keep in hand a stock of such articles as are in most general use, issuing the same to any per- son who presents a requisition duly endorsed. Heis also required, when necessary, to buy special articles, whose purchase has been duly ap- proved. It is the duty of the property clerk to see that in the purchase of _ goods two points are especially attended to, viz: quality and price. If the cost of an article will probably exceed $10, the property clerk is required to obtain estimates from several reliable dealers. (ad) Accounts. Owing to the continued ill-health of Mr. George S. Hobbs, who had been in charge of this department, it was found necessary to relieve him of official duties, and on July 15 Mr. H. W. Spoflord was engaged to fill his place temporarily, and also to assist Mr. William V. Cox, who was acting as financial clerk on the special exposition staff. The administration of the Museum accounts has been carried on, as heretofore, under the direction of the chief clerk of the Smithsonian Institution, and all payments have been made through his office. A statement of the receipts and expenditures of the Museum will be found, as usual, in the report of the executive committee of the Board of Re- gents of the Smithsonian Institution. 38 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884. (e) Chemical analysis of the air in the lecture room. On several occasions it has been remarked that the air in the lecture room became exceedingly oppressive during the progress of meetings, lectures, &c. In order to verify these statements, Dr. J. H. Kidder, of the United States Fish Commission, was requested by Professor Baird to analyze the air during the progress of some of the Saturday afternoon lectures. Dr. Kidder’s notes are here given in full: ESTIMATION OF CARBON DIOXIDE IN THE LECTURE HALL OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. MARCH 1, 1884. The hall is at the northwest angle of the building and measures 913 by 493 feet by 283 feet mean height. Cubic feet. Ee OU DICH CONTENU - -a.3 Kc de pine nis Ge ek be SOUR ees Become e@eueEie. 130, 279.7 Less space occupied by 500 persons (in cubic feet).....---...----. 1,500 © Less space occupied by screens and seats (in cubic feet)-.-........ 1, 000 2,500. 0 127,779. 7 The lecture began at 3.30 and continued for three-quarters of an hour; most of the audience were present for a full hour. Its number, as es- timated by the superintendent, was about 500. The hall had been scrubbed and ventilated as well as possible (but very imperfectly) dur- ing the day, and the screens freshly painted. Out-door air was damp and cold, slightly below the freezing point. Air of lecture hall, at 9 feet from the floor, about the middle of the hall, was as follows: Dry bulb. | Wet bulb. pepe faster ney One honriberore lectuitel: 42 hcp cece che tie eee wan ceet ce ere 61° 56° 720. (A CIORGIOLICOLELG Kee ae ee ee eee coe eee nee toes ee 65 58 83 Floor scarcely dry at beginning of lecture. Carbon dioxvide.—Highty-six feet of rubber hose, one-quarter inch, in- side diameter, were washed for two hours by a continuous stream of tap water and strung upon the gas fixtures from a point 8 feet from the floor, near the center of the hall, to the uppermost room of the north- west tower. Air was pumped by aspiration through this tube from the hall, and after the residual air in the tube had been displaced, was col- lected in close bottles and examined, with the following results: Parts COz2 per 10,000 Meren tT hatten liotir hefare metered .. 226.06 bice daca Picwcoecue Seumcantan pmasioe 8. 67 March 1, half an hour after beginning of lecture ...--.....-. s--.2------------ 12. 22 Pa OE Oe GROOMS ROUUN Ce Las Cc ekas cpa cm evae mnie o's cane geet endo. s 13. 04 Peurieey oy, Gut-COOr Bal 4 ty OMe ih ce oooh ee ce cens penbes. cocealupetutscenw==« 3.97 Daa hy APRS CLONE AT GPO PEN, Cees was cacy cn ncin case cCabavneean sen eed ease 5.54 REPORT OF ASSISTANT DIRECTOR. 39 The last estimation was intended to eliminate errors arising from im- purities possibly derived from the long and narrow tube through which the air was collected. Since the out-door air in the afternoon has been found by numerous estimations not to vary materially from the normal average of 4 parts per 10,000, the correction due to the tube becomes 1.14, and the corrected results are as follows: COz per 10,000 Lecture hall half an hour before beginning of lecture.............--...-...-- 7.53 Lecture hall half an hour after beginning of lecture..............---.-------- 11. 08 eT nN BOOUUEO 6, bn Sed ad duGe. caccne eudwousdce sebaed hese cucp 13. 04 NN MMS of bide vc bande ved doe Ca sudedNdsiakddenh? ed uend sncnuacees 4. 00 If the hall had been an absolutely closed box, the increase in carbon dioxide due to the presence of 500 persons would have been about 300 cubic feet. The quantity observed (supposing the specimen to have been a fair sample of all the air in the hall) was 45 cubic feet, or about one-sixth of the possible increase. Specimens were also taken for estimation of organic matter and other contents of the air, but are not to be depended upon as tests because of the length and narrow caliber of the collecting tube; since both solids suspended in the air and ammonia tend to adhere to surfaces, and par- ticularly to moist surfaces. So far as carbon dioxide can be accepted as an indication of contam- ination in air, these observations do not show an unwholesome condi- tion of the air of the lecture room, but do indicate insufficient ventila- tion. For exact conclusions, specimens should be taken near the floor, near the ceiling, and about ten feet from the floor, at the beginning and end of the lecture, and compared with one another and with the outside air. Larger pipes, of metal, should be used for collection, unless speci- mens can be taken in the hall itself; and estimations of ammonia, both free and “ albuminoid,” should be made in addition to those of carbon dioxide. FURTHER EXAMINATIONS OF AIR OF LECTURE ROOM. MARCH 6. An average of ten persons present. Outside air damp—melting of a heavy snowfall. Time. Dry bulb. | Wet bulb. | (oper rion Serer 58° 55° 81 in laboratory. URGE. Biaiat’ does 5: 65 59 68 in lecture hall O 1 (Mi Mickade jeccial 69 64 75 in lecture hall. ee A Bib cacanazcces 52 48 74 out of doors. Carbon dioxide : 1 p.m., outside air, 4.6 COe. per 10,000 parts. 12.40 p. m., lecture hall, 10.04 COz. per 10,000 parts. 40 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884. MARCH 8. Out doors rainy. Lecture began at 3.30 p. m.; 700 persons present. Time. Dry bulb. | Wet bulb.| Relative humidity. LECT api Cae at 2 ESI a OD Yd Ae ER Pr Use Meee OR, YR 62° 589° 77 in laboratory. AE ZO Eee Cente ei cae ha okane. Wee sone ot Geis e cicie ete 45 44 92 out doors. ADM ade ee cee wails diclinkinis' aah dew anteantisiniclaw adeae 69 64 75 lecture hall, before lecture. SN PN ee ea hala a's a 'dcisacnns Satin m ciaan ih ba eRe eae 74 70 81 lecture hall, after lecture. Carbon dioxide : Mean of out-door air, 4. per 10,000. 3 p. m., lecture hall, 9.086 per 10,000, one-half hour before lecture. 4.15 p. m., lecture hall, 12.505 per 10,000, three-quarters of an hour after beginning lecture. Persons present declared the air to be more oppressive than on March 1, but the figures show no material difference.* The highest essential impurity (as measured by carbon dioxide) appeared on March 6, when there was no.lecture, and it is probable that if there had been a lecture on that day the highest figures for contamination by respiration would then have appeared. » Summarizing the several observations, they result as follows: March 1. Temperature increased 4° I. during the lecture. March 1. Relative humidity increased 11 per cent. during the lecture.. (Floors had been wet before lecture.) March 6. Temperature increased 4° during four hours in lecture hall. March 6. Relative humidity increased 7 per cent. during four hours. (No lecture.) March 8. Temperature increased 5° during lecture. March 8. Relative humidity increased 6 per cent. during lecture. March 1, CO, exceeded outside air 3.53 per 10,000 before lecture. March 1, CO, exceeded outside air 7.08 per 10,000 middle of lecture. Mareh 6, CO, exceeded outside air 5.44 per 10,000 at1 p.m. (No lect- ure.) | March 8, CO, exceeded outside air 5.086 per 10,000 before lecture. March 8, CQ, exceeded outside air 8.505 per 10,000 near end of lecture. If this excess be all attributed to respiratory impurity, it has exceeded “the maximum amount of respiratory impurity permissible in a prop- erly ventilated space” (Dr. Chaumont), viz, 2 parts per 10,000, by— Parts, per 10,000: beture-loghume Marek: Vine. nig ccna criss ow ne wnie ed andecewa dee 1.53 Parts per 10,000‘halfthrough'lecture March 1... ~~ 2... 200 cen enn eee ewe woes 5. 08 PSE DET LUVU0 AO NGCIILS MEME lle ie ck wae peepee mene senvenslsnmeenes 3. 44 Parts per 10,000 before lecture, March.8 .- 2.2) Jo. oe ee oe a ceces cae ce 3. 086 Parts per 10,000 three-fourths through lecture March 8 .......-.....-.----. 6.505 The increase due to respiratory impurity on the two lecture days of experiment, while the lecture continued, was: March 1. In half an hour, 3.55 parts per 10,000. March 8. In three- fourths of an hour, 3. 119 parts per | 10, 10,000. 4 In the i increase of CO, during the lecture. REPORT OF ASSISTANT DIRECTOR. Al The indication is that the ventilation is imperfect, not only during the lecture, but in the Museum generally, the permanent air showing at all times of examination too great an excess of CO, over that out of doors. : MARCH 10, 1884, . 15. THE WORK OF THE MUSEUM PREPARATORS. A number of additional preparators have been employed during the year, for special work upon the collections for the New Orleans Exposi- tion, and an unusual quantity of objects for the exhibition series have been completed during the year in the workshops, as is shown in the review of the operations of the scientific departments. (a) Taxidermists. The main workshop, which is devoted chiefly to work upon the mam- mals, is under the direction of Mr. William T. Hornaday, chief taxider- mist, and the general excellence of its work testifies to the efficiency of its staff. The preparation of the exhibit for the New Orleans Exposi- tion added considerably to its work, and during the summer 83 speci- mens, representing 78 species, were mounted specially for the exposition. During the year Mr. Hornaday and his assistants mounted 114 speci- mens, representing 91 species, and classified as follows: Orders. Specimens. | Species. aD anc aa ais a dpe LE Cae aed aa uiepee sue nous ac wee ene een ad adeecie sanwne | 7 ia Ch acre ne stndeticnasan sxeakd + t4tamencsevecncinepbarpardag he aendds 17 16 Ee SERS Eb Serer Ce oa hee Gal aaf hee ahaaiion wa aroha aig abies Renal etna moe al: eos 1 1 eI, Mees SO0005 20s) tay, (Cte ae ee ee same a mene s paws ae ate 33 28 Re Nera ey ore tee ae ees Pe. a ie ge eee Nae eee ee ee 1 1 Ee 2 ta nO EL Re Bee ok aa Pee aan e iu aR eae eawamorwe ma oo 5 5 RE a eA eS cs CRW AER IE oo ee a dibewn bean eowmnte 38 27 co Dy cen aG on ERE b a cue Sauce aaa te ae oe Ca op eek BAW Ee eee Ee a ais 6 4 EER conc nc cs + aBbaee thera tub beth adr AsetdadeddsnadgUabecwatleInesaeaeta 6 2 Se i ek Se en eared atiern'e, actan wn chi ites win atiee aes adam Rowen mbeman eas 114 91 In addition to the work already specified, the skins of 57 mammals were removed and preserved. avwayes cn acaceeomacch + ISS SS se. ee ee Cetin seins 5 tu cnc can din weed pha tah ee wins sew waen ee eRe dd oh we Ode kG ass wren iin Sdn ee y aeleeen © egos Gia ana facdhn feta ctansdetendtadwketesaanae Total REPORT OF ASSISTANT DIRECTOR. 43 RopDENTIA—Continued. ee ee ee Lepus timidus. Lepus californicus. Lepus americanus Washingtoni. Lepus sylvaticus sylvaticus. Lepus sylvyaticus sylvaticus. Lepus sylvaticus sylvaticus. Lagostomus trichodactylus, Dipodomys Philippsi. Fiber zibethicus. Fiber zibethicus. Fiber zibethicus. Castor fiber. Spermophilus Franklini. Cholespus Hoffmanii. Mymedon dorsalis. Solenodon cubanus. (Head.) Didelphys virginiana. Didelphys virginiana. Didelphys californica. Specimens. | Species. PEE ere eart Sor 7 7 » oe sanen b pain fain ants 17 16 aitentainctanswen'= d= 1 1 nic ance aman es &. 33 28 fA EN SNe G Sean eae ne tf 1 BEER Beet 5 5 Sistas Bd =v eee 38 27 Senate Wey ase sibe ems 6 4 apa Bras! Sa ee 6 2 Mie uen aeditales aeats 91 Mounted expressly for the New Orleans Exposition, 83 specimens, 78 species. LIST OF MAMMALS, IN THE FLESH, SECURED FOR THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM BY THE TAXIDERMIC DEPARTMENT DURING THE YEAR 1884. 14229. 14230. 14235. 14247. 14256. 14260. 14261. 14263. 14290. 14309. 14324. 14333. 14339. PRIMATES. Cynocephalus porearius. | 14350. Cebus, sp. 14604. Cercocebus fuliginosus. 14605. Cercopithecus ruber. 14664. Cebus hypoleucus. ‘14672. Cercopithecus mona. 14673. Cynopithecus niger. 14676. Cercopithecus mona. © 14688. Stenops tardigradus. 14686. Ateles ater. 14687. Cynocephalus anubis. 14704, Chlorocebus engythithea, 14705 Prosimia mongoz, 14234, Chlorocebus engythithea. Papio maimon. Cynocephalus, sp. Semnopithecus, ? sp. Cynocephalus sphinx. Cynocephalus sphinx. Macacus cynomolgus. Macacus nemestrinus. Chlorocebus cynosurus. Mormon maimon. Cercopithecus, sp. Cynocephalus anubis., Cebus, sp. 44 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884. CHEIROPTERA. 14700. Pteropus Edwardsii. , CARNIVORA. 14337. Felis leopardus. 14397. Felis jubata. 14398. Felis jubata. 14634. Uroeyon virginianus. 13966. Procyon lotor. 14699. Viverra malaccensis. 14312. Felis comcolor. | PINNIPEDIA. 14302. Zalophus Gilliespei. UNGULATA. 14706. Phacocheerus ethiopicus. 14702. Cervus porcinus. Oreas canna. 14326. Tragelapbus scripta. 44667. Dicotyles torquatus. RODENTIA. 14288. Fiber zibethicus. 14346-8. Lepus sylvaticus. - 14289. Fiber zibethicus. 14710. Lepus americanus. 14270. Sciuropterus volucella. (6 speci- | 14711. Lepus americanus. mens. ) 14712. Lepus americanus. 14606. Dipus hirtipes. | 14713. Lepus americanus. MARSUPIALIA. 14841. Macropus gigas. | (Total. 56.) ; MISCELLANEOUS. 2 Grus leucogeranus. 2 Parrots. 1 Cassowary. 1 Japanese fowl (domestic). 1.Condor, 1 Alligator 9 feet long. 3 Cockatoos. MISCELLANEOUS TAXIDERMIC WORK. Removed and preserved the skins of 57 mammals. © Repaired, repainted, and rearranged a collection of Australian fishes ; 60 specimens. Repaired 12 fur seals, and also pedestal. . Mounted 24 large mammals on new pedestals. Reconstructed large seal group. Renovated and repaired the collection of Ungulates, Felidae, Urside, &e. Renovated rug for President Arthur. -Mounted 1 large halibut. Mounted 1 shark. Mounted 8 birds. Mounted 4 California salmon. Mounted 4 smaller fishes. Mounted 2 pairs elk antlers. REPORT OF ASSISTANT DIRECTOR. 45 Mounted 1 elk-leg trophy. Made 5 traps. Made 2 groups of small mammals. Packed New Orleans exhibit of mammals, and installed the same, the taxidermic exhibit and skeleton exhibit in the New Orleans Ex- position. | Mr. Henry Marshall has been engaged upon his regular work—that of mounting birds—during the whole year. A large number were pre- pared for the New Orleans, Louisville, and Cincinnati Expositions. In his work he has had the valuable assistance of his son, Mr. George Marshall. (b) Osteological preparator. Mr. Lucas has devoted his time, under the direction of the curator of mammals, to the removal of the collection of mounted skeletons from the Smithsonian building and its arrangement in the east south range of the New Museum building. The two large whale skeletons have been suspended from the ceiling, and nearly one hundred skeletons, skulls, and other osteological specimens mounted and placed on exhibi- tion. A large number of specimens have been cleaned and rendered available for study. The necessary work of caring for the numerous fresh specimens received has precluded the possibility of devoting very much time to the exhibition series. During the summer, while preparations for the New Orleans Exposi- tion were being most busily carried on, an additional assistant, J. W. Scollick, was assigned to this section. In November, on account of the low condition of the New Orleans appropriations, it was found necessary to dispense with Mr. McCormick’s services. Mr. Scollick was transferred to the Museum roll. (c) Modelers. Mr. Joseph Palmer has been engaged in his usual work of making casts. He has prepared for exhibition and set up in the Museum the plaster casts of George Washington, Benjamin Silliman, and also the bronzed plaster cast representing an Indian group. Several casts of fishes, Indian pipes, reptiles, &c., were prepared by him for the New Orleans, Louisville, and Cincinnati Expositions. Two large casts, one of the spiny shark and one of the sperm whale porpoise, have been made with the assistance of Mr. William Palmer, who also rendered valuable service in unpacking, setting up, and repacking the collections sent to the Louisville and Cincinnati Expositions. Mr. J. W. Hendley has made progress in the preparation of casts of animal and vegetable foods. It is intended that these casts shall be exhibited in the Department of Foods, accompanied by a statement of the chemical composition of the objects which they represent. 46 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884. (ad) Photographer. Mr. T. W. Smillie reports the addition to his files of 529 negatives during the year. The following instruments have been purchased: One large vertical copying camera; one small camera; one solar microscope, including one heliostat; one camera with various illuminators, dia- phragms, &e.; and a series of objectives from 4 inch to 4 inches. An electric light has also been added to the apparatus of this section, ob- viating tne necessity of delays by reason of cloudy weather. The apparatus in this section is extremely complete, and the photo- graphic laboratory is now thoroughly equipped for all kinds of work. Several of the Government bureaus have recognized this fact, and have occasionally requested the permission of the Director to have certain scientific work performed here, some of which probably could not have been accomplished elsewhere. During 1884 Mr. Smillie has instructed a class of ten ensigns of the United States Navy. One of these accom- panied the Greely Relief Expedition, and produced some very satisfac- tory results with a camera. Instruction has also been given without reserve to several scientific gentlemen who desired to acquire some knowledge of this art preparatory to their departure on various scien- tific expeditions. As a special application of this art to Museum purposes may be mentioned certain work which has been performed for the Department of Building Stones. Negatives have been made of typical buildings, constructed of various kinds of stone. These have been enlarged on paper 30 by 40 inches, and colored according to the natural colors of the different kinds of stone. By means of polarized light photomi- crographs were made from thin sections of stone. These were enlarged on glass and colored with transparent tints, thus presenting a picture of the section as seen with the microscope under polarized light. Spe- cially noteworthy also were a number of photographic enlargements representing thirteen of the Government buildings in Washington. These are the largest single prints ever made, and have been found par- ticularly effective at the New Orleans and Cincinnati Expositions, it being thought that in an exhibition of the work of the Government De- partments, such as has been attempted this year by the United States Executive Board, it is particularly appropriate that the public buildings of Washington should be shown in an impressive manner. The work accomplished in this section during 1884 is as follows: MPMMTVeMLARON aia MMA lade a theta mee bcn thd lit ale piece Shes *463 PF PUNB TOMMON, Ss a 2 og odv s ORS EI ee ee ne oe A ete Eat ee eae) pe ee bee eet, 4, 847 Medium size enlargements......---..-----..---. he ice ae ES aE UES gee Ma 66 Extra size enlargements (4 by 7 foot) Pra Emission athe evade iiak tical 26 EMaAreements ON Plast, PAlOTON, . 1. cbs< satoeeln a bied vies bien eke wine she dee pn cae oe 12 ute eeMreuee OR ANE. COMP ola, oun vated nticrre Sek ses sone some ean) ren Sh alenale 12 CPIM Sos ca ki wh ptralete CHa es LURE Pet Ween sabdewbenltuabins awe a's leneets 315 *In addition to this number 66 negatives were taken in the field. REPORT OF ASSISTANT DIRECTOR. ry | In addition to this 2,200 plates have been numbered, and filed for future use. (e) Artist. Mr. A. Zeno Shindler has been engaged in painting casts of fishes, reptiles, &c., for the Museum and for the Louisville, Cincinnati, and New Orleans Expositions. He has also made numerous sketches in oil and water-color of certain specimens on exhibition in the Museum. Four full-sized Indian busts were also painted by him for exhibition at New Orleans in connection with the ethnological department of the Museum. (f) Preparators in the Division of Anthropology. Mr. E. H. Hawley has been for the greater part of the year engaged in mounting collections for the New Orleans, Louisville, and Cincinnati Expositions. During the early part of the year he also arranged for exhibition the collections received from the foreign exhibition, held in Boston during the latter part of 1883. In November and December eight valuable India cashmere shawls were mounted and placed on ex- hibition in the Museum. An interesting collection from the Dennison Manufacturing Company, consisting of the ingredients used in the prep- aration of sealing wax, together with the manufactured products, is be- ing installed by Mr. Hawley; also, a magnificent collection of ostrich feathers presented by Mr. R.'T. Béné, and imported by Joseph Andrade and Company, and some fine specimens of walrus leathers received from F. W. Gesswein. Mr. T. M. Sweeny devoted his time during the first half of the year to the mounting of ethnological objects for display in the National Mu- seum. Assoon as the Department of Ethnology was organized, in July, he was assigned as assistant to the curator, Prof. O. T. Mason. 16. WORK IN CONNECTION WITH THE EXPOSITIONS. (a) The Cincinnati, Louisville, and New Orleans Expositions. The participation of the Smithsonian Institution, as directed by Con- gress, in three exhibitions, has—although in many respects detrimental to the growth of the Museum—contributed largely to the prosperity of several of its departments. In the first place, in order that material might properly be selected for exhibition, it was found necessary in many departments of the Museum to employ additional assistants in making a thorough overhauling of the material and getting it system- atically arranged. In the second place, it was found necessary to pur- chase a considerable amount of material to fill vacancies in the various series of specimens which were shown at the exhibitions. It has been our policy to expend the appropriation for the New Or- Jeans Exposition in such a manner that there also might result a per. 48 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEMM, 1884. manent benefit to the Museum. This we have found to be entirely con- sistent with the interests of the exhibitions, since the material which is useful for these temporary displays is even more useful for the pérma- nent exhibition series of the Museum. At the same time, in many of the departments an effort has been made, in selecting specimens for the expositions, to make use of duplicate material from the Museum, in order that, should we be called upon in future to participate in other expositions, the preparation of a collection can be effected with less expense of time and money than has been heretofore practicable. In the report for 1585 I hope to include an extended account of the New Orleans Exposition, with special reference to the specimens ac- quired for the National Museum by gifts and exchanges. The following statement will, however, serve to indicate the extent of the preparations made by the Smithsonian Institution for participa- tion in the expositions at Louisville, Cincinnati, and New Orleans: The following preliminary report upon the exposition work of the year has been prepared by Mr. Rk. Edward Earll, the head of the special exposition staff: On July 7 Congress passed a bill authorizing the representation of the various, executive departments of the Government, including the Smithsonian Institution and Department of Agriculture, at the World’s Industrial and Cotton Centennial Exposition to be opened in New Orleans December 1, and to continue for six months. The bill further provided for an exhibit by each of the departments at the Southern Exposition to be held at Louisville, Ky., and at the: Industrial Hx- position at Cincinnati, Ohio. The bill authorized the appointment by the President of representatives for each of the departments, these to constitute a United States Executive Board, to whom all questions re- lating to the Government participation in the various expositions were to be referred. Each representative was to be charged with the prep- aration of an exhibit for his department, and the funds placed to its credit by Congress were to be disbursed under his direction. Mr. G. Brown Goode, Assistant Director of the U. S. National Museum, who had represented the U.S. Fish Commission at Berlin in 1880, and at London in 1883, was appointed to represent the Smithsonian Institu- tion, including the U. 8. National Museum and U.S. Fish Commission. Seventy-five thousand dollars were placed to the credit of the Institu- tion for the preparation of exhibits for New Orleans, with twenty-four hundred dollars additional for Louisville and twenty-three hundred dollars for Cincinnati. THE. EXHIBIT AT LOUISVILLE. In 1883 the people of Louisville obtained control of a large plat of ground within easy access of the city and erected a building 920 feet by 630, with extensive galleries, where they held a large and successful REPORT OF ASSISTANT DIRECTOR. 49 exposition, continuing for three months. The exposition of 1884 was held under the same auspices and in the same building, opening August 16 and closing October 25. Immediately upon the passage of the bill by Congress correspondence was opened with the management of the exposition and space obtained in different portions of the building for the several executive depart- ments, 4,500 feet being assigned to the Smithsonian Institution, in one of the most prominent portions of the building. The time being short, the work of preparing the exhibit was vigorously prosecuted, and on August 12 three car-loads, containing 95 cases, with a weight of 23,553 pounds, were shipped. These arrived at Louisville on the morn- ing of the 16th, and by the evening of the 19th were fully installed. The industrial interests of Kentucky were taken into consideration in deciding upon the character of the exhibit, which it was thought de- sirable to make as instructive as possible. It was largely an educa- tional exhibit, showing the processes of manufacture of raw materials which were abundant in the State, and a graphic representation of such subjects as were supposed to be least familiar to the people of Kentucky. One of the prominent features of the exhibit was a large collection showing the processes of manufacturing textiles from raw materials, including flax, hemp, jute, grasses, and silk. A collection illustrative of articles derived from the animal kingdom was also shown. This in- cluded a series of furs, another of crude and manufactured leathers, a third of natural and ornamental shells and sbell-works, another illus- trating the uses of feathers in the arts, and a fifth showing the manu- facture and uses of glues derived from the sounds, bones, and skins of various species of fish. An extensive collection illustrative of the great ovean fisheries of the New England coast was also shown. The whale fishery was illustrated by means of a full-sized whale-boat, fully equipped with sails, oars, harpoons, lines, and guns; a model of a whale-ship with a whale alongside, showing the method of stripping the blubber, and trying it out on the vessel’s deck, and by paintings of whaling scenes. The other fisheries, including those for cod, mackerel, men- haden, and herring, and the apparatus and methods of fish-culture, were fully shown by models of the most important vessels and boats, and a series of photographs 30 by 40 inches, neatly framed, classified, and mounted on screens. The natural-history collections included a repre- sentation of nearly all of the snakes and reptiles found in the United States, and a fine series of many of the water-birds of the country. An attendant was left in charge of the exhibits during the continu- ance of the exposition, and at its close the exhibits were carefully packed and a majority of them forwarded directly to New Orleans, a few being returned to Washington to be remounted, with larger and more complete collections, before shipping to the New Orleans Exposi- ‘ion. S. Mis. 33, pt. 2 4 50 | REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884. THE EXHIBIT AT CINCINNATI. The Cincinnati Industrial Exposition is an institution of some years standing, and receives the cordial support of the most prominent busi- ness men of the city. Expositions have been held annually since 1873, a suitable and substantial brick building having been erected by the management. It is located in the heart of the city, and has annually a large attendance. For the season of 1884 the exposition opened on September 3, closing on the fourth of the following month. As the space was mostly allotted before the bill authorizing Govern- ment participation in the exposition had become a law, a second build- ing to accommodate the Government exhibits was found necessary, and the management erected a temporary structure near the main entrance, having dimensions of 50 by 200 feet. This was divided between the several departments, 3,322 square feet, or‘nearly one-third of the entire building, being allotted to the Smithsonian Institution. This space was situated at one end of the structure, thus admitting of a y satistactory and very pleasing installation. As soon as the Louisville exhibits were in place the work of pre- paring those for Cincinnati was vigorously pushed, and the entire col- lection consisting of 80 cases of exhibits with a weight of 24,321 pounds was shipped on August 26, reaching the exposition at Cincinnati on September 1. A large force of men was at once set to work to unpack and arrange them, and by the opening of the exposition the arrange- ment was practically completed. As at Louisville, the exhibits were largely educational, and included such objects as it was thought would be appreciated by those who saw them. One of the striking features of the exhibit was an alcove con- taining a collection illustrative of the social life and industries of the Eskimo and the Indians of the northwest coast; the dwellings, house- hold utensils, and implements of war, hunting and fishing, as well as the art of the two races being shown in such a manner as to afford accurate means of comparison. A life-size bust in plaster of one of the prominent Indian chiefs with portraits in oil of thirteen others were also exhibited. Another important feature was a large and valuable collection of minerals yielding gems and ornamental stones. The natural history department contained a small but choice collection of taxidermy, including game and water birds, sparrows, and a few mam- mals, while a full series of Audubon colored plates of North American birds were framed and used for decoration. 'Two cases were devoted to a large collection of plaster casts of the more common snakes and turtles of the United States. The methods and apparatus employed in the great ocean fisheries and in fish culture were graphically repre- sented by means of two extensive series of photographs, the largest series being solar enlargement having dimensions of 30 by 40 inches. In the fishery section was also shown a large and valuable collection of REPORT OF ASSISTANT DIRECTOR. ae plaster casts of the important food-fishes of the country, including both fresh and salt water species. The collection of textile fabrics was very complete, including samples of many of both American and foreign fabrics, from the cheapest to the most expensive. Two alcoves, which attracted considerable attention, were devoted to photolithographs of Japanese pottery, and a large collection of photographs showing the arts of the early Saxons. . As at Louisville, the collections were placed in charge of an attendant who looked after the interests of the department during the continuance of the exposition, and at its close the exhibits were packed and the bulk of them shipped to New Orleans, to be installed with other exhibits at the exposition in that city. THE EXHIBIT AT NEW ORLEANS. The preparations for the exhibit at New Orleans have been very exten- sive. Curators from the various departments of the Museum have been charged with the collection of material to illustrate their several depart- ments at the exposition, and assistants have been employed in arrang- ing and mounting the collections, which, as a rule, have been provided with printed or written descriptive labels. The building for the display of the Government and State exhibits at New Orleans is 885 feet Jong and 565 feet wide. A strip 185 feet wide, extending entirely across the center of the building has been assigned to the Government departments, the Smithsonian Institution occupying an area of over twenty thousand square feet at the left of the principal entrance of the building. | The exhibit includes an archeological collection of considerable sizes a large and valuable ethnological collection, confined chiefly to the Indians and Eskimo of North America; a collection of models showing the development of American ship-building; a collection of American and foreign textiles, and a large and valuable collection of autotypes representing the principal artists of the world. Adjoining the last is a collection of all of the important food-fishes of the country in plaster, a collection illustrative of the recent methods of fish culture and the more important forms of fish-ladders, together with tabulated state- ments of the nutritive values of fish and other aquatic animals. Next comes an extensive collection of animal products, showing the various methods of utilizing the hair, fur, feathers, scales, leather, flesh, bones, intestines, and excrements of various animals. Adjoining this, and serv- ing as a connection between it and the natural history specimens, is a collection illustrating the various devices used in the capture of animals. The natural history collection includes specimens of the principal mam- mals, birds, and shells, the latter being arranged according to their geographical location, the molluscan life of the Atlantic coast, the Miss- 52 REPORT OF NATIONAL MEUSEUM, 1884. issippi basin, and the Pacific being shown separately. Seven cases are devoted to an extensive collection of minerals, while a large space is assigned to metallurgy and economic geology, including a collection illustrating the apparatus and methods of coal mining, and samples of the various grades of commercial coal. The entire collection, occupying seventeen cars, was sent to New Or- leans, where it is now being installed in as systematic a manner as possible, the educational idea being prominent in the arrangement. During the progress of the several expositions many of the curators were in attendance for a short time, in order to give their personal at- tention to the installment of their exhibits. The Assistant Director left here on December 6, to be present at the opening of the New Orleans Exposition, and was thus enabled to superintend in person the installa- tion of the Smithsonian exbibit so far as it was possible to complete this by the opening day. Mr. Henry Horan, superintendent of the National Museum, was detailed to attend to the three expositions at various times between August 13 and November 30,in order to assist in the arrangement of the cases. He also attended to the shipment from Cincinnati to New Orleans of the cases intended for display at the latter place. INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION OF LONDON. The International Fisheries Exhibition of 1883 closed on October 31, and Mr. Earll, with his assistants, who were left in charge after my re- turn, reached Washington soon after the beginning of the year, the last shipment of collections from London having already been received. The reception, unpacking, and installation of the collections which were prepared to be sent to London, together with the new material obtained from the collections of other countries at this exhibition, oc- cupied a great deal of time in the early part of the year. As has already ~ ‘been mentioned, this work was completed in a preliminary manner in May, during which month the fisheries gallery was opened to the pub- lic. At the same time the gallery devoted to naval architecture—a department which also received great impetus in connection with the London Exhibition—was also thrown open. The fisheries collection will undoubtedly for some years stand as the first completed and most thoroughly arranged collection in the department of arts and indus- tries. During the year a full catalogue of the collection, as shown in London, has been printed, which, although far from corresponding to the standard proposed for the Museum hand-books, will serve as a starting point for this series. This catalogue may be considered as a report upon the participation by the United States in the London Fish- eries Exhibition. The report upon the general exhibition is now, as the law requires, in course of preparation, and will be presented to the Sec- retary of State during the coming year. REPORT OF ASSISTANT DIRECTOR. 53 E.— REVIEW OF THE YEAR'S WORK IN THE SCIENTIFIO DEPARTMENTS. As in my last report, I here present a brief review of what has been accomplished in each department of the several scientific divisions. The curators’ reports are given in full in Part Il of this report. These are especially intended to embrace (1) a review of the important addi- tions during the year; (2) a statement of the character of routine work employed in arranging and classifying the collections, and in preparing the exhibition and study series. 17. DIVISION OF ANTHROPOLOGY. (a) Department of Arts and Industries. The curator of this department is the custodian of all materials pos- sessing anthropological significance, which are not elsewhere assigned. Its belongings are consequently somewhat heterogeneous and difficult to report upon, and its relations with the Department of Ethnology are so intimate that it is impossible to make a definite division between them. Certain collections belonging to this department are under the charge of other curators, the collection of building-stones being as- signed to the department of lithology and physical geology, while all that relates to mining and metal-working is cared for by the curator of metallurgy and economic geology. Several sub-curatorships have grown up in this department, and certain other collections, especially those of architecture, musical instruments, and modern ceramics, to- gether with the somewhat anomalous collection of historical objects, are at present assigned to this curatorship. When, in 1857, the Smithsonian Institution assumed the custody of the collection of the United States Exploring Expedition, together with the miscellaneous material which had gathered around this nucleus, a great quantity of material was transferred to the Smithsonian building which has not to this day been classified and placed upon exhibition. The rapid growth, especially during the past decade, of the collections illustrating the ethnology of North American Indians, and especially of prehistoric objects from this continent, has absorbed the attention of all who were interested in this department of the Museum. The major- ity of the foreign ethnological objects are still, on account of lack of room, packed up or crowded together in a too limited amount of case- room. At the close of the Centennial Exhibition the Museum received from foreign Governments great quantities of material exhibited at Philadelphia, which, while possessing an undoubted ethnological inter- est, could not in many instances be displayed in the manner usually adopted in ethnological museums. The material received from Philadelphia in 1876 was for several years stored in the Armory building. On completion of the present Museum 54 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884. building, and before the collections could be transferred to it, it became necessary to decide by what method the stored material (other than zoological, botanical, geological, or mineralogical) could be most effect- ively classified for purposes of study and exhibition. _ After a careful consideration of the methods of the large museums of Europe, the officers of the Museum agreed that the ordinary classifi- cation by races or tribes would in this case be less satisfactory than a classification based upon function. The Report of the Smithsonian Institution for 1881, pages 117-122, and also Circular No. 13, of the National Museum, presented a pro- visional outline of the plan of classification for the Museum. This classification, while its purpose was to embrace every kind of object which could possibly be exhibited in the Museum, was especially full in those parts which related to the arts and industries, forty-nine out of the sixty-four primary classes relating to this group of museum material. The general idea of the classification, as there explained, is that the collections should constitute a museum of anthropology, the word ‘‘ anthropology” being applied in its most comprehensive sense. It should exhibit the physical characteristics, the history, the manners past and present of all races civilized and savage, and should also illus- trate human culture and industry in all their phases; the earth, its physical structure, and its products are to be exhibited with special reference to their adaptation for use by man. Some experiments have already been made with reference to the fea- sibility of this plan of arranging the exhibition series, but I am not yet prepared to recommend its final acceptance; indeed the experience of three years has brought about many changes in the plan, and a revision is now being made by Professor Mason and myself. The adoption of any plan of this general character would necessitate the grouping together, in continuous series, of objects which had never before been placed side by side in any museum. If the evolution of any given industry or class of objects is to be shown, the series should begin with the simplest types and close with the most perfect and elaborate objects of the same class which human effort has produced. In the textile industry, for instance, at one extreme is shown the simple whorl of stone or terra cotta, used by savage or semi-civilized man, together with the archaic representative of the same, surviving among rural members of the most highly civilized races; these being supplemented by the threads and the simple woven fabrics produced by them; on the other hand, the steam spinning apparatus and the power and Jacquard looms. ; Much attention has been devoted during the year to experiments for determining the manner in which the idea of this classification can best be carried into effect. It is not possible within the limits of this report to describe what has been done. In facta full account of them at pres- ent would be premature. The practicability of the scheme can best be REPORT OF ASSISTANT DIRECTOR. 55 judged upon by an examination of the one or two groups, such as the materia medica collection, the collection of musical instruments, and the portion of the costume collection, which are already partly installed. The Department of Arts and Industries is not yet established upon the same footing as the others in the Museum, nor is it yet quite cer- tain what form it will assume in the future. I shall therefore not un- dertake to present a formal report upon its operations, but shall sub- mit in the appendix the reports of the curators of materia medica, tex- tile industries, foods and naval architecture, and refer back to my re- port of 1883 for a statement of the character of the work which was in progress at the end of that year, and which has been continued during the present year, so far as the interruptions connected with exposition work have permitted. The installation of the section of fisheries,* under the immediate direction of Mr. R. E. Earll, was actively carried on from January to May, and on the evening of May 14, at 7.30 p. m., the fisheries section of the National Museum was formally opened to the public. This ocea- sion was one of special interest, from the fact that the collections in this section were the same that had been exhibited at the International Fisheries Exhibition at London in 1883, together with certain collec- tions which had been acquired in London by gift and exchange. The building was illuminated by electric lights, fitted up for the occasion by the Brush-Swan Electric Light Company. The Director of the Museum held an informal reception in the north main hall. The number of visitors on this occasion was 2,033. , This section presents no special report, except in the form of the cat- alogue of the American section at the London Fisheries Exhibition, which is in fact an elaborate report upon everything in the section, and which is referred to elsewhere. At the New Orleans Exposition the Department of Fisheries was represented by about sixty of the large _ pictures prepared for the London Exhibition, and by about 200 casts of American food-fishes, which also had direct relation to the animal prod- ucts collection just referred to. It was not deemed expedient to dis- mantle the general fishery collections so recently installed, for such a temporary interest as that of these exhibitions. The United States Fish Commission made preparations for a considerable display of fish-culture, and a representative collection of fish-cultural apparatus was sent from the Museum. Mr. Hitchcock, the curator of the textile collection, has been pria- cipally occupied in exposition work, in connection with which he un- dertook the preparation of a collection of textile fibers and fabrics. Portions of this collection were exhibited both at Louisville and Cin- cinnati. Captain Collins, on behalf of the Department of Naval Architecture, prepared a series of working models illustrating the development of — — — * Report U. 8. N. M., 1883, pp. 16,17. 56 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884. the ship-building industry in the United States, and especially the evo- lution of the American schooner, the American pilot-boat, and the American cotton-ship. A number of full-rigged models were also sent in this connection, being exhibited on the way at Louisville and Cin- cinnati. The model of a whale-boat, fully eqaipped with all appliances for the capture of whales, was also sent. This model attracted much attention at the London and Berlin Fisheries Exhibitions. The animal products collection, which was so prominent a feature in the exhibition of this Institution at Philadelphia, has been reorganized and greatly extended, so that it now represents very thoroughly the applications of animals to the uses of mankind in all parts of the world. This collection alone, if arranged in table-cases, would occupy a floor- space equivalent to that in one of the large halls of the new Museum building. The Museum has received many important gifts for this col- lection on condition that they be exhibited in New Orleans before being finally placed in the Museum. A selection of about 250 of the celebrated autotypes published by Adolph Braun & Co., of Dornach, have been acquired for use at the ex- hibitions. This collection illustrates the history of painting from the time of Cimabue and Giotto, including copies of from one to six of the best representative works of each celebrated master so far as it was practicable to obtain them. This collection can be packed in a very small space, and is particularly well suited for sending away to exhibi- tions. It may in future be somewhat extended to good advantage. (b) Department of Ethnology. Prof. Otis T. Mason, for many years connected with the Columbian University, of this city, was appointed curator of this department upon the Ist of July. The Museum may well be congratulated upon the ad- dition of this skillful ethnologist to its staff. Professor Mason, as is well known, was one of the first in America to embrace in his studies the entire subject of the natural history of man, or what is known now as the science of anthropology. His publications upon this subject, beginning with his paper upon the Leipsic Museum, published in the Smithsonian Annual Report for 1873; his articles upon ethnology in Harper’s Record of Science and Industry from 1873 to 1877; the Smith- sonian Record of Progress from 1878 to 1884; the directions for col- lectors for the Centennial Exposition, issued by the Indian Bureau in 1875; his lectures in the Saturday course, delivered in the Museum; also his papers presented to the American Association, and his contri- butions to the American Naturalist, extending over a period of twenty years, are all devoted to the comprehensive study of man. He was the associate of the late Mr. Louis H. Morgan in organizing the anthropological section of the American Association in 1876, and was one of the founders of the RNR es: al Society of W Rontaetou in 1879, writing its constitution. REPORT OF ASSISTANT DIRECTOR. 57 A prominent characteristic of his work has been the introduction of regular scientific methods into anthropological inquiries, treating each savage art as the anatomist or embryologist treats his subject. The energy of Professor Mason has already produced important re- sults in that the ethnological collections, never before under control, have already been provisionally classified. In the present report are presented three papers emanating from this department—on the bas- ketry, throwing-sticks, and bows in the National Museum—and it is much to be hoped that the method of investigation and publication foreshadowed in these papers will be prosecuted until the discussion of the whole round of savage art as exemplified in our collections shall have been completed. During the year 3,658 specimens belonging to primitive races have been received. In addition to these this department has been intrusted with many objects registered in other catalogues and deposited here for the sake of completing evolutionary series of implements, processes, and art products. The most noteworthy accessions in 1884 were as follows : Illustrations of Eskimo and Indian life, from Ungava Bay and vi- cinity, by Lucien Turner, who will prepare a monograph upon the specimens. Illustrations of Eskimo life at Point Barrow, collected by Lieutenant Ray, U.S. A. Mr. John Murdoch will describe these. Rich collections from the Eskimo of Western and Southern Alaska, by E. W. Nelson, W. J. Fisher, Charles L. McKay, and Baron Norden- skjold. Specimens of the arts of the tribes of Northwest America, collected by James G. Swan and Lieut. T. Dix Bolles. Many objects illustrative of the modern Indians of Yucatan, by Louis H. Aymé. A very large and instructive collection ef objects from the Peruvian huacas, by George W. Keifer, and Dr. William H. Jones, U.S. N. A collection of weapons &c., from New Guinea, purchased from A. P. Goodwin. ¢ An exchange series of weapons from Polynesia, contributed by Charles Heape. During the year illustrative series of ethnological objects have been exhibited at Cincinnati, Louisville, and New Orleans, care being taken in each case to impress some ethnological truth, such as distribution of types, the effect of environment, the treatment of the same art by dif- ferent tribes, or the progress of an art from its infancy to its highest manifestation. This special collection was displayed in 120 unit boxes, 17 double unit boxes, 37 costume boxes, and 2 slope tables. In addi- tion, 1 model of an Eskimo house, 1 model of a Haida house, and 2 Indian busts were sent. 58 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884. (c.) Department of American Prehistoric Pottery. Mr. William H. Holmes; having been assigned by the director of the Bureau of Ethnology of the Smithsonian Institution to the work of preparing a report upon American aboriginal pottery, has been ap- pointed honorary curator of this section of the Museum. He has been engaged during the year in classifying the entire collection and in pre- paring the exhibition series. The northwest court, which has been as- signed to this section, will be opened to the public as soon as cases can be provided and the specimens installed. More than 10,000 specimens have been added to this department during the year. By far the most prominent among the contributors is the Bureau of Ethnology, which has added 6,000 pieces of pottery to this department. A magnificent accession of 3,000 vases from the tombs of Chiriqui was bought from Mr. J.C. McNeil, and a very valuable collection from Peru has been re- ceived through the agency of Dr. William H. Jones, U.S. N. (ad) Department of Antiquities. ‘The Department of Prehistoric Antiquities, under the charge of Dr. Charles Rau, has kept pace with all the others in growth and general - progress. The present somewhat unsettled condition of the upper main hali of the Smithsonian building, in which these collections are exhib- ited, is due to the fact that the arts and industries collections, formerly placed here, have not been entirely removed, owing to the lack of ex- hibition cases in the new building. The arrangement of the gallery of antiquities is, however, as far advanced as any in the Museum. To as great an extent as opportunity and case-room have permitted, Dr. Rau has carried out his double system of arrangement, placing in one ex- tensive series, which is for the most part exhibited in flat cases, col- lections grouped according to material and form, enabling visitors to take in at a glance “‘ the whole culture of prehistoric North America, in so far as can be represented by tangible tokens.” In another series are placed special collections, including the articles found in given single localities, whether mounds, graves, or shell-deposit districts. It is in the arrangement of these special collections that the most noticeable changes have been made. Here, as elsewhere, the preparations for the New Orleans Exposition have seriously interfered with the general work. An extensive educa- tional series of stone implements, illustrating American archeology, has, however, been prepared, and casts have been made of every character- istic form of stone implement. The collection, when complete, will con- stitute, in fact, a set of illustrations in actuality of the text of Dr. Rau’s paper entitled “The Archeological Collection of the United States Na- tional Museum,”* and the work, which has been done well, will be of *Published by the Smithsonian Institution, 1876, as No. 287, Smithsonian Contri- butions to Knowledge. & REPORT OF ASSISTANT DIRECTOR. 59 service not only for future exhibitions, but in the preparation of typical collections to be distributed ta educational institutions. The number of accessions during the year amounted to 5,441, and the total number of specimens in the collection is 45,252, of which 8,522 are duplicates. The principal literary product of the department has been a work upon prehistoric fishing in Europe and North America, pre- pared by the curator. 18. DIVISION OF ZOOLOGY. (a) Department of Mammals. Notwithstanding the absence of the curator, Mr. Frederick W. True, in Europe during the first quarter of the year, and other diversions of his attention and time to routine work not connected with his regular duties, the progress of this department has been exceedingly satisfac- tory. The work upon the exhibition series has been hampered by the fact that money has not been available for the construction of the de- sired cases in the mammal hall. The collection is now, for the first time in many years, thoroughly classified and under control, and the total number of skins and alcoholic specimens is reported to be 5,604, of skulls and skeletons 4,212, making a total of 9,908. The accessions of the year have, in number, variety, and importance, been fully equal to those of earlier periods. No less than 38 specimens, including such rare and peculiar forms as the eland, harnessed antelope, cheetah, two species of lemur, wart-hog, and baboons, have been re- ceived from the proprietors of zoological gardens and menageries, for which due acknowledgments are given in the Museum report. An un- usual number of cetaceans and seals, many of great novelty and inter- est, have been received from various sources. The amount of taxider- mic work accomplished has been unusually great, owing to a special allotment for the employment of extra help, made from the appropria- tion for the New Orleans Exhibition, 149 specimens in all having been added to the mounted series, including several large forms such as the buffalo, puma, jaguar, and beaver. (b) Department of Birds. This year is shown by the report of .Mr. Ridgway to have been one of unusual activity in the Departinent of Birds. The collections have been entirely rearranged, and the exhibition series is receiving a com- plete overhauling. Over 1,200 skins have been mounted, and several hundred of them fastened on walnut stands. Copy for 1,000 labels has been prepared. The total number of specimens in the reserve series is 50,350, 6,800 of which are in the exhibition series. In this, as in several other departments, the main direction of effort during the year was to- wards the preparation of the special exhibit of North American game- birds for the New Orleans Exposition, comprising 171 specimens, repre- 60 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884. senting 123 species. Considerable time was also spent in unpacking and installing the exhibits which had been sent to the International Fisheries Exhibition, London, in 1883. Mr. Ridgway reports that the year has been unprecedented in the extent of the accessions. The number of birds added during the year is 8,142, 2,658 skins having been distributed. Of this number 94 speci- mens were collected during the cruise of the United States Fish Com- mission steamer Albatross among the West India Islands; 675 speci- mens, mainly from Japan, and presented by Capt. 'T. W. Blackiston; 473 specimens from the British Museum; 768 specimens from Alaska and 21 specimens from Arizona, collected by E. W. Nelson; 256 speci- mens, chiefly from India, received from Mr. R. Bowdler Sharpe, of the British Museum; 84 specimens presented by Dr. Leonhard Stejneger; 478 specimens from Northern California, and 55 specimens from the Far- allone Islands, collected by Mr. Charles H. Townsend; and 1,705 speci- mens from Ungava, Labrador, collected by Mr. Lucien M. Turner, Many other large and valuable accessions were also made, as will be seen by referring to the list of accessions in the report of the curator. Nearly 3,000 specimens were sent out in exchange or loaned for exami- nation. Birds’ eggs. The collection of birds’ eggs has been overhauled and rearranged by Capt. Charles E. Bendire, U. 8S. A., the honorary curator of this de- partment, who has also presented to the Museum his magnificent col- leetion of about 8,000 eggs. The grand total of specimens in this sec- tion is 40,072, of which 35,800 are North American. This collection now represents nearly all that is known of American oology, and contains 40,072 specimens, of which 4,272 are foreign. A large collection of 468 specimens was received from Dr. James C. Merrill, U. S. A. Other important accessions were made by Mr. E. W. Nelson, Lieut. P. H. Ray, U.S. A., Dr. Leonhard Stejneger, Mr. Charles H. Townsend, Governor Fencher, of Godthaab, Greenland, and others. Forty-five specimens were exchanged or loaned for examination. (c) Department of Reptiles and Batrachians. Extensive and valuable additions have been made to the collections of this department during the year. Dr. H. C. Yarrow has continued to serve as curator in the capacity of volunteer. It has not yet been found practicable to assign any space in the Museum for the exhibition of these collections, and owing to the already crowded condition of the new Museum building it is feared that no exhibition space can be as- signed to this department until the Museum shall have been enabled to extend its walls. During the summer the curator visited Utah for the purpose of scientific study, and while there collected many interesting REPORT OF ASSISTANT DIRECTOR. 61 specimens of reptiles, which were added to the Museum collections. The principal accessions to this department in'1884 were made by Capt. Charles Bendire, U. 8. A., Mr. Charles H. Townsend, Mr. C.J. Hering, and by the scientific staff which accompanied the United States Fish Commission steamer Albatross on her cruise to the West Indies. (ad) Department of Fishes. The work upon this extensive and unwieldly collection has made fine progress during the year. Thecurator, Dr. Bean, bas nearly completed his card catalogue of the reserve series, and during the summer Prof. D. 8S. Jordan was employed, in the interest of the New Orleans Exhibi- tion, in selecting out a special exhibition series to include all the fresh- water fishes of the United States, and to make a special collecting trip through the Mississippi Valley, with the view to supply such species as were lacking in the collection. This trip bas been of great importance to the science of ichthyology, bringing to light very many important facts concerning the fishes of a region not previously explored ichthyo- logically, and throwing much light upon the whole subject of distri- -bution. Out of the 560 fresh-water species known to inhabit North America, the Museum now has all but 49, 30 having been added by this trip, and some 25 new species having been brought to light. Of the 93 accessions to this department during the year 34 are re- garded as of great value. ‘ a A fas eal Or iS ical men ; My wer) ai, Po Wedel ne Oe A Hit Bhi ) vind Belk 3 a ‘ » ., 7 a ee ov df A - L Patek VE a ee ae bar tte ¢ i 2 An SAY i las fe oy Poe oe ages r bn ‘ x yal AA § Hy PSE AN A Mr og ¥ i tie Poa n ; re a unk es a vide it 4 ’ ei Seif nN een: ae aes » pe nee, oe BD aes Ny Se TB Be Pps : aie ae ins t % i se A Beats“ nn gee whe, ae vhs tah ‘a A yore cue He fr) vvre ae = ‘ i tas hs Wag: 7 .* ite i. . oe Pi ¥ ih i \ u) a bates) aide hxn hae > f aie i" Py avsel, ak!» 7 yy Nat OOS OS ne 8 a 7 a Unb ce Ieee PER , etsy Ms yt : " re y Kl ah a i - l Ni) 7 ad Y » [2 & ~ ir ; "hh ‘4 hin 4 ‘ , wea a4 Uh Ess ye aay yt, . i Sp r “4s 1 : M F : ro Kyu 5 : AY ‘ ay ’ ae) or ee ho san re oyF . ie f i> av us ey ‘0 y eer! f + ld YY vit’ 7 > ce a in moe ‘ PS Pa at hg iv, ‘ Ny es 1d. 4, i» ’ ie ‘ uh < ptt tae mK re Pes: yh 4 j ” Pip HE i wv uf * i, 7 AM h tf y LJ ¢ Ay Dial ¥ ‘s : : « ‘ of nt a if ‘lei ria cy } | ainintiy. nH ae * _ pref tet! ee ‘ae Apna My ted on Ul De re U ih xi iy RPh Ti! it ae WeSSiney ‘fi y f at hn ead i x Me Lah Ns aye (ie Sa Geis ee tee "4 uv a ' J t 4 iets Wha. an ala. Y big vi bois pitt ae ier “ 7 ‘ 4) re Ate ay’ re le i ‘ ay Wy eas Le - eee re tee > aaah ih EMail 7 waehe ME WEEP ree Seay Ore Gree e ue ny ES ES eee a Marne Wats vee | ana ratte dies pp een Han) GSN abt | Se Bi sia 4 } Bos: ‘i ae ay! bit : rat ah Cw ; i ror wv) , as ake ae AA Wad as i X th | Se rama ety Pei a ary. ig a oF / oe VS oe a a i atne veal apne oe yc! ema aes yk retain peo PRR AR At eee sa vit tate 4 ’ : 12h Ws. dag | fos tia on + it foun va : . ma aes yA nip? MAA oils Ce wy hat ty Hy a fh let oul a +h Aun . A ie - Lae lodsus “a ened Pat ah rea 4 PNAS) } are y ie ; Nae ek H ry , { Neri nw wit ie , , ¥ > ‘Siaeae | Sots ty we i FARES) is ue ra \ n at 7 y N Raa a ne oe a Silas ' } Baa) Hee) cae Se i a Ff Ree cay ahi eau ak Cn Many iin hee) sbiiy nate a) Sie: =) 2 Piel de if 1 tee’ } r a hed ‘ rn . ha rs) eo y i gana un ee ay Meare Oly iy. an Tyblinw: bi pi - a pate if ‘gt RO | a hi in Bae Set eis ee Sere ipa ate cae Phe Dy itd ole . Et ae the hg a a of , > wh , ny \ / , Z / "tt , ” J Aa yt ine i ' wu A eR D 1 (A). —REPORT ON THE SECTION OF MATERIA MEDICA IN THE U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, FOR THE YEAR 1884. By H.G. Bryer, M. D., Assistant Surgeon, U. S. N., Honorary Curator. Accessions of the year.— During the past year specimens of drugs have been contributed to this department, principally by D. Morris, esq., director of Public Gardens and Plantations, Jamaica; Messrs, F. W, Stearns & Co., Detroit, Mich.; Mr. G. W. Jewett, inspector of drugs, New York; and Messrs. Fritzsche Bros., New York; numbering in all 406. | Method of arrangement.—W hen specimens are received they are, after being carefully examined, entered upon the register, and according to their condition are dried, bottled, and labeled, after which they are added to the exhibit, which is arranged as follows: First, animal products ; second, vegetable products; third, products of fermentation and dis- tillation; fourth, inorganic products; the entire collection being pre- faced by an array of all the ‘‘medicinal forms” in which medicines are administered. In addition to the above there is a separate collection of Chinese materia medica. Succeeding the general collection is an exhibit of some of the most popular mineral waters. Hach of these is shown in the quantity of 10 liters, and with it each of its saline constituents, in the exact weight which analysis has shown to be present in that volume of the water; thus representing to the eye the quantity of each constituent salt in- gested with a given quantity of water, and furnishing a quantitative table, without the use of figures, for comparison of the different mineral waters. A catalogue of the collection has been printed, and a classification of the forms in which drugs are administered, by Dr. James M. Flint, U.S. N.: also will be found a “ Report on the Pharmacopceais of all Nations,” by Dr. Flint. No original researches have been carried on in this De- partment, owing to the want of necessary apparatus. Illustrative of drug-yielding plants, there are now properly placed on exhibition 136 photographs and 350 colored plates. During the year 1,500 labels have been sent to the printer; at present 893 are permanently attached to specimens. 75 76 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884. Condition of the collection.—The following is an accurate statement: Number pt apecimons now on exhibition ....225 265. “laec 655. /ae eae ee ames 3, 201 Nember of specimens awaiting case room .. 24. 1... dose neok pieeceeeetiee meme 289 Peer Ca MOC TIONG, CUPLICRLTCE: . 4 025. n ace: vee Dh ben's wee g ee oe oe eee eee 300 Pore eumn per entered On register .. 5...) 40nd Suse neeen eens pe ee eee eee 4,442 The origin of this collection dates to 1882, when the Agricultural De- partment transferred to this institution the several collections of drugs which were exhibited at the International Exhibition, Philadelphia, 1876. It has, through the kindness of the wholesale drug firms of W. H. Schieffelin & Co., N. Y.; Parke; Davis & Co., Detroit, Mich.; Mce- Kesson & Robbins, N. Y.; Wallace Bros., Statesville, N. C., and others, together with exchanges with foreign museums, grown to be one of the largest of its kind. The object of such a collection is to exhibit drugs in their crude state, and the different preparations of them, and thus serve to illustrate to what stage of perfection man has.arrived in the use of medicines. The collection at present as a whole already represents the principal drugs in most of their commercial varieties now in use by the civilized people of the world, including nearly all of the new remedies that have lately been bronght to the notice of the profession. Therefore the prog- ress of the future development of this collection of the Museum can per- haps hardly be expected to be as rapid as it has been in the past, for the majority of acquisitions will be found to consist of duplicates. The labelling of the collection, which heretofore has been the most important routine work, has offered many serious difficulties. The prin- cipal ones may be plainly traced to two sources, viz: First, the difficulty of judiciously and carefully condensing information when such is found in abundance, so that it will only occupy the limited space allowed for each label by the Museum regulations, keeping in constant view the double end of the exhibit, which is that of a popular exhibition for the information of the general visitor as well as a scientific collection and arrangement of facts for the pharmaceutical and medical student. Sec- ondly, the obscure drugs of which either very little is known or, at any rate, information is very imperfect. The labelling of the entire collec- tion, which has been zealously pursued, will probably be finished during the first part of 1885. Recommendations for future work.—It now remains to extend the use- fulness and importance of this section of the Museum in a direction which, from the natural course of events, it must go to bring it up to the prestige of that scientific institution of which, in time to come, it will, it is to be hoped, form a most important part. Plant analysis and pharmacological experiments, or the investigation of the chemical constituents of plants and their action on the animal organism, call loudly for a recognition denied them. For the last twenty years but little has been accomplished in this line of research. Instead of taking, as it ought, a foremost place, on account of the immediate practi- SECTION OF MATERIA MEDICA rj cal importance attached to its beneficial results applicable to mankind, it has lagged far behind its sister sciences, physiology and pathology. However, within the last few years it has received a new impetus. Some of our transatlantic colleagues are devoting themselves assidu- ously to the study of drugs and their actions. The discovery of the anesthetic properties of cocainum chloridum is a more recent example of their success. In connection with this department it is of the highest importance that such researches should be carried on. The medical profession of this country would watch our operations with great ap- proval and profound interest, and the raison d’étre of this section of the United States National Museum would be proportionally increased. | would therefore respectfully and earnestly urge the necessity of provid- ing the means for investigating this valuable stock of material now contained in the collection. 77 4? Lass _s (Se o Par I (B).—REPORT ON SECTION OF TEXTILE INDUSTRIES IN THE U. $8. NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884. By Romyn HiTcucock, Acting Curator. The collection of textile fibers and fabrics was placed under my charge in November, 1883, at which time there was a large accumulation of ma- terial in the Museum pertaining to this department, which was stowed away in drawers and boxes. Much of this material was of value, some of it worthless, and it required no little labor to classify and arrange it for display. When this work was begun there was scarcely a single case of textiles on exhibition properly arrranged and labelled. There are now not less than thirty sliding-screen cases completely filled with specimens, each one of which is labelled either with a permanent printed, or a temporary written, label. By far the greater number of these have been mounted during the year 1884. In the beginning of work in this department many difficulties were encountered. It was necessary, first of all, to devise a system of classification for fibers and fabrics which would be comprehensive. As regards vegetable fibers, various systems were considered, in the hope that a scientific classification might be found which would serve well for industrial purposes ; but a brief study of the subject clearly showed the impracticability of such a scheme. Turning then to purely artificial systems, it is not necessary to refer to the merits and demerits of those which have been proposed from time to time, but merely to say that the system which has seemed best for museum purposes is based upon the position of the fibers in the plants. The plan of classification adopted for textile fibers is as follows: Type. I oe Oa Se add a ren cain Ok ee irida aks Uae ps Asbestos. Vegetable fibers : Grasses, stems, barks, &c., used in the natural condition...... Esparto. Stem, leaf, and root fibers: NE, ME i ue or ead Cenk daehes beds meget eek Flax. I I i a ee ad | New Zealand flax. ND ai ck et Bie wkl Gi was cadens REA Cael 08 SEE Cotton. Animal fibers : CSC TES CR aene cada LES Gace Cove chbade pabasetaslas tvaeert .--Sheep’s wool. ea Teg 2) Fate ob Vs Ro Ce ae Bik Sac PRA Fe BUY hes} meee Rae Cow’s hair. PE aiwabtastinee sdb Mosesd ciddob andes babey eh ebed WeAdeN dds Silk 79 80 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884. Far greater difficulty has been found in classifying textile fabrics, owing to the technical knowledge of the methods of manufacture re- quired to do this work in a: satisfactory manner. No system has yet been perfected, although a general plan has been under consideration for some time, and it will doubtless be possible to outline a satisfactory scheme in the course of another year. Meanwhile specimens are being mounted, described, and arranged in the cases according to a provisional classification, based primarily upon their composition (whether of cotton, flax, wool, silk, &c.), and secondly upon the method of weaving. Accessions of the year.—The following are the most important among the additions to the collections for the year 1884: Twenty-two specimens of jute, grown in Mississippi from seed ob- tained in India, showing various qualities of the fiber in different stages of preparation. From Hon. W. W. Stone, Stoneville, Miss., president Delta Jute and Fiber Company. Six specimens, showing the process of manufacturing gunny cloth. from Calcutta jute butts. From Mr. Appleton Sturgis, New York. A large collection of cordage made of jute, and a fine specimen of jute fiber, from the Schlichter Jute Cordage Company, Philadelphia, Pa. Forty specimens of textile fibers and fabrics of various kinds from different countries, all well named and identified. From the Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew, England. A. collection of machine-made laces of various kinds, lace mits, nubias, &c. From A. G. Jennings & Sons, New York. A large number of textile fibers and fabrics, from Guatemala and San Salvador, received from the Boston Foreign Exposition, of 1883. Thirteen specimens of textile fibers from Jamaica, collected by Mr. V. P. Parkhurst, who was engaged as collector on the occasion of a visit to the West Indies. Twenty-nine specimens of English laces, made in Nottingham and Devonshire, England, a list of which will be found in No. 24 of the “Proceedings” of the Museum. From Mr. A. Robertson, with Messrs. Hitchcock, Williams & Co., London. Twenty-two small samples of English silk fabrics, manufactured in Manchester and Bradford, and one hundred similar samples of cotton and worsted fabrics, ete, Also from Mr. A. Robertson. A fine specimen of Jacquard weaving in silk. From Prof. T. C. Archer, director of the Edinburgh Museum. Nine specimens illustrating the manufacture of hand-made ingrain and rag carpets. From Mr. O. Herring, Maryland Mills, Baltimore, Md. ! Thirty-seven specimens of rope and twine made of American, Russian, and Italian hemp and sisal. From J. T. Bailey & Co., Philadelphia. A series of fifteen specimens of flax and flax twines manufactured at Schagticoke, N. Y., from flax grown in New York State. From Mr. E. W. Uartshorn, president Cable Flax Mills. SECTION OF TEXTILE INDUSTRIES. 81 Twelve specimens of rough and hackled flax, French, Irish, Dutch, and Canadian. From the Barbour Flax Spinning Company, Paterson, Nw, A series of thirty-seven specimens illustrating the manufacture of raw silk fabrics in the United States. This collection begins with the raw silk as imported from Italy, Japan, and China, and shows the various stages in the preparation of the silk for the loom. The series is an interesting one because the successive steps in the manufacture are so well shown. Then follow specimens of the finished goods, plain or brocaded, in con- siderable variety. Received from John N. Stearns & Co., of New York. Fifteen specimens of raw silks, as imported from Lombardy, Ce- vennes, Piedmont, Japan, and China, carefully selected as_ typical samples, and presented by C. Adolphe Low & Co., of New York. Seven specimens of tapestry Brussels carpets. Irom the Roxbury Carpet Company, Boston, Mass. Specimens of ‘‘ Napier matting” and “hemp carpetings” made of jute. From the Dolphin Manufacturing Company, New York. Specimens of Yucca brevifolia and various kinds of paper made there- from. From R. E. C. Stearns, Washington, D. C. Fifteen specimens of fibers, mostly of animal origin. From the cus- tom-house, Boston, Mass. a A set of specimens of knit*worsted fabrics, astrachan, Jersey cloth, stockinette cloth, &c., manufactured in Philadelphia. From John E. Hanifen & Co., Philadelphia, Pa. A very valuable collection of 117 specimens, illustrating the manu- facture of worsted yarns used in the goods made by the Arlington Mills, and specimens of fine cotton yarns made at the same mills. This is a collection worthy of more than a passing notice. It was prepared with great care and judgment by the superintendent of the mills, Mr. W. D. Hartshorne, for the purpose of showing the successiye stages in the manufacture of yarns from wools of different grades. Beginning with a certain grade of wool the process is followed from the greasy wool through the preparers, combs, gill-hboxes, etc., and made into tops. The manufacture of colored top from the same grade of wool is likewise fully illustrated by samples of fine Australian wool in successive stages from greasy wool through the scourer, carder, back-washing, gill-boxes, comb, and finishing gill-boxes. Then specimens of tops of various grades are shown, and the processes of reducing top to yarn are illus- trated by three distinct series of specimens representing three different grades of wool. Then follow numerous samples of yarns. An equally complete and more comprehensive series of specimeus illustrating the manufacture of worsted and cotton yarns, and also of the finished fabrics and the process of calico printing has been received from the Pacific Mills, and will soon be mounted for exhibition in the Museum. This collection likewise begins with the wool in the grease. Six varieties and mixtures of wool are represented by large samples, §. Mis, 33, pt. 2——6 82 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884. and these are each carried through the successive stages of manufact- ure, washing, carding, combing, etc., to the finished yarn. The manufacture of cotton yarn is likewise illustrated, two grades being carried through the various operations in parallel series, the specimens being carefully chosen to represent the processes as com- pletely as possible. Calico printing is illustrated by specimens of cloth before and after bleaching, after printing, with color set, and finished. There is also a copper print-roller, taken from the machine, and the process is still more fully illustrated by photographs taken at the mills by the acting curator on the oceasion of his visit during the summer. There is also a fine set of samples of cotton goods, worsteds, and de- laines, representing the large variety of fabrics manufactured by the Pacific Mills. The manufacture of woolen goods, fancy cassimeres, etc., is repre- sented by two collections, the first from the Harris Woolen Company, of Woonsocket, R. I., which begins with the raw wool, and a few sam- ples showing the material in the course of preparation and spinning into yarn. Then follow specimens of worsted fabrics and wool-mixed dress goods. Another collection from the Lippitt Woolen Company, also of Woonsocket, embraces a variety of fancy cassimeres. Both these collections will soon be on exhibition in the Museum. A series of sixteen specimens of fabrics of English manufacture, in- cluding such as seal-cloth and astrachan, was presented by Mr. H. Herrman, of the firm of Herrman, Sternbach & Company, of New York. These specimens, valuable in themselves, are worthy of especial mention because of the information concerning the methods of manu- facture which accompanied them. The manufacture of ginghams is represented by a good collection from the Whittenton Manufacturing Company, Taunton, Mass., em- bracing a considerable variety of cotton fabrics, plaids, cotton cassi- meres and tweeds, fancy shirtings, tickings, etc. An interesting collection, illustrating the manufacture of tends cloth from horse-hair has been fered from the Pawtucket Hair-cloth Com- pany. This shows the rough hair as it is received in bales from South America and Siberia, the hackled hair, curled hair, hair prepared for the loom, and samples of the woven cloth. A valuable set of specimens has been received from the Bigelow Car- pet Company, illustrating the manufacture of Brussels and Wilton car- pets. Beginning with the carpet-wools employed, the manufacture of yarns is first illustrated by specimens of washed wool, slivers, noils, roping, and dyed yarns. ‘Then follow specimens of carpets and borders, in Brussels and veivet carpets. The foregoing collection is supplemented by some specimens of ear- pets of the same kind from the Lowell Manufacturing Company, which includes also ingrain carpets of the same manufacture. SECTION OF TEXTILE INDUSTRIES. 83 The Roxbury Carpet Company has presented some fine specimens of tapestry Brussels carpets, thus making the collection to illustrate car- pet manufacture quite comprehensive. A perfect working model of the original cotton-gin invented by Eli Whitney has been received from his son, Eli Whitney, of New Haven, and is on exhibition in the Museum. The routine work of the year.—The work of the acting curator con- sists in obtaining and selecting material for exhibition, classifying and arranging it for the cases, collecting information about textile industries generally, and applying such information to the preparation of labels for the specimens. During the year work of this kind has been greatly facilitated by the means afforded for visiting mills in the East as col- lector for the New Orleans Exposition. Through the courtesy of treas- urers and superintendents of several of the largest mills the writer was enabled to spend much time in studying the processes of spinning and weaving, with great advantage to the work in the Museum. At the same time photographs were taken of machinery in use, which are of great value in illustrating the processes as they are described on the labels in the Museum. For special courtesies of this nature the Museum is indebted to Mr. H. Saltonstall, treasurer of the Pacific Mills, Mr. W. Whitman, treas- urer of the Arlington Mills, Mr. OC. Fairbanks, treasurer of the Bigelow Carpet Company, and to various other firms and individuals whose mills were visited with interest and benefit. . An important part of the curator’s duty is to make microscopical investigations of fibers of all kinds, with reference to their value for various purposes, and particularly as to their adaptability to textile purposes. It has been impossible to conduct any systematic work of this kind during the past year, owing to the want of time, and the microscope has only been used occasionally for the purpose of .identify- ing specimens. It will be necessary, however, to employ the micro- scope more frequently in future, for the work will require it. But little attention has been given to any but the exhibition series of specimens during this year. It is doubtful if a comprehensive study series would be of value in the Museum. A set of fibers of all kinds and from different localities, that can be always accessible for examina- tion, is, however, very desirable, if not absolutely necessary, and it is intended to prepare such a series without delay. The microscopical appearance of the more important textile fibers will be shown by means of photographs from the microscope in con- nection with the fibers themselves as soon as time permits. To this end, some preparations were mounted for microscopical examination by Mr. Harry English, during his connection with the Museum, and it is expected they will yield fine photographs. Researches.—No original investigations have been conducted in this department, the routine work demanding all the time to the exclusion 84 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884. of other interests. A list of the vegetable fibers in the collection was published in No. 24 of the “* Proceedings” of the Museum, but since this was prepared the collection has largely increased. ; A complete list of vegetable textile fibers, with common, local, and botanical names, alphabetically arranged, is in course of preparation, but it will not be published for a year or more. This list will give also the classification of the fibers according to the system adopted in the Museum. Present state of collection.—During the year 1883 our Smithsonian collection specimens have been catalogued. All of these are not, how- ever, desirable for exhibition purposes. There are now on exhibition, papi natel 2,000 specimens. The number of duplicates and of specimens in the aap series cannot be satisfactorily estimated at this time. Recommendations and remarks.—To increase the interest of the collec- tions, to make them more instructive and intelligible, it seems desirable to make use of photography to illustrate the textile industries, even to as great an extent as has been done already in illustrating the fisheries. What little has been done has enabled the curator to judge as to the value and practicability of such a scheme, and since it does not involve the employment of a photographer, but only some additional work on his own part, it is recommended that every facility should be given to carry out the scheme in a satisfactory manner. The plan advised, tak- ing the subject of cotton for example, is to. begin with the cotton in the field and follow it through its entire commercial history by photographic representations of the picking, ginning, baling, shipping, and handling until it reaches the mills. There it is also followed through the various machines, until it is finally photographed in the piles of woven fabrics in the warehouse ready for market. One great want which is severely felt in this department is that of books of reference regarding textiles. I (e),—REPORT ON THE SECTION OF NAVAL ARCHITECTURE OF THE U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM FOR 1884. By JosePH W. CoLuins, Honorary Curator. REVIEW OF IMPORTANT ADDITIONS DURING THE YEAR. The number of accessions during the year, both of models, full-sized boats, and boat .and vessel eqnipments, has betén large, and generally of an important and interesting character. A considerable portion of these accessions was collected for exhibition at the International Fisheries Exhibition held in London in 1883, where also many very in- teresting and valuable objects were obtained, some by exchange with other countries, while others were presented to the Museum. Although these collections of American craft and their equipment were made in 1882 and 1883, and the exchanges and donations received from the Lon- don Exhibition were made prior to the close of the past year, the various objects did not reach this country until after the close of the exposition, and become available to the Museum until after the beginning of 1884. We therefore feel justified, while preparing this, tbe first annual report of this department, in considering all the material gathered in 1882, 1883, and 1884 as comjng under the head of the accessions for the pres- ent year. Elsewhere the general character of the material gathered, and its relation to the present condition of the collection, will be more fully discussed. Here it is proposed to give only a review of the more important additions to the collection, with such notes as may be deemed desirable to show from what sources they were obtained, as well as to give an idea of their value and importance. There have been collected in the period above named, 1882 to 1884, inclusive, 123 models and full-sized specimens of vessels and boats of North America, chiefly, however, such as are used in the United States; 30 models and full-sized specimens of foreign fishing boats; 12 large India-ink and crayon sketches (30 by 40 inches) of American fishing boats; 92 photographs of fishing craft of the United States: 4 water- color sketches of vessels of the fifteenth, sixteenth, and seventeenth centuries; 8 photographic negatives of merchant vessels of the United States in the period between 1805 and 1845; 1 water-color sketch of a merchant bark of 1844; 1 photographic negative of a naval battle, war &5 86 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884. of 181215; 5 oil paintings of modern vessels; 1 sketch and 2 prints of vessels; 1 model of a life-car; and 165 accessions of boat-building mate- rial and boat fittings. Many of these last accessions, though mentioned under a single number, contain a dozen or more objects which make up a complete set. The following objects may be alluded to as being of the greatest im- portance among the accessions to this department: (1) A collection of 4 rigged models, a fishing ketch, chebacco boat, pinkie, and square stern Marblehead banker, showing the early forms of vessels used in the fisheries of this country from its settlement up to, and including, the first quarter of the present century. These are espe- cially interesting, not only as an illustration of certain degrees of evolu- tion in the form of fishing vessels, but also to show the peculiarities of the schooner, rigged in its more primitive form, after it was first invented at Gladvesten, Mass. (2) A series of builders’ models, illustrating the changes in the form of fishing vessels, fron 1835 down to the extreme clipper of the present day. This collection is divided into three groups: one illustrating the development of the cod-fishing schooner, or Grand Banker, which is generally somewhat fuller than other fishing vessels; a second group showing the changes made in the “‘ medium-sharp ” type, and the other group is composed of models which were the extreme sharp vessels of the several periods when they were built. (3) A sectional model of the schooner “ Gertie Evelyn,” of Gloucester, Mass., which illustrates very fully the interior arrangements of a modern ageing schooner. In my opinion no object in the collection under my charge is more instructive than this.* (4) A rigged model of a three-masted cod-fishing schooner, such as are now used from some of the New England ports, and which are the largest vessels employed in the food fisheries onthe Atlantic coast. (5) A builder’s model, mounted in medallion, of an ideal fishing schooner, made deeper and somewhat narrower than the average New England schooner, and designed to secure greater safety in rough weather, par- ticularly when employed in the winter fisheries. This model is of especial interest at the present time, since it is believed by competent authority that a very considerable percentage of the losses of life and property which so frequently occur in the fishing fleets of New England, might be obviated by the employment of vessels of greater depth than those now inuse. A fruitful source of disaster is doubtless the liability of the present type of schooner to capsize or to be tripped by a heavy sea, and its inability to right again, owing to the lack of a low center of gravity, which only depth can give, and an unusual length and weight of spars.t * Reference is made to the descriptive label of this model, prpended. to this report, which will give a better idea of its value. t See descriptive label which is appended, for detail of this model, SECTION OF NAVAL ARCHITECTURE. 87 (6) A series of 22 models of fishing boats, canoes, dugouts, &c., used in the United States, both by aboriginal and white fishermen. This collection has been drawn from various sources, but more particularly from Alaska, and from the Atlantic coast, between Eastern Maine and Washington, D. C. It is of especial interest, as, combined with other material of a similar nature previously acquired by the Museum, it makes up a collection representing nearly all of the more important types of the smaller fishing craft used in the United States and its Ter- ritories. The greater part of this collection has been purchased, though in this as with other material, the Museum has been the recipient of numerous donations. (7) A collection of 4 full-sized fishing boats and 10 models of fishing craft of the Kast Indies has been presented to the Museum by Sur- geon-General Francis Day, I’. L. 8., late inspector of Her Majesty’s fisheries in India, and commissioner from India to the International Fisheries Exhibition at London, 1883. This is an exceedingly interest- ing collection, and without question it may be safely asserted that it forms,one of the most valuable accessions received by this department of the Museum during the current year. Almost every specimen of either full sized boats or models shows some interesting “peculiarity, which, if space and time permitted, would merit a longer notice than we are able to give it here. A brief mention of them must suffice. Perhaps the most interesting of the various forms is that of a full-sized dugout used at Patna, in Bengal, where it is locally known as the “etka.” This boat is made from the stem of the semul tree (Bombax malabaricum), and is very primitive in its construction, being, in fact, simply a large, elon- gated, trough-shaped canoe, unlike any other in the large collection of dugouts in the Museum. Another very unique type of fishing boat, and perhaps one of the most peculiar dugout canoes used by man, comes from Jessor, in Bengal, where it is locally known as a ‘‘donga.” This is constructed from the stem of the tar palm tree (Borassus flabelliformis), the hard outer layer of which, after the soft portion is scooped out, is very serviceable for this purpose. It has much the appearance of an exaggerated spoon, with a deep bowl and a large handle, the latter concaved on one side and convexed on the other, its end stopped or rendered water-tight by a partition placed crosswise. The shape of the boat is due to the pecu- liar growth of the stem of the tar palm, which swells out into a rounded bulb-like form at one end. When it is said that the length of this cu- rious boat is less than 13 feet, and that it is only 30 inches wide in its broadest part and does not average more than a foot in width for about two-thirds of its length, one will be fully able not only to appreciate the manner in whick man adapts means to ends to provide himself with some sort of craft for carrying on his operations, but will also be able to understand that a considerable degree of skill is required to navigate a boat of this kind, 88 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, i884. A full-sized catamaran (13 feet long and 3 feet wide), such as is tised for fishing in the Presidency of Madras, is another very interesting ad- dition to the collection of prinifitive types of water craft. Rudely con- structed of logs, and apparently as illy adapted as anything well can be for encountering rough water, craft of this kind are nevertheless said to be very serviceable for crossing a heavy surf, and it is stated that they will make a landing in breakers which would prove the destruction of any ordinary boat that should dare to make a similar attempt. It is said that these rafts rise lightly over an ordinary surf, but if caught by a great breaker are overwhelmed and knocked about. At such times the natives, who are semi-amphibious in their habits, will leap over- board, and after their vessel has passed the surf they will clamber on to her again, and go on as if nothing had happened. Among tts models of East Indian boats there is a very remarkable one of a fishing craft used at Chittagong, in the Presidency of Bengal. This is a long and narrow dugout canoe with scoop-shaped, narrow, square ends. Its special peculiarity consists in an arrangement for catching fish automatically. On one side of the boat is a broad bamboo platform, fixed to the gunwale in such a manner that it projects out into the water, and to this is attached a string of palm leaves something in the form of a broom. This strange device, when slightly agitated by the motion of the boat, has the effect of frightening any fish that may be near and which immediately jump upon the half submerged bamboo platform, and thence into the boat, where they fall among the branches of trees with which the canoe’s bottom is strewn. The fish- erman sits on the gunwale with one foot in the water and heels the craft to the proper angle, or gives it the requisite motion for frightening the fish. To prevent the fish from Jeaping over the other side of the boat, and thus regaining their liberty, a net is fixed obliquely or ver- tically along the opposite gunwale, and serves as an effectual barrier to their escape. The most interesting model, perhaps, which has been received in this collection of Indian water craft, is that of the Bombay fishing boat known as the “‘machva” in the region where it is used. No boat in the world is more distinctive in type than this, and there are, perhaps, few others which would sooner attract the attention of those who are familiar with vessels. In the shape of its bottom the ‘‘machva” differs from all other boats, and the peculiar form of its keel is seemingly at variance with all of the recognized rules of naval architecture. ‘Thekeel curves upwards in the center in an arch-like shape, and is deepest at the bow, where it forms nearly a right angle with the straight raking stem; it also drops down aft considerably. This boat, which is carvel built, of teak, has a long, sharp, scoop-shaped bow, resembling in its form the forward section of an Arab dhow. The deep projecting keel serves the same purpose as a double center-board for providing the requisite lateral resistance when the boat is sailing close hauled. The -_ SECTION OF NAVAL ARCHITECTURE. 