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Commonwealth of Australia

Department of Trade and
‘Customs

7

FISHERIES

ee 5 ; « = ; ;
ie ~ Biological Results of the Fishing Experiments

carried on by the F.L.S. “ Endeavour, " 1909-14.

H.C. Dannevig, — f
Commonwealth Director of Fisheries.

qs? gman lag!

VOL. IIL, PARTA2. «

. - Published by Bi ccitias of the Minister for Trade
‘e and Customs, Hon. Frank Gwynne Tudor
Sydney, 30th HosGks ys 1915

W. E. Smith Ltd. .Bridge Street Sydney.

A

III. Report on the Aleyonarians obtained by the F.LS.
‘Endeavour ”’ on the Eastern and Southern Coasts of

Australia./

>

PART I.

BY

E. A. BRIGGS, B.Sc.,

seer

ZOoLoGiIst, AUSTRALIAN MusrEuM, SYDNEY.

Plates iv.-xil.

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- may." i oat ‘ws Iya:
te efem ) Gritty fi rT ' ‘ ,
cs

ALCYONARIANS.—BRIGGS. _ 61

—_

REPORT ON THE ALCYONARIANSWAR LI 1915

Part. I.

I.— Introduction.

Previous to the publication of Wright and Studer’s Report!
on the Aleyonaria collected by the “ Challenger,” our know-
ledge of the Aleyonarian Fauna of Australia was confined
mainly to forms from western and north-western localities,
and from the shallow waters of Queensland and Torres Strait.
This knowledge is based on collections obtained by the
“ Herald’ and * Fly,’ the Antarctic Expedition under
Rosst, the German Cirecumnavigatory Expedition in the
* Gazelle,”’> and to the zoological collections made in the
Indo-Pacific Ocean during the voyage of the “ Alert.”® The
“Challenger ’’ Expedition extended this field, and also
collected and recorded a number of forms from the southern
and south-eastern shores of Australia. Since then fresh
instalments of new species have been added by Prof. 8. J.
Hickson7, who described the collection of Aleyonaria brought
together by Mr. J. B. Wilson during the biological survey
of Port Phillip, Victoria ; and by Prof. W. Kikenthal*, who
has recorded a number of species from Western Australia.
Finally, Prof. J. A. Thomson and Miss D. L. Mackinnon?
published a detailed account of the Alcyonaria, which were
gathered together by the ‘Thetis’ Expedition during
trawling operations within the one hundred fathom line off
the coast of New South Wales.

The Aleyonarians described in the present Report were
trawled by the “ Endeavour” on the eastern and southern
coasts of Australia in depths of from fifteen to three hundred
fathoms. The collection includes twenty-seven species, of
which twenty-four are referable to known species distributed
among fifteen genera; the remainder have required the
establishment of three new species.

1. Wright and Studer—Chall. Rep., Zool., xxxi., 1889.

2, 3, 4. Gray—Proc. Zool. Soc., 1862 and 1872; Jd., Ann, Mag. Nat.
Hist., (3), v., 1860; (4), ii., 1868 ; (4), 1i1., 1869; Jd., Cat. Lithophytes in
Brit. Mus., 1870.

Studer—Monatsber. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1878.

6. Ridley—Report Zool. Coll. H.M.S. “ Alert,” 1884.

Hickson—Proc. Roy. Soe. Vict., (n.s.), ii., 1890, pp. 136-140.
Kiikenthal—Die Fauna Stidwest-Australiens, iii., 1, 1910, pp. 3-108.

9. Thomson and Mackinnon—Mem. Austr. Mus., iv., 13, 1911, pp.
661-695.

aii

>I

,

62 ‘* ENDEAVOUR” SCIENTIFIC RESULTS.

The following table shows the general nature of the
collection :—

Ristas of Bape of New
: species.
genera. species.
Order Alcyonacea 1 1 0
Order Pseudaxonia i’ 2 3 0
Order Axifera .. #2 ba 8 18 3
Order Stelechotokea ‘ 4 5 0
Totals .. my ie 15 27 3

Of the new species, two belong to the genus Mopsea and
one to Plumarella.

LIST OF SPECIES.

Order ALCYONACEA, Verrill (pro parte).

Family ALCYONID.
Aleyonium (Erythropodium) membranaceum, Kiikenthal.

Order PSEUDAXONTA, G. von Koch.

Family MELITODID “2.

Mopsella clavigera, Ridley.
Mopsella textiformis (Lamarck).
Acabaria gracillima (Ridley).

Order AXIFERA, G. von Koch.
Family ISID.

Isis hippuris, Linneus.
Mopsea dichotoma (Linnzus).
Mopsea encrinula (Lamarck).
Mopsea australis, Thomson and Mackinnon.
Mopsea flabellum, Thomson and Mackinnon.
Mopsea elegans, Thomson and Mackinnon.
Mopsea whitelegget, Thomson and Mackinnon.
Mopsea plumacea, sp. nov.
Mopsea repens, sp. nov.

ALCYONARIANS.—BRIGGS. 63

Family PRIMNOID 4.

Stachyodes studeri, Versluys.
Amphilaphis plumacea, Thomson and Mackinnon.
Plumarella thetis, Thomson and Mackinnon.
Plumarella filicoides, Thomson and Mackinnon.
Plumarella australis, sp. nov.
Primnoella australasie, Gray.
Primnoella grandisquamis, Wright and Studer.
Caligorgia flabellum (Ehrenberg).

Family GORGONELLID.

Ctenocella pectinata (Pallas).

Order STELECHOTOKEA, Bourne
Section I. ASITPHONACEA.

Family TELESTID.

Telesto arborea, Wright and Studer.
Telesto trichostemma (Dana).

Section II. PENNATULACEA
Family KOPHOBELEMNONID-£.
Kophobelemnon schmeltzii (Kolliker).
Family PTEROEIDID.

Godeffroyia elegans, Kolliker.
Sarcophyllum grande (Gray).

II1.—Description of the Genera and Species.

Order ALCYONACEA, Verrill (pro parte).
Family ALCYONID.
Genus ALcyontium, Linneus.

ALCYONIUM (ERYTHROPODIUM) MEMBRANACEUM, Kiikenthal.

Alcyonium (Erythropodium) membranaceum, Kiikenthal,
Alcyonacea Wiss. Ergeb. deutsch. Tiefsee Exped.,
xiii., 1, 1906, p. 52, pl. i., fig. 3, pl. ix., figs. 49-44. Id.,
Thomson and Mackinnon, Mem. Austr. Mus., iv., 18,
1911, p. 665.

There are in the collection two branched Gorgonid axes,
from which all trace of the original ccenenchyma has dis-

64 ‘* ENDEAVOUR ”’ SCIENTIFIC RESULTS.

appeared. They are completely overgrown by a light brown
Sympodium-like Aleyonid, which agrees with Kiikenthal’s
account of Aleyoniwm (Erythropodium) membranacewm.
Owing to the friable nature of the specimens in the dried
condition, very little of the internal structure can be dis-
tinguished.

There is considerable variety in the spicules of the ccenen-
chyma. There are (1) approximately spherical bodies—
087 x-080 mm.; -120x°105mm.; -122)x-105mm:; (2)
short, thick cylinders with about two bands of thorny warts—
087 x070mm.; °105x:070mm.; °122x:075mm.; and
(3) irregular bodies and a few crosses—087 x:077 mm.; *105 x
‘O87 mm. 2 °122'°122 mm;

The polyp-spicules are spindles—:227 x-070 mm. ; -240 x
‘(070 mm. ; -245 x-077 mm.

Localities —Shoalhaven Bight, New South Wales, 15-45
fathoms.

Great Australian Bight, 190-300 fathoms.

Distribution.—Francis Bay, 34°7’3”S. Lat., 24°59’3” KE.
Long., 100 metres (Kiikenthal). The ‘“ Thetis ’’ specimens
were obtained at the following localities off the coast of New
South Wales :—Eleven miles east of Broken Bay ; Station 34,
off Port Jackson, 39-36 fathoms ; Station 42, off Wata Mooli,
70-78 fathoms ; Station 43, off Botany Bay, 43-66 fathoms ;
Station 44, off Coogee, 49-50 fathoms ; Station 47, off Bulgo,
63-57 fathoms ; Station 48, off Wollongong, 55-56 fathoms
(Thomson and Mackinnon).

Order PSEUDAXONTA, G. von Koch.
Family MELITODID®.
Genus MopsEeLua, Gray.

MOPSELLA CLAVIGERA, Lidley.

Mopsella clavigera, Ridley, Report Zool. Coll. H.M.S.
* Alert,”’ 1884, p. 360, pl. xxxvii., fig. B, pl. xxxviii.,
figs. a-alli. Id., Thomson and Mackinnon, Mem.
Austr. Mus., iv., 13, 1911, p. 670, pl. Ixviii., fig. 9.
Id., Nutting, Gorgonacea Siboga Exped., viii., Scler-
axonia, 1911, p. 49.

Sixteen specimens agree with Ridley’s description of
Mopsella clavigera, though there is no anastomosis. They

ALCYONARIANS.—BRIGGS. 65

are all in the dried condition. The height of the largest
colony is 61 em., with a width of 27 em. across the expanded
portion. The branching is strictly in one plane, and is
generally dichotomous. The nodes are very swollen, and
in the largest specimens they have a diameter of 17 mm.
The branches are given off from the nodes.

The polyps are retracted into slightly projecting verruce,
which are scattered over the surface of the stem and branches,
but are usually wanting on a median space on the posterior
aspect of the colony.

The spicules of the ccenenchyma agree well with those
described by Ridley :—(1) coarsely tuberculate, swollen,
orange-coloured, fusiform shapes— 175 x-035 mm. ; ‘140 x
035 mm.; (2) lemon-yellow coloured “ Blattkeulen ’—
-070 x:035 mm.; -052x-035mm.; -047x:026mm. The
measurements agree fairly closely with Thomson and Mac-
kinnon’s measurements of the ‘* Thetis *”’ specimens.

The colour is lemon-yellow to brick-red.

Locality—Shoalhaven Bight, New South Wales, 15-45
fathoms.

