,|JNIYEHSITV OF B c LIBR .3 9424 00126" i 194 SIORAUE ITEM PROCESS lNc;-CM U.B.C. LIBRARY Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2010 with funding from University of British Columbia Library http://www.archive.org/details/reportonforestsOOsarg department of the interior, cejN^sxjs office. FR^\.NCIS -A.. "W-A.LKER, Superintendent, Appointed April 1, 1879; resi|n>cd Xorembcr 3, 1861. CHAS. ■W. SE.A.XON-, Superintendent. Appointed Kovember 4, 18SL REPORT FORESTS OF NORTH AMERICA (EXCLUSIVE OF MEXICO), CHARLES S. SARGENT, AKXOLD TKOFESSOK OK AKnOKIcrLTUKK IX HAKVARD COLLEGE, SPECIAL ^AlGE^fT XE:N^'riI CEiXSTJS. W A S II I y (^. TON: GOVE K N M I;NT V K I X TI N G O F F I C E. 1884. LETTER OF TRANS^IITTAL. Department of the Interior, Census Office, Washington, I>. C, September 1, 1884. Hon. H. M. Teller, Secretary of the Interior. Sir: I liave tlie lionor to transmit herewith the Report ou the Forests of North America (eschisive of Mexico), by Charles S. Sargent, Arnold Professor of Arboriculture in Harvard College. This report constitutes the ninth volume of the series forming the final report on the Tenth Census. I have the honor to be, most respectfullj-, your obedient servant, CHAS. W. SEATON, Superintendent of Cetisus. TABLE OF CONTENTS. Lkttkk of Transmittal . PART I. THE FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA, EXCLUSIVE OF MEXICO. The Forests of North America — General remarks 3-16 The Atlantic region 3-6 The Pacific region 6-10 Distribution of genera 10-12 Distribution of species 12-16 A Catalogue of the Forest Trees of North Aimerica, exclusive of Mexico, vma remarks upon their Synonomy, bliiliographical history, distribution, economic values, and uses 17-219 Index to Catalogue 220-243 PART II. THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. Preliminary' iibmarks 247 Specific gravity and ash 24*-2ol Fuel value 251,252 The strength of wood 252 Comparative values 252 Table of relative values 253-255 Table of averages 256-259 Table illustrating the relation between transverse strength and specific ukanity in the wood of certain SPECIES 259-264 General remarks 264,265 Tannin values , 265 Table I. — Specific gravity', ash, and weight per cubic foot of dry" specimens of the woods of the United States. 266-349 Table II.— Actual fuel value of some of the more important woods of the United States 350-353 Table III. — Behavior of the principal woods of the United States under transverse strain 354-tlo Table IV. — Behavior of soaie of the woods of the United States under trans\'erse strain: specimens eight centimeters square 414-117 Table V. — Behavior of the principal woods of the United States under compression 41;*-4t>l Part III. THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES IN THEIR ECONOMIC ASPECTS. General remarks 4S5 The lumber industry' 4?5-4S9 Fuel 4!?9 Wood used as fuel for various purposes JiS Estimated consumption of wood for domestic purposes 4S9 Consumption of charcoal 4ty Forest fires 4iU-4l»3 Table of forest fires occurring during the census Y'ear 491. 492 North Atlantic division -. 4lM-olO Maine 4iM-4'A> New Hampshire t;iji-vVX) Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut .t00,501 New York .' 501-506 New Jersey 506 Pennsylvania 506-510 vi TABLE OF CONTENTS. Pngo. SovTii ATiJkNTic pi\nsiox 5ii-riv>;5 Delaware T)!! Mar VLAXD ; '>n District of Columbia 511 ViRcixiA • 511,512 West Virgixl\ 512-015 XoitTii Carolina 515-518 Naval storvs .' 51(5,517 SorTH Carolina 518, 51i) Buruiiig off (lend herbage 518 Georgia 510,520 Florida 520-523 Pencil cedar ." 522 Cypress 522 Southern Central division 524-54S ALABAJitA 524-5:10 The Maritime pine region 525-627 Cypress swamps of the Tensas river 525-527 The forests of the Chattahoochee in eastern Alabama, mixed forest growth, etc 527, 598 Forests of the Tennessee valley 528,529 General remarks 529 The pine belt of central Alabama 529 The pine region of the Coosa 529 Naval stores 529, 5:10 Mississippi '. 530-53() The pine forests of sonthcrn Mississippi 5;U, 532 The northeastern ponnties 532-5:54 Central pine hills 534 Western Mississippi 534,535 The Yazoo delta 535,536 Louisiana 536-540 Moss ginning 536,537 Texas 540-543 Indian territory 543 Arkansas 543,544 Tennessee 544, 545 Effect of 6res upon the forest 545 Kentucky 545, 546 Pasturage of woodlands 546 Northern Central division 547-56:! Ohio 547 Indiana 547 Illinois ■ 547-550 Michigan 550-554 Fori-st fires 550,551 .Statistics of growing timber 551 Wisconsin 554-658 Minnesota '. 558-.560 Forests on Indian reservations 559,560 Iowa 560 Missouri •_ 560,561 Dakota '. 561,562 Nebraska 562 Kansas ,562, .563 Western division .564-.')80 Montana 564-566 WvoMIXO .566, .567 Colorado • 567,568 New Mexico 568 Arizona '. 568,560 Utah 56'J-.571 Lake range, west of Utah Like .570 .Sanpete Valley range 570 Sevier Kiver monntains '570 Nevada 571 Idaho .571-57:t Washington ,. .573-57() Oregon .576-57^* California 578-580 Pasturage of mountain forests .579, 5t0 Alaska 580 TABLE OF CONTENTS. vii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Pag*. Map of thk United States, showing the character of the Fuel used in the different sectioxs of the settled PORTION OF the country 4^ Map of the United States, showing the proportion of Woodland within the settled area burned over during the census year 491 Map showing Density- op Forests in Maine, New Hajipshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, Nkw York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania 496 Map of Maine, showing the Distribution of Pine and Spruce Forests 4;t6 SIap of New Hampshire and Vf.umont, showing the Distridution of the Pine and Spruce Forests 497 Map of Pennsylvania, showing the Distribition of the Pixi: and Hemlock Forests !506 Map showing Density' of Forests in Delawap.e, Mary'land, West Virginia, Virginia, North Carolina, Ohio, Kentucky', Tennessee, Indiana, and Ilunois Oil Map of West Virginia, showing the Distribution of the Hardwood, Spruce, and Pine Forests .012 Map of North Carolina, showing the Distribution of the Pine Forests 515 Map showing Density of Forests in South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, MissiIbippi, and Locislana 518 Map of South Carolina, showing the Distribution of the Pin-e Forests 519 Map of Georgia, showing the Distribution of the Pine Forests 5-20 Map of Florida, showing the Distribution op the Pine Forests 522 Map of Alabama, showing the Distribution of the Pine Forests 524 Map of Mississippi, showing the Distribution of the Pine Forests 530 Map of Louisiana, showing the Distribution of the Pine Forests .■ 536 Map showing Density of Forests in Texas 540 Map of Texas, showing the Distribution of the Pint; Forests 541 Map showing Density' of Forests in Missouri, Arkansas, Kansas, and Indian Territory.. 54.'? Map of Arkansas, showing the Distribution of the Pink and Hardwood Forests 544 Map showing Density of Forests in Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, and Iowa 550 JLvp of the Lower Peninsula of Michigan, showing the Distribution of the Hardwood and Pine Forests 551 Map of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, showing the Distribution of the Hardwood and Pine Forests 551 Map of Wisconsin, showing the Distribution of the H.4.rdwood and Pine Forest.s 554 Map of Minnesot.\, showing the Distribution of the Hardwood and Pine Forests 5oe Map showing Density' of Forests in Dakota 561 Map showing Density of Forests in Nebraska 562 Map showing Density- of Forests in Montana 564 Map showing Density' of Forests in Wyoming 566 Map showing Density- of Forests in Color.vdo 567 Map showing Density- of Forests in New Mexico 566 Map siiow-ing Density of Forests in Arizona 569 Map showing Density- of Forests ix Ut.^h .070 Map showing Density- of Forests in Nev.\da 571 Map showing Density- of Forests in Idaho 572 Map showing Density- of Forests in Washington 574 Map siiow-ing Density- of Forests in Oregon 576 Map showing Density- of Forests in California 578 Map of .v portion of California, showing the Distribution of the Kkdwood Forests 580 MAPS CONTAINED IN TOETFOLIO ACCO.MPANTTING THIS VOLUME. -Map showing the position of the Fore.st, Prairie, and Treeless Regions of North America, exclusive of Mexico. -Map showing the Natural Divisions of the North A.merican Forests, exclusive of Mexico. -Map showing the Distribution of the genus Fraxinus (the Ashes) in North America, exclush-e of Mexico. -Map of the United States, showing the Distribution of the genera Cary-a and Umb"ellularia (the Hickories and California Laurel). -Map of the United St.*.tes, siiow-ing the Distribution ok the genus Jugi.ans (the Walnuts). -Map showing the Distribution of the genus Quercus (the Oaks) in North A.merica. exclusive of Mfjlico. -Map of the I'nited States, showing the Distribution of the genera Castanea and Castanopsis (the Chkst.vtts and Chinquapins). -Map showing the Distribution of the genus Pinus (the Pines) in North America, kxclus^-e of Mexico. -Map showing the Distributio.n of the genera Abies and Picea (the Firs and Spruces) in North America, exclu- sive of Mexico, - Map of the United States, showing the Distuibution of l.iuionKNDRON Tuijpifer.v and Pinus L.vmberti.\na. -M\i' OF THE United States, showing the Distribution of PKost)Pis Jcliflora, Qukrcus .\lba. and Qukrcus Densiflora. -Map showing the Distribution of Fraxinus A.mericana and Pinus Ponderosa in North America, exclusive of Mexico. -Map showing the Distribution of the genera Cuam.ix-ypakis and Cupressus in North America, exclusive op Mexico. -Map showing the Distribution of the genera Thuya, Taxodium, and Sequoia in North America, exclusive op Mexico. -Map showing the Distribution of Pinus Stuobu.s, Pinus Palustris, and Pseudotsuga Douglasii in North America, exclusive of Mexico. -Map of the United States, showing the Rkijltive Average Density of Existing Forksts. No. 1. No. 2. No. 3. No. 4. No. 5. No, 6. No, 7. No. 8. No. 9. No. 10. No. 11. No. 12. No. 13. No. 14. No. 15. No. 16. LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. Beookline, Massachusetts, July 1, 1883. To THE Superintendent of Census. SiE: I have the honor to submit the following report upon the nature and condition of the forest.s of the United States, to which are added statistics of the lumber and other industries directly dependent npon the forest for their support. Mr. Andrew Robeson, of Brookline, Massachusetts, has prepared the maps which accompany this rei)ort : he has supervised the entire statistical work of this division and has conducted its corresi)ondence. Mr. Stephen P. Sharpies, of Cambridge, Massachusetts, has conducted the various experiments undertaken with the view of determining the value of the dilicrent woods produced in the forests of the United States. Mr. C. G. Pringle, of East Charlotte, Vermont, has examined the forests of northern New Eugland and New York, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia ; and subsequently, as an agent for the American Museum of N.itural History, has greatly increased our knowledge of the trees of Arizona and southern California. Mr. A. H. Curtiss, of Jacksonville, Florida, has studied the forests of Georgia and Florida, and subsequently, as an agent of the American Museum of Natural History, has added to our knowledge of the semi-tropical forests of southern Florida. Dr. Charles Mohr, of Mobile, Alabama, has explored the forests of the Gulf states. Mr. H. C. Putnam, of Eau Claire, Wisconsin, has gathered the forest statistics of Pennsylvania, Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota. Mr. George W. Letterman, of Allenton, Missouri, has examined the forests extending west of the Lower Mississippi Eiver, and Professor F. L. Harvey, of Fayetteville, Arkansas, has gathered the foivst statistics of that state. Mr. Sereno Watson, of Cambridge, Massachusetts, has studied, during a long and arduous journey, the Ibrests of the northern Eocky Mountain region, and Mr. Kobert Douglas, of U'aukcgan, Illinois, those of the Black hills of Dakota. I take this opportunity to call your attention to the faithful and admirable manner in which my associates have performed the difficult duties to which they were assigned; their zeal and intelligence have made ]>ossible the preparation of this report. It is my pleasant duty also to call your attention to the fact that this investigation has been greatly aided from the first by the experience and knowledge of Messrs. G. JI. Dawson, John Macoun. and Robert Bell, members of the Geological Survey of Canada; the information in regard to the distribution northward of the trees of the eastern United States is entirely derived from the latter's paper upon the Canadian forests. publishe«l in the Report of the Geological Survey of Canada for the years 1870-80. I am under special obligation to Dr. George Engelmann, of Saint Louis, Missouri, my companion in a lon^ Journey through the forests of the Pacific region, for valuable assistance and advice; his unrivaled knowledge of our oaks, pines, firs, and other trees has been lavishly placed at my disposal. Mr. M. S. Bebb, of Rockford, Illinois, the highest American authority upon the willow, has given me the benefit of his critical advice in the study of this dilMcult genus. 1 desiiv to exjiress to him and to Dr. Laurence Johnson, of New York, who has furnished nu» with a full series of notes upon the medical ju-operties ot the trees of the United States, the deep sense of my obligation. i\Iy thanks are also due to Mr. Henry Gannett, Geographer of the Tenth Census, for cordial cooperation in the work of this division; to Colonel T. T. S. Laidley. of the United States army, in command of the arsenal at Watertown, ^Massachusetts, and to Mr. James E. Howanl, in (iharge of the testing machine tiiere, for advice and assistance afl'orded Mr. Sharpies wliile eouducting the exi)eriments upon the strength of woods, as well as to a large number of con-espoiulents in all i>arts of the Cnited States who have favored me with their cordial co operation. I am, sir, your obedient servant, CHARLES S. SARGENT, SfKcial Agent. P^I^T I. THE FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA, EXCLUSIVE OF MEXICO. THE FORESTS OF NORTH AMERICA. GENERAL REMARKS. The North American continent, or that part of it situated north of Mexico, whicli will alone be considered here, may be conveniently divided, with reference to its forest geography, into the Atlantic and the Pacific regions, by a line following the eastern base of the Rocky mountains and its outlying eastern ranges from the Arctic circle to the Rio Grande. The forests which cover these two divisions of the continent differ as widely, in natural features, comi)osition, and distribution, as the climate and topography of eastern America differ from the climate and topography of the Pacific slope. The causes which have produced the dissimilar composition of these two forests must be sought in the climatic conditions of a geological era earlier than our own and in the actual topographical formation of the continent; they need not be discussed here. The forests of the Atlantic and the Pacific regions, dissimilar in composition in the central part of the continent, ai-e united at the north by a broad belt of subarctic forests extending across the continent north of the fiftieth degree of latitude. One-half of the species of which tiiis northern forest is composed extends from the Atlantic to the Pacific; and its general features, although differing east and west of the continental divide, in conlbrmity with the climatic conditions peculiar to the Atlantic and the Paciiic sides of the continent, still possess considerable uuiformity. The forests of the Atlantic and the Pacific regions arc also united at the south by a narrow strip of the flora i)eculiar to the plateau of northern Mexico, here extending northward into the United States. Certain characteristic sj)ecies of this flora extend from the gulf of Mexico to the shores of the Pacific, and while the peculiar features of the esistern and the western sloi)es of the interior mountain system of the continent are still maintained here, the Atlantic; and the Pa(;ific regions of the Mexican forest belt possess ma'ny general features in common. Tyi)ical North American S])ecie8, moreover, jieculiar to the forests of the .\tlantic or of the Pacific, mingle ujion the Black hills of Dakota, and upon the Guadalupe and other mountains of western Texas, the extreme eastern ridges of the Rocky Mountain range, and the outposts between the Atlantic and the Pacific regions. THE ATLANTIC REGION. The forests of the Atlantic region may bo considered under six natural divisions: the Northern Forest, the Northern Pino Belt, the Southern Maritime Pine Belt, the Deciduous Forest of the Mississippi Basin and the Atlantic Plain, the Semi tropical l-'orest of Florida, and the Mexican Forest of Southern Texas (Map No. '2, portfolio). These natural divisions, although composed in part of species found in other divisions and possessing many general features in (iomnion, are still for the most part well characterized by predominant species or groups of species, making such a separation natural and convenient. The yortliern Forest stietches along the northern shores of Labrador nearly to the sixtieth degree of north latitude, s\vce|)s to the south of Hudson buy, and then northwestward to within the Arctic circle. This Northern Forest extends southward to the filtieth degree of north latitude on the Atlantic coast, and nearly to the fifty-fourth degree at the lOOtli meridian. It occuiiies 10 degrees of latitude ui)on the Atlantic seaboard and nearly '20 degrees in its greatest extension north and south along the eastern base of the Bocky mountains. The region occupied by this Northern Forest, except toward its southwestern limits, enjoys a cojiious rainfall; it is divided by innumerable streams ami lakes, and abounds in swamjjy areas often of great extent. The nature of the surface and the low animal mean temperature cheek the spread of forest growth and reduce the number of arborescent si)eeies, of whicIi this forest is comiyosed, to eight ; of these, four cross to the Pacific coast, while the remainder, with a single exception, are replaced west of the continental divide by closely allied forms of the Pacific forest. The white and the black spruces are characteristic trees of this region ; they form an open, stunted forest upon the low divides of the 3 4 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. water sbeds, antl reach a liifrln'r latitmlo than any other arborescent si)eeies of the continent; the vaHcys and wide bottoms are clothed with broail sheets of jjophirs, dwarf birches, and wiUows. Tlie forest of this entire region is scattered, ojieii. stunted, and of no {{reat economic value. It embraces, south of the sixtieth degree of aortb latitude, the northern extension of the great midcontinental jilateau, which will be considered hereafter. South of the Northern Forest the Xorilieni Pine licit extends from the Atlantic coast to the ninetv-sixth meridian of longitude: east of the Apalacliian Mountain system it extends south over nearly 0 degrees of latitude, with a long. luirrow sjiur following the higher Alleghany ridges for nearly .'5 degrees farther south ; west of the Alleghan.T mountains, in the region of the great lakes, the pine forest is re])laceil south of the forty-third degree of latitude by the deciduous growth of the Mississippi basin. This second division of the Atlantic forest may be characterized by the white pine [Piniix Slioliit'i). its most imi)ortaut, if not its most generally-distributed, species. East of the Apalachiai) system this tree often forms extensive forests njjon the gravelly drift plain of the Saint Lawrence iasin, or farther south and west appears in isolated groves, often of cousiderable extent, scattered through the deciduous Ibrest. Forests of black spruce are still an imi)ortant feature of this region, csi)ecially at the north, and within its boundaries the hemlock, the yellow cedar, the basswood, the black and the wliite ash, the sugar maple, and several species of birch and elm find their northern limits and the center of their most important distribution. The hickories and the oaks, characteristic features of the deciduous forests of all the central portion of the Atlantic region, reach here the northern limits of their distribution, as do the chestnut, the sassjifnis, the tulip tree, the magnolia, here represented by a single si)ecies, the red cedar, the tui>elo, the sycamore, the beech, and other imj)ortant genera. T\u' Southern ^[a^■^time Pine Btlt extends from thcMhirty sixth degree of nt>rth latitudi^ along the coast in a nanow belt, varying from one hundred to two hundred miles in width, as far south as cape Malabar and Tami)a bay ; it .sti-etches across the Florida pcnin.sula and along the coast of the gulf of Mexico until the alluvial deposits of the Mississippi are encountered; it reappears west of that river in Louisiana, north and south of the Red river, and here gradually mingles with the deciduous forests of the Mississijipi basin iu Arkansas and eastern Texas. This belt is well characterized by the almost (continuous growth, outside of the broad river bottoms and the immediate iieighl)orhood of the coast, by the oi)en forest of the long-leaved ])ine {P. paliistris). The live oak, the ])almetto, and various sjjecies of jiine characterize the coast forest of this region; through the river bottoms and along the bortlers of the shallow ponds, scattered through the i)ine forest, dilferent gums, water oaks, hickories, and atihes attain nolde dimensions. The southern cy])ress (7V/jw/(«)//), although extending far beyond the limits of this natural division, here attains its greatest development and value, atul, next to the long- leaved pine, may be considered the characteristic species of the maritime pine belt. The Jhcidiioufi Fortut of t lie Missinnippi Pasin and the Atlantic Plain oecni>ies, with two iinim)K>rtant cxce])tions to be considered hereafter, the remainder of the Atlantic region. Through this deciduous forest, where jieculiar geoloi^ic.il features have favored the grpwth of Coni/era; belts of pine, growing gregariously o;- mixed with oaks and other broad leaved trees, occur, especially u|»on some jiortions of the Atlantic plain and toward the limits of the Southern JLiritime Pine Belt, west of the Mississippi river. The characteristic features of the forest of thi.s whole region are founil, however, in the broad leaved species of which it is largely comi>ose(L Oaks, hickories, walnuts, magnolias, ami ashes give variety and value to this forest, and here, with the exeeptiou of a few s])ecies peculiar to a more northern latitude, the deciduous trees of the Atlantic; region attain their greatest development and value. Upon the shipes of the southern Alleghany mountains and in the valley of the lower lied river, regions of coi)ious rainfall and rich .soil, the di'cidiious forest of the continent attains unsurpassed variety and richness. Ujmu the Alleghany mountains northern and southern si)ecies are mingled, or are only separated by the altitude of these mountains; rhododendrons, laurels, and magnolias, here attaining their inaximiim develoimieiit, enliven the forest.s of northern jiines ami hemlocks which clothe the tlaiiks of these iiiountains or arc scattered through forests of other broad leaved species. The cherry, the tulip tree, and the chestnut here reach a size unknown in other parts of the country. The forest of the Ked Itiver valley is hardly less varied. The northern sjiecies which the elevation of the Allegliany mountains has carried south are wanting, but other species peculiar to the southern Atlantic and (iulf coasts are here mingled with ])!ants of the southern deciduous forest. The seven species of Cari/a (the hickories) are nowhere else «lose!y as.sociated. A great variety of the most imi)ortant oaks grow here Bide by side: here is the center of distribution of the North American hawthorns, which do not elsewhere attain sncli size and beauty. The osage orange is jieculiar to this region; the red cedar, the most widely distributed of American Coni/crtr, the .southern and the yellow ]>ine {Pimm jtaluxtrix and wilin) hen; reach their best develoitment. Just outside of this region, njioii the "blutf" formation of the lower !klississij)pi valley and of western Louisiana, the stately southern magnolia, jierhaps the most beautiful of the Noilli Aiiieiican trees, and the heecli assume their greaterst beauty, and give a jieculiar (tharm to this southern forest. The western third of the Atlantic region is subjected to very did'erent climatic conditions from those prevailing in the eastern jtortion of the continent; it consists of an elevaterl ]ilateau which falls away from the eastern b^ise of the I'o{'ky mountains, forming what is known as the (ireat Plains. This gnvit interior region, on account of its ?emoteiiess from natural reservoirs of moisture, receives a meager anout latitude 40^^ N., nearly to the ninety-seventh meridian. This wiiole region is generally destitute of forest. Tlie narrow iKJttonis of the large streams are lined, however, with willows, jioplars, elms, and hackberrics, trees adapted to tlourish under sueh unfavorable conditions. These diminish in size and nund)er with the rainfiill, and often disiii.jM'ar entirely from tlie banks of even the largest streams toward the western limits of the plateau, south of tlie forty iiftU degree of latitude. North aud east of these central treeless plains a belt of praii ie extends from the sixtieth degr<,»e of north latitude to southern Texas. The average widtli east and west of this prairie region, through much of its extent, is not far from 150 miles. Its eastern extension, between the; fortieth and forty-fifth degrees of latitude, is much greater, however, here reaching the western shores of lake Jlichigan, and forming a great recess in the western line of the heavy forest of the Atlantic region with a ilepth of nearly GOU miles. The transition from the heavv forest of the eastern and central portions of the Atlantic region to the treeless plateau is gradual. The change occurs within the prairie region. Here is the strip "of debatjible ground wliere a continuous struggle between the forest and the plain takes place. There is here sutlicient ])recipitation of moisture to cause, under normal condition-s, a growth of open forest, but so nicely balanced is the struggle that any interference rpiickly turns the scale. Trees planted within tliis prairie belt thrive if .protected from lire and the encroachment of the tough prairie .sod, and so extend the forest line westward; if the forest which fringes the eastern edge of the prairie is destniyed it ou them grow with vigor and rapidity^ is not uusuited to tree growth. It is not perhaps improbable that the forests of the Atlantic region once extended continuously as far west at least as the uiuety-fifth meridian, although circumstantial evidence of such a theory does not exist; and the causes which first led to the destruction of the forests in this region, supi)Osing that they ever existed, canimt with the i)reseut kiu>wledge of the subject beeven guessed at. It is, however, fair to ifssume that forests once existed in a region adapted, by climate, rainfall, aud soil, to i)nHlue« forests, and that their absence under such conditions uuist be trace; while the force of the wind, unchecked by any forest barrier, over such an area would, even without the aid of fires, have made the spread of forest growth slow and ditlicult. The assumjition that these eastern prairies may iiavc once been covered with forests is strengthened by the fact that siuce they have been devoted to agriculture, and the annual burning has been stopped, trees which were formerly confined to the river bottoms have gradmdly s[)reail to the uplands. Small prairies situated Just within the western edge of tiu' forest have entirely ilisai>peared within the memory of persons still living ; the oak opening.s — open forests of large oaks tlinmgh which the animal fires played without greatly injuring the full-grown trees — once the chaiacteristie featun- of these prairies, have disapi>eared. They are rei)laceil by dense forests of oak, which only require pixUectiou from tire to s})ring into existence. lu western Texas, the mesquit, forced by annual burning to grttw ahuost entirely K'low the surface of the ground, is, now that prairie fires are less cimuuou and destrueti\e, s]»ivalcacia, ieuctcna, and other Mexican Le{iui»iiioMr ; and farther west, upon the dry plains of the Presidio, the Spanish baj'onet (Tucca haccata) covers wide areas with a low, open, and characteristic forest growth. THE PACIFIC KEGION. The Pacific forest region is coextensive with the great Cordilleran Mountain system of the continent. Thecau.sea which have iriHiienced the present position and density of these forests must be .sought in the jieculiar distribution of the rainfall of the region. The ]>recipitation of moisture upon the northwest coast is uneipialed by that of any other [lart of the continent. It gradually ilecreases with the latitude until, in southern California, thi^ tein()erature of the l;ind .so far exceeds that of the ocean that ju-ecipitation is impossible tiiroiigli a large ]>art of the year. The interior of all this great region, shut otf by the high mouiitaiii ranges which face the ocean along its entire extent, is very im[>erfectly sujiitlied with moisture. It is a region of light, uncertain, and unequally distributed rainfidl, heavier at the north, as upon the coast, and decreasing gradually with the latitude in nearly the same proportion. This entire region is comjiosed of a mass of mountain ranges with a general north and south trend, separating long aiirl generally narrow valley.s. The precipitation of moisture within the interior region is largely regulated by the position of tlie mountain chains. Warm currents ascending their sides become cold and are forced to deposi* the moisture ihey contain. It follows thiit, while the interior valh-ys are rainless or nearly so, the mountain ranges, and especially the high ones, receive during the year a considerable iirecipitation of both rain and snow. If the distribiitiiin of the forests of any region is depenileiit upon the distribution and amount of moisture it receives, forests ex<:eeding in density those of any other jiart (>f the continent would be foil ml upon the northwest coast; thr-y would gradually diminish toward the south, and entirely disappiMr near the southern boundary of the United States, while the forests of all the interiir region, from the summit of the principal Coast Kaiiges to the eastern base of the I'ocky mountains, woiil-. be confined to the flanks and summits of the mountains. These forests would be he.'ivy upon the high ranges, esjjecially toward the north; they would disappear entirely from the valleys and low mountain ranges. An examination of the forests of the Pacific region will show that in general distribution and density they actually follow the distribiition of the rainfall of the region. These forests well illustrate the influence of moisture upon forest growth. Within the I'ai-ific regirm the heaviest and the. lightest forests of the continent coexist with its heaviest and lightest rainfall. The forests of the PaciHc region maybe considered under four divisions: the Northern Forest, the Ooaat Forest, the Interior Forest, and the Mexican Forest (Map No. 1,', jiortfolio). GENERAL REMARKS. 7 The Northern Forest of the Pacific logioii extends Irom nearly the seventieth to about the tifty-eiphth degree of Yiorth hifitudo, or, immediately ujjon tlie coast, is replaced by the; Coast Forest nearly 2 degrees farther north; it extends from the continental divide, here mingled with the Northern Forest of the Atlantic region, to the shores of the I'acilic. The southern limit of this open, scanty Northern Forest, composed of species which extend across the continent, or of species closely allied to those of the Northern Forest of the Atlantic region, is still imiiertectly known, esiiecially in the interior. The determination of the southern range in Alaska and British Columbia of several species, as well as the northern range here of a few others, must .still be left to further exploration. The white spruce, the most important and the most northern species of the forest of the North Atlantic region, is here also the most important si)ecies. It attains a considerable size as far north as the sixty-fifth degree, forming, in the valley of the Yukon, forests of no little local importance. The canoe birch, the balsam jioplar, and the a-sjieii, familiar trees of the North Atlantic region, also occur here. The gray pine and the balsam fir of the Atlantic region are replaced by allied forms of the same genera. The larch alone, of the denizens of the extreme Northern Forest of the Atlantic coast, finds no congener here in the northern Pacific forest. The Pacific Voant Forest, the heaviest, although far from the most varied, forest of the continent, extends south along the coast in a narrow strip from the sixtieth to the fiftieth parallel; here it widens, embracing the shores of Puget sound and extending eastward over the high mountain ranges north and south of the boundary of the United States. This interior development of the Coast Fore-st, following the abundant rainfall of the region, ia •canied northward over the Gold, Selkirk, and other interior ranges of British Columbia in a narrow spur exieuding north nearly to the fifty-fourth iiarallel. It reaches southward along the Cceur d'Aiene, Bitter-Boot, and the western ranges of the Pocky Mountain system to about latitude 47° 30', covering northern Washington territory, Idaho, and portions of western Montana. The Coast Forest south of the fiftieth degree of latitude occupies the region between the ocean and the eastern slopes of the Cascade Pange; in California the summits of the principal southern prolongation of these monntains, the Sierra Nevada, marks the eastern limits of the Coast Forest, which gradually disappears south of the thirty-fifth parallel, although still carried by the high ridges of the southern Coast Pange nearly to the southern boundary of the United States. The Coast Forest, like the forests of the whole Pacific region, is largely composed of a few coniferous species, generally of wide distribution. The absence of broad-leaved trees in the Pacific region is striking; they nowhere form great forests as in the Atlantic region; when they occur they are confined to the valleys of the coast and to the banks of mountain streams, and, econoniically, are of comparatively little value or importance. The characteristic and most valuable si>ecies of the northern Coast Forest are the Alaska cedar (Chamcrcyparix), the tide-land spruce, and the hemlock. These form the jirincipal forest growth which covers the ranges and islands of the coast between the sixty first and the fiftieth parallels. Other species of the Coast Forest reach here the northern limits of their distribution, although the center of their greatest development is found farther south. The red fir {Pseudot.sjtjia), the most imi)ortant and widely-distributed timber tree of the Pacific rt>gion, reaches the coast archipelago in latitude 51°; farther inland it extends fully 4 degrees farther north, and in the region of Puget sound and through the Coast Forest of Washington territory ami Oregon it is the prevailing forest tre«. The characteristic forest of the northwest coast, although represented by several species extending south as far aa cape Mendicino, near the fortieth i)arallel, is replaced south of (he Pogue Piver valley by a forest in which forms peculiar to the south rather than to the north gradually predominate. The forest of the northwest coast ivachee its greatest density and variety in the narrow region between the summits of the Cascade Pange and the ocean. North of the fifty-first i)arallel it gradually detireases in density, and south of the forty -third ])arallel it changes in composition and character. This belt of Coast Forest is only surpassed in density by that of some portions of the redwood forest of the California coast. The red fir, the great tide-land spruce, the hemlock, and the ix-d cedar {Thntja) reach hero enornums dimensions. The wide river bottoms are lined with a heavy growth of maple, Cottonwood, ash, and alder, the narrow interior valley with an open growth of oak. In this great coniferous forest the trunks of trees two or three hundred feet in height are often only separated by the sjiace of a few fi>et. The ground, shaded throughout the year by the im])enetrable canopy of the forest, never becomes dry ; it is ilensely covered by a thick carjjct of mosses and ferns, often of enormous size. The uioiv open portions of this forest are choked by an impenetrable growth of various T'««'(Hca'of alinost arborescent proportions, of hazel, the vine-maple, and other shrubs. The soil which has ])roduted the niaximiun growth of forest in this region is, outside the river bottoms, a thin, porous gravel of glacial origin, rarely more than a few inches in dei)th ; the luxuriance of vegetable growth^ therefore, illustrates the intluenee of a heavy rainfall and temperate climate upon the forest. The general character of this forest in the interior, although composed largely of the species i)eculiar to the coast, differs somewhat from the Coast Forest proper in composition aiul largely in natural features. The dense, imj)enetrable forest of the coast is replaced, east of the suuunit of the Cascade Pange, by a more open growth, generally largely destitute of undergrowth. The red fir, the hendock, and the red cedar ( Thuya) aiv still imi>oitant elements of the forest. Less valuable species of the Coast I'orest — the white fir {Ahks yriuniin), the yew, the alders, the mountain hemlock (TAXj/d ruttouiana), the hawthorn, the buckthorn, and the white pine (iVwH.v montu-ola) — are still rei)resented. The latter, a local species upon the coast, only reaches its greatest development towiirxl the eastern limit of this region, here forming considerable and important forests. Other species peculiar to the Coast Forest, the maples, the ash, the oak, the arbutus, and the Alaska cedar, do not exteud east of the Cascades. The tide- 8 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AiAIERICA. laud spruco is replaced by an allied species of the interior region. The widely-distributed yellow pine {I'inus ponderoso), barely represented in the northern portions of the immediate Coast Forest, becomes east of the mountains one of the most important and ehanicteristic elements of the forest. The Coast Forest south of the forty-third degree of latitude changes in composition. The tid(?-land spruce, the heudock, and the Thuya are gradually rei)laced by more southern species. The sugar pine (P. Lambvrtiaua) here lirst appears. The California laurel {Umbellularia) covers with maguilicent growth the broad river bottoms. The Liboiidntx, several oaks, and the chiniiuapin here reach the northern limits of their distribution. The change from the northern to the southern forest is marked by the api)ear.inee of the Port Orford cedar {Cliamaei/jiaris Lawxoniana), adding variety and value to the forests of the southern Oregon coast. Farther south, near the uorthex'u boundary of California, the redwood forests (.^'e^Hom) appear. The Coast Forest of Califoi'nia will be most conveniently discussed under three subdivisions : the forest of the Coast IvJinge, the forest of the western !assed in the more northern forests of the coast; the jellow pine is an important tree in the northern portions of this region, and here Hourish other species of the genus endemic to this region. The forest of the Coast Eangc is marked by the presence within its limits of several species of singularly restricted distribution. Oiiprensus macrocarpa and Pinus imi(jni>s are conlined to a few isolated groves upou the shores of the bay of Monterey; Abies bracteata occupies three or four canons high up in the Santa Lucia mountains; it is found nowhere else; and I'iiius Torrei/diia, the most local arborescent species of North America, has been detected only in one or two small grou])s upon the sand-dunes just north of the bay of San Diego. The characteristic forest of the Coast Kango is checked from farther southern devel<>i)ment, a little below the thirty-fifth parallel, by insuflicient moisture; the scanty forests which c!othe the high declivities of the Coast Range farther south belong in composition to the Sierra forest.s. The heavy forest which covers the western .slopes of the Sierra Nevada, a forest only surpassed in density by the redwood belt of the coast and the fir forest of Paget sound, occupies, in its greatest development, a belt situated bt'tween 4,000 and 8,000 feet elevation. This forest belt extends from about the base of mount Shasta at the north to the thirty-fifth parallel; forther south it diminishes in density and disai)pears upon the southern ridges i)f the Coast Range just north of the southern boundary of California. Its greiitest width occurs in northern California, where to the south of mount Shasta the Sierra system is broken down into a broad mass of low ridges and jn-aks. The characteristic species of this forest is the great sugar pine {P. Lmubertiana), which here reaches ibH gieatest development and value, and gives nnsuri)assed beauty to this mountain forest. With the sugar i)ine are associated the red fir, the yellow pine, two noble Abies, the Libocedrus; and, toward the central part of the state, the great Sequoia, a|)pearing first in small i.solated groups, and then, forther south, near the headwaters of Kern river, in a narrow belt extending more or less continuously for several miles. This heavy forest of the Sierra.s, unlike the forest which farther north covers the western Hanks of the Cascade Range, is almost destitute of nndt.Tgro« th and young trees. It shows the inllnence of a warm climate and um;venly distriltuted rainfall npfjn forest growth. The trees, often remote from one another, have attaincsd an enormous size, but they have grown slowly. Above this belt the Sierra forest stretches upward to the limits of tree growth. It is here subalpine and alpine in character and of little economic value. Dillerent pines and firs, the mountain heudock, and the v-estern juniper are s<'attered in open ritretches of forest upou the high ridges of the Sierras. The forest Ik'Iow the belt of heavy growth gradually becomes more open. Individual trees are smaller, while the nmuber of species increases. The small pines of the upper foothills are mingled with oaks in considerable variety. These gr.ulually increase in number. Pines arc less frequent and finally disappear. The forest of the valleys is compo-sed of oaks, tJto individuals often widely scattered and of great size, but Dowht-re forming a continuous, compact growth. The (Joast Forest of the Pacific region, unsurpas.sed in density, iacomiKised of a «x»niparatively .small nuujber of species, often attaining enormous size. It presents the .same general features throughout its entire extent, except as modified by the climatic conditi(Uis of the rt!gions which it covers. The species which compo.se this forest range through nearly liO degrees of lalitiule, oi' northern si)ccies, are replaced in the south by closely allied forms; and, as in the Atlantic region, the southern sjiccies far exceed in nundter those peculiar to the north. The Interior Forent extends from the southeiii limits of the northern subarctic; forest to the plateau of northern .Mexico; it occuiiies the entire region between the eastern limits of the Pacific Coast Forest and the extreme western limits of the Atlantic region. The forests of this entire region, as compared with the forests east and west of it, are stunted and remarkable iu their poverty of composition. They are confined to the high slopes GENERAL REMARKS. 9 and cauons of the uumerous mountain ranges composing the interior region, while the valleys are treeless, or, outside of the narrow river bottoms, nearly treeless. The interior forest attains its greatest development and considerable importance upon the western slope of the California Sierras and ui>on the flanks of the high [teaks of the toutheru IJocky Mountain system, from Colorado, where the timber line reaches an extreme elevation of 13,000 feet, to southern New Mexico and western Arizona. The minimum in North American fore.st development, outside the absolutely treeless regions, both in the number of species ami in the proportion of forest to entire area, is found south of the Blue mountains of Oregon, in the ariil region between the Wahsateh monutains and the Sierra Nevada, known as the Great Basin. Uere the open, stunted forest is confined to the highest ridges and slopes of the infrequent caiions of the low mountain ranges which occn])y, with a general north and south trend, this entire region. The individuals which compose this forest are small, although often of immense age, and everywhere show the maiks of a severe struggle for existence. Seven arborescent species only have been detected in the forests of the northern and central portions of this region. The mountain mahogany (Cercocarpux), the only broad-leaved species of the region, with the exception of the asjien, which throughout the entire interior region borders, above an elevation of 8,000 feet, all mountain streams, reaches here its greatest development. This tree, with the nut pine {Pinus monophylla), characterizes this region. Stunted junipei-s are -scattered over the lowest slopes of the mountains, or farther south often cross the high valleys, and cover with open growth the mefag, as the lower foot-hills are locally known. An open forest of arborescent yuccas (I'wca 6rer//b/irt) uj)on the high Mojave plateau is a characteristic and peculiar feature of the flora of this interior region. The red fir and the yellow pine, widely distributed throughout the Pacific region, do not occur upon the mountain ranges of the Great Basin. The heavy forests of the interior region, found along the western slopes of the California Sierras and ujion the Rocky Jlauntain system, are, for the most part, situated south of the forty second degree of latitude. The forests of the whole northern interior portion of the continent, outside the region occupied in the northern Kocky mountains by the eastern development of the Coast Forest, feel the influence of insutlicient moisture; the number of species of which they are composed is not large; the individuals are often small and stunted, while the forests are open, srattered, without undergrowth, and confined to the cauons and high slopes of the mountains. The most generally ilistribnted species of tliis northern region, a scrub i)ine {Pinus Altirrayana), occupies vast areas, almost to the exclusion of other species, and is gradually taking possession of ground cleared by fire of more valuable trees. South of the fifty- second parallel the red tir {Pseudotsiiga) and the yellow pine (rinits jwndirosa) appear; with them is associated, in the Blue mountains and in some of the ranges of the northern liocky mountains, the western larch {Larijc occidental^), the largest and most valuable tree of the Coliunbian basin. The forest covering the eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada consists almost exclusively of various species of pine, often of great size and value. The characteristic species of this region are the yellow jtine and the closely- allied Pinux Jeffreyi, here reaching its greatest development. The red fir is absent from this forest, while the oaks. multii)lied in many forms on the western slopes of these mountains, have here no representative. The forests of the southern Eocky Mountain region, less heavy and less generally distributed than those of the western slope of the Sierras, are, as compared with those of the Great Basin, heavy, dense, and valuable. They owe their existence to the comparatively large precipitation of moisture distributed over this elevated region. The characteristic species of the Colorado mountains is a s[)ruce (Picea Engelmanni) ; it forms, at between S,000 and 10.000 feet elevation, extensive and valuable forests of considerable density and great beauty; with it are associ.ited a balsam fir of wide northern distribution, and various alpine and siibalpine species of piue; at lower elevations forests of yellow piue and red fir cover the mountain slopes, while the bottoms of the streams are lined with cottimwood, alder, and maple, or with an open growth of the white fir (Allies concolor), a species of the Coast Forest, here reaching the eastern limits of its distribution; the foot-hills above the treeless plain are coven'd with scant groves of the nut piue (Pinus cdiilis), stunted junipers, and a small oak, which in many forms extends through a large area of the southern interior region. A forest similar in general features to that of Colorado, and largely eomposinl of the same species, exteiuls uiver the high mountains of New ilexico to those of western Texas and western and northwestern Arizona, where a heavier forest of piue covers the elevated region lying along the thiriy-fiith p;!rallel. ciUminating in the high forest-clad San Francisco mountains of nortliern Arizona. The species of the interior Pacific region mingle along its southern borcU'rs with the species peculiar to the plateau of northern Mexico. The Pacilic-.Mexicau Forest, although ditfering widely in natural features from the Atlautic-^Mcxican Forest, possesses several species peculiar to the two. The forests of this region are eoufiued to the high mountaius and their Jbothills, and to the baidcs of the rare water comses. They disappear entirely from the Colorado desert and from the valleys ami low mouutaiu ranges of southwestern Arizona. The most important and generally distributed species peculiar to the valleys of this region is the mesiiuit, the characteristic species of the Atlantic-Mexican region. The suwarrow, however, the great tree cactus, is perhaps the most remarkable si)ecies of the region, giving an unusual and striking appearance to the dry mesas of central and southern Arizona. The high mountain ranges, extending across the bouiulary of the United State.", between the one hundreil and filth and the one hnndreil and eleventh meridiaus, enjoy a larger and more regularly distributed rainfall than the regions east, and especially west, of these meridians. The forests which cover these southern mountain ranges are often dense and varied. Ufton their summits and almost inaccessible upper slopes the firs and pines of 10 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERtCA. the Pacific regrion are minglwl with pines, a juniper, an arbutus, and various other species peculiar to the Mexican plate:ui. Extensive forests of a cypress of Mexican orisrin also characterize this mountain vegetation. The bottoms of the canons are lined with a dense growth of cottonwi>od, hackbi-rry, a noble sycamore, an ash, a cherry, and other deciduous trees. The high foothills and i)iik(i.s arc covered with open groves of various oaks l)eculiar to the Mexican-Pacific region, here reaching, within the I'nited States at least, their greatest develoi)nient. Such are some of the i)rominent forest features of North America: a dense forest, largely composed, except at the north, of a great variety of broad leaved species, and extending from the Atlantic sea-board in one nearly unbroken sheet until checked by insufticient moisture from further western development — the ibrest of the Atlantic region ; a forest of conifers, oloco8 Hulesia Fraxinus ForeKtiera Chiouanthns ... OsmanthuB Cordia •Bonrreria *Ebretia Catalpa Chilopsis 'Cresoontia "Citharexyliim . . 'Avicennia 'Pisouia "Cocfoloba Persea •Ncctandra Sassafras Uinbellularia ... 'Drypctes' •Sfbastiauia "Hippomano Ulmus Gpncra renreffented by arbo- rt8c«iit npec-ioH in the Atlantic re|{ion PlaDera CeltiB 'Ficus Moms Madura Platanus JuglaiiH Carya Myrica Qiicrcus Castauopsis Castanea Fagns Ostrya Carpinus I Betula Alnus Salis Populus Libocedrus Tbuya CbamiEcyparis C iipressus Juniperus Taxodium Sequoia Taxus Torrey a Pinus Pieea Tsnga Pseudotsnga Abies Larix Sabal Washingtonia •Tbriuax *Oreodoxa Yucca I •\/ Gewra npreMDted by arbo. mccDt 8p«cl»« in the Atlanlk region. Gmer« mmrnlsd by arbo. moral ■ptfin ia tbr l'aci«« rrgioa. v' • • • • • v/ • V • V • V V V v^ V v/ V • V V V 1 V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V • • • • • V V • ^ V V 1/ Arborescent .species of 4.'? genera occnr within the limits of the two regions. They are Ptelia. Condalia. Rhamntis. .^sculus. Uugnadia. Sapiudns. Acer. Negundo. Ev.senhardtiii. Robiijia. Parkiiisouia. Prosopis. Acacia. Prunus. Pynis. Crattpgus. Cornus. Saii>bucu.s. Arbutus. Buniolia. Fraxinus. Chilopsis. Coltis. Morus. Platanus. Juglaus. Mvrica. Quorcus. Taxns. Betula. Torreya. Alnus. Pinus. Salix. Picea. Populu.-t. Tsiga. Thuva. Abi,-s. (.'hainteovparis. Larix. Juniperus. Yucca. The following genera, 44 in inunber, of the Atlantic region, exclusive of those of sctni-tropieal Tlorida, aro not represeiiteil in the Pacific forest : Magnolia. J.iriodendrou. Asiniina. Gord'inia. Tilia. Porliera. Xauthoxyliun. Ilox. CyrUla. Cliftonia. Pi.slaeia. Clailrastis. Sophora. (Jyiuiioeladus. Glcilitschia. Louca>na. Hamanielis. Liqiiidambar. Khizopbora. Ny.ssa. Viluirnuni. Piuckneya. Andromeda. Oxydendrum, Diospyivs. Syinplocos. Halcsia. Forest iera. Chionantbus. Osnianthus. Cordia. Catalpa. Person. Sassafras. Ulmus. Planora. Maclur.i, Cary;v. Ca-stantMi. Fagus. 0.strya. Carpinus. TaxoiUuiu. S;ibal. 12 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. The following genera of the Atiantic region, 9 iu number, are represented in the Pacific liora by one or more frutescent, but by no arborescent, species : Enonynius. AinelaucUiiM-. Vacciuuui. Rhododendrou. Rhus. Vibuninm. Kalniia. Foresticra. Ccrcis. Ptelia, Coiulatid, i^apiiidux, liobinia, Bitmcliti, Cclti.i, Moms, and Jiifflans, genera reaching their greatest development in North America iu the Atlautic region, extend with a singk> arborescent representative into the Pacific region. lihamntts, ^sciihis, Acer, yeijutulo, Pninu.i, I'yni.i, Cratcegus, Coriui^, Sambuous, Fraxinitu, Ptatamtit Mj/rica, Qiiercus, B'tula, Alnus, Salix, Popuht.s, Tliui/a, Cltama'C!/poceilru3. Pscudotsiiga. Olneya. Unibi'Iliilaria. Ciipressus. Wasbiiigtouia. Vauqufliiiia. The following gentra of the Pacific, 3 in number, are represented iu the Atlautic region by frutescent species : Ceanothus. Dalea. Cercua. The Atlautic forest, exclusive of semi-tropical Florida, contains 45 genera entirely unrepresented in the Pacific region and 7 geuera without Pacific arborescent representatives. The Pacific forest coutains 13 genera unrepresented in the Atlantic regiou and 3 genera without Atlautic arborescent rei)resentatives. The following genera of the Mexican region, 1-4 in number, are not elsewhere represented in North America. Genera with arborescent representatives iu both the Atlantic- and PaciticMexicau regions are designated by a star (•): Porlicra. Putacia. Olneya. Acacia. "Chilopsis. Canolia. 'Eysvnbardtia. 'Parkinsouia. Vauqucliiiia. Wasbiiigtouia. 'Unguadia. Dalca. Leucxua. Cereiis. Porliera and Leucana belong to the Atlautic; Canotia, Dalea, Olneya, Vavquelinia, Cercus, and Washiitgtonia to the Pacific region. DISTRIBUTION OF SPECIES. In the forests of North America 412 arborescent species have beeu detected; of these, 292 species belong to the Atlautic region, and 1.J3 occur within the limits of the Pacific regiou. Species common to the two regions are rare; they are piineipally confined to the subarctic Northern Forest and to the narrow belt along the southern boundary of the United States. The following Kpecies, 10 in number, cross the continent: Prosopis julillora. .Saiiiljiiciirt Mexitaiia. .Salix lonyilolia. I'opulim balBamifera. Picea alba. Pyrus Kauibiic'ir»lia. Uctiila papyrifera. Pupiiliis trviuuloides. Juiiipt-rus Virgiiiiana. Yucca l)accata. ProHopiH julijlura, Sambiicun Mexicana, and Yucca haccata belong to the Mexuan flora of the south; Salix . longifol'ui al.-^j belongs here, altliough extending no:thward into the Atlantic and through the Pacific Coast regiou of the United States. Pupulus hahumifcra, Jictnla papyri/era, and Picea alba belong to the Northern Forest. Pyrug namhiiri/olia, PapuluH InmuloidcH and Junlpents Viiyiniana are widely distributed through the central portions of the Atlautic and Pacific regions; they are the only re:dly continental arborescent species. The following Hpe(.ie.i of the Atlantic region, 15 in number, extend from the Atlantic into the I'aeific region :, l" Xfgiiinlo .-iccroidiH. Cratu^gua toiiienlosa. Qucrciis Eiiioryi. ( 1. i'arkiiiKODia aciili-ata. * Fraxiiiii8 viridis. AIiiiim iiicaiin. s ■i.itn.M. Pniiiiiii Auii-iiiaiia. Ccltis oceiili^iitalis. ' Salix uigra. 1 a. Pruiius IVmisylvauica. MiiriiH iiiicrupliylla. I'Uli.i ■■ ,,..;, a widely ilistribute.d K|)ecies of the Atlantic regiou, exteiuls through western Texas into the extreme .sontheasti^rn portion c>f the Pacific region. Vondalia oborata, Ungnadia Hpeciosa, PurUinxouia ueuleata, itoruH micropliylla, and Qkcvcuh IJmoryi, of the Atiaiitic-.Mexican forest, extend into the I'acilic-Mi'xii'an region. SapinduH viarginalus, of the soutliern Atlantic region, extinds Ihrougli western Texas 1(j the Pacific-Jlexican region. Prunun Americana, Pninim Pininti/lcariica, aud Almm iiicano, widely distributeil through the northern portions of the Atlantic region, just reach the eastern limits of the central Pacific region. Xtgundo aceroiden, CraUcgun tomcntona, Fraxinm riridin, and C'cltin occidcntalin are widely distributed through the interior Pacific region, although nowhere reaching the coast. GENERAL REMARKS. 13 The following species of the Pacific region, 8 in number, extend through the Mexican into the Atlantic region : Eysenhardtia orthocarpa. Acacia Grcfjgii. Chilopsis saligua. Juniperaii occidcntalis. ProsopiH pubcscens. Fraxiiius pistacia^folia. Juglans rnpestriH. Junipoms pachji)hlu>a. Juglan.1 rupcstris and Juniperus occidental^ reach their greatest development in the Pacific Coast region, and extend through the Pacific-Mexican region into western Texas; no other species are common to the Pacific Coast forest and the Atlantic-Mexican region. The G remaining Pacific-Atlantic species belong to the Pacific-Mexican region, just reaching western Texas. The following species of thu Southern Pacific region extends into the Atlantic region: Salix amygdaloides. The following species of the Pacific forest, 12 in number, endemic to the interior arid region, do not extend beyond its limits: Acer grandideutatum. Crat.-pgus rivularis. Populus aiigiistifolia. Pinus monopliyUa. Kobinia Neo-Mexicana. I'raxinus anomala. PiniiH flexilis. Picea pun'-ens. Cercocarpus ledifoliiis. Qnercus uudulata. Piuns cdulis. Yucca brevifolia. A detailed examination of the distribution of the arborescent species composing the Xorth American forests shows that — Magnolia is represented by seven Atlantic species, with the center of its distribution in the southern Alleghany region. Liriorlendron is repi'esented by a single species, widely-distributed through the eastern and central portions of the Atlantic region. Asimina is represented by a single widely-distributed arborescent species and by three frutescent species of the Atlantic region. Anona^ Capparis, GaneUa, and Chis'a are represented each by a single semi-tropical species. Gordonia is represented by two species of the southern Atlantic region, one of wide distribution, the other rare and local. Fremontia, a genus endemic to the Pacific region, is represented by a single species of the -southern Pacific Coast region. Tilia is represented by two Atlantic species, with its center of distribution in the southern Alleghany region. Byrsonima is represented by a single semi-tropical species. Guaiacum is represented by a single semi-tropical species. Porliera is represented by a single species of the Atlantic-Mexican region. Xantltoxijluin is represented by two si)ecies of the Atlantic region, by a semi-troiiical species, and by a second semi tropical species which reaches the Atlantic-Mexican region. Ptclia is represented by a single arborescent species of wide distribution in the Atlantic, reaching also the Pacific region, where a frutescent species occurs, and by a second frutescent species of the south Atlantic region. Canofia, a genus endemic to the Pacific-^Iexican region, is represented by a single s])ecies. Simaruba, Amyris, Sicieteniu, Ximcnia, are each represented by a single semi-tropical species. Ihirsera is represented by a single semi-tropical species and by a second frutescent species of the Pacific- Mexican region. Jle.r, an Atlantic genus, is represented by four arborescent and several frutescent species, with its center of distribution in the southern Atlantic region. Ci/iilla and Cli/lonia are each represented by a single species of the southern Atlantic region. Ijiionjimus is represented by a widely-distributed arborescent species in the Atlantic, and by a frutescent species in both the Atlantic and the Pacific regions. Myyindn, Scha'ffcria, and Eeynosia are each represented by a single semitroi)ical species. Condalia is represented by one semi-tropical and by one species of the Atlantic-Mexican reaching the Pacific- Mexican region. lihamniiH is represented by one arborescent and by one frutescent species in the Atlantic, by two arlwrescent 4>nd one frutescent si)ecies in the Pacific region, atid by one frutescent species common to the two regions. Ccanothus is represented by ;\ single arborescent species in the Pacific Coast region and by several frutescent species widely distributed through tlu^ Atlantic and the Pacillc regions. Colubrina is rcpresentcy several frutescent sjjccies in tho Atlantic and Pacific regions CornuH is represented by two arborescent species in the Atlantic, by a single arborescent s]iecies in the Paciific region, and by several frutescent and herbaceous si)ecies in tho two regions. yijHxa is represented by three species in tiie Atlantic region. titimbucu» is repre-sented by one arborescent species of wide distribution in the I'aciflc, by one si)ec,ies in tho Pacific-Mexican extending into the Atlantic-Mexican, by a frntescent species in the Atlantic, by a second frutescent •I)ecies in the I'acific, and' by a frute.-cent species common to the Atlantic and Pacific regions. Viburnum is rei)resented by two arborescent species in tho .\thiiitic and by several frute«c«;nt species in tho Atlantic and the Pacific regions. ExoHtemma is re])reseuted by a single semi-tropical species. Pinckrui/a, an endemic genus of the southern Atlantic region, is there represented by a single species. Genipa is represented by a single semi trojiical sjiecies. GENERAL REMARKS. 15 Ouettarda is represented by one arborescent and by one fnilescent semi troj»ical species. Vacciiiinm is represented by one arborescent species in tiie Atlantic and by several Irutescent species in the Atlantic and tbc Pacific rejrions. Andromeda is representf'i)resented in the Atlantic region by twenty-four arborescent species, of which one, belonging to the Mexican region, extends into the PacificMexican region; and in the Paor.-Am. i, 327. — Nouveau Duhamel, ii, 223, t. 66. — Desl'ontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 5.— Tittord, Hort. Bot. Am. 76. — Bonplaud, PI. Malm. 10'.!. t. 42. — Michaux f. llist. Ai-b. Am. iii, 77, t. 2; N. American Sylva, 3ed. ii, 12, t. 52. — Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii,381. — Eaton, Manual, 6 <->l. 218.— Bigelow, Med. Bot. ii, 67, t. 27 ; Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 244.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 18.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Pliiladelph. ,">!) ; Mod. B.— Hayne, Dond. Fl. 116.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 37.— Bot. Mag. t. 2164.— Spreugel, Syst. (>42.— Torroy, Compend. Fl. N. States, 221; Fl. N. York, i, 17, t..'..- Audubon, Birds, t. 118. — Raliuesiiue, Med. Bot. ii, 34. — Don, Miller's Diet, i, 82. — Eaton, Manual, 6 e, i,61,t.2;!; Manual N. States, 5 ed. 49.— Schnizleiu, Icon. t. 176.— Darlington, Fl. Ce.strica, 3 ed. 8.— Darby, B*it. S. States,211.— Cooper in Smithsoui.an Rep. 1858, 250. — Chapmau, Fl. S. States, 13. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 6C. — Lesqueroux in Owen's 2d Kep. Arkansas, 374.— Wood, CI. Book, 214; Bot. & Fl. 24. — Porcher, Resources S. Forests, ;>6. — Koch, Dendrologio, i, 369.— Young, Bot. Texas, 148. — Vasoy, Cat. Forest Troes, 6. 20 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. if. Virf/iniana, var. a. glauca, Liuna'us, Spec. 1 od. 53r>. Jf. fra/jrann, Salisbury, I'rodr. 3T9.— Uafiiipsquo. Kl. Liulovici.-iiui, 'Jl ; Mt-d. Bot. ii, 32. M. longifoUa, Sweet, Hort. Brit. 11.— Dou, Miller's Diet, i, 6:1.— Dietrich, Syu. iii, 308. M. glauca, var. lati/oUa, Aiton, Hort. Kew. -J oh. Holz. 18, t. 17.— Spnngcl, Syst. ii, G42.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 221 ; Fl. N. Y'ork, i, 28.— Ralincsque, Med. Bot. ii, 34.— Beck, Bot. 15.— Sertnm Botanicura, v. & t. — Don, Miller's Diet, i, t'i. — Roicbenbaeb, Fl. Esot. t. 251. — Eaton, Manual, G ed. 218. — Loudon, Arboretum, i, 273 & t.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 312.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, I, 43.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 308.— Griffith, Mod. Bot. O''.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3. ed. 9.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 211.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 2.50. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, M. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 18i>0, iii, (57. — Wood, CI. Book, 214; Bot. & Fl. 24.— Porchcr, Resourcoa 8. Forests, 38.— BalUou, Hist. PI. i, 140.— Gray, Manual N. Slates, 5. ed. 49.— Koch, Dendrologie, i, 371.— Y'oung, Bot. Texas, 149._Vascy, Cat. Forest Trees, 6.— Nat. Dispensatory, *cd. 891.— Ridgway in Proo. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 58. ^f. Virginiana, var. e. Linna;u.s, Spec. 1 ed. 5:}6. M. DeCandoUii, Savi, Bibl. Ital. i, 224 & t. •Tulipastnim Aviericanuin, Spach, Hist. Veg. vii, 483. CUCUMBER TREE. MOUNTAIN MAGNOLIA. Western Xew York to soutbern Illinois, southward along the Alleghany mountains, and scattered throagh easteni and middle Kentuckj* and Tennessee, usually on Carboniferous dei)08its, to southern Alabama (Stockton, Mohr) and nr)rtlieastern Mississii)pi; Arkansas, Crowley's ridge, and in the southern and southwestern part of the state (Te.varkana, Harvey, and in Polk, Howard, Cross, iind Pik(^ counties). A large tree, 20 to .'50 ineteis in height, with a trunk O.GO to 1.20 meter in diameter; rich woods, reaching its greatest development on the .slope." of the southern Alleghany inountaiuH. WfK)d ilurable, light, soft, not strong, close-grained, comjiatit, satiny; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, yellow brown, the sap wood ligiiter, often nearly white; specific gravity, 0.4G90; ash, 0.29; used for i>umi) logs, water- troughs, flooring, cabinet-making, etc. 4. — Magnolia cordata, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, .328. — Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2 o8, 2.50.— Chapman, F1.8. Stat«», 14.— Cnrtis in Rop. Geological Snrv. N. Carolina, 1800, iii, f>8.— Wood, CI. B»)ok, 214 ; Bot. «t Fl. 2.5.— Koch, Dendrologie, i, 371.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, (>. TuUpastrum Americanum, var. subcordatum, Spach, Hist. Vcg. vii, 483. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 21 CUCUMBER TREE. Sonthein Alleghany Mountain region, near Augusta, Georgia {Michaux, Elliott),he&d of Sipsey creek, "valley of Davidson creek", Winston county, Alabama (Mohr). A tree 22 to 24 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.60 meter in diameter ; low, rich woods ; very rare and local. Wood light, soft, not strong, clo.segrained, compact; medullary rays very numerous, thin ; color, light brown streaked with yellow, the sap-wood light yellow; specific gravity, 0.4139; ash, 0.32. 5. — Magnolia macrophylla, Micbaux, Fl. Bor.-Ani. i, 327. — Nouvoau Dubainol, ii, 221.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii,5. — Aitou, Hort. Kcw. 2 ed. iii, :$.31. — Poiret, Snppl. iii, 573.— Micbaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 99, t. 7 ; N. American Sylva, li, 26, t. 57.— Boupland, PI. Malm. >i4, t. 3:5.- Piireh, Fl. Am. Se]it. ii, 381.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 18 ; Sylva, i, a3; 2 ed. i,99.— DeOaiidolle, Syst. i, 454; Prodr. i, 80.— But. Mag. t. 21-9.— Hayne, Dcnd. Fl. 117.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 40.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 642.— Rafinesqiie, Med. Bot. ii, 31, t. 62.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 218.— Scrtum Botanicum, v & t.— Don, Miller's Diet, i, 83. — Croom iu Am. Jour. Sci. 1 eer. xxv, 76. — Rcichenbacb, Fl. Exot. ii, 44, t. 139.— Loudon, Arboretum, i, 271 & t. — Eaton &, Wright, Bot. 312. — Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i,43. — Spacb, Hist. Veg. Tii, 479.— Dietricb, Syn. iii, 308.— Griflitb, Med. Bot. 98, f. 57.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 211.— Cooper in Smithsonian R. p. 1858, 250.— Seriuge, Fl. Jard. iii, 230. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 14.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 67. — Wood, CL Book, 214 ; Bot. & Fl. 25.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 49.— Koch, Dendrologie, i, 374.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 6. LARGE-LEAVED CUCUMBER TREE. North Carolina, eastern base of the Alleghany mountains (Iredell and Lincoln counties); southeastern Kentacky southward to middle and western Florida and southern Alabama, extending west to the valley of Pearl river, LouLsiaua; central Arkansas (Garland, Montgomery, Hot Springs, and Sebastian counties). A tree 0 to 18 meters iu height, with a trunk rarely O.GO meter in diameter; rich woods, reaching its greatest development in the limestone valleys of northern Alabama ; rare and local. Wood light, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact, satiny; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, brown, the sap-wood light yellow; specific gravity, 0.5309 ; ash, 0.35. 6. — Magnolia Umbrella, Lamarck, Diet, iii, 673. — Nouveau Dohamel, ii, 221. — De Candolle, Prodr. i, 80. — Loiseleur, Herb. Amat. iii, t. 198. — Sprengel, Sybt, ii, 642. — Don, Miller's Diet, i, 83.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 43.— Spacb, Hist. Veg. vii, 475.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 308. -Scringe, FL Jard. iii, 227. — Gray, Genera, i, 62, t. 24; Proc. Liumean Soc. ii, 106, f. 1-18; Manual N. States, 5 ed. 49. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 250.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 13.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 67.— Wood, CI. Book, 214; Bot. & Fl. 25. — Porcber, Resources S. Forests, 38. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 6. M. Yirginiana, var. tripefala, Linnaeus, Spec, l ed. 536. Al. tripetala, Linnasus, Spec. 2 ed. 756.— Marshall, Arbustum, 84.— Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 159.— B. S. Barton, Coll. i, 14.— Alton, Hort. Kow. ii, 252; 2 ed. iii, 331.— Willdenow, Spec, ii, 1258; Enum. i, 579.— Michaus, Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 327.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, .5.— De Candolle, Syst. i, 452.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 90, t. 5; K. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 20, t. 5.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 381.— Nuttall, Genera, ii. It*; Sylva, i, 84: 2 ed. i, 100.— Guimpel. Otto A. Haync, Abb. Holz. 20, t. 18.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 116.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 38.— ToiTcy, Compend Fl. N. States, 221.— Rafinesque, Med. Bot. ii, 32.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 218.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 312.— Griffith, Med. Bot. 98.— Loudon, Arboretum, i, 269, t. 5.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 211.— Koch, Dendrologie, i, 370.— Xat. Dispensator>-,2 ed. 891. UMBRELLA TREE. ELK WOOD. Southeastern Pennsylvania, southward along the Alleghany mountains to central Alabama (Prattvillo, Mohr) and northeastern Mississii)pi, westward througli Kentucky and Tennessee; in central (Hot Springs) and southwestern Arkansas (rulton, valley of the Ked river, IJarvcy). A small tree, rarely exceeding 12 meters in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.40 meter in diameter; rich, shady hillsides ; most common and reaching its greatest develoiuncnt along the western slope of the southern Alleghimy mountains. Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, comi)iU't; medullary rays vexy numerous, thin; color, brown, the heavier sap-wood nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.4487; ash, 0.20. 99 FORKST TRKKS (»K N'oirni AMERICA. 7. — Magnolia Fraacri, Waii.r, n. C«r«lltil»n«, I, N» 4 l.-Tormy A (Irny, Kl. N. Aimrli'tt, 1, -i;!.- Wiilprnt, Urp. I, 70.— DIntrloli, Hyii. hi, 308.— ChnpniMi, Fl. H. HialM, U.— Ciirll. In Urp. (Irol.iK'"'"' ""rv. N, <'ttn>llii«, mM), III, IW,-\V p«, (1. M. auiicultlta, l.iiniank, I»l'l. Ill, ll?:!.- Hurl rum, Trnvi-U, 'i «mI. :i:I7.- \vm.l.«n..w, Hp<«r. II, ViM; Kiiiiiii. I, r.71».— Mii'liiiiix, Kl. Ilui. Am. I, :'VN. Noiivi'iiii DiiliiitiK'l. II, ■.•■J'J.-|)i'Nrniiliiliii>H, llml. Arli. II. r>. — Mlrliiiiix f. IIUI. Ail>. Am. ill, iU.t. «; N. AiiHTlrnii Hylva, :i I'tl. II, «;t, I. .'.(I. Aiulri'Wi., Ili>l. K.-p. Ix, t. MM. Hot. Mii({. (. iy(m.-('nl>lorcH, Mini. Mhk. A t.- Alloii, lloit. Ki'W. l/«l. Ill, :i:W. I'iiibIi, Kl. Am. «rpl. II, ;iMW. -Niiltiill, (ii-m.rii, li, |H; Sylvii, i, H.| ; 'J .d. I, '.tH.-Oo Cmiilollt., Hv»l. I, 4.'hI; I'riMlr. I, M<(.- lliiyiiK, II 1. Kl. 117. — KUIoM, KU. II, :W.— Hprc A l.-K«ilnK«. Kl, .laiil. Ill, 'M). M. pyKimiilolil, llintriim, Tittvi-U. 'i id. XW.- I'niHJi, Kl. Am. Hi«pt. II, :»Ha.- 1).. Ciin.l.illc, Hynl. i, .|r,.» ; I'luclr. I, W.-Miiyuo, |ti>ml. Kl. 117.- l.lnilli'y, lltil. 1{.«k. v,t. I07.-I,ciil valloy of IVail riv<>r, MiNsiHHippi. A Ninall (rt'i-, H to ll! iiu'Icin in licinlil, with ii trunk (l.ir» lo (l.'JO nu-tt'r in dianiclfr; ricli woodH. Wood liclil, Kol1, not Htronn, cloNOKrninfd, conipacl ; nii'duJlary la.VH vory nuMKMouN, tliin; color, liiown, (li« nap wood n(iiil> «lill«'; spi'cilli' niavil.v , lt.'>r 1 .'.I 1, [i;«i. -Kalm, 'I'ravi'lH, KiikHhIi "I. 'i Ui vi\. ill, :W!>.— Ua>rlnor, Kinot. II, t. 17".- Hot. MaK. t .•J7!i. Mo-ni'li, Mntli. Wi.— Aldiot, Iiihoi'Ih (liH)rKlii, II, I. 10'.J.— SoliUnlir, llandli. Ii,i):i, t. 147.- 'I'row, Iron. I.ltl- Wlllilrnow, .Sprc. II, IVM; Knnin. I, rwlt.- Mli'lianx, Kl. Hor.-Ani. I, ;Wli.-Noiivi'iin Dnhamcl, III, tl'J, I. IH.- Druronluini-H, Hint. Arl.. II, 1:.. I'olr.'t lo LamairU, Dirt, vlll, 1:I7; 111. ill, :tll, t. 4!»l. -HI. Illliiiro, I'l. Kn.n.'.', ill, I.. ;I77.- Tllfoid, II. ol,. Hot. Am. 7lva, I, H4 ; ii rd. I, IIMI,- Harlon, I'ro.lr. Kl, l.— Torroy, CompKhd. Kl. N. Htttlon, Wl ; Kl. N. York, I, 'JM.-Uallnrmpi.., M.d. Hot. II, '.'MlL-Hiilinp.-l, t)llo A llayno, AM>. Ilol/,. :14, 1. '.".I.— C.dd..tl, Wooillandi., No. Mil. SpronK«d, HyM ll,tll'J.- Andiilion, HirdN, t. fJ.— Don, MiIIoi'h Dl.t. I, Hil, — H...k, Hot. U..— Mndloy, Kl MiMl.Xt. Hpntli, llUt, Vig. M,4HM, London, Ailion>tiim, l,yMI A I. -I'.aton A WriKlit, Hot. Iltlv.'. - I'riin. Cy.l. xx\ , :t4l.— 'I'oiioy A llri»\, Kl N, AimTlon, I, 44,- -Dlotrlidi, Hyn, III, :ilil»,-t;rilllili, Mfd. Hot. HH, I", frft.- I'.mi'iNon, 'riooM MamiailinHollH, r.!>'.l| 2 cd. II, iMi:. A I S..||lini', Kl .laid. Ill, ".'411.- tliay, tlonorii, I, tl4, t. V:. : Manoal N. StatoH, f. id. fitl.— Daillnnton, Kl. CoMiii'a, :i cil. It.— Durliy, Hot. 8. HInliw, aiU. -AkukIIi, 'I'luHir. A Kyut. I'l. t. II, f. -.i.— Coopor In Hmltliaoiilan Kip. IW.H, 'J.Ml.— Clnipioan, Kl. H. HmiM. 14, fnilU In K.p, tJi-oloHl. ul Hni v, N, Carollnii, iwtltl, ill, 77. -LomaliK, 111, llorl. If., I. r>7l, -Wood, (;l, Hooli, 'Jl!^.; Ilol. A 11 •.'.■ -I'or.liir, Kmonnoii 8, Koii>Ht»., :«», KiiKidmann in 'rraim. Am. I'lill, Hon, now hit, xII, IKI. Halllon, IHhI, I'l, I, 14;i, f, 1, 1;- Koili, Di'iiilioloKJi', I.IIMO, tinilionn, lli»l, Hh.hioh, T .•,!. ill, 7411, -HI'H(l, Kl'. Iiilif>if'itii l.iriiiihiiilioii, Milli'i, Dirt. No, I. /.. ;»»(»(r»«l, Sail. Inn \, I'lodr :I71I It Ml' TUKIC. YKI.LOW I'Ori.AK. WIIITK WOOD. .SoiillmrMlriii \ « iiiioiil, tliioiiuli wisliTii Now Knulaiid, south waid to norlliciii IMorida (laliliid« ;W") ; wt^st, UimiiKli Ni'vv York, Oiitaiii^, and MIcIiIk'HI to lak<^ .Mii'lii;;iiii, soiilli of latlliidi' t.'i'^ .'10', tliciico south Jo latittido 31<^ in llii< Onlt'nliilcHcaNl of llii< .MJHNJ.sHippi livor; tliroii^li sonllicrn IliiiiolN and HoiilhiMislorn I\li.<4soiiri to < 'lowlcv's riil^i', noithi'iiHliTn .VikaiiNUN. ()iii< III' till' liirK<',-l('i,s in lii>i;;iil, with a trunk 13 lo 4 niiiiii<'s,stM> and Noilli Cikiolina. Wood liyhl. "I'll, iioi Minnie I'lilllc, very closo utiiiinlit K'"''"'''. fonipail, easily woiUed; ineilnllary niys nniniMoiiN, not pnnninenl ; eolor, lit;hl m-IIow or lirown, tlie tliln sap wood nearly while ; spieille (gravity, l),l'J.'(0 ; lUtli.t).*,!; htiKi'ly nianiHiielnred Inio liiinlier and used foi' eonHlrnetion, inleiior llnish, sliin^'les, in hnal liiiildln^, and it,>/»cHMi/<>r//, II ed, [iM. — ,Viii:i,-IUyii«., Dniil. V\. IIH, S|iniiK,-l, S.vhI. II, CkIK. •|'.iir..,v, <'mii|mii,l. Kl. N. Slut.w, a'."J ; Ann. I.yn. N. Vi.ik, il, \K. - l»f.k. Hoi. If, -Ih.u, Milli'i'H Diol. I,i)l. Niiltiill III Jour. riiila(li'l|)lila Ariul. vll, II.- Dinlilr.li, Hyii. lii, :i()4. -I,i)Uil(.ii, Arl.ornliiiii, I, !ai;i, f. :Ht.-H, aia.— (^M)pm' In HniltliMiiiilaii l{i'|). IW.S, yW). -(Mia|iiiiiin, l''l. H. Hlalnit, I.^.-CiiiIIh in Hi-p. (iit(ilii((i. ikim iwf. xli, lH:t. Ki.cli, |)c*ii.lr..li>Kii', ii, :Ih:i. YiMiii).;, lliil,. 'IVxiiM, Mil. Vimn), Vul. Koirnl Tiwh. tl. Hlilnwiiy In I'ro.-. II. H. Nut. Mn«. 1HH-.', lid. lliirj;rMM in CiihII.m'h llnl. Oiizt'tt.-, vii, !).'■.. Alliina hilohil, l,lmiHMiH,,S|irr. 1 ,m\. kit. - Maislmll, AiIhimIiiiii, Id. Liiiiiairk, DIrl.. II, r.'r..-\Viiltor, I'l. (;ari>linlitiiit, IW.- II. S. lliiiloii, (Nill. I, •Jl».-Aili>n, II. .It. Kkw. 11, '.'.VI ; 2 oil. ill, ;i:iri. \Vlllil.>n..w,H|irr, 11, la(17 ; Kiiiiin. I, ■':»«).- N..iiv.«u Diiliiiiiirl, 11, Kl, I. •.>.-., -DrHloiilalnrH, IIInI. Aili. II, 21.— Mliiluinx f. IIIhI. Arl.. Am. ill, Itil. t. l» ; N. Aiiinrlciin Hylva, :i imI. ii, :i:t, l. liO. IIimIoh, l-icilr. I<'l. I'lillali. IJl).— Hohkiilir, llanilli. 11, l)r>, I. Mil. Anona piiiilitla, .SaiiNi.my, I'miii-. :iH(i. Orchidocitrjium (triitiiiuin, Mi.iwuix, I'l. lior. Am. I, iiy.i. I'orrilitI Iriliihil, I',.|m(.„ii, Syn. 11, %. rniHli, Kl. Am. Hr|.|. 11, :Im:I. ltiillii«Hi|im, Kl, l.nilovloluna, IC*. - llnrlon, Conipcn.l. Kl. I'lillaili'lpli. II, IH.~NiiIIhII, (Jonoiu, 11, I!).- I'oirol, Siippl. Iv, r>V!|).- Kaloii, Mnniiitl, (I imI. '/TH.-- Auiliihon, IllnU, t. 2, l(!2.-KHt<.ii A. WiIkIiI, IIoI. :17I. Uvmia friloixt, Tmii-y A Oiay. Kl. N. Aiiii21i. I'Al'AW. (tllHTAWK Al'l'MO. VV*tHl(M'n N(<\v ^ ink ( l,iii'k|iiirl mid in Moiiror ciiiiiilv) ; Onliirio (Qii(Mi(;litfl) ; (MUtl^rii iiiid ciMitrikl roiiiiHyh'iiiiiii, \v(>nI Io Ndiillifi'ii Mii'lii^iiii, hoiiIIicim liiwn, and riisli-rn Kiiiiniin (Miiiiliiittiiti)i Hniilli to iniildU^ li'loiiilii niid (lu^ viillt\v of llic Hlll)in(^ river, 'IVixiiH. A Hiiiall lr(M', Mi)in<>liiiic.M 113 nirlcrH in lii'i;;lil, wil li :i Iriiiik tiircly r.M'rcdinu 0..'t() nirlcr in iliaiii<r .hIiiiiIi ; ricli, ratlier low woocIn, rrarliin^' its ;^i'fiilOHl, dovolopiiwnl in llir luwrr WuIiiihIi vhIIi'T itiid ill IIkn vall(\v of llio VVIlit(^ river, ArkaiiMa.s. Wood V(>rv li^lit, very Non, and wealt, coarse* grained, N|>onn.v ; layers of annuiil (growth clearly inurktMl l»y Hoveral row.M of lar^e open iIiicIh; color, li|.;lit. yellow Nliadcd with jjret>n, the Hiip wood llKl>tillr, Hyal. I, tllH; Kioilr. 1, HI.- SpriMiK«l, SyHt. 11, till. Mii(lliiiim|. A, HpeciioH, ViiHoy, Cut. KiiroHt TrrivH, (1. I'liNii Ai'ri.i;. Heini-tr<>|>iciil I'Morida, cape Maliiliar (o luiy lliMca,\ iic, on llie wcnI <'oa.'>i>l strong, rather clost^^rrained, compact, conlainiiiK many sealterfd open iliictN ; color, llclit brown streiiked with yellow, sap wood li;;liter; spccille ;;i'avity, 0.."iOr».'l ; iihIi, -LSIl. Tli« 1hi(;o fruit (O.ll lo (l.US meter lonj;) scarcely »'dil)U>. 24 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. CAPPARIDAOEiE. 11. — Capparis Jamaicensis, Jacquin, Stitp. Am. IGO, t. 101.— Aitou, Hurt. Kcw. v.' od. iii, -iS-'i.—Dc Cauilollr, I'roilr. i, 252.— Descourtilz, Fl. Mod. Antilles, y. t. 273.— Macfadycu, Fl. Jamaica, :!9. — Grisrbacli, I'l. Britisli West Inclios, 18. — Cbapinau, Fl. S. States, 32. — Porcher, Resources S. Foroeta, ".'•. — Eicliler in Martins, FI.Brasil. siii, 270, t. 04, f. 11. — Yasi-y, Cat. Forest Trees, 0. C. Breynia, Liuuteus, Spec. 2 ed. 721, ill part.— Aitou, Hort. Kow. 2 cd. iii, 285.— De Candollc, Prodr. i, 252, iu part.— Swartz, Obs. 210 [not Jacquin]. — Macf.idycn, Fl. Jamaica, 39. C. Cl/nophyUophora, Liumeus, Spec. 1 cd. 504 [not subsequent ed. /irfe Eichler, (. c.].— Alton, Hort. Kow. 2 ed. iii, 285.— Macfadyen, Fl. Jamaica, 39. C. siliquosa, Linn.Tue, Spec. 2 ed. 721. C. iorulosa, Swartz, Prodr. tl.— Do Candollc, Prodr. i, 252.— Grisobaob, Fl. Britiali West Indies, 18. C. tincinata. I.oddigps, Cat. [not Wallich]. C. emarflinaia, Kicbard, Fl. Cuba, 78, t. 9.— Walpers, Eep. i, 201. Semitropiual Florida, cape Canaveral to tbe soutboru keys ; in the West Indies and soutbward to Brazil. A 8niall tree, sometimes G meters in beifilit, with a trunk 0.15 meter in diameter, or reduced to a low shrub; common and reaching its greatest development within the United States on Upper Metacombe and Umbrella Keys. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact, satiny, containing many evenly-distributed large open ducts; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, yellow tinged with red, tbe sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.C971; ash. 4.7G. CANELLACE^. 12. — Canella alba, Murray; LinoiEus, Syst. 14 ed. iv, 443. — .Swartz, Obs. 190; Trans. Linna-an .Soc. i, 9C, t. 8. — Willdenow, Spec, ii, 851; Enum.i, 496. — Aiton, Hort. Kew.2 ed. iii, 144.— Titford, Hort. Bot. Am. Snppl. 3, t. 10, f. 4.— Do Candollc, Prodr. i, 5G3.— Hayne, Arzn. 9, t. 5.— Stevenson & Cbnrchill. Med. Bot. ii, t. 06.— WoodviUc, Med. Bot. 3 ed. iv, C94, t. 237.— Liiidley, Med. Bot. 116.— Carson, Med. Bot. i, 24, t. IC.— Griffilb, Med. Bot. 181, f. 98.— Miers in Ann. Nat. Hist. 3 Bcr. i, 348; Contrib. i, 116.— Grisobacb, Fl. Britisb West Indiea, 109.— Cliaj.nian, n. S. State.t, 93.— Gnibourt, Hist. Drogues, 7 ed. iii, 021, f. 707.— Vasoy, Cat. Forest Trees, 7.— Bontley &. Trimen, Med. I'l. i, 26, t. 20. C. Winteriina. Oaertner, Fmct. i, 377, t. 77. M'intcra Canella, Linna;u», Spec. 2 ed. 636.— Poiret iu Lamarck, Diet, viii, 799, t. 399. C. laini/olia, Loddigrs, Cat.— Sweet, Ilort. Brit. 0.").— Dou, Miller's Diet, i, 030. WHITE WOOD. CI.V.VAMOX BARK. WILD CINNAMON. Semi-tropical Florida, on the southern keys (Elliott's l\ry, Key Largo to Jew Fish Key); through the West Indies. A small tree, otti-ii Id meters in liciglil, with a trunk (t.'_'J meter in diameter; not rare. Wood very heavy, exceedingly hard, strong, clo.se. grained, cxjinpact; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, dark redtlish brown, the siiji wood light brown or yellow; s])ec,i(ic gravity, 0.9893; asii, 1.75. The pale inner bark ai)pears in the rharmacoprrn under the name of Cortex cnnellm alba;, furnishing an aromatic stimulant and tonic, occii.sionally employed in ca.ses of debility of the digestive organs, or as an adjunct to more active remedies {Miers, I. c. — FlUckif/cr t{- JJatihuri/, I'harmnrographia, G8. — U. S. Dispensafori/, 14 ed. aiO.— A'ar. JHnpematory, 2 ed. .337). CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 25 GUTTIFER^. 13. — Clusia flava, Limiieus, Spec. 2 ed. 1495.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 977; Eoum. ii, 1043.— Aitoii, Hort. Kew. 2 od. v, 444.— Titford, Hort. Bot. Am. 105.— D« Caiidolle, Prodr. i, 559.- Macfadyeu, V\. Janiaicn,, 134.— Nuttall, Sjlva, ii, 111, t. 77; 2 ed. u, 58, t. 77.— Grisebach, F). BritiBh West Indies, 407.— Cooper in Smitlisonian Rep. 1858, 2G1.— Chapman, I'l. .S. States, 43.— Plancbon & Triana in Ann. Sci. Nat. 4 ser. xiii, 352.— Walpera, Ann. vii, 340.— Vasey, Cat. Forest TrcPH, 7. C. rosea, Torrcy & Gray, FI. N. America, i, 168. Jamai(!a and other West Indian islands; Key West {Blodgett) prior to 1840. Not detected by later exi)lorer« {Palmer, Garbcr, Chapman, Curtiss) of the botany of semi tropical Florida, and probably not now growing Bpontaneously within the limits of the United States. Wood not examined. TERNSTRCEMIAOE^ 14. — Gordonia Lasianthus, Linnivus, Mant. i, 570.— Ellis, Phil. Trans. 60, 518, t. 11 ; Letters, t. 2.— L'Heritier, Stirp. Nov. 156.— Cavanilles, Diss, ii, 307, t 161.— Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 177.— Alton, Hort. Kcw. ii, 231 ; 2 ed. iv, 234.— Lamarck, Diet, ii, 770 ; III. iii, 146, t. 594, f. 1.— Swartz, Obs. 271.— Willdenow, Spec, iii, 840.— Michanx, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 43.— Bot. Maj;. t. 6.i8.— Nouveau Duhaniel, ii, 236, t. 68.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i, 484.— Persoou, Syu. ii, 2.')9.— Michanx f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 131, t. 1 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 29, t. .58.— Pnn-h. Fl. Am. Sept. i, 451.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, .84.— De Candolle, Prodr. i, .528.- Klliolt, Sk. ii, 171.— Spreugcl, Syst. iii, 125.— Don, Miller's Diet. i, 573, f. 99.— Audubon, Birds, t. 168.^Reichenbaeh, Fl. Exot. t. 151.— Spaeb, Hist. Veg. iv, 79.— Loudon, Arboretum, i, 379, f. 93.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 223. — Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 161. — Eaton & Wright, Bot. 2,'>S.— Browne, Trees of America, 52. — Dietrich, Syu. iv, 862.— Gray, Genera, ii, 103, t. 140, 141; Manual N. States, 5 ed. 104.— Choisy, Mem. Ternst. & Camel. 51.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 256. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. I&'i8, 250.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, GO.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surr. N. Carolina 1860, iii, 80.— Maont & Decaisne, English od. 274 & tigs.— Wood, CI. Book, 274; Bot. & Fl. 65.— Baillon, Hist. PI. iv, 230, f. 254, 255.— Viisey, Cat. Forest Trees, 7. Hypericum Lasianthus, Linnseus, Spec, l ed. 783.— Hill, Veg. Syst. XV, t. 1, f.3. O. pyramidalis, Salisbury, Prodr. Stirp. 386. LOBLOLLY BAY. TAN BAY. . Southern Virginia, south near the coast to ciipe Malabar, and cape Romano, Florida, west along the Gulf coast to the valley of the Mississii)])i river. A tree 15 to 24 meters in height, with a trunk oflcii (i.l.") to 0.50 meter in diameter; low, sandy swamps. . Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact, not dural)le ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, light red, the sap-wood lighter ; specific gravity, 0.4728; ash, 0.7G ; somewhat employed in cabinet making. The bark, rich in tannin, was once occasionally used, locally, in tanning leather {Bartram, Travch, 2 ed. IGO). 15. — Gordonia pubescens, L'Heritier, Stirp. Nov. 156.— Lamarck, Diet, ii, 770.— Cavanilles, Diss, ii, 308, t. 162.— Aiton, Hort. Kow. 11,231; 2 ed. iv, 2;V4.— Willdenow, Spec, iii, 841.— Miehaux, FI. Bor.-Am. ii, 43.— Ventenat. ,Iard. Malm. t. 1 (Schrader, Neues Jour. Bot. IrOG, 121).— Nonvean Duhaniel, ii, 237.— Krenig & Sims, Ann. Bot. i, 171.— Desloulaines, Hist. .\rb. i, 484.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 2.'.9.— Miehaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 135, t. 2; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. il, 31, t. 59.— Pnrsh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 451.— Nultall, Genera, ii, 84.— Loiselenr, Herb. Auiat. iv, t. 236.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 171.— De Candolle, Prodr. i, 528.— Spreugel, Syst. iii, 125.— Don, Miller's Diet, i, 673.— EaWn, Manual, 6 ed. 161.— Audubon, Birds, t. 185.— Spach, Hist. Veg. iv, 60.— Loudon. ArbonMnni, i, 380, f. 94.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 223i — Eaton & Wright, Bot. 2.58.— Browne, Trees of America, 54.— Dietrich. Syn. iv, SiW.- Gray, Genera, ii, 102, t. 141, f. 11-14, t. 142.