89 rig consists of a single short, stout mast, stepped almost amidships, and having a strong rake forward. Upon this is spread a large settee sail, which tacks down to the bow. The “‘machva” is credited with being the swiftest of Indian sailing craft, and a claim has been made that boats of this type could beat English yachts. Dr. McDonald, secretary and curator of the Victoria and Albert Museum, Bombay, says, “‘ The fishing boats of the Konkan are considered to be amongst the swiftest sailing vessels known.” It is believed by the native fishermen that the sailing qualities of their boats are materially improved by the shape of the keel. It would appear, too, that they are correct, strange as it may seem, for Biddle, in his “ Model Yacht Building and Sailing,” tells us that ‘‘ some experiments were tried with this type of vessel a few years back. The arch was filled up and the sailing qualities of the craft immediately destroyed.” He also says “ They do not go to windward so well as an English yacht, but in running and reaching they cannot be surpassed, especially in smooth water.” Dixon Kemp, however, in “ Yacht and Boat Sailing” (4th edition, p. 350), expresses the opinion that the stories about such craft beating boats of English design must be taken with considerable allowance. The following interesting account of the ceremonies attending the launching of a new boat of this class is given by Dr. McDonald: “ When a Koli builds a new boat, or ‘machva,’ he gives a dinner to his friends and relatives on the occasion of its being first launched. The fermented juice of the palm tree is freely drunk by the guests in- vited on such occasions. The women, too, honor new boats with rev- erence and break cocoanuts upon the boat’s bows, pretty much as cham- pagne bottles are broke at home on like occasions.” Other models in this collection of East Indian boats, particularly the Madras “ masulah” boat, and two of those used at the Maldives and Aden, are interesting as showing the peculiar method of sewing the planks together with coir twine, which is a characteristic feature of many of the fishing craft used by the natives of the East. ; (8) We have obtained from the Government of Greece a collection _ of the fishing boats of that country, consisting of one full-sized speci- men and two models. It is interesting to note that two of these boats, a fishing skiff, and a sloop from the island of Sciathos, resemble craft used in the United States. For instance, the skiff might be easily taken for one used by gunners in the Chesapeake and its tributaries, while on the New England coast sloop boats could perhaps be found which would not be very much unlike that employed by the Grecian fisher- men. The most interesting model in this collection is that of a Grecian boat employed in the net and seine fisheries. It is sharp aft, and finely proportioned. Its striking peculiarity, however, is a projecting cut- water or “ram”, which seems to be the last surviving relic in the Grecian boats of the “ram’s head,” or cut-water, which adorned the 90 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884. bows of the ancient triremes, and which on the latter was used for offen- Sive purposes (like the projecting rams on modern men-of-war), for crush- ing the sides of their antagonists. This boat is propelled wholly with oars, having eight rowers on a side. | (9) A collection of seven fine models of Chinese cargo boats and fish- ing craft has been obtained from the Museum of Fish Culture at South Kensington, London. These models are a valuable acquisition to the Museum, and- combined with others previously acquired make up an interesting collection representing the craft of the Celestial Empire. It is possible in this place to make special mention of only two of the models as being of peculiar interest. One of these, a so-called ‘ out- rigged” fishing junk, from South Formosa, is a remarkably clumsy craft, even for a Chinese junk, and judging by descriptions that have been given, it is probably a fact that this style of vessel has not changed much in its form or in the method of its construction since the days of Mareo Polo. The other is a bamboo raft, or catamaran, a style of boat employed in China as elsewhere (in South America and India) not only for fishing purposes, but to go on and off the coast when the surf is so heavy as to preclude the possibility of using the ordinary form of boat. (10) A full-sized dugout cance, such as is used on the Gold Coast of Africa, has been presented to the Museum by Mr. Maloney, governor of the Gold Coast colony. As being the only full-sized representative we have of water craft used by the natives of Africa, this canoe is of especial interest and value to the collection. It also has an additional importance from being another interesting accession to the collection of primitive boats used by man, particularly of those which come under the head of dugout canoes. (11) An Irish “ curragh,” exhibited at the London Fisheries Exhibi- tion, has been presented by the Marquis of Hamilton. This boat, made of tarred canvas stretched over a light frame-work of willow withes, is probably the most primitive form of water craft used by civilized man, and it constitutes an interesting “connecting link,” if we may so call it, between the boats of a remote age and the higher types of vessels in use at the present day. Remarkable as it may seem, craft of this kind ‘are still in common use for fishing purposes on the west coast of Ire- land, and are perhaps as fine an illustration of the adaptation of means to ends as can be found even among the varying forms of boats used by savage tribes; for here the poor fisherman, not able to afford the expense of building a more durable craft, with the limited means at his command, makes himself such an one as may answer his purpose. Though extremely frail in appearance, these craft, from their lightness, are very buoyant, and it is said of them that they will rise like a feather upon waves which would prove troublesome, if not dangerous, to the - ordinary fishing boat. (12) Two full-sized British “ corracles,” one from the river Boyne in Ireland, and the other from the river Dee in Scotland, which have been SECTION OF NAVAL ARCHITECTURE. 9] obtained by exchange, may be reckoned among the valuable addi- tions to our collection in this department. These are oval-shaped boats about 54 feet long and two-thirds as wide, the depth being about 18 inches. The Boyne corracle is made of leather, fastened to a basket- like frame of willow withes, while the Scotch corracle is constructed of breadths of tarred canvas drawn over a light framework of thin, flat, wooden strips. , Each of these corracles has a single thwart, placed nearly amidships, upon which the occupant sits to paddle the boat. (13) Among the interesting novelties received by the Museum during the current year might properly be included a model of a Belgian fish- ing sloop, which was purchased at the International Fisheries Exhibi- tion at London, and which represents the peculiar style of boats used for beam-trawling, &c., from certain ports on the coast of Belgium, but particularly from Heyst and Blankenberghe. This boat, which is de- signed for landing on a beach, and is, therefore, flat-bottomed, and like the Dutch bomschuited, very broad and full, differs, in the form of its hull and its rig, from any other fishing boat used by man at the present time. This model is rendered doubly interesting by having attached to it the peculiar forms of fishing apparatus used by the Belgiaa boats, and also because there are a number of figures of fishermen in it. (14) The collection has been enriched by an accession of four water- color sketches of ships of the fifteenth, sixteenth, and seventeenth centuries, which are of especial interest as beipg connected with the early history of America. One of the sketches represents the ships of Columbus, according to the highest French authority, which by the closest students of naval architeeture of that period are believed to be the most accurate and reliable. Another very interesting sketch is that of the Mayflower under sail, on her passage from England to America in 1620. This is probably the most accurate sketch of the Mayflower that has ever been made, since it is derived from a study of many years of the various peculiarities of the English and Dutch vessels of that period. A third sketch represents a ‘“‘carrack” of the sixteenth century. Hippus, the Tyrian, is credited with having first devised carracks, which are described as vessels of great size, de- signed for both trade and war. The same name was given also by the Portuguese and Spanish to a class of vessels which they sent in the sixteenth century to the East Indies and Brazil, and which doubtless visited other parts of America. These vessels were large and full, of great depth, and were designed for fighting as well as trade. The tourth sketch is that of a Spanish ‘* galleon” of the sixteenth century (1520). In their traffic with America, galleons were much used by the Spanish as treasure ships during the sixteenth century. They were always heavily armed, but it is said that owing to their unwieldiness they generally fell an easy prey to their assailants. (15) D. J. Lawlor, naval architect, Chelsea, Mass., has presented the Museum with a fine collection of 17 models of various styles of vessels, s 92 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, iss4. Among these may be mentioned, as of especial interest, 8 models which show the evolution of the American pilot-boat from 1845 down to October, 1884. In no department of naval architecture have our ship- builders shown more originality than in the construction of pilot-boats, and perhaps nowhere else, either in this or other countries, has there been a higher combination of speed and general sea-going qualities than has been characteristic of the vessels of this class employed on our Atlantic coast. In this collection, perhaps, more than in any other that might be gathered, are illustrated the ideas which have influenced the minds of designers of small, swift, sea-going sailing vessels during the past forty years. Passing through various changes of greater or less importance, the writer is of the opinion that, in the model of the pilot- boat Hesper, of Boston, very high results have been attained, so far | as a combination of speed, symmetry, and sea-worthiness is concerned. Another model in the collection obtained from Mr. Lawlor.is that of the steamship Meteor, which has a very interesting history. She was built by subscription from merchants of Boston, New York, and elsewhere ‘‘ for the purpose of offering her to our Government for the pursuit of the Alabama and other blockade runners, then preying upon our commerce and carrying storés to the enemy, in defiance of our more heavily armed ships of war.”* The design for this ship was offered in competition, the competitors being Henry and William H. Webb, of New York, and D. J. Lawlor, of Chelsea, Mass.. One hundred dollars bonus was offered as a prize to him whose design was accepted. The model made by Mr. Lawlor, and which he has presented to the Museum, is the one which was accepted, and from this the ship was built at Portsmouth, N. H., and launched on May 21,1864. ‘She was designed to carry one heavy pivot amidships on gun deck, or two 10-inch or other guns at the same point, namely, just before the mainmast; forward of this are four ports (two on each side) where 8 or 9-inch Dahlgrens would have been mounted had she been taken by the United States Navy Department, and abreast of the engine hatch aft there are two ports on each side where she could have mounted short 32’s or 24-pound howitzers, and on the upper deck are beds for — two 30-pound Parrotts, making one pivot 11 inch, or two 10 inch; four broadside, 8 or 9 inch; four 32 or 24-pound howitzers, on gun deck; two light chase guns on upper deck. She has two 624 by 36-inch cylin- ders; four tubular boilers; propeller of brass, 135 feet diameter and 23 feet pitch. The motive power, boilers, &c., were imported from Scot- land at a very large cost.” f “The Meteor was a steamer of 1,440 tons register, old measurement, Deing about 400 tons larger than the Alabama; and when tested by the * Report of the case of the steamship Meteor, Vol.1. Edited by F. V. Balch, Boston, 1869. tExtract from letter of R. B. Forbes to Frederick C. Schmidt, esq., New York, dated Boston, September 13, 1865, SECTION OF NAVAL ARCHITECTURE. 93 Navy Department made the best time between the trial buoys off Sandy Hook which had then ever been made by any screw ship, being one or two miles an hour faster than any of the rebel cruisers; but just when the Government was about taking her, the fall of Fort Fisher rendered her no longer necessary for her original purpose, and, after two or three voyages in the transport and merchant service, she was laid up and offered for sale in New York in the summer of 1865. “In the autumn of 1865 Spain made war upon her former colonies, the states of Chili and Peru, whose independence she had never formally acknowledged, and it soon became known that the South American Republic wanted ships. “There was every reason why the owners of the Meteor should be ready to sell her to our South American neighbors whenever they could properly and lawfully do so.”* Negotiations were carried on with this purpose in view, but when all ready to sail with her stores and crew on board, ‘the Meteor was seized on the 23d of January, 1866, by the United States marshal, at the instance of Spain,” and for about two years was held in litigation by the Government of the United States for alleged infringement of neutrality laws, the final result of the suit, however, being in favor of the owners of the ship. Outside of the purpose for which she was originally built the model of the Meteor is interesting as being a ship of unusual speed for the period when she was designed. It is related of her that she has made an average speed of 154 knots an hour, with a disconnected screw, for a period of 72 consecutive hours. In the collection received from Mr. Lawlor are two fine models of steam yachts, which illustrate the advance which has been made in designing these types of pleasure craft. (16) In a collection of 5 models of various kinds of sailing and steam craft, presented to the Museum by Sumner, Swaysey, and Currier, of Newburyport,:Mass., is an interesting model of the screw steam packet “Decatur, built about 1844, and which may be considered as a fair rep- resentative type of the earliest forms of screw steamers employed in the United States. (17) We have received from John N. Cushing, of Newburyport, Mass., a collection of 8 models of merchant vessels (brigs, barks, and ships). Of these two are of especial interest. One of them is the model of the brig Palos, of Newburyport, built in 1832. From this model, which is one of the best examples extant of the old-style “‘ kettle-bottom,” a fleet of 12 or 14 brigs were built, these being employed chiefly in the European trade, ‘They were extremely full, deep, and narrow, with a great deal of “tumble home” to their top sides. This peculiar shape was due chiefly to the tonnage laws then in vogue, by which one half of the length of the main beam was taken from the depth of the vessel. "Report of the case of the steamship Meteor. 94 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884. It will consequently be seen that a vessel which was of extraordinary depth and very narrow on deck would bave an exceedingly great car- rying capacity in proportion to her tonnage. It was, therefore, the custom of some merchants to build their vessels of this type for the foreign trade in order to escape aS much as possible the payment of onerous tonnage dues in the various ports which they visited. As an instance of the great carrying capacity of the brigs built from this model, the story is told that one of them, the Keying, of a little less than 300 tons burden, landed 700 tons of coal in Jamaica, which she had brought from Cardiff. A second model of special interest in the collection received from Mr. Cushing is that of a Baltimore clipper brig of 1845. This model, which was designed for a vessel of about 255 tons, is in an excellent state of preservation, and gives us a very good idea of the extreme clipper vessels of the period when it was con- structed. One other model, that of the brig Dove, built in 1817, is also worthy of mention. This is the earliest form of a square-rigged vessel of which we have a builder’s model. (18) A beautiful builder’s model of the ship Oregon, of Bath, Me., has been presented to the Museum by Mr. William Rogers, of Bath. This model is an excellent representative of the type of “half clipper” ships of the present day, which for the general purpose of trade now existing have been found the most useful. As the result of many years’ experience, the ship-builders of to-day have succeeded in com- bining in a very high degree excellent sailing qualities with great capacity. Therefore a vessel is obtained which may make rapid pas- sages and carry a cargo sufficiently large to pay her owners a good freight. This ship may be taken as a fair illustration of the highest type of the cotton carriers of the present day, in which trade, we are informed, she has been employed to a greater or less extent. (19) Mr. William P. Pattee has presented to the Museum four rather interesting models of old style merchant vessels, and, together with Mr. F. W. Weeks, has given us a fine builder’s model of the ship Glas- gow, built at Bath, Me., in 1836, and employed in the cotton trade* between New Orleans and Liverpool. This model is mounted on a board, with head, keel, rudder, &c., attached, and is painted in the same manner as the ship which was built from it. It is especially val- uable as representing the finest type of cotton carrier of the period between 1830 and 1840. (20) Five models of modern merchant vessels, four of which are*three- masted schooners, have been given‘to the Museum by ©. P. Carter & Co., Belfast, Me. This collection is chiefly interesting from showing different forms of three-masted schooners employed in various trades. Two of these, the Meyer and Muller, and the Nellie 8. Picking, represent the wide, ligbht-draught type of vessel employed in the coasting trade of the South Atlantic and Gulf ports, where the harbors are generally SECTION OF NAVAL ARCHITECTURE. 95 shallow, while other models illustrate the characteristics of the deeper sea-going schooners engaged in the general ocean traflic. (21) No more interesting addition has been made to this collection than that of eight photographic negatives of paintings of merchant ves- sels of the early part of this century, from 1805 to 1845. Through the courtesy of several public-spirited citizens of Newburyport, Mass., who are the owners of the paintings, | was permitted to copy them. Ina succeeding paragraph these will be mentioned in greater detail. (22) Among the acquisitions of boat and vessel equipments the fol- lowing seem deserving of special mentiqn: (1) two nickel-plated models of steam windlasses, which have been presented by the American Ship Windlass Company, of Providence, R. I. These models repre- sent the highest results that have been attained in mechanical contriv- ances for weighing ships’ anchors, warping, &c.; (2) a coil (100 fathoms) of 84-inch manila cable, such as is used by the New England fishing vessels for riding at anchor upon the outer banks. It is an interesting fact that manila has of late years entirely superseded hemp for this purpose, having been found more pliable, and in many respects prefer- able to hemp for cables; (5) a full gang of standing rigging for a fish- ing schooner, one-half full size, fitted in all its details, has been given to the Museum by Mr. James M. Simms, of Gloucester, Mass. Proba- bly no fishing vessels in the world have so much care expended on the fitting of the rigging as do those of New England, and in this respect they will bear favorable comparison with yachts; (4) Nathan Richard- son, of Gloucester, Mass., has given a full-sized sample of ‘ Richard- son’s Challenge Steerer.” This steerer, which is one of the many forms of patent steering wheels now in use on American fishing vessels, is one of the latest devices, and is an interesting representative type of the wheels used on the schooners of the Atlantic coast; (5) a full-sized sample of ‘‘Collins’ Patent Fog Alarm” has been added to the collec- tion. This fog alarm was originally devised for use on fishing vessels, and is believed to be more powerful than any mechanical contrivance -worked by hand now in general use. It derives its chief importance from the fact that there is probably nothing more needed by American fishermen than a powerful and efficient fog-horn. Obliged to lie at anchor on the fishing banks in the direct track of commerce, especially swift steamers, and where dense fogs prevail nearly all the time in spring and summer, they are in constant danger of being run down and sunk—a danger that can only be averted by having a powerful horn that may be operated by hand. The trawl-line fisheries, too, in- volve the fishermen in much personal risk that can be obviated only by the use of a horn of more than ordinary power. During the prevalence of the thickest fogs the fishermen must put off from their vessels to set and haul their trawl-lines, generally going distances varying from one and one-half to three miles. The style of horns commonly in use cannot, of course, be heard more than a small portion of that distance 96 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884. except when there is little or no wind. Therefore, in localities where the currents are uncertain as to their course and variable in strength, where the winds are liable to change suddenly, and where fogs are so dense and so long continued, it is not surprising that many fishermen go astray in their boats and are exposed to untold suffering, perhaps death, owing to the fact that they are unable to hear the fog-signals made on board of the schooner they have left, and which they vainly strive to find. The local papers in the fishing towns frequently record the loss of men in this manner, and the escape of others from death, simply by a hair’s breadth, aftef enduring the most unheard-of suffering from exposure, hunger, and thirst. Various devices have been resorted to to remedy this evil, such as, for instance, carrying cannon to fire in foggy weather; but heretofore these means have failed to prevent the frequent recurrence of disaster. The chief objection to cannon is, that their discharge involves a certain amount of danger as well as expense; therefore, they are not usually fired until it is deemed absolutely neces- sary—that is, often not unless it is thought a dory has gone astray, and then it is frequently ineffective, because the lost men have got too far from the vessel to hear the sound. The sound of the cannon, moreover, is so short that its direction, even if the report is heard, is very diffi- cult to determine. What, therefore, is needed is an implement that can give out a nearly continuous heavy blast, or a succession of short, heavy blasts, powerful enough to be heard at a considerable distance, and repeated at such intervals that no difficulty may be experienced in determining its location; (6) a very large collection of boat and vessel fittings, sail-maker’s tools and apparatus, has been given to the Mu- seum by Messrs. Wilcox, Crittenden & Co., Middletown, Conn. This, combined with donations previously received from the same house, makes up an extremely interesting and comprehensive collection of boat fittings, sail-maker’s gear, material for building boats, &c., proba- bly the most complete and valuable collection of its kird that is. pos- sessed by any museum in the world. WORK IN ARRANGING AND CLASSIFYING THE COLLECTION. There has not been, as yet, any proper arrangement or systematic classification of the material in this department. The large case and screen, which were essential for the proper display of the models, were not EE until the spring of 1883 was well advanced, and, in con- sequence of my time being employed very much with nilne matters, all that it has been possible to do was to make a tentative installment of the various objects in the collection which it was the most imperative should be placed where they might be protected from injury. It has, however, been found necessary to put into temporary storage nearly all of the collection of vessel and boat fittings. A large portion of the full-size specimens and models of vessels and boats in the collection was either exhibited by the Museum at the. SECTION OF NAVAL ARCHITECTURE. 97 International Fisheries Exhibition at London, 1883, or obtained at that exhibition, as has already been mentioned, by exchange. Much of this material, being of a very fragile nature—particularly the rigged models—notwithstanding the great care that was exercised in packing it, was, when unpacked in the spring, found to be more or less out of repair. Lacking competent assistance, I was compelled to make the repairs with my own hands, in almost every instance, and it was only by a special effort—working late at nights for upwards of three weeks— that it was possible to make even a preliminary installment of the vari- ous objects now exhibited. To get the material into the cases, and else- elsewhere, so that it might be protected from injury, demanded, of course, my first attention, while the matter of classification, cataloguing, and the preparation of descriptive labels, could be attended to at a later date, whenever an opportunity might be afforded. I will state here that nearly all of the material sent to London was properly catalogued and descriptive labels of most of the objects were prepared and printed. After the installation of these models in the Museum, allusion to which has already been made, I attempted to com- plete the entering of the various objects in my department, and also made an effort to prepare a full set of descriptive labels. Could I have had any assistance in this work, very commendable progress might have been made, and many highly valuable objects would have been so fully re- corded and described as to preserve their identification, which alone can render them of any worth or importance to the Museum. But being al- most wholly without assistance of any kind; obliged to continue making repairs on the models even after the first installation, and having many other matters on hand which engrossed the greater part of my time, L succeeded in doing only a very small part of the work of cataloguing and writing labels before I was called away to attend to duties that, at the time, imperatively demanded my attention; one of which was the collection of material to represent the development of naval architecture in the American merchant marine. nee wih bebidas sices Beak cake naweae 1 Norton Sound: KE. W. Nelson. BRA h URN A a ate i atte panniaid ihn hmitn ait al i iar ph St ale be asm ease eo 2 TOE a ar ol ela Ae ati eM nk ea a male ial aia os al pa ads in Ge hearers acta eae Fish-gig, like Neptune’s trident, central point short and not barbed, outer prongs elastic, barbs introrse and triangular -. ............---..2e-e2 eee eee 1 PEE ae ee USS, Cee sae TRU thee cece cdans wdeeeeae abemmmne 1 Pealioneamateis Jacld. 242 ab wee baci wai. caekipee weieed ci nw ell sec 2 Bristol Bay: C.L. McKay. Grpar poiin .c.ous 4k eds. eed 2iUscy se bee eda see ee eee oe LAS Ivory flukes.of boat-hooks 0255. ..ce¢<¢sesiceoe-rese poi tate ieee et dial alta a iil hy BA ON 2c ate ctel atcateter cals athsl Sxaciue* trciepais te Rpeigaratciaa ee ecieaneconecd le dine piaepidialaieatiole 1 BERL Digdder DUOCY 2.5. 2 i dm melee i ei eA ns a Ak oo een ea ID Ae ARh Sek Hane dkah endian Gh taewen Rodina san ones 6 ea iN gore ov ws J'b44.0 noo bene gion Guba hae ke aeee an nt nan se i £80000 SAT ACA kee Laas seuecesedeneeweuses oe aks won = pairs... STE SOCIO 0. cin nace ss no cas vas. cane wenea dunseeeenPuvk’ obete’ pair... EN a vin neinensing suaaenveie wom eaetel Aedes suReN ace raeett owatese Si Sa wins ere cunid ahs daw nw iw one EE & ira awe RUM vee phe NN on sa cia pin deo 2) bo 8: Lo PAM Noe ee ees pawn Oa « sONe Nk Sik ita fark Wa iw mS meee ale A ap ie Nominee, pic din, @ MMC Kenais, Cook’s Inlet: William J. Fisher. NS DEM aa Ti oc" tea ae's C85 Me eee eeek Mmmsaw asthe vans geveus sai DA SAS 08 SCRA E ats. nlc aa acaee Aae mae wok waa ee a eneins IN i tN 25 Poy AA ht sg a Ped a ee a wage Va soma oun anme ESA a Fa nt Meee me ane TA Pes ee an aia ae seat xank sone em make NN EP Ee Pe eee eee | he ct a ey | SS anaemia eae Rpm! Rin iets hee he era aa ani aeh kamal s code ok tnae eee Katmais, Kodiak: Williain J. Fisher. Wooden basket Bow i EE ORRIN: SUDO i otal wipes ated non Amin aw. anind Kis .om0,0 ein amped aetbeee EE no 6a inc Adame ka clnee/Anis 36 PIRI eMRCE, GAEVOO: O08 ooo cee see bo Bas hele geal oso. ee ee 4 Yew work-box i es Canoe bailer CAE VOG COS oe. 22) oe eet ey ee ee, Ce ee Oe ee Pree feaTes; Copperoe: scl ces Set ee Se Re Wood and stone carvings i i ee er oie RaWNt CAIN ATES oF yr aite Shan ee oe ee te MET he ed eee piece... Cegper bow and arrow, ceremonial tae. 2.27. eee eee pieces.. Pan iieine-of sank, chiel a eiames 222 reso. SEAR ee eee cme low and arrows ise Te ee Cs 2S Ot oe oe pieces... Doctor’s staves CAE APOE TING? 8 2°05 4S ee es es cee oe CP eee eee Peer CGMS 2:52 2 ook, 2oe eee SRL Ch LSE SSS Sek SE ECS Spe eee emer PEANCRCTOO DOLLS 5s. s S%. Le WL ere eee eee Ee eee eee eee an Seer RBG CI et ee ies ee ele a ects See CREE Sect Ween ee eee ee eee ee pair.. MEM MRMUEENUG i005 vs Ss so cul sce ee othe ONG Se oe ee Ree Rene eta e a RIE MONG Oe tins 05 Sk Soa Sa Be COD SEE SE eee Rome ete pieces... NINES. S504 ook we ee RS SERRE ke PRE DRE ee ee cores ae ces UMM HS Sie io oan ai BOSE Sood OR ee ie CP ice ene ee string. Necklaces es NOUN cede caie ale nin Ue Dns own See MERU RRS OME E bees Meenas ob eons Food dishes. ..... akee owas ised ta cee ache ao reese) sence eee ee «5 Beal club: ....1..« .- PO eel a ree OE ee ey OP ee eee REPORT OF DEPARTMENT OF ETHNOLOGY. 115 Masselts and Skidegates: J. G. Swan—Continued. ee el dos cas kw awkagaeweushacaddal éacadbevccduneber 4 eee oie AG oo ciesly lk jinkan vine bride a Aas Ons 4 EE EN Cio cnne cas 6a 0S or po pede eC eda won aad Sev sye'gese~ senuinpies le 1 CR oc a. met uun dd seta bck Gia AMS ane WSRees opdee tamara wo e6- waite ET Sons cuuabiae bh sakotn Vicets hsb AeewEerwes dian sags sano ast epee sues 1 eS eee tn Conk od. cap eE Ween dees bel cabe saeewad wee pene 1 i SE, seca hal ns 36a 6, nk00 bSOMRENARE NE SMS hots wecd Voce cash EUs wt Pipe, black slate.............- Sha srate Cee ee ee ees wel Se oe babe sowe ce eee 1 Se on UR. ohne cay oy o.08t aa eRNGe Tp 6 baie MDa dW Saeetes Walbe cess 25 ME a nas ose can dowel ed ewe eae Poul cee Miele Seen ae. sus 6 EE EE Eid Mile woe (vie evi cvdskoks cores ee aahwreder waaseereaeoN Ones at 1 ee TL NEUSEE EDONIROID 6 a. oisic w wisn wo: mnie mie’ pT Manado ks eb Giniethe WA + wikiel 1 Te de wane Sepa te eRe eer? SORE ea w ERE ls Speer ete 5 NR ee nn Dal tha) biinihininad' ve 6 Kanrls = Suda awn eee dh ceclar tet sseene 15 RROD oooh wn sas & Cohen cob Whitie. Aad Welt 4 labia eee eas Wee = anise ee 7 re Bea Skiba sdk aaah WS owe yet Mameaa ees PE eRes eae 6 On bike be oon ss 3 aan eka wasters bk Gece see gee Ee Gs ade dice bl waka ee eH odie pe 1 ee tonG Vea wis Sodus koe hae ee ncvosabecdersesses vesces ve feeb veces aliiien 2 CC MOS RCONOOUE, Ss> SP Obe nas cpsepneebt pe beee.cdseesccscsurcsccmbansad L as NEE ng poe rehs ce 6 cedocnnpsb pposnoliag es pd ond ras ctbnucasws arated 1 NR cts Std Val icahtiaes\chie's 0 au bbeuiaw anes hn dushi sd omighilih sls asides tesiene 2 RS vinta uc ps 0440 hsa0 40 sass ah gee ean hake Wn UsGpas. tn nadine aden 7 NO So dck aos ode tke Ses Wins bok Se NUN Ohh hele Gash axed ndae'se l NE os ales Museum fiir Volkerkunde. Mbt aceshuacnbhse seer akan, 1 Belt, dagger, and i dlipath LOUIE TUT keGe cans SUG wate eas Saute cy whe ct oc o 3 Polynesia: Museum fiir Volkerkunde. RON di nikgeted Blade Gah Siddie eex> ca heione mods pees als specimen... 1 Maoris, New Zealand: Mrs. M. A. Piper. IESE ESET TN ELSA OR ORLA EER ot Te A i Miniature Bible made of gum............-..-.-- nays F 1 liji: C. Heape. at cae alr Nad Cuma vee Kea EES wok ae same Oa eek a.6.3 ae 5 PSE a sf shes TAs a ctr aka sed eed cad ape aoe Ae hea Vue ee Seen oak tok ee Solomon Islands: Museum fiir Vélkerkunde ARES VAPWEE oe cS OR a oyin'as cceutundadhuuee «etd cendecawen a kuweeibbivad abe’ 3 New Caledonia: C. Heape. EE Pe SP a AEN? tod oye PE a oO eee | Papuans, New Guinea: A. P. Goodwin. EE EC 5 ate PE kash EE ee Se ge ee eee en ee 2 NE tik cc ws Ala as An 3a ae aes ee act MA ae a dle WX weld bos URE dels ohio 53 I ES Scan piace aia ota dd wn PRs Ao Eee ates Pewee bee a akebs 2 EN cs San Soa gue ve eae WA co the eee Pee Sa EEE on warsaene eee ulead 1 ORAL 4 das ta ate ee ees Ware wee Blears Wed hae cals Ag aitow ook oue wim 4 SL Uo datuveess dal «nhes adh wuts pe cbse uek kon bi hes Stirs dake donee denen 30 RR es ES SE ae ee Se a ee a i I ce ee cl ee Fe a A a ri ain Gb win iusaaeaien ha pee ate ES RR EE ETE OEE EIS EE Hot Pr 1 TEEN. oon Se xt andvedddun cide Geet tone ob roepite l Shell necklaces (Oliva MRNA ok: Be A SL cis ode an wba nes ear eds anal 2 ENE RUE les 5 ala nla hea sae bend ob sasha sa-cnsh DeSh entadweses Caateeksnaum 4 ‘Canoe medel 120 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, - 1834. Papuans, New Guinea: A. P. Goodwin—Continued. Tied upg Read -resss) oe. ee eke caso Behe ee roe oe es eee OR ee ] Beers: Meme wet nla eee wash ek al eo cla eie ale el ect a RE li es A A 2 Camcvarca—poilin-leat fer oe 2S eee Ae aha Oe ence wae oe 2 Wire war wines 2 oP oe ee SS hy i ee oe on g it ie ee re et Le 4 Bete ee PAVE ale! Se Sin Leese nid gy ote ee a ne a Bid ata aie a eet Sere cata ] fume execs tor betelenuw chewers. 2-5 2s Oe a ae a ae aie ete cee he Eunespdons, wood and bore o2.)) 00. 42, re ee eee eons ae eee 12 RVaoten has ol. je Cee ve Ne Re IR he la he tain rh tee j Cuttiefish-shell spoons cos. cse ee ee ee tk Ce eee 2 Bamboo tubé:of native que 22... 52-4). 26.9 «Glee ho ee Cuttlefieh-shell Por*etei nie oa oe eae cca lok pre atid en ennre nines ee Shell armicts amd (bracelets.2.2... 0.225226 oon seh anes. ee ee Bamibod flite 3 00 a Mee eA Re ec nl et or 1 PIs MOG) J. 25 atin tiek sean an a om eee carte ase ee ee oe a oie tie Sikh kr In some of the entries given above, the numbers include several spec- imens. Omitting pottery, antiquities, examples of textiles, fishing, and navigation, the number of purely ethnological specimens received dur- ing the year will amount to not far froin four thousand. HT (A). REPORT UPON THE SECTION OF AMERICAN ABORIGI- NAL POTTERY OF THE U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM FOR Is84. By Witi1amM H. Hoimes, Honorary Curator. The greater part of the collection of aboriginal American pottery has been placed in the northwest court of the Museum. Ccaccasakese s noe tee e ee cece ceca wees cee w es cence cone cees 150 Not classified and exotic specimens, probably ...-.. ...---..-.--------------- 5, 000 ER hack dcWidwe se caee Cae ans bab eae owes Bsa bee chp Ole blade e Gaull «ewe 23, 495 Total number of entries in record book, 1884 ..........-.....-..----- -eeeee ee 584 Total number of specimens received to January 1, 1885....-.....-...---.----- 1, 494 Total number of entries in record up to January 1, 1885 ......-...--.--+--.-- 14, 329 160 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884 Since his connection with the National Museum, in an honorary capacity, the curator has repeatedly called attention to the fact that without additional accommodation for his department it would be im- possible to so arrange the collection as to make it of much practical value, and it is now with a desponding spirit that he again urges that something may be done for relief. All the available shelf-space is overcrowded, specimens have to be placed on the floor or in an adjoining hall, and much material that is valuable is hidden away in clumsy tanks, deposited in almost inaccessible corners. Owing to other and important official duties, it is impossible for the curator to give his entire time to reptilian work, and without — assistance the department will gradually merge into the condition it was when he first took charge of it. With becoming deference he thinks this should not be permitted ; an enormous amount of work has been expended in the department, and, with pardonable pride, he thinks that under the circumstances it compares most favorably with any of the other departments in the National Museum. It must be conceded by all who have looked into this subject that the Reptile Department is of quite as much importance to the Museum and to the scientific public as any of the other departments, and for this reason the curator again respectfully calls the attention of the Director to his recommendation of last year, that the person in charge should be a Salaried officer, and be required to give his entire time to the duties of his office. This the present curator cannot do, and it will therefore be understood that no motive of self-interest prompts him in this sug- gestion. REPORT UPON THE DEPARTMENT OF FISHES IN THE U. 8. NATIONAL MUSEUM FOR 1884. -— Oe By TARLETON H. BEAN, Curator. IMPORTANT ACCESSIONS DURING 1884. There were 93 accessions during the year, of which 51 were gifts, 32 from Museum collectors, and 10 from U.S. Fish Commission collectors. SYNOPSIS OF THE ACCESSIONS. eh ee re an nie sn pplaine 4 D 1 REIT nn. oop. « sin'n's erie paen- smawbe sae 3 DTG s aac a deusd access spo i |) Rew ampere... 2.3 olsasscseeotcae Se EES sCawis a ches aclbneie ened 3 | ROW CREUEY ooso oe wh an alsseees a coene 3 SIE SEW 8k 6 Sud doe had Sue cast dees BT Rew Meroe tolls cles ea 1 District of Columbia................. D1 New) Yew. tins seks we 6 OEE: FS EE ee eee 6 hdlerkh Carolion |.)4 405 04d 0s oaths 2 aE Se ae RCE csr. alain ain «Aes #8 ene eerwn ae 8 IEE Suwa win 6 obo ag.c cao onc. aps Kf PORUURPEVEIUR oc we pase s\n op oe kaaens 1 Gen OHiaecssccnvesn conece Ef CWA SNL Ck ioe nny cand nee eeus 2 I ed Gx wien ah Ls can aes ee d's enkin om DY ROMAN soos del esa awa Bled iene 4 LEK S Seid a Sadd twRSLvivn sa LL Var are, 2). el ndite ens xt e sae oe 4 I sical kisin ain on alsin ome +x tpn «le ade 2 | Washington Territory ..............-. 2 aie a wn ae it a 34 men nm ob 7) VEROMRAEL, 5° Sate: on auaen ga8 er Ree? ee 1 Eas a Fan dce autos bs + ten bass eR ek Spats OEE be Ze 2 Cot cce vbee = suavee dcaw bie 2 EXTRALIMITAL. safc db od%e oe sou Weds awe ce dove 1 | Manitoba ..........-...---------.---- 1 SNS « Wine ne sos = oso ce eens ake hf Me wibandinddd 2 450. asses, conueidsd. 1 Se Saittbh Cicnt tenes RD | MIBRAMIG IS. . cacanc Bh » a madwapeds enables 1 Re aa sha sete saneas Aces gar anes D ) DOE koran qaans cesnar cnanih ev etetinines 1 Es add sah vod sacs eked net qes DL SEONG aA WNiKhs nw ikn Pe dns bee ahead wctaee 2 EE Ew adelscidas seacus sabe e aes RPV CRLEE Be GES sae cau dmtadal smonetneceas 1 ead s Chiedss Reviodl Sapa lom E | Wess Widder, fist s2 8.2 ehh Ss, 4 By addition we would have a larger number of accessions than 93; but, in some cases, the accession was partly from one locality and partly from another, and each is credited as one in the synopsis. Following is a summary of the most interesting accessions catalogued during the year, 34 in number: : Capt. Charles Bendire, Fort Klamath, Washington Territory. Accession 13916; catalogue, 33956-33957. This collection contained two very S. Mis. 33, pt. 2——11 161 162 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884. large skins of Catostomus labiatus, a little known sucker, and one which we have not had in the Museum before. I. M. Turner, Ungava Bay, Labrador. Accessions 13724 and 13922; catalogue 34114-34261. This large and valuable collection of fishes was made in 1882 and 1883, by Mr. Turner. It contains twenty-seven species, represented in most cases by a sufficient number of excellent specimens. As might have been expected, his collection is rich in Salmonoids, including six species. One of the most interesting of the species is a char, which I suppose to be Salvelinus stagnalis; this is remarkable for its enormous size, almost rivaling that of the Maine salmon. Among the rarer species obtained by Mr. Turner are the fol- lowing : Cottus scorpioides, Cyclopterus spinosus, Stichceus punctatus, and Somniosus microcephalus. Prof. D. 8. Jordan, Bloomington, Ind. Accession 13981; catalogue 34351-34373. This is a collection of Venetian fishes, containing twenty-three species. Daniel Kelleher, New Bedford, Mass. Accession 14058; catalogue 34380. A stuffed skin of Conger, 65 inches long. South Side Club, Oakdale, L. I. Accession 14060; catalogue 34382. A fresh specimen of the rainbow trout, Salmo irideus, which was reared in the ponds of the club, and shows remarkable growth of the species since its introduction there by the U. 8S. Fish Commission. Miss Rosa Smith, San Diego, Cal. Accession 14099; catalogue 34745- 34792. A fine collection of about thirty-seven species of Pacific fishes. EH. G. Blackford, 80 Fulton Market, New York, N. Y. Accession 14151; catalogue 34427. A male steel-head trout, Salmo gardneri, weigh- ing 26 pounds, from Portland, Oreg. Dr. William H. Jones, U. 8. N., U. 8. 8. Wachusett. Accession 14202. Nine jars of fishes in alcohol, collected during the cruise of the U. S.S. Wachusett. Coast of Peru. George A. Hudson, Savannah, Ga. Accession 14280; catalogue 34715. A leather carp, Cyprinus carpio, from the Ogechee River, Georgia. Weight, 24 pounds. A. Booth, Chicago, Ill. Accession 14296; catalogue 34743. A shad, Clupea sapidissima, from the Columbia River. Walter Haydon, Weston, Ontario. Accession 14306; catalogue 34821- 34831. Ten species of fishes from Hudson’s Bay, as follows: Perca americana, Cottus labradoricus, Uranidea spilota, Hsox lucius, Percopsis guttatus, Catostomus longirostris, Salvelinus fontinalis, Stizostedium vit- reum, Coregonus labradoricus, Coregonus artedi var. HB. G. Blackford, 80 Fulton Market, New York, N. Y. Accession 14311. A halibut weighing 430 pounds, from Newfoundland. This specimen was cast and skinned. S. J. Martin, Gloucester, Mass. Accession 14417; catalogue 34883. A specimen of the black grouper, Epinephelus nigritus, weighing 300 pounds. Captured off Block Island. This is a species belonging to our southern coast; it strayed out of its native waters, ——————— Pe ee ee ee ee ee REPORT OF DEPARTMENT OF FISHES. 165 E.G. Blackford, 80 Fulton Market, New York, N. Y. Accession 14480; catalogue 34884. A pompano, Trachynotus goreensis, weighing 36 pounds. Prof. D. S. Jordan, Bloomington, Ind. Accession 14486; catalogue, ——. a large collection of fishes froin Cuba and F sida. containing many new species. U.S. Fish Commission Steamer Albatross. Accession 14286; catalogue 34853-34881, 34887-34903, 34905-34963. A tank of fishes from Saint Thomas, Trinidad, Curacao, and Key West, Fla. Prof. C. H. Gilbert, Rockford, IU. Accession 14525; catalogue 54979- 34983. A small collection of Lllinois fishes, containing types of the following new species: Nocomis hyostomus, Notropis boops, and Peecil. ichthys palustris. Capt. T. W. Sumpter, Big Spring, Va. Accession 14523; catalogue 34978. A rainbow trout, Salmo irideus, taken in Roanoke River, June 13, 1884. BE. 0. Smith, Newport, R. I. Accession 14543; catalogue 34988. A specimen of Chetodipterus faber, caught at Newport. An unusual species in that locality. Capt. George A. Johnson, Gloucester, Mass. Accession 14589; catalogue 35110. A specimen of Chiasmodus niger, from Brown’s Bank. Captain Johnson says it was taken alive, and was very ferocious. J. Dock Harrell, Osyka, Miss. Accession 14606; catalogue 35144. A specimen of striped bass, Roccus septentrionalis, which species is now reported in large schools of varying sized fish in that part of the Lower. Mississippi Valley. Prof. 8. F. Baird, Wood’s Holl, Mass. Accession 14614; catalogue 35136. A specimen of the frigate mackerel, Auxis rochei. Frank G. Galbraith, Wrightsville, York County, Pennsylvania. Acces- sion 14624; catalogue 35137. A mirror carp, Cyprinus carpio, 19 inches long, taken in the Susquehanna River. U. 8. Fish Commission, Wood’s Holl, Mass. Accession 14759; catalogue ——. Fifteen bottles of the rarer deep-sea fishes obtained by the Albatross. Prof. D. 8. Jordan, Bloomington, Ind. Accession 14828. A large col- lection of fresh-water fishes from Iowa and Missouri, containing many new and rare species. Prof. D. 8. Jordan, Bloomington, Ind. Accession 14881. Fresh-water fishes from Southern Missouri, Kansas, Arkansas, Indian Territory, Indiana, and elsewhere. In this and the preceding lot there are about twenty-five new species and a hundred desiderata. J. A. Duguo ?, Gloucester, Mass. Accession 14965; catalogue 36601. A specimen of Trachypterus arcticus from Iceland. Prof. D. 8. Jordan, Bloomington, Ind. Accessions 15002 and 15011; catalogue Numerous species of fishes from Indiana and Texas, 164 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884. Dr. T. H. Bean, U.S. National Museum, Washington, D. C. Accession 15031. Sixty-three species of marine and fresh-water fishes from Great South Bay, Long Island, and vicinity. Prof. C. H. Gilbert, Bloomington, Ind. Accession 15056. A box of fishes from Alabama, including new species of darters, minnows, cat- fishes, &e. HB. S. Stover, Albuquerque, N. Mex. Accession 15114; catalogue 36891. Six specimens of carp, Cyprinus carpio, raised in alkali water. James G. Swan, Port Townsend, Wash. Accession 15152; catalogue This collection includes, among other things, a beautiful example of Chirolophus polyactocephalus, Pallas, which has not been known south of Alaska before. Peter Smith, Chaptico, Saint Mary’s County, Maryland. Accession 15412; catalogue 36919. A mirror carp, Cyprinus carpio, weighing 11 pounds, which was caught in Wicomico Bay, in brackish water. Dr. W. H. Jones, U. 8. 8. Wachusett, Callao, Peru. Accession 15224; catalogue 36928-36934. A small collection of marine fishes contain- ing a Trachurus, a Scomber, a Scicena, an Ophichthys, and several re- markably large Gobiesox, measuring about a foot in length. ENTRIES IN THE CATALOGUE OF FISHES DURING 1884. The total number of entries in the catalogue was 3,015, the first entry being 33920 and the last 36934. This number was distributed through the different months as shown in a table further on. Table showing some of the work upon the collection of fishes during 1884. Lots of Lots of Months. fish fish cata- puis Hy ings @x- received. | logued. |.° * | amined.” PAMNALY - 2.2.2 2 - ewer eeenincvn ances cce sccnwsecece ate 5 454 1 5 WODTHALY 2. = so ccc ce cen seseccneeccccesnscsevennreces 6 | 23 7 8 POH = 2 2c) nte ohiep is delta able = asec ewes ence eas 6 313 5 uf RE as lies < hne Pa heh a Pees ainkite ine wer haa ames Em 10 35 1 6 Girl caece seheeeboee clo. at aocee ee oLe. 10 139 3 13 SIUM Oe: an ainh eee senna aatis aiepae atl tease as 16 226 1 7 WOES Bec hauls cow ne a ala Sess wena debate aelens > =. gaat G 9 216 11 7 PAPER 3 wats are cl ayare nin ore ee pineia meine meee awiais same em a ais 11 200 8 10 DEVUONIMOE 25 coa esc esatek ste cektecke ee sede aeeceey IO W Ee ce eee oe 2s tetseome sae oe 8 MUGCIDET ao o's's Line se aiere sie eisinte Saale < Selene deennarem. = 10 1, 357 ] 17 IMOMEENDOL cic cc sicetamewecenae ca gaten mene bleed weleanemoman 3 27 5 10 BU ABIDOR te -o.5 axa 0's once elaine Sold ons ie eae ie ance ‘ 5 25 5 5 1 EO Re eee STN. Peete ete RES ie 93 3, 015 54 117 * Ten drawings, made by Miss Smith, not included here. WORK DONE UPON THE FISHES DURING 1884, The notes on fishes, made by me while in Europe, in 1883, were ar- ranged for the printer. — A large and valuable collection of fishes, received from J. C. Bre- voort through I. G. Blackfore, were identified and catalogued. ee ee, ae REPORT OF DEPARTMENT OF FISHES. 165 A collection of Jamaican fishes, including nearly one hundred spe- cies, sent here in duplicate for identification, by the Kingston Public Museum of Jamaica, was attended to. ‘This is an important accession to the collection of fishes. The fresh-water fishes were all removed to the west basement, where Prof. D. 8S. Jordan, during the months of July and August, worked over the entire collection, verifying the old identifications and re-ar- ranging the collections generally. Many of these fishes were found to be absolutely worthless, and consequently were thrown away. A journal relating to the fishes of Wood’s Holl, Mass., and vicinity, kept by Mr. V. N. Edwards, from 1872 to 1880, is being revised for pub- lication. The large accessions required considerable attention, especially those from the deep sea. On account of the large number of gifts numerous lists were made for the donors and other information concerning the fishes was furnished. During the months of July and August my time was mostly taken up with editorial work. I left Washington for Patchogue, Great South Bay, N. Y., with two of my assistants, Messrs. Bean and Dresel, on the 2d of September. We spent about six weeks collecting fishes, principally marine species, in Great South Bay and the ponds in the vicinity of Patchogue. The work upon the bottled collection of marine fishes was commenced, and the different series will be made up as rapidly as possible. FISH DRAWINGS COMPLETED BY MISS M. M. SMITH, 18384. Hrimyzon goodei. Lateral view. 838. Ichthelurus furcatus. Lateral, head from above, and ventral views. 35631. Chimerid. Lateral, head from above, and ventral views. 50415, Psenes. Lateral view. 35634, Alepocephalid? Lateral view. 35559. Alepocephalid’? Lateral view. 39040, Astronesthes richardsonti. Lateral view. 30635. Bathypterois. Lateral view. : 39625. Brotulid. Lateral view. 33958. Coregonus artedi. Lateral view. LIST OF THE FISHES DRAWN BY MR. H. L. TODD DURING 1884. January : 32888. Catostomus longirostrum. Lateral and ventral views. 16633. Salmo pleuriticus. Lateral view. 30176. Trachynotus glaucus. Lateral view. 29882. Physiculus. Lateral view. 31917. Epinephelus drummond-hayi. Lateral view. 166 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884. February : 27657. 17113. 17800. 31482. 33197. 26564. Pristis pectinatus. Lateral view. Ophiodon elongatus. Lateral view. Mola rotunda. Lateral view. From cast. Bothus maculatus. Lateral view. Minytrema melanops. Lateral view. Pomacanthus zonipectus. Lateral view. ‘Pomacanthus arcuatus (ad.). Lateral view. Calamus pennatula. Lateral view. March : 33189. 34397, 13087. 16252. dd04L, 5815. 21500. 26575. 30862. Anisotremus virginicus. Lateral view. Alutera seripta. Lateral view. Blepharis crinitus. Lateral view. Vomer setipinnis. Lateral view. Alepocephalus productus. Lateral view. Hemistoma guacamaia. Lateral view. Xyrichthys vermiculatus. Lateral view. Citharichthys microstomus. Lateral view. Htropus crossotus. Lateral view. Paralichthys squamilentus. Lateral view. Scopelid. Lateral view. April: 22832. 26585. 33220. 265853. 8247, 54742. Menticirrus alburnus. Lateral view. Trachynotus ovatus. Lateral view. Lutjanus caxis. Lateral view. Ocyurus chrysurus. Lateral view. Hemulon chromis. Lateral view. Oncorhynchus nerka. Lateral view. May: 54744. 5j0U57. 23458. 17869. 1813. 30243. 23459. 26294. 23460. 27897. 17852, 1281. 27212. Percina caprodes. Lateral view. Hoamulon fremebundum. Percina manitou. Lateral view. Diplesium blennioides. Lateral view. Pecilichthys ceruleus. Lateral view. Boleosoma olmstedi. Lateral view. Alwordius crassus (type). Lateral view. Alvordius phoxocephalus. Lateral view. Boleichthys eos (type). Lateral view. Ltheostoma flabellare. WLateral view. Imostoma shumardi. Lateral view. Etheostoma lineolatum. Lateral view. Torpedo californica. Lateral, dorsal, and ventral views. June: 23445. 21994. Vaillantia camura. Lateral view. Pleurolepis asprellus. Lateral view. ted, mde be the Se kn i i i Sl ee +4 eeeee REPORT OF DEPARTMENT OF FISHES. 23454. Nanostoma vincticeps. Lateral view. (CLXXIV.) Benthosaurus grailator. Lateral view. 34886. Umbra pygmea. Lateral view. 34401. Aphredoderus sayanus. Lateral view. With 21994. Alvordius ? Lateral view. Malacosteus niger. Lateral view. 23461. Rheocrypta copelandi (type). Lateral view. 1164. Alvordius macrocephalus. Lateral view. 20354. Mesogonistius chetodon. Lateral view. 34957. Haemulon rimator. Lateral view. 32095. Hques lanceolatus. Lateral view. 23456. Pecilichthys virgatus. Lateral view. 23463. Loa vitrea. Lateral view. 33915. Hmblemaria nivipes. Lateral view. (Station 2146.) Diodon. Lateral view. July: 35035. Hemulon album. Lateral view. 7987. Ostracion trigonum. Lateral view. 35135. Tetrodon levigatus. Lateral view. 35136. Auawis rochei. Lateral view. 30824.. Chasmodes saburre (types). Lateral view. 30856. Isesthes ionthas (types). Lateral view. 35173. Sparisoma cyanolene. Lateral view. August: 39081. Diplodus unimaculatus. Lateral view. 35086. Myrophis. Lateral view. 22821. Polynemus octonemus. Lateral view. 34896. Aulostoma maculatum. Lateral view. 30177. Caranx amblyrhynchus. Lateral view. 19907. Centropomus undecimalis. Lateral view. 22831. Harengula pensacole. Lateral view. 30071. Clupea pseudohispanica. Lateral view. 35042. Calamus bajonado. Lateral view. 39030. Lutjanus analis. Lateral view. September: 35150. Haemulon teniatum. Lateral view. Cryptotomus beryllinus. Lateral view. 35155. Gobionellus oceanicus. Lateral view. 3423. Hypoplectrus nigricans. Lateral view. 35021. Hpinephelus microlepis. Lateral view. 30060. Tetrodon testudineus. Lateral and upper views. 35799. Paralichthys ocellaris. Lateral view. * 3424. Acanthurus chirurgus. Lateral view. 167 168 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884. October: 33181. Echeneis naucrates. 35168. Platyglossus radiatus. 36212. Pecilichthys punctulatus. 36215. Hadropterus cymatogrammus. 35828. Ammocrypta clara. 36444. Ammocrypla vivax. 36523. Microperca fonticola (type). 1314. Cottogaster putnami. 35853. Pocilichthys gilberti. 30946, Anguilla. _ 34004. Nanostoma thalassinum. 36442. Htheostoma whipplei. 36214. Hadropterus niangue. 36496. Hadropterus evides. 36446. Hadropterus scierus. 36139. Htheostoma luteocinctum. SdLOL. Scorpena grandicornis. November: 36448. Htheostoma histrio. 36413. Cottogaster uranidea. 34972. Platophrys nebularis. 36889. Chirolophus polyactocephalus. 35103. Trisotropis venenosus. 34447. Antennarius annulatus. 21903. Limanda rostrata ? 30145. Chaetodon capistratus. 31975. Anoplopoma fimbria. 36911. Cyprinus carpio. December: 36053. Hundulus diaphanus. 36052. Fundulus heteroclitus. 36020. Gobiosoma alepidotum. 35001. Baeostoma inscriptus. 36922. Lutjanus synagris. During the year forty-one papers, based upon material belonging to the department, were published in the Proceedings for 1884. PRESENT STATE OF THE COLLECTION. The number of specimens now in the Museum is not definitely known, but it is estimated to be about 68,000, divided as follows: (1) In the reserve series, 36,000; (2) On exhibition, 20,000; (3) Duplicates about 12,000. The condition of the collection has been greatly improved by trans- ferring the fishes from old tanks into new ones and into glass jars. REPORT OF DEPARTMENT OF FISHES. 169 There is, of course, some material which must be called distinctly bad, but the amount is becoming less and less every day. RECOMMENDATIONS AND GENERAL REMARKS. The duplicate fishes should be disposed of as soon as the sets can be made up. There should also be some instructions to collectors, cautioning them against shipping large numbers of fishes belonging to well-known species. Some provisions should be made for a proper storage of the skele- tons of fishes, which are now lying in boxes, where they are inacces- sible. I take pleasure in referring again to the assistance which I have de- rived from the following-named gentlemen in my work upon the fishes: Mr. Barton A. Bean, Ensign H. G. Dresel, U. 8S. N., and Mr. Peter Parker, jr. Without the valuable help of these gentlemen much of the work which has been accomplished would have remained undone. The Museum is to be congratulated also upon the addition to its corps of artists of Miss Mary M. Smith, of Bainbridge, Pa. Through the help of Mr. H. L. Todd and Miss Smith we are now able to produce very satisfactory illustrations of fishes. I herewith append a statement, prepared by Prof. D. 8S. Jordan, re- garding the collections of fishes made by himself under the auspices of the Smithsonian Institution, the Museum, and the Fish Commission. The collecting expedition of 1854 is of special value, being probably the most extensive yet undertaken in the fresh waters of the United - States. The object of this exploration was the gathering together of a collection of fresh-water fishes to be exhibited by the National Museum at New Orleans. A RECORD OF COLLECTIONS OF FISHES MADE UNDER THE AUSPICES OF THE U. 8. FISH COMMISSION AND THE U. 8S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, FROM 1875 TO 1885. By Davip 8. JORDAN. For the past ten years the writer has been engaged in a special study of the distribution of fishes in the waters of North America. In this study he has had occasion to do a good deal of field work in the collec- tion of and preseryation of fishes. In this he has been aided by sev- eral students and associates, especially by Mr. Charles H. Gilbert, now professor of biology in the University of Cincinnati. All this work has been carried on under the auspices of the U.S. National Museum and the U.S. Fish Commission. It has been per- formed, in a greater or less degree, under the direction of Professor Baird, and in all cases most of the material obtained, including the types of all new species, has been sent to the U.S. National Museum. 170 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884. The amount of financial assistance received from Government sources has varied very much. At times (1880~84) it has amounted to consid- erably more than the actual expenses of exploration and collection. At other times it has simply met the cost of the alcohol used. Aid of varying amount has also been given by Butler University and, since 1879, by the University of Indiana. These details are, however, foreign to the present purpose. I here give a brief account of the different excursions for field work in ichthyology, made by my associates and myself, with a list of the localities explored. 1875. In the spring and fall of 1875, extensive collections were made in White River and its tributaries about Indianapolis, by the late Prof. Herbert E. Copeland and myself. «spec 8 pe Bi mined cte: alent’ Antal wipe im es Capel eet ee 1 F leuroiomuaria sulcomarginaia, Conrad. «28. 25~ «<2 olen apne pemege cutee 1 Pleurotomaria sulcomarginata (Morrisville, N. Y.)....--..----- ---e2. eee eee eee 1 Corniferous limestone : Strophomena rhomboidalis, Wahlenberg - ....---. .----6 2-2-0 coos wee cne weceecense 1 Oriskany sandstone : pmricra arenosa, Conrad «0... 41¢/0 c0%) son ae8 oon cous ac woo he ate ee eee 1 Miscellaneous U.S. National Museum accessions: Stromatopora? sp.? Upper Coal Measures, Pleasant Hill,Mo. From Mr.G. C. proauhead, Pleasant Til MG). .050 oe. cease cated cee eee ee eee 3 14564. Fusulina cylindrica. A quantity of free specimens. From L. O. Perley, Emporia, Kans. 14019. Astylospongia pramorsa. Niagara formation, Tennessee. From Mr. Bee, AOE, INESEVIG, PON. ccicdae 62g puns a oiaien Skids bie eety clips ules ane 1 14309. Ilenus crassicauda, var. Trenton limestone, Lexington, Va. From tr, 0. B. Harding, Lexinpted Wal’. J. 2!c 20.05. ous. Ch ede ee ainen wee eee mre 13966. Scaphiocrinus. Two beautiful specimens on one block. Crawfordsville, Ind. From Capt. George M. Wheeler, U. S. A. Microdiscus speciosus. Middle Cambrian, Troy, N. Y. From Mr. 8S. W. Ford, RE II IRs ON os nae be cheno Hee ands bidlwelnd Dew ede won eps coe iy enaete Halysites catenulata, Linn. Drift of Park County, Indiana. From @. D. Lind, M. D., Danvilles:Ind cs... 2.60) dee Hbeee ered coke weer + snag bchinebhite tas ea eee We Obolella polita, Hall. Hyolithes primordialis, Hall, REPORT OF DEPARTMENT OF INVERTEBRATE FOSSILS. 205 Ptychoparia? calymenoides, Whitfield. ‘Ptychoparia sp. ¢ Agraulos Woosteri, Whitfield. Potsdam sandstone, Eau Claire beds, Dunn County, Wisconsin. From Public Museum of Milwaukee, Wis., by Mr. Carl Doerflinger, secretary. Eurypterus remipes, De Kay. A very tine specimen, Waterlime group, Williams- ville, N. Y. From Mr. James Temple Brown, U. 8. National Museum. Small miscellaneous collection: Carboniferous. From Mr. William Kancher, Oregon, Holt County, Missouri. WORK ON COLLECTIONS. The direct work on the collections of the Museum has been the re- cording, identifying, and labeling of the material mentioned under ac- cessions, and a continuation as opportunity offered of the arrangement of the old collections of the Smithsonian Institution. The latter work has been very limited, owing to the writer’s position as paleontologist in charge of the Paleozoic paleontology of the U.S. Geological Survey, requiring him and his assistants to devote the most of their time to original work in connection with the Survey. This work will, in a large degree, inure to the benefit of the Museum collections, as the material studied contains many new types and large numbers of spe- cies illustrating the stratigraphic and geographic distribution of life during Paleozoic time. RESULTS OF THE WORK ON THE COLLECTIONS FROM NEVADA, AS GIVEN IN MONOGRAPH VIII OF THE U. 8S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. ‘‘As an assistant geologist in the field work, the writer collected most of the fossils in situ, and studied their mode of occurrence and strati- graphic relations, thus disposing of an element of uncertainty which frequently arises in the mind of the paleontologist when examining col- lections from a region unfamiliar to him, and which presents, in the strata of the lesser divisions of its great geologic series of rock, asso- ciations of species unknown elsewhere, or an unusual vertical range of individual species. ‘The succession in the faunal series from the Olenellus (or Middle Cambrian) fauna, through a large, well-defined fauna of the character of that of the Potsdam group of New York and the Mississippi Valley, to one that in its assemblage of species combines both Cambrian and Silurian types, and passes upward into a fauna comparable to that of the Quebec group or the Calciferous and Chazy groups, is of special in- terest. The transition from the Cambrian to the Silurian fauna is very gradual, and such as would occur where there was no marked physical disturbance to influence the faunal change resulting from the natural dying out and development of species or the influx of new species from other areas. ‘The fauna between that of the Silurian and the Devonian horizons is so meager that the only reference made to it is in the systematic list and in the lists of the geologic report. (Geology of the Eureka Distuict.) 206 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884. “The fauna of the Devonian is large and representative, notwith- standing some species have reversed their relative position in the group as they have been known heretofore, and others have a greater vertical range. | ‘““The fauna of the White Pine shale, in the White Pine district, is in many respects a peculiar one, combining as it does species ranging from the Middle Devonian into the Lower Carboniferous. The stratigraphic position of the shale is at the summit of the Devonian system and at the base of the Carboniferous; it is overlain in the Eureka district, where the section is unbroken, by a massive belt of conglomerate before the limestones carrying the Lower Carboniferous fauna appear in the sec- tion. The most strongly marked Carboniferous species are Spiriferina cristata, Retzia radialis, Athyris sublamellosus, and Cardiomorpha Missou- riensis. These are associated at the same horizon with such Devonian species as Discina Lodensis, Productus subaculeatus, Ambocelia umbona, Rhynchonella (Leiorhynchus) quadricostata, Aviculopecten catactus, and Innulicardium fragosum. “The White Pine shales occupy the same position with relation to the Devonian and the Carboniferous systems as does the lower portion of the Pogonip limestone to the Cambrian and Silurian systems. In each case there are beds of passage carrying a fauna that unites the faunas ot the two systems. “A summary of the Devonian fauna is given in the following table: Common to Nevada and er: Nevada. New York. are Towa. G 1 ¥ ‘ 8 Pe Roe he! we & eee roups. E 4g E ; eye see ® ® a8 , A A Cs : gy eo ve Pe) ea oe eee ee o s) o o oR es) S | rs Oke Bh Gee a aN i We iis ee o mM 4 =) pb O N nN n 12 a 2 ee 3 3 1 1 D ISssogha dee se cee eeeeneee PCUMOZOR << ania cievies mace nc 14 27 15 13 1 11 11 9 3 OM OD as cura ass pees tae 3 BR Cas Sac atte sce ae Tal Namen ae eS BE 1 EAC ULODOUA <2 5 00 scncen ns 26 *83 50 eg OR 26 38 8 11 Lamellibranchiata ........ 29 42 27 17 2 27 9 2 2 Gasteropoda ...... ....-+=- 13 39 23 17 1 11 12 re eee i 5 8 7 2 il 5 Fal SR ee |e RS, Cephalopoda .............. 4 11 7 Wehitcen bed Pee Cone Seer AS ee 2 2 ly | aa eel |S Roe 2 Qe Mahe pte are os pean ore ho ete Pemectlopeds .....<......-.- 4 7 4 Brita peat 4 Np hteere — | | 3 | 4 | | — : 3 5 | i ae 3 gj Bi 3 | a) J = 9 Formation. ms | 2 D Pare ae a }e/ 2 a”) 2} gee 3) i) b> =} 8 | 2 be Poe bee | nm | Pa 4 Pp few pte bs Ades: =H BY ebdbiek aR S702. 1 > nenedacapicclvonw pon easnexe-¥o>s a) et en] met Oe ila : Ee. as a. sLaceueenbadiedéanpunp ee baccuccnes 47 99 34/ 31 34 15 cS aE aR ata dim wes nm Me wiwinia'es ic ic ee tae wisioe vaya ciate cw a/elercis ala mined LO;B88 is one 10, 848 RC RPR ISLET I ie. o foie Atk coe oe a crore wacom cmted waleceinecicm nt pie vecle 2, 499 9, 919 12, 418 MEER Ete oe ain Te nie Seiwa > Baw s cl vicers vicisicivinve antes Sisin wicje\cbiom bie se oie Sincieiat 4, 504 9, 044 13, 548 SO TMETTRTEISATELL 2 SOK, ot cic aicke bis-cake u cla Uistee in % ope wend nua sce bare me sb owe eee be 5, 657 28, 031 33, 688 MNES ve islaisi cho days a eb a’ bv dix'octs sce eu we avo veg wwe uelto lee cine ae gue P8028 soos noose 1, 892 eee WANS (MIGSICT) ..0~ 2... eee ee ss ectenanennscues MSS Leis tail a hee ee eee 255 255- ASTER eas te tance a eka septate SPi28 nr gle ONT 25,400 | 47,249 | 72, 649. Owing to the writer being engaged in field work during several months: of the year, and the demands made by duties connected with the Geo- REPORT OF DEPARTMENT OF INVERTEBRATE FOSSILS. 2(0)9 logical Survey, it is impossible to give any considerable amount of time to labeling the old collection and preparing it for exhibition. The administrative duties of the department are attended to, and all the office work of the writer and two assistants adds to the value of the collections, as the material worked over and studied is transferred when fully prepared to the Museum collections. RECOMMENDATIONS, It is respectfully suggested that provision be made by the Museum for the employment of an assistant, who shall be engaged in work connected: with the Paleozoic collections of fossils. It is required, in order to put. the old collections on exhibition and to record and take eare of the ac- cessions. S. Mis, 33, pt. 2——14 APPENDIX I, Lists of the species transferred from the U. S. Geological Survey. No. of No. of speci- speci- mens. mens. DEVONIAN. DEVONIAN—Continued. Brachiopoda. Brachiopoda—C ontinued. Lingua Alba-pinensis, Walcott .......-..-- 6 || Spirifera Alba-pinensis, H.& W .....-- 1 ena, Tall nection se ce dle 1 disjuncta, Sowerby ...---.--.---<- 26 Ligea, ed neers to eee ee 1 Englemani, Meck ..2.-...-. «252 11 I’gea, Hall, var. Nevadensis, Wal- glabra, var. Nevadensis, Walcott . 1 Cy: | SM ies ae CRT Sa 3 Parryana, Hall: co. 7o. 5 Pee 5 Lonensis, Wali sce. ee 2 Pinonensis, Meek... .2.. 4-224 2a55- 53 Melia. Tia pecs reper ie hcg 4 raricesta (Conrad) ? Hall . 20 Whitei, WV RIGOUD) Satie as elon ae alo a strigosus, Meek, S. disjuncta De ro) RMON E ieee 8 tee oe 1 Vernewists. sees cer 8 8 ventricosus, White & Whitfield sty sania peave WAM) hte pia rari « 10 Combensis, Walcott......-.--. 1 | (Sp. undt.) . ap nent ee 9 racilis, Walcott...........-... 3 Styliola Jissure la, ps © See ee eee 45 Conocardium Nevadensis, Walcott ..-...---. 3 || Conularta sp.?..-.....-.--------se0+---0--e- 3 eee 5 || Coleolus levis, Walcott . ....-.....-.......-. 7 Lunulicardium fragosum, 1 Se eee 37 RP Wis stb Oem a a Es redhat wor « 18 Paracyclas occidentalis, Hall.............--. 21 || Hyolithes (lke dT; ACIS, HAN ccdaehanes ss. 1 peroccidens, TD eS oe 3 oy Te charviin BE 3 AG ae ea ents <6 + - 2 Posidunomya Devonica, Walcott ---...-..----- 2 | Number of species, 11; number of Mbabls beaut rst sedan 1 || specimens, 107. Microdon macrostriata, Wakeste. ..2344 Ate 3 Anadontopsis amygdaleformis, Walcott . 11 Cephalopoda. Cypricardinia indenta, Conrad (sp.) .------- 4 Schizodus (Cytherodon) orbicularia, Walcott. 2 || Orthoceras sp. ? (5 species) ...-.-.--.--.-.--- 44 Number of species, 38; number of Gomphoceras suboviforme, Walcott . ....--. 1 specimens, 240. Mane Gi 05 ti hs sk «nbd antpvenlehy a 3 Cyrtoceras cessutor, TNR a Re ashoaay 1 Gasteropoda. Zevolienas Walcott ........-.--. : eroceras Rpt! Wiel ees Rie Ae end talented 3 Platyccras carinatum, Hall .......-..-.----- 7 | Goniatites ideratus, Waleott Be Ps 3) Sis its 2 pment, hells. |. ee. Asse. 2 Kingi, H. OS EE eS SN 22 Conradi. Wrempeths. Ye. seckows i... 3 (like @. discoideus, Hall) eeeererer 3 dentalium, Hall.............----- 1 Number of species, 14; number of nodosum, Conrad ....... ..-..... 4 specimens, 81. thetiforme, PERU. woe Sw asks 2 wee nets EY Aeaedads 2 cewtien 3 Crustacea. undulatum, Walcott............- 1 ) Per ES &.. Uidvts. 42- Sinha. - i0 | Beyrichia occidentalis, Walcott......-...--- 2 otal aaa a Re ie ihe cn diene 18 | Leperditia age Wage ii ee o Li SPB Sw ede de gl aS ee 2 Res eke Bee ene aati s roms wi tes wn Ecculiomphalus Devonicus, Walcott .....-- 4 Number of species, 3; number of Euomphalus Eurekensis, Walcott. ...-...--. 12 specimens, 23. (P.) Janae Hells. 3. 252% acct 5 | bua; W Hite ...2s285.5... 5 Pecilopoda. BLASS. onin 14 Straparollus sitbdies Weelenes x. .ts0. 3 | Phacops rana (Green) Hall..............--. 50 Oyclonema (like C. multilira, i: * 1 | pene 11 | Dalmanites Meeki, Whelente 52 ois coweh en 26 PU OOMNAIES BD. 4.6000. 02 abe eh ces ais 8 | eee, el re ae 4 Platyschisma? ambiguum, Walcott .....-... 4 | Pretus Haldemanni, Hall ...............--- | 13 a W aloott:..2.% 32.2... 12 maine (Conrad) (iP eee | . coves se cwna hile eared 1 OPA one eee ee eee eee Callonema occidentalis, Walcott ...-.....--- 5 |, Phillipsia ornata, Hall! .................-. 4 . eer pe 1 Number ‘of species, 7; number of | eee ee ee 1 specimens, 121. 212 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884. From the Carboniferous the record shows 103 species and 1,627 speci- No. of speci- mens. i] es 00 OM PRIM PP RHE WHONHOUAENNW — HO et eb et ah fe ee OV 10 Qo to mnnwonw mens. No. of speci- mens. CARBONIFEROUS. CARBONIFEROUS—Continued. Brachiopoda. Lamellibranchiata—Continued. Discina connata, Walcott ..-.--..--.--..--- 4 || Solenomya curta, Walcott ........-..--.-.-. Nowberryt, Hall «© 5220-2 toe tae 30 || Macrodon Hamiltone, Hall ................- Newberryt. Hall? 2). ees ee is truncata, Walcott. .'.....-.-.--.-. oe Phillips .222 22 ote sa ecee 5 tenuistriata, Meek & Worthen... 0.7 sce 506k een co ss ee 1| Grammysia Hannibalensis, Shumard....... Lingula pnioioe Sowerby? \ lesa - 22 6 arcuata) Conrad 2 as2-8.-- 2552-8 Chonetes ranulifera, OWeneee: eas. oe oes 31 || Edmondia Medon, Walcott ..............--. erneuiliana, N. & Poss... os. 8 ? circularis, Walcott....-.....-- Productus Cora, D’Orb Sa ke 57 || Pleurophorus Meeki, Walcott .............-- costatus, Sowerby :.2s+-.----2-.-- 4 || Sanguinolites Zolus, MiG Wi > pee e costatus, var.? Sowerby...-.--..--- 9 2 Neenia, Waleott........<.352.- elegans, McCoy 4. b are. 5 retusus, Walcott.........-.--- longispinus, Sowerby...--.------ 13 Salttert. Walcott: :223 222: ee eee punctatus (Martin) .-:-....2.--.-- 20 simplex, Walcott ...--.-..---. semireticulatus (Martin) De Ko- ip et Walcottte S2520 sche ee MUNG Rs ete ee ee eee clot cla 20 SSiepitckin. Cot Me TS eee subaculeatus, Murch .........-.. 14 icrionlte calcen connatus, Walcott. AOCODNL 0. BAe eo PON e nals 2 50 || Cardiola ? filicostata, Walcott ...........-.. Streptorhynchus crenistria (Phillips) Da- Schizodus cuneatus, Meek ..........-.------ VIGSOD 26s eee ere en ee Fs 25 curtiforme, Wialeottis-2es 42222: Orthis Pecosi, Marcon atecvaligry 25 deparecusi Walcott yeas cane ose , resupinata (Martin) De Koninck.... 44 Pintoensis, Walcott .:...-.-....-. Spirifera annectans, Walcott ........---..--- 1 Number of species, 42; number of camerata, Martin......02.20022..- 31 specimens, 445. desiderata, Walcott........--..--. 1 trigonalis (Martin) Sowerby...--. 7 Gasteropoda. Detye, iste Pio tosis 14 neglecta, Halen. Jobb. be Ret 12 || Platyceras occidens, Walcott ......-...---.- Rockymontana, Marcou .....-.-.. 34 Piso, AV dllcobi a. dc seeeerie ce Stridtas Martine oe BY Ree ees 19 || Platyostoma inornata, Walcott..........--. young Ghella “00. AGsaie ee... 17 || Huomphalus subrugosus, VIR GV eo rane (Martinia) setigera, Ch eae 93 || Loxonema ee Walcottd soliiscen bes eee Syringothyris cuspidatus (Martin) King ....| 12 || = «Bp P - +e ee o e eee ee eee eee eee Spiriferina cristata, Schlotheim .........-.. 35 Metirackaaes Spe teste. |. os ee ee tiot aes Retzia radialis, Phillips be Re get vac dats Ps 60 || Pleurotomaria Eurckensis, Walcott...-...--. Verneuiliana, Hall........-.......--- 30 nodomarginata, McChesney. Athyris Royssii (L. Eveille) McCoy .....-... 5 3 isp ie fokus «Se ae ee sublamellosa, Hall.................- 43 i Naticopsia Bape lh. 2. tei. 3. ps pore nee caeeee ee subtilita (Hall) N ewherry 22. :.-.. 26 || Bellerophon majuscula, Walcott .--...-..-- | EEE ee ee eee BL aa ae 3 lectilis salle Jos ccnee none eee een Rhynchonella Eurekensis, Walcott ....-..-.. 48 Mep WS .22.gateeo nama eeees Thera, Waleotes ori 8o wah: 18 || Metoptoma peroccidens, Walcott ......-..--. hs a ‘Marcon re... 21 || Ampullaria? Powelli, Walcott ...........--- Si ae See) Sk ORs i 2 Number of species, 11; number of |. i a ib i wd at Shumard ...-.... 28 specimens, 72. errebratula bovidens, Martin..............- 4 . gcse Sowerby Re cee es 48 Pulmonifera. H 2iSpat 225 ee eee eee ee ee 21 || Zaptychius Carbonaria, Walcott....---..--- Number eo species, 38; number of Physa Paes, Woleott: 291. cockeneentsancan specimens, 941. Number of species, 2. Lamellibranchiata. Pteropoda. Aviculopecten afinis, Walcott.............-- 102 || Conularia Missouriensis, Shumard.......--. KHurekensis, Walcott .......--. 5 || Hyolithes Carbonaria, Walcott .....-.-.-..- Haguei, Walcott:..2.......0.- 4 || Dentalium (like D. Primarium), Hall...... | peroccidens, Walcott ......... 13 Number of species, 3; number of ra ag Walcott .-....2u.. 2 specimens, 11. COB T* no St on Lee cate ee 10 Streblopteria similis, Walcott............-..- 24 Cephalopoda. Orenipecten Hallanus, Wialeotto seen cle 7 || Orthoceras Eurekensis, Walcott ..........-- Pterinopecten Hoosacensis, Walcott......... 2 annulatocostata, M.& W .-...--. mo, Waleout <3 sf tice ee. 5 Bins) dink ies ee eae oid. acl. Pterinea Pintoensis, Walcott .............--. 2) Comehocente Opts. sccdewn woe de ke «onc cui RNIN Ds 9 ocean oe. OS Tes 5 || Nautilus (like N. Digonus, M. & W.) .-.-.-- Ptychopteria protoforme, Walcott.........-. 1 || Goniatites sp.? . oe Pinna consimilis, Walcott .................. 9 Number of species, ‘B; “number of wecs inexpectans, Wpleots Pies woe annicnt 9 specimens, 17 yalina congeneris, Walcott..............-- 5 Nemesis, Walcott.........-.......- 3 Crustacea. DVOCBRIER WY PRDOUD. 2 - olen sin ends ons ves Dl iy Bile Tc ce dia. the ewer 6 aeons saa Modiola Nevadensis, Walcott .......-.-..... 4 | Number of species, 1; number of Modiomorpha 7 pie doe Meee Tes eee 1 |] specimens, 11. esiderata, Walcott.......... 3 . Pintoensis, Walcott.......... 15 || Paccilopoda. Nucula insularis, Walcott. .............-.. 10 || Grifithides Portlocki, M. & W.........--.-. levatiforme, Walcott..............-- 4 Number of species, 1; number of PR) a ed Rapes Hie Je Select cal gh oes a 7 specimens, 140. REPORT OF DEPARTMENT OF INVERTEBRATE FOSSILS. 213 Devonian fossils from the Hamilton group at Moravia, N. Y., trans- ferred from the U. 8. Geological Survey : DEVONIAN. Actinozoa. Streptelasma rectum, Hall Deane Surcatus, Hall Sruticosus, Hall Number of species, 3; number of specimens, 93. i ee ee ee ee ee Echinodermata. Platycrinus Eboraceus, Hall Crinoid stems Number of species, 2; number of specimens, 20. Polyzoa. Polyzoa s Wontke of species, 1; number of specimens, 39. Brachiopoda. Pholidope Hamiltone, Hall Chonetes coronata, Hall i rs ee edisns daiarienae Hall Orthis Vanuxemi, Hall Strophodonta concava, Hall demissa, A) ee inequistriata, Conrad perplana, Conrad textilis, Hall Spirifera weties "Conrad (Cooperstown, ee ee ee ee ee Jimbriata, Conrad granulifera, Conrad medialis, Hall mucronata, Conrad Tullia, Hall Ambocelia umbonata, Conrad Athyris spiriferoides, Eaton Atrypa reticularis, Linnzus var. spinosa, Hall Rhynchonella Horsfordi, Hall multicostata, Hall oe ie spine Hall ~ specimens, 747. Lamellibranchiata. Aviculopecten Ida, Hall mucronatus, Hall Phoreus, Hall princeps, Conrad scabridus, Hall Sp. ? . Actinopteria subdecussata, Hall Pterinopecten exfoliatus, Hall exfoliatus ? Pterinopecten ? ee ee ee es No.o — on ok bo KP INNMWOUNWSOADAaUCoOnw 13 —_ Ne Oe RAO ee speci mens. | | | | No. of | speci- mens. DEvoNIAN—Continued. Lamellibranchiata—Continued. Glyptodesma erectum, Conrad Eee ster rigs Conrad teria sp iy tilarca (P ) Lcgbrean Hall Modiomorpha alta, Conrad complanata, Hall concentrica, Conrad es eee ee mee ee ee 2 ee es es ee ee es ee Sp. Goniophora Hamiltonensis, Hall ........---. rugosa, Conrad Paleovneilo constricta, Conrad emarginata, Conrad maxima, Conrad muta, yA rc ie ee en plana, Hall 5 Nucula bellistri “iata, Conrad corbuliformis, Hall lirata, Conrad Randalli, Hall Nuculites Nyassa, Hall oblongata, Hall triqueter, Conrad Leda diversa, Hall rostellata, Hall Grammysia arcuata, Conrad lirata, Hall Edmondia Philipi. Hall subnasuta, Hall Cardiomorpha bellatula, Hall Sanguinolites cuneatus, ‘Conrad Tunulicardium Fragile. Hall Paracyclas tenuis, Hall Macrodon Hamiltone, Hall bellistriatus, Conrad tenuistriata, Hall Prothyris lanceolata, Hall Modiella pygmea, Conrad Tellinopsis emarginata, Conrad Cimataria recurva, Hall Phthonia sectifrons, Conrad Orthonata parvula, Hall Schizodus appressus, Conrad Number of species, 53; number of specimens, 482. ee i re ee ee ed i ee ay ee es ee ee ee ee ee ee es es eee www eee mee ee es ee es ewww eee es ee ee ee es ee ee er ee eww we wwe ey Gasteropoda. Platyceras carinatum, Hall erectum, Hall Platyostoma lineatum, Conrad............-. ) Pleurotomaria capillaria, ho” ag! Itys, Hal trilix, Hi Loxonema delphicola, Hall Hamiltonensis, Hall Bellerophon Leda, Hall crenistria, Hall patulus, Hall Oyrtolites mitella, Hall Number of species, 11; number of specimens, 75. eer ewe ee Se ee eee wwe ee mee ee ee Pteropoda. Tentaculites scalariformis, Hall Hyolithes aclis, Hail . aclis, var. petaloide, Hall striatus, Hall Sp. ? wr isa] Cr oN WOW OI Wr & PO Orbe bo wa monmnwre ge woonwnonrhe no COCLOIN GQ ee 00 9 00 OR ee Wr bo Orr 214 ve. of mens. DEVONIAN—Continued. Pteropoda—Continued. Coleolus tenuicinctum, Hall Conularia undulata, Conrad Number of species, 6; number of specimens, 16. Cephalopoda. Orthoceras crotalum, Hall nuntium, Hall subulatum, Hall Telamon, Hall speci- | Genera, 65; species, 120; specimens, 1,599. REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884. DEVONIAN—Continued. Cephalopoda—Continued. GONTALTESIS Da Oe cree, teenie aie ne ate ee ee Nautilus liratus, var. juvenis, Hall........-. Number of species, 8; number of specimens, 66. Pecilopoda. PRACODS TANG, Greene ete See eee Dalmanites Boothit, Green Homalonotus DeKayi, Green LICKONSIOES...c =. 20 sem. Sse ee ee Number of species, 4; number of specimens, 61. No. of speci- mens, 13 16 The above collection will be of value in the comparative study of faunas from the Devonian, as it is from one locality and shows varia- tions in the species not observed elsewhere. ‘“‘The general character of the fauna of the Cambrian, Silurian, Devonian, and Carboniferous strata of the Eureka and White Pine mining districts of Central Nevada is given in this work more to illus- trate the stratigraphic succession and equivalency of the geologic hori- zons with those described elsewhere than as a detailed monograph of the invertebrate fossils, since for the latter purpose much more exten- sive collections are necessary to represent the large fauna of the Paleo- zoic system of Central Nevada than we have at present.” XII (8).—DEPARTMENT OF INVERTEBRATE FOSSILS, MESOZOIC AND CENOZOIC. By C. A. Wuire, Honorary Curator. This report necessarily embraces an account of a large part of the work which has been done by my division of the U. 8. Geological Sur- vey, because myself and all of my assistants except one are regularly employed as members of that organization; also much the greater part of the material which is now being received for this division of the Museum comes from parties connected with the Survey. Besides myself, the following persons connected with the Survey have been employed in my division of the Museum work during the year: J. B. Marcou, Lawrence ©. Johnson, Frank Burns, P. C. George, J. P- Hendley, and C. B. Boyle. In addition to these, Dr. R. H. Singleton has been detailed from the Museum for work in connection with the registers and catalogues. It will of course be understood that for a part of the year the persons mentioned above who are connected with the Survey are not engaged upon Museum work. All of them spend more or less of the year in the field work of the Survey, and some of them are engaged mainly in the collection of fossils, which are sent to the Museum. ACCESSIONS. There have been received at the Museum during the past year about 85 boxes of fossils which pertain to my division, the number being somewhat indefinite because many of the boxes which are sent contain material which pertains to other divisions. These accessions embrace collections made in California, Oregon, New Jersey, Florida, Alabama, and Mississippi. As is usually the case with such collections, a part of the material is not available for Museum purposes; but still these accessions are mak- ing large additions to the Museum material of a very important char- acter. These new collections also embrace species which have not before been in the possession of the Museum. This is especially the case with the collections from California and the Gulf States. Fifteen accessions sent by private parties to the Museum have been received by my division during the year. Most of these are of little vaiue 215 216 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884. as accessions, but a part of them are desirable. They have, however, all received proper attention, as required by the rules of the Museum. ROUTINE WORK. Besides the work of classifying and arranging the collections, the woutine work of my division has consisted largely in duplicating the wregisters and the preparation of catalogues. Copies of the three large volumes of the registers have been made, consisting of 3,500, 8,899, and 12,900 entries, respectively. These copies have been delivered to Mr. &. D. Walcott, who has charge of the Paleozoic fossils. A complete index of all the Mesozoic and Cenozoic invertebrate fossils of North America, wherever published, is in an advanced state of prep- aration, and it is expected that it will be ready for publication during the year. A catalogue of all the type specimens of the Mesozoic and Cenozoic «species belonging to the Museum is nearly completed, and will soon be offered for publication in the Proceedings of the Museum. It is based pon a careful selection and verification of the specimens, and will show the Museum registry number of each, as well as the date and place of description and illustration. The reviewing and labeling of all the fossils belonging to this divis- tion, exclusive of the later collections of the Geological Survey and the 49 boxes sent last year from Texas by Mr. George Stolley, have been completed. The Stolley collection has been unpacked, a few trays full selected for the Museum, and the remainder stored in the Armory uilding. The entries in the Museum register for the year range from 12,231 to 13,389, inclusive. A collection of Mesozoic and Cenozoic fossils, consisting of 100 species, has been sent to Prof. Samuel Calvin, of the Iowa State University, in exchange for fossils received from him by the Museum a year or two previously. ‘A collection of 18 specimens of fossiliferous rocks have ‘been delivered to Mr. George P. Merrill, in charge of the Department of Lithology in the Museum. PRESENT STATE OF THE COLLECTIONS. It is not at present practicable to make any satisfactory statement as to the present state of the collections, because, for want of sufficient ‘help and suitable room in which to work, they have not been fully «classified, and none of them are yet installed. Upon the completion “of the study of any collection or group of species the specimens have ‘been put away in trays, where they await an opportunity for their clas- ‘sification aifd installation. | Speaking in a general way, I may say that the collections contain a large part of the types of the species of fossil invertebrates which have beep published in the official reports of the United States sur- REPORT OF DEPARTMENT OF INVERTEBRATE FOSSILS. 217 veys and explorations. A few of these have perhaps been lost, and some have never reached the Museum. They also contain so large a number of authentic specimens of other species, that resort to the other great collections of the country is seldom necessary, so far as North American forms are concerned. The collections that are now being added to the Museum, together with those which it already possesses, are to be the standards of refer- ence for the national geological work, and it is therefore essential that provision be made for their safety and accessibility. The Museum work of my division is very much retarded for want of suitable room in which to work and suitable cases in which to arrange the specimens. So great is the want in this respect that we often find it impracticable to get access to the material which it is necessary to study; and the collec- tions are also inaccessible to other naturalists who may desire to study them. Convenient access at all times to the collections is necessary, because questions are constantly arising in the progress of the Govern- ment geological work which can be solved only by their aid. It may be mentioned, however, as an encouraging fact, that the more important part of the collections is comparatively safe, so far as danger of their destruction is concerned. 2 ait aig i het wees Mf ae pit oe Te ay XIL.—DEPARTMENT OF FOSSIL PLANTS. By Lester F. WARD, Honorary Curator. Only a few scattering accessions have been made to the department during the year, and no work strictly appertaining to the curatorship was undertaken until after the beginning of November, owing to my not having any assistants and to being constantly employed in the prepara- tion of reports for the Geological Survey. The material which | am elaborating for these reports will, however, be ultimately turned over to the Museum, and will largely increase its collections. On November 5, Mr. Frank H. Knowlton was assigned to duty in the Department of Fossil Plants, and since that date he has been employed in devising and perfecting a system of cataloguing and installing the ac- cessions. A large amount of miscellaneous and undetermined material had accumulated which it had been impossible for me to attend to, and this he has carefully and intelligently examined, classified, and cata- logued. This material, therefore, 1 am now able, for the first time, to em- brace in my enumeration of stock in hand. Mr. Knowlton has also performed a large number of minor duties incident to the routine work of the department which had been deferred for want of time, and is in- trusted with the care of specimens as they arrive, and with all clerical! work, which I hope may hereafter be attended to without delay. ‘ Mr. A. L. Schott, formerly of the Botanic Garden, who has been em- ployed in the Museum to attend to the palms and other ornamental plants in the rotunda and on the adjacent balconies, was also assigued to my department early in November, and the permission given me to command his services during such portion of the time as they were not required in the care of the plants intrusted to his charge. The great need I was laboring under of specimens of living plants for comparison with fossil impressions, coupled with Mr. Schott’s peculiar fitness for collecting the exotic plants of the parks, streets, and greenhouses of the city, determipved me to intrust him with the duty of making such a collection. It gives me pleasure to testify to the intelligent and satis- factory manner in which he has performed this duty. The specimens he daily brings, and which are carefully dried and preserved, represent species from all parts of the world, and especially from the tropics and 219 220 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884. the Southern Hemisphere, and they therefore constitute a most valu- able basis for the study of Miocene fossil plants, which usually possess so little analogy with the floras of north temperate latitudes. It is to be regretted that Mr. Schott’s work was begun so late that few of the hardy exotics of the parks and streets could be obtained before the advent of frosts; but it is hoped that this work may be resumed and completed next season. The following was the state of the collections at the close of the year: 1. Total number of specimens of catalogued material (exclusive of my recent | collections still in hand for study and not yet formally turned over to the Prapeeoniad Nisei) htc alee sagt ele nm Seana se & dais eerste eee 7,291 2. Specimens in the Museum, but which have not been eesti determined, and consisting toa great extent of silicified wood, petrified stems, trunks, &c. 2,270 De LIGte RL TRIGROTT AR coon te et ul we eon cin oie oe) mele ary am ee, ee ea 5, 021 4. In the reserve series, many of which, however, are duplicates and can ulti- mately be used for purposes of exchange.:.... ..---. 22. ..20-. 25-222 2-2 3, 930 5. Duplicates specially selected as such and now stored at the Armory Building. 1, 091 6. Number of distinct species identified, catalogued, and installed-.........--- 923 7. "Of whiel’ Paleozoic, chietly Carboniferous: .-.. . 2... ss -\.aciewa ae cdan econ, 272 S. Cretaceous,clieiiy Dakota group -... 2-5 00. . teats acka ao sans ee odes ace an 142 9. Tertiary and Laramie group, largely the latter, which were classed as Eocene in the catalogue prepared by Mr. Lesquerenx.... ....-....----2--0+ ena eoe 509 It is, perhaps, too early to speak of the proposed new department of botany which I learn is about to be established in the Museum and placed under my immediate charge, but I cannot repress my great satisfaction at such a step, and I desire to assure you of my hearty co- operation in making it a complete success. XIV.—DEPARTMENT OF MINERALOGY. By F. W. CLARKE, Honorary Curator. _ During the year the growth of the mineral collection has been steady and encouraging. Material of great value has been received from many sources, the work of installing the collection has been definitely begun, and a system of exchanges has been fairly inaugurated. In connection with my duties as chief chemist of the U. S. Geological Survey, I have been able to institute some scientific investigations upon minerals col- lected in the field, and similar work has also been carried forward by certain of my assistants. A list of all the accessions to the mineral collection during 1884 would be too bulky for publication, but a brief résumé of the more notable ones may be interesting. The first place must be given, both by merit and in courtesy, to the admirable suite of American minerals loaned to the Museum by Mr. Joseph Willcox, of Media, Pa. This collection num- bers some 1,400 specimens, and fills the equivalent of six large sloping- top cases of three shelves each. It is remarkably rich in quartzes, rutiles, corundums, feldspars, amphiboles, pyroxenes, micas, tourma- lines, pyrophyllites, apatites and danburites, and in some of its series it could hardly be paralleled. Next in importance is the Abert collec- tion, which, made by Col. J. J. Abert, was presented to the Museum by his son, J. T. Abert, and contains 1,245 specimens. It was particularly rich in foreign material, and filled many serious gaps in the Museum series. To Prof. S. F. Peckham of Minneapolis, Minn., we are indebted for a handsome group of cut specimens of pebbles of thomsonite from Min- nesota. From Mr. J. D. Schreiber of Shimersville, Pa., we received a large, fine crystal of corundum, together with several smaller ones, all of them from Shimersville. From Mr. Richard Pearce of Argo, Colo., we received a number of rare arsenates and phosphates of copper from the Americau Eagle Mine, Utah. Another lot of this material was col- lected for this department, last summer, by Mr. F. P. Dewey, Curator of the Department of Metallurgy. Another large group of accessions is attributable to the appropria- tion made for the Museum exhibit at the New Orleans Exposition. A part of this appropriation was allotted to the mineral department for 221 222 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884. the purchase and collection of specimens, with very favorable results. Instead of attempting a general display of minerals it was thought best to take up one special class, and the class chosen for exhibition was that of ‘gems and ornamental stones.” The schedule which was adopted included all the gems proper, rock crystal, agates and jaspers, malachite, lapis lazuli, jet, meerschaum, amber &c.; and every impor- tant gem or ornamental species was secured both in the rough and cut conditions. About one thousand specimens of this class are now on exhibition in New Orleans, of which nearly or quite one-third are cut and polished stones. Educationally, the gem collection is practically complete, and needs only to be improved by the addition of minor va- rieties or the replacement of small specimens by better ones. ), vitreous, or glassy, and (ce) clastic, or fragmental, under which are arranged all those forms of structure common to each. The collection thus includes three nearly parallel series, and comprises, as at present arranged, forty-one REPORT OF DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICAL GEOLOGY. 233 specimens, each of which is accompanied by a printed label stating to which of the three principal groups it belongs, what type of structure it represents, and also the name of the rock specimen itself, the locality from whence it came, and the name of the donor or collector. In preparing the collection of rock-forming minerals, rocks have been regarded as simply mineral aggregates of more or less complexity of structure and composition. The collection, therefore, includes repre- sentative specimens of all those minerals which commonly form an ap- preciable part of large rock masses, the rarer minerals and the gems being excluded. Each mineral species is shown in its several varieties, and is accompanied by a printed label giving its crystalline system, chemical composition, and the species of rock or rocks in which it com- monly occurs. If the mineral itself possesses any economic value, this is also stated. This collection at present comprises 150 specimens, rep- resenting in their different varieties 46 mineral species. The building-stone collection comprises only such material as is used in the rough or finished state for some form of building or ornamental work. All the stones of this collection are designed for exhibition, and for this purpose are cut into 4-inch cubes and finished in the following manner: Polished or fine-sanded in front; drafted and pointed on the left side; drafted rock face upon the right side; rock face behind, and smooth sanded or chiseled upon the top and bottom. Each block, when finished, has its catalogue number painted upon it, and is put on exhibi- tion, accompanied by a printed label giving the scientific name of the stone, its geological age, color, texture, &c., together with the location from which it was taken, the names of the quarry-owners or lessees, and that of the donor or collector; the purpose being to so arrange and label the entire collection that all interested can, within the space of a few hours, see and examine for themselves all the varieties of building stone quarried in the United States, together with very many from for- eign localities. As a supplement to the building-stone collection, to illustrate the adaptability of certain kinds of stone to architectural purposes, a series of photographic negatives of some of the more important stone build- ings of the country has been obtained, from which enlarged prints (30 by 40 inches) have been prepared. These prints have been painted in a manner to represent the natural color of the stone of which the build- ings are constructed. The series comprises ten photographs of buildings constructed of the following materials: One each of granite, gneiss, limestone, marble, and serpentine, and five of sandstone, or sandstone in connection with brick. Physical geology.—The collections of the department that may be ap- propriately grouped under the head of physical geology, that is, as of greater interest from bearing the marks of physical agencies than from their lithological characters, are at present comparatively limited. The more important of these are the collection of lavas from Ice Springs 234 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884. Butte, Utah, to which reference has already been made; two specimens of glacial polished mica, received from Prof. F. W. Clarke; one large block glacial polished marble, gift of the Gouverneur Marble Company; a plate of sand-eroded glass, of especial interest as showing the remark- able eroding power of sand when blown by the wind, and sundry slabs of sandstone with ripple-marks and sun-cracks upon their surfaces. There is also an interesting series of models, which may he referred to here, including the Grand Cation of the Colorado; the Yellowstone National Park; the Elk Mountains, Colorado; the Gulf of Mexico; the Grand Banks of Newfoundland, and Mount Vesuvius, Italy. Owing to the large size of the material that would be requisite for a display, phenomena of this class must necessarily be shown to a great extent by photographs, or illustrations of some sort, and models. Routine work of the year.—Since the middle of July my entire time has been devoted to the preparation of exhibits for the New Orleans Expo- sition. To aid in this work a force of three stone-cutters, one stone- polisher, one laborer, and two clerks was employed for periods varying from six weeks to six months. During this time there were prepared and shipped to New Orleans the following collections: A type collection of the building and ornamental stones of the United States, comprising 358 specimens; an educational series of rocks in the form of hand speci- mens, 3 by 4 by 1 inches, comprising 500 specimens; and the structural series of rocks and collection of rock-forming minerals already referred to. ‘There was also obtained for this purpose, from the U.S. Geological Survey, a series of 198 specimens of rocks illustrating the geology of the Comstock Lode and Wasboe district, Nevada. Other work of the year which may be mentioned here was the prep- aration of 1,557 labels for the exhibition series and 1,174 cards for the card catalogue. There have also been prepared some 200 thin sections of rocks, making the entire number of these now in the collection some 3,200. Prior to May 31 I was assisted in this and other clerical work by Mr. John H. Fillmore, U.S. N., and since July 11 by Mr. L. H. Mer- rill. Owing to the pressure of the routine work of the Museum and the preparation for the New Orleans Exposition but little time could be given to original work or investigations with a view to publication. But two, and these very brief, papers have been prepared by myself. These are “On Prochlorite from the District of Columbia” (Proc. U. S. N. M., 1884, p. 67), and “On Hornblende Andesites from the new Bogosloff Volcano” (Science, December 12, 1884, p. 524). No papers have been published on material belonging to the department by parties not connected with the Museum, Present condition of the collections.