Distribution.—Port Curtis, 5-11 fathoms, and Port Molle,
Queensland, 14 fathoms; Thursday Island, Torres Straits,
4-6 fathoms (Ridley). Dirk Hartog Island, West Australia,
45 fathoms (Studer). The ‘“* Thetis ” specimens were obtained
at the following localities off the coast of New South Wales :—
Eleven miles east of Broken Bay, 30-40 fathoms ; Station 34,
off Port Jackson, 39-36 fathoms ; Station 40, off Wata Mooli,
52 fathoms; Station 42, off Wata Mooli, 70-78 fathoms ;
Station 48, off Wollongong, 55-56 fathoms (Thomson and
Mackinnon). A fragmentary specimen was taken by the
Siboga Expedition in the Bay of Nangamessi, Sumba, 36
metres (Nutting).

MopPSELLA TEXTIFORMIS (Lamarck).

Melitea textiformis, Lamarck, Mém. Mus. Hist. Nat., L.,
p. 412. Jd., Lamouroux, Hist. Polyp. corall. flexibles,
1816, p. 464, pl. xix., fig. 1. Jd., Gray, Proc. Zool.
Soc., 1857, p. 285.

Melithea textiformis, Milne-Edwards et Haime, Hist. Nat.
Corall., I., 1857)%p. 201.

Melitella textiformis, Gray, Cat. Lithophytes in Brit. Mus.,
1870; p: 7.

66 ; ‘* ENDEAVOUR ”” SCIENTIFIC RESULTS.

Mopsella textiformis, Verrill, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., L.,
1864, p. 38. Jd., Ridley, Report Zool. Coll. H.M.S.
** Alert,” 1884, p. 358. Jd., Thomson and Mac-
kinnon, Mem. Austr. Mus., IV., 13, 1911, p. 671, pl.
Ixiii., figs. 4, 5.

Several almost complete specimens in the collection agree
closely with the description of Mopsella textiformis (Lamarck),
given by Ridley. The largest specimen has a height of
34cem., with a width of 37cm. across the branched portion.
The diameter near the base is 2em. The basal attachment
is lacking. The branching is strictly in one plane with abun-
dant anastomosis. The labyrinthine pattern, to which
Thomson and Mackinnon have directed attention, is clearly
shown on the weathered axis; and there is a well-marked
tendency, as pointed out by Ridley, for the stem and main
branches to “break wp almost immediately into a reticulum
of undulating thin branchlets, which almost all anastomose.”’
The internodes vary in length from 4 to 10 mm., and the
nodes from 4 to 6mm.

The polyps are mainly confined to the anterior aspect of
the colony. They are disposed irregularly in slightly pro-
jecting verruce.

The spicules are exactly like those described by Ridley—
(1) fusiform shapes sharply pointed at both ends, and
covered with irregularly scattered tubercles—:210 = -035mm. ;
-171 x-035 mm. ; °157 x-035 mm.; (2) “ Blattkeulen ” with
orange shafts and lemon-yellow heads—140 x-052 mm. ;
‘122 x:052 mm. ; ‘087 x-043 mm. Very few of the “ Blatt-
keulen”’ have the long shafts mentioned by Ridley. The
spicules of the verruce are—(3) curved fusiform shapes
tapering to sharp points, with few tubercles—:245 x -035mm.;
*220 x:085 mm.; °210x-035mm.; (4) curved fusiform
shapes pointed rather bluntly and covered with closely set
blunt tubercles—:297 x:052mm.; ‘236 x:052mm.; ‘218 x
‘O70 mm.

Localities.—Off the coast of South Australia.

Fifteen miles south of St. Francis Island, Great Australian
Bight, 30 fathoms.

Distribution.—Australia (Lamouroux, Gray, Verrill). South
Seas (Gray). Port Curtis, 5-7 fathoms, and Port Molle,
Queensland, 12-20 fathoms; Thursday Island and Prince
of Wales Channel, Torres Straits, 4-7 fathoms (Ridley). Lord
Howe Island (Thomson and Mackinnon).

ALCYONARIANS.—BRIGGS. 67

Genus ACABARIA, Gray.

In his “‘ Die Gorgonidenfamilie der Melitodidae,’’ Kiiken-
thal! includes the genus Psilacabaria Ridley in Acabaria
Gray—* Zu dieser Gattung rechne ich auch die Gattung
Psilacabaria Ridley, die keine durchgreifenden Merkmale
aufzuweisen hat. Insbesondere tritt das Abgehen der Zweige
in rechtem Winkel auch bei andern Arten ein. Hierhin gehort
auch Anicella Gray, nicht zu Melitodes, wie Ridley will.”

ACABARIA GRACILLIMA (Ridley).

Psilacabaria gracillima, Ridley, Report Zool. Coll. H.M.S.
** Alert,” 1884, p. 364, pl. xxxvii., figs. D-D', pl.
xxxvili., figs. f-f"%. Jd., Thomson and Mackinnon,
Mem. Austr. Mus., iv., 13, 1911, p. 671.

A number of broken pieces in a dried condition are referred
to this species. The largest fragment is 90mm. high.
Branching is dichotomous and approximately in one plane.
The branches are given off approximately at right angles,
although in several instances the angle of the dichotomy is
somewhat smaller. They have a diameter of about 1 mm.
There is no anastomosis. The axis is hard and white.

The polyps occur in spirals on the large branches, but,
on the twigs, they have an irregular bilateral arrangement.
The individual calyces are low, rounded, tubercular verruce.

The spicules include the following types :—(1) large
cylinders, fusiform to subclavate, slightly tapering to round-
pointed ends and provided with tubercles arranged roughly
in whorls—280 x:070mm.; °262x:052mm.; -245 x:070
mm. ; (2) smaller spindles, more or less curved, with sharply
pointed ends, and tubercles—:262 x-070 mm. ; +245 x -052
mm.; °210x:052mm.; (3) small subclavate spicules,
tapering from a broad to a sharp-pointed end, with tubercles
—:210 x-053 mm. ; °201 x:043 mm.; -192 x-035 mm.

The colour is cream to violet.

Locality Great Australian Bight, Long. 131°E., 62
fathoms.

Distribution.—Port Molle, Queensland, 12-20 fathoms ; Port
Darwin, North Australia, 8-12 fathoms; East Australia, 42
fathoms (Ridley). The ‘‘ Thetis ’’ specimens were obtained
at the following localities off the coast of New South Wales :—
Station 34, off Port Jackson, 39-36 fathoms ; Station 36, off
Botany Bay, 23-20 fathoms; Station 48, off Wollongong,
55-56 fathoms ; South coast of New South Wales (Thomson
and Mackinnon).

1. Kikenthal—Zool. Anz., xxxiii., 1908, p. 194.

>

68 “ENDEAVOUR ” SCIENTIFIC RESULTS.
Order AXIFERA, G. von Koch.
Family ISID.
Genus Isis, Linneus.
Isis HIPPURIS, Linneus.
(Plate v., figs. 1-2; Plate xi., fig. 1.)

Isis hippuris, Linneus, Syst. Nat., l0th ed., 1758, p. 799.
Id., Pallas, Elenchus Zoophytorum, 1766, p. 233.
Id., Ellis and Solander, Nat. Hist. Zoophytes, 1786,
p. 105, pl. iii., figs. 1-5. Jd., Esper, Die Pflanzenthiere,
i, 1791, p. 279, pl. i., figs. 1-4, pl. ii., pl. iii., figs. 1-3,
pl. iiia., figs. 1-4. Jd., Lamouroux, Hist. Polyp.
corall. flexibles, 1816, p. 476. Jd., Lamarck, Hist.
Anim. sans vert., ii., 1816, p. 302. Jd., Lamouroux,
Exposition Méthodique, 1821, p. 59, pl. iii., fig. 1.
Id., Blainville, Manuel Actinologie, 1834, p. 503, pl.
Ixxxvi., fig. 1. Jd., Lamarck, Hist. anim. sans vert.,
2nd ed., 1836, p. 475. Jd.,Steenstrup, Om slaegter og
der under /sis hippuris Linn. sammenblendede Arten,;
1848, p. 1. Jd., Milne-Edwards et Haime, Hist. Nat.
Corall., i., 1857, p. 194. Id., Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc.,
1857, p. 283. IJd., Kélliker, Icones Histologice, 11.,
1865, p. 140, pl. xvi., fig. 4, pl. xix., figs. 1-3. Id.,
Wright and Studer, Chall. Rep., Zool., xxxi., 1889,
p. 280. Jd., Simpson, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool., xxix.,
1906, p. 421, pl. 438, figs. 1-4. Jd., Thomson and
Simpson, Aleyonaria Indian Ocean, ii., 1909, p. 180,
pl. vi., figs. 1-3. Jd., Nutting, Gorgonacea Siboga
Exped., v., Isidae, 1910, p. 6, pl. i., figs. 1, la, 1b,
pl. v.;-82. 1.

Although a well-known and striking form, this species was
very imperfectly described until Simpson (1906) published
his results of an examination of a number of specimens from
the Andaman Sea. In the “ Endeavour ”’ collection there
is a solitary specimen from the coast of Queensland, and the
Australian Museum collection contains five others.

The largest specimen is an incomplete colony rising to a
height of 13-3 em., with a breadth of 6:4 em., and a thickness
of 3-55em. The main stem, flattened in section, is 9mm.
in thickness. From this arise the main branches, lateral in
position, which are compressed in the plane of ramification.
The secondary branches are thick and compressed, and give

ALCYONARIANS.—BRIGGS. 69

rise to cylindrical branches, which may remain simple, but
usually bear terminal twigs with swollen and rounded ends.
The twigs have a diameter of 5 mm. near the tips.

A small specimen, evidently the terminal portion of a
large colony, agrees with the third of the specimens described
by Simpson in its robust and bushy appearance, the marked
upward growth, and the palmate terminations of the twigs.

The remaining four colonies, whose measurements in
centimetres are included in the following table, correspond
most closely with the largest specimen :—

Height. Breadth. Thickness.
I. 7 3 3
II. 10 6-2 1-5
Ill. 11:2 3°3 2
IV. 12°5 8:2 15
V. 12°6 6-4 3
VI. 13°3 6-4 3°5

The axis consists of white calcareous internodes with
longitudinal fluting, and short brown horny nodes. The
longitudinal ridges of the calcareous joints are dentate. Near
the base of the main stem the calcareous joints have lengths
of 5-6 mm., and the horny nodes 1-5-2 mm. In the branches
the internodes are 7 mm. in length, the nodes being reduced
to about 1mm. The branches arise from the calcareous
joints.