— Choisy, Mem. Ternst. &. Camel. 51.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 2,".7.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 18r>8, 250.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 60.— Wood, CI. Book, 274; Bot. & Fl. 65.— Vasey, Cat. Fon>at Trws, 7.— Gootlale & Sprague, Wild Flowers, 193, t. 47. FrankUnia Altaniaha, Marshall, Arbustum, 19.— Bartram, Travels, 2 ed. 16, 41^..— Ratinesqne, Atlant. Jour. Til A- f. 0. FranMini, L'Heritier, stirp. Nov. l.'iO.— Willdenow, Spec, iii, 841.— Nouveau Duhaniel, ii, 237.— Divsfontaine*, Hist. Arb. i, 484. — Persoou, Syu. ii, 259.— Poii-et, Suppl. ii, 816. Michauxia Sessilis, Salisbury, Prodr. Stirp. 386. Lacathea Jlorida, Salisbury, Parad. Lond. t. 50.— Colla, Hort. Ripul. Appx. i, 134. 26 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. FRANKLINIA. Near Fort Barriugton, on the Altanialia river, Georgia (J. d* W. Bartram, Ih: Moses ^farshall). Careful exi)lorations of Bartram's original locality by later botanists, especially by Mr. H. W. Kavenel, have faile53.— Eaton. Manual, 6 ed. ;it.5.— Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. ii, 345; Hist. Veg. iv, 31.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 2.'a\— Eaton & Wri-ht, Bot. 4:.2,— Penn. Cycl. xsiv, 447.— Walpers, Kep. i, X)9.— Dietrich, Syn. iii,237.— Cotipcr in Smithsonian Kep. 185f , 2."i0.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 60.— Curtis in Kep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii,79.— Wood, CI. Book, 272 ; Bot. & Fl. 64.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 103.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 7.— Nat. Disinnieatory, 2 ed. 1429.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. M us. 18S.', 61. T. alba, Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 315, t. 2 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 84, 1. 132 [not Waldstein & Kitaibel].— E»tou A- Wright, Bot. 452— Darby, Bot. S. States, 262. T. laxiflora, Pursh, Fl. Am Sept. ii, 363 [not Michaux].- Elliott, Sk. ii, 2. T.Americana, var. heterophylla, Loudon, Arboretum, i, 375 & t. T, heterophylla, var. alba. Wood, CI. Book, 272; Bot. & Fl. 64. 28 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. WHITE BASS WOOD. WAHOO. Mountains of Pennsylvania, southwanl along the Alleghany mountains to northern Alabama and Florida (valley of the Apalachieola river, ojiposite Chattahoochee, Mohr), west to middle Tennessee and Kentucky, southern Indiana, and southern and central Illinois (valley of the Illinois river). A tree 15 to 20 meters iu height, with a trunk O.GO to l.liO meter in diameter; rich woods and river bottoms, often on limestone; most common and reaching its greatest development along the western slopes of the southern Alleghany mountains and in middle Tennessee. Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact, easily worked; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, light brown, the sap-wood hardly distinguishable ; specific gravity, 0.4253 ; ash, 0.02; generally confounded with that of Tilia Americana^ and used for similar purposes. MALPIGHIACE^. 19. — Byrsonima lucida, HBK. Kov. Gen. & Sp«c. v, 147.— De Candolle, Prodr. i, 560.— Jubsieu, Mod. Malpig. ii, 40.— Walpors, Eep. v, 168.— Richard, Fl. Cab*, 115, t. 26».— Grisebach, Fl. BrilisU West Indies, 115.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 82. Malpif/hia lucida. Swartz, Fl. Ind. Oco. ii, 8.->2. TALLOWBEERY. GLAMBERRY. Semi-tropical Florida, on the .southern keys (Boca Ohica, No-Name Key, etc.) ; through the West Indies. A small tree, sometimes 0 to 8 meters iu height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.25 meter in diameter, or often branching from the ground, and frutescent in habit. Wood light, soft, weak, close-grained, compact; medullarj' rays numerous, thin; color, light red, the sap-wood a little lighter; specific gravity, 0.5SS8; ash, 2.4C. Fruit edible. ZYGOPHYLLACE^. 20. — Guaiacum sanctum, Linnains, Spec. I ed. 382.- De CandoUe, Prodr. i,707.— Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 16, t. 86; 2 cd. ii, 86, t. 86.— Gray, Genera, ii, 123, t. 148.— Schiiizlein, Icon. t. 253, f. 21. —Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. Ifc58, 264.— Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 134. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 64. — Wood, Bot. &. hi. 67.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 7. O.rcrticale, Richard, Fl. Cuba, 321. LIGNUM-VIT.1E. Semi-tro|>ical Florida, Ui)iier Metacombe and Lignum-Vitaj Keys, common; Ivower Metacombc and Umbrella Keys, rare; in tlic JJahamas, St. Domingo, Cuba, I'orto Rico, (^tc. A low, gnarled tree, not exceeding, within tiie limits of tlie United States, S meters in height, witli a trunk sometimes 0..50 meter in diameter. Woodexceedinglylieavy, very hard, strong, brittle, chwe-graiiied, compact, dillienltto worlv,si>Iitting irregularly, contaniing many evenly-distriljutcd resinous ducts; niedujlarj- rays numerous, obscure; color, rich yellow brown, varying in older s|)ecimens to almost blaclc, the saji-wood liglit yellow ; specific, gravity, l.M;52; a.sli, 0.82; used in turnery and for the sheaves of sl)i]»s' blocks, for which it is iireCcrred to oth(;r woods. Lignum Guaiaci. Guaiacum icood, the heart of this and the allied G. offudnale, Linnieus, formerly largi^ly used in the treatment of syphilis, is now only retained in the Materia Mcdica as aii ingredient in the (compound decoction of sarsaparilla. Ouaiac, the resinous gum obtained from these species, is astimnlat ing diaphoretic and alterative, or in large doses cathartic, and is still employed in cases of chronic rheumatism, gout, etc. (Fidckiijcr & Ilanbunj, I'harmacixjrnphia, S2. — U. S. DiHpennatory, 14 ed. 45G. — A'a<. Jyinpcmatory, 2 ed. WMt.—Guihourt, Ilint. Drogues, 7 ed. iii, 551. — Berg, Pharm. Anat. Atl. 5.'}, t. 27). CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 29 21. — Porliera angustifolia, Gray, Bniithsoniaii Contril). iii, 'J8. — Torrey, Bot. Mex. IJouinLiry Survey, 42. Ouaiacum angusti/oUum, Engclmann, Wislizcnns' Ecp. 29.— Gray in Jour. KoHton Soc. Nat. Hist, vi, I.'jS; Genera, ii, 123, t. MO.— WalpcrH, Ann. iii, WO.— Watson in Proc. Am. Acad, xvii, 334. Western Texas, valley of the Colorado river to tlie Rio Grande (Austin, Matagonia bay. New Braunfels, San Autonio, Brownsville, Fort Melntosli), extending; west to the Kio Pecos {Uaiarrl); in northern Mexico. A small tree, r's Diet, i, 802.— London, Arboretum, i, 489. X ramillorum, Midiaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 235. X. tricarpum, Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 118 [not Michaux]. Thylax fraxineum, Kafincsque, Med. Hot. ii, 114. PRICKLY ASH. TOOTHACHE TREE. Eastern Massacliusetts, west to northern Minnesota, eastern Nebraska, and eastern Kansas, south to the mountains of Virginia and northern Missouri. A small tree, not often 7 meters in hei.ght, with a trunk 0.15 to O.'JO meter in diameter; or, ivdueed to a shrub, 1.50 to l.SO meter in height; eommon and reachiug its greatest develoi)ment in the region of the givat lakes; rocky hillsides, or more often along streams and rich river bottoms. Wood light, soft, coarsegrained; medullary rays luimerous, thin ; color. light brown, the sap wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.5054; ash, 0.57. The bark of Xanthnxt/lum, an active stimulant, is used in deeoetion to produce diaphoresis in eases of rheumatism, syjihilis, etc., and as a jiopular remedy for toothache (f. iS. Dispntxatory. \\ ed. 040. — Dcntlcj/ in Tjondon Pluirm. Jonr. '2 ser. v, ;VJO. — Guihourt, Hist. Drogues, 7 ed. iii, 5(i'J. — Nat. Dispensatory, '2 ed. 15;V>). 30 FOREST TREP:S OF NORTH AMERICA. 23. — Xanthoxylum Clava-Herculis, Liuniuiin, Spec. 1 ed. 270, in part.— B. S. Barton, Coll. i, 25, 52; ii, 38.— W'ilUlenow, Spec, iv, 754, in part.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 382.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 090.— Planchon & Triana in Ann. Sci. Nat. 5 scr. liv, 312. X. fraxini/oliuvt, Wultir. FI. Caroliniana, 243 [not Miirshall]. Fagara Jraxinifolia, Lamarck, 111. i, XU. X. Carolinianum, Lamarok, Diet, ii, :19; 111. 4t):!, t.811, f. 1.— Torrey .— S«.befk- in Ra>mer, Texas, 432.— Nuttall. Sylva, iii, 8, t. 83; 2 eJ. ii, 78, t. 83.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 2:i3.— Cooper in Smithsonian Kep. Is58, 250. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, CO. — Curlis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 103.— Wood, CI. Book, 282; Bot. & Fl. 70.— Young, Bot. Texas, 194.— Vasoy, Cat. Forest Trees, 8. X. aromaticvm, Willdenow, Spec, iv, 755 (escl. syn.).- Jacquin f. Eclogae, i, 103, t. 70. X. tricarpum, Jlicliaus, Fl. Bor.-Ara. ii, 235.— Poiret, S ppl. ii, 294.— Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 383.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 210.— De CandoUe, Prodr. i, 726.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 690.- A. de Jussiou iu Mem. Mns. xii, t.25, f. 38.— Sprengel, Syst i, 945.— Don, Miller's Diet, i, 803.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 365.— Loudon, Arboretum, i, 468.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 399.— Eaton & Wright, Bot- 482.— Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1000. Kampmania fraxini/oUa, Rafinesque, Med. Rep. v, 354. Pseudopetalon glandulosum, Rahnesque, Fl. Luiloviciana,*108; Med. Bot. ii, 114. Pneudopetalon tricarpum, Rafinesque, Fl. Ludoviciaua, 108; Med. Bot. ii, 114. X. Catcithianuill, Rafinesque, Med. Bot. ii, 114. TOOTHACHE TEEE. PKICKLY ASH. SEA ASH. PEPPER WOOD. WILD ORANGE. Soutberu Virgiuia, southward near the coast to bay Biscayne and Tampa bay, Florida, westward through th© Gulf states to northwestern Louisiana, southern Arkansas (south of the Arkansas river), and the valley of the Brazos river, Texas. A small tree, rarely 12 to 14 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 meter in diameter, of very rapid growth; usually along streams and low, rich river bottoms, reaching its greatest develojiment iu southern Arkansas, Louisiana, and eastern Texas. A form with trifoliate leaves is — X. macrophyllum, Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 10; 2 ed. ii, 80.— Lesqnercux iu Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 353. X. Clara-Herculis, var. Wat.son in Pmc. Am. Acad. xvii,335. Wood light, bard, not strong, soft, coarse-grained, not durable, containing many scattered open ducts; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light brown, the sap wood lighter; specilic gravity, 0.5056; ash, 0.82. X^. ClavallcrvuliH probably pos.sesses .similar medicinal proi)erties to those of the last s\iec\G& {Nat. Dispensatory 2 ed. 1535). Var. fruticosum. Gray, Smilbnonian Contrib. iii, 30. — Torrey & Gray in Pacific R. R. Rep. ii, 161. — Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundarj- Survey, 43. — Chapman, Fl. S. Slates, G6f — Wood, Bot. & Fl. 71. X. hirsiltum, Buckley in Proc. Philadelphia Acad. 1861, 4.''.0; 1870, 136 (see Gray in same, 1862, 162).— Young, Bot. Tcxaa, I'J.-.. Western Texas, Corpus Christ i (liiullcij), mouth of the Colorado river {^fohr), near Austin, and west to Devil's river and Eagle jjass; I'lorida (!) {Chapman I. c). A low .shrub, or on the Texas coast a small tree, 0 to .S meters in height, w ith a trunk 0.20 to 0.30 meter in diam«'ter. Wood light, soft, close-grained, c(iiiii>act; meduUaiy rays numerous, thin ; color, light brown, the sap-wood yellow; sj)ecilic gravity, 0.5907 ; ash, 0.70. 24. — Xanthoxylum Caribaeum, Lamarck, Diet. ii,40.— GartuiT, Fnict. i, 3X1, t. 6^, f. 8.— DiMoiirtilz, II. Mid. Autillew, ii, .')8.— Planchuu &, Triana in Ann. Sci. Nat. 5.sicuons ; color, light orange, the sapwooa lighter; specific gravity, 0.9002 ; ash, 2.02. 25. — Xanthoxylum Pterota, iiiiK. Nov. Gou. & Spoc. vi, ;!.— Kuntb, Syn. iii, 325.— Do Candollo, Prodr. i, 785.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 680.— Macfadyen, FL Jamaica, 190. — Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 11, t. 84 ; 2 cil. ii, 81, t. 84. — Scemann, Hot. Herald, 275. — Torrey, Bot. Mcs. Bonndary Survey, 43. — Cooper in Smithsonian Kep. 1858, 2G4. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 6C. — Young, Bot. Texas, 195. — Plauchon & Triana in Ann. Sci. Nat. 5 ser. xiv, 311. — Engler iu Martins, Fl. Brasil. xii-, 154. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 8. — Hemsley, Bot. Am.-Cent. i, 169. — Watson iu Proc. Am. Acad, xvii, 33.->. Fagara Pterota, LiunsBus, Amoen, v, 393, in part.— Lamarck, Diet, ii, 444 ; 111. i, 335, t. 84.- W'illdenow, Spec, i, 666.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. i, 263.— Titford, Hort. Bot. Am. 40.— Tnqiin, Diet. Sci. Nat. xvi, 107, t. 127. Fagara lentinci/olia, Willdenow, Enum. i, 166.— Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 137. WILD LIME. Semi-tropical Florida, Mosquito inlet to the southern keys, on the west coast from about latitude 29° to cape Sable ; southwestern Texas, and southward through Mexico to Brazil. A small tree, sometimes 8 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.15 meter in diameter, or often reduced to a slender shrub ; in Florida common, and reaching its greatest development on the keys of the west coast; in Texas not common, but widely distributed as a small shrub, or on the shores of Matagorda bay, west of the Nueces river, and in the valley of the Eio Grande a low tree. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact; medullary rays thin, numerous; color, brown tinged with red, the sap-wood yellow; specific gravity, 0.7444; ash, 0.78. 26. — Ptelia trifoliata, Linnaius, Spec. 1 cd. 118. — Medicus, Bot. Boobacht. 215. — Marshall, Arbustum, 115. — Walter, Fl. Camliuiana, H8.— Aiton. Hort. Kew. i, 162 ; 2 ed. i,264. — Lamarck, 111. i, 336, t. 84. — Moench, Meth. 55. — Willdenow, Spec, i, 670; Ennra.i, 116. — Kouveau Dnhauiel, i.252, t. 57. — Michaux, Fl. Bor. Am. i, 99. — Sehkuhr, Handb. 63, t. 83. — Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, v, 706. — Pcrsoou, Syn. i, 145. — Desfoutaiues, Hist. .\rb. ii, 343.— Robin, Voyages, iii, 509.— Piirsh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 107.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 104.— Guimpol, Otto i Hayne, Abb. Uolz. 94, t. 74.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 8.— Elliott, Sk. i, 201.— Rcemer & Schnltes, Syst. iii, 291.— Torrey, Fl. U. S. 189 ; Corapend. Fl. N. States, 86.— Fl. N. York, i, 133; Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 73; Bot. Mex. Boundary SBr>-ey, 43.— De Candolle, Prodr. ii.82.— Sprcngel, Syst. i, 441. — Turpin, Diet. Sci. N.at. sliv, 2, t. 128.— A. do Jussieu iu Mem. Mus. xii, t. 26, f. 42.— Beck in Am. Jour. Sci. 1 ser. x, 264 ; Bot. 71.— Don, Miller's Diet, i, 806.— Spach, Hist.Vcg. ii, 369.— Hooker, Jour. Bot. i, 202.— Lindley, Fl. Med. 215.— Loudon, Arboretum, i, 489 & t. — Eaton, Manual, 6 od. 288. — Torrey &. Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 215. — Eaton & Wright, Bot. 379.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 497. — Browne, Trees of America, 153. — Scheele in Rcemer, Texas, 432. — Gray, Genera, ii, 150, t. 1.57 ; Manual X. States, 5 ei. 110. — Richardson, Arctic Exped. 423. — Parry in Owen's Rep. 610. — Agardh, Theor. & Syst. PI. t. 19, 1". 7,8. — Cooper in Sinilhsouian Rep. 1858, 250.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 254.— Chapman. Fl. S. States, 66.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 107.— Lesquereux iu Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 3.53.— Wood, CI. Book, 283; Bot. & Fl. 71.— Schnizlein, Icon. t. 250, f. 15-26.— Young, Bot. Texas, 195. — Baillon, Hist. PI. iv, 395, f. 445, 446. — Koch, Dendrologie, i, 566. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Tree*, 8. — Hemsley, Bot. Am.-Cent. i, 171. — Burgess in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vii, 95. Amyris elemifera, Linnaeus, Spec. 2 ed. 295.- St. Hilaire, Fam. Nat. i, 253. P. viti&ifoHa, Salisbury, Prodr. 68. HOP TREE. SHRUBBY TREFOIL. WAFER ASH. Ontario and New York (banks of the Niagara river), Pennsylvania southward to northern Florida, west to Minnesota and the headwaters of the Canadian river; through western Texas to the valley of the Mimbres river, New Mexico {Bigclow), and southward into northern ^lexico. A small tree, sometimes 4 to 0 meters in height, with a trunk 0.1,5 to 0.20 meter in diameter, or more otiou reduced to a slender shrub ; shady, rocky hillsides. A variety with more or less pubescent leaves, not rare on the south Atlantic coast, and the common form of western Texas, is — var. mollis, Torrey & Gr.-vy, Fl. N. America, i, 680.— Engelmaun & Gr.iy in Jour. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, v, 213.- Torrey in Marcey's Kep. 282.— Gray in Smithsonian Coutrib. iii, 31; Hall's PI. Texas, 5.— Wood, Bot. & Fl. 71.— Watson in Proc. Am. Acad, xvii, 335. P. mollis, Curtis in Am. Jour. Soi. 2 ser. vii, 406 ; Uop. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1^60, iii, 107.— Walpers, Ann. ii, 259.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 67.— Young, Bot. Texas, 196. 32 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact, satiny, the amiiiai j^rowths cU\irly marked l>y two or three rows ot open dints; meduUary rays few, thin; eoh)r, yellow-brown, the sap wood liardly distinguishable; specific gravity, 0.8310; ash. O.-K). The bark of the root possesses tonic ])ro|)erties and is employed by herbalists in the form of tinctures aud fluid extracts in ca.ses of dysi>epsia, debility, etc. {Am. Jour. Piianii. 18G2, 198; 18G7, .'Jo". — U. S. J>ix])cniia(ory, 14 ed. 1740. — Xat. Dixpetusatory, '_' ed. IITO); the bitter fruit is occasioiuilly used domestically as a substitute for hops. 27. — Canotia holocantha, Tomy, Pacifio K. H. Ki'p. iv,t>S. — Gray in Ives' Rep. 15; Proc. Am. Acad, xii, 109. — Baillou, Adaiisonia. x, 18; Hist. Vcg. vi, 7, 4'.'. — Brewer &. Watii, Bot. California, i, I'JO.— Rotbrock in WIiuoUt's Rep. -Jl, 81, t. 1.— Maxiiiiow icz in Act. Ilort. St. Petersburg v, 256. — Rusby iu Bull. Torn-y Bot. Club, ix, lOG. Arizona, White Mountain region, valley of the Gila river {liotlirock), valley of Bill Williams Fork (Bigeloic). A small tree, G to 8 meters iu height, with a trunk sometimes 0..'{0 meter in diameter, or often a large nhrub; dr>, rocky mesas. Wood heavy, hard, clo.se-grained, comi)act; medullary rays numerous, not prominent; color light brown, the sap-wood lighter; specitic gravity, 0.G88.5; ash, 5.33. SIMARUBE^. 28, — Simaruba glauca, De CaDdolle, Diss, in Ann. Mns. xvii, 323 ; Prodr. i, 7.33.— Humboldt, Boniilami & Ivuutli, Nov. Gen. et Spec, vi, 10.— Descourtilz, Fl. Med. Antilles, i, 06, t. 14.— Planchon in London Jour. Bot. v, 5U7.— Gray, Genera, ii, 152.— Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 20, t. 87 ; 2 ed. ii, 88, t. 87.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 264. — Grisebach, Fl. British West lDdie. meters in height, with a trunk O.GO meter in diameter; within the United States not common, aud reaching its greatest develoi)ment on the shores of bay Bist^ayne. Wood light, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, containing many large scattered open ducts; mcdullarj' rays few, thin; color, light brown, tiie sap-wood a littU; darker; specific gravity, 0.413(i ; ash, 0.03. The bark of this species lias been occasionally used as a substitute for that of !S. officinalis, DC as au aromatic, bitter tonic (U. S. Dispensatory, 14 ed. 838. — Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. ll.'04). BURSEllACE^. 29. — Bursera gummifera, .lacqnin, Am. Pict. t. Tm.— Linnans, Spec. 2 ed. 741.— Lamarck, III. ii, 392, t. 256.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 1119.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v,4Hl.— Titford, Hort. Bot. Am. 107.— Do Candiille, Prodr. ii, 78.— Dcscourtilz, Fl. Med. Antillen, ii, t. 97.- Spnch, Hist. Veg. ii, 2:i9.— Macfartuer, Fruct. ii, tf, t. 9(i. — Laui.iivk, Diet, iii, 678. — Willdenow, Spec, ii, 557. — Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 od. ii, 338. — Titibrd, Uort. Bot. Am. 64.— Deseourtilz, Fl. Mod. Antilles, ii, 125, t., 99.— De Candollo, Prodr. i, 62r>.— Turpin in Diet. Sci. Nat. Atlas, t. 170.— Tussao, Fl. Antilles, iv. t. 33.— H.i>nie. Ann. i. t. 19.— Hooker, Bot. Misc. i, 21, t. 16, 17.— A. de Jussiou in Mom. Mus. xix, 248, t. 11.— Don. .Miller's Diet, i, (»87. f. IU>.— Woixlville. Med. Bot. 3 ed. iii, 620, t. 220.— Sp.ach, Hist. Veg. iii, 164, t. 21.— Lindley, Fl. Mo.l. l;>,"i.— Maotadyen, Fl. Jamaica, 175.- Torr<>y & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 242.— Eaton, JIanual,6 ed. 360.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 447.— Walpers, Rep. i, 43t!.— Nuttall, Sylva, ii, ?8. t. 75; 2 ed. ii, 46, t. 75.— Richard, Fl. Cuba, 304.— Schuizlein, Icon, t.226, f. 1.— Cooper in Smilhsoniau Rep. lb.S8, 264.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 263.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 62.— Grisebadi, Fl. British West Indies, 131.— WoihI, Bot. & Fl. 66.— Baillon, Hist, PI. v. 478, f. 472-476.— Guibourt, Hist. Drogues, 7 ed. iii, ,")96.— Tippol & Bollevar, Ausland. Cult. PH., Atlas, i. t. 2, 1". 1.— C. De CandoUe, Suites, i, 723.— Homsley, Bot. Am.-Ceut. i, 183. olish: mednllary rays numerous, obscure; color, rich reddish-brown, turning darker with age, the thin sa[)- wood yellow ;■ specific gravity, 0..72S2; ash, 1.09; varying greatly in quality in different regions; largely used and preferred to all other woods for cabinet-making of all sorts, interior finish, etc.; formerly somewhat employed in ship-building. OLACINE^ 32. — Ximenia Americana, LiuniBus, Spec. 1 ed. Appx. 1193.— Bartram, Travels, 2 ed. 11'2.— Lamarck, 111. ii, 435, t. 297.— WiUdeuow, Spec, ii, 338.— Aitou, llort. Kew. 2 ed. li, 352.— De Candolle, Prodr. i, .5;$3. — Nuttall, Sylva, i, 124, t. 36 ; 2 cd. i, 138, t. 36.— Schnizlein, Icon. t. 223, f. 1-9, 30, 31.— Caml>C8.seec. 125, iu part. — Marshall, Arbustum, (54. — Aiton, Hort. Kew. i, 170, in part ; 2 ed. i, 279. — Lamarck. Diet, iii, 147; 111. i, 355.— Willdenow, Spec, i, 709; Enum. i, 172 ; Hort. Berol. i. t. 31.— Nonveau Duh.imel. i. 9.— Persoon, Syn. 151. — Dcsfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 362. — Poiret, Suppl. iii, 05. — Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 117. — Rtemer & Schultes, Svst. iii, 490.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 10.— Dc CandoUe, Prodr. ii, 14.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 495.— Don, Millers Diet. ii, 17. — Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 428.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 544 — Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 517, f. 184.— Eaton & Wright. Bot. 282. — Goeppert in Del. Sem. Vratisl. 1885 {Linnwa, xxvi, 746). I. Cassine, var. latifolia, Aiton, Hort. Kew, 2 ed. i, 278. I. eassinoides, Link, Enum. i. 148,— Rujmer & Schultes, Syst. iii; Mant. 332, I. laurifoUa, Nuttall in Am, .Jour. Sci. 1 scr. v, 289.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 166.- Eaton & Wright, Bot. 282. Ageria palustris, Ealiuesque, Sylva Telluriana, 47. Agcria oborata, Raliucsque, Sylva Telluriaua, 47. Ageria heterophylla, Ralinr.sque. Sylva Telluriana, 48. DAHOON. DAHOON HOLLY. Southern Virginia, southward near the coast to Mostpiito inlet aiul Tampa bay. Florida, west along the Gulf coast to the i)rairie region of western Louisiana. A small tree, sometimes 8 meters in lieight, with a trunk from 0.20 to 0.30 meter iu diameter: low. wot soil : not eomnion, and running into numerous lV»rms, of which the best marked are — var. angUStifolia, Torrcy & Gray, I'l. N. America, iiifrf. I. Cassine, var. angustifolia. Willdonow, Spec, i, 7(Ht.— Alton. Hon. Kow, 2 ed. i, 278.— Xouvoau Duhamol. i, 9, t. 3. I. angustifolia, Willdonow, Enum, i, 172,— Pursh. Fl. Am. Sept, i, 118,— Nuttall, Genep.», i. 109.— Rivmer & Schultes, Syst. iii, 489.— De Caudolle, Prodr, ii, 14.— Watson, Dend. Brit, i, I, 4.— Sprengel, Syst. i. 495.— Don, Miller's Diet. ii. 17 — Hooker, .lour. Bot. i. 201.— Spacb, Hist. Veg. ii, 428.— Dietrich, Syn. i. ,V>4.— Loudon, .\rlumailj, Hist. W-g. ii, 4'2l). var. myrtifolia (.only in low cyinx-ss 8waini)s and ponds). Chapman, Fl. S. States, 269. — Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 755. I. myrd/oUa, Walter, Fl. Caroliniaua, 214.— Nonvean Duhamol, i, 10, t. 4. — Michanx, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 229.— Poirot, Snppl. iti, 65. — Willdeuow, Enum. Suppl. 8. — Koomer & Scbnltos, Syst. iii, 489. — Link, Enum. 148. — Spach, Hist. Vog. ii, 429. — Eaton, Manual, C ed. 187.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 282.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 426.— Gray, Manual N. States, .'led. 306.— Maximowicz in Mem. Acad. St. Petersburg, xxix, No. 3, 26. T. rosniarifolia, Lamarck, 111. i. 35C.— Persoon, Syn. i, 151.— Poiret, Suppl. iii, (i5. I. liflUStri/oUa, Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 19.— Eaton, Manual, ti od. 187.— Wood, 01. Book, 497 ; Bot. & Fl. 207. Wood light, .soft, not strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, light brown, the sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, O.-iSOG; ash, 0.91; that of var. mijrtifoUa heavier, nearly white; specific gravity, 0.5873; a.-*h, 0.90. 35. — Ilex Cassine, Walter, Fl. Caroliniaua, 241. — Aiton, Hort. Kew. i, 170, in part.— James, Cat. 176; Lou-i'-s Exped. ii^ 294.— Hooker, Jour. Bot. i, 202.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 186. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 269. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 59. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 373.— Wood, Bot. & Fl. 208.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 od. 306.— Young, Bot. Texas, 373.— Maximowicz io Mem. Acad. St. Petersburg, xxix, No. 3, 22. /. Cassine, ^. LiumEus, Spec. 1 ed. 125. Cassine Peragua, Linnoius, Mant. ii, 220. — Mar8hall, Arbustuui, 2(i.— I'lcnck, Icon. t. 239. Cassine Caroliniana, Lamarck, Diet, i, 652 I. vomitoria, Aitun, Hort. Kew. i, 170; 2 cd. i, 278. — Salisbury, Prodr. 70.— Willdenow, Spec, i, 709.— Enum. Suppl. 8. — B. S. Barton, Coll. i, 36, 50.— Nouveau Dnhamel, i, 10. — Persoon, Syn. i, 151. — Dosfontaiucs, Hist. Arb. ii, 362. — Titlnrd, Hort. Bot. Am. 41.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 118.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 109.— Roemer & Schultes, Syst. iii, 491 ; Mant. 333.— De Caudolle, Prodr. ii, 14. — Sprengel, Syst. i, 495. — Torrey in Ann. Lye. N. York, ii, 173.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 17.— Hooker, Jour. Bot. i, 202.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 430.— Lindley, Fl. Med. 393.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 555.— I.K5udou, Arboretum, ii, 518, f. 186.— Eaton, Manual, 6cd. 187.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 282.— GrifTitli. Mod. Bot. 433.— Browne, Trees of America, 169. — Guibourt, Hist. Drogues, 7 ed. iii, 544. /. ligustrina, Jacquin, Coll. iv, 105; Icon. Rar. ii, 9, t. 310 [not Elliott].— Lamarck, 111. i, 356. I, Floridana, Lamarck, HI. i, 3.56. I. Cassena, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. il, 229.— Poiret, Suppl. iii, 65.— Ra-mer &. Schultes, Syst. iii, 490.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 681.— Darby, Bot. S. States 426.— Wood, CI. Book, 497. I. rcUgiosa, Barton, Fl. Virgiuica, 6li. Cassine raniulosa, Rafincsquc, Fl. Ludovieiana, 363. Hicrophyllus Cassine, Rafincsquc, Med. Bot. ii, 8. Ettutila ramulosa, Rafiuesque, .Sylva Tclluriana, 45. Agcriv Caxm-na, Haflucsrpie, Sylva Tclluriana, 47. Ageria gcinimita, Rafinesque, Sylva Tclluriana, 48. CAHSENA. YAUPON. YOPON. Southern Virginia, fiouthward, near the coast, to the Saint John's river and Cedar Keys, Florida, west along the Gulf coa.st to .southern Arkansas, and the valley of the Colorado river, Texas. A small tree, 0 to 8 meters in height, with a trnidi 0.10 to 0.15 meter in diameter, or more often a shriili, sending np many slender stems and forming deii.se thickets; sandy, moist s((51, ahmg jiDiids and streams, reaching its greatest (levelojimcnt in the river Vwttoms of eastern Texas. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, liable to check in drying; medullary rays numerou.s, conspicuous; color, nearly white, becoming yellow with exj)08ure, the sajiwoofl lighter; specific gravity, 0.7270; ash, 0.87. Tlie leaves pos.scss jiowcrful emetic properties, and were emjjloyed by the southern Indians, togethei' i»eiliaps with those of /. JJahoon, in the picparation of their "black drink" {Am. Jvuj: riiarm. xliv, 217. — U, iS. iJinpensatory, 14 ed. 1G70. — Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 751). CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 37 36. — Ilex decidua, Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 241. — Poiret, Suppl. iii, 65. — CbapmaD, Fl. S. States, 269. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1*)60, iii, 58. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2(1 Rep. Arkansas, 373. — Wood, CI. Book, 497; B0I.& F1.20e.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 emer& Scbultes, Syst. v, 408.— Bot. Mag. t. 2456.— Walpcra, Rep.vi, 421.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 805. J^ea Cj/ri/te, L'Heritier, Stirp. i, 137, t.OO.- Swartz, Prodr. 50; Fl. Ind. Occ. i, 506 ; Ob8.94,t. 4.— Willdenow, Spec i, 1146.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. ii, 37. C. racemosa, Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 2577, f. 2503. C. polystachia, C, parci/olia, C.fmcata, Ralinesquo, Aulikon Botauikon, 8. IKON WOOD. North Carolina southward, near the coast, to middle Florida (latitude 300). westward, along the Gulf coast, to the valley of the Pearl river, Mississippi. A small tree, sometimes 8 to 10 meters in height, with a trunk 0.1 "> to 0.20 meter in diameter, or often a tall shrub, sending u]) many stems from the root; open swamps and low thickets; a variety {Chapman, Curtiss) with narrower, i)ersistent leaves, and thicker spongy bark, in pond holes aiul wet depressions of the pine barrens of the Apalachicola region of western Florida, forms dense, impenetrable thickets. Wood heavy, weak, hard, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays thin, not conspicuous; color, brown tinged with red, the sap-wood a little lighter; speciUc gravity, 0.(>784 ; ash, O.-lL'. 38 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. 38. — Cliftonia ligustrina. Bunks, Ex. GiiTtner f. Fruct. Suppl. '^4(5, t. 22.").— Bartram, Travels, 2 e4. Ccanothus ferreus, De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 30. Scutia ferrea. Brongniart in Anu.Sci.Nat. 1 ser.x, 363 [not Chapninn, Fl.S. States, 72].— Vasey. Cat. Forest Tnn^s, 9. BLACK IRON WOOD. Semi-tropical Florida, cape Canaveral to bay Bi-scayue, on the southern keys; in the West ludio^. A small tree, sometimes 11 meters in height, with a trunk O.2.") to O.oS meter in diameter, generally hoHow and defective; common. Wood exceedingly heavy and hard, strong, brittle, close-grained, compact, ditlicuU to work; remarkable for the large perceutage of ash; medullary rays very numerous, thin; color, rich orange-brown, thesap-woixl lighter; specific gravity. I.o(i20: asli. S..?!. 40 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. 44. — Condalia obovata, Hooker, Icon. t. 2f«7. — Torrey & Gray, Fl. i, 685. — Gray in Jonr. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, vi, 169 ; Genera, ii, 17-2, 1. 164 ; Smithsonian Coutrib. iii, 32; V, 27 ; Hall's PI. Texas, 5. — Torrey, Bot. Mes. Boundary Survey, 47. — Watson in Proc. Am. Aoail. xvii, 3^0. BLUE WOOD. LOGWOOD. PUKPLK IIAW. Eastern and southwestern Texas, westward tliroiiyli soiitberu New Mexico to soutluiii Arizona; jnobably extending into u;-:theru Mexico. A small tree, 0 to 10 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to O.JO meter in diameter, or ol'ten a shrub; reaching its greatest development along the streams of eastern Texas; one of the common "chaparral" plants of western Texas, here forming dense, impenetrable thickets. Wood very heavy, hard, close-grained, liable to check in seasoning, containing many groups of large irregularly-arranged open ducts; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, light red, the sap-wood light yellow; specific gravity, 1.1999; ash, 7.03. 45. — Rhamnus Caroliniana, Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 101. — Lamarck, 111. ii, 83; Diet, iv, 476. — Michaus, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 153. — Nouveau Duhamel,'iii, 47. — Porsooo. Syu. i, 239.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 166.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 153.— Roeuier & Schultes, Syst. v, 285.— Elliott, Sk. i, 289.- De Candollc, Prodr. ii, 26. — Sprengel, Syst. i, 'tiS. — Torrey in Ann. Lye. X. York, ii, 174. — Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 32. — Hooker, Jour. Bot. i, 202.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 262.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 807.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 537.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 300.— Eaton & Wrifht, Hot. 390.— Scheele in Roemer, Texas, 432.— Nuttall, Sylva, ii, 50, t. 59; 2 ed. i, 198, t. 59.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 269.— Lesqnereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 354. — Wood, CI. Book, 219 ; Bot. & Fl. 77. — Koch, Dendrologie, i, 610. — Gray, Hall'» PI. Texa.s, 5. f Frangtlla fragiUut, Rafinesiiue, Fl. Ludoviciana, 320; Sylva Telluriana, 27. SarcomphahlS Carolintanus, Ralincsque, Sylva Telluriana, 29. Frangula Caroliniana, Gray, Genera, ii, 178, t. 167 ; Manual N. states, 5 ed. 115.— Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary S irvcy, 46. — Cooper in Smithsonian Kep. 1858, 251.^Curti8 in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 92. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 73.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 9. INDIAN CHERRY. Long Island, New York, west along the valley of the Ohio river to southern Illinois, Missouri south of the Meramec river, ea.stern Kansas, and the Indian territory, south to northern Florida (latitude 30°), and through the Gulf states to western Texas. A small tree, G to 10 meters in height, with a trunk 0.20 to 0.30 meter in diameter, or in the Atlantic states generally a tall shrub ; rich woods along streams and river bottoms, reaching its greatest development in southern Arkansas and eastern Texas. Wood light, hard, not strong, coarse-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, light brown, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0..5462; ash, 0.64. The edible fniit sweet and agreeable. 46. — Rhamnus Californica, Eschscholtz, Mem. Acad. St. Petersburg, x, 281 ( Linnaa Litt.-Ber. 1828, 149.— Prewl, Ecp. Bot. i, 197).— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 38.- Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 263.— Dietrich, Syu. i, 806.- Katon & Wright, Bot. 390.— Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 101.— lleuisley, Bot. Am.-Cent. i, 197. R. olei/oUm, Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 12:}, t. 44.— Hooker & Amott, Bot. Beechcy, 136, 328.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 260.— Eaton &. Wright, Bot. 390.— Bentham, Bot. Sulphur, 10; PI. Hartweg. 302.— Durand in Jour. Philadelphia Acad. 1855, &5.— Carrifere in Rev. Hort. xlvi, 354, f. 47-49. Endotropis olei/olia, Rafinesqne, Sylva Telluriana, 31. ii;. laurifolius, Nuttall in Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 200.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. .390. Frangula Californica, Gray, Genera, ii, 17H ; Jour. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, vi, 146.— Torrey in Sitgrcaves' Hi:]). l.'>7 Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 74 ; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 46; Bot. Wilkes Expcd. 261.— Newberry in Piicilie, K. U. Rep. vi, 69. — Bolander in Proc. California Acad, iii, 78. California, west of the Sierra Nevadas, from the valley of the upjicr Sacramento river southward to Siiuta Barbara and fort Tejon. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 41 A small tree, rarelj' 7 to 9 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.37 meter in diii.ineter {Pringle), or commonly a shrub, along the sea-coast and at high elevations often i)rostrate; common and reaching its greatest develoi)ment in the valleys of the Santa Cruz mountains. A low shrubby form, densely white tomeutose, especially on the under side of the leaves, of southern California, Arizona, and New Mexico, i.s — var. tomentella, Hrewer & Watsou, Bot. California, i, 101. E. tomenteliun, Bentham, PI. Hartweg. 303.— Seemaun, Bot. Herald, 275.— Walpers, Ann. ii,20T. Frangula Gali/ornica, var. tomentella. Gray Id Smithsonian Contrib. vi, 28. -Torrcy in Pacific R. E. Eep. iv, 74; vii, 9. NVood light, soft, rather coarse-grained, checking in drying; layers of annual growth marked by many rows of open ducts ; medullary rays narrow, obscure ; color, brown or light yellow, the sap-wood lighter ; specific gravity, 0.0000 ; ash, 0.58. 47. — Rhamnus Purshiana, Do C'andoUe, Prodr. ii, 25.— Loudou, Arboretum, ii, 538, f. 211.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 123, t. 43; LoDdou Joor. Bot. ri, 78. — Don, MilK'r« Diet. ii, 32.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 2G2.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 807.— Nuttall, Sylva, ii, 52; 2 ed. i, 200.— Richardson, ^Vrclic Esped. 423. — Newberry in Pacific R. E. Rep. vi, 6'J. — Koch, Dendrologie, i, CIO.— Gray in Proe. Am. Acad, viii, 37y. — Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 101.— Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii, SG. Ii. alnifoUuS, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 166 [not L'Heritier]. Cardiolepis obtusa, Rafinesque, Sylva Telluriana, 28. Frangula Purshiana, Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 259; Pacilic R. R. Rep. xii», 29, 57.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 9.— Torrey, Bot. WilUes Exped. 262. BEARBEKKY. BEAR WOOD. SHITTIM WOOD. Puget sound, east along the mountain ranges of northern Washington territory to the Bitter Root mountain, Idaho (JIullau pass, Watson), and the shores of Flathead lake, JMontana {Canby d: i>argent), southward through western Washington territory, Oregon, and California, west of the Sierra Xevada, to about latitude 40^. A small tree, often 12 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 meter in diameter; depressions and along the sides and bottoms of carious in the coniferous forests, reaching its greatest development along the western slope of the Coast Range of southern Oregon. Wood light, very haid, not strong, close-grained, compact, satiny; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light brown tinged with yellow, the sap-wood somewhat lighter; speciliC gravity, 0.5071'; ;ish. 0.07. The bark, like that of other species of the genus, possesses powerful cathartic properties, and, under the name of Cascara sagrada, has recently been introduced by herbalists in the form of fluid extracts, tiuctores, etc., immense quantities being gathered for this purpose in the Oregon forests (Xat. Dispensatory, Ii ed. 659). 48. — Ceanothus thyrsiflorus, Eschscholtz, Mem. Acad. St. Petersburg, s, 285.— Hooker, Fi. Bor.-Ani. i, 126.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 37.— Hooker & Amott, Bot. Beechoy. 136, 328. — Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 266.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 813.— Loudou, Arboretum, ii, .540.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 185. — Lindley, Bot. Reg. ssx, t. 38.— Nuttall, Sylva, Ii, 44, t. 57 ; 2 ed. i, 193, t. 57.— Bentham, Bot. Sulphur, 10: PI. Hartweg. ;502.— Ann. Gand. 1847, 1. 107.— Torrey in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 14; Bot. Mcs. Boundary Survey, 45; Bot. Wilkes Exped. 263.- Xewlierr>- in Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 69. — Cooper in Pacific R. R. Rep. xii'^, 57. — Bolander in Proe. California Acad, iii, 78. — Koch, Dendrologie. i, 621. — Watson in Proe. Am. Acad, x, 334. — Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 102. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 9. BLUE MYRTLE. California Coast ranges, from Mendicino county south to the valley of the San Louis Key river (Pala, Parixh. Brothers). A small tree, 8 to 10 meters in heiglit, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.15 meter in diameter, or toward the southern limits reduced to a low shrub; common and reaching its greatest develoi)ment in tiie iSequoia forests near Santa Cruz. Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact; medullary rays very obscure; color, light brown, the sapwiHMl darker; specific gravity, 0.5750; ash, 0.09. The bark of the root niiiy be expected to possess similar astringent i)roperties to that of the shrubby C. Americana, used with advantage in cases of diarrhea and dysentery, and as a domestic remedy in throat troubles (U. )S'. Dispensatory, 14 ed. 1009. — Mat. Disjiensalory, 2 eil. 373). 49. — Colubrina reclinata, Brongniart. Ann. Sci. Nat. I ser. x, 369.— Richanl, Fl. Cuba, 3,V.).— Grisjobiuh, Fl. British West Indies, 101.— Eggers in Bull. V. S. Nat. Mus. No. 13. 40. Rhamnus ellipticus, Alton, Hort. Row. i, 205 ; 2 ed. ii, 17.— WilhUuow, Spec, i, 1098.— Swartz. I^nxlr. 50 : Fl. Ind. Occ. i, 497. Zi::yphiis Dominigensis, Nouvoau Duhamel, iii, r>6. Ccanotlius ncliuatHS, L'Heritier, Sert. l>.— Kanuer & Sohultes, Syst. v, 288.— De Caudollo, Prodr. ii, 31.— M.icfadycn, FL .Jiiniitio.i, 211. 42 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. NAKED WOOD. Semi-tropical Florida, Umbrt-lla Key. ou tlic north eiul of Kev Laryo, and si)arin'rly on the small i.slaiuls south of Elliott's Key; through the West Indies. One of the largest trees of the region, deciduous, 112 to IS meters in height, with a trunk O.GO to 1.25 meter in diameter; reaching its greatest development within the United SUites on Umbrella Key, here forming a dvnso forest. Wootl heavy, hanl, very strong, brittle, close-grained, comi)act, satiny, susceptible of a good polish, containing many small open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, dark brown tinged with yellow, the saii-wood light yellow ; si)ecific gravity, 0.820S ; ash, 1.75. "The trunk attains a size of over 1 meter and is most extraordinary. When 0.1D2 meter thick it becomes furrowed, and the furrows and ridges multiply and extend in all directions; trunks 0.75 to 1 meter in diameter api>ear like a mass of braided serpents. Ou small trunks the bark breaks up into flakes which curl up aud drop ■off". Between the ridges where the bark persists the edges of dozeus of papery layers may be seen" {Curtins in let). SAPINDACE^ 50. — .ffisculus glabra, Willdenow, Enam. 40.'i.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i,'2.o5.— Nutt.-iU, Gen.-ra, i, 241.— De Candolle, Prodr. i, 597.— Toircy, FI. U. S. .384; Compeud. Fl. N. States, ItM.— Guimpcl, Otto & Hayuo. Abb. llolz. 28, t. 24.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 44.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 1G6.— Don, Miller's Diet. i,r>.'.2.— Heck, Bot. 65.— Loudon, Arboretum, i, 467, f. 133.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 251.— Dietricb, Syu. ii, 1225.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 115.— Walpers, Kep. i, 424.— Gray, Genera, ii, 207, 1. 176, 177; Manuel N. States, 5 ed. 118.— Cooper in Smith.souian Rep. li-o«, 251.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 79.- Wood, CI. Book, 288; Bot. & Fl. 85.— Engelmann in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xii, 187.— Koch, Dendrologie, i, 508.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 9.— Ridgway in Proc. II. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 61. ^.pallida, Willdenow, Enum. 406.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 242.— De Candolle, Prodr. i, 597.— Guimpcl, Otto & Ilayuo, Abb. Holz. 29, t. 25.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 166.— Don, Miller's Diet, i, 650. -Eaton, Manual, 6ed. 6.— Lindlcy, Bot. Reg. xxiv, t. 51. — Loudon, Arboretum, i, 468, f. 134. /??■ echinata, Muhlenberg, Cat. 38. ^. Ohioetisis, Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 242; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. u, l.")6, t. 92.— Poiret, Supiil. iii, .'>93.— De Candolle, Prodr. i, 597.— Don, MiUer's Diet, i, 652.— Eaton, Manual, 6 cd. 6.— Riddell, Syu. Fl. W. States, 34.— Liudley, Bot. Reg. xxiv, 51, t. 51.— Xuttall, Sylva, ii, 71 ; 2 ed. ii, 17. tJE. carnea, Guimpcl, Otto & Hayne, Abb. Holz. 25, t. 22.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 43.— Lindley, Bot. Reg. xiii, 1. 1056.— Watson, Dend. Brit, ii, t. 121. -Don, Miller's Diet, i, C52.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 253.— Walpers, Rep. i,425. Paria glabra, Spath in Ann. .Sci. Kat. 2 ser. ii, 54 ; Hist. Veg. iii, 23. Faria pallida, Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. ii, 54 ; Hist. Veg. iii, 2;;. t Paria carnea, Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. ii, 54 ; Hist. Veg. iii, 23.— Don in Sw.-et's Brit. Fl. Card. 2 ser. t. 301. fPavia Watwniana, Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. ii, 54 ; Hist. Veg. iii, 23.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 2.53. fjE. Watxoniana, Dielricb, Syn. ii, 1225.— Walpers, Hep. i, 425. ^. HippocaHtanum, var. OhioemiH, Loudon, Arboretum, i, 407.— Hrownc, Trees of America, 110. JE. Uippocaxlaniim, var. glabra, London, Arboretum, i, 467.— Browne, Trees of America, 111. ^. Hippocantanum, var. pallida, London, Arl.oretum, i, 46H.— Browne, Trees of America, 111. OniO ni'CKKYE. FETID BUCKEYE. Western .slopes of the Alleghany mountains, Pennsylvania to northern Alabama, westward through southern Michigan (rare) to southern Iowa, eastern Kansas to about longitude 97° west, and the Indian tenitory. A small tree, 8 to 15 meters iu height, with a trunk 0.;!0 to (>.ri() meter in diameter; rich .soil along streams and river bottoms, reaching its greatest development in the liigh valleys of the .southern Alleghany nionntains. Wood light, .soft, not strong, close-graiued, compact, didicult to sj)lit, often blemisiied by S, 844. — Beige, Hort. ix, 121 & t. — Gray iu Proc. Boston Soe. Nat. Hist. vii. 146. — Bvlauder in Proo, California Acad, iii, 78. — Walpers, Ann. 624. — Kocb, Deudrologie, i, .M3. — Brewer & Watson, Bot. Caliloruia. i, U>>. — Vasey. Cat. Forest Trees, 9. CalothyrsHS Californica, Spaeb in Aun. Sci. Xat. 2 .ser. ii,t;2; Hist. Veg. iii, ilT.. Pavia Californica, Hartweg in Jour. Hort. Soe. London, ii, 12:t.—Carri6r* iu Rev. Hort. 18iH.:W.)& i". 44 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. CALIFOENIA BUCKEYE. California, valley of the tipper Sacramento river and Mendocino county, southward along; the Coast ranges to San Luis Obispo, and along the western foot-hills of the Sierra Nevada to the San Bernardino mountains. A low, widelybninching tree, 8 to 12 meters in heij;ht, with a short trunk 0.(10 to 0.00 meter in diameter, often greatly expanded at the base, or more often a much-branched shrub 3 to 5 meters in height; borders of streams, reaching its greatest development in the canons of tlie Coast Kange, north of San Francisco bay. \A"ood light, soft, not strong, very close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, white slightly tinged with yellow, the sap-wood hardly distinguishable: specilic gravity, 0.4980; ash, 0.70. 53. — Ungnadia speciosa, Eudliclur, Atacta Bot. t. :W; Xov. Stirp. Desc. is, 75. — Torrcy & Gray, Fl. X. America, 1,084; Pacific E.E.Eep. ii,162. — Walpers, Rep. i, 423-; v, 371; Anu. vii, ti2o. — Gray in Jour. Boston Soc. Xat. Hist, vi, 167 ; Genera, ii, 211, t. 178, 179; Suiitbsoniau Contrib. iii, 38;v, 30; Mcin. Am. Acad, new ser. v, 299; Hall's PI. Texas, 5.— Fl. ilos Scrres, s, 217, t. 1059.— Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 48.— ScbBizlcin, Icon. t. 230, f. 2, 8. — Cooper in Smithsonian Kcp. 1858, 265.— Koch, Dendrologie, i, 515.— Baillon, Hist. PI. v, 423. — Vasey. Cat. Forest Trees, 9. — Watson in Proc. Am. Acad, svii, 337. V. heterophylla, Scheelein Linniea,xxi,.')S9; Kcemer, Texas, 58i). U. heptaphylla, Scheele in Linna-a, xxii,352; Eoemer, Texas, 432. SPANISH BUCKEYE. Valley of tke Trinity river (Dallas, h'everchon) through western Texas to the canons of the Organ mountains, >'ew Mexico (Bigelow) ; southward into Mexico. A small tree, sometimes 6 to 8 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 meter in diameter, or toward its eastern and western limits reduced to a low shrul); commou west of the Colorado river; bottoms and rich hillside"*, reaching its greatest development in the valley of the Guadalupe river, between New Braunfels and the coast. Wood heavy, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact, satiny, containing numerous evenly-distributed open dacts; medullary rays numerous, inconspicuous; color, red tinged with brown, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.0332; a.sh, 1.17. Fruit reputed poisonous. 54. — Sapindus marginatus, Willdenow, Ennm. i, 432.— Mulilenberg, Cat. 41.— De CandoUc, Prodr. i, 007.- Sprengel, Syst. ii, 250.— Don, Miller's Diet, i, 6G5.— Spach, Hist. Veg. iii, 54.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 255, 665 ; Pacific R. R. Rep. ii, 102.- Eaton, Manual, G ed. 323.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 411.— Nuttall, Sylva, ii,72, t. 65; 2 ed. ii, 19, t. 65.— Leavenworth in Am. Jour. Sci. i, 49, 130.— Engelmann & Gray in Jour. Boston .Soc. Nat. Hist, v, 241.— Gray in Jour. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, ri, 169; Genera, ii, 214, t. 180; Smithsouiau Contrib. iii, 38; Hall's PI. Texas, 5.— Engelmann in Wislizenus' Rep. 12.— Torrcy in Emory's Rep. 138; Marcy's Ecp. 282; Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 2, 74; Bot. Mex. Bnundary Survey, 47.— Scheele in Kcemer, Texas, 433.— Schnizleiu, loon. t. 230, f. 22.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 79.— Lesqnereux in Owen's 2d Eep. Arkansas, 354.— Wood, CI. Book, 288; Bot. & Fl. 75.— Porcher^ Resources S. Forests, 85.— Young, Bot. Texas, 208.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 9.— Hcmsloy, Bot. Am. -Cent, i, 214.— Watson in Proc. Am. Acad, xvii, 337. 8. saponaria, Lamarck, 111. ii, 441, t. 307 [not Liunieus].— Wieliaux, Fl. lior.-Aui. i, 212.— Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, vi, 663, in part.— Persoon, Syn. i, 444.— Pursli, Fl. Am. .Sept. i, 274.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 257.— Elliott, Sk. i, 460.— Torrey in Aon. Lye. N. York, ii, 172.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 267. t8. inaqualis, De Candolle, Prodr. i, 608. iS'. falcatUH, Ralinesque, Med. Bot. ii, 261. . — ilicluuix, Kl. Bor.-.\iu. ii, 'J5'2. — Willdcnow, Spec. iv,0S9; Enum. i, 1045. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i, 391.— N'oiivean Duhiiniel. i v. 3-.'.— Trattinick. Arihiv. i. 1. 11.— Hnyne, Deud. FI. 210.— Elliott, Sk. i, 451.— Torroy, Fl. U. S. 3y": Coiiipi'iiil. Fl. X. folates, 170; Fl. X. Yviik, i. l:!.'>. — Sprcn>;cl, Sjst. ii, 224. — Eatou, Manual, C ed. 2. — Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. Anitrico, i, '.Mti.— Hunker. Fl. Bur. -Am. i. lU.— Euioi-son. Trees Massjichusetts, 490; 2 ed. ii, tvlMi & t.— Gr.ay, Genera, ii, 200, 1. 174, f. 1-3; Manual X. States, .'> ed. 119.— Kiebardson, .Vrctie Exped. 422.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 2li5.— Cooper iu Smithsonian Rep. IS.'jy, 251.— Chapman. Fl. S. States, tO.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. X. Carolina, 1860, iii, 52.— Buehenau in Bot. Zeit. xix, 285, t. 2. f. 24.— Wood. CI. Book. 2%; Bot. & Fl. 74.— Koch. Dcndrolo-.'ie. i, 521.— Baillon, Hist. PI. v, 373, f. 416-420.— Vasey, Cat. Fore«t Trees, lU.— Sears in Bull. Esses Inst, xiii, 17.').- Bell in (ieolnjiical Kep. Canada, 1879-'S0, 53<:. A. Canadt^nsf, Marshall, Arbustum, 4. A. striatum. Dn Roi, Diss. 58; Harbk. i, 8, 1. 1.— Wangenheim. Anier.29, 1.12, f.2.— Lamarck, Diet, ii, 381.— Ehvhart, Beitr iv. -ii.— Ma-nch, Meth. 56.— Persoou. Syu.i 417.— Miehaux I". Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 242, t.l7; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii. 17.'>. t.47.— Pnrsh, Fl.Aui. Sept. i. 267. — Xuttull, Genera, i, 258.— De Candollc, Prodr. i, .593.— Watson, Deud. Brit. j_ t_70. Don, Millers Dict.i, 648.— Beck, Bot. 64. — Loudon, Arboretum, i, 407 & t.— Spach, Hist. Veg. iii, 85; Ann. Sci.Xat.2ser.ii, 162.— Dietrich, Syn. 1281.— E.iton & Wright, Bot. 112.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 407.— Browne, Trees of America, 76. STRIPED MAPLE. MOOSE WOOD. STRIPED DOGWOOD. GOOSE-FOOT MAPLE. WHISTLE WOOD. Valk-y of the Saiut Lawreute river (UaHa bay), iiortliern sliores of lake Outario, i.slauds of lake Huron, south through the iiortberu Atlantic states, and aloiiR the Alleghany mouutaiiis to uortheru (ieorgia, west through the lake regiou to uortheastern Minnesota. A small tive, C to 10 meters iu height, with a tmiik 0.1.") to 0.20 meter in diameter; cool ravines and mouutaiu sides. Wood light, .soft, close-grained, compact, satiny; medullary rays numerous, thiu; color, light brown, the sap- wood lighter; specitic gravity, 0..">l'99; ash, 0.36. 59. — Acer spicatum, Lamarck, Diet, ii, 381.— ^Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii, 485.— Persoou, Syn. i, 417.— De CandoUe, Prodr. i, .'iOS.— Don, Miller's Diet, i, 648.— Audubon, Birds, t. 134.— Penn. Cycl. i, 77.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 2.— Beck, Bot. 64.— Spach, Hist. Veg. 87 ; Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. ii, 163.— Loudon, Arboretum, i, 406, t. 26.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 246.— Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1281.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 112.— Torrey, Fl. X. York, i, 165.— Browne, Trees of America, 74.— Emerson, Trees Mas-sachusetts, 497; 2 ed. ii, 567 & t.— Parry iu Owen's Rep. 610.— Richardson, Arctic Exped. 422.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 80.— Curtis iu Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, .52.— Wood, CI. Book, 287 ; Bot. & Fl. 74.— Gray , Manual X. States, 5 ed. 119.- Koch, Dendrologie, i, 522.— Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 187.>-76, 192.— Sears iu Bull. Essex Inst, xiii, 175.— Bell in Geological Eep. Canada, 1879-'80, 54'=.— Nicholson in London Gard. Chronicle, 1881, 172. A. Pennsylvanicum, Du Roi, Diss. 61: Harbk. i, 22, t. 1 [not Linuicus].- Wangenlnini, Anier. 82, t. 12, f. 30.— Marshall, Arbustum, 2. A. parrifionim, Ehrhart, Beitr. iv, 25; vi, 40.— Mawicli, Meth. 56. A. montunum, Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii, 435; 2 ed. v, 447 (excl. syn. «(rio<«m).— Miehaux, Kl. 15or.-Ani. ii, 253.— Wilhknow, Spec, iv, 988; Euum. i, 1045.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i, 391.— Nouveau Dubaniel, iv, 33.— Trattiuick, Archiv. i, t. 13.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 267.— Xuttall, Cienera, i, 253.— Guimpel, Otto & Hayne, Abb. Holz. 59, t. 48,— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 213.— Elliott, Sk. i, 452.— Torrey, Fl. I". S. 398; Compend. Fl. N. States, 170.— Sprcngel, Syst. ii, 224.- Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 111.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 408.— Darby, Hot. S. States, 26.5. MOUNTAIN MAPLE. Valley of the Saint Lawrence river, west along the northern shores of the great lakes to northern Minnesota and the Sa.skatchewan region, south through the northern states, and along the Alleghany mountains to northern Georgia. A small tree, sometimes 8 to 10 meters in height,- with a trunk dirt to 0.20 meter in diameter, or often a tall shrub ; cool woods and mountain ravines, reaching its greatest develoiiment on the western slopes of the Allegliaiiy mountains of North Carolina ;iTid Tennessee. Wootl light, soft, clo.sc-graiued, compact; medullary rays inconspicuous; color, light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter ; specitic gravity, 0.5.'J30 ; ash, 0.43. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 47 60. — Acer macrophyllum, I'm-h. Fl. Am. Sept. i, 207.— Poirct, Suppl. v, G69.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 253; Sylvu, ii.TT, t. (JT : 2 td. ii. 24, t. 67.— De CaudolU, Prodr. i, .594.— Si>rengel, Syst. ii, 225.— Peun. Cycl. i, 78.— Eaton, Manual, C cd. 2.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Aiii. i, 112, t. ife.— Don, Miller'* Diet. i, G48. — Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 scr. ii, 16.5. — Torrcy & Gray, Fl. N. Auieriea, i, 246.— Hooker & Amott, Bot. Beechey. 327. — Dietrich, S>ti. ii, 1281.— Loudon, Arboretum, i, 408, t. 28, f. 117, 118.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 112.— Beuthani. PI. Hartweg. 301.— Browne, Trees of America, 78. — Richardson, Arctic Exped. 423. — Dnrand in Jonr. Philadelphia Acad, li^l.-), 84. — Torrey in Pacific R. K. Rep. iv, 74 ; Bot. Mex. Boundary .Survey, 47 : Bot. Wilkes Exped. 2ii'^.- Newberry in Piioific K. R. Rep. vi, 21. 67. — C'>o|>er in Pacilic R. R. Rep. xii, 28, 57; Smithsonian Rep. 185ci, 258. — Lyall in Jour. Linna-au Soc. vii, 134, 144. — Bolauder in Proc. California Acad, iii, 78.— Wood, CI. Book, 287 ; Bot. &. Fl. 74. — Rothroek in .Smithsonian Rep. 1667, 334. — Koch, Dendrologie. i, 528. — Gray in Proc. Am. Acad, viii, 379. — Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 107. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 10. — Macoun iu Geological Rep. Canada, 187ri-'76, 192. — G. M. Daw.son in Canadian Nat. new ser. ix, 330. — Nicholson in London Gard. Chronicle, 1881,10. A. palmatum, Raliuesque, New Fl. & Bot. i, 48 [not Thuuherg]. BROAD-LEAVED MAPLK. Coast of Alaska, from !;]titiule 55° south aloug- the. islands and coast of British Columbia, through western Washington territory and Oregon, and along the California Coast ranges and western slopes of the Sierra Nevada to the San Bernardino mountains and Hot Spring valley, San Diego county (Pa rM Brothem), not ascending above 4,000 feet altitude. A tree 24 to 30 meters iu height, with a trunk 1.20 to 1.50 meter in diameter; along streams and river bottoms, reaching its greatest development on the rich bottom lands of the Coquille and other rivers of .southern Oregon, where, with the California laurel, it forms dense, heavy forests. Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact, easily worked, susceptible of a good polish ; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, rich light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter, often nearly white; si)eeific gravity, 0.4009; ash, 0.54; largely used in Oregon in the manufacture of furniture, for ax ;uid broom hauiUes, frames of snow-shoes, etc. ; specimeus with the grain beautifully curled and contorted are common and valued in cabinet-making. 61. — Acer circinatum, Pursh. Fl. Am. Sept. i, 266. — Poiret, Supj)!. v, 669. — Nuttall, Genera, i, 253; Jour. Philadelphia Acad, vii, 16 (excl. syn.); Sylva, ii, 80, t. 67; 2 ed. ii, 27, t. 67.— De CandoUe, Prodr. i, 595.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 225.— Penu. Cycl. i, 79.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 2.— Don. Miller'.s Diet, i, 6.51. — Spach iu Ann. .*ci. Nat. 2 ser. ii, 166; Hi.st. Veg. iii, 07. — Loudon. Arhoretiim, i, 422, f. 112, 127. — Torn»y \- Gray, X''l. N. America, i, 247.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-.\m. i, 112, t. 39.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 112.— Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1282.— Browne, Trees of America, 91. — Richardson, Arctic Exped. 422. — Lindley in Paxton's Fl. (Jard. ii, 156, f. 210 (Loiidou Ganl. Chronicle, 1851, 791, f. 211).— Newberry in Pacific R. R. Rep.vi, 21, 69. — Cooper iu Pacific R. R. Rep. xii, 28, 57 ; Smithsonian Rep. 1358, 458.- Lyall in Jour. Liumoan Soc. vii, 134. — Gray in Proc. Am. Acad, viii, 379. — Wood, CI. Book. 2c7, B01.& Fl. 74. — Koch. Dondrologie,i, 523. —Torrey, Bot. Wilkes Exped. 2.58.— Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 107.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Tn>es. 10.— Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii. 85. — Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-'76. li>2. — G. M. Dawson, Canadian Nat. new s«^r. ix, 330.— Nicholson in Loudon Gard. Chronicle, 1881, 10. A. rirgatum, Ratiuesque, New Fl. it Bot. i, 48. VINE MAPLE. British Columbia, valley of the Fraser river (Yale) and probably farther north, southward through Washington territory and Oregon, west of the Cascade mountains to the Mount Shasta region of northern California, rarely ascending to 4,000 feet altitude. A small tree, sometinuis 8 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk 0,20 to 0,30 meter in diameter; along streams; the stems often prostrate and forming dense, impenetrable thickets. Wood heavy, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light brown or often nearly white, the sap-wood lighter ; specilic gravity, 0.(5060 ; ash, 0,39 ; used as fuel ; by lumbermen for ax and shovel handles, and by the coast Indians for the bows of fishing nets. 62. — Acer glabrum, Torrey. Ann. Lye. N. York, ii, 172; Bot. Wilkes Exped. 259.— Don, Miller's Diet, i, 651).— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 2.— Torroy & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 247, 684.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 112.— Walpers, Rep, i, 409,— Nuttall, Sylva. ii, 86; 2. ed., ii,;W,— Newliorry iu Paoitio R. R. Rep.vi. 69. — Cooper iu Smithsonian Rep. 18.58. 258; PaciUe R. R. Rep. xii,51,.57; Am. Nat. iii,40i>. — Engelmanu in Trans. Am. Pl\il. Soc. now sor. xii, 187. — Gray in Am. Jour. Sci. 2 ser. xxxiv,259; Proo. Philadelphia Aoad. 18ti3. 5;*. — Porter in Haydeu's Rep. 1870, 474; 1871,480.— Watson in King's Rep. v, .52.— Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorado: Haydeu's Snrv. Mise Pub. No. 4. 19.— Coulter iu Haydeu's Rep. 1872, 76;{. — Macoun iu Geological Rep. Canada, l!?75-'76, 192. — Bnnver iV Watson, Bot. California, i. loT.— Rothroek iu Wlicelor's Rep. vi, 83. — Nicholson in Loudon Ganl. Chronicle, 18S1, 750. 48 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. A. bnrbaium, Douglas in Hooker, Kl. Bor.-Aiii. i, li:i.— Loudon, Ailiorctuni, i, -I'iO, f. 125 (pscl. syn.). A. Douylasii, Hooker in LouUon Jour. Bot. vi, 77, t.6. A. triparlitum, Nuttnll in Ton-ey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 'J47.— Dietrich, Syn.ii, 12(^1.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 112.— Wal)vers. Rep. i, 409.— Nuttall. Sylva, ii. 85, t. 71 ; 2 ed. ii, :«, t. 71.— Gray in Mom. Am. Acad, new eer. iv', 28; Pacific R. R. Rt-p. iv. 7:{.— Newberry in Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 69. DWAKF MAPiE. British Columbia, valley of tbe Fra.ser river and probably faither north, south through Washington territory, Oregon, and along the Sierra Nevada of Califoiiiia to the Yoseniite valley; e^ist along the niountaiu ranges of Idaho and Montana to the eastern base of the Kocky mountains, south through Colorado and Utah, in the east Humboldt Kange, Nevada, and in the mountain ranges of western New Me.xico and eastern Arizona. A small tree, 8 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30 meter in diameter, or more often reduced to a low shrub 1 to 2 meters in height; borders of streams, reaching its greatest development in the mountain canons of western New Me.xico and eastern Arizona. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, comi)act; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light brown, or often nearly white, the sap-wood lighter: specific gravity, 0.G02S; ash, 0.30. 63. — Acer grandidentatum, Nuttall; Torrey & Gray. Fl. X. America, i, 247.— Dietrich, Syn.ii, 125o.— Eaton &. Wright, Bot. 112.— Walpcrs, Rep. i, 409.— Nuttall, Sylva, li, &2, t.C9: 2ed. ii, 29, t. 69.— Watson in King's Rep. v, .52; PI. Wheeler, 7.— Porter in Hayden's Rep. 1871, 480.— Vaspy, Cat. Forest Trees, 10.— Parry in Am. Nat. ix, 201, 2<'i«.— Rothrock in Wheeler's Rep. vi, 83.— Rnsliy in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, ix, 106.— Watson in Proc. Am. Acad, xvii, 338. — Nicholson in London Gard. Chronicle, 1881, 172. Western Montana, headwaters of the Columbia river (li'uttaU), canons ol' the ^^'ah.satch mountains, Utah, and south through eastern Arizona to southwestern New Mexico (Mogollon mountains, E. L. Greene), and reported in the ranges east of the Eio Grande; southward into Coahuila {Palmer). A small tree, rarely exceeding 10 meters in height, with a tjuiik 0.20 to 0.2D meter in diameter; along streams ; not common. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, thin, distinct; color, light brown, or often nearly white; .specific gravity, O.G902; ash, 0.G4. 64. — Acer saccharinum, Wangenheim, Aiuer. 36, 1. 11, f. 26.— Lamarck, Diet, ii, 379.— Walter, Fl. Caroliuiaua, 251.— Aiton, Hort. Kcw. iii, 434 ; 2 ed. v, 447.— Ehrharl, Heitr. iv. 24. — Persoon, Syn. i, 417. — Nouveau Duhamel, iv, 29, t. 8. — Willdenow, Spec, iv, 985 ; Euum. ii, 1044. — Uesfontaines, Ilist. Arb. i. :!92.— Trattinick, Archiv. i, t. 3.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. .\ni. ii, 218, 1. 15 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 153, t. 42.— Titford, Hort. Bot. Am. 105.— Purah, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 266.— Eaton, Manual, 44; 6 ed. 2.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 253.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 214. —Elliott, Sk. i, 4.50. -Richardson, Franklin Jour. 26; Arctic Expcd. 422.— Do Candolle, Prodr. i, 595.— Torrey, Fl. U. S. 396; Compend. Fl. N. States, 170; Fl. N. York, i, 13.5.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 225.— Penn. Cycl. i, 79.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 113.— Don, Miller's Diet, i, 050.— Beck, Bot. 63.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 406.— Spach, Hist. Veg. iii, 170; Ann. Sci. Nat.2 ser. ii, 99.— Loudon, Arboretum, i, 411, t. 31, f. 122.- Torrey &c Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 248.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 112.— Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1282.— Walpers, Kep. i, 410.— Nees, PI. Med. 5. — Nuttall, Sylva, ii, 88 ; 2 ed. ii, 35. — Browne, Trees of America, &!. — Euier.son, Trees Massachusetts, 480 ; 2 od. ii, 258 & t. — Gray, Genera, ii, 200, 1. 174 ; Manual N. States, 5 ed. 119.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 45.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 265. — Parry in Owen's Rep. 010.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 80.— Lcstinerenx in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 354. — Wood, CI. Book, 2e0 ; Bot. & FI.74.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 80.— Engelmann in Trans. Am. Phil. .Soc. new ser. xii, 187.— Young, Bot. Texas, 20t;.— Va.sey, Cat. Forest Trees, 10.— Guibourt, Hist. Drogues, 7 ed. iii, 606.— Ward in Bull. U. S. Nat. Mns. No. 22, 73.— Sears in Bull. Essex Inst, xiii, 175. — Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'eO, 51'^.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 62. A. sacclutrum, Marshall, Arbnstnm, 4. A. barbatum, Michaux, FL Bor.-Am. ii, 253.— Willdenow, Spec iv, 989.— Poiret,Suppl.ii, 57.5.— Pursh.Fl. Am. Sept. 1, 206.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 255.— Elliott, Sk. i,451.— De Candolle, Prodr. i,5C5.— Torrey, Fl. U. S. 396; Compend. Fl. N. Slates, 109.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 2.— Sprengel, .Syst. ii, 224.— Don, Miller's Did. i, 649.— Beck, Bot. 6:5.— Spach, Hist. Veg. iii, 178; Ann. S< i. Nat. 2 ser. ii, 11«.— Torrey & Gray, Fl.N. America, i, 249, 084.- Eaton & Wright, Bot. 112.— Curtis in Rep. Geological .Surv. N. Carolina, 18(i0, iii. 51. 8UGAE MAPLE. SfOAU TREE. lIAltl) MAPLE. UOCK MAPLE. Southern Newfoundl.ind, valleys of the Saint Lawrence and Saguenay rivers, shores of lake Saint John, •west along the northern shores of the great lakes to Lake of the Wooiks ; south tiirough the northern states and along the Alleghany mountains to northern Alabama and the Chattahoochee region of west Florida (var. Floridanum, Chapman, I. c); west to Minnesota, eastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas (rare), ami eastern Texas. A tree of great economic value, 2-1 to 30 meters in height, with a liunk O.GO to 1.20 meter in diameter, or toward its sonthwestem limits greatly reduced in size; rich woods, often forming extensive forests, and reaching its greatest development in region of the great lakes. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 49 Wood heavy, hard, strong, tongh, close-grained, compact, .susceptible of a goo(> nutters in height, with a trunk l.'JO to l.SO meter in diameter; along •treams and intervales, in rich soil ; most coinniOH west of the Alleghany mountains, and reaehiuj; its gn\»test develoi)uu'ut in the basin of the lower Ohio river. Wood light, hard, strong, brittle, close-grained, compact, easily worked; nu'dullary rays numerous, thin : specific gravity, O.-^^Ol); ash, 0..'J3; somewliat u.sed in the manufacture of cheap furniture, for flooring, ettv ; maple sugar is occasionallv madt> from this spt-cies. t Foi; 50 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. 66. — Acer rubrum, Linna-us, Speo. 1 ed. ItKxi.— Dii Boi, Diss. 5t».— Marshall, AHuiBtiiiii, 3.— Lamarck, llict. ii,300; 111. iii, 4:i«*, t. Ir'-H, f. 3.— Khihait, Beitr. iv,'23.— Abbot, Ios«'ct8 Gforgia. ii, 93.— Aiton, Hort. Ift-w. iii, 434 (oxcl. var.) ; -2 cd. v, 44(;.— Mu-ucli, Meth. Sti.— Michuux, I'l. Bor.-Am. ii,'253.— Poreoon, Syu. i, 417.— Robin, Voyages, iii, 471.— Noiivoau Duliamel, iv,31.— WilUlonow, Spec. iv,984; Kmiiii. ii, 1014.— Dcsfoutaines in Ann. Miis.vii,413, t. 'i'.. f.2; Hist.Arb. i, 391.— Poiri-t, Snpiil. ii, 574.— Tratfinick, Arcbiv. i, t. It.— Slirh.ti.x f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii.210,t. 14 ; N. Amorican Sylva,3 otl. i 149, t.41.— riir>h,l'l. Am. !?e]>l. i, 2().'>.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 377.— Niii tall. Gt-nt-ra. i,a.VJ.— Eaton, Manual, 44 ; God. 2.— Haync, Uend. Fl. '213.- Elliott, Sk. i, 449.- Toney, Fl.U. S. 39,') ; Compond. Fl. N. St;ite«, l»jt>: Fl. N. York, i, 137.— Watson, Dend. JJrit. ii, 1. 1(39.— Spivngol, Sy^I. ii, '22.").- .Vudnboii, Birds, t. 54, (i7.— Tansoli, IJogcnsh. Fl. xii«, 55->._Pcuu.Cycl. i.79.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Ani. i, 114 ; Jour. Hot. i, 199.— Don, MMl.-r's Diet, i, CoO.— Beck, Bot. 03.- Spacli.HisI . Vcg. iii. 113: Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 sor.ii, 176.— London, .\rborotum,i, 424, f. 130 & t.—Torroy & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 249, C»l.— Dii'trieh, Syn. ii, 12f2.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 112.— Bigilow, Fl. Boston. 3(d. 40,'>.— Walpevs, Rep. i,4i;9.— R.id in London Card. Clironielc, 1>!44, 27»j.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 4C:3 ; 2 cd. ii, 561 & t.— Parry in Owcu's Ivcp. 010.— Kichardsou, Arctic Exped. 422.— Nuttall, Sylva,U,e7; 2 cd. ii, 34.— Darlington, Fl. Ccstrica, 3 cd.4G.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 265.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. lA'JS, 251. — Chapman, Fl.S. States, 81.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Snrv. N. Carolina, 1*)0, iii, 50. — Lesquereux iu Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 354.— Wood, CI. Book, 286; Bot. & F1.74.— Eugelmann in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xii, 187.— Porcher, Resotirces S. Forests, 79.— Buchenau in Bot. Zeit. xix, 265, t. 11.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 119.— Koch, Dcndrologie, i, ,')42.— Young, Bot. Texaa, •^00.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 10.— Macoun in Geological Rop. Canada, 1875-'7ti, 192.— Sears in Bull. Essex Inst, xiii, 176.— Bell in Geological R< p. Canada, 1879-'60, 54"=.- Nicholson iu London Card. Chrouicle, 1881, 172, f. 30, 31.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mu8. Twfi. 62. / A. glauviim, Marshall, Arbnstum, 2. f A. Caroliniana, W'altcr, Fl. Caroliniana,2ol. A. coccincum, Michaux f. Hist. Arb.Am. ii,203; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 142. *-l. saiuiulneum, Spach, Hist. Veg. iii, 115 ; Ann. Sei. Nat. 2 ser. ii, 176.— Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1282. BED 3IAPLE. SW^ASIP 5IAPLE. SOFT MAPLE. WATER MAPLE. Xiw liniii.swick, Quebec and Ontario, south of latitude 49°, north and west to the Lake of the Woods, south to Indian and t'alooaa rivers, Florida, west to eastern Dakota, eastern Nebraska, the Indian territory, and the valley of the Trinity river, Texas. A large tree, 20 to 30 or, exceptionally, 32 meters in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.50 meter iu diameter ; borders »)f ^treams and low, wet swamps, reaching its greatest development iu the valleys of the lower Wal")a,sh and Yazoo rivers. Wood heavy, hard, not strong, closegjained, compact, easily worked; medullary rays numerous, obscure; i.olor, brown, often tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter; specilic gravity, 0.G178; a,sh,0.37 ; largely used iu cabinet- making, turnery, and for woodenware, gun stocks, etc.; an accidental variety with undulating grain is highly valued. Ink is occa.sionally made, domestically, by boiling the bark of this species in soft water and coinhining the tannin with sulphate of iron; formerly .somewhat used in dyeing. Var. Drummondii. A. Drummondii, Hooker &, Arnott in Hooker, .lour. Bot. i, 199.— Nnttall, Sylva, ii,83, t.70; 2 ed. ii,30, 1.70. Southern Arkansa-s, eastern Texas, western Louisiana, and sparingly tlirough tlui Gulf states to southern Georgia. Well characteiized by its obovate or truncate leaves, the base entire or slightly crenulate-toothed, densely covered, as well as the petioles and young shoots, with a thick white tomentum ; fruit convergent, the wings bright red, even when fully ripe. A large tree, in deep, wet swanijis, connected with the species by numerous Interiuediatc forms of Georgia, Florida, and Alabama. Wood ligliter than that of the species; specific gravity, O.-'JioU; ash, 0.34. 67. — Negundo accroides, Mtmch, Metb. 334.— Torrcy Sc Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 250.— Eatou & Wright, Bot. 327.— Torrey in Nicollet's Reji. 147 ; Fremouts Rep. 88; PaciBc K. R. Rep. iv, 73.— Nnttall, .Sylva, ii, 92; 2 ed. ii, 38.— Gray in Jour. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, vi, 166; Mem. Am. Acad. new wr. iv, 29; v, .309; Genera, ii, 202, t. 175; Pacific R. R. Rep. xii, 41 ; Manual N. States, 5 ed. 120.— Richardson, Arctic Exped. 42:1.- Parry in Owen's Rep. 610.— Darlington, Fl. Ciwtriea, 3 ed. 46.— Cooper iu Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 251; Am. Nat. iii, 306.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 81.— Curtis iu Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, IdOU, iii, 53.— Wood, CI. Book, 287; Bot. 2.— James in Long's Expe, 170. Negundo fraxinifolium, Nuttall, Genera, i, 253.— De Candolle, Prodr. i, 596.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 114; Jf>nr. Bot. i, 200.— Don, Miller's Diet, i, C51.— Beck, Bot. 64.— Spach, Hist. Veg. iii, 119.— Rafinesqne, New Fl. & Bot. i, 48.— Browne, Trees of America, 106. — Scheele in Ecomer, Texas, 433. — Scbnizlein, Icon. t. 227, f. 2, 18. f N. Mexicanum, De Candolle, Prodr. i, 596.— Hemsley, Bot. Am.-Ccnt. i, 214. N. trifoliatum, Eafinesque, New Fl. & Bot. i, 48. N. lohatum, Katinesqne, New Fl. &. Bot. i, 48. N. Californicmn, Scheele in Ra-mcr, Texas, 433 [not Torrey & Gray]. BOX ELDER. ASH-LEAVED MAPLE. Shores of the Winooski river and lake Cbani plain, Yciiiiont, near Ithaca, New York, eastern Pennsylvania, and south to Hernando coiintj-, Florida (not detected in northeastern Florida) ; northwest through the lake region of the United States and Manitoba to the Dog's Head, lake Winnii)eg, and along the southern branch of the Saskatchewan to the eastern base of the llocky mountains; west in the United States to the eastern sloj>es of the Rocky mountains of Montana, through Colorado to the Wahsatch mountains, Utah; southwest through the basin of the Mississipjji river, western Texas, and New Mexico to the ^MogoUon mountains, eastern Arizona ; southward into Mexico. A tree 15 to 22 meters in height, with a trunk O.GO to (».!I0 or, excej)tionally, l.'JO meter in diameter; moist soil, borders of streams, etc.; in the Rocky Mountain region in high valleys, between 5,000 and 0,000 feet elevation; one of the most widely distributed trees of the American forest, reaching its greatest development in the valleys of the Wabash and Cumberland rivers. Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, creamy-white, the sap-wood hardly distinguishable; specific gravity, 0.4.'$2S ; ash, 1.07; occasionally used in the interior finish of houses, for woodenware, cooperage, and paper-pulp. Small (luantities of ma]de sugar are .sometimes obtained from this species. 68. — Negundo Californicum, Torroy & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 250, 684.— Hooker i Arnott, Bot. Beechoy, 327, t. 77.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. ;B7.— Walpers, Hep. i. 410.— Bentbam, PI. Ilartweg. 301. — Nuttall, 8ylva, ii,90, t. 72; 2ed. ii, 37, t. 72. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1S58, 258, in part. — Koob, Dendrolopie, i, 545.— Brewer & Watson, Hot. Calil'oniia, i, 108. — Vaeey, Cat. Forest Trees, 10.— Nicholson in London Gai-d. Chronicle. 1 S^- 1. r- 15. Acer Galifornicum, Dietrich, .«lyn. ii, 1283. If. aceroides, Torrey in Pacilic R. R. Kep.iv,74; Bot. Mcx. Boundary Survey, 47; Bot. Wilkes Exped. 25t» [not Moencii].— Bolandor in Proe. California Acad, iii, 78. BOX ELDER. (California, valley of the lower Sacramento river (Sacramento, and in Marin and Contra Costa counties*), southward in the interior valleys of the Coast ranges to about latitude 35°, canons of the western slopes of the San Bernardino mountains [rarish lirotherx). A snuill tree, 0 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to O.tiO meter in diameter; borders ot stn'ams. Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, nearly white, or slightly tinged with yellow; specific gravity. 0,4821; ash. 0.54 ; occasiomdly used in the maiuifacture of cheap furniture. 52 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. A N A C A R D I A C E iS 69. — Rhus cotinoides, Nuttall, Mm. in Herb. Philadelphia Acad. ; Travels, 177.— Cooper in Smithsonian Kei>. 1858, 250.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 70.— Wood, CI. Book, 285; Bot. i Kl. TJ.— Buckley in Proc. Philadelphia Acid. 1881, 125.— Mohr in Proc. Philadelphia Acad. 1881, 217. R. cotinusf Toire.v 4 Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 21C.— Wood. CI. Book, 285. Cotinus Americanus, Nuttall, Sylva, iii, l, t. 81; 2 cd. ii, 71, t. 81. Cotinm COggygria, Engler in De Candolle, Snites, iv, .T51, in part. Indian territorj, "on tbe ligbt, broken, calcareous, rocky banks of tbe Grand river, a large tributai-y of the Arkansas, at a place then known as tbe Eagle's Nest," (Xuttall, I. c); Alabama, north of tbe Tennessee river on southern slopes of tbe Cumberland mountains (on a bill near Bailie's farm, twelve miles from Huntsville, on tbe Madison road, Buckley, Mohr), and doubtfully reported north of the Alabama line, in Tennessee. CHITTAM WOOD. In Alabama, a small wide-branching tree, 9 to 10 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30 meter in diameter; on limestone benches from 700 to 900 feet elevation, in den.se forests of oak, ash, maple, etc.; local and very rare; not re425; ash, O.-W; largely used locally for fencing, and yielding a clear orange dye. 70- — Rhus typhina, Mmiii-tis, Ajncen. iv, 311. — MedicoM, Bot. Beohacht. 1782, 228. — Wangcphoini, Anier. H"). — Marnhall, Aibiistiiui, 129. — Walter, Fl. Caroliuiaua, 255.— Alton. Horl. Kew. i, 3C5; 2 ed. ii, 1G2.— Ehrhart, Beitr. vi, 811.— Ma>nch, Meth. 72.— Willdeiiow, .Spec i, 1478; Ennni. i, 323.— B.S.Barton, Coll. i, 51.— .Schkuhr, Handb. 2.37.— Michaiix, Fl. Bor.-Ani. i, 182.— Nonveaii Uuhaiiiel, ii, KM, t. 47.— Persoon, Syn. i, 324. — DeKfontaincii, Hist. Arb. ii, 325. — Poiret in Laniarik, Diet, vii, 503. — Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadulph. 39; Compend. Fl. Philadeljih. i,l.'>:<.— Pnrsli, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 204.— Eaton, Manual, 35 ; Oed. 302.— Nut tall. Genera, i,203.— Koemer &. SchiiltcB, Syst. vi, C43.— Hay ue, Dend. Fl. :«.— Elliott, Sk. i, 360.— Torrey, Fl. U. S. 322 ; Compend. Fl. N. States, 140 ; Fl. N. York, i, 128.— De Candolle, Prodr. ii, fi7.— .Sprengel, Syst. i, 'J:!C.— Walsou, Dend. lirit. i, t. 17, 18.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Ani. i, 12(i.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 70.— Beck, Bot. 76.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ii. 212.— Bennett, PI. Jav. Rar. 80.— London, Arboretum, ii, ',^(>, f. 224.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 217, 680.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 392.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 126.— Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1002.— Emerson, Trce.s MawiachuflettM, 501; 2 cd. ii, 571 & t. — Browne, Trees of America, 184. — Gridith, Med. Hot. 186. — Parry in Owen's Rep. 610. — Darlington, Fl. Ce«trica, 3ed. 43. — Richardson, Arctic Ex])cd. 424. — Darby, Bot. S. States, 254. — Coojier in Suiitlisoniau Rep. 18.'i8, •^•0. — Chapman, Fl. .S. States, 69. — (;urtis in Rep. Gi-ological Snrv. N. Caroliiui, l'^60, iii, 93. — Le.sqnerenx in Owin's 2d Rep. Arkan«i8, 35:i.— Wood, CI. Book, 384; Bot. & Fl. 73.— Porcher, Resonrccs S. Forests, 208.— Gray, Manual N. States,5ed. 111.— Koch, Dendrologie, i, 576. — Yonng, Bot. Texas, 197. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 10. — GuibonrI, Hist. Drogues, 7 ed. iii, 488. — Nat. Disp<-nsatory, 2eol)acht. 17.-'2, '22-1. — Xlarsball, Arbii>tum, 128. — Wangenheim, Amer.'.Mj. — Walter, Kl. C'arolJniaiia,25.'i. — G;eitiier, Fruct. i, 20:>, t. 44.— Aitou, Hort. Kew. i, 3tJ6; 2 o. No. 20, I'. S. Aij. Dep. 2t», t, 5)j the fruit, acid and astringent, used, as well as that of the shrubby Rhus ijlabra, by herbalists iu the form of decoctions, tluid extiacts. etc., as a gargle in the treatment of .sore throat. Var. lanceolata. Gray, Jour. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, vi, 1,58.— Torrey, Bot. Mcx. Boundary Survey, 44.— Watson iu Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 338. R. copallina, var. intcgri/olia, Engler in De Candolle, Suites, iv, :?84. Western Texas, Dallas {Revereho)i) to the Rio Grande. A small tree, with lanceolate, elongated leaflets, 5 to G meters in height, with a trunk 0.12 to 0.15 meter in diameter; calcareous soil; common; specific gravity, 0.5184; ash, 0,S,5. 54 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. 72. — Rhus venenata, Do CandoUo, Prodr. u, 68.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 126.— Don. MilUr's Diet, ii, 71.— Beck, Bot. 76.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ji,215.— Lindley, Fl. Med. 284.- LondoD. Arboretum, ii. 502, f. 22C. — Torrey. & Gniy, Fl. N. Aiucrieo, i, 21t', OSl. — Eaton & Wright, Bot. 392. — Dictrieh, Syu. ii, 10t«.— Torrcy, Fl. N. York, i, 130.— Brtnvuo, Trees of America, 186.- Griffitb, Med. Bot. 185.— Emerson, Trees Massaclnisetts, 5(M; 2 e*l. ii. 57.") & t. — Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 44. — Richardson, Arctic Exped. 424. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rop. IS.'iS, 250.— Chapman, Fl. S. States CO.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Snrv. N. Carolina, 18G0, iii, 03.— Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, XtS.— Wood, CI. Book, 281; Bot. & Fl. 73.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 111.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 11.— Bailey iu Am. Xat. vii, 5, f. 3.— Ward in Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 22. 73,— F.ngler in De Candolle, Suites, iv, 397. R. rerilid; Linnxus. Spec. 1 ed. 205, in part. — Kalm, Travels, English ed. 177. — Medicus, Bot. Beobacht. 1782, 223. — Marshall, Arbustnm, 130.— Waugenheim, Anier. 92. — Aiton, Hort. Kew. i, 30C ; 2 ed. ii, 163. — Plenck, Icon. t. 234. — Lamarck, III, ii, 346, t. 207. f. 2.— Willdenow, Spec, i, 1479; Enum, i, 323,- B, S. Barton, Coll. i, 23, 50.— Schknbr, Han.lb. 2:!6.— Michaux. Fl, Bor,-Am, i, 183, — Nouveau Dnhamel, ii, Kiy. — Per.soon, Syn, i, 324. — Desibntaincs, Hist. Arb. ii, 32.5. — Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, vii, ."05,— Nuttall, Genera, i, 203,— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadelpb. 39 ; Couipend, Fl, Pbiladeli)h, 154,— Pursh, FI,Am. Sept. i,20.->.— Eaton, Manual, 34; C ed. 302.— Bigelow, Med. Bot. i, 96, t.lO; Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 126.— Roemer i Schultes, Syst. vi, 646.— Hayuc, Dend. Fl. 34.— Elliott, .Sk. i, 362.— Torrey, Fl. U. S. 323; Compond. FL X. States, 20:?.- Sprengel, Syst. i, 9.W.— Hooker, .lour, Bot. 1,202.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 255.— Porcher, Resources S, Forests, 206. POISON SUMACH. POISON ELDEE. Northern New Euglaud, 80iitli to tiortlieiii Georgia, Alahaiiia, and western roui.siana, west to northern Minnesota, Missouri, and Arkansas. A small tree, 0 to 8 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.15 to 0.20 ni<'ter in diameter, or more often a tall shrub; 4ow, wet swamps or, more rarely, on higher ground. "Wood light, soft, coarse-grained, moderately com])act ; layers of annual growth clearly marked by three or four rows of large open duets; medullary rays thin, very obscure ; color, light yellow streaked with brown, the sap-wood lighter ; specific gravity, 0.4382 ; ash, O.Cl. The whole plant, as well as the allied R. Toxicodendron, to most persons exceedingly poisonous to the touch, owing to the presence of a volatile principle, Toxkodendrie add ( TJ. S. DiKpcnsatory, l-l ed. 908. — Nat. Dhpennatory^ 2 ed. 1404); the white milky sap turning black in drying and yielding a valuable lacquer {Bif/elow, Med. Bot. 1. c.) 73. — Rhus Metopium, Linnajus, Amajn. v, 395.— Titford, Hort. Bot, Am, 51,— Descourtilz, Fl. Med. Antilles, ii, 49, t. 79.— De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 67.— Macf'adyen, Fl, Jamaica, 225,— Nuttall, Sylva, ii, 121, t. 80 ; 2 ed. ii, 68, t. 80.— Richard, Fl. Cuba, 381.— Cooper iu Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 264.— Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 175.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 69.— Wood, Bot. & Fl. 73.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 11. Metopium Linnwi, Eugler in De Candolle, Suites, iv, :J67. POISON WOOD. CORAL SUMACH. MOUNTAIN MANCUINEEL. UTIM WOOD. HOG PLUM. DOCTOR GUM. Seroi-trojjical Florida, bay IJi.scayne to the, southern ki'ys; in the West Indies. A tree 12 to l.'i meters in height, with a trunk sometimes O.GO meter in diameter, reaching in the United States its greatest development on the shores of liay Biscayne, near Miami; one of the most common trees of the region, the large specimens generally decayed. Wood heavy, hard, not strong, close-grained, checking batlly in drying, containing many evenly-distributed open ducts; medtdlary rays numerous, thin; color, rich dark brown streaked with red, the sap-wood light brown or yellow; specific gravity, 0.7tU7; ash, 2.'.i'.i; little esteemed. A resinous gum, emetic, purgative, and diuretic, is obtained from incisions made in the bark of this species (Pharm. Jour, vii, 270. — Guibourt, Hist. Drogttcs, 7 ed. iii, 489). 74. — Pistacia Mexicana, HBK. Nov. Gen. &. .Si>cc. vii,22, t. 608, — De Candolle, Prodr, ii, 64. —Gray in Smithsonian Contrib. v,27. — ToiToy, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 44. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858. 2 Ann. l.yc. X.York, ii. 178; Compoud. Fl. N. States, 271; Fl. N. York, i, 165; Emory's Rep. 408.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 140.— Audubon, Birds, t. 104.— Don, Milloi-'s Diet, ii, 237.— Beck, Bot. 82.— Spacb, Hist. Veg. i, 2,58.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 294.— Loudon. Arboretum, ii, 60!), f. 305 & t.— E.aton & Wright, Bot. 397.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 295.— Browne, Trees of America, 197.— Emerson, Trees, Massachusetts, 460; 2 ed. ii,522 &, t.— Oriftith, Med. Bot. 238, f. 123. — Dietrich, Syn. iv, 105:5, — Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 65. — Darby Bot. S. States, 280.