—The present condition of the col- lection may be briefly stated as follows: The total number of specimens in the reserve series is not less than 15,000, of which some 3,000 are now on exhibition (this includes the collections sent to New Orleans) ; REPORT OF DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICAL GEOLOGY. 235 4,246 of these 15,000 are building or ornamental stones, of which 1,658 are now on exhibition; 600 more are dressed and can be placed on exhi- bition as soon as space and cases are provided. The number of speci- mens in the duplicate series cannot be accurately estimated, but will probably not vary far from 3,000, making a total of 18,000 specimens for the whole collection. The following list gives the collection of building and ornamental stones in detail, the majority of the specimens being of sufficient size to dress into 4-inch cubes, or at least to give a finished surface 4 inches square: UNITED STATES. | NES he tenia ot ees alata a a alates 6 | Pommeyevani /2s0.. vece teas sucess 331 Alabama . .-..--+--+-+--+--+++++++ 12] Rhode Islamdusivil) Ac iin 42 Arkansas ..--...-----++---+-+----- 9 Tenmaqnte i fem dima vewdb kewessd iw 127 TS ee ee tae te head on3e GO li ME eA 48 STC GGaS civa.cess tee cee aces ai | eed, coe aie geeepmnbene eos 13 Colorado .....----+-+-+++--++-+--- PVE, 7 0 eee 220 ee et Per 109 Vivetiins. 2282 Se eee. 72 Dakota ..---..----------+-+------- 5 | West Viewidia di ud. Oils sa af TS 17 Delaware .....-----+--++---+---+-- 5 Washington Territory -.......-.--. 4 District of Columbia....-.....-.--. A EE a Nee Sa TNE 89 PUM rssh cscs tak dee'acases esas 15 E> ilnaleal agli irene tates Ge 6 SURE dwawcd scccce seuees caccwncs 7 Idaho ...-....-2-- 2-222 eee ee eee x FOREIGN COUNTRIES. EE ee eee: Pe ee 111 ee be A datas pines anaes ee eres Seen ee nay ee eae 15 a elapanlabe lll A very interesting collection representing various processes of iron and steel manufacture in Sweden, together with descriptions of the proc- esses. Presented by N. Lilienberg, New York. A large collection of the zine ores from the Bertha mine. Presented by Thomas Jones, Pulaski, Va. S. Mis. 33, pt. 2 16 > 242 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884. A collection of the Mossy Creek, Tennessee, zinc ores. Presented by T. H. Heald, Knoxville, Tenn. A series of collections representing the mining of iron pyrite and the manufacture of sulphuric acid therefrom. The Virginia pyrite, pre- sented by W. H. Adams; the Massachusetts pyrite, presented by the Davis Company, of Boston; and the manufacture of sulphuric acid, presented by the Merrimac Chemical Company, Boston, Mass. A very large and interesting collection of Babbitts, solders, and other alloys, and alsoa series of the various grades of Welsh tin plates, together with descriptions of the manufacture. Presented by Merchant & Co., Philadelphia, Pa. | A very interesting collection representing the growth and present condition of the process for the manufacture of type metal. Presented by Mackellar, Smiths & Jordan, Philadelphia, Pa. A full collection of Babbitt and similar alloys. Presented by Paul S. Reeves, Philadelphia, Pa. A series of Ajax metal specimens for bearings, &c. Presented by the Ajax Company, Philadelphia, Pa. A very interesting collection representing: the manufacture of sand and emery paper. Presented by Baeder, Adamson & Co., Philadelphia, Pa. A very large and complete collection representing the occurrence of asbestos from various countries and its manufacture into marketable forms. Presented by the H. W. Johns Company, New York. A collection of various polishing materials. Presented by R.J.Wad- dell & Co., New York. ' A collection of corundum, emery, and quartz of various sizes. Pre- sented by the Union Stone Company, Boston, Mass. A valuable collection of drawings representing the application of the Siemens regenerative principle to various kinds of furnaces. Presented by Richmond & Potts, Philadelphia, Pa. A collection representing the application of the diamond drill in boring, especially for prospecting purposes. Presented by the Penn- sylvania Diamond Drill Company, Pottsville, Pa. A small but interesting collection of tin ores from Maine and North Carolina. Collected by Prof. F. W. Clarke, U. S. Geological Survey. A complete series representing the Connellsville coking coal and its associates, together with coke of various grades. Presented by the H. C. Frick Coke Company, Pittsburgh, Pa. Mr. James Temple Brown, of the Museum staff, made the following collections : A compiete series representing the manufacture of miners’ boots. Presented by Humphrey Brothers & Tracy, Towanda, Pa. A complete series of the domestic sizes of anthracite coal, together with its associates; also an extensive series of mining tools, &c. Pre- REPORT OF DEPARTMENT OF METALLURGY. 243 sented by the Philadelphia and Reading Coal and Iron Company, Pottsville, Pa. A series representing the coal and its associates from the Long Vat- ley mines. Presented by the Barclay Coal Company, Barclay, Pa. A series of coal and its associates, together with mining tools, frona the Loyal Sock mine. Presented by the State Line and Sullivan Rail- road Company. Four photographs of anthracite breakers. Presented by George M. Bretz, Pottsville, Pa. Three photographs of mine engines. Presented by Richard Sharpe, jr., & Co., Wilkes Barre, Pa. A series of gas coal and its associates from the Crescent mines, West Virginia. Presented by W. R. Johnson, Crescent, W. Va. A series of coal and its associates from the Antrim mines. Presented by the Fall Brook Coal Company, Corning, N. Y. A series of coal and its associates, together with mining tools, iror the Arnot mine. Presented by the Blossburgh Coal Company, Elmira, oR A series of safety lamps, &c. Presented by J. W. Queen & Co., Phila- delphia, Pa. Quite a number of the recent graduates of some of the technical schools were very glad to visit some of the centers of metallurgical operations to make collections for the department upon the payment of their expenses while so engaged. The collections acquired in this way are among the most interesting and valuable that we have obtained, ‘since they were made with the definite purpose of exhibition in the Museum, and therefore are better suited for permanent purposes. Mr. E. B. Kirby, E. M., of Saint Louis, Mo., made collections representing the mining of the free copper ore of the amygdaloid class at the Osceola Mine, Lake Superior, and also the mining and milling of the conglom- erate ore at the Delaware Mine, Lake Superior; a collection of showy zine ore specimens from Missouri; a collection representing the manu- facture of pig-lead and white paint direct from the ore, from the Lone Elm Works, Joplin, Mo.; and a collection representing the mining of coal at Belleville, Ill. At Mr. Kirby’s solicitation, Captain Daniels, of the Osceola mine, presented some interesting specimens representing the association of the free silver and free copper in the Lake Superior dis- trict, and Mr. J. A. Reeves, of Joplin, Mo., presented some very hand- some crystallized specimens of blende, galena, and marcasite. Mr. EB. L. Zukoski, E. M., of Saint Louis, Mo., collected at the Osceola Mill and Central Mine, Lake Superior; at the Kansas City Smelting and Refining Company’s Works, Argentine, Kans.; at the Rich Hill Zine Furnaces, Rich Hill, Mo.; at the Cherokee Zinc Works, Weir City, Kans.; at the Nova Scotia Furnace, Salem, Mo.; and at the Mount Olive and Collins- ville coal regions, in Illinois. Messrs. Kirby and Zukoski together made a very large collection representing the manufacture of Bessemer stee] 244 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884. and the rolling of steel rails at the South Chicago Rolling-Mill; also a collection representing the smelting of copper slags at the Native Cop- jer Smelting Works, Lake Superior. Mr. J. P. Gazzam, E. M., collected at the Cheltenham Smelting and Refining Works, near Saint Louis, Mo.; at the Glendale Zine Works, also near Saint Louis; at the Joplin Zine Works, Joplin, Me.; at the Saint Genevieve Copper Works, Saint Genevieve, Mo.; at the Missouri Furnace and the furnaces of the Saint Louis Ore and Steel Company, mear Saint Louis; at the mines and works of the Granby Mining and Smelting Company; at the South Side Mining and Manufacturing ‘Works, Galena, Kans.; at the zine works of Robert Lanyon, Pittsburgh, ‘Kans.; at Mine La Motte, Missouri; at the zinc mines of Cowan & Bliss, Frye & De Graffe, and Moore, De Graffe & Co., Lehigh, Mo. At Mr. Gazzam’s solicitation, Page & Krause, of Saint Louis, Mo., wresented a collection representing the manufacture of zine paint, and -also the manufactureof barytes. The Saint Louis Tripoli Company pre- sented a collection representing the utilization of tripoli. Messrs. Kirby and Gazzam made a very handsome collection of zine «ore from the mines of Spencer & McConey, Carterville, Mo., and Cowan & Bliss, Lehigh, Mo. The department is under great obligation to Prof. W. B. Potter, of ‘Washington University, Saint Louis, Mo., for advice and assistance in directing the work of these thrce young men. Mr. J. B. McIntosh, E. M., of New York, collected at the Passaic Zinc. ‘Works, Jersey City, N. J.; at the Bellemont Forge and Crown Point Furnace, in Northern New York; and at the smelting works of E. Bal- bach & Son, Newark, N. J. Mr. J. F. Kemp, E. M., of Brooklyn, collected at the Desloge and Saint Jo Lead Works, Joplin, Mo. Mr. H. S. Fleming, of Philadelphia, collected at the Warwick and ‘North Cornwall Iron Furnaces, in Pennsylvania. Mr. D. W. Reckhart, of Salt Lake City, made some systematic collec- tions from various mines in Utah. Messrs. D. W. Reckhart and C. F. Pearis, E. M., collected at the ‘Germania Smelting and Refining Works, near Salt Lake City, Utah. There was acquired by purchase a series of 87 specimens represent- ung the occurrence of placer gold at nearly all the prominent regions of the country. This collection is especially valuable from the fact that many of the specimens were collected in the early days, and the date of ¢eollection of nearly every one is known.: It is the most full and com- plete collection of its kind in the country. There was also purchased a series of drawings of furnaces, to be used for wall decorations. Early in the year it was decided to administer upon the pile of boxes and the material which had been stored away in the pigeon-holes of the work-room of the department in the southwest court, with a view REPORT OF DEPARTMENT OF METALLURGY. 245 to clearing out the space and making it available for exhibition pur- poses. The force of workmen in the department being considerably increased, this work was undertaken with as much vigor as possible and continued until the middle of June. It was found that much of this material had never been entered in the catalogue, and it was nec. essary, therefore, to make 4,182 new entries, embracing 7,540 new speci- mens. Of these the most important collections were the steel exhibits of Park Brothers & Co., Hussey, Wells & Co., and Carnegie Brothers, Pittsburgh, Pa.; a collection of rolled iron shapes from the Phoenix Irom Company; a very large collection of fire-brick from many localities; collection of ores from Colorado; and two collections representing the smelting of copper, one from Ducktown, Tenn., and the other from Phoenixville, Pa. The entire collection of foreign ores was overhauled and put into shape for exhibition. This collection embraces a very valuable series from the Krupp Works, Essen, Germany; collections representing the ores of Sweden, Russia, Spain (very large and complete), Portugal, Italy, Turkey, Japan, Mexico, and the Australasian colonies. This latter col- lection is especially valuable on account of its richness in specimens of tin ores and their associates. The entire collection of coals belonging to the department was ex- amined, and it was found that many specimens had seriously decom- posed, and were therefore of little value. Such as were yet in good condition, and from localities difficult of access, were saved and put upon exhibition. By the middle of April a section of this work-room had been so far cleared that it was thrown open for exhibition purposes, and the work was continued until the material for the New Orleans Ex- position began to arrive, when it was necessarily suspended. At the opening of the year very little progress had been made in the regular installation of the collection, although many specimens were available. In connection with the work of clearing out the work-room, the installing of the specimens was taken up, and an attempt made at temporary arrangement. This has so far proceeded that the very val- uable collection of native ores is now installed inthe large black-walnut cases. A portion of the Census iron ores has also been installed, and the steel exhibit of Park Brothers & Co., the rolled shapes from the Phenix Works, portions of the Kirkaldy test specimens, and a por- tion of the tack exhibit have been placed on exhibition. A large amount of the foreign material has been displayed, but it has not yet been systematically arranged and installed. Nineteen letters of information and report upon specimens submitted have been made, together with nine other reports. In the preparation of the catalogue of the collection 10,960 entries have been made, cover- ing 15,271 specimens; and in the preparation of the card catalogue 9,337 cards, covering 12,363 specimens, upon which 389 determinations of mineral species have been made, have been written. 246 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884. Work in the line of research has been confined to such examinations of the material to be exhibited at New_Orleans as were necessary for the preparation of suitable descriptions and labels of the exhibits in this department, and has necessarily been very much broken. The plan followed was to do only the necessary work of preparing the ma- terial for the temporary exhibit at New Orleans, and to confine such work to that which would be suitable for use in the final examination of the material, which must be delayed until its return from New Orleans. , In this connection Mr. J. A. Allen has made, in the laboratory of this, department, seventeen quantitative analyses since the 1st of July, be- sides a great many qualitative examinations. The material collected for the New Orleans Exposition offers many promising topics for research, and this work will be taken up and car- ried forward as rapidly as possible upon the return of the material to Washington. The only papers published by the curator were, chapter III in the Tenth Census Report of the Building Stone Industry, entitled “ The Chemical Examination of Building Stones,” and a biographical memoir of the late Dr. George W. Hawes. These are noticed in the bibliograph- ical appendix to this report. The large amount of work that has been put upon the material of this department during the past year has brought it under very much bet- ter control. It has now been so far examined and administered upon that it is much easier to tell what we have and what we have not than it has been at any former time. In the reserve series have been placed 1,345 specimens, besides which there is yet included in this series a con- siderable amount of material not yet administered upon. Nine thousand five hundred specimens have been placed on exhibition and 1,353 speci- mens assigned tothe duplicate series. Fifty-nine boxes have been placed on general storage, containing duplicate materal the records of which are imperfect. The total number of specimens in the department is not far from 40,000. The collections in economic geology in the department have now been thoroughly organized, and while we have known for a long time that the representations of the mineral resources of the country were very full and complete, yet much material, until this year, has been stored away, and more or less inaccessible. Of the localities which had been developed previous to the Centennial Exhibition the illustrations are exceedingly full and complete; in fact, no single collection of the kind can be found to compare with it anywhere else. There are, however, many localities which have come into prominence since the close of the Centennial, and these were only partially or not at all represented in the Centennial material., From time to time some of these deficiences have been supplied, but there are yet quite a number of localities not rep- resented, the most important of these being the Menominee iron re- REPORT OF DEPARTMENT OF METALLURGY. 247 gion, in Michigan, and the Territories of Arizona and New Mexico. Steps have been taken,in connection with the New Orleans work, to gather material from some of these localities, but so far nothing has been received, although I am very hopeful that something may be ae- complished by the requests we have already made. As pointed out in my former annual reports, the representations of metallurgical processes have been the weakest portion of the collections. This is a matter requiring the collection of systematic series, in which the various specimens are interdependent. The collections would not necessarily be at all showy, and it is therefore not so surprising that the Centennial material should have been deficient in this respect. Fortunately, however, the necessity of collecting new material for the New Orleans Exposition has furnished the much-desired opportunity of strengthening the collections in this direction. It is not easy to get col- lections of the kind required. Inthe first place, only a very few owners of mines or works will take the necessary trouble to get full and com- plete series, and when they do so they frequently do not wish to give the necessary information in order that the specimens shall possess the highest value in an educational series. This reluctance to give infor- mation has been the most serious obstacle the department has met with in its collecting. The design of the collecting has been to commence first with the ore and take series of specimens in the mine taken at various points, which shall be referred to some central starting point, so that the position may be known and traced up afterwards if desira- ble. These specimens are taken to show the various characters of ore produced by a given mine. Again, series of specimens are taken to represent the changes that the ore undergoes in going up and down the mine, and also in going through it both lengthwise and crosswise. The inclosiug wall rocks are also thoroughly represented. In connection with this. collection as much information as possible has been obtained as to the methods of mining and the habits of the miners. After the ore is extracted from the mine it is followed through any process of concentration that it may be subjected to, such as the crush- ing and jigging of the sulphide of copper ores in Montana, the washing of iron ores, or any other operation in preparation for smelting. Each step in these operations is represented, when possible, by specimens of the material that forms the basis of the operation, and by the products, whether they be the valuable ones or the waste products. To the mate- rial as prepared for smelting are added illustrations of all other mate- rials entering into the smelting operation, such as fuels and fluxes. Each step in the smelting operation is illustrated by the different materials entering into the operation and by their products. This is followed through as far as a given mine or works go, and if possible the material is followed on through other works until it reaches its merchantable form. These collections are accompanied and supplemented by all the 248 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884. information it is possible to get in the way of statistics, plans, draw- ings, and views of the mines and works. Aside from the value of such systematic collections in metallurgy, they open up a wide field for re- search in the laboratory, and will therefore form the basis for future work in that direction. The complete examination of the material already received will add largely to the stock of information in regard to the science of metallurgy. Metallurgy being essentially an economic science, most of the writings on the subject have been confined to the one question of carrying on the operations at a profit, leaving the con- sideration of the whys and wherefores and the scientific principles in- volved almost entirely out of the question. This lack of information in regard to the science of metallurgy is very unfortunate, and it is the desire of the curator to so arrange the proper work of the department, in preparing material for exhibition, as to add as much as possible to the stock of scientific information. The collections sent to the New Orleans Exposition could not pos- sibly be made to cover the whole ground. In fact, the work is mainly preliminary, but it is hoped that the results obtained will be of suffi- cient value to warrant an extension of the number of such illustrations, so that some system of collecting material of this kind will be inaugu- rated which will add largely to the material on hand, and in time build up the collections in metallurgy so that they will compare favorably with those at present in the Museum in the line of economic geology. The principal drawbacks to the collecting for New Orleans were the shortness of time and the small amount of money available for the work. Most of the systematic collections were made either by the curator in person or else by the young men already referred to—recent graduates of technical schools—who were very willing to give their time to the work in consideration of the benefit it would be to them to visit mines and metallurgical works under the auspices of the Smithsonian Institution, in order to increase their stock of information, the only cost to the Museum being their actual expenses while making the collec- tions. In order to illustrate more fully the scope and design of these col- lections it seems desirable to describe briefly the collections as made, with special reference to the material already in the Museum and also to what it would be desirable to collect in the future. Gold.—Gold being a metal of so much intrinsic value, the collections already in the Musenm were not at all complete, and it is the only in- stance in which it was thought desirable to make any separate attempt to collect the ores. In this connection a series of 87 specimens was put- chased, representing the occurrence of placer gold in Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Colorado, New Mexico, Idaho, Mon- tana, Utah, Oregon, California, and Alaska. Some of these specimens were collected as long ago as 1848, and in some cases are the first dis- coveredin the region. Inthe case of California there is a specimen con- REPORT OF DEPARTMENT OF METALLURGY. 249 taining some of the first gold-dust taken out by Captain Marshall on the 19th of January, 1848. The fact that these specimens were collected so long ago, and that the date of collection is known in almost every case, adds very greatly to their value. Indeed, it would be absolutely impos- sible to duplicate many of the specimens. A very interesting series of specimens was obtained from the Brewer Mine, South Carolina, in which the principles of hydraulic mining as earried on in California are applied. In the extraction of gold only a few processes have been illustrated. A very fine collection was obtained from the North Bloomfield Mine, Nevada County, California, representing the average of the rock as it is washed down by the little giant, the mereury used to catch the gold in the riffles, the amalgam as it is collected in the riffle-boxes, the puri- fied amalgam, the gold produced from retorting the amalgam, fine gold, and coarse nuggets of gold that are picked up off the floor of the mine at the clean-up. To this series is added a collection showing the heavy minerals associated with the gold which are taken out from the riffle-boxes with the amalgam. This is an exceedingly interesting and valuable collection, illustrating as it does not only the extraction of gold, but also as illustrating a process which is without doubt the most economical of any mining process carried on anywhere, the actual cost of moving a ton of material from the mine, collecting and saving the gold, and discharging the waste material being but a few cents. The next collection illustrates the extraction of free gold from aurif- erous pyrite by stamping the material and collecting the gold, as an amalgam on copper plates, as carried on at the Bobtail Mill, Black Hawk, Gilpin County, Colorado. This collection shows the ore as re- ceived at the mill, which consists of a mixture of iron and copper pyrite disseminated through quartz and clay (the gold occurs in the pyrite) ; the crushed material as it is passed through the sieves of the stamps; the battery pulp; the gold amalgam as scraped from the copper plates; the gold resulting from the retorting of the amalgam; the concentrations obtained by allowing the heavy portion of the material to settle out in running water, consisting of pyrite and calcopyrite and containing a very considerable amount of gold; and the sand or waste material. It is the only illustration of extracting gold by stamping and amalgamat- ing that we have, and in the future development of the plan it would be desirable to add two or more series, illustrating the treatment of different characters of ore. In the smelting of auriferous material a collection was made at the Colorado Smelter, at Butte, Mont., by the curator. This represents the various ores available to this smelter, the fuel and fluxes used, the matte produced, and the slag. The work at this smelter is only the first step in the process. The matte, which contains about 50 per cent. of copper, together with the gold and silver of the ores, is shipped to the Argo Works, near Denver, for further treatment. 250 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884. A small but interesting collection was obtained from the works of KH. Balbach & Son, Newark, N. J., representing a combination of the smelting process with the electrolytic process for the separation of gold from copper. It contains various ores, together with the fuels and fluxes, several mattes, the residue containing the gold from the electro- lytic deposition of the copper, a very handsome sheet of the electrolytic copper, and a small bar of the gold separated from the residues. To these collections representing the extraction of gold is added a single illustration of its utilization. A collection showing the exceedingly minute and delicate rt tion required in the manufacture of gold leaf. This collection starts with a sheet of gold as thin as it is convenient to produce by passing it through rolls; then the various steps in the process of reducing its thickness by beating it with hammers between skins until the exceed- ingly thin gold leaf of commerce is produced. This collection is pre- sented by Hastings & Co., Philadelphia. It is very desirable to illustrate other processes of the utilization of gold,and one of the first collections that we ought to have, and one that it would not be very difficult to obtain, is an illustration of the manufact- ture of gold coins. Tridium.—A small amount of the iridosmine, found on the northern shores of California, shows the different sizes of grains of the material as obtained. To this is added a small amount of the material as sepa- rated from placer gold at the mint in purifying it for the manufacture of gold coins. Silver.—A very large collection of the silver ores of Utah was ob- tained. Part of the material was donated in exchange by Prof. J. E. Clayton, of Salt Lake City, Utah, and was material that he had col- lected from time to time, much of it such as could only be occasionally obtained by a collector on the ground. The rest of the collection con- sists of new material obtained at various mines near Salt Lake City by Mr. Reckhart. Some very handsome specimens showing the association of native silver with native copper from the Lake Superior region mines were presented by Capt. John Daniels, of the Osceola Mine. A good set of specimens showing the native silver with sulphide of copper was obtained by the curator at Butte, Mont. There are a few localities producing beautiful specimens of native silver that are not at present well represented in the Museum, and it would be very desirable to strengthen the collections in this direction by some further collecting, especially in the southwestern portion of the country, which is not as thoroughly represented in the ore collec- tion generally as it ought to be. The extraction of silver from its ores is represented by a large series of collections, but more difficulty was encountered in getting full col- lections, with the necessary information, in the case of silver than with REPORT OF DEPARTMENT OF METALLURGY. 251 that of any other metal. No illustrations of the process of extracting silver directly from its ores by stamping and amalgamating were ob- tained. This is a process that is of somewhat limited application and yet one of considerable importance, so that a collection illustrating it would be very desirable. The treatment of base ores, that is, ores carrying lead and silver, by roasting with salt (chloridizing) and stamping and amalgamating, is illustrated by three collections made by the curator. The first collection is from the Ontario Mill, Park City, Summit County, Utah, which works the ore from the Ontario Mine and uses the Stetefeldt furnace for roast- ing. This is a somewhat remarkable mine on account of the persist- ency of the vein and its richness, but more especially on account of the iarge amount of water which has to be contended with. As much as 6,000 gallons are discharged from the mine per minute. This collection includes a very full series of the ores taken from different parts of the mine, selected by Captain Keith; several average samples of the ore as delivered to the mill; the dried ore; the stamped ore; the salt in lumps, dried and crushed; the mixture of the ore and salt ready for the roast- ing furnace; the roasted ore taken from the bottom of the stack; the roasted ore taken from the return flue, and samples taken from each one of the twelve dust chambers; the amalgam produced by treating the roasted ore in pans with mercury; the base bullion produced from re- torting the amalgam, which is from 600 to 800 fine; and the tailings as discharged from the mill. In making this collection the curator was assisted very materially by Mr. Joseph Gallagher, the superintendent of the mill, and the Museum is much indebted to Mr. R. C. Chambers, the general manager of the company, for the facilities cheerfully afforded in making this collection. Two collections were also made by the cura- tor at Butte, Mont., representing the same process. The series of specimens are essentially the same as that from Park City, but the course of operation is somewhat different, owing to the different char- acter of the ores. At the Moulton Mill, where every attention was shown the curator by Mr. J. K. Clark, the manager, the ores are dried on plates and roasted in a Howells revolving cylinder. Besides the hard unaltered ores of the Moulton Mine this mill works a considerable amount of custom ore from many different outlying mines, especially the soft surface ores which have undergone a great deal of alteration. At the Lexington Mill, which works only the ores of the Lexington Mine, the ores are dried in a Stetefeldt shelf-drier and roasted in a Stetefeldt furnace. In the extraction of silver by smelting it has been guite difficult to get a thoroughly satisfactory collection, on account of the reticence of the manufacturers as to details of the process, and also their unwill- ingness to allow specimens to be taken. A fairly complete collec- tion representing the smelting of the argentiferous lead ore and the refining of the base bullion (silver and lead), at a works having at com- mand a large variety of ores, was obtained from the Cheltenham Works, 252 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884. Saint Louis, Mo., by Mr. Gazzam. This collection represents the various ores available to these works; the fuels and fluxes used; the pig-lead pro. duced in the blast-furnace, together with the matte, fluedust, and slag; the first skimmings taken from the softening furnace; the second skimmings from the same; thesoftened bullionready for desilverizing; the zinc used in desilverizing ; the zine scum, containing the silver, taken from the de- silverizing kettle; the zinc resulting from the smelting of the zine skim- mings; the litharge obtained in refining the silver; the fine silver; and the market lead. The same process, but on different characters of ores, is illustrated from the Argentine Works, Kansas City, Mo., collected by Mr. Zukoski, and from the Germania Works, Salt Lake City, collected by Messrs. Reckhart and Pearis. Refining of base bullion is illustrated from the works of EK. Balbach & Son, Newark, N. J., collected by Mr. McIntosh. The smelting of argentiferous lead (base bullion) is illus- trated from the Horn Silver Smelter, Francklyn, Utah, collected by Mr. Reckhart. This base bullion is refined at Chicago, but the process is not represented. | No collections were made representing the application of silver, but it is very desirable to do so as soon as possible. Tin.—It has been generally supposed that tin was a rare metal in this country. This, however, is only partially true, the occurrence of cassiterite, the binoxide of tin, in small quantities, being known to min- eralogists from a large extent of territory for many years; but itis only in very rare instances that this occurrence gave even the slightest evi- dence of there being a deposit which would prove of any commercial value. The first discovery that was at all favorable was made by Pro- fessor Jackson in New Hampshire in 1840. Specimens of this ore, to- gether with a bar of tin produced, have been in the Museum many years. | : A small amount of cassiterite from two localities, together with a bar of the tin produced, from Montana, was exhibited at the Centennial. An ore of a different character, being a stanniferous wolfram, has been known in California for many years, and at one time quite extensive — operations were commenced upon the deposit. The ore, however, is somewhat difficult of treatment, and this, with litigation, soon closed up the mine and the works. There are in the Museum several specimens of this ore, together with two full-sized pigs of tin produced and several sheets of tin-plate. Isolated specimens of cassiterite have been founé at various times from several localities in Maine, and the next discovery of any importance was at Winslow, in that State, where a more definite vein carrying cassiterite was discovered in 1867. Thevein here, however, was exceedingly small,and nothing has been accomplished. Following close upon each other, in 188283, there were discoveries of tin in three widely separated localities, which have given promise of ultimately producing more or less tin. These localities are at the Broad Arrow mines, in Ala- bama,a collection from which was sent to the Museum soon after its dis- covery; the Cash mines,in Rockbridge County, Virginia, and the depos- REPORT OF DEPARTMENT OF METALLURGY. 253 its at Harney Peak, in the Black Hills of Dakota. In 1884 a further dis- covery was made at King’s Mountain, North Carolina. All the latter lo- calities were not previously represented in the Museum, and in order to make the series as full and complete as possible a special effort was made to complete the representations. With one exception this has been en- tirely successful. The new collections were received from Maine, Vir- ginia, North Carolina, and the Black Hills. In the latter case, however, the representations are not at all complete, but a full series has been promised the Museum by the owner of the Etta, which is the principal mine of the region. A complete series of tin plate of Welsh manufacture was presented to the Museum by Merchant & Co., of Philadelphia. This shows plates of charcoal iron, coke iron, and Bessemer steel coated with various thicknesses of tin, giving the different grades and varieties for different uses. Antimony.—The occurrence of antimony in this country in workable deposits is somewhat limited. The ores of Kern County, California, were partially represented in the Centennial material, but some addi- tions are desirable. New material from the Utah locality was obtained from Professor Clayton. This represents the ore in several varieties, including the very pure and unaltered stibnite and its oxydation pro- ducts, together with the metal smelted from it. The very interesting and promising deposits of Southwestern Arkansas are not represented in the Museum, but it is hoped that a suitable series of specimens from that region can be obtained at the close of the New Orleans exposition. Lead.—The extraction of lead alone is somewhat limited, owing to the factthat so much lead is produced from the refining of the argentiferous leads of the Western countries; the advantage gained by the presence of a small amount of silver in the ore being so great that non-argentiferous ores for the most part cannot be smelted except under the most favor- able conditions. The Missouri lead region is still able to compete with this argentiferous material, however, and the processes followed have been very fully illustrated. The collections include two series from the Saint Joe and Desloge Works, at Bonne Terre, Mo., collected by Mr. J.F. Kemp. These collections are especially interesting from the large num. ber of specimens they contain illustrating the process of the mechanical dressing or concentration of the ore. The galena occurs disseminated through a magnesian limestone or dolomite, and the process of concen- trating this galena mechanically has been brought to a high state of perfection. Besides these dressed specimens the collections include the fuels and fluxes, the pig-lead produced, together with the matte and Slag, the skimmings from the refiner and the refined pig. An entirely similar collection from Mine La Motte, Mo., was made by Mr. Gazzam. This collection, however, has farther value and interest from the occur- rence of nickel and cobalt in the Mine La Motte ores. One of the most interesting of metallurgical operations is carried on 254 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884. at the Lone Elm Works, Joplin, Mo. It is the production of a pig-lead and a white lead direct from the ore in two operations. It is a process that is only applied here and is not very well known. This collection in- cludes the ore, the fuels, and fluxes, with a large series of the flue dusts, the pig-lead and slag obtained in the first operation; the flue dust after it has been ignited; a large series of white flue dusts obtained in the second operation ; and a material known as white lead, which is used extensively as a paint, but which differs completely from the white lead obtained by corroding pig-lead. This material is mainly a sulphate of lead, containing, however, a considerable amount of zinc, which comes from zine minerals found associated with the galena in the ore, while the white lead obtained by corroding pig-lead is a basic carbonate of lead. Illustrations of the application of lead are somewhat numerous in the Centennial collections, but there is an opportuuity to make several im- portant additions. The only one, however, that was secured last sum- mer was an interesting collection showing the manufacture of white lead by the corrosion process. This collection includes the metallic lead arranged in crucible for corrosion, acetic acid used, the bark with which the pile of crucibles is covered and upon fermentation furnishes the necessary carbonic acid, the white lead obtained in the crucibles, the fin- ished white lead, and the white lead ground in oil. To these are added specimens of litharge, red lead, and orange mineral. Copper.—Illustrations of the free copper ores from Lake Superior contained in the Centennial material, although quite full and extensive, were not at all systematic, and Messrs. Kirby and Zukoski being in the Lake Superior region when they commenced collecting, it was thought best to have them commence by making some systematic collections there. The copper occurs at Lake Superior in three distinct forms : First, the so-called mass mines, which are characterized by the oecur- rence of large masses of free copper, amounting in some cases to many tons of metal in a single mass. Besides these large masses these mines also carry considerable disseminated free copper. Second, the amygdaloid mines, which are characterized by the occur- rence of the free copper in amygdules, bunches, strings, and sheets, from the size of a pin-point up to a few hundred pounds in weight (with rarely a large mass) disseminated in a soft amygdaloid trap-rock. The aver- age percentage of copper in the ores from these mines varies from three- quarters of 1 per cent. to 2 per cent. Third, the conglomerate mines, which are characterized by the occur- rence of the free copper mostly in strings in a hard conglomerate of fer- ruginous quartz pebbles. The average percentage of copper in the ores. from these mines varies from 4 per cent. to 6 per cent. To illustrate the occurrence of mass copper Mr. Zukoski made a col- lection at the Central Mine. This collection includes sections of the formations beginning with the hanging wall and following through REPORT OF DEPARTMENT OF METALLURGY. 255 the vein to the foot-wall, taken from several levels, isolated specimens showing the associates of the ore, several pieces of the copper, the chips obtained in cutting up the masses, and a large and asmall mass. This collection includes 34 specimens. To represent the amygdaloid mines Mr. Kirby made a collection at the Osceola Mine. On account of the more varied character of the amygda- loid material this collection is much larger than the one from the Cen- tral Mine, but it is taken on the same general principle of representing the vein by sections from the hanging wall across the vein to the foot wall, and also in illustrating the changes of the material as one proceeds down the mine. The collection includes about 80 specimens and is a very complete illustration of the subject. To illustrate the extraction of the copper from the amygdaloid ore Mr. Zukoski made a collection at the Osceola Mill. This includes the average of the material sent to the mill, specimens of crushed materia] as it passes the sieve, the headings from the mortars, and follows through the process of concentration, showing the concentrated copper and the waste products of each operation. To represent the conglomerate mines Mr. Kirby made a collection at the Delaware Mine. This collection is taken on the same general plan as the others, and also includes a section of 631 feet along the vein, showing the various changes that take place in the material. He also collected a full series representing the concentration of the copper. This collection includes 100 specimens. These three collections together represent in a very full manner the interesting occurrence of free copper in the Lake Superior region, and will be an exceedingly valuable addition to that subject. It was very unfortunate that the process of refining this material could not have been followed out on the spot, but the proprietors of the refining works at Hancock would not permit any systematic collections to be taken. The only collections taken there were a short series col- lected by Messrs. Kirby and Zukoski illustrating the smelting of the slags obtained in refining the native copper in a McKenzie cupola at the Lake Superior Native Copper Works. The process of refining the material from the Mass Mine is fully illus- trated by a collection from the C. G. Hussey Works at Pittsburgh, Pa. This collection includes the various grades of material received from the concentrating works, a sample of the metal taken from the bath just after the first skimming of slag, a sample taken just before beginning to rabble, a sample after rabbling, a sample just before poling, and a sample of the refined metal, together with four skimmings of slag. To these are added samples of the coal and charcoal used, of the sand for making the bottom of the furnace, a piece of the pole used in refining, and a test ingot showing the tests applied to the metal just before be- ginning to cast. This collection was made by Mr. W. H. Johns. 256 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884. The illustrations of the extensive deposits of copper at Butte, Mont., formerly obtained, were confined to one mine, but the curator collected an extensive series last summer, representing the sulphides of copper and iron and the association of free silver with these sulphureted ores. Illustrations of the process of smelting as far as carried on at Butte, Mont., were also collected by the curator. These include series of specimens from the reverberatory furnaces of the Montana aad the Parrot Companies and the shaft furnaces of the Bell Company. They include samples of the ore of various grades, with the products and waste products of the concentrating operations, the fuels and fluxes, and the matte and slag produced. As most of the matte is shipped to England for further treatment, it was not possible to follow the process beyond this single operation. The very interesting process of smelting and refining copper from the calcopyrite ore of Saint Genevieve, Mo., is fully illustrated by a collec- tion made by Mr. Gazzam. This collection includes a full series of the ore and a full series of the slag produced in the roasting process, to- gether with the matte and a series of slags from the refining furnace, an ingot of the refined metal, and the copper mold in which the ingot was cast. To these are added the fuel and fluxes used and other necessary material. The smelting and refining of copper, as carried on at works having at command a varied supply of crude materials, is illustrated by a collection from the Baltimore Works of Pope, Cole & Co., Baltimore, Md. This includes a series of mattes, together with the slags produced at the same time, and an ingot of the refined metal. Steps were taken to obtain illustrations of the smelting of the cop- per of the Arizona and New Mexico region, but on account of the ina- bility of the Museum to send a collector there and the difficulty of making arrangements by correspondence in time no series was obtained, although one is promised and will probably arrive soon. The process carried on in Arizona produces pig copper at a single operation. The refining of this pig copper, however, is illustrated by a very full and complete series of specimens taken by the curator at the works of the Ansonia Brass and Copper Company, Ansonia, Conn. This collection includes two series of specimens taken from two differ- ent classes of furnaces working the copper from two regions. Begin- ning with the metal as soon as it was melted in the furnace samples were taken to represent the various stages in the process until casting was commenced. Each series contains nine specimens. Samples of the slags produced were also taken. To these were added the fuels and other necessary material used. A very complete illustration of some of the uses of copper was pre- sented by the Ansonia Brass and Copper Company. This series in- cludes specimens representing the rolling of copper into various com- mercial shapes, the manufacture of various styles of sheet metal with REPORT OF DEPARTMENT OF METALLURGY. 257 copper for a basis, the manufacture and utilization of brass in various forms, and the manufacture of copper and brass wire. The collections illustrating copper and brass are the most full and complete that we have. There are, however, still a few methods that it would be very desirable to fill as soovu as convenient. Bismuth.—The occurrence of bismuth in this country is somewhat limited, having been found in only a few localities, and there only in small amounts. None of the ore is treated in this country, but occa- sionally small amounts are shipped abroad that have been obtained in mining for other metals. A small collection of the ores of Utah was obtained from Prof. J. E. Clayton. Nickel and cobalt.—No new collectious were made to represent nickel and cobalt as there is already a pretty fair illustration of these two metals in the Museum. It would, however, be very desirable to ob- tain a few specimens representing the great progress that has recently been made in the manipulation of wrought nickel. Iron.—The very extensive collection of iron ores turned over to the Museum by the Census furnishes a very complete illustration of the iron resources of the country, and there was no necessity for making any further collections of iron ores save to go with the collections represent- ing the processes. To represent the smelting of pig-iron, representative furnaces were se- lected in different parts of the country, using different varieties of fuel. It was not, however, possible to obtain all the collections in this line that were planned. As representing the application of coke as a fuel, collections were received from the Rockwood Furnaces of the Roane Iron Company, Chattanooga, Tennessee; from the Longdale Furnaces in Vir- ginia; from the Missouri, Nova Scotia and Saint Louis Ore and Steel Com- pany, in Missouri. As representing the use of a mixture of coke and anthracite coal, collections were received from the Warwick and North ~Cornwall Furnaces in Pennsylvania, and from the Crown Point Furnace in New York. These collections include hand specimens of the ores, lime- stone and the fuels, and a series of pig-iron representing as far as possi- ble the different grades produced at each furnace. With these are specimens of the slag corresponding with each grade of iron, the slag specimens when possible being taken from the same cast that the pig- irons were. To these are added specimens of by-products such as cadmia, flue dust, salamanders, Sc. The manufacture of wrought iron direct from the ore is represented by a collection from the Belmont Forge, Rogersfield, N. Y. A very interesting collection of Swedish irons was presented by Mr. N. Lilienberg, of New York. This contains samples of various kinds of pig-iron, wrought iron, and steel, together with descriptions of the va- rious processes used in their manufacture. The manufacture of steel was perhaps better illustrated in the Cen- tennial material than any other metal. But these collections were ex- S. Mis. 33, pt. 2——17 | 260 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884. decomposition, in lumps as mined, from the Sterling Hill Mine, Ogdens- burg, Sussex County, New Jersey. The same ore after roasting to expel water and carbonic acid. The roasted ore crushed ready for the furnace. Anthracite coal used for heating purposes. Anthracite coal (fine) to be mixed with the ore in making up the charge to reduce the zinc to the metallic state. | The mixed charge of Franklinite ore and coal ready for the oxide fur- nace. | | The mixed charge of silicate and carbonate ore with coal for the spel- ter furnaces. The residuum remaining in the oxide furnace after the extraction of the zine. The oxide of zine produced. The residue remaining in the retorts after the distillation of the zinc in the spelter furnaces. Blue-powder, a by-product, consisting of a mixture of metallic zine and oxide resulting from imperfect condensation of the zinc. The spelter or metallic zine produced. To these are added — The fire-clay from Woodbridge, N. J., used for making retorts. A piece of new retort. A piece of old retort. Old retort ground, to be mixed with the clay in making new retorts. The collection from the spiegel furnaces shows— The residuum from the oxide furnaces, containing the iron and man- ganese originally present in the ore. Limestone used for flux, from Sing Sing, N. Y. Anthracite coal used for fuel. The slag produced. Oxide of zinc deposited in the gas-flues. The spiegeleisen produced. Sulphur.—The manufacture of sulphuric acid from iron pyrite is a process that has recently been very largely adopted in this country. Various strong prejudices existed formerly against the use of pyrite for this purpose on account of the liability of a small amount of arsenic occurring with the pyrite—this arsenic injuring the acid produced for many purposes. Recently, however, two very important deposits of pyrite which are totally free from arsenic have been developed, and the | material is being used quite freely for the manufacture of sulphuric acid. The deposit at Charlemont, Mass., is represented by a collection of the lump and fine ore presented by the Davis Company of Boston. The de- posit at Tolersville, Va., is represented by an extensive series of samples of the lump and fine ore in several varieties, together with many of the associates of the deposit. Presented by Mr. W. H. Adams. The pyrite is first roasted to expel its sulphur, which is then con- REPORT OF DEPARTMENT OF METALLURGY. 261 verted into sulphuric acid in the regular way. The residue, which gen. erally contains a valuable amount of copper, is then treated for that metal. The manufacture of sulphuric acid is represented by a collec- tion presented by the Merrimac Chemical Company of Boston, Mass. It shows the lump and fine ore, the residue remaining after the extrac- tion of the sulphur, the chamber acid, and the concentrated acid pro- duced. Coal.—Mr. James Temple Brown, of the Museum staff, was engaged during the summer in making a collection to represent the coal mining industry of the country. This collection contains many specimens illustrative of the life of the coal miner as influenced by his occupation and surroundings. And though the work was based mainly upon the ethnological aspect of coal mining, the collection possesses many other features which are of interest. It embraces the carbonite or natural coke and the bituminous coals of the Jura-Triassic period from the Mesozoic formation of Virginia; the cannel, gas, splint, bituminous, and semi-bituminous coals of West Vir- ginia; the semi-bituminous and anthracite coals of Pennsylvania; an- thracite from the Carboniferous formation of Rhode Island; anthracite from the Lower Carboniferous or Vespertine of Virginia, and examples of industrial coke from several localities. Whenever possible refuse or extraneous matter, as slate, bone or bony, and bisulphide of iron (pyrite), or “ sulphur,” was added to the suites of samples from many mines rep- resented. As an illustration of the collections made, that from the Philadelphia and Reading Coal and Iron Company of Pottsville will be mentioned. It consists of coal, “run of mine,” from the mammoth bed in Kohinoor colliery, including a large piece weighing about three tons; slate from both the roof and floor of the breast whence the coal was taken; the marketable sizes of coal as prepared in the breaker, includ- ing buckwheat, pea, chestnut, small stove, large stove, egg, broken, steamboat, and lump or furnace; and three kinds of refuse, denomi- nated “‘ breaker waste ” (embracing pieces of slate that form the layers between the benches of coal), bony coal, and dust. The last namedis too fine to have any commercial importance, and the first two were unavoid- ably mixed with the coal when blasting it out in the mine. To this col- lection of coal is added a very large and complete exhibit of the various tools used by the coal miner, together with many specimens illustrating his social condition. The names of the collieries which contributed to the collection, and their locations, are as follows: Commencing east and proceeding south we can trace the coal fields in their geological order. The old anthra- cite mine at Newport, R. L., through the kindness of Prof. R. D. Lacoe, of West Pittston, Pa., is represented by several pieces of very hard coal, graphitic in its nature, and of steel-blue color. Examples of the hard anthracite of Pennsylvania were obtained from the Mammoth bed in Kohinoor colliery, in the Shenandoah basin of the Middle’Coal Field. ‘262 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1894. This colliery is operated by the Philadelphia and Reading Coal and Iron Company. The soft or free-burning anthracites were obtained from the Brookside colliery, a very pure variety, from the Lykens Valley dis- trict, and the Loyalsock mine in Sullivan County. For convenience ot reference, the Geological Survey of Pennsylvania has designated the Bernice basin, in which the Loyalsock mine is located, as the Western Northern Anthracite Field. The Pennsylvania semi-bituminous coals were obtained from the basins north of Bernice, the Long Valley mine in the Barclay basin, the Arnot and Antrim mines in the Blossburg basin. The bituminous coals of Virginia were obtained from the Rich- mond basin, lying within the limits of Henrico, Chesterfield, Goochland, and Powhatan Counties. A specimen of anthracite from the vespertine of Virginia was presented by Col. Philip G. Pendleton, of West Virginia, and came from Berkeley County, near the line of Morgan County, West Virginia. In West Virginia the Eagle, Crescent, Coal Valley, Paint Creek, Winifrede and Peerless mines, in the Kanawha district, contributed specimens of coal, including cannel, gas, splint, and bituminous, with their associates, to the collection ; and from the New River district ex- amples of coal and slate were forwarded to the Museum from Stone Cliff, Nuttaliburg, Fire Creek, and Caperton. Coke was also received from some of them. Coal and sand rock were obtained from the crest of the arch of an anti- clinal axis on the east end of Mine Hill, in Schuylkill County, Pa., where the Coal Measures cross over from the Schuylkill basin, and a piece of coal that was evidently the crest of a miniature axis from the Palmer Vein colliery. | . Forty-eight hour coke and seventy-two hour coke, of especial impor- tance for metallurgical purposes, and the different sizes of crushed coke for domestic use, are fully represented; examples of the former were receive:t from both Pennsylvania and West Virginia, and of the latter from Connellsville, Pa. The preparation and shipment of domestic sizes of coke is a new departure in the coking industry. This suite of samples was solicited by the curator, and consists of pea, nut, small stove, and egg, together with the lump coke and the coal from which the coke is made, and was contributed by the H. C. Frick Coke Com- pany of Pittsburgh, Pa. Samples of pyrites were obtained in well-defined cubes, and in erys- talline aggregates, from the washings of coal in a jigger, finely dissemi- nated in slate, and in ovoid and globular masses of greater or less di- ameter in the coal itself. The latter are called ‘“‘sulphur balls” by the ininers, and their presence is strongly objected to, as they are imper- vious to the pick and a source of considerable annoyance and delay in cutting coal. They are also a source of danger in “fiery” mines on account of their hardness, which causes them to throw off sparks of fire (strike fire) when struck with sufficient force with a pick or other tool. REPORT OF DEPARTMENT OF METALLURGY. 263 Among the curiosities of the collection may be mentioned pieces of iridescent or “peacock” coal, so called on account of its brilliant me- tallic colors. Anthracite, semi-anthracite and semi-bituminous coals of this character are represented; the handsomest specimens being from the Ross vein of the Red Ash Coal Company of Wilkes Barre. As an evidence that the miner is warmly receptive to art, and as an illustration of the adaptability of anthracite coal to such purposes, sev- eral coal ornaments were obtained: (1) a lady’s slipper, (2) a miner’s brogan, (5) a table caster with bottles, and other articles made by the artistic miner in his leisure moments. The first is a very beautiful speci- men, and is not only artistic but also highly realistic. These were pre- sented by Mr. P. W. Sheafer and Maj. Heber S. Thompson, of Pottsville. The first is made of coal from Kohinoor colliery, the second from one of the mines on the Girard estate, and the third from the Ellangowan colliery. Major Thompson also donated two cubes of anthracite coal. One is a 4-inch eube, and the coal was mined from the top split of the mammoth bed in the Hammond colliery. It contains 64 cubic inches and weighs 315 pounds, equivalent to 2574.8, pounds, or 1.149 tons, per cubic yard. ‘The second is a 10-inch cube, and is from the mammoth bed (white ash), Kehley’s Run colliery. The number of fossil plants in the collection is smal! and restricted to well-known varieties, such as stigmaria, sigillaria, lepidodendra, ulodendra, and calamites. Impressions of fern-leaves in both fire clay and slate should also be noted. One of them, with a silvered matrix. presented by Mr. P. W. Sheafer, is unusual. An example of uloden- dron is very pronounced in its bars, a feature which has given rise to the name of **‘ washboard slate” in use by the miners. The corrosive effect of mine water upon metals is illustrated by several bolts from a large tubular iron tank used to hoist water from mines. The bolts, originally 2 of an inch in diameter, have been eaten away to a mere shred. A mining pick taken from an abandoned colliery shows the effect of mine water upon iron and steel combined, the iron has been eaten away to a large extent while the steel is only slightly attacked. The objects of geological interest are supplemented by the various kinds of implements used by the miner, consisting of his tools, lamps, clothing, and foot-wear, as well as utensils that pertain to his domestic economy and are essential to his personal comfort while at work. This list embraces the pick, drill, needle, blasting-barrel, cartridges, and all accessories used in the processes of cutting and blasting coal; lamps which burn with a naked flame for the mine officials, miners, drivers, and mules; and safety lamps of various patterns, including the Clanny, Davy, and Stephenson. The safety lamps were presented by Messrs. J. W. Queen & Co., of Philadelphia, who also contributed samples of brattice cloth, an air-tight fabric of coarse texture used in ventilat- ing mines. The miner’s outfit is further illustrated by an industrial ex- 264 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884. hibit which includes in their regular order the several parts used in the’ process of manufacturing miner’s boots, and also embraces both kinds of mining boots used by the miner, in the hard coal and soft coal mines respectively. This exhibit was prepared and presented by Messrs. Humphrey Bros. and Tracey, Towanda, Pa. An improved form of the Grim drill, or coal auger, donated by Mr. I. F. Mansfield, Cannelton, Pa., is shown. - The Blossburg Coal Company presented a ratchet-drill . which may be used alternately in boring rock for tunneling and enlarg- ing gangways, and for excavating coal. This is a fair illustration of the workmanship of the local artisans employed at our coal mines, and was made by the blacksmith at Arnot. In addition to the utensils used in excavating coal a set of hand im- plements or ‘breaker tools,” used in the breaker while preparing the coal for market, may also be noted. It comprises a rake and scraper for manipulating the coal in the chutes and a wire broom for cleaning the meshes of the large rotating cylindrical screens that distribute the marketable sizes of coal and to detach slate. The pictorial portion of the collection consists of (1) photographs, in- cluding negatives and prints; (2) tracings and sketches on linen cloth; (3) lithographs, and (4) cyanotypes. This collection illustrates the processes of mining by drift, slope, and shaft; the miners in their dif.- ferent positions when engaged in cutting and drilling coal; the working costumes of the miners and mine officials; the excavation of coal by the pick and mining machine or “ coal dpesen? the inside and outside haulage of coal by means of the mule, mine locomotive, and the under- ground wire-rope system; the machinery for hoisting coal to the sur- face; pumping machinery; ventilating fans and fan-houses; exterior and interior views of the breaker, where the large lumps of coal are broken and the various sizes assorted for market; the chutes and pockets for loading coal at the colliery for transshipment; the transfer of the coal up and down the precipitous sides of the mountains by in- clined planes; the form of mine wagons used in the anthracite collier- ies and the bituminous mines; the formation of a coal seam, showing the partings of slate between the benches and the crest of an anticlinal. where the measures cross over a mountain from one basin to another, and coal-washing machinery. Twenty-one negatives were made in all; five in the soft-coal region and sixteen in the anthracite. By means of electric light five negatives were made of the interior of a mine showing miners at work, as well as of the electric plant used upon the occasion. The views were enlarged by Mr. T. W. Smiilie, photographer of the Museum. These views represent— Three miners at work, one with a hand-drill or jumper, making a hole for a shot, one with pick breaking down coal, and the third in the act. of loading small pieces of coal with shovel; this also shows the different. REPORT OF DEPARTMENT OF METALLURGY. 265 benches, including the 12-foot bench and the leg-breaker, and a pile of “gob.” (59006.) The same breast as 59006, with a miner at work with a hand-drill or coal-auger by the light of the safety-lamp, various tools being grouped about him. (59008.) Robbing the mine. Two men at work with the ordinary miner’s lamp, one with pick and the other with shovel, a pillar of coal on the right. (59007.) A view of the entrance to the breast, taken from the face, represent- ing the manner of propping the gangway, and showing the mule-track, a pile of gob, and discarded props on the right. (59009.) A view of the electric plant used in taking the photographs. (59010.) Photographs of mine locomotives were obtained from the Wyoming Valley Manufacturing Company, Wilkes-Barre, Pa.,and two photographs of a fan and fan-house for mine ventilation from the Vulean Lron Works of the same place. In this series the engines used for both inside and outside mine service are fully illustrated. One of the originals is used at Arnot, Pa. (inside), and another at the Raton mines, New Mexico (inside), and the third at Nanticote, Pa. (outside). A photograph of the Harrison mining machine, with a miner in position for cutting coal, was presented by Mr. George D. Whitcomb, Chicago, Ill. A photo- graph of an apparatus for the inside haulage of coal by the tail-rope or endless-rope system, showing double engines of 100 horse-power and drum, was presented by Mr. Thomas EK. Knauss, superintendent of the Nelsonville Foundry, Nelsonville, Obio. This machinery, together with the photographs of the mine locomotives, fully illustrates the improved mechanical devices for both the excavation and the haulage of coal. Mr. George M. Bretz, photographer, of Pottsville, Pa., who made all the negatives in the collection illustrative of typical mining scenes both above and below ground in the anthracite regions, has sent several large photographs of representative breakers in the Shenandoah dis- trict and one photograph of the Mahanoy plane. This series includes the William Penn colliery breaker, the Lost Creek colliery breaker, and the Kohinoor breaker. Mahanoy plane is about half a mile long and about 16,000 tons have been hoisted over it in one day. Mr. Thomas Hodgson, of Buffalo, N. Y., has contributed two large photographs, illustrative of the transfer of anthracite coal to the Great Lakes for western shipment; one picture represents the land view, and shows the manner of discharging coal from the railroad cars into the pockets, and the other the water view, and the manner of loading vessels. Mr. C. A. Ashburner, in charge of the survey of the anthracite-coal fields of Pennsylvania, contributed three enlarged charts, illustrating (1) the Panther Creek Coal Basin; (2) cross and columnar sections of the same, and (3) the Wyoming Valley in the vicinity of Wilkes Barre. Mr. J. Raymond Claghorn, of Philadelphia, president of the State Line and Sullivan Railroad Company, contributed a topographical map of 266 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884. the Loyal Sock Coal Basin in Sullivan County, Pennsylvania. The Pennsylvania Coal Company contributed a lithograph of its Barnum colliery breaker at Pittston, Pa. Mr. A. B. Cochrane donated a chart of the anthracite coal fields of Pennsylvania and their outlet to mar- ket, including a list of the names of the collieries and a statistical table showing the annual shipment of coal. Mr. P. W. Sheafer, of Pottsville, sent several tracings, one which rep- resents the columnar section of the coal measures in the vicinity of Kohinoor colliery, Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania, and another a sec- tion of the mammoth bed in the same colliery, showing the top and bottom splits, and the partings of slate, charcoal, and bone; also a diagram of the progress of the anthracite coal trade of Pennsylvania, with a statistical table showing the output and estimated quantity of anthracite coal in the several coal fields and the relative amount of waste. Mr. John H. Strauch, resident engineer of the Philadelphia and Reading Coal and Iron Company, sent two tracings; one represents the underground operation of the standard 20-inch bull-pump used in drain- ing the mine, including cross-sections of the main gangway and sump, and the pump and wagon ways of the pump-slope; the other shows the manner in which the two shafts of this collery were sunk, and indicates, with full measurements, the positions of the diamond-drill holes used in blasting the rock. Mr. John A. Pollard, resident engineer of the Shenandoah district of the Philadelphia and Reading Coal and Iron Compay, has supplied an excellent sketch of the ground view of Kohi- noor colliery, with tidal elevations, illustrative of the photographic work conducted in that collery last sammer. Mr. E. F.C. Davis, super- intendent of the Philadelphia and Reading Coal and Iron Company’s Pottsville shops, has sent a tracing and cyanotype of the indicator cards from the steam-engine used to drive the dynamo in the Indian Ridge colliery September 6, 1884. Two cyanotypes of coal-washing machinery, showing the construc- tion of the building, and the generah interior arrangement, were donated by Mr. S. Stutz, M. E., of Pittsburg, Pa. At Bernice were obtained specimens of coal, rock, slate, fire-clay, mineral charcoal, and a full set of mining tools. At Long Valley were obtained samples of coal from the top and bot- tom benches, slate from the roof, and fire-clay from the bottom of the mine, together with five negatives of typical scenes about Long Val- ley: (1) the Long Valley coal plane; (2) a group of miners in working dress; (3) a coal trip emerging from the mouth of the drift; (4) exter. ior view of one of the Long Valley dwelling-houses (No. 45), occupied by Mr. Carroll, the inside superintendent, and (5) an interior view of the same dwelling. The Pennsylvania anthracite measures attain their greatest depth at Pottsville, where they are at least 3,000 feet thick, and include per- haps thirty coal beds, of which fifteen are workable. In the Pottsville REPORT OF DEPARTMENT OF METALLURGY. 267 district were obtained samples of coal, slate, and bastard slate, from the Diamond and Primorose beds, and a most excellent photograph of the winding machinery at the deep shaft. Mr. Bretz made views of repre- sentative surface scenes at Kohinoor. Shenandoah City, and Ellango- wan collieries, and interior views of breast 39 in the first-named col- liery. In the latter, excellent views of “‘robbbing the mine,” the forma- tion of the coal, and miners at work, were made. The Philadelphia and Reading Coal and Iron Company undertook to make the exhibit of coal and mining implements from the anthracite region of the Middle Coal Field. As Mr. Brown’s time was limited, he was unable to visit the Rich- mond coal fields, and relied upon the agents and proprietors, whose of- fices are in Richmond, for the samples of coal and carbonite included in the collection. The bituminous coal came from the Aitna mines, 13 miles from Richmond, on the Richmond and Danville Railroad. The natural coke, or carbonite, came from the Eureka mines, at the same locality. Coals from the Belleville mines of Illinois were obtained by Mr. Ed- mund B. Kirby,and from Collinsville and Mount Olive by Mr. Edward L. Zukoski. Mr. Kirby’s collection from the Belleville mines consists of slate from the roof, clay from the floor and one of the partings from the upper bench, coal from the blacksmith bench, ‘‘ nine-inch” bench, drift, block, and bottom coal and iron pyrite. Mr. E. L. Zukoski’s col- lection came from mine No. 4 of the Abbey Coal and Mining Company, Saint Clair County, Illinois, and embraces top and bottom coal, drift aud block coal, overlying slate and underlying clay. Thanks are due Mr. James Macfarlane, Mr. S. W. Alvord, editor of Towanda Review, Mr. George H. Wood, photographer, and I. O. Blight, superintendent of the State Line and Sullivan Railroad Company, of Towanda, Pa.; Mr. J. C. Guthrie, vice-president of the Blossburg Coal Company, of Elmira, N Y.; Mr. H. J. Landrus, general manager of the mine at Arnot; Mr. William Howell, of the Fall Brook Company, at Antrim; Mr. H. C. Davis, of the Barclay Coal Company, Mr. J. Ray- mond Claghorn, of the State Line and Sullivan Railroad Company, and Messrs. J. W. Queen & Co., of Philadelphia. In the anthracite regions we are greatly indebted to Mr. S. B. Whit- ing, general manager of the Philadelphia and Reading Coal and Iron Company, of Pottsville, Pa., for material aid in making up a repre- sentative exhibit of economic geology illustrative of the anthracite re- gions, and mining tools and accessories used in that district; also for his zealous efforts in carrying out the proposition to photograph the in- terior of a coal mine. Mr. R. C. Luther, mine engineer of the Philadel- phia and Reading Coal and Iron Company, and his assistants, Mr. George S. Clements, Mr. John A. Pollard, and Mr. John H. Strauch, resident and supervising engineers, were unremitting in their endeavors to facil- itate the work, as were also Mr. E. F. C. Davis, superintendent of the 268 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884. % Pottsville shops, and Mr. William Waters, superintendent of the Shen- andoah district. Special acknowledgments are due to Mr. R. W. Kear, secretary of the Arnoux Electric Light and Heat Company, of Pennsy]- vania, who furnished the dynamo, wire, and other material used in Ko- hinoor colliery, at his own expense. Thanks are also due Maj. Jed. Hotchkiss and Mr. M. Erskine Miller, Mr. Albert Blair, Mr. J. R. Werth, superintendent of the Bright Hope Railroad Company, of Virginia; Mr. F. Howald, superintendent of the Fire Creek Coal and Coke Company; Capt. W. R. Johnson, proprietor, and Mr. Thomas A. Bartlam, superintendent of the Coal Valley Coal Company; Mr. G. C. Hewitt, general manager of the Wini- frede Coal Company; Mr. N. M. Jenkin, of Stone Cliff; and Mr. J. C. W. Tomkins, president of the Cedar Grove mine, for assistance in the Virginia and West Virginia coal fields. The collection embraces 300 objects, all - which have been duly cat- alogued and numbered. Alloys.—One of the most interesting uses to which metals are put is the manufacture of alloys for different purposes. This subject had not been at all represented in the previous collections, but a beginning has now been made which is capable of being greatly extended. The manu- facture of brass at Ansonia, Conn., has already been mentioned. The manufacture of type metal is very fully represented by a collection presented by Mackellar, Smiths & Jordan, of Philadelphia, Pa. This collection shows the various metals entering into the manufacture of type metal and type material and the different grades of type used for different purposes. To these are added illustrations of the steps in the progress of casting type, together with illustrations of some of the older methods. The manufacture of Babbitt, or anti-friction metal, is illus- trated by collections presented by Messrs. Merchant & Co., and Paul S. Reeves, of Philadelphia. These both include samples of the metals used in the manufacture and samples of the various grades of Babbitt. Messrs. Merchant & Co. also presented an interesting series of solders of different composition for different purposes. The manufacture of a “special metal for bearings, &c., is illustrated by a collection from the Ajax Metal Company, of Philadelphia, Pa. Non-metallic ores.—-The manufacture of emery cloth and sand-paper is very fully illustrated by a collection presented by Baeder, Adamson & Co., Philadelphia. This collection shows the quartz and emery as mined, as ground and sorted in various sizes for making the paper, and also illustrates the extraction of the glue and the manufacture of the paper used. To these are added samples of the various sizes of emery cloth and sand-paper as put upon the market. The occurrence and application of asbestos are very fully illustrated by a collection presented by the H. W. Johns Company, New York. This includes samples of asbestos froom fifty-five different Jocalities, and is by far the most thorough and complete illustration of the occur- REPORT OF DEPARTMENT OF METALLURGY. 269 rence of this material that has ever been exhibited. To this are added illustrations of the application of asbestos, including various kinds of packings and covers for heated surfaces, threads of various sizes, cloth used for various purposes, and in fact very fully illustrates the application of the material. This collection is one of the fullest and most complete that we have, and special thanks are due to the Johns Company for their care and attention in its preparation, they having gathered all the material and set it up in a very creditable manner. The materials used for various abrading and polishing purposes are illustrated by a collection presented by R. J. Waddell & Co., New York, and a collection of tripoli in its erude and prepared shape by the Saint Louis Tripoli Company, Saint Louis, Mo. A large col- lection of corundum, emery, and quartz in the lump and in various sizes was presented by the Union Stone Company, Boston, Mass. The preparation of barytes for various uses is represented by a collec- tion presented by Messrs. Page and Krause, Saint Louis, Mo. Miscellaneous material.—The application of the regenerative system of heating devised by Dr. Siemens is very fully illustrated by a large series of drawings of furnaces for various uses presented by Messrs. Richmond and Potts, Philadelphia. The use of the diamond drill in mining operations, especially for ex- ploring purposes, is well illustrated by a collection presented by the Pennsylvania Diamond Drill Company. This collection includes photo- graphs of machines suited for various characters of work, illustrations of the bit of the drill with a large number of cores taken out from dif- ferent sections of the country, together with drawings showing the use that has been made of the drill and some of the results obtained. Owing to the smal) space allowed the Museum for exhibition purposes at New Orleans it was not possible for this department to show any- where near all the material collected. At the same time, in order to _ make the subjects as full as possible, selections were made from materials already on hand, and the subjects of Economic Geology and Metallurgy were represented at New Orleans by the following collections: In the first division of this collection—that of Economic Geology, or the natural occurrence of materials of economic value—it is designed to exhibit collections illustrating the different kinds and grades of the ores of each metal, and also a few collections of non-metallic minerals of economic importance. In the second division—that of Metallurgy—it is designed to exhibit collections representing the processes for the extraction of the metals from their ores by specimens, where practicable, filling the gaps by means of illustrations and descriptions and accompanying them by gen- eral illustrations and descriptions so as to fully explain these processes. In making up the ore collection it has been designed to represent all the different varieties of each ore and many of the most prominent min- ing regions, so as to give a good general idea of the nature of the oc- currences of the metals and also their distribution, but it has not been 270 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884. possible to show every occurrence of each variety of an ore, neither has it been possible to represent every mining region. The Lake Superior copper region is very thoroughly represented, both on account of the value of the mines of this region and as repre- senting the kind of coliections it is desirable for the Museum to possess to illustrate a region or a mine. Taking, first, the region, it is represented by three prominent mines showing three different and characteristic occurrences of the ore. First, the so-called mass mines, which are characterized by the occur- rence of large masses of free copper, amounting in some cases to many tous of metal in a single mass, are represented by the Central mine. Besides these large masses these mines also carry considerable dissem- inated free copper. Second, the amygdaloid mines, which are characterized by the oc- currence of the free copper in amygdules, bunches, strings, and sheets from the size of a pin-point up to a few hundred pounds in weight (with rarely a large mass), disseminated in a soft amygdaloid trap-rock, are represented by the Osceola mine. The average percentage of copper in the ores from these mines varies from three-quarters of 1 per cent. to 2 per cent. Third, the conglomerate mines, which are characterized by the oc- currence of the free copper mostly in strings in a hard conglomerate of terruginous quartz pebbles, are represented by the Conglomerate Mine. The average percentage of copper in the ores from these mines varies from 4 per cent. to 6 per cent. Taking the Conglomerate Mine, the collection shows, first, the gen- eral character of the ore and the inclosin g wall rocks; secondly, it shows the occurrence of the ore at various prominent points in the mine which are accurately located ; and, thirdly, it shows a section of the rocks over a distance of 631 feet, by specimens taken at suitable distances to show the different characters and changes of the material. In selecting specimens it has not been designed to exhibit those that are especially handsome or rich, but rather to take such as represent the actual character, occurrence, and value of the ores. In making col- lections of ores for the National Museum, it is very desirable that some definite and systematic plan of representation of this kind should be adopted, as collections made in this way have far more value for Museum purposes than the hap-hazard collections of showy specimens usually found in such establishments. COLLECTIONS IN ECONOMIC GEOLOGY. Gold. Placer gold, from Virginia, North Carolina, California, Idaho, Mon- tana, Utah, and Oregon. Gold quartz, from Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, California, and Montana. REPORT OF DEPARTMENT OF METALLURGY. 271 Auriferous gravel, from California and South Carolina. Auriferous pyrite, from Virginia and Colorado. Telluride ores—compounds of gold with tellurium, from Colorado. Tridium. Iridosmine, from California. Silver. Native silver with native copper, from the Lake Superior region. Native silver on sulphide of copper, from Montana. Wire silver, from Nevada, Montana, Idaho, and New Mexico. Native silver and horn silver, in sandstone, from Utah. Horn silver, from Colorado, Utah, Nevada, and New Mexico. Ruby silver, from Nevada. Base ores carrying silver (milling ores), from Nevada, Utah, and Montana. Argentiferous lead ores (smelting ores), from Colorado, Utah, and Nevada. Tin. On account of recent discoveries and the general interest attaching to tin the list of the localities of the occurrence of cassiterite, or the binoxide of tin, has been made as complete as possible, and includes Maine, New Hampshire, Virginia, North Carolina, Alabama, Montana, and the Black Hills of Dakota. The tin ore of San Jacinto, Cal., is also shown. With the tin ores are shown bars of tin reduced from the New Hamp- shire (1840), Virginia, Alabama, Montana, and California ores; also a collection of Welsh tin plate. Antimony. The sulphide ores, from Utah (with metal) and California. Quicksilver. Cinnabar, from California. Lead. The sulphide ores, from Missouri. (I‘or argentiferous lead ores, see under Silver.) Copper. Native copper, from the Lake Superior region in Michigan, ineluding— water-worn or surface specimens; specimens of the mass copper, and chips obtained in cutting up the masses in the mine, and specimens showing the disseminated free copper in the rock, both amygdaloid and conglomerate. To these are added specimens illustrating the dressing of the ores. 272 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884. Sulphide ores, including the sulphides of copper and iron, from Ver. mont, Maryland, North Carolina, and Missouri, and the sulphide of cop- per from Butte, Mont. Oxidized ores, from Pennsylvania, Virginia, and Arizona. Bismuth, The oxidized ores, from Utah. Nickel and cobalt. The sulphide ores, from Pennsylvania and Missouri. Tron. A collection of ores of over 500 specimens, selected from the collections made by the Tenth Census, under the direction of Prof. R. Pumpelly, to illustrate the iron industry of the United States, showing all the dif- ferent kinds and varieties of iron ore found in this country. This collection is not intended to show the full occurrence in any one region, but only the prominent varieties of the different regions. Manganese. Manganese ore from Virginia and Georgia. Zine. The New Jersey ores, including Franklinite, zincite, willemite, and calamine. The silicate and carbonate ores of Tennessee and Virginia. The sulphide ores of Missouri and Kansas, Coal. A collection showing the different varieties of coal from Pennsyl- vania and Virginia, including anthracite, semi-bituminous, bituminous, splint, and cannel coal; also a large collection illustrating the methods of coal mining, including some large photographs (taken by electric light) of the interior of a coal mine, showing the formation of the coal- seam and its peculiarities, together with the men at work. These are the first photographs ever taken of the interior of a coal mine. Sulphur. Native sulphur, from Nevada. Iron pyrites, from Massachusetts and Virginia. Besides the above systematic ore collections, some illustrations of ores will be found in the metallurgical collections. In making up the metallurgical collection it has not been possible to exhibit the production of each metal exhaustively, owing to the small amount of suitable material previously in the Department and to the short space of time available for making new collections. A few systematic illustrations of metallurgical operations are shown. In making these collections it has been designed to treat a few subjects thoroughly rather than a large number superficially. After suitable REPORT OF DEPARTMENT OF METALLURGY. 273 consideration a few representative works were selected for illustration, and have been worked up as completely as possible. Beginning with the ore as mined, each step in its preparation for smelting is shown, together with the by or waste products of such treatment. To illustrate the smelting operation, the ores, the fuels, the fluxes, and every other material entering into the operation are shown. Following through the process, each product of each operation up to the final product of the works is represented. To these are added, where practicable, illustrations of materials of construction, such as fire-clays, sands, &c. The furnaces and tools are shown by specimens, views, and descriptions. The interest and value of these collections does not lie so much in the specimens themselves as in their being thoroughly con- nected, and in the kind and amount of information that can be given in regard to them. In order to be satisfactory the series must be complete, and the in- formation full and accurate. REPORT OF DEPARTMENT OF MBTALLURGY. 275 by, roasting and chlorination: Collection from the Del Oro Works, Canada. The extraction of gold and copper from auriferous copper ores, by the fusion and electrolytic process: Collection from the works of E. Balbach & Son, Newark, N. J. The manufacture of gold leaf: Collection from Hastings & Co., Phil- adelphia, Pa. — Silver. The extraction of silver from base ores by chloridizing roasting, and milling (amalgamation): Collection from Ontario Mill, Park City, Sum- _ mit County, Utah. The smelting of argentiferous lead ores and the refining of the base bullion (silver and lead): Collection from the Cheltenham Works, Saint Louis County, Missouri. The refining of base bullion (silver and lead): Collection from the works of E. Balbach & Son, Newark, N. J. Lead. The manufacture of pig lead and white lead direct from the ore: Col- lection from the Lone Elm Works, Joplin, Mo. Copper. The smelting and refining of copper by the fusion process: Collee- tions from the Baltimore Copper Works, Baltimore, Md., and Saint Genevieve Copper Works, Saint Genevieve, Mo. ~The refining of pig copper: Collection from the Ansonia Brass and Copper Works, Ansonia, Conn. The rolling of copper: Collection from the Ansonia Brass and Copper Works, Ansonia, Conn. Iron. The smelting of pig iron: Collections from the Crown Point Furnace, Crown Point, N. Y., the Rockwood Furnace, Rockwood, Tenn., and the Missouri Furnace, Saint Louis, Mo. Steel. The manufacture of crucible steel: Collection from the Crescent Steel Works, Pittsburgh, Pa. The manufacture of Bessemer steel: Collection from the South Chi- cago Bessemer Works, South Chicago, Ill Zine. The smelting of spelter or zine: Collections from the Glendale Zine Works, Saint Louis, Mo., the Joplin Zine Works, Joplin, Mo., and the Rich Hill Zine Works, Rich Hill, Mo. Zine, iron, and manganese. The smelting of spelter or zinc, oxide of zine, and spiegeleisen from Franklin, N. J., ores: Collection from the Passaic Zine Works, Jersey City, N. J. 276 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884. Coke. The manufacture of coke at Connellsville, Pa.: Collection from the H. C. Frick coke ovens. Sulphur. The manufacture of sulphuric acid from iron pyrites: Collection from the Merrimac Chemical Company, Boston, Mass. The nanufacture of alloys. Brass and its utilization: Collection from the Ansonia Brass and Copper Works, Ansonia, Conn. Type metal and its utilization: Collection from the type foundry of Mackellar, Smiths & Jordan, Philadelphia, Pa. Babbitt, or anti-friction, metals: Collections from Merchant & Co., and Paul 8S. Reeves, Philadelphia, Pa. Solders: Collection from Merchant & Co., Philadelphia, Pa. COLLECTIONS ILLUSTRATING THE PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF NON- METALLIC ORES. The manufacture of sand- ‘paper: Collection from Baeder, Adamsom & Co., Philadelphia, Pa. Riahenies and its application: Collection from the H. W. J ohns Com- pany, New York. Abrading and polishing materials: Collections from R. J. Waddell & Co., New York, and Saint Louis Tripoli Company, Saint Louis, Mo. | The utilization of barytes: Collection from Page & Krause, Saint Louis, Mo. : The past year has been one of great activity in this department, far more having been done than in the first year of its organization. A con- siderable amount of the accumulated material on hand since the de- partment was organized in December, 1882, has now been administered upon and so disposed that far better use can be made of the material on hand, and it is much easier to see what portions of the collections most need strengthening. At the same time the more thoroughly organized the material is, the more apparent it becomes that there is yet a large amount of work in investigation needed to fit the material to accoms plish the most good as an educator. Work of this character will occupy the attention of the department to a considerable extent for many years. NOTES. The department has had the aid during the entire year of Ensign H. M. Witzel, U. 8S. Navy, who rendered valuable assistance in the work of the department. Mr. James Temple Brown, of the Museum staff, was engaged for sev- eral months in making an extensive series of collections representing coal mining, and also assisted in the work of the department both at Washington and in New Orleans. The clerical work of the department was done during eleyen months of the year by Mr. F. I. Offutt, who was assisted by Mr. W. H. Newhall for several months. A Sa srg Oe A ap et SCIENTIFIC PAPERS ILLUSTRATING THE COLLECTIONS IN THE U. 8. NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884, Page. I. Throwing-sticks in the National Musenm. By Otis T. MASon.......-- 279-289 II. Basket-work of the North American aborigines. By Oris T. Mason... 291-306 Ill. A Study of the Eskimo bows in the U. 8S. National Museum. By JOHN MONT oft iy toe ap a's Vo tal aetines sa acheedeuas vitae Kan ted |e ten enee 307-316 IV. On a spotted dolphin apparently identical with the Pr odelphiens doris eee: (200 ef ICE WV. PRU sige bios cca Aes a ene en es de nee 317-324 VY. The Florida Muskrat (Neofiber Alleni True), By FREDERICK W. TRUE... 325-330 VI. On the West Indian Seal (Monachus tr ts Gray). By FREDERICK ere Sn Us A, LMOAG sss boas ein sos Cees belesdos le dee ewe eee 277 a wie ini edhe oa ].—THROWING-STICKS IN THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. By Ot1ts T. Mason. Col. Lane Fox tells us there are three areas of the throwing-stick : Australia, where it is simply an elongated spindle with a hook at the end; the country of the Conibos and the Purus, on the Upper Amazon, where the implement resembles that of the Australians, aud the hyper- borean regions of North America. It is of this last group that we shall now speak, since the National Museum possesses only two specimens from the first-named area and none whatever from the second. The researches and collections of Bessels, Turner, Boas, Hall, Mintz- ner, Kennicott, Ray, Murdoch, Nelson, Herendeen, and Dall, to all of whom I acknowledge my obligations, enable me to compare widely sep- arated regions of the hyperborean area, and to distinguish these regions by the details in the structure of the throwing-stick. The method of holding the throwing-stick is indicated in Fig. 1 by a. drawing of H. W. Elliott. The Eskimo is just in the act of launching the light seal harpoon. The barbed point will fasten itself into the animal, detach itself from the ivory foreshaft, and unwind the rawhide or sinew line, which is securely tied to both ends of the light wooden shaft by a martingale device. The heavy ivory foreshaft will cause the shaft to assume an upright position in the water, and the whole will act as a drag to impede the progress of the game. The same idea of impeding progress and of retrieving is carried out by amulti- tude of devices not necessary to mention here. The Eskimo spend much time in their skin kyaks, from which it would be difficult to launch an arrow from a bow, or a harpoon from the unsteady, cold, and greasy hand, This device of the throwing-stick, therefore, is the substitute for the bow or the sling, to be used in the kyak, by a people who cannot procure the proper materials for a heavier lance-shaft, or at least whose environment is prejudicial to the use of such a weapon. Just as soon as we pass Mount St. Elias going south- ward, the throwing-stick, plus the spear or dart of the Eskimo and the Aleut, gives place to the harpoon with a long, heavy, cedar shaft, weigh- ing 15 or 20 pounds, whose momentum from both hands of the Indian, without the throw-stick, exceeds that of the Eskimo and Aleut darts 279 280 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884. and harpoons, with the additional velocity imparted by the throwing- stick. It must not be forgotten, also, that the kyak is a very frail, un- steady thing, and therefore not much of the momentum of the-body can be utilized, as it is by the Northwest Indians in making a lunge with a heavy shaft. The throwing-stick is also said by some arctic voy- agers to be useful in giving directness of aim. Perhaps no other savage device comes so near in this respect to a gun barrel or the groove of a bow-gun. Its greatest advantages, however, are the firm grip which it gives in handling a harpoon or dart, and the longer time which it permits the hunter to apply the force of his arm to the propulsion of his weapon. Having practiced with a throwing-stick somewhat, I have imagined also that there was a certain amount of leverage acquired by the particular method of holding the stick and straightening the arm, as ina toggle joint. That implement, which seems so simple, and which is usually mentioned and dismissed in a word, possesses several marks or organs, which help to distinguish the locality in which each form occurs, as well as to define the associations of the implement as regards the weapon thrown from it and the game pursued. These marks are: 1. Shape, or general outline in face and side view, and size. 2. Handle, the part grasped in the hand. 3. Thumb-groove or thumb-lock, provision for the firm and comfort- able insertion of the phalanx and ball of the thumb. 4. Finger-grooves, provision for each finger according to its use in the manipulation of the implement. 5. Finger-pegs, little plugs of wood or ivory to give more certain grip for the fingers and to prevent their slipping. The devices for the fin- gers are the more necessary where the hands are cold and everything is covered with grease. 6. Finger-tip cavities, excavations on the front face of the implement, into which the tips of the three last fingers descend to assist in grasp- ing and to afford a rest on the back of these fingers for the weapon shaft. 7. Index-finger cavity or hole, provision for the insertion of the in- dex finger, which plays a very important part in the use of the throw- ing-stick. 8. Spear shaft groove, in which the shaft of the weapon lies, as an arrow or bolt in the groove of a bow-gun. 9. Hook or spur, provision for seizing the butt end of the weapon while it is being launched. These may be ridges left in the wood by excavation, or pieces of wood, bone, ivory, &c., inserted. The size and shape of this part, and the manner of insertion, are also worthy of notice. 10. Edges: this feature is allied to the form and not to the function of the implement. 11. Faces: upper, on which the weapon rests; lower, into which the index finger is inserted. THROWING-STICKS. 