The ccenenchyma is very thick and fleshy, in some parts
2mm. It is very compact and smooth, and does not show
any indication of the presence of the jointed axis. The
polyps occur all over the surface ; they are numerous, and
about 0-5 mm. apart. There are no verruce.

There is considerable variety in the spicules of the ccenen-
chyma :—(1) rods with warty knobs irregularly arranged—
-157 x:105mm.; ‘140x:070mm.; -105x-070mm.; (2)
spicules of similar form to (1) but with the warts arranged in
whorls—157 x:080 mm. ; -150 x:080 mm. ; :140 x-070mm. ;
(3) tri- and quadri-radiate forms—140 x-105 mm. ; -122
-122 mm.; -105 x-:087 mm. ; (4) stellate and irregular forms
—-087 x-087 mm. ; -087 x:052mm.; -079 x:052 mm.

The colour is light brown. Associated with the majority
of the colonies are specimens of the bivalve Pteria chinensis,
Leach.

Localities —Off the coast of Queensland (** Endeavour ’’).
Murray Island, Torres Strait (Austr. Mus. Coll.).

>

70 ‘““ ENDEAVOUR ” SCIENTIFIC RESULTS.
Distribution.—Indian Ocean (Ellis, Pallas). Mediterranean
Sea and America (Pallas). North Sea (Linnzus). Iceland
(Olafsen and Polvesen, Lamouroux). Antilles and United
States (Lamouroux). Straits of Sunda and southern coast
of Sumatra (Ellis and Solander). East Indies (Dana). Am-
boina (Milne-Edwards et Haime). Pacific Ocean (Wright
and Studer). Andaman Sea, surf line and 20 fathoms
(Thomson and Simpson). The Siboga Expedition obtained
specimens at nine stations in the eastern part of the Indian
Archipelago at depths varying from 22-45 metres (Nutting).

Genus Mopsgea, Lamouroux.

MopsEA DICHOTOMA (Linneus).

Isis dichotoma, Linnzus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, 1758,
p. 799. Jd., Lamarck, Hist. anim. sans vert., i1.,
1816, p. 302.

Mopsea dichotoma, Lamouroux, Hist. Polyp. corall. flexibles,
1816, p. 467. Jd., Milne-Edwards et Haime, Hist.
Nat. Corall., 1857, p. 197. Jd., Wright and Studer,
Chall. Rep., Zool., xxxi., 1889, p. 41, pl. ix., fig. 10.
Id., Hickson, Proc. Roy. Soc. Vict., (n.s.), ii., 1890,
p. 187. Jd., Roule, Expéd. Antarctique Frangaise,
1908, Alcyonaires, p. 5. Jd., Thomson and Mac-
kinnon, Mem. Austr. Mus., iv., 13, 1911, p. 673, pl.
Devin s)he is

A number of broken pieces showing dichotomous branching
are referred to this species. In the majority of the specimens
the polyps are arranged in close-wound spirals all over the
branches. On the most slender specimens, however, the
polyps occur in alternating rows on each side, here and there
encroaching on the free median spaces. The spicules are
as described by Thomson and Mackinnon.

Locality.—South east coast of Australia.

Distribution.—Indian Ocean (Lamarck, Lamouroux). : Port
Jackson, New South Wales, 35 fathoms (Wright and Studer).
Port Phillip, Victoria (Hickson). Booth-Wandel Island,
Antarctica (Roule). The “Thetis ’’ specimens were ob-
tained at the following localities off the coast of New South
Wales :—Station 47, off Bulgo, 63-57 fathoms; station 48,
off Wollongong, 55-56 fathoms ; station 53, off Crookhaven
River, 23 fathoms (Thomson and Mackinnon).

ALCYONARIANS.—BRIGGS. Fill

MopsEA ENCRINULA (Lamarck).

Isis encrinula, Lamarck, Hist. anim. sans vert., ii., 1816,

p. 302.

Mopsea_ verticillata, Lamouroux, Hist. Polyp. Corall.
flexibles, 1816, p. 467, pl. ‘xviii., fig. 2.

Mopsea encrinula, Ehrenberg, Corallenth. d. rothen
Meeres, 1834, p. 131. Jd., Milne-Edwards et Haime,
Hist. Nat. Corall., 1857, p. 198. Jd., Gray, Proc.
Zool. Soc., 1857, p. 284; Jd., Gray, Cat. Lithophytes
in Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 15. Jd., Studer, Monatsber.
Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1878, p. 665. Jd., Wright and
Studer, Chall. Rep., Zool., xxxi., 1889, p. 43, pl. vii.,
figs: “Ula, Vb; pk sc: figs vy id. Thomison* and
Mackinnon, Mem. Austr. Mus., iv., 13, 1911, p. 674.

Entangled with a mass of Hydrozoa were found a few
broken specimens, which agree with Wright ard Studer’s
description of Mopsea encrinula (Lamarck). The salient
characters may be summarised thus :—Branching is plume-
like and in one plane ; the ecenenchyma is thick ; the polyps
club-shaped and arranged in close spirals, bending in towards
the stem. The axis is composed of calcareous internodes
with distinct longitudinal furrows, and horny nodes. The
branches arise from the calcareous joints.

The spicules include the following types :—(1) curved,
warty, somewhat flattened spindles, with the convex side
produced into a number of strong, prominent teeth—-192
x 087mm.; -157 x-@52mm.; -140x-06lmm.; -122 x-052
mm.; (2) scales with irregular margins and spiny warts—
105 x-070mm.; -087 x:052mm.; -070x-052mm.; -052.x
°043mm.; (3) small irregular bodies and * capstans ’’—
‘087 x-070mm. ; -052 x-035mm.; -035 x-035mm.

The colour is yellowish-white.
Locality.—Great Australian Bight, 80-100 fathoms.

Distribution.—‘** Les mers de la Nouvelle—Hollande ”
(Lamarck). Australia (lLamouroux, Milne-Edwards — et
Haime, Gray). North-west coast of Australia, 50 fathoms
(Studer). ‘*‘ Challenger’ Station 162, off East Moncceur
Island, Bass Strait, 38 fathoms (Wright and Studer). The
** Thetis ’’ specimens were obtained at the following localities
off the coast of New South Wales :—Eleven miles east of
Broken Bay ; Station 34, off Port Jackson, 39-36 fathoms ;
Station 44, off Coogee, 49-50 fathoms ; Station 47, off Bulgo,
63-57 fathoms (Thomson and Mackinnon).

33

‘* ENDEAVOUR” SCIENTIFIC RESULTS.

«J
bo

MopPpsEA AUSTRALIS, 7'homson and Mackinnon.
(Plate vi.)

Mopsea australis, Thomson and Mackinnon, Mem. Austr.
Mus., <tv:, da. 1911p. Oi ple baty... figs... 80 pl:
Ixvii., fig. 5.

A solitary but magnificent lyre-shaped colony represents
this species, which was described by Thomson and Mackinnon
from very fragmentary specimens.! It is 37-5em. high, and
consists of a main stem, 4 mm. in diameter, which arises
from an encrusting, disc-like, caleareous base. The colony
is expanded in one plane, and has a width of 20cm. in its
widest part. At 3-2cm. from the base the main stem divides
into two equal branches. These primary branches give off,
along the upper side alone, a series of parallel ascending
secondary branches, which soon attain to nearly the same
thickness as the main branches. In this manner there arises
the appearance of a continuous dichotomy. At the same
time the main branch tends to bend outwards after each
secondary branch is given off, so that its course describes a
series of shallow curves. The secondary branches either
divide dichotomously or remain simple throughout their
length. In general appearance and mode of branching the
colony is very similar to Mopsea dichotoma (Linnzus).

The ccenenchyma is thin, and where it has been worn off,
the axis shows the usual white calcareous internodes with
well marked longitudinal fluting, and the short brown-
coloured nodes.

The polyps are club-shaped, and occur in close spirals
round the branches, to which they are very closely pressed,
so that their mouths are hidden.

The spicules include the following forms :—(1) elongate
to oval scales, with large teeth round their edges, and a few
warts scattered over the surface—192 x-087mm.; -183 x
7105mm.; ‘157 x-087mm.; :122x-:070mm.; (2) warty
spindles and clubs—:157 x-035mm. ; -122 x-017mm.; -105
x-035mm.; (3) Capstans, a few crosses, and small irregular
bodies—-070 x:035mm.; -052 x:035mm.; -052 x-052mm. ;
°052 x -017mm.

1. I have not been able to find, among the specimens returned to the
Australian Museum by Thomson and Mackinnon, any specimen labelled
as the type of Mopsea australis. I conclude, therefore, that it must have
broken up. The co-type, consisting of a number of * branching pieces of
various lengths’ has been preserved.

ALCYONARIANS.—BRIGGS. 73

The colour of the colony is cream.

Locality.—Fifteen miles N. 35° E. of Saddle Hill, New
South Wales, 34-35 fathoms.

Distribution.—Hitherto recorded only from eleven miles
east of Broken Bay, New South Wales (Thomson and Mac-
kinnon).

MoprsEA FLABELLUM, Thomson and Mackinnon.

Mopsea flabellum, Thomson and Mackinnon, Mem. Austr.
Mus., iv., 13, 1911, p. 676, pl. Ixiii., figs. 1-3, pl. Ixvii.,
fig. 6, pl. lxxi.

The collection contains two incomplete branching speci-
mens, the characters of which agree in detail with Thomson
and Mackinnon’s description of Mopsea flabellum. The
larger of the two colonies is 24cm. in height. The basal
attachment is lacking. The branching is dichotomous and
strictly confined to one plane. The branches, though
slender, maintain an almost uniform diameter of about
2mm. throughout their length.

The lower portions of the stem and branches are devoid of
coenenchyma, and the axis, which is about 3 mm. in diameter,
is composed of creamy-white calcareous internodes with well
marked longitudinal fluting, and brown-coloured horny nodes.
In the twigs, however, the colour of the calcareous joints is
deep orange.

The club-shaped polyps are arranged in close-wound
spirals all over the branches. Their armature consists of
about eight longitudinal rows of overlapping spicules. A
low operculum is formed of eight plates similar in appearance
to the scales with which the polyps are covered.

The superficial spicules are flat, yellow-coloured, circular,
8-shaped, irregular scales—-262 x-105 mm. ; -210 x-157 mm.;
-192 x%-061 mm. ; ‘175 x:175 mm. Each scale is smooth or
bears a few simple warts ; the margin is deeply dentate or
serrate. The spicules of the ccenenchyma are (1) yellow-
coloured spindles with a few large warts—175 x -052 mm. ;
-157 x 052 mm. ; +122 x -035mm.; and (2) small irregular
bodies—:087 x:052mm.; -070x:035mm.; -052 x-052 mm.