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 251. — Chapman, Fl. S, States. 94.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 48. — Lestiuereux in Owen's 2d Rep, Arkansas, 356. — Wood, CI. Book, 319: Bot. & Fl. 95. — Lemairo, 111. Hort. xii, t. 427. — Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 188. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 131. — Koch, Don«lr«logie, i, 55.— Verlot in Rev. Hort. 1873, 152 & f.— Young, Bot. Texas, 22t?.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 11.— Eidgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1R82, 65. Pscuflamda odorata, Munch, Metb. 145. E.friKjiKK, Salisbury, Prodr. 336. LOCCST. BLACK LOCUST. YELLOW LOCUST. Alleghany mountains, Pennsylvania (Locust ridge, Monroe county, Porter) to northern Georgia; wiiloly and genenilly naturalized throughout the United States east of the Koeky mountains, and possibly indigoiums in northeastern (Crowley's ridge) and western Arkansas and the jiriuries of eastern Indian territory, A tree 22 to L*5 meters in height, with a trunk 0.00 to \.2Q nuHer in diameter; west of the Jlis.sissippi river much smaller or often a low shrub 1.80 to .'3 meters in height, reaching its gwatest develoi)ment on the western slopes of the monntaius of West Virginia. 66 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Wood heavy, exceediugly hard and strong, close-grained, compact, very durable in contact with the ground; layers of annual growth dearly marked by two or three rows of large open ducts; color, brown or, more rarely, light green, the sap-wood yellow; specitic giayity. 0.7;53.{; ash. O.r.l (Trtcul in Am. Jour. Sci. 3 eer. six, 182, t. 2, f. 1 ; t. G, 7. f. 10. ) : largely used in ship-buililing. for iwsts of all sorts, construction, and in turnery; preferred to other American woods for treenails, antl in this form largely exported. The bark of the root tonic, or in large doses i)iirgativc and emetic (U. S. Diyjiciixatorii, 1-1 ed. lH*i.—Nat Dispensatory, 2 ed. 1233) ; formerly widely i)lanted as a timber tree [Cohhett, Woodlands, \y.n: 323); its cultivation in the United States now generally abandoned on account of the desti active attacks of the locust borer {Cyllene picta, Packard in Bull. U. S. EntomiiUujical Com. No. 7, 0.")). 78. — Robinia viscosa, Vi iittn.it, Hon. (.'«-• Is, 4, t. 4.— Hot. Man;, t- iniU.— WilliJi-uow. Sin-c. iii, 1 i;tl ; Enuiu. ii, (lit*.— .Micbaiix, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 65.— Nouvean Dubamcl, il, 64, 1. 17.— Poirct in Laiiiarok, Diet. vi,"i2-->.-^B. S. B.-irton, Hot. Appx. 29, t.-il.— PcrsDon, Syn. ii,:Ul.— Desfont.iinos, Hist. Arb. ii, 302.— Alton, Hort. Kew. Sed. iv, :VJ:$.— Micbaiix 1". Hist. Arb. Am. iii, aCi, t. 2; N. Auiericau Sylva, ii, 104, t 77.— Pursb, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 488.— Kuttall, Gcm^ra.ii, 118.— Hiiyue, Deiid. Fl. 140.— Elliott, <5;k.ii.24'2.— Dp Camlollo.Prodr. ii, 202.— Giiiinpi-I,Otto& Haym-, Abb. Hob!. 81, t. C5.— Sprengcl, .'^yst. iii. 247.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 23G.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. :iOC.— Spacb, Hist. Veg. i, 260.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 21t5.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 626, t. b7, f. 306.— Eaton & Wrigbt, Bot. 397.— Browne, Trees of America, 209.— DietricL.Syu. iv, 1053. — Darby, Bot. S. tjtates, 280. — Cooper in Smithsuuiau Uep. 18^8,251.— Chapuiau, Fl. S. States, 94.— Cnrtis in Eep. Geological Sur%-. N. Carolina, 18(», iii, 49. —Wood, CI. Book, 319; Bot. &. Fl. 95.— Porcber, Resources S. Forests, 193.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 131.— Vascy, Cat. Forest Trees, 11. I{. glntinosa, Curtis, Bot. Mag. t. .''160. — Kocb, Dendrologie, i, 59. Cl.AMMV LOCUST. " High Alleghany moiiiitaiiis south of latitude 35°" (Micliaux). "Open woods, slopes of Buzzard ridge, altitude 4,500 feet, near Highland, Macon county, North Carolina" (J. DouncH Smith). A small tree, !» to 12 meters in height, with a trunk not exceeding 0.30 meter in diameter; very rare, and not rediscovered until 1882 by the numerous botanists who have visited, during the last thirty years, the localities where the Michauxs, father and sou, discovered tliis species; widely cultivated and now occasionally naturalized in th« Atlantic states. WofKl (of a cultivated specimen) heavy, hard, close-grained, compact; layers of annual growth clearly marked by many rows of open ducts; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, brown, the sap-wood light yellow; specific gnivity, 0.8094; ash, 0.20. 79. — Robinia Neo-Mexicana, Gray, Mem. Am. Acad, new ser. v, 314.— Torrey in Pacific IJ. R. Rep. iv, 79 ; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 53.— Walpers, Ann. iv, 491.— Coojier in Smithsonian Eep. 1858,265.— Watson in King's Rep. v, 419.— Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorado; Haydeu's Surv. Misc. Pub. No.4,23.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 11. LOCUST. Colorado, valley of the Purgatory river (near Trinidad), headwaters of the Canadian river, tluougli western and Bouchwe.stern New Mexico to the Santa Catalinaand Santa Itita mountains [Lemnion, Prini/k), Arizona (■1,.'jOO to 7,000 feet altitude), southern Utah, Mount Zion cafiou, west fork of the Kio Virgin, and near Kanah. A small tree, sometimes 0 to 8 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.25 meter in diameter, or toward it« u])per limits of growth reduced to a low shrub; reaching its greatest development in the valley of the Purgatory river, Colorado. Wood heavy, exceedingly hanl. (strong, close-gniiiied, (•om))act, satiny, containing many evenly-distributed open duct.s; medullary rays, thin, consi>icuous; color, yellow stn-aked with brown, the sap-wood light yellow; specific gritvity, 0.8031 ; .xsli, 0.00. 80.— Olncya Tesota, Gray. M«-ni. Am. Acad, new wr. v, 328; Ivo«' Rop. II.— Torrey in Pacitic Ii. R. Rep. iv, 11, 82; vii, 10, t. 5; Bot. Mox. Boundary Survey, 5(^._WaIp<-ni, Ann. iv, 470, 587.— Cooper in SniithHonian Rep. IH08, 26.'>— Brewer & Wat«on, Bot. California, I, 157.— Vasoy, Cat. Forest Trees, 11. — Hemsley, Bot. Am. -Cent. i.2C<). IKON WOOIJ. AI!HI»1. I)K HIKKUO. Califoniia, valley of the Colorado river south of tlic Mohave inonntaiiis, valley of the lower Gila river, southwestern Arizona ; .southward in Honora. A small tree in the United States, rarely 9 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.45 meter in diameter; dry arroijox and caiTons; in Sonora more couimoii and of larger size. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. T)? Wood very heavy and hard, stroiif;, brittlo, close-graiucd, coDiiiact, the grain generally contorted, diflBcult to cut and work, susceptible of a high i)()lish ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, rich dark brown streake55.— Hem.sley, Bot. Am. -Cent, i, 321.— Watson in Proc. Am. Acad, xvii, 347. Broiisnonetia secundiflora, Ortega, De< , v, oi, t. 7. Virgilia nccundiflora, Cavanillcs, Icon. t. 401. Agastianin secundiflora, Ealii-esque, New Sylva, iii, 86. Bermatophyllum speciosum, Seheole in Linnaa, xxi, 458. S. speciosa, Bentbam in Jour. Boston Soo. Nat. Hist, vi, 178. — Gray in Mom. Am. Acad, now 8«r. iv», 38 ; Smith.sonian Contrib. iii, .^)4; Hall's PI. Toxa.s, 7.— Walpois, .\nn. ii, 439.— Torroy, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 58.- Young, Bot. Texas, 242.— \'a8ev, Cat. Forest Tree.s. 12. 58 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. FRIGOLITO. Matagorda bay, Texas, west to the mountains of ^'ow Mexico {Havcird). A small tree, sometimes n meters in beig:lit, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 meter in diami-ter, or often, especially west of the San Antonio river, a tall shrub, rarely exceodiuK 2 meters in heijjht, forniinj; dense thickets; borders of streams, generally in a low, rather nioi.st soil. Wood very heavy, hard, close-grained, eomjiact, susceptible of a high polish; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, orange .streaked with red. the iieavier sap-wood brown or yellow; sjiecific gravity, 0.0842; a,sh, 1.59; furnishing valuable fuel. The seeils contain an exceedingly poisonous alkaloid, Sophoria (H. C. Wood in. Philadelphia ^[ed. Timcn, August 4, ISll.—Rothroik in Coulter^n Bot. Gazette, ii, Vi6.—Nat. Dixpensatory, 2 ed. 1333). 84. — Sophora affinis, Torrey & Gray, FI. N. America, i, 390. — Leavenworth in Am. Jour. Sci. 1 ser. ix, 130. — Gray in Jour. Boston Soc. Nat. HiHt. vi, 178; Hall's PI. Texas, 7. — Scheole in Roemer, Texas, 428. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 12. Slt/phnolobinm affine, Walpers, Rep. i, 807. Arkansas, valley of the Arkansas river [Letterman) to the valley of the Sau Antonio river, Texas. A small tree, 5 to 7 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.15 to 0.25 meter in diameter; borders of streams and prairies. Wood heavy, very hard, strong, coarse-grained, compact; layers of annual growth clearly marked by several rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays thin, conspicuous^ color, light red, the sap-wood bright, clear yellow ; specific gravity, 0.8509 ; ash, 0.73. Ink is occa.sionally made domestically from the resinous exudations of the pod. 85. — Gymnocladus Canadensis, Lamarck, Dict.i,733; Ill.iii, 412.t.823.— Michanx, FI. Bor.-Am. ii, 241, t. 51.— Willdeiiow, Spec, iv, 400; Enum. ii, 1019; Berl. Baumz. 169.— Pereoon, Pvn. ii,626.— Desfontaines, Hi.'»t. Arb. ii, 250. —Alton, Hort. Kew. 2ed.T, 400.— Miclianx f. Hist. Arb. Ara. ii,272, t.23; N. American .Sylva,3 ed. i, 182, t..'.0.— Ptirsh, FI. Am. Sept. i, 304.— Nuttall, Geuera,ii,243.— Hayne, Dcnd. FI. 203.— James in Long's Exped. i, 1:1-'.- Rfichenlmch, Ma<:. Bot. t. 40.— De CaiidoUe, Prodr. ii, 480.— SprenRol, Syst. ii, 327.— Torrey in Ann. Lye. N.York, ii, 193; Conipcnd. FI. N. States, 37G ; FI. N. York, i, 190; Emory's Rep. 407.— Hooker, FI. Bor.-Am. 1, 16C.— Don, Miller's Dict.429.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. Ili2.— Beck, Bot. 93.— Spacb, Hist. Veg. i, ^^.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 2.")G & t.— Torrey & Gray, FI. N. America, i, 398. — Eaton & AVri;;ht, Bot. 2.58. — Richard.son, Arctic Exped. 424. — Walpers, Rep. i, 809. — Browne, Trees of America, 218. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 18o8, 251.— Lesfiuereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 358.— Wood, CI. Book, 300 ; Bot. & FI. 83.— Engelmaiin in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xii, 190. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 145. — Briot in Rov. Hort. 1870,436. — Vasey, Cat. Foretit Trees, 12.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, lb79-'80, 54'.— Ridgway in Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 63.— Chapman, FI. 8. States, SuppLei". Guilandina dioica, Linnajus, Spec. 1 ed. 381.— Marshall, Arbustnm, 56.— Alton, Hort. Kew.ii, 56. —James in Long's Exped. i, 138. Eyperanthera dioica, Vahl,8ymbol!B, i,31. O. dioica, Koch, Dendrologie, i, .''..- Baillon, HUt. PI. ii, 87, f. 52, 53. KENTUCKY COFFEE TREE. COFFEE NTTT. Conococheague creek, Franklin county, Pennsylvania (Porter); western New York, shores of Cayuga and Bencea lakes, west through southern Ontario and southern Michigan to the valley of the Minnesota river, Minnesota, east«'rn Nebniska, eastern Kan.sas, .southwestern Arkansas, and the Indian territory, to about longitude 9(»3 west, south to miildle Tennessee. A tree 25 to .33 meters in heiglit, with a trunk 0.00 to 0.!i0 meter in diameter; ricli woods and bottoms; not common. WfKjd heavy, not hard, strong, coarse grained, durable in contact with the ground, liable to ehecik in drying, easily worked, sn.sceptible of a high ]»olish ; layers of annual growth clearly marked by one or two rows of open duet.s; mediillarj- rays numerous, thin; color, rieli light brown tinged with red, the thin sap-wood lighter; ■pecific gravity. O.C9.54; a*ih, 0.07; occasionally used in cabinet making, for j)OHtH, rails, &e. The fresh le^ives, macerated and sweetened, are used in Tennessee as a poi.son for lioiisc-flies ; tlio seeds formerly as a domestic substitute for eoflee. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 59 86. — Gleditschia triacanthos, Mnniuus, Spec. 1 ed. 1056 (excl. var.).— Modicns, Bot. Bcobacht. 1782, a30.— Laniiirck, Diet, ii, 465 ; 111. iii, 446, t. 857, f. 1.— Alton, Hort. Kew. iii, 444 (oxcl. vars.); 2 ed. v, 474.— Mconcli, Meth. 6'J.— Abbot, Insects Georgia, ii, t. 285.— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 2.07.— Schkuhr, Ilandb. iii, .V^, t. S.'iU.— Uobiii, Voyages, iii, 497.— Porsoon, Syu. ii, 12:5.— DcslontainoR, Hint. Arl>. ii, 246.— WUldenow, Spec, i v. V>37; Euum. 10,')8 ; Bcil. Baumz. 103. — Nouvoau Duhauiel, iv, 100, t. 25. — MicLaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 104, 1. 10 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. 108, t. 79.— Pursli, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 821.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 239.— lames in Long's Exped. i, 138.- Hayne, Dend. Fl. 218.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 709. — Gninipel, Otto & Hayno, Abb. llolz. 157, t. .132.— De Candollc, Prodr. ii, 479.— Sprengcl, Syst. iii, 918. -Torrey, CompencL FL N. States, 375; Fl.N. York, i, 192.— Andubon, Birds, t. 42,146, 150.— RoBmcr & Schnltes, Syst. vii,78.— Don, Millei-'s Diet, ii, 438.— Beck, Bot. 93.— Eaton, Manual, G ed. 158.— Spach, Hist. Veg. i, 92.— Torrcy & Gray,Fl. N. America, i, 398.— Loudon, Arlmretam, ii,G.50, t. 90, 91.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 254.— Browne, Trees of America, 212.— Dietrich, Syn. iv, 539.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 295.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858,251. — Gray in Pacific R. R. Rep.xii^42; Manual N. States, 5 ed. 145. — Oliaj>man, Fl. S. States, 115. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 49. — Lesquereux iu Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 358. — Wood, CI. Book, 300 ; Bot. & Fl. 8:i. — Engelmann in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xii, 190. — Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 195.— Koch, Dendrologie, i, 8. — Hunt in Am. Nat. i, 433.— Young, Bot. Texas, 246. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 12.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 64.— Burgess in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vii,95. G. Hjnnona, Marshall, Arbustum, 54. 0. Meliloba, Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 254. 0. macrantha, Willdeuow, Berl. Baumz. 164. 0. degans, Salisbury, Prodr. 323. Mclilohlis heterophylla, Rafmesqne, Sylva Telluriaua, 121. HONKY LOCUST. BLACK LOCXTST. THREE-THORNED ACACIA. SWEET LOCUST. HONEY SHUCKS. Pennsylvauiii, western slopes of the Allesluxny monutains, west tbrouf;h soutbeni .Michigan to eastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas, and the Indian territory to about longitude 9C° west; south to Tampa bay, Fh)rida (not th'toeted in eastern Florida), northern Alabama, northern Mississii)])i, and the valley of the Brazos river. Texas. A tree, 25 or .30 meters, or exceptionally 40 meters, in height, with a trunk O.GO to 1.20 meter iu diameter; low, rich bottom lands, or more rarel.v on dry, sterile hills; the characteristic trta- of the "barrens" of middle Kentucky and Tennessee, reaching its greatest development in the bottoms of the lower Ohio River basin; widely cultivated for shade and as a hedge plant, and now somewhat naturalized in the Atlantic states east of the Allegiiauy mouu tains. A not uncommon form, nearly destitute of thorns, is — var. inermis, Pursh, Fl. Am.Si^pt. i, 221. —Do Candolle, Mem. Leg. t.22, f. 109; Prodr. ii, 479.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 158.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 398. ^Loudon Arboretum, ii, 650, t. 92, 93. — Browne, Trees of America, 213. G. inermis, LiiuKm.s. Spec. 15()<>. in part.— NoMviMu Dubaniel, iv, 100. — Benthara in Trans. Linnaean Soc. xxx', 557. A form with sjiines and fruit shorter tlian those of the type is — var. brochycarpos, Micliiiux,Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 257.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 398. —Browne, Trees of America. 213. G. hrachlicarpa, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 221.— De Candolle, Prodr, ii, 479.— Sprt>ngel, Sy.st. iii, 919.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 428. - Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 158.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 254.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 653. — Dietrich, Syu. iv,53ii. Wood lieavy, hard, strong, coarse-grained, moderately compact, very durable in contact with the .soil, susceptible of a high ))o!ish ; layers of annual "growth strongly marked by many rows of ojien ducts; medullary rays numerous, conspicuous; color, bright brown or red, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, O.G740; ash, O.SO; nsed for fence i)osts and rails, wagon hubs, construction, etc.; its value hardly appreciated. Beer is sometimes made domestically by fermenting the sweet, unripe fruit (Porcher I. c). 87. — Gleditschia monosperma, Walter, Fl. Carolini.ana, 254.— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 2.57.— Schkuhr, Handb. iii, 5.5r>.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 623.— Desfontjjines, Hist. Arb. ii, o4,_wiii,icnow. Spec, iv, 1097; Enum. 10.58; Berl. Baumz. 165.— Nouveau Duhamel, iv, 101.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2 emer & Schulte8,Sy8t. vii,74. G. triacailtha, Giertner, Fruct. ii, 311, 1. 146, f. 3 [not Liunteus]. G. inermis, Koch, Dendrologie, i, 9 [not Liumens]. 60 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. WATER LOCUST. Soutli Carolina to Matauzas inlet anil Tampa bay, Floriihi. thnnigli tbc Gulf states to the valley of the Brazos river, Texas, and tbroiiprh Arkansas to midiUe Kentucky and Tennessee, soutbern Indiana and Illinois. A tree 1- to IS meters in bei^bt, witb a trunk sometimes 0.00 or, exceptionally, 0.90 meter in diameter; deep swamps; rare in the south Atlantic and Gulf states; common and reaching its greatest development in the bottom lands of soutbern Arkansas. Louisiana, and eastern Texas, here often covering extensive areas. Wood heavy, very bard, strong, rather coarse-gr.iined, compact, susceptible of a high polish; layers of annual growth clearly marked by one to three rows of open ducts; medullary rays thin, conspicuous; color, rich bright brown tinged witb re^l. the thick heavier sap-wood clear light yellow; specific gravity, 0.73i:i; ash, 0.73. 88. — Parkinsonia Torreyana, Watson, Proc. Am. Acad, si, 135. — Brewer it Watson, Bot. California, i, 162. Cercidium floridum, Torrcy in Pacific R. R. Kep. iv, 11, 82; v, 3G0, t. 3; Bot. Mex. Boundarj- Survey, 59.— Gray in Ive** Rep. 11. — V;isey, Cat. Forest Trees, 12. — James in Am. Nat. xv, 982. — Hcmslcy, Bot. Ain.-Cent. i, 327. GBKBN-BABK ACACIA. PALO VERDE. Colorado desert, southern California (Inio, Toras, etc., Parish Brothern), east to the valley of the lower Gila river, Arizona. A low, much-branched tree, 8 to 10 meters in height, the short trunk sometimes 0.45 to 0.50 meter in diameter; low caiions and depressions in the sandhills of the desert; common and reaching its greatest development in the valleys of the lower Colorado and Gila rivers. Wood heavy, not strong, soft, close-grained, compact, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish, containing many small evenly-distributed open ducts; medullary rays very numerous, thin; color, light brown, the sap-wood clear light yellow; .specific gravity, 0.6.331 ; ash, 1.12. 89. — Parkinsonia microphylla, Torrey, Pacitic B. li. Rep. iv, 82; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 59. — Walpers, Ann. vii, 812. — Gray in Ives' Rep. 11.— Bontham iu Martins, Fl. Brazil. xv=, 78.— Watson, PI. Wheeler, 8; Proc. Am. Acad, xi, 136. — Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 162. — Hemsley, Bot. Am.- Cent. i, :«7. Valley of the lower Colorado and Bill Williams rivers, eastward through southern Arizona. A small, much-branched tree, 0 to 7 meters iu height, with a trunk 0.25 to 0.30 meter iu diameter (Wickeuburg, Pringlc), or often a low shrub I to 3 meters in height. Wooil heavy, hard, coarse-grained, compact, containing numerous large, scattered, open ducts; medullary rays numerous, thiu, conspicuous; c^lor, rich dark brown streaked witb red, the sap-wood light brown or yellow; specific gravity, 0.7449; ash, 3.04. 90. — Parkinsonia aculeata, Linnajus, Sped cd. 375.— Jacquin, Stirp. Am. 121, t. ai.— Lamarck, III. ii, 475, t. ;536.— WlUdenow, Spec, ii, 513.— Aifon, Hort. Kow. 2 cd. iii, 24.— De C:indollc, Mem. Ix'^. ii, t. 21; Prodr. ii, 430.— Descourtilz, FI. Med. Antilles, i, 54, t. 12.— Macfadycn, Fl. Jamaica, 3:m.— Bentham, Bot. .Sulpliur, 87; Martius, Fl. Brasil. x\^, 78, t. 26.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. la'^iS, 265.— Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, .19.— Gri»el>ach, Fl. British West Indies, 204; PI. Loreutz.81.— Gray, Ilall's PI. Texas, 8.— Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 102.- Va.-M-y, Cat. Forest Trees, 12.— Uemsley, Bot. Am.-Cont. i, :J27.— Watson in Proc. Am. Acad, xvii, 348. Corpus Christi, Texas, west along the Mexican boundary to the valley of the Colorado river, Arizona (Yuma); and southward into Mexico; probably of American origin, but now widely naturalized throughout the tropical and warmer regions of tlie globe (A. Be Candolle, Gcotj. Bot. ii, 710, 770, 79.5). A small tree, 0 to 12 meters in lieigiif, witb a trunk .sometimes 0.30 meter in diameter. Wood lieavy, bard, very dose grained, incbned to check in drying, containing many evenly-distributed small open ducts ; medullary rays very numerous, thin, conspicuous; color, light brown, the very thick sap-wood lighter, often tinged with yellow; specific gravity. O.GllC; ash, 2.32. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 61 91. — Cercis Canadensis, i.inna'us, Spec. 1 ed. 37-1. — Du Roi, Obs. Bot. 10. — Manshall, ArliuatDDi, 32. — Lamurck, Diet, ii, 586. — WaDgenheiui, Amer. i;-!.— Walter, FL Caroliniana, 1X>. — Alton, Ilort. Kcw. ii, 47; 2 ed. iii, 22. — Willdcncw, Spec, ii, 508; Eiium. 4:J9; Berl. Banmz. KJ. — Noavean Dnhamcl, i, 19. — Michniix, FI. Bor.Am. i, 2()."). — Schkuhr. Haiidh. ;{54. — Persoon, Syn. i, 454. — Desfontaines, Hi»t. Arb. ii, 254. — Pur.Hh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 308.— Eaton, Manual, 4(>; C ed. 89.— Xnttall, GeiiiTa, i, 2*5.— Haync, Dend. FI. .''/!.— Elliott, Sk. i. 470.— Torrey in Ann. I>yo. N. York, ii, 194; Fl. U. S. 441; Compfind. Fl. N. Slatits, 188; Fl. N.York, i, 188; Nicollet's Rep. 149; Enjory'a Ecp. 406.— De Oandollc, I'rodr. ii, 518.— Sprenscl, Synt. ii, 340.— Guimpel, Otto & Hayne, Abb. Hoi/.. 116, t. 92.- Hooker, Fl. Bor. Am. i, 1G7; Companion Bot. Mag. i, 24.— Don, Millei^s Diet, ii, 468.— Beck, Bot. 94.— Spaeh, Hist. Ve^. i, 129.— Toirey & Gray, n. N. America, i, 392.— London, Arborotnni, ii, 659 & t.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 190.— Dietrich, Syn.ii, l.V"..— Browne, Trees of America, 221. —Gray in Mem. Am. Acad, new sor. iv', 38; Manual N. StateH, 5 ed. 144. — Richardson, Arctic Exped. 424. — Parry in Owen's Rep. 611. — Darlin!;ton, Fl. C'cHtrica, 3 ed. 67.- Darby, Bot. S. Slates, 294.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 251.— Chapman, Fl. S. States. 114.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 50. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 357. — Wood, CI. Book, 301 ; Bot. & Fl. 84. — Engelmauu in Trans. Am. Pliil. Soc. new ser. xii, 190. — Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 197. — Koch, Dendrologie i, 14. — Baiilou, Hist. PI. ii, 121.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 12.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 65. Silujnastrutn cordatum, Momcli, Metli.54. C. Canadensis, Vtir. pubescens, Pnrsh. Fl. Am. Sept. i, 308.— Loudon, Mboretum, ii, 659. EEDBILTD. JUDAS TREE. Western I'euusylvauia, south \vard to Taiupa bay, Florida, uortberii Alabama and ^Mississippi, westward through Bontheru Michio-au and Minnesota to eastern Nebraska; southwest through Missouri and Arkansas to the eastern portions of the Indian territory, Louisiana, and the valley of the Bi-azos river, Texas. A small tree, 12 to 10 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30 meter in diameter; rich woods, borders of streams and swamjis; most common and reaching its greatest developtneiit in southern Arkansas, the Indian territory, and eastern Texas, here, when in bloom, a conspicuous feature of the forest. Wood heavy, hard, not strong, rather coarse-grained, compact, susceptible of a good polish ; layers' of annual growth clearly marked by one to three rows of ojieii ducts; medullary rays exceedingly numerous, thin ; color, rich dark brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.6;J03; ash, 0.72. 92. — Cercis reniformis, Engelmann; Scheele in Rcmer, Texas, 428.— Watson in Proc. Am. Acad, xvii, 348. C. OCCtdentalis, var. Gray in Jour. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, vi, 177.— Walpors, Ann. ii, 440.— Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 58. — Brewer & Watson, Bob. California, i, 161. C. OCcidentulis, Gray, Hall's PI. Texas, 7 [not Torrey].— Hemsley, Bot. Am.-Cent. i, 340, in part. C. occidentalis, var. Tcxensis, Watson, Index, i, 209. Middle and westi^rn Texas west of the Colorado river ; in northern Mexico. A small tree, (> to 8 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 meter in diameter, or often a shrub forming dense thickets; liiiiestone hills; formerly often confounded with the shrubby C. occidentalLs of the California coast region. Wood heavy, liiird, close grtiined, compact ; layers of annual growth clearly marked by one to throe rows of oi)en ducts; medullary rays numerous, not consi)iciious ; color, brown streaked with yellow, the sap-wood lighter; specitic gravity, 0.751,3; ash, 0.77. 93. — Prosopis juliflora, De Candollo, Prodi-, ii, 447.— DestH)urtilz, Fl. Med. Antilles, viii, 107, t. 550.— LindUy, Fl. Med. 270.— Wnlpers, Rep. i, 8t)l.— Bentham, Rev. Mim. iu Trans. Linna'au Soo. xxx, 377. — Schuizlein, Icon. t. 277, f. 13. — Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 163. — Rothrock in Wheeler's Rep. vi, 42, 107. — llemsley, Bot. Am.-Cont. i, 344. P. glandulosa, Torrey in Ann. Lye. N. York, ii, 192, t. 2 ; Emory's Rep. 139 ; Pacitic R. K. Kep. iv, 82.— Don. Miller's Diet, ii, 400.— Dietrich, Syn. ii. 1424.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 376. — Walpers, Rep. i.8l)l. — Bentham in Hooker's Jonr. Bot. iv, 348; London .lour. Bot. v, 81.— Griaebach, Fl. British West Indies, 217.— Watson in King's Rep. v, 43J; PI. Wheeler, 8.— Gray, Hall's PI. Texas, 7.— Vasey. Cat. Forest Tre<>s, 12. Algarobia glandulosa, Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 399 ; Pacific R. R. Rep. ii, 164.— Engelmann & Gray in Jour. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, v, 242.— Engelmann in Wislizenus' Rep. 10.— Scheele in RaMner,Tex!»s, 427. — Gray in Jour. Boston Soc. Nat. Hi.st. vi, 181 ; Smithsonian Contrib. iii, 60; v, 51 ; Mem. Am. Acad, new ser. v, 3t)4 ; Ives' Rep U.— Torrey iu Sitgreaves' Rep. 1,58; Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 20, 82; vii, 10; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 60.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 18.58, 259; SoieutiUe Press, San Francisco, Nov. 1^71. \- t".— Palmer in Am. Nat. xii, 5SM. P. odorata-, Torrey in Fremont's Rep. 313, t. 1 (excl. fruit). 62 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. MESQUIT. ALGAIIOBA. UONEY LOCUST. HONEY POD. Texas, valley of the Tiinity river (Dallas, etc.) to the northern and western limits of the state; west throngh New Mexico and Arizona to the jhcwj-s west of the San Bernardino mountains, California, reaching sonthern ('olonulo. southern Utah (Saint George), and southern Nevada; soutliward through southern Mexico ; in Jamaica. A tree of the first economic value, sometimes 'J to lo meteis in height, witli a trunk O.'JO meter in diameter, or much smaller, often reduced to a low shrub ; on dry jjrairies and high rocky plains, or west of the Kocky mountains, along desert streams, here often forming incn forests, and reaching its greatest development within tlic United States in the valley of the Santa Cruz and otiu r streams of southern Arizona; in western Texas (Fort Stockton, etc.), on account of the annual burning of the prairies, rarely 1 meter in height, the roots then enormously developed, often weighing several hundred pounds, forming, as they are here locally known, "underground forests" and furnishing the best and cheapest fuel of the region. Wood heavy, very hard, not strong, close-grained, couipact, diflicult to work, alwiost indestructible in contact with the soil, containing many evenly-distributed, rather large, open ducts; medullary rays numerous, distinct; color, rich dark brown or often red, the sap-wood clear yellow; specific gravity, 0.7().52 ; asli, L'.IS; of the root, specific gravity, 0.8493 ; ash, 3.02 ; exclusively used for the beams and underjiinnings of the adobe houses of Nevr Mexico, Arizona, and northern Mexico; for posts and fencing, and occasionally in the manufacture of furniture, the fellies of heavy wheels, etc. ; the best and often the oidy fuel of the region, burning slowly with a dear llame, and I)roduciug valuable charcoal, bnt unsuited for the generation of steam on account of its destructive action upon boilers. A gum resembling gum arabic is yielded by this species ; the unripe and pulpy pods rich in grape sugar, edible, and furnishing valuable and important fodder. 94. — Prosopis pubescens, Bentham, London Jour. Bot. v, 62; Rev. Mini, in Trans. Linntean Soc. sss, 380. — Walpers, Ann. i. 259. — Watson in King's Itep. v, 420; PI. Wheeler, 8. — Brewer &. Wataon, Bot. California, i, 163. — Rothrock in Wheeler's Eep. vi, 42, 107. — Honisley, Bot. Am. -Cent. i,344. P. odorata, Torrey in Fremont's Rep. 313, 1. 1 (for fruit). P. Emoryi, Torrey in Emory's Rep. 139. Strombocarpa puhescens, Gray in Smithsonian Contrib. iii, 60 ; v, 51 ; Ives' Rep. 9.— Torrey & Gray in Pacific R. R. Rep. ii, 163.— Torrey in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 11, 20, >ii; v, 360, t. 4; vii, 10; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 60.— Cooper ia Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 259 ; Scientific Press, San Francisco, Nov. 1871 ife f.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 12. Strombocarpa odorata, Torrey in Sitgreaves' Rep. 158. SCREW BEAN. SCREW-POD MESQUIT. TOENILLA. Valley of the Rio Grande (Presidio), western Texas, westward through New Mexico and Arizona (valley of the Gila and Colorado rivers) to southern California (Wliite Water, Parish Brothers, Vallecito, Thurber), and southward into Mexico; southera Utah (Saint George), and southern Nevada (Ash ^leadows). A small tree, rarely 'J meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30 to 0.4.5 meter in diameter, or often a tall, much l)rai)(hcil shrub; san7. Mimosa leucoce/ihala, Lamarck, Diet. 1, 12. Acacia Icuc/icephala, Link, Knnm. Hon. lii rl. ii, 1 1 1. — 1> I aodolli-, I'mdr. ii,467. MimoKo biceps, P(>irr-»,Siij>pI. i,".";. Mimosa frondosa, Kh-ln in Piiiri-t,Snppl.i,76. CATAL(JGUE OF F01iE«T TREES. 63 "Western Texas, San Saba to Devil's river (BxtcMeij); sontliward into Mexico ; semi-tropical Florida (iDtrodaced, Curti.is), and Uiroufjli tlie West Indies. A .smiill tree, 7 to !) nutters in lieiylit, willi a trunk 0.10 to 0.15 meter in diameter, or often a tall or, in Florida, low slirul), sending' np niany steins from tlie ground. Wood heavy, liard, close graiued, compact, containing many small, regularly-distributed oi)eu ducts; layers of annual growth and medullary rays hardly distinguishable; color, rich brown streaked with red, the sap-wood clear yellow; si)ecific gravity, 0.9235; ash, 3.29. 96. — Leucaena pulverulenta, Bentbam, Hooker'8 Ldiuloii .lour. Bot. iv, 417 ; llev. Mini, iu TraiLs. Linnasaii Soc. xxx, 443. — Hemsley, Bot. Am.-CeDt. i, 351. Acacia pulverxtlenta, SchlochtuKhil in Linujca, xii, .'i'l. Acacia esculenta, Martens &, Galcotti iu Bull. Aoad. Brux. x', 3ia. Southern Texas, valley of the lower Eio Grande ; southward into Mexico. A small tree, 6 to 8 meters iu height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.15 meter in diameter, often forming dense thickets; rich, sandy loam. Wood heavj', hard, very close-grained, compact, containing many small, regularly-distributed open ducts; medullary rays very numerous, thin, conspicuous; color, rich dark brown, the sap-wood clear yellow; specific gravity, 0.0732; ash, 1.01. 97. — Acacia Wrightii, Bentbam, Smithsonian Contrib. iii,64; Rev. Miin. in Trans. Linnajan Soc. xxx, 521. — Gray, Smitb.sonian Contrib. v, 53. — Walpers, Ann. iT,6"26. — Torrey, Bot. Mox. Boundary Survey, 101. — Brewer & WatHon, Bot. California, i, 61. — Watson in Proc. Am. Acad, xvii, 351. CAT'S CLAW. Western Texas, valley of the Guadalupe river (New Braunfels), westward and southward to the valley of the Eio Grande; iu northern Mexico. A small tree, rarely 9 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes exceeding 0.30 meter in diameter, or often a low, much-branched shrub. Wood very heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact; layers of annual growth marked by one or two rows of small open diu.as, and containing many scattered smaller ducts; medullary rays hardly distinguishable; color, bright, clear brown streaked with red and yellow, the sap-wood clear yellow; sijecific gravity, 0.9392; ash, 0.03. 98. — Acacia Greggii, Gray, Smithsonian Contrib. iii, 65; v,53; Ives' Rep. 11. — Torrey in Sitgreaves' Rep. 158; Pacific R. R. Rep. vii, 10; Bot. Mex. Bouudaiy Survey, 61. — Wiilpcrs, Ann. iv,625. — Bentbam, Eov. Mini, in Trans. Linnioan Soc. xxx, 521. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1660, 442. — Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 164. — Rotbrock iu Wheeler's Rep. vi, 108. — Hemsley, Bot. Am. -Cent. i,353.— Jamea iu Am. Nat. XV, 981. cat's claw. Western Texas, valley of the Rio Grande, westward through southern New Mexico and Arizona to San Diego, California; southward into northern Mexico. A low, much-branched tree, sometimes 9 metcrvS in height, with a trunk rarely 0.45 meter in diameter, or often a shrub ; dry memfi and iu low canons ; i^ommon ; the large specimens geuemlly hollow and defective. Wood heavy, e.xceedingly hard, strong, brittle, close-grained, compact ; layers of annual growth marked by numerous rows of rather large open ducts; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, rich brown or red, the sap-wood light yellow; specific gravity, 0.8550; ash, 0.91 ; used for fuel. A resinous gum resembling gum arabio is produced by this species (Am. Jour. I'barm. Iii, 119). 99. — Acacia Berlandieri, Hentham, Loudon Jour. Bot. i,52-.i; Kov. Mini, in Trans. Liiinjean Soc. xxx, 529. — Walpers, Rop. i,;Uy. — Dietrich, Syu. iv, 500. A. tcphroloba, Gray iu Smithsonian Coutrib. iii, 65; v, 54.— Walpers, Ann. iv,625.— Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 01. — Hemsley, Bot. Am.-Ceut. i,352. — Watson iu Proc. Am. Acad. svii,351. Southern Texas, valley of the Nueces (La Salle county) to Devil's river; southward into Jlexico. A small tree, sometimes (5 to 8 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 meter in diameter, or more often a tall shrub, sending up iimny steins from the ground; the large specimens usually hollow and detective. Wood not examined. 64 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. 100. — Lysiloma latisiliqua, Uontbimi, Rev. Miiii. iu Tr;!^l^. Linnsau Soc. xxx, 534. — CUiipiiinn, Fl. S. States, Siippl. Oil). Mimosa latisiliqua, I.innirus, Spec. 2 ed. I."i04. Acacia latixiliqua, Willdeuow.Spec. iv, 1067.— Persoou, Syn. ii, aTw.— DeCaudoUo, Prodr. ii,4G7.— Maofadyen.Fl. Jamaica, 31d.— Xuttall, Sylva, ii, H, t. 53 ; vj ed. i, 183, t. 53.— Cooper iu Smitlisouiau Rep. 1858, 204. L. Bahamensiflj Benthani in Hooker's Loudon Jour. Bot. iii, 83. Ac^icia Bahamennia, Grisolmch, Fl. British West Indies, 221. WILD TAMARIND. Semi-tropical Florida, .sonthei-n keys (Key Largo, Elliott's, Plantation, and Boca Chica Keys); through the West ludie.-<. A tree sometimes 15 meters iu height, with a trunk O.tJO to 0.90 meter in diameter; bark of the young, vigorous trees smooth; the older trees geuerally decayed and defective, with rough, dark bark (Curtiss). Wood heavy, hard, not strong, tough, close-grained, c()ini)act, susceptible of a fine polish, containing many scattei-ed, open ducts; medullary rays numerous, not consi)icui)us; color, rich dark brown tinged with red, the sap-wood white; specific gravity, O.GUS; ash, 2.112; somewhat used locally iu boat- and shipbuilding, and (ronsidered eqai^l to mahogany for this purpose. 101. — Pithecolobium Unguis-cati, Benthara, Uookur'a Loudon Jour. Bot. iii, 20(J; Kuv. Mini, iu Trans. Liuuajau Soc. xxx, 572, 048. — Grisebach.Fl. British West Indies, 276. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 110.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 13. Mimnxn Unguis-cati, Linuajus.Spec. 2 ed. 1497.— Jacquin.Hort. Schoenb. iii, 74, t. 392.— Doscourlilz, Fl. Mod. .Antilles, i,t. 11. Inga Unguiscati, Willdenow, Spec iv, lOOC— Do Caudolle, Prodr. ii, 436.— Nuttall, Sylva, ii, 37, t. 54 ; 2 ed. i, 86, t. 54. Mimosa rosea, Vabi.Eclogio, iii, 33,t. 25. Inga rosea, Steudil in Do Caudolle, Prodr. ii, 437. Inga /or/ex, Kuutb.Miui. i-J, 1. 16. P./or/eJC. BiMithaiu iu Hooker's Loud(ui Jour. Bot. iii, 199. Inga Guadalupeims, Desvaux, Jour. i.70. Mimosa Guadalupensis, Persoon.Syn. ii,262. Inga microphylla, Humboldt & BouplaiKl in Will(l.-uo\v,Spec. iv, 1004. p. mierophyllum, Uenthaui in Hookei^s London Jour. Bot. iii, 200. P. Guadalupensis, Cbapmau.Fl. S. States, lie. cat's CLAW. Semi-tropical Florida, Caximba.s bay, and on the southern keys; thiongh the West Indies. A small tree, sometimes 0 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.15 meter in diameter, or often throwing out many spreading, vine-like stems from the ground. Wootl very heavy, haril, close-graine*!, checking badly iu drying; medullary rays numerous, inconspicnous; color, rich red varying to j)ur[)le, sap-wood clear yellow; specific gravity, 0.9049; ash, 2.40. ROSACEJ^:. 102. — Chrysobalanus Icaco, Liunaius, Spec. 1 ed. 513.— Jacquin,Stirp. Am. 154, t. !. — Katoii, Manual, (i ed. 265. — Spach, Hist. Vcg. i, 397. — Torrcy & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 407 ; Pacific K. K. Rop. ii, 1G4. — Eaton &, Wright, 13ot. 377. — Koeuier, Syn. Mon. iii, 58. — Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 cd.73. — Darby, Dot. S. States, 29;i. — Browne, Trees of America, 250. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 251. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 119. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Snrv. N. Carolina 1860, ii-i, 5U. — Lesciue.reux in Owens 2d Rep. Arkansas, 858.— Wood, CI. Book, 328; Bot. & Fl. 102.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 148; Hall's PI. Texas, 9.— Young, Bot. Texas, 1251.— Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorado ; Hayden'.s Surv. Misc. Pub. No. 4, 33.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 13.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 65. P. insititia. Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 140.- Abbot, Insects Georgia, ii, t. GO. Cerasus Chicasa, Seringe in De CandoUe, Prodr. ii, 5:58.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Ani. i, 168; Companion Bot. Mag. i, 24.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 514. — Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 705. CHICKASAW PLUM. HOG PLUM. Probably native of the eastern slopes of the southern Rocky mountains, where it is found at an altitude of 7,000 feet, and of the high phxteau east and southeast of them ; now widely naturalized by early cultivation throughout the Atlantic forests south of Pennsylvania, and west of the Alleghany mountains extending as far north as .sonthern Michigan. A small tree, C to 8 meters in height, with a trunk, 0.15 to 0.20 meter in diameter, or often a low slirub; generally along streams or borders of prairies, in rich soil. Wood heavy, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact; medullary I'ays numerous, thin; color, light brown or red, the sap wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.0884 ; ash, 0.28; often cultivated for its globose red or yellow fruit. 105. — Prunus Pennsylvanica, Linuaius f. Sappl. 252. — Willdenow, Spec, ii, 992 ; Ennm. 518 ; Berl. Baumz. 310. — Abbot, Insects Georgia, i, t. 45. — Poirct in Lamarck, Diet, v, 673. — Persoon, Syn. ii, 35.— Xouveau Duhamel,v, 9.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. iii, 198. — Ptinsh, Fl. Am. Sept. i,331. — Nuttall, Genera, i, 302.— Torrey, Fl. U. S. 4f)S ; Compcnd. Fl. N. States, 198.— Sprcngel, Syst. ii, 477.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 73.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed., 235.— Beck in Am. Journal Sci. 1 ser. xlv,112. — Dietrich, Syn. iii,42.— Chapman, Fl. S. St.ates, 130. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, .07.— Wood, Bot. & Fl. 102.- Gray in Proc. Philadelphia Acad. 1863, 61 ; Manual N. States, 5 ed. 148.— Koch, Dendrologie, i,117. — Porter &. Coulter, Fl. Colorado; Haydcu's Surv. Misc. Pub. No. 4, 33. — Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 2 ed.ii, 513.— Vascy, Cat. Forest Trees, 13.— Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-'76, 194.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 54'. — Sears in Bull. Essex Inst, xiii, 176. TP. laneeolata, Wnidenow, B.).— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 42.— Torrey, Bot. Wilkes Exped. 284.— Va*oy, Cat. Forest Troos. 1.^— Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875--'76, 194. The common northern and Idaho form, more or less wooly pubescent, especially on the uiuloi siilo of the leaves. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, brown streaked with green ; specific gravity, 0.4502; ash, 0.21. 68 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. 108. — Prunus serotina, EhrUart, Bcitr. iii.ao. WUldenow, Spec, u, 986 ; Ennui, fil"; Bcrl. Baumz. 'Ml. — Pcreoon, Syn. ii, 34. — DesfontaiDes, Hist. Arb. ii, 204. — Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. iii, 196.— Eaton, Manual, 54; fi e3. — Gray, Manual N. States, 1 ed. 115; Jour. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, vi, 166.— Darlington, Fl. Ce8trica,3 ed. 75.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 299.—Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 252.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 169.— Richardson, Arctic Exped. 425.— Wood, CI. Book, 326.— Bolander in Proc. California Acad, iii, 79. P. cartilaginea, Lehmanu, Ind. Sem. Hamburg, 1833. Padus serotina, Agardh, Theor. &, Syst. PI. t. 14, f. S. Padus Virginiana, Rocmer, Syn. Mon. iii,8G. Padus cartilaginea, Roemer, Syn. Mon. iii, 86. WILD BLACK CHEERY. BUM CnEEEY^. Sonthcrn Outario, southward through tho Atlantic forests to JIatanzas iulet and Tampa bay, Florida, west to the valley of the Mis.souri river, Dakota, eastern Kansas, the ludian territory, and the valley of the upjier Sau Antonio River, Texas. A tree 18 to .30 meters in height, with a trunk 0.!)0 to l.L'O or, exceptionally, 1.50 meter in diameter; rich, generally elevated woodlands; common and reaching its greatest development on the western slopes of the Alleghany mountains from West Virginia southward ; not common and of small size in the <4ulf region and Texas Wood light, hard, strong, close, straight-grained, compact, easily worked ; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light brown or red, growing darker with exjmsure, the thin sap-wood yellow; s])ecific gravity, 0.5822; ash, 0.15; largely u.sed and esteemed in cabinet work, interior linish, etc., and now becoming -scarce. The bark contains a bitter tonic principle, and infused with cold water generates a small percentage of hydrocyanic acid ; emi)loyed as a tonic and sedative in cases of piihnonary consamjition in the form of cold infu.sion.s, sinip.s. and fluid extracts (Proc. Am. Phir. Assoc. x\\i\,20U.—Glol>lc)j in Jour. Pharm. ct CIiimie,x\-,iO.— Guihovrt, Bint. Drogues, 7 ed. iii, .317.— P/iarw. Jour. .3 ser. iv, il.—FlUcl:igcr £ Ennbury, rharmocographia, 224.— U. S. Dinpensalori/, 14 i-d. 119.— Xat. Dispensatory, 2ed. 1177) ; the bitter fruit u.sed domestically in the preparation of cherry brandy. XoTE.— The oloscly-allied P. Virginiana of the north Atlantic region, a tall shrub, homelimcs 6 to 8 meters in height, does not BMnmc arborescent habit. 109. — Prunus Capuli, Cavunilles, Sprcngel, Syst. ii, 477.— Schlechtendal in Linnaa, xiii, f-'J, 404.— Koeh, Dendrologie, i, 123.— Hemsloy, Bot. Am. -Cent. 1, .367.— Watson in Proc. Am. Acad, ivii, 3.52. Cerasus CapolUn, Do Candolle,Pro.lr. ii, .539.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 515.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 713, f. 420.— Bontham, PI. Hartweg. 10.— Lindley, Fl. Med. 232.— Penn. Cycl. vi, 432.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N.America, i, 412.— Gray in Smithsonian Contrili. v, TiA. Cerasus CnpuU, Seringo in Do Camloll.', Prodr. ii, 541.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 516.— Spach, Hist. Veg. i, 422. P. CapoUin, Znccarini in Abhandl. Acid. Munich, ii, 345, t. 8.— Ro-mer, Syn. Mon. iii, 87.— Torrey, Bot. Me.x. H<.Mii(lnry Snrvey,C2.— Riisby in liulL Toirey But. Club, ix.. 53. P. Canadensis, Mocifio & Seas^, PI. .Mex. Icon. inrd. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 69 Wn.D CHERRY. Apache and Guadalupe mountains, Texas, west through southern New Mexico and Arizona to the southern slopes of the Sau Francisco mountains; southward through nortliern New Mexico, and in Peru. A small tree, in the United States, rarely 12 meters in height, with a trunk often (1.30 meter in diameter* bottoms of callous and mountain valleys, generally between 5,000 and 7,000 feet elevation. Wood heavy, moderately hard, close-grained, compact; njedullary rays very numerous, thin; color, brown or often bright, clear red, the sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.7879; ash, 0.20. 110. — Prunus demissa, Walpera, Ro)!. ii, 10.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 4:5.— Bentham, PI. Hartweg. 307.— Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 63.— Watson in King's Rep. t, 60; PI. Whooler, 8.— Porter in Haydon's Rep. 1871, 481.— Coulter in Haydon's Rep. 1872, 764.— Rothrock, PI. Wlipeler, 37.— Brandcgoe in Hayden's Rep. 1875, 236.— Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 167.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 13.— Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii, 86. — Maconn in Geolojjiical Rep. Cauad.a, 1875-76, 194. — Hemsley, Bot. Am. -Cent, i, 368. ■ CerasUS serotina^ Hookir, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 169, in part. Geraxus demism, Nuttall in Torrey & Gray, FI. N.America, i, 411.— Gray in Mem. Am. Acad, new ser. iv>,40.— Dnrand in Jonr. Philadelphia Acad. 18.55, 87. — Torrey in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 83. — Newberry in Pacific R. R. Eep. Ti,73. Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 259 ; Pacifio R. R. Rep. xii^, 59. Padus demissa, Rcemer, Syn. Mon.iii,87. P. Yirg'miana, var. demissa, Torrey, Bot. Wilkes Exped. 284.— Gray in Proc. Am. Acad. viii,381. WILD CHEKRY. Vancouver's island east to the western slopes of the Eocky mountains of Montana, south through the Pacific region; in Souora. A small tree, sometimes 7 to 10 meters iu height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 meter in diameter, or more often a low shrub ; reaching its greatest development in the rich valleys of southern Oregon and northern California, near the coast; in soutlicru California, and east of the Cascade and Sierra Nevada ranges, a low shrub confined to high, mountain valleys. Wood heavy, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact ; medidlary rays numerous, conspicuous ; color, light brown, the sap-wood lighter ; specific gravity, 0.G951 ; ash, 0.50. HI. — Prunus Caroliniana, Aiton, Hort. Kew. ii, 163 ; 2 ed. iii, 196. — Willdenow, Spec, ii, 987. — Poirot in Lamarck, Diet, v, 667. — Persoon, Syn. ii, 34.— Desfontaines, Hist, Arb.ii, 203.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 302.— Sprengel, Ncuo Entdeck. i, 304; Syst. ii, 478.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 71.— Elliott, Sk. i, 540.— Audubon, Birds, t. 1.59, 190. — Eaton, Manual, G ed. 286. — Schlechtendal in Linniea, xiii, 69. — Dietrich, Syn. iii, 43.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 120.— Curtis iu Rep. Gcologiial Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 57.— Wood, Bot. &, Fl. 103.— Koch, Dentliologie, i, 124.— Young, Bot. Texas, 252.— Gray, Hall's PI. Texas, 9.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 13. P. Carolinn, Miller, Diet.— Du Roi, Ilarbk. ii, 198. P. set-rat i/oUa, Marshall, Arbustum, 114. P. Lusitanica, Walter, FI. Caroliniana, 146. Cerasus CaroUmana, Michaux, 'Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 285.— Nouveau Dnhamel, v, 5.— Miohans f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 156, t. 7; N. American Sylva, 3rica, 272.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 21)9.— Griffith, Med. Bot. 291.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 252. — Poroher, Resources S. Forests, 171. — Wood, CI. Book, 326. P. sempervirens, Willdenow, Enum. Suppl. 33. fBumeUa serrata, Pursh, I''l. Am. Sept. 155.— Rojmcr & Schultes, Syst. iv, 49a fAchras serrata, r,iii<-i, Suppl. v, 36. Leptocarpa Caroliniana, Nuttall. Sylva, ii, 18; 2ed. i, 167. Ghimanthns annjgdalinus, Ra(inesqiu\ Fl. Ludovioiana, 159. Laurocera^is Garoliniana, Roemer, Syu. Men. iii, 90. 70 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. WILD ORANGE. MOCK ORANGE. WILD PEACH. North Carolina, .sontli, near the ooast. to bay Biscayno, Fhirida, and southern Ahibama, west, along the Gulf coast, to the valley of the Guadalupe river, Texas. A small tree, evergreen, 10 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.30 meter in diameter; common and reaching its greatest development in the rich, light, deep soil of the bottoms of eastern Texas, here often covering extensive tracts known as "peach brakes"; not common in the eastern Gulf states. Wood heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, chet:king badly in seasoning, susceptible of a good polish ; medullary rays numerous, thill ; color, light reddish-brown, or, more rarely, rich dark brown, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.SCS8; ash, 0.41. Generally jilanted in the southern states as an ornamental and hedge plant; foliage, bark, and fruit contain prussic acid, the leaves, especially when partly withered, often proving fatal to animals browsing upon them. 112. — Prunus spheerocarpa, Swartz, Prodr. 61 ; Fl. lud. Occ. ii, 927 [uot Micbaux]. — Willdoiiow, Spec, ii, 987. — Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, v, 666. — Peraoon, Syu. ii, 34.— Don, ^tiller's Diet, ii, 516. — Schlechtendal in Linnxa, xiii, 87. — Walpers, Rop. ii, 10. — Grisebach, Fl. Britisb West Indies, 2i!I. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, Snppl. 020. Cerasus xphcerocarpa, Loiseleur in Nouveau Dnliamel, v, 4. — Seringe in Do Candolle, Prodr. ii, 540. — Loudon, Arlioretara ii, 721.— Bot. Mas. t. 3141.— Spacb, Hist. Veg. i, 421. Semi-tropical Florida, western shores of bay Biscayno (Curdsn) ; in the West Indies. A small tree, in Florida uot exceeding 0 meters in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.15 meter in diameter; high rocky woods or, more rarely, along the borders of streams and ponds; rare. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, checking badly in drying, containing many very small open ducts; layers of annual growth and medullary rays obscure; color, light, clear red, the sap-wood pale yellow; specific gravity, 0.8998; ash, 0.S7. 113. — Prunus ilicifolia, Walpors, Kep. ii, 10. — Dietrich, .Syn. iii, 43. — Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 63; Bot. Wilkes Exped. 285. — Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, lOS; ii, 443.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 13. Ceraxm ilicifolia, Nnttall in Hooker & Aruott, Bot. Beoehey, 340, t. «3.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 411.— Nuttall, Sylvii, ii, IC, t. 47 ; 2 ed. i, 1C5, t. 47.— Torrey iu Emory's Kep. 139; Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 83.— Paxton, Brit Fl. Garden, iii, 44, f. 2.14. — Walpers, Ann. iv, G54. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 18.i8, 2.")9. — Kellogg in Proc. California Acad, ii, 22. — Bolander in Proc. California Acad, iii, 79; iv, 22. — London Garden, 1873, 131 & fig. Laurocerasm ilicifolia, Roomer, .Syn. Mon. iii, 92. California, Coast ranges from San Francisco bay south to the southern boundary of the state, extending to the western slopes of the San Bernardino and San Jacinto mountains. A small tree, evergreen, often 9 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.60 meter in diameter, or when distant from the coast often reduced to a low shrub. Wood very heavy, bard, strong, close-grained, checking in seasoning, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish, containing many regularly-distributed rather small open ducts; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, bright reddish brown, the sap-wood much lighter; specific gravity, 0.9803; as-h, 0.7b; furnishing valuable fuel. 114. — Vauquelinia Torreyi, Wataon, Proc. Am. Aca*!. xi, 147.— Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 169. — Maximowicz in Act. Hort. St. Petersburg, v', 237. — Homsley, Bot. Am.-Cent. i, 370. Spircca Californica, Torrey in Emory's Rep. 140. V. corymhom, Torrey, Bol. Mex. Boundary Survey, 64 [not Correa]. Arizona, high mountains near the Gila (Emory), summits of the Santa Cataliiia mountains (Pringle, Lemmon)-, in Sonora. A small tree in the Santa Catalina mountains, 4 to 0 meters in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.20 meter in diameter; dry slopes and rocky blufl's at 2,700 to 1,000 feet elevation, granitic soil; generally hollow and decayed. Wood very heavy, hard, very clo.se-grained, (!omi)act, suscei)tible of a benntifnl polish; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, rich dark brown streaked with red, the sap-wood yellow; si)ecific gravity, 1.1374; ash, 1.45. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 71 115. — Cercocarpus ledifolius, Nuttall; Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 427.— Hookor, Icon. t. :iJ4.— Nuttall, Sylva, ii, 28,t.51; 2 ed. i, 178, t. 51.— Walpere, Eep. u,.«5.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 119.— Watson in King's Kep. v, 83, 420; PI. Wheeler, 8.— Porter in Hayden's Rep. 1671, 481.— Conlter in Hayden's Eep. 1872,765. — Parry in Am. Nat. ix, 201, 270; Proc. Davenport Acad, i, 146. — Engelmann in Simpson'n Eep. 435. — Brewer & Watson, liot. California,!, 174. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 13. — Sargent in Am. Jour. Sci. 3 ser. xvii, 421. — Eothrock in Wheeler's Eep. vi, 43, 111, 360. MOXTNTAIN MAHOGANY. Cceur d'Alene mountains, Idaho, southward along the western slopes of the Rocky mountains of Montana and Wyomiufi ; ea.stern extremities of the Blue mountains of Washington territory and Oregon, Wahsatch mountains, Utah, and west along the mountain ranges of the Great Basin to the western slope of the Sierra Nevada of California, extending southward into Arizona and New Mexico. A small, low tree, rarely 12 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.60 to 0.90 meter in diameter, or north of Utah and Nevada reduced to a low shrub; dry, rocky mountain slopes, between 6,000 and 8,000 feet elevation, reaching its greatest development on the high ranges of central Nevada. A shrubby variety of the Wahsatch mountain and other ranges of Utah, characterized by its rigid, intricately branched growth, short, revolute leaves and smaller flowers and fruit, is — var. intricatUS, M. E. .Tones in herb. C. intricatuS, Watsou in Proc. Am. Acad, x, 346.— Parry in Am. Nat. ix, 270; Proc. Davenport Acad, i, 147. C. brevifulius, Watson in King's Rep. v,83 [not Gray]. Wood very heavy, hard, close-grained, compact, brittle, difficult to work, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays very numerous, thin ; color, bright, clear red, or often rich dark brown, the sap-wood clear yellow ; specific gravity, 1.0731 ; ash, 1.04; furnishing the most valuable fuel of the region, and largely manufactured into charcoal. 116. — Cercocarpus parvifolius, Nuttall; Hooter & Arnott, Bot. Beechey, 337.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 427 ; Pacific R. R. Rep. ii, 164.— Hooker, Icon. t. 323.— Walpers, Rep. ii, 4.5. — Torrey in Fremont's Rep. 89 ; Emory's Rep. 139; Sitgreaves' Rep. 158 ; Pacific E. E. Eep. iv, 83; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 63; Bot. Wilkes Exped. 287. — Dietrich, Syn. iii, 119. — Gray in Mem. Am. Acad, new ser. iv', 41 ; Smithsonian Contrib. iii, 68; V, 54 ; Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, vii, 146 ; Am. Jour. Sci. 2 ser. xxxiii, 411 ; Proc. Philadelphia Acad. 1863, 61. — Engelmann in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xii, 190.— Bolander in Proc. California Acail. iii, 79. — Porter in Hayden's Rep. 1870, 475; 1871, 481.— Wat.sou in King's Eep. v, 62.— Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorado ; Hayden's Surv. Misc. Pub. No. 4,34.— Rothrock, PI. Wheeler, 37 ; Wheeler's Rep. vi. 111, 359.— Brewer & Watsou, Bot. California, i, 174 ; ii, 444.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 13.— M. E. Jones, Excur. Bot. 12, 15,20, 21.— Hemsley, Bot. Am.-Cent. i, 374.— Watson in Proc. Am. Acad, xvii, 353. MOUNTAIN 3IAH0GANY. California, valley of the Klamath river, southward through the Coa.st ranges to the San Bernardino and San Jacinto mountains, and in Lower California ; Kocky mountains of Wyoming, Colorado, and New Mexico, mountains of southern Arizona, and southward into Soiiora. A small tree, rarely 6 to !> meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30 meter in diameter, or more often a shniV) ; dry, gravelly soil, reaching its greatest developmeut on the moiuitains of southern New Mexico and Arizona, at an elevation of 6,000 to 8,000 feet. A glabrous variety of southern California, with dark green leaves, is — var. glaber, Watsou,Bot. California, i,175. C. bctulw/olius, Nuttall in Hooker, Icon. t. 322.— Walpers, Rep. ii,46. G. betuloides. Nuttall in Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 427.— Hooker in London Jonr. Bot. vi,ai8. A form with small entire or sparingly toothed leaves, of northern Mexico, is — v:n-. paucidentatUS, Watson in Proc. Am. Acad, xvii, ;?53. Wood very b<\>vy. hard, close-grained, compact, difficult to work, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays luimerous, thin ; color, bright reddish-brown, the .sap-wood light brown; specific gravity, 0.9365; ash, O.-tS; funushing valuable fuel. 72 FOREST TREK6 OF NORTH AMERICA. 117. — Pyrus coronaria, Linnusns, Spec 1 ed. 480.— Kalm, Travels, Englished, ii, llkv— Du Koi, Harbk. i, 229.— Marshall, Arbustum, 118.— Alton, Hort. Kow. ii, 176; * ed. iii, 209.- Willdonow, Spec, ii, 1019; F.uuin. r.-'7; Borl. Hauiiiz. :t:iO.— IVrsoon, Syti. ii, 40.— Piireh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 340.— Eaton, Manual. oG ; C cU. 291. — Kuitall, Genera, i, :W7. — Barton, C'ompeud. FI. Pbiludt'li>b. i, -2s. — llnjne, Dond. Fl. W). — Torrcy, Fl. U. S. i, 160; Comiwnd. Fl. X. States, 203; FI. N. York, i, 2-J3.— Bot. Mag. t. 2009.— Elliott, SU. i, 559.— Bot Ueg. viii, (iol.— SprengeO, SysU ii, 610.— De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 635.— Don, Millei-'s Diet, ii, 647.— Beck, Bot. 113.— Hooker, Companion Bot. Mag. i, 25.— Beicbenbacb, Fl. Exot. t. 240. — Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 223. — Dietrich, Syn. iii, 154. — Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 908 &t. — Bronne, Trees of America, 297. — Kichanlsou, Aictie Kxped. 425". — Parry in Owen's Rep. 612. — Darby, Bot. S. States, 307. — Cooper in Smithsonian Kep. 1858, 252. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 128. — Curtis in Eep. Geological Snrv. N. Carolina, 18t)0, iii, 69. — LeMqucn-ux iu Owen's 2d Kep. Arkansas, 359. — Wood. CI. Book, ;>;?2; Bot. & Fl. 112. — Porcher, Hesources S. Forests, 149. — Gray, Mannul N. States, 5 ed. liil. — Koch, Deudrologie, i, 214. — Weuzig in Liuucea, xxxviii, 40 (excl. var. ). — Macoiin & Gibson in Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh, xii, 325.— Vasey.Cat. Forest Trees, 13.— London Garden, xix, 400, t. 280. —Ward in Bull. U. S. N.it. Mus.No. 22.7S.— Eidgway in Proc. U. S. Nat.Mus. 1882,06. MalUK coronaria, Miller, Diet. No. 2.— Ma!ncb,Meth.(«2. —Miibaux, Fl.Bor.-Am.i, 292.— Poiret iu Lamarck, Diet, v, 562.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 140.— Xouveau Duliamcl, vi, 139, t.44, f. 1.— Miehaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, '15, t, 10; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 58, t. &5.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadelph. 55.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 136, t. 8.— Roomer, Syn. Men. iii. 191. — Decaisno in Nouv. Arch. Mns. x, 154. — Carri^re in Eev. Hort. 1877, 410 & t. Cratagus coronaria, Salisbury, Prodr. 357. Malus microcarpa coronaria, Carrifcre in Rev. Hort. 1884, 104, f. 24. AMERICAN CRAB. SWEET-SCENTED CRAB. Ontario, valley of the Hiimber river, shores of hike Erie, southward through western New York and Pennsylvania to the District of Columbia, and alons the Alleghany mountains to central Alabama and northern Mississippi; west to southern Jlinnesota, Iowa, ea.stern Kansas, the Indian territory, and nortluMii Louisiana. A small tree, rarely G to 9 meters in height, with a trunk often 0.30 meter in diameter; rich, rather low woods, reaching its greate.st development iu the valleys of the lower Ohio region. Wood heavy, rather sott, not strong, very close-grained, checking badly in drying; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, brown varying to light red, the sap-wood yellow; specific gravity, 0.7018; ash, 0.52; used for levers, handles of tools, and in turnery. Often plauted for ornament on account of its fragrant blossoms ; the small, yellow-green austere fruit used for preserve-s, and occasionally made into cider. lis. — Pyrus angustifolia, Alton, Hort. Kew. ii, 176; 2ed. iii,209.— Willdenow, Spec, ii, 1020.— Poirot iu Lamarck, Diet, v, 455.— Persoou, Syn. ii,40.— Pursh, Fl, Am. Sept. i,341.— Elliott, Sk. i, 559.— Torrey, Fl. U. S. 480; Compcnd. Fl. N. States, 203. -Sprcngel, Syst. ii, 509.— De Candolle, Prodr. ii,0:l5.— Watson, Dend. Brit, ii, t. 132.— Bot. Reg. xiv, 1207.— Don, Miller'sDict. 647.— Beck, Bot. 113.— Hooker, Companion Bot. Mag. i, 25.— Torrcy & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 471.— Loudou, .\rboretnm, ii, 909 & t. — Eaton & Wright, Bot. 3rf2.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 1.54.— Nuttall, Sylva, ii, 24; 2 ed. i, 174. — Darby, Bot. S. States, 307. — Cooper in Smith.sonian Rep. Id58, 252. —Chapman, Fl. S. States, 128. — Curtis in Rep. Goologcal Surv. N. C.irolina, 1860, iii, 69.— Lcsquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 359. — Wood, CI. Book, 3.13; Bot. & Fl. 112.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 161.— Koch, Dendrolo;;ie, i, 213.— Vasey.Cat. ForcKt Trees, 14.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat.Mus. 18^,66. P. coronaria, Wangeuhcim, Amer.61,t.21,f. 47 [not Linna»u.sJ.— Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 148. Malm angiuitifolia, Michanx, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 292.— Decaisno in Nouv. Arch. Mus. x, 155. Malus aempc rcirens, Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 141.— Nouvean Dnhamel, vi, 638, t. 43, f. 1.— Poirot, Snppl. iv, 524.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, i:t5, t. 8, figs.— Roomer, Syn. Men. iii, 191. P. coronaria, var. angustifolia, Wenzigin Linna;a,xxxviii,41. Chloromeh'H semperrirens, Dccaisnc in FI. des Serres, xxiii, 126. ASIERICAN CRAB APPLE. SOUTHERN CEAB APPLE. Pennsylvania Y, southern Delaware, and tlie valley of the lower Wabash river, Illinois, south to the Chattahoochee region of western Florida. A small tree, G to 0 meter.s in height, with .i trunk rarely 0.30 meter in diameter ; low, rich woods; most common and reaching its greatest development along tlici river boitoms of the south Atlantic states; less common west of the Alleghany mountains. Wood heavy, hard, clo.sc grained, checking badly in drying; medullary rays numenjus, obscure; color, light brown tinged with red, the sap wood yellow; Ki)ecilic gravity, O.G.SO.l; ash, 0.33; usean Soo. ixii«, 290, 327, in part. SorbliS hlimifusa, Rafinosque, Med. Bot. ii, 265. MOUNTAIN ASH. Greenland 1, Ijubrador, Newfoundland, Antioosti island, and westward along the southern shore of James' bay- to the valley i>f the Nelson river (White Mud falls), soutliward through all mountainous regions of the uortheastorn states, and almig the high mountains of Virginia and North C!arolina; in northern Mii-liigan. Wisconsin, and Minnesota. A small tree, G to It meters in heigiit, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 meter iu diameter; borders of swamps and in moist, rocky woods, reaching its greatest development on the northern shores of lakes Huron and Superior. 74 P\')REST TKEES OF NORTH AMERICA. A form with smaller fruit, jieculiar to the high soiitheru AUegliauy mountains, is — var. microcarpa, Torrey i Gray, Fl. N. Ami-rica, i,472. Sorbun auctiparia, var. o. Michaux,Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 200. Sorbus murocarpa, Pureh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 341.— Poiret, Suppl. v, 164.— Elliott, Sk. i. 555.— Torroy, Fl. U. S. 477.— Eaton, Manual, 0 eil. 351.— Spadi, Hist. Veg. ii,95.— Rofinir, Syu. Mon. iii, 138. P. microi-arpa, Sprongel, Syst, ii, 511.— De Caudollo, Prodr. ii, C:tC.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, C48.— Beck, B»t. 113.— Eaton & Wri;;lit, Bot. 3*"l. — Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 921. Sorbu* America7ia, var. microcarpa, Won/.ig in Limura, xxxviii,7i. Sorbus ripar.ia, Ralinesque, New .Sylva, 15. Wood liglit, soft, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color, light brown, the sap-wood lighter; ."specific gravity, 0.5451 ; ash, 0.H3. Often planted for ornament. 121. — Pyrus sambucifolia, Cbamisso & Schlfclit«ndal in Linnica, ii, 36. — Bongard in Mem. Acad. Set. .St. Peteisbiirj;, (i ser. ii, 133. — Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 648. — Torrey & Gray, Fl. X. America, i, 472. — Walpers, Rep. ii, 53. — DIeiricb, Syn. iii, l.">.">. — Ledebour, Fl. Eossica, ii,99. — Trautvettcr & Meyer, Fl. O'J. — Purter in Haydfu'fi Kep. IrJO, 475. — Watson in King's Rep. v, 92. — Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorado; Hayden's Surv. Misc. Piib. No. 4, 'i-i. — Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 189. — Macoiiu in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-'76, 195. — riall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii, 87. — G. M. Dawson in Canadian Nat. new ser. ix, 10.— Sears in Bull. Esses Inst, xiii, 176. Sorbus aucuparia, var. /9. Michanx, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 290. Sorbus aucuparia, Scbrank, PI. Labrador, 25, in>part [not Linnajus]. P. Americana, Newberry in Paci6c R. R. Rep. vi, 73 [not Do CandoUe].— Cooper in Pacific R. R. Rep. xii^ 60.— Torrey, Bot. Wilk.s Expcd. 292. P. aucuparia, Meyer, PI. Labrador, 81, in part. — Schlecbtendal in Linna)a,x,99, in part. — Hooker in Tranv. Linnajan Soo. xsii-,290, .327. in part. Sorbus sambucifolia, Ro3mer, Syn. Mon. iii, 139.— Maximowicz in Bull. Acad. Sci. St. Petereburg, xix, 174.— Wenzig in Linnu.'a. xxxviii, 73. — Decaisne in Nonv. Arch. Mus. x, 159. Sorbus Sitchensis, Rosmer, Syn. Mon. iii, 139. MOUNTAIN ASn. Labrador to northern New England and the shores of lake Superior; high mountain ranges of the Pacific region from Ala.ska to southern New Mexico ; in Kamtchatka. A small tree, 9 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30 meter in diameter, or in the Pacific forests generally reduced to a low shrub ; cold, wet swamps or borders of streams, reaching its greatest devcIo[)meut ia northern New England and Minnesota. Wood light, soft, weak, close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerons, obscure; color, light brown, the Bap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.5928; ash, 0.35. The bark and unripe fruit of the American mountain ashes, like those of the nearly-allied P. aucuparia of Europe, are extremely astringent, and occasionally used, domestically, in infusions, decoctions, etc., in the treatment of diarrhea {Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 1333). 122. — Crataegus rivularis, Nuttall; Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 464.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 161.— Walpers, Rep. ii, .58.— Nuttall, Sylva, li, 9; 2 ed. i, 160.— Cooper in Smithsonian Kep. 1858, 2.58; Am. Nat. iii,407.— R.-gel in Act. Hort. St. Petersburg, i, 107.— Watson in King's Rep. v, 92. —Porter in Haydeu's Hep. 1871, 482.— Conlter in Hayden's Rep. 1872, 7a5.— Brandegeo in Hayden's Rep. 1875, 236.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 14.— Maconn in Geological Rep. Canadii, 1875-'76; 195.— Eiigelmann in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vii, 128. C. sanguinea, var. Dovglasii, Coulter in Hayden's R.-p. 1872, 765 [not Torrey & Gr.iy]. British Columbia, sontii through east<>rn Oregon and Wa.shington territory, east and southeast along the mountain ranges of Idaho, Montana, Utah, and Colorado, to the Pinos Altos mountains. New Mexico {Greene). A small tre<', « to « meters in height, willi a trunk rarely exceeding 0.;iO meter in diameter, or often a tall, much-branched Khrub, forming dense, imi>enetral)le tiii<;kels along borders of streams and swamps. Wood heavy, hard, close grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, bright reddish-brown, the sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.7703; ash. 0.35. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 75 123- — Crataegus Douglasii, Lindley, Bot. Reg. xxi, 1. 1810. — Loudon, Arboretum, ii, t!2;i, f. 064 & t. — Koch, Demlroloj^io, i, 147. — Kaleniczenko in Ball. .Soc. Imp. Nat. Moecow, slviii, 20. — Brewer & Watson, Bot. Californiii, i, 189. — Macoiin in Geological Hop. Canada, 1875-'76, 195. — EDgelmann in Conlter'e Bot. Gazette, vii, 128. ? C glandulosa, Pursli,Fl. Am. Sept. i,.!37, in part. C. punctata, var. brevispina, Donglasin Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 201. C. sanguinea, var. Douglasii, Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 4G4.— Walpers, Eep. ii, 58.— Dietrich, 8yn.iii, 160.— Torrey, Bot. Wilkes E.Npcd. 292.— Kegel in Act. Hort. St. Petersburg, i, 116. G. sanguinea, Nuttall, Sylva, ii, 6, t. 44 ; 2 ed. i, 1,57, t. 44 [not Pallas].— Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1658, 259 ; Am. Nat. iii, 407. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 14. Anthomeles Douglasii, Roemer, Syu. Mon. iii, 140. G. rivularis, Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 189 [not Nuttall]. British Goluuibia, valley of the Parsuip river, in about latitude 55° N., south through Washiugtou territory and Oregon to the valley of the Pitt liver, California, extending east tlirough Idaho and Montana to the western base of the Rocky uiountaius {valley of the Flathead river, Ganhy ib Sargent). A small tree, sometimes 12 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 meter in diameter, or often a tall shrub throwing up many stems from the ground sind forming impenetrable thickets ; rather wet, sandy soil along streams, and reaching its greatest development in the valleys west of tlie Cascade mountains; toward its eastern limits a low shrub. Wood heavy, hard, tough, close-grained, compact, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful iwiish ; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, nearly white tinged with rose, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, O'.COoO ; ash, 0.33; used ibr wedges, mauls, etc. The small, sweet, black fruit, ripening in August, is largely collected by the Indian.s. 124.— CratOiguS brachyacantha, Sargent & Euglemann; Engelmann in CouUei-'s Bot. Gazette, vii, 128. HOGS' HAW. New Orleans?, {Dnnnmond in herb. Gray); Minden, Louisiana (Mohr)x Concord, Texas {Sargent); Lougview, Texas (in fruit, Lctterman). A tree 9 to 12 meters in height, with a truidc sometimes O.GO meter in diameter ; borders of streams in low, very rich soil ; the largest North American representative of the genus. Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays numerous, very obscure; color, light browu tinged with rose, the sap-wood lighter ; specilic gravity, 0.6793 ; ash, 0.42. The large blue-black fruit greedily eaten by hogs and other animals. 125. — Crataegus arborescens, Ellioit, Sk. i, 550.— Eaton, Manual, 6 cd. 112.- Torroy & Gray, Fl. N. America, i,4(i(;.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 212.— Dietrich, Syu. iii, 160.— Walpers, Rep. ii, .^8. —Nuttall, Sylva, ii, 10, t. 45 ; 2 cd. i, 160, t. 45.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 306.— Cooper in Smithsouian Rep. 1358, 252.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 127.— Wood, CI. Book, 331 ; Bot. & Fl. 111.— Young, Fl. Texas, 259.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Tree«, 14.— Engehnann in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, ix, 4. Phwnopyrmn arborescens, RaMucr, Syn. Mon. iii, 153. C. GrUsgaUi, var. 2)y''ncanthi/'olia, Regel in Act. Hort. St. Petersburg, i, 109, in parr. Valley of the Savannah river. South Carolina (Aiken, RavencI), south to the Chattahoochee region of western Florida; valley of the jMississii)pi river, near Saint Louis {Engelmann), south and southwest to western Ltniisiana, and the valley of the lower Colorado river, Texas. A small tree, 0 to 9 u)eters in height, witli a t nuik soiiietinu>s 0A~> to 0.(!0 meter in diameter ; borders of streams and in rather low, wet swamjjs. Wood heavy, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medulhuy rays very numerous, obscure ; color, light browu tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.G491 ; ash, 0.57, The small globular fruit bright red or, more rarely, orange. 76 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. 126. — Crataegus Crus-galli, Liunions, Spec. 1 cd. 476. — Kalm, Travels, EDglisb ed. i, llfi. — Modicus, Bot. Ueobacht. ii, 3-14. — Walter, Fl. CaroliniaDQ, 147. — Aiton, Hort. Kow. ii.l70; 2ed. iii.aoa.— Wilkleuow, Spec, ii, 1004.— Micaus, Fl. Bor.-Am. i,2*.— PorBOon, Syn. ii, 37.— Pursli, Fl.Aiii. Sopl. i, XIS.— Eaton, Manual, 56 ; t> is\. Ml.— Nut tall, G.iiiTa, i, 305.— Barton, Compciul. Fl. Pl.iladelpli. i, 22.'> ; Prodr. Fl. Pliiladclpli. r>4.— Elliott, Sk. i, ;>4^.— Torrcy, Fl. T. S. 476 ; Coiniieud. Fl. N. Stati-.s, yOd ; Fl. N. York, i, 221.- Watsou, Dond. Brit, i, t. .'')(■..- Do Caiulollc, Prodr. ii,62C.— Hooker, Fl. Bor. -Am. i,'JCO; Companion Bot. Mag. i,-J5— Don, Miller's Diet. ii,59S.— Beck, Bot. 111.— Toiroy & Gray,Fl.N. America, i, 46:1.— London, Arboretum, ii, 820. f. 574, 575 &. t.— Eaton &. Wright, Bot. 212.— Bigelo\v,Fl. Boston. 3 ed.20(i.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 157.— Don, Miner's Diet, ii, 598.— Lindloy, Bot. Eeg. sxii, t. 1868.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 112.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 212. Mespilus Bosciana, Spacb, Hist. Veg. ii, 58. G. Bosciana, Rcemer, Syn. Mon. iii, 118. Wood heavy, hard, not strong, close grained, compact, satiny, susceptible of a fine polish ; medullary rays numerous, very obscure ; color, browu tinged with red, the sap-wood rather lighter ; specific gravity, 0.7194: ash, 0.5G. The long, strong spines are occasionally collected and used to fasten sacks and for similar purposes. 127. — Crataegus coccinea, Linnasus, Spec. 1 ed. 476. — Walter, FI. Caroliniana, 147. — Alton, Hort. Kew. ii, 167 ; 2 ed. iii, 200. — Willdenow, Spec, ii, 1000 (excl. syn.). Michaux Fl. Bor.-Ain. i, 288. — Persoon, Syn. ii, 36. — Pursb, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 337. — Eaton, Manual, 55; 6eJ. 111. — Nuttall, Genera, i, 305. Schrauk, Pfl.Labrador, 26. —Barton, Compend, Fl. Philad<^Iph. i, 22(!.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 77. — Elliott, Sk. i, 553. — Torrey, FI. U. S. 474 • Compend.Bot.N. States, 201; Fl. N. York, i, 221; Emory's Kep. 403.— De Candolle, Prodr. ii,G27.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 201 ; Bot. Mag. t. 3432. — Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 599. — Meyer, PI. Labrador, 8 i. — Beck, Bot. 112. — Lindley, Bot. Keg. -^3, 1. 19.'>7. Torrey &GRiy Fl. N. America, i, 405.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 206.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 211.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 160.— Walpers, Rep. ii, 5i. Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 816, f. 564-566, t. 121. — Sclinizlein, Icon. t. 270, f. 18-20,22. — Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 434; 2 ed. ii, 493 & t. — Richardson, Arctic Exped. 427. — Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3ed. 8'3. — Darby, Bot. S. States, 30.'>. — Cooperiu Smithsonian Eeo. 1858, 252. — Gray in Pacific R. R. Rep. sii, 43 ; Manual N. Sf.ates, 5 ed. 160. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 127. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1850, iii, 82. — Losiiuereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 309. — Wood, CI. Book, 331 ; Bot. &. Fl. HI.— Kaleniczcnko in Bull. Soe. Imp. Nat. Moscow, xlviii, 9. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 14. — Soars in Bull. Esses Inst, si ii, 177. — Bell in Geolcical Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 55^- Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 66. Mespilus coccinea, Marshall, Arbustum, 87.— Mcench, Meth. 684.— Lamarck, Diet. iv,442.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb ii, 156.— Willdenow, Enuui. 523; Berl. Bauniz. 233. — Wendland in Regeusb. Fl. 1823, 699. — Sprengel, Syst. ii, 507 —Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 64. Mespilus rotundifolia, Ehrhart, Beltr. Ui, 20.— Wendland in Regen.sb.Fl. 1823, 700.— Watson, Dend. Brit, i, t. 58.— Koch, Deudrologie, i, 148. Pyrxts (jlanihdosa, Mooncb, Meth. 680. C. glandulosa, Willdenow, Spec, ii, 1002 (excl. syn.).- Pursb, Fl. Am. Sept. i,337, in p:irt.— Torrey, Fl. U. S. 475; Compend. Fl. N. States, 201.— Do Candolle, Prodr. ii,627.— Loddigos, Bot. Cab. 1. 10(2.- Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 201.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 599.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. HI.— Beck, Bot. 112.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 211.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 817, f. 550, 567, 568 & t. — Richardson, Arctic Exped. 427. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 18Cl\ iii, 84.— Kegel in Act. Hort. St. Petersburg, i, 120. Mespilus glandulosa, willdenow, Enum. 523.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 507.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 62.— Koch, Deudrologie, i, 145. Mespilus pubcxccns, Wendland in Regeusb. Fl. 1823,700. C. Crus-gaUi, Bigolow,Fl. Boston. 2 ed. 194 [not Liunajus]. f Mespilus Wendlandii, Oniz in Regeusb. Fl. 1834, 590. C. macraeantha, Loddigos in London, Arboretum, ii, 819, f. .572, 573 & t. C. glandulosa, var. macraeantha, Lindley in Boi.Reg. xxii,t. 1912. MesiiihiS Jlabcllafa, Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 63.— Kocb, Deudrologie,!, 148. Halmta Jlahcllata, Rmmer, Syn. Mon. iii, 136. Antllomch'S rotundifolia, UVvraer, Syn. lion, iii, 140. Plianopijruni tonintltmjlmwr, Syn. .Mon. iii, l.V!. Plia'nopi/rum Wendlamli!, Kiem.i-.Syu.Mou. iii, i.'>6. 78 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. SCARLET HAW. RED HAW. WHITE THORN. West coast of Xewfoundlaud, we.st alongr the valley of the Saint Lawreiiee iiv»T ami t he northern shores of the great lakes to Manitoba, south through the Atlantic forests to northern Florida and eastern Texas. A small tree, sometiuies 0 meters in height, with a trunk O.oO meter in diameter; open upland wooils or along streams and borders of prairies; very common at the north, rare at the south ; running into many forms, varying iu the size and shape of the leaves, size of the fruit, etc. The best marked are — var. viridis, Torroy & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 4G5.— Torrey in NicoUct's Eei). 149. C. riridix, LiniKius, Spec. 1 eec. ii, 1001.— IVrsoou, Syu. ii, :!(j.— Elliott, Sk. i, 551.— De CautloUe, Prodr. ii, 630. —Dou, Miller's Diet, ii, 601.— Eaton, Maiiuiil, 6 cd. 112. — Darlington, Fl. Cestrica,2 cd. 293.— Eiiton & Wright, Bot. 212.— Beck, Bot. no5.—Darby, Bot. S. States, 305.— Wood, CI. Book, 332; Bot. & Fl. 111. t Phwnopyrum viride, Ecemer, Syn. Mon. iii, 156. Mespilm viridis, Koch, Dendrologie, i, 149. C. glandulosa, var. rotundifolia, Regel in Act. Hort. St. Petersburg, i,120. var. populifolia, Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 4t)5. C. populifolia, Elliott, Sk. i, 553 [not Walter].— Nuttall, Genera, i, 305.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 112— Beck, Bot. 305.— Eaton &■ Wright, Bot. 212.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 305. Mespilus populifolia, Lamarck, Diet, iv, 447. Phwnopyrum populifolium, Eoenier, Syn. Mon. iii, 156. G. COCCinea, var. typica, Eegel in Act. Hort. St. Petersburg, i, 121. var. oligandra, Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 465. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact; medullary rays thin, very obscure; color, brown tinged with red, the snp-wood a little lighter; specific gravity, 0.SG18; ash, 0.38. 128. — Crataegus subvillosa, Schrader, IncL Sem. Hort. Goett.— Torrey in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 35.— Eidgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mns. 1882, 66. C. COCCinea, var. mollin, Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 465.— Gray in Jour. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, vi, 186.— Parry in Owen's Rcji. C12. — Regel in Act. Hort. St. Petersburg, i, 121. Phcenopyrum SUbvillosum, Rd-mcr, Syn. Mon. iii, ir)4. C mollis, Scbeeli! iu Liuuaja, xxi, 569; Rcemer, Texas, Appx. 473.— Walpers, Ann. ii,523. C sanguinea, var. rillosa, Itnpri'clit & Maximowicz, Prim. Fl.Amurcnsis, 101. C. Texana, Buckley in Proc. Philadelphia Acad. 1861, 454 (see Gray iu same, 1S62, 163).— Young, Fl. Texas, 258. C. tomentosa, var. mollis, Or.iv, .Manual X. States, 5 ed. 160.— Wood, CI. Book, 330; Bot. «t Fl. 121.— Vasoy, Cat Forest Trees, 14. MespihlS tiliafolia, Koch, iJiinlrolonic, i, 151. SCARLET HAW. Ea.stem Ma.s.sachnHetts (possibly introduced); central Midiigan toeastern Nebraska, south to middle Tennessee, and southwest thrftugh ^Mis.souri, Arkansas, tlie Indian territory, atul Texas to the valley of tlu* San Antonio river. , A snuiU tree, 7 to 9 meters in hejgiit. with a trunk rarely m<'t<^r in diameter; rich woods and along Ixu'ders of streams and i>rairies. Woous]. G. leucocephalus, Lavallde, Arboretum Sogrez. 78, t. 22 [not Moench]. G. COCCinea, var. cordata, LavalMe, Arboretum Segrez. 81, t. 22. BLACK THORN. PEAK HAW. New Briinswitik, westward along the valley of the Saint Lawience river and tbe northern shores of the preai lakes to the Saskatchewan region, southward through the Atlantic forests to the Chattahoochee region of western Florida, and eastern Te.xas west to the mountains of eastern Washington territory and Oregon, southwestern (JoUirmlo, ;iml soulliwi'.storu Now Mexico. A sni;ill tree, 0 to !) moters in height, with a trunk I'aroly OA't meter iu diainetor. or often, especially west of the Rocky ruoiiiitains, reduced to a low shrub, here lorming dense thickets along uioiuitain stix»ams ; the most widely- distrihuti'd of the Xorth American Cratagi, varying greatly in the size, shape, and color of the fniit, form of the leaves, amount of luibesccnce, etc. Wood heavy, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact; medullary rays luimerous. thin: color, bright reddish- brown, the sap-wood lighter; specilic gravity, 0.7(W.'{; ash, 0.50. 80 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. X'ar. punctata, Gray, Haiiaal N. States, 2 ed. VU. — Coopor in Smithsuuiuu Rep. li?58, 2,V2. — Chiipmau, Fl. S. Stat«3, 1'27.— Porter iu Hayden's Rep. 1871, 481. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 14. C. punctata, Jacquin, Hort. Vindob. i, 10, t. 28.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. ii, 169; 2 ed. iii, 202.— Willdctiow, Spec, ii, 1004.— Micbaux, Fl. Bor.-Aiii. i, 2Si».— Persoou, Syu. i, ^7.- Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, J38.— Elliott, Sk. i, 54S.— Tonoy, Fl. U. S. 476 ; Compeud. Fl. N. States, 202 ; Fl. N. York, i, 222.— Do Caudollo, Prodr. ii, 627.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 201 (oxol. van); Couipauiou B.it. Ma^. i, 2o.— Djii, MIIKt's Diet, ii, 589.— Eatou, Mauual, 0 ed. 111.— Beck, Bot. 111.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. \. Aiinrica, i, 466.— Loudon, Arboretnui, ii, 818, f. 569, 570 & t. — Eaton & Wright, Bot. 211.— Dietrich, Syu. iii, 15U. — Browne, Trees of Aiueriea, 277. — Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 4:!5 ; 2 ed. ii, 495. — Gray, Mauual N. States, 1 ed. 128.— Richardson, Arctic Expcd. 427.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 84. — Darby, Bot. S. States, 306. — Lesqnereux iu Owen's 2d Eep. Arkansas, 3.')9.— Wood, CI. Book, 330; Bot. & Fl. 111. — Engelinann iu Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new set. xii, 191. — Kaleuiczuuko in Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscow, xlviii, 14. Me*pilu-i corni/otia, Mutnchhausen, Hausv. v, 145. — Lamarck, Diet, iv, 444.— Koch, Deudrologio, i, 134.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 60, t. 10, f. c. C. Cms gain, Wangenheim, Auier. 52. — Du Roi, Harbk. i, 195 '"not Linnicus]. Mespilus cuneifolia, Ehrhart, Biitr. iii, 21.— Spreugel, Syst. ii, 506.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 61. Mespilus punctata, Loiseleur in Nouveau Dnhaciel, iv, 1,52.— Willdenow, Enum. 524; Berl. Baumz. 243.— Poiret, Snppl. iv, 70. — Hayne, Dend. Fl. 79. — ^Watson, Deud. Brit, i, t. 57. — Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, CI. — Weuzig in Linntea, xxxviii, 128. Mespilus pyrifolia, Desfoutaines, Hist.Arb. ii, 15.5. C. punctata, var. rubra and aurea, Aiton, Hort. Kow.2ed. iii, 202. C. latifolia, De CaudoUe, Prodr. ii, 627. t C. flexuosa, Schweinitz iu Long's 2d Exped. ii, Appx. 112. C.flava, Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 2 ed. 292 [not Aiton]. C. cuneifolia, Rimier, Syn. Mon. iii, 118. C. Obovatifolia, Rccmer, Syn. Mon. iii, 120. Halmia punctata, Rn?mer, .Syn. Mon. iii, 134. Halmia COrnifolia, Ra:mcr, Syn. Mon. iii, 1:54. C. tomentosa, var. plicata, Wood, Cl. Book, .330; Bot. &F1. ill. C. punctata, var. xanlhocarpa, Lavalldo, Arboretum Sogrez. i, 53, t. 16. Fruit l:ir;,'C!- tlian tliat of tlie Kpecies, dull red or yollow. 130. — CratsEgus cordata, Aiton, Bort. Kew. ii.KW; 2 ed. iii,200.— Willdenow, Spec, ii, 1000.— I'ersoon, SyM. ii, 36. — Eaton, M.annal,!)5; 6 ed. 111.— Elliott, Sk. i,554.— Torrey, Fl. U.S. 474; Conipend. Fl. X. States, 201.— Do Caiidolle, Prodr. ii, 628.— Wat.son, Dcnd. Brit, i, t. 63.— Liiulley, Bot, Reg. liv, t. 1151.— Hooker, Fl. B»r.-Aui. i, 201.— Don, Miller's Diet. ii. 599.— Beck, Bot. 112. -Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 4(i7.— London, Arboretum, ii, 825 &. t.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 211 —Dietrich, Syn. iii, 160.— Browne, Trees of America, 280.— Ri^ihardson, Arctic Expe«l. 427.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 83.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 306.— Cooper iu Smithsonian Rep. 1808, 252.— Chapman, Fl. 8. States, 127.— Cnrtis in Rep. Geological Snrv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 82.— Wood, Cl. Book, 331; Bot. & Fl. HI.— Gray. .M.iuual N. Stales, 5 ed. 159.— Young, Bot. Texas, 257.— Regel in Act. Hort. St. Petersburg, i, 114.