281 ‘The figures illustrating this article are drawn to a scale indicated by inch marks in the margin, every dot on the line standing for an inch. By the presence or absence, by the number or the shape of some of these marks or structural characteristics, the type and locality can be easily detected. The Eskimo have everywhere bows and arrows for land hunting, the former made of several pieces of bone lashed together, or of a piece of driftwood lashed and re-enforced with sinew. The ar- rows are of endless variety. It should also be noticed that the kind of game and the season of the year, the shape and size of the spear accompanying the stick, and the bare or gloved hand, are all indicated by language expressed in various parts of this wonderful throwing-stick. GREENLAND TYPE. The Greenland throwing-stick is a long, flat trapezoid, slightly ridged along the back (Fig. 2). It has no distinct handle at the wide end, although it will be readily seen that the expanding of this part secures a firm grip. A chamfered groove on one side for the thumb, and a smaller groove on the other side for the index finger, insure the imple- ment against slipping from the hunter’s grasp. Marks 5, 6, 7 of the series on page 280 are wanting in the Greenland type. The shaft-groove, in which lies the shaft of the great harpoon, is wide, deep, and rounded at the bottom. There is no hook, as in all the other types, to fit the end of the harpoon shaft, but in its stead are two holes, one in the front end of the shaft-groove, between the thumb-groove and the finger- groove, with an ivory eyelet or grommet for a lining, the other at the distal end of the shaft-groove, in the ivory piece which is ingeniously inserted there to form that extremity. This last-mentioned hole is not cylindrical like the one in front, but is so constructed as to allow the shatt-peg to slide off easily. These holes exactly fit two ivory pegs projecting from the harpoon shaft. When the hunter has taken his throwing-stick in his hand he lays his harpoon shaft upon it so that the pegs will fall in the two little holes of the stick. By a sudden jerk of his hand the harpoon is thrown forward ‘and released, the pegs draw- ing out of the holes in the stick. At the front end of the throwing-stick a narrow piece of ivory is pegged to prevent splitting. As before inti- mated, this type of throwing-stick is radically different from all others in its adjustment to the pegs on the heavy harpoon. In all other exam- ples in the world the hook or spur is on the stick and not on the weapon. UNGAVA TYPE. One specimen from Fort Chimo in this region, southeast of Hudson Bay, kindly lent by Mr. Lucien Turner, is very interesting, having little relation with that from Greenland (which is so near geographically), and connecting itself with all the other types as far as Kadiak, in 282 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884. Alaska (Fig.3). The outline of the implement is quite elaborate and symmetrical, resembling at the hook end a fiddle-head, and widening continuously by lateral and facial curves to the front, where it is thin and flat. A slight rounded notch for the thumb, and a longer chamfer for three fingers, form the handle. Marks 5 and 6 are wanting. The cavity for the index finger extends quite through the implement, as it does in all cases where it is on the side of the harpoon-shaft groove, and not directly under it. The shaft groove is shallow, and the hook at the lower extremity is formed by a piece of ivory inserted in a par- allel groove in the fiddle-head and fastened with pegs. It is as though a saw-cut one-eighth inch wide had been made longitudinally through the fiddle-head and one-half inch beyond, and the space had been filled with a plate of ivory pared down flush with the wood all round, except- ing at the projection left to form the hook or spur for the harpoon shaft. This peg or spur fits in a small hole in the butt of the harpoon or spear shaft and serves to keep the weapon in its place until it is launched from the hand. The Ungava spear is heavier than that of the western Eskimo, hence the stick and its spur are proportionately larger. It is well to observe carefully the purport of the spur. A javelin, assegai, or other weapon hurled from the hand is seized in the center of gravity. The Greenland spears have the pegs for the throwing-stick sometimes at the center of gravity, sometimes at the butt end. In all other uses of the throwing-stick the point of support. is behind the center of gravity, and if the weapon is not fastened in its groove in cannot be hurled. This fastening is accomplished by the backward leaning of the peg in the Greenland example, and by the spur on the distal end of the throw- ing-stick in all other cases. CUMBERLAND GULF TYPE. The Cumberland Gulf type is the clumsiest throwing:stick in the Museum, and Dr. Franz Boas recognizes it as a faithful sample of those in use throughout Baffin Land (Fig. 4). In general style it resembles Mr. Turner’s specimens from Ungava ; but every part is coarser and heavier. It is made of oak, probably ob- tained from a whaling vessel. Instead of the fiddle-head at the distal end we have a declined and thickened prolongation of the stick with- out ornament. There is no distinct handle, but provision is made for the thumb by a deep, sloping groove; for the index-finger by a perfo- ration, and for the other three tingers by separate grooves. These give a splendid grip for the hunter, but the extraordinary width of the handle is certainly a disadvantage. There are two longitudinal grooves on the upper face; the principal one is squared to receive the rectangu- lar shaft of the bird spear; the other is chipped out for the tips of the fingers, which do not reach across to the harpoon shaft, owing to the clumsy width of the throwing-stick. In this example, the hook for the THROWING-STICKS. 283 end of the bird-spear shaft is the canine tooth of some animal driven into the wood at the distal end of the long-shaft groove. FURY AND HECLA STRAITS TYPE. In Parry’s Second Voyage (p. 508) is described a throwing-stick of Igloolik, 18 inches long, grooved for the shaft of the bird-spear, and hav- ing a spike for the hole of the shaft, and a groove for the thumb and for the fingers. The index-finger hole is not mentioned, but more than probably it existed, since it is nowhere else wanting between Ungava and Cape Romanzoff in Alaska. This form, if properly described by Parry, is between the Ungava and the Cumberland Gulf specimen, having no kinship with the throwing-stick of Greenland. The National Museum should possess an example of throwing-stick from the Fury and Heela Straits. ANDERSON RIVER TYPE. The Anderson River throwing-stick (and we should include the Mac- kenzie River district) is a very primitive affair in the National Museum, being only a tapering flat stick of hard wood (Fig. 5). Marks 2, 3, 4,5, and 6 are wanting. The index-finger cavity is large and eccentric and furnishes a firm hold. The shaft-groove is a rambling shallow slit, not over half aninch wide. There is no hook or spur of foreign material inserted for the spear end; but simply an excavation of the hard wood which furnishes an edge to catch a notch in the end of the dart. Only one specimen has been collected from this area for the National Mu- seum; therefore it is unsafe to make it typical, but the form is so unique that it is well to notice that the throwing-stick in Eskimoland has its simplest form in the center and not in the extremities of its whole area: It is as yet unsafe to speculate concerning the origin of this implement. A rude form is as likely to be a degenerate son as to be the relic of a barbaric ancestry. Among the theories of origin respecting the Eskimo, that which claims for them a more southern habitat long ago is of great force. If, following retreating ice, they first struck the frozen ocean at the mouth of Mackenzie’s River and then invented the kyak and the throwing-stick, thence we may follow both of these in two direc- tions as they depart from a single source. POINT BARROW TYPE. Through the kindnessof Mr. John Murdoch, I have examined a number from this locality, all alike, collected in the expedition of Lieutenant Ray, U.S. A. (Fig. 6). They are all of soft wood, and in general out- line they resemble a tall amphora, bisected, or with a slice cut out of the middle longitudinally. There is a distinct ‘‘ razor-strop” handle, while in those previously described the handle is searcely distinct from the body. Marks 3, 4, 5, and 6 are wanting. The index-finger hole is very large and eccentric, forming the handle of the “‘amphora.” The 284 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884. groove for the harpoon or spear-shaft commences opposite the index- finger cavity as a shallow depression, and deepens gradually to its other extremity, where the hook for the spear-shaft is formed by an ivory peg. This form is structurally almost the same as the Anderson River type, only it is much better finished. KOTZEBUE SOUND TYPE. The Kotzebue Sound type is an elongated truncated pyramid, or obe- lisk, fluted on all sides (Fig. 7). The handle is in the spiral shape so frequent in Eskimo skin-scrapers from Norton Sound and vicinity, and exactly fits the thumb and the last three fingers. Marks 5 and 6 are wanting. The index cavity is a cul de sac, into which the forefinger is to be hooked when the implementisin use. Especial attention is called to this characteristic because it occurs here for the first time and will not be seen again after we pass Cape Vancouver. From Ungava to Point Barrow the index-finger hole is eccentric and the finger passes quite through the implement and to the right of the harpoon or spear-shaft. In the Kotzebue type the-index finger cavity is subjacent to the spear- shaft groove, consequently the forefinger would be wounded or at least in the way by passing through the stick. The spear or harpoon-shaft groove is wide and shallow and passes immediately over the index cavity. The hook is of ivory and stands up above the wood. It needs only to be mentioned that this type, as well as those with eccentric forefinger perforations are used with the naked hand. In the quarto volume of Beechey’s Voyage, page 324, is mentioned a throwing-stick from Eschscholtz Bay, with a hole for the forefinger and a notch for the thumb, the spear being placed in the groove and em- braced by the middle finger and the thumb. This last assertion is very important. When I first began to examine a large number of the im- plements, I could not explain the cavities for the finger-tips until this note suggested that the shaft rides outside of and not under the fingers. To test the matter I had a throwing-stick made to fit my hand, and found that the spear could get no start if clamped close to the throw- ing-stick by all the fingers; but if allowed to rest on the back of the fingers or a part of them, and it is held fast by the thumb and middle finger, it had just that small rise which gave it a start from the pro- pelling instrument. In the national collection is a specimen marked Russian America, collected by Commodore John Rodgers, resembling in many respects the Kotzebue Sound type. The handle is of the same razor-strop shape, but on the upper side are three deep depressions for the finger-tips. In several of the objects already described provision is made for the tips of the last three fingers by means of a gutter or slight indentations. But in no other examples is there such pronounced separation of the fingers. In very many of the Norton Sound skin-dressers, composed of a stone blade and ivory handle, the fingers are separated in exactly THROWING-STICKS. 285 the same manner. These skin-dressers are from the area just south of Kotzebue Sound. The back of the Rodgers specimen is ornamented in its lower half by means of grooves. In its upper half are represented the legs and feet of some animal carved outina graceful manner. The index-finger cavity is central and is seen on the upper side by a very slight rectangular perforation, which, however, does not admit the extru- sion of any part of the index-finger. The upper surface is formed by two inclined planes meeting in the center. Along this central ridge is excavated the groove for the spear-shaft, deep at its lower end and quite running out at its upper extremity. The hook for the end of the harpoon-shaft in this specimen resembles that seen on the throwing- sticks of the region south of Cape Vancouver. The whole execution of this specimen is so much superior to that of any other in the Museum and the material so different as to create the suspicion that it was made by a white man, with steel tools (Fig 8). EASTERN SIBERIAN TYPE. The National Museum has no throwing-stick from this region, but Nordenskjéld figures one in the Voyage of Vega (p. 477, Fig. 5), which is as simple as the one from Anderson River, excepting that the former has a hook of ivory, while the latter has a mere excavation to receive the cavity on the endof the weapon. Nordenskjéld’s bird-spear accom- panying the stick has a bulb or enlargement of the shaft at the point opposite the handle of the throwing-stick, which is new to the collection of the National Museum. Indeed, a systematic study should now be made of the Siberian throwing-sticks to decide concerning the commer- cial relationships if not the consanguinities of the people of that region. PORT CLARENCE AND CAPE NOME TYPE. The specimens from this area are more or less spatulate in form, but very irregular, with the handle varying from that of the razor-strop to the spiral, twisted form of the Eskimo skin-scraper (Fig. 9). On the whole, these implements are quite similar to the next group. A section across the middle of the implement would be trapezoidal with incurved sides. In two of the specimens not figured these curved sides are brought upward until they join the upper surface, making a graceful ornament. The handles are not symmetrical, the sides for the thumb being shaved out so as to fit the muscles conveniently. Places for the fingers are provided thus: There is an index-finger cavity quite through the stick indeed, but the index-finger catches in the interior of the wood and does not pass through as in the eastern Arctic types. The middle finger rests against an ivory or wooden peg. ‘This is the first appear- ance of this feature. It will be noted after this on all the throwing- sticks as the most prominent feature until we come to Kadiak, but the Unalashkans do not use it on their throwing-sticks. Cavities for the three last finger-tips are not always present, and the hooks at the 286 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884. distal ends for the extremities ofthe weapons are very large plugs of wood or ivory and have beveled edges rather than points for the re- ception of the butt end of the weapon to be thrown. NORTON SOUND TYPES. These types extend from Cape Darby around to Cape Dyer, includ- ing part of Kaviagmut, the Mahlemut, the Unaligmut, and the Ekog- mut area of Dall, and extending up the Yukon River as far as the Eskimo, who use this weapon. The characteristics are the same as those of the last named area, excepting that in many specimens there are two finger- pegs instead of one, the first peg inclosing the middle finger, the second the ring-finger and the little finger (Figs. 10-13). A single specimen collected by Lucien Turner at Saint Michael’s has no index cavity, the forefinger resting on the first peg and the other three fingers passing between this and the outer peg (Fig. 14). Another specimen of Nelson’s, marked Sabotinsky, has the index-finger cavity and one finger-peg. The finger-tip cavity on the upper surface of the handle forms the figure of a water-bird, in which the heart is connected with the mouth by a curved line, just as in the pictography of the more southern Indians. The Yukon River Eskimo use a throwing-stick quite similar to the Norton Sound type. The characteristics are very pronounced. Thumb- groove deep, index-finger cavity so long as to include the first joint. The hook for the spear-end formed by the edge of a plug of hard wood. The middle finger is separated by a deep grooveand peg. Thering and little finger are inclosed by the peg and a sharp projection at the upper end of the handle. NUNIVAK ISLAND AND CAPE VANCOUVER TYPE. In this region a great change comes over the throwing-stick, just as though it had been stopped by Cape Romanzoff, or new game had called for modification, or a mixing of new peoples had modified their tools (Figs. 15-17). The index-finger cavity and the hole for the index finger are here dropped entirely, after extending from Greenland uninter- ruptedly to Cape Romanzoff. The handle is conspicuously wide, while the body of the implement is very slender and light. The thumb-groove is usually chamfered out very thoroughly so as to fit the flexor muscle conveniently. There are frequently finger-grooves and finger-tip cavi- ties in addition to the pegs. The cavity for the index finger having disappeared, provision is made for that important part of the hand by a separate peg and groove. The middle finger is also pegged off, and the last two fingers have to shift for themselves. The hook for the shaft of the weapon has a fine point like a little bead, the whole imple- ment being adapted to the light seal-harpoon darts. Mr. Dall collected a large number of two-pegged sticks from Nunivak Island and four three-pegged sticks labeled the same. Mr. Nelson also collected four three-pegged sticks, but labels them Kushunuk, Cape Vancouver, on THROWING-STICKS. 287 the mainland opposite Nunivak (Fig. 17). In these three-pegged sticks the ring-finger and the little finger are inclosed together. This should be compared with Mr. Turner’s Saint Michael specimen, in which the last three fingers are inclosed together (Fig. 14). It remains to be seen and is worthy of investigation whether crossing a narrow channel would add a peg to the throwing-stick. One of these Nunivak speci- mens is left-handed. BRISTOL BAY TYPE. The throwing-stick from Bristol Bay resembles in general character- istics those from Nunivak Island and Cape Vancouver. ‘In outline it has the shape of the broadsword. Its cross-section is bayonet-shaped. It has no distinct handle beyond a slight projection from the end. The thumb-groove is shallow and chamfered on the lower side to fit exactly. There is a long, continuous notch for the four fingers, in which the index finger and the middle finger are set off by pegs. There is a depression, more or less profound, to receive the tips of the fingers. The groove for the harpoon or spear-shaft is at the lower extremity and runs out entirely near the index finger. The ivory plug at its lower extremity is beveled to receive a notch in the end of the spear or harpoon shaft (Figs. 18-19). A freshly-made implement, looking as if cut out by machinery, re- sembling closely those just described, is labeled Kadiak. The con- stant traffic between Bristol Bay and Kadiak, across the Alaskan pen- insula, may account for the great similarity of these implements. Fur- thermore, since the natives in this region and southward ‘have been engaged for more than a century in fur-sealing for the whites, there is not the slightest doubt that implements made by whites have been in- troduced and slightly modified by the wearer to fit his hand. KADIAK OR UNALASHKA TYPE. In the National Museum are four throwing-sticks, one of them left- handed, exactly alike—two of them marked Kadiak and two Unalashka (Figs. 20-22). They return to the more primitive type of the area from Kotzebue Sound to Greenland, indicating that the implement culmi- nated in Norton Sound. In outline this southern form is thin and straight-sided, and those in possession are all of‘hard wood. The back is carved in ridges to fit the palm of the hand and muscles of the thumb. There is no thumb-groove, the eccentric index-finger hole of the North- ern and Eastern Eskimo is present in place of the central cavity of the area from Kotzebue Sound to Cape Vancouver, and there is a slight groove for the middle finger. Marks 5 and 6 are wanting. The shaft- groove is very slight, even at its lower extremity, and runs out in a few inches toward the handle. ‘The hook for the end of the weapon resem- bles that of Nunivak, but is more rounded at the point. Of the Eskimo of Prince William Sound, the extreme southern area of the Eskimo on the Pacific, Captain Cook says, in the narrative of his last voyage: 288 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884. ‘“‘Their longer darts are thrown by means of a piece of wood about a foot long, with a small groove in the middle which receives the dart. At the bottom is a hole for the reception of one finger, which enables them to grasp the piece of wood much firmer and to throw with greater force.” Captain Cook’s implement corresponds: exactly to the speci- mens just described and renders it probable that this thin, parallel- sided, shallow-grooved throwing-stick, with indcx-finger hole placed at one side of the spear-shaft groove, extended all along the southern border of Eskimoland as far as the Aleuts of Unalashka and Attoo. In addition to the information furnished by the specimens in hand, Dr. Stejneger describes a similar stick in use in the island of Attoo. On the contrary, Mr. Elliott assures me that Aleutian fur-sealers of Priby- lov Island use throwing-sticks precisely similar to those of Norton Sound and Nunivak. This list might be extended further by reference to authorities, but that is from the purpose of this article and the series of ethnological papers commenced in this volume. The most perfect throwing-stick of all is that of the Mahlemut, in Norton Sound, in which are present the handle, thumb-groove, finger-grooves, and pegs, cavities for the finger- tips, index finger cavity, shaft-groove, and hook for the harpoon. In short, all the characteristics present on the rest are combined here. Classifications of these implements may be varied according to the organ selected. As to the hook for the attachment of the weapon, in’ Greenland this is on the shaft, in all other parts of the world it is on the throwing-stick. As to the index finger, there is for its reception, from Point Barrow to Greenland, an eccentric hole quite through which the finger passes. From Kotzebue Sound to Norton Sound there is a central pocket on the back of the weapon, directly under the groove, for the shaft of the weapon to receive the index finger. From Cape Vancouver to Bristol Bay an ivory or wooden peg serves this purpose. At Kadiak and Unalashka the eccentric index-finger hole returns. It is more than probable that further investigation will destroy some of the types herein enumerated or merge two more of them into one; but it will not destroy the fact that in changing from one environment to another the hyperboreans were driven to modify their throwing-stick. A still more interesting inquiry is that concerning the origin of the implement. It is hardly to be supposed that the simplest type, that of Anderson River, was invented at once in its present form, for the Aus- tralian form is ruder still, having neither hole for the index finger nor groove for the weapon shaft. When we recall that the chief benetit conferred by the throwing-stick is the ability to grasp firmly and launch truly a greasy weapon from a cold hand, we naturally ask, have the Eskimo any other device for the same purpose? They have. On the shaft of the light-seal harpoon, thrown without the stick, and on the heavy, ivory-weighted walrus -harpoon-shaft an ivory hand-rest is lashed just behind the center of gravity. This little object is often beautifully THROWING-STICKS. 289 carved and prevents effectually the hand from slipping on the shaft, even with the greatest lunge of the hunter. From this object to the throwing-stick the way may be lovg and crooked, or there may be no way at all. So far as the National Museum is concerned there is noth- ing to guide us over this waste of ignorance. THROWING-STICKS IN THE U. 8. NATIONAL MUSEUM. No. Locality. Collector. I ORRIN EOIN dk ach anucanmeatuesemwoemed ne E. W. Nelson. i Fr es eu nimlawonene iwc |W. A. Mintzner, U.S. N. et MOCO. A IROED oh oc nny seve sash wccasccandcaserbwasecsion | E. W. Nelson. 83897 a AO a SS Ean en er eer re rer ee Do. 33960 |....- Ce eta tcc cries aigprts So oaipia'n vm lek ana ae Do. Seer een Michael's Sound, Alaska. ....... 00. ciccccccceccccwccccccacs Lucien M. Turner. | ae on ee EN ete Bia in Cries date miso Moda wine Sitbeewi nie weeks ny) Ma od da eben cp er wah dalenk Wewipmnaesb wonde cnbnstouus 46052 | Port asues CO RES Se re a OE EES CN MRS ert ey) W. H. Dall 46053 |..... Ie Batt alg oa Sick cas wun naan d oenoaeawnedueaeniene do. 49036 Rasbonisky, See Ra rain 0s don way fee evae ba hukeen axes s re pian las E. W. Nelson. ha cya whina's anid ceed ar re un us ube adenuueneesemac% Do. 38605 |.....- aR oe th Wi aaca tines sh aeeanh tes cake eee weee wot pale Do. pours | Kushunuk, Sabotnisky, Alaska...............cccnccnccccccccncs Do. I OI os orc on Sinn vans comer d Pace dees nocewd soPleeconsss Do. 49001 Sabotnisky, EE cet N lis Gn® aanlt caw nie ces res mee wene 40s Do. 49002 |...... RR er PE Se wer ee ee een ee i pa antes ee a wei Do. ON oe ee es ioe ed pt J cawmen Soe dusme o. Catlin. PAO UVGE soc winsc sks comnts eaeacbecee Be bc Otc wa ee oe :---| R. Kennicott. EE aks SN oe 5 ciel aks Ua cesar ween ene ae asian veer acewss William J. Fisher. i eee... huni dewdkwike cons eduenaessewn asda we cis mawe oe W. H. Dall. a EE ett Be en ee Se Pesce a Liat e ote os Oeiain, Se Do. ) EE en rela at ete a ek whe th dul de Cytn dud bas sabe dae Do. 16076 | Unalashka, Aleutian Islands ...........-2.2..20-ssessec-see sees Sylvanus Bailey. 15647 | SR Ee aa ae hy CIS, Cee I ae W. H. Dall. 15645 |...... ee Se hike 2 = ciao wt dag aa Swe AG ee b cal hat ae we eee Do 26236 |...... ITER, Soy. fe eee ee Be be Ph otis bela aw aee ates Do. 15642°|...... Oe og SRE a: 2 ee ee ne a oes. ka ee SE eee ee Do. 15646 |.....- OO Se HERG eee Ee eee Pe ner on eae Do. S. Mis. 33, pt. 2——19 PLATE I. (Mason. Throwing-sticks.) Fic. 1. Eskimo launching a seal harpoon by means of the throwing-stick. Mr. John. Murdoch states that the hand is held much lower by the Point Barrow Eskimo, the harpoon resting as low as the shoulder, and that the move- ment of throwing the harpoon is quick, as in casting a fly in fishing. PLATE I. Throwing-sticks. Report Nat. Mus, i884.—Mason. ‘YO19S-SULMOIY} OYJ SUISN OWLS 'T ‘DLT PLATE II. (Mason. Throwing-sticks.) Fig. 2. Greenland type of throwing-stick. The specific characteristics are the broad form; the scanty grooves for thumb and fingers; the absence of pegs, sepa- rate finger grooves, or index perforation; but the most noteworthy are the two grommets or eyelets to fit ivory pegs on the harpoon-shaft. The pecul- iar method of strengthening the ends with ivory pieces should also be noted. From Holsteinburg, Greenland, 1884. Catalogue number, 74126. Report Nat. Mus. 1884.—Mason. Throwing-sticks. PLATH IT. S = tae = —- = —— — - Sener: — = = = : . - — 3 $ BD ; es ade = Fig. 2. Greenland throwing-stick, back and front, PLATE III. (Mason. Throwing-sticks.) Fic. 3. Ungava type of throwing-stick. The specific marks are the general outline, especially the fiddle-head ornament at the bottom; the bend upward at the lower extremity, the eccentric perforation for the index finger, and the groove for three fingers. Collected at Ungava, by Lucien M. Turner, 1884. Museum number, 76700. PLATE III. Report Nat. Mus, 1884.—Mason. Throwing-sticks, Fic. 3. Ungava throwing-stick, front and back. PLATE IV. (Mason. Throwing-sticks.) Fig. 4. Cumberland Gulf type of throwing-stick. The specific marks are the broad clumsy form, the separate provision for the thumb and each finger, the bent lower extremity, and the broad furrow for the bird-spear. Accidental marks are the mending of the handle, the material of the stick, and the canine tooth for the spur at the bottom of the square groove. Collected in Cumberland Gulf, by W. A. Mintzer, in 1876. Museum number, 30013. PLATE Iv. Report Nat. Mus, 1884.—Mason. Throwing-sticks, —_ ——— = =—“—_—= =— —_— m= —— an ———— Fig. 4, Cumberland Gulf throwing-stick, back and front, PLATE V. (Mason. Throwing-sticks.) Fia. 5. Anderson River type. The specific marks are the extreme plainness of form, the lack of accommodations for the thumb and fingers, excepting the eccen- tric index-finger hole, the poor groove for the harpoon-shaft, and the ab- sence of a hook or spur at the bottom of this groove. The accidental marks are cuts running diagonally across the back. In another specimenseen from the same locality the shaft groove is squared after the manner of the Cum- berland Gulf type. Collected at the mouth of Anderson River, by R. Ken- nicott, in 1866. Museum number, 2267. ; Fic. 6. Point Barrow type. Thespecific marks are the distinct handle without finger grooves, the very eccentric index-finger hole, the method of inserting the spur for the shaft, and the harpoon-shaft groove very shallow above and deep below. In the specimens shown by Mr. Murdoch there is great uni- formity of shape. Collected at Point Barrow, by Lieut. P. H. Ray, in 1883. Museum number, 89902. PLATE V. Throwing-sticks. Report Nat. Mus. 1884.—Mason. 5. Anderson River throwing-stick, front and back. Fia. Fic. 6. Point Barrow throwing-stick, front and back. oD , PLATE VI. (Mason. Throwing-sticks.) Fig. 7. Kotzebue Sound type. The specific marks are the twisted handle, the broad shallow shaft groove, and, notably, the pocket for the index-finger tip- visible on the lower side, but nearly absent from the upper side, and lying directly under the shaft groove. In the examples before noted all the holes for the index finger are to one side of this shaft groove. Collected in Kotze- bue Sound, by E. P. Herendeen, in 1874. Museum number, 16235. Fig. 8. The Rodgers type, so called because the locality is doubtful. In specifie char- acters it resembles Fig. 7. The differences are the three cavities for finger tips in the handle, the shaft groove very shallow and running out before reaching the index-finger cavity, and the delicate hook for the spear shaft resembling those farther south. Since writing this paper two throwing- sticks from Sitka have been seen in many respects resembling this form, but covered all over their surfaces with characteristic Thlinkit mythological figures, and having iron hooks at the lower end of the shaft groove. Col- lected by Commodore John Rodgers, in 1867. Museum number, 2533. PLATE VI. Throwi Report Nat. Mus. 1884.— Mason. Fic. 8. The Commodore Rodgers throwing-stick, front and back. Fic. 7. Kotzebue Sound throwing-stick, front and back. PLATE VII. (Mason. Throwing-sticks.) Fic. 9. The Port Clarence and Cape Nome type. The notable characteristics are the occurrence of an ivory peg in the handle for the middle finger, the very small size of the handle, and the central index-finger pocket central in po- sition but quite piercing the stick. Collected ee K. W. Nelson, at Cape Nome, in 1880. Museum number, 44392. PLATE VII. PLATE VIII. (Mason. Throwing-sticks.) Fig. 10. Norton Sound type, single-pegged variety. Except in the better finish, this type resembles the one last described. Collected by L. M. Turner, at Saint Michael’s Island, in 1876. Museum number, 24338 PLATE VIII. ; Throw Report Nat. Mus. 1884.—Mason. Fig. 10. Norton Sound throwing-stick, front and back, PLATE IX. (Mason. Throwing-sticks.) Fia. 11. Norton Sound type, two-pegged variety. In all respects, excepting the number of pegs, this resembles Figs. 9 and 10. In all of them the peg at the bottom of the groove is very clumsy. Collected in Norton Sound, by E. W. Nelson, in 1878. Museum number, 32995. Fig. 12. Throwing-stick from Sabotnisky, on the Lower Yukon. It belongs to the Norton Sound type. The cavity on the upper side of the handle for the finger-tips is remarkable for the carving of a bird resembling figures seen on objects made by the Western Indians of the United States. Collected by E. W. Nelson, at Sabotnisky, in 1879. Museum number, 36013. PLATE Ix. Report Nat. Mus. 1884.—Mason. Throwing-sticks. Fic. 11. Norton Sound throwing-stick, front and back. Fia. 12. Sabotnisky throwing-stick, front and back. PLATE X. (Mason. Throwing-sticks.) Fig. 13. Specimen from Yikon River, belonging to the Northern Sound one-pegger variety. Collected by E. W. Nelson, in 1879. Museum number, 38849. PLATE X. Report Nat. Mus. 1884.—Mason, Throwing-sticks. Fia. 13. Yukon River throwing-stick, front and back. PLATE XI. (Mason. Throwing-sticks.) Fig. 14. Throwing-stick from Saint Michael’s. This specimen is very noteworthy on account of the absence of the index-finger pocket, a mark characteristic of the Vancouver type, Fig. 17. If the middle peg of the Vancouver ex- ample were removed the resemblance would be close, but the clumsy spur at the bottom of the shaft groove is Norton Sound rather than Nunivak. Collected by Lucien M. Turner, at Saint Michael’s, in 1876. Museum num- ber, 24335. PLATE XI. Throwing-sticks. Report Nat. Mus. 1884.—Mason. Fic. 14. Saint Michael’s throwing-stick, front ané back, PLATE XII. (Mason. Throwing-sticks.) Fig. 15. Nunivak type. The characteristic marks are the absence of any cavity for the index finger, the nicely-fitting handle, the disposition of the finger- pegs, and the delicate point on the ivory spur at the bottom of the shaft groove. Collected by W. H. Dall, at Nunivak Island, in 1874. Museum number, 16239. (This specimen is left-handed.) Report Nat. Mus. 1884,—Mason. Throwing-sticks. PLATE XII. Fic. 15. Nunivak Island throwing-stick, front and back, left-handed. PLATE XIII. (Mason. Throwing-sticks.) Fig. 16. Specimen from Nunivak, right-handed. ‘The cuts on the front and back are noteworthy. Collected by W. H. Dall, at Nunivak Island, in 1874. Mu- seum number, 16238. Report Nat. Mus. 1884.—Mason. Throwing-sticks. PLATE XIII. Fig. 16. Nunivak Island throwing-stick, frent and back, PLATE XIV. (Mason. Throwing-sticks.) Fic. 17. Specimen from Cape Vancouver. In all respects it is like those of Nunivak, excepting a peg-rest for the little finger. Collected by E. W. Nelson, at. Cape Vancouver, in 1879. Museum number, 38669. PLATE XIV. Report Nat. Mus. 1884.—Mason. Throwing-sticks, Fig. 17. Cape Vancouver throwing-stick, front and back, PLATE XV. (Mason. Throwing-sticks.) Figs. 18,19. Bristol Bay type. In no essential characters do these sticks differ from those of Nunivak. The handle is smaller, and they appear to have been made with steel tools. Fig. 18 collected by C. L. McKay, at Bristol Bay, Alaska, in 1883. Museum number, 72398. Fig. 19 collected by William J. Fisher, at Kadiak, in 1884. Museum number, 90467. PLATE XV. Report Nat. Mus. 1884.—Mason. Throwing-sticks. Fig. 18. Bristol Bay throwing-stick, front and back. Fig. 19. Bristol Bay throwin PLATE XVI. (Mason. Throwing-sticks.) Fig. 20. Unalashkan throwing-stick. It would be better to call this form the Southern type. The noticeable features in all our specimens are the parallel sides, the hard material, thinness, the carving for the fingers, but above all the reappearance of the eccentric cavity for the index finger. This cavity is not a great perforation, as in the Point Barrow type, but an eccentric pocket, a compromise between the Northern cavity and that of the East. Collected by Sylvanus Bailey, at Unalashka, in 1874. Museum number, 16076. PLATE XVII. (Mason. Throwing:-sticks.) Figs. 21, 22. Throwing-sticks of the Southern type. Fig. 21 is left-handed, collected by Dr. T. T. Minor, at Kadiak, in 1869. Museum number, 7933. Fig. 22 collected by W. H. Dall, at Unalashka, in 1873. Museum number, 12981. At Sitka two specimens were collected, unfortunately not fig- ured, with the following characters laid down in the beginning of this paper: 1. Short, very narrow and deep, and carved all over with de- vices. 2. No handle distinct from the body. 3,4,5,6. All wanting. 7. The index-finger cavity is near the center of the back, very like a thimble. Indeed this is a very striking feature. 8. The shaft groove occupies only the lower half of the upper surface. 9. The spur for the end of the weapon shaft is a long piece of iron like a knife-blade driven into the wood, with the edge toward the weapon shaft. PLATE XVII. \ ‘e ae ; he rhs Piscine An, Watt's: Fay . Pia) ya as shal hy ye ber aint yi AEB 6H Woeiyncioy ptadle | ‘it yA oe) as re ae : an), Fa phy a i wii ® i ‘ ( ' | ¥ wer « Pre, uy “Phe ; im yt) 7 J mt j { iq ne ' ai i i] | > ne ; WRRURL TL L) oy es oe | OE gik Bie ay Wee hee P Me ‘ i ‘ 1 | Be wis: dk Lorem ~ AI Meas ervey Wit jut re “\ , f \ s et, a at AY a aa, o oil 5a i! : { ; eI i i” i 4 alt if Randy 5 eee , aa “aha i aie Ur 4 uf ly ' } ‘ | f nS — hota fed load dda srurie yt onto aet an th Kaiba, 05 aye Gia? gy ‘taba Titn tadtt aa yet paadt ie hAnalait ae . IL.—BASKET-WORK OF THE NORTH AMERICAN ABORIGINES. By Oris T. Mason. ‘* Barbara de pictis veni bascauda Britannis, Sed me jam mavult dicere Roma suum.” —MARTIAL, xiv, 99. The study of the minutest technique in the distribution of aboriginal arts is very necessary in making up our opinions on questions of An- thropology. The archeologist is frequently caused to halt in the re- construction of ancient society by his ignorance of the arts of the sav- ages around him. This is especially true of an art which had its cul- mination in savagery or barbarism, and which began to decline at the touch of civilization, or at least to give place to higher types of the same art. For the discussions of problems that have arisen in the past the data then in hand have been sufficient ; but as the investigations of social progress become more intricate the demands for greater detail in the observation of anthropological phenomena around us is imperative. I have lately had occasion to examine all the baskets in the National Museum, and the results of this research may not be uninteresting as a contribution to exact technology in an art which may be called par - excellence a savage art. In a basket there are several characteristics to be observed, which will enable us to make a classification of the objects themselves and to refer them to their several tribal manufacturers. These characteristics are the material, the frame-work, the methods of weaving, the coiling or sewing, the decoration, their use, &c. The tool almost universally used in their manufacture is a bone awl or pricker and the makers are the women. Of the manipulation of the material previously to the weaving little is known. In the drawings accompanying this paper the actual size of the speci- mens is indicated by a series of inch marks in the margin. The inches on the standard line are shown by spaces between dots. In order to indicate exactly the manner of weaving, a square, usually an inch in dimension, is taken from a portion of the surface wherein all the meth- ods of manipulation occur. This square inch is enlarged sufficiently to meke the structure comprehensible. This plan enables us tos show form and ornamentation in the whole figure as well as the method of treat- ment in the enlarged inch. , 291 bad 292 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884. ALEUTIAN ISLANDS. Mr. William H. Dall has contributed to the National Museum a large number of Aleut grass wallets, conoidalin form when filled (Fig.1). The warp is of coarse straws, radiating from the center of the bottom. The covering or woof is made by plaiting or twisting two straws in a coil or twine, crossing them between each pair of warp straws. It is as if a twine of two strands had a straw or osigr passed down through every half turn (Fig. 2). This plait or twine may be driven close home so as to be absolutely water-tight, or the weaver may leave spaces from one twine to the next wide enough to make a net. A very pretty effect is produced by these Aleutian basket-weavers by splitting the warp straws and twining woof straws around two of the half straws, joining 1 by 2, 3 by 4, 5 by 6, at one round, and the next twine inclosing 0 by 1, 2 by 3, 4 by 5, and soon. This produces a series of lozenge open- ings (Fig. 2). The split warp strands are often crossed to form X- shaped openings, or carried straight so as to produce parallelograms, I have observed the same effect in Peruvian mummy cloth, but a greater variety of network is there produced by alternating the rectangular and lozenge meshes in bands varying in width. In the “Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge,” No. 318, plate 7, Mr. Dall figures and describes the matting of the Aleutian Islanders found in the caves in the Catherina Archipelago. The method of manipulation in the matting is the same as that just described for the basketry of the Aleuts, and the delicacy of workman- ship is most admirable. This method of weaving by means of twining’ two woof strands around a series of warp strands occurs in many places, and wili hereafter in this paper receive the name of “ twined basketry.” In a covered basket made of split bamboo from the Malabar coast the fastening off at the top of the basket and the weaving of the cover. have a three-stranded twine. At every third of a turn the splint that is in- ward is hooked or passed behind the warp splint at that point. This produces a very smooth effect on the inside and a rough surface without. The mats of the Aleuts are made of the fiber of the Hlymus* treated as hemp. The ornamentation on the outside of the mats and baskets is formed by embroidering on the surface with strips of the straw in- stead of the macerated fiber which forms the body of the fabric. The embroidery stitches in these, as in most savage basketry, does notalways _ pass through the fabric, but are more frequently whipped on, the stitches passing always between the two woof strands, as in aresene embroidery, showing only on the outside. Mr. Dall justly praises the marvelous nicety of this Aleutian grass-weaving, both in mats and basketry. There is no Chinese or Japanese basket in the National Museum show- ing this plaited weft. The grass of these Aleutian wallets is exceed- * Elymus mollis, Sitka, Norton Sound, Kotzebue Sound ; £. arenarius, Norton Sound, to Point Barrow; LZ. Sibiricus, Sitka. (See Rothrock, Smithsonian Report, 1867.) ABORIGINAL BASKET-WORK. 293 ingly fine, the plaiting done with exquisite care, the stitches being often as fine as 20 to the inch, and frequently bits of colored worsted are em- broidered around the upper portion, giving a pleasing effect. The bor- ders are braided in open work from the ends left in the weaving, as follows (Fig. 1): At some point on the border, when the solid part of the wallet is finished, the weaver bends two warp strands in opposite directions and gives each a twist with its next neighbor. These two are braided with the next warp thread; these three with the next. Now, start at a proper distance from the first point of departure and braid both ways, as before. These braids will meet and form a set of scallops around the edge, fastened at the ends and loose in the middle. Also, at the apex of each scallop will be a lot of warp straws, braided indeed at the base but loose for any required length. The weaver commences with any set of these to make a four-ply braid, catching up the next set and braiding them in as she went along, and fastening off a set as each new set is taken up. The upper border is thus a continuous braid, con- nected at regular intervals with the apices of the braided scallops. When the braider reaches her starting point she catches one braid into another, in a rather clumsy manner, and continues to braid a long four- ply string, which, carried in and out the scallops, forms a drawing- string. ALASKAN ESkImMo.—Two types of baskets are found in close prox- imity in the neighborhood of Norton Sound—the twined and the coiled. In the former (Fig. 3) the treatment is precisely the same as in those of Aleutian Islands, but the Eskimo wallet is of coarser material and the plaiting is a little more rudely done. The basketry of this type, however, is very strong, and useful for holding food, weapons, implements of all kinds, and various other arti- cles. When not in use, the wallets can be folded up into a small space like a grocer’s paper bag (Fig.3). In the bottoms of the wallets of this class the weft is very open, leaving spaces at least one-half inch wide uncovered. The borders are produced by braiding four strands of sea grass into the extremities of the warp strands. Ornamentation is produced by darning or whipping one or more rows of colored grass after the body is formed—not necessarily after the whole basket is completed, for each row of whipping may be put on just after the row of coil on which it is based (Fig. 4). Another plan of attaching the ornamentation is very ingenious but not uncommon. Two strands of colored straw or grass are twined just as in the body of the basket, and at every half turn one of the strands is hooked under a stitch on the body of the basket by a kind of aresene work. This or- nament has a bold relief effect on the outside and is not seen at all on the inside. The coiled variety of the Eskimo basketry, mentioned above (Fig. 5), consists of a uniform bunch of grass sewed in a continuous coil by a whip stitch over the bunch of grass and through just a few bits of grass 294 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884. in the coil just beneath, the stitch looping under a stitch of the lower coil. When this work is carefully done, as among the Indians of New Mexico, Arizona, and California, and in some exquisite examples in bamboo from Siam and in palm-leaf from Nubia, the most beautiful re- sults are reached; but the Eskimo basket-maker does not prepare her coils evenly, sews carelessly, passing the threads sometimes through the stitches just below and sometimes between them, and does not work her stitches home (Fig. 6). Most of these baskets in the collection of E. W. Nelson have a round bit of leather in the bottom to start upon (Fig. 5, b). The shape is either that of the uncovered band-box or of the ginger-jar. Especial attention should be paid to this form of stiteh- ing, as it occurs again in widely-distant regions in a great variety of material and with modifications producing striking effects. The association of this coiled form of basket-making with the marks on the most primitive types of pottery-making has been frequently noticed by archeologists. It is also well known that the modern sav- ages of our Southwest build up their pattery in this manner, either allow- ing the coils to remain or carefully obliterating them by rubbing, first with a wet paddle of wood, and afterwards, when the vessel is dry, with a very fine-grained stone. The Eskimo women employ in basket-making a needle made of a bird bone ground to a point on a stone (Fig.100). Fine tufts of reindeer hair, taken from between the hoofs, are extensively used in ornamentation, especially in the Aleutian area. TINNE INDIANS. A few specimens of basketry from the vast Athapascan area contig- uous to the Eskimo belong to the coiled type (Fig. 7). Instead of a bunch of grass, however, a rod of willow or spruce root is carried around in a coil and whipped on with a continuous splint of similar material (Fig. 8). The stitches of the coil in process of formation, passing regularly between those just below and locking into them, alternate with them and give a somewhat twilled effect to the surface* (Fig. 8). If now a strip of bast or grass be laid on the top of the osier or spruce root coil and carried around with it, and the sewing pass al- ways over these two and down between the bast and the osier of the coil below, a much closer ribbed effect will be produced. Several specimens of this kind of coiled basketry, in which a strip of tough material is laid on top of the coiled osier, were collected at the mouth of the Mackenzie River by McFarlane and Ross, and Mr. Murdoch has shown me a basket similarly wrought, from Point Barrow, which he thinks many have been obtained by barter from the Tinné Indians in the vicinity. The ornamentation on one specimen of this type is very Report of Peabody Museum, p. 524: the coils are not, however, interlocked in all cases; that is, if the foundation rods were pulled out the stitches would separate and the whole structure come apart in some cases. ABORIGINAL BASKET-WORK. 295 curious and elaborate (Fig. 9). The basket-maker had a number of little loops of bark and quill of different color prepared, and every time a Stitch was about to be taken the lower end of one of these loops was caught over the splint thread and held down. The next stitch fast- ened the two ends of the loops home (that is, each stitch caught the lower part of a new loop and fastened down both ends of the preceding one after it had been doubled back), giving a series of imbrications (Fig. 10). On this specimen are between 3,000 and 4,000 separate loops sewed. This is one of the most striking examples of savage patience and skill, and must have occupied in its construction many hours of a renowned artist. Mr. Jones tells us, in the Smithsonian Report (1856, p. 323), that the Hong Kutchin Indians, who live on the headwaters of the Yukon River, make basket-kettles of tamarack roots woven very neatly and orna- mented with hair and dyed porcupine quills. The water is boiled by means of hot stones thrown in. For dyeing the roots and quills they use berries and a kind of grass growing in the swamps. In looking at these coiled baskets, standing geographically so far re- moved from the Apache and Navajo country, one is reminded that the migration which separated these branches of a great stock may have been northward and not southward, and that the Tinné may have carried with them the art of making coiled baskets learned in a region where its beauty culminates. CHILKAHT INDIANS. The basket work of these Indians is superb. Every one who sees it is struck with its perfection of workmanship, shape, and ornamen- tation. All the specimens of the National Museum collection are of the band-box shape; but they can be doubled up flat like a grocer’s bag (Fig. 11). The material is the young and tough root of the spruce, split, and used either in the native color or dyed brown or black. The structure belongs to the twined or plaited type before mentioned, and there is such uniformity and delicacy in the warp and woof that a water-tight vessel is produced with very thin walls. In size the wallets vary from a diminutive trinket basket toa capacity of more than a bushel. All sorts of lovely designs in bands, crosses, rhombs, chev- rons, triangles, and grecques are produced thus: First, the bottom is woven plain in the color of the material. Then in the building up of the basket bands of plain color, red and black, are woven into the structure, having the same color on both sides. Afterwards little squares or other plain figures are sewed on in aresene, that is, only half way through, giving the most varied effect on the outside, while the inside shows only the plain colors and the red and black bands. The wild wheat straws are used in this second operation, whipped over and over along the outer threads of the underlying woof, or two straws are twined around in the manner explained aodove (page 293, bottom). 296 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884. No more attractive form and ornamentation of basketry are to be seen than those produced by the Indians of this Thlinket stock extend- ing from Mount Saint Elias to Queen Charlotte Archipelago, including Sitka. HAIDA INDIANS. These Indians live on Queen Charlotte Archipelago and adjacent islands. Their basket work differs in form from that of the Chilkahts, or Thlinkets, owing probably to the demands of trade; but the twined method is followed (Fig. 12) and the ornamentation is produced in a similar manner. The quality.of the ware, however, is a little degener- ated and more gaudy (Fig. 15). The Haidas are very skillful in imi- tating all sorts of chinaware in basketry, such as teapots, sugar bowls, toilet articles, table mats, bottles, and hats. They also introduce curved lines and spirals with good effect. The basketry hats of spruce roots, the most striking of their original designs, are made by the twining process (Fig. 14). The crown is twined weaving of the most regular workmanship and the fabric is perfectly water-tight when thoroughly wet (Fig. 15). An element of ornamentation is introduced into the brims by which a series of diamond patterns cover the whole surface (Fig. 16). This decoration is produced thus: Beginning at a certain point the weaver includes two warp strands in a half twist, instead of one; then makes two regular twists around single-warp strands. The next time she comes around she repeats the process, but her double stitch is one in advance of or behind its predecessor. ae Mort bie «ned tht team boreal fiw « ; ae ' j : : ; Ath: ANGWusined ol) ol Mee OA » oy ra - . : * Aree? choy ‘ OF, DpH ey ; a yy - A T teri y y tes) nea? rea tile: eRe. - : 4 *. - i \e 1 beet ‘ q > t 5 bia ' PLATE I. (Mason. Basket-work.) Fig. 1. Aleutian twined wallet of sea-grass. The warp consists of a number of straws radiating from the bottom. As the basket enlarges new straws are inserted, and the whole is held in place by twine made of two straws, which inclose a warp straw at each half turn The cylindrical part of the vessel is of the diamond pattern shown in Fig. 2. The ornamentation is produced by embroidering with bits and strands of red, blue, and black worsted, in no case showing on the inside of the wallet. The continuous line between the diagonal stripes is formed by whipping with a single thread of worsted on the outer stitches of one of the twines of straw. Whipping with single thread in this ware is not common. The border is formed of the very com- plicated braid described in the text. Collected in Attu, by Wm.H. Dall. Museum number, 14978. Fic. 2. A square inch of Fig. 1 enlarged, taken from the part of the texture where the rectangular meshes passinto the lozenge-shaped meshes. The peculiar method of splitting the warp threads and working the halves alternately to the right and to the left is well shown. PLATE I. stil fAr Beeler iz at OF at OF . ’ 2 Pye 4 dj ae Fp. s OMG Liv DON OS eC C4 o> SFU he Let} C73“ f : ee TINT re aoe [Sh ET EE EIM AA LOT nes nn a7 ‘eet . S Zi MOL Y-7 Teen. “ . CERES ye agia ae ery, Oe e000 FT mn 33S estes ees tn ; 5 agus r . mS LEY) iry f AANA AS a) SO rs mee Oy ey S -@0R is Peay TN) aS sae wi tS Q To oe yr: + ERS. eG ~~ 77 Re - a. iw § Stn tg : oad TE en ee “4 Nil Wy 3 , : Roi ¥ Ye: Fig. 4. One square inch of Fig. 3. Fic. 3. Eskimo twined wallet. ' PLATE ITI. (Mason. Basket-work.) Fic. 5. Coiled Eskimo basket. The bottom is a bit of old leather, to which is sewed, by means of grass thread, a coil of straws varying in thickness from +} to } inch. This coil is continued to form the cylindrical side, the shoulder at the top, and the neck. The disk-like cover is made in the same manner. Coliected by E. W. Nelson, in Norton Sound. Museum number, 38469. Report Nat. Mus, 1884,.—Mason. Basket-work. > bh FAN PLATE ITI. “Sf . a) 2 Eye ~ , ee aS tA FOS AN ee es SEN \ ur er fi ca at OF AWS ‘ fv, ‘a “a Ce, ee Se ‘ ee id ae \ wert ER wet wh ce yipipa: WON any pw UA PJLe uae ; Ty LAU i : eae ~—- ‘ , \} LR ~— + . se ee “A f] , : oe M1) \%s S f Sieh 1 * at 0 _ oF, , —S MUL =v rx 7 Ai ager , Hf Maze Avard a j RIE te * i ibe > poets bs a ach ae ha Wht . lols i Wy, Ba tub atte grains Bra"? N $¥iU\ hs tie Ly To - . e - " L on ULher oh teorraey - yk \ | i Si y ht \/) NY RON A a ipgns spb emnes<9r YIM 19h Wee) De, ¢ AP Ah ARIAS NW MUN NID Es ne PAMINY RGN) CGB IHCaNn: | KUeRY CET OpY A) MPS TA MY aN) { Atty diy, fVa A AA Ai\t — _ ei” eee Saha | ay) f\\\) ly Af jira JOANN es te Ln “ner A SS cold We \ ay nN Nit > ET ° arsed /)) DY aang SIN Ny7' ‘" NW NAANGSilaa ACO ataoa eta DAE kar \ r gle ane yA ‘J a5 Sotrtil Lae Tit a rot te nie \ mete, ATOR,” MTR oh ieee Ways an ACU Ann \ iit VN ts Pe pat «= b/ 1 an | Be NVA be aes | Ve ad Whe 4) fy I~ PN ee ees] |) i ae baht hoe ii i) HLT tes Wl a 2s ETN Hl ly Dey TS rate tt Saget OO ea th In hry - Se Wp Ah ED ™ fig oa oe AN ) V Wika +529! he RN | Pa } , Nees ‘ el . 9, bia ae ; = ‘ 4 aes LY) . ias. weanes* ae Ah Hf Wa One TE tom yo MMi ete FRAN OL Mee it int ibis anemia “4 MUNA ani te Wings mem De if) ph ANTORE WC pe f , iNT) TILA on ele Petia me Martek els + siae WAG thee YAnty A, wes Oe ‘{\ (Ne Orie 2p ia ee ea y ve oe. TTY i rae oe Wibig ( Wy —— hy. oat —* — Wi UIY\ =e Ly {Ls iY) SG7E- I Fia. 5. Eskimo coiled basket. PLATE IV. (Mason. Basket-work.) Fra. 6. One square inch of Fig. 5 enlarged, showing the bunch of straws used as the body of the coil, and the manner of whipping the turns of the coil with grass threads. Instead of carefully looping the thread into the one just be- low, as is done in the best coiled work, the basket-maker passed the sticks indiscriminately through or between those below. Someof the Eskimo bas- kets, however, resemble those of the next class. Report Nat. Mus. 1884.—Mason. Basket-work, PLATE IV. Fic. 6. One square inch of Fig. 5. PLATE V. (Mason. Basket-work.) Fic. 7. Coiled basket of tne Tinné or Athabascan Indians of Alaska and British America. The warp or foundation is a single osier or spruce root, the sew- ing is done with small splints of spruce root. The stitches vary from 4 to 4 inch in length, and the splints from ;!; to inch in width. The stitches of each coil are locked into the stitches of the coil beneath in addition to pass- ing under the fandamental rod. In some cases the Eskimo fashion of split- ting the threads in sewing appears, but the evidence shows that the Tinné were the teachers of the Eskimo, and the latter follow only the ruder work of their preceptors. The general shape of this class of baskets is that of a low narrow-mouthed jar. Collected by Lucien M. Turner, Lower Yukon River. Museum number, 24342. . Fic. 8. One square inch of Fig. 7, showing the method pursued in coiled basketry with a single fundamental and a single splint of osier or spruce root. Report Nat. Mus. 1884.—Mason. Basket-work. PLATE V “ren whe Aah; ut tN Bre HN MAY m7 VT) "y isd , Reveysesess se eo 4, Wiser srenn il c 7 ize Cr ON — hctestaperns ©: 2S ~ LF, tity = A ala I wag MENSA SO s 4 HEY, oy “ S otia eahts aca” . >. Co USA a Caen = ENS SS. oy Th) erties nt heret ea A toca = SN Rh Ly Cia 7 YE \ Fieve. ‘ ele: pees _ es Pe. S WMG 4 “rj “in an . ea-> fees ie i: SY \ "ip ft te G * tow? Lo fe " a wae as N S Wl Zp “eee fAwe a - Ci ae mat AG) ‘yr Adie Po Pig iacer oe SN HH Apps ae uh Ah hy ah hes a the Wi U agent yh’ \l ty Pe \ Y ‘t hea a ee wifi | ° “#ftin Cah Aud) Ayan? —— ai ue i If Wann OMS MNGIN “ap <2 = ls o- ing Ki Ws A = Aus Eran Bi uy . S py ies . nun Te z. = —a 7 ) ! ) int he ae Bias) Tie yt — so F rege): i . esky a Ae F Wyse in ice! fa) fava 1 _ tee he ks F Reeevziitts ani) 1) \ sy) ‘ . - ferhet <4 wi alee (aaa 2 as Te es ao ) f } vn) UY ss eas We ud © - pul mi iy dD BLO UAL oo em wan Me DN iS tei an) (lv / i? Ta ie, / | ny a Ihe SU ied “risa uate Da is 17, UL ee » le Te f} ?; Soe ea, sevens ASS aresA yy ier ny Nii Vidas ee Seirciad cite AA tts - ae, | i 4 \dé of ' ms] rn OOO atta x ‘ seen ncsmmiitititetit wire y Wil hey MK Wns mV NAA 8 aa We mee oY ae ee A ’ wa Ss wAve “4 ‘he . Poort te tt ee “ Seah Hy apy A Nie Wurver, Ve, 7 ey la | TG ALA ni . mares ry yb iM veer 4 » a a % pees ay aLVV00,. BEING ) A Ey rhe D3 Ape rie L Ses Se ae ee” s° Fic. 7. Tinné coiled basket. Fic. 8, One sqnare inch of Fig. 7. PLATE VI. (Mason. Basket-work.) Fig. 9. Alaskan Indian coiled basket. The outer portion is so covered with ornament as to conceal the texture of the basket, which is built up by whipping a coil of rushes or small splints with splint or birch bark. The bottom of this basket is not a coil, but a number of straight foundation rods sewed into a rectangular mat, around this the sides are built up by coiling. The elaborate ornamentation is described under Fig. 10. Collected in Alaska, by J. J. Maclean, in 1882. Museum number, 60235. Fic. 10. One square inch of Fig. 9, showing the elaborate ornamentation. The imbri- cated effect upon the surface is produced by sewing on little loops of bark and straw, white and brown, with blind stitches in such a way as to con- ceal the manner of attachment. The mat-like bottom is ornamented by sewing on straws longitudinally with stitches wide apart, so as to show a checker pattern of straw and stitching. This method of ornamenting the bottom is often pursued over the whole external surface of the basket. PLATE V1. Report Nat. Mus, 1884.— Mason. Basket-work, en ee ee - ae gE Ry en er od na ger we ~~ —— S S45 — 7 > in 7 >> AEE Nivea Pra m Bina ean Tad T Ht oP ~ ~ pales | ZBI = ts eg 10 i DE N00 Whi —~- = im 1 1 TY * 0 “= = = im = QD DD [tn din |) =—* =F “i i) Sal ail HEMT - Bae HSL : =o J u i Uy i Sh 1 he ae mitt nn ear pani caeeqneeei ee WHC Wine MUNUEE Fi silest ey Fie. 9. Alaskan Indian coiled basket. Fic. 10, One square inch of Fig. PLATE VII. (Mason. Basket-work.) Fic. 11. Twined basket-wallet of the Chilkaht Indians (Thlinkit stock), band-box shape when spread out. ‘The bottom is very roughly made of spruce-root splints, warp and twine, the former radiating from the center. The bound- ary of the bottom is a single row of twine fastened on externally. The cylindrical portion for a few inches above the bottom is in natural brown colo, excepting two or three vertical bandsof embroidery. The rest of the body is in stripes of natural color, black and Indian red. The border is formed by turning under the warp threads and cutting them off. The ge- ometric patterns (different on every wallet) are formed by embroidering upon the outer surface, half through the fabric, with yellow, light red straws and spruce-root dyed. This style of basketry is followed by the Haidas in the baskets made for sale. Collected at Sitka, Alaska, by Dr. J. B. White, in 1876. Museum number, 21560. Report Nat. Mus. 1884,.—Mason. Basket-work, - PLATE VII. CERCA unr CCC Teer " LAAT dda ited tA TM AE YE Vynona RM Ties m QDs er ENS ne 9 <=> vehi = Sees = eh dL! 7 MMR GERESSSEezehats me ROOT ra Ara seh eas thee: a i Swe Bee } i te Ta at ton 2 u i Os: v : aepanraratsy mm. cteehyusceewanlé stil Wists — 6d Carrera ne ee ee and . : eed 115 er ee PEN — gt Sa ire tap aa bythe — ry iyreaieg Or eH oe — 2 eens 0252) =a = = BYE “a ‘a Beal Coxeisi . = te / = — q > saris = E> nf or —__—— 9 ——— ae re oy = : Sees tt ses5 ‘ _ + ’ i : St i rerueti = # STs” =? ; 1 mee Saas areks Pern, 5b bbe - (oy S01 Ah Poe ae ew .—. ae -— / fe; - * 32 “Salen” eves RID oti eos re] ibe rcme Di @ibbeleer = Pavlos Gaainies Tareas Se ~ ASIII ee _ ) ade 'e kel « Sa = % ———— ez J, sit, gl sa } roe SP AONE rath ree — = Yip TI tty it Gutieesinceenen Fic. 11. Chilkaht twined and embroidered basket wallet. PLATE VIII. (Mason. Basket-work.) Fic. 12. Twined basket of spruce root, made by Haida Indians. Thisspecimen shows better than any of the preceding the method of administration in the twined basketry. The handle is a twine of spruce root fastened on by weaving in and out on the side, the lower end knotted. The fastening off at the rim is done by bending down the warp threads externally and sew- ing them flat with one row of twining. Collected by James G. Swan, in Queen Charlotte Archipelago, in 1883. Museum number, 88964. Fic. 13. One square inch of Fig. 12 taken near the top, so as to show the close and the open weaving. The method of twine weaving is perfectly shown in this figure. Report Nat. Mus, 1884.—Mason. Basket-work. J 7 ‘ PP ieee, Vit _ Yao ere ~j\) —_— = oe Nifill VO ME f ty AS Rall ‘wis BU rage ahr So as NTN TN malty o> CRVLS SES SSS SSVI qs yysy CPI VOS SSS S Sy ate SSS SSIS GRAY s 4 ane - : ~ . TCT Mr Trt) kK Maney — ve ovens ‘ an Py. Pree try i, SI Tht | en Th ats ay yd 13 CON ta Ri “7 nnepee. " nay oa rt = ae a yd rin TTY Pa ee i RE ES ee oad | ‘nig ai, (OU Tae . Mill CORO Mon _ a ee ee {eS SSCS Saeco Net Nae s» ~wIss> ~“C aah yt by ae P yy WY he iol ues Ke + Te SS \ rt SRA yD pal: af JAC THY Heth J ih May PLATE VIII. ae it = sy iy = cy ‘3 = = ~— .—— i \ 4 . =. eager Rat ee S== «=> Ty : SSS ory == y) x __Y st = —— — — SSS ? SSS = ee Le oe 1S Be et ae ("| = - — ont J” e ~ +e. 7 OD + cs ,, = — oo.S SR. == — -_——_ eee oe wee A cole: EGS INT Fic. 12. Haida twined open-work basket. Fic. 18, One square inch of Fig. 12. PLATE IX. (Mason. Basket-work.) Fic. 14. Rain hat of twined basketry in spruce root from Haida Indians, reduced to one-eighth linear. This figure is the upper view and shows the method of ornamentation in red and black paint. The device in this instance is the epitomized form of a bird, the first step from pictures toward graphic signs. Onitting the red cross on the top, the beak, jaws, and nostrils are shown above; the eyes at the sides near the top, and just behind them the sym- bol for ears. The wings, feet, and tail, inclosing a human face, are shown on the margin. The Haida as well as other coast Indians from Cape Flat- tery to Mount Saint Elias cover everything of use with totemic devicesin painting and carving. Collected in Queen Charlotte Archipelago, by J. G. Swan. Museum number, 89033. Fig. 15. Showing the conical shape of Fig. 14. This form should be compared with one seen so frequently in Chinese and Japanese hats. On the inside a cylindrical band of spruce root is stitched on so as to make the hat fit the wearer’s head. A string passed under the chin is frequently added. Report Nat. Mus. 1884.—Mason. Basket-work. AIP Wires. “apy J Fic, 13, Haida twined basketry hat, top view. PLATE IX. Fie, 15, Same hat, side view, PLATE X. - (Mason. Basket-work. Fic. 16. A portion 1} by linch, taken from the rim of the last two figures. It shows the regular method of twined weaving, the introduction of the skip-stitch or twilled weaving into the greatest variety of geometric patterns, and the ingenious method of fastening off by a four-ply braid showing only on the outer side. Report Nat. Mus. 1884.—Mason. Basket-work. PLATE X. \. \ . 4 \ \. | Wi hs Ti IN LIN , \ a Lil Noy I = ’ uy mT Tm mn ap it wy ——~— Fig. 16. One and a half square inches of Fig. 14, PLATE XI. (Mason. Basket-work.) Fics. 17-19. Showing the Haida method of twined weaving, almost identical with that of the Thlinkit stock in style (Fig 11). Fig. 17 exhibits the method of mounting the work. Aleng the side of the upright pole is seen two bundles of spruce-root splints ready for use, one black, the other in natural color. Fig. 18. The bottom of the basket, with radiating warp, twined weft, and an exter- nal twine on its outer boundary. Fic. 19. One square inch of Fig. 17, indicating the exceedingly regular method of the twining. On the upper margin is seen the external row of twining added after the fabric was finished. Collected from the Massett tribe of Hayne, Queen Charlotte Islands. Museum number, 88956. Report Nat. Mus. 1884.—Mason. Basket-work. Fig. 17. Haida basket set up. Fic, 18. Bottom of same. PLATE XI. Fic, 19. One square inch of the side, PLATE XII. (Mason. Basketiwatk.) Fig. 20. Showing regularly woven cedar-bark wallet of Bilhoolas. The bottom and sides are all in checker pattern. By an endless variety in real and pro- portional width of warp and weft thread, and by coloring some of the threads, an infinite number of patterns is produced. The fastening off is done as in Fig. 12. In many cedar-bark baskets of this region the two sets of threads run diagonally, producing a diamond rather than a checker pat- tern. Again, much more rarely three elements are involved, an open-work of two sets running diagonally, and a horizontal thread running through the open rhombs, in and out, as in multitudes of Japanese baskets. Col- lected in British Columbia, by James G. Swan. Fig. 21. One square inch of Fig. 20, natural size. Report Nat. Mus. 1884.—Mason. Basket-work. ‘ PLATE XII. ire m ERATE RS ats Rae ERS Re SWEDES SN RS ern ries ! D Leanne SS : *. PRB L y RN era a bee aaeeeaeN aN tC As - t Sa WON AE PACA TOM U i t a a ronn A ia as —") / a BEE ty. Oo Lh. CES LUAU nV Ly lap 2 PD eee 2 Sp =] / Ae Y, LA, \¥ . \ N § ¥ x) bY x eae PLS ame Fae 2%, ne ~ - Pare a) th ‘ a =v x -s ‘ ea) : Vato hee a = RARER Sane! S _ 4 wwe t SS. : ho SD! SON OA AY MOAN NAA RUAN ANT 8 We eee es ae SSS a a a Fic. 20. Bilhoola woven cedar bast basket. Fia. 21. One square inch of Fig. 20. PLATE XIII. (Mason. Basket-work.) Fig. 22. Openwork carrying basket of the bird-cage or fish-trap style of weaving made by the Clallam Indians (Selish stock). The trame-work is a rect- angle of large twigs from the corners of which depend four twigs, joining as shown in the figure. To this frame-work are lashed smaller rods run- ning horizontally and vertically, making a lattice-work with any desirable size of meshes. Finally, spruce-root splints are coiled around the crossings of these lattice rods. In this particular example the coiling is not contin- uously around the basket, but on each side separately in boustropbedon, but in the pretty Makah baskets, woven in this style, the coiled thread continues around without break from the beginning to the end of the work. The handles for the attachment of the head-strap are loops of spruce-root cord set on at the corners. Collected in Washington Territory, by J.G. Swan. Museum number, 23480. Fig. 23. Showing the exact method administration in this form of basketry. It should be closely studied with reference to Makah basketry and Congo shields and baskets. Report Nat. Mus, 1884.—Masor. Basket-work PLAT XIIt. RAF PARTLY) ort yas iow ite . nih At A. viaccreeye | ane is a SN Q % Aceoea yi 5 Pre tmanunannel ie MMM at it i * \ I UT ai ™ ‘Pp UH : mi WRU VOU yi fit DUH WA it Matas WPL CALA UU ue fit Kf ‘fi ip Vin iti i “fh h fit oe OMIT} mite me me ul Ng iin I il neha en ‘nh NG ron f Ont One NT nam ah iy if att TENN , a ce May Ae yA ti MGAOMUADAA LOA AALAND NGL VIDBQND Ta Rao thee TPMT da a cana eT DOULA AHN Hag MM NLU RAT ha RT qin Povey Pe my ee pin ui it nae) Hs neve a MATT i) Wau CTU Ait nT) aT mm Wis ne i bs iW Hon ata a ‘| iM + di (ay mth Aaa WVEA RR hae ats ater aaa UNNEN a aie ey Rr gene aie ug : ee an Fic, 22. Carrying basket of Clallam Indians Fig. 23. One square inch of Fis 22, enlarged to show bird-cage stitch PLATE XIV. (Mason. Basket-work.) Figs. 24-26. A wonderful specimen of basketry from the Makah Indians (Nutkan stock). Itineludes the three distinct types, the plain checker weav- ing of the Bilhoolas (Fig. 26, bottom), the twined pattern frequently mentioned in this paper, and, lastly, the bird-cage pattern of the Clallams (Fig. 25). The ornamentation on this class of baskets, as on the commercial baskets of the Haidas, consists of geometric patterns in black, yellow, drab, reds, blues, & c., colors many of which are ob- tained from traders. The straws are dyed and the pattern is alike on both sides. Collected at Cape Flattery, by James'G. Swan, in 1876. Museum number, 23346, Report Nat. Mus. 1884.—Mason. Basket-work. PLATE XIV. . MON YY) RY PhS Es NTC C we meen Nan WK aoe? POY e f OLS eres te Ms ENLACE 75) KX Or rf AS SEY WP OY) SERA MAA KAD AEN hs ee WAY o ‘\ % 4 nantes { ; c ERG ERM ORE! : oN XXX 4 \- ww wy’s & A “ON iP \ xy ‘/ / “> {* Y, 2 ae XS ¥ SONY) KLLIKIS ES Pe oS X08 x QL 4. ‘ 4 1 = . i ib ZN — Ze vt SS ee " Z ; ill : ME « » (4 A Fig. 24. Makah bird-cage pattern in basketry. Fic. 25. One square inch of Fig. 24, on the side. Fic. 26. One square inch outer edge of bottom. Fic, 27. PLATE XV. (Mason. Basket-work.) Twilled splint basket of the Clallams (Selish stock), made of white birch wood. The bottom was woven first and all of thé bottom splints be- came the warp of the sides, which are built up by weaving weft splints. The twilled effect is produced. by passing each weft splint always over two warp splints, and by carrying two weft splints around at the same time, making them overlap alternate warp splints. The fastening off is done by bending down the warp straws and whipping them in place with splint. The scallop on the edge is formed by looping the middle of two splints under the rim, twisting both pairs of ends into a twine, pass- ing one twine through the other, and then doubling down to repeat pro- cess for the next scallop. Collected in Washington Territory, by James | G. Swan. Museum number, 23509. Fic. 28. One square inch of Fig. 27, showing the method of administering the splints in plain twill. Innumerable pleasing effects are produced by varying the color, number, width, and direction of the splints overlapping in the weav- ing. Report Nat. Mus, 1884.—Mason. Basket-work. PLATE XV. soe EM," Dem OS "aah ied doo ofa LIT pe ae At ey eee ae zag, STAY (2) te: ii vi eat = Lau limes =i rer seh 7 oe poate ar Ee Fil eee w rae ey imu il eile aT l= ji im jh : ealeral _— ait cies | ee SIL Pe 7 / = pls Li i Sy eee sale a —— —— _— i Ul, —— —S= SS, _— oe = ————siil | I) Tm 7 \ ——— fn 28 FIG. 27. Clallam twilled basket. Fig. 28, One square inch on the side of 27 PLATE XVI. (Mason. Basket-work.) ° Fig. 29. Bottle covered with basket-work by Makah Indians. The groundwork is of bast and the ornamentation of red, yellow, and black straws sewed on singly after the Makah fashion. Great numbers of these covered bottles and other fanciful forms are prepared for sale by the Makahs as well as by the Haidas, whose work is similar in external appearance, but not in the method of weaving. Collected at Neeah Bay, Washington Territory, by James G. Swan, in 1884. Museum number, 73755. , Fig. 30. Bottom of Fig. 29, showing the radiated warp and the alternation of twined weft with the ordinary in-and-out weaving.’ Fig. 31. Portion of the side of the bottle, showing the lattice arrangement of the warp, and the twined weft, producing irregular hexagons. This method of producing polygonal meshes, excepting the twined weft, is pursued in great variety and with excellent effect by the Japanese and other Oriental peoples. Report Nat. Mus. 1884.—Mason. Basket-work. PLATE XVL ‘i i ‘j d K i N . Af i] j iN & / 4 f; W V ¥y : | = ® NW, 7» Vay mV FL) x ,, A a e 4 ’ ff H Ye ; fa, > p's “/ . i le Fic. 29. Makah bottle covered with basketry, 4. Fic. 30. Bottom of bottle, natural size. Fic, 31. One square inch from side of Fig. 29. PLATE XVII. (Mason. Basket-work.) Fig. 32. Coiled basket, made of single osier coil, sewed down with spruce root or wil- low fiber, ascribed to Cle‘:ams by commerce in the text, but found on examination to have come from Sitka. The sewing is very regularly done, but the stitches split one another, as in Eskimo coiled sewing. Col- lected at Sitka, by J. G. Swan, in 1876. Museum number, 23512. Fig. 33. One square inch of 32, showing the method of adding ornamental straws, caught by every third stitch. The appearance of the yellow dots on the dark-brown ground is very pleasing in the original, Report Nat. Mus. 1884.—Mason. Basket-work. PLATE XVIL wert Ul men Siseii! Cc Wea ry MUTT — BAA 23 eee gure es en nt ee ee tl et ri Rut Wet ntaiteerTerr “ eee tA ATT Neo VTC A Neel eh pn wet 2 CTE Cw A AL 7a Tos TIT PALA Pea ri T, IETS Puss > cd Fic. 32. Alaskan coiled basket. Fig. 33. One square inch of Fig. 32, PLATE XVIII. (Mason. Basket-work.) Fig. 34. Twined or plaited flexible basket of the Klamath Indians, made of rushes and straw. The management of the material is precisely as in the Eskimo wallets (Fig. 3). The three elevated bands upon the outside are formed by rows of twine set on externally. The border in this case is formed by binding down the warp straws and sewing them fast with trader’s twine. By twining a dark and alight colored straw, two dark or two light straws, and by varying the number of these monochrome or dichrome twines, very pleasing effects in endless variety are produced. Collected at Klamath Agency, in 1876, by L. S. Dyar. Museum number, 24124. Fig. 35. One square inch of 34, showing the appearance of the body weaving above and of the ornamental twining below. Report Nat. Mus. 1884.—Mason. Basket-work. PLATE XVIII. ST RELL “ .{ $45 1S iets res o Se Softens FSS OSS: s a d+ 72385 17 s -st eS OSS Srn3s $ c Rite oSSes" 3 i( it ie : ERY Ae “st e@ El | Yay ) ‘ ae | r ’ = ———=__. —_— ae oe tO ST SS a ee I/O Swe oO eee I rr 1 er — on a pe ————— eee Fh 34 —<—S \ iggy NTT Ss Se! TM TRY SN LS Gj YZ % Z “as ye > : 4p ll G CAA A Zizzzp % 53\ ») Wi\ ye / Ss =), NN VA N Fic. 34. Klamath twined basket. Fic. 35. One square inch of Fig. 34, PLATE XIX. (Mason. Basket-work.) Fic. 36. Coiled and whipped baskets from Hoochnom tribe, made of some species of pliable root. The bottom is started upon a small flat Turk’s-head knot of splint $ of an inch in diameter, and continued in a plane outward 4 inches in diameter before any ornament is attempted. The coils are 4 inch in cross-section and there are twenty stitches to the inch. There are three pairs of the ornament on the exterior all alike. The harmony of geomet- ric design produced by inverting the triangles on the alternate sides is much more expressive in the specimen where the brown-black ornament is in contrast with the dark wood color of the body. This specimen should be compared with Fig. 56. The patterns and designs in this ware are of great variety and beauty, and the use of beads and feathers much improves their appearance. Collected at Eel River, California, by Stephen Powers, in 1876. Museum number, 21371. Fig. 37. One square inch of Fig. 36, showing method of coiling with various colored straws. Report Nat. Mus. 1884.—Mason. Basket-work. PLATE XIX. Mins il ii ee my TREE Hae TTT Pe eeie ds de LSE RESELL ee tii i m)) ime ) rs yynN 3 De IN yy Ay) te eG PAO) og ul Mt ia way rile dam WW) tite ae i4 Mdataai am dee eaa hh n° Neat zn MOLY TIT s tl nn ht iy :} CGY ai | i Mf Mh ) Wuyi ! * VODA iit ie oe i M yi) Mi iN “as hag “he Ne YY) Kaan Ek a - | Mi HUG: =e ip a an Wf (( Ur me ii MY aul jpange i Hi} Si, oi Uf ll i. a vai ye thes Kanere mh in ii ch i Wie an | “ets sys yas | m ( Rt am J Mahe : ne “ym UTS i it Rb we a Ut 7) han i ) ths oe pent paw) hy yt fa) HN) — ~~ _— ay —-, a - SS ———— ——S 4 lie ny iv Wi, ins Mi i Fic. 36. Hoochnom coiled basket. Fig. 37. One square inch of Fig. 36. PLATE XX. (Mason. Basket-work.) Fic. 38. Twined wallet of Nez Percé. Indians (Sahaptin stock) made of the bast of Indian hemp (Apocynum cannabinum). ty. 1. ) x \ Coahuila Apache basket-bowl. © IG. 53. + al I i fF lew O 92. Inside vi ad te . Fic PLATE XXIX. (Mason. Basket-work.) Fic. 54. Cuiled osier basket bowl of the Apaches, inside view, made upon a single twig. The apparently unsystematic ornament is indeed very regular. Four lines of black sewing of different lengths proceed from a black ring of the center. From the ends of all these lines sewing is carried to the left in regular curves. ‘ Then the four radiating lines are repeated, and the curved lines, until the border is reached. Depth, 4 inches. Collected in Arizona, by Dr. J. B. White. Museum number, 21493. Fig. 55. Coiled osier basket bowl of the Garotero Apaches, inside view. Inevery re- spect this resembles theforegoing. The inclosed triangles alternating with urn patterns constitute the ornamentation. Depth, 34 inches. Collected on Gila River, by Rev. H. W. Read. Museum number, 4428. Report Nat. Mus. 1884.—Mason. Basket-work. wv AAD, ji dm : 4 3 pre Ny Fig. 54. Apache coiled basket-bowl. Fic. 55. Garotero coiled basket-bowl. PLATE XXX. (Mason. Basket-work.) Fig. 56. Coiled basket bowl, made by Yokuts Indians, and here introduced for com- parison with Apache work. This is by far the most elaborate piece of basketry in the National Museum. The bottom is plain and flat, bounded by a black line. The body color is that of piné root long exposed; the ornaments are in black, straw color, and brown. To understand this complex figure we must begin at the bottom, where 5 barred parallelo- grams surround the black ring, with center of brown, and generally four smaller bars of white and black alternating. Bya series of steps or gra- - dines this rectangular ornament is carried up to the dark line just below the rim. The’ spaces in the body color, at first plain, are occupied after- wards by open crosses, and finally by human figures. These human fig- ures are excellent illustrations of the constraining and restraining power of material and environment in human achievement. There are 8 coils and 18 stitches to the inch. Figure, a truncated cone; width, 164 inches ; depth, 74 inches. Collected in California, by Stephen Powers, in 1875. Report Nat. Mus. 1884.—Mason, Buasket-work. bei inca } - 1g? tf 1 tt © i we a N De ye: a ay Fic. 56. Yokut Indian coiled basket-bowl. PLATE XXXI. (Mason. Rankob-wenes Fia. 57. Coiled basket bowl of the Navajos, with single osier in the coil. Body color natural hue of the wood; ornaments in mahogany-brown, and black. The bowl is divided four quadrants, each separated by a black border and having a cross in the center. The border is very interesting, resem- bling the braiding on a whip. It is made by sewing with asingle splint as follows: The splint is passed under the sewing of the last coil and then drawn over it and backward. It is then passed under again, upward and ferward, just in advance of the starting point. Thus, by sewing forward and backward, as one coils a kite string, a braided effect is produced by a single splint thread. Width, 164 inches; depth, 44 inches. Collected in New Mexico, in 1873, by Governor Arny. Museum number, 16510. R p ‘ ° ad ad PLATE XXXI ee hp ati i =Eay » It ty} MM 1S ith I] | Wire te Hh ~~ B Ws il i Upp ips Mig Le \) t ~ Ay SS i rt) m \' as. PNY \\ WH ath tgas t rv) { =a \\. ass HTT} C = a = = = ) (ie uA u rrttih 7, 7 ~‘. LIS +> SS S55 sy I If ‘ 57, ] S 7 PLATE XXXII. (Mason. Basket-work.) Fig. 58. Coiled basket bowl of the Pimas, made up on a foundation of yucca, the sew- ing done with splints of willow or pine. The rude character of the orna- ment is worthy of notice. Depth, 4 inches. Collected by Dr. Edward Palmer, in Arizona. Museum number, 5548. Fig. 59. Coiled basket bowl of the Pimas, similar in structure to 58. The grecque ornament is wrought in with tolerable symmetry. The border has the braided appearance before mentioned, given by forward and backward sewing along the border with a single splint. In this instance the stitch passes backward three stitches of the sewing each time. This is truly the most ingenious and effective work of the kind yet seen. Collected by Mrs. Georgia Stout, Pima Agency, Arizona. Museum number, 27837. PLATE XXXII. Basket-work. Report Nat. Mus. 1884.—Mason. 58 DS CAD A Pe eatal yer oP a a wee te 2 Sassy 59 Fiac, 58. Pimo coiled basket-bowl. Fig. 59. Pimo coiled basket-bowi, . = > °. & : 2] ® ae, % pe. . & = . e ’ <« e fea’ Pe e lg ai : \ a a « ‘ee ~ ; = 4 © 4 : is 5. “ PLATE XXXIII. , (Mason. -Basket-work.) Fic. 60. Coiled basket bow] of the Pimos, built on yueca fiber and sewed with rhus or willow. The ornamentation is in red paint and splints dyed black. The border is ‘back and forward sewing to imitate a braid. The method of administration is quite apparent in the specimen. The border stitches have an excursion varying from 2 to 4 of the regular stitches of the last coil at the top of the bowl. Depth, 3 inches. Collected in rizona, by Dr. E. Palmer. Museum number, 76038. Neport Nut. Mus, 1884.—Maaon, “a P : oy as M Pape: y Tat, Te Lt/ TAT 770 Lili qin 1 i 9 Fic. 60. Pimo coiled basket-bowl. Lasket-work., c| Aen carte Vas '- "'¢ es \ 1; "hy - pre Uh ") i Hy S\N iB Zax ral ‘ As \ \ “ 4) \ phe \% cs / ~ (te . z TN as es ele Ne , 4g) ae Bf Matmnisy iat iy i) i '41 1/.11))) Vly | 7 PLATID XXATII. MUINCHAUORS. Gs. pele ’ MER a pr ‘ v PLATE XXXIV. (Mason. Basket-work.) Fig. 61. Coiled basket bowl of Pimos. Made on yucca with splint sewing similar to those just described. The ornament is evidently the work of a beginner, but the pattern is both regular and unique, all the parts being in threes and the two sides of each pattern quite symmetrical. Border of backward and forward sewing, quite uniform in appearance, but done regardless of the number of body stitches beneath. Width, 8 inches; depth, 2} inches. Collected in Arizona, by Dr. Edward Palmer, in 1884. Museum number, 76039. Sasket-work, Report Nat. Mus. 1884.— Mason. PLATE XXXIV. + ee wt ht yy welt — mA as : o> Ay We 7 ate.® vaneclll ON wumus ali, > ae ee er ee oS A HET ira WS, Fig. 61. Pimo coiled basket-bowl., PLATE .XXXV. (Mason. Basket-work.) FiGc. 62. Coiled basket bowl of Pimos, flat-bottomed. The ornament consists of four similar patterns, based on four elongated right-angled triangles. Each of the other lines of the pattern is as nearly parallel to one of the sides of this triangle as the texture will permit. It is difficult to conceive how this design was studied out beforehand. Width, 12+ inches; height, 5 inches. Collected in Arizona, in 1884, by Dr. E. Palmer. Museum number, 76040, Report Nat. Mus. 1884,—Mason. Basket-work. PLATE XXXV. ® . ,. . 2 - e , + ‘ oy . ? a *? re . Ilia. 62. Pimo coiled basket-hbowl, PLATE XXXVI. (Mason. Basket-work. ) Fic. 63. Large basket bowl of Pimos. The manufacture is similar to that in those just mentioned, but the use of the continuous fret in ornamentation is remarkable, as exhibiting the easy manner in which the fret may have arisen in basketry. The border is a false braid formed by a single splint and resembles an elongated guilloche. Width, 18%; depth, 54. Collected in Arizona, by Dr. E. Palmer, in 1874, Museum number, 76041, Report Nat. Mus, 1884.—Mason. Basket-work, PLATE ZXXVI. Es 5 Yer ey >. Frias Leg mts Fic. 63. Pimo coiled basket-how], PLATE XXXVII. : (Mason. ° Basket-work.) Fic. 64. Small twined granary of straw, made by Pimos. Made of wheat-straw in a coil sewed with bands of willow-bark. The very noticeable feature about this specimen is that only in a few cases do the stitches of the coils - interlock. Diameter, 20 inches; height, 12 inches. Collected in Arizona, by Dr. E. Palmer, in 1884. Fie. 65. One square inch of 64, showing the coiled straws and the method of sewing. lel Report Nat. Mus. 1884.—Mason. Basket-work. PLATE YXXVII //, y) yy Vt, * =/ff7-/ ah Mh’; = if yj ae Yj i Ae | mes Sri Uy / Fig. 64. Pimo coiled granary of straw and bark, I'ia, 65, One square inch of Fig. 64, PLATE XXXVII. : (Mason. * Basket-work.) Fic. 64. Small twined granary of straw, made by Pimos. Made of wheat-straw in a coil sewed with bands of willow-bark. The very noticeable feature about this specimen is that only in a few cases do the stitches of the coils - interlock. Diameter, 20 inches; height, 12 inches. Collected in Arizona, by Dr. E. Palmer, in 1884. Fie, 65, One square inch of 64, showing the coiled straws and the method of sewing. Seal Report Nat. Mus. 1884.—Mason. Basket-work. PLATE YXXVII _ TS Fee “- ca So pe : wo! a ” f 2 ¢ > 7 £7 fi ig Yt gi Mj 4 4, * DSA CoO Mah ik bby moa “7 ap esche: mk pigs tere abe Pe PT be Aes iP YY 22! Wa F ns ——, SS Th} | a ‘v Fig. 64. Pimo coiled granary of straw and bark, I'iag, 65, One square inch of Fig. 64, PLATE XXXVIII. (Mason. Basket-work.) Fic. 66. Twined jar-shaped basket of the Mokis. Excepting in the rigid material and the pottery form, we have here all the details of the west coast bas- ketry. At the center of the bottom each twining includes two warp twigs; the next round the same plan is followed, but the stitches alternate. This - for 10 rows; on the fifth is an exterior twining for ornament. Then suc- ceed 6 rows of twining. on each twig, then 4 rows of twining over two twigs, then 9 rows of single twining overlaid by two double rows of ex- ternal twining. The rest of the surface is covered with twining over every warp twig, onoverlaid the upper portion and at the bulge by external twining. The fastening off is mere whipping. Collected in Moki pueblos in Arizona, by J. W. Powell, in 1884. Fig. 67. One inch of 66, showing the twining on single and on. double rods. Report Nat. Mus. 1884.—Mason. Basket-work, PLATE XXXVIII. yy), SANE Cmem \n\\t 2) Fig. 66, Moki twined basket-jar. Fic, 67, One square inch of Fig. 66, PLATE XXXIX. (Mason. Basket-work.) I'ta@. 68. Coiled sacred meal tray of the Mokis. A bunch of yucca leaf stems, or of grass, varying from 4 inch to 1 inch in diameter, is sewed in a continuous coil by means of slender threads of yucca fiber about 5);th inch in width, and very uniform throughout. Each stitch of the progressing coil is caught into a stitch of the coil beneath with perfect regularity, forming a dish looking like a great worm coiled up. The ornamentation isin yellow and brown. The first spots interiorly contain from 4 to 6 stitches. On the next turn a series is arranged with relation to these. By the simple management of this device hundreds of patterns are worked out. Collected in Arizona by J. W. Powell. Fie. 69. One square inch of Fig. 68, showing the method of administration. Reptrt Nat. Mus. 1884.—Mason. Basket-work. st 5 Ae reek 5) eo \i Hy) at Wi, oe Qe \\ N) ay ay g Wy; Je eras San ¥ ‘ ¥ » ZB Mie Z — \ Ramee: a z} 1 SOS oD) ww NAS S= ; B SACI —s— LS. “Boa! \ = At Pf jp Kt; ij Tir a \\ iy, Sage Ke a i cai, NW Aw Sa Meni N SN S | \ i = NU, 3 Fic. 68. Moki coiled tray. Fig. 69, One square inch of Fig, 68, PLATE XL. (Mason. Basket-work.) Fic. 70. Coiled sacred meal tray of the Mokis. The coloring of the interior exhibits the fine shading produced by the skil/ful manipulation of the dark and the light side of the fiber. Collected in Arizona, by J. W. Powell. Report Nat. Mus. 1°84.—Mason. Basket-work A \ VY WSS 4 i , 4 INNS / Y 7) (7 Ma by ~ site SEES Ef 4 } hdd | ria, HM HY) if} / Peer — 2 = = = \ N Fre, 70. Moki coiled tray, lh 5 Du PLATE XL. PLATE XLI. (Mason. Basket-work.) Fic. 71. Coiled basket of Upper Egypt, made of bundles of palm-leaf veins, sewed with strips of palm leaf. Introduced here for comparison with the Moki work. Ornamentation in red and black. A Jong red or black strip of leaf is laid on the outside of a coil and caught down by alternate stitches. The varying of the number of stitches caught over or covered by these strips produces a multitude of effects. These baskets are frequently pitched for boats or Moses’ arks. Collected by Dr. G.W. Samson, in Upper Egy pt, 1848. Museum number, 74871. Fig. 72. One square inch of Fig. 71, showing the sewing and the strips of ornament. Report Nat. Mus. 1884.—Mason. Basket-work. | PRATE iit. ———————— =e “ SESS See, (Sin, sae aA “44 Uda Sug , Sparen ew” =; Od a“ PTs ata i af) TTS png ne” ANAND fit TORAH Gg oybaam ius Sins 2) ny Wi pure Wh! and own cada a a EMS onins m icon ipo HED 0 LAU zit BAe WA TIN Le “sS Mosc mance Mate ere hi | AT ae = ——— = e Fic. 71, Nubian coiled basket. Fig. 72, One square inch of Fig. 71, PLATE XLII. (Mason. Basket-work.) Fic. 73. Woven bread-tray of the Mokis, made upon radiating warp twigs by weaving bits of colored twig, stripped of their bark, in and out, and by fastening off the ends alongside of the warp twigs inside the fabric. This type should be particularly noticed as the first example yet encountered of the regular basket weaving so common in the ware of more civilized peoples. Some of the bits of twig used are less than an inch long, and none of them ever exceed a foot. The figure is the same on both sides, but each stitch and design in front is just one space farther to the right on the back. Collected in Arizona, by J. W. Powell, in 1874. Fic. 74. One square inch of Fig. 73, showing the regularity and disposition of the weaving. Keport Nat. Mus, 1884.—Mason. Basket-work. PLATE XLII hit TIGRE IS: * = > ane Wi; 7/7) ir YS Oe =: sist xs ROA, \ KY LEN A i’ = RORY Nt / hy Hi) [pr a = YDS Sw *) 1 oN ry 1 ele } Toa Nes BG wh Nie 1p) | i} oc ee ee KY \ EY } iy hl : j } | j Hey } i { \ ' pr\ ! | if / ’ ye ye | | te /f / if Hy Ae Lt j / | | dtl | | | i | | / ‘ / ee ‘ / 6/7) | } / | Fig. 73. Moki woven bread-tray. FG. 74. One square inch of Fig. 75. PLATE XLIII. (Mason. Basket-work.) F1G. 75. Woven bread-tray of the Mokis, similar in workmanship to Fig. 73. The fastening off is done by whipping one or two twigs around the edge by means of yucca fiber. The design is a series of concentric rings in pretty colors, the figures corresponding exactly on the two sides. Collected in Arizona, by J. W. Powell, 1874. hic port Nat. Mus. lesd.—Liason. Basket-woik. PLATE XLIT?. —— ua Lif — a ANY Ny 4 \Vat Fic. 75. Moki woven bread-tray. PLATE XLIV. (Mason. Basket-work.) Fig. 76. Woven basket-tray of the Mokis. This figure shows very clearly what pleas- ing designs may be worked ont by the skillful adjustment of simple forms and color. In the bright colurs used for this ware the Mokis produce de- cidedly brilliant effects. Collected in Arizona, by J. W. Powell, in 1874. livport Nat. Mus. lool,—Musup. Basket-work. PLATE XLIV. ‘ili LEE it i i\ AMT " e\((\ I'1G. 76. Moki woven bread-taay. PLATE XLV. 6 (Mason. Basket-work.) Fic 77. Woven basket-tray of the Mokis. In this figure should be noticed the method of starting the weaving. A certain number of twigs are plaited at the center into a cross. These twigs are spread out so as to form the radii of a circle, and the little twigs are so ‘woven as to increase the length of the meshes going ontward. Here and there an additional warp twig is introduced at points where they are needed, but not beyond the dark circle. The ornamentation in this case is produced simply by the use ‘of patches, two or three stitches of the same color alternating with the body color. Collected in Arizona, by J. W. Powell, in 1874. Report Nat. Mus. lso4..—Mason. Basket-work. PLATE XLV. wH/ iF (Vay , C ly’, / Cape’ i f KG S or Mf yh Wy iy: belDP A ri vi oS, Le Gay Wy. as A yf Wg) : LG Fic. 77. Moki woven bread-tray. PLATE XLVI. (Mason. Basket-work.) Fig. 78. Woven basket-tray of the Mokis. The especial attraction about this speci- men is the genuine cloud effects produced on the surface by the simplest means. This represents a stage of art far above the genius of savage cul- ture. Collected in Arizona, by J. W. Powell, in 1874. Report Nat. Mus. 1884.—Mason. Basket-work. PLATE XLVI. E a & '\ any we" A i Me z \\ Spa aA — 4 ¢ deg FIG, 78, Moki woven bread-tray. PLATE XLVII. (Mason. DBasket-work:) I'tc. 79. Woven basket-tray of the Mokis, made as others just described. The very insecure method of fastening off is shown on the left rim. The pattern on this specimen introduces no new elements or colors.. The elaborate human head, with brilliant cape and gorgeous head-dress, reminds one of Aztec inscriptions. Collected in Arizona, by J. W. Powell, 1874. Report Nat. Mus, 1884.—Mason. Basket-work, PLATE XLVII. UP SBE, @ Sy Us YY Se ‘ a he Te on Ms Mon hy Cane) 2 | Lag S ! : y HT) ll di/ i i - i aie xh \ \ xi q it) Ses “i ti : FE! Ui as i it \\ i Mt i ' Ys ; ayy j Ly if ) 1 ¢ i j vel att Wii : ~ J 7 its od: A y “ws ‘ any , wt Ss eet oy) fel, 7 a PN f 3 SS SS ~ . Pp, — US oa =~ > ee = = ~~ — i Fic. 79. Moki woven bread-tray. PLATE XLVIITI. (Mason. Basket-work.) FrG. 80. Woven peach-basket of the Zuiis. More than the Moki trays, this specimen recalls the method of manufacture to be seen in the thousands of baskets employed in civilized drudgery. Roughness, asymmetry, rude fastening off with yucea fiber are its attractious. Collected in New Mexico, by J. W. Powell. Museum number, 40201. Report Nat. Mus. 1884.—Mason. Basket-work. PLATE XLVIII. la GS nlm | Fic. 80. Zuni woven fruit-basket, PLATE XLIX. (Mason. Basket-work.) Fig. 81. Jar-shaped coiled basket from Zufii Indians. This.is a very beautiful speci- men of coiled ware for this region, in shape, regularity of stitch, and or- namentation in black. Upon the authority of explorers the text is made to say that the pottery-making Indians are not good basket-makers. This specimen looks as though it might have come from California, Collected in New Mexico by J. W. Powell, in 1874. Fic. 82. One square inch of 81, showing the use of the strip of fiber for chinking, and the alternation of white and black stitches. Report Nat. Mus. 1884,—Mason. Haakeotawork, PLATE XLIX. eppi liye IM MAY YY\A > “¢ Se 5a, 1, in) its ~ sant atl Ran ores . Bh kai aA “atyare t vy \ py fi pl ees Pie Ag ier j ij ours? ot Aten Uta Qe Sa ee La 7 x ithe nla . ", ki, WkKa Shiite CY} Vee Nile Mil Wii A Tip er * Ce OT A yA 4) E vehi thu WatTER Tere 81 Fic. 81. Zuni coiled basket-jar. Fig. 82. One square inch of Fig. 81, PLATE L. (Mason. Basket-work.) Fic. 83. Coiled basket-tray from Zufii. The texture is exceedingly open, owing to the use of the single rod in the coil with coarse chinking. Collected in New Mexico, by J. W. Powell, in 1874. Fig. 84, One square inch of Fig. 83, showing the warp rods and the method of sewing. This stitch is best employed in the exquisite rattan baskets of Siam. Report Nat. Mus. 1884,—Mason. Basket-work. PLATE L. Mat Mi el, Ny BOS Fig. 83. Zuni coiled food-tray. Fic. 84, One square inch of Fig. 83, PLATE LI. (Mason. Basket-work.) Fia. 85. The first step in ordinary basket-weaving, showing how the bottom is set up in split cane or splints of tough wood. Fig. 86. The second step in basket-weaving, showing how the bottom splints are turned up to form the sides. Report Nat. Mus. 1884.—Mason. Basket-work. PLATE LI. Fia. 85. Bottom of plain, woven basket. FG. 86. Method of building the sides of a basket. PLATE LII. (Mason. Basket-work.) Fics. 87,88. Showing the method of completing the weaving on the sides of an ordi- nary splint basket, and preparing to lay on the rim. Report Nat. Mus, 1884.—Mason. Basket-work. ~ PLATE LIT. ——— === i ——s = /11!// => MV} Sat thy fy pilin = = — ERM Se Ee —e fill iH a i) Se. ————— sesstl \ ( ae == — =A Tn —>——— Neal Fa ay ————SSSSEN . =n | = SS = Fic. 88. Basket ready for the rim. Fia. 87. Side of basket, finished. ¢ PLATE LIII. (Mason. Basket-work.) Fig. 89. Twilled woven basket, covered with diaper pattern below, made from cane, by Cherokee Indians. Similar ware is produced by all our southern In- dians. The diaper pattern is produced by overlapping two or more warp sticks with each stitch. Collected in Nerth Carolina, by Dr. Edward Palmer, in 1880. Report Nat. Mus. 1884.—Mason. Basket-work. PLATE LIII. el V4 = nn Ay Te ‘mises alli: falls ele us| ey SN) fa Berestiatiy TM jp eat jun oy tip ioe OY OM TH lie Fic. 89 Cherokee twilled basket of cane. PLATE LIV. (Mason. Basket-work.) Ira. 90. Twilled palm-leaf basket-wallet of Fiji Islanders, woven double, the inside of plain checker pattern of broad pieces. The exterior covered with every conceivable manipulation of black and white strips of palm-leaf, varying in width. Introduced here for comparison with twilled weaving on our continent. Collected in Fiji, by Captain Wilkes, in 1840. Report Nat. Mus. 1884,—Mason. Basket-work. PLATE LIV. reece | ieee il = a aaa iy in Ny sea ii ‘in - Par ine > lh . Sl a . =F ircenraen a hy " “Bm lb iva mum ane ni : Sos rac ay - . rt : = Pit eS Ny) & : Fea? == iif ee STEN : = = She = Si Mi al uy oa, fod. uy) ian (ee - ru q ‘i ants ss Fig. 90, Fijian twilled basket of palm leaf. Ain] f rm ‘if ' th calla} aba Free te, ve =e Ge In eae — ; TA a Ny! te ithe * cae ye ny D i hale > => tas Shr a ji i Woe alli, (iu Mi rie ar va ul , vit nia i DN = Mi = my een sao “ti Q af ‘, | bree t f= ie = Pertti reesei is co ut pl =2h ire a Nowe 7 he UN) S| i) —— PLATE LV. (Mason. Basket-work.) Fic. 91. One square inch of 90 enlarged to show the method of cross-stitching in Fiji basketry, combined with varying width of strips. a Report Nat. Mus. 1884.—Mason, Basket-work. PLATE LV, = —— yi SS ———= =a -S — el) a re Sed Ee wl FIG. 91. One square inch of Fig. 90. PLATE LVI. (Mason. Basket-werk.) Fic. 92. Woven fish-basket of Fiji Islanders. This specimen is also woven double, the inside being very cearee. Collected in Fiji Islands, in 1840, by Captain Wilkes. Report Nat. Mus. 1834.—Mason. Basket-work. PLATE LVL ea Aut rs WA Wi: yt eerst ne Fic. 92. Fijian fish-basket of palm leaf. PLATE LVII. (Mason. Basket-work.) Fig. 93. One inch of the bottom of 92 enlarged to show the simple twilled weaving. Fic. 94. Plain weaving on the sides of Fig. 92. Fig. 95. Coarse weaving of the inside of Fiji basketry. — Report Nat. Mus. 1884.—Mason. Basket-work. PLATE LVII. ‘ pe urare m™ 4 oe 93 94 F1G. 93. One square inch of bottom, Fig. 92. Fic. 94. One square inch of outside, Fig. 92. Fig. 95. One square inch of inside, Fig, 92, PLATE LVIII. (Mason. Basket-work.) Fig. 96. Woven basket of Micmac Indians made of white birch. Thousands of these pretty baskets wrought into hundreds of shapes are sold in the towns and villages of the Northern States by the Indian basket-maker. A curious modification of this method of weaving comes from Tripoli, in which the horizontal part is rigid and the weft straws run up and down. It is as if we revolved the Micmac pattern 90 degrees. Collected by Mr. G. Brown. Goode, in Nova Scotia. Report Nat. Mus. gee 1884.