The colour of the colonies is orange-brown; the polyps
yellowish.

Locality —Thirty-six miles S. 58° W. of Cape Wickham,
King Island, Bass Strait, 72-80 fathoms.

3?

74 ‘““ ENDEAVOUR” SCIENTIFIC RESULTS.

Distribution.—Hitherto known only from * Thetis ”’ speci-
mens taken off the coast of New South Wales at the fol-
lowing localities:—Station 34, off Port Jackson, 39-36
fathoms ; Station 44, off Coogee, 49-50 fathoms (Thomson
and Mackinnon).

MopsEA ELEGANS, Thomson and Mackinnon.

Mopsea elegans, Thomson and Mackinnon, Mem. Austr.
Mus:, iv.; 13, 1911, p.. 677, pl, ixiv.,, figs, 3:4, ok
Ixvili., fig. 5, pl. [xxii.

A number of broken pieces showing dichotomous, sub-
parallel branching, agree with Thomson and Mackinnon’s
type. The height of the largest fragment is 18 cm., with
a width of 13cm. The branches vary from 1:5 mm. to
2 mm. in diameter.

The polyps are arranged in two alternating rows on each
side of the younger branches, leaving a median bare line on
each surface. They tend, however, to encroach on these,
especially towards the lower portions of the colony, where
they are arranged in three or four rows. A comparison with
the polyps of the ** Thetis ” type shows that the ** Endeavour”
specimens are more slender, a difference due probably to
drying.

The spicules of this species are :—(1) superficial ctenoid
scales, each with a nucleus from which radiate fine ridges—
-077 x:052mm.; 061 x-052mm.; ‘043 x-:043mm.; (2)
tuberculate capstans with scarcely any waist—-057 x-043
mm.; ‘049 x-035 mm. ; -038 x-:035 mm.

The colour is golden-brown.

Localities.—Shoalhaven Bight, New South Wales, 15-45
fathoms.

Six miles 8. 30° E. of Brush Island, New South Wales, 65
fa‘homs.

Distribution.—Hitherto known only from ‘ Thetis ” speci-
mens taken off the coast of New South Wales at the following
localities :—Station 34, off Port Jackson, 39-36 fathoms ;
Station 41, off Wata Mooli, 52-71 fathoms ; Station 42, off
Wata Mooli, 70-78 fathoms ; Station 47, off Bulgo, 63-57
fathoms; Station 48, off Wollongong, 55-56 fathoms
(Thomson and Mackinnon).

ALCYONARIANS.—BRIGGS. 75

MoprsEA WHITELEGGEI, Thomson and Mackinnon.

Mopsea whitelegget, Thomson and Mackinnon, Mem. Austr.
Mas avy 12, 1911, ee 678, pl. lxvi., figsr 2)°3,
jo) be bo a 0

Two well-preserved specimens, referable to this species,
were obtained from the same locality. The larger of the two
rises from a slightly encrusting base to a height of 26 cm.,
with a width of 20 em. across the expanded portion. Branch-
ing begins at a height of 2:5 em. from the base, and is typically
plume-like ; the branches are confined almost entirely to
one plane. The stouter branches have an average diameter
of 2 mm., and the twigs of 1 mm. near their tips. The second
specimen is 21:-5em. high, with a spread of 16°5 cm. across
the branched part.

The diameter of the axis near the base is 3mm. The
ecenenchyma has worn away from this portion of the stem,
and the axis shows the white calcareous internodes with fine
longitudinal ridges, and the amber-coloured nodes. The
twigs arise from the calcareous internodes.

The polyps are arranged alternately in a single row along
the twigs, here and there encroaching on the middle line and
becoming irregular in disposition. They are club-shaped,
with truncate mouths, and turn upwards towards the ex-
tremity of the twig. The average length of a polyp is about
“6 mm.

The spicules are (1) small, colourless, flattened spindles and
curved lancet-shaped plates, produced more strongly on one
side of the spicule than on the other into a number of tooth-
like warts—262 x-052mm.; -245 x-052mm.; -175 x-070
mm.; ‘131 x-087mm.; (2) small spindles and club-like
forms—131 x:026 mm. ; -122 x-035mm.; -096 x-035 mm. ;
-087 x:035 mm.; -052 x-:026 mm.

The colour of the colonies is creamy-white.

Locality.—Six miles 8. 30° E. of Brush Island, New South
Wales, 65 fathoms.

Distribution.—Hitherto known only from ‘* Thetis ”’ speci-
mens taken off the coast of New South Wales at the following
localities :—Eleven miles east of Broken Bay; Station 10,
off Broken Head, 28 fathoms; Station 40, off Wata Mooli,
52 fathoms; Station 44, off Coogee, 49-50 fathoms ;
Station 48, off Wollongong, 55-56 fathoms (Thomson and
Mackinnon).

76 ‘““ ENDEAVOUR ” SCIENTIFIC RESULTS.

MopsEA PLUMACEA, sp. nov.
(Plate iv., fig. 1; Plate vii.)

This new species is well represented by several complete
colonies, and a number of incomplete branching pieces.

One complete specimen is 22:5em. in height, with a maxi-
mum breadth across the expanded portion of llem. The
colonies are typically feather-like, the long frond-like
branches bearing on each side a row of alternating twigs.
These twigs usually remain simple, but occasionally branch
in the same pinnate manner. The colony is attached by a
well developed calcareous expansion, about 12mm. in thick-
ness. From this there rises a cylindrical stem, 2°5mm in
diameter. At a height of 5-7em., the stem divides into two
main branches, which bear numerous twigs. The branches
have a diameter of 2mm. Branching is confined to one
plane.

The axis is composed of white calcareous internodes with
fine longitudinal fluting, and short amber-coloured nodes.
The longitudinal ridges of the calcareous joints are dentate.
Near the base of the stem, the horny nodes have lengths of
2-3mm., and the calcareous internodes of O0-5bmm. In
some cases the internodes are entirely overlapped by the
horny joints. Higher up the calcareous joints are 1-Smm. in
length, the horny joints being reduced to 0-25mm. The
calcareous internodes give rise to one twig each in alternate
succession.

The coenenchyma is thin, and on the twigs is almost en-
tirely hidden by the numerous -polyps. These occur in
close-wound spirals over the whole surface of the twigs. In
the youngest twigs the spiral is wider, but nowhere is there
any trace of a bilateral arrangement. On the branches,
however, a few scattered polyps occupy a lateral position,
here and there encroaching on the middle line.

The polyps are small, 0-5-0°75mm. in height, and club-
shaped, with truncate mouths, which turn upward toward
the extremity of the twig. In several instances inverted
polyps were observed with their mouths directed towards
the proximal end of the twig. The calyces are armoured
with longitudinal rows of transversely arranged, slightly
overlapping scales ; there are from ten to twelve of these in
the abaxial rows. These spicules are arranged in an imbri-
cate manner ; the imbrication being clearly seen in a profile
view of the polyp.

lad

ALCYONARIANS.—BRIGGS. rey

The calyx spicules are colourless, flat scales, transversely
elongate, 8-shaped, and irregular. The following measure-
ments of the length and breadth in millimetres were taken :—
OZ sx LIS eo 5e122 ) Ox -1LORs 140 x7087% > -105*
‘O87. Their free edge is deeply dentate ; simple warts are
scattered over the surface, and the border round the exposed
portion of the scale bears fine radiating ridges. A low eight-
rayed operculum is formed by similar scales. There are
also somewhat flattened, curved spindles, with the convex
side producetl into a number of sharp projecting warts—
"192 x-:052mm.; -175 x-043mm.; -:157x-035mm.; -149~x
‘035mm.

The spicules of the ccenenchyma are (1) stout spindles

with prominent warts—1138 x-070mm.; -122 x-070mm. ;
"105 x-052mm.; -096 x-052mm.; and (2) capstan-like

forms and small irregular bodies—:105 x-06lmm.; -087 x
‘(070mm.; -070x-052mm.; -052 x-035mm.

The colour of the colonies is creamy-white.

Position.—This species agrees in many respects with
Mopsea whitelegget, Thomson and Mackinnon!, but is dis-
tinguished from that species by (1) the invariable arrange-
ment of the polyps in close-wound spirals round the twigs,
(2) the smaller number of scales in the abaxial rows of the
polyp calyx, and (3) the quite different type of spicules.

Localities —South Australian Coast.

Fifteen miles south of St. Francis Island, Nuyt Archi-
pelago, Great Australian Bight, 30 fathoms.

Thirty-six miles 8. 58° W. of Cape Wickham, King
Island, Bass Strait, 72-80 fathoms.

MopPSsEA REPENS, sp. nov.
(Plate iv., fig. 2; Plate viii.)

This species is based on several branching specimens, of
which the largest is 13-5em. in height, with a spread of
145cm. across the expanded portion. The branching is
strictly confined to one plane. The basal attachment of
the stem is missing. Branching begins at a height of 1-4cem.,
and is very luxuriant. The main stem is bent in a zigzag
manner, forming an angle wherever branches arise. The

1. Thomson and Mackinnon—Mem. Austr. Mus., iv., 13, 1911, p. 678,
pl. Ixvi., figs. 2 and 3, pl. Ixxiii.

78 ‘* ENDEAVOUR” SCIENTIFIC RESULTS.

branches ascend in the same zigzag manner, and are bent
at the point of departure of each twig. The stem has a
maximum diameter of 25cm. ; the average diameter of the
larger branches is 2mm., and of the twigs 1mm.

The axis is made up of orange-coloured calcareous inter-
nodes with fine longitudinal fluting, and short brown-coloured
nodes. Near the base of the colony the major portion of the
stem is composed of horny nodes, which are 1-5mm. long.
These entirely overlap the calcareous internodes. Higher
up the calcareous joints are 2mm. in length; the horny
joints being reduced to 0'5mm. The branches arise from
the horny nodes.

The polyps are mainly confined to the twigs, along each
side of which they are arranged alternately in a single row.
A few occur here and there on the branches. The arrange-
ment of the polyps on the twigs shows great regularity and
evenness. There are about eleven polyps on one side in a
length of lem.