— Kaleniczonko in Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mo'-cow, xlviii, 31. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 14. MeHpiluH Phmnopyrum, Ehrhart in Linnajus f. Snppl. 2.'>4 ; H.itr. i, 181; ii, 67.— Moonch, Mcth. 685.— Lamarck, Diet, iv, 446. C. populifolia, W.-ilter, Fl.Caroliniana, 147 [not Elliott].- Piir.sh, Fl. Am. .Sept. i,3:!7. MetipiluH aceri folia, Burgsdorf in Lamarek.Dict.iv, 442.— Nouveau Duhamel, iv, 151.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 6.5. MexpihlH cordata. Miller, Icon. t. 170.— Willdenow, Ennm. 523; Berl. Banmz. 239.— Ilayne, Dend. Fl. 77.— Sprongel, Syst. U, .'•''7.— Koch, Deudrologio, i, 1*8. PllCCnopi/rum Cinlatum, Rrnmer, Syu. .Mon. iii, 1.57. riucnopi/ruin n<< ril'iiUiun, KajuuM , ,Syn. Mon. iii, 157. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 81 WASHINGTON THORN. Valley of the upper Potomac river, Virgiuia, .southward along the Alleghany mountains to northern Georgia and Alabama, extending west through eastern and middle Kentucky and Tennessee to the valley of the lower Wabash river, Illinois. A small tree, 6 to 8 meters in height, witli ;i trunk rarely 0.30 meter in diameter; generally along banks of streams. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.7293; ash, 0.46. Formerly widely planted as a hedge plant. 131. — Crataegus apiifolia, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 287.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 38.— Piirsli, Fl. Aui. Sept. i, 3:Jti.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 305.— Elliott, Sk. i, 552.— DeCandoUe, Prodr. ii, 627.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 599.— Audubon, Birds, t. 192.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 112.— Hooker, Companion Hot. Mag. i,25.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 467. —Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 824, f. 588, 589 «fc t.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 212.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 160.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 3ilC.— Kcemer, Syn. Mon. iii, 121. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1658, 2.52. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 127. — Wood, 01. Book, 331 ; Bot. & Fl. 111.— Gniy, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 159 ; Hall's PI. Texas, 9.— Young, Bot. Tex.is. 2.i7.— Kaleniczcnko in Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscow, xlviii, 99. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 14. G. oxyacantha, Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 147 [not Linnieus]. MespihlS apiifolia, Marshall, Arbustum, 89.— Poiret, Suppl. iv, 68.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 508.— SpacU, Hist. Veg. ii, 67. Mespihtu monogyna, var. aplifoUa, Koch, Dendrologie,i, 160. C. oxyacantha, var. apiifolia, Kegel iu Act. Hort. St. Petersburg, 119. PARSLEY HAW. Southern Virginia, southward near the coast to about latitude 28", extending west through the Gulf states to southern Arkansas and the valley of the Trinity river, Texas. A small tree, rarely 6 to 9 meters in height, with a slender stem rarely exceeding 0.08 to 0.10 meter in diameter, or more often a low shrub, throwing up many stems from the ground ; low, rich soil, reaching its greatest develoi)meiit iu tlie pine barren hummocks of central Florida. Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays thin, very obscure; color, bright brown tinged with red or rose, the sap-wood much lighter; specific gravity, 0.7453 ; ash, 0.97. 132. — Crataegus spathulata, Micbaux. Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 228. — Persoon, Syn. ii, 37. — Barton, Compond. Fl. Pbiladelpli. i, -iiij. — Elliott, Sk. i, 552. — Loddiges, Bot. Cub. t. 12iil. — Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 599. — Hook8.—Desfontaines. Hist. Arb. ii. 1.57.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 507.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 66. — Koch, Dendrologio, i, 137. C. microcarpa, Lindley, Bot. Reg. xxii, t. 184t;. Phamopyrum spathvlatmu, Ra>mer, Syn. Mon. iii, 355. SMALLFRITITED HAW. Virginia, .southward to the (.'hattaliooche*' region of western Florida, west through the Gulf states to the valley of the Washita river, Arkansas (Hot Sjiiings, Lctierman), and the Colorado river, Texas. A small tree, (! to S meters in height, with a trunk 0.20 to 0.2.") meter iu diameter, or often reduced to a low shrub; margins of streams and jjrairies; common and reaching its greatest development ahMig the bottom lands of western Louisiana and eastt>ru Texas. Wood heavy, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact : medullary rays very numerous, obscure : color, light hrown or red. the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.7159; ash, 0.66. (! FOR 82 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. 133. — Crataegus berberifolia, Torrey & Gray, Kl. N. America, i, 4(iy.— Dietrich, Syu. iii, 10i».— Walpers, Hep. il, oi).— Kituier, Syii. Mon. iii, 115.— Wood, CI. Book, 332.— Kegel in Act. Hort. St. Petersburg, i, li>3.— Eugcluiuim in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vii, ViS. Mespilus berberifolia, Weuzig in Limiaea, xxsviii, lib. Phtmopyrum ellipticuvi, Rcpmer, .?yn. Mon. iii, 15r.. Phccnopyrum Virginicum, Roemcr, Syu. Mon. iii, 155. Nevr Orleans? {Brummovd, No. 105'); Opelousas, Louisiana (Car2)enter, Sargeni). A small tree, 6 to S meters in Leigbt, with a trunk 0.20 to 0.25 meter in diameter; borders of prairies, in low ground ; the fruit and wood not yet lollected. 134.— Crataegus aestivalis, Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 4t>S.— Walpcrs, Eej). ii, 58.— Dietricli, Syn. iii, 16C.— Xuttall, Sylva, ii, 12 ; 2 ed. i, 16-,'. —Darby, Bot. S. States, 306.— Chapman. Fl. S. States, 127.— Lesquereus in Owen's 2d Eep. Arkansas, 359.— Wood, CI. Book, 331 ; Bot. & FI. 111.— Kegel in Act. Hort. St. Petersburg, j, 124.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 14. Mespilus (EStiralis, Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 148.— Lamarck, Diet, iv, 447. C. elliptica, Elliott, Sk.i, 548 [not Alton]. C. lucida, Elliott.Sk. i,o49[notEhrhart]. C. opaca, Hooker & Amott in Companion Bot. Mag. i, 2."i.— Loudon, Arboretum, iv,2563. Anthomeles (BStitalis, Ecemer, Syn. Mon. iii, 141. MAY HAW. APPLE HAW. South Carolina, .«outh to northern Florida, west through the Gulf states to southern Arkansas and the valley of the Sabiue river, Texas. A small tree, G to 0 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 meter in diameter; generally in sandy soil along the margins of streams and ponds ; common and reaching its greatest development in the bottom lands of western Louisiana and eastern Texas. ^ ood heavy, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, light brown or red, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.65t)4; ash, 0.57. The large, globular, fragrant, red fruit, of agieeable subacid flavor, used as a preserve, in jellies, etc. ; ripening in May. 135. — Crataegus flava, Aiton, Hort. Kew. ii, 1G9 ; 2 ed. iii, 201.— Willdenow, Spec, ii, 1002.— Persoou, Syn. ii, 37.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i , 336.— Nut tall, Genera, i, 305.— DeCandoUe,Prodr.ii,C-.'^.— Watson, Dend. Brit, i, t. 59.— Don, Miiier's Diet, ii, 600.— Lindlcy, Bot. Reg. xxiii, t. 1939.— Toncy & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 40-'.- Eaton, Manual, G ed. 112.— London, Arboretum, ii, 823, f.585 & t.— Eaton & AV right, Bot. 911.— Dietrich, Syn. iii. IGO.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 30fi.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. lKi8, 252.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 28.— CurUs in Hep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 83.— Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, :J59.— Woo07. C. Caroliniana, Per^.on, Syn. ii, .36.— Elliott, Sk. i, 554.— Eaton, Manual, G cd. 112.— Eaton .— De CaudoUe, Prodr. ii, 631. — Chanii.sso & Schlechteudal in Linntea, ii, 542. — Don, Miller's Diet. ii. 002. — Spacli, Hist. Veg. ii, 80.— Hooker & Ariiott, Bot. Boechoy, i:i9. 340.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 473.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 16S.— Loudou, Arboretum, ii, 868, f. 619.— Bcnthain, Bot. Sulphur, 14; PI. llartweg. 307.— Torn-y in Emory's Kep. 140: Sitgrcaves' Rep. 119; Pacilic R. R. Rep. iv, 85; Bot. Jlex. Boumliuy Survey, 64; Bot. Wilkes Exped.2!U.— Wood, CL Book, 329. — Bolander in Proc. California Acad, iii, 80. — Vascy, Cat. Forest Trees, 14. — Palmer in Am. Nat. sii, 50i>. — Maximowicz in Bnll. .\ead. Sci. St. Petersburg, xix, 180. — Wenzigiu Liuua'a, xxxvili.SW. Mespilus ((rliutifolia. Link, Kumn. Hon. Berol. ii,3t). rhotilliu salicifolia, I'real, Kpiuiel. Hot. -^tU.— Walpers, Ann. iii, ^.i^. E. Fremontiana, Decaisue in Xouv. Arch. Mus. x. 144. 84 FOKEST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. TOVON. TOLLON. CALIFORNIA HOLLY. California Coast ranges, Mendocino to Sau Diego county, extending east to the loot hills of the Siena N«5vada and San Bernardino mountains. A suiall, low branched evergreen tree, rarely exceeding 9 meters in height, the short trunk sometimes 0.30 to 0.43 meter in diameter, or more often a low, much-branched shrub. Wood very heavy, hard, close graiued, inclined to check in drying, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish; medullary lays numerous, very obscure; color, dark reddish-brown, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.9326; ash, 0.54. 137. — Amelanchier Canadensis, Torrcy & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 473. — Walpers, Rep. ii, 55. — Uii-lrich, Syii. iii, UiA. — Torrey, Fl. N. York, i. 2i5. — Browne, Trees of Ami-rica, :i&i. — Emerson, Trees MassachuBetts, i, 443; 'i ed. ii, 503 & t.— Parry iu Oweu's Rep. 612. — Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 cd. 86. — Richardson, Arctic Exped. 428. — Seemann, Bot. Herald, 52. — Hooker f. in Trans. Liuniean Soc. xxii-, 290, 327.— Cooper m Smithsonian Rep. 1^58. 252. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 120. — Curtis in Rep. Geolojiical Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 68. — Lesqnereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 359. — Wood, CI. Book, 329; Bot. & Fl. 110. — Engelmanu iu Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xii, 191. — Porchi-r, Resources S. Forests, 16^. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 162. — Koch, Deudrologie, i, 180. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 14. — Maxiraowicz in Bull. Acad. St. Petersburg, six, 175. — Ridgway iu Proc. U. S. Xat. Mus. 1882, 66. Mespilun Canadennis, Linnaeus, Spec. 1 ed. 478 (oxcl. syn. Grouovius).— Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 148.— Alton, Hort. Kew. ii, 173. Cratcrgiis tomentosa, Linn.-eus, Spec. 1 ed. 476 (excl. syn. Gronovius). Pyrun Botryapium, Linnaeus f. Suppl. 255.— Waugenheim, Amer. 90, t. 28, f. 65.— Ehrhart, Beitr. i, 183 1; ii, 68.— Willdcnow, Spec, ii, 1013; Enum. 525; Berl. Baumz. 322.— Alton, Hort. Kow. 2 ed. iii, 207.— Pursb, Fl. Am. Sept. i,339.— Hayue, Dend. Fl. 83.— Guimpel, Otto & Hayne, 100, t. 79.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 509.— Audubon, Birds, t. 60.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 308. Crataegus racemosa, Lamarck, Diet, i, 84.— Desfoutaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 148.— Nouveau Duhanicl, iv, 133.— Poiret, Suppl. i, 292. MespUxiS niven, Marshall, Arbustum, 90. Mespihi.t Canadensis, var. cordata, Micha«x,Fl. Bor.-Am. i,291. Aronia Botryapium, Persoon, Syn. ii, 39.— Nuttall, Genera, i. 557.— Elliott, Sk. i,.^'.— Torrey, Fl. U. S.479: Conipend. Fl. N. States, 203.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 29.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 135. Menpihis arhorea, Michaux f. Hist. .Vrb. Am. iii, 68, t. 11; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, ()0, t. 66.— Barloii, Prodr. I'l. Pliiladelph.55. A. Botryapium, Lindley iu Trans. Linniean Soc. xiii, 100.— De Candollc, Prodr. ii, 632.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Aui. i, 202.— Pen. .Miller's Diet. ii. 604.— Berk. Bot. 112.— .Spaeh, Hist. Yes;, ii, 84.— Li)n-'76, 195. CA^l^ALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 85 Cratagus spicala, Jjaiiiarck,Dict. i,84. — DcBlbutaincs, Hist. Arb. ii, 14?. — Nouvcaii Dubamel, iv, 132. — Poiret.SuppL i,292. Mespilus Canadensis, var. obovalis, Michaux,FJ.Bor.-Am. i, 2i»i. Fyrus OValis, Willdenow, Spec ii, 1014 ; licrl. IJaumz. 323.— Piirsli, I'l. Am. Sept. i, 340.— Sclirank, PI. Labrador, 2C.— Bigclow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 207. Aronia OValis, Toi-rev, Fl. U. S. 47U ; Compend. Fl. N. States, 203.— Eaton, Manual. C cd. 29.— Eaton &. Wright, Bot. 135. A. OValis, Do Candolle, Prodr. ii,032.—Mn}pr, PI. Labrador, 81. —Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i,202, in part.— Don, MUler's Diet, ii, 604.— Beck, Bot. 112.— Spach, Hist. Vog. ii, 85.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 876, f. 632. A. intermedia, Spaoh, Hist. Veg. ii,85.— Wcnzig in Linna,'a, xxxiii, 112. .-1. oblongi/olia, Eoemer.Syn.Mon. iii,147. A. spicata, Decaisne in Nonv. Arch. Mus. x, 135, t. 9, f. 5. Wood heavy, exceediogly hard, strong, close-grained, checking somewhat in seasoning, satiny, susceptible of a good polish ; medulliiry rays very nnmeroiis, obscure ; color, dark brown often tinged with red, the sap-wood mucli lighter ; specific gravity, 0.7838 ; ash, 0.55 ; the small fruit sweet and edible. Note. — The closely allied Amtlunch'ier almfoUa, Nuttall, a low shrub, is widely distributed over the mountain ranges of the interior Pacific region. HAMAMELACEJ^. 138. — Hamamelis Virginica, Linua^us, Spec. 2ed. 124.— Marshall, Arbustura, 58.— Du Eoi, Harbk. i, 423.— Wangenheim, Amer. 89, t.29, f. 62.— Lamarck, Diet, iii, 6.S; III. i, 350, t. 88.— Aiton, ITort. Kew. i, 167; 2 cd. i,275.— Schkuhr, Handb. i, 88, t. 27.— Willdenow, Spec, i, 701 ; Enum. 171 ; Berl. Baumz. 172.— Michanx, Fl. Bor. Am. i, 100.— Persoon, Syn. i, 150.— Dcsfontaiucs, Hist. Arb. ii, 29.— Pnrsh. Fl. Am. Sept. i, 116.— Xuttall, Genera, i, 107.— Nouveau Duhamel.vii, 207, t. 60.— Elliott, Sk. i, 219.— Ramer & Schiiltes, Syst. iii, 433.— Loddiges,Bot. Cab. t. 598.— Barton, Fl. N. America, iii, 21, t. 78.— ToiTOy, Fl. U. S. 192; Compend. Fl. N. States, 86; Fl. N. York, i, 260.— Guimpel. Otto &. Hayne, Abb. Holz. 95, t. 75.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 401.— Rafiuesque, Med. Bot. i, 227, f.45.— De Candolle, Prodr. iv, 268.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Aui. i, 275 ; Companion Bot. Mag. i, 48.— Don, Miller's Diet, iii, 396, f. 69.— Beck, Bot. 152.— Eaton, Manual 6 ed. 164.— Spach, Hist, Veg. viii, 79. — Dietrich, Syn. i, 550. — Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 597. — London, Arboretum, ii, 1007, f. 75ti, 7.'i7. — Eaton & Wright, Bot.260.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 63.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 416; 2 ed. ii, 473 & t.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 328.— Darlington, Fl. Ce.sfrica, 3 ed. 98.— Agardh, Theor. & Syst. PI. t. 13, f. 7.— Schuizlein, Icon. 1. 167, f. 18-25, 27-29.— Gray in Am. Jour. Sci. 2 scr. xxiv, 438 ; 3 sor. v, 144 ; Manual N. States, 5 ed. 173.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 1.57. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, iii, 105. — Leaqnereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 362. — Wood, CI. Book, 375; Bot. & Fl. 120. — Engclmann in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new scr. xii, 193. — Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 58. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii,45P. — Baillou in Adansonia, x, 123; Hist. PI. iii, 389, f. 462-464.— Young, Bot. Texas, 291.— Maout & Decaisne, Bot. English ed. 408 & f. H. dioica, Walter, Fl. Caroliuiana, 255.— Guioliu, Syst. Veg. i, 281. H. androgyna, Walter, Fl. Caroliuiana, 2,55.— Gmeliu, Syst. Veg. i, 282. H. COryli/oUa, MtEncli, Moth. 273. H. macropJnjlla, Pur.sh. Fl. Am. Sept. i, 116.— Poiret, Suppl. v, 698.— Elliott, Sk. i, 220.— Roomer & Sohulte-s Syst. iii, 4SJ.— Ealinesqne, Mod. Bot. i, 230.— Eaton, Manual. 6 cd. 164.— Don, Millet's Diet, iii, 396.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 261. Trilopun Virginiana, nigra, rotiindifolia, and dentatu, Katinesque, New Sylva, ir>-17. H. Virginiana, var. parvifolia, Nuttall, Genera, i, 107.— Torrey, Fl.U. S.193; Conipend.Fl.N. States, 87.— Don,Miller'i Diet, iii, 396.— Beck, Bot. 152.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 597. H. parvifolia, Rafincsqnc, Med. Bot. i, 230. TrilopUS parvifolia, Eafincsquo, Now Sylva, 17. WITCU UAZKL. Northern New England and southern Ontario to Wisconsin, south through the Atlantic region to northern Florida and eastern Texas. A small tree, exceptionally 7 to 0 meters in height, with a trunk 0..'iO to 0.31 meter in diameter, or more often a tall shrub throwing \^^ many stems from the ground; common; rich, rather damp woodlands, reaching its greatest development in the region of the southern Alleghany mountains. 86 FOREST TREES OP^ NORTH AMERICA. Wood heavy, hard, very closegraiucd, c'ouipact ; hjyers of annual growth hardly distinguishable; medullary rays numerous, thin, obseure; eolor, light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity O.6S06: ash, 0.37. ' ■ ' The bark and leaves rich iu tannin, and largely used by herbalists in the form of fluid extracts, decoctions, etc., iu external applications, and as a reputed remedy in hemorrhoidal affections [Ketc York Jour. Med. x, L>08.— Tram. Am. Med. Assoc, i, 350. — U. S. Dispensatory, 14 ed. KiGl. — Nat. Dis2)ensatonj, 2 ed. 704). 139. — Liquidambar Styraciflua, Linuicus, Spec. 1 (><1. 999.— Marshall, Arbustam, 77.— Wangenhoim, Amer. 49, 1. 16, f. 40.— Walter, Fl. Caroliniaiia, 237.— Lamarck, Diet, iii, 533; 111. iii, 367, t. 783.— Alton, Hort. Kew. iii, 365 ; 2 ed. v, 306.— Giertner, Fruct. ii, 57, t. 90.— Moench, Jleth. 340.— Abbot, Insects Georgia, i, •"•—B. S. Barton, Coll. i, 16.— Willdenow, Spec. iT,475; Ennni. 98.".; Berl. Banmz. 214.— Miclianx, Fl. Bor.-Ani. ii, 202.— Persoon, Syn.ii.573.— Desfontaines, Hist.Arb. ii, 541.— Titford, Hort. Bot. Am. 97.— Schkuhr, Handb. iii, 275, t. 307.— Nouveau Duhamel.ii, 42, 1. 10; vii,207,t.00.— Michaus f. Hist. Arb. Aiu. iii, 194, t.4 ; N.American Sylva,3 cd. ii, 42, t. 64. —Barton, Prodr. Fl. Pbiladelph. 92; Couipend. Fl. Phila.— Vasoy, Cat. Forest Trcc8, 15.— Baillou, Hist. PI. vi, 278. Conocarpus raCC. i,P95. Schousboca COmmiltata, Sprongcl, Syst. ii, 332. Bucida Buccras, Vellozo, Fl. Flum. iv, t. 87 [not Liuunnis]. L. (jlahrifoUa, Presl, Kcil. Hunk, ii, 22.— Walp.rs, Rep. ii, 63.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 136. WHITE BUTTON WOOD. WHITE MANGROVE. Semi-tropical Florida, cai)e Canaveral to the southern keys, west coast. Cedar Keys to cape Sable; through the West Indies and tropical America; coast of tropical Africa. A small tree, sometimes 6 or, exceptionally, 22 meters in height (Shark river, Florida, Curtiss). with a trunk 0.30 to O.tiO meter in diameter, or toward its northern limits reduced to a low shrub ; very common ; saline shoi^es of lagoons and bays. Wood very heavy and hard, strong, close-grained, very comi»act ; su.^Jeeptible of a b-^autiful i>i>lish : int diiUary rays numerous, obscure; color, dark yellow-brown, the sap wood much lighter: specific gravity, 0.7137; ash, 1.62. 88 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. M Y R T A C E ^ . 143. — Calyptranthes Chytraculia, Swartz, Prodr. 79; Fl. InJ. Oce. ii, ShJl.— WilkUnnw, Spec, ii, UT,').— Ailou, Ilort. Kfw.2 cd. iii, 192.— Do Caudolle, Prodr. iii, 2:i7.— Nuttall, Sylva, i, 101, t.2G; ied. i, 117, t. 211.— Berg iu Liiina-a, xxvii, 26. — Cooper iu Smitlisouian Rep. 1858,264.— Chapman, Fl. S. .States, 131.— Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 232.— Hemsley. Bot. Am.-Cont. i, 408. Myrtus Chytraculia, Lluna^ns, Amcen. v, 396.— Swartz, Obs. 202. Eugenia pallens, Poiret, Snppl. iii, 122. Semi tropical Florida, shores of bay Biscayne, Key Largo ; in the West Indies. A small tree, sometimes S meters in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.15 meter in diameter. Wood very heavy, hard, close-grained, compact, containing many evenly-distributed rather large open tlucts^ mednllary rays numerous, thin ; color, browu tinged with red, the sap-wood a little lighter; specific gravity, 0.8992;, Mb, 3.32.' 144. — Eugenia buxifolia, Willdcuow, Spec. ii,960.— Persoon,Syn.ii,28.— De Candolle,Prodr.iii,275.— Nuttall,Sylva,i,108,t.29; 2ed. i, 123, t. 29.— Cooper in Smithsonian Kep. 1858, 2(>4.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 131.— Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 236.— Vaaey, Cat. Forest Trees, 15. Myrtus buxifolia, Swartz, Prodr. 78; Fl. Iiid. Occ. ii,899. Myrtus axillaris, Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, iv, 412. E. myrtoides, Poiret, Snppl. iii, 125. Myrtus Poireti, Sprengel, Syst. ii,4H3. E. triplinervia, Berg in Linn;ia,xxvii, 100, in part. GUEGEON STOPPEK. SPANISH STOPPER. Semi-tropical Florida, cape Canaveral to the southern keys, west coast, Caloosa river to cape Bomano; in the West Indies. A small tree, rarely 6 to 9 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30 meter in diameter, reaching its greatest development on the rich hummocks of the Everglades. Wood very heavy, exceedingly hard, very strong, close-grained, very compact; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, dark brown shaded with red, the sap-wood a little lighter; specific gravity, 0.9300; ash, 1.50 ; somewhat used for fui'l. 145. — Eugenia dichotoma, De CaudolU-, Prodr. iii, 278.— Nuttall, Sylva, i, 103, t. 27; 2 ed. i, 120, t. 27.— Berg in Linna'a, xxvii, 261.— Cooper in Smithsonian Kep. 1858, 2(14.- Chapman, Fl. S. States, 131. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 15. E. divaricata, Lamarck, Diet, i, 202. fMyituH dichotoma, Vahl in Point, Snppl. iv, 53. Anamomis punctata, Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 240. NAKED WOOD. Semi-tropical Florida, Mosquito inlet to cap'.' Canaveral, comm«n ; west coast, CJaloosa river to cape Komano; in the West Indies. A .small tree, sometimes 6 to 8 meters in height, with a trunk rarely 0.15 meter in diameter. A form with the leaves, buds, and calyx more or less pubescent {E. diclwtoma, var. fragrans, Nnttall, i, c; E. pungens, Wiiblenow, Sine, ii, !h;4; Bot. Mag. t. 1212; E. montaiia, Anbict, Gnian. I, 495, t. 195), not rare in West Indies, and, according to Xuttntl, collected by Mr. Baldwin in the vicinity of New Smyrna, Florida, has not been retliscovcrcd within the limits of the United States. Wood very heavy, hard, clo.se-grained, comi)act ; medullary rays nuinerons, thin; color, light lirown or nd, sap-wood yellow; specific gravity, 0.8983; a.sli, 0.71. The small, edible fruit of agreeable aromatic flavor, and greatly improved by cultivation in rich .soil. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 89 146. — Eugenia monticola, Do Candollc, Prodr. iii, 27.5.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 131.— Oriscbach, Fl. BritiHh West iDdice, 236. — Vascy, Cat. Foroet Trees, 15. Myrfus monticola, Swartz, Fl. Ind. Occ. ii, 898. E. triplinervia, Berg in Liunaia, xxvii, 193, in part. E. hxiKari.s, Bei.; in Linnie.i, xxvii, 201, in part. STOPPKR. WHITE STOPPKE. Floridti, Saint John's river to Umbrella Key ; rare; in the West Iudie.s. A small tree, rarely 7 meters in height, with a trunk 0..30 meter in diameter, or in northern Florida reduced to a low shrub. Wood very heavy, hard, strong, very close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerons, thin ; color, brown, often tinged with red, the sap-wood darker; specific gravity, O.OloG; a.sh, 1.89. 147. — Eugenia longipes, Berg, Linntea, xxvii, 150. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, Suppl. C20. STOPPER. Semi-tropical Florida, No-Name Key ; in the West Indies. A small tree, 4 to 7 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 meter in diameter; rare. Wood very heavy, hard, close-grained, checking badly in drying, containing many evenly-distributed open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, very obscure ; color, dark brown or nearly black, the sap-wood brown tinged with red ; speciiic gravity, 1.1235 ; ash, 3.48. The small red frnit with the flavor of cranberries. 148. — Eugenia procera, Poiret, Suppl. ii, 129.— De CandoUe, Prodr. iii, 268.— Niittall, Sylva, i, 106, t. 28; 2 ed. i, 122, t. 28.— Berg in Linnaja, xxvii, 207.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 264.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 131.— Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 238.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 15. My rt US procera, Swartz, Prodr. 77; Fl. Ind. Occ. ii, 887.- Willdenow, Spec, ii, 968. E. Barucnsis, Grisebach, Cat. PI. Cub. [not Jacquin], 87. RED STOPPER. Semi-tropical Florida, shores of bay Biscay ne. Key Largo, Elliott's Key; in the West Indies. A tree, 12 to 18 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 meter in diameter ; often forming extensive groves, and reaching its greatest development in the United States in the neigiiborhood of Miami, bay Biscayne. Wood very heavy, exceedingly hard, very sti-ong and close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, hardly distinguishable ; color, light yellow-brown, the sai>-wood darker ; specific gravity, 0.9453 ; ash, 2.G2 ; probably valuable in cabinet-making and as a substitute for box-wood for coarse wooti-eugniviug. Note.— /"/M'rfiiim Guaiara, Raddi, the Gnava, widely cultivated iu the tropics for its frnit, is now sparingly naturalized in semi-tropical Florida. C ACTACE^ 149. — Cereus giganteus, Kngdmaun; \;mory's Eop. 158 ; Am. .Tour. Sci. 2 ser. xiv, :!:!5; xvii, 231 ; Proo. Am. Acad, iii, 287; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey. CiKtacca-, 42, t. 61, ()2 & front.; Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 247.— Thurber iu Mem. Am. Acad, new ser. v, 302, 305.— Fl. des St-nvs, x. 24. & t. ; XV, 187, t. IGOO.— Bigelow iu Pacific K. E.Kcp. iv, 12.— Fngelmann & I'.igelow in Pacific R. R. Kep. iv. 36.— Walpors, Ann. V, 46.— Cooper iu Smithsonian Rop. la'SS, 259.— Loniaire, 111. Ilort. ix. Misc. 95.— Marcou in Jour. Hort. Soc. Franc.-. 2 scr. iii, C76.— Lindlcy, Treasury Bot. 256, t. 17.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 15.— Rotbroek in Wheeler's Rep. vi. front.— Henisley. Bot. Am.-Ceut. i, 343. — James in Am. Nat. xv, 982, f. 3. Piloccreus Engclmanni, Leuiaire, ill. llort. ix, Misc. 95. 90 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. SrWARROW. SAGUABO. GIANT CACTUS. Valley of Bill Williams river, Arizona, south and ea.st through central Arizona to the valley of the San Pedro river: southward in Sonora. A tall, eoliunnar tree, 8 to 18 metei's iu height, with a trunk .sometimes O.GO meter in diameter : dry, stony mesas or low hills risinjr from the desert. Wood of the large, strong ribs, very light, soft, rather coarse-grained, solid, satiny, susceptible of a line polish, almost indestructible in contact with the ground ; medullary rays very uumeious, broad ; color, light brown tinged with yellow; specific gravity. 0.31SS; ash, 3.45; used in the region almost exclusively for the rafters of adobe houses, for fencing, and by the Indians for lances, bows, etc. The edible fruit largely collected and dried by the Indians. C 0 R N A 0 E ^ 150. — Cornus alternifolia, Linua>us f. Snpi.l. 125.— Lamarck, Diet, n, UG; 111. i, 303.— L"Horitier, Corutis, 10, t. 6.— Ehrliart, Beitr. iii, 19.— Alton, Hort. Kew. i, 159; 2 ed. i.'Jea.- Willdenow, Spec, i, 6(54; Kuiim. 165; Beil. Baumz. 104.— Michaiix, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 93.— Persoon, Syn. i, 144.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arh. i, 351.— Xonveau Dnhamol, ii, I'.', t. 45.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 100.— Nnttall, Genera, i, 99.— Eoerner & Scliultes, Syst. iii, 323; Mant. 251.— Elliott. Sk. i. 210.— Guimpel, Otto & Hayne, AM). Holz. 53, t.43.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 8.— Torrey, Fl. U.S. 180; Compcnd. Fl. N. States, Si; Fl. N. York, i, 28?.— Spicngel, Syst. i, 451.— De Candolle, Prodr. iv, 271.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Aui. i, 275.— Don, Miller's Diet, iii, 398.— Beck, Bot. 154.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 109.— Tausch iu RogensI). Fl. xsi, 732.— Spacli, Hist. Veg. viii, 92.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 503.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 649.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 1010, f.7G0.—Eatou & Wright, Bot. 210.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3ed. 00.— C. A. Meyer in Mem. Acad. Sci. St. Petersburg, v, 6, 13. — Walpers, Rep. v, 932.— Eracrsou, Trees Massachusetts, 409 ; 2 ed. ii, 403 & t.— Parry in Owen's Rip. 013.- Darlington, Fl. Ceslrica, 3 ed. 110.— Cooper in Smithsonian Bep. 1858, 252.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 107.— Curtis iu Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 167.— Wood, CI. Book, 391 ; Bot. & Fl. 143.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 201.— Koch, Deudrologie, i, 690.— Young, Bot. Texas, 303. C. alterna, Marshall, Arbustum, 35. DOGWOOD. New Brunswick, west along the valley of the Saint Lawrence river to the northern shores of lake Superior, south through the northern states and along the Alleghany mountains to northern Georgia and Alabama. A small tree, 4 to 8 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 meter in diameter; low, rich woods and liorders of streams and swamps. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, checking badly in drying; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, brown tinged with red, the sap wood light yellow; specific gravity, 0.C696; ash, 0.41. 151. — Cornus florida, Linnseus, Spec. 1 ed. 117.— Marbhall, Arbustum, .35.— Lamarck, Diet, ii, 114; 111. i, 302.— Wangenheim, Amer. 51, t. 17, f. 41.— Walter, Fl. Caroliuiana, 88.- L'Heritier, Cornus, 4.— Alton, Hort. Kew. i, 157; 2 ed. i, 261.— Willdenow, Spec, i, 661; Enuni. 164; Borl. Banmz. 100.— Abbot, Insects Georgia, ii, t. 73.— B. .S. Barton, Coll. i, 12, 45; ii, 17, 19.— Bot. Mag. t.526.— Michaux, Fl. Hor.-Am. i, 91.— Persoon, .Syn. i, 143.— De^fontaine8, Hist. Arb. i, 3.50.— Schkuhr, Handb. 82.— Titford, Hort. Bot. Am. 41, 1. 16, f. 7.— Nouveau Duham.-l, ii, 1.-j3.— Michanx f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 1:18, t. 3; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 170, t. 48.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 108.— Bigelow, Med. Bot. ii, 69, t.73; Fl. Boston. 3 ed. .59.— Eaton, Manual, 19; 6 ed. 108.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 98.— Barton, Med. Bot. i, 43, t.3.— Rtemer & Schultcs, .Syst. iii, 319.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 6.— Guimpel, Otto & Hayne, Abb. Holz. 21, t. 19.— Elliott, Sk. i, 207.— Torrey iu Ann. Lye. N. York, ii, 208; FJ. U. 8. 178; Conipend. Fl. N. States, 82; Fl. N. York, i, 290; Nicollet's Rep. 151; Emory's Bep. 408.— Sprengcl, .Syst i, 451.— Beck in Am. Jour. .Sci. 1 .^er. x, 204; Bot. 1,53.— Audubon, Birds, t. 8, 73, 122.— Rafinesquo, Med. Efaeonn in Geolojrical Rep. Canada, 1875-'76, 198. — G. M. Dawson in Canadian Nat. new ser. ix, 331. G.fiorida, Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 277, in part. FLOWERING DOGWOOD. Vancouver's island and along the coast of southern British Columbia, through western Washington territory and Oregon, and southward through the Coast ranges of California and along the western slope of the Sierra Nevada to the San Bernardino mountains. A small, slender tree, sometimes 18 to 24 meters in height, with a trunk rarely 0.45 meter in diameter ; ascendiug the Cascade mountains to 3,000 feet, and the Sau Bernardino mountains to Irom 4,000 to 5,000 feet elevation ; common; rich, rather damp soil, generally in the dense shade of coniferous forests. Wood heavy, exceedingly hard, strong, close-grained, compact, satiny, susceptible of a good polish: medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color, light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.7481; ash, 0.50 ; somewhat used in cabinet-making, for mauls, handles, etc. 153. — Nyssa capitata, Walter. Fl. Caroliniana, 253.— Lamarck, Diet, iv, 508.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 257, t. 20; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 37, t. 113.— Alton, Ilort. Kew. 2 ed. v,480.— Poiret, Snppl. v, 740.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 685.— Hooker, Companion Bot. Mag. ii, 62.— Eaton, Maanal, 6 ed. 236.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 329.— Spach, Hist. Veg. x, 464.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 493.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1658, 253.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 168.— Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Eep. Arkansas, 3t)4.— Wood, CI. Book, 892 ; Bot. & Fl. 143.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 456.— Vasoy, Cat. Forest Trees, 16. N. Ogevhe, M.-irshall, Arbustum, 97. N. eoccinea, Bartram, Travels, 2 ed. 17. 2f. tomentosa, Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, iv, 508. N. candicans, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 259.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 614.— Desfoutaiue.s, Hist. Arb. i, 37.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 1113.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 117.— Poiret, Snppl. iv, 116.— Nuttall, Genera, ii. 236; Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. v, 1«>7.— Ewmer & Scbnltes, Syst. v, ,'i57.— Sprengel, Syst. i. 832.— Dietrich. Syn. i, 879.— London, Arboretum, iii. 1318, f. 1199. — Browne, Trees of America, 426. iV. montana, Gfertncr, Fmct. iii, 201, t. 216. OGEECHKE LIJIE. SOUK TUPELO. GOPITER PLUM. Georgia, from the valley of the Ogeecheo to the Saint Mary's river, west Florida (near Vernon. Mohr). and in southern Arkansas. A tree 9 to 18 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.90 meter in diameter; deep swamps and river bottoms ; rare and local. Wood light, soft, not strong, tough, rather coarse-grained, compact, uuwedgeable. containing iniiny regularly- distributed open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, white, the sap-wood hanlly distinguishable : specific gravity, 0.4G13 ; :isli, 0.34. A conserve, under the name of" Ogeechee limes", is made from the large, acid truit. 92 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. 154- — Nyssa sylvatica, Marshall, Arbustuiu, 97.— Michanx f. Hi»t. Arb. Am. ii, 'iiW, I. -Jl ; N. .\imTioaii .S.vlva. :t e«l. iii, 29, 1. 110.— Poiret, Snppl. iv. 116 — Barton, PixMlr. Kl. Philadolph. 97 ; Comi>end. Fl. Pbiladelpb. ii, 193. X. aquatica, Liun.i-iis, Spec. 1 fi, in part.— St. Hilaire, Fani. Nat. ii, IM.— Persoou, Syn. ii,614.— Michaiix 1'. Hist. Arb. Am. ii. Its, t. 22; K. American Sylva,3cd. iii, 31, t. 111. — KiEuiorttScbultos, Syst. v, r>7t). — Barton, Prodr. Tl. Pbiladelpb. 97; Conipend. Fl. Pbiladelpb. ii, 192.— Sprengel, Sy.st. i, 83-2.— .■Vndubon, Birds, 1. 13;!.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 681.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 878.— Eaton, Manual, t; ed. 23<).— Eaton & Wri{,'bt, Bot. 329.— Spacb, Hist. Veg. x, 464.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 492. — Chapman, Fl. S. States. 168. — Curtis iu Rej). Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii. 168. — Porchor, Kesourecs S. Forests. :t47. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 455. — Young, Bot. Texas, 304. — Vasoy, Cat. Forest Trees, 16. A". niuUiftora, Wangenhcim, Anicr. 46, t. IG, f. 39.— Elliott, Sk. ii, C84.— W'altt'r, Fl. Caroliniana, 253.— Beck, Bot. 307.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 236.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 329.— Spach, Hist. Veg. x, 463.— Torroy, FI.N. York, ii, 161, t. 95.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 312, t. 17; 2 ed. ii, a53 & t.—Schnizlcin, Icon. 1. 108, f. 1,2.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica. 3 ed. 254.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 492.— Cooper in Smithsonian Kep. 1858, 2r!2.- Chapman, Fl. S. States, 168.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 62. — Lcsquercux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 364. — Wood, CI. Book, 392; Bot. & Fl. 143.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 201.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 554.— Young, Bot. Texas, 304.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 16. — Broadbead in Coulter's Bot. Gazette,' iii, 53. — Bessey iu Am. Nat. xv, 134. — Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-80, 5,y.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 68.— Burgess in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vii, 95. N. Carolittiaua, Voiietia Lamarck, Diet, iv, 507; Lamarck, 111. iii, 442, f. 851, f. 1. A', biflora, Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 253.— Lamarck, Diet, iv, 508.— Michaux, Fl. Bor. -Am. ii, 259.— Willdcnow, Spec, iv, 1113; Enum. 1061; Berl. Baumz. 256.— Dcsfontaincs, Hist. Arb. i, 37.— Ga-rtner f. Frnct. Suppl. 203, t. 216.— Alton, Uort,. Kew. 2 ed. v,479.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 177.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 236; Trans. Am. Phil. Soc.v, 167.— Poiret, Suppl. iv, 115. — Torrey in Ann. Lye. N. Y'ork. ii,200 ; C'<>nii)end. Bot. N. States, .372. — Hayue, Deiid. Fl. 229.— Eaton, Manual, 116.— Beck, Bot. 307.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1317, 1. 1195, 1196.— Browne, Trees of America, 423.— Baillon, Hist. PI. v, 266, f. 241-244. X. integrifolia, Alton, Hort. Kew. iii,446.— Pci>oon,:hoH8 upecies, which thus enlarge7.— Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, a.^^!.- Elliott, Sk. ii, 686.- Eaton & Wright, Bot. 329.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 493.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 2.53.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 1(W.— Curlis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 18(i0, iii, ()2.— Wood, Cl.Book,3!l2; Bot. &. Fl. 143.— Gray, Manual N. .States, 5 ed. 201.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 455.— Young, Bot. Texas, .304.— Vaaey, Cat. Forest TreeB. 16. X. aquatica, Linmeus, Spec. 1058, in part.— Marshall, Arbustuiu, 96.— Lamarck, Diet, iv, 607. — Dcsfontaincs, Hist. Arb. i, 36. X. denticulata, Alton, Hort. Kew. iii, 446; 2 ed. v, 480.— Pcrsoou, Syu. ii, 015.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 1114.— Gajrtuer f. Fruct. Suppl. 203, t. 216.— Pursh. Fl. Am. Sept. i, 178.- Poiret, Supjil. iv, 115.— Nuttall, G> nera, ii, 236.-nayne, Dcud. Fl. 229.— Roemer & Scbultes, Syst. t, 577.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 832.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 879. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 93 N. angulosa, Poin-t in Lamarck, Diet, iv, :i07; III. iii, 442, t. 8ril, f. 2.— Kctmtr & Schultes, .Syst. v, 578. N. pahistris, SaliKbury, Prodr. Ur,- N. tomcntosa, llichaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 269.— Persoon, Syn. ii, G15.— Willdouow, .Spec. iv. 1113.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sej.t. i, 177. — Nuttall, Genera, ii, WM. — Rojmer & Schultcs, Syst. v, 577. — Elliott, Sk. ii, G85. — .Sprcngel, Syst. i, e32. — Audabon, Bird.s, t. 13.— Dietricli, Syn. i, 879.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 329.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 493. N. angulisans, Micbaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 2.'>9.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 879.— Spach, Hist. Veg. x, 465. If. gratldidentata, Michanx f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 252, t. 19 ; N. American Sylva, 3 cd. ii, 34, t. 112.— Loudon, ArboretTun, iii, 1319, f. 1200, 1201.— Lesqnorcnx in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 304. .A''. capHata var. graitdidentaia, Bmwnc, Trees of America, 426. LAKGE TUPELO. COTTON GU3I. TUPELO GtJM. Southern Virginia, south near the coast to tho valley of the Saiut Mary's river, Georgia, through the Gulf states to the valley of the Ncches river, Texa.s, and through Arkan.sas and southern and .southeastern Missouri to the valley of the lower Wabash river, Illinois. A large tree, 21 to 30 meters in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 meter in diameter ; deep swamps and river bottoms subject to frequent overflow ; one of the largest and most common trees of the bottom lauds of the lower Mississippi river basin, and reaching its greatest development in the cypress swamps of western Louisiana and eastern Texas, near the coast. Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact, unwedgeable; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, light brown, or often nearly white; specific gravity, 0.5194; ash, 0.70; used in turnery, largely for wooden ware, broom handles, and wooden shoes ; that of the root for the floats of nets, etc., as a substitute for cork. CAPRIFOLIA CE^. 156. — Sambucus glauca, Nuttall: Toney & Gray, l''l. N. America, ii, 13. — Walper.s, Rep. ii, 453.— Torrey iu Paeilic R. R. Rej). vi, 12 ; Ives' Rep. 15; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey,71. — Gray iu Smithsonian Contrib.v,60; Proc. Am. Acad. vii,387 ; .Syn. Fl. N.Aineriea, i^, 9. — Watson in King's Rep. v, I.U.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 16.- Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 278.— Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, SS.— Rotbrock in Wheeler's Rep. vi, 135, 363. 8. Californica, Hort.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 72. f 8. Mexicana, Newberry in Paeilic R. R. Rep. vi, 75 [not Presl]. ^'alll•y of the Fraser river and Vancouver's island, British Columbia, southward tlirough Csvlifornia to the INIexicau boundary, extending west to the Blue mountains of Oregon and the Walisatch range, Utah. A small tree, sometimes 8 to 9 meters in height, witli a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 meter iu diameter, or towanl its northern limits reduced to a large shrub ; conflned to valleys, in dry, gravelly soil. Wood light, soft, weak, coarse-grained, checking in drying; medullary rays numerous, rather conspicuous; color, yellow tinged with browu, tho sap-wood lighter; spei-ilic gravity, O.'iDST ; ash, 1.57. The large bhu'-black fruit edible and sometinses cooked. 157. — Sambucus Mexicana, Presl. Hon. lla'nk. — De Candolle, Prodr. iv,o22. — Don, Miller's Diet, iii, 437. — Loudon, Arboretum, ii, UI30. — Gray in Smithsonian Contrib. v, 66; SjTB. Fl. N. America, i-', 9. — Torrey in Paeilic R. R. Rep. iv, 95; Bot. Slex> Boundary Survey. 71. — Brewer & Wafsou, Bot. I'niifornia, i, 278.— Rolliiock in Wheeler's Rep. vi, 135.— Hemsley, Bot. Am.-Cent. ii. 1. jS. glauca, Bcntham, PI. Hartwog. 313 [not Nuttall]. 14: ash. L'.OO. 158. — Viburnum Lentago, Linnaeus, Spec. 1 eil. "iS!?. — MoTsball, Arbustum, liiO. — Waugenheim, .\iuer. 100. — Walter, Fl. Caroliuiaua, IIG. — Aiton, Hort. Kew. i,:{72; 2 eii. ii, ItiS. — WilMenow, .Spec, i, 1491; Euum. :<27; Berl. Bawmz. 5:U. — Nouveau Diihamel, ii, l'J9. — Schkuhr, Handl). '23-1. — Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Aui. i, ITS. — Persoon, Syn. i, S27. — Desfontaincs, Hist. Arb. i, '.UA. — Poiret iu Lamarck, Diet, viii, 668. — Piirsli, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 20L— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadelph. JO.— E.itou, Manual, 34 ; C cd. 387.— Nuttall, Genera, i,20-J.— llayne, Demi. Fl. 37.— R(rnier& Scbulte8,Sy8t. vi,t>37.— Elliott, Sk. i, 3&=..— Torrey, Fl. U. S. i, 318; Couipend. Fl. N. States, l:i8 ; Fl. N. York, i, 305.— Watstm, Dend. Brit, i, t. 21. — Sprengel, Syst. i,934.— Guiuipel, Otto & Huyuo, Abb. Holz. 125, 1. 102.— Do CaudoUe, Prodr. iv,325.— Hoi>ker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 279.— Beck, Bot. 156.— Don, Miller's Diet, iii, 440.— Spach, Hist. Veg. viii, 311.— London, Arboretum, ii, 1033, I". 7H).— Dietrieh, .Syn. ii, 1011.— Eaton & Wri^bt, Bot. 4:3.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. Amerira, ii, l.''>.— Eigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 123.— Penn. Cyrl. xxvii,294.— Eiiurson.TrecsMassaebusetts.ot)! : 2 ed. ii, 412.— Darliiijjtcm, Fl. Ceptrica,3 ed. 115.— Darby, Hot.S. States, 342. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 171. — Wood, CI. Book, 3y,s; Bot. & Fl. 147. — Engclraann in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xii, 194; Trans. St. Louis .\cad. ii, 269.— Gray, Manual N. States. 5 ed. 206; Syn. Fl. N.America, i^ 12.— Koch, Deudrologie, ii, 62.— Yonug. Bot. Tes.is, 309.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 16.— Maconu in Rep. Geological Surv. Canada, 1875-'76, 198.— Eidgway in Proc. U. S. Xat. Mua. 1882, 68. SHEEPBEEEY. NAKNYBEBEY. Southern shores of Hudson bay west in British America to about longitude 102°, .south through the northern states to southern Indiana and Saint Louis county, Missouri, and along the Alleghany mountains to northern Georgia. A small tree, G to 9 meters in height, with a trunk .sometimes 0.15 to 0.25 meter in diameter; rocky ridges and along borders of streams and swainjjs, in rich, moist soil ; most common and reaching its greatest development far north. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact, emitting a disagreeable odor; medullary rays thin, barelj' dlBtingui.shable ; color, dark orange-brown, the sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.7303; ash, 0.29. 159. — Viburnum prunifolium, Linnajus, Spec. 1 ed. 266. — Marshall, Arbustum, 160. — Wangenheira, Amer. 98. — Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 116. — Aiton, Hort. Kow. i,371; 2 ed. ii, 167.— Willdenow. Spec, i, 1487; Ennm. 326; Berl. Baumz. 530. — Abbot, Insects Georgia, ii, !>3. — Nouveau Dnbamel, ii, 128, t.38.— Schkubr, Hand'). 2:t3. — Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 17''. — Persoon, Syn. i, 326. — Desfontaines. Hist. Arb. i, 344. — Poiret iu Lamarck, Diet, viii, 6.'>3.— Pnrsh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 201. —Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadeph. 39; Compend. Fl. Philadelpb. i, 151.— Nuttall, Genera, i,202.— Riemer & Scbultes, .Syst. vi,631.- Hayne, Dcud. Fl. 37.— Torrey, Fl. U. S. i, 31S; Compend. Fl. N. States, 138.— Elliott, Sk. i, 365.— Sprengel, .Syst. i, 9;J3.— Guimpel, Otto & Hayno, Abb. Holz. 125, 1. 101.— Watson, Dend. Brit, i, t. 23.— Audubon, Birds, t. 23.— DoCandolle.Prodr. iv, 325.— Beck, Bot. 156.— Don, Miller's Diet, iii, 440. —Spach, Hist. Veg. viii, 312.— London, Arboretum, ii, 1034, 1. 193.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-.\ra. ii, 27 9. —Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, ii, 14.— Walpers, Kep. ii, 451. -Darlington, Fl. Cestriea,3 ed. 11.5.— Darby, Bot. .S. States, :J42.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 171.— Wood, CI. Book, '.m ; Bot. &. Fl. 147.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 206; Syn. Fl. N. America, i*, 12. — Engeluiann in Trans. St. Louis Acad, ii, 269. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 62. — Young, Bot. Texas, 30!). — Va«ey,Cat. Forest Trees, 16.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1862, 68.— Watson in Proc. Am. Acad. xviii,96. V. pt/rifolilim, Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, v, 6.')8.— Pursli, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 201.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 202.— Barton, Compend. Fl. Philadelpb. i, 152.— Rojmcr & Schulte.s, Syst. vi, 631.— Hayno, Deud. Fl. 37.— Watson, Dend. Brit, i, t. 22.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i, 345; Cat. Hort. Paris, 3 cd. 404. — De Candolle, Prodr. iv, 325. — Beck, Bot. 156. — Loudon, Arlwretum, ii, 1034, f. 781. 782.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston, 3 ed. 123. V. prunifoliltm, VHT.ferrugineum, Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, ii, 15. BLACK UAW. STAG BUSH. Fairfielil county, Connecti<;ut, valley of the lower Hudsf)n river (Fishkill lauding), south to Uernando county, Florida, and the valley ol the Colorado river, Texas, west to Jlis.soun, Arkansas, and the Indian territory. A small tree, sometimes 0 to 9 meters in height, witli a trunk rarely exceeding 0.15 meter in diaiiu-ti r, or at the north generally reduced to a low, much-branched shrub ; usually on rocky hillsides, in rich .soil. Wood heavy, veiy hard, strong, brittle, close grained, liable to check in drying; medullary rays numerous, verj" ob.scure; color, browti tinged with red, the Maj)-wood nearly white; sjx'cilic, gravity, 0.8332; ash, 0.52. The edible fruit sweet and insi])id ; the tonic and astiingent bark somewhat used in the treatment ot uterine disorders in the form of decoctions or fluid extracts {Boston Med. and Surg. Jowr. October 10, 1867. — U. S. Dispeimatori/, 14 ed. 1783.— ^'(^^ ffittpinnafon/. 2 ed. 1821). CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 95 RUBIAOEiE. 160. — Exostemma Caribaeum, RoBmer & Schultes, Syst. V, 18.— Spreugol, Syst. i,705. — De CandoUe, Prodr. iv, 359. — Don, Miller's Diet, iii, 481. — Dietrich, Syn. i,72-2. — Spacb, Hist. Veg. viii, 395.— Torrey 9 ; Kl. lud. Oic. i, ia4.— Laiuarck, 111. ii, 21S.— r«r.soon, Syu. i, 'JOO.— Poirct, Siippl. ii, 859.— R. — Gray, Syn. Fl. N. America, i-,30. G. Blodgettii, Shuttleworth in herb.— Chapman, Fl. S. Stat9.— Do Candolle, Prodr. vii,729.— Spach, Hi.st. Veg. ix, 498, 1. 139.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.- Am. ii, 41. — Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1407. — Browne, Trees of America, 363. — Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 392; 2 ed. ii. 443 «fe t. — Griffith, Med. Bot. 428, f. 192.— Darlington, Fl. Ccstrica, 3 ed. 172.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 420.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858i 253. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 264. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 99. — Lesquercux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 373.— Wood, CI. Book, 484; Bot. & Fl. 200 .—Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 381.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 298; Syn. Fl. N. America, ii', 38. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 152. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 17. — London Garden, xxii, 6, t. 343. LAUREL. CALICO BUSH. SPOON WOOD. IVY. New Brunswick and the northern shores of lake Erie, south to western Florida, .and through the Gulf states to western Louisiana and the valley of the Ked river, Arkansas (Hot Springs, Lctterman). A small tree, sometimes 9 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to O.GO meter in diameter, or more often a low shrub; rich woodlands; most common and reaching its greatest development in the southern Alleghany mountains, here often forming dense, impenetrable thickets. Wood heavj-, hard, strong, brittle, close-grained, compact; principal medullary rays broad, dark brown, conspicuous, intermediate rajs numerous, thin, inconspicuous; color, brown tinged with red, the sap-wood somewhat lighter; specific gravity, 0.71(iO ; ash, 0.41 ; used for tool handles, in turnery, and for fuel. The leaves, buds, and fruit, rejtutetl poisonous to cattle, are occasionally used medicinally {U. S. Dinpcnmtory, 14 ed. 1662.— Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 798). CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 99 171. — Rhododendron maximum, Liimoias, Sped ed. 391.— Marsliall, Arbiistuiii, 127:— Giertiicr, rruct. i, 'Mi, t. li'i, f. C— Wungcnheini, Amer. 63, t. 22, f. 49.— Alton, Hort. Kew. ii, 67; 2 ed. iii, 50.— Mccuch, MetU. 45.— Lamarck, Diet, vi, 365; 111. 11, 44M, t. :{64, f. 1.— B. S. Barton, Coll. i, 1^1.— Willdenow Spec, il, 60G; Knum.'.451; Bcrl. Baunjz. 3r)7. — Xouveau nnliauicl, 11, 141. — Micbaux, Fl. Bor.-Aiii. 1,259.— Scbkuhr, Handb. 3fi2. Persoon, Syn. i, 478.— Dusfontaiiics, Hist. Arb. 1, 221.— Bot. JIag. t. 951.— Micbaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 144, t. 4; X. Amrrican Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 64, t. 68.— Pursh, I'l. Am. Sept. 1, 297. — Eaton, Manual, 47 ; 6 cd. 301. — Xnttall, Genera, i, 26?. Bigelow, Med. Bot. iii, 101, t. 51 ; PI. Boston. 3 cd. 178.— Klliott, Sk. i, 483.— Haync, Dcnd. PI. 57.— Torrey, PI. U. S. i, 426 ; Compend- Fl. X. SUtes, 194.— Sprongcl, Syst. ii, 292.— Audubon, Birds, t. 103. — Beck, Bot. 220. — Don, Miller's Diet, iii, 843. — London, Arboretum, ii, 1134 f. 932. — Do Caudolle, Prodr. vii, 722.— Hooker, PI. Bor.-Am. il, 43.— Spaeb, Hist. Veg. ix, 503. — Dietricb, Syn. ii, 1404. Eaton &. Wrlgbt, Bot. 391.— Browne, Trees of America, 359.— Emerson, Trees Ma8sacbusetts,384 ; 2 cd. ii, 43o& t.— Griflitb, Med. Bot. 42«. Darlington, PI. Cestrica, 3 ed. 171.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 421.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1658, 253.— Chapman, Fl. 6. States, 265. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 97. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 373. — Wood, CI. Book, 491; Bot. «fe PI. 204.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 360.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 300 ; Syn. Fl. N. America ii', 42.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 169. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 17. B. procerum, Salisbury, Prodr. 287. B. maximum, var. roseum, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. l, 297.— Elliott, Sk. i,484. .E. maximum, var. album, Pursh, Pi. Am. Sept. l, 297.— EUiott, Sk. i, 484. ■■'••" B. maximum, var. purpureum, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 297.— Elliott, Sk. 1, 484. B. purpureum, Don, Miller's Diet, iii, 843.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 1134.— Dietrich, Syn, ii, 1404. B. Purshii, Don, Miller's Diet, iii, 843.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 1135.— Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1404 (var. a/J>um, Pursh, I. f.V GREAT LATJREL. ROSE BAY. Nova Scotia and the iiortberu shores of lake Erie, south through New Eugland, New York, aud along the Alleghany mountains to northern Georgia. A small tree, sometimes 10 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.30 meter in diameter, or often a tall, straggling shrub; at the north in cold swamps; rare; very common and reaching its greatest development in the southern Alleghany mountains, steep, rocky banks of streams, etc.; never on limestone. Wood heavy, hard, strong, brittle, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin : color, light clear brown, the sap-wood lighter ; specific gravity, 0.C303 ; ash, 0.3(j ; occasionally used in turnery for the handles of tools, etc., and a possible substitute for box-wood in engraving. A decoction of the leaves is occasionally nsewn tinged with red and beautifully striped with the darker medullary rays, the sap-wood hanlly distinguishable; specific gravity, 0.8341 ; ash, 0.81. 100 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. • 173- — Ardisia Pickeringia, Nuttall, Sylva, iii,e9,t. 102; 2 ed. ii, 133, t. lOi— A. Do Candollo, Prodr. viii, li4.— Cooper iu Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 264.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 277.— Tase.v.Cat. Forest Trees, 10.— Gray, Syn. Fl. N. America, ii', C5.— Heuisicy, Bot. Am.-Ccut. ii, 294. Ct/rilla pankllhta, Xnttall in Am. Jour. Sci. v,290. Piclerinffia ptmiculata. N'nttall in Jonr. Philadelphia Acad, vii, 1. MARLBEEEY. CHEEEY. Semi-tropical Florida, Mosquito iulet to the southern keys, west coast, Caloosa river to cape Eomano; in the West Indies and southern Mexico. A small tree, sometimes 8 meters iu height, with a trunk rarely 0.15 meter in diameter, or often a shrub; reaching its greatest development iu Florida on the shores of bay Biscayne. TTood heavy, hard, very close-graiued, compact, susceptible of a beautiful j)olish; medullary rays very numerous, ccnspicuous; color, rich brown, beautifully marked with the darker medullary rays, the sap wood a little ligutfr: specific gravity, 0.SG012; ash, 1.85. 174. — ^Jacquinia armillaris, Jacquin, Amer. 53, t. 39.— Linnaus, Spec. 2 ed. 272.— Aitou, Hort. Kew. i,257; 2 ed. ii, 5.— Lamarck, 111. ii, 46, t. 39.— Vahl, Eclog. i,2C.— Swarta, Obs. 85.— Willdenow, Spec, i, 1064 ; Enum. 246.— Persoon, Syn. i, 234.— Rmmer & Schultes, Syst. iv, 490.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 668.— Don, MUler's Diet, iv, 24.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 638.— Bentham, Bot. Sulphur, 123.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. viii, 149.— Miquel iu Martin.s,Fl. Brasil. ix, 282, t. 27.— Cooi.er in Smithsonian Rep. 1858,265.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 276.— Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 397. — Seemann, Jour. Bot. iii, 279. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 19.— Gray, Syn. Fl. N. America, ii', 66. — Hemsley, Bot. Am.-Cent. ii,294. Chrysophylhim Barbasco, Locfling, Iter. 204, 277. JOE WOOD. Semi-tropical Florida, on the southern keys; rare; through the West Indies to Brazil. A low, rigid tree, rarely exceeding iu Florida 4 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.16 meter iu diameter ; in the Bahamas and other West Indian islands probably much larger. Wood heavy, hard, coarse-grained, checking and shrinking badly in drying, containing many scattered large open ducts; medullary rays numerous, broad, conspicuous; color, light clear brown tinged with yellow; specific gravity, 0.G94S; ash, 3.45. The saponaceous leaves sometimes used as a substitute for soap. SAPOTACE^ 175. — Chrysophyllum oliviformc, Lamarck, Diet, i, 552; 111. ii, 42.— Desconrtilz, Fl. Med. Antilles, ii, 71.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. viii, 158.— Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 308.- Gray, Syn. Fl. N. America, ii', 67.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, Suppl. 634. 0. Caneto, ft. Linnajus, 8p. 3 ed. 278 (exel. syn. h(rfling). C. mOTWpyrenum, Swartz, Prodr. 49; Fl. Ind. Occ. i, 480.— Persoon, Syn. i, 236.-Rocmer & Schultes, Syst. iv 703.— Sprt-ngey, Cat. Forest Trees, 18 [not A. De Candolle]. Semi-tropical Florida, cape Can:iveral to flic southern keys (Elliott's Key, No-Name Key, Key Largo), west coast, Caloosa river to cape Sable; rare ; through the West Indies to Brazil. A small tree, .sometimes 0 meters in height, with a trunk 0.1i5 to 0.30 meter in diameter. Wood veiy heavy, liard, strong, clo-sc-graiiied, <'lieeking in drying; medullary rays numerous, not conspicuous; color, light brown .shaded willi red, the thin sap-wood a little lighter; specific gravity, 0.93C0; ash, 1.24. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 101 176. — Sideroxylon Mastichodendron, Jacquin. Coll. ii, 1. 17, f. 5.— Lamarck, 111. ii, 41, 1. 120, f. 2.— Ga;rti)cr f. Fnict. Suppl. 125.— Sprcngel, Syst. i, 6CC.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 622.— A. De Candullo, Prodr. viii, 181.— Griscbach, Fl. British West Indies, 399.— Gray, Syn. Fl. N. America ii', 67. BumcUa pallida, Swarlz, Trodr. 4U; Fl. liid. Occ.4b9. Achras pallida, Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, vi, 533. Bumelia Mastichodendron, Rcenier & Schultes, Syat.lv, 493. S. pallidum, Sprengel, Syst. i, 666.— A. Do Candolle, Prodr. viii, 180.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 274. -Vascy, Cat. For««t Trees, 18. Bumelia fcetidissima, Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 39, t.94 ; 2 ed. ii, 108, t. 94.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 265. Semi-troi)ical Florida, cape Canaveral to the southern keys, west coast, cape Romano to cape Sable ; in the West Indies. A tree often 18 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 meter in diameter ; the largest and most valaable tree of semi-tropical Florida; common. Wood very heavy, exceedingly hard, strong, close grained, checking in drying, containing few scattered small open dncts ; medullary rays numerous, not conspicuous ; color, bright orange, the sap-wood yellow; specific gravity, 1.0109 ; ash, 5.14 ; not afl'ected by the teredo; largely used in ship- and boat-building. The dry fruit, of a pleasant subacid flavor, eagerly eaten by animals. 177. — Dipholis salicifolia, A. De Candolle, Prodr. viii, 188 (Dolessert, Icon. Mex. ined. t. 40).— Richard, Fl. Cuba, t. .'i4'. — Miqnel in Martins, Fl. Brasil. vii, 45, 1. 18. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 274.— Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 401.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 18.— Gray, Syn. Fl. N. America ii', 67. Achras salicifolia, Liunasus, Spec. 2 ed.470. Bumelia salicifolia, Swartz, Prodr. 50 ; Fl. Ind. Occ. i, 491.— Lamarck, 111. ii, 42.— WiUdenow, Spec, i, 10S6.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2 cd. ii, 12. — Roomer & Schultes, Syst. iv, 494. — Dietrich, Syn. 1, 621. Sideroxylon salicifolium, Gaertner f. Fruct. Suppl. 124, t. 202.— Lamarck, 111. ii, 42. BUSTIC. OASSADA. Semi-tropical Florida, bay Biscayue to the southern keys ; through the West Indies to Brazil. A tree sometimes 15 meters in height, with a trunk rarely O.GO meter in diameter ; the large trees hollow and defective; rare. Wood very heavy, exceedingly hard, very strong, close-grained, compact, checking in drying, susceptible of a beautiful polish, containing mauy scattered large open ducts ; color, dark brown or red, the sap-wood lighter ; specific gravity, 0.931G ; ash, 0.32. , 178. — Bumelia tenax, Willdcnow. Spec, i, 1088; Enum. 248; Borl. Bauniz. 67.— Aitou, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. ii, 12.— Rtemer & Schultes, Syst. iv, 496.— Elliott, Sk. i, 288.— Porsoou.Syn. i,237.- Hayno.Dend. Fl. 18.— Sprengel, Syst. i,664.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 60.— Don, Miller's Diet, iv, 30.— London, Arboretum, ii, 1193, f. 1017.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 021.— Spach, Hist. Vog. ix, 388.— Eaton & Wright. Bot. 162.— Xuttall, Sylva, iii, 35, t, 92 ; 2 ed. ii, 104, t. 92.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. viii, 196.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 428.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1S5?, 253.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 275.— Wood, CI. Book, .lOl ; Bot. & Fl. 210.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 19.— Gray, Sya. Fl. N. America, ii', 68. Sideroxylon tenax, Liummis, Mant. 48.— Jacquin, Coll. ii, 252.— Lamarck, Diet. i,245 ; 111. ii, 42.— Aiton, Hort. Kow, i,262.— Swartz, Obs. 91. — Uosl'ontaiues, Hist. Arb. i, 201. — Robin, Voyages, iii, 461. Sideroxylon Carolincnse, .lacquiu, Obs. iii, 3, t. 54. Sideroxylon sericeitm, Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 100. Sideroxylon chrysophylloidcs, Michaux, Fl. Hor.-Am. i, 123.— Ralinesqiie, Fl. Ludoviciana, 53. B. chrysophylloides, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 155.— Nuttall, Genera, i, Ui.").— Watson, Dcnd. Brit, i, 1. 10. ?B. revlinata, Chapman, Fl. S. States, 275 [not Venteual]. 102 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. North Caroliua, soutli near the eoast to cape Canaveral and Cedar Keys, Florida. A small tree, t» to 9 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.ir» n)eter in diameter; sandy soil. Wood heavy, hard, not strong, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a beautiful polish; well characterized, as in all the North American species, by large open ducts, defining, with several rows, the rings of annual growth, and connected by conspicuous branching groups of similar ducts, giving to a cross-section a beautifully reticulated appearance ; medullary rays nnmerous, thin ; color, light brown streaked with white, the sap-wood lighter ; specific gravity, 0.7293; ash, 0.7S. 179. — Bumelia lanuginosa, Pereooa, Syn. i, 237.— Pursb, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 155.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 135.— Roemer & Schultes, Syst. iv, 497.— Elliott, Sk. i, 288.— Eaton, Manual, C ed. CO.— Don, Millers Diet, iv, 30.— Loiulon, Arboretum, ii, 1194.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 162.— A. De CandoUo, Proilr. viii, 190.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 428.— Cooper in Smithsonian IJep. 18.'>8,253.— Cliai)man, Fl. S. State.'!,275. — Lesqiiereux in Owen's 2il Rep. ATkan8a«,374.— Wood, CI. Book, 501; Bot. & Fl. 210. —Gray, Manual N. States, 5 cd. 308; Hall's PI. Texas, 15; Syn. Fl. N. America, ii', 68.— Young, Bot. Texas, 377.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 19. fSiderorylon tenax, Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 100. Sideroxylon lanuginosum, Michaux, Fl.Bor.-Am.i,l22. fB. ohlongifoUa, Nuttal],Genera, i, 135; Sylva,iii,33; 2 ed.ii, 102.— Sprengel, Syst. i,6C4.— Eaton, Manual, Ced. CO.— Eaton & Wright, Sot. 162.— Don, Miller's Diet, iv, 30.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 1194.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 621.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. viii, 190. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 374. B. femtginen, Xuttall, Sylva,iii,34; 2cd. ii,103. B. tomentosa, A. De Candolle, Prodr. viii, 190. B. arborea, Buckley iu Proc. Philadelphia Acad. 1861,461. Gtrai ELASTIC. SHITTIM WOOD. Georgia and northern Florida to ^Mobile bay, Alabama; southern Illinois and southern Missouri, through Arkansas to the vaUey of the Eio Grande, Texas (Eagle pass, Uavard) [B. oblongi/olia). An evergreen tree, sometimes 18 meters in height, with a trunk 0.90 meter in diameter, or in the Atlantic states mnch smaller, rarely exceeding G meters in height ; common and reaching its greatest development in the rich bottom lauds of eastern Texas. A low, depres.sed form of the sand-hills of the Altainaha river, Georgia, still to be rediscovered, with small leaves and "edible fruit as large as a small date", is var. macrocarpa, Gray, Syn. Fl. N. America, ii', 68 {B. macrocarpa, Nnttall, Sylva, iii, 37; 2 ed. ii, 106). Wood heavy, soft, weak, close-grained, very compact, the open ducts conspicuous; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light brown or yellow, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.6544; ash, 1.23; somewhat used in cabinet-making, for which it is well suited. A clear, very viscid gum exuded from the freshly-cut wood is sometimes used domestically. 180. — Bumelia spinosa, A. Do Candolle, Prodr. viii, 191 (Deles-sert, Icon. Mr-x. iiinl. t. 75).— Hcnifilcy^ot. Am. -Cent, ii, 299.— Watson in Proc. Am. Acad, xviii, 112. Santa Catalina mountains, Arizona, at an elevation of 2,700 feet {Fringle) ; Parras and Saltillo, Mexico {Palmer, No. 787). A small tree, 0 to 7 meters in lieight, with a trunk 0.20 to 0.25 meter in diameter; dry, gravelly soil, near water-courses. Wood heavj-, hard, very clo.segraincd, coiiiijact, the ojjcu ducts conspicuous; medullary rays thin, obscure; color, light rich brown or yellow, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity. 0.0003; a.sh, 1.21. 181. — Bumelia lycioides, Gmrtncr f. Fmct. Snppl. 127, 1. 120.— Pemoon, Syn. i, 237.— Willdcnow, Euum. 249 ; Bcrl. Baumz. 68.- Pursli, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 2.'57.— Nuttall, Genera. i, 135 ; .Sylva, iii, 31, t. 91 ; 2 cd. ii, 101, t. 01.— Rl.— Eaton, M.innal, Ced. CO.— Don, MillcHH Diet, iv, 30.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 1193, f. 1010.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 621.— Spacb, Hist. Veg. ix.:W8.-Eaton & Wright, Bot. 1C2.—A. De Candolle, Prodr. viii, 189.— Grinilli, Med. Hot. 441.— Darl)y, Bot. S. States, 427.— Cooper in Smithsonian R<-p. 18.58, 2.53.- Chapman, Fl. S. States, 27.5.— Lesfpureux in Owen's 2d Ii'cp. Arkansus, 374.— Wood, CI. Book, 501 ; Bot. & Fl. 210.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 cd. 308; Syn. Fl. N. America, ii',C8.— Young, Cot. Texas, 37C.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 19.- Hemslcy, Bot. Am. -Cent. ii. 298. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 103 Sideroxylon lycioides, Linnajns, Ilort. Cliff. 488 (excl. lial).).— Lamarck. Diet, i, 246; 111. ii, 42.— Alton, Hort. Kew. i, 262 ; 3 ed. ii, I'S. — Willdeuow, Spec, i, 1090. — Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 122. — Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 155. — Jaame St. Hilsire, Fl. & Pom. Am. Franc, t. 81. Sideroxylon decanclrum, Liunicas, Mant. 48.— Willdcnow, Spec. 1, 1091. Syderoxylon lave, Walter, Fl. Caroliniaua, 100. IRON WOOD. SOUTHEEN BUCKTHORN. Coast of Virginia and .southern Illinois, south to Mosqnito inlet and Caloosa river, Florida, and tbroagh southern Missouri, Arkausas, and Texas to the valley of the Eio Concho, Texas. A small tree, sometimes 9 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.15 meter in diameter ; low, rich soil, or often, in the Atlantic and Gulf states, a low, semi-prostrate shrub, described as — var. reclinatum, Gray, Syn. Fl. N. America, ii', 68. Sideroxylon reclinatum, Michanx.Fl. Bor.-Am. 1,122. B. reelinata, Ventenat, Choix, t.22.— Persoon, Syii.i,237.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, I'S.— Rocmer &, S. intermedia, Hort.— Loudon, Gard. Mag. 1841,394. PERSIMMON. Lighthouse point, New Haven, Connecticut, Long Ishintl, New Torlc, and southward to bay Bi.so^ayne and the Caloo.sa river, Florida, southern Alabama and Mississippi; southern Ohio to southeastern Iowa, southern Missouri, Arkansa.s, eastern Kansas, the Indian territory, and the valley of the Colorado river, Texas. A tree 10 to 20 or, exceptionally, 30 to 35 meters in height (Ridgway), with a trunk sometimes O.CO meter in diameter ; very common and often entirely occupying abandoned fields throughout the middle and lower regions of the southern Atlantic and Gulf states, reaching its greatest development in the rich bottom lands of the lower Ohio basin. Wood heavy, hard, strong, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a high polish, contaiuing few scattered, open ducts, the rings of animal .growth marked by one or more rows of similar ducts; medullary rays numerous, con8i)icuon8 ; color, dark brown, or often nearly bhiek, the thick sap-wood light brown, often containing numerous darker spots; specific gravity of the sajj-wood, O.TilO.S; ash, O.ltC; used in turnery for shoe-lasts, i)lanestocks, etc., and preferred for sliuttles; the dark heart-wood only developed in very old specimens and rarely seen. The yellow edible fruit exceedingly austere until after frost, then becoming sweet and luscious, or in the Gulf states riix-ning in August without austerity; sometimes u.sed domestically, fermented with hops, corn-meal, or wheat bran, as a beverage unrler the name of "simmon beer". A decoction of the bitter and astringent unripe fruit and inner bark occasionally u.sed in the treatment of diarrha-a, sore throat, hemorrhage, etc. (Ii. Ii. Smith in Am. Jour. Pliarm. October, 184G, 215.— ■/. K Bryan in same, May, 1860, 215.— C. S. Dinpensatory, 14 ed. 380.— .V«<. IUHpcnsalory, 2 ed. 514). CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 105 185. — Diospyros Texana, Scbcrle, Linnaja, xxii, 145; RcDnicr, Texas, 441; Appx. 763.— WalpcTB, Ann. iii, 14.— Torrey, Bof. Mex. Boundary Sarvty, 109.— Cooper in Suiithaoiiian Rep. 1858, •JGG.— Young, Bot. Texas, 370.— Hieru in TronB. Cambridge Phil. Soc.xii', 238. -Gray, Hall's PLTexaa, 15; Syn. FI. N. America, ii', 70.— Vasoy, Cat. Forest TrccH, 18.— Homeley, Bot. Am. -Cent, ii, 300. BLACK PERSIMMON. MEXICAN PERS13DIOX. CHAPOTE. Westeru Texas, Matagorda bay to tbc vallej' of the Concho river ; .southward into northern Mexico. A small tree, 4 to 10 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes O..'j0 meter in diameter, or more often a low shrub; not rare, and reaching its greatest development in Texas along the rich bottoms of the Guadalnin; river ; borders of prairies, in rich soil ; in Mexico more common and of larger size. Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact, satiny, taking a beautiful polish, containing few minate, scattered, oj)en ducts; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, nearly black, often streaked with yellow, the thick sap-wood clear bright jellow; specific gravitj", 0.S4G0; ash, 3.;>3; u.sed in turnery for the handles of toohj, etc, suitable for wood-engraving, and probably the best substitute among American woods for box-wood. The small black fruit sweet and insipid. STYRACACEiE. 186. — Symplocos tinctoria, L'Heritier, Trans. Linnaean Soc. i, 176. — Willdenow, Spec, iii, 1436. — Aiton, Hort. Kew. iv, 419. — Sprengel, Syst. iii, 339.— Don, Miller's Diet, ir^ 2.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. viii, 254.— Cooper in Smithsoni.-in Rep. 1858, 253.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 272.— Cnrtis in Rep. Geological Snrv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 65.— Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 374.— Wood, CI. Book, 499; Bot. i FL209.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 'MO; Syn. Fl. N. America, ii', 71.— Young, Bot. Texas, 374.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 18. Hojpea tinctoria, Linnaeus, Mant. 105.— Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 189.— Miclianx, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 42.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 72.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i, 217.— Gajrtner f. Fruct. Suppl. 146, t.209, f.2.— Robin, Voyages, iii, 419.— Michaui f. Hirt. Arb. Aiii.iii,61,t. 9; N.American Sylva, 3 ed.iii, 45, 1. 117.— Pursb, Fl. Am. Sept.ii, 451.— Nnti.iU, Genera, ii, 63.- Elliott, Sk. ii, 173.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 176.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ix, 420.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 272.— Darby. Bot. S. States, 425.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 388. HORSE SUGAR. SWEET LEAF. Southern Delaware, soutii to about latitude 30° in Florida, and west through the Gulf states to western Louisiana and southern Arkansas (Malvern, Texarkana, Letterman). A small tree, G to 10 meters in height, with a trunk 0.20 to 0.25 meter in diameter, or often a low shrub; borders of cyi)ress swamps or in deep, damp, shaded woods. Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, checking in drying; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light red, or often nearly white, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.5325; ash, O.OS. Leaves sweet, greedily eaten by cattle and horses, and yielding, as does also the bark, a yellow dye. 187. — Halesia diptera, Liunieus, Spec.2ed. 636. — Marshall, Arbustum,. 57.— Lamarck. Diet. ii,fH). — Willdenow, Spec. ii,849; Enuni.49G; Berl. Banmi. 171.— CavonillMi, Diss, yi, 338, t. 187. — Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 40. — Per.soon, Syn. ii, 4. — Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. iii, 143. — Konveaii Dnhamel, T, 144.— Pur.sh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 450.— Niittall, G.-nerii, ii, 83.— Elliott, Sk. i, 508.— Hayno, Dond. Fl. tW.- Loddigee. Bot. Cab. t. 1172.— Sprengel, Syst. iii, 84.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 164.— Don, Miller's Diet, iv, 7.— Louilon, Arboretum, ii, 1191, f. 1014.— Spaeh, Hist. Vog. ix, 426.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 260.— A. Do Candolle, Prodr. viii, 270.— Miers, Contrib. i, 19;}.- Darby, Bot. S. States. 425.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1&-.8, 253.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 271.— Wood, CI. Book, 499; Bot. & Fl. 209.— Koch, Dendrologio, ii, 201. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 18. — Gray, Syn. FI.N. America, ii', 71. H. reticulata, Buokloy in Proo. Philadelphia Acad. 1860, 444. SNOW-DKOr TREE. SILVEKBELL TREE. South Carolina to northern Florida, near the coast, and west through the lower ivgion of the Gulf states to eastern Texas and Garland county, Arkansas {Ilarrctf). A small tree, sometimes (5 to 10 meters in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.20 meter in diameter, or often a shrub sending uji many clustered stems from the root; borders of swami>s, in low, wet woods. Wood light, .>ott, strong, very close grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, thin: color, light br»>wn. the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.5705; ash, 0.-12. 106 FOREST TREES OF XORTH AMERICA. 188. — Halesia tetraptera, Linnaeus, Bptt^a ed.636.— Marshall, Arbustuni, 57. — Ga-rtuor. Friu-t. i, 1(<0. t. :«. f. 2.— Lamarck, Diet, ii, 66 ; 111. ii, 5-il, t. 404,f. 1.— Aitrvu.Hort. Kew. ii, 123; *2 ed. iii, 143.— Mcpnch, Meth. 507. —Abbot, Insects Georgia i, t. 46.- Willdenow, Spec, ii, 849; Ennm. 4%; Berl. R^nmF- 170. — Cavanilles, Diss, vi, 33;?. t. l^..^Mieliaux, Fl. Bor.-Aiu. ii, 40. — Pereoon, S\ti. ii, 4. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i, 216. — Xonvean Dnhamel.v, 143, t,45.— Piireh, FI. Am. Sept. ii, 449.— Xnttall, Genera, ii, S>.—Bot. Mag. t. 910.— Elliott, Sk. i, 507.— Hayne. Dend. Fl. 66.— Loddiges, Bot. Cab. 1. 1173. — Spreugel, Syst. iii. S4. — Guimpol, Otto & H.iyne, Abb. Holz. 43, t. 35.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 164.- Don, Millers Diet. iv. 6.— London, Arboretum, ii, 1190, f. 1012, t. 196, 197.— Spaeh, Hist. Veg. ix, 426.— Eaton & Wright, Boi, 260. — A. De CandoUe, Pnxlr. viii, 270.— Browne, Trees of America, 366.— Miers, Contrib. i, 191, t. 93.— Darby, Hot, S. States, 425.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. Ii558, 25;?.- Agardh, Theor. Jt Syst. PI. t.22, f. 16, 17.- Chapman, Fl. S. States, 271.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Snrv. X. Carolina. 1J«Q, iii, tfO.— Wood, CI. Book, 499; Bot. & Fl. 209.— Orsted in Saerskitt. Aftryk. af Nat. For. Viden. Meddtlt. No?. 1-6. l!«i6. 89, f. 2.— Gray, Manual X. States, 5 ed. 310; Syn. Fl. N. America, ii', 71.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii. 199.— Young. Bot. Texas, 374.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Tn^-es, 18. EATTLEBOX. S>fOW-DBOP TEEE. SILTEE-BELL TBEE. CALICO WOOD. Moantains of West Virginia to sontbern Illinois, south to middle Florida, central Alabama and Mississippi, and through Arkansas to western Louisiana and eastern Texas. A tree 10 to 15 meters in height, with a trunk rarely O.GO meter in diameter, or often a tall shrub; generally along streams, in rich soil ; most common and reaching its greatest development in the southern Alleghany moantains; common in cultivation. Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light brown, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.562$; ash, 0.40. KOTK. — Halftia parrHlora, Michaus. of southern Georgia, and Florida, does not attain the size or habit of a tree. OLEACEiE. 189. — Fraxinus Greggii, Gray, PracAm. Acad. rii. 64: Syn. FI. K. America, ii', 74. — Hemslcy, Bot. Am. -Cent, ii, 305. jP. Schifdfana, var. parri/oJia, Torrey, Bot. Mes. Bonndary Survey, 16C. Western Texas, valley of the Rio Grande, from the San Pedro to the Pecos river ; southward into Mexico. A small tree, sometimes 7 to 9 meters in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.15 meter in diameter (Lampasas mountains, Mexico, Buckley), or often a graeoful shrub; limestone soil. Wood heavy, hard, verj- close-grained, compact; layers of annual growth and medullary rays obscure; color, brown, the sap-wowl lighter; specific gravity, 0.7004; ash, 0.93. 190. — Fraxinus anomala, Torrey; Wat»on in King's Rep. v, 283. — Parry in Am. Xat. ix, 203. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Treea, 20. — Gray, Syn. Fl. N. America, ii', 74. Southwestern Colorado, McElmo river [Brandegce), southern Utah, Kanawa, Leeds, Silver Ijeaf, Labyrinth canon of the Colorado river, valley of the IJio Virgen, mar Saint George. A small tree, sometimes C meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 meter in diameter, with the habit of a dwarf pear tree; common on elevated sandstone mej*ii« and plateaus. Wood heavy, hard, coarsegrained, containing many large, open, scattered ducts, the layers of annual growth marked by several rows of similar ducts; medullarj- rays numerous, thin ; color, light brown, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity. 0.0507: a.sh, 0.85. 191. — Fraxinus pistaciaefolia, Torrey, Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 12e ; Bot. Mex. Boundary Sur\ey, 166.- Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1658, 260.— Gray, Hall's PI. Texas, 19; Syn. Fl. N. America, ii', 74. —Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 20.— Rusby in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, ix, 54.— Hemslcy, Bot. Am. Cent, ii, 3C6. — Wataon in Proc. .im. Acad, xviii, 113. J^. relutina, Torrey in Emory s Rep. 149. F. coriac^o, Watson in Am. Xat. vii, 302, in part.— Rothrock in Wheeler's Rep. vi, 186, t. 22.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Treea, 20. F. pistaciafolia, var. CoriaceOj Gray, Syn. Kl. X. America, ii', 74. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 107 Mountains of western Texas, tbrougli southern New Mexico, soutliem and eastern Ar)7x>na, to Boatbern Nevada (Ash Meadows, liothroch) ; in northeni Mexico. A small tree, 10 to 12 meters in lieight, with a trunk rarely 0.4.5 meter in diameter; generally along borders of streams, in elevated canons, less commonly in dry soil, the foliage then thick and coriaceon.s or, more rarely, velvety tomentose (var. coriacca, Qray, I. c.) ; the large specimens generally hollow and defective. "Wood heavy, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, light brown, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.6810; ash, O.OU; occasionally u.sed in wagon-building, for ax handles, etc 192. — Fraxinus Americana, Linna;ii», Spec. 2ed. 1510.— Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 'XA.—Wton, linn. Kow. iii, 44.t; 2 ed. v, 476.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 1102; Enmn. 1000; Berl. Baumz. 145.— Muhlenberg & Willdenow in Nene .Schriftcn Gesell. Nat. Fr. Berlin, iii, 303. — Vahl Ennm. i,49.— Peraoon.Syn. ii, 604. — Desfontainea, Hist. Arb. i,102. — Notivean Dnhamel, iv, 6:5. — MIcbanx f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, IOC, t. H; X. American 8yW», 3ed. iii, 49, t. lie (excl. fruit).— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadclph. 07; Compend. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 192.— Eaton, Mannal. 114.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 221.— Cobbett, WoodLinds, 131.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 95.— Beck, Bot. 232.— London, Arljoretnm, ii, 1232, f. 1056 & t.— Pcnn. Cyel. x, 455.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 408.— Hooker, 11. Bor.-Am. ii, 51.— Torrey, Fl. N. York, ii, 125, t. 89.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. viii, 177. — Browne, Trees of America, 394. — Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 233. — Cooper in Smithsonian Bep. 1858, 253.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 369.— Curtis in Geological Rep. \. Carolina, 18f;0, iii, 54.— Wood, CI. Book, 597; Bot. &. Fl. 277. — Lesquercux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 382. — Engelmann in Tran.s. Am. Phil. .Soc. new scr. xii, 206. — Porcher, Kemnrcea S. Forests, 404.— Gray, M.innal N. States, 5 ed. 401 ; Hall's PI. Texas, 19; Syn. Fl. N. America, ii', 74.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 252.— Young, Bot. Texas, 452.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 20.— Maconn in Geological Kep. Canada, 1875-'76, 207.— Sears in Boll. Essex Inst, xiii, 177.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 52«.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mns. 1882, 68. F. Caroliniensis, Wangenheim, Amer. 81. F. alba, Marshall, Arbnstnm,51.— Hayne.Dend. F1.223. F. acuminata, Lamarck, Diet, ii, 542.— Bosc in Mem. Inst. 1808, 205.— Pnr8h,Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 9.— Nut tall, Genera, ii,231; Sylva, iii, 64 ; 2 ed. ii, 129.— H.iyne, Dend. Fl. 220.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 672.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 95.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 371 ; Nicollet's Rep. 15'J.— Ea'mer & Schnltes, Syst. iii, 277.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 2 ed. 8.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 148.— Beck, Bot. 232.— Don, Miller's Diet, iv, 56.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 247.— Emerson, Trees Manachiuetta, 333; 2 ed. ii, 376 & t.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 429.— Porcher, Resonrces S. Forests, 494. f F. juglandifolia, Lamarck, Diet, ii, .542.— Bosc in Mem. Inst. 1808, 208.— Desfontaines, Hist.Aib. i, 103.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 221.— Beck, Bot. 232. —Don, Miller's Dicf.iv,.55. F. Canadensis, Gartner, Fruct.i, 222, t. 49. F. epiptera, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 256.— Vahl, Enum.i, 50.— Willdenow, Spec. iv,1102; Berl. Banmz. 147.— Persoon, Syn. ii,G03— Desfont.iiues, Hist. Arb. i, 103.— Poiret, Snppl. ii,671.— Nnttall, Genera, ii,231.— Pnrsh, Fl. Am. Sept. t, 8.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 672.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 06.— Rmraerdt Schnltes, Syst. 278.— Eaton, Mannal, 6ed. 148.— Don, Miller's Diet, iv, 55. — Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 12:57. — Penn. Cycl. x, 455.— Eaton ch,Deudrologie, ii,253. F. nigra, Du Roi, Harbk.2 ed.i,398 [not Marshall]. F. pubescens, var. longi/olia, Willdeuow, Spec, iv, 1104.— Vabl, Enum. i, 52.— Pureh.Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 9.— Loddiges, Cat. ed. 1836.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 1233.— A. De Caudollo, Prodr. viii, 278. F. pubescens, var. latifoliu, Willdeuow, Spec, iv, 1104.— Vahl, Enum. i, 52.— Pnrsb, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 9.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 223.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 148.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 1233.— A. De CandoUe, Prodr. viii, 278. F. pubescens, var. subpubescens, Pcrsoon, Syn. ii, 605.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 9.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 148.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 1234. — A. De Candolle, Prodr. viii, 278. — Browne, Trees of America, 395. F. longi/olia, Bosc in Mem. Inst. 1808, 209. F. SUbvillosa, Bosc in Mem. Inst. 1808, 209. F. tomentosa, Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 112, t. 9; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 63, t. 119.— Barton, Compend. FL Pbihidelph. ii, 192. jP. Americana, va,r. pubescenn, Browne, Trees of America, 39c. F. Oblongocarpa, Buckley in Proc. Pbila, 207.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 49.— Hemsley, Bot. Am. -Cent, ii, 305. — Burgess in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vii, 95. F. juglandifolia, Willdenow, Spec, iv, 1104; Enum. 1060; Berl. Banmz. 140 [not Lamarck].— Vahl, Enum. i, 50.— PcrBoon, Syn. ii, 604.— Nouveau Duhamel, iv, 63, t. 16.— Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 476.— Pursli, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 9.— Eoemer & Scbultes, Syst. i, 278 ; iii, Suppl. 255.— Eaton, Mauual, 114.— Spreugel, Syst. i, 95.— Torrey, Compeud. Fl. N'. States, 371.— Beck, Bot. 233.— Don, Miller's Diet, iv, 55.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 1236, f. 1061, 1062 & t.— Eaton & ■«■ right, Bot. 247.— Gray, Manual N. States, 1 ed. 373. fF. Caroliniana, Willdenow, Spec, iv, 1103; Enum. 1060; Berl. Baumz. 148.— Vahl, Eunni. i, 51.— Du Roi, Harbk. 2 ed. i, 400.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 605.— Desfoutaines, Hist. Arb. i, 103.— Nouveau Duhamel, iv, 62.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 9.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 231.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 673.— H.ayne, Dend. Fl. 223.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 95.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 148.— Don, Millei-'s Diet, iv, 55.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 147.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 429. F. juglandifolia, var. nubintegerrima, Vahl, Enum. i, 50. F. erpansa, willdenow, Berl. Baumz. 150.