—Mason. Basket-work. Fic. 96. Micmac woven birch basket. PLATE LVIII. PLATE LIX. (Mason. Basket-work.) 8. ‘Showing the method of introducing the curled omament - and Iroquois basketry. . PLATE LIX. Basket-work, Report Nat. Mus. 1884.—Mason. 98 Fics. 97, 98. Method of ornamenting birch baskets, PLATE LX. (Mason. Basket-work.) Fic. 99. Ordinary form of pricker used by Eskimo. Collected at Point Clarence PLATE LX. erie LD eT aeene ny il =— TY _ i \ ~~ ee ure Will " y "ibaa ate 1 y Hi} wil itty 21 My ots jl sia hi HA | mA nt wo a al Mi hii ‘air ype we “ Ve , ~~ Wit a) Nip - NV <> “ Fic. 99, Eskimo ivory pricker from Point Clarence, PLATE LXI. (Mason. Basket-work.) Figs. 100-102. Bone, ivory, and metal-pointed prickers from Lower Yukon district. Report Nat. Mus, 1884.—Mason, Basket-work. PLATE LXI. 100 Fic. 100. Eskimo pricker of bone. Fie, 102, Eskimo pricker with metal point. Fic, 101, Eskimo pricker of antler. PLATE LXII. (Mason. Basket-work.) fig. 103. Eskimo pricker with wooden handle and iron point lashed with rawhide. Fig. 104. Eskimo awl, with metal point in ivory handle. , Fig. 105. Eskimo drill-shaft of wood with metal point and band of rawhias, Drills of this class also have beautiful jade points. ' _ Report Nat. Mus, 1884.—Mason. Basket-work. PLATE LXII. Fic. 103. Eskimo iron-pointed pricker. Fic. 105. Eskimo iron-pointed drill. Fic, 104, Eskimo iron-pointed awl, PLATE LXIII. (Mason. Basket-work.) Figs. 106, 107. Bone prickers used by Moquis. Collected in Arizona, by J. W. Powell. Report Nat. Mus. 1884.—Mason. Basket-work. PLATE LXIII. m\ | NN > iihes ; vena 106 Figs. 106, 107, Moqui bone prickers, PLATE LXIV. (Mason. Basket-work.) Fic. 108. Bone pricker from Coahuila, Mex. Collected by E. Palmer. Fic. 109. Iron-pointed pricker of Cherokees. Collected in North Carolina, by E. Palmer, Report Nat. Mus. 1884.—Mason. Basket-work. PLATE LXIV. ETE MNO i ay , wie , “iA \\ [| 108 Fic. 108. Coahuita bone pricker. Fic. 109, Cherokee pricker in antler. ; j \ ‘ 4 ® i} ap : a = rh vi oD & ' rs dD AD) ‘ i . 7 Pi ve a ‘i Ae Le te , Vi ia) J Le O71) eee | nm Ms Ge} 7 em y a Ky A: Ps ; a = ‘F Ns as we ry a ane eR: 7 an * Le wt can Rn = wn fe Be, hii wid edtirdae') wot III.—A STUDY OF THE ESKIMO BOWS IN THE U. 8. NATIONAL : MUSEUM. By JOHN MURDOCH. While endeavoring to work out the method of construction of the bows collected by our party* among the Eskimos of Point Barrow, Arctie Alaska, I was led to make a comparative study of all the Es- kimo bows in the National Museum with the view of determining the types of construction to be found among them, and their geographical distribution. It is the purpose of this paper to present the general conclusions arrived at from this study, which I propose to treat in detail in a mo- nograph of the ethnological collection of the expedition, which I am engaged in preparing. Iam indebted to Professor Otis T. Mason, of the National Museum, for much cordial assistance and co-operation in the prosecution of this study and in the preparation of the illustrations. 1 have confined myself to the discussion of the forms of bow in use among the Western Eskimos, namely, those inhabiting the shores of the Arctic Ocean from the Mackenzie River westward to Bering Strait, of Bering Sea and the Gulf of Alaska, with the outlying Asiatic branches on the mainland of Siberia and Saint Lawrence Island. These regions are very fully represented in the Museum by the collections of Ross and MacFarlane from the Mackenzie River region, Dall, Turner, Nelson, and others, from the Alaska coast, Nelson, from Saint Lawrence Island, and the North Pacific Exploring Expedition, from the mainland of Si- beria, while the material from the eastern tribes is very scanty and unsatisfactory. Starting from the island of Kadiak in the south, there is abundant material from the whole coast as far as the northern shore of Norton Sound, from the Diomede Islands, Point Hope, Wainwright’s Inlet, Point Barrow, and the Mackenzie region, as well as from Saint Lawrence Island and the Siberian shore. Unfortunately, the region about Kotze- bue Sound, including the great peninsula between this and Norton Sound, is not represented in the collection. The field of investigation is practically untrodden. Although it has long been known that the Eskimos used cords of elastic sinew to coun- teract the brittleness and lack of elasticity in the spruce and fir—the 207 3808 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884. themselves to a general statement of the fact, without going into the details of construction.* , I have found that the bows of the Western Eskimos are constructed upon three well-defined types, each quite distinctly limited in its geo- graphical distribution. No one of these types can be considered as de- rived from either of the others, but all are plainly developed from a Single original type still to be found only slightly modified in the region around Cumberland Gulf, where the mechanical arts seem to have re- mained in many respects more primitive than either in Greenland or Alaska. (Fig. 1, back and side view of a bow of reindeer antler from Cumberland Gulf, No. 34053, collected by L. Kumlien.)t The main part of the reinforcement or backing always consists of a continuous piece of stout twine made of sinew, generally a three-strand braid, but sometimes a twisted cord, and often very long (sometimes forty or fifty yards in length). Oneend of this is spliced or knotted into an eye, which is slipped round one “‘nock” of the bow, usually the upper one. The strands then pass up and down the back and round the nocks. A comparatively short bow, having along its back some dozen or twenty such plain strands, and finished off by knotting the end about the “handle,” appears to have been the original pattern. The bow from Cumberland Gulf (Fig. 1) is such a one, in which the strands have been given two or three turns of twist from the middle. They are kept from untwisting by a “stop” round the handle, which passes be- tween and around the strands. The three Western Eskimo types may be described as follows: I. THE SOUTHERN TYPE. Of this there are two slightly different patterns, found often side by side. *For example: ‘‘They ingeniously remedy the defect [i. e., the want of elasticity in the material] by securing to the back of the bow and to the knobs at each end a yuantity of small lines, each composed of a plat or ‘sinnet’ of three sinews. The number of lines thus reaching from end to end is generally about thirty; but besides these several others are fastened with hitches round the bow, in pairs, commencing eight inches from one end and again united at the same distance from the other, mak- ing the whole number of strings in the middle of the bow sometimes amount to sixty. hese being put on when the bow is somewhat bent in the contrary way, produce a spring so strong as to require considerable force as well as knack in stringing it and giving the requisite velocity to the arrow.” (Parry’s Second Voyage, p. 511.) ‘These bows [in the Yukon delta] are made of spruce, which kas little elasticity when dry and is very liable to break. To remedy this defect the bow is bound with cords twisted from deer sinew [as shown in a figure, which gives the general appear- ance very well]. This gives it great strength and overcomes the brittleness of the wood.” (Dall’s Alaska and its Resources, p. 228.) ‘‘Only some old bows had a finer form. They were larger and made with care; for instance, they were covered with birch bark and strengthed by an artistic plaiting of sinew on the outer side.” (Nordenskiéld’s Voyage of the Vega, ii, p. 103.) tWhen a scale accompanies a figure each division represents one inch. Figures without a scale are natural size, unless otherwise specified. ESKIMO BOWS. 309 1. A broad and flat bow tapering to the nocks, which are formed by simple rounded knobs, and narrowed and thickened at the handle so as to be half as wide and twice as thick as the broadest part of the bow. The back is flat and the belly often keeled from end to end, and this keel is sometimes deeply furrowed for its whole length; the edges are generally square and sometimes grooved longitudinally. (igs. 2, 3, and 4 show the general pattern of this type.) The bow when unstrung is either straight, slightly sprung toward the back, or, rarely, arched, and is sometimes stiffened along the back with an extra rib of wood or ivory. The backing is occasionally tightened with wedges Its length is from 50 inches to 5 feet, averaging about 55 inches, with its greatest breath about 2 inches (rarely 24 to 24 inches). 2. A bow of essentially the same size and outline as the first form, but with about one foot of each end bent up toward the back so as to lie parallel to the striug when the bow is strung, as in the Tatar bow, with the backing generally stretched over bridges at the bends. (Fig. 5, No. 36028, from the mouth of the Kuskoquim River, collected by E. W. Nelson.) The backing starts in the ordinary way and consists wholly of straight parallel strands passing round the nocks, or secured by pairs of half- hitches at various points on the bow. The last strand is wrapped spirally round the others to keep them from spreading apart, though occasionally one end of the cable is wrapped with a separate piece, and very rarely the whole wrapping is separate from the rest. A separate piece of twine, thong, or withe serves to stop the backing down to the handle, and there are sometimes other separate stops on the broad part of the bow (as in Fig. 2). The whole of the broad part of the bow is occasionally seized down with spaced spiral turns of twine (Fig. 4, No. 7972, from Bristol Bay, collected by Dr. Minor), which, in one case at least, are made by the end of the last strand. The strands of the back- ing vary in number from 11 to 37 (usually about 25). They are some- times all of the same length, in which case the outer strands are hitched round the bow a short distance from the nocks instead of passing round the latter (Fig. 2, back and side view, and Fig. 2 a, one end of No. 36032, from near Cape Romanzoff, collected by E. W. Nelson). More commonly 4-22, usually 6 or 7 strands are shorter than the rest and only extend from the broadest part of one end to the corresponding point at the other (Fig. 3, No. 72408, from Bristol Bay, collected by the late O. L. McKay. Fig. 3a, the broadest part of the same bow, to show the attach- ment of the short strands), thus giving special strength and elasticity to the middle of the bow. These shorter strands are sometimes the outer ones of the backing, but more commonly about the middle of it. Rarely, as in the case of one bow from the island of Nunivak (Fig. 6, No. 15651, collected by W. H. Dall. This is an unusually large and stout bow, with 37 strands in 310 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884. the cable), and one from near Cape Romanzoff (Fig. 7, No. 36034, col- lected by E. W. Nelson), the strands are twisted from the middle (the two ends of the bow in opposite directions) by introducing a toggle ~ between the strands, and the twist is secured by passing the “stop” through the cable. | This type extends from the island of Kadiak to Norton Sound. The second form of the type appears to be less common than the first, though occurring- alongside of the latter. It appears not to be used on the island of Nunivak or south of the Kuskoquim River. Il. THE ARCTIC TYPE. This is a much shorter bow than the above (from 43 to 52 inches long), narrow in proportion, and of a much more graceful shape (Fig. 8, No. 1972, from the Mackenzie region, collected by Ross). In section it is nearly elliptical, flatter on the back than on the belly, with the handle slightly narrowed and thickened. The greatest breadth is usually about 14 inches, and the thickness at the handle about 2 inch. The ends are often bent up as in the second form of the southern type, and when this is done the back is usually reinforced with a short rounded strap of wood or antler in the bend. One bow (Fig. 9, No. 89245, from Point Barrow, collected by our expedition) has these ends made of separate pieces mortised on. Only one bow of this type in the collec- tion has an extra rib, which is of antler and very small and short, but the back is frequently covered with strips of sealskin, put on length- wise. The backing is always of braided sinew, and of a very complicated and perfect pattern, usually very thoroughly incorporated with the bow by means of hitches and a very complete seizing of many turns running nearly the whole length of the bow and serving to equalize the distri- bution of the strain and thus prevent cracking. The backing is one continuous piece of cord, except in one case, where the seizing is separate, and begins, as usual, with an eye, which is slipped round the upper nock. The strands vary in number from 30 to 45 on a man’s bow (22-28 on a boy’s) of which 10-26 extend only from bend to bend on a bow of the Tatar shape, or between the corre- sponding points on a straight bow, and are then made fast by two or three half-hitches each, or, as at Point Barrow, Wainwright’s Inlet, and Point Hope, by complicated lashings made up of series of half-hitches, often alternately in opposite directions, the last hitch or two held down by extra round turns, and sometimes as many as a dozen hitches in a series. Fig. 10 is this section of the same large bow, No. 89245, from Point Barrow, figured above, and Fig. 11, the same part of No. 72771, from Wainwright’s Inlet, also collected by our expedition. A detailed description of the lashings of these bows, two of the most complicated in the collection, will make these figures plain. The first ESKIMO BOWS. 311 long strand on reaching the bend is hitched round the bow seven times at intervals of about # to linch. These ‘“under-hitches,” as they may be called, occur always on bows of this type, sometimes made by the first and sometimes by the last long strand, and serve to mark off the position of the hitches of the short strands and give them a point Vappui. The first two of these are “two half-hitches,” or, “ clove- hitches,” as they are called at sea, the other five peculiar hitches (Fig. 12) not used by sailors. The hitch is well known and much used in the artillery and ordnance service, and is there called a “clove-hiteh.” As using this name would not distinguish the bitch from the common *clove-hitch ” of seamen, I venture to suggest for it the name of “ sol- dier’s hitch.” It is made by taking two round turns round the object to be fastened to and bringing the end over the standing part and under the two turns. If the turns are taken to the left, it makes Fig. 12; if to the right, Fig. 13. These hitches, especially the left-handed one, are much used by the Eskimos not only on bows, but in putting on seizings upon spears, &e., where a white seaman would use a “ marling-hitch.” The advantage of this form of hitch seems to be that the second round turn keeps it from slipping if the end gets loose. To return to No. 89245: After making “ under-hitches” at both bends, long strands are laid on till there are ten in all. The eleventh, on reach- ing the bend, makes two ‘soldier’s hitches” at 1, and going to the other nock is similarly hitched at the other bend, and then passes back- wards and forwards between the bends, hitched each time nearer the middle of the bow. The hitch at 2 is made thus: Two round turns to the left, the end passed under both turns, and then two more round turns, with the end passed over the second turn, under the first and third, over the standing-part and third turn, making a double “ sol- dier’s hitch.” At 3 are two simple half-hitches, and one made with two round turns, followed by two round turns with the end passed under both. At4is a similar lashing with eight simple hitches; at 5, nine; at 6, four; and at 7, two. In No. 72771 there are five ‘under hitches,” all ‘‘soldier’s hitches,” made by the first long strand. The lashing at 1 is made by hitching alternately to right and left five times. (Such hitching is called ‘ kack- ling” by seamen.) At 2 itis ‘“‘*kackled” nine times, at 3 nine times, and at 4 nine times again, ending with a half-hitch at 5. Tt will easily be seen, as was suggested to me by Professor Mason, that the strain of bending the bow, while tending to stretch and tighten each longitudinal strand, at the same time tightens each individual turn of these lashings, so that the greater the strain on the bow the tighter do they grip the fibers of the wood and hold them together. These hitches usually occupy 4 to 6 inches of the bow, and as a rule are put on as above, so that the shortest strands come at the top of the 312 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884. backing, though they are reversed on one bow from the Mackenzie re- gion (Fig. 14 is this section of No. 1970, collected by Ross), so that the longer of the strands are stretched across the bends, which adds some- what to the tension of the bow, but makes a less neat and compact lashing than the common arrangement. This arrangement of the short strands brings the greatest strength across the middle of the bow, where it is most needed. All the strands between the hitches are divided into two equal par- cels and twisted from the middle into two cables, thus greatly increas- ing the tension to be overcome in drawing the string. These two cables are fastened together by a sort of ‘ figure-of-8” knot, passing through and around them, and are stopped firmly to the handle, after which the whole is securely seized down with the end of the backing. This seiz- ing is less complete in bows from the region of the Mackenzie. In one case, after completing the seizing the end goes on to lay on a few strands more, for a third cable, outside of and between the other two, which is also twisted. (No. 89245, Figs. 9 and 10. End of cable cut off at a.) The ends of the long strands, between the nocks and the hitches of the short strands, are sometimes wound with separate pieces. Bows of this pattern, differing only in details of the backing, are used at the Mackenzie River, at Point Barrow, Wainwright’s Inlet, Point Hope, and the Diomede Islands in Bering Strait, and probably at: intermediate points along the shores of the Arctic Ocean. AS was said above, there are no bows in the collection from Kotzebue Sound or the Kaviak Peninsula, but from several points in the region in question, namely, from Kotzebue Sound, Hotham Inlet, Sledge Island, and Cape Nome, have been obtained many of the ingenious little tools for twisting the cables, and always in pairs, indicating that a two-cable bow of the Arctic type is the prevailing if not the only weapon of the kind used in these localities. The line of demarcation between this type and the preceding is not sharply drawn, although there are no bows of the pattern which is ex- elusively used as far north as Cape Romanzoff, in the collection from north of Bering Strait. From the Yukon delta we have one bow (Fig. 15, No. 33867, collected by E. W. Nelson), which in proportional narrowness and thickness ap- proaches the Arctic model, as it does in its complete seizing, though it has a Strong extra rib, and the genera] pattern of the backing is purely southern. From the same region is another (Figs. 16 and 17, No. 8822, collected by W. H. Dall), which in outline and size is caseneaily of the straight southern type, though slightly narrower than usual, while the backing is put on entirely in the Arctic manner, except that the seizing islesscomplete. A large bow from Norton Sound is of the same model, but has the Arctic backing complete in all its details, as does also a small boy’s bow from the same region. Still another from the same ESKIMO BOWS. 313 place is almost exactly of the Arctic type, except that it has square in- stead of rounded edges and the strands are not twisted into cables. When we consider that the Malemut of Norton Sound act as middle- men between the natives of the Arctic coast and those of the Yukon re- gion, it is natural to expect to find traces of Arctic ideas as far south as their intercourse extends, namely, as I am informed, to the mouth of the Yukon. Moreover it would be unlikely that the relatively weak southern backing should be adopted by the northern natives. . Ill. THE WESTERN TYPE. This is, in general, broader and flatter than the Arctic model, but less contracted at the handle than the southern, and not so much tapered at the ends, which are usually thick. It is rather a larger bow than the Arctic, but not so large as the southern, being from 43 to 58 inches in length and 1.5 to 1.7 inches broad, and like the others is either straight or of the Tatarshape. Bows of purely western type are apparently al- ways of the latter shape. The peculiarity of the type is in the backing, as is well shown in the bow figured (Figs. 18 and 19, No. 2505, probably from the mainland of Siberia. It was collected by the North Pacific Exploring Expedition, and is labeled simply “‘ Tschuktschis Indians”!). The backing, instead of being continuous, is in three parts, namely, two short cables stretched across the bends, where they do not go round the nocks, but are secured by half-hitches close to them as well as inside the bends. The main backing consists of 21 strands laid on between the bends with half- hitches, and stopped down to the bow with a spiral seizing without be- ing twisted or gathered into a wrapped cable.* Three large and powerful bows from Saint Lawrence Island are of the same peculiar type. It is, however, worthy of note that a single “twister ” of the same pattern as those used at Point Barrow was ob- tained at Saint Lawrence Island by Mr. Nelson. The bows used by the Eskimos of Eastern Siberia (*¢ Tuski,” “* Seden- tary Chukches” of authors, Chuklukmut of Dall) present a mixture of types. The bow figured above is purely western in type. Another (Figs. 21 and 22, No. 2508, collected by the North Pacific Exploring Expedition) is straight, but still has separate cables at the ends, pass- ing, however, round the nocks. The main backing has upwards of sev- enty strands and is twisted into three cables of the Arctic type. A third (Figs. 23 and 24, No. 2506, collected by the North Pacific Ex- ploring Expedition) approaches very close to the arctic type, but shows traces of the western model in having the ends of the long strands stretched across the bends and one single short strand returning to the * There is a modification of the ‘ soldier’s hitch” in the seizing of this bow (Tig. 20), made by taking two round turns to the right, and passing the end under the stand- ing part and between the two turns. 314 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884. tip from beyond the bend,* while a fourth is precisely of the arctic type with a very large number of strands. Several of these bows are made of oak, evidently barrel-staves ob- tained from white men, but are, notwithstanding, provided with a pow- erful backing, which shows how inseparably this invention, in its origin applicable only to inelastic wood, has become connected with the idea of a bow in the mind of the maker. Comparing what I have said of the geographical distribution of these types of bow with the divisions of the Eskimos of the Northwest adopted by Mr. Dall,i it will be seen that of the Western Mackenzie Innuit (his first great division) the Kopagmut (Kupi/imeun of the Point Barrow natives) and probably the Kangmaligmut (Kiami/dlin of the same people, an almost unknown tribe, concerning whom there appears to be no reliable information), with probably all the Western Innuit except the Chuklukmut, Kikht6’gamut, and Mahlemut, use the pure arctic type. The Chuklukmut and Kikht6’gamut use the western type, with some admixture of the arctic. The Mahlemut and Unaligmut (the _ northernmost tribe of Fishing Innuit) use the arctic and the southern type and intermediate forms, while the remainder of the Fishing Innuit use the pure southern type. Assuming, as is highly probable, that all the branches of the Eskimo race started with the primitive form of bow above described, the in- habitants of the well-wooded shores of Bering Sea and the Gulf of Alaska, who have a plentiful supply of fresh living spruce, have im- proved on this type chiefly by lengthening and strengthening the wood of the bow and collecting the loose strands into a compact round cable, which is occasionally made somewhat thicker across the middle than towards the ends. Those who live on the treeless shores of the Arctic Ocean are forced to depend on comparatively scarce dead and brittle drift-wood, and have been obliged to devote their attention to the improvement of the sinew backing in order to increase the efficiency of the weapon. The conse- quence has been the development of the exceedingly complicated and perfect form above described. This is probably the ultimate step in the development of the sinew-backed bow. Not only is it difficult to imagine making a more perfect weapon from the materials, but atten- tion will no longer be paid to possible improvements in a weapon which is rapidly passing into disuse and becoming superseded by fire-arms. The people of Saint Lawrence Island, out of the direct line of com- munication between the two continents and also dependent on drift- wood, have developed the bow in a different way from all the rest. *A peculiar clove-hitch (Fig. 25) occurs at each end of this bow. t [his bow (No. 2507) has a reversed ‘‘soldier’s hitch” in the seizing (Fig. 26) in which the end passes under the standing part and over the turns. t Contributions to North American Ethnology, vol. i, p. 23. ESKIMO BOWS. 315 They have, as it were, lengthened the ends of the bow beyond the origi- nal backing, bent them up, and added extra cables across the bends. On the mainland of Siberia, where the natives are in direct communi- eation both with Saint Lawrence Island and the arctic shores of the New World, by way of the Diomedes, the bow is of a pattern inter- mediate between the types of these two regions, partaking more of the characteristics of one or the other, according to the fancy of the maker, perhaps as his dealings have brought him in contact with people of one or the other region. There is one bow in the Museum, not an Eskimo bow, which is inter- esting in the present connection. It comes from Sitka, where the In- dians use a plain spruce or cedar bow with a round back and flat belly. The bow in question is of the same shape as the other bows from the same locality, but the maker, who has evidently had some acquaint- ance with the handiwork of the nearest Eskimos, has tried to improve it by putting on a typical “southern” backing of sinew. This, how- ever, is of but little use, as the round back of the bow is not of the proper shape to receive it, and, in spite of the lashing round the handle, it slips off to one side as soon as the bow is bent. I may remark that the bow appears to be new and never to have been used. Novre.—It should be borne in mind that what I have said about the geographical! distribution of the different forms of bow refers not to the present time, but to the period when this weapon was in general use among the Eskimos of the Northwest. Most of the material in the Museum collection was either collected many years ago or shows signs of having been old and disused when collected. Fire-arms have so completely superseded the older weapon, especially at the great trading centers like Saint Michael’s, that even in distant lo- calities, like Point Barrow, it would be difficult to find half a dozen full- sized bows fit for service. The boys still adhere to the bow for shoot- ing small birds, &c., and for them it is still made as carefully as ever. NOvTE ON THE SINEW-TWISTING TOOLS.—In the above paper, I have had occasion to speak of the toggles or levers used in twisting up the cords of sinew on the back of the bow, making what I have called “cables.” These are little flat rods of ivory or hard bone (Fig. 27, No. 89466, front and side view, from Point Barrow, collected by our expe- dition), about four or five inches long, with the ends slightly bent in op- posite directions. These rods serve a double purpose at Point Barrow, for the natives use them for playing a game something of the nature of “ pitch-penny.” We purchased a number of them under the impres- sion that this was their only use, and it was not until we had been a long time at the station that we were told that two of them made a set and that they were used, somehow, in twisting the sinews on the back of the bow. So few bows are now made that we had no opportunity of seeing them in use. 316 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884. In looking over the Museum collections on my return, I found large numbers of these tools, all essentially of the same pattern, and gener- ally in pairs, often accompanied by a small ivory marlinespike. They came from many localities along the coast from the Mackenzie region to Norton Sound, and were variously labeled ‘ bow tools,” ‘ bow-string twisters,” and “arrow polishers” (!) without further explanation, ex- cept in the case of one pair collected by Mr. Nelson, which were cata- logued as for “‘ tightening the sinew on a bow. Always used in pairs.”* I have been unable to find any published explanation of the method of using these tools. After wasting much time in conjectures, I dis- covered the modus operandi by actual experiment, while making a mod- el of one of the Point Barrow bows. It is very ingenious, and is well shown in the diagram (Figs. 28 and 29, drawn from a working model), The end a is thrust between the strands to be twisted, so that the hook catches part of them, and the lever making a half-revolution is brought up against the bow, as in Fig. 28. It can continue the twisting no fur- ther in this direction, and if withdrawn for a fresh start the strands would have to be held or fastened in some way, which would make the process a slow one. Accordingly, the rod is thrust through between the strands until the end 0 is where a was (Fig. 29), when the hook at b catches the strands and the lever is ready for another half-revolution. This is continued, the rod slipping back and forth like the handle of a vise, until the cable is sufficiently twisted. The reason for using them in pairs was not satisfactorily explained, until Lieut. P. H. Ray, the commanding officer of our expedition, sug- gested that they could be used simultaneously, one in each cable, so as to secure the same amount of twist in the two. I tested this and found it perfectly easy to work one with each hand. The accompanying map isa tracing, with some modifications, of part of Mr. Dall’s “Alaska and Adjoining Region.” *Mr. Nelson has kindly favored me with all the information he was able to obtain about these implements. He never saw them in actual use, but the natives of the region about Norton Sound informed him that they were used for “‘ twisting the sinew strands first and then for tightening the plaited or braided sinew backing to the bows after the latter was in place.” He describes their use for twisting sinew to make the ‘‘hard-laid sinew cord,” as follows: ‘‘The ends of the sinew cord are tied to the small center holes in the two ivory pieces, one of the latter at each end of the cord, and then they are twisted in opposite directions.” He tells me that they are also used for playing a game as at Point Barrow. PLATE. I. (Murdoch. Eskimo bows.) Fic. 1. Bow of reindeer antler, with simple backing of sinew, from Cumberland Gulf, No. 34053. Collected by L. Kumlien. Side and back, reduced. Fig: 2. Straight bow, with simplest form of ‘‘Southern” backing, from near Cape Romanzoff, No. 36032. Collected by E. W. Nelson. Side and back, re- duced. Notrre.—Every reduced figure is accompanied by a scale, on which each division represents one inch, PLATE I. Eskimo Bows. Report Nat. Mus. 1884.—Murdoch. Fie. 2. Fie. 1. PLATE II. (Murdoch. Eskimo bows.) Fia. 2a. One end of No, 36032 (from near Cape Romanzoff. Collected by E. W. Nel- son) to show attachment of the backing to the nock. Natural size. Fig. 3. Straight bow, with ‘‘Southern” backing, in which some strands are short, No. 72408, from Bristol Bay. Collected by the late C. L. McKay. Back, reduced. ; Fic. 3a. The broadest part of the same bow, to show the attachment of the short strands. Natural size. PLATE II. Report Nat. Mus. 1884.—Murdoch. Eskimo Bows. Fic. 2a. PLATE: 11. (Murdoch. Eskimo bows.) Fig. 4. Straight bow, with ‘‘Southern” backing, No. 7972, from Bristol Bay. Col- lected by Dr. Minor. One-half of back, reduced, to show spiral seizing. Fig. 5. Bow with bent ends, with ‘‘Southern” backing, strung, No. 36028, from the mouth of the Kuskoquim river. Collected by E. W. Nelson. Side, re- duced. Fig. 6. Large straight bow, with ‘‘Southern” backing, twisted, No. 15651, from Nunivak Island. Collected by W. H. Dall. One-half of back, reduced. Fic. 7. Straight bow, with ‘‘Southern” backing, No. 36034. Collected by E. W. Nelson. One-half of back, reduced. PLATE III. Report Nat. Mus. 1884—Murdoch. Eskimo Bows. | =) - 9 4d = * ~ _ - 4 J FTN UB ee ——_-----—_ — =lfS' dl EEE PETER) AaAAAE = = — o ro —— ! Sas aviie @atdvie bac, saat tara MU \ avait ak Fic. 7. Ec. 6. PLATE IV. (Murdoch. Eskimo bows.) ¥ieG. 8. Straight bow of ‘ Arctic” type, strung, No. 1972, from the Mackenzie region. Collected by Ross. Side and back, reduced. Fra. 9. Bow of Tatar shape, with “ Arctic” backing, No. 89245, from Point Barrow. Collected by United States International Polar Expedition. Side, reduced. Fie. 12. Left-handed ‘‘soldier’s hitch.” Fie. 13. Right-handed ‘‘soldier’s hitch.” i PLATE IV. Report Nat. Mus. 1884.—Murdoch. Eskimo Bows. Nit. (eS Adis Gtepuaeeepesssaeee illiy)))/iiii/// lig mr Fig. 13. v laraVe a em iy See ee A A A OE eeeeeeees| —— ‘ — Weeeeeeeene Z nS i rs Ce ag? Pa its BE CB ; Ft —— bake : Ge erent alelf — = — SSSI FS avy -~ _ AA aS i 2 ee Se ae —atadintuactetbendedemacmenne mene hy) —— SS ee SBS 2S SS Sia aes ce cezes San ae : — Se Sle isa fade =F eS ARE BS SS AS AS SES SSS SSS hy 7, 'v 7 BOE he ji jj a SET Bee WF rir Avtesy TS casey | a hy hn hb iy ip Fic. 9. PLATE V. (Murdoch. Eskimo bows.) Fig. 10. Section of ‘‘ Arctic” bow, No. 89245, to show method of attaching the short strands. Natural size. oh: Fic. 11. Same section of No. 72771, from Wainwright’s Inlet. Collected by United States International Polar Expedition, Natural size. ~ Report Nat. Mus. 1884.—Murdoch. Eskimo Bows. PLATE V LESH Pr > Rane » \) ss © i SWAT ou Vigo LB Eos Ky PLATE VL (Murdoch. Eskimo bows.) Fig, 14. Section of an ‘‘Arctic” bow (No. 1970, from the Mackenzie region. Collected by Ross) to show the peculiar (reversed) attachment of the short strands. Natural size. . Fig. 15. Straight ‘‘Southern” bow, No. 33867, from the Yukon delta. Collected by E. W. Nelson, unusually thick and narrow, with complete spiral seizing. Back and side, reduced. Report Nat. Mus. 1884.—Murdoch. Eskimo Bows. PLATE VI Li, fi = , a! © : | ae — 3 aT y a: Hy . <5 i Se H s i . i = iad == yO 2S aA a i pr 2 I Se A, he} Vy LLL LILES Ser I ad IT Sr Be 9 BSUS rte eAsaewemn -, = SS 4 / : 4 COLO Ere TEM EEE OL ECE — See jae 1 Vy : 1? i or) SS a an EE A A i ea, roy ee SS if =i | eZ a AAD EA- ff] kee Dy nines a dnd bebedalalebelobeb-bedtdodela 5 SAAR AAA S| wie’ a | la gainer PLATE VII. (Murdoch. Eskimo bows.) Fie. 16. Straipht bow of ‘‘Southern” model, with ‘‘Arctic” backing, No. 8822, from the Yukon delta. Collected by W. H. Dall. Back, reduced. Fig. 17. Section of the same bow, natural size, to show the attachment of the short | strands. Fie. 18. Bow of ‘‘ Western” type, No. 2505, from the mainland of Siberia. Collected by the North Pacific Exploring Expedition. Back and side, reduced. PLATE VII. Report Nat. Mus. 1884.—Murdoch. Eskimo Bows. a a = —— Fia. 18, Tic. 16. PLATE VIII. (Murdoch. Eskimo bows.) Fia. 19. Section of No. 2505, to show the attachment of the end cable, underneath the backing. Natural size. Fia. 20. Modified ‘‘soldier’s hitch,” used on seizing of No. 2505. Fig. 21. Straight bow, with ‘‘ Western” backing, No. 2508, from Eastern Siberia. Collected by the North Pacific Exploring Expedition. Back, reduced. PLATE VIII Eskimo Bows. Report Nat. Mus. 1884.—Murdoch. \W/a/TAVAtanRAYa| ! SEP BUREED nanwasiceree te —_—_ TTI ari t wii wort} TT iii ee ee BOE BULY! | et d4— \ N\ (Ni 34) : a ge N, SSS'ISS58 . “a — Fic. 19. Fic. 21. Fic. 20. PLATE IX. (Murdoch. Eskimo bows.) WG. 22. Section of No. 2505, to show the attaehment of the end cable, underneath the backing. Natural size. #1G. 23. Bow with ‘‘Arctic” backing, modified so as to approach the ‘‘ Western,” No. 2596, from Eastern Siberia. Collected by the North Pacific Exploring Ex- pedition. Back and side, reduced. Report Nat. Mus. 1884.—Murdoch. Eskimo Bows. \ Latstods a BOTTI woes Fic. 22. th we cx i Ary A= uf (le Begs < < Eff [TP Ty Pf t 2 Ree a\\ ———==-—. SS ES ———— ——— L- Wy) NTS WW — )} = Sar = ——] —2 I} PLATE IX. Fic. 23, PLATE X. (Murdoch. Eskimo bows.) Fic. 24. Section of No. 2506, to show the attachment of the single short strand, ‘re- turning from bend to nock. Natural size. Fic. 25. Peculiar clove-hitch used on the same bow. Fic. 26. Reversed “‘soldier’s hitch” in the seizing of No. 2507, from Eastern Siberia. Collected by the North Pacific Exploring Expedition. Fic. 27. Sinew-twisting tool of ivory, No. 89466, from Point Barrow. Collected by United States International Polar Expedition. Front and side, natural size. PLATE X. Report Nat. Mus. 1884.—Murdoch. Eskimo Bows. > = i We P ee r 4 A g 4 f' 3 i é = % . > , gy, A . ly 4 ” = ' / 4 M Aw 4 q = ‘ ‘ f / d —- & é ( == ' nm , c M, =— | ‘ ’ /, 4 4 At YP ; ALR } ) y . ~ ~~ 4 y, % Zz > we A a LSE ST pad et PS dV t) % wi = — = = = os =F2 74 cS =F Nerv) nu = ES FEF F 2): + =F BS £5 =F 2F eswmers 24F (yj - deess 215.7 ie ee ie ghee hen thabloomd belt og s hapbndmdo= ww gemdas 2.0 NS ris ed ems s Meh aos she dane onesie aah Pr te eee rr ie ee ee aaa aie Oca eh ak asda dads Abs wepeae cys nace oeoambag’ 16. 0 Length of anterior margin of dorsal fin (following curve) ............-.....-. 44.3 nn emma ee Guetta, 20 222290 2 ewes Ni eek 24.1 Length of base of dorsal fin . Babes Hoqaba Dae sae wes kes ctateen anes ashen ain Lee 36. 7 OE, cho senak= oSSuneee Oak egw hWLGRVECEREUS seeces dbus wewosaceas on 12.7 NE Sa Soda laiiw ts! tn Sac Soc whambaw camans dobwancakie ca dean vies da abreele 2.8 COW MNO.) chbs.y ss cases Jckatwacanseessaud seseesevebatbdes Vile aces 2.5 OSTEOLOGY. The skull has the form of the type specimen of Prodelphinus doris, with which the species is believed to beidentical. The length of the beak is a little less than three-fifths that of the skull; its width at the middle is one-eighth the total length. The intermaxillaries are high and rounded. The palate is generally flat, but with a deep channel in the median line anteriorly, in which the vomer becomes visible. The pterygoids, which meet in the median line, are very long, making the distance from their extremity to the tip of the beak three-fourths the length of the skull. They stand on araised table 3.3°™ broad. The prenarial triangle is short (about 7.6°™), depressed, and rugose in the anterior part. The temporal fosse are large and rounded. Teeth **%; the crown of the largest tooth .8°" long, .5°™ in diameter at the ie: They are slightly worn at the tips. The vertebral formula is as follows: C. 7; D. 14, L. and Ca. 48 = 69. The atlas and axis are united, but the remaining cervicals are free. Except that the neural spine of the atlas is not bifurcated, the cervical vertebra present no salient characters by which they could be distin- 320 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884. guished from those of D. delphis. The inferior transverse process of the sixth cervical is large and hamular.* The neural spines of the dorsal vertebre are somewhat broader than in D. delphis, but otherwise the vertebre resemble those of that species very closely. The first five pairs of ribs possess heads, which touch the centra of the vertebre. Anterior zygapophyses become obsolete at the thirtieth vertebra (counting from the atlas). They begin again at the © fortieth vertebra. There are nineteen chevrons, the first of which is attached to the fortieth vertebra. The sternum consisted originally of three pieces, but the first two are anchylosed together. The scapula is very similar to that of P. mar- ginatus as figured by Messrs. Van Beneden and Gervais (Osteog. des Cétacés, pl. XL, fig. 23), except that the acromion is considerably more expanded. The formula for the phalanges is as follows: I, 2; II, 9; II, 7; IV, 3; V,1. The position of the metacarpal of the pollex is somewhat pe- culiar. It does not form a part of the radial margin of the hand, but its outer border is in a line with the median axis of the first phalanx. On the outer surface of the carpus a small bone is visible, situated between the metacarpals of the first and second fingers and the bones reckoned as scaphoid and trapezoid by Professor Flower. This should be a ru- dimentary trapezium if the system of Professor Flower be adopted. The pelvic bones are about 8 centimeters in length and are sigmoid in outline. } Measurements of the-skeleton. Centimeters. meavest breadth of atlas .......-.-. -o.ececnnacons gene aaea-ce-smhed- epee Seen 13. 2 Peon MOT OF ALAS .. 0.2502 -. 2s vodie wduelebsclecscth dems ante sees eee oe eeeee 9.8 iresvesn preagth of first dorsal -... i) (LI e eI ace dee hace. Senieos ecese 9.2 aes meioue Of first dorsal ...<.. .. ts a . 9 i. Aas 4 ry; f , ati j * nf ¢ rm Pata j Ki ay an eT ‘ Ee tee”, . ’ , a ds “NN A / , 7 Cy } 4 ‘ - ey > rane) ‘ , oA ‘ dea , 1, fh 5 > 8 ; | i ie ay cho. 1, o¢ a d ae q * 4 i Saw F fe . Vs ¥ ; ae sas - aF ‘ 7 in ae Pei an ot We & j Vee? j Vhs oe oor a 4 ; ae Pier Ciro a” 4 A . ' i kell fie. oe ak Ts ¢ Report Nat. Mus. 1884.—True. Spotted Dolphin. Skull of Prodelphinus doris, (Gray). View from above. PLATE II x 4 ys | .s ns ' ‘? ‘ fA . ¢ fo ~ a i ie 4. . ra ky, | _ is ion y ws ce $7 ie a ee A fe * i - ~~ ye ¥ -? tye ‘ rf . f- t ‘yeas See ae noeipe 33 be * a” Bie a Report Nat. Mus. 1884.—True. Spotted Dolphin. PLATE IV. Skull of Prodelphinus plagiodon, (Cope). Type. View from above. (Published by permission of the U. S. Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries.) : if ae f ry we > f r s y */ \ 4 ‘ ‘ ¥ ‘ ' 1 > f ‘ 3 ’ furs: 4 , i j ‘ ‘? } ¥ “ ’ i x Pa oe a » 2 aed x 5 sa ’ é ¥ | , / * 1 ’ af — r y j Ba 1 #4 y ‘ 2 y > * * A | Cd < ( ed (f' — eS AL “= * . i why 4 t ’ ‘ ¥ 9 id Le | A Puy We LeU A Report Nat. Mus. 1884.—True. Spotted Dolphin. PLATE V. Skull of Prodelphinus doris, (Gray.) View from below. rs : “ Mel 4 f = Zs, ‘ r : eR SY ae eel be on) (plies 'o WE BAR Ae ie Ac Te. oe nrg Be why wishes aes oF Bees ee ai Es iy mi ' Pails. ~*~ ' 5 ae h i Fu ; Report Nat. Mus. 1884.—True. Spotted Dolphin. PLATE VL Skull of Prodelphinus plagiodon, (Cope). Type. View from below. (Published by permission of the U. S. Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries.) V.~THE FLORIDA MUSKRAT (NEOFIBER ALLENI, TRUE). By FREDERICK W. TRUE. In the summer of 1884 I made known for the first time the charac-. teristics of a peculiar rodent, a single specimen of which was received: from Florida in December of the previous year.* No additional speci- mens of the animal have been thus far received, nor any new informa- tion regarding its habits and distribution. It is my purpose in this. paper simply to describe in detail the superficies and skeleton of the original specimen and to discuss its generic and specific characters. The type specimen was procured by William Wittfeld, Esq., a corre- spondent of the Smithsonian Institution, in the vicinity of Georgiana, Brevard County, Florida. Georgiana is situated on Merritt’s Island,. at the northern extremity of Indian River, nearly opposite Cape Cana. veral. The island is about 35 miles in length from north to south, an@ some 5 or 6 miles in breadth at the widest part. It is separated from the mainland by a strait about 5 miles in breadth. The collection in which the round-tailed muskrat was found coi- tained representatives of Mus rattus, Hesperomys leucopus, Scalops aquati- cus, and a species of Sores. NEOFIBER, True. Neofiber, Science, iv, 75, p. 34, July 11, 1884; Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vii, p. 170, July 29, 1884. Form, arvicoline. Tail nearly as long as body, terete, nearly naked. Hind toes in a line with the metatarsals, scarcely webbed. Thumb with a claw. Anterior cusps of molars rounded interiorly, acute externally. Last lower molar with 4 cusps, re-entrant angles alternating. Parietals widest in front, but with an angular postero-lateral exten- sion. Interparietal wider than long. Surface of mastoid not deeply concave. Pelvis and pes not longer than skull. Transverse processes of lum- *Science, iv, No. 75, July 11, 1884, p. 34. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vii, 1884, pp. 170-- 172 (July 29). 325 326 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884. bar vertebre short; those of the caudal vertebra, except the first four, rudimentary. Vertebre: C.7; D.13; L.6; 8.4; Ca. 25 = 55. NEOFIBER ALLENI, True. Neofiber Alleni, True, Science, iv, No. 75, 1884, p. 34; Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vii, 1884, p. 170. e A muskrat of less than half the size of Fiber zibethicus, but of the same general form. Eyes small and high up on the head. LHars mod- erate, broad and rounded, hirsute within the conch, the longest hairs extending 0.8 beyond the margin. Border of the conch slightly and unevenly notched. Tore feet asin Ff. zibethicus. Palm black, except the two large posterior tubercles and the base of the thumb. Hind feet moderate, not equaling twice the length of the fore-feet. Soles naked, smooth, black, and 5-tuberculate. The posterior internal tubercle large and oval in outline. The remain- ing four, situated respectively at the angle between the 1st and 2d toes, between the 2d and 3d, between the 3d and 4th, and between the 4th and 5th; all small and of equal size. Soles narrow. Toes not in- clined laterally at an angle with the sole. Fringe of the toes and sole not extending prominently below the plane of their lower surface. Toes of the fore and hind feet only slightly webbed. Claws horn- colored. Tail round, about 0.6 in diameter at the base and tapering gradually to the tip. Sparsely clothed with short blackish hairs, be- tween which the tail appears covered with rows of scales, as in Jus. Color of the hair of the body above as in F. zibethicus; rich rufous at the upper two-fifths and lead-color at the base. In a small area just behind the shoulders the base of the hairs is white. Color of the head the same as of the body, but darker. Hair of the under surface of the body light rufous at the upper third, lead-color at the base. Chin, throat, and inner side of the fore arms and legs white or but faintly tinged with rufous. Fore and hind feet above clothed with short, dull, brown hairs, which extend to the tips of the toes. * Throughout its entire structure the Florida muskrat displays an affinity to Fiber on the one side and to Arvicola on the other. It is strictly intermediate between the two genera. In general shape the skull deviates in no manner from that of Fiber. The lachrymal pit is less inflated in Neofiber and the nicking of the root of the zygoma in front less obvious. The interorbital area is less con- stricted posteriorly, its sides being nearly parallel. The squamosals are much smaller than in Fiber, and do not approach so near the median line anteriorly. The parietals, on the contrary, are large, and, taken together, heart-shaped, the apex turned backward and truncated. There is a small, regularly triangular, postero-lateral extension. The interparietal is broader than long. The zygomatic arches are similar * This description is a repetition of that given in the Museum Proceedings (I. ¢.). FLORIDA MUSKRAT. 327 to those of Fiber. Between the maxillary and squamosal processes ex- ternally the malar is reduced to a mere thread, as in that genus.* The strap-shaped process of the squamosal bounding the squamosal fenestra stands nearly vertically, and the constriction of the skull be- tween the fenestra is less than in Fiber. The anterior margin of the meatus auditorius is much less prolonged than in that genus. The bulle are more inflated. The surface of the mastoid is uneven, but not strongly concave; the foramen very small. | The coronoid process of the mandible is not as high as the condyle, but the jaw is not otherwise different from that of Fiber. The anterior upper molar has five cusps, the first not wider than the other, nor compressed. The second molar has four cusps, the anterior largest, acute externally, rounded internally. The posterior molar has four cusps, the anterior like that of the preceding tooth, the second and third equal in size, the last half-halberd-shaped, and almost or quite external to the median line of the series. The anterior lower molar has seven cusps, the first irregularly halberd-shaped, the last almond. shaped, the rounded end internal. The second tooth has five cusps. The last has four cusps, of which the first three are very small and the last rhomboidal. The skeleton presents a number of peculiarities, aside from propor- tions, which distinguish it from that of F. zibethicus. The inferior lam- ella of the transverse process of the sixth cervical vertebra is short and broad, and does not extend back under the head of the first rib, as in F. zibethicus. The neural spines of the dorsal vertebre are much higher than those of the lumbar vertebre, the reverse being true in the case of Fiber. Of the six segments of the sternum the fifth is the smallest, being one-half as high as broad. ‘The transverse processes of the lumbar vertebra are short, and do not extend to the level of the under side of the centra. The processes of the caudal vertebra, after the fourth, are rudimentary; the vertebrz themselves are much elongated. The anterior extremity presents no special distinguishing character- istics. In the pelvis the acetabulum is situated at the junction of the third and fourth fifths of its length. There is less difference in the os- seous structure of the feet of the two muskrats than one would suppose from an examination of the exterior. The peculiar bending of the toes in Fiber appears to be due to muscular and ligamentary antagonism rather than to any peculiarities in the arrangement of the bones of the foot. In Neofiber the fifth metatarsal is not more than one-half as long as the second, and the first is but little longer. In Fiber the second “Mr. N. P. Seudder (Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, ii, 1885, p. lxiv) very justly takes exception to Dr, Coues’s statement that in Fiber the squamosal and maxillary spurs are in contact on the outer side of the zygomatic arch (Monogr. N. A. Rodentia, 1877, p. 253). Such an arrangement of parts appears to exist only in exceptional cases, if at all. Among eleven skulls in the Museum collection there are none in which the two spurs are absolutely in contact, though in one the space between them is exceedingly narrow. 328 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884. toe is shorter than the third, and the third than thefourth. In Neojiber the third is the longest, followed by the second and fourth. In external appearance the Florida muskrat somewhat resembles Arvicola amphibius, but it is easily distinguished by its larger head and feet, longer and less hairy tail, and heavier body. The muzzle is en- tirely hairy, except the small nasal pads. The eyes are noticeably nearer to the ears than to the nose. The ears are not entirely hidden by the surrounding fur. The fore and hind feet are pilous above and naked below. The palms bear four tubercles, as in Fiber zibethicus. They are black, except the two large posterior tubercles and the base of the thumb. The narrow soles are smooth, black, and quinqui-tuber- culate. The postero-internal tubercle is large and ovalin outline. The remaining four are situated in the intervals between the axils of the five toes. They are all equally small. The toes when flexed do not lie across the sole, as in Fiber ; the fringe of the toes and sole does not ex- tend noticeably below the plane of their lower surface. The tail is perfectly terete, and so sparsely clothed with hairs that the scales are distinctly visible. In general color the Florida muskrat does not differ greatly from Arvicola amphibius, but the hair is more like that of Fiber. On the up- per surfaces it is plainly of two sorts. The under-fur is soft and crenu-- Jate, not glossy, and lead-colored, except at the terminal fifth. Mingled with it are numerous stiff, shining hairs, about a half longer, some being dark at the tips and others golden. The dark-tipped hairs prevail on the back, but are outnumbered on the sides by the lighter ones. These long, glossy hairs are sufficiently numerous to give the back a decided sheen, but not such as is seen in winter specimens of Fiber. The fringe overhanging the lips is composed of opaque white hairs, but the short hairs on the margin of the lip are dark. The whiskers are dark at the base and lighter at the extremity. None are long enough to reach the ears. The ear-conch is clothed externally and internally with short fur like the under fur of the body. In the median line of the back, just above the insertion of the tail, both the under fur and hair are very long, forming a sort of mane or crest. The hairs of the tail are dark and about one-fourth inch in length ; the terminal pencil is very small. The tur of the under surfaces is short, and at the extremity its color is very light fawn. The extremity of the under jaw alone is darker. The lower two-thirds of the under-fur is lead colored, the extremity fawn-colored. Tie stiffer hairs are darker and nearly twice as long. On the exterior of the fore feet the fur is like that of the sides, internally like that of the belly. The long hairs extend down the leg and there is a distinct tuft at the heel. The color of the appressed hair of the feet is that of the stiff hairs of the sides. On the hind feet and legs the color of the hair is the same, but there are fewer long hairs on the legs. The color of the claws is light. FLORIDA MUSKRAT. 329 Measurements of Neofiber Alleni, from the typical alcoholic specimen from Georgiana, Fla. Centimeters. SPOS OR GIN MOU se name wanne: osns ond ous aspen ; Teil gah es pad re | 4, Tk Sy a : ye n: : : t ie? ; i : t is , ae 4 ¢ banat 1 “Te E34 , 4 Se (a ke Ne m ir ads on} bbe hesapal bore peer a Oe ies ‘ye fe! vi hale anki sh 7 a hee: bind She at i San ah, Noe ae i ne ot EN evs — } ' i dee ay a » 1 Aah Eta tie) Sten mn) au bb yer ehnoghi.| 1 a is ’ ar aha n PLATE I. West Indian Seal. rt Nat. Mus. 1884.—T rue and Lucas. Repo ‘OZIS [VANYRU SPAT}-OM T, Csvouy -y (yy Aq UAv.1q) “MOTA [RMOPUTT “AULD ‘sypodou) snyovuozy Jo yuyS fe * } ; , +o S ert se ekem ' a ny 1 . Ase Se J a . ; SSW BAN West Indian Seal. PLATE II. Report Nat. Mus, 1884.—True and Lucas, ed PUNISH A og Skull of Monachus tropicalis, Gray. View from above. Two-thirds natural size. (Drawn by F. A. Lueas.) paaba pen y Report Nat. Mus. 1884.—True and Lucas. West Indian Seal. PLATE III. Skull of Monachus tropicalis, Gray. View from below. Two-thirds natural size, a. Teeth, seen from in front. (Drawn by F. A. Lucas.) 4 ‘ a ra : Bus . =. umes Vi and vii: os Signa- : Signa- Date of publication. ture | Pages. Date of publication. ture | Pages No. No VOLUME. YI VOLUME viI—Continued. April 9...... SPAS St 9 Pe 20+ .G65-400 || August 6.2.2.5 ..cccn cee redes, 14 209-224 Of) ee ee « 26) MA OIG |) Agamh: Base ascs< ge wennasndy a 15 225-240 DEEL venaeswine sacnnaceherecs 27 | 417-429 || August 20............-.-cc0c00. 16; 241-256 rien WB. «22nd te wets Vests 17| 257-272 VOLUME. VII a EGS ee ks 18 | 273-288 ee See es eee 19 | 289-304 MM Dv cene secccseesaccecnane ¥! pI | = Pa | i 20 305-320 BN Raich dabtie anges wine's 2 17— 32 |} September 1.................. 21 321-336 BN Wikse ca vnedek ded eal vebess 3 33- 48 || September 4.................. 22 337-352 WU BE) in 3 sao daa ce Sedan se 4 49-— 64 || September 17.................. 23 353-368 EE wasuus ungacdasndatvens ae 5 65- 80 || September 17.................. 24 369-384 BNE) i350 cb edeseilenchee sshede 6 81- 96 || September 17.................. 25 385-400 NE Onno cncccnnesvatesbascas 7 97-112 || September 18.................- 26 401-416 BN Tho odd. einen a 8 | 113-128 || September 19........-..-...-.- 27| 417-432 EU Bics agaaknades caused tnewad 9| 129-144 || September 26.................. 28 433-448 SEE UM nceds Jedsttvaedsteaeune 10 | 145-160 || September 27.................. 29 449-464 oe) ere ae 11 | 161-176 || September 27.................. 30 465-480 MT Ma sendccwentecscsvsneevewe 12 | 177-192 || September 27.................. 31 481-496 pe er 13 | 193-208 : Report of the Assistant Director of the United States National Museum for 1882. ¢ (Smithsonian Report, 1882 (1884), pp. 119-263.) 339 340 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884. BULLETINS OF THE U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM. Bulletin of the United States National Museum. No. 25. Contribu- tions to the natural history of the Bermudas. Volumel. Edited by J. Matthew Jones and George Brown Goode. Washington: Government ‘Printing Office. 1884. 8vo. pp. i-xxiii; 1-353. Plates i-xii. Previous to the publication of the complete bulletin, there were pub- lished separately the seven parts of the bulletin, as follows: Part I. The geology of Bermuda, by William North Rice, Ph. D., Orange Judd professor of geology and natural history in Wes- leyan University. From Bulletin No. 25, U. S. National Museum. Washington: Government Printing Office. 1884. 8vo. pp. [1]- [32]. Plates i-vi. (S. 1. Series No. 495.) Part Il. The botany of Bermuda, by General Sir John Henry Lefroy, F. BR. S., Athenzum Club, London. From Bulletin No. 25, U. S. Nations Museum. Washington: Government Printing Ofc. 1884. 8vo. pp. [33]-[141]. Part I1I. The mammals of Bermuda, by J. Matthew Jones, F. B.S. C., Fern Lodge, Waterville, Nova Scotia. From Bulletin No. 25, U.S. National Museum. Washington: Government Printing Office. 1884. 8vo. pp. [143]-[161]. Part IV. The birds of Bermuda, by Captain Saville G. Reid, F. Z. S., of the Royal Engineers, member of the British Ornithologists- Union, &c. From Bulletin No. 25, U.S. National Museum. Wash- ington: Government Printing Office. 1884. 8vo. pp. [163|-[279]. Part V. On a bird new to the Bermudas, with notes upon several spe- cies of rare or accidental occurrence in these islands, by Clinton Hart Merriam, M. D. From Bulletin No. 25, U. S. National Museum. Washington: Government Printing Office. 1884. 8vo. pp. [281]-[284]. Part VI. The reptiles of Bermuda, by Samuel Garman, Maneuk of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Massachusetts. From Bulletin No. 25, U.S. National Museum. Washington: Government Print- ing Office. 1884. 8vo. pp. [285]-[303]. Part Vil. The annelida from Bermuda, collected by Mr. G. Brown Goode, by Henry E. Webster, professor of natural history in the University of Rochester, Rochester, New York. From Bulletin No. 25, U.S. National Museum. Washington: Government Printing Office. 1884. 8vo. pp. [305]-[327]. Plates vii—xii. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, No. 27. Descriptive catalogues constituting a report upon the exhibit of the fisheries and fish culture of the United States of America, made at the Lon- don Fisheries Exhibition, 1883. Prepared under the direction of G. Brown Goode, U.S. Commissioner, and a staff of associates. Wash- BIBLIOGRAPHY OF U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM. 341 ington: Government Printing Office. 1884. 8vo. pp. i-liv; 1-1279. (S. I. Series No. 511.) This Bulletin is composed of twelve catalogues, the first seven of which were published as separates, in 1883. Catalogue H was published as a sepa- rate in 1884. Catalogues I, J, K, and L were not printed as separates, but appeared for the first time in the complete volume. The following is a list of these catalogues: Great International Fisheries Exhibition. London, 1883. United States of America. A.—Preliminary catalogue and synopsis of the collec- tions exhibited by the United States Fish Commission and by spe- cial exhibitors. With a concordance to the official classification of the Exhibition. Washington: Government Printing Office. 1883. Svo. pp. 1-107. Great International Fisheries Exhibition. London, 1883. United States of America. B.—Collection of economic crustaceans, worms, echino- derms, and sponges. By Richard Rathbun, curator of the Depart- ment of Marine Invertebrates in the United States National Mu- seum. Washington: Government Printing Office. 1883. S8vo. pp. 1-31. Great International Fisheries Exhibition. London, 1883. United States of America. C.—Catalogue of the aquatic and fish-eating birds exhibited by the United States National Museum. By Robert Ridgway, curator, Department of Birds, U. S. National Museum. Washington: Government Printing Office. 1883. 8vo. pp. 1-46. Great International Fisheries Exhibition. London, 1883. United States of America. D.—Catalogue of the economic mollusca and the ap- paratus and appliances used in their capture, and preparation for market, exhibited by the United States National Museum. By Lieut. Francis Winslow, U.S. N. Washington: Government Print- ing Office. 1883. 8vo. pp. 1-86. Great International Fisheries Exhibition. London, 1883. United States of America. E.—The whale fishery and its appliances. By James Temple. Brown, assistant in the Department of Art and Industry, U.S. National Museum. Washington: Government Printing Of- fice. 1883. 8vo. pp. 1-116. Great International Fisheries Exhibition. London, 1883. United States of America. I’.—Catalogue of the collections of fishes exhibited by the United States National Museum. By Tarleton H. Bean, cura- tor of the Department of Fishes in the United States National Mu- seum. Washington: Government Printing Office. 1883. 8vo. pp. 1-124. Great International Fisheries Exhibition. London,1883. United States of America. G.—Descriptive catalogue of the collection illustrat- ing the scientific investigation of the sea and fresh waters. By Richard Rathbun, curator of the Department of Marine Inver- tebrates in the United States National Museum. Washington: Government Printing Office. 1883. 8vo. pp. 1-109, 342 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884. Great International Fisheries Exhibition. London,1883. United States of America. H.—Catalogue of the aquatic mammals exhibited by the United States National Museum. By Frederick W. True, cu- rator of the Department of Mammals, United States National Mu- seum. Washington: Government Printing Office. 1884. 8vo. pp. 1-22. 7 Great International Fisheries Exhibition. London, 1883.. United States of America. I.—Catalogue of the collection illustrating the fishing vessels and boats, and their equipment; the economic condition of. fishermen; anglers’ outfits, &c. By Capt. J. W. Collins, assistant, U.S. Fish Commission. Washington: Government Printing Of. fice. 1884. 8vo. pp. 1-179. [645-823.] Great International Fisheries Exhibition. London,1883. United States of America. J.—Catalogue of the apparatus for the capture of fish, . exhibited by the United States National Museum. By R. Edward Earll, curator of the Fisheries Collections, U. 8. National Museum, and assistant, U. S. Fish Commission. Washington: Government Printing Office. 1884. 8vo. pp. 1-206. [825-1030.] Great International Fisheries Exhibition. London, 1883. United States of America. K.—Catalogue of fishery products, and of the _ apparatus used in their preparation. By A. Howard Clark, assist- ant in the Department of Art and Industry, United States National Museum. Washington: Government Printing Office. 1884. 8vo. pp. 1-124. [1031-1154.] ‘ Great International Fisheries Exhibition. London, 1883. United States of America. L.—Catalogue of the fish cultural exhibit of the United States Fish Commission. By R. Edward Earli, curator of the Fisheries Collections, U.S. National Museum, and assistant, U.S. Fish Commission. Washington: Government Printing Of- fice. 1884. 8vo. pp. 1-95. [1155-1249.] The circulars below enumerated were published as separates during the year 1884, and will appear in Proceedings U.S. National Museum, Vol. vil. . No. 24. Plan of a collection to illustrate the textile industries of the United States, to be exhibited at the World’s Industrial and Cotton Centennial Exposition of 1884-1885, at New Orleans. By Romyn Hitchcock, acting curator, Section of Textile Industries. 8vo. 16 pages. No. 25. Preliminary plan for a collection of the building and ornamental stones and rocks of the United States, to be exhibited at the World’s Industrial and Cotton Centennial Exposition of 1884-1885, at New Orleans. By George P. Merrill, curator: Department of Lithology and Physical Geology. 8vo. 2 pages. No. 26. Plan for a collection of gems and precious stones, to be exhib- ited at the Cincinnati Industrial Exposition and the World’s Indus- trial and Cotton Centennial Exposition of 1884-1885, at New Or- leans. By F. W.Clarke, curator, Department of Minerals. 2 pages. BIBLIOGRAPHY OF U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM. 343 . 27. Directions for collecting, preserving, and transporting tortri- cids and other small moths. By C. H. Fernald. 8vo. 3 pages. . 28. Directions for mound exploration. By Cyrus Thomas, Ph. D. Svo. 3 pages. . 29. Provisional plan for a collection of mammals to be exhibited at the World’s Industrial and Cotton Centennial Exposition of 13&4- 1885, at New Orleans. By Frederick W. True, curator of the De- partment of Mammals. 8vo. 27 pages. . 30. A list of birds, the eggs of which are wanted to complete the series in the National Museum, with instructions for collecting eggs. By Capt. Charles E. Bendire, U.S. A., honorary curator, Section of Odlogy, U.S. National Museum. 8vo. 4 pages. .31. Plan to illustrate the mineral resources of the United States and their utilization, at the World’s Industrial and Cotton Centen- nial Exposition of 1884-1885, at New Orleans. By Fred. P. Dewey, curator: Department of Economic Geology and Metallurgy. 8vo. 8 pages. [Circulars 19, 20, 21, 22, and 23, which are noticed in the bibliography of the Museum report for 1883, as printed in “ separate” form during that year, are reprinted in Proceedings of the U. 8S. National Museum, vi, #883, (1884), pp. 431-497. | ALPHABETICAL LIST OF WRITERS ON NATIONAL MUSEUM COL-. LECTIONS IN 1884. Page SAGE AN ED n,n kk Siemon die ohn ae pene as ele be ae eRe he Cae oe eee 346 “aie, eponeer Ys. 03 ccc -.scispa open Sueee ee ese pho sist non Eyaple ee eee 346 "aU, “TAPCO Th oss costo ok baes kh oee Seen emeaew Reet oeeh pete Smear 347 * "Beudire, Charles: 2220i62t%. 8425 ..-SEe eee el te als eau eee 347 Brower Ws b.82 28 is. 32 SLUGS. ced Ese Ee Send . ee eee ee eee ee 346, 371 Ohatard, 7: BE 3. icce Siavite ede te aches ts Hh eae 2 oe - speeetewthlage eee oe 348, 371 * Clark, AxHowand .u--: 225. Ee et ee es ee et eee eee ame oe 348 * Clarke WoW: cog cegecucek cae cla bulse Shes Segegeeaued soe ons Saale ae 348 + PolinsysOsBpn WW onc l so tioccsed Seane lan pees tele ldots ete Somes Dee eee 348 Orman Were ois oo. oie. Seken hed ceo bee hee te ee eee 371 “(Piel Wiles: 2) Spas) tece oage. cis 45 Jogi SSL Le OL pee 349 * DIEMOY ae OOP ss oe ces cjcn ck tide bdo sie acs «tei. end ekane os bse 301 Ditease er OOOTES 220.2 2. So mesos cone woh 4 sobs anehpareecmen aap 347, 351 Oe ee eet oe kee ck cee bade a enke tile a Once eenhi aka Leet ae eee 351 OW oe oon oe dSi eRe Ue et ce bac oeckina spoke tue alee eee eee 371 TAR EOE cca eo cele Koh sae deme eee retinas op bhka cnt Gea ooee meee 371 ee a Oates ee os cone las bhle wc sui anes eee vein ein eee 372 aR PURINE ee een ace Ske Se oe wees kamen woe Wire wos! baw wae ee eae 372 een, CMGI IOD OA 0 Po cen ee oe pane no uaed woe heseust cunsew Copeepeeormnee 372, 375 Ee BONO IN eats Sr eee ER cthad Lanne we niece cate eee aaete 372 Pie: POW oe eee. oo ewan ce wcupas doe sins dean wombs ace eeeeia eee 347, 352 NO ghd BE is ons nach eb Opn keane nnn Meu aaiene Ber an eerie 373 PCS. Nc. = in un we Rene cee epee mauls Gus see eee cu ticie Sta sre. Sere 373 RIGHAR AW, Th. We once ce wccenee cee nce te caleionnices Sine eee a cieree e ereer 373 * Breneock, Momyn:.'). 202 ce. potben once -2eeedp ow cee nene bets = eee e eases 353 * PITRE, Wy, Die sate us ce eke n ooh t Chee RRs Pee Aa ae bok eay eke eeee 353 Ingersoll, Himesh 22. ine cave wen ie oud ts ele ee esse lk clans este see 374 OTHER, Os DIMI BONE ie le ola nics ain ie des aes a anes Sea wel Sass mean be ee Eee MIA, MR Se os 8 ds wise RE Ewe koi nin, wna Deane eee 372, 374, 379 Leiroy, er foun Menry....-- ---.. samen be sepein en tienan sevinjensbenvee secnss 376 PL RE Peo eb a eek s Coma eee eee seek oncen Sena meosen ee 353 * RISO, Pt PemIRIAD 2 so Se ES Geeta CL ee 353 O Rie ee cd ib an 5 ks Ste des eee Bee eee lb ciccat ew oeeetene 354 ees ns wii owin ween She eR AULA Doni Ai bE 375, 379 Oa te I 8 5 xe ano D5 > (and uk EE oka cc cx ae wees eta ateiee 355 Et WERE oo in so iain wb a wm Ee es ee ee ean Rok week ee es 376 bE Ts gs Se LR ye ye ely ene eS 376 DECIR ee Heed cn ns onc Re bye ee sels ple mewes oa vibe Senden eee 376 PPR) MOA tae Souk an Bos oun wai> ine eb we PRUE Mee ance wel Bona ee woke 377 PR TNT, Mee MERI oan iinit oin's Bui wa oe tine we Wek eae 355 sag PRR sy US ae es PS) Ach) Reet ey 306 Se RS Gee Poe ra eRe paekin'. ns nga bees nee es ae EKG Eanes 2 uEe caked en 377 SEAM), PURE GROUP cae tae ae toca cae Eee eee eed Seek cee cae e ce bce. oer Y RUG QUOTE Aa 2IE as bin oka tein Salen dl tdw Cdb-d cd wan ei Wetec nets 346, 356 * Officers of the Museum. 344 ‘ BIBLIOGRAPHY OF U. 8. NATIONAL MUSEUM. 845 Page. * Riley, 0. Vi. casccsccee cccewesecens seccce ne PERT ecudund aves ncschacsaute 359 ae en ae cube tees Sod elaebues semeds cobaes codecs sccces cocecs 377 * Ryder, John A .......... few ees socces sone ences sees Hem Wists deena bdbe ntad ve 364, 373 es Se ae naeh Canin caps ned Ente duidces skémed cocess uces ssccce 377 Sharpe, R. Bowdler ....--. van EUR daPUNNTN ene a cheebs acca wnaccascec cesses 377 So gaa Ss, ee ee ae eS Fe A 377 ih rs Los whe wane adel, beak seebils buadunsdedoccccwececocevdcase 378 Ua os inn pike aaaGse be Anedewebe ccaeae cacessccucece oe 378 RES 4 OSU. JAk wth Etiae bo Die aulelsdll oadbans Uaipiduld'tweldide ocwadews 365 i See « Caneach canvases dave ¥cnenwhbbine Msp ed éhp a bpee <6 6 366 i chase keiv bade ipkods Savaeu sudeece p Spas Spa ne 6 aig wine vine ée 375, 379 7 te Cie Geb nes Kvainse be sass buaeus dee pagwes eine eace 379 i nT CLA Cdad Sob e eects ole d dwodes caddes sucbee cubwds aude baus * 367 i vac cuh aeee uae Me deUeus tondbddncoes Saws GobWeedsedadwbecledes 379 IPE, BO os aiiinrn suite na cain Mele de duke Weide pM Reeds aes ays Seba 368 NE Stet hts ch a nth ianhinok Kh noes pail aapmedciasticnds lke smmatiia> 380 ee es ee ot Lo edeigdelsiie dp ginde Wades espe os 380 I Sie oat eae we luigi ke dis Coles hte Safwan set pe 368 a Sedo or eat Suen! pla aca g Ole wig nia bho aw An cin el SEA 381 I Ses 5 8 ee ee Neale S wieder Dane Se etadne 370 NIN. i (5 re es ie Ut. otal si oe evade dudulewellds woes 381 OT RN Ci Sk ee cal vial as ohiniiebuaidd = onc eilesihs'= dae « Kbantan hs ahunduneke oto ¥b 370 “ Officers of the Museum. 346 The REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, i884. PART II.—PAPERS BY OFFICERS OF THE MUSEUM. WILBUR OLIN ATWATER. . chemical composition and nutritive value of our American food fishes and invertebrates. (Transactions American Fish Cultural Association, 1884, pp. 171-194.) Les relations entre les plantes et azote de leur nourriture. The (Annales de chimie et de physique, [6] ii, pp. 322-331.) chemistry of the feeding of plants. (Report of the New Jersey Board of Agriculture, 1883- -1884, pp. 55-105. ) This lecture was delivered before the New Jersey Board of Agriculture. Tables illustrative of the nutritive value of fish. (Bull. U.S. Fish Com., iv, 1884, pp. 203-205. ) Report of analysis of a sample of fish guano made from salmon offal, by Mr. Joseph Spratt, of Victoria, British Columbia. (Bull. U.S. Fish Com., iv, 1884, p. 238.) SPENCER FULLERTON BAIRD, On the specimens received by the Smithsonian Institution from the United States Life-Saving Service. (Bull. U. 8. Fish Com., iv, 1884, pp. 177-178.) SPENCER F. BAIRD, T. M. BREWER AND R. RIDGWAY. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College. Vol. xii. The Water Birds of North America, by 8S. F. Baird, T. M. Brewer, and R. Ridgway. Issued in continuation of the publi- cations of the Geological Survey of California. J. D. Whitney, State Geologist, Volume I, Boston. Little, Brown, and Company. 1884. Royal 8vo. pll. 3. pp. vii-xi, 1-537, 211 wood-cuts. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College. Vol. xiii. The Water Birds of North America, by S. F. Baird, T. M. Brewer, and R, Ridgway. Issued in continuation of the Publi- cations of the Geological Survey of California. J. D. Whitney, State Geologist. Volume ii. Boston. Little, Brown, and Com- pany. 1884. Royal 8vo. pll.3. pp. 1-552. 288 wood-cuts. These two volumes comprise a complete monograph of the Water Birds of North America, based almost wholly upon the collections of the U. 8S. Na- tional Museum. The technical portion was prepared by Professor Baird and Mr. Ridgway, the biographies or life-histories by Dr. Brewer (the authors having no financial interest in its publication). The work is intended asa continuation of ‘‘A History of North American Birds”,(3 vols., embracing the land birds) by the same authors and publishers, issued in 1874, IXBLIOGRAPHY OF U. 8. NATIONAL MUSEUM. 347 TARLETON HOFFMAN BEAN, Notes on a collection of fishes made in 1882 and 1883 by Capt. Henry EK. Nichols, U.S. N., in Alaska and British Columbia, with a de- scription of a new genus and species, Prionistius macellus. (Prec. U.S. Nat. Mus., vi, 1883, pp. 353-361, Jan. 12, 1884. ) Localities and collecting dates of 48 species, one of which is a new cottoid related to Triglops. Brook trout from Monadnock Lake and Cristine Lake, New Hampshire. (Bull. U.S. Fish. Com., iv, Aug. 12, 1884, pp. 293-294. ) Notes on some fishes collected by James G. Swan, in Washington Ter- ritory, including a new species of Macrurus. (Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., vi, Jan. 12, 1884, pp. 362-364.) Notes on fishes observed at the head of Chesapeake Bay, in the spring of 1882; and upon other species of the same region. (Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vi, Jan. 12, 1884, pp. 365-367.) * On the occurrence of the striped bass in the Lower Mississippi Valley. (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vii, Aug. 20, 1884, pp. 242-244.) Description of a new species of whitefish (Coregonus nelsonii) from Alaska. : (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vii, June 3, 1884, p.48. Plate i.) Descriptions of Physiculus fulvus and Lotella maxillaris, new species of fishes collected in 1881 by the United States Fish Commission. (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vii, Aug. 5, 1884, pp. 240-242.) The white fishes of North America. (Report American Fish Cultural Association, 1884, pp. 32-39.) Notes on some Florida fishes (with G. Brown Goode). (Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vii, June 3, 1884, pp. 42-47.) TARLETON HOFFMAN BEAN anp HERMAN GEORGE DRESEL. A catalogue of fishes received from the Public Museum of the Institute of Jamaica, with descriptions of Pristipoma approximans and Tylo- surus euryops, two new species. (Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vii, July, 8, 1884, pp. 151-170.) CHARLES BENDIRE, U. S. Army. A list of birds the eggs of which are wanted to complete the series m the National Museum, with instructions for collecting eggs. (Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vii, 1884, pp. 613-616. ) Also published as Museum Circular No, 30, 348 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884. ALONZO HOWARD CLARK. Great International Fisheries Exhibition. London, 1883. United States of America. K.—Catalogue of fishery products, and of the appa- ratus used in their preparation. By A. Howard Clark, assistant in the Department of Art and Industry, United States National Museum. Washington: Government Printing Office. 1884. 8vo. pp. 1-124. (1031-1154.) Notes on the fisheries of Gloucester, Mass. (Bull. U. S. Fish Com., iv, 1884, pp. 401-410.) FRANK WIGGLESWORTH CLARKE. Plan for a collection of gems and precious stones, to be exhibited at the Cincinnati Industrial Exposition and the World’s Industrial and Cotton Centennial Exposition of 1884-1885 at New Orleans. (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vii. 1884, pp. 575-576.) Also published as Museum Circular No. 26. Appletons’ Science Text-Books. The elements of chemistry. By F.. W. Clarke, chemist of the United States Geological Survey. New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1, 3, and 5 Bond Street. 1884. 8vo. (x.) pp. 1-369. 53 figures. FRANK WIGGLESWORTH CLARKE AND THOMAS MAREAN CHATARD. Department of the Interior. Bulletin of the United States Geological - Survey, No. 9. A report of work done in the Washington Labo- ratory during the fiscal year 1883~84. Washington: Government Printing Office. 1884. 8vo. pp. 1-40. Mineralogical notes from the laboratory of the U.S. Geological Survey. (Amer. Journ. Science and Arts, July, 1884, p. 20.) JOSEPH WILLIAM COLLINS. Great International Fisheries Exhibition. London,1883. United States of America. I.—Catalogue of the collection illustrating the fishing- vessels and boats and their equipment, the economic condition of fishermen, anglers’ outfits, &c. By Captain J. W. Collins, assistant U.S. Fish Commission. Washington: Government Printing Office 1884. 8vo. pp. 1-179. (645-823.) Report of a trip of exploration on the Chesapeake Bay, made in the spring of 1882 by the steamer ‘‘ Fish Hawk,” Lieut. Z. L. Tanner, commanding. (Report U. 8S. Fish Com., iv, 1884, pp. 1035-1038.) Notes on the habits and methods of capture of various species of sea birds that occur on the fishing banks off the eastern coast of North America, and which are used as bait for catching codfish by New England fishermen. (Report U. S. Fish Com., iv, 1884, pp. 311-338. Plate i.) BIBLIOGRAPHY OF U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM. 349 History of the tile fish. (Report U. 8. Fish Com., iv, 1884, pp. 237-2944. Plates i-ii.) Movements of mackerel in winter. (Bull. U. S. Fish, Com., iv, 1884, p. 15.) A large squid. (Bull. U.S. Fish. Com., iv, 1884, p. 15.) A search for mackerel off Block Island, Montauk, and Sandy Hook in November, 1883. | (Bull. U.S. Fish. Com., iv, 1884, pp. 49-51.) Some observations on the cod gill-net fisheries and on preservatives for nets. ° (Bull. U.S. Fish. Com., iv, 1884, pp. 58-59.) Inauguration of the frozen herring trade. (Bull. U.S. Fish. Com., iv, 1884, pp. 81-83.) What codfish sometimes swallow. (Bull. U.S. Fish. Com., iv, 1884, p. 175.) Loss of life and property in the Gloucester fisheries. (Bull. U.S. Fish. Com., iv, 1884, pp. 180-181.) An adventure with a whale in the River Tay, Scotland. (Bull. U. 8. Fish. Com., iv, 1884, pp. 213-217.) On the occurrence of corals on the Grand Banks. (Bull. U. S. Fish. Com., iv, 1884, p. 237.) Note on the destruction of mackerel by dogfish. (Bull. U.S. Fish. Com., iv, 1884, p. 248.) . On the scarcity of mackerel in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. (Bull. U.S. Fish. Com., iv, 1884, pp. 427-430. ) On the scarcity of mackerel in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. ; (Bull. U.S. Fish. Com., iv, 1884, pp. 435-438.) On the abundance of halibut near Iceland. (Bull. U.S. Fish. Com., iv, 1884, pp. 463-464. ) Notes on certain Laridz and Procellariide of the New England coast. (The Auk, i, July, 1884, pp. 236-238. ) Our fishing vessels. e (Cape Ann Bulletin, January 9, 1884.) Greater safety for our fishermen. (Cape Ann Bulletin, January 16, 1884.) The new fishing model; practical illustrations of the latest ideas in building vessels for the fisheries. (Cape Ann Advertiser, November 7, 1884.) . Halibut on the coast of Norway. (Cape Aun Bulletin, December 6, 1884.) Result of the introduction of gill-nets into the American cod fisheries, (Report American Fish Cultural Association, 1884, pp. 212-228.) 350 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884. WILLIAM HEALEY DALL. Notes on fishing products exported from San Francisco, Cal., during the year 1883. (Bull. U.S. Fish. Com., iv, 1884, pp. 125-128. ) On the constitution of some appendages of the mollusca. (American Naturalist, xviii (No. 8, Aug. 1884), pp. 776-778.) Report on the mollusca of the Commander Islands, Bering Sea, col- lected by Leonhard Stejneger in 1882 and 1883. (Proce. U.S. Nat. Mus., vii, Sept. 4, 1884, pp. 340-349. ries ii, figs. 1, 2,3, 4, 5.) A new voleano island in Alaska. (Science, iii (No. 51, Jan. 25, 1884), pp. 89-93.) The false prophet of the Sudan. Review. (Science, iii (No. 54, Feb. 15, 1884), pp. 199-200.) A woman’s journey to the Karakorum Valley. Review. (Science, iii (No. 55, Feb, 22, 1884), pp. 228-229. ) Recent work on brachiopods. Review. (Science, iii (No. 58, Mar. 14, 1884), p. 325.) The state of exploration in Africa. Review. (Science, iii (No. 61, April 4, 1884), pp. 413-415. ) Tryon’s conchology. Review. (Science, iii (No. 67, May 16, 1884), p. 601.) Journey of Lessar to Seraks. Review. (Science, iii (No. 68, May 23, 1884), pp. 628-629. ) Invertebrates of the Walisman expedition. Review. (Science, iii (No. 69, May 30, 1884), pp. 657-658. ) Thouar and Crevaux. Review. (Science, iii (No. 69, May 30, 1884), pp. 660-661.) A new classification of the mollusca. (Science, iii (No. 71, June 13, 1884), pp. 730-732.) Review of the article on mollusca, by Prof. E. Ray Lankester, in Encyclo- pedia Britannica, xvi, p. 632, et seg.,1884. See also Science, No. 81, pp. 143- 144; No. 87, pp. 334-335; and,No. 88, p. 351. Headwaters of the Atna or Copper River. Review. (Science, iii (No. 73, June 27, 1884), p: 779.) A remarkable new type of mollusks. (Science, iv (No. 76, July 18, 1884), pp. 50-51.) Describes Chlamydoconcha Orcutti Dall, a type of new family, genus, and spe- cies from California, from specimens in the U.S. National Museum and Acad- emy of Sciences, Philadelphia. The new Bogosloff volcano. Review. (Science, iv (No. 80, Aug. 15, 1884), pp. 138-139. ) The international polar stations. Review. (Science, iv (No. 89, Oct. 17, 1884), pp. 370-372, 1 map.) i BIBLIOGRAPHY OF U. 8. NATIONAL MUSEUM. 351 Kafiristan. Review. (Science, iv (No. 90, Oct, 24, 1884), pp. 404-4085. ) A Musselman propaganda. Review. (Science, iv (No. 93, Nov. 14, 1884), pp. 457-459. ) Late news from the northwest. Review. (Science, iv (No. 94, Novy. 21, 1884), pp. 474-475.) Exploration of the Kowak River. Review. (Science, iv (No. 98, Dec. 19, 1884), pp. 551-554. ) Pre-Historic America, by the Marquis de Nadaillac. Translated by N. D’Anvers. Edited by W.H. Dall. With 219 illustrations. New York and London. G. P. Putnam’s Sons. The Knickerbocker Press. 1884. Royal 8vo. pp. x; 566. On masks, labrets, and certain aboriginal customs, with an inquiry into the bearing of their geographical distribution. Printed as a separate, and intended for Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology for 1882. 8vo. pp. 67-200. Plates v-xxix. United States Coast and Geodetic Survey. J. E. Hilgard, Superin- tendent. Pacific Coast Pilot. Alaska. PartI. Price $2. Wash- ington: Government Printing Office. 1883. pp. i-x; 1-333. Sm. fol.; 16 charts; 13 plates. This embraces the coast of Alaska from Dixon entrance to Yakutat Bay with the Inland Passage. Although this work was published in 1883, it was not issued until 1884. FREDERIC PERKINS DEWEY, A biographical sketch of the late Dr. George Wesson Hawes. (Report, Smithsonian Institution 1882 (1884), pp. 35-38.) Chemical examination. (Report on the Building Stones of the United States and Statistics of the Quarry, Industry for 1880; Publications of the Tenth Census; Vol. x; Chap- ter iii, pp. 30-32.) Gives the application of Thoulet’s method for the examination of rocks by means ef the heavy Iodide of Potassium and Iodide of Mercury solution to building stones, also the method used for the examination of the group of carbonates. Plan to illustrate the mineral resources of the United States, and their utilization, at the World’s Industrial and Cotton Centennial Expo- sition of 1884-1885, at New Orleans. (Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vii, 1884, pp. 617-624.) Also published as Museum Circular No. 31. HERMAN GEORGE DRESEL. Notes on some Greenland fishes. (Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vii, Aug. 20, 1884, pp. 244-258.) [See also under TARLETON HOFFMAN BEAN. ] 352 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884. ROBERT EDWARD EARLL. Great International Fisheries Exhibition. London, 1883. United States of America. J.—Catalogue of the apparatus for the capture of fish exhibited by the United States National Museum. By R. Edward Earll, curator of the Fisheries Collections, U. 8S. National Museum, and assistant, U. S. Fish Commission. Washington: Government Printing Office. 1884. 8vo. pp. 1-206 (825-1030). Great International Fisheries Exhibition. London, 1883. United States of America. L.—Catalogue of the Fish-Cultural Exhibit of the United States Fish Commission. By R. Edward Earll, curator of the Fisheries Collections, U. 8S. National Museum, and assistant, U.S. Fish Commission. Washington: Government Printing Office. 1884. 8vo. pp. 1-95 (1155-1249). Hatching blackfish and Spanish mackerel. (Bull. U. S. Fish. Com., iv, 1884, pp. 415-416.) GEORGE BROWN GOODE. Report of the Assistant Director of the United States National Museum for 1882. (Smithsonian Report, 1882 (1884), pp. 119-263.) Department of the Interior, U.S. National Museum. Bulletin of the United States National Museum. No. 27. Descriptive catalogues constituting a report upon the exhibit of the fisheries and fish cul- ture of the United States of America, made at the London Fisheries Exhibition, 1883. Prepared under the direction of G. Brown Goode, U. S. Commissioner, and a staff of associates. Washing- ton: Government Printing Office. 1884. 8vo. pp.1-1279. )S. 1. series No. 511.) Fishery treaties. (Cyclopedia of Political Economy, iii, 1884, pp. 941-944.) The aims and limitations of modern fish-culture. | (Science, iii (No. 54, February 15, 1884), p. 208.) fe The oyster industry. (Encyclopedia Britannica, 9th edition, vol. xviii, pp. 107-110.) The discussion by the American Ornithologists Union of the system of zoological nomenclature. (Science, iii (No. 56, February 29, 1884), pp. 241-242.) The exploring voyage of H. M. 8. Challenger. (Science, iii (No. 66, May 9, 1884), p. 576, iv (No. 79, August 8, 1884), p. 116, iv (No. 82, August 29, 1884), p. 176.) The invention of the vertical camera in photography. (Science, iii (No. 70, June 6, 1884), p. 672.) Professor Gill on the assumptions of museum keepers. (Science, iii (No. 71, June 13, 1884), p. 703.) BIBLIOGRAPHY OF U. 8. NATIONAL MUSEUM. 353 On the oyster industry. (Science, i1i (No. 71, June 13, 1884), p. 720.) Abstract. The oyster industry of the world. (Bull. U. 8. Fish Com., iv, 1884, pp. 468-469; Report American Fish Cul- tural Association, 1884, pp. 146-148.) GEORGE BROWN GOODE AND TARLETON H. BEAN. Notes on some Florida fishes. (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vii, June 3, 1884, pp. 42-47.) GEORGE BROWN GOODE AND JOHN MATTHEW JONES. Department of the Interior, U. 8. National Museum. Bulletin of the United States National Museum. No. 25. Contributions to the natural history of the Bermudas. Volumel. Edited by J. Matthew Jones and George Brown Goode. Washington: Government Print- ing Office. 1884. 8vo. pp. xxiii; 1-353. S. I. Series No.. 495. ROMYN HITCHCOCK. Plan of a collection to illustrate the textile industries of the United States to be exhibited at the World’s Industrial and Cotton Cen- tennial Exposition of 1884-1885 at New Orleans. (Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vii, 1884, pp. 557-572.) Also published as Museum Circular No. 24. WILLIAM TELL HORNADAY, Common faults in the mounting of quadrupeds. (Third Annual Report Society of American Taxidermists, 1884, pp. 67-71.) A critical statement of the most universal, glaring, and reprehensible faults of mammal taxidermists, as shown by their work. Brief directions for removing and preserving the skins of mammals. (Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vi. 1883 (1884), pp. 485-491. Four illustrations. ) Also published as Museum Circular No. 22. FREDERIC AUGUSTUS LUCAS. On the mounting of crustaceans. (Third Annual Report Society of American Taxidermists, 1884, pp. 74-77.) On the mounting of turtles. (Third Annual Report Society of American Taxidermists, 1884, pp. 84-90. Two diagrams. ) JOHN BELKNAP MARCOU. A review of the progress of North American invertebrate paleontology for 1883. (American Naturalist, April, 1884, pp. 385-392.) 8. Mis. 33, pt. 2 23 354 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884. JOHN BELKNAP MARCOU [JULES MARCOU AND]. United States Geological Survey, J. W. Powell, director. Mapoteca Geologica Americana. A catalogue of geological maps of America (North and South), 1752-1881. In geographic and chronologic order. By Jules Marcou and John Belknap Marcou. Washington: Government Printing Office. 1884. 8vo. pp. 1-184. This work is published as Bulletin No. 7 of the U. 8. Geological Survey. OTIS TUFTON MASON. —583. An account of the progress in anthropology in the year 1883. By Prof. Otis T. Mason. [From the Smithsonian Report for 1883. — Washington: Government Printing Office. 1884. 8vo. pp. 1-43. z Separate: also in Smithsonian Report for 1883. - Fuegian ethnology. (American Naturalist, xviii, 1884, p. 99.) The Atlantis. (American Naturalist, xviii, 1884, p. 99.) British anthropology. (American Naturalist, xviii, 1884, p. 216.) Weather proverbs. (American Naturalist, xviii, 1884, p. 319.) The Anthropological Society of Washington. (American Naturalist, xviii, 1884, p. 321.) The folk-lore of Shakespeare. (American Naturalist, xviii, 1884, p. 443.) The British Anthropometric Committee. (American Naturalist, xviii, 1884, p. 646.) Anthropology at the National Capital. (American Naturalist, xviii, 1884, p. 648.) The mound-builders. (American Naturalist, xviii, 1884, p. 745.) Uniform craniometry. . (American Naturalist, xviii, 1884, p. 839.) Ethnology of British Guiana. (American Naturalist, xviii, 1884, p. 840.) Bureau of Ethnology. (American Natusalist, xviii, 1884, p. 952.) Peabody Museum. (American Naturalist, xviii, 1884, p. 956.) BIBLIOGRAPHY OF U. 8S. NATIONAL MUSEUM. 355 Anthropology in France. (American Naturalist, xviii, 1884, p. 1065.) Physiological inquiries. (American Naturalist, xviii, 1884, p. 1067.) The Health Report of Washington. (American Naturalist, xviii, 1884, p. 1171.) The Indian Office Report. (American Naturalist, xviii, 1884, p. 1172.) GEORGE PERKINS MERRILL. On Prochlorite from the District of Columbia. (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vii, June 11, 1884, p. 67.) Hernblende andesite from the new Bogosloff volcano. (Science, iv (No. 97, Dec. 12, 1884.), p. 524.) Notes on the character of the rock formation in the vicinity of Auburn, Maine. (Report Maine State College, for 1884.) Read before the Scientific Society of the Maine State College, April, 1884. The origin of soils. (Prairie Farmer, Aug. 2, 1884, p. 489.) Microscopic structure. (Report on the building stones of the United States, and statistics of the quarry in- dustry, for 1880. Publicationsof Tenth Census, vol. x; chapter ii, pp. 15-29. 18 plates.) Preliminary plan for a collection of the building and ornamental stones and rocks of the United States, to be exhibited at the World’s In- dustrial and Cotton Centennial Exposition of 1884~85, at New Or- leans. | (Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vii, 1884, pp. 573-574.) Also published as Museum Circular No. 25. RICHARD RATHBUN. Annotated list of the described species of Parasitic Copepoda, (Siphono- stoma) from American waters, contained in the United States Na- tional Museum. (Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vii, Sept. 27, 1484, pp. 483-492.) Twenty-six species previously described by American and European au- thorities are recorded from specimens now in the Museum. Nine are recent additions to the fanna of North America. Most of the species were obtained from the New England coast by the U. S. Fish Commission, but several are from other regions, including Alaska. The paper is in the form of a record of specimens, complete data being given with reference to each entry of specimens, But few notes are added, | 356 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884. Notes on the decrease of lobsters. (Trans. Amer. Fish Cult. Assoc., 1884, pp. 201-208; Bull. U. S. Fish Com., iv, 1884, pp. 421-426; Forest and Stream, xxiii, No.5, August 28, 1884, p. 89.) A paper read at the thirteenth annual meeting of the American Fish Cul- tural Association, held in the U. S. National Museum, Washington, D. C., May 13-15, 1884, and based upon the returns of the Fishery Census of 1880. The American initiative in methods of deep-sea dredging. (Science iv (No. 76, July 18, 1884), pp. 54-57.) A brief historical sketch of deep-sea investigations by Americans, with special reference to improvements made in appliances for deep-sea dredging. American appliances for deep-sea investigation. (Science, iv (No. 81, Aug. 22, 1884), pp. 146-151; Science, iv (No. 84, Sept. 12, 1884), pp. 225-229 ; Science, iv (No. 90, Oct. 24, 1884), pp. 400-404.) Brief descriptions, with illustrations of the deep-sea appliances for dredg- © ing now in use by American explorers, and mainly devised or improved by members of the U. 8. Fish Commission and U.S. Coast Survey. The paper is divided into the following subjects: The dredges; trawls and tangles; wire- dredge rope, sieves, &c. CHARLES RAU. Extrait des Annales du Musée Guimet. Tome x. La Stéle de Pa- lenqué* du Musée National des Etats-Unis, 4 Washington, par le Dr. Charles Rau. Traduit de PAnglais avec Autorisation de l’Au- teur. Lyon Imprimerie Pitrat Ainé, 4, rue Gentil, 4, 1884. Small quarto. pp. 1-103. 5 plates. 14 figures. Les Statuettes contrefaites du Mont Pisgah. Review. - (Revue @’Ethnographie, iii, No. 1, Paris, 1884, p. 89.) Circular relative to Coutributions of Aboriginal Antiquities to the United States National Museum. (Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus. vi, 1883 (1884), pp. 479-483. ) Printed in 1883 as Circular 21, U. 8. National Museum. Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge. 509. Prehistoric Fishing’ in Europe and North America. By Charles Rau. Washington City: Published by the Smithsonian Institution. 1884. 4to. i-xvili; pp. 342. 406 illustrations. ROBERT RIDGWAY. Note on Zenaidura yucatanensis, Lawr. (The Auk, i, Jan., 1884, p. 96.) Critical remarks on the type specimen in the collection of the U. 8S. National Museum. *This work was also published in Spanish in 1880 under the title “‘Tablero del Palenque en el Museo Nacional de los Estados-Unidos,” as No. 3, vol. iii of the “An- ales del Museo Nacional de Mexico,” BIBLIOGRAPHY OF U. 8. NATIONAL MUSEUM. 357 Note on Phalacrocorax violaceus and P. violaceus resplendens. (The Auk, i, April, 1884, p. 165.) Appended to an article by N. 8S. Goss. Ortyx virginianus not in Arizona. (Forest and Stream, xxii (No. 7, March 13, 1884), p. 124.) In reference to the asserted occurrence of O. virginianus near Tucson, Ari- zona. The species eventually proved, as suggested in the article above cited, to be O. graysoni, Lawr. Southern limit of quail and grouse. (Forest and Stream, xxii (No. 13, April 24, 1884), p. 243.) Correcting an error in an article in thg preceding number, accrediting the Virginian Partridge, Ortyx virginianus, and Ruffed Grouse, Bonasa umbellus, to Costa Rica; the species meant being Ortyx leylandi and Dendrortyx macrurus. Remarks on two birds usually referred to the genus Parula, but which appear to be generically distinct, and for which the generic term Orcothlypis is proposed. (The Auk, i, April, 1884, p. 169.) Incorporated with Dr. Stejneger’s ‘‘Analecta Ornithologica,” No. iii. On a collection of Birds from Nicaragua, by Charles C. Nutting, and edited by R. Ridgway. On some Costa Rican Birds, with descriptions of several supposed new species. (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vi, 1883, April 11, 1884, pp. 410-415.) Carpodectes antoniw, Zeledon (redescribed) ; Vireo carmioli, Baird? ; Phenico- thraupis carmioli, Lawr.; Tachyphonus nitidissimus, Salv.; T. luctuosus, Lafr. and D’Orb.; Chlorospingus pileatus, Salv.; Lanio melanopygius, Ridgw., sp. nov.; Empidonax atriceps, Salv.; E. viridescens, Ridgw., sp. noyv.; Pittasoma michleri zeledoni, Ridgw., subsp. nov.; Acanthidops bairdi, Zeledon. A new generic name—Chlorothraupis, proposed for ‘‘ Phenicothraupis” carmioli, Lawr. In addition to the species mentioned above, a list is given of 18 other species, with localities and dates, and of 5 species obtained from Dr. Van Patten, 4 of which were new to Costa Rica. Remarks upon the close relationship between the white and scarlet Ibises (Lndocimus albys and H. ruber). (The Auk, i, July, 1884, pp. 239-240.) Note on Astur atricapillus striatulus. (The Auk, i, July, 1884, pp. 252-253.) On the possible specific identity of Buteo cooperi, Cass., with B. harlani, Aud. . (The Auk, i, July, 1884, pp. 253-954.) Probable breeding of the Red Crossbill, Lovia curvirostra americana, in Central Maryland. (The Auk, i, July, 1884, p. 292.) The probable breeding-place of Passerculus princeps. (The Auk, i, July, 1884, p. 292.) 358 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884. Another Kirtland’s Warbler from Michigan. (The Auk, i, July, 1884, p. 389.) On a new Carpodectes from Southwestern Costa Rica. (The Ibis, fifth series, ii (No. 5, Jan., 1884), p. 27. One plate.) - Notes on three Guatemalan birds. (The Ibis, fifth series, ii (No. 5, Jan., 1884), pp. 43-45.) . Chrysomitris atriceps, Salv., Ammodromus petenicus, Salv., and Spizella pineto- rum, Salv. Note on Selasphorus torridus, Salvin. (Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vii, June 3, 1884, p. 14.) On Melanetta fusca (Linn.) in Alaska. (Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., yii, June 11, 1884, p. 68.) Description of a new Snow Bunting from Alaska. (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vii, June 11, 1884, pp. 68-70.) Plectrophenax hyperboreus ; McKay’s Snow Bunting. On a collection of birds made by Messrs. J. E. Benedict and W. Nye, of the United States Fish Commission steamer Albatross. (Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vii, July 29, 1884, pp. 172-180.) New species described are as follows: From the island of Curagao: (1) Mimus gilvus rostratus, (2) Dendroica rufopileata, (3) Icterus cuwrasoénsis, (4) Zenaida vinaceo-rufa. From the island of Old Providence, Caribbean Sea: (5) Certhiola tricolor, (6) Vireosylvia grandior, (7) Vireo approximans, (8) —— cinerascens. Description of a new species of Field Sparrow from New Mexico. (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vii, Aug. 22, 1884, p. 259.) Spizella worthent. Deseription of a new species of Coot from the West Indies. (Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vii, Sept. 17,1884, p. 358.) Fulica caribwa; islands of Guadeloupe and Saint Johns, Lesser Antilles. Account of exhibit of the Department of Birds in course of prepara- tion for the New Orleans Exposition. , (The Auk, i, Oct., 1884, p. 403.) A general statement of the condition, extent, &c., of the bird collections of the National Museum. (The Auk, i, Oct., 1884, pp. 403-404. ) Notes on some Japanese birds related to North American species. (Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vi, 1884, pp. 368-371.) The bird collection of the National Museum. (Science, iv (No. 95, Nov. 28, 1884), pp. 496-497.) A general account of the origin, extent, arrangement, purpose, and condi- tion of the collection. [See also under SPENCER FULLERTON BAIRD. ] BIBLIOGRAPHY OF U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM. 359 CHARLES VALENTINE RILEY. Recent outbreaks of the Army-worm. (Rural New Yorker, 43, Jan. 12, 1884, p. 19.) Rare occurrence of Leucania wnipuncta in 1882 and 1883, following its last abundant occurrence in 1881; occurrence of the larvew at East Windsor, Vt., in June, 1883. Recent advances in economic entomology. (Proc. Philos. Soc, Wash., vii, 1884, pp. 10-12.) Separate, without title-page [Wash., 1884], pp. 10-12. 