The polyps are 0-75-lmm. in height, and club-shaped
with truncate mouths, which are incurved toward the cortex
of vuhe twig. The calyces are armoured with eight rather
indefinite, longitudinal rows of transversely arranged, over-
lapping scales. The abaxial rows are composed of about
sixteen such spicules. The calyx spicules are elongate to
oval, ctenoid scales with their free edge crisply waved ; the
remainder of the margin bears more or less deep indentations.
Warts are scattered over the surtace of the scale, and the
clear border round the exposed portion of the scale bears
strongly-marked radiating ridges. The following measure-
ments of the length and breadth in millimetres were taken :—
-166 x-087; °140x:087; -122x-:070; -105~x-052. A low
eight-rayed operculum is formed by similar scales.

The spicules of the ccenenchyma are yellow spindles—
-140 x:052mm.; -122x-:070mm.; -105 x-052mm.; -087 x
-035mm. They have relatively few, but large warts. There
are also a few crosses and small irregular bodies—087 x-070
mm.; ‘070 x-052mm.; -052x-052mm. The ccenenchyma
is thin and the spicules follow the longitudinal direction of
the stalk.

The colour of the colonies is reddish-brown.

Localities.—Thirty-six miles 8. 58° W. of Cape Wickham,
King Island, Bass Strait, 72-80 fathoms.

Fifteen miles south of St. Francis Island, South Australia,
30 fathoms.

ALCYONARIANS.—BRIGGS. 79

Family PRIMNOID.
Genus StacHyopes, Wright and Studer.
STACHYODES STUDERI, Versluys.

Stachyodes regularis, Wright and Studer, Chall. Rep., Zool.,
xa, 1659, 2p; 55, ple xi, figs. 2, 2a, pl, xx., fige 3:

Stachyodes studert, Versluys, Gorgoniden Siboga Exped.,
ii., Primnoide, 1906, p. 94, figs. 112-117. Jd., Thom-
son and Mackinnon, Mem. Austr. Mus., iv., 138, 1911,
p. 680.

A single specimen in the collection agrees with the descrip-
tion of Stachyodes studeri given by Versluys. The fragment
is 55mm. in length, without a basal attachment. The
polyps occur in whorls of eight to ten. Whorls of new young
polyp buds are sometimes visible between the whorls of
adult polyps.

The colour of the specimen is creamy-white ; the axis is
greenish-bronze, with fine longitudinal striations.

Locality.—Off Long Reef, New South Wales, 50 fathoms.

Distribution.—‘‘ Challenger ” Station 171, off the Kermadec
Islands, 600 fathoms (Wright and Studer). Celebes Sea,
1080 and 1165-1264 metres (Versluys). The ‘ Thetis ”
specimens were obtained off the coast of New South Wales
at the following localities :—Station 15, off Norah Head, 32-
48 fathoms; Station 42, off Wata Mooli, 70-78 fathoms ;
Station 44, off Coogee, 49-50 fathoms (Thomson and Mac-
kinnon).

Nutting! records the occurrence of Stachyodes regularis,
Wright and Studer, at ‘ Albatross ” Station 3879, south of
Lanai Island, 923-1081 fathoms. He states, moreover, that
*‘ the original specimens were secured by the Challenger in the
South Atlantic, near Tristan da Cunha, 75-150 fathoms.” I
ean find no authority for this locality, since Wright and
Studer and Versluys state definitely that the type locality is
the Kermadec Islands.

1. Nutting—Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xxxiv., 1908, p. 577.

>

80 ‘* ENDEAVOUR” SCIENTIFIC RESULTS.

Genus AMPHILAPHIS, Wright and Studer.
AMPHILAPHIS PLUMACEA, J’homson and Mackinnon.
(Plate iv., fig. 4).

Amphilaphis plumacea, Thomson and Mackinnon, Mem.
Austr. Mus., iv., 13, 1911, p. 680, pl. Ixv., fig. 3, pl.
Ixviii., fig. 3, pl. Ixxiv.

The occurrence of five colonies in this collection allows of
the addition of several details, especially as regards habit,
to the description given by Thomson and Mackinnon.

They are slightly smaller than the 18-5 cm. high colony
obtained by the ‘‘ Thetis ’’ Expedition off the coast of New
South Wales; the largest is 17°5em. in height, with a
diameter of 1:5 mm. at the base. One markedly flabellate
colony, 7°5 em. high, has a width of as much as 13-7 cm., and
a diameter of 2mm. at the base of the stem. The corres-
ponding dimensions of another flabellate colony are—height
9em.; width 13-5cm.; diameter of stem 2mm.

The following significant characters can be made out.
The colonies are expanded in one plane. From a slightly
swollen base arises a cylindrical stem, which soon branches.
Lateral branches, varying much in size, are given off from
either side of the plane, and from these spring other branches,
which again divide in a dichotomous manner.

In a few eases the ccenenchyma, which is very thin, is
intact ; generally it is more or less worn away. The axis is
dark bronze in colour, and marked by fine longitudinal furrows.

The polyps are densely crowded and arranged in a spiral.
They vary from 1-1-5 mm. in length.

The dimensions of the ctenoid scales, with which the polyps
are armoured, are—315 x:236 mm. ; :297 x:201 mm. ; -245 x
-192 mm.

The opercular scales (in the form of isosceles triangles)
yielded the following measurements :—-420 x-227 mm. ; 400
x:210 mm. ; -358 x-218 mm.

The spicules of the ccenenchyma are circular to oval scales.
The following measurements were taken :—175 x-105 mm. ;
-157 x-:122 mm.; -122 x-105 mm.

The colour of the colonies is creamy-white.

Locality—South-east coast of Australia.

Distribution.—Hitherto known only from ‘ Thetis ” speci-
mens taken off the coast of New South Wales at the following
localities :—Eleven miles E. by N. of Barrenjoey, 30-40
fathoms ; Station 22, off Newcastle Bight, 40-26 fathoms ;
Station 40, off Wata Mooli, 52 fathoms; Station 44, off
Coogee, 49-50 fathoms (Thomson and Mackinnon).

ALCYONARIANS.—BRIGGS. el

Genus PLUMARELLA, Gray.

PLUMARELLA THETIS, Thomson and Mackinnon.
(Plate ix.).

Plumarella thetis, Thomson and Mackinnon, Mem. Austr.
Mus:, iv:, 13,1911, p. 683, pl. Ixvi., fig. 5, pl. Ixviii.,
fig. 6, pl. Ixxvi.

Two frond-like branches correspond with Thomson and
Mackinnon’s description of Plumarella thetis. They are re-
markably robust, the larger being 32-5cm. long, with a
diameter of 4mm. near the base. The branches give off
along each side a row of alternating twigs, which remain
simple. The twigs are 11 cm. long, with a diameter of 2 mm.
There are seven to eight twigs in each row in a length of 5 em.

The second frond is 26cm. long, and has a diameter of
3mm. near the base. The twigs are 7:5 cm. in length, with
a diameter of 2 mm.

The polyps are arranged in close-wound spirals round the
twigs, but are scattered irregularly over the whole surface
of the branches. They are armed with longitudinal rows of
large overlapping scales, of which there are about six in the
abaxials ; they are broad, shield-like, and fan-like scales,
with a nucleus surrounded by numerous finely-tuberculate
warts, and with a clear border between the outer margin and
the warted portion bearing radiating ridges—:612 x -367mm. ;
oD x 290mm. >: -d07 x<o6/ mm. ; 3455 x-297.nm. .. The
opercular scales are isosceles triangles with a strong T-square
ridge—-472 x:210 mm. ; -455 x:192mm. The scales of the
cceenenchyma are triangular, oval, and fan-shaped, with
tuberculate warts surrounding an excentric nucleus—-385 x
-350 mm. ; -367 x:236 mm. ; -280 x-227 mm.

The colour of the specimens is light-brown. The axis is
almost black and bears fine longitudinal striations.

Locality.—Fifteen miles N. 35° E. of Saddle Hill, New
South Wales, 34-35 fathoms.

Distribution.—Hitherto known only from specimens ob-
tained by the ** Thetis ”’ off the coast of New South Wales at
the following localities:—Eleven miles E. by N. of Broken
Bay, 30-40 fathoms; Station 34, off Port Jackson, 39-36
fathoms ; Station 40, off Wata Mooli, 52 fathoms; Station
42, off Wata Mooli, 70-78 fathoms; Station 47, off Bulgo,
63-57 fathoms ; Station 48, off Wollongong, 55-56 fathoms ;
Station 53, off Crookhaven River, 23 fathoms (Thomson and
Mackinnon).

3)

‘ ENDEAVOUR SCIENTIFIC RESULTS.

os)
bo

PLUMARELLA FILICOIDES, Thomson and Mackinnon.

Plumarella_ filicoides, Thomson and Mackinnon, Mem.
Austr. Mus., iv., 13, 1911, p. 686, pl. Ixv., fig. 5, pl.

Ixviii., fig. 1, pl. lxxviii.

Two specimens represent this species. One colony has
the basal portion intact. The larger of the two has a height
of 20-5em., with a width of 17-5em. across the expanded
portion. Its basal attachment consists of a slightly en-
crusting expansion from which rises a cylindrical stem, 3mm.
in diameter. Branching is typically feather-like, and is
confined to one plane. “At 5-5em. from the base, the stem
gives off two stout branches which bear on each side a row
of alternating twigs. The stem also bears twigs, alternating
in a single row along each side. The twigs remain simple,
and their average length is 4cm., with a diameter of 2mm.
There are ten to eleven twigs on each side of a branch in a
length of 5em.

The polyps are arranged bilaterally on the stem and
branches ; a few, however, are scattered over the free median
surfaces of the latter. They are arranged in close-wound
spirals on the twigs. The polyps are “of two sizes :—(1)
small polyps partially sunken in the ccenenchyma and closely
pressed against the branch. They are armed with a few
broad scales ; there are three or four of these in the abaxial
longitudinal rows. The operculum forms a sharp, well-
defined cone of eight isosceles triangles; (2) large swollen
polyps armed with four scales in the abaxial rows, and two
or three in the adaxial-laterals. The operculum is low.

The calyx scales are broad, shield-like and fan-like with
a distinct nucleus surrounded by numerous tuberculate
warts, and a narrow clear border bearing strongly marked
ridges—-490 x-280mm.; -367 x:350mm.; +297 x-262mm. ;
*262 x:525mm. The opercular scales are high, sharp-
pointed isosceles triangles bearing a strong T-square ridge—
*455 x-210mm. ; -385 x:192mm.; -°350x-175mm. The
spicules of the coenenchyma are large, oval and fan-shaped
scales, without the clear border. They are covered with
tuberculate warts, which surround a well-defined nucleus—
“302 X*210mm.; 280 x-280mm.; ‘192 x-122mm.; *122%
-122mm.