— Roemer & Schultes, Syst. i, 279.— Don, Miller's Diet, iv, ."to.— London, Arboretum, ii, 1238. — A. De CandoUe, Prodr. viii, 278. — Browne, Trees of America, 399. .F. Americana, var. juglandifolia, Browne, Trees of America, 398. F. Novw-Anglice, Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 251 [not MUler nor Wangenheim] GREEN ASH. Shores of lake Champlain, Tiverton, Rhode Island, and southward to northern Florida, west to the valley of the Saskatchewan, the eastern ranges of the Kocky mountains of Montana, the Wahsatch mountains of Utah, and the ranges of eastern and northern Arizona. A tree 15 to 18 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding O.GO meter in diameter ; borders of streams or in low, rather moist soil; at the west confined to the bottom lands of the large streams and to high mountain canons. Wood heavy, hard, strong, brittle, rather coar.se-grained, compact, satiny, containing numerous scattered, small, open ducts, the layers of annual growth marked by several rows of larger ducts; medullary rays numemus, obscure ; color, brown, the sap-wood lighter ; specific gravity, 0.7117 ; ash, 0.65; inferior in quality, although often used as a substitute for white ash. Var. Berlandieriana, Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 160.— Gr.iy, Syn. Fl. N. America, ii>, 75.— Hemsley, Bot. Am. -Cent, ii, 305.— Wi>tson in Proc. Am. Acad, sviii, 113. F. Berlandieriana, Do Candollo, Prodr. viii, 278. F. trialata, Buckley iu Proo. Philadelphia Acad. 1862, 5. Texas, west of the Colorado river; southward into northern Mexico. A small tree, 9 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.30 meter in diaiiicter ; borders of streams, in low, rich soil. Wood light, .solt, rather dose grained, compact, containing few small, scattered, open duets, the layers of amiual growth clearly marked by one or two rows of larger ducts; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, light brown, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.5780; ash, 0.54. 110 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. 196. — Fraxinus platycarpa, Micbaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 256.— Vahl, Enum. i, 49. — Persoon, Sy n. ii, (305. — Dcsfoutaiucs, Hist. Arb. i, 103. — Nouveau Duliamel, iv, 64. — Micbaux f. HLst. Arb. Ani.iii,l-25, 1. 13; N. American S.vlva. 3 ed. iii, 63, t. 124.— Poirot, Supiil. ii, 671.— Pursb, Fl. Am. Sept. i,9.— Roemer & Scbultes, Syst. i,27?.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 231. — Hayne, Demi. I'l. 22o. — Elliott, Sk. ii, 673. — Sitrengel.Syst, i, 96. —Eaton, Manual, 6ed. 149.— Don, Miller's Diet, iv, .55.— Eaton & Wright, Bot, 247.— A. De Camlolle, Proilr. viii, 277.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 429.— Cooper in Smithsonian Kep. 165?, 253.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 370.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 53. — Lesqucrens in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 382.— Wood, CI. Book, 593 ; Bot. & Fl. 277.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 402 ; Syn. Fl. K. America, ii', 75.— Young, Bot. Texas, 453. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 20. tF. CaroUniana, Miller, Diet. No.6.— Lamarck, Diet, ii, 518.— Ra-mer* Schultes, Syst. i, 278.— Don, Miller's Diet, iv, 55.— Loudon, .irboretum, ii, 1237. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 258. F. excelsior, Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 254 [not Linnaeus]. F. Americana, Marshall, Arbnstum.SO [not Linnaius]. F. pallida, Bosc in Mem. Inst. 1808, 209. F. pubescens, Bosc in Mem. Inst. 1808, 210 [not Lamarck]. F. triptera, Xuttall, Genera, ii,232 ; Sylva, iii, 62, 1. 100; 2 ed. 127, 1. 100.— EUiott, Sk. ii, 674.— Don, Miller's Diet, iv,56.- Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 1240.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. viii, 274.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 429. F. curridens, Hoffmannsegg, Verz. d. Pflanzenknlt. 29. F. pauciflora, Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 61, t.lOO; 2 ed. u, 126, t. 100. F. Americana, var. Caroliniana, Browne, Trees of America, 398 F. Americana, var. triptera, Browne, Trees of America, 399. F. Ifuttallii, Buckley in Proc. PhUadelphia Acad. 1860, 444. F. nigrescens, Buckley in Proc. Philadelphia Acad. 1862, 5. WATER ASH. Soutbeastem Virginia, soutli near the coast to cape Canaveral and the Caloosa river, Florida, west through the Galf states to the valley of the Sabine river, Texas, and the Washita river, southwestern Arkansas ; in the West Indies. A small tree, 9 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.30 meter in diameter; deep river swamps. Wood very light, soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained, compact, the open ducts not conspicuous; medullary rays few, obscure; color, nearly white, or .sometimes tinged with yellow, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.3541 ; ash, 0.73. 196. — Fraxinus quadrangulata, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 255. — Willdenow, Spec, iv, 1104. — Vahl, Enum. i, 50. — Persoon, Syn. ii, 605. — Bosc inMem. Inst. 1808, 211. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i, 103.— Nonvcan Duhamel, iv, 64.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 118, t. 11 ; 2 ed. iii, 61, t. 123.— Poiret, Suppl. ii, 671.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 8.— Rcemer &, Schultes, Syst. i, 278.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 231.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 223.— Sprengol, Syst. i, 96.- Eaton, Manual, 6 cd. 149.— Don, Miller's Diet, iv, 55. — Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 1235, f. 1059, 1060.— Spach, Hist. Vcg. viii, 29e.— I'eun. Cycl. i, 45.J. — Eaton & Wright, Bot. 247. — A. Dc Candolle, Prodr. viii, 278. — Cooper iu Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 254. — Chapman, Fl. 8. States, 370. — Lc8mcr& Schultos, Syst. i, 279.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 231.— Barton, Compend. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 192.— Hayue, Deud. Fl. 221.— Torrey, Compeud. Fl. N. States, 371 ; Fl. N. York, ii, 126.— Beck, Bot. 232.-Eaton, Manual, 6 od. 148.— Don, Miller's Diet, iv, 54. —London, Arboretum, ii, 1234, f. 1057, 1058.— Spach, Hist. Veg. vui, 299.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 50.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 147.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. viii, 278.— Emerson, Trees M.issachusetts, 338; 2 ed. ii.381 & t.— D.irlington, Fl. Ce8trica,3 ed. 239.— Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 253.— Lesqucreux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkans.is, 382. — Wootl.Cl. Book, 598; Bot. & Fl. 277.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 4t>2; Syn. Fl. N. America, ii', 76.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 20.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 69.— Bell in Geological Kep. Canada, 1879-'80, 46=. F. nigra, Marshall, Arbustum, 51. F. Novce-Anglia, Wangoulieiui,Amer.51. F. crispa, iiort. F. savibucifolia, var. crispa, Loddiges, Cat. 1836.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 1234. F. Americana, var. sambucifolia, Browne, Trees of America, 393- BLACK ASH. HOOP ASH. GROUND ASU. Southern Newfoundland, along the northern shores of the gulf of Saint Lawrence, southwesterly to thee.isteru shores of lake Winnipeg, south through the uorthoni states to New Castle county, Delaware, the mount;uns of Virginia, southern Illinois, and northwestern Arkansas. A tree 25 to 30 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.00 meter in dianteter: swamps and low river banks; the most northern representative of the genus in America. AVood heavy, soft, not strong, tough, rather coarse-grained, compact, diuablo. separating easily into thin layers; layers of annual growth strongly marked by several rows of large open ducts: medullary rays inimerous, 112 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMEKIOA. thin; color, dark biowu, the sap-wood lijjht brown, or often nearly white; speuiUc gravity, 0.G31S; ash, 0.72; specific gravity of the heavier sap-wood, 0.7405; largely used for interior linish, fencing, barrel hoops, in cabinet- making, and the manufacture of baskets. Note. — tYaxiuua diprlala. Hooker & Ariiott, of tlie California Coast ranges aiul tbi- wi-storii slopes of the southern Sierr.i Novadas, and /'. cufpidiila, Torrcy, of the vuUe.v of the Kio Grande, do not attain arborescent habit or diineusious. The following, characti-rized by Bosc in Mem. lust. l!;Ot-, mainly from the foliasic of j;urdeu specimens of supposed North Amcricaa origin, cannot be safely referred to our species : /'. alba, cinena, illiptica, j'usca, viixta, nigra, oiata, pannosa, 2>ulccrulenta, Hichardi, rubicunda, and ru/a. 199. — Forestiera acuminata, Poiret, Soppl. ii, 664. — Hayne, Dend. Fl. 194. — Nuttall in Trans. Ani. Phil. Sec. new ser. v, 17G. — Toriey in Nicollet's Kep. 154. — Engelniann & Gray in Jour. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, v, 262. — Chapman, VI. S. States, 370. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Eep. Arkansas, 382. — Wood, CI. Book, 600; Bot. & Fl. 277.— Gray, Manual N. States, .'> ed. 402; Proc. Am. Acad, iv, 363 (oxcl. var.); Syn. Fl. N. America, ii', 76. — Koch, Dendrologio, ii, 224. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 20. Adelia acuminata, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 225, t. 48. Borya acuminata, Willdenow, Spec, iv, 711. — Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. 366. — Elliott, Sk. ii, 675. — Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 57. — Eaton &. Wright, Bot. 159. Borya ligustrina, Willdenow, Spec, iv, "11, in part. — Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. 366, in part.— Gray, Manual N. States, 2 ed. 358, in part. Borya nitida, Willdenow, Enum. Suppl. 66. Bigelovia acuminata. Smith in Bees' Cycl. xxxix, No. 4. Western Georgia, western Florida, throu<;h the Gulf states to the valley of the Colorado river, Texas, and northward through Arkansas to southern Missouri and Cahokia creek, llliuois (opposite Saint Louis). A small tree, C to 8 meters in height, with a trunk rarely 0.20 meter in diameter; borders of swamps aud streams, in low, wet soil; common in the Gulf region, near the coast, aud reaching its greatest development in southern Arkansas. Wood heavy, soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, thin, rather conspicuous; color, light yellow streaked with brown; the sap-wood lighter ; specific gravity, 0.0345; ash, 0.72. 200. — Chionanthus Virginica, Linnajus, Spec. 1 cd. 8. — Marshall, Arbustnm, 33.— Walter, F'l. Caroliniana, 60. — Wangonhcim, Amcr. 92. — Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii, 14 ; 2 ed. i, 23. — Lamarck, III. i,30, t.y, f. 1.— Willdenow, Spec, i, 46; Enum. 14; Berl. Baumz. 87.— Abbot, Insects Georgia, ii,t. 98.— Michiiux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 3.— Vahl, Enum. i, 44.— Persoon, Syn. i, 9.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i, 111.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 7.— Rocmer & Schultes, Syst.i, 72.— Nuttall, Genera, i,.'.; Sylva, iii, 56, t. 88; 2ed.ii, 122, t. 88.— Elliott, Sk.i, 6.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 2.— Torrey, Fl. U. 8. i, 7 ; Compend. Fl. N. .States, 17.— Sprengel, .Syst. i, 34.— Loddigos, Bot. Cab. t. 1204.— Guimpel, Otto & Hayne, Abb. Holz. »{, f. 73.— Beck, Bot. 2.32.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 92.— Don, Miller's Diet, iv, .50.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 1200, f. 1029, 1030.— Spach, Hist. Veg. viii, 259.— Dietrich, Syn. i, :!7.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 193.— A. Dc CandoUc, Prodr. viii, 29.').- Browne, Trees of America, 371.— Darlington, Fl. Ce.strica, 3 ed. 238.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 429.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858,253.— Ch.apman,Fl. S. States, 3t9. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 95.— LosQuoroux in Owen's 2d Rop. Arkansas, 382,— Wood, CI. Book, 599 ; Bot. & Fl. 276.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 494.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 401 ; Hall's PI. Texas, 19 ; Syn. Fl. N. America, ii', 77. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 262. — Young, Bot. Texas, 452. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 20. 0. trifida. Munch, Meth. 437. 0. Virginica, var. latifoUn, Vahl, Enum. i,44. — Aiton,Hort. Kew. 2cd. i,23. — Pursb, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 8.— Ilayno, Dond. Fl. 2.— Don, Miller's Diet. iv.iiO. C. Virginica, var. angunti/olia, Nahl, Enum. i, 44. -Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed.i, 23.— Hayne, Dend. F1.2.— Watson, Dend. Brit, i, 1. 1.— Don, Miller's Diet, iv, 50. C. Virginica, var. montana, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 8.— Torrey, Fl. U. S. i, 7 ; Compend. Fl. N. States, 17.— Beck, Bot. 232.— Eaton, Manual, 6 cd. 92.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 194.—A. Do CandoUc, Prodr. viii, 295. G, Virginica, var. maritima, Pur8h,FI. Ani.Sopt. i,8.— Torroy,FI. U. 8. i,7; Compond. Fl.N. States, 17.— Beck, Bot. 232.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed.92.— Don, Miller's Diet, iv, 50.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 194.— A. Do Candolle, Prodr. viii, 295.— Kegel, Gartenflora, xvi, t. 5C4. 0. maritima, Loddiges, Cat. 1836. C. heterophylla, RafinejMjnn, New Fl. & Bot. i, 86. G. longi/olia, Rafinesfiue, Now Fl. & Bot. i,87. G. montana, R,-ifine«|ne, New Fl. & Bot. i, 88. 0. ongugti/olia, Rafinesquc. New Fl. Jt Bot. i, 88. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 113 KRINGE TEEi:. OLD MAN'S HKARR. Lanciuster county and the banks of the Urandy wine, Chester county, Pennsylvania, south to Tampa bay, Florida, and through the (iult states to southern Arkansas and the valley of the Brazos river, Texas. A small tree, 0 to 10 meters in heifjht, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 meter in diameter; genenilly along streams ia low, rich soil; very common in (uiltivation. Wood heavy, hard, close grained, compact; layers of annual growth marked by several rows of large open ducts, connected as in that oi Biimclia by branching groups of similar ducts; niedullarj- rays numerous, ob.scure; color, light brown, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, U.G372; ash, 0.51. A decoction of the tonic and anti-periodic bark of the root .sometimes employed in the treatment of intermittent fevers (Am. Jour. Fharm. xliv, ;5!)8. — U. 8. Dispeimttory, 14 ed. 1G12). 201. — Osmanthus Americanus, Huutham & Hooker, Genera, ii, GG7. — Gray, Syii. Fl. N. America, ii', i,Tb. Olea Americana, Linnoeus, Mant. 24.— Marshall, Avbustuni, 98.— Lamarck, Diet, iv, 54:j; 111. i,28.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. i, 14 ; 2 ed. i, 22.— Willdenow, Spec, i, io ; Euimi. i:!.— Miclianx, Fl. lior.-Am. ii, 222.— Vabl, Eniim. i, 41.— Pi-r>ooD, Syn. i, 9.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i. 112.— Nouvean Dnliauiel, v, 07.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, .">0, t. G; N. Amprican Sylva, ii, 3 ed. 128, t. 86.— Pur.sh. Fl. Am. Sept. i, 7.— Roemcr & Scliultes, Syst. i, 70.— Eafiue-sqiie. Fl. Ludoviciaiia, 3a— Nuttall, Genera, i, 5.— Elliott, Sk. i, .'S.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 34.— Croom in Am. Jour. Sci. 1 scr. xxvi, .115.— Dietrich, Syn. i,37.— Don, Miller's Diet. iv,48.— Spacli, Hist. Veg. viii, 267. —Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 239.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 37.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 333.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. v iii, 28o.— Browne, Trees of America, 381.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 429.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rup. 1858, 2.53.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 3(19.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. \. Carolina, 1960, iii,57.— Lesqncreux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 332.— Wood, CI. Book, 509; Bot. & Fl. 276.— Porcher, Resonrcea S. Forests, 493.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 401.— Young, Bot. Texas, 451.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 20. DEVIL WOOD. Southern Virginia, south to cape Canaveral and Tampa bay, Florida, and through the Gulf states to eastern Louisiana, near th(^ (ioast. A small tree, 10 to 15 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.;iO meter in diameter; borders of streams and pine-barren swamps, in moist, rich soil. Wood heavy, very hard and strong, close-grained, uuwedgeable, difficult to work, containing many radiating groups of open cells parallel to the thin, obscure, medullary rays ; color, dark brown, the thick sap-wood light brown or yellow ; specific gravity, 0.8111 ; ash, 0.46. B 0 R R A G I N A C E J] 202. — Cordia Sebestena, LinniBiis, Spec. 1 ed. 190.— ,Jaciinin,Amer.t. 42.— Lamarck, 111. i, 121, (.9li, f. 1.— Willdenow, Spec, i, 1073; Enum. 248.— Andrews, Bot. Kt>p. iii, 157, 1. 157.— Poirct in Lamarck, Diet, vii, 45.— Persoon, Syn. i, 160.— Trattinick, Archiv. t.3.54.— Rosnier & Schultes, Syst. iv. 4o2.— Sprengol, Syst. i, 049. -Bot. Mug. t. 794.— Aiton, Hort. Kew.2ed. ii,8.— Desconrtilz, Fl. Antilles, iv, 205, t. 277.— Chami.sso in Linnira, vi, 7.55.— Audubon, Birds, 1. 177.— Don, Millers Diet, iv, 375.— Dietrich, Syn. i, Gil.— Xut tall, Sylva, iii, 81, t. lOG; 2 ed. ii, 14,5, t, 10(>.— Cooper in SmiMiaonian Rc^p. 1658,265.— Grisobach, Fl. British West Indies, 478.— Gray, Syn. Fl. N. America, ii', lt«. ? C.jtiglanflifolia, Jac(iuin,Amer. t. 43. C. specio.sa, Willdenow in Roomer & Schultes,Sy8t. iv,799.— A. De Candolle, Pn>dr. ix,476. Sebestena .fathra, Kalin.sciue, SyUa TolInriana,38. OlOIGEB TREE. Semi-tro)ii(!al Florida, on the southern keys; rare; in the West Indies. A small tn^e. sometimes 8 meters in height, with a trunk O.Oli to 0.08 meter in diameter; rich hummtx-k soil; ornamental ;ind becoming a large tree in cuitivatiun. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact, sa(in.\, containing few .scattered, small, oi)en duets; medulLiry rays very numerous, thin, con.spieuoiis ; color, dark brown, the thick sap-wood light brown or yellow; specillc gravity, 0.71(18; ash, 4.L'2. 8 VOR 203.— Cordia Boissieri, a. Do CandoUe, rrotU. LX, 47ti. — Torrey, Bot. Mei. Boundary Survey, 13o. — Cooper in Saiitbsouian Eep. 18(i0, 442. — Gray, Syu. Fl. N. America, ii', 180. Texas, valley of the Rio Graude, westward to New Mexico and southward iuto Mexico. A small tree, rarely S meters iu height, with a trunk 0.12 to 0.15 meter in diameter, or more often reduced to a low shrub. "Wood light, rather soft, close-grained, compact, containing many small scattered open ducts; medullary rays very numerous, thin, conspicuous; color, dark brown, the sap-wood light brown; specific gravity, 0.(J790; ash, 3.53. 204- — Bourreria Havanensis, Miers, Bot. Contrib. ii, 2;y.— Gray, Syn. Fl. N. America, ii', 181. Ehretia Havanensis^ VVilldcnow in Rcemcr «t Schnltes, Syst. iv, 805. — Humboldt, Bonpland «t Kuntb, Nov. Gen. & Spoo. vii, 206.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. ix, 508. Ehretia tomentosa, Lamarck, 111. i, 425.— Potret, Suppl. ii, 1.— Sprengol, Syit. i, 648.— Dietrich, Syu. i, 630. B. tomentosa, Don, Miller'8 Diet, iv, 390. B. recurva, Miers, Bot. Contrib. ii, 238. B.Oiata, Miers, Bot. Contrib. ii, 238. Ehretia Bourreria, Cbapmaa, Fl. S. States, 329 [not Linnasus].- Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 19. B. tomentosa, var. Havanensis, Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 482. STRONG BAKK. Semi-tropical Florida, southern keys (Key Largo, Elliott's Key, etc.); in the West Indies. A small tree, 10 or, exceptionally, 15 meters (Key Largo, Curtiss) in height, with a trunk 0.20 to 0.25 meter in diameter; the large specimens generally hollow and defective. A form (generally shrubby iu Florida) with scabrous or hispidulous leaves is — var. radula, Gray, Syn. n. K. America, ii', 181. Ehretia radula, Polret, Suppl. ii, 2. — Dietrich, Syn. i, 630.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. ix, 506.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 329. B. radula, Don, Miller's Diet, iv, liOO.— Clwimissp in Linnaa, viii, 120.— Miers, Bot. Contrib. ii, 23f<. Cordia Floridana, Xuttall, Sylva, iii, 83, t. 107; 2 ed. ii, 147, t. 107.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 265. Wood heavy, very hard, strong, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays numeroiuj, obscure; color, brown streaked with orange, the sap-wood not distinguishable; specific gravity, 0.8073; ash, 2.79. 205. — Ehretia elliptica, De Candolle, Prodr. ix, .503.— Torrey, Bot. Mex.Boundary Survey, 130.— Cooper in Smithsonian Bep. 1858, 200.— Miors, Bot. Contrib. ii, 228, t. 85.— Gray, Syn. Fl. N. America, ii', 181. KNACKAWAY. ANAQUA. Texa.s, Corpus Christi to New Braunfels {^{ohr), and .southward to the valley of the lower Rio Grande. A trei! 10 to 15 meters in height, with a truuk sometimes 0.50 meter in diameter; generally along borders of stream.'*, in rich loam, and reaching its greatest developuuMit between the Guadalupe and Nueces rivers, 50 to 75 miles from the Gulf coaat. Wooil hea%-y, hard, not strong, very clo.se-grained, coinjtact, uiiwudgeable, containing many small oi)en ducts arranged in numerous concentric rings within the layers of annual growth, these marked by several rows of larger ducts; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light brown, the sap-wood a little lighter; sjiecitic gravity, 0.0140; a-sh, 1.31. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 115 BIGNONIAOEJE 206. — Catalpa bignonioides, Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 64. — Do CandoUo, Prodr. ix, '226. — Darlin<;t<>n, Fl. Costrica, 3 ed. 182. — Cooper ia Smitbgnnian Rep. 18.'>8, 253. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 285.— Curtis iu Kep. Goolo;;ical Surv. N. Caroliua, 1800, iii, r>0.— Wood,Cl. Book, 513; Bot. st Trees, 19, in part.— Broadbead iu Coulter's Bot. Gaiette, iii, 59. WESTERN CATALPA. Valley of the Vermilion river, Illinois, through southern Illinois and Indiana, western Kentucky and Tennessee, southeastern Missouri and western Arkansas. A tree 20 to 35 or, e.\ceptionally, 45 meters in height (Jiidgiray), with a trunk I to 2 meters in diameter; borders of streams and swamps, in rich bottom laiuls; commou and retiching its greatest development in the valley of the lower Wabash river; cultivated and now widely naturalized tlirough ."Southern Arkansa.s. western Louisiana, ami eastern Texas. Wood light, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, eonii»act, very durable in contact with the soil; layers nf annual growth cleaily marked by several rows of large open ducts; medidlary rays nunu-rous. obseuiv ; color, brown, the thin sap wood lighter; spccitic gravity, 0.41(15 ; ash, 0.30 ; largely used for railway ties, fence posts, mils, etc., and adapted for cabinet work and interior finish. 116 FOREST TREES Or^ NORTH AMERICA. 208. — ChLlopsis saligna, i). Don, Ediubnrjjh Phil. Jour. ix,"J61. — Dou, Miller's IHct. iv/iJ-i. — Dietrich, Syii. iii, 5(5(5. — Gra.v iu Bot. California, i, 587 ; Sju. Fl. N. Amorica, ii', 3-JO.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 19. — Kothrock in Wheeler's Rep. vi, 217. — Henisley, Bot. Am.-Cent. ii, 494. — Eusby in Bull. Totiey Bot. Club, ix, 54. Bignonia Uncarts, Cnvunilles, lcon.iii,3ii, t.2C9. G. linearis, De CandoUe.Prodr.ix, 227. —Cooper iu Smithsonian Rep. 1858,20(5. C glutinosa, Engeluiann in Wislizenug' Eup. 10. DESERT WILLOW. Valley of the Rio Grande, Texas (Laredo, Letterman), west through southern New Mexico and Arizona to the San Gorfjonio jias.s and the San Felii)e canon, San Diego county, California; southward into nortliern Mexico. A small tree, G to S meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30 meter in diameter; mesas and banks of depre.ssioiis and water courses iu the desert; the large speciiiuMis generally hollow and defective. Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, checking in drying, containing many scattered, small, open ducts, the layers of aninuil growth marked by several rows of larger ducts; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, brown streaked witli yellow, the sap wood much lighter; specilic gravity, O.-'JOO^; ash, 0.37. 209. — Crescentia cucurbitina, Liunmus, Maiit. 2 p meters in liei^'ht. with a Iriink 0.10 to 0.15 meter in diamctfr. or north of bay IJiscayne nidiiced to a low, muchbranched shrub; common and i< aching witliin the rTnited Stales its greatest develop nent on thi^ shores of l)ay IJiscayne, Lost Man's river, etc. Wood heavy, exceedingly hard, strong, close-grained, compact, susceptible of a tiue polish, containing numerous small, reKularly-distribiited, o])en ducts; c-olor, clear bright red, the sap-wood lighter; specilic gravity, 0.8710; ash, 0..52. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 117 211. — Avicennia nitida, Jacqnin, Amer. 177, t. IVi, f. 1.— Persoon, S.vn. ii, 143. — Cbuniisso iu Liniiicn, vii, 370. — Sprcngtl, Syst. ii, 768.— Martius, Mat. Med. Brasil. 49; Bot. Brasil. ix, 303.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 619.— Schaiier in De Candollc, Prodr. xi, 699.— GriBt-haoh, Fl. Britisb West Indies, 502. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. America, ii', 341. A. tomentoxa, Meyer, Prim. Fl. Esseq. 221 [not Jacquiu].— Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 79, t. 105; 2 ed. ii, 143, t. 105.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 265.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 310.— Vascy, Cat. Forest Trees, 19. A. oblongifoUa, Nuttall?; Chapman, Fl. S. States, 310.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 19. BLACK MANGROVE. BLACK TREE. BLACK WOOD. Florida coa.st, Saint Augustine to tbe southern keys, and from Cedar Keys to cape Sable; deltas of the Missis.sippi river; thronsh tiie West Indies to Brazil. A tree (i to 9 meters iu beiglit, with a trunk 0.25 to 0.30 meter in diameter, or, exceptionally, 20 to 23 meters in height, with a trunk 0 60 meter iu diameter; north of Mosquito inlet reduced to a low shrub; common along saline .shores and swamps, throwing up many leafless, corky stems, and forming, with the red mangrove (Rhizophora), impenetrable thickets, or, more rarely, scattered and round-headed ; reaching its greatest development in the United States on the west coast of Florida, north of cajjc Sable. Wood very heavy, hard, rather coarse-grained, compact, the eccentric layers of annual growth marked by sevei'al rows of large open ducts; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, dark brown or nearly black, the sap- wood brown; specific gravity, 0.9138; ash, 2.51. NYCTAGINACE^. 212. — Pisonia obtusata, Swartz, Fl. lud. Occ. I960.— Jacqnin, Hurt. Schcenh. iii, 36, t. 314.— Lamarck, 111. iii, 449, t. 861.— Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1226.— Choisy in De Candolle, Prodr. xiii-', 443.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 374. — Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 71. — Vasey, Cat, Forest Tieee, 21. PIGEON WOOD. BEEF WOOD. CORK WOOD. PORK WOOD. Semi-tropical Florida, cape Canaveral to the southern keys; through the West Indies. A tree 9 to 15 meters in height, with a trunk 0.25 to 0.4:5 meter in diameter; saline shores and beaches, reaching its greatest development in Florida on Elliott's and Old Ehodes Keys. Wood heavy, rather soft, weak, coarse-grained, coinitaet, containing numerous large open ducts; layers of annual growth and medullary rays hardly distinguishable; coloi', yellow tiuged with brown, the sap-wood darker; specific gravity, 0.6529; ash, 7.62; probably of little value. Note. — The 8emi-i)rostrate and vine-like trunks of /*. aculcata, Linnseus, of the same region, although attaining a considerable size, cannot be properly considered arborescent. polygonacej:. 213. — Coccoloba Floridana, Meisncr; De Candolle, Prodr. xiv, 165. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 392. — Porcher, Resources S. Forest*, :J76. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 21. G. l)arinfoiia, Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 25, t. 89; 2 ed. ii, 9.5, t. 89 [not Poiret].— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858,265. PIGEON PLU5I. Semi-tropical Florida, cape Canaveral to the southern keys, and from cape Komano to cape Sable. A tree 15 to IS meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to O.tiO meter in diameter; one of the largest and most connnon trees of the region. Wood very heavy, exceedingly liard, strong, brittle, very elosegraiiied, incliueil to cheek iu drying, containing few small, scattered, open ducts; layers of annual growth and numerous medullary rays obscure; color, rich dark brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter; speeilie gravity, O.OS.So; ash, ."i.03; valuable and somewhat used for cabinet- making. The edible and abuudant grape-like fruit, rii)ening iu February ami March, is eagerly devouivil b\ raceoiins and other auiiuals. 118 FOREST TREES OF NDRTH AMERICA. 214. — Coccoloba uvifera, jncquin, Amer. 112, t. 73.— Ga?rtner, Fruct. i, 214, t. 45, f. 3.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. ii, 34 ; 2 ed. ii, 421.— Lamarck, 111. ii, 445, t. 316, f. 2.— Willdenow, Spec, ii, 457; Euum. 431.— Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, vi, 61.— Persoon.Syu. i, 442.— Titford, Hort. Bot. Am. 61.— Aiton. Hort. Kew. 2 ed. ii, 421.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 252.— Desconrtilz, Fl. Antilles, ii, 41, t. 77.— Bot. Mag. t. 3130.— Rafincsqno, Fl. Telhiriana, ii, 34.— Spacb. Hist. Veg. x, 542.— Dietrich, S.vn. Fl. ii, 1326.— Niittall, Sylva, iii, 2:1, t. 88; 2 od. ii, 93, t. 88.— Carson, Med. Bot. ii, 21, t. 67. — Meisner in De Candolle, Prodr. xiv, 152; Bot. Brasil. v', 42. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1>'58. 2()5. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 391. — Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 376. — Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, IPl. Polygonum UlH/eia, Linnseus, Spec. 1 ed. 365. SEA GKAPE. Semi tropical Florida, Mosquito inlet to the southern keys, west coast, Tampa bay to cape Sable; (hiong:h the NVest Indies to Brazil. A low tree, rarely exceeding in Florida 4 meters in heifrht, with a gnarled and contorted trunk often 0.90 to 1:20 meter in diameter, or reduced to a low, generally prostrate shrub; saline shores and beaches; common, West Indian forms, difiering in the shape of the leaves, etc., are— var. ovalifolia, Meisner, I. c var. LcEgancnsis, Meisner, '. e, C. Laegoncnfii.'i, .larqiiin, Xwh-t. 113, t. 178, f. 33. Wood very heavy, hard, very close-grained, inclined to check in drying, susceptible of a beautiful polish, containing few scattered, rather small, open ducts; layers of annual growth and numerous medullaiy rays hardly distingui.shal)le; color, rich dark brown or violet, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.9G35; ash, 1.37; valuable for cabinet-making. The edible fruit of agreeable subacid flavor. LAURACEJ^. 215. — Persea Carolinensis, Nees, Syst. Lanrinaram, 150.— Spach, Hist. Veg. i, 492.— Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1339.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 254.— Chapman, Fl. 8. States, 63.— Curtis in Rep. Geoln{;ical Surv. N. C.-iroliua, 1860, iii, 63.— Wood, CI. Book, 620 ; Bot. & Fl. 21*0.— Meisner in De Candolle, Pro.lr. xv', 50.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 c.— Poiret, Snpjd. iii, 321.— Willdenow, Knum. Suppl. 22.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, ItiO, t. 2; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 116, t. 82.— Piir.sh, Fl. Am. Sejit. i, 276.— Elliott, Sk. i, 461.— Sprcngel, Syst. ii, 665.— Torrey, Conipend. Fl. N. States, 174.— Beck, Bot. 30.5.— Eaton, Manual, 6 cd. 199.— Loudon, Aborotum, iii, 1299,f. 1168, 1169.— Eaton &. Wright, Bot. 293.— Browne, Trees of America, 414.— Darby, Bot. 8. SUtea, 491.— Sohnizlein, loon. t. 106, f. .V-12. Laurvs Carolinensin, var. glabra, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 276. Laurus Carolinensis, v:\r. obtusa, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 276. iMurm Caroliniana, Poiret, Suppl. iii, 323.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 258. P. Borbonia, Sprengel, Syst. ii, 268. P. Carolinensis, var. fflabrivscnla, Meisner in Dc Candolle, Prodr. xt", 51. BED BAY. Southern Delaware t, south to bay Biscayne and cape Romano, Florida, and through the Gulf Btatcs to eonthern Arkansas anJ the valley of the Trinity river, Texas, near the coast. A tree 1.5 to 20 meieis in height, with a trunk 0.00 to 0.90 meter in diameter; borders of streams and nwamps, in low, rich soil. Wood heavy, hard, very strong, brittle, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a beautiful polish, containing many evenly distributed open ducts; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, bright red, the sap-wood much lighter; specific gravity, 0.G429; ash, 0.7G; formerly somewhat used in ship-building, interior finish, and for cabinet wirrk. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 110 Var. palustris, Chapman, Fl. S. states, 393. Laurus CaroHnensis, var. pubescens, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 276. P. CarolinctlHtu, var. pubescens, Meisner in De Candolle, Prodr. xv', 51. North Carolina to Alabama, generally near the coast. A small tree, 9 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.30 meter in diameter; low, sandy bauk.s of pincbarron streams and swamps; well distinguished from the species by the longer i)cduncle8 densely clothed, as are the young shoots and under sides of the leaves, with short, brown tomentum, and by the somewhat coarser- grained orange-colored wood. Wood heavy, soft, strong, close-grained, compact, containing numerous rather largo open ducts; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, orange streaked with brown; the sap-wood light brown or gray; specific gravity, 0.C39G ; ash, 0.37. 316. — Nectandra Willdenoviana, Nees, Syst. Laurinanim, 290, 821. — Meiener iu De Candolle, Prodr. xvi«, 165. Laurus sanguinea, Swartz, Fl. lud. Occ. ii, 707. Laurus Cattsbyana, Michaus, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 244.— Polret, Suppl. iii, 321.— Pnreh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 275.— Elliott, Sk. i, 4G2.— Sprongel, Syst. ii, 265.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. lUO.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 294.— Darby, ijot. S. States, 491. Laurvs Catesbcei, Persoon, Syn. i, 409.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 258. Oymnobalamis Catesbyana, Noes, Syst. Laurinamm, 483. JV. Bredemcieriana, Nees in Linnsea, ixi, 505. Persea Catesbyana, Chapman, Fl. S. states, 393.— Vasoy, Cat. Forest Trees, 21. LANCE WOOD. Semi-tropical Florida, cape Canaveral and cape Eomano to the southern keys ; through the West Indies to Central America. A small tree, 6 to 9 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.15 meter in diameter; common and reaching its greatest development iu Florida on the shores of bay Biscayue and in the neighborhood of cape Eomano. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, checking iu drying, containing many small, regularly-distributed, oi)en ducts; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, rich dark brown, the sap-wood bright yellow; specific gravity, 0.7693; ash, O.GO. 217. — Sassafras officinale, Nees, llandb. der Med. Pharra. Bot. ii, 418; SyHt. Laurinamm, 488.— Hayno, Arzn. i, 12, t. 19.— Lindley, Fl. Med. 338.— Dietrich, Syn. ii, 13.">7.— Spaob, IIlMt. Veg. x, 503.— Torroy, Fl. N. York, ii, 158.— Emerson. Trees Maasachii8etts,359; 2 ed. ii, 3.'>9 & t— Griffith. Me.1. Bot. 551. — Darlington, Fl. Costrica, 3 ed. 251. — Spnici^ in Hooker's London Jonr. Bot. vii, 278.— Coopor in Smithsonian Rep. 1;^, 254. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 394. — Curtis in Rop. Geological Snrv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 63.— Lesquorenx in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 384.— Woo.l, CI. Book, 620 ; Bot. & Fl. 290.— Porcher, Restmroes S. Forests, 350.— Meisner in De Candolle. Pnnlr. xv>, 171.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 4.>3; Hall's PI. Texas, 19— Koch, Dendrologio, ii, 364. —Young, Bot. T.-xa.>',473.— Vasvy.Cat. Forest Trees, 21.— Broadhoad in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 59.— Bentley & Trimen, Med. PI. iii, 220, t. 220.— Ridgway in Pmo. U. S. Nat. Mus. 188'.!, 70.— Bell iu Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80. 55''. Laurus Sassafras, Linnaus, Spec, l ed. 371.— Du Roi, Harhk. i, ":'6.— Kiilni, Travels, Engli.sh ed. i, 14li, ;141.— Marshall. ArbHstiini,74. — Wangenheim, Amer. 82, t. 27, f. 56. — Walter, Fl. Camliniana, 134. — Aiton, Hort. Kew. ii.40; 2 eil. ii, 429.— Lamarck, Diet, iii, 454.— Abbot, Insects Georgia, i. t. 11.— B. S. Barton, Coll. 11. 19; ii, 27 — Willdenovr, Spec, ii, 485; Ennm. 435; Berl. Baumz. 208.— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 24:1.— Schkiihr, Handb. 349 — PersiMui, Syn. i, 450.— Robin, Voyages, iii, 361.- Desl'ontaiius, Hist. Arb. i, 6.i.— Titlbul, Hort. Hot. Am. 130.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 173, t. 1; N. Auuricau Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 113, t» 81.— Pureh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 277.- Ratinesque, Fl. Ludoviei;uia, 25.— Bigelo\v,Med. Bot. ii,142, t.;C>; Fl. Boston. 3 od. 170.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 259 ; Sylva, i,!s8; 2 ed. i, 104.— Elliott, Sk. i, 464.— Nees, PI. Otlic. t. 131.— Torrcy, Fl. U. S. i,40S; Compeud. Fl. N. State."", 174.— Desconrtil.-.Fi. AntilK-s. vii,51, 1. 464.— .Vndnbon, Birds, t. 144.— Stephen.sou & Chureliill, Med. Bot. iii, t. 121!.— Beck, Bot. 30.").— Eaton. Manual. 6 ed. 199.— Darlington, Fl. Cestriea, 2 ed. 254.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 293.— Browne, Trees of America, 4ll>.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 492. Persea Sassafras, Sprcngel, Syst. ii, 270.— Schuizlein, Icon. t. 106. I". l,">-23. 120 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. SASSAFBAS. Eastern Massachusetts, soutbwi'stern Vermont, and west throufrli soutlioru Ontario and central l\Iichigan to southeastern Iowa, eastern Kansas, and the Indian territory; south to Hernando county, Florida, and the valley of the Brazos river, Texas. A tree 12 to 15 meters iu height, with a trunk O.lilt to O.'.H) meter in diameter, exceptionally lil to 27 meters in heiirht, with a trunk l.SO to 2.25 meters iu iliameter, or toward its northern limits reduced to a small tree or shrub; rich, sandy loam, reachiuy its greatest development in southwestern Arkansas and the Indian territory; at the >outh often taking possession, with the persiinnKui, of ab.mdoiied iields in the middle districts. Wood lijrht, soft, not strong, brittle, coarsegrained, very durable in contact with the soil, slightly aromatic, checking in drying : laj ers of annual growth clearly marked with three or lour rows of large open ducts; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, dull orangvbn.wn, the thin sap- wood light yellow; specific gravity, 0.50i2 ; ash, 0.10; used tor light skitts, ox yokes, etc., and largely for fence posts ai:d rails, and in cooperage. The root, and especially its bark, enters into commerce, aflbrdiiig a powerful aromatic stiiiuilant; the oil of sassafras, distilled from the root, is largely used iu imparting a pleasant flavor to many articles of domestic use; the pith of the young brauches infused with water furnishes a mucilage used as a demulcent iu febrile and inflammatory aftectious (Shar2)e in Am. Jour. Fhann. 18(53, 53. — Proctor in Proc. Am. Pharm. Assoc. 18(iG, 217. — U. S. Dispenmtory, 14 ed. 814.— Taf. Dispenmtory, 2 ed. 1274; FliicUger ct Eanbury, Pharmacographia, 483). " Gumbo filet,'- a powder prepared by the Choctaw Indians of Louisiana from the mucilaginous leaves, is used at the south in the preparation of '-gumbo" soup. 218. — Umbellularia Californica, NuttjiU, Sylva, i, 87; 2 ed. i, 10-2.— Watsou, Bot. California, ii, 61. Laurun regia, Donslas iu Companion Bot. Mag. ii, 137. Oreodaphne Californica, Nees, Syst. Lauriuarum, 463.— Bentliam, I'l. Ilartwig. 3".4 ; Bot. Sulvhui, 4y.— Dietrich, Syn.ii, i:{56.— Hoolier & Aruott, Bot. Beeehey, 389.— Torrey in Pacilic R. R. Rep. iv, 133 ; v, 364 ; Mex. Boundary Survey, 184.— Newberry in Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 24, 8rf, f. 3. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 260. — Bot. Mag. t. 5320. ^ Tetranthera Californica, Hooker & Aruott, Bot. Beeehey, l.'iO.- Moisuer in De Caudolle, Prodr. xv', 192.— Torrey in Hot. Wilkes Exped. 451. Drimophyllum pauciflorum, Nnttall, Sylva, i, a5, t.22; 2ed. i,102, t.22. MOtrUTAIN LAUEEL. CAXIFOENIA LAUREL. SPICE TliEK. CAGIPUT. CALIFORNIA OLIVE. CALIPOBNIA BAY TREE. Rogue River valley, Oregon, .south through the California coast ranges lo San Diego county, and along the western .slopes of the Sierra Nevada to the San Bernardino mountains. An evergieen tree, 24 to .30 meters iu height, with a trunk 1.20 to 1.80 meter in diameter, or toward its southern limits and at high elevations a small tree or shrub; most common and reaching its greatest develo]mient in the rich valleys of southwestern Oregon. Wood heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, compact, susceptible of a beautiful poli.sh, containing numerous small, regularly-distributed, open ducts; medullary rays numerous, lliiii; color, rich light brown, the sapwood lighter; specific gravity, 0.6517 ; ash, 0..3!) ; u.sed on the Oregon coast in sliip-building, ibr Jaws, bitts, cleats, cross-trees, etc.; the most valuable material produced by the Pacific forests for interior and cabinet work. The leaves jield a volatile oil, Oreodaphne {Am. Jour. Pharm. xlvii, 105). E U P II 0 11 B I A C E ^ 219. — Drypetes crocea, Portean, Mem. MuH. i, l.'iO, t. h.— Nutt.ill, .Sylvu, ii, Wi, t. 63 ; 2 i5. — Baillon. Ftud. Gen. FHphorbiacea>, t. G, f. 12-20.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 404.— Porcher, Resonrces S. Forests, 120.— Grisebach, Fl. British We,»t ludie-s, 50.— Regrl, Gartciiflora, xv, 163, t. 510.— Miiller in Do Candolle, Prodr. xv-, 1201.— Schnizlein, loon. t. 243, f. 3.— Waout & Decaisne, Hot. English ed. 1)93 «& f. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 21. Mancinella venenata, Tns!«ic, Fl. Antilles, iii, 21, t. 5. MANCHINKKL. Seini-irojiical I'^h.iida, ou the southern keys; eoiuiuon ; throuuh the West Indies and Central America to the Pacific. A small tree, in I'Morida rarely exceeding 1 tiieters in height, with a trunk 0.12 to 0.17 meter in diameter; abouudijii;- in white, milky, e.Kceediiigly caustic poisonous sap. '• Rain washing the leaves becomes poisonous, aud llie smoke of the burning wood injures or destroys the eyes." — (.4. //. Cuitiss). Wood light, soft, close grained, compact, contiiiiiiug numerous evenly distributed, small, open duets; medullary niyti luimerous, ob.scure ; color, dark brown, tlie thick sap-wood light bit»wu or yellow ; specific gravity (sap-wooil), 0..5'm'2; a.sh, 5.10. 1-2 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. URTICACE^. 222. — Ulmus crassifolia, Nuttall, Trmns. Am. Phil. Soc. 2 ser. v, 169.— Plaucbon iu Aun. Sci. Nat. 3 ser. x, 279 ; De CundoUo, Prodr. ivii, 1G2.— Walpcrs, Ann. iii, 426.— Cooper Id Smithsonian Rep. 18*-*, 254.— Lesquereui in Owuu's 2d Rep. Arkansas, L530. — Wood, CI. Book, C33. — Gray, Hall's, PI. Texas, 21.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 23. U. opaca, Nuttall, Sylva, i, 35, t. 11 ; 2 ed. i, 51, t. 11.— Browne, Trees of America, 503. CEDAR ELM. Arkansas, south of the valley of the Arkausas river to the valley of the Rio Grande, Texas, extending west to Eagle Pass. A tree 18 to 20 meters iu height, with a trunk O.GO to 0.00 meter iu diameter, or toward its southern or south wi-.sttrn limits much smaller; bonlers of streams, in rich .soil; one of the most common and valuable timber trees of Texas west of the Ti-inity river, and reaching its greatest development in the valleys of the Guadalupe and Trinity rivers. WoimI heavy, hanl, not strong, brittle, very close-grained, compact; layers of annual growth and medullary rays ob.-^cure; marked, in common with that of all the North American species, by concentric circles of irregularly- arranged groups of small open ducts; color, light brown tinged with red, the heavier sap-wood lighter; speciflo gravity, 0.72-45; ash, 1.20 ; used in the manufacture of wagon hubs, saddletrees, chairs, etc., and very largely for fencing. 223. — Ulmus fulva, Michaux, Fl.Bor.-Am. i, 172.— Per8oon,Syii. i, 291.- Willdenow, Enum. Snppl. 14.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 200. —Smith in Rees' Cycl.irxix, No. 10.— Eaton, Manual, 31; 6 ed. 376.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 201.— Roomer & Schultes, Syst. vi, 301.— Elliott, Sk. i, 3;i3.— Hayue, D. nd. Fl. 32.— Torrey.Fl. U.S.i,299; Couipend. Fl. N. States, 132; Fl. N. York, ii, IGG; Fremont's Rep. 97.— Spren>;el, Syst. i, 931.— Rafinesque, Med. Bot. ii, 271.— Beck, Bot. 333.— Hooker, Fl. Bor. Am. ii, 142.— Bigolow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 114.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 464.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1407, f. 1247.— Dietrich, Syu. ii,992.— Spach in Aun. Sci. Nat. xv,3(i3; Hist. Veg. xi, 1"7.— Emerwn, Trees Massachusetts, 297; 2 ed. ii, 334 & t.— Browne, Trees of America, .''lOl.— firitBth, Med. Bot. 551.— Planrhon in Aun. Sci. Nat. 3 ser. x,276.—De Caudollo. Prodr. xvii, 101. — Scheele in Roemer, Texas, 446— Walpers, Ann. iii, 426.— Richardson, Arctic Exped. 436.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 255. —Darby, Bot. S. States, 502. —Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 254. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 416. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, iii, 1860, 55. — Lcs(|uerenx in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, .'{86.— Wood, CI. Book, 633; Bot. &. Fl. 299.— Porcher, Resources S. Forest*, 310.— Eugclmann in Traus. Am. I'hil. Soc. new ser. xii, 208.— Gray, Manual N. Slates, 5 ed. 442.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 4-22.- Young, Bot. Texas. 496.— Ilaydeu in Warren's Rep. Nebraska &. Dakota, 2 ed. 121.— V:uiey,Cat. Fore.st Trees, 22.— Bentley &. Trimen,Med. Pl.iv,233, t. 233.— Ridgway in Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mas. 1862, 72.— Bell iu Geological Eep. Canada, 1879-'80, 55=. n. puhescem, Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 111. U. Americana, var. ri/6ra, Alton, Hort.Kew.i, 319; 2 ed. ii, 107.— WiUdenow, Spec, i, 1325.— Hayne, Dead. Fl. 31. t U. crupa, Willdcnow, Enura. 295 ; Berl. Baumz. 520. d. rubra, Micbaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii,278,t.6; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 73, f. 128. RED ELM. SLIPPERY ELM. MOOSE ELM. Valley of the lower Saint Lawrence river to Ont;irio and northern Dakota, south to the Chattahoochee region of northern Florida, central Alabama and Mississi|(pi, and the valley of the San Antonio river, Texas. A tree 15 to 20 metersin height, wiili a tiiink 0.45 to 0.00 meter in diameter; borders of streams and hillsides, in rich soil. Wood heavy, hard, strong, very clr),scgraint;d, compact, durable in contact with liu' ground, splitting readily when green; layers of annual growth clearly marki'd by several rows of large open ducts; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, dark brown or red, the thin sajj-wood lighter; specilic gravity, ().&)'>(>; ash, 0.h;5; largely used for wheel stock, fence j)ost.s, rails, railway lie.s, sills, ••tc. The inner bark mucila;;inoiis, nutritious, and extensively useil in various medicinal prcijarations (ilm. Jour. Pharm. xxiv, \m.—Philadelphui Mai. Timen, 1874,303.— ?7. .V. Dispenmtory, 14 ed.913.— A'««. Dinpcnsutory, 2 ed. 1480.— Fliickiger dr Uanhury, Pharmacographin, .501). CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 123 224. — Ulmus Americana, Linnaeus, Spec. 1 ed. 226.— Kalm, Travels, English id. ii, 2'J8.— Marshall, Arhuhtuni, l.")C. -Waiigcnheim, Amcr. 4r>. — Gsertncr, Fmct. i, 225 t. 49 f.5.— W.altor, Fl. Caroliniana, 111.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. i,319; 2 cd. ii. 107.— Wllldcnow, Spec, i, 13:!.">; Ennm. 295 ; Sappl. 14 ; Bcrl! Baumz. 51'.).— NouveauDuhamol, ii, 147.— Sohkulir, Handb. 179.— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Ani. i, 173.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 191.— Diafoutaines, Hist. Arh. ii, 442.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 2G9, t. 4 ; N. Anicric:an Sylva,:5 ed. iii, f.7, t. 120.— Pureh, Kl. Am. S<-pf. i, 199.— Smith in Koos' Cycl. x-^xisc, No. 7.— Eaton, Manual, 31 ; Ci ed. 370.— Barton, Compend. Fl. Philadelpli. i, 150.— Nnttall, Genera, i 201.— Uiemer & Selmltes, Syst. vi, 300.— Elliott, Sk. i, 333.— Hayno.Dend. Fl. 31.— Torroy, Fl. U. S. i,29f!; Compend. Fl. K. States,' 132; Fl. N. York, ii, 105; Nicollet'^ Rop. 100; Emory's Rep. 412.— Sprcngel, Syst. i, 930.— Beck, Bot. 333.— Loudon, Arboretnm, iii, 1400, f. 1240.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 142.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 114.— Dietrich, S}-n. ii, 992.— Eaton & Wri(.'hi, Bot. 4G4.— Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. xv, 304 ; Hist. Vcg. xi, 108.— Emerson, Trees Maseacbnsctts, 2fiC; 2 ed. ii, 322 i t.— Browne Trees of America, 499.— Planchou in Ann. Sci. Nat. 3 ser. x, 268; Do CandoUo, Prodr. xvii, l.")5.— .Scheele in Roenier, Texas, 44G.— Walpers, Ann. iii, 424.— Buckley in Am. Jour. Sci. 2 ser. xiii, 398.— Richardson, Arctic Exped. 430.— Darlington, Fl. C<-«trica,3 ed. 255.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 502.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. laiS, 2.54.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 4H>.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, iii, 1860, 5^>. — Losiiuereiix in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 380. — Wood, CI. Book, 033 ; B«t. & Fl. 298. Porchcr, RosourcesS.forests, 311.— Engelmann in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xii,208. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ebbins), west through western New York, Ontario, and southern Michigan to northeastern Iowa(\Vaverly, Bessc;/), and south through Ohio to central Kentucky. A large tree of great economic value, 20 to .'30 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.00 meter in diameter; low, wet clay, rich uplands, rocky declivities, or river clitTs ; common and reacliiug its greatest development iu southern Ontario and the southern peninsula of Michigan. 124 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Wood heavy, hard, very strong, tough, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; layers of annual grovrth marked ■with one to two rows of small open duets; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, light clear brown often tinged with red, the thick sap-wood nuieh lighter; spocilic gravity, 0.720.? ; ash, O.GO; largely used in the nianul'aeture of heavy agricultural iiiii)liMneuts, wheel stock, and lor railway tics, bridge timbers, sills, etc. 226. — Ulmus alata, Mkbaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 1T:{. — Pfrsoon, Syn. i, Syi. — Micliuux f. Hist. Arb. .\in. iii, 275, t. 5; N. Amcricau Sylva, 3 eil. iii, 71, t. 1'27. — Pursli Fl. Am. Sept, i, 'iOO.— Nnttall, Geuera, i, 201.— Riciucr & Scliulte.s, Syst. vi, 209.— Elliutt, Sk. i, 3:53.— Sprengol, Syst. i, 931.— Aiulabon, Binls, t. 18.— Eiitou, Mauual, 6 od. 376.— Loudon, Arborctuin, iii, HOa, f. 1248.— Dietrich, Syu. ii, 992.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 464. — Penn. Cycl. xxv, 493. — Browne, Trees of America, 502. — Planchou in Ann. Sri. Nat. 3 ser. x, 270 ; Dc (-'andollc, Prodr. xvii, I'to. — Walpers, Ann. iii, 42,"). — Darljy, Bot. S. States, 503. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. lo58, 254. — Chapman, El. S. States, 417. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. X. Carolina, 1860, iii, 55. — Lesquereu.x in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 386. — Wood, CI. Book, t«3; Bot. & Kl. 299.— Poreher, Resources S. Forests, 311.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 443; Hall's PI. Texas, 21.— Young, Bot. Texas. 49») — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 22.— Broadhead in Coultei-'s Bot. Gazette, iii, 60.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882,70. U. pumila, Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 111 [not Linn.aus], * U. Americnna. var. alata, Spach in Anu.Sci.Nat.2 ser. xv,3C4: Hist. Veg. xi, 109. AVAnOO. WINGED ELM. Southern Virginia, south through the middle districts to the Chattahoochee region of western Florida ; southern Indiana and Illinois, south to the Gulf coast, and southwest through southern Missouri, Arkansas, the eastern portions of the Indian territory to the valley of the Trinity river, Texas. A small tree, 7 to I- meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to O.GO meter in diameter; generally in dry, gravelly soil, or, rarely, along tiie borders of swamps and river bottoms ; most common and reaching its greatest development in .southern Mis.souri and Arkansas. Wood heavy, hard, not strong, very close-grained, compact, unwcdgeable; medullary rays distant, not conspicuous ; color, brown, the .sai)wood lighter ; specific gravity, 0.7491 ; ash, 0.99 ; largely used for hubs, blocks, etc. 227. — Plantra aquatica, (imelin, Syet ii, 150. — WilUlcnow, Spec, iv, 967; Eniim. Suppl. 14; Berl. Baumz. 281. — Persoou, Syn. i, 291. — Xuttall, Genera, i, 202. — Uayne, Dend. Fl. 2l>2.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 26(J.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 360.— Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 sor. xv, 355 ; Hist. Veg. xi, 116.— Planehon in Ann. Sci. Nat. 3 ser. x, 2 ed. :t76. — Eaton &, Wright, Bot. 464. Ulmus aquatica, Ratiuesiinc, n. Ludoviciana, KK. P. liichardi, .Sprengel,SyHt. i,493, in part.- Torn y & Gray in Paeifi.- K. h'. Rep. ii, 175 [not Micbaiix]. Valley of the (,'ape Fear river. North (Jaroliiia, south to the Cliiittiiiioocliee region of western Florida, and through central Alabama and Mississipjii to western Louisiana'and the valley of the Trinity river, Texas, extending north through Arkansas and southern Missouii to the valley of the lower AVabash river and (^Mitral Kentucky. A small tree, 9 t«» 12 meters in height, with a triiidv 0..'50 to 0.(iO meter in diameter ; cold, deep, inundated river swamps ; rare in the Atlantic anrl eastern Oiilf states; very cotmnon and reaching its greatest developtnent in the I'ed liiver valley and .■•onlherii Arkansas. Wood light, soft, not strong, cliistuin, 29.— WaiijfcQUoim, Ainor. 48.— Giertuer, Fruct. i, 374, t. 77, f. 3.— WalUr, Fl.Caroliiiiaua, '«!50. — Alton, llort. ICmv. iii, 1.;?; ::ii;d.v,449. — LamaruU, Diet, iv, 137; 111. iii,437, t. b44, f. 1. — Abbot, lusccto Georgia, i, t. 30.— Wilklenow.Speo. iv, 944; Euuiii. 1041!; Berl. Baumz. M:i.— Noiivkaii Dnhanii'l,ii,:W>, t.9.— Michaux, FI. Bor.-Ain. ii.240.— Peraoon, Syn. i,a92. — Uosfoutaiiics, Hist. Ail). ii,448. — Michaux f. Hi.st. Arb. Aiii. iii,22o. f. 8; N. American Sylva, 3 e; Fl. X. York, ii, 1(17 ; Bot. Wilkeb Exp.-d. 4.')C.— Guiuipel, Otto& Hayue, Abb. llolz. U'J, t.9().— Sprengel, Syst. i, 932.— Watsou, Demi. Brit, ii, 147.— Beck, Bot. 3:{4.— Ralines<|ue, New Fl. & Bot. i, 32.— London, Arborotuni, iii, 1417 & t.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Aui. ii, 142.— Eatim & Wright, Bot. 180.— Spacli in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 sor. xvi,40; Ilist. Veg. xi, 133. — IVnn. Cycl. xxv, 490. — Browne, Trees of America,.')!". — Emerson, Trees Massacbusetts, 306, 1. 16; 2ed. ii, 344 »& t.— Planchon in Ann. Sci. Nat. 3 ser. x, 288; DeC'andoIle, Prodr. xvii, 174.— Walpers, Ann. iii,:!9t).— Ricbardson, Arctic Exped. 436.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 2jC. — Darby, Bot. S. States, 503. — Cooper iu Smithsonian Rep. 185", 2.>4. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 417.— Curt is iu Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, ISCO, iii, (SI. — Lesc|uereux in 0\ven's2d Rep. Arkansas, 380. — Wood, CI. Book, 634 ; Bot. & Fl. 299.- Engelniann in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. now ser. xii,2ll8.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 312.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 443 ; Hall's PI. Texas, 21.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 432. — Hayden in Warren's Rep. Nebraska & Dakota, 2 ed. 121. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 23. — Burbauk in Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Mist, xviii, 215. — Pntzliys in Fl. des Serrcs, xxii, 206. — Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-'7(i,209.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882,72. G. crassi/oUa, Lamarck, Diet, iv, 138. — Nouvoaii Duhamel, ii, 37. — Micbaiix f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 228, t. 9 ; N. American Sylva,3 cd. iii, 40, t. 115.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 200.— Xuttall, Genera, i, 202.— Rcemer &■ Schultes, Syst. vi,307.— Torrey, Fl. U. S. i, 300 ; Couipnnd. Fl. N. States, 132 ; Fremont's R>!p. 97 ; E mory's Rep. 412.— Spreugel, Syst. i, 932.— Beck, Bot. 334. — Eaton, Manual, (5 el. 83. — Rafiuesque, New Fl. & But. i, 34. — Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1418, f. 1254. — Eaton & Wngbt, Bot 186.— Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. xvi, 39 ; Hist. Veg. xi, 130.— Penn. Cycl. xxv, 490.— Browne, Trees of America, 519. — Emerson, Trees of Massachusetts, 309 ; 2 ed. ii, 347 & t. C.ohliqua, Mcench, Moth. 344. G. occidentalis, var. scabriuscula, Willdcnow, Spec, iv, 995; Berl. Baumz. 2 ed. 62.— Hayne, Deud. Fl. 217.— London, Arboretum, iii, 1417. G. occidentalis, var. tenuifolia, Persoon, Syn. i, 292. G. cordata, Persoon, Syn. i,292.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii,448.— Du Mont, Cour. Bot. Cult. vi,389. G. Iwvigala, Wiliaeuow, Berl. Baumz. 2 ed. 81; Euum. Suppl. 68.— Rcemer & Schultes, Syst. vi, 306.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 932. — Ratinesque, New. Fl. & Bot. i, 34. — Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1420. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 432. G. pumila, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 200.— R(Biner & Schultes, Syst. vi. 306.— Torrey, Fl. U. S. i,300 ; Compecd. Fl. N. States, 132.— Beck, Bot. 334.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 86.— Rafiuesque, New Fl. & Bot. i, 3i.— Loudon, Arborettim, iu, 1420.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. Iwi. G. alba, Katinesqne, Fl. Luilo\ ieiana, 2.>; New Fl. & Bot. i, 32.— Planchon in De Candolle. Proiir. xvii, 177. G. canina and G. maritima, Ralinesque iu Am. Monthly Mag. & Crit. Rev. ii,43, 44. G. occidentalis, var. cordata, Willdenow, Berl. Baumz. 2 ed. 82.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 217.— Ra>mer & Schultes, Syst. vi, 306.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1417. G. tenuifolia, Nuttall, Genera, i, 202; Sylva, i, 135; 2 ed. i, 149.— Uafinesque, New Fl. & Bot. i. 36. G. occidentalis, Vin:intC(/riJolia, Nuttall, Genera, i, 202.— (_lia)iman, Fl. S. States, 417.— Wood. CI. Book. ivU: Bot. & Fl. 299. G. Mississippiensis, Bosc, Diit. Ag. new ed. x, 41.— Poirot, Suppl. iii, 088.— Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. xvi, 42; Hist. Veg. xi, 136. — Planchon iu Auu. Sci. Nat. 3 ser. x, 287 ; Do Candolle, Prodr. xvii, 176.— Walpers, Ann. iii, ;W. — Cooper iu Smithsonian Rop. 1858,254. — Lesquereux iu Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, :{86. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 eil. 443; Hall's PI. Texas. 21.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 23.— Ridgway in Proc. V. S. Nat. Mus. l-;82. 72. G. integrifolia, Xuttall in Tran.-;. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. v, 169.— Cooper in Smithsonian K'ep. 1858, 254. G. longifoUa, Nuttall in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. v, 169 ; Sylva, i. 134. t. K': 2 ed. i. 148, t. 40.— Ralinesque, New Fl. & Bot. i, 33. — Planchon in De CaudoUe, Prodr. xvii, 177. G. hetcropln/lla, G. patiila, G. Fluridiana, G. fascata. ('. salici/olia, G. niori/olia. G. mariiima, Kaiine.*que. Xew I'l. & Bot. i. :U-37. G. occidentalis, yAV.firaildidtntata, Spaeh in Ann. Soi. Nat. 2 ser. xvi, 40; Hisl. Veg. xi, l;i;i.— Wali>ei-s, Ann. iii. 396. G. occidentalis, var. seynilata, Spaeh in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. xvi. 41 : Hist. Veg. xi. 134.— Walpen*. Ann. iii. :aX;. C. C>-a«si/olia, var. tiliai'olia, Spa.h in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. xvi. :«>; Hist. Veg.xi, 131.— Walpers, Ann. iii, 396. G. crassit\dia, var. morifolia, Spach in Ann.S.i. Nat. 2 s.^r. \vi, 39: Hist. Veg. xi. 131.— Walpers, Ann. iii. :«H>. G. erassifolia, var. evvahjpiifoUa, Spaeh in Ann. Sei. Xat. 2 ser. xvi, 40: Hist. Veg. xi, 131.— Waliwr^. Ann. iii. 3f>a 126 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. C. Atldibertiana, SpacU in Ann Sci. Nat. 2 sor. xvi. 41 ; Hist. PI. xi, 135.— Planohou in Do CnndoUe, Prodr. xvil, 174. C. Audibcrtiana, var.orata, Sp.icU in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. xvi, 41; Hist. Vcg. xi, 135. C. Audibcrtiana, var. oblongata, Spach in Ann. Sci. N»t. 2 ser. xvi, 41 ; Hist. Veg. xi, 135. C. Lindheimeri, Engelmaun in herb. A. Braun. (Koeli, Drondrologio, ii, 434). C. Berlandicri, Klotsch in Linniea, xviii, 541. — Plancbon in Do CandoUe, Prodr. xvii, 178. C. Texana, Schcele in Liuua;a, xx, 14^ : Rocuier, Texas, 446; Appx. Ufi. C. occidentalis, var. crassi/olia. Gray, Manual N. States, 2 cd. 305 ; 5 cd. 443.— Wood, CI. Book, C34 ; Bot. & Fl. 299. C. occidentalis, xar. pumila. Gray, Manual N. States, 2 cd. 397; 5 ed. 443.— Chapman, Fl. S. States. 417.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, iii, ISCO, 02. — WatHon in King's Rep. v, 321. SIGARBERRY. nACKBERBY. Tallc.v of the Saiut Lawrence river west tocivstern Dakota, south through the Athintic roffion to bay Biscayne and cape Romano, Florida, and the valley of the Devil's river, Texas. A large tree, IS to 30 or, exceptionally, 3C to 39 meters (Ridgicay) in height, with a trunk O.CO to 1.50 meter in diameter; most common and reaching its greatest development in the Mississippi lliver basin; rich bottoms or dry hillsides; sometimes reduced to a low shrub (C pitmila), and varying greatly in the size, shai)e, and texture of the leaves (C MisHissippiennis Iwrigata, integrifoUa, cras.ii/olia, etc.) : the extremes connected by innumerable intermediate forms, which, thus considered, make one polymorphous species of wiile geographical range. Wood heavy, rather soft, not strong, coarse grained, compact, satiny, susceptible of a good polish; layers of annnal growth clearly marked by several rows of largo open ducts, containing many small groups of smaller ducts arranged in intermediate concentric rings ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, clear light yellow, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.72S7 ; ash, 1.09; largely used for fencing and occasionally in the manufacture of cheap furniture. "Var. reticulata. 0. reticulata, Tom-y in Ann. Lye. N. York, ii, 247.— Eaton, Manual. G cd. 8fi.— Rafiuesquc, New Tl. & Bot. i, 35.— Eaton & Wrigbt, Bot. 166.— Nuttall, Sylva, i, 133, t. 39; 2 ed. i, 140, t. 39.- Browne, Trees of America, 518.— Planclion in Ann. Sci. Nat. 3 ser. x, 293; Do CandoUe, Prodr. x^-ii, 178. — Walpers, Ann. iii, 390. — Torrcy & Gray in Pacilic K. U. Rep. ii, 175. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 200; Am. Nat. iii, 407. — Gray in Proc. Am. Acad, vii, 401. — Watiiou in PI. Wheeler, 10.- Vas1(;; ash, 6.03. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 127 230. — Ficus brevifolia, Nnttall, Sylva, ii, '.i, t. 42 ; 2 cd. i, 153, t. 42.— Cooper iu Smithsonian Kcp. ItjoH, 265.— Chapman, Fl. 8. States, 415. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 22. Seini-tropical Florida, bay Biscayue to the southern keys (Key Largo, Pumpkin Key, Curtiss). A tree sometimes 15 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0..30 meter in diameter. Wood light, .soft, close-{;rained, eotui)act, containing few large, open, scattered ducts and many groups of much smaller ducts arranged in concentric circles ; medullary rays numerous, thin, conspicaoos; color, light brown or yellow, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.C39S ; ash, 4.3G. 231. — Ficus pedunculata, Alton, Hort. Kew. iii, 450; 2 ed. v, 48C.— Chapman, P"l. S. States, 415.— Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 151. F. COmplicata, Hnmboldt, Bonplaud & Kunth, Nov.Gen.'& Spec, ii, 48. Urostigma 2)edunculatum, Miqucl in Hooker, London Jour. Hot. vi, 450.— Walpere, Ann. i, 677. "WILD FIG. INDIA-EXXBBEE TEEE. Semi-tropical Florida, bay Biscayue to the southern keys (Key Largo, Umbrella and Boca Chica Keys, etc. Curtins); in the \Vest Indies. A tree sunietimes lli meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.50 meter in diameter, or often shrubby and muili branched from the ground; rare. Wood light, soft, weak, close-grained, compact, containing many large, open, scattered ducts, with many groups of small ducts arranged in conceutiic circles; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, light orange-brown, the sap-wood undistinguishable ; specific gravity, 0.4739 ; ash, 4.92. 232. — Morus rubra, Linntens, Sped ed.986.— Marshall, Arbustnm, 93.— Wangenheim, Amer. 37, t. 15, f. 35.— Waller, Fl. Caroliuiana, 241.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii, 343; 2ed. v,2()6.— Mtench, Meth. 343.— Laraareli, Diet, iv, 377. —Abbot, Insects Georgia, ii, t. 70.— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 179.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 369; Enum.9ti7; Berl. Bauuiz. 252.— Noviveau Duhauiel, iv, 91, t. 23.— Persoou, Syn. ii, .'wS.— Desfontaines, Ilist.Arb. 11, 416.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 232, t. 10; N. American S.vlva,3 ed. iii,42. 1. 116.— Pursh.FI. Am. Sept. li, KKt.— Eaton, Manual, 105; 6 ed. 230.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadelph. 89.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 209.— Hayne, Uend. Fl. 155.— Elliott, Sk. ii, .^74.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 492.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 352; Nicollet's Rep. 160; Fl.N. York, ii, 220; Emory's Rep. 412.— Rsfinesque, Med. Bot. ii, 243; New Fl. & Bot. i,43; Am. Manual Mulberry Trees, 13.— Beck, Bot. 316.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 551.— London, Arboretum, iii, 1359 & t.— Seringe, Descr. & Cult, du Mftr. 223, t. 20.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 323.— Spach, Hist.Veg. si, 43.— Browne, Trees of America, 457.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 280 ; 2ed. i, 314.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 2 ed.2t5.— Daiby, Bot. S. States, 503.— Cooper in Siuithsomau Rep. ia'.8, 254.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 415.— Gray in Pacific R. R. Rep. jcii',47; Manual N. State.s,5 ed. 444.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 18i>0, iii,71.— Lesiiueivux iu Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 3*6.— Wood, CI. Book, 635 ; Bot. & Fl. 300.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 305.— Engelmann in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xii, 203.— Koch Deudrologie, ii, 447.— Young, Bot. Texas, 494.— Bureau in De CandoUe, Prodr. xvii,245.— Hayden iu Warren's Rep. Nebraska & Dakota,2ed. 121.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 22.— Riley in Special Rep. U.S. Dept. Ag. No. 11,34.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mu9. 1882, 73. — Burgess iu Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vii, 95. M. CanadenuLs, Lamarck,Dict.iv,3S0.— Seringe, Descr.& Cult, du Mftr. 224. M. scabra, Willdcnow, Euum. 967; Berl. Banniz. 152.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 209.— Rafinesqne, Am. Manual Mulberry Tr<>o«, 29.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 154.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 492.— Loddiges, Cat. 1836. M. toment^sa, Rafinesque,Fl. Ludovieiana, 113; Am. Manual Mulberry Trees, 30. M. reticulata, M. Canadensis, M. parri/olia, and M. riparia, Raiiuesque, .-Vm. Manual Mulberry Treee, 29-31. M. rubra, var. Canadensis, Luudou, Arboretum, iii, i3(;o. Jf. Mis.souriensis, Audiberl, Cat. Jard. TounoUe. M. rubra, var. tomentosa. Bureau in Do CaudoUe, Prodr. ivii, 246. Jlf. rubra, var. incisa, Bureau in Do Cundolle, Proilr. xvii, 217. 128 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. KED MILBEKKY. Wi'Mt'iii Xiw Eiifilaml and Limy Island, Now York, west tlirouyh soutbeiu Ontario and eentral Michigan to the Black hills of Dakota, eastern Nebraska and Kansas, south to bay Biscayne and cape llouiano, Florida, and the valley of the Colorado river, Texas. A lar}:e tree, IS to 20 meters in heii^lit, with a trunk O.'.H) to l.L'd meter or, exi'e])ti()nally. '2.\~> meters in diameter (P. J. LciTkimin.s, Augusta, Georgia); generally in rich bottom lands; most common and reaching its greatest development in the basins of the lower Ohio and the Jlississippi rivers. Wooil light, soft, not strong, rather tough, coarsegrained, eomi)ac(, vei'y durable in contact with the soil, satiny, susceptible of a good polish; layers of anniuil growth clearly marked by several rows of large open ducts; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light orange yellow, the sap-wood lighter; specilic gravity, 0.5898; ash, 0.71 ; largely u.sed in fencing, coojjerage, for snaths, and at the south iu ship- and boat-building. The large dark jmrple fruit sweet and edible. 233. — Morus microphylla, Biukloy, Proc. I'biludelphia Acad. 186-2, 8.— Gray in Proc. PhUaduliiUiu Aca.l. 1662, 1G7. - Young, Bot. Texas, 494. M. parvi/olia, Engelmaun in herb —Gray, Hail's PI. T.xas, St.— Vascy, Cat. Forest Trees, 22.— Riley in Special Rep. U. S. Dept.Ag.No.il, 34. MEXICAN MULBERRY. Valley of the Colorado river, through westei'u Texas to the \ alley of the Gila river. New Mexico; and Bonlhward into Mexico. A ."^midl tree, .>4; Trann. Am. Pliil. .S8. — Dflile in Bull. Soc. Ag. Her. Irj'M & t. — Eaton, Manual, ti ed. '/I'. — Seringe in Mem. Soc. Ag. Lyon, 1635, l-iii &, t; Descr. & Cult, du Mfir. ■^•■i, t. '.273.- Lamliert, PiuuH.a ed. ii, Appx. 4, 1. 3.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1342, 13112, f. 122G-1228; CJard. Mag. xi, 312, f. 40-47.— Eaton & Wrigbt, Bot. 311.— Spach, Hi.st. Virg. xi, o3.— Browne, Trees of America, 4l)5.— Darby, Bot. .S. States, 504.— Cooper iu .Smitlihonian Rej). lf^5S, 2.T4. — Miquel iu Martiuti, El. Brasil. iv, 158. — Wood, CI. Book, (i;i5; Bot. & El. 299. — Porcher, Re»onrcet4S. Forests, 101. — Koch, Uendrologie, ii, 437. — Bureau in Do Candolle, Prodr. xvii,227. — Dumen in Proc. California Acad. V, 3tH. — Vattey, Cat. Forest Trees, 22. — Guibourt, Hist. Drogues, 7 ed. ii, 325. — Riley in Special Rep. U. S. Dept. Ag. No. 11, 35. Torylon Madura, Ralinesqne.New Fl. & Bot. i, 43; Am. Manual Mulberry Trees, 13. Joxylon pomi/erum, Ratlnesrpie in Am. Monthly Mag. aud Crit. Rev. ii, 11". BrOUSSanetia tinctoria, Torrey in Ann. Lye. K. York, ii, 2lolish, containing numerous small open ducts, layers of annual growth cli-arly marked by broad bands of larger ducts; medullary rays thin, numerous, coii.-])icuous; color, bright orange, turning brown with exposure, the sap-wood light yellow; specilic gravity, 0.77.'30; ash, 0.08; largely used for fon<;e. ]to»t8, paving blocks, railway ties, wheel stock; extensively planted for hedges, especially in the western states. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 129 PLATANACEiE. 235. — Platanus occidentalis, Linao-us, Spec. 1 ed. 999.— Du Eoi, Harbk. ii, 134.— Marsluall, Aibiist iiiii, 10.'>.— \Vaii>;<'nbiMiii, Anjcr. 31, t. 13, f. 31.— Walter, Fl. Caroliniaoa, 236.— Alton, Hort. Kew. iii, 3C5 ; 2 cd. v, 305.— Mccndi, Meth. S.'iS. — Abl)ot, lusects Georgia, ii, t. 55. — Micbanx, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 163. — Lamarck, Diet, v, 438. — Nouveau Duhamel, ii, G, t. 2. — Willdenow, Spec, iv, 474 ; Enuiii. 984 ; Burl. Bauraz. 284. — Persoon, Syn. ii, 575.— Desfontaiues Hist. Arb. ii, 545.— Scbknbr, Ilandb. iii, 274, t. 306.— Kobiu, Voyages, iii, 524.— Micliaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 1*4, t. 3 ; N. American Sylva, 3 od. ii, 46, t. C3.— Piirsh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 635.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Pbiladclpb. 91 ; Compend. Fl. Philadelph. 176.— Eaton, Manual, 110 ; G ed. 267.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 219.— Hayue, Dend. Fl. 171.— JameB iu Long's Exped. i, 23.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 620.— Sprengol, Syst. iii, 865.— Watson, Dend. Brit, i, 1. 100.— Torrcy, Couipcnd. Fl. N. States, 356 ; Fl. N. York, ii, 218 ; Bot. Mei. Bound.ary Survey, 205.— Audubon, Birds, t. 206.— Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 2043, f. 1959 & t.— Eaton & Wrigbt, Bot. 361.— Hooker, FL Bor.-Am. ii, 1.58. — Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 384. — Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 227 ; 2 ed. i, 261 & t. — Sclieele in Rtrmer, Texaa, 446.- Buckley in Am. Jour. Sci. 2 ser. xiii, 399.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica,3 cd.282.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 509.— Agardh, Theor. & Syst. PI. t. xiii, f. 1,2.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 254.— Hartig, Forst. 446, t. 54.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 418.— Cnrtifl in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 76. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 386. — Wood, CI. Book, 640; Bot. & Fl. 303. — Engelmann in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xii, 209. — A. Do Candolle, Prodr. xvi'^ 159. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 447 ; Hall's PL Texas, 21. — Koch, Deudrologie, ii, 468. — Schnizleiu, Icon. t. 97, f. 1-24. — Young, Bot. Texas, 498. — Hayden in Warren's Rep. Nebraska & Dakota, 2 ed. 121.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 22.— Ridgway iu Proc. U. S.Nat. Mus. 1882, 73.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 187y-'80, 55':. P. lobata, Mcench, Meth. 358. P. hybridas, Brotero, Fl. Lus. ii, 487. P. vulgaris, var. angulosa, Spach in Anu.Sci.Nat. 2 ser. xv,293; Hist. Veg. xi,79. SYCAMORE. BUTTON WOOD. BUTTON-BALL TREE. WATER BEECH. Southern Maine and sontbeastern New Hampshire to northern Vermont and the northern shores of lakes Ontario and Erie, west tc eastern Ifebraslca and Kansas, south to northern Florida, central Alabama and Mississippi, and the valley of the Nueces river, Texas, extending southwest to the valley of the Devil's river. The largest tree of the Atlantic forests, often 30 to 40 meters in height, with a trunk 2.40 to 4.20 meters in diameter; generally along streams and river bottoms, in rich, moist soil; very common and reaching its greatest development in the bottom lauds of the Ohio and Mississippi rivers; the large specimens generally hollow. Wood heavy, hard, not strong, very close-grained, compact, difficult to split and work ; layers of annual growth dearly marked by broad bands of small ducts; the numerous medullary rays very conspicuous, as in that of all the North American species; color, brown tinged ■with red, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.5678; ash, 0.4G; largely used for tobacco boxes (its principal use), ox-yokes, butchers' blocks, and, rarely, in the manufacture of cheap furniture. 236. — Platanus racemosa, Nuttall; Audubon, Birds, t. 3G2; Sylva, i, 47, t. 15; 2 ed. i, 63, t. 15— Bcuthaui, PI. Hnrtweg. 336.— Ncwben-y in Pacific R. K. Kep. vi, ;B, 89, t. 11, f. 10.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 260.— Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 204 ; Ives' Rep. 27 ; Bot. Wilkea Exped. 457.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi", 160. — Kocb, Dendrologie, ii, 469. — Vasey, Cot. Forest Trees, 23. — Watson, BoU California, ii, 66. P. occidentalism Hooker & Aniott, Bot. Beocliey, 160, 380 [not Liiinanis]. P. Californica, Bentham, Bot. Sulphur, .54. P. Mcxicana, Moricaud, PI. Rar. Aiuer. 1. 13?- Torrey iu Sitgreaves' Rop. 172 ; Pacific R. R. Rop. vii,20. SYCAMORE. BUTTON WOOD. California, valley of the Sacramcjito river, south through the interior valleys and coast ranges to the southern boundary of the state. A large tree, 24 to 30 meters in height, with a truidc O.iH) to 1.20 meter in diameter; borders of streams, in rich soil. Wood light, soft, not strong, very close-grained, compact, diflicult to split ; layers of annual growth clearly marked by narrow bands of small ducts; medullary rays numerous, conspicuous; color, light bnnvu tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.4SSO; ash, 1.11. 9 FOR 130 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. 237. — Platanus Wrightii, WatsoD, Proc. Am. Acad, i, ^49.— Vaeey, Cat. Forest Trees", 23.— Euslty in Bull. Toirey Bot. Club, ix, 54. P. ilexicana, Torrey in Emory's Rep. 151 [not Moricaiul]. P. racemosa, W.-itson, n. Whceler, 10 [not Niittall].— Rothrock iu Wheeler's Eep. vi,239. SYCAMORE. Valleys of southwestern New Mexico to tlie valley of the Sau Pedro river, Arizona; southward into Mexico. A tree sometimes 15 to IS meters in height, with a trunk 0.45 to 0.00 meter in diameter; banks of streams and high mountain caiions. Wood light, soft, weak, very close-grained, compact; layers of annual growth clearly marked by several rows of open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin, very conspicuous ; color, light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.473G ; ash, 1.35, JUGLANDACEiE. 238.— Juglans cinerea, Linnaeus, Spec. 2 e meters {h'idyiraij) in lieiglit, with a trunk O.CO to 0.00 meter in diameter; rich woodlands; rare at the .south; most common and reaching its greatest development in the Oliio River basin. Wofxl light, soft, not strong, ratlier coarse-grained, compact, easily worked, satiny, susceptible of a beaulUnl polisli, wjntaining numerous regularly-distributed, large, oi)en ducts; medullary rays distant, thin, obscure; color, bright light brown, turning dark with exposure, the sap-wood lighter; sijccific gravity, 0.4(i8G; ash, 0.51 ; largely need for interior 6nish, cabinet work, etc. The inner bark, especially that of the root, is em]il()yed medicinally as a mild cathartic {Am. Jour, ritarm. 1874, 100.— r. S. Difipensatory, 14 ed. 520.— Nat. VixpcnHaUiry, Ii ed. 704), and furnishes a yellow dye. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 131 239. — ^Juglans nigra, Liunaius, Spec. 1 C(l. 997.— Jucqniii, Icon. Kar. i, t. 191.— Wangeuheim, Amer. 20, t.8, f. 20. — Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 2:{5.— Aiton, Uort. Kcw, iii, 3G0; 2 ed. v, 296.— Mccnch, MetU. 090.- Lamarck, Diet, iv, 502; III. iii, 365, t. 781, f. 6.— Abbot, Inscctt Gcorpa, i, t. 8S.— Mulilenliorg & WiUdeiiow in Neue Scliiiftou Gi-stll. Nat. Fr. Berlin, iii, 388. — Micbanx, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 191.— Willdenow, Spec, iy, 466; Enum. 978; lii!rl. Haumz. 193. — Smitli in Rocs' Cycl. xx, No. 3. — Persoon, Syn. ii, 566.— Dcsfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 347. — Nouveau Dnhanicl, iv, 179, t. 48. — Micbaux f. Hist. Arb. Xm. i. 158, t. 1 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 140, t. 30. — Pureh,}!. Am. Sept. ii, 036.- Barton, Prodr. Fl. Pliiladolpb. 92; Compend. Fl. Pbiladelpb. ii, 177.— Eaton, Manual, 108; 6 ed. 192.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 220 ; Sylva, i, 41 ; 2 ed. i. 57.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 163.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 622.— Sprengcl, Syst. iii, 8C5.— Torrey, Compend. 11. N. Statca) 357; Fl. N. York, ii, 179.— Watson, Dend. Brit. ii,t. 158.— Andubon, Birds, t. 84, 156.— Kafincsqiic, Med. Bot.ii, 23:1.— Beck. Bot. 335.-! Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 168. — Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1435, f. 1260 &. t. — Eaton &. Wright, Bot. 287. — Emerson, Trees Massacbutsetts, 185; 2 ed. i, 211 &. t.— Griffith, Med. Bot. 589.— Parry in Owen's Rep. 618.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 cd. 262.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 513. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 254.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 419. -Curtis in Rep. Geological Snrv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 45. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 387. — Wood, CI. Book, 640 ; Bot. &. Fl. 304. — C. De CandoUe in Ann. Sci. Nat. 4 scr. xviii, 34, t. 1, f. 1, 8-10; Prodr. xvi-, 137. — Engelni.ann in Trans. Am. Pbil. Soc. new ser. xii, 209. — Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 318. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 cd. 447. — Koch, Deudrologie, i, 587. — Schnizlein, Icon. t. 244, f. 1, 8, 12, 13. — Young, Bot. Texas, 500. — Haydou in Warren's Rep. Nebraska & Dakota, 2 ed. 121. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 23. — Guibourt, Hist. Drogues, 7 ed. ii, 300. — Beal in Am. Nat. xv, 36, f. 5.— Sears in Bull. Essex Inst, xiii, 178. — Bell in Geological Rep. Cauada, 1879-'80, 53'. Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1P82, 76. — Nicholson in London Gard. Chronicle, 1882, 780. — Watson in Proc. Am. Acad, xviii, 155. J. nigra ohJonga, Marshall, Arbustum, 67. WaUia nigra, Aleleld iu Bonplaudia, 1861, 334. BLACK WALNUT. Western Massachusetts, west aloug the southern shores of lake Erie through southern Michigan to 80uthen> Minnesota, eastern Nebraska, and eastern Kansas, south to the Chattahoochee region of northern Florida, central Alabama and Mississippi, and the valley of the San Antonio river, Texas. A large tree, often 30 to 45 meters in height, with a trunk 1.80 to 3 meters in diameter; rich bottom lands and hillsides ; most common and reaching its greatest development on the western slopes of the southern Alleghany mountains and in the rich bottoms of southwestern Arkansas and the Indian territory; less common east of the Alleghany mountains, and now everywhere scarce. Wood heavy, hard, strong, rather coarse-grained, liable to check if not carefully seasoned, easily worked, susceiJtible of a beautiful polish, durable in contact with the soil, containing numei'ous large, I'egularly-distributed, open ducts; medullary rays numerous, thin, not conspicuous; color, rich dark brown, the thin sap-wood much lighter; specific gravity, O.G.ll.') ; ash. 0.79; more generally used in cabinet-making, interior finish, and for gun stocks than that of any other North American tree. 240. — Juglans rupestris, Engelmann; Sitgreaves' Rep. 171, t. 15.— Torroy, Bot. Mtx. Boundary Survey, 205; Ives' Rep.27.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1855. 260. — C. De CandoUe in Ann. Sci. Nat. 4 ser. xviii, 28, t. 2, f. 11 ; Prodr. xvi', 138. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 24. —Watson, Bot. California, ii, 93 ; Proc. Am. Acad, xviii, 155. — Rusby iu Bull. Torrey Bot. Clnb. ix, 54. J. rupestris, YSXT. major, Torrey in Sitgrc^ave8' Rep. 171, t. 16; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey. 205; Pacific R. R. Rep. vii, 20.— C. Do CandoUe, Prodr. xvi", 138.— Hcmsloy, Bot. Am. -Cent, iii, 164. J. Californica, V.'titsm in Proc. Am. Acad, x, 349; Bot. California, ii, 93.— Vascy, Cat. Forest Trees, 24.— Rothrook in Wheeler's Rep. vi, 249. WALNUT. Valley of the Colorado river (near Austin), west through western Texas, southern New Mexico, and Arizona from 5,000 to 7,000 feet elevation, and in the Calilbrnia Coast ranges from the San Bernardino mountains to the neighborhood of San Francisco bay and the valley of the Sacramento river. A tree rarely 15 to 22 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to O.'.Ht meter in diameter, reaching its greatest developiiuMit iu the neighborhood of San Francisco bay; iu Ti'xas generally reduced to a low. nuu-hbranehed shrub; borders of streams and mountain canons, in rich soil. Wood heavy, hard, not strong, coarse-grained, checking in drying, susceptible of a good poli.sh, containing numerous regularly-distributed, large, open ducts; medullary rays distant, thin, obscure; color, rich dark brown, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.(i5.>l; ash, 1.01. The small nuts sweet and edible. 132 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. 241. — Carya olivaeformis, Xuttall, Genera, ii, 221.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 849.— E.iton, Mauual, 6 oJ. 83.— Spach. Hist. Vej;. ii, 173.— Penu. Cycl. vi, 331.— Loudon, Arbon-tum, iii, 1441, f. l'.>l>3.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 183.— Sebeele iu Ka-raer, Texas, 447.— Bolg. Hort. vi, 223, t. 45, f. 2.— Torroy, Hot. Mex. Bouudary Siiircy 20."). — Cooper in Smithsonian Kep. 1858, 255. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 418. — Lesquereiix iu Owen's 2d Be].. Arkansas, 387.— Wooil, CI. Book, 641 ; Bot. & Fl. 304.— C. De Candolle in Ann. Sci. Nat. 4 ser. xviii, 36, t. 1, f. 3, t. 5, f. 59; I'rodr. xvi", 144. — Porcher, Kesourtes S. Forests, 333. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 448. — Young, Bot. Texas, 499. — A'asey, Cat. Forest Tree-s 24.— Broadhead in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, CO.- Kidgway in Proo. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 77.— Ilemsley, Bot, Am. -Cent, iii, 163. — Watson iu Proe. Am. Acad, xviii, 155. Jl/rtaiit article of coiumcrce. 242. — Carya alba, Nuttall, Genera, ii, 221.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 024.— Watson, Dend. Brit, ii, t. 148.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 849.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 357 ; Fl. N. York. lf;l.— Beck, Bot. 336.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 83.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 174.— Penn. Cycl. vi, 332.— Loudon, Aiboretum, iii, 1446. f. 1209 & t.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 183.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 143.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 191; 2 cd. i, 217 & t. — Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3cd. 203.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 513.— Belg. Hort. vi, 223, t. 48, f. P.— Cooper iu Suiithsoniau Kcp. 1858, 255.— Chapman, Fl. 8. Stati-s, 418. — Curtis iu Itep. G'ologieal Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 43. — Lesquercux in Owen's 2d Kep. Arkansas, :>a7._Wood,Cl. Book,041; Bot.it Fl. 304.— C. De Candolle iu Ann. Sci. Nat. 4 ser. xviii, 36, t.2, f. 13, 14, 18, t..3, f.24, t.4,f.44,46; Prodr. xvi', 142.— Gray, Mauual N. States, 5 ed. 448.— Youug, Bot. Texas, 499.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 24.— Aldrich in Am. Nat. XV, 227.— .S<-ar» iu Bull. Essex Inst, xiii, 179.— Ridgway in Proc.U. .S. Nat. Mns. 1p82, 72.— Boll in Geological Kep. Canada, 1879-'80, 55'. Juglans orata, Miller, Diet. JuglaiiH alba orata, Marshall, Arbustum, 09. Juglans oualis, Wangenheim, Amer. 24, t. 10, f. 23. Juglans comprensa, Gairtner, Fmct. ii, 50, t. 89, f. 1.— Muhlenberg & Willdenow in Neue Schrifteu Gesell. Nat. Fr. Berlin, iii, 300. — Willdenow, Spec, iv, 458; Euum. 979; Berl. Bauuiz. 195.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 566. — Desfont.'iines, Hist. Arb. ii, 347.— Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 cd. v, 297.— Hayue, Dend. Fl. 104.— Lamarck, 111. iii, 365, t. 781, f. 3. tJuglann exaltata, Bartram, Travels, 2 cd. 38. Juglans Hfjuamom, Lamarck, Diet, iv, 504.— Desfoutaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 348.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. i, 190, t. 7; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 123, t. 30.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadelph.92; Compend. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 179.— Bigelow, FL Boston. 3 cd. 380. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 133 Juglans alha, Michaux, Fl. lior. Am. ii 19:! [not Liiinicus].— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 037.— Eaton, Manual, 108. 0. microcarpa, Nuttall, Genera, ii, 221 ; Sylva, i, 38, 1. 13 ; 2 cd. i, 55, t. 13.— Sprcngcl, Syst. ii, 849.- Penn. CycL vi, 332.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1451. — Darlington, Fl. Cestriea, 3 ed. 264.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. V&i, 255. Chapman, Fl. S. States, 419.— Curtis in Kep. Geolo^ioal Surv. K Carolina, 18C0, iii, 44.— Wood, Cl.Uook,C42; Hot. Sc. KI.304.— C. De Candollc.Prodr. xvi-, 143. — Gr.ny, Manual N. States, Sid. 448.- Koch, Dendrologie, i, .'iUC— Young, Hot. Triaa, 499.— Vasoy, Cat. Forest Trees, 24. — Kidgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mug. 1682, 77. SnEr,L-BAEK HICKORY. SHAG-BARK HICKORY. Valloy of the Saint Lawrence river, along the northern shores of lakes Ontario and Erie to southern Michigan and soutlieastern Minnesota, south to the Cliattalioochee region of western Florida, central Alabama and Mississippi, and west to eastern Kansas, the Indian territory, and eastern Te.^as. A large tree of the first economic value, 2-1 to 30 or, exceptionally, 39 to 4.5 meters in height (Ridgicay), with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 meter in diameter; rich hillsides and sandy ridges; common and reaching its greatest development west of the Alleghany mountains; varying greatly in the size and shape of the fruit. A form with small, thin-shelled nuts (C microcarpa, IftittaU I. r.) is not rare from Delaware .soutliward, and in Michigan. Wood heavy, very hard and strong, tough, close-grained, comjiact, flexible; layers of annual growth clearly marked with one to three rows of large open ducts; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, brown, the thin and more valuable sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.8372; ash, 0.73; largely nsed in the manufacture of agricultural implements, carriages, ax handles, baskets, etc. The sweet and edible nuts afford an important article of commerce. 243. — Carya sulcata, Nuttall, Genera, ii, 231.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 624.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 849.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 357.— Beck, Bot. 336.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 83.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 174.— Penn. Cycl. vi, 332.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1448, f. 1271.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 183.— Darby, Bot. S. States, .513. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 255. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 41f. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 43.— Lesquercux iu Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 387.- Wood, CI. Book,641 ; Bot. &. Fl. 304.— C. De Candolle in Ann. Sci. Nat. 4 sor. xviii, 36, t. 5, f. 51, 52; Prodr. xvi-, 143.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 449.— Young, Bot. Texas, 499.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 24.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 78. Juglans sulcata, Willdeuow, Berl. Baumz. I ed. 154, t. 7 ; Spec, iv, 457.— Muhlenberg & Willdenow in Nene Schriften GMell. Nat. Fr. Berlin, iii, 391.— Persoon, Syu. ii, 5Gii.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 346.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 637. Juglans mucronata, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 192. Jliglans lachliosa, Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. i, 199, t. 6 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 128, t. 37.— Barton, Prodr. FL Philadelph. 92.— Poiret, Suppl. iv, 112.— Audubon, Birds, t. 101. G. cordi/ormis, Koch, Dendrologie, i, 597. BIG SHELL-BARK. BOTTOJI SHELL-BARK. Chester county, Pennsylvania, west to southern Indiana and Illinois, eastern Kansas, and the Indian territory. A tree 2-1 to 30 or, exceptionally, 37 [Ridgway) meters in height, wi th a trunk O.GO to 1.20 meter in diameter; bottom lands, iu low, rich soil; rare and local; most common and reaching its greatest development along the streams of southern Arkansas and the Indian territory. Wood hea\-y, very hard, strong and tough, very close-grained, compact, flexible; layers of annual growth marked by one or two rows of large open ducts; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color, dark brown, the sap- wood nearly white ; specific gravity, 0,S108 ; ash, 0.90 ; used for the same purposes as that of the shell-bark hickory. The large nuts sweel and edible. 244. — Carya tomentosa, Nuttall, Genera, ii, 221.— Barton, Compond. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 179.— Elliott, Sk. ii,C25.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 649.— Torrey, Compend. Fl.N. States, 357; Fl. N. York, ii, 162.— Beck, Hot. 336.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 83.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 17t>.— Penn. Cycl. vi, 332.— London, Arboretum, iii, 1444, f. 1267.— Eaton & Wnglit, Hot. 183.— Emerson, Trees >Iassachusetts, 194,1.13; 2ed. i,222 \- t.— Darlington, Fl. Cestriea, 3 ed. 263.— Darby, Hot. S. States, 513.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. l!N>6, 255.— Chapman. Fl. S. States, 410.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 43. — Lesi|uereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 387. — Wood.CI. Bot>k, (541; Bot. <1 Fl. 304.— C. Do CandoUo in Ann. Sei. Nat. 4 ser. xviii, 36 ; Prodr. xvi*, 143.— Gray, JIanual N. States, 5 ed. 449.— Young, Bot, Texas, 499.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 24.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1682, 76. Juglans alba, Linmcus, Spec, l ed. 997.— Du Roi. Harbk i,333.— Kalm in Act. Holm. 171^1, 117.— Wangenheim, .\uier. -23. U 10, f. 2.— Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 235.— Alton, Ilort. Kew. iii,360; 2 ed. v, 296.— Ga-rtner, Fnict. ii,5l>, t. 6;1. f. X.— McDuoh, Meth. (;96.— Abbot, Insects Georgia, i, t. 29.— Lam.arck, Diet. iv,503; 111. iii, 364, t. 761, f. 2,— MuhlenWrg A Willdenow in Neuo Schriften GescH. Nat. Fr. Berlin, iii, 369.— Smith in Rees" Cycl. xx, No. 2.— Willdenow, Sih-c. iv, 457; Berl. Baumz. 154.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 347.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 379. 134 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Juglans iomentosa, Lamarck, Diet, iv, 504.— Michaus, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 192. — Michaos f. Hist. Arb. Am. i, 184, t. 6 ; N. Americau Sylva, 3 oil. i, ISO, t. 35.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sopt. ii, 037.— Barfou, Prodr. Fl. Philadelph. 91. C. iomentosa, var. maxima, Nuttall. Genera, ii, 221; Sylva, i, 40; 2ed. i, 56.— Sweet, Hort. Brit. cd. 1830.— Beck, Bot. 336.— London, Arboretum, iii, 1445. — C. De CaudoUe. Prodr. xvi*, 143. C. alba, Kocb,Dendrolof;ii', i,59<'. ["otNuttallJ. HOCKEB NUT. BLACK IIICKOKY. BULL NUT. BIG-BUD HICKOKY. -WHITE-nEAET DICKOKY. KING NUT. Valley of the Saint Lawrence river, northern shores of lakes Ontario and Erie to eastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas, and the Indian territory, south to cape Canaveral and Tampa bay, Florida, and the valley of the Brazos river, Texas. A tree 24 to 30 or, exceptionally, 33 {BUlgtcay) meters in height, with a Inmlc 0.00 to l.'JO meter in diameter; generally on rich upland hillsides — less commonly in low river bottom lands; very common in the Gulf states, and throughout the south the most widely-distributed species of the genus. Wood heavy, very hard, strong, tough, very close-grained, checking in drying, llexible, containing few large, regularly-distributed, open ducts; medullary rays numerous, thin, obscure; color, rich dark brown, the thick sap- woofl nearly white; specific gravity, 0.S21G: ash, l.OC; u.sed for the same purposes as that of t lie shell bark hickory. 245. — Carya porcina, Nnttall, Genera, ii, !H-J.— Barton, Compoud. I'l. rbiladelpl:. ii, IsO.— Elliot! , Sk. ii, Ov'T.— Watson, Dond. Biit. il, t. Hi?.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 849.— Torrey, Compeiid. Fl. X. States, 353.— Beck, Bot. 33»;.— Eaton, Manual, G cd. 83.— Spacb, Hist. Vcg. ii, 178.— Ponn. Cycl. vi,332.— Darlington, Fl. Ceslrica,2 ed. 54C.— London, Arboretum, iii, 1449, f. 1272-1274.— Eaton & Wrigbt, Bot. 183.— Spacb, Hist. Veg. ii, 178.— Emerson, Trees Massacbusctts, 197, 1. 14 ; 2 ed, i, 224 & t.— AVood, Bot. & Fl. 304.— C. Do Candolle in Ann. Sci. Nat. 4 ser. xviii, 36, t. 1, f. 5, t. 5, f. 54; Prodr. xvi-, 143.— Porcber, Resources S. Forests, 332. —Giay, Manual N. States, 5 cd. 419; Hall's PI. Texas, 21.— Vasty, Cat. Forest Trees, 24.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mns. 1882, 78. Juglans glabra. Miller, Diet. No. 5.— Wangonheim, Amer. 25, t. 10, f. 24.— Mublcuberg & Willdenow in None Scbriftea GeseU. Nat. Fr. Berlin, iii, 391.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 458; Berl. Bauniz. 196.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 5G6.— Alton, Hoft. Kcw. 2 ed. V, 297.— Eaton, Manual, 106.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 104. Juglans alba acuminata, Marshall, Arbusiuni, 08. Juglans obcordata, Lamarck Diet, iv, 504. — Mnblenlierg & Willdenow in Nene Scbriftou Gesell. Nat. Fr. Berlin, iii, 391. — Willdenow, Spec, iv, 458.— Persoon, Syn. 5C)0. Juglans porcina, Micbaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. i, 206, t. 9; N. American Sylva, 3 cd. i, 132, t. 38.— Pursb, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 038.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadelpb..92.— Audubon, Birds, t.91. Juglans Ji'jri/ormiH, Mublenberg, Cat. 92. Juglans porcina, var. obcordata, Pursb, FI.Am. Sei)t. ii, 638.— Barton, Compend. Fl. Pbiladdpb. ii, ISO.— Watson, Dend. Brit, ii, 107. Juglans porcina, var. pisiformis, Pursb, Fl. Aiu. Se|)t. ii,6:?8.— Barton, Compend. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 180. C. glabra, ToTTcy, Fl.N. York, ii, 182, t. lOL— Gray, Manual N. States, 1 ed. 412.— Darlington, Fl.Ccstrica, 3 ed. 264.— Cooper iu SraitbBonian Rep. 1858, 255.— Cbapnian, Fl. S. States, 419.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 18G0, iii, 41.— Lcsquereni in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkan.sas, 387.— Koib, Dcndrologie, i, .594.— Young, Bot. Texas, 499. C. amara, var. porcina, D.irby, Bot. S. States, 513. PIG M:T. brown hickory. BLACK HICKORY. SWITCH BUD HICKORY. Southern Maine to southern Ontario, southern Jlichigau and Minnesota, eastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas, and the Indian territory, .south to cape Canaveral and Pease creek, Florida, and the valley of the Nueces river, Texas. A tree 24 to 30 or, exceptionally, 40 {Ridgway) meters in Jicigiil. wiih a Irunk O.OO lo l.."iO meter in diameter; dry hills and uplands*, common. Wood ]iea%y, hard, very strong and tougli, flexible, chwegrained, checking in mcr, Texas, 447.— D.irby, Bot. 8. States, 514.— Cbapmau, Fl. S. States, 419.— Curtis in Kep. Gcologieal Surv.N. Carolina, 18t50, iii, 44.— Lesquereux in Owen's 3d Rep. Arkansas, 387.— Wood, CI. Book, 641 ; Bot. & Fl. 304.— C. Do CandoUo iu Ann. Sci. Nat. 4 ser. xviii, 36, 1. 1, f. 4, t. 5, f. 56, 57 ; Prodr. xvi', 144.— Koch, Dendrologie, i, 593.— Young, Bot. Texas, 500.— A'asey, Cat. Forest Trees, 24. Juglans aquatica, Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. i, 182, t. 5; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 119, t. 34.— Pursh. Fl. Am. Sept, ii, 638.— Poirot, Suppl. iv, 112. Uicorius intcgrifolia, Rafinesquo, Fl. Ludoviciana, 109. C. integri/olia, Sprengel, Syst. ii, 849.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1451. 136 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. WATER niCKOKY. SWAMP HICKOKY. BITTER PECAN. North Carolina, in the lower districts, south to capo Malabar and tho Caloosa river, Florida (in Florida not detected within S or 10 miles of the coast), throngh the Gulf states to western Louisiana, northeastern Aikansas, and the valley of the Brazos river, Texas. A tree IS to 21 metei-s in height, with a trunk 0.(J0 (o 0.90 meter in diameter, or generally much smaller; low river swamps; most common and reaching its greatest development in the bottom lands of the lowei' Mississippi and Vazoo rivers. Wood heavy, soft, strong, rather brittle, very close-grained, compact, containing few scattered, open ducts; layers of annual growth less clearly marked than in the other species of the genus; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, dark brown, the sap-wood light, often nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.7407 ; ash, 1.27 ; used for fencing, fuel, etc. MYRIOACE^. 249. — Myrica cerifera, Liimicus, Spec. 1 ed. 1024.— Kalni, Travels, English cd. i, th2.— JIi7, MWt.—Nat. Dinpcmatory, 2 ed. 941). Tho wax which covers the small globidar fruit, formerly largely c(jllected and made into candles, and now, under the name of myrtlc-wax, a popular remedj- in the treatment of dysentery. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 137 250. — Myrica Californica, Cbamisao, Linnoea, vi, 535.— Bentham, PI. Hartwog. 336; Bot. Sulphur, 55.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, ICO.— Hooker &. Arnott, Bot. Beechey :!90.— Lindley iu Jour. London Hort. Soc. vii, 282.— Torrey in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 137 ; Bot. Wilkes Expcd. 4C5.— N'eCTberry in Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 89.— Cooper in Pacific R. R. Rep. xii^, 08.— C. Do Candolle, Prodr. xvi', 153.- Gray In Proc. Am. Acad, vii, 401.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 28.— Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii, 91.— Watson, Bot. California, ii, 81. ? M. Xalapensis, Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Bccchey, ICO. Cape Foulweatber, Oregon, south near the coast to the bay of Monterey, California. A small evergreen tree, rarely exceeding 9 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 meter in diameter, or toward its northern limits reduced to a low shrub; sandy beaches and gravelly hillsides. Wood heavy, very hard, strong, brittle, very close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, thin, conspicuous ; color, light rose, the sap-wood lighter ; specific gravity, 0.G703 ; a.sh, 0.33. CUPULIFER^. 251. — Quercus alba, Linnieus, Spec. 1 ed. 996.— Du Roi, Harbk. ii, 270, t. 5, f. 5.— Lamarck, Diet, i, 720.— Marshall, Arbustum, 119.— Wangenheim, Amer. 12, t. 3, C 6. — Walter, Fl. Carolluiana, 235. — Aiton, Hort. Ke^v. iii, 358; 2 ed. v, 293. — Abbot, Insects Georgia, U, t. 80,87. — Michanx, Fl. Bor.- Am. ii, 195. — Muhlenberg & Willdenow in Neue Schriften Gesell. Nat. Fr. Berlin, iii, 395.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 448; Enum. 977; Berl. Baumz. 346.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 570.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 508.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 13, t. 1; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 22, 1. 1.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 633.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Pbiladelpb. 91 ; Compend. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 17.— Eaton, Manual, 108; 6 ed. 293.— Nuttall, Genera, ii,215; Sylva, i, 14; 2 ed. i, 24.— Xouvcau Dubamel, vii, 175.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 158. — Elliott, Sk. ii, 607.— Sprengel, Syst. iii, 864.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 359; Fl. N. York, ii, 192.— Audubon, Birds, t. 107, 147.— Beck, Bot. 330.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1864, f. 1723-1726 & t.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Ani. ii, 158.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. :185.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 375.— Spach, Hist. Veg. si, 155.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 127, t. 1; 2 ed. i, 145 & t.— GritBth, Med. Bot. 585.— Penn. Cycl. xix, 216.— Richardson, Arctic Exped. 437.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 266.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 511.— Cooper iu Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 255. — Brendcl iu Trans. Illinois Ag. Soc. iii, 613, t. 1.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 423. — Curtia in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 31. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 387. — Wood, CI. Book, 645 ; Bot. Jk Fl. 306.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 257.— A. Do Candolle, Prodr. xvi-, 22.— Orstcd in Saerskitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Viden. Meddclt. Nos. 1-6, 1866, 66.— Liebmann, ChSnes Am. Trop. t. xxxiii, 29, 30, 58, 59.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 450; Hall's PI. Texas, 21. — Koch, Dcudrologie, ii=, 50. — Young, Bot. Texas, 505. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 25. — Broadhead in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 60. — Sears iu Bull. Essex Inst, xiii, 179.— Britton in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, viii, 126. — Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 52^- Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 78. ?Q. Sinuaia, Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 235. Q. alba, var. pbinatijida, Michaux, Hist. Chfines Am. No. 4, t. 5, f. 1 ; Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 195.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1S&4. Q. alba, var. repanda, Mich.aux, Hist. Chenes Am. No.4,t. 5,f.2.— Pursh,Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 633.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 159.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1864. Q. alba, xar. pinnatifidosinvata, Hayne, Dend. Fl. 158. Q. alba, var. sinuata, Hayne, Dend. Fl. 159. Q. alba, var. microcarpa, A. Do Candolle, Prodr. xyi-,-2-2. WHITE OAK. Northern Maine, valley of the Saint Lawrence river, Ontario, lower peninsula of Michigan to southeastern Minnesota, south to the Saint John's river and Tampa bay, Florida, west to the valley of Xodaway river. Missouri, western Arkansas, and the valley of the Brazos river, Texas. A large tree of the first economic value, 24 to 45 meters iu height, with a trunk 1.20 to 2.40 meters in diameter; all soils; very common and reaching its greatest development along the western slopes of the Alleghany mountains and in the valley of the Ohio river and its tributaries, here often forming more than half the forest growth. Wood strong, very heavy, hard, tough, close-grained, liable to cheek unless carefully seasoned, durable in contact with the soil; layers of annual growth strongly marked by several rows of large open ducts; medullary rays broad, prominent ; color, brown, the sap-wood lighter brown ; spccitic gravity, 0.7470; ash, 0.41 : largely useil in shipbuilding, construction of all sorts, cooperage, in the manufacture of carriages, agricultural implementj^, and baskets, and for railway ties, fencing, interior liiush, cabinet making, fuel, etc. A decoction of the astringent inner bark is emi)loyed medicinally iu cases of hemorrhage, dysentery, etc. (U, 8. Dispensatory, 14 ed. 755. — Xat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 119G), 138 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. 252. — Quercus lobata, .\ce, Ann. Cienc. Nat. iii, 278. — Smith iu Rimjs' Cycl. xsx, Xo. TT. — I'oisooii, Syu. ii.'iTl. — Noiiveau Uuhamcl, vii, 180. — Poiret, Suppl. il, 2-24.— Boutham.Pl. Hartwoj,'. :!37.— Liebiuauu in Daiisk. Vi.— Newberry in Paeilie K. R. Rep. vi, 29, St), 1. 1, f. 7.— Cooper in Smithsonian Ke]>. lt,'.8, 201.— Bolamler in Proc. Califoniia Acad, iii, 230. — Orsted in Saerskitt. Aftryk. af. Nut. For. Viden. Meddelt. 18GC, Nos. 1-0, 66. — Liebmann,Ch6nes Am. Trop. t. 42, f. 4. — R. Brown Campst. Hone Sylvauie, 52, f. 1-3. Q. longiglanda, Torrey in Fremont's Geographical Mem. California, 15, 17. Q. Eansomi, Kellogg in Proc. California Acad. i,25. WniTE OAK. WEEPING OAK. Ciilifoiiiia, west of the Siena Nevadas from the valley of the ui)i)ei' Saeiainoiito river south through the foot- ■faills and interior valley.s to the San Bernardino niouutaius. The hirge.st of the Paeitie oaks, often ;?(• nieter.s in height, witli a trunk 0.00 to 2.10 meters in diameter; very common through the central part of the .state. Wood moderately hard, line-grained, compact; layer.s of annual growth marked by few large open ducts and containing few .smaller ducts arranged in lines i)arallcl to the broad, conspicuous medullary rays; color, light brown, the .sjip-wootl lighter; .siiecific gravity, 0.7409; ash, 0.30; of little economic value, and only used for fuel. 253. — Quercus Garryana, Douglas; Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 159.— Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Beechcy, 391.— Nuttall, Sylva, i, 1, 1. 1 ; 2 ed. i, 14, 1. 1.— Torrey iu Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 13-i; Bot. Wilkes Exped. 402.— Newberry iu Pacitic R. R. Rep. vi, 89.— Cooper in Smith.sonian Rep. 1858, 2G0; Pacilic R. R. Rep. xii', 28, 68; Am. Na,r. iii, 407.— Lyall in Jour. Liunaian Soc. vii, 131, 144.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi^, 24.— Bolauder iu Proc. California Acad, iii, 229.— Orsted in Saerskitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Viden. lleddelt. 18C0, Nos. 1-C, 66.— Kothrock in Smithsonian Rep. lr!58, 435. — Liebmann, Ch6nes Am. Trop. t. 40, f. 3. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, -'5. — Engelniann in Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, 380; Bot. California, ii, 9.5. — Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-'76, 210. — G. M. Dawson in Canadian Nat. new sor. is, 330. Q. Seai, Liebmann in Dansk. Vidensk. Selsk. Forhandl. 1854, 173; Chines Am. Trop. 23, t. xli,f. 1, 2. Q. Douglasii, var. fNeeei, A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi«, 24. Q. (Emtediana, R. Brown Campst. in Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. April, 1871,2. <^. Jocohi, \i. Brown Campst. in Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. April, 1871.7. WHITE OAK. Vancouver's i.sland, shores of Puget sound,. south tlirough western Washingtcm territory, Oregon, and California to San Francisco bay ; in Washington territory and Oregon extending to the eastern slopes of the Ca.scade mountains. A tree 21 to 30 meters iu height, with a trunk O.liO to ((.90 meter in diameter, or at liigli elevations reduced to a low shnib; dry, ^avelly sod ; cftmmon. Wood strong, hard, that of the young trees tough, close-grained, compact; layers of annual growth marked by one to three rows of o))en ducts ; nn'ilullary rays, varying greatly in width, often cons|ticuous; color, light brown or yellow, the .sap-wood lighter, often nearly white; specilic gravity, 0.74.'>3; ash, 0.39; somewhat used for carriage and coo|(eragc stock, in cabinet-making, ship-building, and very largely for fuel; the best substitute for eastern •white oak produced in the PaciUc forests. 254. — Quercus obtusiloba, Miehanx, Hist. Chfines Am. No. 1, t. 1; Fl. Bor.-Aiii. ii, l'.M.— Smith in Ree.s' Cycl. xXx, No. 78.— Miclmnx f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 36, t. 4; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. i, :I6, t. 5.— Pumh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 632.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 215.— Barton, Conipend. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 171.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 606.— Torrey, Compeml. Fl. N. States, 359; Fl. N. York, ii, 190.— Beck, Bot. 329.— Eaton, Manual, 6 eil. 29:5.- London, Arboretum, iii, 1H70, f. 1732 &. t.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 158.- Eaton & Wright, Bot. 384.— Schcele in Rojmei, Texaa, 446. -Darlington, Fl. Ccstrica, 3 ed. 265.— Darby, Bot. S. StatOH, 511.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 2.'>5.— Brendel in Trans. Illinois Ag. Soc. iii, 615, t. U. —Chapman, Fl. S. St.iti's, 423.— Curtis in l£ip. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 32. — I^sfjuerenx in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, :i87. — Wood, CI. Book, 615 ; Bot. & Fl. 300. — Engnlmann in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xii, 200.— Orsted in Saerskitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Viden. Meddelt. 1866, Nos. 1-6, 66.— Lifsbmann, Clifines Am. Trop. t. II, t. 33, f. 60.— Gray, Mannul N. Statca, 5 ed. 451 ; Hall's, PI. Texas. 21.— Young, Bot. Texas, 505. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 139 Q. alba minor, Jlarsball, Arbustum, 120.— Muhlenberg & Willdenow in None Schriftcn GcsfU. Nat. Fr. Berlin, iii, 395. Q. steUata, WaDgenbeim, Araer. 78, t. 6, f. 15. — Abbot, Insects Georgia, ii, t. 77. — Willdenow, Spec, iv, 452; Enum,977; Berl. Baiimz. 34'J. — Persoon, Syn. ii, .'>70. — Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2ed. v, 294. — Nouveau Dubamel.vii, 180. — Hayne, Dend. Fl. 161.— Xuttall.Sylva.i, 13; 2 ed. i,23.—Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, loC.— Emerson, Treos Ma.'wachusett'S, 133, t. 3; 2ed. i,151& t. — A. Do Caiidolle, Prodr. xvi", 22. — Koch, Deudrologie, iii, 7>2. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 25. — Engclmann in Tran& St. Louis Acad, iii, 389. — Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 84. — Watson in Proe. Am. .\c.id, xviii, 15C. fQ. rillosa, Walter, Fl.Caroliniana. 235. Q. lobulata, Abbot, Insects Georgia, i, 47. 4 f Q. Drummondii, Liobumnn in Dansk. Videusli. Selsk. Forliandl. 18.')4, 170.— A. De CandoUc, Prodr. xvi', 24. Q. obtuniloha, xar. 2)arvifolia, Chapman,FI.S. States, 423. Q. SteUata, var. Floridana, A.De Candolle, Prodr. xvi^, 22. POST OAK. IRON OAK. Martha's Viiicjaid, Massacliusctt.'^, .south to uortbern Florida, west tbrough southern Ontario and ^licbigan to •eastern Nebi-aska, Kansas, the Indian territory, and extending to the one hundredth meridian in central Texas. A tree rarely exceeding 24: meters in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.50 meter in diameter, or on the Florida coast reduced to a low shrub (var. parvifoUa, etc.); dry, gravelly uplands, clay barrens, or iu the southwest on Cretaceous formations; the most common and widely-distributed oak of the Gulf states west of the Mis.sissippi river, forming the principal growth of the Texas "cross-timbers." Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact, checking badly in drying, very durable iu contact with the soil; layers of annual growth marked by one to three rows of not hirge open duets; medullary rays numerous, conspicuous; color, dark or light brown, the sap-wood lighter; specitic gravity, 0.S367; ash, 0.79: largely used, especially in the southwest, for fencing, railway ties, and fuel, and somewhat for carriage stock, cooi>erage, ■construction, etc. 255. — Quercus undulata, var. Gambelii, Engelmann, Wheeler's Rep. vi, 249. Q. Gambelii, Nultall in Jour. Philadelphia Acad, new ser. i, 179.— Torrey in Sitgreaves' Rep. 172, 1. 13 ; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 205.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 2C0.— Liehmann, Chfines Am. Trop. 22, t. 40, f. 1.— Hemsley, Bot. Am.-Cent. iii, 171. Q. alba, var.? Ounnisonii, Torrey iu Pacific R.R. Rep. ii, 130.— Watson in King's Rep. v, 321.— Porter in Hayden's Eep. 1871, 493.— Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorado ; Hayden's Sur\-. Misc. Pub. No. 4, 127.— Maconn in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-'76, 209. Q. Douglasii, var. Gambelii, A.De Caudollc, Prodr. xvi^ 23. Q. SteUata, var. Utahensis, A. Do Caudolle, Prodr. xvi", 22. f Q. Emoryi, Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorado; Hayden's Surv. Misc. Pub. No. 4, 127 [not Torrey]. SCRUB OAK. Near the mouth of the Pecos river (Uacard), through the mountains of western Texas, and New Mexico to the Santa Catalina {Lemmon, Fringle) and San Francisco mountains, Arizona, eastern slopes of the Kocky mouutains of Colorado north to the valley of the Platte river, and through the AVahsatch mountaius of Utah. A small tree, rarely 15 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes (>.(iO meter in diameter, or often a low shrub spreading from underground shoots anil forming dense thickets, reaching its greatest develoinnent on the high mouutains of southern Xew Mexico and Arizona; the large specimens generally hollow and defective. Wood lieavy, hard, strong, that of young trees quite tough, close-grained, checking badly iu drying ; layers of annual growth marked by few not large open duets; medullary rays numerous, conspicuous; color, rich dark brown, the sap-wood lighter; speciOc gravity, 0.8407; ash, 0.99; largely used for fuel, and iu Utah the bark iu tanning. 140 FOREST TREf:S OF NORTH AMERICA. 256. — Quercus macrocarpa, Miclumx, Hist. Chdues Am. Xo. 2, t. 2, 3 ; Fl. Bor.-Am. ii,.194.— WilUlcnow, Spec, iv, 453; Enum. 977; Berl. Bimmz. 350.— Smith in Eees' Cycl. sxx, Xo. sjO. — PcTsoon,S,vn. ii,570. — Poirt't, Suppl. ii,254.— Mitbaiix f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii,34,t.3 ; N. American S.vlva,3eJ.i,35, t.4. — Pursh, KI. Am. S<^pt. ii, 632.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, •J15.— Xouveau Diiliamcl, vii, 182.— Hayne, Dend. I'l. 161.— Spreugel, Syst. iii, iMXi.— Tom-y, Compt-ml. Fl. N. States, X".9; Kieollct's Bcp. IGO; Fl. N.York, ii, 191, t. lOS.— Beck, Bot. 330.— Eaton. Manual, 6 ed. 293.— Loudon, ArlMjretnm, iii, l!!<>0, f. 1731 & t.— Eaton &. Wriglil, Bot. 3j^. — Spach, Hist. Veg.xi, 159. — Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 132, t. 2; 2 ed. i, 149 & t. — Scheele in Ropmer, Texas, 440. — Kiebardson, Arctic Expcd. 437. — Cooper in Smithsonian Ecj). ]S.")8, 255. — Brendcl in Trans. Illinois Ag. Soc. 131. t. 5, f. 21. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 423. — Lesquerenx in Owen's 2d Eep. Arkansas, 3S7.— Wood, CI. Book, 645 ; Bot. & Fl. 306.— Engelmaiin in Trans. Am. Phil. Soe. now ser. xii, 209 ; Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, 389.— A. De CandoUe, Prodr. xvi-, 20.— Orsted in Sacrskitt. Aft ryk. af. Nat. For. Viden. Meddolt. Nos. 1-6, 1866, 67.— Liebmann, Cbfnes Am. Trop. t. G, t. 33, f. 27, 28.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 451.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii", 51.— Young, Bot. Texas, 506.— ^Vinchell in Ludlow's Rep. Black Hills, 68. — Hay den in Warren's Rep. Nebraska & Dakota, 2 ed. 121. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 24.— Broadhead in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 60. — J. F. James in Jour. Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist, iv, 1 & t. — Ridgway iu Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1382, 81. — Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 49<^. — Watson in Proc. Am. Acad, xviii, 156. Q. oUrw/ormis, Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am, ii, 32, t. 2 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 33. t. 3.— Smith in Eees' Cycl. xxx, No. 91.— Pursh, F). Am. Sept. ii,C32.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 215; Sylva,i,14; 2 ed. i,24.— Nouvcau Duhamel, vii, 181.— Sprengol, Syst. iii, 864.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 359.— Fl. N. York, ii, 191.— Beck, Bot. 330.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 293.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1869, f. 1730.— Eaton & Wright, Bot.385.— Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 159.— Gray, Manual N. States, 1 ed. 414.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi^ 20.— Orsted in Saerskitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Viden. Meddelt. Nos. 1-6, 1666,67. — Engelmaun iu Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, 391. Q. obtusiloba, rar. depressa, Nuttall, Genera, ii, 215. Q. macrocarpa, var. oUcwformis, Gray, Manual N. States, 2 ed. 404 ; 5 ed. 451. Q. macrocarpa, var. ahhreviata, A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi^, 20. Q. macrocarpa, var. minor, a. Do Candolle, Prodr. xvi«, 20. Q. SteUata, var. depressa, A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 23. BUER OAK. MOSSY-CUP OAK. OVEK-CUP OAK. Nova Scotia, Xew Brunswialustris, Marshall, Arbustum, 120.— Muhlenberg & W'illdenow in Neue Schriftcn Gescll. Nat. Fr. Berlio, iii, 3&'>. Q. PlillUS tommtosa, Mich,mx, Hist. Cbf-nes Am. No. 5, t. 9, f. 2 ; FI. Bor.-Am. ii, 196.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1676, f. ITSO. Q. Prinus, var. discolor, Micbaux f. Hist.Arb.Am. ii, 46, t.C; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 41, t. 7.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 255. — Breudel in Trans. Illinois Ag. Soc. iii, 617, t. 3. — Chapman, FI. S. States, 424.— Curtis in Bep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 34. Q. bicolor, var. mollis, Nuttall, Genera, ii, 215.— Torrey, Compend. FI. N. States, 359. Q. Prinus, var. bicolor, Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 158. ? Q. bicolor, \ilT. 2)l(ltanoideS, A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi*, 21. SWAMP WHITE OAK. Soutberu Maine, valley of the upper Saint Lawrence river, Ontario, southern peninsula of Michijran to southeastern Iowa and western Missouri, south to Delaware, and along the Alleghany mountaius to northern Georgia, northern Kentueky, and northern Arkansas. A large tree, '2i to 36 meters in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 2.40 or, exceptionally, over 3 meters (" Wadsworth Oak", Geneseo, New York) in diameter; bordei s of streams and swamps, in deep alluvial soil ; common and reaching its greatest development in the region south of the great lakes. Wood heavy, hard, strong, tough, close-grained, inclined to check in seasoning ; layei'S of annual growth marked by one to three rows of large open ducts; medullary rays broad and conspicuous; color, light brown, thesiip-wood hardly distinguisliable; specific gravity, 0.7C62; ash, O.oS; used for the same purposes as that of the white oak {Q. allm). 259. — Quercus Michauxii, Nuttall, Genera, ii, 215 (oxcl. syn.).— Elli>.tt, Sk. ii, 609.— Spreugel, Syst. iii, 860.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 295.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 386.— Dtrby, Bot. S. States, 511. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 25. — Eugehnanu in Traus. St. Louis Acad, iii, 382. — Wan! in Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 22, 113.— Kidgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882,81. Q. Prinns palustris, Micbaux, Hist. Chfincs Am. No. 5, t.6; FI. Bor-Am. ii, 196.— Michiiux f. Hist. Arb.Am.ii, 51, t. 7; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. i,44, t. 8.— Barton, Prodr. FJ. Philadclph. 91. —Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1872, f. 1735 Jt t. Q. Prinus, var. Michawjcii, Chapman, Fl. S. States, 424. Q. Prill us, Curtis iu Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 33, in part. Q. bicolor, var. Mtchavxii, Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, 390. BASKET OAK. COW OAIv. New Oastle county, Delaware, south through the lower and middle districts to northern Florida, through the Gulf states to th»i valley of the Trinity river, Texas, and tlirough Arkansas and southwestern Missouri to central Tennessee and Kentucky, and the valley of the lower ^^■abash river. A tree 24 to 30 meters in height, with a trunk L2() to 2.10 meters in diameter; bonlers of streams and deep, often submerged, swamps ; the common and most vahiable white oak of the (iulf states, reaching its greatest develoi)ment in the rich bottom lands of southeastern Arkansas and Louisiana. AYood heavy, hard, very strong, tough, close-grained, compact, very durable in contact with the soil, easily split; layers of annual growth nuirked by few rather large open ducts; medullary i-ays broad, conspicuous; color, light brown, the sap wood darker; specific gravity, 0.803!l; ash. 0.4o; largely used in the numutactureof agricidtural implements, wlieel stocks, baskets, for which it is unsurpassed, for cooi)erage, fencing, construction, and fuel. The large, sweet, edible acorns eageriy devouretl by cattle and other animals. 142 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. 260. — Quercus Prinus, Limuius, SiKC. 1 od. 995.— Du Koi, Harbk. ii, -TO, t. C. f. :t.— Liiniarck, Diit. i, T'-'O.— Marshall, Aibustiiiii, 1'25.— WangeiiliLiin, Auici-. Vi, t. 4, f. s;. — Aitox, Hort. Kew. iii, IJoO; 2 ed. v, v.1)0. — Ma-ncli, >Ietb. 'M>i. — Abbot, Iiisecl.s Georgia, ii, t. ^2. — Miihli'nbcrj; & Williioiiow in Xcue Scbriltcn Gesoll. N.Tt. Fr. I'erliii, iii, '.W. — Miihaiix, 1"1. Bor.-.\m. ii, l'.).'>. — Wilbleuow, Spoc. ir, 4^9; Kiniiii. DT.'i; lierl. Baumz. 339.— Smith in Kees' Cyd. xxx, Xo. 47.— Pcrsoon, Syn. ii, 5fia.-J)csfoutiiiuos, Hist. Arb, ii, 509.— Piirsh, I'l. .Vni. Si'))t. ii, 633. — Bartou, Compend. Fl. rhiladeljih. ii, 171. — Xnttall, Genera, ii, 215. — Nouveau Diihamcl, vii, 154. — Ilayuc, Pond. Fl. 155. — Elliott, Sk. ii, (JOS.— Sprcnjjol, Syst. iii, t59.— Torrey, Comi)end. Fl. N. States, 359.— Audubon, Birds, t. 50, 131.— Beck, Hot. 331.— Eaton. Manual, ti ed. 294. — Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1872.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 3^5. — Spatb, Hist. Vcg. xi, l.'>7. — IVnn. Cyil. xix, 210. — Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed.2(T7. — Darby, Bot. S. States, 511. — Cooper in Smithsonian Kep. 1858,255. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 42:{. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 3-7.— Wood, CI. Book, G45; Bot. & Fl. 306. — Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 2&1.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi-, 21.— Orsted in Saerskitt. Altryk. af. Nat. For. Viden. Meddelt. Nos. 1-C>, 07.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 od. 451. — Yonng, Bot. Texas, 501). — Koch, Dendrologie, ii-, 48. — Vasi>y,Cat. Forest Trees, 2.5. — Engclniaun in Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, 390. Q. Prinus, var. monticola, iliehaux. Hist. Cheiies .Vni. Xo. 5, t. 7; Fl. Bor.-Aui. ii. 190.— Mieb.-.iix f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, S.'i, t.a; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 40, t. 9.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadclph. 91.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1873, f. 1730.— Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 158. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 2;j5.— Cliapniau, Fl. S. Slates, 424. — Curtis in Reii. Geological Surv. X. Cartdiua, 1800, iii, 34. — Wood, CI. Book, 046. — A. Do Candolle, Prodr. xvi-, 21. — Gray, Manual K. States, 5 ed. 451. — A'ascy,Cat. Forest Trees, 25. — Bailey in Am. Nat. xiv, 892, f. 1-4. (J. montana, Willdenow, Spec, iv, 440; Enum. 975; Berl. Baumz. 340.— Pcrsoon, Syn. ii, 509.— Smith in Roes' Cycl. xxx, Xo. 49.- Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 034.— Eaton, Manual, 107, 6 ed. 294.— Barton, Couipend. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 172.— Xuttall, Genera, ii, 216.— Xouveau Duhamel, vii, 105, t. 47, f. 2.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 150.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 009.— Sprcngol, Syst. iii, 860.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. X. States, 354; Fl. N. York, ii, 192.— Beck, Bot. 331.— Bigclow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 377.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. :iS.").— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 138, t. 0; 2 ed. i, 156 & t.— Gray, Manual N. States, 1 ed. 414. — Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 266. — Darby, Bot. S. States, 511. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 367. — Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 263. — Burgess in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vii, 95. Q. Prinus, var. lata, Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 290. -M), iii, 34. — Lesiinereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 387. — Wood, CI. Book, 646.— Orsted in Saerskitt. Aftryk. af. Xat. For. Vidcn. Meddelt. Xofl. 1-6, 1860, OS.— Liebmiinn, Chf^nes Am. Trop, t. H, K. Si. 33, f. 31, 32.— Young, Bot. Texas, 500. Q. Prinus, var. acuminata, Michaux, HisLChenes Am.Xo. .'>, t.8; FI.Bor.-Ani. ii, 190.— Michaux f. Hist. Aili. Am. ii,OI, t. 9 ; N. AiEerican Sylva, 3 ed. i, 49, 1. 10.— Nonveau Duhamel, vii, 167.— Lomlon, Arboretum, iii, 187.5, f. 1037.— Cooper in- Smithdonian Kep. 1858, 255.— Wood, Bot. & Fl. 306.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 451.— Vascy, Cat. Forest Trees, 25. Q. Prinus pumila, Michaux, Hisf.Chtnes Am.Xo. 5, t.9,r.l; Fl. lior.-Am. ii, 190.— Lond. oJihingiJ'fdia, var. hrcrilohaia, Torrey in Bot. Wilkes Exped. 460. MOUNTAIN WHITE OAK. BLUE OAK. California, from about latitude 30°, south along the western foothills of the Sierra Nevadas below 4.000 feet elevation, and through the Coast ranges to the San Gabriel nu)untains. A tree IS to 24 meters in height, with a trunk O.CO to 1.20 meter in diameter: common on the low foot hills of tho sierras. Wood very hard, heavy, strong, brittle, inclined to cheek in drying ; layers of annual growth marked by several rows of small oi)en ducts and containing many scattered grou|)s of suutller ducts; medidlary rays numerous, varying greatly in width; color, dark brown, becoming nearly black with exposure, the thick .-^ap-wood light brown; si)ecific gravity, 0.8928; ash, 0.8 1. 263. — Qucrcus oblongifolia, Tonvy. Sitgreavcs' Rep. 173 : Bol. Mex. Boundary Survey, 206 ; Ives' Rep. 28.— Cooper in Sniilhsouiau Kep. 1858, 2lil.— A. De Caudolle. Prodr. xvi', 36.— Watson, I'l. Wheeler, 17.— Vasey, Cnt. Forest Trees, 26. -Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, 3',>3 : Bot. Calil'oniia,. ii, 96. Q. Ulldillald, var. ahlongata, Kngelnuuui in Wheeler's Kep. vi. 2,".0. 144 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. WHITE OAK. California, foot-bills of the San Gabriel mountains, and in San Diego county (bere occupying a narrow belt, 30 miles in widtb some 30 miles from tbe coast, Parish Brothers) ; foot-bills of tbo niouutain ranges of soutbern Arizona and Xew Mexico; soutbward into ilexico. A small evergreen tree, 1 J to 15 meters in beigbt, witb a trunk O.-l.J to (».(J0 meter in diameter ; tlie hirge specimens generally boUow and defective. Wood very beavy, bard, strong, brittle, very close-grained, eliecking badly in drying; layers of annual growth hardly distiuguisbable, containing few small open duets arranged iu many groups iiarallel to tbe bread and very consjiieuous medullary rays; color, very dark brown or almost black, tbe thick sap-wood brown; specific gravity, 0.9-141 ; asb, 2.61 ; of little economic value except as fuel. 264. — Quercus grisea, Liebmauu, Dansk. Vidcnsk. Sclsk. Forbandl. 1554,13; Chdnes Am. Trop. t. 4G, f. 1,2.— A. Do Candolle, Prodr. xvi», 35.— Orstcd in Saerskitt. Aftr>k. af. Nat. For. Viden. Meddclt. Nos. 1-6, 1866, 69.— Rusby in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, ix, 78.— Watson in Proc. Am. Acad, xviii, 15C. Q. pungens, Licbmann in Dansk. Vidensk. Selsk. Forbandl. 1654,13; CbCnes Am. Trop. 22, t. 45, f. 1-3.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi^, 30.— Orstod in Saerskitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Viden. Meddelt. Nos. 1-6, G9.— Eusby in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club ix, 7S. ' Q. undldata, var. grisea, Eogeimaun iu Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, 382; AVbeeler's Rep. vi, 250. Q. undulata, var. pungens, Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, 392 ; 'Wbcelors Rep. vi, 250 ; Bot. California, ii, 96.— Palmer iu Am. Nat. xii, 596. Q. undulata, var. Wrighiii, Engelmann iu Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, 382, 392. WHITE OAK. ilountains of soutbern Colorado and western Texas {Harard), Kouthern New Mexico and Arizona from 5,000 to 10,000 feet elevation, west to the Colorado desert of California; southward into northern Mexico. A tree 15 to l.'4 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding O.CO meter in diameter, or reduced to a low, mncbbrancbed shrub ; a polymorphous species, varying greatly in habit and in tbe shape and texture of the leaves, but apparently well characterized by its connate cotyledons; tbe large specimens generally hollow and defective. ^^■ood very heavy, strong, bard, close-grained, checking badly in drying; layers of annual growth marked by one or two rows of small open ducts, these connected by rows of similar ducts parallel to the numerous conspicuous medullary rays; color, very dark brown, the thick sap-wood much lighter; specific gravity, 1.0092; ash, 1.82. 265. — Quercus reticulata, Humboldt & Bouplimd, PI. iEquin. ii, 40, t. 86.— Poirct, Suppl. v, 609.— Sprcngel, Syst. iii, 860.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1944, f. 1865.— Micbaux f. N. American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 90.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi', 33.— Orsted in Saerskitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Viden. Meddelt. Nos. 1-6, 07.— Liebmann, Cbtncs Am. Trop. t. H, t. 34, f. 10-16, t. 35, f. 15-22.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 26.— Engelmann iu Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, 383; Wbeeler's Rep. vi, 250.— Hemsley, Bot. Am. -Cent. iii. 176.— Watson In Proc. Am. Acnd. xviii, 156. T Q. Spicata, Ilumbolt & ISonpland, PI. ZCquin. ii, 46, t. 89.— Bentbani, PI. Ilartweg. No. 429. Q. decipiens, Martens & Galeotti iu Bull. Brux. v, 10. f Q. reticulata, var. Greggii, A. Do Candolle, Prodr. xvi«, 34.— HerasUy, Bot. Am.-Cent. iii, 176. Southeastern Arizona, Sau Francisco and Santa l{ita moiuitaius from 7,000 to 10,000 feet elevation ; southward into northern Mexico. A small tree, 9 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk (»..'{0 to 0.15 meter in diameter; dry, gravelly slopes. Wood very beavy, hard, close-grained, checking badly in drying, containing many small, scattered, open ducts; medullary rays numerous, very broad ; color, dark brown, tbe sajj-wood lighter; s])ecilic gravity, 0.9479; asb, 0.52. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 145 266. — Quercus Durandii, Bnckley, Proo. Philadolpliia Acad. 1860,445; 1881, I21.-Gray, Ilall'B PI. Texu8, '21.— Young, Bot. TtXM, 507.— Vasey, Cat. Forest TreM, iJ6.— Watson in Proc. Am. Acad, xviii, i.'iG. Q. obtUJiifoUa, var. f brevUoha, Torroy, Bot. Mox. Boundary Survey, 206. Q. anmdata, Buckley in Proc. Philadolpliia Acad. IHCO, 445. Q. San-Saheana, Buckley in Youug, Bot. Ti-sas, 507. Q. undvlata, Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, 392, in part [not Torreyl. Aliibaina, Wilcox county (Bvckley), valley of the Little Cababa river, Bibb county {Mohr); Shreveport, Louisiana?, {Bucldcy); Texas, Dallas {Reverchov), valley of tbe Colorado river {Bvckley, Mohr, Sargent), west and south. A tree 21 to 2i inetcr.s in height, with a trunk O.GO to 1.20 meter in diameter; rich bottom lands or dry mesas and limestone hills, then reduced to a low shrub, forming- dense, impenetrable tbickets of great extent (Q. San- Sabeana); rare and local in Alabama; the common and most valuable wbite oak of western Texas. Wood very heavy and hard, stronj^, brittle, close-grained, inclined to check in drying ; layers of annual growth marked by few large opeu duels; medullary rays numerous, conspicuous; color, brown, the sap-wood lighter; si>ecific gravity, 0.9507 ; ash, 1.78 ; used lor the same purpo.ses as that of the white oak (Q. alba). 267. — Quercus virens, Alton, Hort. Kew. iii, 356 ; 2 ed. v, 287.— Bartram.Travels, 2 cd. 82.— Micbaux, Hist.Chfues Am. No. 6, 1. 10, 11 ; Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 196.- Willdenow, Spec, iv, 425; Enum.974. — Robin, Voyages, iii, 264. — Smiih in Kees' Cycl. xxx. No. 5. — Persoon, Syn. ii,567.— DesfontTines, Hist. Arb. ii,507.—Poiri>t,Suppl.ii, 213.— Micbaux f. lli.st. Arb. Am. ii, 07, t. 11; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 52, 1. 12.- Pursh, Fl. Ani. Sept. 11,026.- Nuttall, Genera, ii, 214 ; Sylva, i, 16; 2 cd, i,'J8.— Nouvcau Dubamel, vii, 151.— Elliott, Sk. ii,595.— Sprengul.Syst. iii, 868.— Cobbett, Woodlands, 446. —Eaton, Manual. 0 ed.2y4.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1918, f. 1802, 1803 & t.— Eatou Sc Wrigbt.Bot. 385.— Spacb, Hist. Veg.xi, 177. -Engelmann & Gray in Jour.Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, v, 234.— Schtele in Rcemer, Texa.s, 446 ; Appx. 147.— Penu. Cycl. xix, 216.— Darby , Bot. S. States, 510.— Torrey , Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 206.- Cooper iu Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 255.— Chapman, Fl, S. States, 421.— Curtis in Kep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 35.— Wood, CI. Book, 643 ; Bot. & Fl. 305.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 203.— A. Do Candollo, Prodr. xvi'-', 37.— Orsted in Saerskitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Videu. Meddell. Nos. l-t"i, l». — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 452; Hall's PI. Texas, 21.— Liebmauu, Cheues Am. Trop. t. 33, f. 50-57.— Young, Bot. Texas, 503.— Vascy, Cat. Forest Trees, 26.— Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, 363 ; iv, 191.— Hemsley, Bot. Am. -Cent, iii, 178.— Watson in Proc. Am. Acad, xviii, 155. „ Q. Virginiana, Miller, Diet. 7 ed. No. 17.— Koch, Dendrologio, ii^ .57. Q. Phellos, var. sempervirens, Marshall, Arbustum, 124. Q. sempervirenti, Walter, Fl. Caroliuiana, 234. Q. oleoides, Cliamisso & Schlechtendal in Linniea,T, 79.— Martens & Galeotti in Bull. Bnix. x, No. 3.— Orsted in SaersKitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Viden. Meddelt. Nos. 1-6, 1866, 69. Q. retma, Liebmauu iu Dansk. Vidensk. Selsk. Forbandl. 1854, 187.— Orsted iu Saerskitt. Aftryk. «f. Nat. For. Viden. Meddelt. Nos. 1-0, 1S60, 09. LIVE OAK. Mob Jack bay, Virginia, south along the coast to bay IBiscayne and cape Romano, Flonda, along the Gulf coast to I\Iexico, extending tlirough western Texas to the valley of the Ked river, the Apache and Gaudahii>e mountains and the mountains of northern .Mexico south of the Kio Grande at 0,000 to 8,000 feet elevation (Iltivord); in Costa Itiea [Q. rctu^a). An evergreen tree of great economic value, 15 to 18 nu'ters in height, with a trunk 1.50 to 2.10 metei-s iu diameter, or in the interior of Texas nnicli smaller, often shrubby ; on the coast, rich linmuuK'ks and ridges, a few- feet above water-level; common and reacliiiig its greatest tievelopment in the south Atlantic states. Wood very heavy, hard, strong, tough, very clo.se-gniinetl, compiiet, dillicult to work, susceptible of a beautiful polish; layers ofiuimuil growth obscure, often hardly distinguishable, conlainiug many si^tall open ducts arranged iu short broken rows i)arallcl to the broad, eonspicucius nu-duUary rays; color, light brown or yellow, the sap-wixxi nearly white; specific gravity, 0.0501; ash, 1.14 ; formerly very largely and now occasionally used iu ship-building. 10 FOE 146 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA 268. — Quercus chrysolepis, Lioiimann, DuDsk.VidenBk.Selsk.Forbivndl. 1854,173; Chfines Am. Trop. 'i:i, t. 47.— Torroy, Hot. Mox. liouiidaiy Survey, liOG; Bot. Wilkos Expod. 4m>. — Cooper ill Smitbsoiiiun Rep. 1858, '2o0. — KelloKu in Proc. California Acad, ii, 4r>. — A. l)e Cnndollc, Prodr. xvi*,37. — Bnlandcr in Proc. California Acad, iii, '-'31.— Orbted in Suerhkitt.Al'tryk.uf. Nat. For. Videu. Meddelt. Nos. 1-6, 18C(i, G9.— Vasoy, Cat. Forest Trees, "25. — Enjfi'luiann in Truux. St. Loniu Aead. iii,383, 333; Wbeiler's Rep. vi, 374; Bot. California, ii, 97. — Watson in Proc. Am. Acad, xi, 119. — Palmer in Am. Nat. xii, 090. Q. /ulvCSiem, Kello.;g iu Proc. California Acad.i,il7, 71.— Newberry in Pacific R. R. Rop. vi,27, 89. Q. crassipocuhl, Torrey in Paoilic R. R. Rep. iv, 137; v,3(i''., t.9. T Q. oblongi/olia, R. Brown Campst. in Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. April, 1871, 4 [not Torrey]. LIVi: OAK. MAUL OAK. VALPARAISO OAK. Cow Creek valley, Oref;oii, snutb through the Californiiv Coast ranges and along the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada and San Bernardino mountains between 3,000 and 8,000 feet elevation, and south into Lower California; S()uthe:istern Arizona, San Francisco (Grcoie) and Santa Catalina mountains {Pringle). An evergreen tree of great economic value, IS to L'7 meter.s in height, witli a trunk .sometimes 1.50 meter in diameter, or ;it high elevations reduced to a low, narrow-leaved shrub (var. raccinifolia, Engelmann in Trans. St. LouiM Acad, iii, 1103; Jint. Cali/'ornia, ii, 07. — Q. vaccini/olia, Kellogg in Trans. California Acad, ii, 90). Wood heavy, very strong and hard, tough, close grained, compact, difficult to work, coiitaitnng many rather 8mall ojien ducts arranged in wide bands j)arallel to ihe broad, consiiicuous medullary rays; color, light brown, the sajiwood darker; specific gravity, 0.8403; ash, 0.00; somewhat used in the manufacture of agricultural implements, wagons, etc.; the most valuable oak of the Pacific forests. 269. — Quercus Emoryi, Torroy, Emory's Rep. 1.11, t. 9; Bot. Mex. Boundary Snr\ey, 206; Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 138; Ivos' Rep. 28.— Watson in PI. Wlieeler, 17.— Va-sey, Cat. Foreet Trees, 26. — Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, 382, 387, 394; Wbooler's Rep. vi, 2j0. — Palmer in Am. Nat. xii, 59<'i. — Heuisley, Bot. Am. -Cent, iii, 170. Q. hantata, Liebmann iu Dansk. Vidensk. Selsk. Forhandl. 1854, 13; Chines Am. Trop. 22.— A. Do CandoUo, Prodr. ivi«, 36.— Oret.d in Sacrskitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Viden. Meddclt. Nos. 1-6, 1806, 69. BLACK OAK. Bexar and Comal counties, Texas, through the mountain ranges of western Texas, of southern New Mexico, and of eastern and southern Arizona. A tree 12 to !'> meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.00 meter in diameter, or toward its eastern limits in Texas reduced to a low siirub; common and reaching its greatest development in southwestern New Mexico and southern Arizona between 5,000 and 7,000 feet elevation near streams in open canons ; dry, gravelly soil, the largo specimens hollow and defective. Wood very heavy, not hard, strong, brittle, clo.se-grained, comjjact ; layers of annual giowtli marked by several rows of small ojien ducts, these connected by narrow groups of similar ducts itarallel to the broad, conspicuonu medullary rays; color, dark brown or almost black, the thick sap-wood bright brown tinged with red; specific gravity, 0.9iiG3; ash, 2.3C. 270. — Quercus agrifolia, N6o, Ann. Ciene. Nat. ill, 271. — Fiwilirr, Miho. Hisp. i, lu8. — Willilenow, Spec, iv, 431. — Porsoon, Syn. ii, 568. — Smith in Rces' Cycl. xii, No. M. — Pumb, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 627. — Nuttall, Genera, ii, 214; Sylv.i, i, 5, t. 2; 2 cd. i, Ki, t. 2. — Nouveau Uiibaiiiol, vii, 156. — Sprengel, Syiit. iii, 8.VJ.— Eaton, .Manual, (i i-il. 292.- -Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1894.— Buntiiam, PI. Ilartweg. ;!37; Hot. Sulphur, 55.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. :W4.— Hooker, Icon, iv, t. 377.— Hooker & Aruott, Bot. Beechey, 391.— Jour. Hort. Soc. London, tri, 157 & t. — Cnrriere in Fl. des Serros, vii, 137 & f. — Torrey iu Silgreaves' Rep. 173; Paeillc R. R. Rep. iv, 138; v, 36.'); vii, 20; Bot. Mex. Boundary Siirsuy, 206; Ives' Itep. 28; Bot. Wilkes Exped. 460. — Paxton's Brit. Flower (iard. ii, 44. — Newberry in Pacific II. R. R(;p. vi, 32, f. 9.— Bolander in Proc. California Acad, iii, 229. — A. Do Candolle, Prodr. xvi', 37. — OrKted in Saorskitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. Fit. Viden. Meddi-lt. Nos. 1-6, lH(i6, 69. — Liebmann, Cliques Am. Trop. t. 44. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 25. — Engolinnnn in Trans. St. I.^)uiH Acad, iii, :i^i; Wheeler's Rep. vi, 374; Bot. California, ii, 98. — Hemsley, Bot. Am. -Cent, iii, 107. Q. oxgadcnia, Torrey in Sitgreaves' Rep. 172, 1. 17.— Cooper iu Smithsonian Ecp. 1858, 261. Q. aculiglandxH, K.llogg in Proc. California Acad. i,25. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 147 ENCENO. COAST LITE OAK. California, Mendocino county, south throutjli t\w. Coast Ilanfje valleys to Lower California. A large evergreen tree, 24 to 30 meters in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 2.10 meters in diameter, or, rarely, rednced to a low shrub (var. frutescens, Engelmann in Hot. California, ii, 98); rare at the north; common south of San Francisco bay, and the largest and most generally distributed oak in the extreme southwestern part of the state; dry Hloi>es and ridges. Wood heavy, hard, strong, brittle, close-grained, compact; layers of annual growth hardly distinguishable, containing many large open ducts arranged in several rows i)arallel to the broad, conspicuous medullary rays; color, light brown or red, the sap-wood darker brown; specific gravity, 0.8253; ash, 1.28; of little value except as fuel. 271. — Quercus Wislizeni, A. DeCandolle, Prodr. xvi", G7. — Orated iu Saerskitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Viden. Meddelt. No3. 1-C, 18C6, 73. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 27. — Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, 385, 390; Bot. California, ii, 98. Q. Morehus, Kellogg in Proc. California Acad, ii, :(6. LIYE OAK. California, mount Shasta region, south along the western slopes of the Sierra Nevadas to Tulare county, and in the Coast ranges south to the Santa Lucia mountains. An evergreen tree, 15 to 18 meters in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.80 meter in diameter, or toward its northeastern limits reduced to a shrub 0.90 to 3 meters iu height (var. frutescens, Engelmann in Bot. California, ii, 99); not common. Wood heavy, very hard, strong, close-grained, compact, containing numerous large open ducts arranged in irregular bands parallel to the broad, conspicuous medullary rays; color, light brown tinged with red, the sap- wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.7855; ash, 1.02. 272. — Quercus rubra, Linnseus, Spec. 1 ed. 996.— Du Roi, Harbk. ii, '265.— Lamarck, Diet, i, 7i0.— W.-ilter, Fl. Caroliniana, 234.— Alton, Hort. Kew. iii, 357; 2 ed. t, 292.— Moench, Meth. 348.— Abbot, Insects Georgia, ii, t. 103.— Michaux, Hist. Chflnes No. 2, t. 35, 36 ; Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 200.— Willdeuow, Spec, iv, 445; Enum. 976; Berl. Baumz. 342. — SraitU in Eees' Cycl. xxx. No. 60. — Persoon, Syn. ii, 569. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 511.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 126, t. 26; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 84, t. 28.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 630.— Eaton, Manual, 108; 6 ed. 293.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 214.— Barton, Compend. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 169.— Noureau Dubamel, rii, 170.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 157.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 602.— Sprengel, Syst. iii, 803.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 358; Nicollet's Rep. 160; Fl. N. York, 189, t. 106.— Bock, Bot. 329.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1877, f. 1740-1744 & t.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 158.— Bigelow, Fl. Bostou. 3 ed. 370. — Eaton & Wright, Bot. 384.— Sp.ach, Hist. Veg. xi, 165. — Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 48, t. .10; 2 ed. i, 163 & t.— Scheolo in Roomer, Texas, 446.— Penn. Cycl. xix, 216.— Darliugton, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. '269.— Darby, Bot, S. States, 510. — Cooper iu Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 255. — Brendel in Trans. Illinois Ag. Soc. iii, 369, t. 9. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 422. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 41. — Lesquereux iu Owen's '2d Rep. Arkan,-;is, SS-*. — Wood, 01. Book, ()44; Bot. & Fl. 306. — Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 262. — Engelmann iu Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new st-r. v,'20<): Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, 394.— A. De CandoUe, Prodr. xvi», 60.— Orsted in Saerskitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Videu. Meddelt. Xos. l-<>, 1866, 72. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 454; Hall's PI. Texas, 21. — Liebmauu, Chdncs Am. Trop. t. A, B. — Koch, Dendrologio, ii', 70. — Young, Bot. Texas, 504. — Haydon in Warren's Rep. Nebraska & Dakota, 2 ed. 121. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, '20. — Macoun in Geological Rep. Cauada, l875-'70, 209. —Sears in Bull. Essex lust, xiii, 179.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 83.— Bell in Oeological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 51"=. Q. rubra maxima, Marshall, Arbnstum, 1'22.— Muhlenberg & Willdenow iu Neue Schriften Gesell. Nat. Fr. Berlin, Ui, 395. Q. rubra, var. latifoUa, Lamarck, Diet, i, 720.— Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed.v, '292.— Loudon. Arboretum, iii, 1877. Q. rubra, var. moniana, Aiton,Hort.KeH-.2ed.v,'292.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1877. Q. ambigua, Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii.l'JO, l.'24; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 81, t. '20 [not HBK.].— Purt»h, Fl. Am. Sept, ii, 630.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 214.— Eaton, Manual, 0 ed. '293.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1881, I'. 1749 i t.— Eaton A. Wright, Bot. 384. Q. coccinea, var. rubra, .sp,u-h. Hist. Veg. xi, 105. Q. coccinea, var. ambigua. Gray, Manual N. States, 5cd.4.'>4. Q. rubra, var. runcinata, A.DoC;mdolle,Prodr. xvi',60.— Engelmanu inTrans. St. Lomm Acad. iii,54'2. 148 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. RED OAK. BLACK OAK. Nova Scotia, sou tb cm Now Brunswick to easteru Jliiiiiesota, western Iowa, eastoin Kansas, and the Indian territory, south to northern Florida, southern Alabama and Mississippi, and the valley of the San Antonio river, Texas. A large tree, '24 to 30 or, e.xceptionally, 45 meters {Ridfjtraij) in beifjbt, with a trunk 1.20 to L'.IO meters iu diameter; very common, especially at the north, in all soils and extending farther north than any Atlantic oak. Wo8 ; Fl. N.York, ii, 189.- Beck, Hot. 329.— London, Arboretum, iii, 1879, f. 1740-1748 & t.— Eaton &. Wriglit, Bot. 3-4.— Bigelow, Fl. Bo.-,lon. 3 ed. 370.- Spacb, Hist. Veg. xi, 1G5.— Emerson, Trees Massachnsett.s, 144, t. 9 ; 2 ed. i. 1()3 &. t.— .Scbi-i-le in Ka-nicr, Texas, 440.— Penn. Cyd. xix, 210.- Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 208.- Darl>y, Bot. S. States, 510.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 2.'>5.— Chapman, Fl. .S. States, 422.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1800, iii, 40.— Lesqncrenx iu Oweu's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 38.8.- Wood, CI. Book, 645 ; Bot. & Fl. 300.- A. De Candollo, Prodr. xvi«, 01.— Orsted in Sacrskitt. Aflryk. af. Nat. For. Vidon. Meddclt. Nos. 1-6, 1866, 72.— Gray, Manual N. Slates, 5 ed. 453.— Liebmann, Chfiues Am. . Trop. t. B. — Koch, Dendrologic, ii^, 09. — Young, Bot. Texas, .'■j04. — Va.sey, Cat. Forest Trees, 26. — Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, 3^-5, 394.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 80.— Watson in Proc. Am. Acad, xviii, 156. Q. rulira, ft. LinnaHis, Spee. 1 ed. !t90.— Alton, Hort. Kew. iii, 357. SCARLET OAK. .Southern Maine to northern New York, Ontario, northern Michigan and Minnesota, eastern Iowa and northcitstern Missouri, south to Delaware and southern Tennessee, and through the Alleghany region to nortliern Florida. A tree 24 to .'iO or, ex() to 1.20 meter in diiiineter; at the east in dry, sandy soil or, less commonly, in rich, ilee])soil ; in the northwestern ])rairin region witli C^. macrocarpa forming the oak-opening growth; not common and reaching its greatest develoj)tnent in tho basin of the hiwer Oliio river. Wood lieavy, hard, stnmg, coarsegrained ; layers of aiiniml growth strongly marked by several rows of large o|KMi duets; medullary rays thin, conspicuous; color, light brown or red, the sap-wood rather darkt^r; spetiitic grarity, 0.740.5 ; a.sh, 0.10 ; if used iit all, confounded with tliat of Q. rubra. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 149 274. — Quercus tinctoria, Bartram, Travels, a cd.^?.— Aljlx)!, IiiHccts Georgia, ii, t. 5G.—Micliaiix, Hist. CheneH Am. No. i:!, t. 24,2.5; Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 198.— Willdenow.Spee. iv,444; Ennm. 'J7G; Berl. Banmz. ;i44. — DcsfontaineH, Hist. Arb. ii, 509. — Poirct, Supnl. ii,221. — Micbaux f. limt. Arb. Am. ii, 110, t.2d; N. American Sylva, 3 ed.i, 7(), t. 24. —Alton, Hurt. Kew. 2 ed. v,291.— Pursb, Fl. Am. Sei)r. ii, G29.— Smith in Eo«-«' CycL xx.\,No. 58.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Pliiladilpb. 91 ; Compcnd. Fl. Philadelpb. ii, IC^.—Faton, Manual. 10c!; Cc<1.29-.i.—Nnttall, Genera, ii,214; Sylva, i,21 ; 2 cd. i, 32.— Nouvcau Dubanul, vii, 1G9.— Hayne, Deud. Fl. 15G.— Elliott, Sk. ii,G(n.— Sprengel, Syst. iii, 802.— Torroy, (Jompend. Fl. N. States, 3.")7 ; Fl. N. York, ii, 188. — Audubon, Birds, t. S:. — Beck, Bot. 32-!. — London, Arlioretam, iii, l>jd4, f. 1753, 1754.— Hook(!r, Fl. Bor.-Ani. ii, 158.— Bigelow.Fl. Boston. 3 ed.37G.— Eaton & Wrij-bt, Bot. :}tf4.— .Spacb, Hist. Veg. xi, 1G4.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 141, t. 7; 2 ed. i, 160 & t.— Griffitb, Med. Bot. 58G.— Gray, Manual N. States, 1 ed. 4IG.— Darlington. Fl. Cestrica,3 ed.26H. — Darby, Bot. S. States, 510. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858,255. — Breudcl iu Trans. Illinois Ag. Soc. iii,627, t. 8. — Chapman, Fl. H. States, 422. — Curtis iu Kep. (ieological Surv. N. Caroliua, 18G0, iii,3U. — Lewiucreui in Owen's 2d Kep. Arkansas, 388. — Wood, CI. Book, G45. — Engelmann in Proc. Am. Phil. Soe. new ser. xii,209 ; Trans. St. Lonis AcaU. iii, :i95.— Porcber, Kesources S. Forests, 238.— Orsted in Saerskitt. Aliryk. af. Nat. For. Viden, Mcddelt. Nes. 1-0, 18GG, 45, 72, f. 18. — Liebmann, Chenes Am. Trop. 9, f. G. — Young, Bot. Texas, 504. — Haydeu in Warren's Kep. Nebraska & Dakota, 2 ed. 121. — Guiboart, Hist. Drogues, 7 ed. ii, 288.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 27.— BentUy & Triuien, Meil. Fl. iv, 251, t.251.— Ridgway in Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus. 1882, 84. ? Q. relutina, Lamarck, Diit. i, 172.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii^, 68. Q. nigra., Marsliall, .Vrbu-slum, 120 [not Liunseus].— Wangenheim, Amer. 79, t. G, f. 16. Q. rubra, Wangenluim, Amer. 14, t. 3, f. 7 [not Linnajus]. — Muhlenberg & Willdenow in Ncue Schriften Gesell. Nat. Fr. Berlin, iii, 399. Q. discolor, Alton, Hort. Kew. Ill, 358.— Abbot, Insects Georgia, ii, 111. — Willdenow, Spec, iv, 444; Berl. Baumz. 345. — Poiref, Suppl. 11, 221.— Smith in Rees' Cyel. xxx. No. 59.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 214.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 601.— Spningel, Syst. Ill, 8U3.— Beck, Bot. 329.-Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 292.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 384. Q. tinctoria, v;ir. angulosa, Micbaux, Fl.Bor.-Ara. 11,198.— Loudon, Arboretum, ill, 1858. Q. tinctoria, var. sinuosa, Micbaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. 11, 198.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1885, f. 1755-1757.— Liebmann, Chtnea Am. Trop. t. C. t Q. Shumardii, Buckley in Proc. Philadelphia Acad. 1860, 445. Q. COCrinea, var. tinctoria, Gray, Mannal N. St.ates, 5 ed. 454.— Wood,Cl. Book,306.— A.De CandoUe,Prodr.ivi«. 61. BLACK OAK. YELLOW-BARK OAK. QUERCITRON OAIC. YELLOW OAK. Soutlicrii ]Maiue to uortbeiii Veriiioiit, Ontario, soiitbern ^liiinosota, easteru Nebra.ska, eastern Kansas, and the Iiiditiii territory, .soiitli to the CMiattahoochce region of westei'ii Florida, southern Ahibauia and Mississippi, and eastern Texas. A large tree, 24 to 3G or, e.\cei)tionally, 48 meters {Ridgway) iu height, with a trunk 0.00 to 1. SO meter in diameter; generally on dry or gravelly ni)lands; very eommon. Wood heavy, hard, strong, not tough, coarsegrained, liable to check in drying; layers of annual growth miuked by several rows of very large open ducts; color, bright browu tinged with red, the sap wood much lighter; specific gravity, 0.7045; i»sh, 0.28; somewhat used for cooperage, construction, etc. The bark largely used in tanning; the intensely bitter inner bark yields a valuable yellow dye, and is occasionally used medicinally in the form of decoctions, etc., in the treatment of hemorrhage (U. .— R. Brown Canipst. Horre Sylvanas 08, f. 4-6.— Engelmanu in Bot. Calll'oruia,ii,99. Q. rubra. Benthaui.lM. Hartweg. 337 [not Linnieus], Q. tinctoria, var. Californica, Torrey in Paellie R. R. Rep. iv, 138; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 205; Ives" Rep.2S. (j. Californica, Cooper in SmitlLsoniau Rep. 1858, 261. Q. Sonomensis, li.'ntbam in Dc Candollo I'r.xlr. xvi^ 62.— Bolander In Proc. California Aead. iii, 230.— Orstwl iu Saerskitt, Aftryk. at. Nat. For. A lilen. Xlcdilelt. N<.s. 1-G, 18GG, 72.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Tn-es. 27.— Engeluiann iu Wheeler's Rcv>. vi, 371.— Palmer iu Aim. Nat. xii, ri9t!. lU.ACK O.VK. Valley of the Mackenzie river, Oregon, south througli the Coast ranges and along the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada and iSati Beruanlino moutitains to the southern borders of California. 150 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. A large tree, 18 to 24 meters in heigbt, with a truuk 0.90 to 1.20 meter in diameter, or at high elevations reduced to a shrub ; the most common and important oak of the valleys of southwestern Oregon and the California Sierra.*. Wood heavy, hard, strong, very brittle, close-grained, coiiii)act ; layer.s of annual growth marked by several rows of large open ducts; medullary rays few, broad, conspituous; color, light red, the thin sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.6435; ash, 0.2G; of little value, except as fuel; the bark somewhat used in tanning. 276. — Quercus nigra, Linnasns, 8pcc. 1 e.">. — Lani.irck, Diet, i, 721. — W.-ingcnlioiin, Aiiier. 77, t.;'), f. i:l. — Walter, Fl. Caroliuiiiua,'j:i4. — Aitou, Hort. Kcw. iii, 357; 2 ed. V, 291.— Aljliot,Ins«'ct.s Georgia,!, 50; ii,.")8.— Mii-haux, Hist. Clii^iifs Am. No. 17,t. 22, 23; Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 198.— Miiblenberg . — Brondel iu Trans. Illinois Ag. Soe. iii, 625, t. 7. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 421. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv.N. Caroliua. 1860, iii,38. — Lesqucreux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 388.— Wood, CI. Book, 644; Bot. & Fl. 305.— A. DeCatidollo, Prodr. xvi=, 63.— Orstcd in Saorskitt. Al'tryk. af. Nat. For. Videu. Mcddelt. No8. l-t>, 72.— Gray, .Manual N. States, 5cd. 453; Hall'sPl. Texas, 21. — Liobmann, ChdnesAni. Trop. t. .\. — Koch, Dendrologio, ii', 61. — Young, Bot. Texas, 503. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 26. — Eidgway iu Pix)c. Nat. Mns. 1S82, 82. — Watson in Proc. Am. Acad, xviii, 1.56. Q. nigra, var. lati/oUa, Lamarck, Diet, i, 721. Q. nigra intcgrifolia, Marshall, Arbustnm, 121. tQ. aquatica, Walur, Fl. Caroliniana, 23-J. ^>. Maryla7ldica, Muhlenberg & Willdenow in Neue Schriften Gesell. Nat. Fr. Berlin, iii, 399. BLACK JACK. JACK OAK. Long island, New York, west through northern Ohio and Indiana to about latitude 55° N. in Wisconsin, soatheru Minnesota, eastern Nebraska, Kansas, and the Indian territory to about 99° west longitude, south to Matanzas iidct and Tani|)a bay, Floridj, and the valley of the Nueces river, Texas. A small tree, sometimes 12 or even IS meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.60 meter in dianteter, or more often much smaller; dry, barren uplands, or often on heavy clay soils ; very common through the southern States, and reaching its greatest development in southwestern Arkansas, Indian territory, and eastern Texas, forming, with the jjostoak {Q. oblusiloba), the growth of the Texas cross-timbers. W'ood heavy, hard, strong, checking badly in drying; layers of annual growth marked by several rows of large open duct.s; medullary rays broad, conspicuous; color, rather dark rich brown, the sap-wood nuich lighter; specific gravity, 0.7.'524; asli, I.IG; of little value except as fuel. 277. — Quercus falcata, Michaux, Hiat. Cbene.4 Am. No. 10, t. 28; Fl. Bor. Am. ii, 199.— Pcrsoon, Syn. ii, 5C9.— Poiret, Suppl. ii, 221.— Miohanx f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 104, t. 21 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 73, t. 23.— Pursb, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 630.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 214.— Barton, Compend. Fl. Philadolph. ii, 170.— Nouveau Duhaniil, vii, 169.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 004.- Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 358.— Beck, Bot. 329.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 293.— Loudon, Arbori-tuni, iii, 1882, f. 1750, 1751.— Lindley, Fl. Mid. 292.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 384.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 cd. 2C0.— Darby. Bot. S. States, 510.— Cooi)er in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 2.''.5.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 422.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 18G0, iii,39.— Lesc|uercux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 388.— Wood, CI. Book, 044; Bot. & Fl. 306.— Porchor, RcHources S. Forest.", 25(;.— A. De Candolle, Pro.lr. xvi^ .VJ.— Orsled in Sacrskitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Viden. Meddelt. Nos. 1-6, 1866, - 72.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 cd. 4.53; Hall's PI. Texas, 21.— Liebmann.Chflnes Am. Trop. t. A, t. 22, f. 3.— Young, Bot. Texas, 505. -Vawy , Cat. Forest Trees, 20.— Ridg way i n Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus. 1882, bO. Q. rubra viontana, .Marshall, Arbustum, 123 Q. nigra digitata, Marshall, Arbustum, 121. Q. cuncata, Wungouheim, Amor. 78, t. 5, f. 14.— Koch, Dcndrologio, ii', 64. Q. clongata, Muhlenberg & WlUdenow in Noue Schriflen GewU. Nat. Fr. Berlin, iii, 400.— Willdcuow, Spec, iv, 444.— Smith in Re«.'i' Cycl. ixx, 57.— Alton, Hort. Kcw.2 cd. v,291. Q. triloba, Michaux, Hist. Chines Am. No. 14, t.2C.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 443; Berl. Bauniz. :M2.— Smith in Ree«' Cycl. xix, No. .54.— Persoon. Syn. ii, .'■)69.— Poiret, Suppl. ii, 220.— Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 291.— Pursb, Fl. Am. Sept. ii,628.— Hayne. Deiid. Fl. 156.— Sprcngel, Syst. iii, 862.— Torrey , Corapen. I. Fl. N. States, 3.57.— Beck. Bot. 328.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 292.- Eaton & Wright, Bot. 31^4.— Wood, C!. Hook, 644 ; Bot. & Fl. 306. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 15! Q.falcata, var. triloba, Nutfall.Gfincra, ii, 214.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 604.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 511.— A. De Candoll.-. Pr.>.!r. xvi«, 59. Q.falcata, var. pagodwfolia, Elliott, Sk. ii,605.— Darby, Bot. S. State8,511.—Cnrti8 in Eep. Geological Surv.N.Carolinm, 18G0, iii, :if). Q. discolor, var. triloba, Spacli,Hist. Ven.xi, 163. Q.falcata, var. Ludoviciana, A. DeCandolle,Prodr. xvl'.59. SPANISH OAK. RED OAK. Long island, New York, south to Hernando county, Florida, through the Gulf states to the valley of the Brazos river, Texas, and through Arkansas and southt^astern Mis.souri to central Tennessee and Kentucky, soathem Illinois and Indiana. A large tree, L'4 to 30 meters in height, with a trunk 0.00 to 1.80 meter in diameter; dry, gravelly uplands and barrens; in the north Atlantic states only near the coast; rare; most common and reaching its greateat devel()i)nient in the south Atlantic and Gulf states, where, in the middle districts, it is the most common forest tree. Wood heavy, very hard and strong, not durable, coarse-grained, checking badly in drjiug; layers of annual growth strongly marked by several rows of large open ducts; medullary rays few, conspicuous; color, light red, the sap-wood lighter ; si)ecific gravity, 0.6928; ash, 0.25; somewhat used for cooperage, construction, etc., and very largely for fuel. The bark rich in tannin. 278. — Quercus Catesbaei, Michaux, Hist. Chdnes Am. No. 17, t. 29, 30; Fl. Bor.-.\m. ii, 199,— Abbot, Insect-s Georgia, i, 27, 1. 14.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 446.- Smith in Reea Cycl. XXX, No. G2.— Persoou, Syn. 569. — Desfoutaincs, Hist. Arb. ii, 511. — Poiret, Siippl. ii, 221. — Micbaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 101, t. 20; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. i 71, t. 22. — Pursb, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 630. — Nuttall, Genera, ii, 214. — Nonveau Duhamel, vii, 172. — Elliott, Sk. ii, 603.— Spreugel, Syst. iii, 866.- Torrey, Coiiipend. Fl. N. States, 3oe'.— Beck, Bot. 329.— Eaton, Mann.il, 6 ed. 293.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1889, f. 1762, 1763.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 3^4 — Spacli, Hist. Veg. xi, 162.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 510.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 255. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 422. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 41. — Wood, CI. Book, 644 ; Bot. & Fl. 306.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi^, 59.— Orsted in Saerskitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Video. Meddelt. Nos. 1-6, 1866, 72.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii', 67.— Young, Bot. Texas, 503.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 26. f Q. Iwvis, Walter, Fl. Caroliniana,234. TURKEY OAK. SCRUB OAK. FORKED-LEAF BLACK JACK. BLACK JACK. North Carolina, south near the coast to cape Malabar and Pease creek, Florida, and along the coast of Alabama and Mississippi. A small tree, 7 to 15 meters in height, with a trunk 0.45 to O.GO meter in diameter; verj" common in the south Atlantic and east Gulf states upon barren sandy hills and ridges of the maritime pine belt; rare in Mississippi. Wood heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, coin()act; layers of annual growth marked by .several rows of large open ducts and containing many much smaller ducts arranged in short lines parallel to the broad, conspicuous medullary rays; color, light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood somewhat lighter; specific gravity, 0.7294; ash, 0.87 ; largely used for fuel. 279. — Quercus palustris, Dh Roi, Harl.U. ii, 2tiH, t. 5, f. 4.— Wangenheim, Anier. 76, t. .", f. 10.— Michaux, Hist. ChSnes Am. No. 19, t. Xi. 34 : Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 200.— Willdcnow, Spec, iv, 446; 1-muiii.97G; Bcil. Bauniz. 343. — Persoou, Syn. ii, 569. — Dcsfoutaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 511.— Poiret, Suppl. ii, 222. -Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 123, t. 25 ; N. American Sylva, i, 83, t.27.— Alton, Hort. Kevv. 2 ed. v,2<^i.— Smith in Kivs' CyoL XXX, No. 6.— Puish, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 631.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadelph. 91 ; Compcud. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 170.— Eaton, Manual. 108; Bod. 293.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 214.— Nonveau Duhamel, vii, 172.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 158. — Sprengcl, Syst. 111,863. — Torrey, Compond. Fl. N. States, ;158; Fl. N. York, 11,190, t. 107.— Beck, Bot, 320.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii. l5«?7, f. 17.Vi-l76l & t.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 384.— Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 166. — Darliugtoii, Fl. Cestriea, 3 ed. 269.— Cooper in Sniiths(Uii.iU Kcp. 1^.'>8, C5;'>.— Bn^ndel in Trans. Illinois Ag. Soc. iii, l>31.— Lesqnereux in Owen's 2d Kep. Arkansas, 388.— Wooil, Cl. Book, 644 ; Bot. & Fl. :50t;.— .\. IV Candolle, Prodr. xvi', 60.— Orsted in Saerskilt. Aflryk. al. Nat. For. Videu. Meddelt. Nos. 1-6, 18ii(i,23, 72. 1". 4.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 454. — Liebniann, Ch«nes Am. Trop. t. A. — Koch, Dcudmlogie, ii-', 71. — Emerson, Trees MasiMichusells, 2 ed. 1, 167 i t. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 27.— W. E. Stone iu Bull. T..rrey Bot. Club, ix,57.— Kidgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mns. ISisa, 83.— Burgess in Cuult«t°« Bot. Gazette, vii, 95.— Chapman, Fl. S. Slates, Suppl. 649. Q. rubra, var. diascvta, Lamarck, Diet, i, 120. Q. rulyra ramosissima, Marshall, Arbustum, 122.— Muhlenberg & Willdenow in NeneSchriiten l«s«>ll. Nat. tV. Berlin, .Iftt 152 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. PIN OAK. SWAMP SPANISH OAK. WATER OAK. Valley of the Connecticut river. Massachusetts (Anilierst, Sfnne), to ctMitral New York, south to Delaware and the District of Culuinbia ; southern Wisconsin to eastern Kansas, southern Arkansas, and southeastern Tennessee. A tree 24 to 30 or, exceptionally, 3G meters {Ridjiiray) in heijrht, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.50 meter in diameter; low, rich soil, generally a]on~ ; 'i ed. v, 290. — Abbot, Jusect.s Geoi-t;ia, ii, t. .'iO, 79. — Michaux, Hist. ChCncs Am. No. 11, t, 19, 20, 21; Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 198. — Muhlenberg &. Willdenow in Ncuc Scbriftrn Gesoll. Nat. Fr. Berlin, iii, 399. — Pcreoon.Syn. ii,5C9. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb.ii,509. — Poiret, Suppl. Ii,220. — Micbaiix f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii,89, t. 17; N. American Sylva, :i c!..S. Slat,000 teet elevation; .southward into Sonora. A small everpreeu tree of {rreat beauty. 9 to 1.5 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.75 meter in diameter; dry, gravelly slopes and summits, the large S])ecimeu8 hollow and defective. Wood heavy, very strong and hard, close grained, compact ; layers of annual growth marked by few small open ducts: medullary rays broad, conspicuous; color, dark brown, the sap-wood much lighter; specific gravity, 0.8009 ; ash, 1.34. 285. — Quercus imbricaria, Michaux, HJ8t. CWnes Am. No. 9, t. l.S, 16; Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 197.— Willdonow, Spec, iv, 4-iS; Enuni. Suppl. 64 ; Borl. Bauniz. 338.— Persoon, Sy n. ii, 567.— Poirct. Sujipl. ii, 214.— Michanx f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 78, 1. 13 j N. An>eric.^n Sylva, 3 ed. i, 60, t. 15.— Aiton, Hort. Kow. 2 ed. T, 288.— Smith in Rees' Cycl. xxx, No. 15.— Pnrsh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii. 627.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 214.— Barton, Compend. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 167. — Nouveau Duhamel, vii, 153. — Hayne, Dend. Fl. l.">5. — Elliott. Sk. ii, 598. — Sprengol, Syst. iii, 807. — Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. .States. 3.">7.— Beck, Bot. 328.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 29J.— Loudon, Arlwrftuni, iii, 1898, f. 1777.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 383.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 510.— Torrey & Gray iu Pacific R. R. Rep. il, 130.— Cooper in SniitUsouian Rep. 1858, 255. — Breudel in Trans. Illinois Ar. Soc. iii, 623, t. 6. — Chapman, Fl. S. St.ates, 4i0. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 18iee, and northern Arkansas. A tree 24 to .'30 meters in height, with a trunk O.CO to 0.90 meter in diameter; rich woodlands. Wood heavy, hard, rather coar.se grained, checking badly in drying ; layers of annual growth marked by many rows of large open ducts; medullary rays broad, conspicuous; color, light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood much lighter; specific gravity, 0.7529; ash, 0.4.3; occasionally used for clapboards, shingles, etc. 286. — Quercus Phellos, Linmcus, Spec. 1 e.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadelph. 91 ; Compend. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 167.— Nuttall, Genera, ii. 214 ; Sylva, i, 15 ; 2 ed. i, 17.— Nouveau Duhamel, vii, 1.50.— H.ayne, Dend. Fl. 1.5,5.— Elliott, 8k. il, .593. — Sprengel, Syst. iii, 857. — Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 357; Fl. N. York. ii,187. — Beck, Bot. 32H.—F^aton, Manual, 6 ed.3^t.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1891, f. 1774 & t.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. :i83.— Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 160.— Pcnn. Cycl. xix, 216.- Darby, Bot. S. .States, 509. — Cooper in .Smithsoni.in Rep. 18.5H, 2.')5. — Chapman, Fl. .S. States, 420. — Curtis in Rep. Geological 8nrv. N. Carolina, 1^60, iii, :1C.— Lesfiuereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 388.— Wood, CI. Book, 6'»3; Hot. & Fl. .305.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi', 63.— Oreted in Saorskitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Viden. Mcddelt. Nos. 1-6, 1866, 7.!.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 4.52; Hall's PI. Texajt, 21.— Young, Bot. Texas, 502.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii«, 59.— Vaoey, Cat. Forest Trees, 26.— Gart«nflora, xxii, 221 & f.— Ridgway in Proc. U. .S. Nat. Mus. Ki. Q. I'helloH anfjUHlifolia, Marshall, Arbuslum, 124. Q. Phellos IntifoUa, Marshall, Arbustum, 124.--L(iddige8, Cat. cd. 1836.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1895 nt;li Arkansas to southeastern Missouri, Tennessee, and southern Kentucky. CATALOGUE DF FOREST TREES. 155 A tree 18 to 24 meters in lieifilit, \vit]i ;i trunk soiiietinies 0.90 meter in diameter; bottom lands or rich sandy uplands. Wood heavy, stron/i, not hard, rather close-firained, compact ; layers of annual {jrowth marked by several rows of small open ducts; medullary rays few, distant; color, light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter red; specific gravity 0.747U; ash, 0.50; somewhat used for fellies of wheels, clapboards, in construction, etc. 287. — Quercus densiflora, Hooker & Amott, Bot. Beechey, 391.— Hooker, Icon, iv, t. 3«0.— Bcutham, PI. Hartweg. 337.— Nuttjill, Sjiva, i, 11, t. 5; 2 ed. i, 21, t. 5.— Torrey in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 138.— Bot. Wilkes Expod. 4.')8.— Xewberry in Pacific U. R. Rep. vi, 31, 89, f. 8.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi", 8-2.— Bolander in Proc. California Acad, iii, "231. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 2o.— Kngelmann in Trans. St. Loois Acad, iii, 38-1; Bot. California, ii, 99. Q. echinacea, Torrey in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 137, t. 14. Pasania densiflora, Orsted in Saerskitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Viden. Meddelt. Nos. 1-6, 1866, 73. Q. echinoiiles, R. Brown Canipst.in Ann. tt Mag. Nat. Hist. April, 1871,2. TANBAKK OAK. CHESTNUT OAK. PEACH OAK. Valley of the Umpqua river, Oregon, south through the Coast ranges to the Santa Lucia mountains, California. A tree 18 to 24 meters in height, with a trunk O.CO to 0.00 meter in diameter ; rich valleys and banks of streams; most common and reaching its greatest devclopinent in the redwood forests of the California coast. Wood heavy, hard, strong, very close-grained, compact, containing broad bauds of small open ducts p.irallel to the tliin, dark, conspicuous medullary rays; color, bright reddish-brown, the thick 8ai)-wood darker brown; specific gravity, 0.G827 ; ash, 1.49; largely used as fuel. The bark, ricli in tannin, very largely used and preferred to that of any other tree of the Pacific forests for tanning. Note. — The following shrubby species of Qiiercua do not properly find a place in this catalogue : Quercus uudulata, Torrey in Ann. Lye. N. York, ii, 248, t. 4. Interior Pacific region from Colorado southward. Quercus Bre'Weri, Kngelmnnn in Bot. California, ii. 96. Q. l.hata, var. Jruticom, Engplmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, 388. Western slopes of the high Sierra Nevadas, California. Quercus Georgiana, M. A. Curtis iuClLipman'sFLS. States. Stone iloiuifaiu, Georgia. Quercus myrtifolia, w'illdinow, S]i. iv, 4:4. Q. Phellos, var. arenaria, Chnpman, Fl. S. States, 420. Q. aquttUta, var. myrtifolia, A. DeCamloUe, Prodr. xvi, 68. South Athvutic and Gulf coast. Quercus ilicifolia, Wangcnheim, Amer. 79, t. B, f. 17. Q. lianinteri, Micbaux, Hist. CMnca Am. t,27. North Atlantic region. Quercus pumila, WiJter, Fl. Caroliana, 234. (>. I'htllo.ipiimiJa, Miiliaux, Hi8t.Ch6nca Am.t. 15, f. 1. y. cincrca, var. pumila, Chapman, Fl. S. States, 421.