8vo. Abstract of communication made to Philosophical Society of Washington, February 2, 1884; characteristics of economic entomology as a science, and difficulties of its prosecution ; wention of chief insecticide substances, and discussion of their applicability; notice of recent progress in mechanical appliances. Tribute to the memory of John Lawrence Leconte. (Psyche, 4, Nov.—Dec., 1883 [Feb. 11. 1884], pp. 107-110.) Separate : without title-page [Cambridge, Mass., Feb., 11, 1884], pp. 107- 110. 8vo. Notice. Psyche, wt cit., p. 119. Biographical notice of J. L. Leconte, b. May 138, 1825, d. Nov., 15, 1883; amount, character, and importance of Leconte’s work and writings; his per- sonal character; his relations with G. H. Horn; disposition of his entomo- logical collection. General truths in applied entomology. Essay. (Trans. Georgia State Agric. Soc., 1884, pp. 153-159. ) General truths in applied Entomology; being a paper read before the Georgia State Agricultural Society, at Savannah, Ga., February 12, 1884, by Charles V. Riley, Ph. D., United States Entomologist. Extracted from the Transactions of Georgia State Agricultural Society, 1884. With title-page and cover: pp. 153-159. 8vo. Importance of insects and of the study of economic entomology ; causes of the destructive prevalence and amount of the ravages of insects in Nortia America; complicated nature of the problem which the economic entomolo- gist has to solve; mention of the principal inseeticide substances in use now and formerly ; special availability of several of these substances for certain purposes ; transcendent importance of arsenical substances (arsenic, Paris green and London purple), petroleum and pyrethrum for insecticide purposes; methods of preparation and use of these latter substances; specific action of pyrethrum powder, its effect on higher animals, and probable use in medicine and as a disinfectant; petroleum emulsions against Phyloxera vastatriz; mechanical devices for spraying liquid insecticides. The Army-worm, Leucania unipuncta, Haw. (3d Rep. U.S. Entom. Com., 1883 [March 1884], pp. 89-156, pl. 1-2; expl, of pl. on p. 2 of expl. of pl.) The Army-worm; being an account of its history and injuries in the United States up to the year 1883, with practical recommendations, Author’s edition. (Extracted from the Third Report of the United States Entomological Com- mission, 1883. Washington, March, 1884, pp. 89-156, pl. 1-2. 8 vo.) 360 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884. The army Worm, Leucania unipuncta Haw. Advance reprint: (Rep. [U. S.] Commiss. Agric. for 1881 and 1882 [Jan., 1883. ]) (Riley, C. V., Rep. of the Entomologist [Dec.], 1882, p. 89-106 [29-46. ]) Chapter 6 of 3d Report of U. S. Entomological Commission. Various sig- nificances of the term ‘‘ army-worm;” synonomy, geographical distribution, tavages, seasons, food-plants, enemies and parasites of and means against Leucania unipuncia ; past history of this insect in detail; detailed descriptions of eggs, larve (at all stages), pupa, and imago; sexual differences in imagos; figures of egg, larva, pupa, and imago, and of several parasites and enemies; detailed accounts of habits; periods, prolificacy, oviposition, hibernation, and number of broods yearly ; causes of sudden appearance and disappearanee ; bibliography of the literature concerning Leucania unipuncta. Canker-worms. (3d Rep. U. 8. Entom. Com., 1883 [March, 1884], pp. 157-197, pl.3; expl. of pl. on p. 2 of expl. of pl.) Canker worms; being an account of the two species injurious to fruit and shade trees, with practical suggestions. Author’s edition. (Extracted from the Third Report of the United States Entomological Com- mission, 1883.” [Washington, 1884], pp. 157-198, pl. 3. 8vo.) Chapter 7 of 3d Report of U.S. Entomological Commission. Systematic position and general characteristics of Paleacrita vernata and Anisopteryx pome- taria ; nomenclature and synonomy, past history, geographical distribution, seasons, habits, food-plants, enemies, parasites and ravages of and means against these two species, with detailed tabular and comparative descriptions, and with figures of eggs, larve, pupx, imagos, and details for their discrim- ination. Oviposition of the Round-headed Apple-tree borer. (Rural New Yorker, 43, March 1, 1884, p. 132, ? fig. 73.) Notice of C. G. Atkins’ ‘‘ Eggs of Round-headed Apple-tree borer” (op. cit., January 12, 1884, p. 19), confirming Atkins’ account of the method of oviposi- tion of Saperda bivitiata, and describing this method, referring to and quoting from author’s ‘‘ New facts about the round-headed apple-tree borer” (N. Y. Weekly Tribune, February 20, 1878), in which the explanation of this method was first published, and correcting several statements in Wm. Saunders’ “ In- sects injurious to fruits, * * * 1883,” in regard to the oviposition of dif- ferent insects; description and figure of egg of S. bivittata; figures of the burrows and hole of exit of this beetle, and figures of the pupa and of the position of the egg when deposited. The Chinch-bug. (Another entomologist expresses his views regarding the farmers’ pest.) (Watertown (N. Y.) Daily Times, March 27, 1884.) Notice of articles by J. A. Lintner on the occurrence of Blissus leucopterus in New York State, in unusual abundance, in 1882 and 1883; this occurrence not regarded as warrant for great alarm ; recommendations of means against this insect. A root-infesting insect. (Rural New Yorker, 43, April 5, 1884, p. 221.) Inquiry from H. P., of Archer, Fla,, with answer ; roots of several plants injured by nematodes of the genus Anguillula ; incomplete life-history of and suggestion of means against these worms. BIBLIOGRAPHY OF U. 8. NATIONAL MUSEUM. 361 Notes on North American Psyllide. (Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., ii, 1882-1884, pp. 67-79.) Printed as separate, with same title. Washington, April 10, 1884, Notice of earlier studies of European and North American Psyllid@; list of the 18 nominal species of Psyllide hitherto described from North America; systematic and synonymical list of the same; descriptions of Pachypsylla, n. g. (psylline) and of its three known species—P. venusta, P. celtidis-mamma, and P. (Blastophysa [new subgenus]) celtidis-gemma,n. sp.; dichotomic table of these three species of Pachypsylla; descriptions of Ceropsylla, n. g. (triozine), C. sideroxyli, n. sp., Rhinopsylla, n.'g. (triozine), and Rh. schwarzii, n. sp. The Silk Industry in the United States. (Science, iii [No. 57, March 7, 1884], pp. 290-292.) Review of Wm. C. Wyckoff’s ‘“‘Silk manufacture in the United States” [not seen]; early history and present status of silk-culture in North America; criticism of Wyckoff’s estimates of the amount of silk raised in early times; respective relations of silk-culture and silk manufacture to questions of free trade and protection in the United States. ‘Remarks on the Bag-worm: Thryidopteryx ephemereformis. (To be published in Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 2, 1882-1884 (April, 1884), pp. 80- 83, figs. 1-3.) Printed as separate. Washington, April 10, 1884. Explanation of the more important and less known facts in relation to the life-history of Thryidopteryx ephemereformis, especially in reference to the act of coition and the occurrence of parthenogenesis; figures of the insect in all stages and of the external male genitalia. Introduction. (U.S. Department of Agriculture, Division of Entomol- ogy.) Reports of observations. [Bulletin, No. 4.] Washington, May 3, 1884, pp. 7-8. Notices of the several reports of agents of the Division of Entomology of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, published in Bulletin No. 4 of that division. Acronycta betula, n. sp. (Bull. Brooklyn Entom. Soc.,7, May, 1884, pp. 2-3, fig. —. ) Describes Acronycta betula, n. sp., reared from Betula nigra; seasons and habits of larva; comparison with related species. Quelques mots sur les insecticides aux Etats-Unis, et proposition d’un nouveau reméde contre le Phylloxera. (Communication faite & la Société d’Agriculture de ’Hérault a la séance du 30 juin 1884. Montpellier, 1884. pp.1-8. 8vo.) Address made at meeting of Société d’Agriculture de ’Hérault, at-Mont- pellier, France, June 30, 1884. Resistant vines better than the best insecti- cides as a means against Phylloxera vastatric ; mention of priacipal insecticides in use in America, especially arsenical substances, petroleum, and pyrethram, the modern improved use of which the author introduced; method of action and mode of application of these insecticides, especially application by the cyclone nozzle, and the subterranean application of kerosene emulsion as a means against Ph. vastatrix; believes tobacco vapor, under favorable condi- tions, would kill this insect. 362 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884. ‘Riley a Montpellier,” With editorial introduction, discussion, and an account of a banquet in honor of Mr. Riley, which followed. (Messager du Midi, tome v, July 10, 1884, pp. 255-265. ) The Psyllide of the United States. (Proc. Amer. Assoc. Advance. Sci., xxxii (1883), 1884 Riley, C. V. The psyl- lid of the United States [Salem, Mass. ], July, 1884, p. 319.) Abstract of communication made to American Association for the Advance- ment of Science at its Minneapolis meeting, August, 1883; characteristic and economic importance of Psyllidw; status of the present knowledge of this family in United States; list of the new genera and species described in the communication, with statement of the food-plants of these species; charac- teristics of the eggs and young of Psy/lide. Some recent discoveries in reference to Phylloxera. (Proc. Amer. Assoc. Advance. Sci., xxxii, 1883 (1884). (RitEy, C. V. The Psyllide of the United States [Salem, Mass.], July, 1884), p. 320.) Abstract of communication made to American Association for the Advance- ment of Science, at its Minneapolis meeting, August, 1883 ; interest attaching to a knowledge of the life history of insects of the genus Phylloxera ; imper- fectness of this knowledge; degree to which it has attained; character of gall and location of impregnated egg of Ph. spinosa. Improved method of spraying trees for protection against insects. (Proc. Amer. Assoc, Advane. Sci., xxxii, 1883 (1884), pp. 466-467.) Abstract of communication made to American Association for the Advance- ment of Science at its Minneapolis meeting, August, 1883; brief description of apparatus, especially of ‘‘ cyclone nozzle” and adjustable hose, devised for spraying trees with various insecticides; mention of insecticide substances used. The Psyllide of the United States. (Proc. Amer, Assoc. Advance. Sci., xxxii, August, 1883; Minneapolis meeting (July 1884), pp. 319-320, 466-467. 8vo.) Separate of papers published by author in Proceedings of American Asyoci- ation for the Advancement of Science, xxxii, 1883 (1884), with following titles: The Psyllidew of the United States, p. 319.—Some recent discoveries in refer- ence to Phylloxera, p. 320.—Improved method of spraying trees for protection against insects, pp. 466-467. A new insect injurious to wheat. (Bull. Brooklyn Entom. Soc., vii, December, 1884, pp. 111-112.) Separate [Brooklyn, N. Y., December, 1884], p. 111. 8vo. Describes larva, pupa, and female imago of Jsosoma grande [ “grandis Err.” ] n. sp., reared from wheat stems in Indiana. Report by C. V. Riley. (Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vi, July 27, 1883 (1884), pp. 104-105. ) Review of F. Humbert’s ‘‘ Lucilia macellaria infesting man” (op. cit., pp. 103-104); identification of the insect mentioned in that article, with refer- ence to other mentions of it, and remarks on its geographical distribution and means against it. BIBLIOGRAPHY OF U. 8. NATIONAL MUSEUM. 363 Insects in relation to agriculture. (Encyclopedia Britannica, Amer. ed., 1884 [not seen], pp. 135-142, figs. 1-29. ) Chapter 9 of article ‘‘Agriculture.” Brief accounts, with numerous illustra- tions, of the insects named below, and of means against them, with cross-refer- ences to accounts of other insects in other portions of the work. The headings and subjects of the sub-chapters are as follows: IMPORTANCE OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY, p. 135.—InsEcYs InsuRIOUs TO FRUIT AND FRUIT-TREES.— Apple cureulio (The), Anthonomus quadrigibbus, Say, p. 135, fig. 1.—Apple- maggot (The), or “‘railroad-worm,” Trypeta pomonella, Walsh., p. 135.—White- marked tussock-moth (The), Orgyia leucostigma, Sm. and Abb., pp. 135-136, fig. 2.—Apple-tree tent-caterpillar (The), Clisiocampa americana, Harr., p. 136, figs, 3-4.—Fall webb-worm (The), Hyphantria texrtor, Harr., p. i36, fig. 5.—Oyster- shell bark-louse of the Apple (The), Mytilaspis promicorticis, Riley, pp. 136- 137, fig.6.—Round-headed Apple-tree borer (The), Saperda binittata, Say, p. - 137, fig. 7.—Flat-headed Apple-tree borer (The), Chrysobothris femorata, Fabr., p. 137.—Spring Canker-worm (The), Paleacrita vernata, Peck, p. 187, figs. 8-9.— Fall Canker-worm (The), Anisopteryx pometaria, Harris, p. 137, figs. 10-11.— Peach-tree borer (The), Ageria exitiosa, Say, pp. 1387-133, fig. 12.—Currant- stalk borer (The), geria tipuliformis, L., p.138.—Imported currant-worm (The), Nematus ventricosus, Klug., p. 138, figs. 13-14.— Native currant-worm (The), Pristiphora grossularie, Walsh, p.138.—Snowy tree-cricket (The), (eanthus nivens, Harr., p. 138, figs. 15-16.—INsects INJuRIOUS TO CEREALS AND FORAGE CROPS.—White grub (The), Lachnosterna fusca, Froh., pp. 138- 139, fig. 17.— Clover-seed midge (The), Cecidomyia leguminicola, Lintner, p. 139.—Joint-worm (The), Jsosoma hordei, Harr., p. 139, fig. 18.—Wheat-midge (The), Diplosis tritici, Kirby, p. 139.—Cut-worms, family Noctuid@, genera Agrotis, Mamestra, Hadena, and Prodenia, p.139.—Wire worms, family Elate- ride, p.139.—INSECTS INJURIOUS TO GARDEN VEGETABLES.—Imported cab- bage-worm (The), Pieris rape, Schrank, p. 139, figs. 19-20.—Southern cabbage butterfly (The), Pieris protadice, Boisd, p.140.—Potherb butterfly (The), Pieris olevacea, Boisd, p.140.—Cabbage plusia (The), Plusia brassicae, Riley, p. 140, fig. 21.—Harlequin cabbage-bug (The), Murgantia histrionica, Hahn., p- 140, fig. 22.—Pea-weevil (The), Bruchus pisi, Linn., p. 140, fig. 23.—Bean- weevil (The), Bruchus faba, Riley, p. 140, fig. 24.— Blister-beetles, meloid genera, Macrobasis, Epicauta, &c., p. 140, fig. 25.—Striped cucumber-beetle (The), Diabrotica vittata, Fabr., pp. 140-141, figs. 26-27.—INsEcTs INJURING MISCELLANEOUS FIELD-cROPs.—Cotton-boll worm (The), or corn-ear worm, Heliothis armigera, Hubn., p. 141, fig. 28.—Tobacco-worm (The), Sphinx caro- lina, L., p.141.—INSEcTS INJURIOUS TO THE VINE.—INSECTS INJURIOUS TO LIVE-STOCK.—Bot-fly of Cattle (The), Hypoderma bovis, Latr., p. 141.—Sheep bot-fly (The), @strus ovis, Linn., p. 141, fig. 29.—Horse bot-fly (The), Gastro- philus equi, Fabr., pp. 141-142.—[LisT OF PRINCIPAL AMERICAN WRITERS AND WRITINGS UPON INSECTS IN RELATION TO AGRICULTURE], p. 142. [The above sub-chapters are not separately recorded. ] The articles to which cross-references are made are the following: Army worm, chinch-bug, coddling-moth, Colorado potato-beetle, cotton-worm, Hes- sian fly, locust, phylloxera, plum curculio. Army-worm, Leucania unipuncta, Harr. (Encyclopedia Brittanica, Amer. ed., 1884 [not seen], pp. 317-318, 2 figs.) Geographical distribution, seasons, habits, and food-plants of and means against Leucania unipuncta; references to the more important articles on this insect; figure of larva and imago. 364 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884. Orthoptera. (Standard Natural History (The), ii, 1884, pp. 167-203, figs. 243-285, 1 pl.) Systematic position and limitations, classificational characters, transforma- tions, molts, and geographical and geological distribution of the order Or- thoptera; characters, habits, and distribution of the several families; mention of the principal North American and of some foreign species, with more par- ticular accounts of many species, especially in regard to their stridulation, oviposition, and previously unrecorded life-history facts, with figures of a few species and of their eggs. The species mentioned most at length are: Ectobia germanica, Phasmomantis carolina, Diapheromera Semorata, Gcanthus niveus, O. latipennis, Orocharis saltator, Comptonotus. scudderi, Cyrtophyllus con- cavus, Microcentum retinerve, and Caloptenus spretus. JOHN ADAM RYDER. On apparatus for collecting oyster spat. (Bull. U.S. Fish Com., iv, 1884, p. 373.) On the forces which determine the survival of fish embryos. (Transactions of the American Fish Cultural Association, 1884. (Thirteenth annual meeting), pp. 195-199. (Forest & Stream, Aug. 14, 1884, pp. 50-51.) Journal of operations on the grounds of the Eastern Shore Oyster Com- pany on Chincoteague Bay, near Stockton, Md., during the sum- mer of 1883. (Bull. U.S. Fish Com., iv, 1884, pp. 43-47.) Carp do eat young fishes. (Bull. U.S. Fish Com., iv, 1884, p. 152.) | Report respecting the present condition and future prospects at Saint Jerome’s Creek for the work of oyster-culture. (Bull. U.S. Fish Com., iv, 1884, pp. 235-237. ) Floats for the so-called fattening of oysters. (Bull. U.S. Fish Com., iv, 1884, pp. 302-303.) Note on the regeneration of the scales of the German carp. (Bull. U.S. Fish Com., iv, 1884, pp. 345-346. ) On the cause of the greening of oysters. (Reports: U.S. Fish Com., 1882 (1884), pp. 793-801.) A translation of ‘‘ Notice sur la cause du verdissement des huitres,” par M. Puységur, in Rev. Maritime et Coloniale, pp. 11, 1 pl. Paris, Berger-Levrault et Cie., 1880. On accounts of experiments in oyster:culture and observations relating thereto. (Second series.) (Report: U. S. Fish Com., 1882 (1884), pp. 763-778. ) On a new form of filter or diaphragm to be used in the culture of oys- ters in ponds. (Bulk. U. S, Fish Com;, iv, 1884, pp. 17-31.) BIBLIOGRAPHY OF U. 8. NATIONAL MUSEUM. 365 A contribution to the embryography of osseous fishes. (Report: U. 8. Fish Com., 1882 (1884), pp. 455-605. Plates I-XII. 11 figures. ) On the preservation of embryonic materials and small organisms, together with hints upon embedding and mounting sections serially. (Report: U. 8. Fish Com., 1882 (1884), pp. 607-629. ) Supplementary note on the coloration of the blood corpuscles of the oyster. (Report: U.S. Fish Com., 1882 (1884), pp. 801-805.) On the development of Iola. (Science, iv, No. 93, Nov. 14, 1884). Also in Bulletin of Science, iv. The side organs of Gastrostomus. (American Naturalist, xviii (No. 5, May, 1884), p. 547.) Abstract. . On a skin-parasite of the Cunner, Ctenolabrus adspersus. (Bull. U. 8. Fish Com., iv, 1884, pp. 37-42.) On the literature and systematic relations of the Saccopharyngoid fishes. [See under THEODORE GILL, p. 373. ] Morphology and evolution of the tail of osseous fishes. (Science, iv (No. 87, Oct. 3, 1884), pp. 341-342.) Abstract of paper read before the American Association for the Advance- ment of Science in Philadelphia, September, 1884. The pedunculated lateral-line organs of Gastrostomus. (Amer. Naturalist, xviii, 1884, p. 547. Science, iii (Mo, 48, Jan. 4, 1884), p. 5.) A sketch of the life history of the oyster. (Appendix II of ‘‘A Review of the Fossil Ostreide of North America,” in Fourth Annual Report of the Director U. 8S. Geological Survey, 1882-1883 - (1884), pp. 317-333, plates Ixxili-Ixxxii. On some points in microtomy. (The Amer. Monthly Microscop. Jour., v (No. 10, Oct., 1884), pp. 190-191). On the chlorophylloid granules of Vorticella. (Proc. U. 8, Nat. Mus., vii, June 3, 1884, pp. 9-12, 1 figure. Critique. [See under THEODORE NICHOLAS GILL and JOHN ADAM RYDER, } ROBERT EDWARDS CARTER STEARNS. Transportation of clams and oysters, (Bull. U. S. Fish Com., iy, 1884, pp. 219-220, ) 366 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884. LEONHARD STEJNEGER. Dendrocopus purus, a new species of woodpecker from Kamtschatka. (The Auk, i, Jan., 1884, pp. 35-36.) Type in National Museum collection. On changes in ornithological nomenclature. A reply to critics. (The Auk, i, April, 1884, pp. 114-120.) Based on researches prosecuted at the U. 8. National Museum. Notes on the genus Acanthis. (The Auk, i, April, 1884, pp. 145-156. ) Based on material contained in the collection of the National Museum. Contributions to the history of the Commander Islands, No. 2. In- vestigations relating to the date of the extermination of Steller’s Sea-cow. (Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vii, July 29, 1884, pp. 181-189. ) Analecta Ornithologica. I. The occurrence of Turdus alice in the Palearctic region. II. On the earliest available name of the Amer- ican Titlark. III. A brief review of the synonymy of the genus Compsothlypis (= Parula). IV. On the earliest available name of the Cardinal Grosbeak. V. More “ Ornithophilologicalities.” (The Auk, i, April, 1884, pp. 166-173.) A series of most important articles based wholly upon material in, and researches prosecuted at, the National Museum. Analecta Ornithologica. (Second series.) VI. On the Ptarmigans of Nelson’s ‘‘ Birds of Bering Sea,” &ec., especially those belonging to the group Attagen, Kaup. VII. On some changes necessary in North American and European Ornithological Nomenclature, if gcneric appellations previously applied in botany be not rejected. VILLI. ‘Larus schistisagus, a new species of gull from the North Pa- cific. IX. Priocella tenuirostris (Aud.) not a bird of Bering Sea or the Arctic Ocean. X. On old and new generic names. (The Auk, i, July, 1884, pp. 225-236. ) Analecta ornithologica. (Third series). XI. Notes on Arctic Lari. XII. Chrysomitris or Spinus? XIII. On the systematic name of the American Hawk Owl. XIV. On Sterna niletica of Hasselquist. XV. Habiaagainst Zamelodia. XVI. On the oldest available name for Wilson’s Phalarope. (The Auk, i, July, 1884, pp. 358-367. ) A new subspecies of willow grouse, from Newfoundland. (The Auk, i, July, 1884, p. 368.) On the use of trinomials in American Ornithology. (Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vii, June 11, 1884, pp. 70-81.) tomarks on the species of the genus Cepphus. (Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vii, August 5, 1884, pp. 210-229, Six figures, ) A very important monographic essay, BIBLIOGRAPHY OF U. 8S. NATIONAL MUSEUM. 367 A brief review of the Lagopodes belonging to the group Attagen, Kaup. (Zeitschrift fiir die gesammte Ornithologie (Budapest, Hungary) 1, Jahr- gang, 1884, pp. &6-92. Plate V. Based exclusively on specimens in the National Museum collection. On the shedding of the claws in the Ptarmigans and allied birds. (American Naturalist, August, 1884, pp. 774-776.) FREDERICK WILLIAM TRUE. Great International Fisheries Exhibition. London, 1883. United States of America. H. Catalogue of the Aquatic Mammals exhibited by the United States National Museum. By Frederick W. True, cur- ator of the Department of Mammals, United States National Mu- seum. Washington: Government Printing Office. 1884. 8vo. pp. 1-22. A muskrat with a round tail. (Science, iv (No. 75, July 11, 1884), p. 34.) On a new muskrat, Neofiber alleni, from Florida. (Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vii, July 29, 1884, pp. 170-172.) Description of a new species and genus, intermediate between Fiber and the Arvicolas. Barbirussa tusks from an Indian grave in British Columbia. (Science, iv (No. 75, July 11, 1884), p. 34.) Photographs of the interior of a coal mine. : (Science, iv (No. 84, Sept. 12, 1884), pp. 223-224. ) Note upon some photographs taken by the Metallurgical Department for exhibition at the New Orleans Exposition. Suggestions to the keepers of the U. S. life-saving stations, light- houses, and light-ships; and to other observers, relative to the best means of collecting and preserving specimens of whales and por- poises. (Extracted from the Annual Report of the Commissioner of Fish and Fish- eries for 1883 (1884), and printed as a separate). 8vo. pp.1-26. Plates i—xi. Contains, in addition to detailed instructions for collecting cetaceans, a list - of, an artificial key to, and figures of, all the genera. Provisional plan for a collection of mammals to be exhibited at the World’s Industrial and Cotton Centennial Exposition of 188485, at New Orleans. A provisional list of the mammals of North and Central America, : and the West Indian Islands. (Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vii, 1884, pp. 585-611. ) This paper was also published as Circular 29, U.S. National Museum. Corttains an enumeration of all the species and varieties of mammals found north of the Isthmus of Panama, both terrestrial and aquatic. Bot-flies in a turtle. (Seience, iv (No. 96, Dec. 5, 1884), p. 511.) Porpoise-fishing at Cape May, New Jersey. (Bull. U,S, Fish Com., iv, 1884, pp. 431-432. ) 368 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884. On the skeleton of Phoca (Histriophoca) fasciata, Zimmerman. (Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vi, 1883, pp. 417-426, April 11,1884. Plates xi-xiv.) Gives a description of the entire skeleton of the Ribbon Seal, based upon a specimen obtained in Alaska in 1880, by Mr. Wm. H. Dall. Histriophoca is regarded as a subgenus in the genus Phoca, between Pusa and Pagophilus. The Lorillard-Charnay collection. (The Century, Feb., 1884.) Notes upon the collection of casts of Toltec inscriptions and sculpture re- cently received by the Museum. CHARLES DOOLITTLE WALCOTT. Appendages of the Trilobite. (Science, iii (No. 57, March 7, 1884), pp. 279-281, 3 figures. ) Notes on the original specimen described by Prof. Mickleborough (Cin. Jour. Nat. Hist., vi, 1883, p. 200). Notes on Paleozoic rocks of Central Texas. (Amer. Jour. Sci., xxviii, Dec., 1884, pp. 431-433. ) Notes on the discovery of the Grand Cafion of the Colorado, Arizona, in Central Texas, and the mode of occurrence of the Potsdam formation and fauna, and the granite of Burnet and Llano counties. United States Geological Survey. J. W. Powell, director. On the Cam- brian faunas of North America. Preliminary studies, by Charles Doolittle Walcott. Washington: Government Printing Office. 1884. 8vo. pp. 1-74. Plates i-x. This is a review of the fauna of the St. John formation contamed in the Hartt collection at Cornell University, also of the fauna of the Braintree argillities, and a description of a new genus and species of Phyllopoda, from the Middle Cambrian of Vermont. A duplicate series of the St. John species will be given to the National Museum. United States Geological Survey. J. W. Powell, director. Paleontology of the Eureka district. By Charles Doolittle Walcott. Washing- ton: Government Printing Office, 1884. 4to. pp. i-xiii, 1-298, Plates i-xxiv. This work forms volume viii of the series of monographs published by the U.S. Geological Survey. Deer Creek coal field, White Mountain Indian reservation, Arizona. (Report and Appendix U.S. Senate Ex. Doc., No. 20, 48th Congress, 2d ses- sion, pp. 2-7, Nov. 28, 1884.) LESTER FRANK WARD. On Mesozoic Dicotyledons. (Amer. Journ. Sci., 3d series, vol. xxvii, April, 1884, pp. 292-303 ; Annals and Magazine of Nat. Hist. (London), 5th series, vol. xiii, May, 1884, pp. 333-396. ) An historical review, with numerous bibliographical citations, of the dis- covery of dicotyledonous plants in the Cretaceous formation, and an attempt to correlate the various horizons and localities where found; also an enumer- ation of the species from each horizon. Concluding reflections upon the probable Jurassic origin of the subclass Dicotyledons,. BIBLIOGRAPHY OF U. 8. NATIONAL MUSEUM. 369 List of plants added to the Flora of Washington and vicinity, from April 1, 1882, to April 1, 1884. (To be published in Proc. Biol. Soc. of Wash., vol. ii.) Printed as a separate, April 10, 1884. This is a continuation of the general catalogue as published in Bulletin No. 22, U.S. National Museum (guide to the Flora of Washington and vicin- ity), and conforms in arrangement, type, &c., as nearly as possible, with that publication. Caulinites and Zamiostrobus. (Science, iii (No. 65, May 2, 1884), pp. 532-533. ) Reply to a letter by Mr. Joseph EF. James, in a previous number of Science, criticising Mr. Lesquereux’s figures of these fossil plants in his “ Tertiary Flora.” The claims of political science. (Science, iii (No. 72, June 20, 1884), p. 748.) A brief note contrasting the treatment of political phenomena by scientific men with that of other departments of natural phenomena, and Leer teens their essential homogeneity. The Upper Missouri River system. (Illustrated.) (Popular Science Monthly, xxv(No. 149, Sept., 1884), pp. 594-605.) A description of the process by which the Upper Missouri and Yellowstone Rivers excavate and transform their valleys, based upon personal oberva- tions chiefly made while descending the Missouri in an open boat, from Fort Benton to Bismarck, in August and September, 1883. Irrigation in the Upper Missouri and Yellowstone Valleys. (Science, iv (No. 82, Aug. 29, 1884), pp. 166-168.) In this article the practicability and importance of irrigating the valleys of these rivers is pointed out, and the advantage of making it a national enter- prise to be conducted by the Government is considered. Sweet Cicely as a bur. (Bull. of the Torrey Botanical Club, New York, xi, August, 1884, pp. 92-93.) A note pointing out that seeds of Osmorrhiza longistylis are adapted to being distributed by animals in the manner of burs. Mind as a social factor. (Mind (London), ix, October, 1884, pp. 563-573.) This paper was read before the Anthropological Society of Washington, February 19, 1884, as the vice-presidential address for the Sociological Sec- tion. It was also read before the Metaphysical Club of Johns Hopkins Uni- versity, April 22, 1884. It is an attempt to show that psychic phenomena, as produced by beings with a highly-developed brain, have constituted a class so far superior to all other forms of activity, that they must be treated by the sociologist as distinct and not regarded as identical with the physical forces of inanimate nature, as is practically done in the current laissez faire phi- losophy. The fossil flora of the globe. (Botanical Gazette, iv, October and November, 1884, pp. 169-174.) An abstract of three papers on this subject read September 8, 1884, before the Biological Section of the American Association for the Advancement of Science at Philadelphia. The subject is treated from the historical, geo- logical, and botanical standpoints, and a tabular exhibit of the numerical status of vegetable paleontology is appended. S. Mis. 33, pt. 2——24 370 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884. CHARLES ABIATHAR WHITE. Description of certain aberrant forms of the chamidz from the Cretace- ous rocks of Texas. (Bull. U.S. Geol. Survey, No. 4, 1884, pp. 5 (93)-9 (97). Plates i-v.) Based on material in the National Museum. On a small collection of Mesozoic fossils obtained in Alaska by Mr. W. H. Dall, of the U. S. Coast Survey. (Bull. U.S. Geol. Survey, No. 4, 1884, pp. 10 (98)-15 (103). Plate vi.) Based on material in National Museum. Ou the nautiloid genus, Enclimatoceras, Hyatt, and a description of the ty pe-species. (Bull. U.S. Geol. Survey, No. 4, 1884, pp. 16 (104)-17 (105). Plates vii-ix.) Based on Museum material. Fossils of the Indiana rocks, No.3. (Thirteenth Annual Report of the State Geologist of Indiana, pp. 107-180. Plates 23-29.) Based in part on Museum material. " The enemies and parasites of the oyster, past and present. (Science, iii (No. 68, May 23, 1884), p. 618.) On the adaptability of the prairies for artificial forestry. (Science, iii (No. 62, April 11, 1884), pp. 438-443. ) Glacial drift in Montana and Dakota. (American Journal of Science, 3d series, xxvii (No. 158, Feb., 1884), pp. 112-113.) On the character and function of the epiglottis in the bull-snake (Pityophis). (American Naturalist, xviii (No.1, Jan., 1884), pp. 19-21. Two wood-cuts. ) Based in part on Museum material. The permanence of the domestic instinct in the cat. (American Naturalist, xviii (No. 2. Feb., 1884), pp. 213-214.) Certain phases in the geological history of the North American Conti- nent, biologically considered. Published in pamphlet form and intended for vol. ii, Proceedings of the Washington Biological Society. HENRY CRECY YARROW, Case of poisoning from the bite of acopperhead (Ancistrodon contortria, Linn.). (Trans. American Journal of the Medical Sciences, Philadelphia, 1884, n.s., clxxiv, pp. 423-435. ) BIBLIOGRAPHY OF U. 8 NATIONAL MUSEUM. 371 PART ITT.—PAPERS BY INVESTIGATORS NOT OFFICERS OF THE MUSEUM, BASED ON MUSEUM MATERIAL. THOMAS MAYO BREWER, Boston, Massachusetts. a [See under SPENCER FULLERTON BAIRD. ] THOMAS MAREAN CHATARD, Chemist, U. S. Geological Survey. [See under FRANK WIGGLESWORTH CLARKE. } ELLIOTT COUES, Professor of Anatomy, Medical Department, Columbian University, Washington. Key to North American birds, containing a concise account of every species of living and fossil bird at present known from the conti- nent north of the Mexican and United States boundary, inclusive of Greenland. Second edition, revised to date, and entirely re- written; with which are incorporated General Ornithology; an outline of the structure and classification of birds; and Field Or- nithology ; a manual of collecting, preparing, ard preserving birds. By Elliott Coues, M. A., M. D., Ph. D., member of the National Academy of Sciences, &c. Profusely illustrated. Boston: Estes and Lauriat. 1884. Imp. 8vo. pp. i-x; 1-863. HENRY WOOD ELLIOTT. The monk-seal of the West Indies, Monachus tropicalis, Gray. (Science, iii (June 20, 1884), pp. 752-753.) Contains a figure of the specimen obtained for the Museum by Professor Poey, in Cuba, and notes upon the history of the species. The destruction of carp by the musk-rat (Fiber zibethicus). Methods of trapping the rodent. (Bull, U. 8. Fish Com., iv (1884), pp. 296-297.) WALTER FAXON, Aasistant Professor of Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. Contributions from the Zoological Laboratory of the Museum of Com- parative Zoology at Harvard College. No. VII. Descriptions of new species of Cambarus ; to which is added a synonymical list of the known species of Cambarus and Astacus. — (Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sciences, xx, 1884, pp. 107-158.) Describes the following new species from the collection of U. 8. National Museum: Page. CameDarus WEDGRCRIE, FOROEE cow tcl te do cnee ines cudewe ubuutuenaan 109 Cambarus simulans, Sabiiinh SW os0c dash wedded ommeaaee aaa 112 Cambarus argillicola, iW Seodle picdcw sce das deatonacksacnueeee 115 372 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884. Pa Page Cambaras Girardianus, Faxonss 220.2 62) 6st Sool. Aes 117 Cambarus Palmeri, OF te BERR Ree Obes Cake Cok Cee 124 Cambarus alabamensis, ** “- letocce ccc ds cocces een seeeeeoee 125 Cambarus compressus, i! coated ee eels. ide cna eens eee 127 Cambarus forceps, OF fg ea ee tie vce Cn beech 133 Cambarus Shufeldtii, a aly = EES oS oc ons ee 134 Twelve additional species are also described from, other sources. The synonymical list contains the names of 69 species, of which 56 species (51 of Cambarus and 5 of Astacus) are found within the limits of the United States. CHARLES H. FERNALD, Professor of Natural History, State College, Orono, Me. Directions for collecting, preserving, and transporting tortricids and other small moths. (Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vii, 1884, pp. 577-579. ) Also published as Museum circular, No. 27. SAMUEL GARMAN, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass. The reptiles of Bermuda. By Samuel Garman, Museum of Compara- tive Zoology, Cambridge, Mass. From Bulletin No. 25, U.S. Na- tional Museum. Washington: Government Printing Office. 1884. 8vo. pp. 285-303. CHARLES H. GILBERT, Instructor in Zoology, Indiana University. A list of fishes collected in the east fork of White River, Indiana, with descriptions of two new species. (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vii, Aug. 5, 1884, pp. 199-205.) Notes on the fishes of Switz City Swamp, Green County, Indiana. (Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vii, Aug. 5, 1884, pp. 206-210. [See under DAVID STARR JORDAN and CHARLES H. GILBRRT. ] THEODORE NICHOLAS GILL, Professor of Zoology, Columbian University. Synopsis of the genera of the super-family Teuthidoidea (families Teuthi- dide and Siganide). (Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vii, Aug. 28, 1884, pp. 275-281.) [Review of the Progress] of Zoology. (Smithsonian Report, pp. 565-632, for 1882 (1884). Synopsis of the Plectognath fishes. (Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., vii, Sept. 18, 1884, pp. 411-427.) Note op the Sternoptychide. (Proc, U.S. Nat. Mus., vii, Sept. 4, 1884, pp, 349-351, ) BIBLIOGRAPHY OF U. 8. NATIONAL MUSEUM, 373 The osteological characteristics of the Lutjanine. (Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vii, Sept. 4, 1884, pp. 351-355. ) A contribution to the terminology of ichthyography. (Proc, U.S. Nat. Mus., vii, Sept. 17, 1884, pp. 356-357. ) What are the Eurypharyngide ? (Nature, xxix, p. 256, Jan. 10, 1884.) THEODORE NICHOLAS GILL AND JOHN ADAM RYDER, Note on Hurypharyne and an allied new genus. (Zoologischer Anzeiger, vii, 1884, pp. 119-123.) On the literature and systematic relations of the saccopharyngoid fishes. (Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vii, June 3, 1884, pp. 48-65. ) JOHN HENRY GURNEY, Northrepps, Norwich, England. On the species of the genus Pernis inhabiting Japan. (The Ibis, 5th series, ii (No. 7, July, 1884), pp. 275-277.) A kist of the diurnal birds of prey, with references and annotations; also a record of specimens preserved in the Norfolk and Norwich Museum. By John Henry Gurney. London: John Van Voorst, 1 Paternoster Row, E.C. 1884. 8vo. i-xv; pp. 1-187. Contains frequent references to specimens in the U. 8S. National Museum collection. GWYNNE HARRIS HEAP, Consul-General of the United States at Constantinople. On an antique Roman mosaic from Carthage, now in the United States National Museum. (Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vi, 1883 (1884), pp. 415-417.) This is an interesting account of the discovery of the ‘‘ Mosaic Lion,” and the manner in which it was obtained by the British agent from an old Arab sheik. HENRY WETHERBEE HENSHAW, Ethnologist, Bureau of Ethnology. Description of a new song sparrow from the southern border of the United States. (The Auk, new series, i (No. 3, July, 1884), pp. 223-224.) Melospiza fasciata montana. This paper is based entirely on specimens in the National Museum collection. On a new gull from Alaska. (The Auk, new series, i (No. 3, July, 1884), pp. 250-252.) Larus nelsoni ; type in the U. 8. National Museum, The shore larks of the United States and adjacent territory. (The Auk, new series, i (No. 3, July, 1884), pp. 254-268. ) 374 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884. ERNEST INGERSOLL, New Haven, Connecticut. Snow-spectacles. (Wide Awake, May, 1884. Five wood-cuts. ) Text and illustrations based upon Museum material. JOHN MATTHEW JONES, Waterville, Nova Scotia. The mammals of Bermuda. By John Matthew Jones, F. B.S. C., Fern Lodge, Waterville, Nova Scotia. - From Bulletin No. 25, U.S. Na- tional Museum. Washington: Government Printing Office. 1884. 8vo. pp. 143-161. [See under GEORGE BROWN GOODE and JOHN MATTHEW JONES. | DAVID STARR JORDAN, President Indiana University, Bloomington, Ind. Notes on a collection of fishes from Pensacola, Fla., obtained by Silas Stearns, with descriptions of two new gpepes mca volador and Gnathypops mystacinus). (Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vii, June 3, 1884, pp. 33-40.) Note on Alurichthys eydouxti and Porichthys porosissimus. (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vii, June 3, 1884, pp. 40-41.) An identification of the figures of fishes in Catesby’s natural history of Carolina, Florida, and the Bahama Islands. (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vii, July 29, 1884, pp. 190-199. ) List of fishes collected in Lake Jessup and Indian River, Florida, by Mr. R. E. Earll, with descriptions of two new species. (Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vii, Sept. 1, 1884, pp. 322-324.) List of fishes collected at Key West, Fla., with notes and descriptions. (Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vii, July 7, 1884, pp. 103-150.) Notes on fishes collected at Guaymas, Mexico, by Mr. H. F. Emeric, with a description of Gobiosoma histrio, a new species. (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vii, Aug. 22, 1884, pp. 260-261.) List of fishes collected in the vicinity of New Orleans, by Dr. R. W. Shufeldt, U. S. A. (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vii, Aug. 28, 1884, pp. 318-324.) Descriptions of four new species of Pecilichthys in the United States National Museum. ; (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vii, Sept. 27, 1884, pp. 477-480.) The fishes of Florida Keys. (Bull. U. 8. Fish Com., iv, 1882 (1884), pp. 77-80.) BIBLIOGRAPHY OF: U. 8. NATIONAL MUSEUM. 375 DAVID STARR JORDAN AND CHARLES H. GILBERT. A review of the species of the genus Calamus. (Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vii, June 3, 1884, pp. 14-24.) A series of specimens representing each. of these species is in the United States National Museum. Descriptions of ten new species of fishes from Key West, Fla. (Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vii, June 3, 1884, pp. 24-32.) Typical specimens are in the United States National Museum. Note on Caranx ruber and Caranxz Bartholomai. (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vii, June 3, 1884, pp. 32-33.) Note on Calamus proridens, a new species of Calamus. (Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vii, July 8, 1884, p. 150.) Description of Sciewna sciera, a new species of Sci#na from Mazatlan and Panama. (Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., vii, Sept. 27, 1884, pp. 480-482.) DAVID STARR JORDAN AND SETH E. MEEK. List of fishes observed in the Saint John’s River, at Jacksonville, Fla. (Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., vii, Aug. 5, 1884, pp. 235-237.) Description of four new species of Cyprinide in the United States Na- tional Museum. (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vii, Sept. 27, 1884, pp. 474-477.) Description of Zygonectes zonifer, a new species of Zygonectes, from Nash- ville, Ga. (Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., vii, Sept. 27,1884, p. 482.) DAVID STARR JORDAN AND JOSEPH SWAIN. Descriptions of Scaroid fishes from Havana and Key West, including five new species. (Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vii, July 1, 1884, pp. 81-102.) Notes on fishes collected by David S. Jordan at Cedar Keys, Fla. (Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vii, Aug. 5, 1884, pp. 230-234.) A review of the American species of marine Mugilide. (Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vii, Aug. 22, 1884, pp. 261-275.) A review of the species of the genus Hamulon. (Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vii, Ang. 28, 1884, pp. 281-317.) A review of the American species of Hpinephelus and related genera. (Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vii, Sept. 17, 1884, pp. 358-410.) A review of the species of Lutjanine and Hoplopagrine found in Ameri- can waters. (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vii, Sept. 19, 1884, pp. 427-474.) 376 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884. JOHN HENRY LEFROY, Atheneum Club, London. The Botany of Bermuda. By General Sir John Henry Lefroy, F. R.8., Atheneum Club, London. From Bulletin No. 25, U.S. National Museum. Washington: Government Printing Office. 1884, 8vo. pp. 33-141. MEEK, SETH E. [See under David STARR JORDAN and SETH EK. MEEK, and uoder JOSEPH SWAIN and SETH E. MEEK. | CLINTON HART MERRIAM, Locust Grove, DE. V5. On a bird new to the Bermudas, with notes upon several species of rare or accidental occurrence in these islands. By Clinton Hart Merriam, M. D. From Bulletin No. 25, U. S. National Museum. Washington: Government Printing Office. 1884. 8vo. pp. 281-— 284. EDWARD W. NELSON. On the source of the jadeite implements of the Alaskan Jnnuits. (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vi, 1884, pp. 426-427.) Extract from a letter to Professor Spencer F. Baird. Brief diagnoses of two new races of North American birds. (The Auk, new series, i (No. 2, April, 1884), pp. 165-166.) Picoides tridactylus alascensis and Astur atricapillus henshawi; the types of which are in the U. S. National Museum collection. The breeding habits of the pectoral sandpiper (Actodromas maculata). (The Auk, new series, i (No. 3, July, 1884), pp. 218-221.) A very interesting account of the habits of the species named, based upon observations made in Alaska, while in the service of the U. S. National Museum. A new geographical race of the mountain sheep (Ovis montana, Dallhi, var. nov.) from Alaska. (Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vii, June 3, 1384, pp. 12-13.) Describes a white race of the mountain sheep found in the mountains of Alaska. CHARLES C. NUTTING. On a collection of birds from Nicaragua. [Edited by R. Ridgway.] (Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vi, 1883 (1884), pp. 372-410.) These signatures run from December 29, 1883, to April 11, 1884. I.—San Juan del Sur, 70 species. II.—Sueuy4, 88 species. III.—The island of Ometépe. IV.—Los Sabalos, 80 species. The new species, with one exception, are all from Los Sébalos, and are as follows: (1) Geothlypis bairdi, Nutting; (2) Oryzoborus salvini, Ridgw.; (3) O. nuttingi, Ridgw.; (4) Contopus depressirostris, Ridgw.; (5) Cymbilamus line- atus fasciatus, Ridgw.; (6) Grallaria intermedia, Ridgw. (from Costa Rica); (7) Porzana leucogastra, Ridgw. The technical matter im this paper, inelnd- ing nomenclature, is by the editor. BIBLIOGRAPHY OF U. 8. NATIONAL MUSEUM. 377 TEMPLE PRIME, New York, N. Y. Description of a new species of Spharium. (Proce. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vii, July 7, 1884, pp. 102-103.) SAVILE G. REID, Royal Engineers, London. The birds of Bermuda. By Captain Savile G. Reid, F. Z.8., of the Royal Engineers, member of the British Ornithologists’ Union, &e. From Bulletin No. 25, U.S. National Museum. Washington: Gov- ernment Printing Office. 1884. 8vo. pp. 163-279. WILLIAM NORTH RICE, Professor of Natural History, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Conn. The geology of Bermuda. By William North Rice, Ph. D., Orange Judd, professor of geology and natural history in Wesleyan University. From Bulletin No. 25, U.S. National Museum. Washington: Gov- ernment Printing Office. 1884. 8vo. pp. 1-382. J. T. ROTHROCK, Professor of Botany, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa. List of, and notes upon, the lichens collected by Dr. 'T. H. Bean in Alaska and the adjacent region in 1880. (Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vii, June 3, 1884, pp. 1-9.) PHILIP LUTLEY SCLATER, Secretary of the Zoological Society of London. A review of the species of the family Icteride. (Part iii. Agelewine.) (The Ibis, 5th series, ii (No. 5, January, 1884), pp. 1-27. Pl. i.) A review of the species of the family Icteride. (Part iv. Aniscaline.) (The Ibis, 5th series, ii (No. 6, April, 1884), pp. 149-167. Pl. v.) Remarks on two rare American Oscines. (The Ibis, 5th series, ii (No.7, July, 1884), pp. 240-241. 1 plate.) Idiopsar brachyurus, Cass., Acanthidops bairdi, Ridgw.; the types of both and only known specimens belonging to the National Museum, and sent to ’ Dr. Selater for examination. R. BOWDLER SHARPE, Senior Assistant, Zoological Department, British Museum (South Kensington), London. A note on the genus Progne. (The Auk, i, July, 1884, pp. 367-368. ) ROBERT WILSON SHUFELDT, Captain, Medical Corps, U. S. Army. Concerning some of the forms assumed by the patella in birds. (Proc. U. 8, Nat. Mus., vii, Sept. 1, 1884, pp. 324-331. Seven figures. ) 378 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884. Observations upon a collection of insects made in the vicinity of New — Orleans, La., during the years 1882 and 1883. (Proo. U. S. Nat. Mus., vii, Sept. 1, 1884, pp. 331-338. One figure.) ELISHA SLADE, Somerset, Mass. On domesticated hybrid ducks (Anas boschas+ obscura). (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vii, June ll, 1884, p. 66.) SIDNEY I. SMITH, Professor of Comparative Anatomy, Yale College, New Haven, Conn. On some new or little known decapod crustacea, from recent Fish Com- mission dredgings off the east coast of the United States. (Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., vii, Sept. 27, 1884, pp. 493-511.) Crustacea of the Albatross dredgings in 1883. (Am. Journ. Sci. and Arts, xxviii (July 1884), pp. 53-56; Am. Mag. Nat. Hist., xiv (No. 81, Sept. 1884), pp. 179-183. ) “‘A brief review of the results of the study (by the author) of the higher Crustacea” collected during the deep-sea explorations of the United States Fish Commission in 1883, which included some of the most important dredgings yet made. The explorations extended from off Cape Hatteras to the region of George’s Bank. The author enumerates sixteen species of Crustacea with well developed eyes in normal position, from depths of 2,030 to 2,949 fathoms. Report on the Decapod Crustacea of the Albatross dredgings off the east coast of the United States in 1883. (Rep. U. S. Comm. Fish and Fisheries, 1882 (1884), pp. 345-426, (1-82), plates 1-x.) Also printed as author’s extra with same pagination, and with cover and full title-page. Sixty-seven species are described or mentioned, of which eighteen are new ; three new genera are also described, and one new family defined, Glypho- crangonide, p. 364. The descriptions, especially of new species, are very full, giving complete measurements and data as to distribution. The plates are photo-engravings from drawings by J. H. Emerton and the author. The new genera described are as follows: Page. PROSE Re oe ae os cee ene a ce ee aL adeen te aoe wae cee 349 TE TEAEMDED tice ms ntoin nia we Eine cies ye wale wipe kin S's mnie ao dg wile eee 383 Po Pde as ce Oe Ee hap urea wn eee ee Lee 391 Following are the new species described : Ethusina abyssicola (pl. ii, figs. 1, 1a@)..-2.. 2222. eee e ween ee eee eee 349 EC TENS od a a's | we w\n.cin nico na denen am eine pia 356 EEN AUSTERD Ela oS an isin sie an w mo ddan bese ule hg eale) came oh mat 359 Pentacheles debilis.......... Siwtha ce ecu E ieekc Bator ahs hue ates 360 Pontophilus abyssi ........-.-...-. «ae ects mnt a tnien ge aceite eee 363 ANP AONE MONE scan. oa oa sn)sice sya eal eee Lesions Sea eee eames s 376 Notostomus rine (pl. vii, Ge2) 0.3 si 9s eee oe ee cee 377 Pasiphe princeps (pl). v, fig. 2) . q Se ee emer | Parapasiphe sulcatifrons (pl. iv, ‘fig. 43 ; phy vi, ee oa Be gant Se 384 Parapasiphe cristata (pl. v, fig. 3) -. tens Mave tent eea ce ae PRISER 250 Sb <8 ten vince a gabon bn deed cordaeadiece >. OOO BIBLIOGRAPHY OF U. 8S. NATIONAL MUSEUM. 379 Page. Benthesicymus ? carinatus (pl. x, figs. 6-7)-............--2.-------- 396 Benthesicymus ? sp. indet. (pl. x, figs. 3-5)................---.---- 397 ORES SO TOC cans nud nee sede paqecondecceus 402 i CR SE OE Belt cis k Us sk deccen scoqses cove aces 404 OG SUL, EEC DED Cay new dudtcwus osaceuscces voces 409 Zeymenopenaus atorope (pl. X, fig. 1) 02.0 con 6 ce mcee once cone ceceses 413 eR ea ahtis GoW Sonia hue une Wada yes penecess seta 419 JOSEPH SWAIN. {See under DAVID STARR JORDAN and JOSEPH SWAIN. | JOSEPH SWAIN AND SETH E. MEEK. Notes on the pipe-fishes of Key West, Fla., with TanmELDEOD of Sipho- stoma McKayi, a new species. (Proc, U.S. Nat. Mus., vii, Aug. 5, 1884, pp. 237-239.) CYRUS THOMAS, Ethnologist, Bureau of Ethnology. Directions for mound exploration. (Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vii, 1884, pp. 581-583. ) Also published as Museum Circular No, 28. ADDISON E. VERRILL, Professor of Zoology, Yale College, New Haven, Conn. Notice of the remarkable marine fauna occupying the outer banks off the southern coast of New England, Nos. 9 and 10; by A. E. Ver- rill. Brief contributions to Zoology from the Museum of Yale College, Nos. lv and lvi. (Am. Journ. Sci., xxviii(No. 165, Sept., 1884), pp. 213-220; (No. 167. Nov. 1884). pp. 378-384. ) The topics discussed are as follows: Work of the steamer Albatross in 1883 ; partial list of stations occupied by the Albatross in 1883; work of the steamer Albatross in 1884; character of the deep-sea deposits. These two papers give a general discussion of the results of the exploration of the Fish Com- mission steamer Albatross off the eastern coast of the United States during . the two years mentioned. The following new species are described in foot- notes : HOLOTHURIOIDEA : Page SE Tae a das Wand nee cinta sa sinene one ob ae 216 rT ON I Gk Le hhh ono walnomn ent dna Suess 217 ASTEROIDEA. PE CIN nan aoa WG Se ate mw tye rr ees tats ANG ; Pam ae a Pea eee y EAT bs. , 2 ter ME fae ws [ we Ol ay RE ¥ ay he pa ees i tes ee + ms = . x = 4 vi y we ; aa he Mik re os? singe ~ roe : LAS =portss | Ena ee pees tad asda apis ia ¥ a 23 2. nen th. bare ene Soh Na saz r? ne ea een 4s a ee, Ae i Bee Ase pore . pss i oe pee ae 44 sth Aa aoe SN ay Seen eis Wee pire tae: ah ip : 7 week a, ; a Rei? were mee bey i eet cules nes Rees - tee He 2 pt i - 7 Re Ms 2 ee 2 een ae : pees a RECN, Sealed asia ah ‘ as vt ; hae he i.’ 7 a es: abe sue San wie ce ee : bs hen Pee ws ae me i we. et aa aan yt a bist, = Be SL ig Sa ed . ro ata SC), ae cea Se Ra Se a gue | ee oy ee Peale Se a Se oe ea Pea os - Wiistoe, i. F deen gt ta ee ae A . se Ss a baie: Peel Walk ap “re wins 4 +, Oe ed oe Ey LIST OF ACCESSIONS TO THE U, 8, NATIONAL MUSEUM DURING 1884, es 4 J , A e | Ag a « al ‘ a bt as « A oh ite a : Fa é? ir sara | od Pal APPENDIX. LIST OF ACCESSIONS TO THE MUSEUM IN 1884. Abbe, C. FE. 14671. Insect from Massachusetts. Abbey Coal and Mining Company. 15361. Two boxes, specimens of coal and its associates from Missouri. Abbie, S. G. 14339. Skeletons of foxes, mink, and porcupine from Maine. : F Abbott, H. I. 14583. Package of specimens of fulgurites from Lllinois. Academy Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pa. 14074, 14146, and 14283. Alcoholic specimens of reptiles; package of alcoholic reptiles. (Loan, returned.) Ackerman, Ensign A. A., U.S. N. 14287 and 15042. Bones of whale and bone implements, Indian arrow-heads and, chips from Disco Island and Greenland. Ackerman, F. 15191. Stone ax from Ohio. (Lent.) Adams, J. B. 13914. Specimens of birds’ skins from New Mexico. Adams, 8S. T. 14086. Specimen of mammal, shells, &c., from Dakota. Adams, W. H. 144354 and 14824. Six boxes of specimens of sulphur and copper ore from Louisa County, Virginia. Agens, Alexander M. 14313. Piece of felt which covered the coffin of the late Captain DeLong. Aiken, Charles E. 14808. Birds’ skins from Colorado. Aistrop, Z. T. 14273. Samples of minerals from California. f Ajax Metal Company. 15344. Specimens of the Ajax metals from the works of the company. Alderson, J. D. 14679. Specimen of ore from West Virginia. Alexander, W. D. 14291. Specimen of barking sand from sand-hills of Maua Kauai. . Alford, L. SN. 15424. Specimen of graphite from Franklin Couuty, North Carolina. Allen, F. S. 14552 and 14569. Photograph and model of an improved life boat and. car from Cuttyhunk, Mass. Allen, J. £. 14695. Specimen of insect from Indian River, Florida. Allien, Mr. . 15173. Charm made from skull of marten, mounted in silver, from Russia. Allis, BE. W. 14688. Wooden inodel of stone implement, Michigan. S., Mis. 33, pt. 225 385 386 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884. Allison, J. D. (through Judge L. O. Johnson). 14570. Box of alcoholic fishes from Alabama. Alward, G. L. (Grimsby, England). 14514. Two pictures of fishing vessels used by English fishermen. \ American Institute of Mining Engineers. 14081, 14116, 14233, 14243, and 14407. Fifteen boxes of iron and steel; 6 boxes of rock specimens, andg geological maps from Sweden; 3 boxes, collection of salts, &c, from Germany, and 18 boxes of models of blast furnaces, &e. Amend, B. G. 15079. Two specimens of minerals. American Ship Windlass Company. 14636. Two boxes containing models of steam windlasses from Rhode Island. | Andrews, George S. 15141. Specimen of garnet in granite from Con- necticut. mae Oe Andrews, Joseph D. 14382. Specimens of ore from Arizona. Andrews, R. H. 14735. Two specimens of turtle eggs from Maryland. Andrews, W. H. 14740 and 14795. Collection of minerals and Indian relics from various localities in New York. Ansonia Brass and Copper Company. 14344, 14863, and 15133. Sy keg, and two boxes of brass and copper specimens. Archer, B. V. 13924, Specimen of large leather-back turtle from Key West, Fla. Arlington Mills. 15125. Specimens illustrating the manufacture of worsted and cotton yarns. Army Medical Museum. 14053, 14076, and 14810. Collection of stone relics, foods, fossils, gold, silver ad copper ores, alcoholic fishes, » models of Hakimo boats, fragments of pottery, &c., from various localities, and four specimens of deformed crania. (Lent.) Arnheim, J. 8. 14186. Specimens of reptiles from California. Ashburner, 0. A. 15248, 15294, and 15333. Model of the Panther Creek Anthracite Coal Basin and maps. (Purchased for N. O, Exposition.) Atkins, Charles G. 14011 and 14398.. Three cases containing a series of embryo salmon in alcohol, glycerine, and water from Grand Lake Stream and Orland, Me., also bundle of poles and net. Atkinson, Edward. 15179. Specimens of cotton and silk fabries from China and Japan. 70 Atkinson and Filmore. 15292. Boat model. (Lent.) Atwater, W. O. 15454. Collection of foods. . Aymé, Louis H. 15230. Three boxes, one barrel and bundle ethno- graphic specimens from Mexico. Babitt, Z. & F. 14050. Samples of water from artesian wells 2,120 feet, deep for report. Babcock, General O. H., U. 8. A. 14060, 14067, 14317, and 14380. Speci- mens of pottery, bones, charcoal, and shells from shell mound on north bank of Halifax River, also birds and bat from Florida, and two bottles of water from Maryland. Babcock, Mrs. O. EH. 14617. Box ene of pottery found near Mosquito Inlet, Florida. LIST OF ACCESSIONS TO THE MUSEUM IN 1884, 387 Babcock, S. 2. 14413. Specimens of stone implements from South Car- olina. (Loan.) Bailey, B. M. 15167. Specimens of minerals from Maine. Bailey & Co., John T. 14675. Samples of cordage. Bailey, Robert T. (through W. J. Htzell.) 14625. Specimen of fungi from Sonth Carolina. Bailey, W. H. 14633. . Alcoholic specimens of fish from off Cape Fear, North Carolina. Bailly, Jules. 15355, Specimens of mounted frogs, Baird, Miss [Tucy. 14197 and 14335. Alcoholic specimens of earth worm, and collection of minerals. : Baird, Prof. 8S. F. 14614 and 15479. Box, specimens of fish from Wood’s Holl, Mass., and quahog pearl. Baird, Mrs. Spencer F. 14447. An old-fashioned English ‘coffee big- gin.” Baker, A. B. 15035. Two boxes of mammal skins from Kansas. Balbach & Son, 2. 15203. Four boxes gold, silver, copper, lead, &e. Baldwin Locomotive Works. 14705. Four photographs of mine locomo- tives. | Ballew, W. W. 14661. Specimens of rocks from Arkansas. Barber Flax Spinning Company. 14745. Specimens of Dutch, Cana- dian, Irish, French, and Flemish flax. Barclay Coal Company. 14760. Boxspecimens of bituminous coal aud its associates from Long Valley mine, Pennsylvania. (Collected by James Temple Brown.) Barker, A. 8., U. 8. N., commanding U. 8. S. Enterprise. 14805 and 14865. Specimens of ocean bottom obtained during cruise from United States to Asiatic station, via Cape of Good Hope; also, box of photograph negatives. Barker, Charles D. 14170. Specimen of pottery from Florida. Barnard, Edith 8. 14328. Specimen of alligator in flesh. Barnum, Bailey & Hutchinson. 14360, 14363, 14401, 14541, 14594, 14613, 14709, 14894, 15193, 15221, 15393, 15485, and 15510. Ten specimens of monkeys, one baboon, one eland, one harnessed antelope, three leopards, and one peccary, all in flesh. Barnum, P. T. 15457. Plaster bust of Phineas T, Barnum. Barringer, W.D. 14970. Specimen of fossil from Texas. Barroll, Henry H., Lieut., U. 8S. N. 14829. Alcoholic specimen of erab from Lamock Island, China. Barrows, W. B. 14939. Specimens of turtles from Connecticut. Barton & Logan. 14507. Young specimen of monkey in flesh. Bartlett, Comd’r John R., U. S. N. 14027, 14554, and 15459. Two bot- tles of alcoholic specimens of marine invertebrates, &c., picked up at sea; specimens of pumice from Straits of Sunda and voleanie dust from Krakatoa. 388 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884. Batchen, John S. F. 13952, 14007, 14128, 14144, 14164, 14191, 14353, 14549, 14752, 15023, 15166, 15215, and 15272. Large collection of building and ornamental stones, ores, rock specimens, German litho- graphic stone, &c., Ulinois, Arizona, New Mexico, Missouri, Texas, Kansas, Florida, Colorado, Michigan, and line of Mexican Céntral Railroad. : Baeder, Adumson & Co, 14858 and 15119. Collection of materials illus- trating the manufacture of sand paper and emery cloth and specimens of minerals. . Bean, Dr. T, H. 14075, 14350, 15031, and 15039. Hight boxes alcoholic specimens of fishes and invertebrates and pigeon-hawk from Long Island, New York; specimen of barred owl shot in the Smithsonian grounds, and eight fresh specimens of fishes from Washington market. Bearden, C. C. 14065. Specimens of insect from Texas. Beardsley, Mrs. A. J. 15052. Specimens of minerals from Missouri. Beatty, Joseph H. 14751, 15020, and 15036. Three packages of birds’ skins from various localities. Beatty, T. W. 14782. Specimen of Indian pottery from South Carolina. (Loaned.) ; Beauchamp, W. M. 14175. Specimens of crania, shells, concretions, &c., from New York. - Beck, Hon. James B, 13909. Four specimens of ducks in flesh from Potomac River. Belding, L. 13960, 14176, 14185, 14318, 14488, and 15216. Six packages of dried and alcoholic birds’ skins from California. Bell, James. 14100, 14533, and 14575. Specimens of living snakes, frogs, and two skins of Florida screech owl. Bell Smelting Company. 15532. Specimens of copper ores and products from Butte, Mont. Bell, W. M. 14515. Specimen of fresh fish from Delaware. Bendire, Capt. Charles, U. 8S. A. 13916, 14256, and 14532. Four boxes of birds’ skins; tank of alcoholic fishes, reptiles, msects, &c., from vicinity of Fort Klamath, Oreg.; also, large collection of birds’ - nests and eggs from Western North America, New York, and Europe. Béné R. T. 15445. Exhibit of ostrich feathers, showing process of manufacture. , Benjamin, Cyrus M. 14177. 'Two specimens of ores from Connecticut. Benner, D. J. 15016. Specimen of grass coat from Popoyan, United States of Colombia. : Berendt, Dr. G. (Berlin, Germany). 14157, Specimen of sand (To- nendor). Bergens Museum (Bergen, Norway). 14499. Box of birds’ skins and invertebrates from Norway. Berlin Museum (through Prof. A. Bastian). 14681. Cast of Buddha’s. foot-print, from Buddhafaya, the most venerated spot of the Budd- hists. LIST OF ACCESSIONS TO THE MUSEUM IN 1884. 389 Bernheisel, 8S. 14676. Specimens of minerals from Pennsylvania, Berrini, Dr. Josie Carlos. 15491. Specimens of vegetable fibers ex- tracted from plants of Brazil. Bertha Zine Company. 15245. Specimens of zine ores from Virginia. Bessel, Gebruder. 14356. ‘Two cases and five casks of graphite cruci- bles and large piece of graphite from Dresden. Bianchi & Co., F. 15396. Samples of feathers used in the millinery business. Bicknell, Eugene P. 14084. .T'wo specimens of birds’ skins from River- dale, N. Y. Bigelow Carpet Company. 15084. Samples of wools and carpets. Bishop, J. N. 14565. Insect from Connecticut. Bissel, John G. 14180. Sample of dust from surface of 5 feet of snow which fell February 29, 1884. Bissel, John H. 15081. Specimen of fresh fish from Detroit, Mich. Blackford, Eugene G. 14059, 14151, 14217, 14288, 14311, 14595, 14406, 14418, 14455, 14480, 14717, 14762, 14815, 14864, 14918, 14930, 14935, 15006, 15060, 15091, 15155, 15332, and 15443. Large collection of fresh fishes, including salmon, from Atlantic and Pacific coasts, halibut weighing 430 pounds, pompana, weight 36 pounds, black and sea bass, green and logger-head turtles, crabs, &c., from New York mar- ket, Canada, Newfoundland, England, West Indies, and Gulf of Mexico. Blackman, W. S. 14626. Specimen of ore from Indiana. Blackman, Z. 14556. Package of clay from Louisiana. Blackiston, Capt. T. W. (London, England). 14165. Collection of nearly 500 Japanese birds’ skins. Blake, W. P. 14517. Sample of wool from mountain goat. Blockman, L. A. 15454. Specimen of shells, &c., from San Diego, Cal. Bloomfield, Loyd M. 14468. Specimen of birds’ nests and eggs from Ohio. blossburg Coal Company. 15033. Box of tire-clay, slate, bones, fossils, mining tools, &c., from Pennsylvania. Boardman, George A. 14248 and 14257. Two specimens of birds’ skins. from Florida; also 6 eggs of the limpkin. Bolles, Lieut. T. Dix, U. 8S. N. 15153. Two boxes of minerals, and ethnology from Alaska. Bonaparte, Du Prince Rowland (St. Cloud, France). 13991 and 14883. Two collections of photographs of Kalmouks. Bond, Frank U. 15416. Alcoholic specimens of crayfishes from Wy- oming. Bonelli, George. 14279. Specimen of mineral from Utah. Booth, A. 14296. Specimens of fresh fish (Clupea sapidissima and Oncorhynchus nerka) from Columbia River. Booton, J. K. 14508. Specimens from Luray, Va. 390 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM; 1884. Bowker, Torrey & Co. 15024. Specimens of African onyx and _ bree- cia (red). Bowron, William M. 15083. Box of fossils and shells from Tennessee: Boyce, Mrs. 14951. Box specimens of shells from California. Boyd, James. 14527. Specimens of asbestos from Canada. Boyle, John T. (sculptor). 14066. Original model of the statue of In- dian chief in Lincoln Park at Chicago, Il. Boyton, Paul. 15522. Specimens of old gold and silver ornaments from Ancon. (Purchased.) Brackin, A. H. 14340. Specimens of minerals trom North Carolina. Bradfute, W. k. 15290. Specimens of rocks from Nevada. Bradstreet, B.C. 15432. Specimen of ore from Colorado. Brady, Prof. G. S. 14167 and 14181. Collection of free-swimming copepods from England and building stones from New York. — Brakeley, John H. 14476. Bottle of alcoholic fishes from New Jersey. Brandenberger, Wiliam. 14572 and 14730. Packageof ores from Cali- fornia. Brazil, Government of. 14366. Large coliection of foods, mats, hats, shoes, fans, aprons, pipe-stems, nuts, baskets; also samples of rain cloak and cape, made of straw leaves for making hats; brooms, pipe- bowls, tooth-picks, scrubbers, dippers, model of Brazilian boat, &e. Brenner, D. W. 14563. Package of copper ore from Loudoun County, Virginia. Bretz, George N. 14853 and 14907. Box of negatives of outside and inside views of coal mine of Shenandoah district, Pennsylvania. (Purchase, New Orleans Exhibition. ) Also photograph of coal- breakers. Brewster, William. 15478. Box of birds’ skins. Bridges, R. W. 14446 and 14816. Specimens of minerals from Maryland. Brighthope Railway Company. 15233. Specimens of coal from Virginia. Briscoe, S. B. 14849 and 14875. Miners’ tools, pick, and 3 drills. (Purchase, New Orleans Exhibition.) Also miner’s old outfit, coat, boots, We. British Musewm (London, England). 14124, 14158, 14610, and 15400. Large collections of birds’ skins from India, Asia, ree and Aus- tralia. Alcoholic specimens of bats, and catalogues of the museum. Broadhead, G. C. 15256. Three specimens of fossils from Missouri. Brock, James A. 14391. Specimen of bndian pottery from Florida. Brodie, David. 14953. Specimens of Carbonjferous fossils from Con- necticut. Brookins, Pr. A. B. 14600. Specimens of insects from Florida. Brooklyn Mine. 15238. Specimens of ores from Utah. Brown, Charles F. 15037. Minerals from Arkansas. (Purchase, New Orleans Exhibition.) Brown, H. L. 14182, Box of stone relics and 5 moss agates from Wisconsin. LIST-OF ACCESSIONS TO THE MUSEUM IN 1884. 391 Brown, George T. 15069. Specimens of insects from South Carolina. Brown, G. W. 14498. Specimen of stone relic from West Virginia. (Purchase.) Brown, James Temple. 14845, 14847, 14857, 14949, 14956, 14979, and 15378. Specimens of co#, iron ores, lepidodendron, slate, and fossils. Three specimens of iron bolts reduced by action of mine water, and two photographs of fans for ventilating coal mines from Pennsylva- nia, Virginia, and New York. Brown, John P. 13901 and 13992. Specimen of calcareous tufa and skin of owl from Washington Territory. Brown, Walter W. 14069. Photograph eopy of the Declaration of Independence of the United States. Buchsbaum, H. 13954. Specimen, in the flesh, of Mexican hairless dog. Buck, Stuart M. 14592. Specimens of coal from West Virginia. Buffum, Allie J. 14201. Specimens of rocks from Wisconsin. Burchard, Horatio C. 14937. Box containing two copies in bronze of all medals issued by the United States Government. Burch and Moore. 14529. Fresh specimen of fish from Potomac River. Bureau of Ethnology. 13948, 13987, 14009, and 14255. Large collection of pottery, stone relics, hnman skulls, bones, from mounds of United States; also 362 archeological specimens ‘collected during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1883. Bureau of Navigation, U.S.N. 14459. 168 specimens of bottom sound- ings from the cruise of the steamer Albatross during winter of 1884, in Gulf of Mexico and West Indies. Burhans, C. 8. 15326. Specimens of minerals from New York. Burlington Manufacturing Company. 14768. Specimen of ophiolite from Port Henry, N. Y. Burns, Frank. 13920. Specimen of mound pottery from Alabama. Bush, Mrs. A. HE. 14427 and 14431. Specimen of crustacea and shells from San Pedro, Cal. Bush, William Rk. 14268. Specimen of rock from Florida. Butler, Col. A. P. 14503. Specimen of Indian burial urn from South Carolina. Byrnes, W. B. 15231. Drawing of the bark Saratoga entering and leaving the port of Palermo. Oable Flax Mills (EH. A. Hartshorn, president). 14720. Specimens of flax twine, &c. Caldwell, John W. 14041. Specimen of silver medal, loaned for copy. Call, R. Ellsworth. 13905, 14143, 14561, 14683, 14691, 14870, 14902, and 15260. Specimens of shells, fresh specimen of bat, alcoholic reptiles, crustaceans, and 175 specimens of Limax maximus, from Potomac River, California, lowa, and District of Columbia; also leeches and mollusca from Utah and Nevada. Call, Mrs. R. H. 15027. Alcoholic specimen of rattlesnake and spider from Illinois. 392 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884. Callender, Mr. (London, England). 13990. Sample of bituminous insu- lation of wire. Cameron, J. P. 14618. Specimen of ore from Texas. Camp, Mrs. Norman W. 15076. Wax portraits of antique manufact- ure. (Deposited.) Canfield, Dr. C. A. 14516. Sample of down of young Cathartes cali- Sorniensis. Cannon, Dr.G. 15320. Specimens of minerals from Northern New York. | Cargill, Samuel G. 14980. Three photographic views of the Lowmoor Iron Company’s works. Carlton, Miss Hattie. 15537. Small collection of arrow-points, shells, minerals, &c., from Arizona. Carlton, J. H. 14384. Two boxes of stone implements from Arizona. Carmack, G. L. M. 15107 and 15475. Specimens of ores and minerals from Washington Territory. 3 Carnegie Bros. G Co. 15342. Sample of coke from Pennsylvania. Carry, Miss C. 15425. Specimen of pen and utensils, contract dated 1722, and almanac of 1780. Carter, C. P. 14893. Five models of boats from Maine. Carter & Tucker. 15305. Specimen of graphite from Heron mine, North Carolina. ; Catlin, J. C. 13937. Specimen of red squirrel’s nest from Ohio. Catton, John F. 13925. Specimens of mound relics and bird’s nest from North Carolina. Cave Mine. 15500. Specimens of ores from Utah. Cedar Grove Mining Company. 15217. Specimen of coal from West Virginia. Central Mine Company. 14959. ‘Two boxes and two large pieces of copper ore and associates from Michigan. Chadwick & Co. 15172. Specimen of candle made from bees-wax from Spain. (Purchased.) Chamberlain, C. W. 15428. Specimens of birds’ skins. Chapin, W. C. 15406. Specimen of niter from White Plains, iat Chapman, W. A. 15413. Specimens of fossils from Arkansas. Chase, Lieut. George F., U.S. A. 14544. Two living specimens of Gila monster (Heloderma suspectum) from Arizona. | Chatard, Dr. F. #. 14031. Specimens of minerals from Maryland. Chatard, T. N. 14785, 15074, 15222, 15268, and 15338. Specimens of minerals, gold ore, dunite, and garnetite from North Carolina and Georgia. Chateaugay Ore and Iron bonis y. 14775 and 14784. Specimens of iron ores and products. Chester, Capt. H. GC. 14329 and 15270. Four water-color sketches of vessels and sample of folding anchor. Chickering, Prof. J. W. 14148. Two abnormal feet of pig (Sus scrofa). LIST OF ACCESSIONS TO THE MUSEUM IN 1884. b93 Christy & Co., Thomas. 14448, 14449, 14641, 14744, 14754, and 14799. Samples of Rhea seed; also specimens of seed of Cannabis sativa which yields bang or hemp, and is largely grown in Persia; specimen of thiolyte and mineral substance from England; also living seeds and oil of crab nuts from West Indies. City Rock Mines. 15192. Two boxes specimens of ores from Utah. Clark, A. Howard. 15015, 15049, and 15065. Specimens of stone kil- licks; specimen of toggle iron used in capturing swordfishes; mack- erel reamer (old style); swordfish iron, fisherman’s scrubbing-board, and os penis of seal from Massachusetts and Iceland. Olarke, Prof. F. W. 14501, 14764, 14832, and 15017. Specimen of irid- osmine, minerals, gems, and cassiterite, from Maine, California, France, Norway, and Peru; also specimen of hair ball from stomach of Texas steer. Clarke, M. C. 14396. Two living specimens of fish from Red River, Tennessee. Clark, W. M. 14019. Specimens of stone relics, pottery, and skull from mounds in Tennessee. | Cluyton, Prof. J. #. 15130 and 15161. Specimens of ores and min- erals from Utah. Clemens, George S. 14842. Box of anthracite coal carvings from Penn- sylvania. (Purchase, New Orleans Exhibition). Clements, Hon. J. C. 14235. Specimen of rock from Georgia. Yleveland, Mrs. M. (Paris, France). 13970 and 14904. Case containing Sicilian harness. Coale, H. K. 13927, 14261, 14701, 14886, 15029, 15154, and 15357. Large collection of birds’ skins from United States, Europe, and India. Cochran, A. B. 14873. Section of wall used to extinguish fire’ in Kehley’s Run colliery, Pennsylvania, and chart of anthracite coal fields. Coffin, C. E. 14560 and 15143. Samples of pine and oak wood char- coal and pig-iron borings from Maryland. Cole, John. 13955, 14118, and 14537. Specimens of minerals and ores from Virginia. Collector of Customs, San Francisco, Cal. 14270. Specimen of iguana, dried and eviscerated. Coleman, Edward C. 14510. Sample of earth from Wisconsin for re- port. Coleman, W. W. 15146. Bottle alcoholic specimen of squid from Chesa- peake Bay. : Collins, A. J. 14381. Specimen of ore from Tennessee. Collins, Joseph W. 14095, 14954, 14961, 15108, and 15132. German- silver seine-mending needle, collection of boat models from Massa- chusetts; also skull and antlers of deer from Holsteinberg, Greenland. (Purchased. ) | Collins, W. H. 15509. Specimen of rabbit in flesh. 394 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, Ags @olman, Benjamin. 15054. Specimens of aoneaale as Missouri. Colorado Silver Mining Company. 15497 and 15531. Specimens of gold, silver, and copper ores, and products from Colorado. Conant, Ambrose. 14184. Samples of minerals from Ohio. Conglomerate Mining Company. 14927. Four boxes specimens of copper ores and associates from Delaware, Mich. Conklin, W. A. (Superintendent Central Park Menagerie, New York). 14173, 14190, 14250, 14348, 14372, 14419, 14453, 14793, 14915, 14992, 15139, 15157, 15197, 15202, 15263, and 15456. Six specimens of monkeys, baboon, python, giant kangaroo, domestic Chinese fowl, hair-footed jerboa, white crane, condor, civet cat, fruiteating bat, fawn, and 2 specimens of lemur, all in flesh. Connor, J. C. 14649. Specimens of minerals from Alabama. Consolidated Bobtail Mining Company. 15410 and 15411. Specimens of retorted gold and gold amalgam (purchased); also specimens of gold ore (presented). Cook, J. W. 14211. Skin of Grus americana from Dakota. Cope, Prof. HE. D. 14068. Specimen of Cacatua eos, in flesh, from Aus- tralia. Corcoran Art Galen, 15455. Fine collection of Japanese musical instruments. Cory, Charles B. 13907, 14394, and 14421. Collection of birds’ skins - from Pacific Ocean between San Francisco and Sandwich Islands, and San Domingo, West Indies. Coryton, E. (London, Hngland). 14403. Seven specimens of ancient copper Coins. Coues, Dr. Elliott, U. S.A. 15521. Specimen of squirrel from Arizona. Cowan G&G Bliss. 15096 and 15097. Five boxes of zine ores, &c., from Missouri. Cowles, Archie A. 15394. Specimen of bird’s egg from Minnesota. Cowles, J. P. 14093. Three Chinese sandals and square of brick tea. Cox, LI. A. 14070. Thirteen plaster casts of crinoids of the Keokuk beds, Lowa. | Cragin, F. W. 14942. Mounted specimen of bat, from Manhattan, Kans. Craven, Dr. John J. 15134. Specimen of fresh fish from Great South Bay, Long Island. , Crawford, Dr. M. H., U. 8S. N. 15004. Package of shells, &c., from west Terra del Fuego, near Straits of Magellan, Patagonia. Crawford, S. M. 14223. Box of fresh specimens of trout from Chris- tine Lake, New Hampshire. Crescent Coal Mines. 14997. Samples of coal and its associates from West Virginia. Crockett, M. D. 14846. Slice of the Robertson County, Tennessee, meteorite. | Cromley, M. LH. 14780. Specimens of insects from Colorado. LIST OF ACCESSIONS TO THE MUSEUM IN 1384. 395 Crosby, W. O. 14941. Rock specimens from Massachusetts. Crosse & Blackwell (London, England). 14559. Seventy-nine samples of food from England. Cross, John. 14374. Specimens of fossil bone from Florida. Crown Point Iron Company. 14885. Specimens of iron ores, pig iron, &e., from New York. wy Crumb, Capt. C. H. 14933. Six specimens Ammodromus maritimue from Cobb’s Island, Virginia. Cushing, FP. H. 15144. Serapi, breech-clout and coat. Cushing, L. B. 15350. Three water-color sketches of boats. Dabney, Dr. C. W. 14833. Specimens of tin orefrom King’s Mountain, North Carolina. Daggett, R. M. 13904. Specimen of resonant or barking sands of Maua Kauai. Dall, Rev. C. H. A. 15370. Samples of vegetable silk from India. Danenhower, W. W. 14487. Suit of furs worn by Lieut. John W. Dan- enhower, late navigator of the United States Arctic yacht Jeannette, during his retreat through Siberia. Daniels, Capt. John. 15528. Specimens of native silver and copper from Osceola mine, Michigan. Daniels, O. BE. 15280.) Specimen of marine animal for name. Davidson County, North Carolina. 15302, 15317, and 15421. Specimens of gold, silver, copper, and lead ores from North Carolina. Davis Company, The. 14707. Specimens of pyrite from Massachusetts. Davis, Dr. Edwin Hamilton. 15188. One hundred and three molds of stone implements from mounds in Mississippi Valley, and few show- ing Mexican, Central, and South American art. (Purchased.) Davis, G. H. 14915. Specimen of bird trom Iowa. Davis, Jacob. 14156. Specimens of birds, in flesh, from Massachusetts. Davis, Oliver. 14722. Specimen of soft-shell turtle (Aspidonectes spinifer) from Ohio. Deardorff, Isaac N. 14423. Carved stone head from Ohio. (Loan.) De Coene, J. (Rowen, France). 14410. Box of charts and maps of the river Seine. De Johnge. 15174. Sample of glazed paper prepared with bone-black. Delmege, Reid & Co. (Ceylon). 14114 and 14415. Collection of fibers, cordage, coffee, vegetable and essential oils, and plumbago. Dennison Manufacturing Company. 15463. Samples illustrating the manufacture of sealing wax. De Poincey, W.J. 14509 and 14505. Two a of insects from Florida. Desloge Lead Company. 15529. Specimens of led ores from Missouri. Devereux, A. 14995. Specimen of rock from Texas. Devoe & Co., F. W. 15265. Collections of paints, brushes, &c., of animal ori et 396 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884. Dewey, F. P. 14738, 14940, 15131, and 15194. Specimens of ores and minerals from New Jersey, Colorado, and Utah, and 2 bottles of iridosmine. (Purehased.) Dickie, James. 15437. Three photographs and diagrams, with descrip- tion of the new aqua-aerial or wave ship. Diller, J. 8S. 15508. One hundred and fifty specimens of andesites from Mount Shasta, California. Dimond, John. 15010. Specimen of California onyx. Discover, Emanuel G. 14265. Specimen of rock from Wyoming. Dobson, G. HE. 14619. Alcoholic specimens of mammals, fishes, rep- tiles, &c., from England. | Dodds, Pardon. 14195. Specimen of ozocerite. Dodge, E. G. 15323. Specimens of minerals from Saint Lawrence County, New York. Doerflinger, Carl. 15374. Specimens of Potsdam fossils from Wis- consin. Dolphin Manufacturing Company. 14975. Samples of Napier matting and hemp carpets from New York. Donaldson, Thomas. 13985, 15201, 15345, 15384, and 15447. Speci- men of turquoise from mine in Gonzales, Mexico; specimen of free gold (purchased) ; box of feathers used in manufactures; 6 boxes of gold quartz (Savage collection), and 15 large pieces of ores. Donnell & Co.,J. T. 14101. Large coil (1,200 pounds), specimen of ship cable. : Dore, Harry #. 15482. Specimens of land shells from Oregon. Douglas, jv., J. 14504. Two specimens of coal from Arizona. Dowell, B. F. 15135. Specimens fossils, minerals, shells, and fossil plants from Oregon. Dowell, John. 14354. Mounted specimen of Porzana jamaicensis. Downman, Rk. H. 14166 and 14295. Specimen of bird in flesh, and worms, from Virginia. Dresel, Ensign H. G., U. 8S. N. 15040. Specimen of pigeon-hawk from Patchogue, L. I. Drummond, A.J. 14103. Specimens of materials used for photograph- ing on wood. Duges, Prof. Alfred. Collection of fossil bones, birds’ skins, star- fishes, shells, and specimen of peccary, from Mexico. Duquo, Capt. John. 14965, 14985, and 15048. Two specimens of cup sponges, specimen of coral and fish from fishing banks north of Ice- land. . Duly, A. A. 15520. Specimen of fossil oyster from Potomac Creek. Dunning, Philo. 14711. Alcoholic specimen of fish from Wisconsin. Dutcher, William. 13902. Specimens of birds’ skins from Long Island. Dwight, jr., Jonathan. 14187. Specimens of birds’ skins. (Loan.) Dyer, W. M. 14249. Specimen of iron pyritesfrom West Virginia. Dyke, H. B. 14632. Specimen of ore from Lowa. LIST OF ACCESSIONS TO THE MUSEUM IN 1884, 397 Eakin, John R. 14905. Specimens of skulls, fragments of same, fossils, and stone implements, from near Washington, Ark, Kdson, J. B. 14646. Samples of zylonite (in sheet form). Kdwards, Vinal N. 14017, 14568, 15162, and 15446. Specimens of birds’ skins, duck fossils, eels, parasites from fish, 22 bottles of dredg- ings, and specimen of variegated sea bass from Massachusetts. Elliott, Henry W. 15405. Small collection of augite crystals from Alaska. Bly, J. H. 14196, Specimen of halotrichite from Gila River, New Mexico. . Emma Mine Company. 15183. Specimens of silver and lead ores from the Emma mine, Utah. Lmmert, John W, 14292. Sample of ore from North Carolina. Bmmons, G. F. 15346. Specimens of rocks from Colorado. Yrrico Brothers. 15148. Specimens of cameos, tortoise-shell, &c. Esberard, F. A. M. (through Foreign Exhibition, Boston, Mass.). 14598. Cask containing 2 pieces of glazed and 101 pieces of unglazed pot- tery from Brazil. Psperanza Marble Company. 15136 and 15247. Specimens of building stones and slabs of marble from New York. Hwart, Prof. J. Cossar. 15169. Stocking made from bison hair, from Canada. Faiche, John R. 14660. Specimen of crab from Chesapeake Bay. Fuirhurst, A. 14361. Box of Indian stone relics from Kentucky. Fall Brook Coal Company. 14846 and 15003. Specimens of muiner’s clothing, outfit, &c. (purchased), and two boxes of coal, &e. Farmer, Louis and Maurice. 14117. Specimens of cottons, fibers, ima. nila, crude and manufactured, &c., from Port au Prince, Hayti. Fayette Coal Company. 15274. Specimens of coal and slate from West Virginia. Ferguson, Maj. T. B. 13969 and 13996. Specimen of clay, and owl in flesh, from South Carolina. Ferry, Miss L. 14724. Specimens of beetles from Massachusetts. Fetzer, G. W. 14512 and 14734. Specimens of minerals from Tennes- see. Hire Creek Coal and Coke violet aod 15362. ‘Two boxes of coal and coke from West Virginia. First Japanese Manufacturing and Trading Company. 15190. Colleetion of Japanese fancy goods. Fisher, William J. 14024. Two boxes, 1 keg, ornithological, oological, and ethnological specimens from Kodiak Island, Alaska. Fisk, BUC. 14952 and 15012. Specimens of insects from Illinois. Fitzhugh, Nicholas. 14848 and 14876. Specimen of miner’s pick, show- ing action of mine water, also specimens of coal, from Pennsylvania. Fitzhugh, kh. K. 15404. Specimen of epidote in quartz from Virginia. Flint, Dr. J. M., U.S. N. 14130. Skull and bones. 308 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEWUM, 1884. Fogg & Son, W. S. 15234 and 15269. Collection of feather flowers and ornaments, also samples for filling for mattresses, pillows, &c. Fontaine, Professor. 15064. Specimens of rocks from. Virginia. Foote, A. E. 14664, 14672, and 14860. Collection of minerals from England, Pennsylvania, and Kansas; 2 specimens of orthoclase and 7 of microline. (Purchase, New Orleans Exhibition.) Ford, J. B. 14967. Specimen of mineral from boiling spring, Arizona. Ford, 8. W. 15255. Two specimens of fossils from New York. Foster, J. H. 15005. Specimen of discoidal stone from South Caro- lina. _ Foster, N. A. & J. H. 14110. Specimen of minerals from North Caro- lina. Fougera & Oo., H. 13977. Collection of materia medica from New York. Fowler, Dutton. 14437. Specimen of mineral from Nevada. Fox, W. C. 13923 and 14341. Specimens of birds’ skins from Tennes- see and New York. Frank, A. (Stassfurth, Germany). 14405. Six boxes collection of salts and dumy flue from Germany. Franklin County. 15303 and 15318. Specimens of muscovite and as- bestos from North Carolina. French, Hon. H. F. 14586 and 14591. Specimen of dried interior of a sea cucumber, and istle grass used in making baskets, brushes, &c. Frick Coke Company, H. C. 15187 and 15273. Box and barrel, speci- mens of coal, coke, &c., from Pennsylvania. Fritzsche Brothers. 13936. Box containing specimens of drugs and essential oils. Frye aud De Graff. 15472. Specimens of zine ores from Missouri. Fuller, O. P. 15322. Specimens of minerals from Jefferson County, New York. Fuller, William. 14214. Skeletons of raccoons, weasel, muskrats, and minks, from New Yerk. Furlong, John. 14506. Sample of silver ore from Colorado. °¢ Gaddis, H. M. 14121. Specimen of arrow-head from Ohio. Galbraith, Frank G. 14624. Alcoholic specimens of fish from Penn- sylvania. Gale, Dennis. 14700. Seventeen specimens of birds’ skins from Colo- rado. Gallaher, Miss L. Bernie. 14320. Photograph of General Paez in uni- form. Gallagher, W. H. (through R. B. Mercer). 14647. Specimen of stone pipe from Virginia. (Loan.) Gannaway, W. kh. 15164. Specimen of ore from Arkansas. Gaumer, George Ff. 14928. Specimens of birds’ skins from Yucatan. Gautier, C. P. 14520 and 14602. Specimens of clay and selenite from Louisiana. LIST OF ACCESSIONS TO THE MUSEUM IN 1884. 399 Gazzam, J. P. 15066, 15209, 15210, and 15213. Specimens of silver, lead, and zinc ores, from Kansas and Missouri. Gedney, A. G. 14547. Specimen of Bavarian lithographic limestone. Geoghegan, N.O. 13956. Small specimens of native lithographic stones from Clay and Overton Counties, Tennessee. Gerhard, Frederick.. 14307. Cast of the death-mask of General George Washington. (Loan.) Germania Smelting and Refining Company. 15182. Specimens of silver and lead ores, bullion, &c¢., from Utah. Gesner, G. W. 14245. Specimens of ores from New York. Gesswein, I. W. 15535. Samples of leather, &c., showing uses. Gherman, Theodore. 14983. Specimens of marcasite from Mine La Motte, Mo. Gibbons & Co., James. 14590. Living specimens of snapping turtle from Cleveland, Ohio. | Gilbert, B. F. 15047. Specimen of snake from Brightwood, D.C. Gilbert, Charles H. 14525 and 15056. Alcoholic fishes from Indiana and Alabama. Gill, Dr. T. N. 14400. Fourteen specimens of fresh fish (Boleosoma olmstedi) from Potomac River. : Glendale Zine Works. 14888. Six boxes of zine exhibits from mines in Missouri. Godby, Thos. K. 14694. Alcoholic specimen of reptile from Florida. Goetz, George W. 14048. Specimen of ore from Bear Gulch, Dakota. Goff, jr., Hon. Nathan. 14205, 14605, and 15103. Specimens of roeks, ores, and minerals, trom West Virginia. . Goldsborough, Henry H. 15448. Seventy-four samples of Australian wool. Goode, Francis CO, 13946. Indian vase from small mound east side of Saint John’s River, 7 miles below Jacksonville, Fla. Goode, G. Brown. 14404, 14443, 15175, 15176, and 15276. Nine pairs of wooden shoes, clogs, and gloves, from England and Belgium; speci- men of ornamented cup made from shell; two specimens of shoe- horns, and collection of campaign medals, &e. Goodrich, J. King. 14178. Specimen of chalcovite and malachite in quartz from North Carolina, Goodwin, A. P. (through D. S. Spaulding). 14562. Box and package containing collection of spears, bows, arrows, stone axes, stone clubs, tomahawks, pair fine shields, &c., from New Guinea. (Purchased.) Goodwin, 8. P. 15375. Piece of keel of fishing schooner. Gould, J. Loomis. 14757 and 14917. Bale and box, specimens of bows, arrows, mats, canoe paddles, blanket, gambling sticks, seal spear, hook, carved duck, canoe hat, club, skull, &c., from Alaska; also 3 specimens of silver bracelets made by the Hydah Indians. (Pur- chased.) Gouldsburg & Son, R. 14964. Spec®men of marble from New York. 400 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884. Government of Guatemala (through Foreign Exhibition, Boston, Mass.). 14138. Collection of materia medica, foods, stones, minerals, &ce. Government of Hawaii (through Foreign Exhibition, Boston, Mass.). 14113 and 14126. Collection of foods, textile fabrics, soils, ciatene medica, cube of building stone, &c., from Hawaii. Government of San Salvador ieaagh Foreign Exhibition, Boston, Mass.). 14112 and 14373. Large collection of foods, tobacco, cigars, cotton, wax, soap, candles, rope, palm-leaf mats, hats, &c.; also collection of materia medica, and fifty specimens of gold, silver, and iron ores. Government of Venezuela (through Foreign Exhibition, Boston, Mass.). 14414. Large collection of foods, fibers, tobacco, seeds, Te ve minerals, ores, &e. Granby Mining and Smelting Company. 15219, 15253, and 15287 : Nine boxes specimens of zinc ores and spelter, from Missouri and Kansas. Graupner, Rk. F. 14642. Specimens of slate from Kansas. Grebritzoki, Governor (of Bering Island). 15488. Three boxes of birds’ skins from Bering Island. Green, F. C. 15512. Eighteen specimens of arrow-heads from Wis- consin. Greenwood, Walter J. .14168. Nine specimens of trout from Doublin, a Bas 5 IF Griffin, L. J. 15441. Slab of stalagmite marble from California. Griffin, Miss M. EH. 14895. Specimens of mica from Amelia County, Virginia. Griffin, N. L. 15163. Two specimens of minerals from Texas. Grigsby, C. S. 13919. Box of stone relics from Tennessee. (Pur- chased.) Grinnan, Daniel. 14635. Specimen of tooth of horse from Mississippi. Grosjean, Henry. 14056. Samples of French paper money of the period of the revolution. Grittinger, Mr. (through H. 8S. Fleming). 14773. Specimens of iron ores, pig iron, &c., from Pennsylvania. Gumbinger, J. 15334. Specimen of pipe made of bone from Florida. Giinther, Dr. A. (British Museum). 14798. Two casts of heads of dol- phins. Gunther's Sons, OC. G. 15120. Box of mammal skins, and mounted group of deer and black wolf. Hackenberg, Dr. G. P. 14794. Specimen of bulb from Texas. Hains, Peter C., Major of Engineers, U.S. A. 14596. Specimen of rock from Potomac River at Georgetown, D. C. Hale, Dr. J. P. 15087 and 15102. 3 boxes of ‘ Peerless” coal from West Virginia. Halifax County, North Carolina. 15316 and 15422. Specimen of marl and block of granite form North Carolina. Hall and Co., Charles #. 15009. Two specimens of California and one of Mexican onyx. LIST OF ACCESSIONS TO THE MUSEUM IN 1:84, AOL Hall, C.J. 14651. Specimen of building stone from Mount Desert, Me. Hall, James. 14271. Box of fossils and plants. (Collected by Fré- mont and Stansbury.) Hall, L. R. 15329. Specimens of minerals from Jefferson County, New York. Halstead, Miss May. 14352. Specimens of barnacle, and mollusk from Mississippi. Halverson, Alexander. 15453. Specimens of ores from New Mexico. Halverson, C. 15070. Specimen of galena, and lead ore from New Mexico. Hamilton, B. A. 15072. Specimen of mineral from Nevada. Hamilton, B. H. 15267. Specimen of mineral from California. Hammack & Co., A. 15170. Samples of shagreen from shark’s skin imported from France. (Purchased.) Hammontree, 8S. 14655. Specimen of fossil wood from Arkansas. Hamy, Dr. BE. (Trocadero Museum, Paris, France). 14193. Sample of mold from Palenque, Mexico. ) Handy, B. R. 14397. Specimen, branch from tree. Hanifen & Co., John BE. 15124. Specimens of knit goods. Hardy, Manly. 14077. Skeleton of red fox from Maine. Harford, Prof. W. G. W. 15300. Specimens of sea lion’s bristles. Harlow, Ensign C. H., U.S. N. 14778 and 14792. Alcoholic specimens of cod and sculpin from Disco Bay, and skin of Eskimo dog from the Greely Relief Expedition. : Harper, Jefferson. 14189. Specimens of minerals from Kansas. Harrell, J. Dock. 14606. Alcoholic specimen of salmon from Mis- sissippl. Harrison, Benjamin. 13918. Specimen of large mastodon tooth from shores of Lake George, Florida. . Harrison, Brothers & Co. 15205. Five boxes, containing samples illus- trating the manufacture of white lead. Harris, Gwynn. 14631. Specimen of fresh fish from Norfolk, Va. Harris, W. C. 14958. Specimen of fresh fish from Gogsbic Lake, Mis- sissippi. Harris Woolen Company. 15414. Samples of woolen goods. Hart and von Arx. 15199. Specimens illustrating the process of litho- graphing on stone. Hartig, J. B. (British Museum). 14033. Collection of birds’ skins from various localities. ; Hassler and Hopkins. 14621. Specimen of ore from West Virginia. Hawkins, John. 14442. Specimens of arrow-heads, pottery, shells, &e., from South Carolina. . Hawkins, Joshua. 14804. Specimen of fish from South River, Maryland. Hawley, FE. H. 14440 and 14590. Fresh specimen of Japanese fish and 6 specimens of pottery, from Foreign Exhibition, Boston, Mass. Hawley, J. K, 15408. Specimens of minerals from North Carolina and Virginia. ° YQ WMiac 22 nt 9 9 A(Q)2 REPORT OF NATIONALs MUSEUM, 1884. Hayden, Charles 8. 13971. Specimen of clam shell from Maine. Hayden, John C. 15465. Specimens of serpentine from California. Haydon, I. Walton. 14306. Alcoholic specimens of birds, fishes, rep- tiles, and shells, from Hudson Bay Territory. Hayward, Nat. 13986. Specimen of bird in flesh from Maryland. Hazlewood, F. F. 14232. Specimen of snake from Maine. Healy, Captain M. A., U.S. R. M. 15278, 15356 and 15382, Six boxes of birds, fishes, dredgings, rocks, skin of owl, and crania; also specimens of plants from Alaska. Heape, C. 14014. Ethnographic specimens from England. Hemphill, Henry. 13910, 14005, 14140, 14316, 14457, 14474 and 15519. Large collection of alcoholic and dried specimens of invertebrates, corals, shells, &c. from Florida. | Hempstead, Elias. 14303 and 14312. Collection of fossil bones from Florida. Henshaw, H. W. 13938, 18961, 14212, 14263, 14409, 14716, 15484. Col- lection of birds’ skins, nests, two skins of California vulture, and speci- men of snake, from Massachusetts, Virginia, Nevada, California, New Mexico, and District of Columbia. Heppingstone, Miss Adeline. 14001. Specimens of Arctic plants, pressed and mounted. Herbarium of Hurvard University. 14392 and 14489. Six large pack- ages of botanical specimens. | Hereford, Hon. Frank. 13974. Specimen of rock from West Virginia. Hering, C. J. 14150. Collection of alcoholic birds, reptiles, insects, shells, &c., from Surinam. Herndon, W.S. 13935. Specimens of coal from Texas. Herring, Sons G Co., O. 14674. Samples of carpets, showing process of manufacture by hand looms. Hicks, G. H. 14718. Alcoholic specimen of snake from Michigan. Higgins and Gifford. 15358 and 15435. Boat model from Massachu- setts, and model of Jamaica fruit boat. Hinckley, Isaac. 15352. Specimen of duck in flesh from Virginia. Hitchcock, Romyn. 13975, 14786, and 14973. Twelve specimens of the different furs of commerce; 8 samples. of teas, and Germania coffee; sainples of textiles from Massachusetts, and two Plucker tubes. Hitcheock, Mrs. R. 14638. Samples of laces. Hodge, R. S. 14686. Specimens of minerals from New York. ITodgson, Thomas. 14854. 'Two photographs of the Pennsylvania Coal Company’s docks, &e. Holabird, Q. M. Gen. 8S. B., U. 8S. A. 14682, 14812, 14984, and 15282. Snare drum, complete with sling and sticks, trumpet and cord, fife, 6 models of tents with equipments, and buffalo and horse hair plumes as used and worn by officers and men of U.S. Army. (De- posited.) LIST OF ACCESSIONS TO THE MUSEUM IN 1884, 403 Holmes, Frank. 14135. Sample of folding canvas boat. Holmes, John F. 14038. Specimen of water bird from Massachusetts. Holmes, W. H. 15298. Specimen of wampum belt from Mohawk In- dians. Holtzlander, B. 14567. Specimen of a domestic cat from Washington, D. C., in flesh. Hoosier Stone Company. 14867. Specimen of building stone from In- diana. Hord, J. T. 13978 and 14526, Specimens of minerals from Arizona. Horn, & Brothers, William H, 15372. Vour boxes of shoemakers’, tan- ners’, and curriers’ tools. Horn, Dr. G. H. 14004. Box of minerals, fossils, and aicoholic insects from Arkansas. Hornaday, W. T. 14822. Thirty-seven specimens of birds’ skins from India. H ner and Hyde. 14399. ‘Two cans of net-preservative fluid. Horn Silver Mining and Smelting Company, 15181. Specimens of silver, lead ores and products from Utah. Hough, F. B. 14377. Sample of maple syrup from Lowville, N. Y. Houghton, FP. W. 15440. Seven specimens of lava and ashes from vol- canic eruption in the Straits of Sunda. Hovey, F. S. 14438. Specimen of tooth of horse from Washington Territory. Howard, Arthur G. 14364. Specimens of minerals from Massachusetts. Howard, Ernest. 14601 and 14739. Specimen of malachite with hema- tite, and copper ore from Virginia. Herrman, H. 15466. Samples of plush as used in trade. Hudson, George A. 14280. Specimens of fresh fish from Ogeechee River, Georgia. Humphrey Brothers & Tracy. 14850. Specimens of miners’ boots, bro-’ gans, &c. Hunt, Capt. T. B. 14153. Fresh specimen of the mountain sheep, from Fort Bridger, Utah. Hunter, Captain (through L. Stejneger). 15487. Two specimens of moun- tain sheep and box of birds’ skins from Kamtschatka. Huse, Fred. J. 14470. Specimens of birds’ skins from California. Huske, C. J. 13944. Specimen of salted fish from South Carolina. Hussey & Co., C. G. 15085 and 15106. Specimens of coal and copper from Pennsylvania. Iglesias, Rafael. 14989. Box of Indian antiquities and pottery from Costa Rica. India Museum (through Prof. J.Wood Mason). 15057. Box alcoholic shells of Tarbinella pyrum from Caleutta, India. Ingalls, John. 14085, Specimen of coral imbedded in bone, from Geor- gia. . 