The colour of the colonies is very light brown. The axis
is furrowed, and of a greenish-bronze colour.

ALCYONARIANS.—BRIGGS., 83

Locality.—Six miles §. 30° E. of Brush Island, New South
Wales, 65 fathoms.

Distribution.—Hitherto known only from specimens ob-
tained by the ‘‘ Thetis ”’ off the coast of New South Wales at
the following localities :—Station 13, off Cape Three Points,
41-50 fathoms; Station 17, off Broughton Island, 29-48
fathoms; Station 34, off Port Jackson, 39-36 fathoms ;
Station 48, off Wollongong, 55-56 fathoms (Thomson and
Mackinnon).

PLUMARELLA AUSTRALIS, Sp. nov.
(Plate iv., fig. 3; Plate x.; Plate xi., fig. 2.)

This new species is represented by both dried specimens
and others in spirit.

The colonies are typically feather-like. In the largest
specimen there is a slightly flattened stem, 5mm. in thick-
ness. The colony has a height of 43cm., with a spread of
32-5em. across the expanded portion. The basal attach-
ment is lacking. The branching is confined strictly to one
plane. The stem gives off strongly flattened branches at
rather wide intervals, which bear on each side a row of
alternating twigs. These twigs occasionally branch in the
same pinnate manner, but usually they remain simple. The
longest twigs are 8cm. in length, with a diameter of 2mm.
There are eight twigs in each row in a length of 5cm.

Some of the colonies show the basal portion, which con-
sists of a well-developed calcareous expansion about 20mm.
in thickness. From this there rises a cylindrical stem, 7mm.
in diameter, which soon becomes compressed with its long
axis lying in the same plane as that of the colony.

The polyps are arranged bilaterally on the stem and
branches ; on the twigs their arrangement is also lateral,
but there is a tendency, in some instances, to encroach on
the middle line. They are arranged in a double row along
each side on the twigs, those of one row alternating with
those of the other on the same side. The polyps have an
average length of -75 mm.

Scattered among the normal-sized polyps in some of the
colonies, there are a few large swollen polyps of about twice
the size of the others ; these contain reproductive bodies.

84 ‘* ENDEAVOUR” SCIENTIFIC RESULTS.

The calyx scales are arranged in longitudinal rows, of
which the abaxials alone are complete. These consist of
three to four relatively large overlapping scales. The adaxials
are practically absent. The abaxial-laterals are reduced to
about one small scale. The operculum is a well defined
sharp cone formed of eight rather high isosceles triangles,
which bear on their inner surface a well marked keel or
ridge. The abaxial pair is the largest; the adaxial pair
is very small and lies bent under the other opereular
scales.

The large swollen polyps differ from the normal ones not
only in size, but they have a much lower operculum, and
the polyp scales are more numerous. The armature consists
of overlapping scales of which there are about five in the
abaxial longitudinal rows, and two to three in the adaxial-
laterals.

The calyx scales are broad, shield-like and fan-like, with
finely toothed margins, and a well marked excentric nucleus
surrounded by tuberculate warts. The relatively clear
border of the scale is narrow, and bears strongly marked
radiating ridges. The following measurements of the length
en breadth of the calyx scales were taken in millimetres :—

2 Xtalo.5 OTT x 315; -525 x-385; -455 x-332; -367 x
a -332 x-437. The eight opercular scales are of very

unequal ise —De0 x-210mm.; °490x-192mm.; -402~x
-192mm. -350 x:210mm.; -280x-:140mm. They are

sharply a ciied isosceles triangles with a strong median
ridge. Numerous small warts are grouped along “the sides
of the ridge. The border is relatively broad and bears a
number of jagged projections. The margins of the two
long sides of the scale are minutely dentate.

The spicules of the ccenenchyma are rather large scales,
oval, fan-shaped and triangular, closely studded with tuber-
culate warts, and without a clear border. The following
measurements were taken :—-490 «:332mm.; +437 x:341
mm.; °420x-350mm.; -:385x°332mm.; °315 x°297mm.
A few oval to spherical bodies covered with warts are also
present— 192 x:175mm.; :175 x:175mm.; +122 x:122mm.

The colour of the colonies is creamy-white ; the axis is
greenish-bronze to black, and bears fine longitudinal
striations.

Locality.—Fifty miles south of Cape Wiles, South Aus-
tralia, 75 fathoms.

ALCYONARIANS.—BRIGGS. 85
Genus PRIMNOELLA, Gray.

PRIMNOELLA AUSTRALASLE, Gray.

Primnoa australasie, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1849, p. 146,
pl. ii., figs. 8, 9; Jd., Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (2),
v., 1850, p. 510.

Primnoella australasie, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1857, p.
286, and 1859, p. 483; Id., Gray, Cat. Lithophytes in
Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 50. Jd., Verrill, Bull. U.S. Nat.
Mus., 1876, p. 76. Jd., Wright and Studer, Chall.
Rep., Zool., xxxi., 1889, p. 88, pl. xviii., figs. 1, la,
pl. xxi., fig. 15. Jd., Versluys, Gorgoniden Siboga
Exped., ii., Primnoide, 1906, p. 52, figs. 55-60. Jd.,
Thomson and Mackinnon, Mem. Austr. Mus., iv., 13,
FOUL, p. 688," pl. ta.) firs 1,

This species is represented by a single colony, which is
imperfect at the tip, and has a length of 8lem. The lower
portion of the stem is devoid of polyps and ccenenchyma,
which is first met with at a height of 55mm. The thickness
of the axis at its base is 5mm., but rapidly diminishes to
3mm. in diameter. At the point of attachment of the
colony the axis is hard and calcareous, but soon becomes
horny and flexible. There are fifteen to nineteen calyces,
2mm. in length, on each closely packed whorl.

Locality.—Fifteen and a-half miles 8. 8° E. of Cape Everard,
Victoria, 66 fathoms.

Distribution.—P. australasie has been recorded frequently
from the eastern and southern coasts of Australia, from
Tasmania (Gray), and from Bluff Harbour, New Zealand
(Verrill). Gray also gives as a locality the “ Australian
Seas.” The ‘Challenger ” Expedition obtained specimens
from Port Jackson, New South Wales, 30-35 fathoms, and
from off Twofold Bay, New South Wales, 150 fathoms.
Records by Thomson and Mackinnon tell of its presence at
nine stations on the coast of New South Wales.

Under the name Primnoella australasie (Gray), Hickson!
recorded a Primnoid from Port Phillip, Victoria, which he
now refers to Caligorgia flabellum, Ehrenberg. He writes?
“I ask therefore to correct my report by substituting the
name Caligorgia flabellum (Ehrenberg) for Primnoella austral-
asie (Gray), in the list of species obtained at Port Phillip.”

1. Hickson—Proc. Roy. Soc. Vict., (n.s.), ii., 1890, p. 138.
2. Hickson—Proc. Roy. Soc. Vict., (n.s.), xix., 1907, p. 46.

86 ‘* PNDEAVOUR ” SCIENTIFIC RESULTS.

PRIMNOELLA GRANDISQUAMIS, Wright and Studer.
g

Primnoella grandisquamis, Wright and Studer, Chall. Rep.,
Zool., xxxi., 1889, p. 86, pl. xvii., fig. 4, pl. xxi., fig.
13. Jd., Versluys, Gorgoniden Siboga Exped., ii.,
Primnoidze, 1996, p. 55.

The collection contains a number of broken pieces of
Primnoella grandisquamis, Wright and Studer, which does
not appear to have been obtained since those authors pub-
lished their original description of a specimen 39mm. in
length.

They were trawled from the type locality in 40 fathoms.
The largest has a height of 210 mm.; the basal attachment
is lacking. The axis has an almost uniform diameter of
05mm. The colony is a long, flexible, thread-like, un-
branched stem around which the polyps are arranged in
whorls. There are four to five polyps in a whorl. The
average length of a polyp is 1:5 mm., with a diameter of
0-9mm. The whorls are about 1:5mm. apart. Young
polyp buds, arranged in whorls, are visible in the internodes.

The calyx scales are large, transversely elongate, and
overlapping, and only two longitudinal rows are visible from
the dorsal side. Each scale shows a nucleus with fine lines
radiating from it. The surface is studded with small warts.
The free margin of the scale is entire; the remainder is
strongly toothed. Their dimensions are—-385 x:262 mm. ;
-315 x-227mm.; °315x:262mm.; -:297x-:245mm. The
opercular scales are short, flat structures—227 x-070 mm.
The spicules of the coenenchyma are oval, four-cornered, and
polygonal plates, with a central nucleus and teeth round the
edges, and with warts over the surface—:492 x:227 mm. ;
-385 x:262mm.; °350 x:297 mm. ; -192 x:113 mm.

The colour of the specimens is creamy-white.

Locality.—Off Eden, Twofold Bay, New South Wales, 40
fathoms.

Distribution.—Hitherto recorded only from “ Challenger ’
Station 163A, off Twofold Bay, New South Wales, 150
fathoms (Wright and Studer).

>

Genus CaLigoraiA, Gray (emend. Studer).

CALIGORGIA FLABELLUM (Ehrenberg).

Gorgonia verticillaris, Esper, Fortsetz. der Pflanzenthiere,
x, 1797, p. 166, pli'42:3

Primnoa flabellum, Ehrenberg, Corallenthiere rothen Meeres,
1834, p. 134. Jd., Kolliker, Icones Histiologice,
1865, p. 135, pl. xvii., fig. 11.

bo |

ALCYONARIANS.—BRIGGS. ra

Callogorgia fiabella, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soe., 1859, p. 484.

Calligorgia verticillata, Gray, Cat. Lithophytes Brit. Mus.,
1870, p. 35.

Xiphocella esperi, Gray, Cat. Lithophytes Brit. Mus., 1870,
p- 36.

Calligorgia flabellum, Studer, Monatsber. Akad. Wiss.
Berlin, 1878, p. 646, pl. ii., fig. 13, a, b.