— A. Do CandoUe, Prodr. 1«, 74. Q. cinei'ea, var. s(ricea, Engolmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, 884. Q. sericea, Willdcnow, Spec. 424. Q. Phellos, var. sericca, Alton, Hort. Kcw. iii, 35t. Pino barrens, South Carolina. Quercus dumosa, Nutull, S.n Iva, i, 7. Q. bcrheridij'olia, Liebmanu in Dansk. A'idonsk. SelsU. Forhandl. 1854, 172, in pari. Q. dumcsa, var. bullata, Engelmann in Bot. California, 296. Q. aaUidena, Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 207, t. 51. Coast ranges of sonthern CalifTnia. Numerous hybrid or supposed hybrid oaks, variously described by .\nieriian botanist*, arc not properly consider^ hers. 156 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. 288. — Castanopsis chrysophylla, A. DeC»ndolle; Seemann'sJooT. Bot. i, IftJ; Prodr. svi', 10!».— Watsou in Kiug'8 Rep. v,32-2; Bot. Califoroia, ii, 100.— Gray in Troc. Am. Acad, vii, 401.— Torrey, Bot. Wilkes Exped. 4C3.— Viisey, Cat. Forest Tries, 'JT.— Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii, 91. Caatanea chryfophylla, Douglas in Hooker's London Jour. Bot. ii, 490, t. Hi.— Bentham, PI. Hartweg. 337.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Aui. ii, 159.— Xuttall, Sylva, i, 21 ; -J ed. i, 37.— Bot. M»g. t. 49.'>3.— Torrey in Pacific K. K. Rep. iv, 137 ; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 205.— Slorreu in Belg. Ilort. vii, 248, t. 240.— Newberry in Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 26, 89, f. 4. — Fl.des Serrcs, xii, 3, t. 11H4. — Cooper in Soiithsouian Rep. lt-G8, 261.— Kellogg in Proc. Ciililoruia Acad, ii, 2t)0. — Bolanderin Proc. California Acad. iii,231. — Engeliuannin Wheelei'sRep. vi, 375. — Shingles in Loudon Gard. Chronicle, ISf'i, 716. Castanea chrysophylla, var. minor, Bentham, PI. Hartweg. 337- Castanea sempervirens, Kellogg in Proc. California Acad, i, 71. C. chrysophylla, var. minor, A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi-, 110. C. chryso2)hylla, var. puinila. Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 27. CHINQUAPIN. Cascade mouutaius, Orej^on, lielow 4,000 feet elevation, south along the western slopes of the Sierra Nevadaa^ and through the Caliloruia Coast ranges to the San Bernardino and San Jacinto mountains. A tree l.j to li4 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.90 meter in diameter, or at high elevations and toward its southern limits reduced to a low shrub ; most common and reaching its greatest development in the Coast Eiinge valleys of northern California; at its southern limits rarely below ]0,000 feet elevation. WockI light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact ; layers of annual growth maiked by a single row of rather large open ducts; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color, light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, O.ooT-J:; a.sh, 0.35; in southern Oregon occasionally used in the manufacture of plows and other agricultural implements. 289. — Castanea pumila, Miller, Diet. No. 2.— Lamarck, Diet. 1,708.— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 193.— Willdcnow, Spec, iv, 461; Enum. 980; Berl. Bauniz. 78.— Smith in Eecs' Cycl. siv. No. 2. — Nouveau Duhamel,iii, 79.— Persoou, Syn. ii, 572. — Desfontaiues, Hist. Arb. ii, 500. — Michaux f. Hist. Arl.. Am. ii, 166, t. 7; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 16, t. 105.— Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 298.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii.624.— RatincRque, Fl. Lndoviclana, l.'i9; New Fl. &• Bot. i,83.— Nuttall, Genera, ii,217 ; Am. Phil. Soc. 2 ser. v, IC.K.- Hayne, D< iid. Fl. 165. — James in Long's Exped. ii. 2«7.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 615. — Torrey, Couipend. Fl. N. State.s, 355; Fl. N. York, ii, 19G.— Audubon, Birds, t. 85.- Beck, Bot. 332.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 84.- Penn. Cycl. vi, 350.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 2002, f. 11)27, 1928.— Ealon & Wright, Bot. 1«4.— Spach, Hist. Vcg. xi, 192.- Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 270.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 512.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1^5-3, 256. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 424. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 47. — Le.squereux io Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 368.— Wood, CI. Book, 646; Bot. & Fl. 3U7.— Porchcr, Resources S. Forests, 237.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi', 115. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 cd. 455. — Young, Bot. Texas, 508. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii-, 24. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 27.— Butler in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 17. Fagus pumila, Unaieue, Spec. 1 ed. 998.— Da Koi, Harbk. i, 175.— Wangenheim, Amer. 57. t. 19, f. 44.— Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 233. — Alton, Hort. Kew. iii, .161. — Abbot, Insects Georgia, ii, t. !:>7. FagiUi Castanea pumila, Marshall, Arbnstnm,47. Fagm pumila, var. prwcox, Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 233. C. nana, Muhlenberg, Cat. 80.- Elliott, Sk. ii, 615.— RaCnesque, New Fl. & Bot. i, 83. —Darby, Bot. S.Statu8,512.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 18G0, iii, 47.— Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 388. 0. alnifolia, Nuttall, Genera, ii, 217; Sylvn, i, 19, t.6 ; 2 ed. i, 36, t.6. C. vesca, Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 388 [not Gtertner]. CHINQI'APIN. Lancaster county, Penusjivania, and the valley of the lower Wabasii river, Indiana, south and southwest to northern Florida and the valley of the Ncches river, T4?xas. A tree sometimes \'> meters in height, with a trunk 0..'!0 to I.Oo meter in di;;nieler, or olten, especially in the Atlantic states, reduced to a low shrub; rich hillsides and borders of .swamps; most common and reaching it.s greatest develo|iment in soutliern Arkansas. Woo72.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadclph. 90.— Piirsli, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, (;-.;4.— Eaton, Manual, 109; (i ed. 84.— Nnttall, Genera, ii, 217.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 614.— Torrey, Gompund. Fl. N. States, Xit)-, Fl. N. York, ii, 19.'>, t. 111.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1984.— Eaton s numerous, obscure; color, brown, the sap-wood lighter; .speciOc gravity, 0.4504; ash,0.1S; largely used in cabinet-making, for railway ties, posts, fencing, etc. The fruit, although smaller, superior iu sweetness and flavor to that of the European chestnut. An infusion or iluid extract of the dried leaves is successfully em])loyed in the treatment of whooping-cough and other pectoral affections {U. S. Dixptnsatory, 14 ed. 245. — Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 304). 291. — Fagus ferruginea, Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii, 362; 2od. v, 298.— Abbot, Insects Georgia, ii, t. 75.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 460; Enmu.980; Berl. Banmz. 140.— Persoon, Syn.ii, 571. —Desfontaines, Hist. .\rb. ii, 496.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 174, t.9 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii,21,t. UX!.— Smith in Rees' Cycl. xiv. No. 4.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 624.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadelph. 90 ; Compend. Fl. Philadelph. ii. 174.— Eaton, Manual, 108; tied. 145.— Sprengel, Syst. iii, 856.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, :5.">4 ; Fl. N. York, ii, 194, t. 110.— Beck. Bot. 333.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 145.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1980, f. 1917.— Hooker, I"l. Bor.-Am. ii, 1.59.— Eaton & Wright. Bot. 244.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 374.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 271.— Cooper in Smithsonian Kep. 1858, 2.56.— Chapman. Fl. S. States, 425.— Curtis in Re|). Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 47.— Wood, Bot. & F1.307.— A. Di Candolle, Prodr. xvi', U8.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 4,55.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii^ 19.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 27. —Broadhead iu Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii,tiO.— Sears in Bull. Essex Inst, xiii, 179.— Bell in G.ological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 52':.- Ridgway in Proe. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882,85. F. sylratiia atropunicca, Marshall, Aibu8iuni,4ti. F. Amerinana latifolia, Wangenheim. Aiuer. 80, t. 29, f. 55.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 19f^0, f. 1916. F. sylvatica, Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 233 [not Linnanis].— Pnrsh, Fl. Aiu. Sept. ii, 624.— Beck, Bot. 3.33.— P.irlington, Fl. CB.strica, 2 ed. 538.— Darby , Bot. S. St.atos, 512. F. Sjllvestriii, Michaux.Fl. Bor. Am. ii, 194.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. .\m. ii, 170, 1.8; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 18, 1. 107.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. li, 159.— Lesquereux iu Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, '.i8.S. F. alba, Ratines,iue, H. l.n.loviciana, 131. F. sylvatica, var, Americana, Nnttall,Genora,ii,21l>. — Barton. t'ompend.Fl. Philadelph. ii, 174. —Elliot t.Sk.ii, 613. —Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 145.- Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 19:>3.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 244. -Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 153 ; 8 ed. i, 1^0 & t.— Woed, CI. Book, ti4T.— Porchcr, Resources S. Forests, 2:?5. F. Am(Ticana, Sweet, Uort. Brit.— Spaeh, Hist. Veg. xi,201. F. ferrvginca, var. I aroliniana, Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1980, f. 1915. 158 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. ]S'ovu Scotia and the valley of the liestegoucbe river to the northern shores of lake Hnron and northern Wisconsin, south to the Chattahoochee region of western Florida and the valley of the Trinity river, Texas, west to eastern Illinois, southeastern Missouri, and .Madison county, Arkansas (Lttterman). A large tree, 24 to 30 or, cxceinionally, ;>4 meters (Iiid(jicay) in heigiit, witli a trunk ().!)0 to 1.20 meter in diameter; rich woods, or at the .south .^^ometimes in bottom lands or the dryer portions of swamp.s, reaching its greatest dexelopment upon the '*bluft'" formations of the lower ilississippi basin; very common. AYood very hard, strong, tough, very close grained, not durable in contact with the soil, inclined to check in drying, dillicult to season, susceptible of a beautiful i)olish ; medullary rays broad, very conspicuous ; color, varying greatly with .soil and situation, dark red, or often lighter, the sap-wood nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.GS83 ; ash, 0.51 ; largely used in the manufacture of chairs, shoe-lasts, plane stocks, handles, etc., and for fuel. 292. — Ostrya Virginica, WilUUuow, Spec, iv, 469; Ennm. 982; Bcrl. B.-nimz. QGO.—Persoon, Syii. ii, 573.— AitoD, Ilort. Kew. 2 cd. v, 302.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 623.— Eaton, Manual, 109; 6 ed. 244.— Nuttall. Genera, ii, 219.— Hayne, Dond. Fl. 169.— Elliott, Sk.ii, 018.— Spreiif;el, Syst. iii, 856.— Torrcy, Compend. Fl. X. States, 356; Nicollet's Rep. 160; Fl. N. York, ii, 185, 1. 102.— Audubon. Birds, t. -lO.- Loiidou, Arborotnra, iii, 2015, f. 1940.— Hooker, Fl.Bor. -Am. ii, 100.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 336.— Bigelon-, Fl. Boston. 3 cil. 3o;!.—Spacli in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 Ber. xvi, 246 ; Hist. Veg. xi, 218.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 177 ; 2 ed. i, 201 & t.— I'urry in Owen's Kop. 618.— Darlington, Fl. Ccbtrica, 3 ed. 274.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 509.- Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 256. -Chapman, Fl. S. States, 426.— Curtis in Eep. Geological Snrv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 75.— Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 388.— Wood, CI. Book, 647; Bot. &, Fl. 307.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 233.— A. Do CandoUe, Prodr. xvi-, 125.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 456.— Young, Bot. Texas, 510.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 27.— Sargent in Am. Nat. xi, 683.— Sears in Bull. Essex lust, xiii, 179.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Iliu. e5. Carpinus Ostrya, Linnaius, Spec. 1 ed. 998, in part.— Du Roi, Harbk. i, 130.— Wangenhfim,Amer. 48.— Marshall, Arbnstum, 25.— Moench, Meth. 694.— Abbot, Insects Georgia, ii, t. 76.— Nonveau Duhamel,ii,200.— Michanx f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 53, t. 7 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 27, 1. 109. Carpinus Virginiana, Miller, Diet. 7ed.No. 4.— Lamarck, Diet, i, 708; Wangenheim, Amor. 49.— Nouveau Duhamel, ii, 201.— Pesfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 493.— Smith in Rees' Cycl. vii, No. 5. Carpinus iriflora, Moench, Meth. 394. Carpinus Ostrya, var. Americana, Michanx, Fl.Bor.-Am.ii, 202. 0. rirjfimca, var. <7?«nf/«?o*a, .Spach in Ann, Sci. Nat. 2 ser. xvi, 246; Hist. Veg. xi, 218. 0. Virginica, var. eglandulosa, Spach.in Anu.Sci.Nat.2 scr. xvi, 246; Hist. Veg. xi, 218. 0. Virginiana, Koch.Dendrologie, ii',6. nop HOENBEAM. mON WOOD. LEVEE WOOD. Bay of Chaleur, through the valleys of the Saint Lawrence and the lower Ottawa rivers, along the northern shore of lake Huron to northern Minnesota, south through the northern states and along the Alleghany mountains to the Chattahoochee region of western Florida, and through eastern Iowa, southeastern Missouri, and Arkansas to eastern Kansas, the Indian territory, and eastern Texas. A small tree, 9 to 1.7 meters in height, with a trunk 0.;{0 to O.GO meter in diameter ; generally on dry, gravelly hillsides and knolls, reaching its greatest develoinnent in southern Arkan.sas; common. Woo. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 75.— Lesciucreux iu Owen's 2(1 Rep. Arkansas, 388.— Wood, CI. Book, M8; Bot. ; 2 ed. i, 42.— Hayue, Dend. Fl. 166.— Sprengcl, Syst. iii, e54.— Watson, Dend. Brit, ii, 151. — Torrey, Corapeud. Fl. N. States, 355 ; Fl. N. York, ii, 199, t. 112. — Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1707, f". 1560.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 155.— Eaton & Wrigbt , Bot. 156.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 381.— Emerson, Tree« Massachusetts, 213; 2 ed. i, 243 & t. — Gray, M.inual N. States, 1 ed. 421. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1358, 256. — Wood, CI. Book, 649; Bot. & Fl. 308.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii,646. B. acuminata, Ehrbart, Beitr. vi, 98.— Mcunch, Meth. 693. B. alha,SVL\i&\tec\e& populifolia, Kegel in Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xxxviii<,399; De Candolle, Prodr. xvi>, 164. WHITE BIRCH. OLD FIELD BIRCH. GRAY BIRCH. New Brunswick and the valley of the lower Saint Lawrence river to the southern shores of lake Ontiirio, south, generally near the coast, to New Castle county, Delaware. A small, short-lived tree of rapid growth, G to 9 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 meter in diameter; dry, gravelly, barren soil or borders of swamps, now generally springing up upon abandoned or burned land in eastern New England. Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, liable to check in drying, not durable; medullary rays numerous, obscure; (olor, light brown, the sai> wood nearly white; specific gravity, O.oTCO ; ash, 0.29 ; largely used iu the manufacture of spools, shoe-pegs, wood pulp, etc., lor hooi)-poles and fuel. The bark and leaves, as well as those of B. papi/rifera and B. hnia, are popularly esteemed as a remedy for various chronic diseases of the skin, bladder, etc., and for rheumatic and gouty complaints; the empyrvumatic oil of birch obtained from the inner bark by distillation is used externally and internally for the -same jnirposes ( {'. 5. Dispensatory, l-i: ed. 1592. — Nat. J)ispensatorij,2 ed.2S7); the bark occasionally used domestically in the manufacture of ink. 295. — Betula papyrifera, Marshall, Arbustum, 19.— Michau.x, Fl. Bor.-Ani, ii, 180. B. papyrncea, Alton, ITort. Kew. iii, 337; 2 ed. v, 300.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 464; Enum. l>81 ; Berl. Banmi. ;VJ, t.O, f. 1.— Nouvoau Duhanicl,iii,205.— Pcrsoon,Syn. ii, 572.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 477.— Poir»?t, Snppl. i, 6S?.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 133, 1. 1 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 70. t. 69.— Smith in Reos" Cycl. i v. No. 9.— Puish, Fl. Am. Sept. ii,621.— B. S. Barton, Bot. Appx. 34,t.27,f. I.— Eaton, Manual, 109; C ed. ,\3.— Barton, Compend. Fl. Philad.-lph. ii, 175.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 218 ; Sylva, i, 25 ; 2 ed. i, 42.— Hayno, Dend. Fl. 167.— Watson, Dond. Brit, ii, t. i:.2.— Sprougel, Syst. iii, 854.— Torrey, Coiii)>inil. Fl. N. States. 355; Fl. N. York, ii. 199.— Audubon. Birds, t. S8.—Loudon. Arboretum, iii, 1708, f. 1561 & t.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 155.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. l.".!;. — Bigelow. Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 381.— Pcuu. (^ycl. ii, :{49.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 210; 2 ed. i,2;!9 & t.— Parry in Owen's Rep. 618.— Richanlson, Arctic Exped. 437. — Cooler in Smithsonian Kep. 1858, 2.">6.— Hooker f. in Trims. Liuniran Soc. xxiii% 300, :!:S9. — Wood, CI. Book, 649 ; Bot. & Fl. 308.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 459.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii, l>45.— Vasi>y. Cat. Forest Trees, 28.— Macoun iu Geological Rep. Canada, 187^-'76, 210.— Sears in Bull. Essex Inst, xiii, 180.- Bell in Geological Kep. Canada, 1879-'80, 45"^. 160 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. B. nigra, Loistlmr in Xouvtau Pubaiiu'l, ii, t.r>l [not Limia^iis]. li. grandis, Schnultr in hui. Hort.Gwtt. Is3;t,'2. B. rubra, l.odiligi-s, Cat.id. IKMj. B. Canadinsis, LwUliges, Cat. c»l. lH3f>. B. alba, var. papyri/era, Spaili.in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2Kpr.xv, 1(^8; Hist. Vog. xi.aw.— Endlicher, Genera, SuiJpl.iV, 19.— Uogel in Mi'ni. Sue. Xat. Moscow, xix, 81, t. 5, f. 5-10. B. COriU/oliu, IJ( .;il in MfO). .Soc. Nat. Moscow, xix, Wi, t. l".', f. 21I-3G. B. alba, Pub.spccicS papyri/era, Ki gi l in Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xxxviii<, 401 ; Dc Candollo, Proilr. xvi', IGG. B. alba, subspecies papyri/era, var. cordifolia, Eogel in Bnll. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xxxviii*, 401 ; Uc Caudollp, Proilr. xvi=, ICC. B. alba, Sllb.spec-ics papyrifira, var. cvmmviiis, Kogfl in Bnll. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xxxviii\ 401; Do Candollc, Prodr. xvi-, ir.;->. B. alba, subspecies commutata, Eepcl in Bnll. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xxxTiii<,401 ; Do Candollo, Prodr. xvi', ICC. B. occidentalis, Ljall in Jour. Linuican Soc. vii, lo4 [not Hooker]. B. alba, var. popuUfolia, Winchell in Ludlow's Kep. Black Hills, (17 [not Spach]. CANOE BlECn. WHITE BIECH. PAPER BIRCH. Nortbern Nowfouudhmd and Labrador to Ibe soiifbern sbores of Iludson bay and Eorlhwist to tbo Groat Bear hike and tbe valley of fbe Yukon river, Alaska, .«outb, in tbe Atlantic region to ^A'adinp: river, Long island, the mountains of nortbern Pennsylvania, Clear lake, Montcalm county, Micbigan, nortlieasteni Illinois and Saint Cloud, Minnesota ; in tbe Pacific region .Mmtli to the Black bills of Dakota (E. Douglas), tbe Mullen trail of tbe IJittcr Koot mountains and Flatliead lake, Jlontana, Ibe neigbborbood of Fort Colville. Wasiiington tei-ritory (^Ya1son), and tbe valley of tbe lower Fraser liver, Britisb Colnmbin [Engelmann tC Sargent). A tree 1« to 24 meters in beigbt, with a trunk 0.(J0 to 0.00 meter in diameter; ricb woodlands and banks of streams; very common in tbe nortbern Atlantic region and reacbing a bigber latitude tban any deciduous tree of tbe American forest. Wood ligbt, strong, bard, tough, very close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, brown tinged with red, tbe saji-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.5955; ash, 0.25; largely used in tbo manufacture of spools, shoe-lasts and pegs, in turnery, for fuel, \vood-i)uli), etc. The very tough, durable baik easily separated into thin layers, impervious to water, is largely used in the manufacture of canoes, tents, etc. 296. — Betula occidentalis. Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Ani. ii, l.'j.l. — Spnch in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 sor. xv,197. — Nuttatl, .Sylva, i, 22, t.7; 2 cd. i, 40, f. 7. — Kndlichcr, Genera, Sni)|il. iv', 20. — Torrcy iu Fremont's Rop. 97; Bot. Wilkes Exped. 4(>C. — N<'wl>crry in Pacific R. K. Rep. vi, 89.— Cooper in .Smithsonian Rep. l'^i>S.2CI ; Am. Nat. iii, 40**.— Kegel in Mem. (»oc. Nat. Moscow, xix,i:JI,t. l.""!, f. :'5— Porter in Hayden's Reii. 1>:7I, 4:).!.— Watson in King's R<-p. v,:i2;},t.'Jj; PI. Wliceler, 17; Bot. California, ii, 79. — Porter & Hayden, Fl. Colorado; Haydi'D'sSurv. Misc. Pul>. No. 4, 127. — Rotbrock in PI. Wbwder. 50; Wheeler's Rep. vi, 2:i9. — Vaney, Cat. Forest Trees, '28. — Marimn in Geological Hep. Canada, I87.'i-'7C,2I0.—G.M. Dawson in Caniwlian Nat. new scr. ix,:!31. B. alba, subspecies occidentalis typica, Regel in Bull. Sne. Nat. Mosrow, xxxvlii*, 400; DoCandollc, Prodr. xvi-, lf>.5. BLACK IUU6.— Nouveau Duhamel, iii, 203, t. 51.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 572.— Desibntaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 477.— Smith in Recs' Cyel. iv. No. 2.— Pursli, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 621. — Nuttall, Genera, ii, 218. — Hayne, Dead. Fl. 166.— Lamarck, 111. iii, 350, t. 760, f. 2.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 616.— Watson, Dend. Brit, ii, t. 153.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 854.— Torrcy. Compeud. Fl. N. States, 355; Fl. N.York, ii, 201.— Beck, Bot. 325.— Loudon, Arlioretuni, iii, 1710, f. l.''>62, 1563 & t.— Peun. Cycl. ii, 149. — Emerson, Trees Massachusetts 208; 2 ed. i, 237. — Darlington, Fl. C'estrica,3 ed.275. — Darby, Bot. S. States, 50*. — Cooper in Smilhsonian Rep. 1658, 256. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 428. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Snrv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 73. — Regcl iu Mem. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xix, 118, 1. 12, f. 1-12 ; Bull. Sue. Nat. Moscow, xxxviii-', 412; DeCandollc,Prodr. xvi-, 175. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 389.— Wood, CI. Book, 649; Bot. & Fl. 308.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 266. —Gray, Manual N. Sta'ies,5ed. 459; Hall's PI. Texas, 21.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 644. — Young, Bot. Texas, 512.— Vasey, Gat. Forest Trees, 28. — Burbauk in Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, xviii, 214. — Broadhead in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 60. — Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1S82, 85. B. lanulosa, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Ani. ii, 181.— Nouveau Duhamel, iii, 206. B. rubra, Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 142, t. 3; N. American Sylva,3 ed. ii, 80, t. 72.— Loddiges, Bot. Cab. 1. 1248.— Eaton. Manual, 6 ed. 53.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 150.— Spach in Ann. Sci.Nat.2 ser. xv, 185; Hist. Veg. xi, 230.— Endlicher, Gcnora, Suppl. iv-, 19. B. iDUJIlhlta, Loddiges. Cat. ed. 1836. KED BIRCH. RIVER BIRCH. Banks of the Merrimac and Spicket rivers, Middlesex and Essex counties, j\rassachusetts. AVadiug river. Long island, south through the coast and middle districts to the (Miattahoochee region of western Florida, west to western Iowa, northwestern Jlissouri, eastern Kansas, the Indian territory, and the valley of the Trinity river, Texas. A tree IS to 2-1 meters iu height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.75 nu>ter in diameter; banks of stivams and l)on(ls; very common and reac'liing its greatest development in the .south Atlantic states and in the basin of the lower ]\lississi])pi river. Wood liglit, rather hard, strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, obscure: color, bixiwu, the s;![) wood nuieh lighter; si)ecit)c gravity, 0.,") 702 ; ash, 0.3."i; used in the manufacture of furniture, woodeuware, wooden shoes, o.\-yokes, etc. 11 FOR 162 FOREST TREES OF Ni^RTH AMERICA. 299. — Betula lenta, Linn.Tus, Spec. 1 e('i.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 15G.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 15l).— Bigelow, Fl.Bostou. 3ed. 381. — Liudleyiu Penn. Cycl. ii, 349. — Spach in Anu. Sci. Nut. 2ser. xv,190; Hi.st. Veg. xi,241, — Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 203; 2 ed. i, 232 &. t. — Richardson, Arctic Exped. i'SS. — Endlicher, Genera, Suppl. iv-, 20. — Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 eU. 275. — Darby, Bot. S. States, 508. — Cooper in Smithsonian Kcp. 1858,250. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 428. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. X. Carolina, 1860, iii, 74. — Kegel in Mem. .Soc. Xat. Moscow, xxxviii^, 125, in jiart; Bull. Soc.Nat. Moscow, xxsviii, 417, in part ; De CandoIIe, Prodr. xvi-, 179, in pait. — Wood. CI. Book, 648; Bot. & Fl. 308. — Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 265. — Gray, Manual X. States, 5 ed. 458. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 039. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 28. — Sears in Bull. Essex Inst, xiii, 180.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 55^—Ridgway in Proc. U.S.Nat. Mus. 1882, a'>. B. nigra, Du Ri>i,Harbk. i,y3.— WaDgcnheiui.Amer. 35, t. 15, f. 34. B. ejccelna, Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii, 337 ; 2ed. v, 299 [not Pursh].— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 404.— Berl. Baumz. 41, t. 2, f.2.— Nouvcau Duhamel, iii, 203, t. 52. — Persoon, Syn. ii,572. — Dc8l'ontaines,Hist. Arb. ii, 477. — Poiret,Snppl. i,C87. — Smith in Kees' Cycl. iv, Xo. 10. — Hayue, Dend. Fl. i, 7. — Spach in Ann. Sci. Xat.2ser. xv, 188; Hist. Veg. xi,243. — Endlicher, Genera, iv', 20. B. Carpini/oUa, Ehrhavl.Beitr. vi, 99.— Willdenow, EuMui. 9f 1 : Hirl. Baumz. 49. CHEKEY BIKCU. BLACK BIRCH. SWEET BIRCH. MAHOGANY BIRCH. NewfouiKllaud and the valley of the Saguenny river, west through Ontario to the Manitou islands of hilco Huron, south to northern Delaware and southern Indiana, and along the Alleghany mountains to the Chattahooeheo region of northern Florida, extending west to middle Kentucky and Tennessee. A tree 18 to 24 meters in height, with a trunk O.'.IO to 1.50 meter in diameter; rich woodlands; very coihiik/u in all northern forests. Wood heavy, very strong and hard, close-grained, compai-l, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful iioiish; meiliillary rays numerous, ob.scure; color, dark brown tinged with reil, the sap-wood light brown or yellow; specific gravity, 0.7617; a.sh, 0.'J6; now largely used in the manufacture of furniture and for fuel; in Nova Scotia and New Brnnswiok largely in shjii-building. " Birch beer" is obtained by fermenting the saccharine saj) of this and perhaps some other species of the genus 300. — Alnus maritima, .Mnhlcuberg, MSB.— NutUll, Sylva, i, :», t. 10-; 2 ed. i, 50, t. 10^.— Gray, Manual X. States, 5 ed. 461 ; Hall's PI. Texas, 21.— Cauliy in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vi, 1881. Betula-Alnun inarilima, Marsliall, Arbustum, 20. A. oblongata, R.-gel in Mem. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xix, 172, t. vi, 1". 3-9 [not Willdenow]. A. maritima typica, Regel in Bull. Soc Nat. Moscow, xxxviii*. 427: De Canilolli>, Prodr. xvi», 186. SEASIDK AI.DKR. Southern Delaware and ea.stern Maryland, near the coast; valley of the Red river, Indian territory, in about longitude 90° .30' W. (E. Hall); Manchuria and .Japan (A. maritima, Japonira and arr/uta, Jier/el in De CandoIIe, Prodr. .XV i^ ISC). A small tree, 0 to 7 meters in height, with a liiink O.IO to 0,1."> nicli'i in (liainctci : borders of streams and swamps. Wood light, wjft, close-grained, checking badly in drying; medullary rays broad, conspicuous; color, light bright l)rown, the Kap-woo ranges of southern Arizona and southern New Mexico to the valley of tlu> Kio Grande: southward into Mexico. A tree 15 to 21 meters in height, witli a truidv O.OO to 1.20 meter in diameter; borders of streams in dtcp motmtain (^anons. Wood light, soft, not sti'ong, brittle, close-grained, compact: medidlary rays numerous, very obscure; color, light brown tinged with yellow, the sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.30S1; ash, 0.42. 164 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. 304. — Alnus serrulata, Wiiuieuow, Spec, iv, 33i!; Eu'uiu. 9»» : Berl. Bauiuz. 2 eil. 21. — Xoiive.iu Diihamol, ii, 'Jlti. — Porsoon, Syii. ii, o'lO. — Dosfontaincs, Hist. Arb. ii, 488.— Aiton, Hurt. Kew. •> e.l. v, i'lO.— Micliaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 3-JO, t. 4, f. 1 ; N. Aiuprioaii Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 87, t. 75, f. 1.— Pursh, Fl. Am. S«pt. ii, C-i3.— Barton, Prcnlr. Fl. Philadelpb. Si>; Compeiid. FI. Pliiladclph. ii, l.'i-'!'.— Eaton, Manual, 105; 6 ed. I'i.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, iOti.— Ha\-no, Deud. Fl. l'2-.>.— Elliott. .'^U. ii, .''.(w.— Torrey, Conipcnd. Fl. X. States, a^O; Fl. N. York, ii, 202, t. 115.— Beck, Bot. 326.— Darlington. Fl. Ccstrica, 3 ed. 27l).— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, lt>88, f. 1544.— Eaton iV Wright, Bot. 120.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 cd. 220 — SpacU in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 scr. xv, 20C ; Hist. Veg. xi, 251.— Emerson, Trees Ma.s.saeliusetts, 218 ; 2 ed. i, 248 «fc t.— Endliclier, Genera, Snppl. iv-', 21.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 50?. —Chapman, Fl. S. State.s, 429.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 102. — Lesqnereus in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkanssis, 389. — Wood, CI. Book, 650; Bot. &. F1.308. — Poreher, Resourees 8. Forests, 266.- Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 461.— Young, Bot. Texas, 513.— Broadhead in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 60. Betltla ntfjosa, Du Rol, Harbk. i, 176.— Waugenheim, Araer. 66, t. 29, f. GO.— Ehrharf , Beitr. iii, 21. TBetuhlAlnilS glauca. Marshall, Arbustum, 20. Betula serrulata, Aiton,Hort. Kew. iii, 338.— AVilldeiiow, lUrl. llauinz. I e.l. 45.— Abbot, Insects Georgia, ii, 183, t. 92.— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 181. A. serrulata, var. vulf/aris, Spaeh in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. xv,206. A. serrulata, var. macrophylla, Spaeh in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. xv, 206. A. serrulata. var. oblongata, Spaeh, Hist. Veg. xi, 251. A. serrulata, var. laii/olia, .Spach.Hist. Veg. xi,25l. A. rubra, Tnckerman in Am. Jour. Sci. 1 ser. xlv, 32. A. hybrida, Pieiehcnbach, lion. Fl. Germ. xii,t. 630, f. 1292. A. glvtinosa, var. serrulata, Reg.l in Mem. .Soc. Nat. Moscow, xix, 164, 1. 11, f. 6, e, in part. A. glutiuosa, var. rugosa, Regel in Mem.Soc.Nat. Mo8cow,xix,165,t. ll,f.9, 10. A. serrulata genuina and obtusifolia, Regel in Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xsxviii\ 432: DeCaudolle,Prodr. xvi', 188. A. serrulata, var. rugosa, Regel in Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xxxviii^, 432, in part: De Candolle, Prodr. svi=, 188, in part. A. rugosa, Ko<.h, Derdrologic, ii,<;35. .4. oblongata, vndulata, rugosa, Canadensis, and Americana, iiort. BLACK ALDER. SMOOTH ALDER. Essex county. Ma.s.sacLnsetts, west to .soutlicni Mis.souri, south to iiortliern Florida and tlic valley of tlie Trinity river, Texas. A small tree, C to 12 meters in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.15 meter in diameter, or more often a tall, branching shnih forming ilen.se thicket.s; borders of streams and swamps, i)robably rearhiiig its greatest develojiment in southi-m Arkan:?as. Wood light, .soft, clo.se-grained, comi)act; medullary lays nunieions, coiisiijcuous; color, liglit brown, t lie sap- wootl lighter; speeific gravity, O.tOOO; ash, 0.38. A decoction of the bark and leaves, as well as those of A. incana, i.s a iiopuiar icniedy against inipiaity of the blood and in tiie treatment of diarriioea and ha^maturia, etc. {Kat. Dispensntorii, H cd. 1.'55). 305. — Alnus incana, Willdenow, Spec, iv, :!:t".; ICniiiii. '.•;'.; Berl. Baiimz. 2 ed.20.— Pcrsonn, Syn. ii,. 5511.— Aiton, Hort. Ki'W. 2 ed. v,25!l. — Hayue.Deiid. Fl. 1.52. — Eaton, Mannal,6eIi.-hanx f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 322, t. 4, f. 2 ; N. American S\ Iva, 3 r;;,| in Mt. ii, 614.— Poirot, Suppl. iv, 61.— Eaton, Manual, US; 6 ed. 320.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 231; Sylva, i, 79 ; 2 ed. i, 94.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. ISO.— Elliott, Sk, ii, 070.- Spreugel, Syst. i, ino.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 370 ; Fl. N. York, ii, 209.— Forbes, Sal.Woburn. 280.— W. Koch, Comment. 17.— Beck, Bot. 320.— Trantvetter iuMom. Acad. St. Petersburg, iii, 614.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1529, 1604, f. 8.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 148. — Barratt, Sal. Am. No. 19. — Eatou & Wright, Bot. 408.— Dietrich, Syn. v, 419.— Seringe, Fl. Jard. ii, 35.— Emerson Trees Massachusetts, 271 ; 2 eil. i, 307 & t.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 279.— Andersson iu Ofr. af. Vot. Akad. Forh. 1858, 114 (Proc. Am. Acad, iv, 53) ; Kongl. Sven. Akad. Hand), ti, 19, f. 15 ; Do Candolle, Prodr. xvi-, 200.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 506.— Cooper iu Smithsouian Rep. 1858, 256.— Walpers, Ann. v, 744.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 430.— Curtis in Kep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1660, iii, 75.— Lesquerenx in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 389. — Wood, CI. Book, 654 ; Bot.ifc Fl. 310. — Porclier, Resources S.Forests, 334.— Eugeluiann iu Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. uewser. xii,209. Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 460; Hall's PI. Texas, 21. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii,513. — Young, Bot.Texas. 514.— Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-'76, 210. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 28. — Bebb iu Bot. California, ii, 83.— Sears iu Bull. Essex lu.t. 409. S.falcata, Pur.sh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 614 [not HBK.].— Poirel, Suppl. v, TO.— Spreugel, Syst. i, I(i7.— Forl>e8,S.il.Wobnrn. 279.— Eatou, Manual, 6 ed. 320.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 149.— Barr.itt, Sal. Am. No. 21.— Dietrich, Syn. v. 420. f S. ambigua, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 617.— Forl)es, Sal. Woburu. 282.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 321.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 403. S. ligustriiia. Micluiux r. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 326, t. 5,1". 2; N. .Vmoricau Sylva, 3 ed. iii,6.->, t. 12,\ f. 2.— Poin't, Suppl. v, 61. S. Plirshiaita, Sprougel,Syst. iii, 608.— Beck, Bot. 320.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica. 2 ed.560. S.flavovirem, Horuemanu iu Cat. Hort. Hafu. Stippl. ii, 11. f S. COrdata, var. falcata, Torrey, Compeud. Fl. N. State-s, 370. 8. nigra, XiU-./alcaid, Torrey, Fl. N. York, ii, 209.— Carey iu Gray, Manual N. States, I ed. 429.— Darlington, Fl. Cc«tria«,S ed. 280. 16G FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. BLACK WILLOW. Soiitlieni New BniiKswick uiul tlie northern shores of hikes Uuron and Superior southward tliroiigh tlie Aihuitic region to bay Biseayne and the Caloosa river, Fkirida, and the valley ot the Guadalupe rivei', Texas; I'acitie region, valleys of the Sa<;ran)ento river, California, and the Colorado river, Arizona. A small tree, sometimes IT) to IS meters in height, with a trunk rarely O.OO meter in diameter, or in southern Florida redueed to a h)w shrub; usually along the banks of streams; most common in the basin of the -Mississippi river anfolia, loiKjifoUd, lati/olia, etc., -1 »i(/<'r.s'.s'on in Kongl. Sten. Akad. Ilaiidl. vi, 20), length and habit of the ameuts, etc. The best marked forms are — var. marginata, Auilfmson in Kongl. .Svcn. Akail. Hanrtl. vi, 2-i; Do Candolle, Prodr. xvi', 201. •S. muitlinata, Wiuimciin Scbcdul. Horl>. Viiidal). var. longipes, Andorsson ill Kdii';!. Svcn. Akad. Ilandl.vi,2-i; Df Candollr, I'lodr. xvi', V'Ol. S. longipen, Sbuttlowortli in lu-rh. Itookcr.— Andcrsson in OIV. af. Vot. Akad. Forli. ia'>S, 111 U'i"<'- Am. Acad. iv,. ">:!).— Wulpcrs, Ann. v, 71-1. Forms of var. longipes more or less pubescent have been characterized by Aridersson in Kongl. Si'en. Akad. Bandl. vi, 22; Be Candolle, Prodi: xvi^, 201, as subvars. renulosa aiid gongylocarpa [Shiittleirorth], (S. longiprx, var, pubencens, Andersson in Proc. Am. Acad, iv, ."),'5; S. subi'illosa, Elliott in herb. iSrhweinitz ex. Niittall, Sylra, i, 79; 2 ed. i, 94, ride Gray in Proc. Am. Acad, iv, 53, note). var.Wrightii,Andcre.son in Kongl. .Svcn. Akad. Handl.vi, '."J; Dc Candnllc. I'lodr. xvi-,'.>()l, — llcnitdcy, Hot. Ani.-Ccnt.iii, 180. S. Wrightii, Andereson in Ofv. af. Vet. Akad. rurli. 1808, lir> (Pmc. Am. Acad, iv, :•:> — WalpciM, Ann. v, Tt'i. — Torroy in Bot. Mcx. Bonndary Suvvoy, 804. var. Wardii, Behb in Bnll. l'. S. Nat. Mn.s. No. SK, 111. Wood light, soft, weak, clo.se-grained, checking badly in drying; medidlavy rays obscure; color, brown, tlie sai)-wood nearly white; specific gravity, ().44.'5(i ; a.sh, 0.70. The tonic and astringent bark U8ed domestically as a i)opular febrifuge, and containing, in common with that of all the species of the genus, salicylic acid, a i)owerfiil aiitijiyritic now successfully u.sed in the treatment of acute cases of gout, rheumati.sm, typhoid fever, etc. (Am. Jour, riiarm. 1875,303.— U. IS. Dinjien-saiory, II ed. 790, 1748. — Xat. J>ixpenmtory, 2 ed. 1248). Note.— The closely allied .Salix occidenlalix, Bokc, of lh« West Indies i« not pcrliiip.s H|ircilically distinct from S. uUjvh, with wliicli Home of tlio foriiiH of var. longipes from sontbcrn Florida sooni to connect it. 307. — Salix amygdaloides, Andorsson, Ofv. af. Vet. Akad. Torli. 18o8, IM (pioe. Am. Aead. iv, .i:!).— \Val).ei'.s, Ann. v, 7.14.— Held, in Wheeler's Kep. vi, 240. t S. melanopHin, Nnttall, Sylva, i, 78, t. •-'!; 2 cd. i, !•:(, t. 21. S. nigra, var. amygdaloides, AndersHon in Kongl. Svcn. Akad. Ilandl. vi, 21 ; Do Cnndollo, Prodr. xvi', SOl.-Rotlirock, PI. Wbceler, .'.0— Porter & Conltcr, FI. Colorado; Hayden's .Snrv. Misc. Pub. No. 4, 128. Shores of the great lakes (Wiiyiio county. New York, llankcmon ; I'ainesville, Ohio, .B«t/-rf«/fc), westward to the valley of the SaHkaU^hewan, and southward tlirongh the Hoeky iMountain region to .southern New Mexico; bapks of the lower Columbia river, Oregon (Jloirelh). A small tree, rarely 9 to 12 meters in height, with a triiidc 0.15 to O.IJO meter in (iiaiiulcr; along streams. Wood light, soft, not strong, close grained, checking in diying; tiic heart-wood light blown, sajj-woiKJ nearly white; speciOc gravity, 0.4509; a.sh, 0.92, CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 167 308. — Salix Isevigata. Uebb, Am. Xat. viji, 302; Bot. Cali/omia, ii, 83. WILLOW. California, Sierra coanly (Lemmon) and the valley of the Sacramento river to the soathem boundary of the sLtte. A tree eomctimes 15 meters in height, with a tmnk 0.30 to 0.60 meter in diameter ; borders of streams and bottom land.s. A form with narrower falcate leaves (Yreka, E. L. Greene) is — var. angUStifolia, Eebb in Bot. CaKfonua, ii, &4.— Rothrock in Wheeler's Hep. vi, 374. A iorm with short, densely-flowered aments is — var. congesta, Bebb in Bot. California, ii,84. Wood ligiit. soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained, compact : medullary rays nnmerons, verj- thin ; color, light brown tinged with red : .si)ecific gravity, 0.4872 ; ash, O.5.S. 309. — Salix lasiandra, Benthani. PL Hartweg. 336.— Torrey in Pacific E. R. Rep. iv, 13S. — SewUerry in Pacific E. R. Rep. vi,;^. — Bebb in Bot. Calitornui. u. -i. S. Hoffmanniana, Hooker & Ainott. Bot. Beechey. 159. S. apeciosa, XattaU, Sylva, i, 58, t 1" ; 2 ed. i, 74. 1. 17 [not HiX)fcer & Arnott].— Xewberry in Pacific R. R. Rep. ri, 39 — Cooper in Pacific E. R, Rep. lii-, 29. S. lueida, var. angugtifolia, forma la^andra. Anderason in OtV. af. Vet. Akad. Forh. 1S&3, 115 (Proc. Am. Acad. iv,54). 8. arffHfa, var. la»iandra, Asdeiason in Kongl. Sren. Akad. Handl. vi. S? : De CandoUe, Prodr. xvi-. 206. British Colombia, shores of lake Kamloop (ifaeoun), southward to the valley of the Sacramento river, California : Rocky mountains. Utah, and through Colorado to ^new Mexico (var. Fendleriana). A tree 12 to IS meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.60 meter in diameter; banks of streams: very common : varying in the shape of the leaves and character of the aments. The best marked forms are — var. lancifolia, Bebb in Bot. Califonua, ii, €4. iL lancifolia. And^jSBOn in Kongl. Sven. Akad. Handl. vi. 34. f. -25.— Grsy in Proc. Am. Acad. Tii, 402.— Hall in Coulter'* Boe. Gazette, ii, 91. S. lucida, var.' maerophgna, Andeiason in De CandoUe, Prodr. xvi'. 205. The common form of British Colombia and western Washington territory and Oregon. var. Fendleriana, Bebb in Bot. CaMtomia, ii. 84. S. pemtamdra. var. eaudata, Snttall, Sylva, i, ei, 1. 18; 2ed. i,T7. t. is. if. FemdHeriaiMj Andeiaaoa in OitT. »f. Vet. Akad. Foth. ISoe?, U5 fPwc. Am. Acad. ir. 54^.— Walpers, .\nn. r. 745. * «S. argmta, AQdeisaoa in Kon^^L Sven. Akad. Handl. vi. 33: IV CandoUe, Prodr. ivi^. 206, in part. "Wood light, sofk, not strong, brittle, closf^-graincd, compact : niedallary rays nonierous. verj- obscure : color, light brown, the sap-wood lighter or often ne;»rly white: .s{)ecitic gravity, 0.4756: a.-»b, 0.60. Var. laneifoiia. specific gravity. 0.4,547: ash. 0.T9. Var. Fen'iWia'i,:.. rhe hf^art-^r.^i/i bn^wn. sAp-wiXKl light brown : smcitio •rrivity. 0.459S; ash, 0.56. 168 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. 310. — Salix longifolia, Muhlenberg, • Nene Schriflen Gesell. Xat. Fr. Berlin, iv, -aSS, t. 6, f. 0 (Ann. Bot. ii, 6G, t. 5, f. 6).— Willdcnow, Spec, iv, 670.— Pcrer.oii, Syn. ii, 600.— Pareb, Fl. Am. Sejif. ii, 613.— Nuttall, Genera, ii. 231.— Torrey in Ann. Lye. N. York, ii, 248; Fl. N. York, ii, 209; Nicollet's Kep. 160: Fremont's Rep. 97; Emory's Rep. 412; Sitgreavcs' Rep. 172; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 204.— Barratt, Sal. Am. No. 23.— Beck, Bot. 320.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 319.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 408.— Ilocikcr, Fl. Bor.-Aui. ii, 1 19.— Dietrich, Syn. v, 420. — Parry in Owen's Rop. 61* — Richardson, Arctic Expcd. 439,440. — Cooper in Smithsonian Reji. la'jS, 261. — Auderssou in Ofv. af. Vet. Akad.Forh. l?">a, 116 (Proc. Am. Acad, iv, J6) ; Kongl. Sven. Ak:id. Handl. vi, r,4, f. :!,>; Do CaudoUe, Prodr. xvi', 214.— Walpers. Ann. v, 745.— Lesqucreux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansa.s, 3'*9. — Wood, CI. Book, Go:! ; Bot. & Fl. 310.— Engelniann in Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. sii, 209.— Gray, Manual N. Slates, .'> ed. 4r>5.— Watson in King's Rep. v, 324 ; Wliceler's Rep. 1872, 493.- Gray in Proc. Am. Acad, vii, 402. — Maconn in Geological Rep. Canajtli; a.sh, l.Ofl. 311. — Salix sessilifolja, Nnttall, Sylva, i, 66; 2 ed. i, 84.— Andersson in Ofv. af. Vet. Akad. Forh. 18.58, 116 (Proc. Am. Acad. iv. 5(i); Kongl. Sven. Akad. Handl. vi, .V., . f. 3<;; Do Candolle, Prf«lr. xvi», 214.— Walpers, Ann. v, 746.— Bebb in Bot. California, ii, H5. .S'. sessilifolia, var. tHIohu, Andersson in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi^, 21.'.. Poget sound southward to nortbem California, near the coast. A small tree, 9 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.30 to 0.4.'5 meter in diameter; borders of streams, in low, wet ground. CATALOGUE OP^ FOREST TREES. U59 A form with narrower entire leaves, of the Sacramento valley and tlie California Coast ranges, is — var. Hindsiana, AiKkreson in Ofv. af. Vet. Akiiil. I'oili. 18oS, 117 (Proi,-. Aui. Acad, iv, 50).— Bebb in But. Culifornia, ii, 85. S. Himhiana, Bcntliaui, PI. Hartweg. 335.— Xewberry iu Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 89.— Toirey in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 138. — Audcrssou in Koiigl. Sven. Akad. Handl. vi, .56, f. 37 ; De Candolle, Prodr. xvi*, 215. — Walpcrs, Ann. v, 746. S. Hindsiano, var. tenuifoUa, Andirsson in KouhI. Sven. Akad. Ilandl. vi, 50; De Candolle, Prodr. ivi-, iV,. "Wood liylit, soft, close-fjniined, compact; medullary ray.s thin; color, light red, the sap-wood nearly white; 8i)eciflc gravity, 0.4397 ; asb, 0.50. 312. — Salix discolor, Muhlenberg, Neue Scliriften Gesell. Nat. Fr. Berlin, iv, 234, t. 5, f. 1 (Ann. Bot. ii, 02, t. 5, f. 1).— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 665. — Persoon, Syn. ii, 599. — Pursh, FI. Am. .Sept. ii,013. — Poiret, Suppl. v, 56. — Xuttall, Genera, ii, 231. — Elliott, Sk. ii, 669. — Torrey, Compend. Fl. K. States, 309; Fl. N. York, ii,206.— Spreugel, Syst. i, 104.— Forbes, Sal. Woburn. 279.— Eaton, Manual, 0 ed. 319.— Smith in Recs' Cycl. Xo. 25.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 257.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 408.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1530, f. 1317, 16:10, f. 147.— Bigclow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 392. — Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 147. — Ban-att, Sal. Am. No. 3.— Emerson, 'frees Massachusetts, 258 ; 2 ed. i, 296 & t. — Dietrich, Syn. v, 419. — Richardson, Arctic Exped. 312.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 506.— Andersson iu Ofv. af. Vet. Akad. Forh. 1858, 114 (Proc. Am. Acad, iv, 63); Kongl. Sven. Akad. Ilaudl. vi, 83, f. 49; De Candolle, Prodr. xvi-, 225.— Walpers, Ann. v,750.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 430.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 462. — Koch, Deudrologie, ii, 570. — Macouu in Geological Rep. Canada. 1874-75, 210.— Kidgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 86. 8. sensitica, Barratt, Sal. Am. No. 8. GLAUCOUS WILLOW. Labrador, west to the valleys of the Peace and Athaba.sca rivers, southward through the Atlantic region to Delaware and southern Missouri. A small tree, rarely exceeding G meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30 meter in diameter, or more often a tall, straggling shrub 3 to 6 meters in height; along streams and borders of swamps in low, wet soil: varying greatly in the form of leaves, aiaents, and nature of pubescence. The best marked forms are — var. eriocephala, Andersson iu Koagl. Sven. Akad. Handl. vi, ^5; De Candolle, Prodr, xvi-, 225.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 463. S. erixycephala, Michaux, FI. Bor.-Am. ii, 225.— Lamarck, Diet, vi, 661.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 391.— Eaton, Manual, 6cd. 301.— Eaton &. Wright, Bot. 409.— Emerson, Trees Mas.sachusett8, 1 ed. 259; 2 ed. i, 196 & t.— Cart-y in Gray's Manu.al N. States, 1 ed. 426. — Andersson in Ofv. af. A'et. Akad. Forh. 1858, 117 (Proc. Am. Acad, iv, Ti" ). — Walpers, Ann. V, 746. S. crassa, Barratt, Sal. Am. No. 7. var. prinoides, Andersson iu Kongl. Sven. Akad. Ilandl. vi, 86 ; De Candolle, Prodr. xvi-, 225.— Emerson.Tnes Massachu- setts, 2ed. i,297. 8. prinoides, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 613.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 231.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 102.— Poiret. Suppl. iv. i".— Torroy, Compend. FI. N. States, 366.— Smith in Rees' Cycl. No. 26.— Forbes, Sal.AVoburn. 79, t. 40.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 319.— Beck, Bot. 319.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 407.— W. Koch, Comment. 46.— Loudou, Arboretum, iii, 1530, f. 1317. 1612, t. 40. — Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 150. — iimerson, Trees Massachusetts, 1, cd. 259. — Dietrich, Syn. v, 419. Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact, containing many evenly-distributed, small, open diiets ; medullary rays and layers of annual growth 'not obscure; color, brown streaked with orange, the sap-wood light brown ; specific gravity, 0.4l2(!l ; ash, 0.43. 313. — Salix flavescens, Nuitall, Sylva, i. (i5; 2 ed. i, 81.— Bobb in Bot. Calirornia, ii, 8(i, in part. Kocky momitains of Idaho and IVIontana southward to the Mogollon range, Xew Mexico (K. L. Gncnc) : on the Cascade mountains, Oregon, and the Sierra Nevada, California. A small tree, sontctimes (J to !) meters in height, with a trunk rarely 0.30 meter in diameter; boi'() meter in diameter; uplands, near springs or streams, or often iu quite dry soil; common and reaching its greatest development near the shores of Puget sound. WoihI light, hard, strong, tough, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays nuinerotis, very obscure; color, light red, the sap-wood brown : specific gravity. 0.5412 ; ash, 0.39. 314. — Salix Hookeriana, Banatt; Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 145, t. ItiO.— Niittall, Sylva, i, 64; 2 ed. i, 80.— Audcrseon iu Ofv. af. Vet. Akad. Forh. 1858, 119 (Proc. Am. Acad, iv, 59); De Candoile, Prodr. xvi-, 274. — Walpera, Ann. v, 747. — Macouu in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-'7G, 210. Grand rapids of the Saskatchewan [Douglas) ; coast of Washington territory and Oregon. A small tree, 8 to 9 meters in height, with a trunk rarely 0.30 meter in diameter, or more often a low, straggling shrub with many ])rostrate stems ; on the coast generally along the edge of sea-beaches, or in low, rather moist, sandy soil. Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact, containing many minute open ducts; medullary rays thin, very obscure: color, light brown tinged with red. the sajj-wood marly white ; specific gravity, 0.53.50 ; ash, 0.32. 315. — Salix cordata, v;ir. vestita, .A.udorssoa, Kongl. Sven. Akad. Handl. vi, 159: I>h Candolle, Prodr. xvi-, 2.'>2. DIAMOND WILLOW. Valley of the Missouri river and its tributaries. Fort O.sage, Missouri (Prince Ncmricd), Iowa, Nebraska, and westw:iril to about the one hundred ami tenth degree of longitude. A small tree, rarely S meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 meter in diameter, or more often a straggling shiul) not exceeding 1..S0 to 3 meters iu height; low bottom lands, in wet, sandy soil. Wood light, .soft, (^lose-graineil, comjiact, the annual layers of growth clearly detined ; meduliiiry rays very obscure: color, brown or often tinged reil, tlie sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.(iO()i); ash, 0.59; heavier than that of other species examined, and largely u.sed for feme i)osts, being said to equal, when thoroughly .seasoned, red cedar in dunibility in contiict with the soil. XOTK. — The typical Salix cordata, Mnblciilierg, of wide diHtribution tliroiiyli the Atlantic reyiou, rarely, if ever, attains arborescent «ize or habit. 316. — Salix lasiolepis, Bentham, PI. llartwcK. :!:'>.".. —Cooper iu.SmitliHouiau Hcj). 1858,201.— Audorsson in Ofv. af. Vet. Akad. Forh. 1H5H, US (1 'roc Am. Acad. iv,.J8); De Candolle, Prodr. xvi', 2(i4.—Walper8, Ann. V, 747.— V,nHey, Cat. ForcHt Trees, 29.— liibb in Bol. C.-ilifornia, ii,8C.. S. InmolcpiH, var. Bigelovii, Bcl.b in B6t. California, )i,6G (a vernal slate, Icnlc Bebb in /i(.). S. Bigelotii, ToiTcy in Parifie R. R. Rep. iv, 139.— Aiider»son in Ofv.af. Vet. Ak.id. F<.rh. 185H, 113 (I'loc. Am. Acad. iv,58); Kongl. Sven. Akad. Handl. vi, 163, f. 94 ; De Candolle, Prodr. xvi», 2.').'>.— Walpers, Ann. v, 747. 8. Bigelorii, \&T.fu8Cior, Audernson in Konj,'!- Sven. Akail. Handl. vi, li;:i; De Candolle, I'roli. xvi', 2r.5. 8. , .' WalHon in King'it Rep. \,'.t£>. 8. lasiolepis, \i\T. fallax, Bebb in Bot. California, ii. 86. I CATALOGUE OF FOKKST TREES. 171 Ciiliforuia, valley of the Klaiiiatli river, soutliward tlirougli tlie western jiortions of the >-tate. reaeliiiif; m tlie Sierra Ncvadas an elevation of .'5,o()(» to 4,000 feet above the sea. A small tree, sometimes 12 to LS meters in heifjlit. with a trunk 0.15 to 0..'j() mett-r in diameter, or northward and at high elevations reduced to a low slirnb; leaves varying greatly in shape and breadth (vars. «H(/H*^/oiia and latifolia, Andersson in Be CandoUe I'rodr. xvi-, 25.1), or towaid its southern limit often persi.stent until si»ring [S. ITartirefii, Bentham in PI. Harticeg, 52; ;S'. htimilis, var. llnriircgi, Andemson, I. c. 2.'5G). Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, ligUt browu, the sap-wood nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.5587 ; ash, 0.98; somewhat used as fuel, especially in the sonthern part of the state. 317. — Salix Sitchensis, Sauson; Bongard ill Mem. Acad. St. Petersburjj;, G ser. ii, 162. — Ledebour, Fl. Kossica, iii, 609.— Kicbardson, Aroti<' Expcd. 4;!0. — AnderssoD in Ofv. af. Vet. Akad. Forb. 1858, 126 (Proc. Am. Acad, iv, 66) ; Kougl. Svcn. Akad. Haudl. vi, 106, f. 59 ; De CandoUc, Prodr. xvi',233.— Walpers, Ann. V, 752. —Gray in Proc. Am. Acad, vii, 402.— Ilall in Coulter's Dot. Gazette, ii, 93.— Bebb in Bot. California, ii, 87; Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vii, 25. S. CUncatO, Nnttal!,SyIva,i,66; 2ed. i,82. SILKY WILLOW. Alaska, southward near the coast to Santa Barbara, California. A low, much-branched tree, rarely exceeding 8 meters iu height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 meter in diameter, or more often a straggling shrub; low, wet soil, borders of streams and ponds. A form with narrow oblanceolate leaves is — var. angUStifolia, Bobb in Bot. California, ii, 87. 8. cMorophyllu, var. pcllita, Andersson in Kongl. Svcn. Akad. Haudl. 139, f. 72; Do CandoUe, Prodr. xvi^, 2-14. Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact ; medulhuy rays numerous, thin ; color, light red, the sap-wood nearlj- white ; specific gravity, 0.5072 ; ash, 0.50. 318. — Populus tremuloides, Micbaus, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 243. — Nouveau Uiiliamil, ii, l.'-'J, t. 53. — Persooii, Syn. ii, 623. — Desfontaincs, Hist. Arb. ii, 465. — Micbaux f. Hist. Arb.-Am. iii, 285, t. 8, f. 1 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 175, t. 9D, f. 1.— Poiret, Suppl. iv, 377.— Willdenow, Kuum. Siippl. 67. — Torrey,Ann. Lye. N. York, ii, 249; Compend. Fl. N. States, 375; Fremont's Kep. 97; Fl. N.York, ii, 214; Sitgreaves" Rep. 172; Ives' Eep. 27; Bot. Wilkes Exped, 468.— Beck, Bot. 323.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 281.— Eaton, Manual, 117; 6 cd. 277.— Lindlcy, Fl. Med. 320.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 154.— Eaton A- Wriglit, Bot. 370.— Bigelow,Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 3an Soc. sxiii-, 301.— Wood, CI. Book, 6.55 : Bot. & Fl. 311.— Engelmanu in Tr.ins. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xii, 209.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 466. — Wesniad in De CandoUe, Prodr. xvi-, 32,"i.— London Card. Cbrouicle, 1871, 083. — Watson in King's Rep. v, 327: PI. Wbeclor, 17: Am. .Tour. Sci. 3 ser. xv, 135; Bot. California. ii,91. — Porter in Hayden's Rep. 1871,494.— Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorado; Hriyden's Surv. Misc. Pub. No. 4, 128.— Hay. — Micliaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 287,t. 8, f. 2; N. Ainericau Sylva, 3 eU. ii, 176, t. 99, f. 2.— Pursb, Fl. Am. Sejit. ii, 619.— Poiret, Suppl. iv, 377.— Barton, Compeud. Fl. Pbiladelpb. ii, 197.— Nuttall, Gcuera, ii, 2:!9.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 200.— Willdmow, Emiin. Siipi)!. 07.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 710.— Sprcn^el, Syst. ii, 244.— Torrey, Compond. Fl. X. Statos, 375: Fl. X. York, ii, --'U.- Ik-ck, l{ot.323.—Katon, Manual, 6 ed.277.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 154.- Eaton & WriKht, Bot. 370. — Loudou, Arboretum, iii, 1650, f. 1511. — Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 397. — Spacb iu Ann. Sci. Nat. sv, 2 ser. 33; Hist. Veg. x, 384. — Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 242; 2cd. i,278& t.-Seringo in Fl. desJard. ii, 56.— Parry in Owen's Rep. 618.- Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3ed. 281.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 507.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 257.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 431.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 7:i.— Wood, CI. Book, 650; Bot. & Fl. 311.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 466. — Koch, Uendrologie, ii, 487. — Wesmad in De CandoUe, Prodr. xvi-, 327. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 29. — Watson in Am. Jonr. Sci. 3 ser. XV, 135. — Beal in Am. Nat. xv, 34, f. 2. — Sears in Bull. Essex Inst, xiii, 182. — Trclease in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vi, 285.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 56^ . P. grandidentata, var. pendlda, Torrey, Compcnd. Fl. N. States, 375.— Nuttall, Genera, ii,239. Nova Scotia, New Drunswick, ;ui(l west tliron<;h Ontario to nortlicrn ISIiiinesota, soutli tliroufjh the northern States and along the Alleghany mountains to North Carolina, e.Ktendiug west to middle Kentucky and Tennessee. A tree 21 to L'-l meters iu height, witli a trunk 0.50 to 0.75 meter in diameter; rich woods and borders of streams and swamps. Wood light, .soft, not strong, clo.se-grained, compact; medidlary niys thin, obscure; color, light brown, the sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.4G3li; ash, 0.45; largely manufactured into wood-pulp and occasionally used in turnery, for woodenware, etc. 320. — Populus heterophylla, Linmens, Spec. 1 ed. 1034. — Marshall, .\rbustum, 107. — Wangcnhcim, Amer. 85. — Walter, Fl. Caroliniana,248. — Alton, Hort. Kow. iii, 407 ; 2 ed. v, 397.— Nouvcau Dnhamcl, ii, 181, t. 51.— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii,244.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 806; Euum. 1017 ; Berl. Baumz.293.— Dcsfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 466— Pursh, Fl. A:-:i. Sept. ii, 619. —Nuttall, Genera, li, 239.— Hayue, Demi. Fl. 203.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 712.— Sprengel, .Syst. ii, 244.— Torrey, Conipend. Fl. N. States, :575; Fl. N.York, ii, 215.— Beck, Bot. 32."!.— Eaton, Slaunal, 6 ed. 278.- Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 281. — Loudou, Arboretum, iii, 1072, f. l.')3l. — Eaton & Wright, Bot. 371. — Spa
  • 8,2.'>7.— Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorado: Hayden's Surv. Misc. Pub. No. 4, 129.— Wat.son in Am. Jour. Sci. 3 ser. xv, 135.— Bull. Torrey Bot. Clnb, vii, 57.— Trelease In Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vi, 285. P. haJmmifera hinccolnta, .Marshall, Arbustiim, l(i,-. p. cuiHUcans, Ait.m, Ibnt. K,u. iii, IOC: 2 i d. v. :i;i7.— Xnuveaii Unhamel, ii, 179.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 806: Euuui. 1017; Berl. Baumz. 291.— IVr.soon, Syn. ii, 024.— Michaux 1'. Hist. Arb. Am. HI, 308, t. 13, f. 2; N. American Sylva. 3 ed. ii, 173, t. 98, f. 2.— Pnrsh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 018.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadolph. 90.— Polret, Suppl. iv, 378.— Nuttall, Generl^ ii, 2:ffl.— Hayno, Dend. Fl. 202.— Sprengel, Syst. II, 244.— T(urey. Compend. Fl. N. States, 375: Fl. N. York, ii.217.— Audubon, Birds, t. 59.— Beck, Bot, :i32.— Eaton, Manual, 0 od. 278.— Loudon, Arborotuiu, 11, U~0, f. l.")37.— Hooker. Fl. Bor.-Anv. ii, 154.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 370.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. :{98.— Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. xv, 3:1: Hist. Veg. x, 392.— Lindley, Bot. Reg. xxix. Misc. 22.— Emerson. Trees Massachusetts, 245: 2 ed. i, 281. — Seringe iu Fl. des .lard. 11, 63.— Gray, Manual N. States, I cd. 431. —Wood, CI. Book, 656; Bot. & Fl. 311.— Wesmiel in De Candollc, Prodr, xvi-, 3:W, /*. Canadoisifi. M,,.|„li, Wci.ss, 81 [not Michaux f.]. P. hdifolia, Munch, Metli.;!:i8. P. Ontiuiensix, Horl.— Lod.ligcs, Cat, I8;!i;. /'. mmrophllJla. l.iiMllcy in Loudon, Kn.yc. PI. ^!40. 7'. (tridfh'scn and /'. Iiftcropln/lln. ii„it. icx. Koch, Wachcu. 18(m. 2;?8V A large tree, rare or unknown in a wild state: very common in cultivation. The wood heavier than that of the species; siieciflc gravity, 0.41(>1 ; ash, 0.4t>. 174 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. 322. — Populus angustifolia, James, Loug"» Expcd. i. 4y". — Torri'v in Auu. Lye. N. York, ii, '249; Fremont's Rep. i»7 ; Sitgreaves' Ke|>. 172; Ives' Kep. VT; But. VVilke* Kxped. 4(31. — Nutiall, Sylva, i, ;V2, t. 16; 'Jed. i. (j)?, t. lli.— Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 201; Am. Nat. iii,408. — Hiiyden in \Viirrcn"s Re]>. Neliraska & Dakota, 'i ed. 121. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Tree.-i, "Jil.— Watson in Am. Jonr. Sci. :? ser. xv, l;i6 ; But. California, ii.'.'l. P. Cantldcnuiti. Vltr. anfllistifolia, Wismal in l)e Candolle, Prodr. xvi-',;S2'.l. P. halxamij'era, v;ir. angustifolia, Watson iu King's Rep. V, 327 : PI. Wheeler, 17.— I'orter in Haydcn's Ucp. 1871, 494.— I'ontr \- Conlter. Fl. Colorado ; Hiiyden's .Surv. Mise. Pub. No. 4, 128. — Maeouu iu Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-'7(5,. 211.— l.'usliy in Bull.Torrey Bot. Clul>, ix, 100. BLACK COTTONWOOD. Black hills of D;ik()t:i (I\. Douglax), Swimmiuf; Horse creek, and the Snowy ^Mountain region, 5Iontan;i, Ked Eock creek, southwestern Montana (irafsow), east Iluniholdt and Shoshone uionntains, Nevada, Kocky mountains of Colorado, and the riinges of southwestern New Mexico and eastern Arizona. A small tree. l."> to 18 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding O.liO nu'ter in diameter; borders of streams, between G,(»00 and 10,000 feet elevation. WooG. — Wesmiel in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi-, 330. — Watson in King's Rep. v, 328; Am. Jour. Sci. 3 ser. xv, 13(5; Bot. California, ii, 91. — Torrey, Bot. Wilkes Exped. 469. — Macoua in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-70, 211. — Trelease in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vi, 285, f. 5. — G. M. Dawson in Canadian Nat. new ser. ix. 3:n. P. balsa mi/em, var. Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 1,')4. p. angustifolia, Xewlierry iu Pacilic R. R. Rep. vi,89 [not James].— Cooper in Pacific K. R. Rep. xii-,29, 68. P. bahnmifera, Lyall in Jour. Linuican .Soc. vii, 134 [not LinuiEUs].- Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii,91. P. trichocarpa, var. CUpulata, Watson in Am. Jour. .Sci. 3 ser. xv, 136; Bot. California, ii, 91. P. balm m if era, var. ? Californicu, Watson in Am. Jour. Sci. 3 ser. xv, 136. BLACK COTTONWOOD. BALSAM COTTONWOOD. Valley of the Fniser river, British Columl)ia, and jjrobably much farther north, east to the eastern base of the Bitter Root mountains, .Montana {^Vatnon), .south through Washington territory, we.>-tern Oregon and California to the lioutLern borders of the state. A large tree, 24 to 60 meters in height, with a trunk l.liO to li.lO meters in dianu'ter ; b;inks of streams and Iwttom lands below (»,0(K) feet elevation ; very common and reaching its gieatest development in the valleys of the lower Cfduinbia river and the streams flowing into Puget sound, here the largest deciduous tree of the forest. Wood very light, soft, not strong, rather close-gniined, compact; medulhiry rays thin, hardly distinguishable; color, light dull brown, the .sap-wood lighter, nearly white; ; specific gnivity, 0.3814 ; ash, 1.27; in Oregon and Wasbiugton territory largely manufactured into staves of sugar barrels, woodenware, etc. 324. — Populus monilifera, Aiion, Hort. K.H. III. MM,; -z .,1. v,:»ri.— Aljl.ot. \wii\a (Jeorgia. ii. 7L-.Ni.iiv.au Dnliamel, ii, 180. — Will.lenow, Spec, iv, 805; Euuiu. 1017 •. Berl. Baumz.292.— Penioon, Syii. ii,02:t.— Desfontaii'TO, Hist. Arli. ii, 40.'').— Michaux f. Ilisl. Arli. Am. iii,2yr.. t. 10, f.2; N. Anu-ri.an Sylvn, 3 ed. ii, irv?, t. 90, f. 2.— I'lirHh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, OH.— Nut tall, Genera, ii, 239 ; Trans. Am. Phil. Soe. 2 ser. v, 107.— Ilayue, Deiid. FI.2W.— Sprengcl, .Syni. ii, 244.— Wat«oii, Dend. Brit, ii, t. 1(»2.— Beck, Bot. 323.— Eaton, Manual, 0 cd. 278.— Loudon, Arlioretnui, iii, 1657, f. l.'.I7 & t.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 371.— Spacli in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 Her. xv, 32; Hist. Vcg. x, 389.— Torrey in Fremoiil's Rip. 97; Fl. X. York, ii.21.".: Paeifn' R. R. Rep. v, 3f)5.— Emerson, Tre.-s MassaehuNettM. 249 ; 2 e.l. i, 287.— .Scringe in Fl. des Jard. ii, O:!,— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. I-.>',2.'.7.— (iray in I'aeilii- Ii. R. L'l-p. xii-, 47 ; .Manual N. States, 5 ed. 407.— Curtis in Rep. Ce.ilngical Sur^-. N. Cnroiina, |h<;0, iii, "2. — Le!U|uercux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 389.— Wood, CI. Book, 055. — Engelmann iu Trans. Am. Phil. Soe. xli, 209.— Watson in King-'sKcp. v,:{27 ; Am. Jour. Sci. 3 ser. xv, 130.— IL-iyden iu Warren's Rep. Nebraska 6l Dakota, 2 -'7«, 211. -Trelease in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vi, 285, f. 3, 4.— Ward in Bull. U. S. Nat. Mn«.No.22, IHi.— Beal in Am. Nat. xv.:M, f.3.— Bc^'l in Geological \U-\,. Canada, 1879-'80, .W.— Ridgway iu Proc. U. S. Nat. Mu.s 1882,87.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, .Snppl. 049. / P. dcltoide. Marshall, Arl.ustuni, IOC. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 175 F. angulata, Alton, llort. Kew. iii, lOtJ; 2 e(?c. iv, 805 ; Eniiiii. 1017 ; Bcrl. liuumz. 294.— Midiaiix f. Hist. All). Am. iii,»«. t. 12; X. Aincricau .Syl%-a, :i cd. ii, Ifil, t. 94.— rursb. Fl.. 41111. 8<'i)t. ii, ()19.— Eaton, Manual, 1 IT : (J <■<]. 27T.—Xuttall, Genera, ii,23y.— .Jam«w in Long's Exijcd. ii, 104.— Torrey in Ann. Lye. N. York, ii, 249.— Elliott, .Sk. ii, 711.— .Sjirenge^.Syst. ii, 244.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1G70, l.'jas tei's in height, with a trunk 1.20 to l.SO meter in di;imeter: borders of streams; the l)revalent cottonwood of the arid southwestern region, there largely planted ;ts a shatle tree and for fuel. Wood light, soft, not strong, compact ; sjiecific gravity, 0.4(i21 ; ash. 1.13; furnishing the ordinary domestic fuel of the region. 176 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. CONIFERS. 326. — Libocedrus decurrens, Torrey, SniitbsoaiuD Contrib., vi,7, t. 3; Pacific E. R. Ecj). iv, 140; Bot. Mex. Bouudary Survey, 211 ; Bot. Wilkes Exi)e.— Bolaiidor in Proc. Caliroruia Acad, iii, Hb. — Parlatoro in Do Candolle, Prodr. xvi-', 456. — R. Brown Campst. in Trans. Edinburgb Bot. Soc. ix, S73. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 309, f. 40. — Watsou in King's Rep. v, 335; Bot. California, ii, ll(i. — A. Murray in London Garden, ii, 54'2. — Gordon, Pinelum, 2 ed.402. — Veitcb, Manual Conif. 267. Thuya Craigana, Murray in Rep. Oregon Exped. 2, t. 5. Thuya gigantea, Carriere in Rev. Hon. 1854,224, f. 12-14, in part ; Fl. des Serres, ix, 199, f.3-5, in part; Trait. Conif. 106, in part ; 2 ed. 112, in part. — Gordon, Piuetnm, 321, in part; Suppl. 102, in part. — Heukel & Hochstetter, Nadelbolz. 2J0. iu part. • Heyderia decurrens, Ko.ii.D.ndi-olngic, ii-, 179. WHITE CEDAR. BASTARD CEDAR. POST CEDAR. INCENSE CEDAR. XortL fork of the Saiitiaii river, Oregon, south along the western slopes of the Cascade and Sierra Nevada mouutaius between 3,000 and S,.JO(» feet elevation, and through the California Coast ranges to the San Bernardino and Ca\ umaca mountains. A large tree, 30 to 4.3 meters in height, with a trunk l.L'O to 2.1(1 meters in diameter; slopes and vallejs; common. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained, comi)act, very durable in contact with the soil; bands of small summer cells thin, dark colored, consi>icuous ; medullary rays numerou.s, obscure; the thin sap-wood nearly white : spccitic gravity, 0.401 7 ; a.sh, O.OS ; largely used for fencing and in the construction of water-flumes, and for interior finish, furniture, laths, shingles, etc.; often injured by a s])ecies of dry rot {Da'dalia vorax, Harkiiess in Pacific Rural Press. Jan. 2.5, 1879, f. 1, 2), rendering it unfit for lumber. 327. — Thuya occidentalis, Linncns, .Sjiec. 1 ed. 1002.— Kalui, Travels, Ilnglish od. iii, 170.— Marsball, Aibiistuiu, 152.— Wangenbeim, Amor. 7, t. 2, f. 3. — Walter, Fl. Caroliuiana, 236.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii, 371 ; 2 ed. v, 321.— Gifrtner, Fruct. ii, C-2, t. 91, f. 2.— Micbaux, Fl. Bor.-Ani. ii, 209.— Willdenow, .Spec, iv, ."Of; Eunm.090; Berl. Buumz. 504. — Kouveau Dubamcl, iii, 12, t. 4. — Poirct in Lauiarck, Diet, vii, 309; III. iii, 369.- .Scbkulir, Handb. iii, 287, t. 309.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 580.— DesfontainCH, Hist. Arb. ii, 575.— Titford, Hort. Bot. Am. 98.— Michanx f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 29, t. 3; N. American Sylva, 3 cd. iii, 177, t. 1.56.— Pursb, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 647.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Pbiladelpb. 93.— Eaton, M.-inual, HI; 6 ed. 364.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 2->4.— Hayue, Dend. Fl. 177.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 041.— Watson, iJend. Brif. ii. l.'>0.— .Sprengcl, Syst. iii, 888.— Ricbard, Conif. 43, t. 71, f. 1.— Torrey, Couipend. Fl. N. States, 3G1 ; Fl. N. York, ii, 2:J4.— Ralines<) meler in diameter: cold, wet swamps and along the rocky banks of streatns; very common at the north, sjneading over great areas of swa/ni); extensively cultivated as a hedge and ornamental jdant, an, 69.— Parlatore in Do Candolle, Prodr. xvi'^, 464.— Ridgway iu Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 87. CuprCfSUS thyoUlcs, Linna>us, Spec. 1 ed. 1003.— Kalm, Travels, English ed. ii, 174.— Du Roi, Harbk. ii, 198.— M:»rshall, .XrliMstiun, 311.— Waugcuheini, Amor. .•<, t. 2, f. 1.— .'Viton, Hort. Kow. iii, 372; 2 ed. v, :{2;}.— Bartraui. Travels, 2 ed. 409.— Micliaux, Fl. Bor.-Aui. ii, 208.— Wilhlenow, Spoo. iv, 512; Enuni. 991; Boil. Bauiiiz. 111.— Nouvoau Duhauiol, iii, 6.— Por.soon, Syu. ii, 580.— Doslontaiues, Hist. Arb. ii, 567.— Sehkuhr, Haudb. iii, 286, t. 310.— Miohaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 20, t.2; N. Auierionu Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 162, t. 152.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, C46.— Eaton. Manual. Ill; 6 ed. 115.— Nuttall, Genera, ii. 224.— Hayuo, Doud. Fl. 178.— Elliott, Sk. ii. 644.— Watson, Doud. Brit, ii, !,">('..— Torn>y, Compeud. 1"1. N. States, 361 ; Fl. N. York, ii, 233.— Beck. Bot. 3;)8.— l.oudou, Arbon^tum. iv, 2475, i. 2;K7.— ForlH>«, Pinotum Woburn. 183, t. 61.— Ilookor, Fl. Bor.-A;ii. ii, 165.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 21.'..- Bigolow, Fl. Boston. 3 cd. 387.— Emerson, Trees Ma.ssaohusotts, 98; 2 ed. i, 114.— Richardson, Arctic Exped. 442.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 516.— Cooper iu Smithsonian Rop. 1858, 2.')7.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 4;15.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Snrv. N. Carolius, 1860, iii, 28.— Wood, CI. Book, 663; Bot. & Fl. 315.— Poroher, Resources S. Forests, 509.— Gray, Manual N. State*, 5 cd. 473.— Hoopes, Evorgi-eeiis, 346.— Koch, Deiulrologio, ii-, 162.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, :«.— Veitch, Manual Conif. 23-1, Thuya .\phact, very durable in contact with Ihc soil, easily worked, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish, possessing an agreeable, resinous odor; baiuls of small summer cells thin, not conspicuous; medullary rays thin, numerous, hardly distinguishable; color, bright, light clear yellow, the thin sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.4782; ash, OM; somewhat used in boat- and ship- building, for furniture, interior finish, etc., probably unsurpassed in beauty as a cabinet wood by that of any North American tree. 331. — Chamaecyparis Lawsoniana, Pariatorc, Stud. Orgon. Conif. 2:5, 29, t. 3, I. 2i-2.); Do CandoUe, Prorlr. x\\\ 461.- Conlon. I'inetum, 2 ed. R'.. —Watson. Bot. California, ii, !!». -.Sargent in London Oard. Chronicle, 1H91, 8. Cupressus iMtrsoniana, Murray in EdUiburgU New Phil. Jour, new ser. i, 202, t. 9.— Bot. .Mag. t. .^.5il.— Nelson, Pinaccw, -72.-Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. \KS, 263.- Law.v.n, Pinetum Brit, ii, 191, t. 31, f. 1-13.— Hoopes, Ev rgrecnn :H2, f. .53.— Henkel &. Ilochstcltrr, Nad.lliolz. 246.- Fowler in London Garit. Chronicle, 1873, 285.— London Garden, vo .504 &t.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 3G.— Veiuh, Manual Conif. 231.— Eichler in Monatsb. Acad. Bcrl. 1881, f. 29,30. Cupressus fragrans, Kellogg in Proc. California Acad, i, 103. TCupressUS altcnuata, (;ordr)n, Pinetum, 1 cd. .57; 2eil. 79. C. Boursierii, Carrifre, Trait. Conif. 2 oil. 125 [not liecaisne]. C. Nntl^anus, Torrey, Bot. Wilkes Ex ped. t. 16. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 179 PORT ORFORD CEDA1^. OREGON CEDAR. WHITE CEDAR. l^AW'SON'S CYPRES.S. GIXGKR I'INE. • Oregon, Coos bay, south to the valley of the Eo{fue river, not extendinj^ more than thirty miles from the coast; California, valley of the upper Sacramento river (shores of Castle and Soda lakes, Shasta county). A large tree of th(! first economic value, 45 to Gl meters in height, with a trunk 1.80 to 4 meters in diameter; rich woods, in low, moist soil, intersi)ersed with the yellow fir and hemlock; most common and reaching its greatest development along the Oregon coast; local; in California very rare and local. Wood light, hard, strong, very clo.se-graincd, compact, easily worked, very durable in contact with the ground, abounding in odoriferous resin, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish; layers of small .summer cells thin, not conspicuous; medullary rays numerous, very obscure ; color, light yellow or almost white, the thin sap-wood hardly distinguishable ; specilic gravity, 0.4621 ; ash, 0.10; largely manufactured into lumber and used for interior finish, flooring, railway ties, fence posts, matches, and in ship- and boat-building; the resin strongly diuretic and a powerful insecticide. 332. — Cupressus macrocarpa, Hartwe.if, Jour. Ilort. Soc. London, ii, 187. — Beutham, PI. Hartweg. 337. — Gordon iu Jour. Hort. Soc. London, iv, 2% & t. ; Pinetum, 65 ; 2 cd. yi. — Liudloy & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 206. — Knigbt, Syn. Conif. 20. — Torrcy, Bot. Mex. Bonndarj' Survey, 211. Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 2G3 ; Proc. California Acad, iii, 290. — C.arriire, Trait. Conif. 1 ed. 124, in part. — Bolnnder in Proc. California Acad, iii, 228. — HenUel & Hochstetter, Nadelliiilz. 239. — Nelson, Pinacea', 73. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 353. — P.irlatorc in De Candollo, Prodr. xvi^, 473. — Fowler in London Gard. Chronicle, 1872, 285. — Kocb, Dendrologie, ii", 148. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 36. — Watson, Bot. California, ii, 113. — Veitcb, Manual Conif. 234. — Lawson Pinetum Brit, ii, 19.5, t. 32. C. Lambertiana, Carrifere in Kev. Hort. 1855, 232 ; Trait. Conif. 124 ; 2 ed. 106. G. Hartwegii, Carrifero in Rev. Hort. 1855, 232 ; Trait. Conif. 2 ed. 1G8. ?C. macrocarpa, var. fastifjiata, Knight, Conif. 20.— Parlatore in Do Candollc, Prodr. xvi', 473.— Veitch, Manual Conif. 234. fC. Hartwegii, var. /«.S^iV/(V(f((,Carrii;ro, Trait. Conif. 2 ed. 169. MONTEREY CYPRESS. California, Monterey (Cypre.'^s i)oiiit, Pescadero ranch, and Carmelo i)oint). A tree 15 to 21 meters in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 1.80 meter iu diameter; on granite rocks immediately upon the sea-coast; very local. Wood heav.y, hard, strong, rather brittle, very close-grained, compact, easily worked, very durable in contact with the soil, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish, odorous; bauds of small summer cells thin, dark coloixnl, conspicuous; medullary rays numerous, hardly distinguishable; color, clear biight l)rowu streaked with red and yellow, the thin sap-wood light yellow; specific gravity, 0.(i2Gl ; ash, 0.57 ; very beautiful and of undoubted value as a cabinet wood. 333. — Cupressus Goveniana, Gordon, Jonr. Hort. Soc. London, iv, 296 & f. ; Pinetum, 00 ; 2 od. 83. — Bentltani, PI. Hurtwog. 337. — Lindloy & Gordon iu Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 206. — Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 125; 2 cd. 170. — Torrcy, Mex. Boundary Survey, 211. — Cooper in Smitlisuniau Ecp. Itj58, 266.— Hciikel & Hochstetter, Nadelhiilz. 240.— IIoopcs, Evergreens. 252. — Parlatore in De CandoUe, Prodr. svi', 472. — Fowler in Loudon Gard. Chronicle, 1872, 285.— Watson, Bot. Californi.-i. ii, 114.— Veitch, Manual Conif. 230. ?C (7aii/br«ica, Carriiire, Trait. Conif. 127; 2 ed. 161. ^ ^ C. Californica f/rnciiis, Nilsoi;, Pinacea', 70, iupart fC. COrnuta, Carrii-re iu Rev. Ilort. 1866,251 & f. f Juniperus aromatica, lUm. ilumboldt coHuty, California, soutli along the coast and through the Coast ranges into Lower California. A small tree, sometimes 12 to 15 meters iu height, with a trunk 0.(10 to 0.00 meter iu diameter; boixlers of streams and mountain slopes, in rather rich soil, or often a low shrub, fruiting when 0.30 to 1 meter iu height, and occupying exten.sive tracts of sandy barrens 1 too miles inland from the coast, or thin, rocky soil (/*nn«7?f) ; widely but not generally distributed. AVood light, soft, not strong, brittle, elosegrained, eomi)aet; bands of snuiU summer cells broad, dark colored, conspieuous; medulhuy rays thin, obscure; color, light brown, the thick .sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.4089; a.sh,0.45. 180 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. 334.— Cupressus Macnabiana, Murniy. £dinburgh, Nt-w Phil. Jonr. new ser. i, 293. t. 16. — Gordon, Piiiotuni, G4 ; 2 eil. 90.— Carriferc, Trait. Conif. 2 oil. 165. — lloopts, Evergreens, Xii. — Parlotore in Do CandoUe, Prodr. xvi^, 473. — Kocb, Dendrologie, ii^, 150.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 3G. — Watson, Bof. California, ii, 114.- Veitch, Manual Conif. 23.T C. glandulosa. Hooker, (ex. HenUel & Hocbstetter, Nadolholz. 241). C. Cali/orilic i yracHis, Xclson, Pinacea-, 70, in part. Califoniia, uiountains south of Clear lakp, Lake county {Torrcy, Bolandcr, Pringle, Miller). A small tree, sonietiiues 9 meters in beight, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 meter in diameter, or more often a tall shrub branching from the ground; very rare and local; not redi.scovered in the original station reported by Jeffrey, the Mount Shasta region. Wood not collected. 335. — Cupressus Guadalupensis, Watson, Proc. -Vin. Aead. xiv.IUlO; Bot. California, ii, 114. C. macromrpa, t Watson in Proc.Am. .\cad. xi,»lU) [not Hartweg]. C. Arizonica, E.L. Greene iu Bull.Torrey Bot. Cliil), ix.CI.- Riisby in Hull. Torrry Bot. Club, ix, 79.— Watson in Proc. Am. Acad, xviif, 157. San Francisco mountains of New Mexico and eastern Arizona (Greene, Rusby), Santa Catalina and Santa Rita mountains, AnzoivA [Prinple, Lcmmon) ; on the Sierra Madre, near Saltillo, andGaudaliiiie island, Mexico [Vahnci-). A tree 18 to 21 meters in height, with a trunk O.GO to 0.90 meter iu diameter ; rocky canons and ridges; on the yew Mexico and Arizona mountains, forming extensive forests between 5,000 and 8,000 feet elevation, generally on northern slopes; local. Wood light, soft, very close-grained, compact, easily worked, susceptible of a good polish; bands of small summer cells, broad, con.spicuous ; medullary rays numerous, very obscure ; color, gray, often faintly streaked with yellow, the thick sap-wood light yellow ; specific gravity, 0.4843 ; ash, 0.44. 336. — Juniperus Californica, Carriere, Rev. Hort, iii, 353 ^, in part. J. Califoritka, var. osteosperma, Eugclmann; Watson in Proc. Am. Acud.xi,119. California, .San I'rancisco Itay, soutli llirotigli the Coast rang<'s to Lower California. A small tret', ranly 0 to 9 meters in heiglit, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.00 meter in diameter, or more often a tall shrub, sending nj) many stems from tlie ground; sandy barrens and dry, rocky soil. Wood light, soft, very close-grained, compact, very ilurable in contact with the soil ; bands of small summer cells thin, dark colored, no^ conspicuous; medullary rays iiumcrou.s, very ob.scurc; color, light brown slightly tinged with red, the .sap-wood nearly wliite; specific gravity, 0.(1282 ; a.sli. 0.7."i ; in southern California hugely used for fencing and fuel. \'l\l. Utahensis, i;n«<'lniann, Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, 588; Wbceler's U<-i>. vi, 2(M.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Tncs, :!". —Sargent in Am. .Jour. Soi. 3 ser. xvii, 418.— Palmer in Am. Nat. xii, 594. — Watson, Bot. California, ii, 113. J. OCei'lentalis, Watson in King's R<-p. v, :ai>, in part; PI. Wbeeler, lH [not Hooker]. <7. orci'lciilalis, var. UiahrnstH, Vcltdi, Manual Conif. 2^9. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 181 Western base of the Wabsatch iiiouiitains, Utab, to eastern California, soutb tbroiigh the Great Basin to soutbeastern California {Fringlc) and tbe San Francisco uionntains, eastern Arizona (Greene). A small, contorted tree, 6 to 0 meters in beif^bt, witb a trunk 0.00 to 0.90 meter in diameter, or more often a tall.nuub brancbed sbrnb; very common tbron{;b tbe elevated valleys and along tbe lower sloi)e8 of all tbe ranges of central and sontbern Utab and Nevada, and tbe most generally distributed arborescent species of the region. Wood ligbt, soft, close-grained, compact, very durable in contact witb tbe soil; color, ligbt brown, tbe tbick sap-wood nearly wbite; specific gravity, 0.5522; asli, 0.49; tbe common fuel and fencing material of the region. 337. — ^Juniperus pachyphlcea, Torrey, Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 142; Bot. Jk-x. Boundary Survey, 210 ; Ives' Kep. 28.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1838, 203.— Henkel Oi HocIiHtottcr, Nadolholz. 247.— CanifTo, Trait, Conif. 2 cd. 56.— Parlatoro iu De Candolle, Prodr. xvi», 490.— Gordon, Pinctnm, 2 ed. 164.— Eugelmauu in Trans. St, Louis Acad, iii, 589; Wheeler's Rep. vi,2G4.— Palmer iu Am. Nat. xii, 593.— Veitcli, Manual Conif. 289.— Riisby in Bull. ToiTey Bot. CIuI), i.\,79.— Hemslcy, Bot. Am.-Cont. iii, 184. J. plochyderma, Torrey iu Sitgreaves' Rep. 173, t. IG. J. Sahina pachyphlcea, Antoine, Kupress. 39. JUNIPER. Eagle and Limpia mountains {Havard), west along tbe ranges of western Texas, southern New Mexico and Arizona south of latitude 34°; southward into Mexico. A tree 9 to 15 meters iu height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.20 meter in diameter; dry, stony slopes and ridges, generally between 2,000 and 3,000 feet elevation ; the prevailing and largest juniper of the mountains of western Texas. Wood ligbt, soft, not strong, brittle, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a line polish ; bands of small summer cells very thin, dark colored, not conspicuous; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, clear ligbt red, often streaked with yellow, tbe thin sap- wood nearly wbite; specific gravity, 0.5829; ash, 0.11. 338. — ^Juniperus occidentalis, Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Aiu.ii,16G.-Euaiiclior, Syu. Conif. 2G.— Lindlcy & Gordon iu Jonr. Hort. Soc. London, v, 202.— Carritre, Couif. 42, in part; 2 od. 40, iu part.— Torrey in Paciflc R. R. Rep. i v, 142.— Cooper in Smithsonian Eop. 185^, 263.— Gordon, Piuetum, 117 (excl. syn.); Suppl. 38 (oxcl.^yn.); 2ed. 162 (excl. syu.).- Heukel & lIochstctter,Nadelholz. 345, iu part.— Nelson, Pinaceie, 142.— Hoopes, Evergreens, 299 (excl. syn. C'«()/orn!ca).— Parlatore in Do Candolle, Prodr. xvi^ 489, iu part.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 37.— Macoun in Geological Rop. Cauaila, 1875-'76, 211.— Palmer in Am. Nat. xii, 594.— Watson, Bot. California, ii. 113.— Veitch, Manual Conif. 289. J. excelsa, Pursh, FI. Am. Sept. ii, G47.— Nnttall, Genera, ii, 2-15. J. Andina, Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 95, 1. 110 ; 2 ed. ii, 157, 1. 110.— Carrif-re, Trait. Couif. 2 ed. 55. Cha)n(VCyp<(ris Boursierii, Decaisno in Bull. Soc. Bot. France, i, 70. J. Ucnnanni, Koch, Deudrologie, ii-, 141 Liiot Sprcngel]. J. OCcidenialiH, var. Itleiosperma, F.ngclinanu in Trans. St. Louis Ac.>vd. ii,590. J. pyriformh, Hort. JUNIPER. Blue mountains and high prairies of eastern Washington territory and Oregon, Cascade mountains of Oregon, valley of the Klamath river, California, and south along tbe high ri.lges of tbe Sierra Nevada, between 7,000 and 10,000 feet elevation, to tbe San Rernardim-) mountains {I'arinh Bros.). A tree 9 to 15 meters in height, witb a truidv 1.20 to 2.10 meters in diameter, or often a low, mucb-brancbod shrub; dry, rocky ridges and prairies, reaching its greatest develoi)ment in tiie California sierras. Wood ligbt, soft, very close-grained, comi)aet, very durable in contact witb the soil; bands of small summer cells thin, not conspicuous; medullary rays nutnerous, very obscure ; color, ligbt red or brown, the s:i'>-\vo...l iumiIv white; specific gravity, 0.5765; ash, 0.12; largely used for fencing and fuel. Var. monospcrma, v:ii^olm.>i\u. Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, .WO; Wheeler's Kep. vi,2(i:l.— Veiteh. Manual Conif. 289.-Rnsl.y in Bull. Torn\v Bot. Club, is, W. 182 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Eastoiu base of Piko's peak, ("olorado, to tlie nionntaiiis of western Texas, and tliiough New MoNieo and southern Arizona to southern California. A small, stunted tree, G to 9 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes O.GO meter in diameter, or often hiaiuhing from the ground with many stout, contorted stems; dry, gravelly slopes between 3,500 and 7,000 feet elevation. Wootl heavier than that of the type, the layers of annual growth often eccentric; specific gravity, 0.7111) ; ash, 0.7S; largely used for fuel aud fencing. Var. conjugens, Eugelmann, Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii. 590.' — Vcilcli, Manual Couit. '^ffO.— Watson in Troc. Am. Acad, xviii, 158. Western Texas, valley of the Colorado river (Austin), west and north. A tree 11 to 15 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30 meter iu diameter, covering with extensive forests the limestone hills of western Texas; its range not yet satisfactorily determined. Wood light, bard, not strong, very close-grained, compact, very durable in contact with the soil; bands of small summer cells thin, dark colored, conspicuous; medullary rays numerous, very obscure; color, brown, often streaked with red, the thin .sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.G007; a.sh, 0.4G; largely u.sed for fencing, fuel, telegraph poles, railway ties, etc. 339. — ^Juniperus Virginiana, Liuuicns, Spec. 1 ed. 1039.— Kalm, Travels, English ed. ii, 180.— Marshall, Arbustuin, 70.— Waugcnhoim, Amor. 9, t. 2, f. 5.— Walter, Fl. Caroliuiana,24:H.— Alton, Hort. Kew. iii, 411 ; 2 ed. v. 414.— Lamarck, Diet, iv, 627.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 853; Euum. 1025; Berl. Banuiz. 199.— Pcrsoon, Syn. 11,032.— Dcsfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 539.— Micbanx f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 42, t. 5; N. American Sylva, 3ed. 173, t. 155.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 047.— Nouvean Dnhamcl, vi, 49, t. 10.- Barton, Prodr. Fl. Pbiladelpb. 9fi; Compoiid. Fl. Pbiladelph ii,200.— Eaton, Mauual, 118; 2ed. 194.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 245; Sylva, iii, 97;2cd. ii, 159.— Bigelow, Med. Bnt. iii,49, t.45; Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 396.— Hayue, Dcnd. Fl. 205.— Elliott, Sk. ii,717.