404 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884. Iowa College. 14579. Package of photographs of the Iowa College Museum, lowa. é' Jacobs Brothers. 14215. Specimen of St. Bernard dog in flesh. Jacobs, George A. 14809. Box of stone relics from South Carolina. James, Joseph C. 15093. Carved granite head, and stone ball. (Loaned.) Jansen, D. C. 14644. Specimen of brick from ruins of the Porcelain Tower at Nanking, China; fossils from gorges of Upper Yangtse, and slates from China. Jefferson Iron Company (Antwerp, N. Y.). 14685. Two boxes of miner- © als. Jeffreys, J. Gwyn (London, England). 14241. Large collection of Kuro- pean and other shells. (Purchased.) Jenks, Fred. T. 15001. Specimen of Impeyan pheasant. Jenks, J. W. P. 14765. Specimens of turtles from various localities. Jennings G Sons, A. G. 14034. Specimens illustrating the process of manufacture of silk lace. Jeremiah, William H. 15261. Three specimens of mounted birds. Jewett, George W. 14174 and 14252. Specimens of materia medica. Johns Manufacturing Company, H. W. 15339. Specimens of asbestos. Johnson, Dr. LH. B. 14410. Specimen of pipe and two stone relics from Alabama. (Loaned.) | Johnson, Gallup & Hurry. 14823 and 15123. Samples of coal from Hay Creek mines, Wyoming. Johnson, J. H. 14545. Photograph of the Longdale furnace, Longdale, Va. Johnson, J. W. 15505. Specimens of birds’ skins from Alaska. Johnson, Lawrence. 14454. Small fossil from Florida. Johnson, Prof. L. C. 14444. Two specimens of fulgurite collected by Silas Stearns at Santa Rosa Island. Johnson, Dr. P. H. 14698. Five specimens of minerals from Jefferson County, New York. : Johnston, Col. Alexander. 15351. Pair of Japanese shoes and stockings. Johnston, HL. B. 14198. Specimen of coke from Alabama. Johnston, G. W. 15113. Specimen of cassowary in flesh. Jones, James T. 15436. Specimen of meadow lark with straw through back (in flesh). Jones, Simpson & Co. 14558. Three photographs of glacial pot hole from Archbald, Penn. Jones, Strachan. 14609. Specimen of bone from California. Jones, Dr. William H., U.S.N. 14202, 15224, and 15474. Eleven boxes, 2 kegs, skulls, birds’ skins, alcoholic specimens of fishes, invertebrates, &¢e., from Honolulu; also large collection of pottery, shells, inverte- brates, Indian relics, birds, reptiles, &c., from Heuador, Peru, and Galapagos. Joplin Zine Works. 15110, Specimens of zine from Missouri. ’ LIST OF ACCESSIONS TO THE MUSEUM IN 1884. AOD Jordan, Prof. D. S. 13981, 14376, 14486, 14828, 14881, 14944, 15002, and 15011. Large collection of alcoholic fishes and tortoise from Missouri, Iowa, Arkansas, Indiana, Texas, Florida, Cuba, and Venice, Italy. Jordan, N. J. 14142. Specimen of crazy-weed, or loco plant, from In- dian Territory. Kaldenberg, IP. J. 15158, 15275, 15385, and 15455. Skull and horns of Indian stag, pair of Indian stag horns, and articles manufactured from horn; also collection of amber. Kales, J. W. (M. D.). 14387. Indian skull and bones from Union Springs, N.Y. Kansas City Silver and Refining Company. 15086. Two boxes lead and silver ores. Karns, S. D. 14237. Sample of mineral from Kansas. Karmy, A. B. 14092. Specimen of ‘‘Naigha,” or Davids pipes, from Palestine. Karr, W. W. 14830. Specimens of minerals for report. - Kaucher, William. 14678. Specimens of fossils from Missouri. Keenan, Charles, Hospital Steward, U. S. A. 14779. Specimen of hum- ming moth from Nevada. Kelleher, Daniel. 14058. Specimen of eel 65 inches in length, stuffed; also cockroach-trap made from piece of wood from steamer Colum- bus, with box of cockroaches taken on board whale ship. Kemp, J. F. 15104 and 15178. Photographs of the Desloges and Saint Joe Works from Missouri. Kennedy, H. H. 14712. Specimens of minerals from Kansas. Kesler, C.W. 15254 and 15503. Specimens of Indian relics from North Carolina. Keifer, George. 14878 and 14978. Large collection of ethnography, mammals, shells, reptiles, minerals, &ec., from Peru. King, Mrs. 8S. Ek. 14274. Specimen of carved stone head. (Loaned.) King, Samuel L. 14123. Specimens of minerals from Tennessee. Kitt, A. 15430. Specimens of crystals found in fossils from Ohio. Kleeberger, George R. 14456. Vertebral column of reptile from the Sierras, in California. Knapp, 2. B. 14302 and 14547. Collection of rocks, concretions, and fossil shells from New York. _ Knapp, GS. 14450. Piece of skin taken from back of Indian Chief ‘‘Gutnose,” leader in * New Ulm massacre” of 1862. Knowles, Hubert M., U. S. Life-Saving Service. 13940. Specimens of small marine animals and shell-fish from Point Judith Light, Rhode Island. Knowlton, fF. H. 15468. Three specimens of the bronzed grackle. Knowlton, W. J. 14715 and 14791. Specimens of minerals from Massa- chusetts; also small collection of minerals. (Purchased.) Koebele, Albert. 14897. Sixteen specimens of birds’ skins from South America. 406 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884. Kohler, Anton. 14036. Specimen of rock from Wisconsin. Kohn, A. H. 14429. Specimens of ores, minerals, and arrow-head from South Carolina. Kohn, G. 14527. Living specimen of turtle from Louisiana. Koons, B. F. 14458. Specimen of Indian mortar from Connecticut. ’ Krantz, Dr. A. 15025. Specimens of wooden crystals. (Purchased.) Kummerfeld, J. F. 13973, 14282, 14652, and 15444. Specimens of In- dian relics from Iowa. | Kunkel, J. 15427. Specimen of ore from Maryland. Kunz, G. #. 14747. Two boxes of minerals from various localities. Lacoe, hk. D. 14852. Box of Rhode Island anthracite coal. Laflin & Co. 14367. Specimens of whitefish from Lake Michigan. Lake, Miss Frankie. 14002. Living specimen of white rat. Lake Superior Nat:ve sah Company. 14827. Box of copper slag, &c., from Michigan. Lamson & Brother, John S. 14016. Photographs of stone carving and package of bones from Chiriqui, Mexico. Lanfair, George R. 13912. Specimens of starfish eggs. Lange, fr. W. A. 14579. Specimens of the wood and bark of the ‘‘ Hombre grande,” or bitter-wood, from Nicaragua. Lanyon, Robert. 15286. Seven boxes and two pieces of zine ores and spelter from Kansas. Lareo, A. 14472. Box of alcoholic fishes from California. Lartigue, Dr. G. B. 14071 and 15507. Live specimen of glass-snake (Opheosaurus ventralis), stone relic, and clay from South Carolina. Lavack, Fred. 165319. Specimens of minerals from New York. Lawlor, D. J. 15228 and 15262. Sixteen boxes and crate of boat models. ; Lawrence, B. and P. 15171. Specimens of pen-holders made from por- cupine quills. (Purchased.) Lawton, H.J. 14637. Specimen of mineral from Washington Territory. Lay, jr.. H.C. 14298. Specimens of insects and mould from Colorado. Lea, Dr. Isaac. 14466. Life-size crayon portrait of Dr. Isaac Lea. Leech, Daniel. 14966. Specimen of vertebra of whale from Massachu- setts. Lee, John W. 15397. Specimens of minerals from Maryland. Lefils, G. 14154, Stone relic from Belgium. Lehnert, Rev. H. (through R. EL. C. Stearns). 14595. One hundred and thirty-three species and varieties of land and fresh-water shells trom the District of Columbia. Lemon, John H. 14639. Specimens of stone axes, arrow-heads, We., from Indiana. Leon. Dr. Nicholas. 14179. Photograph of image of an idol from Mount Tzirate, near Del Cristo, district of Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico. Lewis, D. W. 15112. Specimen of hornet’s nest from Crawford County, Pennsylvania. LIST OF ACCESSIONS TO THE MUSEUM IN 1894. : AQT Lexington Mining Company. 15214. Specimens of silver ores and prod- ucts from Montana. Lightfoot, M. P. 14957. Specimens of fossils from Kentucky. Lilienberg, N. 15128. Specimens of pig and bar iron from Sweden. Lincoln County, North Carolina. 15418. Specimens of magnetic iron and gold ore. Lind, G. Dallas. 14972. Specimen of fossil coral from Indiana. Lineberger, J. M. 14529. Specimens of minerals from North Carolina. Lippincott & Co., Charles.. 14673. Specimen of marble. Lippitt Woolen Company. 15383. Samples of woolen fabrics. Logan, Hon. John A. 14169. Specimens of copper and silver ore from Arizona. Long J. C. 14305 and 14481. Three specimens of sulphur in limestone, and black jacobin pigeon in flesh, from Pennsylvania. Longdale Iron Company. 14982 and 15204. Collection of mining lamps, and 11 boxes of pig iron, iron ores, &c., from West Virginia. Longheed, 8S. D. 15018. Specimens of minerals from Washington Ter- ritory. Long Elm Mining and Smelting Company. 15109. Specimens of lead ore, pig and white lead, from Missouri. Longstreet, Rk. F. 14006. Specimen of hair seal. Lovett, Edward (London, England). 14253. Alcoholic specimens of stalk-eyed crustacea of the English Channel. Low & Co., C. Adolphe. 14993. Samples of raw silks. Lowell Carpet Company. 15099. Eleven samples of carpets. Iuchs, L. 13962, 14163, and 14203. Sample of sand for examination for manufacture of glass from Western Pennsylvania; sample of water and washed sand, also specimens of glassware made from sand _ 2miles from Washiugton, D. C. Lupton, N. T. 14299. Specimen of stone carving from Alabama, and piece of pottery from Chihuahua, Mexico. Iauther, R. C., Mining Engineer of the Philadelphia and Reading Coal and Iron Company. 15390. Large specimen of lump coal from Pennsyl- vania. Intken, Chr. 14500. Cast of the cranium of dodo, in the possession of the Zoological Museum of the University of Copenhagen, Denmark. Maas & Co., William. 15264. Specimens illustrating the manufacture of combs, &c., from horn. McFarlane, R. 14072. Skin of marten and musquash from Chipewyan, Hudson Bay Territory. Macgregor, Miss Inez. 15038. Two specimens of hybrid fowls from * Virginia. Mackellar, Smiths & Jordan. 15095. Box of type metal, &e. Mackinnon, Louis. 15469. Samples of fibers from Jamaica. Mackintosh, J. B. 14903, 15177, and 15387. Photographs and nega- tives of the spiegel furnace and the Passaic Zinc Works. (Pur- chased. ) 408 | REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884. MacLean, J. P. 14293. Specimen of brick from wall of fort at Foster’s Crossing, Warren County, Obio. Magruder, Dr. G. LI. 15297. Specimen of parrot, in flesh. Mansfield, J. F. 15398. Coal drill (Grim’s patent). Marcou, J. B. 14098 and 15409. Part of skin of Litholepis spatula from Texas, and specimen of vivianite in red sandstone from New Jersey. Marquis, Dr. W. V. 14807. Specimen of bone and tooth from Penn- Sylvania. Marsh, Charles H. 14755. Specimen of cotton-tail rabbit from New Mexico. . Marshall, George. 14473 and 14477. Two specimens of birds’ skins from Maryland. Marshall, Henry. 14496. Specimen of mounted bird skin. Marshall, Lieut. W. A., U.S. N. 13950 and 14107. Package containing ashes which fell on board the American bark W. H. Bisse at sea (Indian Ocean) shortly after the Java earthquake; also specimens of barnacles from bottom of British ship Earl Granville. Mather, Fred. 14088, 14155, 15464, and 15517. Specimen of mouse with fungus and eggs of the tom-cod from Long Island. Martin, Capt. S. I. 18945, 14357, 14417, 14550, 15536, and 14589. Speci- mens of corals, sponges, fresh fish, mackerel spawn, parasites and suckers from sword-fish, and bones taken from mouth of a cod from the fishing banks of Newfoundland. Mason, John 8. 14239. Specimens of elk and deer heads. Mason, L. G. 14599 and 14962. Package specimen of ore and fossilifer- ous limestone from West Virginia. Mason, Prof. O. T. 14603, 14622, 14627, and 14958. Alcoholic speci- mens of fishes; bound volume specimen book of Bruce’s Type Foun- dry; cast of the deluge tablet, or Chaldean account of the deluge, in Assyrian cuneiform characters; also collection of seeds. Massee, Frank A. 14629. Specimen of ore from Virginia. Matte, Paul. 15360. Living paradise fishes from Germany. Matthews, W. 15524. Ethnographic specimens from Navajo Indians, New Mexico. Maybery, R. 15071. Specimen of copper ore from New Mexico. Maynard & 0o., C.J. 14861. Specimens of birds’ skins. Maynard,G. W. 15295. Specimen of tin ore from Black Hills. (Loaned.) McCallum, Dr. D. 14787. Head of bat from Mississippi. McCarthy, John T. 14658 and 15480. Specimens of crabs and bones taken from the head of drum-fish; also specimens of ear bones of fish. McCeney, Henry C. 14064. Fossil shells from Prince George’s County, i Maryland. McClain, C. S., Ensign U. S. N., U. 8S. 8. Alert. 14766. Five boxes, specimens of alcoholic fishes, birds, skeleton of fox, and skull of polar bear, from various localities in Greenland. LIST OF ACCESSIONS TO THE MUSEUM IN 1884. 409 MecClelen, S. B. 14337. Three specimens of minerals from Alabama. McCook, Anson G. 14349. Silk flag which was presented to the U.S. Senate July 12, 1870, by Joseph Neumann, of California, supposed to be the first American flag made from American silk. McCormick, Lewis M. 14484 and 14578. Specimens of rabbits in flesh, and birds’ skins from Virginia. McDonald, Angus. 14582. Specimen of marble from Clarke County, Virginia, McDonald, Marshall. 14238. Specimen of eagle iu flesh from Virginia. McDonald, William. 14272. Specimen of coal from Texas. McDougall, Alexander. 15494. Package of sediment from snow which fell during a snow storm at Poverty Gulch, Colorado, September, 1884, an elevation of 12,000 feet. MeDougall,J.&@ O. 14851. Specimens of assorted mining lamps. (Pur- chased.) MeHachem, Capt. Henry. 13994. Specimen of knife taken from stomach of codfish on Le Havre Bank. MeFarland, Prof. R. W. 14000. Specimen of root of cedar cut from stump 5 miles southeast of Oxford, Butler County, Ohio, 28 feet below surface. MeGee, WJ. 14659. Four specimens of silicified wood. McGuire, J. D., U.S. N. 13941 and 14222. Specimens of pottery, stone mortar, flint and bone implements, and fossils from Pope’s Creek, Maryland; also skin of bird. MeIntosh, John A. 15014. Specimens of Florida rocks. McKean, G. L. 14581. Profile portrait of George Washington. (De- posited.) McKesson & Robbins. 15249 and 15347. Collection of sponges, and pic- ture illustrating the preparation of sponges for commerce. McKinley, C. 14408, 14425, and 14587. Specimen of fossil wood, arrow- heads, shells, lump coal, rocks, and limestone from Alabama. MeLean, D. 14078. Specimen of short squid from Lower Potomac River. McLean, John J. 13964, 14026, and 15504. Specimens of fossil shells from tunnel under Table Bluff, California; 12 boxes specimens of . ethnography, stone relics, bones, &e., from California. McLeod, Rev. R. R. 14879. Specimens of birds’ skins from Mexico. MeManus, IF’. R. 14566. Two gray squirrels from New York. McMenamin, James. 14464. Fresh specimen of hake (Phycis regius) from Hampton, Va. MeNiel, J. A. (through John S. Lamson & Bro.). 14796. Three casks, specimens of Chiriqui pottery, Xe. (Purchased.) MeNulty, Alevis. 14008, Specimen of salted fish from Savannah, Ga. MeTeer, James P. 14386. Specimen of double-headed pig in flesh. Meigs, General M. C., U.S. A. 18943, 14981, 15232, and 15470. Twelve specimens of ornamental terra cotta used in constructing the new United States Pension building; also dressed and ornamental woods from Pacific coast, Texas, and Ireland. 410 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884. Mindeleff, Victor. 15450. Number of silver specimens made by the Navajo Indians of New Mexico. Mendelson, Dr. Walter. 14630. Specimen of insect from Long Island, New York. Mercer, Rk. W. 13928 and 13957. Specimens of flint, and stone imple. ments from West Virginia and Georgia. Merchant & Co. 14884. Two boxes, specimens of zine, tin, &c. Merchant, jr.. G. 14990. Specimen of kyak with equipments. (Pur- chased.) Merriam, Dr. OC. Hart. 14428, 14593, and 14656. Six entire sets of mystacial bristles of hooded seal and one imperfect hood in alcohol, skins and skeletons of seals from Gulf of Saint Lawrence, and birds’ eggs from New York. Merrill, George P. 14662, 14703, 14710, 14763, 14788, 14801, 14811, 14818, 14947, 14994, 15117, and 15301. Photographs, drawings, and phototypes of different styles of architecture, by Theophilus Chandler, (architect); and collection of rocks, minerals, and prochlorite from Maine, Massachusetts, Maryland, and New Jersey. Merrill, Dr. J. 0., U. 8S. A. 14259 and 14657. Six boxes of birds’ skins and eggs from the Western States, Texas, and Montana. Merrimac Chemical Company. 15184. Specimens illustrating the man- ufacture of sulphuric acid. Meyer, A. B. (Zoological Museum, Dresden, Germany). 14141. Case of Meissen pottery. Miles Company, George W. 14122. Collection of oils, and fertilizers exhibited at London, England, 1883. Military Institute (Lexington, Va.). 14309. Two specimens of fossils from Virginia. . Miller, Capt. George H. 14368. Specimen of rose-breasted grosbeak ‘from District of Columbia. Miller, Metcalf & Parkin. 14862 and 15101. Specimens of iron and steel, with case, from Pennsylvania. Miltimore, A. H., Captain and Assistant Quartermaster, U. S. A. 14557. Specimen of a moth from Missouri. Mine La Motte. 15340. Specimens of nickel and lead ore from Mis- souri. Missouri Furnace Company. 15417. Specimens of iron ores, &c., from Missouri. Mitchell, J. H, 14932. - Four boxes, samples of grindstones. Moloney, Capt. Alfred (England). 14035. Specimen of dugout used by the natives of the west coast of Africa. | Montana Smelting Company. 15533. Specimens of copper ores and products from Butte, Mont. . Moon and Lamphear. 14152. Fresh specimen of salmon from Oregon. Moore, Degraffe & Co. 15473. Specimens of zine ores from Missouri. LIST OF ACCESSIONS TO THE MUSEUM IN 1884. 411 Moores, I. R. 13930, Alcoholic specimens of whitefish eggs from Oregon. Moore, Julian A. 14213. Bird in flesh, from Virginia. Moorhead, Warren Kk. 13979. Specimen of stone relic from Ohio. Moran, Peter. 14054. Five framed plates illustrating the process of American etching. Moreno, Theodore. 14216. Specimen of corundum in margerite from Georgia. Morgan, Hon. John T. 15538. Four samples of crude petroleum from California. Morris, D. (Director Public Gardens and Plantations, Jamaica). 13903, 14286, and 15461. Collection of materia medica and fungus from Ja- maica. Morris, Dr. Robert T. 14435. Specimens of Filaria taken from air blad- der of trout from Connecticut River. Morrison, Plummer & Co. 14251. Sample of earth from Nevada. Morrison, Z. P. 13929. Specimen of stone pipe (broken) from Alabama. Morton, J. Sterling. 14228. Specimen of Moorish stirrup. (Deposited.) Moseley, H. N. (Oxford University, Pngland). 14502 and 15518. Specimen of carnivorous plant with a number of newly-hatched fish attached ; also two microscopic slides. Mossy Creek Zine Mine. 15271. Specimens of zine ores from Tennessee. Moulton Mining and Smelting Company. 15376 and 15534. Specimens of silver ores, and products from Moulton mine and mill, Butte, Mont. Motz, Emanuel. 15186. Three boxes minerals and ores from South Carolina. Mound City Paint and Color Company. 15105. Specimens of mineral paints from Missouri. Muckle, A. M. 14230. Specimen of fresh fish from Manitoba. Murdoch, John. 15407. Specimen of black amber from Alaska. Musson, #. I. 14254. Specimen of mineral from Colorado. Muzzey, A. P. 14183. Sample of building stone and rock from Wis- consin. Nation, William. 14133, 14411, and 15486. Collection of birds’ skins from Peru. Nattalburg Coaland Coke Company. 15389. Samples of coke from West Virginia. Natural Coal and Coke Company. 15218. Specimens of coal and coke from Virginia. ’ Neal, Dr. J. GC. 14129 and 14776. Two boxes of fossil bones from Florida. Neill, J. W. 15051. Collection of minerals from Missouri. Nelson, B. W. 14823, 14461, 14531, 14653, 14753, 14890, and 15516. Fif- teen boxes, 2 barrels, specimens of birds’ skins, reptiles, mammals, pottery, stone implements, ethnographic, &c., from Arizona and Cal- _ ifornia. A412 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884. New Hanover County. 15419. Phosphatic rock from New Hanover - County, North Carolina. New River Coal and Coke Company. 15200. Sample of coal from West Virginia. Newton, Prof. H. A. 15250. Specimen of the Burlington meteorite. (Loaned.) Newton, Dr. W. 8S. 15429. Tracings of footprints (on muslin) found in sand rocks in Indian Territory. New York Assay Office. 15403. Bottle of iridosmine residue. (Loan.) Nicholls, Dr. H. A. Alfred. 13951. Birds’ skins, shells, and native sulphur from Dominica, W. I. Nichols, G. Lawrence. 14741 and 14770. Twenty-three specimens of birds’ skins and 3 perches from New Jersey. — Nichols, Capt. James H. 14315, 14492, and 14612. Collection of Indian relics and stone carvings from Georgia; also 2 specimens of Indian pottery. (Loaned.) Nims, C. D. 14713. Collection of minerals. (Purchased.) Nippon Mercantile Company. 15246. Whalebone cigarette case, and turtle-shell toilet box. (Purchase, New Orleans Exhibition.) Nissley, J. R. 14285 and 15442. Specimen of cupped stone from Ohio ; also specimens of stone relics. (Loan.) Norman, Dr. A. M. 14039. Alcoholic invertebrates from England and Scotland. North Chicago Rolling Mill Company. 14911, 14931, and 15363. Speci- mens of steel ingot, and 8 boxes of iron, steel, slag, &c., and photo- graph of mills. Northern Chief Mine. 15237. Specimen of ores from Utah. Norton, C. B. 14515. Barrel of Brazilian pottery from Boston For- eign Exhibition. Norton, O. W. 14106. Specimen of mineral from New York. Norway Mining and Manufacturing Company. 15111. Specimens of ores from Utah. Nova Scotia Iron Company. 15252. Specimens of iron ores, pig iron, &c., from Missouri. Oglesby, Dr. W. W. 14504. Indian stone relic from Oregon. (Depos- ited.) Omally, Michael T. 14204. Specimen of worm from Arkansas. Oman and Stewart Stone Company. 14276. Six specimens of building stones from Kentucky. Ontario Silver Mining Company. 15235 and 15236. Four boxes of ores and products from Utah. Orcutt, C. R. 14090, 14224, 14530, 14536, 14838, 15030, and 15392. Specimens of birds’ skins, living and alcoholic reptiles, shrimps, in- sects, barnacles, minerals, fossils, shells, and specimen of wood per- forated by Limnoria californica, from California. Osborn, Dr. T. OC. 14806. Specimens of birds in flesh from Texas. LIST OF ACCESSIONS TO THE MUSEUM IN 1884. 413 Osceola Mining Company. 14800, 14825, and 14826. Specimens of cop- per ores and its associates from Michigan. Oxford Copper and Sulphur eae 14445, Specimens of copper ore from Bergenport, N. J. Pacifie Mills. 15032 and 15229. Specimens illustrating the manufact- ure of woolen and cotton goods ; also copper roller for printing calico. Page, Booth & Co. 15471. Two boxes of coal tar and ammoniacal prod- ucts. Page, George Shepard, 14388. Stuffed skin of salmon. Page and Krausse. 15088. Metallic and mineral paints from Missouri. Paint Creek Mining Company. 14817. Specimens of coal from West Virginia. Palmer, Dr. Edward. 14145, 14289, 14462, 14943, 14976, and 15028, Collection of ethnographic specimens, sedge grass, rice, pestles, mu- sical instruments, wood pipes, &c., from Alabama and Georgia; also 65 boxes sponges, corals, invertebrates, ores, shells, materia medica, &c., from Florida. Palmer, William. 13958, 13963, 14206, 14260, 14262, 14569, and 14577. Specimens of birds’ skins from Virginia and South Carolina; also mounted specimen of parrot. Park, John M. 14555. Photograph of stone carving. Parker, Rev. C. W. 15150. Specimen of tooth from Georgia. Parker, H. W. 14761. Specimen of triassic sandstone from Iowa. Parker, W. Thornton, U. S. A. 15165. Specimen of Apache Indian bed from Fort Union, New Mexico. ; Parkhurst, V. P. 14509. Samples of food, fruits, plants, &c., from Jamaica. Parrot Smelting Company. 15530. Specimens of copper ores and prod- ucts from Butte, Mont. Parsons, William B. 15041. Sword of swordfish (curved); chart of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, dated 1798; chart of Labrador coast (very old); and an old-style rule. Passaic Zine Company. 14690, 14998, and 15368. Collection of zine ores, spiegel, &c., from their works. Pattee & Weeks. 15059. Model of the ship Glasgow. Pawtucket Hair Cloth Company. 15226. Specimens illustrating the manufacture of hair cloth. Pearce, Richard, 14370, Specimens of minerals from Utah, Montana, and Colorado. Peckham, S. I. 15000. Specimens of minerals from Minnesota. Pelletier, Antonio. 15364. Specimen of stone relic from Mexico. Pendleton, P. 15159. Specimen of building stones from West Virginia. Pennsylvania Coal Company. 14723. Lithograph of the Barnum col- liery breaker of Pennsylvania Coal Company. Pennsylvania Diamond Drill Company. 15147, 15156, and 15207, Five boxes containing diamond-drill exhibit. 414 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884. Pepper Mining Company. 15307. Specimen of magnetic iron ore from North Carolina. Perigo, Elmer. 14469. Two specimens of red squirrel in flesh from Falls Church, Va. . | Perkins, G. H., U. S. N., commanding U.S. S. Hartford. 14859. Box containing photographs taken by Lieutenant Vreeland and Dr. J. F. Bransford. Perley, L. O. 14564 and 14680. Specimens of fossil shells from Kan- sas. Perry, N. H. 18976, 14021, 14023, 14040, 14134, and 14742. Specimens of minerals from Maine. Philadelphia and Reading Coal and Iron Company. 14921. Two boxes specimens of coal, and miners’ tools, from Pennsylvania. Phillips, Barnet. 15225. Glass balls with feathers. Phipps, J. 15401. Specimen of ancient coin from Macedonia. Photo-Engraving Company. 15277. Samples illustrating the process of photolithography. : Picket, T. J. 15149. Hight stone and one piece of pottery from Old Mexico. (Deposited.) Pike, G. W. 14968. Specimen of earth from spring in Arizona, Pilsbry, H. A. 14987. Specimen of shell from Iowa. Piper, Mrs. M. A. 14699. Specimen of mora belt and miniature book made from gum. Poey, Prof. Felippe. 14640. Package alcoholic specimens of fish from Cuba. Poole, C. Clarence. 14426. Photograph of hail-stones which fell in Dubuque, Lowa, June 16, 1882. ' Poole, George. 14012. Specimen of baboon in flesh. Pope, Cole @ Co. 15257. Specimens of copper metal and slag from Maryland. Potter, Mrs. Frances McNeil. 14102. Sample of hair of the late Presi- dent Franklin Pierce. . Powell, R. J. 15309 and 15423. Block of breccia, specimens of min- erals, and one diamond-drill core from North Carolina. Pratt and Lambert. 14242. Samples of spar and light hard oil finish. Pratt, Rk. H., Capt., U. S.A. 14055. Max Spotted-tail, Sioux boy, 18 years old (son of Spotted-tail, chief). (Loaned for cast.) Price, T, S.* 15251. Specimen of insect from California. : Proctor, J. M. 14615. Two specimens of ores from Tennessee. Proctor, John R. 15288. Fourteen boxes of building stones from Ken- tucky. . Pulcher, C. G. 14756. Specimen of meteorite. Pumpelly, Raphael. 14082. Highteen boxes specimens of iron ore. Quail, James B. 14378, Specimens of fossils, rocks, and stone relic from Kansas. LIST OF ACCESSIONS TO THE MUSEUM IN. 1884. A15 Queen & Co., James W. 15369. Samples of American and foreign safety mining lamps. Radford, William H. 15168. Specimens of amalgam, fine gold, nug- gets with gold and gravel from California, Ragsdale, G. H. 14104, 14743, and 15077. Birds’ skin from Florida. Two boxes of birds’ skins and mounted specimen of Buteo hariani from Texas. (Purchased.) Ramsdell, J. F. 14188, Specimen of mineral from Minnesota. Ramsey, N. A. 14915. Specimen of worm from North Carolina. Randolph County, North Carolina. 15304 and 15420, Specimens of gold ore from Bush Hill and Leach mines, North Carolina. Ransom, C. H. 14030. Plaster cast of stone relic from Krie County, Ohio. ‘ Rathbun, Latham. 14132. Marine specimen from cell in piece of coral off Tampa Bay, Fla. Reading Bolt and Nut Works. 15489 and 15496. Lithographic plan of their works, drawings of furnaces and tools in connection with roll- ing-mill works; also 5 boxes of specimens of bolts, rivets, nuts, &c. Reckhart, D. W. 15220. Specimens of ore from Utah. Red Ash Coal Company. 14767. Specimen of coal from Ross Vein mine, Pennsylvania. Red Bird Mine. 15121. Box of ores from Utah. Reeves, Paul 8S. 15206. Specimens of bronze and other alloys. Reiche, Charles. 14079 and 14284. Two fresh specimens of monkeys. Reiche, Edward. 14020, 14046, 14111, 14147, and 14490. Four speci- mens of monkeys in flesh, and one alligator about 10 feet long. Remick, John A. 14719. Specimens of gems. Restigouche Salmon Club. 14692 and 14726. Four large fresh specimens of salmon (Salmo salar) from Canada, and alcoholic specimens of young salmon. Rey, Dr. BE. 14899. Box of birds’ skins from Germany. Reynolds, B. 14934. Skeleton of porpoise from New Jersey. Reynolds, Dr. BE. R. 15137. Stone implement from District of Colum- bia. Rheem, BE. S. 15116. Two specimens of horse-hair snake (Gordius aquaticus. ) Richardson and McCormick. 14226. Two specimens each of flying and red squirrels from Virginia. Richardson, J. 14172, 14402, and 15514. Specimen of jumping-mouse (Zapus hudsonius) from Virginia; also specimen of skeleton of python and rabbit skin. Richmond and Potts. 15295. Drawings of Siemens furnaces, Ridenour, C. 2. 15259. Specimens of parasites taken from Potomac River herring. ; Ridgway, A. W. 14887, Three specimens of small birds from Virginia. Ridgway, D, 15227. Alcoholic specimens of reptiles from Indiana. A16 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884. Ridgway, R. 14819, 14478, 14886, 14925, and 15223. Specimens of birds’ skins from Virginia and District of Columbia; also two flint arrow-heads from Indiana; specimen of bat caught in Smithsonian building. Riggs, H. Frank. 14424. Head-dress of Sioux chief. (Deposited.) Ringwalt, Joseph C. 14505. Specimen of timber showing dry rot, from District of Columbia. Rivett-Carnac, H. 14200. Specimen of the five-headed cobra, supported by the tortoise, silvered, from Benares bazaar, India. Roane Iron Company. 14880. Box-of iron ore from Tennessee. Roberts, I. H. 14332. Specimen of ore from New Mexico. Robertson, W. B. 14049. Specimens of minerals from Virginia. Robeson County, North Carolina. 15308. Box of marl from North Carolina. | Robinson, F. C. 14910. Specimens of minerals from Maine. Robinson, Mrs. J. M. 14551. Package of daisy flowers from Utah. Robinson, T. 14702. ‘Twenty-nine samples of sand, &ec., from east shaft of Washington water-works extension. ; Rock, Dr. Miles. 15050. Twenty-five dry-plate negatives of objects along the boundary line between Guatemala and Mexico. Rockwell, A. F., Col. U. S.A. 14162. Specimen of hair from the head of the late President James A. Garfield. Rockwood, E. J. 15291. Specimen of stone relic from Massachusetts. (Loaned.) Rodgers, Mr. (through Capt. J. W. Collins). 15359. Specimen of model of the boat Oregon. Rogan, James W. 14171, 14300, 14314, and 15283. Alcoholic specimens of mammals, birds’ skins, and two birds in flesh from Tennessee. Rogers, Wiliam J. 14199. Specimens of minerals from Missouri. Romero, M. (Mexican legation). 15118. Ten packs of Mexican playing- cards. Rose, R. H. 15452. Sample of earth from Florida. Roseborough, J. B. 15458. Specimen of coddling-moth nest on twig from Utah. Rosecrans, Hon.W.S. 14120. Specimens of minerals from New Mexico. Ross, Dr.W.S. 14351. Specimen of parasite. Rowland, J. H. 14362. ‘Specimen of double-headed lamb (Ovis aries) in flesh from Maryland. Roxbury Carpet Company. 14996. Seven specimens of tapestry Brus- sels carpets. Royal Botanical Gardens (Kew, Bariaka, 14044. Box of valuable ma- teria medica. Royal College of Surgeons (London, England). 14096. Skeleton of Globio- cephalus melas from Tasmania. Ruby, Charles. 15506. Specimens of skeleton of elk complete, skin of black-tailed deer, buck head with antlers, and fossil shells, LIST OF ACCESSIONS TO THE MUSEUM IN 1884. 417 Rudinee, L. 15073. Specimen of copper ore from New Mexico. Rust, Horatio N. 14494. Three packages samples of dried cactus, fruit of fig, live-oak acorns, and meal made from the acorn of California. Saint Genevieve Copper Company. 15129. Nine boxes specimens of copper ores, &c., from Missouri. Saint Joe Lead Company. 14234, 14969, and 15008. Specimens of lead ore, associates, and minerals. Saint Lawrence Marble Company. 14831. Large block of white marble from Gouverneur, N. Y. Saint Louis Ore and Steel Company. 15138. Specimen pig-iron from. Missouri. Saint Louis Smelting and Refining Company. 15243. Specimens of sil. ver and lead refining products. Saint Louis Tripoli Company. 15089. One half barrel of tripoli from Missouri. Sampson County, North Carolina, 15313. Fourteen specimens of phos- phatic rock from North Carolina. Sanders, J. D. 15053. Box of minerals from Missouri. Sanford, G. 14689. Specimens of fibers. Saunders, Howard, 15078. Five specimens of birds’ skins from Greece,, India, aud South America. Sauter, Frederick. 15058. Box of specimens of birds’ and mammal skins. from Asia and Africa. Sawyer, C. M. 15449. Specimens of stone relics. (Loaned.) Sawyer, R. J. 14731. Two specimens of teeth “ horse” from Michigan. Sayles, Ira. 13989. Specimens of chalcedony from Tennessee. Sayre Female Institute. 14139. Box of fossils from Kentucky. Schlichter Jute and Cordage Company. 15244 and 15335. Samples of jate, twine, rope, &c.; also samples of foreign jute. Schluter, Wilhelm. 15045. Package of birds’ skins from Siberia. Schneider, Hurry. 14227, Fresh specimen of Laverack setter. Schreiber, J. D. 15353. Box of corundums from Pennsylvania. Scott, Samuel. 14275 and 15482. Two packages of ores from Dakota. Seal, William P. 14281. Living specimens of fishes from Pennsylvania. Sells Brothers. 15490. Specimens of wart-hog and baboon in flesh. Sells, Lewis. 14294. Fresh specimen of panther (Felis concolor), died in captivity at Johnson City, Tenn. Semple, J. G. 14774, 14892, 15019, and 15402. Collection of drawings and charts. (Purchased.) Seton, Ernest EH. T. 14912. Specimens of ducks, worms, &c., from Cranberry, Manitoba. Sewall & Co., Arthur. 15341. Model of boat Rappahannock. Sexton, Daniel. 15483. Specimen of mineral from California. Shaefer, P. W. 14901. Photograph and tracings of iron mines and columnar section of the coal measures near Kohinoor colliery, &c. S. Mis. 33, pt. 2——27 418 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884. Shaffer, Dr. J. M. 14528 and 15034. Specimens of petroleum geodes and insects from Illinois and Iowa. Sharp, jr.,& Co., Richard. 14856. Three photographs of mine engines for outside and inside work. . Sharpe, hk. Bowdler (British Museum). 14045, 14264, and 15439. Speci- mens of birds’ skins, collected by Capt. C. T. Bingham ; 66 specimens ot birds’ skins, chiefly India; also specimens of swallows from various localities. Sharpless, A. 13915. Three specimens of stone relics from Pennsyl- vania. Sheafer, P. W. 14877. Slipper made from anthracite coal; also cube of artificial coal, stigmaria, alge, and calamite, from Pennsylvania. Sheafer, Walter S. 14874. Specimen fossil plant from Kohinoor col- hiery, Pennsylvania. Sheldon, D. S. 14432, 14769, and 14813. Living specimens of land tor- toise, turtles, and turtle-shells from Iowa. | Shelton, Joseph. 14412, 15075, and 15185. Samples of ores, rocks, quartz, &c., from Virginia. Shepard, Prof. Charles U. 14611. Slice of the iron meteorite from Dal- ton, Whitfield County, Georgia. Shepard, James. 14047 and 15013. Cast of perforated stone ornament and photograph of bowlder. Shields, G. O. 15381. Specimen of stone implement from Wisconsin. Shindhelm, M. 15373. Specimens of human hair wigs. Shipman, Miss Dot. 14790. Specimens of alcoholic fishes from Florida. Shoemaker, D. I. 15371. Specimen of squirrel in flesh. Shoemaker, W. L. 13942. Specimen of stone mortar from Maryland. Shriver, Howard. 14218 and 14441. Collection of fossils and calcareous deposits, quartz, arrow-heads, and plants from Virginia. Shufeldt, R. W., Assist. Surg., U. S. A. 14220 and 15451. Skin and alcoholic specimens of birds from Louisiana; also shells from Texas. Siemachko, T. 15348. Specimens of minerals from Russia. Siler, A. L. 13913 and 14331. Specimens of red-cedar root and rock from Utah. Silliman, Prof. B. 15195. Specimen of tin ingot from Irish Creek Vir- ginia ores. Silliman, jr. B. 14456. Plaster model of the bronze statue of Prof. B. Silliman. Simmons, Newton. 14493. Samples of earth from Maryland. Sinks, Julia L. 15046. Specimen of stone from Texas, with imprint of printing on face. Skillet, William. 15331. Specimens of coal and coke from Missouri. Skinner, Alexander. 14207 and 14247. Two fresh specimens of musk- rats from Potomac River, and specimen of bird’s skin. Slade, Hlisha. 14221. Pair living hybrid ducks from Massachusetts. Slater Cotton Company. 15281. Samples of holly-tree cotton cloth. LIST OF ACCESSIONS TO THE MUSEUM IN 1884. 419 Slater, R. H,. 138959. Specimen 11° gallons water from Utah Hot Springs, Utah. Smith, Mr. 13998. Specimen of red squirrel in flesh from Montgomery County, Maryland. Smith, A. J. 14336. Specimens of native copper with azurite in quartz from Frederick County, Maryland. Smith, C.D. 15310, Specimen of beryl crystal from Ray mica mine, North Carolina. Smith, Charles M. 14797, 14839, and 14891. Five hundred and twenty- six specimens of flint implements from Flint Ridge, Ohio. Smith, B.C. 14548. Specimen of fresh fish from Newport, R. I. Smith, Eddie N. 15127. Specimen of red slate from Connecticut. Smith, Frank 8. 13926. Specimen of building stone from Angelica, Hap & Smith, Hugh M. 14728, 15336, and 15337. Specimen of nest with 6 eggs of American goldfinch ; also dried and alcoholic specimens of birds’ skins. Smith, J. C. 15526. Specimen of phosphatic concretion. Smith, Peter. 15412. Large fresh specimen of German carp from Wi- comico, Md.; weight, 11 pounds. Smith, Miss Rosa. 14099. Tank of alcoholic specimens of fish from California. Smith, R. R. 14553 and 14645. Specimens of arrow-heads, &c., from Arkansas. (Purchased.) Smith, William F. 14119. Specimen of crania found on prairie 6 miles from Webster City, Lowa. Smitt, Prof. F. A. 14013. Box of ethnology from Sweden. Snuder, John J. 14821. Specimen of insect from California. Spainhour, J. M. 13949, 14219, and 15314. Specimens of stone relies from North Carolina; photographs of hieroglyphics found at head of Gila River, near line of Arizona and New Mexico. Spanish Mine. 15241. Specimens of ores from Utah. Sparks & Co., George L. 14783. Specimen of porpoise from Cape May, N. J. Spencer & MeCouey. 15098. Six boxes of zine ores from Missouri. Sperry, Edwin A. 14375. Specimens of serpentine from Colorado. Spicer, George W. 14729. Specimen of fish from Delaware. Spratt, Joseph. 14355. Kight cans ot salmon from Frazer River and Strait of Fuca; also sample of fish guano made from offal, &c., from Victoria, British Columbia. Spray, S.J. 14687. Two specimens of birds’ eggs from Colorado. South Kensington Museum (London, England). 14097. Two cases of Chinese fishing apparatus and boats. Southside Club. 14060, Specimen of fresh fish from Oakdale, Long Island. 420 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884 South Side Mining Company. 15211 and 15212. Four boxes specimens of zine and lead ores from Galena, Kans. Southwest Lead and Zine Company. 15160. Two boxes zinc ore, spelter, &ec., from Missouri. Southwick & Jencks. 15379. Specimen of bird’s skin (roseate spoon- bill). (Purchased.) Stadtmiiler, L. 14898, 14991, and 15007. Specimens of minerals from Connecticut ; 1 box of rocks. (Purchased.) Staebner, F. W. 14297. Specimens of minerals from Massachusetts. Stark, W. 13939. Specimen of mineral from West Virginia. State Line and Sullivan Railroad Company. 14926. Samples of Loyal- sock coal from Towanda, Pa. Staunton d& Moses. 14737. Plans of spiegel furnaces from Jersey City, N. J. (Purchased.) Stayton, Frank. 14574. Specimen of insect from Delaware. Stearns, R. EH. C. 14244, 14519, 14538, 14665, 14666, 14667, 14668, and 14803. Two hundred and twenty-two specimens of minerals and ores, native gold, silver, and copper, sonorous sand, Indian and stone relics, 2 boxes of shells, crustacea, invertebrates, ornithology, insects, foods, seeds, &c., from Western States, Mexico, Chili, Samoa, &e.; 19 specimens of wood, fiber, pulp, and paper made of the Yucca brevifolia from Mojave Desert, California. Stearns & Co., Frederick. 14697 and 14721. Twenty-four specimens of birds’ skins from Jamaica, West Indies, Central America, and Costa Rica (purchased); also collection of materia medica. (Gift.) Stearns & Co., John U. 14777. Specimens of silk and silk fabries. Stearns, Silas. 14125. Aleoholic specimens of invertebrates and pom- pano shells from Florida. Steedman, I. G. W. 15380. Two specimens of fresh fish from Missouri. Steele, Robert IL. 14677 and 14736. Specimen of broken iron pot and section of same imbedded in tree 33 feet above ground, done by cyclone near Rockingham, N. C., February 19, 1884; also specimen of Indian pottery. Stejneger, Dr. Leonhard. 13988, 14018, 14032, 14210, 14491, 14495, 14654, 15021, and 15022. Collection of birds’ skins and swans from Norway, Faroe Islands, Denmark, Brazil, Madagascar, Newfoundland, and Europe. Stennitt, B. W. 14620. Specimen of worm from Pennsylvania. Stephenson, J. A. D. 14073 and 15492. Specimen of Indian relic and minerals, and specimen of corundum, from North Carolina. (Loaned.) Sterling, Dr. H. 14467. Specimens of dip-net and spears used by fish- ermen of Lake Erie, at Cleveland, Ohio. Stevenson, James. 14194. Sample of earth. Stewartand Griffith. 14063. Samples of earth from Calvert County, Maryland. Stilh, F. H. 15198. Specimen of ore from North Carolina. LIST OF ACCESSIONS TO THE MUSEUM IN 1884 4?1 Stillman, Horace EB. 14308. Fresh specimen of shad (hermaphrodite). Stockton, W. M. 14546. Specimen of mineral from Virginia. Stoerzer, Mrs. L. 13934. Four spindles and two whorls from Germany, Stolley, George. 139658 and 14083. Samples of cement from Texas, Stonaker, C. L. 14321. Specimens of rock and minerals from Colorado. Stone, W. W. 14015. Specimens of jute from Mississippi. Stoney, George M., Licut. U.S. N., U.S. S. Ounalaska, 14923. Speeci- mens of rocks, sand, &e., collected from new voleano in Behring Sea. Storey, Jerome (through EH. W. Allis). 14908. Specimens of stone relics from Michigan. (Loaned.) Stout, M. H. 14160. Specimen of ore from New York. Stover, H. S. 15114. Box of alcoholic fishes and mineral water from New Mexico. Strauch, John H. 14871. Specimen of alum crystal from Pennsylvania. Stubbs, W. P. 15061 and 15122. Paintings of the brig Eugene Hale and U. 8. 8. Meteor; also 3 oil paintings of fishing boats. Stufflebeam, J. G. & H. HE. 14534 and 14535. Specimens of minerals from Arkansas. Sturges, C. M. 15062. Specimen of insect from Illinois. Sturgis, Appleton. 14322. Specimens of jute butts as received from Calcutta, and samples of sliver yarn, &c., made from the butts used in the manufacture of gunny cloth. Sturtz, B. (through Felix Fliigel). 14924. Five boxes rock specimens from Germany. (Purchased.) Sumter, J. (through Col. M. McDonald). 14523 and 14643. Specimens of young fish from Virginia. Sutton, Col. P. D. 14137. Specimen of manganese oxide from Vir- ginia. Swan, H. R. 15328. Specimens of minerals from New York. Swan, James G. 15152, 15196, and 15477. Alcoholic fishes and model of whaling canoe; also large collection of ethnology from Washing- ton Territory and British Columbia. Swan, John D. 15325. Specimens of minerals from Antwerp, N. Y. Swann, William M. 15311. Six packages specimens of fire-clay from North Carolina. Switzer, Mrs. Mary. 14451. Specimen of egg from Rockbridge County, Virginia. Tagore, Rajah Sourindro Mohun. 14094. Collection of Indian musical instruments, articles used in religious and domestic service, speci- mens of clay figures, velvet embroidered with gold; also works on music, &c., from India. Tate, BH. O. 14518. Specimen of insect from North Carolina. Taussig, A. 13995. Twelve packages of garnets, uncut, cut, and pol- ished, from Bohemia. Taylor, F. W. 14616 and 14748. Specimens of silver ore and tarantula from New Mexico. 422 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1881. Taylor, W. 14463. Collection in ethnology trom Alabama. Telegraph Mine. 15239. Specimens of ore from Utah. Thatcher, L. F. 14542. Specimen of mineral from Lowa. Thayer, A. H. 14483. Two specimens of birds’ skins from New York. Thibault, J. K. 14604. Specimens of pottery from Arkansas. Thomas, W. 8S. 14460. Specimen of tale from North Carolina. Thompson, Edward H. 14511. Bottle of alcoholic specimens of eels from Buzzard’s Bay, Massachusetts. Thompson, Heber S. 14866. Three boxes specimens of brogans, and 2 cubes made from anthracite coal from Pennsylvania. Thompson, Mrs. Oscar G. 15312. Collection of silk cocoons from North Carolina. Thompson, W. W. 14383. Specimens of stone relics from New York. Thurber, Lewis B. 15258. Fresh specimen of green turtle fiom Long Island. Tibbitts, J. H. 13999, 14597, and 14650. Specimens taken from sand rock, and specimens of plants and minerals, from California. Tiffany & Co. 14540, 14670, 14909, 15063, 15198, and 15208. Ten alli- gator skins, samples of leather, &c., pearl jewelry, minerals, and gems. Tilghman, B. C. &@ R. A. 15525. Four hundred pounds of chilled-iron globules for sawing and grinding. (Purchased.) Todd, Aurelius. 14714. Specimen of mineral from Oregon. Todd, H. LZ. 14571. Shingle from the smoke-house of General George Washington at Mount Vernon, Va. Torrer, A. 13997. Two skins of thick-billed parrot from Durango, Mexico. Towne, F. H. 14115. Jar of Chinese “ shamshue.” Townsend, Charles H. 13917, 14105, 14127, 14290, 14576, 14830, 14836, 14920, 14922, 14955, and 15055. Twenty-eight packages containing large collection of birds’ skins, nests, eggs, skins and skeletons of mammals, fossils, alcoholic skins of mammals, reptiles, fishes, &c., from Farallone Islands and California. True, F. W. 14834 and 15026. Specimen of jade from New Zealand, and skull of porpoise from Hatteras, N. C. Tucker, J. Lee. 14131. Three specimens of ores from Oneonta, N. Y. Tupper, H. EH. 14061. Specimens of lizards from Florida. Turner, D. C. 14524. Living specimen of horned toad. Turner, HE. Y. 14789. Specimen of beryl from Edgecomb mica mines, Maine. Turner, H. W. 14439, 14588, 14708, and 15043. Specimen of bat, fresh specimens of gopher, snakes, and insects from California. Turner, Lucien M. 13922, 14584, and 15388. Forty-five packages of general natural history and ethnology from Labrador and.Ungava Bay, Hudson Bay Territory ; also alcoholic specimens of mammals, reptiles, and insects from California. LIST OF ACCESSIONS TO THE MUSEUM IN 1884. 423 Unexcelled Fireworks Company. 15386. Campaign badges and regalia, Union Stone Company. 15467. Samples of emery and corundum in the rock and in the grain as prepared for commerce. University of Cambridge, Hugland. 14240. Skeleton of Delphinus tursio. University of Oxford, England (through Prof. H. N. Moseley, F. R.S.). 13967 and 14091. Specimens of Jurassic fossils, plants, crustacea, and brachiopods from stone fields near Oxford, England; also box of plaster casts of mammals and birds. Upham, Mrs. FE. P. 14820. Specimen of insect from Massachusetts. Vail, Stephen. 14149. The Morse telegraph instrument—the only re- maining one of the two made at the Speedwell lron Works, Morris- town, N. J., and the one which received the first telegraph message, ‘* What hath God wrought!” in 1844. Vance, Mrs. 8. P. 14758. Specimen of carved stone pipe from Ken- tucky. (Loaned.) Vansice, Mrs. Isaac. 15327. Collection of minerals from Natural Bridge, N. Y. Van Tuyle, Senhora Marie Louise. 14485. Twelve specimens of wax fruits, 7 cloth figures, and 1 native tea-set made of paper from Brazil. Van Winkle, A. 8S. 14471. Two small specimens of fishes from Iowa. Van Berlepech, Count. 14422. Collection of birds’ skins from South America and Malacca. Von Ringharz, Theodore. 15145. Specimen of mineral from North Carolina. Waddell & Co., R. J. 14704 and 14733. Specimens of polishing ma- terial (ground and bottled pumice and rotten-stone). Wake County, North Carolina. 15266 and 15315. Specimen of soap- stone and red sandstone. Walcot¢, C. D. 15140 and 15299. Four specimens of minerals from Globe copper mines, Arizona; also samples of acorns used as food by the Apache Indians. Walker, John and Charles. 14209. Alcoholic specimens of birds, bats, reptiles and insects from Illinois. Waller, William. 14696. Stone implement from Kentucky. Wanlass, John. 14543. Specimen of miner’s lamp, with match box and picker. | Ward, Prof. Henry A. 14479, 14623, 14669, 14731, 14771, 14837, 14916, 14929, 14974, and 15242. Collection of birds’ skins, skins and skele- tons of mammals, ostrich and emu eggs, shells, corals, building stones, &c., from various localities. Ward and Howell. 14510, 14684, 14750 and 14919. Minerals, gems, and cut stones. (Purchased.) Warren, Allen. 15306. Specimen of fossil coral from marl bed near Granville, N. C. 424 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884. Warwick Iron Company. 14706, 14906. Specimens of furnace products, iron ore, pig iron, slag, &e. Washington, D. C.: 7 U. 8. Senate. (See under name of McCook, Anson G.) Treasury Department. (See under Collector of Customs, San Fran- cisco, Cal.) U. 8. Coast and Geodetic Survey. 14025. Six boxes of the standard weights and measures of the United States. Life Saving Service. (See under name of Knowles, H. M.) Revenue Marine Service. (See under name of Healy, Capt. M. A.) War Department: Quartermaster-General’s Office. (See under names of 8S. B. Holabird, Quartermaster-General, and A. E. Miltimore.) Medical Department. (See under names of Army Medical Mu- seum, Drs. Elliott Coues, and H. C. Yarrow.) Engineer Department ; Wright, H. G., Maj. Gen., U. 8. A. 14022. Specimens of borings made in 1874 for the reclamation of the alluvial basin of the Mississippi River. Wheeler, George M., Capt., U. S. A. 13965, 13966, 14042, and 14087. Specimen of asphaltum and iron from Black Hills, specimens of fossils from Crawfordsville, Ind., and garnet-bearing formation from near Fort Defiance, Ari- zona; also 31 specimens of birds’ skins, specimen of en- erinite, and topographical model of the San Juan mining and mountain region of Colorado. (See also under names of General O. E. Babcock and Col. A. F. Rock- well.) Signal Corps. (See under names of John J. McLean, John Murdock, and L. M. Turner.) Retired from active service, General M. C. Meigs. U. 8S. Army. (See under names of Capts. Charles Bendire and Rk. H. Pratt; Assistant Surgeons R. W. Shufeldt, Tim- othy K. Wilcox, J. C. Merrill, and Lieut. George F. Chase). Navy Department: Bureau of Navigation. (See under name of Commander A. S. Barker. ) Hydrographic Office. (See under name of Commander John R. Bartlett, hydrographer.) U. S. Navy. (See under names of Capt. George H. Perkins ; Lieuts. George M. Stoney, W. A. Marshall, and J. D. McGuire; Surgeons J. M. Flint and William H. Jones; Passed Assistant Surgeon M. H. Crawford; and Ensigns A. A. Ackerman, H. G. Dresel, C. H. Harlow, C. S. McClain, and Ernest Wilkinson.) LIST OF ACCESSIONS TO THE MUSEUM IN 1884. 425 Washington, D. C.—Continued. Interior Department : U. S. Geological Survey. 18931 and 13998. Ten views of Cap- tain Dutton’s Atlas of the Grand Caton District; also 11 boxes of lithologic and mineralogic specimens col- lected by geologists of the division of the Great Basin. (See also under names of Prof. F. W. Clarke, T. M. Chatard, W.C. Chapin, William H. Holmes, J. B. Mareou, James Stevenson, and C. D. Walcott.) Census Office. Eighteen boxes of iron ore. (See under name of R. Pumpelly.) Bureau of Ethnology (J. W. Powell, Director). (See under names of Bureau of Ethnology, F. H. Cushing, H. W. Henshaw, Kdward Palmer, and Victor Mindeleff.) Department of Agriculture. 14365. Specimens of areca nuts from Hindostan. U. S. Commission of Fish and Fisheries (Prof. Spencer F. Baird, Commissioner). 13933, 13980, 14037, 14043, 14136, 14225, 14269, 14286, 14324, 14334, 14342, 14389, 14420, 14522, 14580, 14607, 14759, 14835, 14960, 15189, 15289, 15343, 15365, 15399, 15426, 15431, 15438, 15452, and 15462. Spee- imens of cotton from Old Providence, West Indies; 1 barrel of corals; one half barre] geological specimens; 1 basket-trap ; 2 trays homeopathic vials, 5 tanks, 850 bot- tles, and 3.0 jars alcoholic specimens of fishes, inverte- brates, reptiles, birds, mammals, &c., from West Indies and Gulf of Mexico; 8 living specimens of cactus from Mexico; 27 packages of birds’ skins, mammals, reptiles, and insects from Florida; 6 tank-boxes of alcoholic fishes and marine invertebrates from West Indies; a large collection of 1,400 packages containing alcoholic fishes, marine invertebrates, crustacea, &c., from the coast of Massachusetts during summer of 1854; also specimens of shark and two dolphins in flesh; large specimen of lobster ; ear- bones and vertebrae of whale, with specimen of granite from Cape Cod, Massachusetts; box of deep- water barnacles from east coast of United States; 2 boxes of samples of mineral water from Wood’s Holl, and model of steam seine-boat; 1 barrel and 1 keg of oysters from Chesapeake Bay ; specimens of California trout, two years old, hatched at Wytheville, Va., with numerous fresh specimens of carp, goldfish, tench, cray- fishes, and water-snakes from the United States carp ponds and Central Station. (See also under names of . Prof. A. E. Verrill, R. Rathbun, Prof. David S. Jordan, Charles H. Gilbert, G. Brown Goode, Dr. T. H. Bean, M. McDonald, T. B. Ferguson, Joseph W. Collins, H. C. Chester, James G. Swan, and Vinal N. Edwards.) 426 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884. Washington, D. C.—Continued. Department of State. 13947. Suit of Japanese armor. (Deposited.) Waters, William. 14844. Specimen of peacock coal from Pennsylvania. Watkins, G. W. 14819. Specimens of minerals from New York. Watts, J. J. 14338. Specimens of fossils from cave in Virginia. Weaks, P. B. 14868. Specimen of natural formation from stump 20 feet below surface. | Weaver & Co., G. B. 14385. Specimen of fresh shad from New York roarket. Webb, John. 15324. Twenty-five specimens of minerals from Saint Lawrence County, New York. Webster, Frederick S. 14208 and 14393. Specimens of birds’ skins ( Ple- gadis faleinellus) from Florida. Weinland, Wiliam H. 15082. Package of botanical specimens from Alaska. ’ Weld, George H. 14971. Specimen of branch of tree from North Caro- lina. Wells, Bard. 14872. Specimen of quartz crystal and lepidodendron rock from Pennsylvania. Wells, Frederick. 14628. Twoskins of young woodchucks from Amber, ey. Wells, J. G. 14051. Specimens of birds’ skins from West Indies. Wesleyan University (Middletown, Conn.). 13911, 14109, 14948, and 15460. Two boxes of minerals, birds’ skins, and 250 species of land shells. Wharton, Joseph. 13984 and 14052. Specimen of nickel-plated iron, 10 per cent. nickel on each side; also pumice from Krakatoa. Wheeler, Charles Le Roy. 14246 and 14358. Box of shells and fresh fish from Cape May, N. J. Wheelock, D. B. 14080. Tibia of fossil saurian. Whitcomb, George D. 14869. Photograph of Harrison mining machine from Illinois. Whitcomb & Co., H.C. 15354. Specimens illustrating the manufacture of electrotypes. . Hlectrotyping: (1) Process wood-cut and type form locked up in chase ready for mold; (2) mold in beeswax, surface block leaded; (3) deposit of copper by dynamo electric machine; (4) copper shells removed from mold; (5) copper shells loaded up with electrotype metal, principally lead; (6) finished book and duplicates ot wood-cuts to be ready for the press. Stereotyping: (1) Mold of music and type faces in dry and plas- ter; (2) coating of same in stereotype metal; (3) finished book and inner plate. White, George D. 14882. Specimen of ore from Oregon. White, George W. 14573. Package of ore from Mississippi. LIST OF ACCESSIONS TO THE MUSEUM IN 1884. 427 White, J. OC. 14986. Small collection of wax impressions of seals and coins. White, John OC. 14348. Mineral from Texas. Whiting, Frank H. 15285. Specimen of lizard and snail shells from Connecticut. Whiting, 8S. B. 14840. Sixteen boxes of coal and its associates from Pennsylvania. Whitney, Bli. 15499. Original model of the cotton-gin invented by Eli Whitney, sr., in 1793. (Deposited.) Whitney, T. J. 14749. Collection of minerals from Gouverneur, N. Y, Whittenton Manufacturing Company. 15296. Samples of cotton. Wilder, Amos. 14693 and 15523, Insects from Maine. Wilcox, Dr. T. B., U.S. A. 14634. Arapaho saddle-bags. Wilkinson, Ernest, Ensign, U. S. N. 14325 and 15080. Package of small insects from Ohio and minerals from Colorado. Willcox, Joseph. 14936 and 14946. Two boxes of minerals from Penn- sylvania. (Deposited.) Williams & Everett. 14900, 15391, and 15415. Six boxes of autotypes. (Purchase, New Orleans Exhibition.) Williams, Ezra. 14266. Specimen of ore from Cascade Mountains. Williams, Dr. G. H. 14258 and 14416. Specimens of rocks from Ger- many, Italy, Baden, island of Ischia, and France. Williams, Goodwin H. 14914. Specimen of root of a plant from Vir. ginia. Williams, Capt. John J. 14159. Specimens of garnet in granite from Delaware County, Pennsylvania. Williams, J. L. 14841. Specimen of Williams’s safety lamp and iron pyrites. Williams, Capt. Thomas. 14430. Specimens of ores and fossils from Potomac River and Massachusetts. Williams, Capt. Thomas. 14608. Four specimens of minerals from Delaware County, Pennsylvania. Willis, John J. 13972. Specimens of insects which fell on January 19, 1884, at Westfield, N. J., after a snow storm. Williman, H. 15115. Package of minerals from New Mexico. Wilson, Charles F. 14371. Five specimens of welded copper. Wilson, Thomas. 13982. Box of shells from France. Wilson, Hon. William L. 14089. Specimens of mineral from West Virginia. Winifrede Coal Company. 15092. Specimens of coal and slate from West Virginia. Wise, Hon. John S. 15366. Bird in flesh from Virginia. Witherbee, T. F. 15321. Specimen of tourmaline from Crown Point, Se Woerffel, C. T. 14029. Paper-weight composed of 38 samples of orna- mental stones from Russia. 428 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884. Wolford, W. L. 14746. Four birds’ skins from Maine. Wood, George H. 14855. Five negatives of Long Valley Coal Com- pany’s mines, Pennsylvania. (Purchase, New Orleans Exhibition.) Wood, J. P. 14333. Insect from Auburn, N. Y. Woolfe, Henry D. 15495. Specimens of coal, &c., trom Cape Lisburne, Alaska. Wooster, A. F. 15044 and 15527. Stone image (loan) and skin of squir- rel from Connecticut. Worthen, OC. K. 14278, 14345, 14433, 14497, 14648, 14889, 15068, and 15502. Collection of birds’ skins from Oregon, Mexico, New Mexico, Illinois, and various other localities. Wyant, William. 15330. Two boxes, specimens of coal and coke from Eagle, W. Va. Yarrow, Dr. Henry C., U.S. A. 14057 and 15142. Chinese bait-box, alcoholic fishes, reptiles, shells, insects, ores, and fossils from Utah. Yaste, W. S. 14727. Specimen of bat, in flesh. Yeates, William S. 14950 and 15349. Specimens of minerals from Mine La Motte, Missouri, and arrow-heads from North Carolina. Yerrington, J. D. 14663. Specimens of Hiddenite, crystals and brill- iants. (Purchased.) Yoakum, F. L. 14231. Alcoholic specimens of fish from Texas. Yosemite Mine. 15240. Two boxes, specimens of ores from Utah. Young, G. V. 14475. Seales from the alligator gar from Mississippi. Zahn, Henry. 15476. Specimen of sulphate of iron in crystallized form from Phillips County, Kansas. Zeledon, José C. 13932, 14003, 14229, 14963, 14977, 15151, and 15511. Birds’ skins, specimens of materia medica, fossils, stone relics, pot- tery, alcoholic mammals, reptiles, fishes, birds’ skins, dried plants, and specimens of beads from ancient Indian mound, Costa Rica. Zeledon, Senor Juan. 14988. Bird’s skin from Costa Rica. Zoological Society of Philadelphia. 15377. Specimen of bird in flesh. Zukoski, EH. LZ. 15501. Box of ores from Missouri. By a i BS ae A. Abbott, Mr., contribution from, 66. Abert, Col. bo ., minerals from, 65, 221. Abrading and polishing materials, 269, 276. Acanthidops bairdi, 377. Acanthis, notes on, 366. Acanthocinus spectabilis from California, 187. Accessions, list of, 381. Accounts, 19, 37. Achorutes from Colorado, 185. Maine, 187. Ackerman, A. A., 68. Acronycta betula, 361. Actinozoa, Devonian, 213. Actodromas maculata, breeding of, 376. Adams, W. H., 260. Aden boat models, 89. Administrative staff of Museum, 35. Administrative work in the Museum, 35. #\urichthys eydouxii, note on, 374. Africa, arrows from, 119. collections from, 72. dug-out canoe from, 90. weapons from, 118, 119. whips from, 119. Agassiz, Alexander, mollusks obtained by, 62, 180. Agelxing reviewed, 377. - ogeecamtam Department, drugs from, 76. Abt basketry wanting in the collections, 298. Air in lecture room, aualysis of, 38, 39, 40. ax Company's metal bearings, 242, 268. Alabama fishes received, 164, 176. Alaska antiquities exhibited, 125. birds from, 60. Eskimo basket ornamentation in, 293. basket-work in, 293. bows from, 307. collections, 57. exploration, 69. fishes of Captain Nichols, 347. fishing-boat models, 87. invertebrates, 192. mammals obtained, 130. rocks from, 230. salmon collected, 172. Thlinket objects, 114. willow wren, 69. ‘Albatross”’ birds from West Indies, 60. bottom samples, 192. brought West Indian bats, 130. collection of birds, 358. deep-sea fish, 163. collections assorted, 197. in Gulf of Mexico, 197. of invertebrates, 63, 189, 190. reptiles, 61, 157. crinoids from off Havana, 190. deep-sea collections, 70. explorations, 197, 198. off e:stern coast, 197. land collecting, 70. preparing for Gulf cruise, 199. reported spotted de)phin, 317. shore collections, 197. sounding operations, 197. work discussed, 379. zoological material, 199. Albion, N. Y., building stone, 227. Albite from Maine, 228. Alcoholic building needed, 22. Aleut baskets, 292. grass wallets, 292. mat material, 292. ornamentation, 292. weaving and embroidery, 293. throwing-sticks, 288. Aleutian Islands basket-work, 292. Algonkin and Iroquois basketry, 305. basket ornamentation. 306 Alleghany region of Southern States, fishes from, 170. report on fishes of « 170 Allen, Dr. Harrison, studying Museum bats, 136. Allen, J. A., made analyses, 246. Alligator obtained in 1884, 44. Alloys collected, 242, 268. manufacture of, 276. Altamaha Basin fishes collected, 175. Alvord, 5S. W., favors from, 267. Ambocelia umbona, 206. America, prehistoric, 351. American Dental Association ee 35. — Cultural Association in Museam, Institute of Mining Engineers, colles- tion from, 67. Museum of Natural History, 10. birds in, 153. Ship Windlass Company models, 95. Surgical Association in Museum, 34. Taxidermists, gift from, 41. Ammonia in lecture room, 39. ai TT Powelli associated with Physa, &e., 07. Amygdaloid mines copper, 254. series, 255, 270. Analecta Ornithologica, 366. Anas boschas and obscura, 378. Anatomy, comparative, department of, 62. Ancistrodon contortrix, poisoning by, 370. Ancon, Peru, pottery from, 121. Peruvian antiquities, 116, 117, 118. Andaman Islands, Turbinella ggg from, 183. Anderson River throwing-stick, 283. Andesite and pumice from Mount Shasta, 231. Andesites from Mount Shasta, 228. Andrade, Joseph, and Co., 47. Andrews, W.H., sent minerals, 222. Anguillula, 360. Animal fibers, 79. products at Louisville, 49. New Orleans, 51. collection reorganized, 56. size of, 56. gifts of, 56. section, 16, 18. Animals from Costa Rica, 71. Aniscalinz reviewed, 377. Anisopteryx pometaria, 360. Annelids from Bermuda, 340, 381. Florida, 191. studied by Mr. Benedict, 197. | Annex building, 21, 36. Anscnia Brass and Copper Company collectiom, 256, 275, 276. _ Anthozoa, new species of, 380. of the Albatross, 197. returned by Professor Verrill, 190. studied by Professor Verrill, 200. 429 430 Anthracite breakers, photographs of, 243. coal and associates, 242. from Pennsylvania, 261. in zine furnaces, 260. from Colonel Pendleton, 262. Anthracites from Brookside colliery, 262. Loyalsock mine, 262. Lykens Valley district, 262. Anthrenus scrophulari# from Connecticut, 186. Anthropological classification, 14, collections, 13. arrangement of, 54. material classified, 109. Society, early history of, 56. lectures, 33. Anthropology defined, 54. division of, 16, 53. in Washington, 354. museum of, 54. preparators in, 47. pregress in, 354. Antillean region invertebrates, 191. Antimony ores, 271. ‘ from Utah, 253. in Centennial collection, 253. Antiquities, 16. ‘ aboriginal, circular relative to, 356 accessions to, 59, 123, 127. arranged by material and form, 58. arrangement of, 126, 127. catalogued, 125. department, 58. recommendations for 127. duplicate, 59. exhibited, 125. extralimital, 127. from Dr Jones, 71. number of, 59, 127. of Chiriqui, 71. prehistoric European, 127. prepared for New Orleans Exposi- tion, 126. report on department of, 123. researches upon, 126. sent as exchanges, 126. special collections of, 58. work upon, 125. Antrim mines coal, 243. Apache basket ornamentation, 302. bed, 116. necklace, 116. Apocynum cannabinum for basketry, 301. Appendix, list of accessions, 381. Applications for specimens, 30. Aquatic animals at carp ponds, 72. mammals at London fisheries, 342. Arapahoes, saddle-bags from, 116. Archeological collection at New Orleans, 51. objects from California, 69. Archer, B. V., reptiles from, 158. Archer, Prof. T. C., 80. Archives, 19. Arctie exploration, 69. Ocean shells obtained, 184. type of bow, where used, 314. Eskimo bow, 310. Ardea wardi, notes on, 380. Argent Club meetings in Museum, 35. Argentiferous lead ores, 271. smelting of, 240. smeltiny series, 252. Argentine Republic rocks, 227. Works smelting series, 252. Arizora aboriginal pottery, 121. antiquities obtained, 124. birds from E. W. Nelson, 60. calcareous incrustations, 230. collections, 70. copper smelting, 256. mammals obtained, 180. minerals needed, 247. Arkansas antimony ores wanted, 253. antiquities received, 125. fishes obtained, 61. white-grub fungus from, 185. Arlington Mills, collection of yarns from, 81. visited, 83. Armory building storage, 21, 53. INDEX. Army Medical Museum, antiquities from, 124. worm, 363. Arnot mine coal, 243. Art and industry objects from Africa, 72. students in the Museum, 33. Artibeus perspicillatus obtained, 120. Artists represented by autotypes, 51. work, 47. Arts and industries collections, 53. curators, 53. department, 16, 53. reported on, 55. Arvicola, 326, 329, 330, 367. amphibius, 328. and Fiber contrasted, 329. generic characters of, 329. Asbestos collection, 242, 268, 269, 276. Ascalaphus hyalinus trom Long Island, 186. Ashburner, C. A., sent charts of coal-fields, 265. Asia, bats, &c., from, 131. collections, 71. Minor, ancient lamps, 118. Asopia costalis from Virginia, 185. Assinaboine moccasins, 116. Assistant director, duties of, 18. director’s report, 339, 352. Astacide returned by Professor Faxon, 201. Astacus catalogued, 371. Asteroidea, new species of, 379. Astur atricapillus henshawi, 376, striatulus, note on, 357. Athyris sublamellosus, 206. Atkinson, Lieut. B. W., collected reptiles, 158. Atlantic shore fishes collected, 174. Atopbyrax Bendirei mentioned, 130. Attacus cecropia from Missouri, 186. Attagen group reviewed, 367. ptarmigans of the group, 366. Attu throwing-stick, 288. Atwater, Prof. W.0O., 16, 18. food analyses by, 108, papers of, 346. Auriferous gravel collections, 271. pyrite collections, 271. Australian fishes repaired, 41, 44. rocks, 237. Austria stalagmites, 229. Automatic registers of visitors, 32. Autotypes by Braun & Co., 56. Auxis rochei from Wood’s Holl, 163. Aviculopecten catactus, 206. Aymé, Louis, collections of, 70. investigations of, 70. objects from Yucatan, 57. Azores building and ornamental stones, 236 building stone, 227. Aztec antiquities received, 123. B. Babbitt and other alloys, 242, 276. Baby-basket of Modoks, 300. North California Indians, 300. Backgrounds, 26. Baeder, Adamson & Co., sand-paper collection, 276. sent collection, 268. Bag-worm from Arkansas, 185. Bailey, E. M., sent Maine minerals, 223. Bailey, Sylvanus, throwing-stick from, 289. Bailey & Co., ropes and twines from, 80. Baird, Prof. Spencer F., 38, 136. directed the collecting of fishes, 169. Maine shell-heap re- mains from, 124. offered reward for dol- phin, 317. sent frigate mackerel, 163 i reptiles to Cope, 157. writings of, 346. Baird, Brewer & Ridgway on water birds, 346. Baker, A B., sent bat from Kansas, 180. Baker, Dr. Frank, lecture by, 34. Balbach, E., & Sons’ bullion refining series, 252. co}'ection of gold and cop- per, 250. INDEX. Balbach, E., & Sons’ gold collection, 275, silver refining series, 275. Balch, F. V., 92. Baldwin, A. H., field work of, 194. laboratory work of, 198. oftice work of, 194. Baltic Sea herring-fishing boat, 104. Baltimore clipper brig model. 94. Copper Works collection, 256, 275. Bankskuta (Swedish cod-fishing vessel) model, 103, 104. Barbirussa tusks from Indian grave, 367. Barbour Flax Spinning Company. specimens of flax from, 81. Barbour, William H., 121, Bark, merchant, color-sketch of, 121. Barker, H., & Sons sent re granite, 236. Barking sand from Germany, 227. Hawaiian Islands, 227. Barnacles, deep-sea, sent to Dr. Hoek, 190. Barnum, Bailey & Hutchinson sent mammals, 131. Barroll, Lieut. Il. H., obtained Rannia, 192. Bartlam, Thomas A., 268. Bartlett, Mr., contribution from, 66. Barytes, collection from Page & Krause, 244. utilization of, 276, Basket characteristics, 291. drawing-string of Aleuts, 293. making tool, 291. material of spruce roots, 295. ornament»tion with reindeer hair, 294. needle of hawk bone. 300. thread and needles (Indian), 300. of pine root, 300. trays of Apache Indians, 302. of the Utes, 302. weaving indicated, 291. Basket-work, aboriginal, 291. drawings, 291. of Alaskan Eskimo, 293. Aleutian Islands, 292. Algonkins and Iroquois, 305, Bilhoolas, 297. Central and South America, 306. Chilkaht Indians, 295. reat cedar, 297. aida Indians, 296. Hong Kutcbin Indians, 295. Moki Indians, 303. North America aborigines, 291. Sahaptin stock, 301. Shoshone Indians, 301. Southern Indians, 305. Tinné Indians, 294. Zuiiis, 304. Basketry a savage art, 291. bower style, 298. checker- woven, 297. coiled, associated with pottery marks, of Indians and Siamese, 294. covering a bottle, 299. fish-trap style, 297. hats ornamented with diamond pat- terns, 296. of Aht tribes needed, 298. Great Interior Basin, 301. Oregon and California Indians, 299. paper on, mentioned, 57. scallops of Aleuts, 293. twined, 292. Baskets, coiled, 293. examined by Professor Mason, 291. imitating chinaware, 296. in relation to migrations, 295, of Alaskan Eskimo, 293. birch, linden, &c., 305. coiled type, 294. Makahs, how composed, 298. South America, needed, 306. twined, 293, 296. with feather ornamentation, 301. Bat, Brazilian, from Kansas, 130. fishing, obtained, 130. Batchen, J.S. F., sent building stones, 66, 231. Bats identified, 133. lent to Dr. Allen, 136. F. W. Cragin, 136. 431 | Bats presented by British Museum, 130. Bay of Fundy shell-heap remains, 124. Bean, Barton A., assisted with fishes, 169. sent to Long Island, 165. Bean, Dr. T. H., 17, 351. collected Long Island fishes, 164. curator, 61. editor, 19, 165. lichens from, 877. os Island, invertebrates from, 1 on Florida fishes, 353. London Fisheries fishes, 341. perce of, 347. acific salmon studied by, 172. report of, 161. sent to Long Island, 165, and Dresel, H. G., on Jamaica fishes, 347, Beardsley, Mrs. A. J., minerals from, 222. Beaufort fishes, notes upon, 171. studied, 171. Beckham, C. W., 152. assisted with birds, 143. Beechey's Eschscholtz Bay throwing-stick, 284. Belding, L., California birds from, 69. Belgian fishing er 91. sloop model, 91. Bell James, collected reptiles, 158. rattlesnake skin, slippers from, 116. Bella Coula objects, 115. Bellemont Forge collections, 244. Belleville mines, coals from, 267. Belmont Forge wrought iron, 257. Belostoma americanum from New York, 186. Bendire, Capt. Charles E., 17, 18. collections from, 69. contributed valuable collections, 60. . fishes from, 161. honorary curator, 60. on birds eggs wanted, 343, 347. overhauled eggs, 152. presented his birds’ eggs, 153. rearranged birds’ eggs, 143. reptiles from, 61, 157. Béné, R. T., gift by, 47. Benedict, James E., Albatross naturalist, 198. collections of, 197. secured West Indian bats, 130. studying Annelids, 190, 197, 200 and W. Nye, collected birds, 358. Bengal fishing dug-out, 88. pipe, 118. Benner, D. J., palm-leaf coat from, 118. Berardius from Bering Island, 131. New Zealand, 131. Bergen’s Museum, collections from, 71. Echinoderms from, 193. to receive invertebrates, 196. Bering Island, seals obtained, 131. whales, 131. Sea and Arctic mollusks obtained, 181. volcanic rocks, 69. Berlin Fisheries collections, 6. Exhibition, water craft from, 106. Museum, cojlections from, 71. Bermuda Annelida, 340, 381. bird new to, 340. birds, 340, 377. rare and accidental, 340. botany, 340, 376. geology, 340, 377. mammals, 340, 374. reptiles, 340, 372. ) stalactites, 2.8. natural history of, 353. new and rare birds of, 376. Bertha Zinc Company, ores from, 258. _ Beryi from Maine, 230. Bessels, Emil, 279 Bessemer steel collections, 243, 258, 275. 432 Bever, Dr. H. G., 16. honorary curator, 75. Bibliography, analysis of, 337,339. of Museum, 31, 337, 339. Biddle on construction of Indian vessels, 89. Bigelow Carpet Company specimens, 82. visited. 83. Bilhoola Indian basket. work, 297. Binney, Dr. W. G., shells contributed by, 181. Biological Society lectures, 33. meetings, 35. Birch and linden in basketry, 305. Bird collections of National Museum, 358. labels for exhibition, 154. prepared. 59, 151. sample of, 151. new to Bermudas, 340. Birds, 17. added to exhibition series, 155. alphabetical list of accessions to, 143-149. and fishes mounted, 41, 44. aquatic and fish-eating,at London Fisheries, 341 rearranged, 150. department of, 59. . desirable for exhibition, 155. to purchase, 155. displayed in American Museum of Natural History, 153. distributed, 149. duplicate and exchanged, 60. Birds’ eggs, 17, 18, 60. exchanged, 150. and loaned, 60. foreign, 60. installed, 153. lent, 150. number of, 60, 153. overhauled, 152. presented by Captain Bendire, 153. wanted, 343, 347. extensive accessions of, 60, 143. exhibited at Cincinnati, 50. New Orleans, 151. exotic, wanting, 155. for New Orleans Exposition, 59, 358. from Alaska, 60. Arizona, 60. California, 69. Dominica, 70. India, 60. Japan. 69, 71. Mexico, 70. in exhibition series, 59. _ reserve series, 59, 152. installed in cases, 150. key to North American, 371. mounted, 151. nests and eggs obtained, 149. new North American races of, 376. North American game sent to New Orleans ] proposed new list of, 150. of Bermuda, 340, 377. National Museum, papers on, 152. prey, diurnal, 373. old and new generic names of, 366. present state of, 152. recommendations for department of, 153. report upon, 143. returned from London, 60. secured in 1884, 44. water, of North America, 346. work upon, 59, 150, 151. Bird-skins and alcoholic specimens, 143-149. condition of, 152. exchanged, 149. lent, 149. mounted, 59. protected from insects, 152. Bismuth ores, 272. from Utah, 257. Blackfeet mat and bowl. 116. Blackfish hatching, 352. Blackford, E. G., sent Brevoort fishes, 164. crustaceans, 190. 430-pound halibut, 162. steel-head trout from, 162. INDEX. Blackford, E. G., 36-pound pompano from, 163. Blackiston, Capt. T. W., 60. birds from, 71. Blackmore Museum, mound-pipes in, 125. Black Warrior Basin fishes collected, 176. Blair, Albert, 268. Blake collections of marine invertebrates, 189. deep-sea mollusks studied, 180. Blake, J. H., 198. Blankets of Northwestern coast, 299. Blatta orientalis ? from California, 187. Blende, galena, and marcasite crystals, 243. Blight, 1. O., favors from, 267. Blissus leucopterus, 360. Blossburg Coal Company presented drill, 264. Boas, Dr. Franz, 112, 279. : on Cumberland Gulf throwing- stick, 282. Boat and vessel models installed, 97. repaired by Captain Col- lins, 97. building material obtained, 86. fittings, 86, 96, 98. models and equipments collected, 85. from Aden, 89. China, 90. London Fisheries Exhibition, 97. Madras, 89. the Maldives, 89. Boats collected, 1882 to 1884, 85. vessels, &c., now exhibited, 98. Bobtail mill gold collection, 241, 274. extraction shown, 249. Bogosloff Island rocks and volcanic ashes, 69, 230 Bohuslan cod-fishing vessel, 104. Bolles, Lieut. T. Dix, collections from, 57. Thlinket objects from, 114. Bolts, nuts, and washers, 239. Bombay fishing-boat model, 88. Bombax malabaricum, dug-out from, 87. Bones, fossil, in Florida, 386. Booth, A., Columbia River shad from, 162. Borassus flabelliformis, fishing dug-out from, 87, Boston custom-house fibers, 81. foreign exhibition, accessions from, 67. Brazil foods from, 107. Ceylonese collection from, 72. collections from, 71. Guatemala foods from, 107. Hawaiian foods, &c., from, 72, 107. San Salvador products from, 107. sent foreign minerals, 240. textiles from, 80. Museum of Art, 10. Society of Natural History, 10. Botany, department of, 17, 65, 220. of Bermuda, 340, 376. Bot-flies in a turtle, 367. Bottle covered with basketry, 299. Bottle-nosed dolphin obtained, 132. Bow appliances for twisting sinew, 312. lashings described, 310, 311. hitches in, 311. Bowker, Torrey & Co., contributors, 66. sent onyx, 231. Bowlder, photograph of, 229. Bows, backing of, at various points, 310. broad and flat with bent end, 309. with straight end, 308. Eskimo, a study of, 307. of Yukon delta described, 308. paper on, meationed, 57. replaced by fire-arms, 315. sinew backing of, 307, 308. Bow-string twisters, 316. Boxes for small specimens, 26. Boyle, C. B., 215. Boyne corracle for fishing, 90, 91. Brachiopods, Carboniferous, received, 212. Devonian, obtained, 210, 213. recent work on, 350. Bradford silks, 80. INDEX. Brady, Prof. G.S., Copepods from, 193. _ exchanges from, 196, Brass collection, 276. manufactures, 241. Brayton, Dr. A. W., collected fishes, 170, 171. Brazil foods obtained, 107. ° implements, 118. plants and animals, 71. Brazos Basin fishes collected, 178. Bread-trayas, coiled and decorated, 304. Breed, George F., sent marbles, 231. —— George M., made mining photographs, 265, 67. Brevoort fishes identitied, 164. Brewer mine gold collection, 259. Brewer, ‘Thomas Mayo, 846, 371. Bristol Bay birds, 69. Eskimo bow, 309. ethnologica, 112, 113. : throwing-stick, 287. British America mammals collected, 130. Columbia shells obtained, 184. war canoe, 106. crustacea exchange, 196. Guiana baskets, 306. war club, 118. invertebrates obtained, 193. mollusks coming, 181. Museum, birds from, 60. - collections from, 71. presented bats, 130. Broadhead, G. C., sent Stromatopora, 204. Brookside colliery anthracites, 262. Brook trout, paper on, 347. Brown, James Temple, assisted Mr. Dewey, 276. made coal collections, 261. mining collection of, 242. on whale fishery, 341. Brown, J. H.,225. Brown, P. R., Blackfeet mat and bow! from, 116. Brown, 8. C., 19. Bruner, H. L., 198. Brush-Swan Company lighting the Museum, 34, 55. Brussels carpets, 81, 82, 83. Buchsbaum, Mr., Chinese hairless dog from, 132. Buckwheatfield mine zinc ore, 273. Builders’ models of fishing vessels, 86, 98. vessels desired, 99. Building and ornamental stones and rocks, 66, 234, 235, 342, 355. stone collection, 67, 233, 235. stones, 227, 228, 229, 230. and quarry industry, 351. from Mr. Batchen, 66, 231. a eam 46. Buildings and labor, 19. ; oe and public comfort, 35. photographed, 46. Bulkley, EF. B., minerals from, 222. Bulletin No. 25, U.S. National Museum, 340, 353. 27, U.S. National Museum, 340, 352. Bulletins of National Museum, 340 published in 1884, 31. Bullion, base, refining series, 252. Bull-snake epiglottis, character and function of, Burden Iron Company, horseshoes, 240. , Bureau of Ethnology antiquities, 126, contributions from, 58. pottery, 70, 121. Navigation sent bottom samples, 192. Burns, Frank, 215. = cooperi and harlani, possibly identical, Buthus sp. from California, 186. Butler University aided to collect fishes, 170. C. Cable Flax Mills, specimens from, 80. manilla, for fishing vessels, 95. Calamus providens, note on, 375. review of, 375. Calcareous incrustations, 229, 230. Calcopyrite ore, copper from, 256. Calcutta jute butts in gunny cloth, 80. Calico printing illustrations, 81, 82. S. Mis. 33, pt. 2——28 433 California and Oregon fishes collected, 171. antimony ores, 253. antiquities received, 123, 124. birds received, 60. collections, 69. Indian baskets, 299, 300. insects from Mr, Orcutt, 186. Professor Stearns, 186. obtained, 185. mammals obtained, 69, 130. marbles, 231. Mesozoic and Cenozoic fossils, 215. onyx, 228. pinnipeds obtained, 131. rocks, 229. salmon, mounted, 44. seals, sea lions, and sea elephants, 70. shell-heap, specimens exhibited, 125. shells from Professor Stearns, 184. Call, R. E., 179. mollusks from, 63. reptiles from, 157. work of, 62. Calvin Prof. Samuel, fossils from, 216. Cambarus and Astacus studjed, 371. new species in National Museum, 371. Cambrian faunas of North America, 368. Cambridge University Zoological Museum pre- sented cetacea, 132. Cane in basketry, 305. Canoes for fishing, 87. Cape Lisburne coal, 69. Nome throwing-stick, 285. Romanzoff Eskimo bow, 309. Vancouver throwing-stick, 286. Capture of animals, devices for, 51. Caranx ruber and bartholomei, note on, 375. Carbon dioxido in lecture ball, 38, 39, 40. Carboniferous brachiopods obtained, 212. cephalopods obtained, 211. corals, 206. crustaceans obtained, 212. fossil plants, 220. fossils exchanged, 203. from California, 204. U. S. Geological Sur- vey, 203. received, 64, 205. gasteropods obtained, 212. lamellibranchiates received, 212, Pecilopoda received, 212. pteropods reagived, 212. pulmonifera received, 212. species of the White Pine shale, 206. upper, limestone fauna, 207. Cardinal Grosbeak, earliest name of, 366. Cardiomorpha Missouriensis, 206. Cariacus columbianus, variations in antlers of, 130. Caribbean deep-sea mollusks studied, 180. sea invertebrates obtained, 63, 189. mollusea studied, 62. work of the Albatross, 197. Carnadvas ancient lamps, 118. Carnegie Brothers steel exbibit, 245. Carnivora mounted in 1884, 42. secured in 1884, 44. Carp destroyed by musk-rat, 371. eat fishes, 364. from brackish water, 164. Susquehanna Liver, 163. ponds telephone service, 37. vivarium, 72. reared in alkali water, 164. regeneration of scales of, 364. Carpenter mollusks, 181. Carpet manufacture illustrations, 80, 82. Carpets from Bigelow Carpet Company, 82. Lowell Manufacturing Company, 82. specimens of, 80. tapestry Brussels, 81. Carpodectes, new, from Costa Rica, 358. Carrack, 16th century, sketch of, 91. Carroll, Mr., 266. Carter, C. P., & Co., vessel models from, 94. Cash mines tin, 252. Cashmere, bark, obtained surface specimens, 192. | Cassava strainers, 306. A3A4 Cassimeres, samples of, 82. Cassiterite collections, 271. from Montana, 252. in Maine. 252. New Hampshire, 252. the Museum, 252. localities, 252. _Casts made for expositions, 45. in 1884, 45. of fish and reptiles, 47. Catamaran for fishing, 88, 90. Catesby’s fishes identified, 374. Catherina Archipelago, cave matting, 292. Catlin throwing-stick, 289. Catostomus labiatus received, 162. Caulinites and Zamiostiobius, 369. Cedar for baskets, 297. Keys fishes of Professor Jordan, 375. mats of the Bilhoolas, 297. Cenozoic invertebrate fossils, catalogue of, 65. Census, Tenth, iron ores, 257, 272. Centennial collection of lead, 254. shells, 181. collections in metallurgy, &c., 239. Exhibition, foreign material derived > from, 53. rocks, &¢., 237, 238. water craft, 105. Central America exploration, 70. fishes collected, 172. American basketry like South American, 306 bats presented, 130. pottery needed, 122. and South American basketry, 306. mine copper, 254. Park, New York, Menagerie sent mam- mals, 131. Cephalorhynchus Heavisidei, cast of head, 132. Cephalopoda, Carbonifereus, obtained, 212. Devonian, obtained, 211, 214. Cepphus, remarks on species of, 366. > Cetacea from Cambridge University Museum, 132. Royal College of Surgeons, 132. in National Museum, 135. studied by F. W. True, 135. typical species studied, 135. Cetaceans and seals received, 59, 131. Ceylon collections received, 72. graphite, 240. Chetodipterus faber from Newport, 163. Chain stitch in cedar mat, 298 Challenger copepod@ received, 193. exploring voyage, 352. Chamberlin, Prof. T. C., lecture by, 34. Chambers, R. C., assisted to collect ores, 251. Chamide, aberrant forms of, 370. Charleston fishes, paper on, 172. Chase, Lieut. George F., Gila monster from, 157. Chattahoochee Basin fishes collected, 175. Chatard, Dr., African weapons from, 119. Chatard, Thomas Marean, 371. assisted with chemist’s report, 348. chemical work of, 224. collected dunite, 231. contribution from, 66. field work of, 223. Chaumont, Dr., quoted, 40. Chebacco boat model, 86. Checker-weaving in basket-work, 297. Cheiroptera mounted in 1884, 42. secured in 1884, 44, Cheltenham Smelting and Refining Works col- lection, 244, 251, 275. Chemical analyses made by Professor Clarke, 72. analysis in lecture room, 38, 39, 40. examination, 351. - laboratory abandoned, 72. Chemistry, 72. clements of, 348. work of Washington Laboratory, 348. Cherokee Zine Works, collection from, 243, 259. Chesapeake Bay exploration, 348. fishes, 347. Cheshire salt obtained, 107. Chiasmodus from Brown’s Bank, 163. Chibalis Indian basketry, 297. INDEX. | Chili, collections from, 71. stone bead, 123. Chilkaht Indian basket-work, 295.. China boat models, 90. boats obtained, 106. bricks from Great W all, 227. fossiliferous limestones from, 228. joss-stick powder from, 118. materia medica of, 75. rain-coat, 118. shells from, 183. Chinch-bug, 363. Chippewa grave deposits, 116. Chiriqui pottery, 71. vases, 121. bought, 58. Chirolophus polyactocephalus obtained, 164. Chiroptera lent to Dr. Allen, 136. Chiten plates, 123. Chittagong dug-out canoe, 88. Chlamydoconcha, investigation of, 182. Orcutti, 184, 350. Chloridizing base ores, illustrations of, 251. roasting of silver ores, 240. Choctaw Indian basketry, 305. Chrysomitris or spinus ?, 366. Chukchis implements and ornaments, 112. Cimabue, paintings of, 56. Cincinnati Industrial Exposition, 50. Congressional * action on, 48. exhibit, 36, 50, 51. gems at, 66, 222. Government building, 50. work, 47. * Cinnabar, 271. Circulars issued in 1884, 31. Claghorn, J. Raymond, favors from, 267. sent map of coal basin, 265. Clallam basket of commerce, 299. Indian fish-trap style of basket, 298. twilled basketry, 299. Clark, A. Howard, 16, 19. on fishery products, 342. papers of, 348. Clark, Col. Edward, presented marble, 236. Clark, W. M., antiquities from, 126. sent Astylospongia preemorsa, 204. Tennessee antiquities from, 125, Clarke, Dr. F. W., 17. aided in procuring cetacea, 132. analyses and papers of, 72, 224. collected glacial polished mica, 234. field work of, 223. ‘lecture by, 34. on gems and preciouss tones, 342. papers of, 348. polished mica from, 66. report of, 221. work of, 66. and T, M. Chatard, Mineralog- ical Notes of, 224. Classification of illustrations of human culture, 14. natnral history collections, 14. systematic and geographical, 15. Clayton, Prof. J. E., collected antimony ores, 253. bismuth ores, 257. , Utah silver ores from, 250. Clay from the sea bottom, 199. Clements, George S., assisted to collect coal, 267. : Clemmer, B. A., Apache necklace from, 116. Clipper brig model, 94. Clisiocampa egg-mass received, 187. Clover hay worm from Virginia, 185. Clymenia Doris, 324. Coal and associates from West Virginia, 262. Long Valley, 266. sand rock from Mine Hill, 262. &e., from Richmond coal-fields, 267. anthracite, obtained, 263. auger obtained, 264. breaker pictures obtained, 265, 266. collections, 261, 272. of James Temple Brown, 261. exhibited at New Orleans, 52. INDEX. . Coal field collections, 268. fields, chart of, 266. from Antrim mines, 243. Arnot mine, 243. Long Valley mines, 243. Loyalsock mine, 243. haulage apparatus pansograph. 265. wine interiors photographed, 272, 367. materials and tools, 261, 266. mining collection, 243. illustrated, 52. industry studied, 261. pictures, 264. . scenes at Long Valley, 266. ornaments made by miners, 263. photographs, 272. plane, Mahanoy, photographed, 265. region charts obtained, 265. sections and statistics, 266. shaft sinking illustration, 266. Valley mine coal, &c., 262. washing machinery pictures, 266, Coals, bituminous, of Virginia, 262. examined, 245. from Illinois, 267. semi-bituminous, 262. Coast Survey collections at Kodiak, 69. Cobalt and nickel collections, 253, 257, Cochrane, A. B., sent coal-fields chart, 266. Coddling-moth, 363. _ Codfish stomach contents, 349. Cod-tishing schooner models, 86. vessel, model of Swedish, 103, 104. Cod gill-net fisheries, 349. Coir fiber rain-coat, 118. Coke and anthracite coal in fuel series, 257. applications, 257. collection, 242, 262, 276. for domestic use, 262. forty-eight and seventy-two hour, 262. from Wes¢ Virginia, 262. Coking coal and coke, 242. Coleoptera sent for determination, 185. Collins, Capt. J. W., 16,17. designed fishing schooner, 103. fog-alarm of, 95. models prepared by, 55, 56. — Te vessels and boats, papers of, 348. repaired models, 97. report of, 85. Collinsville coal region collection, 243. Colman, B., minerals from, 222. - Colombia Chiriqui vases, 121. Color sketches of vessels, 85. Colorado Basin fishes collected, 178. Coal and Iron Company, steel rails, &c., from, 239. insects received, 186. ores, 240. catalogued, 245. potato-beetle, 363. smelter copper ores, 241. Columbia Basin fishes collected, 178. River shad, 162. Columbus's ships, color sketches of, 91. Colyer, Vincent, throwing-stick from, 289. Commander Islands collections, 69. — to history of, 366. mollusca, 184, 350. Comparative anatomy, 17, 18. department of, 62, 137. Compsothlypis, synon, my of, 366. Comstock lode, illustrations of geology, 234. Concretion, phosphatic, 229. Concretions exhibited, 236. Cones group of shells revised, 180. Conger from D. Kelleher, 162. Conglomerate mines copper, 254, 255, 270. Congressional grants for expositions, 48. Conklin, W. A., sent mammals, 131. reptiles, 158. Contopus depressirostris, 376. Cook, Captain, on throwing-sticks, 287, 288. Cook’s Inlet ethnologica, 113, 435 Coot, new, from West Indies, 358. Cope, Prof. E. D., on relations of Delphinus pla- giodon, 823 studying reptiles, 157. Copeland, H. E., collected Indiana fishes, 170. Copenhagen Museum, collections from, 71, Copepoda, from Great Britain, 193. parasitic, list of, 355. Copper and silver collection from Montana, 240, collections, 256, 271. concentration series, 255, extraction from amygdaloid ore, 255, forms obtained, 221.~ free, for New Orleans, 270. in masses, 254. from amygdaloid mines, 270. calcopyrite ore, 256. Canadian pyrite, 239. congiomerate mines, 254, 270. Lake Superior region for New Or- leans, 270. sulphureted ores, 241. in commercial forms, 241. mass, 254. mining collections, 243. of amygdaloid mines, 254. ores, 271, 272. from Centennial Exhibition, 254. Delaware Mine, 255. Lako Superior region, 239. Montana, 256. pig, refining, 275. refining by smelting slags, 255. refining native, 241. rolling series, 275. slags, smelting collection, 244. smelting and refining collections, 245, 256, 275. in Arizona, 256. uses illustrated, 256. Copperhead bite, gy tang | from, 370. Coptocycla clavata? from Delaware, 186. Coral, fossil, from Iowa, 229. Corals and sponges for New Orleans Exposition, 63 from fishing grounds, 190. Carboniferous, 206. Devonian, 206. exhibited, 202. from Florida and Dry Tortugas, 191, on Grand Banks, 349. Silurian, 206. Cordage of jute, 80. Cordiceps on Lucanid larva, 186. Corniferous limestone fossils obtained, 204. Corracles, Irish and Scotch, 90, 91. Corson, Robert, Luray specimens from, 236. Corundum crystals received, 221. emery and quartz, 242. fields of North Carolina visited, 223. oe steamer, collected Alaskan invertebrates, 192. Corydalus cornutns from North Carolina, 186. Costa Rica birds, 357. collections from Mr. Zeledon, 71. fishes collected, 173. mammals obtained, 130. reptiles obtained, 158. Costume collection typical, 55. Cotton fabrics from England, 80. gin model, &3. goods from Pacific Mills, 82. ship models, 56, 94. worm, 463. yarn manufacture illustrations. 81, 82. Cones, Elliott, Key to North American Birds, 371. Coues’s remarks on fiber criticised, 327. Cowen & Bliss, zinc collection, 258. Cox, L. A., fossils from, 203. Hon. 8. 8., address by, 35. William V., 19, 37. Cragin, F. W., bats lent to, 136. mammals lent to, 137. Crandell, C. P., 36. Crawford, Dr. M. H., sent Terra del Fuego inver- tebrates, 192. William, shells from, 71. Cray-fishes in the collection, 201, 436 Cray-fishes returned, 201. Crescent mines gas coal, 243. Crescent Steel Works collection, 258, 275. Cretaceous fossil plants, 220. Crinoids from the Keokuk limestone, 203. obtained by the Albatross, 190. Cristatella rcpens received, 193. Cross, Whiiman, sent minerals, 223. Crossbill, red, breeding of, 357. Crosse & Blackwell, canned goods, &ce., 107. Crotalus lepidus, borrowed, 158. Crown Point Furnace iron coliection, 275. Crucible steel collections, 241, 258, 275. Crucibles, graphite, 240. Crustacea and corals, mounted, 194. echinoderms received, 64. mollusea collected, 63. Carboniferous, obtained, 212. decapod, from Fish Commission, 378. of the Albatross, 378. Devonian, obtained, 211. exchanged, 196. exhibited, 202. : from Florida and Dry Tortugas, 191, 192 Pacific Ocean, 192. Vineyard Sound, 190. mounted, 353. new genera and species of, 378, 379. of Albatross, 378. returned by Professor Smith, 190. sent to Professor Smith, 197. stalk-eyed, obtained, 193. studied by Professor Smith, 200. supplied to American students, 196. worms, &c., at London Fisheries Ex- hibition, 341. Cryptochiton Stelleri, plates of, 123. Ctenolabrus adspersus, skin-parasite of, 365. Cuba, fishes from, 61, 70, 163. Cumberland Basin, fishes collected, 173, 176, 177. Gap, fishes taken, 170. Gulf bows typical, 308 throwing-stick, 282. Cuniculus torquatus obtained, 130. Cunner, skin-parasite of, 365. Curagoa birds, 70, fishes obtained, 163. Curators embarrassed by past accumulations, 23. reports, 53, 73. Curragh (fishing boat) from Treland, 90. Curtis, J. S., minerals from, 223. Cushing, F. H., Assinaboine moccasins from, 116. Navajo fetiches from, 116. Taos fetich from, 116. John N., vessel models from, 93, 94. Cuvier, F., 333, 334. Cuvier’s Prodelphinus dubius, 323. Cymbilanus lineatus fasciatus, 376. Cyprinide, new species of, 375. Cyprinus carpio from alkali water, 164. brackish water, 164. Georgia, 162. Susquehanna River, 163. D. Dago, Capt. J. A., Iceland sponge and corals from, 190 Dakota antiquities received, 124. group fossil plants, 220. Dall, Rev. C. H. A., India ‘‘ dlalls” from, 108. fibers from, 72. Dall, W. H.' 17, 279. collected Aleut baskets, 292, Nunivak throwing-sticks 286. voi pet Aleut matting from caves 9 ar ie work on prehistoric America SOL Eskimo bows from, 307. honorary curator, 62. Mesozoic fossils from, 370. mollusk collections of, 181. Nunivak bow from, 310. on Eskimo bows, 308. divisions, 314. ’ ’ INDEX. Dall, W. H., paleontologist for Quaternary inver- tebrates, 179. papers of, 350. report of, 179. researches of,.181. ribbon seal from, 368. throwing-sticks from, 289. Yukon delta bow from, 312. Dalls from India, 108. Daniels, Capt. John, sent silver and copper, 243, 250. Dawvis Company pyrite, 260. Davis, Dr. I. H., mound-pipe molds from, 125. Davis, E. F. C., assisted to collect coal, 267. ~ ge indicator-cards illustrations, 266. Davis, H.C., favors from, 267. Day, Surgeon-General Francis, fishing boats from, 87. Decapod crustacea, 378. Decatur (screw steam packet) model, 93. | Dee corracle for fishing, 90. Deep-sea dredging, American initiative in, 356. investigation, American appliances for, 356. Deer Creek coal-field, 368. Deilephila lineata from Nevada, 186. Delaines from lacifie Mills, 82. Delaware mine copper ores, 243, 255. Del Oro Works gold collection, 275. Delphinide, skulls of, presented, 132. taxonomy of, 321. Delphinus Boryi, 322. (Cephalorhynchus) Doris, 323. delphis, 318, 319, 320, 324. Doris, 323. maculatus, 322. Pernetyi, 322. plagiodon, 324. of Cope, 323. punctatus, 322. beak and teeth, 323. Delta Jute and Fiber Company, 80. Dendrocopus purus from Kamtchatka, 366. Dennison Manufacturing Company exhibit, 47. Desloge Works lead series, 253. Desmarest’s spotted dolphins, 322. Devonian actinozoa received, 213. brachiopods obtained, 210, 213. cephalopods obtained, 211, 214. corals, 206. crustaceans received, 211. echinoderms received, 213. fauna of Nevada, 206. summary of, 206. fossils from E. B. Knapp, 204. Hamilton group, 213. U.S.Geological Survey, 203. received, 64, 210. sent in exchange, 203. gasteropods received, 211, 213. lamellibranchiates received, 210, 213. Peecilopoda received, 211, 214. Polyzoa received, 213. teropods received, 211, 213, 214. tice and Lower Carboniferous com- mingling, 207. Devonshire laces, 80. Dewey, Fred. P., 17. collected coke samples, 262. copper, 256. in Ontario mine, 251. minerals, 221, 240, 241. ores at Butte, 251. pig-copper series, 256. smelting series, 249. examined New Orleans ores, &e., 246. letters and reports of, 245. native silver from, 250. on mineral resources, 343. papers of, 246, 351. report of, 239. work of, 67. Diabase from Michigan, 229. Diamond drill core, 229. illustrations, 269. specimens, 242. INDEX. Diamond patterns in hat ornamentation, 296. Diapheromera femorata from Massachusetts, 187. Dicotyledons, Mesozoic, 368. Diller, J. S., andesite and pumice from, 231. rocks from, 66. Dimond & Hall, contributors, 66. Dimond, J., sent California marbles, 231. Diomede Island spear, 112. Dipodomys Phillipsii Ordii bought, 130, Director's reception, 55. Discina Lodensis, 206. Newberryi, 207. Disco Island Eskimo objects, 111. District of Columbia, land and fresh-water shells m, 183. Dobson, Surgeon-Major, exchanged bats, &c., 131. inscctivores and shrews sent to, 155. mammals lent to, 137. ‘sent reptiles, 158. Dodge, Ensign O. G., 225. Dolomite cube, 229. Dolphin, bottle-nosed, secured, 132. described froma distance, 322. Manufacturing Company, 8&1. spotted, from llorida, 317. in Public Museum of Liver- pool, 822. Dolphins’ skulls variable, 321. Domestic animals mounted, 132. economy and customs of the masses, 13. Dominica collections, 70. Donaidson, Thomas, work of, 67. Donga (fishing boat) from Bengal, 87. Donors, number of, 22. Dos Pueblos antiquities exhibited, 126. obtained, 123. Dove (brig) model, 94. Dredging appliances for deep sea, 356. Dredgings by the Albatross, 199. Dresden Museum, collections from, 71. Dresel, H. G., assisted on fishes, 169. on Jamaica fishes, 347. papers of, 351. sent to Long Island, 165. Drills obtained, 264. Drug analysis urged, 77. Drug-yielding plants illustrated, 75. Drugs, duplicate, 76. obtained by foreign exchanges, 76. received, 75. Dry Tortugas invertebrates from Dr. Palmer, 191. Ducks, domesticated hybrid, 378. Dugés, Prof. Alfred, collections from, 70. Dug-out canoe from Chittagong, 88. fishing canoe, African, 90. from Bengal, 87. tar palm tree, 87. war-canoe from British Columbia, 106. Dug-outs for fishing, 87. Dugno, Capt. John, deal-fish from, 163. Dunite from North Carolina, 228, 231. Duplicates and exchanges, 19, 30. increased distribution of, 30 selected, 24. Dutch fishing craft from Berlin, 106. Dutton, Capt. C. E., lecture by, 34. Dye, William H., collected fishes, 173. E. Eagle mine coal and associates, 262. Earll, R. Edward, 16, 18, 19, 55. Florida fishes from, 374. on fish-capture apparatus, 342. fish-cultural exhibit, 342. preliminary report by, 48. . returns from London, 52. writings of, 352. Earthen vessels acquired, 121. East Indian boat models, 89. fishing boats and models, 87. musical instruments, 72. Eastman, Prof. J. R., lent meteorite, 223. Echini elaborated, 200. e especially attended to, 194. studied by Mr, Rathbun, 197. 