Caligorgia flabellum, \Wright and Studer, Chall. Rep.,
Zoo),,| xxx1., 1889,, p..'79; pl... xiv,, fig..2.. Jd., Studer,
Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xxv., 1894, p. 65. IJd., Ver-
sluys, Gorgoniden Siboga Exped., ii., Primnoide,
1906, p. 69, pl. v., fig. 13, pl. vi., fig. 14. Jd., Thom-
son and Henderson, Aleyonaria Indian Ocean, i., 1906,
p. 43. Jd., Kukenthal, Zool. Anzeig., xxxi., 1907,
p. 209. Jd., Kinoshita, Journ. Coll. Sci. Tokyo, xxiii.,
12, 1908, p. 35, pl. vi., fig. 45. Jd., Nutting, Proc.
U.S. .Nat. Mus., xliii., 1913, p. 60.

The collection contains a single incomplete specimen,
which I am unable to separate from the Japanese Caligorgia
flabellum (Ehrenberg). The polyps and spicules agree with
the description and figures given by Versluys, except that
the sculpture of the distal scales is not so pronounced as
figured. In my specimen the number of polyps in a whorl
is usually four, sometimes five, never so many as seven as
in those of Versluys. Nutting’s specimen has eighteen polyps
to a whorl on the bases of the larger branches.

The colour of the colony is cream.

Locality. Great Australian Bight, Long. 129° 63’, 200-300
fathoms.

Distribution.—Previously recorded from near Mauritius,
Japan, Formosa, and the western part of the Indian Ocean.
“Challenger” Station 232, Hyalonema-ground, south of
Japan, 345 fathoms (Wright and Studer). Port Phillip,
Victoria (Hickson!). The *‘ Albatross”’ Expedition obtained
it at the following localities :—Station 3406, Lat. 0° 16’ N.,
Long. 90° 21’ 30” W., 551 fathoms; Station 3424, Lat.
21° 15’ N., Long. 106° 23’ W., 676 fathoms; Station 3353,
Lat. 7° 6’ 15” N., Long. 80° 34’ W., 695 fathoms (Studer).
““Siboga ’’ Station 251, 5° 28"4 S., 132° 0’-2 E., Kei Island,
204 metres (Versluys). ‘‘ Investigator ”’ Station 333, 6° 37’
N., 79° 38? E., 401 fathoms (Thomson and Henderson).
Indian Ocean, 752 metres (Kiikenthal). Sagami Sea, Japan
(Kinoshita). ‘* Albatross ” Station 4936, Sata Misaki Light,
N. 21° E., 103 fathoms (Nutting).

1. Under the name of Primnoella australasie (Gray).

88 ‘* BNDEAVOUR ” SCIENTIFIC RESULTS.

Family GORGONELLID.
Genus CTENOCELLA, Valenciennes.

Simpson! and Nutting? have both shown that the genus
Scirpearia, as understood by authors generally, is not iden-
tical with that of Cuvier, the latter being based on a Pen-
natulid. Simpson has retained the genus in its emended
form, which, however, cannot be admitted according to the
rules of zoological nomenclature. Nutting, on the other
hand, has distributed the various species which were in-
cluded in Scirpearia into other genera of the Gorgonellide.

Simpson also argued that Ctenocella is not distinct from
his emended Scirpearia from which it only differs in the
mode of branching. If his opinion be accepted, the single
species of Ctenocella (C. pectinata) must be placed in one of
the several genera into which Nutting has distributed the
various species erroniously included in Scirpearta. Nutting,
however, has not recognised the identity of Ctenocella and
Scirpearia (emended), but maintains it as a good genus ;
under the circumstances I prefer to follow him.

CTENOCELLA PECTINATA (Pallas).
(Plate iv., fig. 5; Plate xii.)

Gorgonia pectinata, Pallas, Elenchus Zoophytorum, 1766,
p. 179. Id., Ellis and Solander, Nat. Hist. Zoophytes,
1786, p. 85. Jd., Lamouroux, Hist. Polyp. corall.
flexibles, 1816, p. 416.

Gorgonella wpectinata, Kolliker, Icones Histiologice, ii.,
1865, p. 140, pl. xviii., fig. 41.

Ctenocella pectinata, Valenciennes, Comptes Rendus, xli.,
1855, p. 14. Jd., Milne-Edwards et Haime, Hist.
Nat. Corall., 1857, p. 185. Jd., Gray, Cat. Litho-
phytes Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 26. Jd., Studer, Monats-
ber. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1878, p. 657. Jd., Ridley,
Zool. Coll. H.M.S. “‘ Alert,’ 1884, p. 348. Jd., Studer,
Versuch eines Systems der Alcyonarien, 1887, p. 68.
Id., Wright and Studer, Chall. Rep., Zool., xxxi.,
1889, p. Ixvi. Jd., Studer, Aleyonarien Sammlung

1. Simpson—Proe. R. Irish Academy, xxviii., 1910, p. 307.
2. Nutting—Gorgonacea Siboga Exped., vi., Gorgonellide, 1910, p. 5.

ALCYONARIANS.—BRIGGS. 89

Naturhistorischen Museums Liubeck, 1894, p. 119.
Id., Nutting, Gorgonacea Siboga Exped., vi., Gor-
gonellidae, 1910, p. 15. Jd., Thomson and Mac-
kinnon, Mem. Austr. Mus., iv., 13, 1911, p. 691, pl.
bexxi.

Scirpearia pectinata, Simpson, Proc. R. Irish Academy,
Xxvili., 1910, p. 319, figs. 36-45.

The first detailed descriptions of this species are those of
Nutting (1910) and Simpson (1910), who gave a compre-
hensive review of its structure. The species is represented
in the collection by twenty-nine specimens, all of which are
preserved in the dry condition. Although showing a moder-
ate amount of variation in external form, the colonies may
be described as typically lyre-shaped. The description and
figure of a colony given by Thomson and Mackinnon (1911)
portray with exactitude their salient features. The largest
specimen is 62cm. in height, with a spread of 3lem. The
main stem, which arises from an encrusting base, is 3cm.
long and 8mm. in diameter. The main branches into which
the stem forks, diverge at an angle of about 45°, and from
their upper surface alone give off a series of erect, parallel
twigs. The main branches have a basal diameter of 7mm.,
and the longest is 52cm. in length. Some of the lesser
branches are more strongly developed than the rest, and
these either give off ascending twigs, or divide in a dichoto-
mous manner. The twigs, up to 23cm. in length, have a
uniform diameter of about 25mm. They are regularly
spaced, and average about 1lmm. apart.

The ccenenchyma is thin, compact and smooth. A
distinct median furrow can be made out both on the main
branches and on the twigs. Where the ccenenchyma is
worn away the axis of the colony is seen to be light brown
in colour and deeply furrowed.

The polyps are very numerous, 0°5-lmm. apart, and are
retracted into low wart-like verruce. They are scattered
all over the surface of the larger branches, but tend towards
a more or less bilateral arrangement on the twigs.

The spicules include (1) colourless warty double clubs—
‘070 x-035mm. ; *066 x-035mm.; (2) elongated forms ap-
proaching double spindles—-087 «-026mm. ; -070 x-026mm.;
and (3) a few crosses—*052 x-052mm.; -:035 x-035mm.

The colour of the colonies is creamy-white to yellowish.

33

90 ‘“ ENDEAVOUR ” SCIENTIFIC RESULTS.
Localities.—Shoalhaven Bight, New South Wales, 15-45
fathoms.

Eight miles east of Sandon Bluff, Queensland, 35-40
fathoms.

Distribution.—Indian Ocean (Lamouroux). Seas of the
Moluccas (Lamarck). India and China (Gray). Cuba (Ridley).
Elphinstone Island, Mergui Archipelago (Ridley)!. Aus-
tralia (Studer, Ridley, Thomson and Mackinnon). Rotti
and Aru Islands (Nutting). Burma and Andamans
(Simpson).

Order STELECHOTOKEA, Bourne.
Family TELESTID.
Genus TELESTO, Lamouroux.
TELESTO ARBOREA, Wright and Studer.

Telesto arborea, Wright and Studer, Chall. Rep., Zool., xxxi.,
1889, p. 262, pl. xxxix., figs. 1, la. Jd., Thomson and
Henderson, Proc. Zool. Soc., i., 1906, p. 434. Jd.,
Thomson and Simpson, Aleyonaria of the Indian
Ocean, 1i., 1909, p. 276. Jd., Thomson and Mackinnon,
Mem. Austr. Mus., iv., 13, 1911, p. 692, pl. Ixvii., fig. 2.

This species is represented by two fragments of a dark
brown colour. The lateral polyps are cylindrical, 4 to 5mm.
in length and 2mm. in diameter. The spicules agree with
the figure given by Thomson and Mackinnon. They are
transparent spindles with long, irregular, sharp spines.

Locality.—Shoalhaven Bight, New South Wales, 15-45
fathoms.

Distribution.—* Challenger ” Station 190, in the Arafura
Sea, lat. 8° 56’S., long. 136° 5’ E., 49 fathoms (Wright and
Studer). Kokotoni Harbour, 5 fathoms, and Wasin Channel,
10 fathoms, Zanzibar (Thomson and Henderson). Andamans,
270-45 fathoms ; southern portion of Malacca Strait ; Gaspar
Straits; east coast of Sumatra; Karachee (Thomson and
Simpson). “ Thetis ” Station 42, off Wata Mooli, New South
Wales, 70-78 fathoms (Thomson and Mackinnon).

1. Ridley—Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool., xxi., 1889, p. 243.

ALCYONARIANS.—BRIGGS. 91

TELESTO TRICHOSTEMMA (Dana).

Gorgonia trichostemma, Dana, Zooph., 1846, p. 665,
pl. lix., figs. 3, 3a, 3b.

Telesto trichostemma, Verrill, Amer. Journ. Sci. and Arts,
xlv., 1868, p. 415. Jd., Wright and Studer, Chall.
Rep., Zool., xxxi., 1889, p. 264. Jd., Hickson, Fauna
Geography Maldive and Laccadive Archipelagoes, ii.,
1, 1903, p. 481. Jd., Thomson and Henderson, in
Herdman, Rep. Ceylon Pearl Oyster Fisheries, Part
III., Suppl. Rep., xx., Alcyonaria, 1905, p. 319. Id.,
Thomson and Simpson, Alcyonaria of the Indian
Ocean, ii., 1909, p. 277. Zd., Thomson and Mackinnon,
Mem. Austr. Mus., iv., 13, 1911, p. 692.