437 Echinodermata, Devonian, obtained, 213. Echinoderms and crustaceans received, 64. from Bergen's Museum, 193, Florida, iD x and Dry Tortu 191. the Pacific, 192. i returned by Professor Verrill, 190. studied by Professor Verrill, 200. Economic geology collection for New Orleans, 269. Edentata mounted in 1884, 43. Edinburgh = medal for insect collection, 63. luseum, Jacquard weaving from, 80. University " eucgpa British inverte- brates, 196. Educational museum defined, 11. origin of, 10. museums in Europe, 10. United States, 10. Edwards, V.N., fish journal of, 165. marine invertebrates from, 190. Egyptian onyx, 231. obtained, 227. Electric light for > ee 46. service, 19, 36. Elk antlers, mounted, 44. Mountains, Colorado, model, 234. Ellangowan collicry ornaments, 263. Elliott, H. W. , drawing by, 279. ou Aileut throwing-sticks, 288. papers of, 136, 371. Ellis, T.S., Venus mercenaria pearl from, 182. Elymus arenarins, 292. _ for Aileut mats, 292. mollis, 292. Sibirieus, 292. straw in baskets, 295. Embryologieal research, 72. Embryonic materials, preservation of, 365. Emeric, H. I’., Guaymas fishes from, 374. Emerton, J. H.. drew crustaceans, 378. Emery cloth collection, 268. Emmons, 8. F., collected Colorado rocks, 230. Enclimatoceras, on the genus, 370. Engineer Corps collections, 6. England, flint from, 229. English cottons and worsteds, 80. fabrics, specimens of, 82. laces, 80. Royal College of Surgeons presented ce- tacea, 132. silk fabrics, 80. English, Harry, fibers mounted by, 83. Ensigns instructed in photography, 46. trained in Museum, 33. | Enterprise, U.S. S., bottom samples, 192. Eniomological collections, 63. Society meetings, 35. Entomology, illustrations of economic, 187, Entries in registers, 24. Epeira insularis from Illinois, 187. Ephemerid larva from Texas, 185. Epinephelus and related genera, 375. nigritas from Block Island, 162, Erigenia bulb obtained, 187. Erignathus, 332. Eristalis larva from Pennsylvania, 186. Eschscholtz Bay throwing-stick, 234. Eskimo basket-needle, 294, basketry, coiled, 293. baskets, 293. bow, Arctic type, 310. development of sinew backing for, 314. evolution of, 314. from Point Barrow, 310. of Mackenzie regiun, 310. reindeer antler, 308. structure, 312. bows, a study of, 307. backing of, 310. discussed, 307. in the Museum, 307. or different types, Where used, 314. | oak, 314. | Point Barrow, 307. | three types, 308. southern type, 308, 309. western types, 308, 313. 438 Eskimo collections from Alaska, 57. dog from Greely Relief Expedition, 132. hitches on bows, spears, &c., 311. house model, 57. illustrations at Cincinnati, 50. New Orleans, 51. from Ungava, 57. implements and or naments, 112. from Bristol Bay, iN iPeabee ‘Norton Sound, 112. objects from Greenland, 111. Point Barrow, ab rk ee specimens from Point Barrow, 57. throwing-stick described, 279. a a in central area, 283 Esperanza Marble Company, gifts from, 66, 231. Essex model of fishing schooner, 103. Estimates from dealers, 37. Etheostomine, new forms of, 173. Ethnologica from Costa Rica, 71. Ethnological accessions, 57, 110. geographically arranged, ill. collection at New Orleans, 51. exhibits at expositions, 57. guide-book recommended, 110. material, classified report of, 110. gaps in, 111. nomenclature of, 110. preservation of, 110. Museum exhibits, 138. objects, foreign, 53. specimens available, 109. received, 57, 120. transferred, 36. Ethnology, 16, 18. antiquities from the Bureau of, 126. Bureau of, 354. department of, 56. pottery from Bureau of, 121. report on, 109. Etka (fishing dug- out) from Bengal, 87. Etta mine tin collection promised, 253. Eumetopias Stelleri obtained, 131. European bats and insectivores obtained, 131. exchanges effected, 196. invertebrates obtained, 64. museum policy, 9. shells from Mr. Jeffries, 71. Eureka district paleontology, 64. Eurypharyngidez are what ?, 373. Eurypharynux, uote on, 373. Evans, W. Ww. , antiquities from, 123. Evermann, B. W., collected fishes, inl: Evolution of industries studied, 54. objects, how shown, 54. Exhibition, general rules for, 12. series of specimens, 24, 25. Exhibits for Cincinnati, 36. Louisville, 36. New Orleans, 36. Exoceetus volador described, 374. Experimental physiology, 72. Exploration and field work, 67. Exposition packages shipped, 30. work, 36, 47. by the National Museum, 4. Expositions, casts abate for, 47. influence on museum growth, 47. ° F. Fagersta steel tests, 240. Fairbanks, C., courtesies of, 83. Sr a "A. , Kentucky stone implements from, Fotls of the Ohio, fishes from, 17¢. Farallone Islands birds, 60. seals, &c, 70. shells received, 184. Fasciola hepatiea obtained, 193. Faunal snecession observed in Nevada fossils, 205, Faxon, Walter, paper by, 371. returned cray-fishes, 201. Feather exhibit at Louisville, 49, Tleldspar quarries of Comnectieut visited, 223. Felidae repaired, 44. INDEX. Felis concolor from Lewis Sells, 130. yaguarundi obtained, 130. Fencker, Governor, birds’ eggs from, 60. Fernald, C. H., on collecting moths, 348. paper by, 373, Fern-leaf impressions received, 263. Fiber, 326, 327, 328. 329, 330, 367. generic characters of, 329. zibethicus, 326, 327, 328, 330. eats carp, 371. Fibers, accessions to, 80. animal, 79. exhibited, 79. from Boston custom-house, 81. labelled, 79. list of vegetable, 84. mineral, 79. photographed from microscope, 83. position of, used in classification, 79. provisionally classified, 80. textile, classified, 79. vegetable, 79. Field sparrow, new, from New Mexico, 358. Fiji weapons, 119. Fillmore, John H., assisted Mr. Merrill, 234. ¥in-back whale skull obtained, 132. Fire-alarm telegraph company connection, 37. Fire-brick, 245. Fish accessions, 161. attended to, 165. summary of, 161. synopsis of, 161. analyses at New Orleans, 51. and reptile casts painted, 47. capture apparatus, 342, 352. casts at Cincinnati, 51. New Orleans, Boe collecting, Government aid for, 170. collections of Jordan and others classified, 174. collectors cautioned, 169. Commission collections, 6. cultural exhibit of U. 8. Fish Comes, 342, 352. culture aims and limitations, 352. at New Orleans, 55. exhibit at Louisville, 49. New Orleans, 51. shown by photographs, 50. department, recommendations for, 169. drawings examined, 164. made, 61. of H.. Todd, 165-168. Miss Smith, 165. embryos, forces determining survival of, 364. guano analysis, 346. Hawk collections of Florida invertebrates, marine invertebrates, 190. exploration, 348. Gulf Stream exploration, 380. ladders shown at New Orleans, 51. migrations studied by the Albatross, 199. notes, European, arranged, 164. nutritive value of, 346. parasites from Vineyard Sound, 190. series work, 165. skeletons, storage of, 169. trap style of basket, 297, 298. Fisher, William J., Alaskan collections from, 69. Bristol Bay ethnologica from, 1138. collections from, 57. Katmai objects from, 113. Kenai objects from, 113. Kodiak ethnologica from, 113. mollusk collections of, 181. throwing-sticks from, 089. Fisheries collection, catalogue of, 52. completeness of, 52. department at New Orleans, 55. exhibit at Louisville, 49. gallery opened, 52. section, 16. installed, 55. opening, 36. ad report, 55. o INDEX. Fishermen, safety for, 349. Fisbery material described, 98. pictnres at New Orleans, 55. products and apparatus, 348, at London Exhibition, 342. representation by photographs, 50. treaties, 352. Baye added during 1884, 61. and invertebrates,com position, &c., of, 346. at London Fisheries Exhibition, 841. card cataloguo of, 61. casts of, at New Orleans, 51. catalogued in 1884, 164. collected by Professor Jordan, 61. for U. S. Fish Commission and National Museum, 169. department of, 61. distribution of fresh-water, 171. Paprika to be disposed of, 169. embryography of osseous, 365. extralimital, 161. fresh-water, collected, 175-178. in the Museum, 61. overhauled, 165. from Cuba, 70. Florida, 374. Pensacola, 374. White River, 372. marine, collected, 174, 175. morphology and evolution of tail of, 365. new, from U.S. Fish Commission, 61. number of, 61, 168. of Switz City Swamp, 372. papers based on, 61. received, 164. remarks on, 169. report upon, 161. sent out, 164. transfer of, 61. _ transferred from tanks, 168. work upon, 61, 164. Fishing apparatus, Belgian, 91. boat model from Bombay, 88. models, 87. Chinese, 90. from Northern Atlantic coast, 87. boats, American, sketches of, 85. East Indian, 87. foreign, collected, 85. from Greece, 89. types of, 97. canoe, models, 87. craft photographs, 85. dug-out from Africa, 90. from Chittagong, 88. dug-outs, 87. res model, Chinese, 90. etch model, 86. prehistoric, 356. work on, 59, 126. ators exported from San Francisco, 0. Fishes schooner, Essex model, 103. Gertie Evelyn described, 100, 101, 102. model of ideal, 86. New Era, 102, 103. schooners changed in form, 100. sloop model, Belgian, 91. steamers, 97 vessel, new model, 349. vessels, 349. ° - and boats at London Exhibition, 342 catalogue of, 97, 348. builders’ models of, 86. evolution of, 86. history and development of, 97. modified in form, 100. rigging for, 97. Flax from New York, 80. specimens from Barbour Flax Spinning Company, 8&1. twines from New York, 8&0. Fleming, H. S., made collections, 244. Flint, Dr. E., Nicaragua shirt from, 118, 439 Flint, Dr. James M., 75. Flint from England, 229. Flora, fossil, of the wove, 369. Florida antiquities obtained, 123. fishes, 163, 374. notes on, 347, 353. papers on, 173. received, 61. fossil bones, 380. frontier Indian objects, 116. invertebrates, 70, 190. collected, 63, 191. Keys, corals, &c., 70. fishes, 173, 374. manatee obtained, 182. mollusks and shells received, 183. muskrat, 325, 328. fur, 328. general appearance of, 328. muskrat-like mammal, 130. rattlesnake skin slippers, 116. shells obtained, 184. Flower, Professor, 320. aided in procuring cetacea, 132. on Prodelphinus dubius, 323, Fog alarm, Collins's, 95. alarms discussed, 95, 96. Foods, analyses of, 108. &c., from San Salvador, 107. arrangement of, 108. casts of, 45. duplicate, 108. from Crosse & Blackwell, 107. Guatemala, 107. Jamaica, 107. Kew Gardens, 107. section, 16, 18. © - additions to, 107. arranging and labeling, 107. remarks on, 108. report on, 107. routine work in, 108. Foraminifera from the sea bottom, 199. _. of the Albatross, 197. Forbes, R. B., 92. Ford, 5. W., sent Microdiscus speciosus, 204. Foreign gifts, 6. ona collections from Philadel- ia, 6. Foreman, Dr. Edward, 17. Fort Chimo collections, 68. Klamath collections, 69. Fossil bones in Florida, 380. coral from Iowa, 229. invertebrate types in Museum, 216. plants, accessions to, 219. administered wpon,. 220, catalogued, 219, 220. collection of, 65. compared with living, 219. department of, 219. in reserve series, 220. stored, 220. undetermined, 220. Fossils, additions to Paleozoic invertebrate, 203. Cambrian, 207. Carboniferous, 207. from California, 204. Missouri, 205. Devonian, 204, 207. from Hamilton group, 213. exchanged, 203. from California, 69. Cape Lisburne coal, 69. Mesozoic and Cenozoic, condition of, 216. invertebrate, 64, 915 aid. invertebrate, in the collection, 217. miscellaneous Paleozoic, received, 204. of the Indiana rocks, 370. Paleozoic invertebrate, 64, 203. * recurrent species, 207. Silurian, 207. stored in armory, 216. Fox, Col. Lane, 279. France, glaciated rock from, 228, 440 Franklinite ores, 259, 273. Fraser’s Basin fishes collected, 178. Frick coke ovens collection, 262, 276. Frigate mackerel from Wood’s Holl, 163. Fritzsche Brothers, drugs from, 75. Fruits from Kew Gardens, 107. Fulgurites from Florida, 230. received, 227. Fuller, O. P., sent minerals, 222. Function as 2 basis of classification, 53. Fur seals repaired, 41, 44. Furnaces, drawings of, 244, 269. Furs exhibited at Lonisville, 49. Fury and Hecla Straits throwing-stick, 283. G. Gaillard, M. Felix, exchange with, 126. Galapagos Islands collections, 71. shells obtained, 183. Galbraith, Frank G., carp from, 163. Galena mechanically concentrated, 2538. Galidia olivacea bought, 131. Galla arrow, 119. Gallagher, Joseph, ou! to collect ores, 251. Galleon, Spaniche sketch of, 91. Galveston fishes collected, 172. Garman, Samuel, on Bermuda reptiles, 340. paper by, 372. Garnet rock from North Carolina, 228. Garrett, Ensign, 33. Gas coal series, 243. Gasteropoda, Carboniferous, received, 212. Devonian, obtained, 211, 213. Gastropod mollusks from J effrey’s collection, 183. Gastrostomus lateral line organs, 365. side organ, 365. Gaumer, Mr., Yucatan birds from, 71. . Gazzam, Mr., ‘collected copper series, 256. Zine, 2d8. collections of, 244. made lead collections, 253. smelting collection, 252, 259. Geare, R. I., 18. Gecks, A. , Sioux medicine man’s pipe. from, 116. Gedney, A. G., 188. Gems and ornamental stones at Cincinnati, 50. bought, 65, 229, collection, 342, 348. shown at New Orleins, 65. Genoa fishes obtained, 172. Geographical and teleological classification, 14, 15. Geological history of North Ametica, 370. maps, catalogue of, 354. specimens from Professor Clarke, 228. Survey additions to Museum, 94. chemist makes analyses, 72. collections, 6. fossils, 64, 214. 3 rocks and tutas. 66. surveys, rocks from, 238. Geology, collections in economic, 67, 246, 270. division of, 17, 65. economic, at New Orleans, 52, 269. metallurgy and economic, 67. of Bermuda, 340, 377. George, P. C., 215. Georgia fishes collected, 170. published, 170. Geothlypis bairdi, 376. Gere, J. E., Wisconsin, antiquities of, 123, 126. German fishing craft from Berlin, 166. Germania Works, smelting series, 252. Germany, barking sand from, 227. Gertie Evelyn (fishing schooner) described, 100. model, 86. Gesswein, F. W., gift by, 47. Geyser cone from National Park, 229. Gila monster received, 157. Gilbert, Chas. H., assisted in collecting fishes, 169. collected Charleston fishes, U72. Mississippi Valley fishes, 174. Pacific fishes, 171. Panama fishes, 172, 173. Southern fishes, 170, 173. INDEX. Gilbert, Chas. H., collected Venetian fishes, 171. Hllinois, fishes from, 163. papers by, 372, 375. sent Alabama fishes, 164. Gilbert, Grove K., lecture by, 33. Gilbert & Russel], rocks and tufas from, 230. Gill, Theodore Nicholas, Dp hae go of, 372. Ryder, John Adam, at! by, 378. Gill-nets in cod-fisheries, 349. Gingham manufacture illustrated, 82. Giotto, paintings of, 56. Girard mines coal ornaments, 263. Glacial drift in Montana and Dakota, 370. Glasgow (ship) model, 94. Glass, sand-eroded, 234. Glendale Zine Works collection, 275. Globigerina from sea bottom, 199. Globiocephalus skulls common, 321. Gloucester fisheries invertebrate collections, 190. Beh life and preperty in, 349. notes on, 348. Glover, Prof. Townend, plates published, 188. pEonoses use of plates of, 1 Glue exhibit at Louisville, 49. Gnathypops mystacinus described, 374. Gobiosoma histrio described, 374. Godding, Dr. W. W., lecture by, 34. Godman and Salvin, "mammals lent to, 137. Gold coin manufacture illustrations wanted, 250. dust taken by Captain Marshall, 249. extraction by amalgamation, 274. pee and electrolytic process, 5 ore mee and amalgamating, from mispickel, 274. pyrite shown, 249. shown by collection from Cali- fornia, 249. from copper by smelting, &c., 250. gravel bv hydraulic process, 239, 241. pyrite, 241. leaf collection, 241. manufacture, 275. collection, 250. ores bought, 248. placer, in Museum, 270. specimens of, 67. quartz, in Museum, 270. specimens from Brewer mine, 249. utilization of, 250. Gooch, F. A. , chemical work of, 224. Goode, G. Brown, 16, 173. and Bean, T. H., on Florida fishes, 347. Bermuda annelids from, 381. collected Bermuda annelida, 340. Pieces catalogues, edited by, 3 J. Se nonite Jones and, editors, on Morida fishes, 353. pee to expositions, 3, 48. + writings of, 352. Goodwin, A. P. , collection from, 72. "New Guinea weapons from, 57. Papuan objects from, 119, 120. Gosse on Monachus, 331, 332. Gottland (Sweden) herring-fishing boat, 104. Gould, Rev. J. L., ethnolosica from, 69. Gouverneur Marble Company, 67. sent glacial pol- ished marble, 234. Government buildings photographed, 46. Graham Island peceary tusk, 114. Grallaria intermedia, 376. Grammysia arcuata, 207. Hannihalensis, 207. Grand Banker models, 86. janks of Newfoundland, model, 234. Cation of the Colorado, model, 234. yranite, red hornblende, for building, 228. INDEX. Granite slab fiom New England Granite Com- pany, 237. ‘ Graphite cracibles, 240. from Ceylon, 240. Gray, William Bruce, 26. Gray's genus Monachus, 331, 332. spotted dolphin, 322. Great Interior Basin basketry, 301. Lake Basin fishes collected, 175, South Bay collections, 165. fishes collected, 61, 164. Grebnitski, Governor, collections from, 69. Grecian boat for net and seine fishing, 89. Greece, fishing boats from, 89. Greely, Licutenant, co}lections retained by, 68. Relief Expedition collecting outfit, 194. collections, 68. Eskimo dog from, 132. objects from, 111. natural history work, 68. photographs, 46, 68. physical observations, 68. Greenland birds’ cans, 60. Eskimo objects, 111. exploration, 68. fishes, notes on, 351. invertebrates obtained, 192. rocks obtained, 227. throwing-stick, 281. peculiarity, 281. Griffin, L. J., gifts from, 66. sent stalagmite marble, 231. Grim drill obtained, 264. Grindstones, specimens of, 229. Griotte marble received, 227. Grouper, black, obtained, 162. Grouse, new subspecies of willow, 366. southern limit of, 357. Guadalupe Basin fishes collected, 178. Guanajuato collections, 70. Guatemala birds, notes on, 358. foods obtained, 107. minerals, 240. plants and animals, 71. rocks and building stone, 227. . textiles, 80. Guayamas bows and spears, 118. Guaymas, Mexico, fishes, 374. Guereza Riippeli bought, 131. Guiana basket ornamentation with feathers, 306. baskets little dyed, 306. Gulf of Mexico deep-sea mollusks studied, 180. =. orations of the Albatross, 197. fishes collected, 172. — on, 172. invertebrates obtained, 63, 189. model of, 234. mollusca stadied, 62. spotted dolphins in, 317. Gulf States, Mesozoic and Cenozoic fossils fromm, 215 Gulf Stream, continental border beneath, 380. exploration, 380. Gull, new Alaskan, 373. Gundlachia meekiana obtained, 184. Guuny cloth from jute butts, 80. Ginther, Dr., casts obtained throngh, 132. Gurney, John Henry, papers by, 373. Guthrie, J. C., favors from, 267. H. Habia against Zamelodia, 366. Hemulon, species of, 375. os omg Arnold, on Eureka district geology, 207. Haida basket figured, 297. basket ornamentation, 296. basket- work, 296. hat ornamentation, 296. house model, 57. imitations of chinaware, 296. mat and basket making, 297. rag carpets, 296. rain-hat twilling, 299. trade baskets, 299. twined basketry manufacture, 297, 441 Hair-cloth mannfacture collection, 82. Half clipper model, 94. Halibut abundant near Iceland, 349. mounted, 44. of 430 pounds obtained, 162. off Norway, 349. Hall, 279. a Charles E., & Co., sent California marbles, Hamilton formation fossils obtained, 203, 204, 213. Hamilton, Marquis of, Irish ‘‘Curragh”" from, 90. Hammond colliery anthracite coal, 263. Hamy, Dr. E. T., exchange with, 126. Hanifen, John E,, & Co., worsted fabrics from, 81. Harbor seal from Bering Island, 131. Harding, M. B., sent Llenus crassicauda, 204. Harlow, C. A., 68. : Harp seal obtained, 131. Harrell, J. Dock, sent striped bass, 163. Harris Woolen Company collection, 82. Harrison a photographed, 265. Hartshorn, E. W., flax from, 80. Hartshorne, W. D., yarns selected by, 81. Hastings & Co., gold leaf collection from, 250, 275. Hatteras, spotted dolphins off, 317. Havana fishes collected, 173. Monachus tropicalis from, 331. Hawaiian Government exhibit received, 72. IsJands barking sand, 227. building stone, 227. — 228. . ; i ee starches, jellies, ns, and fruits, 107. vr ot a Hawes, Dr. George biography of, 246, 351. museum work of, 237. studied quarrying indus- tries, 237. Hawley, E. H.. work of, 47. Hayden, Ensign, 33. Haydon, Walter, Hudson’s Bay fishes from, 162. Haydon, F. W., reptiles from, 158. H. C. Frick Coke Company collection, 262. Heald, T. H., presented zinc ores, 258. Healy, Capt. M. A., Anee invertebrates from, 192. = 1 zs igen om 69. eap, Gwynne Harris, paper by, 373. Heape, C., British Galata wee tinb from, 118. Fiji weapons from, 119. Mangata adz from, 118. New Caledonia club from, 119. Polynesian weapons from, 57. Helix albolabris from Connecticut, 184. Heloderma suspectum obtained, 157. Hemerobiid larva from Florida, 186. Hemlock board that pierced a white oak, 228. Hemp carpetings, 81. rope and twine, 80. Hemphill, Henry, invertebrates from, 63,70,181,191. mollusks from, 63. Hendley, J. P., 215. Hendley, J. W., casts made by, 45. Henshaw, H. W., collected antiquities, 123. papers by, 373. sent reptiles, 158, Herendeen, E. P., 279. throwing-stick from, 289. Hering, C. J., exotic reptiles from, 61, 157. Hermann on monk seal, 333. Herpetology, manual of, in preparation, 158, 159. report upon, 157. Herring-fishing boat, Swedish, 104. (frozen) trade, 349. Herring, O., carpets from, 80. Herrman, H., English fabrics from, 82. Herrman, Sternbach & Co., 82. Hesper (pilot-boat) model, 92. Hesperomys leucopus, 325. Hessian fly, 3@3. Hewitt, G. C., 268, Higgin, J. J., Cheshire salt from, 107. ili on Monachus, 332. Hippus devised carracks, 91. Historical relics section, 16. Histriophoca as a subgenus, 368. | Hitcheock, Romyn, 16, 18. acting curator, 79, 107. on textiles, 342. 442 Hitchcock, Romyn, paper of, 353. studied fibers cally, 83. visited mills, 83. work of, 55. Hitcheock, Williams & Co., 80. Hobbs, George §S., 37. Hodge, R.S., sent minerals, 222. Hodgson, Thomas, sent photographs, 265. Hoek, Dr. P. P. C., to examine barnacles, 190. Holmes, W. H., 17, 18. honorary curator, 58. Mexican pottery from, 121. Mohawk wampum belt from, 116. papers by, 122. a presented rocks, 236. report of, 121. studies of, 122. work of, 58. Holothuroidea, new species of, 379. Holsteinberg Eskimo objects, 111. Hornbron and Jacquinot described a dolphin, 323. Hong Kutchin Indian baskets, 295. Hopkins, G. N., Ponca ax from, 116. Hoplopazrine, review of, 375. Horan, Henry, at New Orleans Exposition, 52. report of, 35. superintendent of buildings, 19, 35. Horn Silver Smelter collection, 252. Hornaday, William T., 41, 43, 133. gift by, 41. papers of, 353. Hornblende andesite from Bozosloff, 355. Horse-hair in manufacture, 82. Horseshoe collections, 240. Hot Springs, Ark., minerals collected, 222. Hotchkiss, Maj. Jed., 268. Hotham Inlet collections, 69. Houghton, Mr., contribution from, 66. Howald, F., 268. Howell, William, favors from, 267. Huaca objects from Pern, 57. Hudson Bay fishes received, 162. region mammals, 130. territory, Anodonta from, 1838. Hudson, George, A., carp from, 162. Hudson River group fossils received, 203. Humidity of air in lecture room, 40. Hunter, Captain, Kamtchatkan sheep from, 69. Humphrey Bros. & Tracey presented miner’s boots, 264. ; Hussey, C. G., Works, copper-refining series, 255. Hussey, Wells & Co. steel exhibit, 245. Hydrographic Bureau, bottom samples from, 189. sent surface specimens, 192. soundings for, 197. i microscopi- Thises discussed, 357. Ice Springs Butte lava, 236. lavas from Utah, 234. Ichthyography, terminology of, 373. Icteridx reviewed, 377. Ideal fishing schooner New Era, 102, 103. Idiopsar brachyurus, 877. Iglesias, R., Chirigqui pottery from, 71. Illinois coals collected, 267. fishes from C. H. Gilbert, 163. Impure air in lecture room, 40. India birds received, 60. cashmere shawls exhibited, 47, collections of Rev. C. H. A. Dall, 72. ‘* dalls”’ obtained, 108. Indian basketry, Southern, 305. blanket ornamentation, 299. boats and canoes from J. G. Swan, 106. bust and portraits at Cincinnati, 50. busts exhibited, 57. painted, 47. cards from Mexico, 70. carvings from Rev. J. L. Gould, 69. collection at Cincinnati, 50. ethnology, growth of collections illustrat- ing, 53. wen North American, arrangement of, 08, INDEX. Indian group, cast of, 45. hemp for baskéts, 301. iustrations at New Orleans, 51. from Ungava, 57.. pottery from New Mexico, 70. Territory fishes obtained, 61. trap from Yukon River, 113. Indiana arrow-heads obtained, 125. fishes obtained, 61, 170, 173. State University aided to collect fishes, 170. birds selected for, 150. Industrial collections from Philadelphia, 6. museum exhibits, 12. Ingersoll, Ernest, paper by, 374. Ingrain carpet specimens, 89. Insect collections bought, 188. Insectivores exchanged, 131. mounted in 1884, 42. Insects, 17. accessions to, 63, 185. care of, 187. department of, 63. for New Orleans Exposition, 63. ._ from New Orleans, 378. in relation to agriculture, 363. injurious to forest trees, 63. report upon, 185. International Exhibition, drugs, 76. Fisheries Exhibition, Bengal pipe from, 118. Invertebrate accessions, extent of, 64. collection overhauled, 194. department routine work, 193. duplicates prepared, 194. entries, nature of, 195. fishery industriesreported upon, 200. fossils, Mesozoic and Cenozoic, 17, 64. Paleozoic, 17, 64. paleontology, progress of, 353. Paleozoic fossils, Cambrian, 208. Carboniferous, 208. Devonian, 208. from U.S. Geologi- cal Survey, 210. Green’s casts (plas- ter), 208. Permian, 208. - Silurian, 208. Invertebrates, accessions of marine, 189. added by J. S. Fish Commission, 189. administered upon, 193. alcoholic, stored, 201. belonging to the Museum, 189. card catalogue of, 195. catalogued, 194. distribution of duplicate, 195, 196. exchanged with Edinburgh Uni- versity, 195. exchanges of, 195. from Florida, 70, 190. identified collections received, 189. in keeping of the Museum, 189. marine, 63. report upon, 189. obtained by exchange, 193. outfits for collecting, 194. rearranged for exhibition, 194. recorded, 194. researches upon marine, 200. table showing entries of, 195. Iowa insects obtained, 187. Iridium collection, 250, 271. Tridosmine from California, 250, 271. Iron and steel manufacture in Sweden, 241. busheled or refined, from scrap, 239. furnaces by-products, 257. globules, chilled, 230. metallurgical collections, 258. mine, Sterling, collections from, 222. ores, 272. collected by Tenth Census, 239, 245, 257. from California, 239. Pennsylvania and New York fur- naces, 257. pyrite collections, 242. INDEX. Tron pyrite, sulphuric acid from, 242. pyrites, 272. shapes, rolled, 245. smelting collections, 275. tank corroded by mine water, 263. Trons, Swedish, 257. Troquois basketry, 305. Irving, Professor, lost rocks by fire, 238. Isosoma grande, 362. Italian marbles exhibited, 236. quartzite, 236. J. Jackson, Professor, found cassiterite, 252. Jacobs, Messrs., St. Bernard dog from, 132. Jacquard weaving in silk, 80. Jade from New Zealand, 230. simulated by Alaskan pectolite, 225. serpentine, &c., 69. Jadeite implements, 376. Jamaica drugs received, 75. fishes, catalogue of, 165, 347. new, 347. fibers, 70, 80. . foods obtained, 107. James, Joseph F., replied to, 369. Japan antiquities obtained, 124. birds and mammals from 60, 71, 131. marbles and serpentines, 236. researches in, 71. Japanese birds, notes on, 358. Centennial Commissioners presented marbles, 236. fish-trap resembling Indian basketry, 298. implements and clothing, 118. Jeffreys, Dr. Gwyn, mollusks from, 71, 181. Jenkin, N. M., 268. Jennings, A. G., & Sons, £0. Jewett, G. W., drugs from, 75. Jobns, H. W., Company asbestos, 268, 269, 276. Johns, W. H., made copper collection, 255. Johnson, Capt. George A., Chiasmodus from, 163. Johnson, Capt. W. R., 268. Johnson, J. W., Alaskan birds from, 69. Johnson, Lawrence C., 215. collected rocks and build- ing stones, 230. Jones, Dr. W. H., invertebrates from, 64. mollusks from, 63. Pacitic Ocean invertebrates from, 192. Peruvian and Chilian collec- tions from, 57, 81. antiquities from, 116, Lid, 118. fishes from, 162, 164. pottery from, 121. Jones, J. Matthew, editor, 353. on Bermuda mammals, 340. paper by, 374. and Goode, G. Brown, editors, 340. Jones, Mr., on Indian baskets, 295. Jones, Thomas, presented zine ores, 258. Joplin Zine Works collection, 275. Jordan, David Starr, 379. collected Cumberland River fishes, 173. Florida and Ha- vana fishes, 61, 163, 173. Indiana fishes, 170. Iowa fishes, 173. Mississippi Valley fishes, 163, 174. Pacific fishes, 171. Venetian fishes, 61, 162, 171, 173. examined fresh-water fishes, 165. explorations of, 169. Florida invertebrates from, 192. papers by, 374. reptiles from, 158. Jordan & Gilbert collections, 70. | / 443 Jordan & Gilbert fish collections burned, 173. on Utah Lake fishes, 172. papers by, 375. Jordan, David Starr, and Meek, Seth E., papers by, 375 vv. Swain, Joseph, papers by, 375. Joss-stick powder, 118. Jouy, P. L., collecting in Japan, 71. Japanese antiquities from, 124. collections from, 118, 181, Joss-stick pawder from, 118. Junk, Chinese fishing, 90. Jute butts for gunny cloth, 80. cordage, 80. tiber, 80. fibers obtained, 80. © matting and carpets, 81. specimens received, 80. K. Kadiak or Unalashka throwing-stick, 287. throwing-stick, 287. Kaflir snuff-box, 119. Kamtchatkan mountain sheep received, 69. Kansas fishes secured, 61. insects received, 185. slate, 228. i Kaolin from Virg*nia, 228. Katmai implements, 113. Kaviak Peninsula bows wanted, 312. Kear, R. W., furnished electric light, 268. Kehley’s Run colliery anthracite coal, 263. Keith, Captain, selected ores, 251. Kelleher, Daniel, large conger from, 162. Kemp, Dixon, on Indian sailing vessels, 89. Kemp, J. F., collected lead series, 253. collections of, 244. Kenai implements, 113. Kennicott, Robert, 279. throwing-stick from, 289. Kentucky building stones, 229, 231. fishes collected, 170. stone implements, 124. Keokuk limestone crinoids obtained, 203. Ketch modei rigged, 86. Kettle-bottom vessel model, 93. Kew Gardens, Chinese rain-coat from, 118. collections from, 71, 80, 107. Keying (vessel), tonnage of, 94. Keyserling and Blasius on Monachus, 33 > Key West fishes, 163, 374, 375, 379. Kidder, Dr. J. H., 38. Kiefer, George W., Peruvian objects from, 57, 71, 116, 117, 118. ri J. H. T., Chippewa grave deposits from, 16. King’s Mountain tin, 253. Kingston Public Museum sent Jamacia fishes, 165. Kiowa shield, 116. Kirby, E. B., collected Bessemer steel, 258. copper ores, 254, 255. Iilinois coals, 267. zine, 258. metallurgical collections of, 243. Kirtland’s warbler obtained, 358. ~ Klamath basket-ornamentation, 299. twined baskets, 299. Knowlton, Frank H., 65. work of, 219. Kodiak collections, 69, 113. ethnologica, 113. native implements, 113. Kohinoor colliery anthracite, 261. ornaments, 263. Kohn, Gustav, reptiles from, 158. Koons, B. F., 198. sent granite with mortar cavity, 124. Kotzebue Sound Eskimo bows wanting, 307. throwing-stick, 284. Knapp, E. B., sent Devonian fossils, 204. Knapp, Ensign H. 8., 225. : Knauss, Thomas E., presented photograph, 265. Krakatoa, pumice and volcanic ash, 227, 228, 230. Krupp Works collection, 245. Kumlien, L., Eskimo box from, 308. 444 Kunz, G. F., sent titanium minerals, 223. Kurile Islands skin coat, 118. Kuskoquim, Eskimo bow described, 309. Kyak and accouterments, 111. L. . Labeling in museums, 11, 12. Labels, 19, 27, 28. 29. care of, 29. for birds exhibited, 154. London exhibition, 29. naval architecture material, 100. vessels, &c., samples of, 100, 101, 102, 103,104. printed, 28. Labfador birds from Lucien Turner, 60. explorations, 68. fishes from L. M. Turner, 162. rare species of, 162. insects obtained, 63, 185, 187. seals studied by Dr. Merriam, 68. Laboratories of the U. 8S. Fish Commission, 198. Laboratory work of curators, 23. Lace mits, 80. nubias, 80. Laces from England, 80. Jennings & Sons, 80. machine-made, 80. Lacoe, Prof. R. D., coal from, 261. Laemann, Louis, French rocks from, 2387. Lazoa operculata from North Carolina, 187. Lazopodes, review of, 367. Lake Superior native copper works collection, 255. region copper ores, 254. free copper series, 255. Lamellibranchiata, Carboniferous, obtained, 212. Devonian, received, 210, 211, 3 213. Land areas from Middle Paleozoic, 207. Land shells, American, identified, 180. southern and southeastern, paper on, 180. snail said to have fallen during rain, 183. Landrus, H.J., favors from, 267. La Patera‘antiquities exhibited, 126. obtained, 123. Lapham, Hon. Elbridge G.., 35. Laramie fossil plants, 220. Larco, Capt. Andrea, collected Santa Barbara fishes, 171. Lari, Arctic, 366. Laridxw and Procellariide, notes on, 349. Larks, shore, 373. Lartigue, Dr. G. B., ceremonial object from, 124. reptiles from, 158. Larus nelsoni, 373. schistisagus, a new North Pacific gull, 366. Lavack, F., sent minerals, 222. Lavas, 233. from Utah, 66. Lawlor, D. J., ‘‘meteor’’ model from, 92. steam yacht models from, 93. vessel models from, 91. Lea, Dr. Isaac, contributed shells, 181. Lead, argentiferous, smelting series, 252. collections from Centennial, 254. Missouri, 258. ores, 271. argentiferous, 271. smelting argentiferous, 240. paints, 241. preparations received, 254. products, 275. series from Saint Joe Works, 253. Leathers shown at Louisville, 49. Lecture-room, air in, 38, 39. ventilation of, 39. Lectures in the Museum, 33. Lee, Prof. L. A., 198. studying foraminifera, 197, 200. Lee, Thomas, volunteer work of, 194. Lefroy, General Sir John Henry, on Bermuda botany, 340, 376. Lehnert, Rev. E., mollusks from, 63. Lemmings from Point Barrow, 130. Lepus timidus from Labrador, 130. ane Charles C., presented Charleston fishes, INDEX. Lesquereux, Leo, 220. Lesson and Garnot named a dolphin, 322. Leucania unipuncta, 363. papers on, 359, 360. Lewis, Dr. Tames, arranged shells, 181. Lexington Mill methods with ores, 251. Library, 19. improvement, 29. system, 29, 30. Lichens of Alaska and Siberia, 377. Life-boat, Netherlands, model, 104. car model, 8&6. Saving Service mammals, 129. station-keepers, suggestions to, 367. Light-House Board exhibits returned, 36. service mammals, 129. Lilienberg, N., sent Swedish irons, 257. Limestone, lithographic, 228. Lower Carboniferous, with fossils, 203. Chinese fossilifereus, 228. Limonite from Maine, 229. Lind, G. D., sent Halysites catenulata, 204. Lindsley, Dr. J. B., sent meteoric iron, 223. Linneus truncatulus received, 193. Linton, Prof. Edwin, 198. studying fish entozoa, 200. Lippitt Woolen Company collection, 82. Lithological and geological accessions, 66. collection, 232. Lithology and physical geology, 17, 66. alphabetical list of accessions to, 227. collections, local- ities of, 238. entries in cata- logue, 227. report on, 227. routine work in, 234, . Little, Brown & Co., publications by, 346. Little Rock and Fort Smith Railroad mineral col- lections, 240. Lobster of curious colors, 190. Lobsters, decrease of, 356. Lockington, William N., fishes collected by, 171. Locust, 363. London, disposition of collections from, 52. exhibits returned, 35. Fisheries collections, 6. Exhibition birds returned, 150. boats, &c., from, 85, 106, catalogues, 340. fishing craft for, 106. report on, 52. Lone Elm Works lead collection, 243, 254, 275. Longdale Furnaces coke series, 257. Long Island fishes obtained, 61, 164. invertebrates obtained, 190. Long Valley coal-mining views, 266. mines coal, 243. Longstreet, Captain, harbor seal from, 131. Lopholatilus chameleonticeps sought for, 199. Lorillard-Charnay collection, 368. Louisville exhibits, 36, 48. disposition of, 49. Exposition, Congressional action on, 48. work, 47. Lovett, Edward, sent stalk-eyed crustacea, 193. Low & Co., raw silks from, 81. ° Lowell Manufacturing Company, carpets, 82. Loxia curvirostra americana, breeding of, 357. Loyal Sock mine coal, 248. Lucas, F. A., 18, 45, 133. osteclogical work of, 62. papers of, 353. (True, F. W., &), on Monachus, 331. Lucilia macellaria infesting man, 362. Lunulicardium fragosum, 206. Luray Caves, stalactites and stalagmites from. 228. Luther, R. C., assisted to collect coal, 267. Lutjaniaz, osteological characteristics of, 373. review of, 375. Lygeus fasciatus from Tlinois, 187. Lyman, Hon. Theodore, address by, 35. studied ophiurans, 200. Lymnocodium Sowerbii obtained, 193, INDEX. M. Maas, A. E., life-boat model from, 104. McClain, Ensign C.58., 68 = received collecting outfit, 194 work of, 194. invertebrates, McCook, General, 158. McCormick, Mr., 45. McDermot & Berea Company's sandstones, 236. McDonald, Dr., on Konkan boats, 89. launching ceremonies, 89. McFarlane, James, baskets from, 294. Eskimo bows of, 307. favors from, 267. McGee, W.J., collected silicified wood, 230. McGuire, J. D., pottery from, 121. Machva (fishing boat) rig and build, 89. model (fishing boat) from Bombay, 88. McIntosh, J. B., made collections, 244. Melntosh, Mr., sent bullion refining series, 252. McKay, C. L., Alaskan antiquities of, 125. Bristol Bay ethnologica from, 112. collections from, 57. sent Eskimo bow, 309. throwing-stick from, 289. Mackellar, Smiths & Jordan, type metal series, 268, 276. Mackenzie region bow-backing, 312. Eskimo bows, 307, 310. River throwing-stick, 283. Mackerel destroyed by dogtish, 349. scarcity in Guif Saint Lawrence, 349. search in November, 349. winter movements of, 349. McKesson & Robbins, drugs trom, 76. sponge collection, 192. McLean, John J., California antiquities from, 123, 125 othnological objects from, 69. McLeod Indian basket ornamentation, 259. twined baskets, 299. rs McLeod, Mr., birds from, 70. MeNeil, J. C., Chiriqui vases from, 121. vases bought fiom, 58. MeNeil, J. H., Guaymas bows and spears from, 118, Macrodon Hamiltone, 207. tenuistriata, 207. Macrognatha from New Mexico, 186. Macrurus from Washington Territory, 347. Madras fishing catamaran, 88. marie shells obtained, 183. ‘*masulah”’ boat model, 89. Madsen, Peter, collected fishes, 172. Magellan Strait mollusks and shells, 182. Mahlemut throwing-stick, 2&8. Maine s°rpentine, 228. shell-heap remains, 124, Makah basket processes, 299. basketry, 297. figured, 299. implements and ornaments, 115. Malabar coast basket-work, 292. Maldives boat models, &9. 5 Maloney, Mr., African canoe from, 90. Mammal accessions, 59. department, progress of, 59. recommendations for, 137. report on, 129. routine work, 132, 133, 135. exbibition balls, work in, 132. series, 136. skeletons, representative, 134. skins preserved, 41, 44. skulls and skeletons, 59. Mammals, 17. additions to, 129. alphabetical list of accessions to, 138- 142. &c., packed for New Orleans, 45. shown at New Or’eans, 51, 134. aquatic, 131. at London Fisheries Exhibi- tion, 342, 367. bought for New Urleans Exposition, 129, 131. 445 Mammals bought from TI. A. Ward, 130. by European exchange, 128. condition of, 136. department of, 59. duplicate series, 136, exhibited at New Orleans, 134. exhibition series, 136. extralimital, obtained, 130. ~ sow Orleans Exposition, 133, 343, from Arizona, 130. California, 69, 130, Costa Rica, 130. dealers, 129. Japan, 71, 131. * Life-Saving Service, 129. Light-House Service, 129. menagecries, 59. Signal Bureau, 129. U.S. Fish Commission, 129. zoological gardens and menage- ries, 59, 129. rouped in cases, 134. n collection, 137. in the flesh secured in 1884, 43. lent for study, 137. mounted forexposition, 134. in 1884, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45. new genera of, 129. species obtained, 129. to the collection, 129. number of, 59. ‘ of Bermuda, 340, 374. North America, systematic work upon, 136. North and Central America and West Indies, 367. osteological series, 135. papers on, 136. protected against insects, 133. protection of large, 137. rare, received, 59. removing and preserving skins, 353. sbown at Cincinnati, 50. sought from dealers, 134. terrestrial, 129. withdrawn from exhibition series, 134. Manatee, Florida, obtained, 132. Manchester silks, 80. Mandingo arrows, 119. anganese ore, 272. Mangata adz, 118. Menstield, I. F., presented drill, 264. Maori belt and bible, 119. Marble, glacial polished, 67, 234. from Tennessee, 228. with glacial marks, 228. Marblehead banker model, 86. Marbles from Vermont, 228. Marcou, John Belknap, 17, 215. minerals from, 223. papers of, 353. Marcon, Jules, and John Belknap Marcou, on geo- logical maps, 354. Marine fauna off New England, 379, 380. fishes collected, 174, 175. invertebrate fishery reports, 200. invertebrates, 17, 18. accessions of, 63. arranged for exhibition, 202. care of, 201. catalogues of, 201. . collections of, 201. department of, 63. distributed, 31, 195. dry, arrangement of, 202. from deep sea, 63. east coast, 190. naval sources, 63. U.S. Fish Commission, 63. in west hall, 202. miscellaneous, shown, 202. number exhibited, 202. registered, 202. report on, 189. | Maritime pictures desired, 99. Marsball, George, 45. mounted birds, 143. 446 Marshall, Henry, 45. contribution from, 66. mounted birds, 143. Marsupialia mounted m 184, 43. secured in 1884, 44. Martin, S. J., Epinephelus nigritus from, 162. Maryland mills carpets, 80. shell mounds pottery, 121. Masks, labrets, and aboriginal customs, 351. Mason, Prof. O. T., 16, 18, 47, 54, 277. as an anthropologist, 56. became curator of ethnology, 109. lectures by, 33, 56. methods of, 57. aes deluge tablet from, 118. on basket-work, 291. bow-lashings, 311. throwing-sticks, 279. publications by, 56. report of, 109. results produced by, 57. writings of, 354. Mass mine copper collection, 241. refining series, 255. Massett implements and ornaments, 114, 115. Masulah boat model, 89. Mat embroidery. 292. of cedar bark showing chain stitch, 298. Materia medica accessions, 75. ; classification, 75. collection, arrangement of, 75. catalogue, 75. condition of, 76. extent of, 76. object of, 76. origin of, 76. illustrations, 75. labels, 75. section, 16. recommendations for, 76, report on, 75. Mats of California Indians, 300. Matte from copper ores, 256. Matting from Aleut caves, 292. Mayflower, sketch of, 91. Mazatlan and Panama fishes burned, 173. papers on, 172. fishes collected, 172. Meal-tray ornamentation, 303. Meal-trays, sacred, of the Mokis, 303. Medicinal forms displayed, 75. Meek, Seth E., collected Mississippi Valley fishes, 174 collected Southern fishes, 173. on pipe-fishes, 379. papers by, 375, 376. Meetings of socicties, 34. Meigs, General M.C., presented concretion, 236. Melanetita fusca in Aiaska, 358. Melospiza fasciata montana, 373. Menageries contribute mammals, 59, 129. Menominee iron region collections needed, 247. Merchant, George, jr., throwing-stick from, 289. Merchant & Co. Babbitt metals, 268, 276. presented tin plate, 253. solders from, 276. Merchant bark, color-sketch of, 85. -marine vessels needed, 98. vessel models, 94. wanted, 99. vessels photographed from paintings, 95. photographs of, 85. Merriam, Dr. C. H., described new shrew, 130. harp seal obtained by, 131. investigations of, 68. on Bermuda birds, 340. paper by, 376. Merrill, George P., 17, 18, 66. _fossiliferous rocks sent to, 7 216. on building and ornamertal stones, 342. papers of, 234, 355. prepared specimens of build- ing stones, 66. INDEX. Merrill, George P., report of, 227. Merrill, Dr. James C., birds’ eggs from, 60. Merrill, L. H., 66. assisted George P. Merrill, 234. Merrimac Chemical Compary sulphuric acid col- lection, 261, 276. Mesoplodon from Bering Island, 131. Layardii, cast of beak, 132. Mesozoic Alaskan fossils, 370. and Cenozoic fossils, accessions to, 215. catalogue of, 65, 216. condition of, 216. from private par- ties, 215. index to, 64, 216. persons working on, 215. preservation of, 217. registered and Gata- logued, 216. report on, 215.. routine work on, 216. types of, 65. Messenger service, 35. Metal bearings, &c., 242. extraction from ore, 259. Metallurgic exhibit at New Orleans, 52. Metallurgical and geological accessions, 67, 239. ~ specimens arrauged, 67 collection catalogue cards, 245. collections administered upon, 244. by graduates of techni- cal schools, 243. for New Orleans, 67. operations shown, 272, 273. processes, how represented, 247. materials showing, 247. specimens administered upon, 245, 246 ; number of, 246. Metallurgy and economic geology, 17, 67. e report on, 239. collections, 274. for New Orleans, 269. studied from Museum materials, 248. Metals and ores installed, 35. Meteor (steamship), history of, 93. model, 92. Meteoric dust, 227. iron obtained, 223. Meteorite collection, 223. Metropolitan Museum of Art, 10. Mexican Boundary Survey collections, 6. Indian cards, 70. collections, 70. gambling implements, 70. investigations, 70. . pottery from W. H. Holmes, 121. needed, 122. Mexico, Aztec antiquities from, 123. fishes obtained, 172. shells obtained, 183. Meyer and Muller (schooner) model, 94. Mica, glacial polished, 66, 234. obtained, 228. Mickleb@érough, Professor, 368. Microscopic structure of stones, 355. Middleton, J. D., Winnebago club from, 116. Migrations of fishes studied by A}batross, 199. Miller, M. E., 268. ee Metcalf & Parkin sent crucible steel series, 258. Mills, Dr. Charles K., lecture by, 34. Milwaukee Public Museum sent agraulos, 205. Mindeleff, Victor, aboriginal pottery from, 121. Navajo jewelry from, 116. Mine-draining illustration, 266. engines, photographs of, 248. La Motte lead series, 253. locomotives, photographs of, 265. ventilation devices photographed, 265. Miner, Ensign R. H., 33, 198. Mineral accessions; résumé of, 221. classification, 224. exhibit at New Orleans, 52. fibers, 79. resources collection, 343, 351. ; INDEX. Mineral waters, constituents of, 75. exhibited, 75. Mineralogical notes of Clarke & Chatard, 348. Mineralogy, 17, 18. department of, 65. exchanges in, 65. rrowth of collections in, 65. ustalling collections in, 65. report on, 221. work of curator of, 65. Minerals, accessions to, 65, 221. &c., collected by Mr. Yeates, 222. for New Orleans Exposition, 221, 224. described, 225. educational series of, 224. exchanged, 223. exhibition series, 224. from California, 69. 5 Centennial Exhibition, 246. Mr. Abert, 221. Willcox, 221. how arranged, 224. | installed, 221, 2238. investige ted, 221. number of, 65, 66, 224. obtained by exchange, 66. of Arizona wanted, 247. New Mexico wanted, 247. overhauled, 216, study series, 224. Miners’ boots and materials for, 242, 264. implements obtained, 263. Mines and works. plans, drawings, and statistics of, 248. : Mining, coal, pictures, 2 pick corroded by mine water, 263: tools, 242, 243. Minor, Dr. T. T., Eskimo bow from, 309. throwing-stick from, 289. Mintzner, W. A., 279. throwing-stick from, 289. Miocene fossil plants compared with exotic, 220. Miscellaneous departments, 67. Mississippi Basin 7 collected, 61, 70, 163, 177 178. : : mussels collected, 179. jute specimens, 80. alley aboriginal pottery, 121. fishes, results of collecting, 174. Missouri coke collections, 257. fishes secured, 61. Furnace iron collection, 275. lead collections, 253. ° minerals collected, 222. 7 a Dr. S. Weir, studying venom of lizard, Modelers, 45. Models (boat and vessel) described in Newbury- port Herald, 98. needed for Naval Architecture section, 105. of boats, vessels, &c., exhibited , 98. Modok baby-basket, 300. Mohawk wawpum belt, 116. Moki baskets, 303. bread-trays, 304. checker-weaving in baskets, 303. coiled and sewed busketry, 303. baskets unique, 303. fetiches, 116. flat mats, 304. plaited basketry, 303. sacred meal-lrays, 303. single-coiled osier or splint, 303. mn basket, 304. twilled basketry, 303. Mola, development of, 365. Mollusca and crustacea collected, 63. at London Visheries Exhibition, 341. new classification of, 350. of Commander Tslands, 350. some appendages of, 350. studied by Professor Verrill, 200. Mollusk accessions, 63, 181. alphabetical list of, 182. Mollusks, 17. administered upon, 180. at New Orleans Exposition, 62. catalogued, 182, 447 Mollusks, deep-sea, studied, 62. department of, 62. edible, from Washington Territory, 184. from Caribbean deep-sea studied, 180, from deep water of Gulf studied, 180, from Dominica, 70. gastropod, from Jeffrey's collection, 183. new type of, 350. number of, 182, species, 182. of Gulf coast, Antilles and Southeast United States much needed, 181. pelagic, from Capt. J. Rh. Lyon, 183. progress made with, 62. publications upon, 184. report upon, 179. Stearns’ collection of, bought, 62. Monachus, 332. albiventer, 332. and tropicalis compared, measurements, 334, skull measurements, 335. tropicalis, 277, 331, 334. color of, 331. diagnosed, 335. figured, 371. mandible, 333. skull, 331, 332, 333. measurements, 335. teeth, 333. whiskers, 331. Monkeys obtained, 131. Monk-seal of West Indies, 371. Montana rocks and fossil woods, 230. Morgan, Louis H., 56. Morris, D., drugs from, 75. Morris, Mir., fibers from, 70. Morse, Prof. Edward §., lecture by, 34. Mosaic, antique Roman, 373. Lion 373. Moseley, Prof. H. N., cast obtained through, 131. exchange from, 196. invertebrates from, 193. Mossy Creek zine ores, 242. Moths, collecting and preserving, 343, 372. Moulton Mill methods with ores, 251. Mound builders, 254. exploration, 343, 379. Mount Olive coal region collection, 243. Vesuvius, model, 234. Mountain sheep, new race of, 376. Mugilidw, American marine, 375. Murdoch, John, 57, 277, 279, 283. collected Arctic shells, 184. Point Barrow basket, 204. lecture by, 34. mollusk collections of, 181. on Eskimo bows, 307. sinew-twisters, 316. studied Point Barrow inverte- brates, 201. to report on Eskimo objects, 11]. Mus, 326. rattus, 325. Museum accessions, 22. nature of, 22. sources of, 23. accounts, 37. administration adjuncts, 6. principles of, 12. administrative staff, 18. work, 22, 35. annex, 21. arrangement, principles of, 11. arranging material in, 3. benefits from expositions, 48. books, 12. building needed, 22. buildings, 6. cases as partitions, 26. list of, 25, 26. plan of, 26. circulars, 342. : separately printed, 343. classification, 12, 14, 54, collections, 6. 448 Museum collections at New Orleans, 4. by Smithsonian aid, 6. condition of, 20. list of writers on, 344, 345. of fishes, 169. invertebrate Paleozoic fos- sils, 208. placed in Smithsonian Insti- tution, 5. work upon, 3. contents, public display of, 9. curators detailed from other bureaus, 16. curatorships, 16. deposits, 5. direction, 18. exchanges, 6. exhibition space, 20, 21. exposition staff, 19. foundation and legal status, 5. function and aims, 7. fiir Volkerkunde, rs can weapons from, 11 Brazilian implements from, 118. ethnologica from, 119. guide-books, 12. history, periods of, 8. idea, development of, 8. illustrations, 12, 13. increase, 3. lectures, 33. visited by foreign men of science, 33. work reviewed, 4. management, 5. . manuals, 12, 13. material, how acquired, 7. preserved, 7. utilized, 7. method of classifying, 53. objects and modes of work, 7. of Comparative Zoology, 10. research defined, 1}. officers as authors, 344, 345. papers by, 3, 346. organization and government, 5. packages recorded, 22. papers, bibliography of, 31. poe: work of, 41. roceedings, volume vi, 339. publications, 6, 7, 31, 339. report, 4. research, 8. scientific papers, catalogue of, 7. sheds, 21. specimens, number of, 20. “ staff, 5, 15, 16. storage courts, 3. trays, 15. types, 7. Museums as educators, 8, 10. Musical instruments, 55. East Indian, 72. Muskrat destroyed carp, 371. Florida, 325, 328, 367. round-tailed, 130, 325, 367. relations of, 330. Mussels for New Orleans Exposition, 179. Mygale from Arizona, 186. California, 187. Myodes obensis obtained, 130. i i Napier matting, 81. Nation, Professor, Peruvian birds from, 71. National Academy of Sciences in Museum, 34. cabinet of curiosities transferred, 5. Museum, comprehensive organization of, 1 Natural history collections at Cincinnati, 50. New Orleans, 51. exihbit at Louisville, 49. Naturalists’ Society meeting, 35. Navajo fetiches, 116. jewelry, 116. Naval architecture additions, 85. collection, arranging and clas- sifying, 96. condition of, 98. INDEX. ‘ Naval architecture collection, development of, 98. history of, 105. department statistics, 93. development illustrations, 99. gallery opened, 52. material described, 98. report on, 85. section, 16, 17. desiderata for, 105. researches in, 97. specimens exhibited, 98. battle photographed, 85. officers’ collections, 192. vessels needed, 98. Navy Department, bottom samples from, 192. Needle of Eskimo basket-maker, 294. Negatives added in 1884, 46. Neill, J. W., minera!s from, 222. Nellie S. Picking (schooner) model, 94. ‘ Nelson, E. W., 279. aboriginal pottery from, 121. Arizona reptiles from, 157. baskets from, 294. birds’ eggs from, 60. Cape Romanzotf bows from,309, 310. collected Arizona rodents, &c., 130. ’ Cape Vanccuver throw- * jng-sticks, 286. collections from, 57, 70. Diomede spear from, 11°. explains bow-string twisters, 316. Eskimo bows from, 307, 309. Norton Sound cthnologica from, 112. papers by, 136,376... Saint Lawrence Island bows from, 313. throwing-sticks trom, 286, 289. Yukon delta bow from, 312. Neofiber, 326, 327, 328, 330. defined, 325, 330. alleni, 277. described, 130, 325, 326. from Florida, 367. habits unknown, 330. measurements, 329. e skeleton measurements, 329. skull measurements, 329. ‘Netherlands life-boat model, 104. Nevada, Central, Paleozoic fossils, 207. Devonian fauna, 206. Paleozoic fauna, nature and relations of, 205. fossils, results of work on, 205. showing faunal succes- sion, 205. shells new to science, 182. white pine shale fauna, 206. New Caledonia club, 119. New England, marine fauna off, 380. New Era, ideal fishing schooner, 102, 103. mei Guinea weapons, ornaments, &c., 57, 72, 119, 120. New Hampshire geology and lithology, illustra- tions of, 237. New Idria, California, insects obtained, 186. New Jersey insect obtained, 185. New Mexico aboriginal pottery, 121. collections, 70. minerals wanted, 247. New Orleans collections in economic geology and metallurgy, 269. exhibit, 51. labels for, 5'. of birds, 151. preparations for, 45,51. . size of, 52. Exposition, assistant director at,52. building and ornamental e stones, 66. collections, 240, 241. in metal- lurgy, 247. Congressional bill con- cerning, 48. curators at, 52. economic entomology at, 187. exhibits, 36. INDEX. New Orleans Exposition fishes, 61, 70, 169. Government building, 51. invertebrates, 68, 191, mammals, 43, 182, 133. ay ag to be studied, 46. minerals bought for, 221 —- &c., collected for, mollusks for, 179. navalarchitecture in, 97. returns from, 48. southern tishes collected for, 173. stones prepared for, 234. textiles collected for, 83. work, 41, 45, 47. by Museum ofli- cers, 4. fishes, 374. collected, 172. New York antiquities obtained, 123. minerals obtained, 222. New Zealand jade, 230. aori belt and bible, 119. Newberry, Prof. J.S., lecture by, 34. Newburyport Herald descriptions of boat and ves- sel models, 98. Newcomb, Prof. Simon, lecture by, 34. ° Newhall, Ww. H., performed clerical work, 276. Nez Percés basketry, 301. ornamentation, 301. Nicaragua bark shirt, 118. birds of C. C. Nutting, 357, 376. Nichols, Capt. Heury E., Alaskan fishes of, 347. Nichols, Dr., Dominica collections from, 70. Nicholson, Agnes, 179. Nickel and cobalt collections, 253, 257, 272. wrought, collection wanted, 257. Nikko clothing, &c., 118. *® Nineveh deluge tablet, 118. Ningpo joss-stick powder, 118. Noctilio leporinus, var. mastivus obtained, 130. Nomenclature of ethnological objects, 110. Non-metallic ores, application of, 276. collected, 268. Nordenskjéld, Baron, collections from, 57. figures Siberian throwing-stick, Nordenskjiéld’s description of Eskimo bows, 308. Norfolk Island insects received, 185. Norman, Rey. A. M., British invertebrates from, 193. ™ fe exchanged with, 96. mem Atlantic deep-sea shells from Mr. Jeffreys, North Bloomfield mine gold collection, 249, 274. North Carolina fishes collected, 171. tin, 253. North Cornwall Iron Furnace collection, 244. North Pacific exploration, 69. Exploring Expedition corals, 202. Eskimo bows, 3807, 313. mollusks received, 181. Northwest American tribal arts, 57. Norton Sound baskets, 293. Eskimo bows, 312, 313. ethnologica, 112. throwing-sticks, 286. Norway boats obtained, 106. echinoderms, 193. pumice sand, 229. rocks, 227. Nottingham laces, 80. Nubia club, 119. Nunivak Island and Cape Vancouver throwing- stick, 286. . Eskimo bow, 309. Nushagak collections, Uv. Nutting, C.C., Nicaragua birds of, 357. paper by, 376. Nye, Willard, jr., 198. assistedin collecting, 197. S. Mis. 33, pt. 2-——29 449 0. Obsidian and obsidian pumice, 236. Offutt, F. L, i ag clerical work, 276. Oglesby, Dr. W. W., stone club from, 124. Ohio antiquities exhibited, 126. received, 125. mound-pipes of Squier and Davis, 125. Old Providence birds, 70. Omatchi shrine offerings, 118. Omori shell-heap remains, 124. Oncorhynchus species investigated, 172. Ontario mill silver collection, 275. mine collection of ores, 251. Onyx from California, 228. marbles, 236. Odlitic limestone for building, 228. Ophiuroidea exhibited, 202. new species of, 380. eS new genus, proposed, 357. Orcutt, C. R., California fossils from, 69. sent reptiles, 158. Orcutt, H. C., reptiles from, 158. Ord’s pocket-mouse bought, 130. Ore collecting to show processes, 247. Oregon antiquities obtained, 123. arrow-heads obtained, 124. collections, 69. Indian basketry, 299. shells received, 183. (ship) model, 94. stone club from, 124. Ores for New Orleans, 269. foreign, overhauled, 245. native, installed, 245. of Colorado, 240. treatment at Lexington Mill, 251. treatment at Moulton Mill, 251. Organic matter in air of lecture room, 39. Oriskany sandstone fossils obtained, 204. Ornamental stones and gems at Cincinnati, 50. at New Orleans, 65. bought, 65. Ornithochiton, eyes shown, 183. Ornithological nomenclature changes, 366. Ornithology, trinomials in American, 366. Ornithophilologicalities, 366. Orthoceras from Kansas coal measures, 204. Orthoptera, 364. Ortyx virginianus not in Arizona, 357. Oryzoborus nuttingi, 376. salvini, 376. Osceola —— mine collection, 243, 255, 270. Mill copper extraction series, 255. Oscines, rare American, 377. Osmorhiza longistylis as a bur, 369. Osteological preparations sent to New Orleans, 62. preparator, 45. Ostrich feathers collection, 47. Otiorhynchus ligneus from Massachusetts, 186. Ovambo collars and arrows, 119. Ovis montana Dalli, 376. nivicolea from Siberia, 131. Owl, name of American hawk, 366. Oxford University Zoological Museum, Mesoplo- don cast from, 131. Oyster and clam transportation, 365. coloration of blood corpuscles, 365. culture at Saint Jerome's, 364. experiments, 364. filter or diaphragm for, 364. enemies and parasites, 370. experiments, notes upon, 381. fattening floats, 364. industry, 352, 353. condition and needs of, 381. life history, 365. operations on Chincoteague Bay, 364. spat collectors, 364, Oysters, greening of, 364. P. Pacific coast fishes collected, 162, 171, 174, 175. distributed, 172. papers on, 171. Pacitic exploration, northern, 69. 450 Pacific fishes, manuscript on, burned, 172. new to science, 172. islands, canoes, &c., from, 105. Mills samples, 82. specimens from, 8&1. visited, 83. Ocean invertebrata obtained, 64. Railroad Survey collections, 6. Steam Whaling Company, Arctic coal from, 69. Page & Krause, barytes collection, 276. sent barytes series, 269. Pagophilus, 368. Painting, history of, illustrated, 56. Paleacrita vernata, 360. Palenqué, La Stéle de, 356. Paleontology of Eureka district, 368. types illustrat- : ing, 203. Paleozoic fauna of Central Nevada discussed, 214. fossil plants, 220. fossils from California, 204. grouped in the strata, 207. miscellaneous, obtained, 204. of Central Nevada, 207. invertebrate fossils, 64. additions to, 208. administered upon, 208 condition of, 64. disposition of, 209. number of, 64, 208. number of rocks containing, 208. present state of, 208. received from U.S. Geological Sur- vey, 210-214. report on, 203. stored, 208, work on, 205. rocks of Central Texas, 368. Palmer, Dr. Edward, collecting corals, 70. describes use of roasting trays, 301. ae Indian objects from, 116. invertebrates from, 63, 191. on Indian basketry, 3('3. received collecting outfit, 194. Palmer, Joseph, 45, 133. Palmer, William, 45, 133. Palms in Museum, 65. Palos (brig) model, 93. Panama and Costa Rica fishes burned, 173. fishes collected, 173. excavations, rocks and fossils wanted from, 180. . fishes collected, 172. Paper from Yucca brevifolia, 81. Paper-weight of Russian stones, 230. Papers on Museum material, 31. material not by Museum ofli- cers, 371. Papuan weapons, ornaments, &c., 119, 120. Park Brothers & Co. steel exhibit, 245. Parke, Davis & Co., drugs from, 76. Parker, Peter, jr., assisted in laboratory, 198. on fishes, 169. Parker, Dr. W. T., Apache bed from, 116. Parkhurst, V. P., Jamaica fibers from, 80. Jamaican foods from, 107. Parry’s account of Eskimo bows, 308. description of throwing-stick, 283. Part I begins, 3. Part II begins, 73. Part III, papers illustrating collections, 277. Part IV, bibliography, 337. Part V, appendix, 381. Parula—Compsothlypis, 366. Passaic Zine Works collection, 273, 275. Passerculus princeps, breeding-place of, 357. Patchogue fish collections, 165. Patella in birds, 377. Patna (Bengal) dug-out for fishing, 87. Pattee, William P., vessel models from, 94. Pawtucket Hair-Cloth Company collection, 82. | INDEX. Peabody Academy Museum, 10. Museum of Archeology, 10. Yale College, 10. Peacock coal received, 2638. Peale, Dr. A. C., 2386. Pearce, Richard, sent minerals, 221. Pearis, C. F., made Utah collections, 244. Pearl from Venus mercenaria, 182. Peccary tusk from Graham Island, 114. Peckham, Prof. S. F., sent thomsonite, 221. Pectolite from Alaska identified, 225. Peerless mine coal, &c¢., 262. Pendleton, Col. Philip G., presented anthracite, 262. Pennsylvania Coal Company sent coal-brealer picture, 266. Diamond Drill Company collection, 269. Museum of Industrial Art, 10. Tack Works collection, 240. Pensacola fishes, 172, 374. spotted dolphin, 317. Pentacrinus from Hevana, 197. the Albatross, 190. Periplaneta americana found on whale-ship, 185. from Florida, 185. Perkins, Harriet S., 143, 152, 153. Perley, L. O., sent Fusulina cylindrica, 204. Pernety’s figure of dolphin, 322. Perry Japan Expedition collections, 6. Perry, N. H., sent Maine minerals, 223. Peru, Ancon, antiquities, 116, 117, 118. pottery, 121. and Ecuador, shells from, 183. birds from, 71. collections from, 71. fishes from Dr. Jones, 164. Huaca objects, 57. pottery from, 58. shells from, 183. Phalacrocorax violaceus and resplendens, note on, 357. Phalarope, oldest name for Wilson’s, 366. Pharmacological experiments recommended, 76, 77. Pharmacopeias, report on, 75. Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, 10. and Reading Coal and Iron Company collections, 261. and Reading Coal and Iron Com- pany’s exhibit, 267. International Exhibition collections, Permanent Exhibition, accessions from, 67. Philippine Islands, sheils from, 183. Phoca, 368. fasciata skeleton, 368. - tropicalis, 335. vitulina, 131, 332. Wilkianus, 335. Phenix Iron Company’s rolled iron, 245. Photinus ardens from Maine, 186. Photographer, 46. : Photographic instruction to scientific men, 46. instruments purchased 46. work for Government bureaus, 46. in 1884, 46, 47. Photographs of coal mines and mining, 264, 265. stone buildings, 66. Photolithographs of Japanese pottery, 51. Photomicrographs of rock sections, 232. Phylloxera, 362, 363. spinosa, 362. vastatrix insecticide, 361. Physa gyrina from New Mexico, |84. and Zaptychius, bearing of the discovery of, 207. Physical geology collections, 233. report on lithology and, 227. labels and cards, 234. Physiology, experimental, 72. Picoides tridactylus alascensis, 376. Pig-copper refining illustrated, 240, 256. Pig iron and ores from furnaces, 257. from fossiliferous ores. 241. smelting collection, 241, 257. Pig lead from the ore, 243, 254. INDEX. Pike, Hon. Nicholas, sent exotic shells, 181. Pilot boat models, 56, 92. Pinkie model, 86. Pinnipeds from California, 131. mounted in 1884, 42. secured in 1884, 44. Pinus monophylla prepared, 301. Pipe-fishes of Key West, 379. Piper, Mrs. M. A., Maori objects from, 119. Placer gold specimens, 67. bought, 244, 248. Plant accessions, 65. analysis recommended, 76. Plants, accessions of fossil, 219. added to Washington flora, 369. Carboniferous fossil, 220. catalogued, 65. chemistry of the feeding of, 346. classified, 65. Cretaceous fossil, 220. department of fossil. 219. determined fossil, 220. duplicate fossil, 220. fossil, administered upon, 220. and recent, 17, 65. catalogued, 220. compared with living, 219. curator’s work on, 219. from coal, 263. in reserve series, 220. from botanical gardens, 36. Costa Rica, 71. Joad collection of, 65. Laramie group fossil, 220. Paleozoic fossil, 220. Tertiary fossil, 220. undetermined fossil, 220. Plectognath fishes, synopsis of, 372. Plectrodera scalator from Illinois, 187. Pleurotomaria nodomarginata, 207. Plum curculio, 363. Peecilichthys, new species of, 374. Pecilopoda, Carboniferous, obtained, 212. Devonian, obtained, 211, 214. Poey, Prof. Félipe, Cuban fishes from, 70. sent Monachus tropicalis, 331. Pogonip fossils, 207. Point Barrow basket, 294. Eskimo bows, 307, 310. objects, 57, 111, 112. invertebrates new to science, 201. studied, 201. mammals obtained, 130. shells obtained, 184. throwing-stick, 283, 284. Polar hare-skins obtained, 130. Polishing materials, 242. Pollard, John A., assisted to collect coal, 267. sent view of colliery, 266. Polynesia, tapa cloth from, 119. Polynesian weapons, 57. Polyzoa, Devonian, obtained, 213. Pompano of 36 pounds obtained, 163. Ponca ax from grave, 116 ae a bre palm-leat coat, 118. Porichthys porosissimus, note on, 374. Porpoise = ring investigated by Mr. True, 152. 8 g, 367. Porpoises from U. S. Fish Commission, 132. Port Clarence throwing-stick, 285. Portugal building and ornamental stones, 236. Porzana leucogastra, 376. Potomaé breccia marble, 236. Potsdam sandstone fossils from Wisconsin, 205. Potter, Prof. W. B., assisted collecting, 244. Pottery, aboriginal American, 18, 121. received in 1884, 58. American prehistoric, 17. Chiriqni, 71. collection, gaps in, 122. value of, 122. department of American prehistoric, 58. from Central America needed, 122. Maryland shell mounds, 121. Mexico needed, 122. South America needed, 122. 451 Pottery, Peruvian, from Dr. W. H. Jones, 58. report on aboriginal, 58, 121. Pottsville district coal mine collections, 267. Powell, Maj. J. W., lectures by, 34. Powers on Indian baskets, 300. Prehistoric America, 351. fishing, 356. Indian objects, 53. Prentiss, Dr. D. Webster, lecture by, 34. Preparation, 19. Preparator’s building erected, 36. increase of, 41. work of, 41. Pribylov Islands throwing-stick, 288. Primates mounted in 1884, 42. secured in 1884, 43. Prime, Temple, on new sphxrium, 377. Prince William Sound throwing-stick, 287. Print-roller for calico printing, 82. Priocella tenuirostris, habitat, 366. Prionotus from dolphin stomach, 324. Proceedings of Museum published, 339. in 1884, 31. volume vii, 339. signatures published in 1884, 339. Prochlorite in District of Columbia, 355. ‘at J. R., sent Kentucky building stones, 31. Proctor, A. C., contribution from, 66. Prodelphinus, 317. brevimannus, 323. doris, 277, 317, 323, 324. colors of, 318. described, 318. diagnosis of, 323, 324. or ie measurements of, 19. external morphology of, 318. osteology, 319. pelvis, 320. phalanges, 320. recorded from Florida, 317. skeleton measurements, 320. skull described, 319, 321. sternum and scapula, 320. (typical) skull measure- ments, 321. vertebrae described, 319, 320. with injured vertebra, 324. dubius in Paris Museum, 323. frenatus, 323. frontalis, 323. marginatus, 320. obscurus, cast of head, 132. plaziodon, 323. skull measurements, 32L. skull variations in, 321. species not fully deseribed, 322. Productus semireticulatus obtained, 204. subaculeatus, 206. Progne, note on, 377. Property and supplies, 19, 37. Property clerk, duties of, 37 Propithecus holomelas bought, 131. Psyllidw#, North American, 361. of United States, 362. Ptarmigans of Nelson, 366. shedding claws, 267. Pteropoda, Carboniferous, obtained, 212. Devonian, obtained, 211, 213, 214. Ptilodyctia carbonaria, 207. serrata, 207. | Publication, 19. | Publications of the Museum, 31, 339. Pueblo ware installed, 121. Pulmonifera, Carboniferous, obtained, 212. in Lower Carboniferous rocks, 207. Pumice from Krakatoa, 230. sand, Norwegian, 229. Pumpelly, Prof. R., collected iron ores, 272. ores, 239. Pusa, 368. Pyrite for sulphuric acid manufacture, 260. from Virginia, 260. products, 261. Pyrites obtained, 262. 452 Q. Quadrupeds, faults in mounting, 353. Quail and grouse, southern limit of, 357. Quartzite from Italy, 236. Quarternary mollusks compared With recent, 62. shells arranged, 180. Queen, J. W., & Co., favors from, 267. presented safety lamps, 263. Quicksilver, 271. Quil, James B., sent Orthoceras, 204. Quincy granite shown, 236. R. Rag carpets, specimens of, 80. Rainbow trout from Roanoke River, 163. Rajah of Tagore sent musical instruments, 72. Rannia from China, 192. Ratchet-drill received, 264. Rathbur, Miss M. J., assigned to invertebrate work, 194. Rathbun, Richard, 17, 18, 63. field work of, 194. identified copepods, 200. laboratory assistant, 198. on crustacea, worms, &c., 341. sea and fresh water investi- gation, 341, papers of, 355. report of, 189. studying Echini, 197, 200. Rau, Dr. Charles, 16. curator, 58. de La Stéle de Palenqué, 356. on aboriginal antiquities, 356. prehistoric fishing, 356. report of, 123. studying prehistoric fishing, 126. writings of, 356. Rau’s arrangement.of antiquities, 58. paper on archzological collection illus- trated, 58. Raw silk fabrics, specimens of, 81. specimens from Low & Co., 81. Ray, Lieut. P. H., 279. birds’ eggs from, 60. collected Arctic shells, 184. throwing-sticks, 283. Eskimo objects from, 57, 111. explains sinew-twisters, 316. report of, 201. throwing-stick from, 289. Reckhart, D.'W., nee lead smelting collection, made Utah collections, 244. silver ores from, 250. Reckhart & Pearis smelting collection, 252. Red ‘Ash Coal Company’s peacock coal, 263. Ree hoe, 116. Reeves, Paul 8., Babbitt collection, 276. sent Babbitt series, 268. Registers, automatic, for visitors, 32. Registry and storage, 19. Reiche, C. and E., sent mammals, 131. Reid, Capt. Savile G., on Bermuda birds, 340, 377. Reptile accessions, 61. department routine, 158. records kept, 159. series, 158. Reptiles and Batrachians, 17. department of, 60. card catalogue of, 159. condition of, 159. contributions of, 157. correspondence about, 159. from the Albatross, 157. Utah, 61. in the Museum, 159. of Bermuda, 340, 372. Reserve series, 24. Respiratory impurity of air in lecture room, 40. Letzia radialis, 206. Rhees, William J., directing Museum accounts, 37. Rhode Island Horseshoe Company horseshoes, 240. Rhus aromatica, var. triloba in basketry, 303. in basket hats, 301. Rhynchonella (Leiorhynchus) quadricostata, 206. INDEX. Rhynchoporus cruentatus from Florida, 186. Rhyolites from Mexico, 231. Rhyssa lunator from Massachusetts, 186. South Carolina, 187. ee Hill Zine Furnaces, collection from, 243, 259, Richardson, J., sent reptiles, 158. Richardson, Nathan, steerer from, 95. Richardson’s challenge steerer, 95. ae Hon. William T., prepared Italian marbles, Rice, Prof. William North, on Zp maee geology, 340, 377. sent minerals, 223. Richmond & Potts, furnace drawings from, 269. Richmond coal-fields, collections from, 267. Ridgway, Robert, 17. edited Nicaragua birds list, 376. Indiana arrow-heads from, 125. on London Fisheries birds, 341. on water birds, 346. papers of, 356, 357. publications of, 152. report of, 143. sent reptiles, 158. work of, 59. Rigging (standing) for fishing schooner, 95. Riggs, F., Sioux head-dress from, 116. Riley, C. V., 17. honorary curator, 63, 185. report by, 362. of, 185. writings of, 359-364. Roane Iron Company coke collection, 257. Robertson, A., English laces from, 80. fabrics from, 80. Robinson, Prof. Thomas, collected rock samples, contribution from, 66. Roccus septentrionalis from Mississippi, 163. Rock bored by mollusks, 229. forming minerals exhibited, 233. prepared, 232. labels, 233. photographs, 66. sections and labels prepared, 66. shown by enlarged photomicro- graphs, 232. Rocks and geological specimens, number of, 67. tufas from Geological Survey, 66. Western States, 230. &e., number in collection, 234. present condition of, 234. classified, 232. clastic, 232. crystalline, 232. divided by structure and texture, 232. ° educational series, 232. exhibited in Museum, 66. foreign, 230. from Abert collection, 227. Dr. Hawes’s estate, 228. in exhibition series, 232. of Canada, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia, 237. Yellowstone National Park, 236. prepared as specimens, 232. safety of, from fire, 238. thin sections prepared, 234. types of, for reference. 238. vitreous, 232. Rockwell, Colonel, 37. Rockwood Furnace coke series, 257. iron collection, 275. Rodentia mounted in 1884, 42, 43. secured in 1884, 44. Rodgers, Commodore John, collected throwing- ‘stick, 284. Rogers, William, Oregon model from, 94. Romero, Sefor, Mexican cards from, 70. Rope specimens from Bailey & Co., 80. Rosenbusch collection of rocks, &c., 237. Ross, Bernard, Eskimo bows from, 307, 310, 312. Rothrock, Dr. J. T., collected antiquities, 123. on Alaskan lichens, 377. distribution of Elymus, 292. Roxbury Carpet Company, specimens from, 81. INDEX. Roxbury C t Company, ta 83. Royal Botanical Gardens, Hoglad. ooo rom, 71, 80, 1 * Royal College of Surgeons, collections from, 71. Rug renovated, 44. Ruminants yen ere installed, 183. Russell, I. C., collected rocks and tufas, 66. collected Utah rocks and tufas, 230. sent lava, 236. Ryder, Jobn A., lecture by, 34. papers of, 72. work of, 72. writings of, 364. 8. Sabine Basin fishes collected, 178. Saccopharyngoid fishes, 365. literature and relations of, 373. Sackett’s Harbor, New York, bird-shaped object from, 124. Sacramento Basin fishes collected, 178. Safety lamps, 243, 263. Safford, Ensign W. E., 198. Sail-maker’s tools and apparatus, 96. Saint Joe Works lead series, 253. John’s River fishes, 375. Lawrence Island bows, 313, 314, 315. Louis Tripoli Company's collection, 269, 276. Thomas fishes received, 163. Salmo gairdneri received, 162. iridens from Roanoke River, 163. South Side Club, 162. Salmon of Pacific coast studied, 172. Salt, Cheshire, from Mr. Higgin, 107. Saltonstall, H., coartesies of, 83. Salvador plants and animals, 71. Salvelinus stagnalis from Labrador, 162. Salvin cabinets needed for birds, 154. San Diego mollusks received, 184. Salvador minerals, 240. products obtained, 107. textiles, 80. Sand and emery paper, 242. Sanders. J. D., minerals from, 222. Sand paper collection, 268, 276. Sandpiper, breeding of pectoral, 376. Sandstone showing ripple marks and sun cracks, slab exhibited, 237. Sandwich Islands collection obtained, 72. Sanguinolites Holus, 207. Santee Basin fishes collected, 175. Saperda bivittata, 360. Saturday lectures, 33. Savannah Basin fishes collected, 175. Saxon art, a showing, 51. Saxony rock specimens, 236, 237. Royal Mining School sent rocks, 236. — Female Institute sent fossils in exchange, 3 Scalops aquaticus, 325. Scaphiocrinus from Captain Wheeler, 203. Scaroid fishes, descriptions:of, 375. Schernikow, Ernest, exchange with, 126. Schieffelin & Co., drugs from, 76. Schizochiton eyes shown, 183. Schley, W.S., 192. Schlichter Jute Cordage Company, 80. Schmidt, Frederick C., 92. Schneider, Mr., laverack setter from, 132. Schoolcraft’s illustration of preparing pine seeds, 302. Schooner, cod-fisbing, models, 86. fishing, builders’ model of ideal, 86, standing rigging, 95. models, 56, 94. showing evolution, 86. three-masted, 94. Schott, A. L., collected exotic plants, 219. Schreiber, J. D., sent corundum, 221. Schuermann, C. W., 19. Schumacher, Paul, on basket stitch, 294. Scizena sciera from Mazatlan, 375. Sciathos island sloop, 89. Scientific departments, review of work in, 53. | 453 Sclater, Philip Lutley, rs of, 377. Scollick, J. w.. 45. Pend Screw steamer model of early type, 93. Scudder, N. P., on fiber skull, Bar. : Sea and fresh water investigation, 841. birds, habits and capture, 348. bottom materials investigated, 199. cow, Steller’s, extermination of, 866. elephants from South California, 70. lion, Californian, obtained, 131 lions and seals from the Farallones, 70. urchins, dry, arrangement of, 202. exhibited, 202. Seal group reconstructed, 41, 44. harbor, from Bering Island, 181. harp bought, 131. monk, 333. Ribbon, skeleton of, 368. West Indian, 331. Seals and cetaceans received, 59. and sea lions from the Farallones, 70, from a Island, 131. investigated by Dr. Merriam, 68. returned from London, 133. Selasphorus torridus, note on, 858. Sells, Lewis, presented puma, 130, sent mammals, 131. Semul tree dug-out, 87. Serpentine and green quartzite from Alaska, 69, from ine, 228. Massachusetts, 228. Shad from Columbia River, 162. Shagticoke flax and flax twines, 80. Shark mounted, 44. Sharpe, R. Bowdler, birds from, 60. on Progne, 377. Sheafer, P. W., sent coal ornaments, 263. fern-leaf impressions, 263. sections of coal beds, 266. Sheldon, D, S., sent reptiles, 158. Shell-mound pottery from Maryland, 121. Shells, cases for land, 180. exhibited at Louisville, 49. New Orleans, 51. exotic, in Museum, 181. from California, 69. Magellan Straits, 71. Mr. Jeffreys, 71. Terra del Fuego, 71. land, identified, 62, 180. and fresh-water, collected by R. E. Call, 184 of District of Co- lum bia, 183. new land and fresh-water species, 182. Shields of Bateke negroes resemble fish-trag basket, 298. Shindler, A. Zeno, 47. Ship-building models, 51. Ships, early American, color sketches of, 91. Ship models (cotton carriers), 94. Shoemaker, C. W., clerical work of, 143. Shore larks of United States, 373. Shoshone baskets coiled and whipped, 301. conoid basket hats, 301. Indian basketry, 301. method of preparing pine seed, 301. roasting trays, 301. Shufeldt, Dr. R. W., collections from, 70. papers of, 377. sent fishes, 374. Siam boats obtained, 106. Siberian bow described, 313. bows figured, 313. (Eastern) throwing-stick, 285. Eskimo bows, 307, 313, 315. objects, 112. mammals, 131. sheep obtained, 131. Siemachko, J., sent Russian minerals, 223. Siemens heating system, 269. regenerative principle represented, 242. Signal Service collections at Sitka, 69. exhibits returned, 36. exploration, 69. mammals, 129. mollusks from, 63. Siler, A. L., sent Syringopora, 204. 454 Silicate and carbonate zinc ore, 259. Siliceous and calcareous sinters, 236. Silicified wood from Mr. McGee, 230. Silk fabrics from England, 80. manufacture illustrated, 81. Silks, raw, obtained, 81. Silliman, Benjamin, cast of, 45. Silurian corals, 206. Silver ard copper, native, 250. lead refining, 275. collections, 250, 271. i aera from ores, illustrations wanted, 51 from base ores, 271, 275. horn, 271. native, 271 wanted, 250. with sulphide of copper, 250. ores, chloridizing roasting, 240. of Utah, 250. ruby, 271. smelting and refining, 275. collections, 251. wire, 271. Simms, James M., standing rigging from, 95. Sinew backing for bows, 308. twisters for bows, 313, 316. node of using, 316. used in a game, 315. twisting tools, note on, 315. Singleton, Dr. RK. H., 215. Sioux head-dress, 116. medicine man’s pipe, 116. Siphonostoma from American waters, 355. Siphostoma McKayi, 379. Sirenians added, 132. Sitka bow imitating Eskimo in backing, 315. ethnologica, 69. Thlinket objects, 114. Skaneateles rocks, 229. Skeletons prepared, 45, Sketches by Mr. Shindler, 47. Skidegate implements and ornaments, 114, 115. Skiff for fishing in Greece, 89. Slade, Elisha, on hybrid ducks, 378. Slag from copper ores, 256. Slate from Kansas, 228. Smelting of auriferous material shown, 249. operation illustrations, 273. Smillie, T. W., 46. enlarged mining pictures, 264. Smith, A. J. M., Puttin skin coat from, 118. Smith, C. M., antiquities from, 125, 126. Smith, Charles J., collected Oregon fishes, 171. Smith, E. C., fish from, 163. Smith, Hugh M., 143, 153. Smith, M. M., 164. fish drawings of, 61, 165, 169. Smith, Peter, sent carp from brackish water, 164. Smith, R. R., Arkansas antiquities from, 125. Smith, Rosa, Pacific fishes from, 162, 171. reptiles from, 158. Smith, Sanderson, 198. worked upon mollusca, 200. Smith, Prof. S. I., 198. papers of, 378. received Albatross crustacea, 197. researches of, 200. returned crustacea, 190. studying crustacea, 190. Smith, William R., 65. Smithsonian area at New Orleans, 51. exhibit at Louisville, 49. Institution at Cincinnati Exposition, exploration for, 67. participation in exposi- tions, 3, 48. unclassified material in, 538. Snakes and turtles, casts of, at Cincinnati, 50. Snow, Professor, lent Crotalus lepidus, 158, bunting, new, from Alaska, 358. podura from Colorado, 185. Maine, 187. New Jersey, 185. spectacles, 374. INDEX. Society of Naturalists E. U.S. meeting, 35. American Taxidermists, gift from, 41. Taxidermists’ meeting, 35. Solders and other alloys, 242. from Merchant & Co., 276. Solomon Islands clubs, 119. Sorex, 325. Soricidz to be treated of, 135 Soundings by the Albatross, 199. South America shells from Dr. Jones, 183. American collections, 71. pottery needed, 122. Carolina ceremonial object, 124. Chicago Bessemer Works steel collection, 275 Rolling Mill Bessemer steel, 258. Kensington Fish Culture Museum, boat models from, 90. Museum, collections from, 71. policy, 9. Side Club rainbow trout, 162. Southern Indian basketry, 305. ea checker-woven, 0 States, fishes collected in, 173. type of bow, where used, 314. Spanish ‘ galleon,” sketch of, 91. mackerel hatching, 352. Sparrow, new song, 373. Spencer & McConey zine collection, 258. Sphezrium, new species, 377. Spices trom Kew Gardens, 107. Spinning and weaving processes studied, 83. Spiriferina cristata, 206. Spofford, H. W., 37. Sponges and corals from fishing grounds, 190. exhibited, 202. from Florida and Dry Tortugas, 191. McKesson & Robbins, 192. Sporobolus for basket warps, 300. Spratt, Joseph, made fish guano, 346. Spruce roots for baskets, 295. Squawberry in basketry, 303. ° Squid, note on, 349. Squier & Davis mound-pipe molds, 125. Stalactites and stalagmites shown, 236. obtained, 228. Stalagmite marble, 228, 230. Stalagmites from Austria, 229. Standing rigging for fishing schooner, 95. Stands for mounted birds, 154. Stanniferous wolfram in California, 252. Star-fishes, dry, arrangement of, 202. exhibited, 202. Stassfurt salts, 240. Statuary and vases installed, 35. Steamers in the fisheries, 97. Stearns & Co., drugs from, 75. Stearns, John N., & Co., silk fabrics from, 81. Stearns, Prof. R. E. C., 17. antiquities from, 123. assistant curator, 62, 179. ae ls collections from, collection of mollusks, 181. collection of mollusks, ex- tent of, 62. duties of, 179. obtained District shells, 183. paper by, 365. preparing mollusks for ew Orleans, 62 presented copper ores, 239. reptiles from, 158. specimens from, 81, Stearns, Silas, collected Pensacola fishes, 172. Pensacola fishes from, 374. contribution from, 66. Steel collections, 257, 275. exhibits catalogued, 245. rail rolling specimens, 244. tests of, 240. Stejneger, Leonhard, 17. assistant curator, 143. assisting with new list of birds, 150. birds’ eggs from, 60. INDEX. Stejneger, Leonhard, birds from, 60. “ene Siberian mammals, explorations of, 69, 71. mollusca from, 63, 350, on Atta throwing-stick, 288. selected birds for New Or- leans, 152. sent seals, 151. whalesfrom, 131. writings of, 366. Steller’s sea-cow, extermination of, 366. lion, obtained, 131. Stenopoda cinerea from Florida, 186. Stenops tardigradus obtained, 131. Stenotomus from dolphin stomach, 324. Sterling Hill mine ores, 259. zine ore, 273. Sterna nilotica, 366. Sternoptychida, note on, 372. Steuart, C. A., 36. implements delivered to, 126. Stevenson, James, collected pottery, 121. Indian objects from, 70. Moki fetiches from, 116. Zui objects from, 116. Stibuite obtained, 223. Stimpson, W. G., assistance from, 133. Stockholm, Royal Academy of, promises Vega invertebrates, 196. | aaue h George, fossils from, 216. Stonaker, C. L., presented steel rails, &c., 239. Stone buildings, pictures of, 228. shown by colored photographs, implements exhibited in New Orleans, 58. Stone, Hos. W. W., jute from, 80. Stoney, Lieut. G. M., 231. collections of, 69. sae isa collecting outfit, 94. rocks from, 66. Storage cases, 27. &c., list of, 27, 28. Stover, E.S., sent carp from alkali water, 164. Story, W. W., sent Italian marbles, 236. Straits of Magellan shells, 71. Strauch, John H., assisted to collect coal, 267. sent mining scenes, 266. Striped bass from Mississippi, 163. in Mississippi, 347. a grandzva in Vevonian plant beds, 207. Students and lectures, 33. Study series, 24. _ Sturgis, Appleton, gunny cloth from, 80. Stutz, S., sent coal-washing pictures, 266. Sueda diffusa for dyeing basketry, 301. Sulphur balls (pyrites), 262. collections, 272. native, 272. ores, 272. products, 260. Sulphuric acid from iron pyrite, 242, 260. manufacture, 276. collection, 261. Sumner, Swaysey & Currier vessel models, 93. Sumpter, Capt. 7. W., rainbow trout from, 163. Surinam, Bulimus and Ampullaria, from, 183. insects and larve, 185. Swain, Joseph, 379. collected fishes, 173. Venetian fishes, 173. papers by, 375. and Meek, Setb E., paper by, 379. Swan, J. G., Bella Coula objects from, 115. collected Puget Sound fishes, 171. collections from, 57. Graham Island peccary tusk from,114. Indian trap from, 113. water craft from, 106. Maka objects from, 115. Massett and Skidegate objects from, 114, 115. sent fishes, 164. Haida specimen basket, 297. Takoo dishes from, 114. Washington Territory fishes from, 347. / 455 Swan, John D., sent minerals, 222. Sweden boats obtained, 106. pee map of, 227. ron and steel manufacture, 241. rocks trom, 229. Royal Museum, African whips from, 119. Swedish Centennial Commission, boat model from, cod-tishing vessel model, 105, 104. commission, schooner model from, 104. pena eo boat, 104. rocks and geological map, 236. Sweeny, T. W., work of, 47. Syenite from Arkansas, 237. Syringopora obtained from Utah, 204. ©. Tablets for small specimens, 26. Tack exhibit shown, 245. Tacks collection, 240. Takoo dishes, 114. Tanner, Z. L., in charge of explorations, 197. obtained bottom samples, 192. Taos fetich, 116. Tapa cloth from Polynesia, 119. ° Tapestry Brussels carpets, 81. from Roxbury, 83. Tar palm-tree dugout for fishing, 87. Tate Yama implements and clothing, 118. Taxidermic work assisted by expositions, 59. miscellaneous, 44, 45. Taxidermists, 41. American, meeting, 35. Telegraphic time in Museum, 37. Smithsonian, 37. Telephone, underground, 37. Telluride ores collections, 271. Temperature and physical observations of Alba- tross, 199 of lecture room, 40. Tennessee antiquities exhibited, 126. obtained, 125. basin fishes collected, 173, 176. marble obtained, 228. Tenth Census rocks, &c., 238. Terra del Fuego invertebrates obtained, 192. shells, 71 Tertiary fossil plants, 220. Teuthididw and Siganide, genera of, 372. Teuthidoidea, génera of, 372. Texas, ephemerid larva from, 185. Textile exhibit at Louisville, 49. fabrics, accessions to, 80. and fibers from Kew Gardens, 80. at Cincinnati, 51. fibers and fabrics, 79. classified, 79. from Jamaica, 80. micro-photographed, 83. vegetable, to be catalogued, 84. industries collection, 342, 353. condition of, 84. specimens in, 84. photographed, 83. section, 16, 18, 79. recommendations con- cerning, 84. researches, 83. routine work, 83. industry, evolution of, 54. Textiles at New Orleans, 51. classified by composition, &c., 80. exhibited, 79. from Guatemala and San Salvador, 80. Thlinket Indian baskets, 295, 296. objects, 114. Thomas, Dr. Cyrus, pottery from, 121. on mound expleration, 343, 379. Thompson, Maj. Heber 8., sent coal ornaments, 263. Thomsonite pebbles received, 221. Throwing-stick, advantages of, 280. areas, 279. Cumberland Gulf type, 282. distinguishing marks of, 281. from Russian America, 254. Fury and Hecla Straits type, 283. 456 Throwing-stick, Greenland type, 281. illustrations, 281. left-handed, 287. locality marks of, 280. mode of holding, 279. modifications, 288. at Nunivak, 286. of Anderson River, 283. Attu, 288. Bristol Bay, 287. East Siberia, 285. Kadiak and Unalashka, 287. Kotzebue Sound, 284. Norton Sound, 286. Nunivak and Cape Vancouver, 286. Point Barrow, 283. Prince William Sound, 287. Port Clarence and Cape Nome, 285. Yukon River Eskimo, 286. origin of, 283, 288. philosophy of, 279. relation to hand- rest, 289. revelations, 281. a substituted by hand-rest, 288. Uaen va type, 281. with peculiar index cavity, 284. Throwing-sticks, catalogue of, 289. classified, 288. in National Museum, 279. made by whites modified, 287. paper on, mentioned, 57. Thuja gigantea in basketry, 297. Thurn, E. im, on British Guiana baskets, 306. Thyridopteryx ephemereformis, 361. from Arkansas, 185. Tierra del Fuego mollusks and ‘shells, 182. Tile-fish history, 349. not rediscovered, 199. Tin collections, 252, 271. received, 253. from Cash mines, 252. cassiterite, 252. North Carolina, 253. stanniferous wolfram, 252. Virginia, 252. in Alabama, 252. ores, 241. and plate, 271. from Alabama, 241. Australasia, 245. Dakota, 241. Maine, 242. North Carolina, 242. Virginia, 241. plate from stanniferous wolfram, 252. of Welsh make, 253. Tinné Indian basket ornamentation, 295. basketry, 294. Titlark, earliest name of American, 366. Title of Part LE 3: Todd, H. L. , drawings of, 169 fish: drawings of, 61, 165. Tomkins, J. C., 268. Toner lecture, 34. Tortugas corals, &c., 70. Tourmaline region of Maine visited, 223. Townsend, Charles H., birds from, 60. birds’ eggs from, 60. collected California mam- mals, 130, 131. mammals collected by, 69. reptiles from, 61, 157, 158. er Carboniferous fossils, Trachynotus goreensis weighing 36 pepeae, 163. ESaoaed§ terus arcticus obtained, 163. Trap dike in granite, 229. Trenton fossils, 207. Triassic sandstone, 229. Trilobite eppencter 368. Trinidad fishes obtained, 163. Trinity Basin fishes collected, 178. Tripoli collection, 244, 269. True, Frederick W., 17, 18, 62, 277. acting assistant director, 18, INDEX. True, Frederick W., bought exotic mammals, 131. curator, 59. librarian, 19. mammal report of, 129. on a spotted dolphin, 317. Florida muskrat, 325. mammals for New Or- leans, 343. papers of, 136, 367. rove porpoise fisheries, 13 studying cetacea in Europe, 135. : mammals in Eu- rope, 132 and Lucas, F. A., on Mona- chus tropicalis, 331. Tufas from Mr. Russell, 236. Turbinella pyrum, classification of, 183. reiations of, 181. Turdus aliciz in Palearctic region, 366. Turner, L. M., 279, 282, 287. birds from, 60. collected Labrador mammals, 130. collections from, 68. Eskimo bows from, 307. explorations of, 68. fishes from, 61, 162. insects from, 63, 187. lent Ungava throwing-stick, 281. mollusks collected by, 181. report of, 68. throwing-sticks from, 286, 289. Ungava ‘collections from, 57. Turner, H. W., sent reptiles, 158. Tursio Doris, 323. Tursiops tursio, 320, 324. obtained, 132. Turtles, mounting of, 353. Twilling in basketry, 299. Twines from Bailey & Co., 80. Type-metal collection, 242, 268, 276. we Unakite and diabase from Virginia, 228. Unalashka throwing-stick, 287. Ungava birds received, 60. insects received, 63. (Labrador) throwiug-stick, 281. pee -stick related to Alaskan forms, 1 Ungulata mounted in 1884, 42. renovated, 41, 44. secured in 18x4, 44. Union Stone Company sent corumdrum, emery, &e., 269. U.S. Census Bureau, po ae Enumerated sito ge bra le Coast Survey dredging mppliinees, 336. eastern explorations, 70. educational museums, 10. | Exploring Expedition corals; 202. shells, 181. Fish Commission, California ‘collections, 69. captured porpoises, 132. collected West Indian bats, 130, collections, 70. Copepoda, 355. dredging appliances, 356. experiments in embryol- ogy, 72. explor ations, 197. explorations. for fishes, 169. fish-cultural exhibit, 342, 352. invertebrate collections, 189, 190. invertebrates cared for, 193. invertebrates distributed, 195. invertebrates from Alba- tross, 189. London Fisheries collec- tions, 341.: mammals, 129. mollusks to arrive, 181. ‘ INDEX. U.S. Fish Commission, new fishes from, 347. Pacific fishes collected for, 171. reptiles from, 61. rchooner model, 103. secured fin-back whale's skull, 132. sent deep-sea fishes, 163. = exploring parties, summer station, 197. West Indian fishes from, ‘63 Geological Survey chemical work, 224. —* assigned from, | 179. fossils, 64, 2 inseets from, 186. — VIII quoted, OD. parties collected minerals. “) presented Paleozoic fos sils, 208. relation to Mesozoic fos- — sils, 215. rocks obtained from, 234. transtcrred Paleozoic fos- | sils, 210. tufas, 236. Life-Saving Service specimens, 346. stations, suggestions to keepers of, 367. National Museum Bulletins, 340. fish distribution by, 171. Revenue Marine, mollusk collections of, 181. | Signal Bureau, mollusks from, 63. obtained Alaskan mammels, | 130. ; - steamer Enterprise, bottom samples, 192. Unity of administration, 15. Upham, E. P., 16 Urside repaired, 44. Ursus arctos from Siberia, 131. Utah aboriginal pottery, 121. and Nevada, new shells from, 182. Anodonta and Physa from, 184. antimony ores, 253. , Basin fishes collected, 178. bismuth ores, 257. insects obtained, 187. Lake fishes collected, 72. mines collections, 244. . ores, 241. reptiles from Dr. Yarrow, 61, 157. rocks and tufas from I. C. Russell, 230. silver ores, 250. Ute basket trays, 302. water bottles, 302. Wn Van Beneden & Gervais, 320. Vases repaired, 122. Vega E ition Eskimo objects, 112. Vegetable fibers, 79. Peas eaioenen. $4. elvet carpet specimens, 82. Venezuela minerals, 240. plants and animals, 71. Venice fishes collected, 61, 162, 171, 172, 173. Ventilation of lecture room, 39, 41. Venus mercenaria, pearl from, 182. Vermont marbles obtained, 228. shown, 236. Verrill, Prof. A. E., in charge of zoological inves. tigations, 198. papers of, 379. reported on sea-bottom ma- terials, 199. researches of, 200. returned marine _ inverte- brates, 190. .studying anthozoa, 190, 197. Vespertilio arsinoé from sas, 130. Vessel and boat fittings stored, 96. equipment material stored, 96. equipments obtained, 85. Vessel fittins, 96. models and equipments collected, 85, from dobn N. Cushing 93. London Fisheries Exbibition, 97, Vessels, boats, and models exhibited, 98. color sketches of, 85. merchant, photographed. 85, oil paintings of, 86. pictures of, needed, 99. sketch and prints of, #6. Virginia marble, 229. Visitors, increase of, 32. record of, by months, 32. to Museum, 32. Smithsonian, 32. | Vivaria, 72. Vivianite obtained, 223. Volcanic ashes, 229, 230. sand from Bogosloff, 231. Volcano island in Alaska, 350. Vorticella, chlorophylloid granules of, 365. Ww. _ Waddell, R. J., & Co., polishing materials, 276. f sent collection, 269. Wagtail, yellow, from Nushagak, 69. | Wainwright's Inlet Eskimo bow, 310. ' Walcott, Charles D., 17, 64. administrative duties of, 209. contributed Hamilton group fossils, 203. engaged in field work, 208. — Survey, duties of, 08. geological work of, 205. in relation to U. 8S. Geologi- cal Survey, 205. minerals from, 223. report of, 64, 203. work of, 64. writings of, 368. Walker, Charles, reptiles from, 158. Walker, John, reptiles from, 158. Walker, Samuel T., on fossil bones, 380. Wallace Brothers, drugs from, 76. Wallet of the Klamath and McLeo dIndians, 300. Walrus leathers, 47. Pacific, obtained, 131. Walther, Henry. 121, 122. Walters, F. G., Ree hoe from, 116. War canoe, BritishiColumbia, 106. ship models needed, 99. Ward, Charles W., on Ardea wardi, 380. Ward, H. A., Berardius skull from, 131. mammals bought from, 130, 131. | Ward, Lester, F., 17. collected rocks and fossil woods, 230. report of, 65, 219. writings of, 368. Ward & Howell sent minerals, 223. | Warren & Stearns secured dolphin, 317. Washboard slate (Ulodendron) received, 263. Washington Dime Museum sent monkeys, 151. Washington, George, cast of, 45. Washington Monument cap-stone, 229. Territory fishes, 347. insects obtained, 185. water-works extension soiland rocks; 229. Washoe district, Nevada, geology of, 234. Water birds of North America, 346. rearranged, 150. bottles of coiled and whipped structure, 302. Shoshones, 302. Waterlime group fossil from New York, 205. | Waters, William, assisted to collect coal, 268. Watts, J. J.. sent Productus semireticulatus, 204. Webb, Henry, 92. Webb, John, sent minerals, 222. Webb, Wiliam H., 92. Webster, F. 5., prepared mammals, 154. Webster, Prof. Henry E., on Bermnda annelida, 340, 381. Weeks, F. W., ship model from, 94. 458 Welsh tin plates, 242, 253. Werth, J. R., 268. West Indian bats presented, 130. birds from the Albatross, 60. collections of Albatross, 197. Islands invertebrates received, 189. reptiles obtained, 61. seal, 331. West Virginia.coal and associates, 262. Western Eskimo bow, peculiar backing of, 313. type of bow where used, 314. ; Eskimo bows, 313. Whale-boat model, 56. cast of ziphioid, 133. fishery and its appliances, 341. exhibit at Louisville, 49. in River Tay, 349. Whales and porpoises, how collected and pre- served, 367. toothed, proposed monograph of, 135. ziphioid, obtained, 131. Wharton, Mr., contribution from, 63. Wheeler, Lieut. G. M., antiquities from, 123, 126, 127. ere Scaphiocrinus, 203, ~ 204, Whitcomb, George D., presented photograph, 265. White, Dr. C. A., 17, 64. arrow-heads from, 124. papers of, 370. report of, 215. White, Dr. J. A., arzow-heads from, 124. Whitefish, Nelson’s, 347. new Alaskan, 347. White fishes of North America, 347. lead by corrosion process, 254. from the ore, 254. paints, 241. paint from ore, 243. pine shale fauna of Nevada, 206. shales, position of, 206. Whitfield. Edward, chemical work of, 224. W hiting, S. B., assisted to collect, 267. Whitman, W., courtesies of, 83. Whitney, Eli, cotton-gin model from, 83. Whitney, J. D., 346. | Whittenton Manufacturing Company ginghams, | 82. ’ Wilcox, F. E., Arapahoe saddle-bags from, 116. Wilcox, Crittenden & Co., collections from, 96. Wild wheat in basketry, 295. Wiley, Prof. Harvey W.., lecture by, 34. Wilkes Exploring Expedition collections, 6. models of canoes, | &e., 105. Wilkie’s Monachus tropicalis, 331. Wilkinson, Ensign Ernest, 225. Willcox, Joseph, lent minerals, 221. minerals from, 65, 221. minerals installed, 223. Willow splints in basketry, 301. Wilson, D. B., Kiowa shield from, 116. Wilson, Thomas, exchange with, 126. ‘Wilton carpet samples, 82. Windlass, steam, models, 95. Window glass abraded by sand, 230. Winnebago medicine man’s club, 116. Winslow, Lieut. Francis, on London Fisheries mol- lusks, 341. ‘ the oyster, 381. Wire-drawing illustrations, 241. Wisconsin antiquities exhibited, 126. obtained, 123. fishes collected, 170. Wittfeld, William, new mammal from, 130. sent Florida muskrat, 325. Witzel, Ensign H. M., assisted Mr. Dewey, 276. | Wood, George d., favors from, 267. Woodpecker, new, from Kamtchatka, 366. Wood's Holl fishes, journal upon, 165. obtained, 173. laboratory facilities, 198. new laboratory, 198. shells received, 183. station of Fish Commission, 197. Woollen goods, samples, 82. O- INDEX. Woolfe, D., mining Arctic coal, 69. Workshop built, 36. Worsted fabrics from England, 80. Haniten & Co., 81. yarn manufacture illustrations, §1. Worsteds from Pacific Mills, 82. ; Wren, Alaska willow, from Nushagak, 69. Wrought iron from ore, 257. N.. Yarn manufacture illustrations, 81, 82. samples, 81. Yarrow, Dr. H. C., 17. aboriginal pottery from, 121. antiquities collected by, 123. collected Utah reptiles, 157. honorary curator, 60. paper by, 370. report of, 157. visits Utah, 60. Yeates, W. S., 17. collecting trips of, 66. field expeditions of, 222. mineral work of, 225. North Carolinarocks, &c., from, 229. Yellowstone National Park, model, 234. Yokohama antiquities, 124. baskets, 118. | Yucatan birds from Mr. Gaumer, 71. Indian collections, 57. investigations, 70. Yucca baskets and trays of the Mokis, 304. brevifolia, 81. in basketry, 303. Yukon delta bow trom W. H. Dall, 312. resembling Arctic type, 312. Eskimo bows described, 308. Indian trap, 113. River Eskimo throwing-stick, 286. Z. Zalophus californianus obtained, 151. Zeledon, José C., Costa Rican collections from, 71. reptiles from, 158. sent Costa Rican mammals, 130. Zenaidura yucatanensis, note on, 356. Zine blende from Missouri, 258. furnaces collections, 259, 273. methods and materials, 274. iron and manganese smelting, 275. or spelter smelting collections, 258. ore from, Missouri, 244. processes, 260. products, 260. ores, 241, 243, 272. and their treatment, 274. from Mossy Creek, 242. products of, 274. paint from Page & Krause, 244. silicate and carbonate ores of, 258. smelting collection from Glendale Work, 259 P pars} Granby Works 259. Joplin W orks, 209 Kansas, 259, Langon Works, 259. collections, 275. works described, 273. _ photographs of, 274. Ziphioid whales received, 131. Ziphius from Bering Island, 131. Zonites cellarius from Oregon, 183. Zoological gardens contribute mammals, 59, 129. nomenclature, 352. | Zoology, division of, 17, 59. progress in, 372. Zukoski, E. L., collected Bessemer steel, 258. copper ores, 254, 255. Illinois coals, 267. ; collections of, 243, 252. Zui basketry, 304. objects, 116. Zygonectes zonifer from Georgia, 375. * ] x t 4) ‘ f " i J ia q q¢ Py a } Fay, ‘ 4 j ] 4 iq i P q Jee { aj j j 1 é ' é L oe ‘ ‘ i } i eet! . i fp iy ae . 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