A solitary specimen is referred to this species. It is 13 em.
in length, and of a yellowish-brown colour. It agrees with
the description given by Wright and Studer, and with speci-
mens in the Australian Museum collection. The basal attach-
ment is intact, and consists of a flattened expansion. The
spicules are exactly like those described in the “‘ Challenger ”
Report.

Locality Shoalhaven Bight, New South Wales, 15-45
fathoms.

Distribution.—Fiji Islands (Dana). Torres Strait, 3-11
fathoms (Wright and Studer). Mulaku Atoll, 25 fathoms,
and Miladumadulu Atoll, Maldive Archipelago, 24 fathoms
(Hickson). Patani, Siam (Thomson and Henderson).
“ Thetis ’ Station 44, off Coogee, New South Wales, 49-50
fathoms (Thomson and Mackinnon).

Family KOPHOBELEMNONID 4.
Genus KopHOBELEMNON, Kolliker.
KOPHOBELEMNON SCHMELTZII (Kolliker).

Sclerobelemnon schmeltzii, Kolliker, Anatom. Systemat.
Beschreib. Aleyonarien, Abth. i., Pennatuliden, 1872,
p. 312, pl. xxi., figs. 184a, 184b, 185.

Kophobelemnon schmeltzii, Thomson and Mackinnon, Mem.
Austr. Mus., iv., 13, 1911, p. 693.

A single specimen of a light brown colour represents this
species, which was originally described by Kolliker from
Formosa.

92 ‘* ENDEAVOUR” SCIENTIFIC RESULTS.

The dimensions in centimetres are as follows :—

Length of entire colony , bs as 15:3
Length of polyp-bearing portion Lf es Oo
Length of the stalk coe ee 3 6'1
Breadth of polyp-bearing por tion vs ees et)
Breadth of the stalk ee ze ae; sa 0-5

Locality Between Port Stephens and Newcastle, New
South Wales, 22-60 fathoms.

Distribution.—Formosa (Ko6lliker). ‘* Thetis ” Station 25,
off Newcastle, New South Wales, 48-42 fathoms (Thomson
and Mackinnon).

Family PTEROEIDID2.
Genus GopEFFROYIA, Koélliker.
GODEFFROYIA ELEGANS, Kolliker.

Godeffroyia elegans, Kolliker, Anatom. Systemat. Beschreib.
Aleyonarien, Abth. 1, Pennatuliden, 1872, p. 116,
pl. viii., figs. 63-65. Jd., Thomson and Mackinnon,
Mem. Austr. Mus., iv., 13, 1911, p. 693.

This species was founded on a single specimen, 134 mm.
in length, from the Gulf of Siam. There are three specimens
in the present collection which agree in detail with Kélliker’s
description.

The dimensions in centimetres are as follows :—

Sp... Sp: li Sp: i:

Length of entire colony ave fs =) ae0?b 19-4 18

Length of rachis 3 af 2 See II 10-4 10°7
Length of stalk Hs ss en ORD 9 73
Breadth of rachis 55 48 4:5
Breadth of stalk : 1:2 1:2 1-2
Breadth of keel in the middle a: 1 er tall
Length of pinnules on the ventral side 3 2:2 2°6
Maximum breadth of pinnules 1-1 1 Si
Number of pinnules on each side 27 32 31

The colour is light brown.

Localities—Shoalhaven Bight, New South Wales, 15-45
fathoms.

Between Port Stephens and Newcastle, New South Wales,
22-60 fathoms.

Distribution.—Gulf of Siam (KoOlliker). The ‘“ Thetis ”
obtained it at the following localities off the coast of New
South Wales :—Station 22, New castle Bight, 40-26 fathoms ;
Station 54, Jervis Bay, 10-11 fathoms (Thomson and Mac-
kinnon).

ALCYONARIANS.—BRIGGS. 93
Genus SARCOPHYLLUM, Kolliker.

SARCOPHYLLUM GRANDE (Gray).

Sarcoptilus grandis, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc., xvi., 1848, p.
45, pl. i. Jd., Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., v., 1860,
p. 23. Id., Gray, Cat. Sea-Pens Brit. Mus., 1870,
p- 25.

Sarcophyllum australe, Kolliker, Anatom. Systemat. Bes-
chreib. Aleyonarien, Abth. 1., Pennatuliden, 1872, pp.
120, 364, pl. viii., figs. 66, 67. Jd., Hickson, Proce.
Roy. Soc. Vict.. (n.s.), ii., 1890, p. 140. Zd., Thomson
and Mackinnon, Mem. Austr. Mus., iv., 18, 1911, p.
694, pl. Ixxxii.

Sarcophyllum grande, Kolliker, Chall. Rep., Zool., i., 1880,
p. 2.

A number of specimens of a light brown colour agree on
the whole with KGlliker’s description of Sarcophyllum aus-
tralis (=S. grande, Gray).

Gray’s original description, which was based on a single
specimen from an unknown habitat, contains the following
passage :—‘‘ Pinne placed in two crowded rows, one on
each side of one of the faces of the upper part of the shaft,
kidney-shaped, crumpled, with the polyps scattered on the
edge and upper surfaces, especially near the edge.”

After an examination of specimens from Sydney, New
South Wales, he writes ‘‘ When I first described this genus
I believed that the polypes were ‘scattered over the upper
surface of the pinne’; but that is a mistake which I was
led into by the imperfect state of the specimen ; the polyps
are only placed on the margin of the pinne as in other Pen-
natulide.”’

In the present specimens there are numerous rows of auto-
zooids on the margin of the pinnules. The characteristic
spicules of the species are situated in the base of the colony,
and consist of large white 8-shaped forms measuring up to
4mm. in length.

The dimensions in centimetres of the largest specimen
are as follows :—

Length of entire colony - at a 29
Length of the rachis... ae oe ce 20°5
Leneth of the stalk 3 we ats 8:5
Breadth of the rachis .. af Ae AE 8
Breadth of the stalk ; : : SH"
Maximum breadth of pinnules es me 4-6
Height of pinnules in the middle ah ie 3

Number of pinnules on each side Ae se 40

94 ‘* ENDEAVOUR” SCIENTIFIC RESULTS.

Localities.—Between Port Stephens and Newcastle, New
South Wales, 22-60 fathoms.

East coast of Flinders Island, Bass Strait, 60 fathoms.

Fifteen miles south of St. Francis Island, South Australia,
30. fathoms.

Thirty-six miles 8. 58° W. of Cape Wickham, King Island,
Bass Strait, 72-80 fathoms.

Off Kangaroo Island, South Austraha, 17 fathoms.

Distribution.—Sydney, New South Wales (Gray). Aus-
tralia (K6lliker). Port Jackson, 6-15 fathoms (Kdlliker).
Port Phillip, Victoria (Hickson). The ‘ Thetis ” obtained
specimens from the following localities off the coast of New
South Wales:—Station 28, off Manning River, 22 fathoms;
station 31, off Cape Hawke, 28-25 fathoms, and 10-12
fathoms ; Station 54, Jervis Bay, 10-11 fathoms; off Port
Stephens, 32-48 fathoms (Thomson and Mackinnon).

he wr
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at ay shh
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: AuA\ vt aa] yo

EXPLANATION OF PLATE IV.

Fig. 1.—Spicules of Mopsea plumacea, sp. nov.; from the
specimen figured on Plate vii.

Fig. 2.—Spicules of MJopsea repens, sp. nov.; from the
specimen figured on Plate vill.

Fig. 3.—Spicules of Plumarella australis, sp. nov.; from the
specimen figured on Plate x.

Fig. 4.—Amphilaphis plumacea, Thomson and Mackinnon.
Photograph of a specimen 17-5em. in height, from
the south east coast of Australia.

Fig. 5.—Ctenocella pectinata (Pallas). Branches showing
distinct median furrow. Photograph of a specimen
from eight miles east of Sandon Bluff, Queensland,
35-40 fathoms. _

BIOL. RESULTS ‘ ENDEAVOUR,” Voz. III. Poats LV.

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EXPLANATION OF PLATE V.

1.—Isis hippuris, Linneus. Part of a colony showing
the palmate terminations of the twigs. Photo-
graph of a specimen 7em. in height, from off the
coast of Queensland.

2.—Isis hippuris, Linneeus. Photograph of a specimen
13-3cm. in height, from Murray Island, Torres
Strait.

BIOL. RESULTS ‘‘ ENDEAVOUR,” Vot. ITI. PuatE V.

E. A. Brieas. photo.
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EXPLANATION OF PLATE VI.

Mopsea australis, Thomson and Mackinnon. Photograph
of a specimen 37-5cm. in height, from fifteen miles
N. 35° E. of Saddle Hill, New South Wales, 34-35

fathoms.

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EXPLANATION OF PLATE VII.

Mopsea plumacea, sp. nov. Photograph of the type, 22:5em.
in height, from the South Australian Coast.

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EXPLANATION OF PLATE VIII.

Mopsea repens, sp. nov. Photograph of the type. 13-5cm.
in height, from thirty-six miles $8. 58° W. of Cape
Wickham, King Island, Bass Strait, 72-80 fathoms.

BIOL. RESULTS “ ENDEAVOUR,” Vot. III. PuaTe VIII.

E. A. Briaas, photo,

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EXPLANATION OF PLATE IX.

Plumarella thetis, Thomson and Mackinnon. Photograph
of a specimen 26cm. in height, from fifteen miles
N. 35° E. of Saddle Hill, New South Wales, 34-35
fathoms.

BIOL. RESULTS “ENDEAVOUR.” Vot. III. PLATE 1X,

E. A. Briaas, photo.

7.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE X.

Plumarella australis, sp. nov. Photograph of the type,
43cm. in height, from fifty miles south of Cape Wiles,
South Australia, 75 fathoms.

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EXPLANATION OF PLATE XI.

Fig. 1.—Axis of Isis hippuris, Linnzus. Photograph of a
specimen 9 cm. in height, from Murray Island,
Torres Strait.

Fig. 2.—Basal portion of Plumarella australis, sp. nov.
Photograph of a specimen 24-7cem. in height, from
fifty miles south of Cape Wiles, South Australia,
75 fathoms.

BIOL. RESULTS *“* ENDEAVOUR,” Vot. III. PLATE XI

K. A. Briaes, photo,

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XII.

Ctenocella pectinata (Pallas). Photograph of a specimen
42cm. in height, from eight miles east of Sandon
Bluff, Queensland, 35-40 fathoms.