— Torroy in Nicollet's Rep. 167; Compend. Fl. N. States, 377; Fl. N. York, ii, 235 ; Marcy's Rei). 264 ; Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 142 ; Bot. Me.x. Boundary Survey, 211 ; Ives' Rep. 28.— Sprongel, Syst. iii, 908.— Richard, Conif. 37, t. fi, f. 2.— Audubon, Birds, t. 43.— Rafiiiesque, My,Fl. Med. .'ia;.— Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 249.J, f. 2357.— Forbes, Pinetum Woburn. 190.— Pcnu. Cyd. xiii, 147.— Eaton & Wrigbt, Bot. 268.— Kmerson, Trees Massachusetts, 102; 2 ed. i, 118.— Eudlicber, Syn. Couif. 27, iu part.— Scbeclc in Rujmer, Texas, Appx. 447.— Lindloy & Gordon in Jonr. Hort. Soc. London, v, 202.— Parry in Owen's Rep. C18.— Darlington, Fl. Ccstrica, 3 cd. 295.— Knight, Syn. Conif. 12.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 515.— Durand in Jour. Philadelphia Acad. 1955, 101.— Torrey & Gray in Pacific R. K. Rep. ii, 130, 17.'..— Carrifcre, Trait. Conif. 43 ; 2 ed. 44.— Bigelow in Pacific R. R. Rep. 20.— Gordon, Pinetum, 112 ; 2 cd. 1.54 —Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1^58, 2.57 ; Am. Nat. iii, 413.— Chapman, Fl. S. Slates, 435.— Gray in Pacific R. R. Rep. xii-, 46; Maunal N. Stales, 5 ed. 474; Hall's PI. Texas, 21.— Hooker f. in Trans. Linnajan Soc. xxiii-, 302.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 71.— Lesqncreux iu Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 389.— Wood, CI. Book, 663; Bot. & Fl. 314.— Porclier, Resources S. Forests, 510.— Eugelmann iu Traus. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xii, 209; Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, .''fll ; Wheeler's Rep. vi,263.— I.yall in Jour. Lintia-an Soc. vii, 144.— Ilenkel &, Hochstetter, Nadilhiilz. 3;}5.— Nelson, Pinaceu', 153.— Hoo)>es, Evergreens, 291.— Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi', 468.— Young, Bot. Texas, 517.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii», 138.— Watson in King's Rep. v, 335.— Rothrock in PI. Wheeler, 28, 50; Wheeler's Rep. vi, 10.— Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorado; Hayduu's Surv. Misc. Pub. No. 4, 132.— Hayden in Wamn's Itep. Nebraska & Dakota, 2 ed. 122.— Vascy.Cat. Forest Trees, 37.— Guibourt, Hist. Drogues, 7 ed. ii,242.— Broadheiid ill Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 00.— G. M. Dawson in Canadian Nat. new ser. ix, 329.— Sears iu Bull. Essex Inst, xiii, 183.— Veitch, Manual Conif. 2.'«.— Bell iu Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'6n, .'■.2' .— Ridgway in Proe. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 87.— Honisley, Bot. Am.- Cent. iii, I8J. J. Caroliniana, .Marshall, Aibn.^^tmn, -/l.-Dii Roi.Harbk. 2cd. 497. J. arboraicetm, Ma!uch,.M<-,ili.(;99. •/. Barbadcmin, Michaux.FI. Bor.-Am. ii,240 [not Liiinuius].- Puish, Fl.Ain. Sept. ii, 047.— Niitlall, Genera, ii, 245; Sylva, iii,9«; 2ed. ii,1.58. J. Virginiana, var. Caroliniana, Willdeuow, Berl. Banmz. 196.— Hayne, Deud. Fl. 205. — Loiiiloii, Arboretum, iv,2495. •/. Virginiana, var. Hcrmanni, PcrKoou,Syii. ii,G32. J. Ufrmnnni, Sprengel,Sy»l. iil,908. J./mtvla, vai'. Virginiuna, Spach in Anii.Hel.Nat.2 ner. xvi,296; Hist. Veg. xi, 318. J. Virginiana vulgarin, Kudiicher,8jn. Conif. 28. J. Sabina, var. Virginiana, Antoine, Kuprcss. t. 63, 84. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TilEES. 183 EED CEDAR. SAVIN. Southci'u New Brunswick to fbe uortheru shores of Georgian bay, uortheru Michigan, VV'JHcoiisia and Minnesota, south to cape Mahibar and Tampa bay, Florida, and the valley of the Colorado river, Texa-s, west to eastern Xebraska, Kansas, and the Indian territory to about the one hundredth i)arallel of west longitude; in the Pacific region, Eocky mountains of (Colorado to Vancouver's island, British Columbia; not extending to western Texas, California, or Oregon ; in Utah, Nevada, and Arizona rare and local. The most widely distributed of North American ConiferiE, a tree 21 to 30 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.35 meter in diameter, or toward its northern and western limits much smaller, often reduced to a low shrub; dry, gravelly ridges, and limestone hills, or in the Gulf states, especially near the coast, in deep swamps; in northern Montana, borders of streams and lakes; common; and reaching its greatest development in the valley of tlie IJed river, Texas. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, very close- and straight-grained, comjjact, easily worked, very durable in contact with the soil ; odorous ; bands of small summer cells rather broad, conspicuous; medullary rays numerous, vorj^ obscure ; color, dull red, the thin sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.402C ; ash, 0.13 ; largely need for l)Osts, sills, railway ties, interior finish, cabinet-making, and almost exclusively for lead-pencils. A decoction of the leaves is occasionally used as a substitute for savine cerete, and an infusion of the berries as a diuretic ( U. S. Dispensatori/, 14 ed. 529. — 2fat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 795). 340. — Taxodium distichum, Kichard, .■\iiii. Mils, xvi, 298; Conif. 52, t. 10. — Nouveaxi Dubamel, iii, 8. — Robin, Voyages, iii, 525. — Lambert, Pinus, 2 ed. 25 & t. — Toirey, Compeud. Fl. N. States, 361 ; Bot. Mex. Bouudary Survey, 210. — Brongniart in Ann. Sci. Nat. 1 ser. xxx, 162. — London, Arboretam, iv, 2481, f. 2335-2339.— Forbes, Pinetum Woburn. 177, t. 60.— Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 68, in part.— Kugelmann & Gray in Jonr. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, v, 234. — Schoele in Roemer, Texas, Appx. 447. — Liudley & Gordon in Jonr. Hort. Soc. Loudon, v,2G9. — Knigbt, Syn. Conif. 20.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 295.— Carri&rc, Trait. Conif. 143; 2ed. 180; Rev. Hort. viii, 62&f.— Morreu in Belg. Hort. vi, 74 & t. — Gordon, Pinetiiin, 305 ; 2 ed. 382. — Loudon Gard. Cbronicle, 1857, 549. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 135^, 2.")7. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 435. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1800, iii, 29. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Kep. Arkansas, 389. — Wood, CI. Bools, 663 ; Bot. & Fl. 3K.— Hcnkel &, Hochstetter, Nadelbiilz. 253.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 473.— Hoopes, Evergt^^ns, 364, f. 58. — Parlatoro in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi-, 440. — La-wsou, Pinetum Brit, ii, 305, f. 1-9.— Fowler in London Gard. Chronicle, 1872, 1526. — Young, Bot. Texas, 518. — Koch, Dcndrologie, ii-,195. — Bertrand in Bull. Soc. Bot. France, xviii, 127. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 30. — Broadliead in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 60. — Veitcb, Manual Conif. 214. — Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 87. — Watson in Proc. Am. Acad, xviii. 1.58. ClipreSSUS disticha, Linnaeus, Spec. 1 ed. 1003.— Du Roi, Harbk. i, 201. —Marshall, Arbustnni, 39.— Liimarck, Diet, ii, 244.— Wangenbeini, Auier. 43. — Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 238. — Alton, Hort. Kcw. iii, 372; 2 ed. v, 323.— Bartram, Travels, 2 ed.88. — Micbaux,Fl. Bor.-Am. ii,208. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 567. — Willdenow, Spec. iv,512; Eunm. i>91 : Bcrl. Banmz. 111. — Schkuhr, Handb. iii, 288.— Micbaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 4, t. 1; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 154, t, 151.— Pursb, Fl. Am. Seiit. ii, 645.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadelph. 93.— RaCnesqne, Fl. Ludoviciana, 151.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 224.— Hayno,Dend. Fl. 178.— James in Long's Exped. ii, 317, 318.— Elliott, Sk. H. 642.— Beck, Bot. 238.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 116.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 215.— De Chambray, Trait. Arb. Res. Conif. 349.— Dickson & Brown in Am. Jour. Sci. 2 ser. v, 15. — Porcbcr, Resources S. Forests, 508. Cu^yressns disiicha, var. patens and var. 7m1ans, Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed.v,;!23. GupreSSUS disticha, var. imbricaria, Nuttall, Genera, ii, 224; Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 2 ser. v, 163.— Croom in Am.Jour. ScL 1 ser. xxviii, 166. Schuhertia disticha, Mirbol in Mem. Mus. xiii, 75.— Sprengel, Syst. iii, 890.— Spach, Hist. Vcg. xi, 349. T. microphyllum, Brongniart in Ann. Sci. Nat. 1 ser. xxx, 182.— Endlicher, Syn. Conif. t>8.— Liudley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, V, 207.— CarriM-e, Trait. Conif. 148. T. adsccndens, Brongniart in Ann. Sei. Nat. 1 ser. xxx, 182.— Endlichir, Svn. Conif. 69.— Liudley & Gordon in Ji.;ir. Hort, Soc. London, v,207.—Carriere, Trait. Conif. 148. T. distichum, var. patens and var. nutans, Kiullicher, Syn. Conif. 68.— Loudon, Arlioretum.iv, 2481. T. distichum fastigiatum. Knight, Syn. Conif. 21.— Carriire, Trait. Couil. 145; 2 ed. 181.- Gordon, Piuotuui, 307: 2 ed. 383.- Henkel &, Hochstetter, Nadelbiilz. 260.— Hoopes, Evergreer.s, 367. T. distichum, var. microphyUum, HcnUel & Hochstetter,Nndelholi;.2t>l.—Parl!»tore in Do Candolle, Prodr. xvi', 441 (7*. Sinvnse ptmliilum, Forbes, Pineluni Woburn. 180.— G(.vi)to«(ro&M« jmidulm, Endlicher, Conif. 71.— Bot. Mag. t. 6603.— Carribre, trail. Conif. 1.V2. — T. Sincnse, Gordon, Pinetum, SO!). — Ciij»r<«»M8 6'm, 174. T. Canadensis, Bigelow in PaciBc R. R. Rep. iv,25 [not Willdenow]. YEW Queen Charlotte islands and the valley of the Skeena river, south through the Coast ranges of British Columbia, through western and the mountain ranges of eastern Washingtou territory and Oregon to the western slopes of the Uocky mountains of northern Montana (Canby tb Sargent), through the California Coast ranges to the bay of Monterey and along the western slopes of the Sierra Nevadas to about latitude 'M° N. A tree 18 to 24 meters iu height, with a trunk O.iiO to 0.00 meter iu diameter, or toward its eastern limits in Idaho and I\Iontana much smaller, often reduced to a low shrub; rare; low, rich woods and bordei"S of streams, reaching its greatest development in western Oregon, Washington territory, ami British Columbia. il\lllll^ IIO ^1^(1,1,1.01' \tV t ^IV.!!' 1111. ULr 111 11 VOi-VL 11 V^lV^Vfllf « * <1£>11 I 1 ■ ^ ( 1 f II l^tllWl^tf «1ilVl t..f 1 I 1 ■ O 11, V. Vf I » IU «^l»l ■ Wood heavy, iiard, strong, brittle, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a beautiful polish, very durable contact with the soil; bands of small sumiiu'r cells thin, dark colored, conspicuous; meiluUary rays thin, imerous, very obscure; color, light bright red, the Ihiii sap wood light yellow; specific gravity, O.G301 ; asU, 22 ; usetl for fence posts anil by the Indians of the northwest coast for i)addles, spear handles, bows, fishhooks, in numerous 0.21 etc 18G FOREST TREES OP^ NOIMTI AMERICA. 344. — Taxus Floridana, Nuttall, Sylva, iii.W; 2 ed. ii, 1."j5.— Crooin in Am. Jour. Sci. 1 sor. xxvi, :l;!4.— Chapman, Fl. 8. .States, 43C.— CaiTi<~'rc,Tiail. Co.iif. 2o<1.741.— Hoopcs, Evergreens, 3S4. — Vusey. Cat. Forest Trees, 36. T. montana, yuttalI,S.vlva,iii,02; 2 cd. ii, 15.'>. Western Florida, baiik.s of the Apalaeliieola river from Bristol to Aspalaga, Gadsden eoinity, and AVatson's Landing? (fHWi.ts). A Biuall tree, .? to 0 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.25 meter in diameter ; rare and very local. Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, comitact ; bands of small summer cells very tliin, dark colored, not consi)icuous ; medullary rays uuiucrous, obscure ; color, dark brown tinged with red, the thin sap-wood nearly white; .specific gravity, O.G340 ; ash, 0.21. 345. — Torreya taxifolia, Aruott, Aim. Nat. Hist, i, 134; Hooker, Icon, iii, t. 232, 233.— Eaton &. Wright, Bot. 434.— Kuttall, Sylva, iii, 91, t. 109; 2 cd. ii, 153, t. 109.— SpacU, Hist. Vcg. xi, 29S.— Eudliclier, Syn. Conif. 241.— Lindley &, Cordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 226.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 516.— Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 514 ; 2 ed. 726.— Gordon, Pincluni, 329: 2 ed. 412.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 259.— Chapman. Fl. S. States, 436.— Wood, CI. Book, 664; Bot. & Fl. 316.— IIoopcs, Evergreens, 387, f. 62.— Parlatore in De Caudolle, Prodr. x\i', 505. — Koch, Dcndrologie, ii', 100. — Vasey, Cat. I'orest Trees, 35. — Veitch, Mainial Conif. 311. GaryotaxU8 taxifolia, Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadclholz. 367. Fcetafaxux ynontana, Xelsim, Piuacc;e, 167. STINKING CEDAR. SAVIN. Western Florida, eastern bank of the Apalachicola river from Chattahoochee to the neighborhood' of Bri.stol, G;idsden county; doubtfully reported from the shores of a small lake west of Ocheesee and at Wakulla Springs, Wakulla county (Cur lias). A tree 12 to 18 meter.'? in height, with a trunk O.GO to 0.90 meter in diameter, sending up when cut many vigorous shoot« from the stem and roots; borders of swamps on calcareous soil; very rare and local. Woml light, rather hard, strong, brittle, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a beautiful polish, very durable in contact with the soil ; bands of small summer cells very thin, not conspicuous ; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, clear bright yellow, the thin .sap-wood much lighter; .si)ecifi(! gravity, 0.51 15; ash, 0.73; largely used locally for fence posts, etc. 346. — Torreya Californica, Tmrcy, N. Yiirlc Joiir. Pliarm. iii, 49; Pacific K. K. Rop. iv, 140. — Bigolow in Pacific R. R. Hop. iv, 24. — Kollogg in Proc. California Acad, i, 3'. — Newberry in Pacific H. R. Rej). vi, 61, 90, f. 27. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 263.— Bolandcr in Proc. California Aca0 to 0.!M) nK-ter in diameter, sending up from the stump when cut many vigorous shoots; borders of .streams, in moist soil; rare. WrK»d light, soft, not strong, verj- close-grained, compact, susceptiiile of a tine polish, veiy durable in contact with the soil; bands of small summer cells broad, not consi)icuous; medullary rays numerous, ob.scure; color, char li;iht yellow, the thin sap-wood nearly white; sjiecWc gravity, O.lTfiO; ash, 1.34. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 187 347. — Pinus Strobus, i.inn.Tus, Spoo.lod. 1001; Da Roi, [larbk. ii.ri".— Wan-jeulioiiu, Amor, i, 1. 1, f. 1.— .\iton, Hort. Kew. iii, 369; 2 cd. v, 3H.— Swartz,OU.3C3.— Mcencli, Moth. ;5!)4.— MicLaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 20.'>.— Poirot in Lamarck, Dirt, v, 341 ; HI. iii, 369, t. 780, f. 2.— Lamltert, Pinn», 1 ed. t. 22; 2ed. i, 27, t. 35; 3ed. i, 51, t. 3:2.— Will.lrnow, Spec, iv, .")01; Eiium. DS'J; BerlBauinz. -^Ki.— IVr.fOon, Syn. ii, 579.— DcKfohtaiui-*, Hi»t. Arb. ii, 012.— Michaux f. Hist. Arl). Ami. i, 104, 1. 10 ; N. American Sylvii, 3 oil. iii, 120, 1. 145.— Xoiivcau Duliamel, v, 249, t. 70.— Smith ill Rees' Cycl.xxviii, No. 17.— Pur.sli,ri. Am. Sept. ii, 044. —Eaton, Manual, 110; 6 c"d.2, 130. — Hoopes, Evergreens, KiO, f. 19. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 470. — Parlatoro in De CandoUe, Prodr. xvi-, 405. — Schnizlein, Icon. t. 77, f. 10. — Kocb, Dendrologie, ii', 319. — Yasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 32. — Macoun in Geological Kop. Canada, 1875-70, 211. — Scars in Bull. Essex Inst, xiii, 1*'7. — Veitch, Manual Conif. 183.— Boll in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80. 49'=. P. StrohufI, ViXr. alba, var. brevifolia, var. COmprexm, London, Arboretum, iv, 2280.— Lindley & Gordon in Jonr. Hort. Soc. London, v, 215. P. Strohiis, var. nivea, Hort. WHITE PINE. WEYMOrXn PINE. Newf()ii!Kllari(l, noitlierii shores of the gulf of Saiut Lawrence to lake Nipigon aud the valley of the Winnipeg river, south through tlie uorthern states to Pennsylvania, the southern shores of lake Michigan, ■' Starving rock," near La Salle, Illinois, near Davenport, Iowa {Parry), and along the Alleghany mountains to northern Georgia. A large tree of the first economic value, 24 to 52 meters in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 3.50 meters in diameter; sandy loam upon drift ibrinations, forming extensive forests, or in the region of the great lakes often in small bodies scattered through the bard-wood forests, here reaching its greatest development ; north of latitude 47*= N. and south of Pennsylvania, central Jlicbigan, and Minnesota ranch smaller, less common and valuable. Wood light, soft, not strong, very close, straight-grained, compact, easily worked, susceptible of a beautiful polish; bands of small summer cells thin, not conspicuous, resin passages small, not numerous nor conspicuous; medullary r>iys numerous, thin ; color, light brown, often slightly tinged with red, the sa])-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.3S51; ash, 0.19; more largely manufactured into lumber, shingles, laths, etc., than that of any other North American tree; the common and most valuable building material of the northern .states; largely used in cabinet-making, for interior finish, and in the manufacture of matches, woodenware, and for many domestic purposes. Gonifcrm, a ghicoside principle, has been discovered in the cambium layer of this and several other species of Conlferm {Jour.filr Prakt. Chem. xcvii, 243.— .Iwi. Jour. Pliarm. IStiT, 261.— JJ. S. Diqu-nsaton/, 14 ed. 001). 348. — Pinus monticola, Douglas; Lambert, Pinus, 1 id. iii, 27, t. 35.— London, Arboretum, iv, 2091, f. 2208, 2209.— ForV)es, Pinetnm Woburu. ?1 . t. 31.— Antoiuc, Conif. 40, t. 18, f. 3. — Hooker &. Arnott, Bot. Beecboy, 394.— Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 148.— Lindley & Gordon in .lonr. Hort. Soc. London, v,215.— Carri&re, Trait. Conif. 305; 2 ed. 401.— Gordon, Piuetun),233; 2 ed. 314.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858,262; Pacific R. R. Rep. xii=,27; Am. Nat. iii, 410.— Lyall in .lour. Liunican Soc. vii, 141.— Hcnkcl & Hocbstetter, Nadclbidz. 91.— Nelson, Piuacca', 120.— Hoopes, Evergreens, 135. — Bohiudcr in Proe. California .\cad. iii, 318. — Parlatorc in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi-. 405. — Gray in Proc Am. Acad, vii, 402.— Fowler in London Gard. Chronicle, 1872, 1071.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii^ 322.— Vasey, Cat. Fort-st Trees, 32.— Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-'76, 211.— Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii, 91.— Engelmann in Hot. California, ii, 12:<.— O. M. Dawson in Canadian Nat. new sor. ix, :528.— Veitch, Manual Conif. 181, f. 41.— Lawson, Pinetnm Brit. i. 69, f. 1-6. P. Strobus, var. monticola, Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 118; 2cd. ii, 176. P. Orozelicri, Carii(~>re in Rev. Hort. 1809, 126. P. porphyrOCarpa, Lawson, l'iiu>tum Brit, i, Ki, f. 1-8. WHITE PINE. Vancuover's island, Coast and Gold ranges of southern Ikil Isli Columbia, through the Contr d'Alene and Bitter Root mountain^ of Idaho to the valley of the Flathead river, northern Jlonlana {Vanby »(• Sariirnt), soutii along the Cascade mountains of Washington territory and Oregon and tiie California sierras to Calaveras county. A largo tree, 30 to 40 meters in height, with a trunk O.HO to 1.50 meter in diameter: most common and ivaching its greatest develoimient in the Peud d'Oieille aud Clark's F»uk regions of Idaho, here a valuable and importftut timber tree; in British Columbia generally below 3,000 feet, and in California between 7,000 ami 10,(H)0 feet elevation; not common. 188 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. • Wood very liglit, soft, not strong, close, straigbtgiainod, ooinpaet; bands of small summer cells thin, resinous, not conspicuous, resin passages numerous, not large, conspicuous; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, light brown or rod, the sap-wood nearly white; specitic gravity, O.'iflOS; ash, 0.23; inferior in quality, although resembling that of the eastern white i)ine (P. Strobus); in Idaho and Montana somewhat manufactured into lumber. 349. — Pinus Latnbertiana, Douglas, Conipauiou Bot. Mag. ii,92, 106,107, 130, 152; Traus. Limiffian Soc. xv, 500. — Lnmbcrt, Piiius, 1 ed. iii, 157, t. 68, 69. — Loudon, Aiboivdnii, iv, 'iisS, f. a-.Oa.— Forbes, riui'tum Woburn. 77, t. IfO.— Hookor, Fl. Bor.-Ain. ii, 161.— Anioiiio, Coiiif. 41, 1. 19.— Liiidley in Pcnu. Cycl. xvii, 17;».— Hooker& Aniott, Hot. Ik-.'cluy, 304.— Spacb, Hist. Veg. xi, 397.— Nnttall, Sylvn, iii, 12u', t. Ill; Sod. ii, 180, t. 114.— Do Chambray, Trait. Arb. Kes. Conif. :!4G. — Endliohcr, Syii. Conif. 150. — Liudloy & Gordon in .Jonr. Hort. Soc. Loudon, v,215. — Carriero, Trait. Conif. 307 ; 2 ed. 403.— Bigelow in Pacilie R. R. Rep. iv, 21.— Torrey in raiilie R. R. Rep. iv, 141 ; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 210; Ives' Rep. 28. — Newberry in Pacific It. R. Rep. vi,42, 90, f. 14. — Gordon, Pinetum, 228; 2 ed. 307. — Coopor in Smilbsoniau Rop. IcS-", 262. — Murray in Trans. Bot. Soo. Edinburgh, vi, 369. — Lawsou, Pinetuui Brit, i, 47, t. 7, f. 1-7. — Bolander iu Proc. California Acid, iii, 226, 317. — Henkel & Hoilistetter, Nadelbolz. 95. — Nelson, Pinace;e, 115. — Iloopes, Evergreens, l:t4.— Parlatore in Do CandoUe. Prodr. xvi-', 402.— Fowler in London Gard. Chronicle, 1872, 1071. — Koch, Deudrologie, ii*, 323. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 32.— Veitch, Manual Conif. 179. SUGAR I'lNE. Oregon, Cascade and Coast ranges, from the head of the Mackenzie river and the valley of the Kogue river south along the western tlauk of the California sierras, through the Coast ranges to tlie Santa Lucia mountains, and in the San Bernardino and Cuyamaca mountains. A large tree, -IG to 92 meters in height, with a trunk 3 to 7 meters in diameter; most comniou and reaching its greatest development upon the sierras of central and northern California between 4,000 and 8,000 feet elevation; in the Oregon Coast ranges descending to 1,000 feet above the sea-level. Wood very light, soft, coar.se, straight-grained, compact, satiny, easily worked; bands of small summer cells thin, resinous, conspicuous, resin passages numerous, very large and conspicuous; medullary rays numerous, ob.scure; color, light brown, the sap-wood nearly white; specitic gravity, 0.3GS4; ash, 0.22; now hugely mannfaclured into lumber and used for interior finish, door-blinds, sashes, etc., and for cooperage and woodenware; less valuable and less easily worked than that of the eastern white pine {I'inus Strobu.s); its quality injured by the larger and more numerous resin passages. A saccharine exudation from the stumps of cut or partially-burned trees sometimes used as a substitute for sugar. 350. — Pinus flexilis, James, Long's Expcd. ii, 27, 34.— Torrey in Ann. Lyc.N. York, ii, 249; Pacilie R. R. Rep. iv, 141.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 265.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 359.— Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 107, t. 112; 2 ed. ii, 167, 1. 107.— Liudley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 220.— Carrii^re in Fl. des Serres, ix, 200 ; Rov. Hort. 1854, 228 ; Trait. Conif. 310 ; 2 ed. 392.— Bigelow in Pacific R. R. Rej). iv, C, 20.— Gonlon, Pinetum, 224; 2 ed. 302. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 262. — Parry in Trans. St. Louis Acad, ii, 121. — Engelmann iu Am. Jour. Sci. 2 ser. xxxi v, 3;J1 ; Trans. St. Louis AcaE. California, Larkin's station, 20 miles southeast of Campo, San Diego county (Va.tey). and southward into Lower California. A snuill tree, G to 9 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 meter in diameter; very raw within the limits of the United States; south of the boundary forming e.xteii.'^ive open forests ujion the high mesas and slopes of Lower C;ilifornia (Prii'glc). Wood light, soft, close graini'd, compact ; bands of small summer cells thin, not conspicuous, resin passjiges very uuiTierous, large, conspicuous; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, light brown or yellow, the sap-wood much lighter, nearly white; specitic gravity, 0.5075; ash, 0.54. The large seeds edible. 190 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. 354. — Pinus cembroides, Zuccarmi, Flora, ii, 93.— Enciliclier, .Syu. Conif. 1(S.— Fl. des Serres, iv, 344C, t. 1»7.— Nelson, Piunce.P, 107.— Parlntoio iu Do Can7.— EDgilui.inu iu Traus. St. Loois Acad, iv, 176. — Watson in Proo. Am. Acad, xviii, 158. P. Llarer.na, Sch-.edo & Dcppe in Liunsea, xii, 488.— Forbes, Pinetum Woburn. 40, t. 17.— Antoine, Conif. 36, t. 16, f. 1.— Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 401.— Lindley & Gordon iu Joar. Hort. Soo. London, v, 216. — Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 405; 2 od. 461. — Gordon, Piuetnni, 199 ; 2 cd. 274 (oxcl. ayn. eiseUHHana) ; 2 ed. 95t>.— Richardson Arctic Expcd. 441,— Coop«>riu Smithsonian Rep. 1K')8, 257.— Wood, CI. Book, Olil ; Bot. & Fl. 313.— Heukel & llochstetter. Nadelholz. 45 (excl. -syn. /.oiw/curiana).- Hoopes. Evergreens, 102.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 470. — Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi^ :k*<.— Koch. Dendmlogio, ii-'. C,-^-.- Vasoy, Cat. Forest Trees, 30.— Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-76, 211.— Engelmaun in Trans. St. Louis Acid. iv. 17>.>.— * Sears in Bull. Essex Inst, siii, 185.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 50^— Veiteh, Slannal Conif. 159. r. rubra, Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. i, 46, 1. 1 ; N. American Sylvn, 3 cd. iii, 91, t. 134 [not Lambert] —Do Chanibray,. Trait. Arb. Res. ;M4.— Gihoul, Arb. Resin. 27.— Ca^•i^re, Trait. Conif. 2 ed. 4J>6. P. Laricio, var. resinosa, Spaob, Hist. Veg. 385. 192 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. KED PINE. NOKWAY PLNE. NewloiiiKllaud, iiortboni shores of t-he giilfof Ssiiiit Lawreuce and lake Nipigou to the valley of the Winnipeg river, soiitli tlirough the northern .state.s to Chestnut Hill, Jliddlevsex county, Massachusetts, the nioiuitains of northern Pennsylvania, Isabella county, Jlichigan, and central Minnesota. A large tree, 24 to 4G meters in height, with a trunk O.GO to l.;^7 meter in diameter; light sandy loam or dry, rocky ridges, forming .scattered groves rarely exceeding a lew hundred acres in extent; common and reaching its greatest development through northern Wisconsin and Minnesota ; rare in the eastern States, except in the extreme northern portions of New England. Wood light, not strong, hard, rather coarsegrained, compact ; bauds of small summer cells broad, dark colored, very resinous, resin passages few, small, not conspicuous; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light red. the sap-wood yellow or often almost white; specilic gravity, 0.4854; ash, 0.27; largely maunfactured into lumber and used for all purposes of construction, flooring, piles, etc. 359. — Pinus Torreyana, Parry, Bot. Mex. Boundar)- Survey, 210, t. 58, 59; Proc. San Diego Nat. Hist. Soc. Nov. 1883.— Canifere. Trait. Couif. 32G; 2 cd. 42:J.— Gordon, Pinctora, 241.— Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1360, 442.— Ilenkel & Hochstettor, Nadclbolz. 117.— Bolandor in Proc. California Acad, iii, 318.— Hoopes, Evergreens, 150.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 31.— Palmer in Am. Nat. xii, 594.— Engolmann in Trans. St. Lonis Acad, iv, 181 ; Bot. California, ii, 125.— Veitcb, Manual Conif. 173. P. loplwspcrma, Lindley in London Card. Chronicle, 1860, 46. —Gordon, Pinctuui, Suppl. 69; 2 od. 310.— Henkel A Hochstctter, NadeUiolz. 112. — Nelson, Pinacea;, 117. — Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi-, 391. California, mouth of the Soledad river, San Diego county ; doubtfully rci)orted from one of the islands oft' Santa Barbara and from Lower California. A low, short lived, gnarled, crooked tree, C to 8 meters in height, with a trunk 0.23 to 0.33 meter in diameter ; •crests of .sandy bluffs immediately upon the sea-coast ; very local and fast disappearing. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, rather closegrainerl, com])act: bands of small summer cells broad, resinous, conspicuous, resin pa.ssages small, few; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, light red, the sap-wood yellow or nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.4879 ; ash, 0.35 ; locally used for fuel. 360. — Pinus Arizonica, Eugelmann, Wheeler's Rep. vi, 260; Trans. St. Louis Acad, iv, 181 ; Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vii, 4. YELLOW PINE. Santa Rita mountains {Rothrocl; Engelmann & Sargent), Santa Catalina mountains (Lemmon, Pringle), and probably upon other ranges of .southern Arizona. A tree 24 to 30 meters in height, with a trunk O.dO to 0.00 meter in diameter ; high rocky ridges between (»,000 and 8,000 feet elevation ; the prevailing forest tree over large areas near the summits of the Santa Catalina mountains (Lemvtou). Wood light, soft, not strong, rather brittle, close grained, compact; bands of small summer (h'IIs luoad, very resinons, conspicuous, resin i)assages numerous, large; medullary rays thin, obscure; color, light red or often yellow, the sap-wood lighter yellow or wiiite; specific gravity, 0.50.3.S ; a.sli, 0.20 ; sometimes sawed into inferior lumber. 361. — Pinus ponderosa, Douglas, Companion Bot. Mag. ii, 111.— Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 22-13, f. 2132-2136.— Korbi-s, Pinetum Wolnini. 44, t. 1.'..— Anloine, Conif. "iH, t.8, f.L— Limlley in Penn. Cycl. xvii, 172.— Link in Linnira, xv,30^, 261 ; PaciHc R. R. Hup. xii-, 27, tW ; Am. Nat. iii, 409.— Torrey, Bot. Mcx. Boundary .'.— Lyall in .Jour. Liuiiii-.in Soe. vii, 142.— Bolandi-r in Proc. California Acad, iii, 226, 317.— Henkel 4. Hoclistettcr, Nadi-lliol/. 71.— .Nelson, Piuaceie, 125.— Hoopes, Evergreens, 1 17.— Parlatore in Dn Candolle, Prodr. xvi», 395 (excl. syn. .S'incfairii).— Wals. vi, 9.— Porter &, Coulter, l''l. Colorado; Hayden's .Surv. Misc. Pub. No. 4, l-.!9.— Hayileu in Warren's Rep. Nebraska A- Dakota, 2 ed. 121.— Vasey, Cat. Korcsl Trees, rjO.-Hall in Conifer's Bot. Gazette, ii, 91,— Maconn in Geological Rep. Canaoker, Fl. Bor.-An. ii, 161, in part. — Winehell iu Ludlow's Rep. Black Hills, 68. P. brachyptera, Engelmann in Wislizenus' Rep. No. 4.— Liudlcy & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 216.— Carriire in Fl. dos Serres, ix, 201 ; Rev. Hort. 1854, 227 ; Trait. Conif. 356 ; 2 ed. 454.— Bigelow in Pacific R. K. Rep. iv 18.— Gordon, Pinetum, 190; 2 ed. 263.— Henkel &. Hoohstettor,Nade]h51z. 85. — Nelson, Pinacese, 454. P. Beardsleyi, Murray in Edinburgh New Phil. Jour, new ser. i, 286, t. 6.— Carrifirc, Trait. Conif. 359. P. Graigana, Murray in Edinburgh New Phil. Jour, new ser. i,288, t. 7. P. macrophylla, f Torrey in Sitgreaves' Hop. 173 [not Engcluianu]. P. Engelmanni, Torroy in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 141 [not Carrifero]. P. Parryana, Gordon, Pinetum, 202; 2ed.277 [not Engelmann].— Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 88.— Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 2 ed. 446. P. jwndei-osa, var. Benthamiana, Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 30. p. p07lderosa, var. SCOpulorum, Engelmann in Bot. California, ii, 126. YELLOW PINE. BULL PINE. Interior of British Columbia, south of hititude 51°, south and east along the mountain ranges of the Pacific region to Mexico, the Black hills of Dakota, Colorado, and western Texas; not detected in central or southern Nevada. A large tree, 61 to 91 meters in height, with a trunk 3. GO to 4.57 meters in diameter, or tlironghout the Rocky Mountain region much smaller, rarely exceeding 30 meters in height (var. scopulonim) ; dry, rocky ridges and prairies, or in northern California rarely iu cold, wet swamps, reaching its greatest development along the western slope of the sierras of northern and central California; in western Washington territory and Oregon rare and local; after Pseudotsuga Douglasii the most generally distributed and valuable timber tree of the Pacific forests, furnishing the principal lumber of eastern Washington territory and Oregon, western Montana, Idaho, the Black hills of Dakota, western Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona. Wood, varying greatly in qualitj' and value, heavy, hard, strong, brittle, not coarse-grained nor durable, compact; bands of small summer cells broad or narrow, very resinous, conspicuous, resin passages few, Finall ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color, light red, the very thick sap-wood almost white ; specific gravity, 0.4715; ash, 0.35; largely manufactured into lumber, and used for railway ties, fuel, etc. Note. — A form with purple cones and long glaucous foliage, approaching P. Jeffreyi in habit, is the prevailing tree of the valley of Flathead lake, Montana (Canby cf- Sargent). 362. — Pinus Jeffreyi, Murray, Rep. Oregon Exped. 2, 1. 1 ; Edinburgh New Phil. Jour, now ser. xi, 224, t. 8, 9 (Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh, vi, 350 & t.) ; Carrifrro. Trait. Conif. 388; 2 ed. 439.— Gordon, Pinetum, 198; 2 ed. 272.— Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 87.— Nelson, Pinacea>, 115.— Hoo|>es, Evergreens, 115. — Parlatore in De Candollo, Prodr. xvi*, 393. — Lawson, Pinetum Brit, i, 45, t. 6, f. 1—1. — Koch, Dcndrologie, ii', 314. — Engelmauu in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vii,4. — Veitch, Manual Conif. 165. P. deftexa, 'I'orroy in Bot. Mox. Boundary Survey, 209, t. 56, iu part.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1860, 442.— H.nkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz, 416. — Carrit^re, Trait. Couif. 2 ed. 455. — Bolander in Proe. California Acad, iii, 318. — Parlatore in DeC.andolle, Prodr. x\i'',431. — Fowler iu London Gard. Chronicle, 1872, 1070. — Murray iu London G.ird. Chmnicle, 1,S75, 100.- Gordon, Pinetum, 2 ed. 289. P.ponde>-OSa, var. Jeffreyi, Vasey, Cat. Forest Trecs,31.—Eugolniann iu Trans. St. LouisAcad. iv,181 ; Bot. California, ii, 126. BULL PINK. BLACK PINE. California, Scott's mountain, Siskiyou county, south along (he Sierra Nevada to the San r>ernardino and San Jacinto mountains. A large tree. 30 to 31 metors in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 4 meters in diameter; tlry, gravt'lly slopes between (i,000 and 8,000 feet elevation ; most common and reaching its greatest develo])meiit on the eastern slope of the Sierra Novadas, here generally replacing the allied P. ponderosa, from which it may be distin^ished by its moix^ deeply- cleft bark, glaucous branchlets and leaves, nuich larger cones, and by the strong, i)ungent odor of oil of orange •of the freshly-cut branchlets. 13 FOU 194 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Woutl li^^bt, strong, hard, ratUorcoarse-frraincil, coiiipact ; bands of small smunier cells not broad, very resinous, conspicuous, resin j)assa{res lew, not larfre; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, li{;bt red, the sap-wood pale yellow or nearly white; s|>eei(ie j^ravity, ().o2(l«; asli, D.L'il; largely manulaetured into coarse lumber. Abietiiic, a volatile carbo-hydrosen possessing powerful anicsthetic properties, is ])robably obtained t)y distillinji; the resinous exudation of this species, and not of P. Sabiniaiui { Watfs Diet. Chemistry, '2d Suppl. 1. — Am. Jour. Fharm. 1872, 97.— r'. S. nispensntory, 14 ed. 900). 363. — Pinus Chihuahuana, Eii^clmnnn, AVisIiiMMuis' Ri-p. No. '^"i ; Wlioi'lfi';* l^'op. vi, vitid ; Traus. St. Lduis Acad, iv, 181 ; Coiiltir's Hot. Gazetti>, vii, 4.— Liudley & Gordon in Jour. Ilort. .Soc. London, v, 'iM. — Carrii-n- in Fl. dcs Serres, ix, "iOO ; Eov. Ilort. 185), ".i'J? ; Trait. Conif. 357 ; 2 id. 45.'i. — Gordon, Pinetuiu, 193; '2 ed. 2CC.— Torrey, Bot. Mcx. Bonndary Survey, 'J09. — Cooper in Smitlisoniaii Roi).18f>0, 442.— Honkel & Ilochstetter, Natlelholz. 86. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 143. — Parlalore in De Caudollo, Prodr. xvi', 397. — Vaeey, Cat. Forest Trees, 32. Santa Rita monntains, Arizona (Rothrocl; Engelmann & Sargent), San Francisco mountains of soulhwestern Xew Mexieo and Arizona {Greeiu); in Chihuahua. A small tree, 18 to 24 meters in height, with a trunk 0.4.5 to 0.(i() meti'r in diameter; dry, rocky ridges and slopes between 5,000 and 7,000 feet elevation; not common. Wood light, soft, strong, brittle, close-grained, compact ; bands of small summer cells not broad, resinous, conspicuous, resin passages few, rather large, conspicuous; medullary rays numerons, thin; color, clear light orange, the thick sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0..5457; a.sh, 0..39. 364. — Pinus COntOrta, Douglas; Loadon, Arboreturo, iv, 2292, f. 2210, 2211.— Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 117 ; 2 ed. il, 176.— Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 168.— Csrritre, Trait. Conif. 164 ; 2ed. 474.— Torreyin Pacific R. R. Rop. iv, 141.— Gordon, Pinetuni, 165; 2 ed. 232. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858,261.— Lyall in Jour. Linnican Soc. vii, 133, 141, in part. — Hcnkel & Iluchstettcr, Nadclbulz. 24. — Rotbrock iu Smithsonian Rep. 1807, 433. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 81, in part. — Parlatore in Do Candolle, Prodr, xvi-, .381, in part. — Watson iu King's Rep. v, 330. — Fowler in London Gard. Cbrouicle, 1872, 1070. — Gray iu Proo. Am. Acad, vii, 4U2. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii-, 301. — Vasoy, Cat. Forest Trees, 29. — Hail in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii, 91. — Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-'76, 211. — Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad, iv, 162; Bot. California, ii, 126; London Gard. Chronicle, 188;}, 351.— G. M. Dawson in Canadian Nat. 2 ser. ix, 327, in part. — Veitch, Manual Conif. 145. — Masters in London Gard. Chronicle, 1883, 45, f. 5. P. inops, Bougard in Mem. Acad. St. Poter.sl)urg, 6 ser. ii, 163 [not Alton]. — Hooker, Fl. Bor. -Am. ii, Kil, inpart. — Ledebour, Fl. Rossica, iii, 676 [not Aiton]. P. Boumieri, Carrifero in E«v. Hort. ia">4, 233 & f.; Fl. des Serres, ix, 200 & f. ; Trait. Conif. 398; 2 ed. 475. P. Banksiana, Lindlcy & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 218, in part. P. muricata, Bulander in Proc. California Acad, iii, 227, 317 [not Don]. P. Bolanderi, Purlatorc in De Candollo, Prodr. xvi", 379. SCRUB PINE. Alaska, soatb aloDg the coast to Mendocino county, California, extending inland to the western slopes of the Coast ranges. A small, stunted tree, 0 to 9 meters in height, with a trunk 0..30 to 0.50 meter in diameter; sandj'. dunes and expo.sed rocky points. Wood light, hard, strong, brrttle, coarse-grained ; bands of small summer cells very broad, resinous, conspicuous, resin passages niitnc-rous, not large; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, light brown tinged with red, the thick sap-wood nearly white; si)eci(ic gravity, 0..5S15; ash, 0.19. 365. — Pinus Murrayana, Balfour, Bep. Oregon Exped. 2, t. 3, f. 2. — Miuniy in Kdinbiirgli New Phil. Jour, new ser. xi,226 (Traus. Bot., Soc. Edinburgh, vi,351). P. inops, Birntli.im, PI. Hartwcg. 337 [iiol Alton 1. P. COntorla, Newberry in Pacific R. R. Itep. vl, 34, 90, t.5, f. 11 [not Douglas].- Engolniann in Am. Jour. .Sci. 2. Her. xxiv, ;!32. — Ly.iU iu .Jonr. Linnieaii .Soc. vii, 141, iu part. — Conjier in Am. Nat. iii, 409. — Parlali>re in Dc Candolle, Prodr. xvi-, :t81, in part.- Porter in Hayden's Rep. 1871, 494. — Gray in Proc. Am. Acad, vii, 402.— Rotbrock in PI. Wheeler, 27, 50. — Parry iu Am. Nat. vii, 179. P. COntorta, var. latifoUa, Kugelmaun in King's Rep. v, :«! ; Porter &, Coulter, Fl. Colorado ; Hayden's Surv. Misc. Pub. No. 4, 129; Wheeler's Rep. vi, 262.— Braudogee in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 32.— G. M. Dawson in Canadian Nat. new M-T. ij[,3i8. P. cantor ta, var. Botanderi, Va-soy, Cat. Forest Trees, 29. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 195 TAKAKAf'K. HI-ACK I'lNK. LODGK POLE IMNE. SPRUCE PINE. Valiey of the Yukon river, Alaska (Fort Selkirk, Dull), soiitli tlirffiifrli tlie interior of Britinb Coluiubia, along the mountain ranges of Wa.sliinf,'ton territory ami Oregon and tlie Sierra Nevadas of California to mount San Jacinto; on the higli plateau east of the fioeky mountains in about latitude ')l'P, and south through the inouDtain8 of Idaho, Montana, Wyomiu};, Colorado, and Utah to New Mexico and northern Arizonn. A tree 18 to 24 meters in heif;ht, with a trunk assages few, not large; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, light yellow or fjearly white, the thin sap wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.4096; ash, 0.32; occasionally manufactured into lu vber, and used for fuel, railway ties, etc. 366. — Pinus Sabiniana, Douglas, Companion Bot. Mag. ii, 150.— Laiubort, Pinna, 1 oil. iii, 137, t. 58. — Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 2246, f. 213Ji-2143. — Forbes, Pinctum Woburn. C:i, t. 23,24.— Hooki-r, Fl. I5or.-Am. ii, 1G2.— Lindley in Pcun. Cycl. xvii, 172.— Antoine, Cooif. 30, t. 11.— Hooker & Aruott, Bot. Beechey, 3i):!.— Link in Linmca, xv, 509.— Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 110, t. 113; 2 ed. ii, 169, t. 113.— Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 390.— De Chambray, Trait. Arb. Res. 347.— Endlichor, Syu. C'oiiif. 159.— Kuiglit, Syn. Conif. oO.— Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. Loudon, v, 216. — Fl. do3 Serres, ix,275, t. 964. — Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 334 ; 2 ed. 4:15. — ToiTcy & Gray in Pacific R. R. Rep. ii, 130. — Bigelow in Pacific R. R. Rop, iv, 25. — Torrey in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 141; Bot. Mcx. Boundary Survey, 210: t.57; Ives' Rep. 28. — Newberry in Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 39, 90, f. 13. — Gordon, I'inetum, 208; 2 ed. 284.— Cooper in Sniithsouiao Rep. 1858, 201.— Walpers, Ann. v, 799.— Bolandcir in Proc. California Acad, iii, 226, 318. — Henkcl & Hocliatetter, Xadelholz. 7.">.— Lawson, Piuotum Brit, i, 85, t. 11, t. 1-3. — Nolsou, Pinaceie, 129. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 121. — Parlatore in De CandoUe, Prodr. ivi\ 391. — Fowler in Loudon Gard. Chronicle, 1872, 1326. — Koch, Deudrologio, ii-, 312. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 31. — Engelmano in Wheeler's Rep. vi,375; Trans. St. Louis Acad, iv, 182; Bot. California, ii, 127. — Veitch, Manual Conif. 169. DIGGER PINE. BULL PINE. California, Portuguese Flat, Shasta county, south along the foot-h-ills of Hie Coast ranges and the western slope of the Sierra Nevadas below 4,000 feet elevation. A large tree, 24 to 30 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.20 meter in diameter ; very common through all the foot-hills region. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, veiy coarse-grained, compact, not durable; bands of small summer cells broad, very resinous, conspicuous, resin passages few, large, prominent; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, light brown or red, the thick sap-wood yellow or nearly white; specific gravity, 0.4S40 ; asli, 0.40; largely used for fuel. The large edible nuts furuLsh the Indians an imjjortant article of food. 367.— Pinus Coulteri, D. Don. Trans. Linuican Soc. xvii, 440. — Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 2250, f. 2144-2146. — Forbes, Pinetuiu Woburn. l>7, t. 25, 2ii. — Autoiue, Conif. 31, t. 12, 13.— Penn. Cycl. xvii, 172. — Link in Linniea, xv, 510.— Hooker & .\ruott. Bot. Beechey, .393. — Knttall, Sylva, iii, 112; 2 ed. ii, 171. — Eudliehor, Syu. Conif. 160. — Carrifsro iu Fl. des Seri-es, ix, 275 & t. ; Trait. Conif. XU ; 2 ed. AXi. — CjH>r in Smithsonian Rop. 1A58, 261. — Torrey in Ive.s' Rop. 28.— Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelhiilz. 76. — Bolander iu Proc. California Acad. iii, 318. — Parlatore in De CandoUe, Prodr. xvi, 392. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 31. — Gordon, Pinetnni, 2 ed. 2()C. — Engclniann in Trans. St. Louis Acad, iv, 182; Bot. California, ii, 127. — Lawson, Pinetum Brit. i,2;t, f. 1-5. P. mavrocarpa, Lindley iu Bot. Reg. xxvi, Misc. 61.— Knight, Syn. Conif. 30.— Lindley & Gordon in .lour. Hort. Soc. Loudon, v,2l6. — Gordon, Pinetum, 201. — Nelson, Piuaeea-, 117. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 115. — Veiteh. Manual Conif. 166. I'. tSabiniaiia Coulteri, Loudon, Enoyel. PI. 985, f. ie;<9-1841. p. Sabiniana macrocarpa, iiort. California, Monte Diablo, south tlirough the (^oast ranges to the Cuyamaca mountains, and prob.ibly in Lower California. A tree 24 to 4(i meters iu height, with a trunk 0.9;) to l.SO meter in diameter; dry ridges and slopes betwwn 3,000 and 0,000 feet elevation ; most common and reaching its greatest development in the San .lacinto mountains. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, coarsegrained; bands of small summer cells broatl. vtry resinous, conspicuous, resin passages few, large ; medullary rays numerous, prominent ; color, light red, the thick stip wi>od nearly white; specilic gravity, 0.4133; ash, 0.37. 190 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. 368. — Pinus insignis, DougLis ; Loudon, Arborotiiui, iv, 2C4;l, f. 2l3i-2137. — Koiln-s, Piuetum Wobiiru. 51, 1. 18. — Limlloy iu Peuu. Ci'cl. xvii, 171. — Antoine, Couil". -'7, t. 6, f. 1.— Hooker d: A;:iott, Bot. IJocchoy, :X)J.— Spach, Hist. Vcj;. xi, 380.— Nultall, Sylva, iii, 115; 2 cd. ii, 174.— Bintbaui, Bot. Sulpbiir, 55. — Endlklicr, Syu. Couif. 1(>;. — Kuight, Syu. Coiiif. 30. — Lindley & Gordon iu Jour. Hort. Soc. Loudon, v, 217. — Carrioro, Trait. Conif. :t39; 2 cd. 440.— Bi-olow in Paci6c H. R. Rep. iv, 25.— Torrey iu Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 141; Bot. Hex. Bound-Ti-y Survi'y,200, t. 55; Ivea'Rep. 2-^. — Newberry iu Pacific R. K. Rep. vi,90. — Gordon, Piuetum, 197; 2 cd. 270. — Cooper in Smitli^ouiau Rep. l-VS, 2(>1. — Murray in Ediuburgb New Phil. Jour, uew ser. xi, 222 (Traus. Bot. Soc. Eiliubmgb, vi, 347). — Henki 1& Hocbstetler,Xadelholz.Cy. — BoIauderiuProc.California Acad, iii, 262, t.317. — Nelson, Piuacea-, 114. — Hoopcs, Evergreens, 143. — Purlatore in Ve Candolle, Prodr. xvi', 395. — Lawson, Piuetum Brit, i, 37 t. 1,5, f. 1-14. — Fowler iu London Gard. Cbronicle, l!J72, 1070. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 31. — Engelmann in Traus. St. Louis Acad, iv, 182; Bot. California, ii, 128. — Veitcb, Manual Conif. IGT., f. 39. tP. Californica, Loi.-elcur iu Nouvean Dubamel, v, 243.— Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 2268.— Endlicbcr, Syn. Conif. 162.— Hooker & Amott,Bot. Beechey,393.—Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 117; 2 ed. ii, 175.— Carri^re, Trait. Conif. 1 ed. 253. P. adiinca, Bosc iu Poiret, Suppl. iv,4l8. P. Sinclairii, Hooker & Aruott, Bot. Beechey, 392, 393, t. 93,iii part.— Nutlall, Sylva, iii, 141; 2 cd. ii, 196. -Carrjfere, Trait. Couif. 2 ed. ii,198. P. radiata, D.Dou iu Trans. Linua-an Soc. xvii,442; Lambert, Pinus, 1 cd. iii, 133, t. 86. — London, Arboretum, iv, 2270, f. 2182.- Antoine, Conif. 33, t. 14, f. 3.— Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Bcecbey,392, 393, iu part.— Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 110; 2 ed. ii, 175. — Endlicber, Syu. Couif. IGl. — Hartweg in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, iii, 226. — Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. Loudon, iv,214 &f. (Fl. desSerres, vi,434 & t.); Pinotnm,206; 2 cd.282.— Knigbt, Syn. Couif. 37.— Lindley & Gordon iu Jour. Hort. Soc. London, V, 216. — Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 1 ed. 337.- Nelson, Pinaceic, 127. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 118. — Kocb, Dendrologie, ii-, 307.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 31. P. tubei'Culata, D. Don in Trans. Linna?au Soc. xvii, 441 [not Gordon]. — Lambert, I'inus, 1 cd. iii, 131, t. 85.— Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 2-^0, f. 21S1.— Antoine, Conif. 33, t. 14, f. 2.— Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Beechey, 394.— Endlichcr, syn. Conif. 162. — Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 338; 2 ed. 441, in part. — Nelson, Pinaceas, 137. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 123 (cxcl. syn. Cali/ornica). — Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi'',394, in part. P. rigida,f Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Beechey, 160 [not Miller]. P. iruiignis macrocarpa, Hartweg in Jonr. Hort. Soc. London, iii, 226.— Carrifere, Trait. Couif. 440. MONTEREY PINE. California, Pcscadero to Monterey and San Simeon bay. A tree 24 to .'iO meters in height, with a trunk O.CO to 0.90 meter iu diameter; sandy soil, iu immediate proximity to the sea coast; rare and local; now widely cultivated on the Pacific coast for shelter and ornament. A form of Guadalupe i.>".— Lawson, Ag. Manual, 351; Pinetum Biit. i, 89, t. 12.— Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 2237, f. 2118-2122.— Forbes, Piuefiim W'olram. 43, t. 14. — Antoine, Conif. 25, t. 7, f.l. — Eaton & Wrigbt, Bot. 3.'>9. — Link in Linnasa, xv, 503. — Sxry, 14 ed. 901. — FlUcl-iger •£• Hanbvn/, Fharmacographia, 545). 371.— Pinus rigida, Miller, Diet. 7 ed. No. 10.— Dn Roi, Harbk. ii, 60.— Marshall, Arbustum, 101.— Wangenheim, Amer. 41.— Lambert, Finns, 1 ed. i, 25, 1. 18, 19 ; 2o,, 128.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 469.— Hoopes, Evergrecn.s, 119.— Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi^, 394.— Koc^b, Dendrologie, ii», 307.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 31.— Engelmann in Trau.«. St. Louis Acad. iv, 183.— Sears in Bull. Essex Inst, xiii, 186.— Veitch, Manual Conif. 169. P. Tceda, var. riffida, Alton, Hort. Kew. iii, 368. p. Tada, var. a. Point in Lamarck, Diet, v, 340. P. Fraseri, Loddiges, Cat. ed. 1836, 50 [not Pursh]. P. Loddigesii, Loudon, Arboretum, iv,2269 198 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. PITCH PINE. ViilU'V of the Saint Joliu's livi r. New liinnswiek, to the noitlieni sbores of lake Outario, south through the Athiutic states to northern Georf^ia, exteutliny; to the western slope of the Alle-ihany mountains in West Virginia and Kentucky (I'ineville, Bell county, I)e i-ViPAe). A tree 12 to 124 meters in heiglit, with a trunk O.tiO to 0.90 meter in diameter ; dry, sandy, barren soil, or less commonly in deep, cold swamps ; very common. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, coarse-grained, compact ; bauds of small summer cells broad, very resinous, conspicuous, resin passages numerous, not large ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color, light brown or red, the thick sap-wood \ellow or often nearly white ; specific gravity, Col")! ; ash, 0.23 ; largely used for fuel, charcoal, and occasionally manufactured into coarse lumber. Note. — Upon tbe island of Nantiiikot, Massachusetts, this siiecies is now greatly injured by the attacks of the destructive caterpillar of the pine moth {[lelina /nmlrana, Scudilur in I'ub. ilasaachiisetle Ag. Soc. 1683 & t). 372. — Pinus serotina, Michaux, Kl. Bor.-Ani. ii, 205. — Willdeuow, .Spec, iv, 49i>. — Persoon, Syu. ii, 578. — Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am i, 86, t. 7; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 117, t. 142.— Xoiivcaii Diihamcl, v,24G, t. 75, f. 1.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 04:!.— Poiret, Suppl. iv, 417.— Niittall, Genera, ii, 223.— Lambert, Pinus, 1 cd. iii, :«, t. 18.— KUiott, Sk. ii, 034.- Spreugcl, Syst. ii, 887.— Torrey, Compcnd. Fl. N. States, 360.— Beck, Bot. 339.— Eaton, Manual, 0 ed. 2(;5.— Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 2242, f. 2127-2131.— Forbes, Pinetum Woburu. 47, t. 16.— Eaton A- Wright, Bot. 350. — Autoine, Conif. 27, t. 8, f. 2. — Lindley in Peun. Cycl. xvii, 172. — Link in Linna.'a, xv, .')04. — Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 389.— Giboul, Arb. Resin. 32.— Eudlicher, Syn. Conif. 163.— Knight, Syn. Conif. 30.— Lindley & Gord.m in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 217.— Carriere, Trait. Conif. 341 ; 2 e9.— Audubon, Birils, t. 97.— Beck, Hot. 3:58.- Eaton, Manual, 0cd.2S. — Anloine, Conif. 17, t.5,f.3. — Lindley in Penu. Cycl. xvil, 171. — Link in Linnieu, xv,.')0O. — .Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 386. — Eudlicher, Syn. Conif. 167. — Knight, Syn. Conif. 26. — Lindley &. Gordon in Jour. Hort. Sor. London, v, 217. —Carriere, Trait. Conif. 361 ; 2ed. 471.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3ed. 290.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 514.— Gordon, Pinetum, 167; 2 eil. 218.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 2.')7.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 433.— Curtis in Re]). Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1-60. iii, 20.— Wood, CI. Book, (Mil ; Bot. & Fl. 313.— Henkel & Hochstctter, Nadelhiilz. 22.— Nelson, Pinace.-e, 113.— Gray, Manual N. Stateo, !> cd. 470. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 84. — Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi', 380 (excl. syn. rai-iabilin). — Va.sey, Cat. l"or meters in height, with a trunk 0.(J0 to 0.00 meter in diameter, or in the Atlantic states generally much smaller; sandy, generally barren soil, reaching its greatest development west of the Alleghany mountains. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, very close-grained, coinpact, durable ; bands of small summer cells broad, very resinous, conspicuous, resin passages few, not prominent ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, light orange, the thick sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.5309; ash, 0.30; largely used for fuel, and in Kentucky and Indiana preferred for and largely manufactured into water-pipes and pump-logs. 374. — Pinus clausa, Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 30. P. inops, var. clausa, Engolmaun iu Tr:ins. St. Louis Acad, iv, 183.— Chapman, FI. S. Statea, Suppl. 650. SAND PINE. SCBtTJ PINE. SPEUCE PINE. Florida, shores of Pensacola bay, south, generally withiu 30 miles of the coast, to Pease creek, and occnpying a narrow ridge along the east coast south of Saint Augustine. A tree 21 to 24 meters iu height, with a truuk O.GO to 0.75 meter in diameter, or on the west coast rarely 6 to 9 meters in height ; barren, sandy dunes and ridges ; most common and reaching its greatest development about the head of Halifax bay. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle ; bands of small summer cells broad, very resinous, conspicuous, resin passages numerous, prominent; medullarj^ rays numerous, thin ; color, light orange or yellow, the thick sap-wood nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.5576 ; ash, 0.31; occasionally used for the masts of small vessels. 375. — Pinus pungens, Michauxf. Hist. Arb. Am. i,6l, t. 5; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 105, 1. 140.— Nouveaii Duhamel, v. 236, t. 67, f. 4.— Aitou, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 314.— Pursb, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 64;!.— Poiret, Suppl. iv, 417.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 635.— Sprengel.Syst. ii, 886.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 265.— Lambert, Pinus, 1 ed. iii, 34, 1. 17.— Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 2197, f. 2077-2060.— Forbes, Pinetum Wobum. 17, t. 5.— Eaton Sl Wright, Bot. 359.— Antoine, Conif. 18, t. 5, f.4.— Liudley in Peun. Cycl.xvii, 171.— Nutt.all, Sylva, iii, 125; 2 ed. ii, 184.— Spach, Hist. Veg. xi,287.— Eudlicber, Syu. Conif. 16G. — Knight, Syn. Conif. 27. — Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 217. — Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 359; 2 ed. 470. — Darby, Bot. S. States, 515. — Gordon, Pinetnni, 181; 2 ed. 254. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 257. —Chapman, Fl. S. States, 432.— Curtia in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 20.— Wood, CI. Book, 660; Bot. & FI. 313.— Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelhiilz, 21.— Nelson, Pinaceaj, 127.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 469.— Hoopea, Evergreens, 98. — Parlatore in Do CandoUc, Prodr. xvi", 379.— Koch, Dendrologie ii^, 304. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 30. — Meeban in Rep. Penii. Fruit Growers' Soc. 1877 & t. — Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis. Acad, iv, 183. — Veitch, Manual Conif. 158. TABLE-MOXTNTAIN PINE. HICKORY PINE. Alleghany mountains, Pennsylvania to Tennessee. A tree 9 to 18 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.05 meter in diameter; most common and reaching its greatest dov^elop ment upon the high mountains of East Tennes.see, her<' often the prevailing species and forming extensive forests. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, coarse-grained, compact; b:inds of small summer cells broad, resinous, conspicuous, resin ]>iissages numerous, large; medullary rays numerous, prominent; color, light brown, the thick sap wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.4935; asli, 0.27; in Pennsylvania largely maiuifactuivd into charcoal. 376. — Pinus muricata, D. Don, Trans. Liunteau Soo. xvii, 441. — Lambert, Finns, 1 eii. iii, t. 84. — Loudon. .■Vrboretum, iv, 2269, f. 2180.— Hooker & .\rnott, Bot. Beechey, 393.— Antoine, Conif. 32, 1. 14, f.l.-Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 113; 2 ed. ii, 172.— Eudlicber, Syn. Conif. 161.— Knight, Syn. Conif. 26.— Gordon in Jour. Ilort. Soc. London, iv, 216 &. f (Fl. dos Serros, v, 5171" & f.); Pinetum. 173 ; 2 ed. 246 (exd. syn. M«rrayana).— Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 217. — Carrii^ro, Trait. Conif. 3.59 ; 2 ed. 470.— Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 209, t. 54 (P. Edgariana on plate).— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. l-t58, 261. — Henkel A- Hochstetter, Nadelholz. tW. — Nelson. Pinacojp, 121. — Hoopos, Evergreens, 9i. — Parlatore in Dc CandoUo, Prodr. xvi'', 379. — Fowler in Loudon Gard. Chronicle, 1872, 1164. — Kocb, Doudrologio, ii'',302. — Vasoy, Cat. Forest Trees, 30.— Eugelmann in Trans. St, Louis Acad, iv, 18;?: Bot. California, ii. 128. — Veitch, Manual Conif. 151.— London Gard. Chronicle, 1884, 49, f. 7-9. x P. inops, var. Bentham, PI. Hartwog. 337. P. Eiitjariana, Hartwog in Jour. Holt. Soc. London, iii, 217, 226. P. COntorta, Bolander in Proc. California Ac:id. iii, 227, 317 [not Douglas]. 200 FOREST TREES OF NORTPI AMERICA. oBisro PINE, bishop's pine. California, Mendocino lOiinty sontli throngh the Coast ranges to San Luis Obispo county. A tree 124 to 36 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.90 meter in diameter, or more often not exceeding 13 meters in height; cold peat bogs or barren, sandy gravel; always exposed to the winds and fogs of the ocean, and not found above I'.OOO feet elevation, reaching its greatest development in Mendocino county; rare and local. Wootl light, very strong and liard, rather coai-se-grained, compact; bands of small summer cells broaa, resinous, resin passages few, not prominent; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light brown, the thid; sap-wood nearly white; specilic gravity, 0.4942; ash, 0.2G. 377. — Pinus mitis, Mkhaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 204.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. i, 52, t. 3; N. American Sylva, 3 e06. — Hoopcg, Evergreens, 82. — Vasoy, Cat. Forest Trees, 30. — Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad, iv, 184. fP. mitis, xar. paupera, Wood, CI. Book, 660. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 201 CEDAR PINE. SPEUCE PINE. WHITE PINE. South Carolina, south to thu (Jhattahoochee region of western Florida, geiierallv near the coast, and throngh the Gulf states south of latitude :i'20 30' to the valley of the Pearl river, Louisiana. A tree 24: to 30 meters in heiglit, with a trunk O.GO to 1.20 meter in diameter; rich bottom lands and bnmmocks iu dense forests of hard-wood trees, reaching its greatest development in Alabama and Mississippi; not common and local. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, very coarsegraineil, not durable ; bands of small summer cells broad, not resinous, resin passages few, not large ; medullary rays luimcrous, obscure ; color, light brown, the sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.3931 ; ash, 0.45. 379. — Pinus Banksiana, Lambert, Pinus, 1 0(1. i,7, t. 3; 2 ed. i,7, t, 3 ; 3 od. i,9, t. 3. — Persoon, Syu. ii, !J78. — Desfoiitaines, Hist. Alb. ii, 611. — NoDveau Dabaiuel, v, 234, t. 67, f. 3. — Aitou, Hort. Kew. '3 ed. v, 315. — Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 642.— Smith iu Rees' Cycl. xxviii, N'o. 4.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, a93; Sylva, iii, 124; 2 ed. ii, 182.— Sprougel, Syst. ii, 886.— Torrey, Compcnd. Fl. N. States, 360.— Beck, Bot. 3.'J9.— Eato3, Mannal,6 ed.2()5.— Loudon, Arborotum, iv, 2190, f. 2004-2067.— Forbes, Piuotum Woburn. 13, t. 3.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 161.— Eaton 6.— Forbes, Piuotum Woburn. 511, t. 22.— Eaton & Wright, Bot, 3.">0.— Autoiuo, Couif. 23, t. 6, f. 2.— Link iu Linn.Ta, xv, 2(Xk— Griffith, Med. Bot. 604.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 515.— Cooper iu Smithsouiau Rep. 1858, 257.— Wood, CI. Book, tW.— Porchcr, Resources S. Forest-s 495. — Michaux f. N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 106, t. 141 (the plate as P. anslralia). P. amtraliti, Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. i, 64, t. 6.— Nouveau Dnhamcl, v, 246, t. 75, f. 3.— Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 22r>5, f. 2156- 2160.- Liudley in Pcnn. Cycl. xvii, 171.- Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 392.— Endlichcr. Syn. Conif 165.— Carson, Med. Bot. ii, 43, t. 87. — Gihoul, Arb. Resin. 33. — Knight, Syn. Couif 30. — Liudley & Gordon iu Jour. Hort. Soc. Loudon, v, 217. — CarriJre, Trait. Conif. 345; 2 ed. 450.— Gordon, Pinetum, 187; Suppl. 63; 2 cil. 260.— Chapman, Fl. S. Statc8,434.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 24.— Wood, Bot. & Fl. 313.— Heukcl & Ho.hstclter, Xadolholz. 6.\— Nolsou, PinacivB, 103.— Hoopes, Evcrgreous, 109.— Parlatore iu De Candolle, l^odr. xvi-, 3t>*2.— Young, Bot, Texas 517.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 31.— Bentloy & Trinicn, Med. PI. iv, 25S, t. 20*^.- Engclmnuu in Trnns. St. Loois Ac;ul. iv, 185.— Vcitch, Manual Conif 172. 202 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. LONG-LKAVED PINE. SOUTHERN PINE. GEOHGIA PINE. YELLOW PINE. HAKD PINE. SontheastiTii Virginia, south to eapc Canaveral and Tampa bay, Florida, and tlironjfh the Gulf states to the valley of the l!ed river, Louisiana, and the Trinity river, Texas, rarely oxtendinjr beyond 150 miles from the coast. A tree of the first economic value, IS to 20 meters in heijiht, with a trunk O.iiO to 1.20 meter in diameter; dry, sandy loam of the maiitime plain, {renerally of Tertiary formation, and lorming', outside of the river bottoms, extensive fiu-ests almost to the exclusion of other species, or toward its extreme interior ranj^e, esi)ecially in the tiulf states, iK'cupyinfr roUinj; hills, here mixed with oaks and various deciduous trees; rarely along the borders of swamps in low, wet soil. Wot»d heavy, exceedinjrly iianl. very strong, tou^h, coarse-grained, comjjact, durable ; bands of small summer cells broad, occiijiying fully halftlie width of the annual growth, very resinous, dark colored, resin passages few, not conspicuous; medullary rays numerous, conspicuous ; color, light red or orange, the thin sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, O.(!990; ash, 0.25; largely manufactured into lumber and used in construction of all sorts, for ship building, fencing, railway ties, etc. The turpentine, tar, j)itch, rosin, and spirits of turpentine numufactured in the United States arc almost exclusively protluced by this species ( U. S. Dispensatory, 14 ed. 709, 899. — Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 1417. — FlUckiger <£• Hanbury, Pharviacographia, 545). 381.— Pinus Cubensis, Grisobacb, Mem. Aiii. Acad. viii,5:i0; Cat. PI. Cuba, -ilT.— Pjrlatorc in Do Candolle, Prodr. xvi", 396. P. Tada, var. heterophylla, i;iiiott, .Sk. ii, 636. P. Elliottii, Kii^'ehnaun ; Vascy, Cat. Forest Trees, 30; Trans. St. Louis Acad, iv, 166, t. 1, 2, 3.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, .Suppl. 650. /'. Cubensis, var. terthrocarpa, Wright.— Grisebach, Cat. PI. Cuba, 217. SLASH PINE. SWAMP PINE. BASTARD PINE. MEADOW PINE. South Carolina (Bluflton, Mellichamp), south near the coast to the .southern keys of Florida, west along the Gulf coast to the valley of the Pearl river, Louisiana, not extending beyond 50 or GO miles inland; in the West Indies. A tree 24 to 30 meters in hei^dit, with a tiunk 0.00 to 0.90 meter in diameter; light sandy soil along the dunes and marshi's of the coast, or wet clay borders of i)onds, abandoned fields, etc., and now rapidly taking possession of grounil from which the forests of P. j)a/iM/n« have been removed; the only species of Florida south of cape Canaveral and bay Biscayne. Wood heavy, exceedingly hard, very strong, tongli, coarsegrained, compact, durable; l)an(ls of small summer cells very broad, occujiying fully half the width of the annual growth, very resinous, consiiicuons, resin passages few, not large ; medullary rays numerous, rather jtrominent; color, rich dark orange, the sap-wood lighter, often nearly white; H])ecitic gravity, 0.7.504; ash, O.^ll; hardly inferior in value to that of 1'. ptilusiri.s, although rarely manufactured into lumber. TuriKMitine is occasionally manufactured in southern Florida from this species. XoTE. — Specimens collected upon tliii southern keys of Floriila by A. II. Curtiss connect the forms of South Carolina, Georgia, and northern Florida with the Wi-st Indian tree. . 382. — Picea nigra, Link, Linnffia, xv,520.— Carrii-n-, Trait. Conif. 2J1 ; 2 cd. 323.— Hooker f. in Trans. LinuioaD Soo. xxiii*, 301.— Uruuot, Hist. Picea, 10 &, t. f. B.— Peck in Trans. Albany Inst. viii,2^. — Engelmann in London Gard. Chronicle, 1879, lUM.— Sears in Bull. Essex Inst, xiii, 185. Abies Mariana, Miller, Diet. — Wangcnheim, Amer. 7.'j. Pinus Mariana, Du Hoi,OI)S. Bot.Sei; Harbk. ii, I07.— Fhrhart, Boitr. iii,24. Pinus Abies Canadensis, Marshall, Arlmstuui, 103. Pinus Americana rubra, Wangcniieim, Amer. 7.'i. Pinus niV/rrt, Aiton, Hort. Kew. lii, 370; 2ed. v, 319.— Lambert, Piuns, 1 cd. i,41, t. 27; 2 ed. i, 4r>, t. 27; 3 od. i,64, t. 37.— Will.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 3.'')9 ; Fl. N. York, ii, 2:M).— Bex:k, Bot. 340.— Eaton, Manual, 6 <>d.2*M.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 163.— Katon «& Wright, Hot. 3.')a—Bigolo\v, Fl. Boston. 3ed. 3-«.— Antoine, Conif. 8^, t. 34, f. 3.— Endlieher, Syn. Conif. 115.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 515.— Porcher, Kesonrccs S. FurcstH, 505. — Parlatore in De Candollc, Prodr. xvi', 413. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES 203 PinUH Americana, Gartner, Fnu t. ii, GO, t. 91, f. 1. Pinua rubra, Lamborf,Piiiu», li-d.i, 48,t.2a; 2cd. i, 47,t.30;3ed. i,6C,t.»3 [not Micbaox f.].— Pereoon.Syn. ii,579.— Aiton, Hort. Kew.ded. V, :U9.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 640.— Smith in Kee«' Cycl. xxviii.No. -2!.— N'nttalI,G<-Dera. ii, 223.— Sprongcl, Syst. ii, 8;*.').- Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. State8,:«9.— Beck, Bot. 340.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 264.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Ani. ii, 164.— Eaton &Wiight, Bot. 3.58.— Autoinc, Conif. 87, t. '.», f. 2.— Eudliclier, Syo. Conif. 113.— Ciboal, Ai-b. Kesiu. 44. — Parlatore in Dc Cautlollc,Prodr. xvi-,413. Abies dentictllata, Michanx, FI. Bor.-Am. ii,206.— Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, vi, 520. Abies nigra, Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, vi, 520.— Desfontainos, Hist. Arb. ii,580. — Micbaux f. Hist. Arli.Am. i,I24,t.ll; N. Amcriciui Sylva, 3 cd. iii, 139, t. 147. — Nouvcau Dubamel, v,292, t. 81, f. 1. — Lindley in Penn.Cyel. i,32. — Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 2312, f. 2225-2227.— Spacb, Hi.st. Veg. xi, 410, in part.— Emerson, Trees Massacbusctt**, 61 ; 2 ed. ii, 96.- Griffith, Med. Bot. 606.— Knight, Syn. Conif. 36.— Liudley & Gnrdim in Jonr. Hort. Soc. London, v, 211.— Parry in Ovren's Rep. 618. — Gordon, Piuetum,ll; 2 ed. 17. — Richardson, Arctic Exped. 442. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858,257. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 434.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Snrv. N.Carolina, 1860, iii, 27.— Wood, CI. Book,t)62; Bot.& • FI. 313. — Porchcr, Resources S. Forests, 507. — Henkol &. Hochstettcr, Nadolholz. 191. — XeLson, Pinacese, 50.— Gray, Manual N. States, .">ed. 471. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 169. — V.isey, Cat. Forest Trees, 33. — Guibonrt, Hist. Drogues, 7 ed. ii, 247.— Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-76,211. — Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 44=. — Veitch, Manual Conif. 74. Abies rubra, Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, vi, 520.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 580.— Loudon, Arboretnm, iv, 2316, f. 2228.— Forbes, Pinetum Woburn. 101, t. 35. — Knight, Syn. Conif. 37. — Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. L.ondon, v, 211.— Gordon, Pinetum, 11; 2 ed. 17. — Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 189. — Nelson, Pinaces, 51. P. rubra, Link iu Liuna-a,xv, 521.— Carri&re, Trait. Conif. 240; 2 ed. 322. t Abies nigra, var. rubra, Micbaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. i, 123; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 141.— Spacb, Hist. Veg. xi, 411.— Hoopes, Evergreens, 170. t Abies rubra, var. arctica, Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, V, 211. Abies alba, Chapman,Fl.S. States, 435 [not Poiret]. Abies Americana, Koch, Dendiologie, iV, 241. p. nigra, var. rubra, Engelmauu iu London Gard. Chronicle, 1879, 334. Abies arc'.ica, Hort. Abies Marylandica, Hort. BLACK SPRUCE. Newfoundland, nortbern Labrador to TJugava bay, Nastapokee sound, cape Cburcbill, Hudson bay. and nortbwest to tbe mouth of the Mackenzie river and the eastern slope of the Rocky mountains; south through the northern states to Pennsylvania, central Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota, and along the Alleghany mountains to the high peaks of North Carolina. A tree 15 to 21 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.00 meter iu diameter; light, dry, rocky soil, forming, especially north of the fiftieth degree of latitude, extensive forests on the water-sheds of the i)rincipal streams or in cold, wet swamps; then small, stunted, and of little value (P. riibrti). Wood light, soft, not strong, clos(^, straight-grained, compact, satiny; bands of small summer cells thin, resinous, resin passages few, minute ; meilullary rays few, conspicuous ; color, light red or often nearly white, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.4.jS4 ; ash, 0.27; largely inanufaetured into lumber, used iu construction, for ship-building, (liles, posts, railway ties, etc. Essence of spruce, prepared by boiling the young branches of this species, is used iu the manufacture of spruce beer, a popular beverage ( U. S. Dispensatory, 11 ed. 901). 204 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. 383.— Picea alba, Link, Linmea, xv, 519.— Carrifiro, Trait. Couif. •i;W; 2 cd. 319.— Fl. des Serros, xsi, 157, t. S-JOt— Bruuot, Hist. Picea, 4 & t. f. A.— Engolmaiin in London Ganl. Chronicle, l^iTS, 334.— Sears in Bull. Essex lust, xiii, 184. Abies Canadensis, Miller, Diet. No. l. PinUS Canadensis, Du Koi, Obs. Bot. 38; HarbV. ii,l'i4 [not Linnams].— Wangruhcini, Amcr. 5, t. 1, f. 2. P. laxa, Ehibart, Beitr. iii, 24. P. glauca, Mceuch, Weiss. 73. Pin us alha, Aitou, Hort. Kew. iii, 371 ; 2 ed. v, 318.— Lambert, Finns, 1 ed. i, 39 t. 26 ; 2 ed. i, 43, t. 28 ; 3 od. i, 61, t. 35.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 507; Euum. 990 ; Berl. Bamuz. 280.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 579.— Pursli, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 641.— Smith in Rees' Cycl. xxviii, No. 21.— Eaton, Manual, G ed. 264.— Nuttall, Geuera, ii, 22:t.— Hayue, Dend. Fl. 177.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 640.— Sprengel, Syst. ii,885.— Torrey, Compcnd. Fl. N. States, 359; Fl. N. York, ii, 231.— Meyer, PI. Labrador, 30.— Beck, Bot. 340.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Ain. ii, 163.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 3r>8.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 386.— .■Vntoine, Conif. 86, t. 34, t'. 1.— Endlicher, xSyu. Couif. ll'.i.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 51.').— Tuiubouw Flora, 1855, 1, t. 14, 15. — Walpei-a, Ann. v, 799. — Parlatoro in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi-, 414. Piniis tetra{jona, Mcench, Math. 364. Abies alba, Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, vi, 521. — Miuhaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 207.— Dcsfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 580. — Micbaux f. Hist. .\rb. Am. i, 133, t. 12; N. American Sylva, 3 cd. iii, 144, t. 148.— Nouveau Duhamel, v,291, t. 81, f. 2.— Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 2310, f. 2224.— Forbes, Pinctum Woburu. 95, t. 33.— Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 129; 2 cd. ii, 189.— Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 412.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 84 ; 2 cd. i, 99.- Gihoul, Arb. Resin. 43. — Knight, Syn. Conif. 36.— Lindley 6 Gordon in Jour. Hort.Soc. London, v, 211.— Parry in Owen's Rep. 618.— Gordon, Pinetum, 2; 2 ed. 3. — Richardson, Arctic Expcd. 442. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 257. — Hooker f. in Trans. Liuniean Soc. xxiii', 301. — Engolniann in Am. Jour. Sci. 2 str. xxxiv, 330.— Wood, CI. Book, 661 ; Bot. & Fl. 313.— Porchor, Resources S. Forests, 507.— Henkel & Hochstctter, Nadelholz. 188.— Nelson, Pinaceie, 47. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 471.— Murray in Seemann, Jour. Bot. V, 253, t. 69, f. 2-7. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 157, f. 20. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 32. — Guibourt, Hist. Drognes, 7 ed. ii, 247.— Macoan in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-76, 211.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-80, 44<:. Abies rubra, var. CCerulea, Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 2316. — Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 211. Abies CWrulea, Forbes, Pinetum Woburn. 99. P. carulea, Link in Linnna, xv, 522. PinuH rubra, var. violacca, Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 114. P. nigra, var. glauca, Carrifcre, Trait. Conif. 1 ed. 242. Abies arctica, Murray in Seemann, Jour. Bot. v,253, t. 69, f. 1,8-13. Abies laxu, Koch, Dcndrologie, li',243. Abies alba, var. ccernlea, Carrifrrc, Trait. Conif. 2 cd. 320. Abies alba, var. arctica, Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi^, 414. WHITE SPRUCE. Newfoundland, northern nboreof Lal^nidor to Ungava bay, cape Cluircliill, and northwestward to the mouth of the Mackenzie river and the valley of the Yukon river, Alaska; south to the coa.st of Maine, northeastern Veiinont (Went Burke and EliDWood, /Vi;i(;/f>), northern Michigan, Minnesota to Moose lake and the White Earth Indian reservation, the Black liilln of Dakota (A'. Douglas), along tiie Rocky mountains of northern Montana to tJie valley of. the Blackfoot river {Canby it Sargent), Sitka, and British rolund)ia. A tree 1.5 to '>0 meters in heiglit, with a trunk 0.00 to 0.90 meter in diameter ; low, rather wet soil, borders of ponds and Hwamps; most common north of the boundary of the United States, and reaching its greatest development along the streams and lakes of the Flathead region of northern Montana at an elevation of 2,500 to .V"0 feet; the most imi)orlant timber tree of the American sul)aretic forests north of the sixtieth degree of latitude, here more generally miilliplied and of larger size than the allied /'. nigra, with which it is a.ssociated; its distribution southward in British Columbia not yet satisfactorily determined. Wood light, soft, not strong, close, .straight grained, compact, satiny; bands of small summer cells thin, not conspicuous, resin pas.sages few, minute; medullary rays numerous, prominent; color, light yellow, the sai)Wood hardly distinguishable; specific gravity, 0.4051; ash, 0 32; largely manufactured into lumber, although not distinguished in commerce from that of the black spruce (P. nigra). CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 205 384. — Picea Engelmanni, EDgeluiami, Trans. St. Louis Acad, li, 212 ; Wheeler's Rep. vi, 250 ; Loudon Gard. Chronicle, 1879, 334 ; l*B, 145.— Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 2 ed. 348.— G. M. Dawson iu Canadian Nat. new ser. ix, 325.— Riisby in Bull. Torrcy Bot. Club, ix, 80. Abies alba, 1/ Torrcy iu Fremont's Rep. 97. Abka nigra, Kngoluiann in All], Jour. Sci. 2 ser. xxxiii, 330 [not Poiret]. Abies Engelmanni, Parry iu Trans. St. Louis Acail. ii, 122 ; London Gard. Chronicle, 18&3, 1035; Am. Nat. viii, 179; Proc. Davenport Acad, i, 149. — Regel, Gartcuflora, 18C4, 244. — Henkcl & lloclistetter, Nadclholz. 418. — Hoopes, Everpreciia, 177, f. 22.— Watson in King's Rep. v, 332 ; PI. Wheeler, 17.— Porter in Haydcu's Rep. 1»J71, 494.— Porter &. Coulter, Fl. Colorado ; Hayden's Sur;-. Sli.sc. Pul>. No. 4, 130. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 33. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii', 242. — Hall id Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii, 91. — Sargent in Loudon Gard. Chronicle, 1877, 631. — Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-'76, 211.— Brandegee in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 38.- Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'d0, 56^.- Veitch, Manual Conif. 68. PimiS Engelmanni, Engelmann in Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. now ser. xii, 209. PimiS commutata, Parlatore iu Do Candolle, Prodr. xvi-, 417.— Gordon, Pinetum, 2 ed. 5. WHITE SPRUCE. Peace River plateau, iu latitude 55° 46' N. ((?. M. Baicson), through the interior of British Columbia aud along the Cascade mountaius of Washiugtou territory a:ul Oregou to the valley of the Mackenzie river ; along the priucipal ranges of the Eocky and Wahsatch mountains to the San Francisco mountains, Sierra Blanco, and mount Graham, Arizona. A large tree, 24 to 40 meters iu height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 meter iu diameter, or at its extreme elevation reduced to a low, prostrate shrub; dry, gravelly slopes and ridges between 5,000 and 11,500 feet elevation; the most valuable timber tree of the central Eocky Mountain region, here forming extensive forests, generally above 8,500 feet elevation; rare aud of small size in the mouutains of Washington territory, Oregoi:, and Montana. Wood very light, soft, not strong, very close, straight-grained, compact, satiny ; bands of small summer cells narrow, not conspicuous, resin passages few, minute ; medullary rays numerous, conspicuous; color, pale yellow tinged with red, the sap-wood hardly distinguishable ; specific gravity, 0.3449 ; ash, 0.32 ; iu Colorado manufactured into lumber and largely used for fuel, chai'coal, etc. The bark rich in tannin, and in Utah sometimes used in tanning leather. Note. — Forms of northern Montana too clo.scly connect this species with the allied P. alba. The two species occur here, however, only at different elevations, in different soils, and never mingle. 385. — Picea pungens, Engelmann, London Gard. Chrouiolo, 1879, 331 ; 18S«, I4.i.— Masters iu Loudon Gard. Chronicle, 1883, 725, f. 130. P. Menziesii, Engelmann iu Trans. St. Louis Acad, ii, 214 [not Carrifere]. Abies Menziesii, Engelmauu in Am. Jour. Sci. 2 ser. xxxiii, 330 [not Lindley].— Gray in Proc. Philadelphia Acad. 18»i3> 76. — Watson iu King's Rep. v, .333, in part.— Parry in Am. Nat. viii, 179 [not Lindley]. — Porter iu Hayden's Rep. 1871, 494.— Hooi>es, Evergreens, 166, in pari. — Rothrock iu PI. Wheeler, 28; Wheeler's Kep. vi, 10 [not Lindley]. — Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorado ; Hayden's Surv. Miac. Pub. No. 4, 131 [not Liudley].— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees. :13, iu p.irt.— Brandegee iu Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 32. Abies Menziesii PatTl/ana, Andre iu lll.Hort.xxiii, 198; xxiv, 53, 119.— Roezl in 111. Hort. xxiv, 86. Abies Engelmanni glauca, Veiteli, Manual Conif. 09. WHITE SPBUOE. BLUE SPRUCE. Valley of the Wind river, south tiirough tlie mountain ranges of Wyoming, Colorado, aud Utah. A tree 30 to 4'! melers in height, with a trunk O.CO to 0.00 meter iu diameter; borders of streams, in damp oj wet soil, generally between t>,000 and !t,000 feet elevation, never forming forests or reaching as high elevations a« the allied /'. Kngclmanni ; rare and local. • '■ » Wood Aery light, soft, weak, close-grained, compact, satiny ; bands of small summer cells narrow, not conspicuous. resin passages few, small ; medullary rays numerous, itroiiiinent ; color, very light brown or often neaily white, th' sajj-wood hardly distiugnishable ; si)eeitic gravity, 0.3740; ash, O.-JS. 206 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. 386. — Picea Sitchensis, curriiix", Trait. Coaif. 1 e. — Willdenow, Spec, iv, 505; Euiiiu. 989; Borl. Bauinz. 277.— Poirot in Lamarck, Diet, vi, .521.— Pereoon, Syn. ii, 579.— Pnrsb, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 640.— Smith in Rees' CycL xxviii. No. 29.— Barton, Compend. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 182.— Nultall, Genera, ii, 223.— Hnyne, Dend. Fl. 170.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 039.- Sprcugcl, Syst. ii, 885.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 3.59; Fl. New York, ii, 230.— Beck, Bot. 340.— Eaton, Manual, 0 ed. 204.— Darlington, Fl. Ceslrica, 2 ed. .54-'.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, KM, in part.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 358.- BIgelow, Fl. Boston. 3 cd.38C.— Antoine, Conif. 80, t. 32, f. 3.— Endlichcr, Syn. Conif. 8(i.— Gilioul, Arb. Resin. 40.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 515.— Parlatore iicDe Candolle, Prodr. xvi-, -ViS.— MeNab in Proe. Royal Irish Acad. 2 ser. ii, 211, 212, t. 23, f. 3.— Beufley A Iriinen, Med. PI. iv, 204, t. '2M. , Pinm Americana, Miller, Diet. 7 ed. No. 6.— Dii Roi, Obs. Bot. 41 ; Harbk. 2 ed. ii, 151. Pinus Abies Americana, Marshall, Arbnstnm, 103. Abies Canadensis, DcsfoDtaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 580.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. i, 138, t. 13; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 140, t. 140— Nonveau Duhamel, v, 293, t. 83, f. 1.— Eaton, Manual, 111.— Richard, Conif. 77, t. 17, f. 2.— Andnbon, Birds, t. 197.— lyoiidon, Arboretum, iv, ta-li & t.— Forbes, Piiii-;iiiii Wnbiirn. 129.— Niittall, Sylvu, iii, 133; 2 ed. ii, 190. -Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 421.— Emerson, Trees .Massachusetts, 77 ; 2 ed. i, 92 & t.— Grillith, Med. Bot. 000.— Knight, Syn. Conif. 37. — Lindley & <;ordofi In Jonr. Hort. Soc. London, v, 209.— Parry in Owen's Rep. (ilf.— Darlington, FL C'estrica, 3 ed. 291.-0001011, PinelMiii, 14 ; 2 ed. 22.— Coojier in Siiiillisoniun Rep. 185H, 2.57.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 4»4.— Curtis in Ri-p. Geological Siirv. N. Carolin.-i, 1800, iii, 27.— Wood, CI. Book, C(il ; Bot. &, Fl. 313.— Porcher, Re»f»nrci's S. Forests, .500.— Henkel &. Hochst^rtter, Niulelhiilz. 1.'.3 (excl. syn. « romafico). —Nelson, Piaacca', 30.— Gray, Maiinal N. Slates, 5 ed. 471.— Hooper, Evergreens, 184, f. 2:{.— Koch, Dcndrologie, ii', 249.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 2:1.— Fl. desSerres, xxii, 200.— Oiiibuiirt, Hist. Drogues, ii, 247.— Bell in Geological Rop. Canada, Ib79-'e0, 51°.— Vclteh, Manual Conif. 114, f. 29. Picea Canailensis, Link in F,iiinica, xv, .524. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 207 HEMLOCK. Nova Scotia, southern New Brunswick, valley of the Saint Lawrence river to the shores of lake Temiscauiing, and southwest to the western borders of northern Wisconsin; sourli through the northern states to New Castle county, Delaware, southeastern Michigan, central Wisconsin, and along the Alleghany mountains to Clear Creek falls, Winston county, Alabama (Mohr). A tree 21 to 35 meters in height, with a tiunk 0.90 to 1.15 meter in diameter; dry, rocky ridges, generally facing the north and often forming extensive forests almost to the e.xclu.sion of other species, or, less commonly, borders of swamjjs in deep, rich soil; most common at the north, although reaching its greatest individual develo])inciit in the high mountains of North Carolina and Tennessee. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, coarse, crooked-grained, difficult to work, liable to wind-shake and splinter, not durable; bands of small summer cells rather broad, cousi)icuous ; medullarj- rays numerous, thin color, light brown tinged with red or often nearly white, the sap-wood somewhat darker; specific gravity, 0.4239 ash, (•.4(); largely manutactured into coarse lumber and used in construction for outside finish, railwaj- ties, etc. two varieties, red and white, produced apparently under jjrecisely similar conditions of growth, are recognized by lumbermen. The bark, rich in tannin, is the principal material used in the northern states in tanning leather, and yields a fluid extract sometimes used medicinally as a powerful astringent. Canada or hemlock pitch, prepared from the resinous secretion of this si)ecies, is used in the preparation of stimulating plasters, etc. {U. S. Dispensatory,lA: ed. 709, 903. — Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 1109. — Fliickiger <& Ilaniury, Pharmaoographia, 552). 388. — Tsuga Caroliniana, Engelm.iun, Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vi, 223. Abies species, Gibbs in Proc. Elliott Soc. i, 286. Abies Caroliniana, cb.ipmau, Fl. s. States, Suppl. 650. Southern Alleghany region, Bluff mountain, North Carolina (A. Gray), '-Saluda mountain," South Carolina [L. S. Gibbs), Pinnacle mountain, North Carolina {Curtiss), New river. North Cart)liiia, and C:psar's head, South Carolina {Canby), Whitesides mountain and Devil's Court-House peak, Jackson county. North Carolina (J. Donncll Smith). A small tree, 12 to lo meters in height, with a trunk 0.00 to 0.75 meter in diameter ; dry, rocky ridges between 4,000 and 5,000 feet elevation; rare and local; long confounded with the closelj- allied T. Canadttisis, from which it may be distinguislied by its larger, glossier, blunter leaves, and larger cones with wide-spreading scales. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, coarse-grained; bands of small summer cells narrow, not conspicuous; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, light brown tinged with red, the sap wood nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.4275; ash, 0.40. 389. — Tsuga Mertensiana, C:irrifro, Tr.iit. Couif. 2 ed. 2o0. — Engeliimiin in Hot. Ciilifornia. ii, 121 ; Coiilter'.s Bot. Gazette, vi, 224. — G. M. Dawson in Canadian Xat. new ser. ix, 324. f Abies heterophylla, Kannes(iiie, Atlant. .(our. Uil— EudlicUcr, Syn. Couif. 124.— Carri^ie, Trait. Couif. 1 ed. 265. PinUS Mertensiana, Uougard iu Mem. Acad. St. Petersburg, 6 ser. iii, 16:1.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Ani. ii, ll>4.— Endlicher, Syn. Couif. 111. — Lcdobour, Fl. Rossica, iii, IJG6. — Parlatore iu De Caudolle, Prodr. xvi-, 42;*. — MeXab iu Proe. Royal Irish Acad. 2 ser. ii, 211, 212, t. 23, f. 4. PinUS Canadensis, Bougard in Mem. Acad. St. Petersburg, 6 ser. iii. U>:! [not Liunipu.i]. — Douglas in Companion Bot. Mag. ii, 127. — Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Ani. ii, lt)4, in part.— Lcdebour, Fl. Rossica, iii, 60S. Abies Mertensiana, l.iiulley & Gordon in .lour. Itort. Soe. London, V, 211.— Carriere. Trait. Couif. 1 od. 2;W.— <5or2. — Kocb, Deudrologie, ii', 250. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 33. — Macoun iu Geological Rep. CnnailA 1875-76, 211.— Hall iu Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii, 91. Abies Canadensis,? Cooper iu Smitbsouian Rep. ia"KS, 262: Pacilie R. K. Kep. xii-,!?.* [not Uesfonluiuesj. Abies Bridgesii, Kollogg in Proo. California Acjul. ii,37. 208 FOKEST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Abies Albert iana, Murray iu Troc. lli.rt. Soc. London, iii, 149 & f.— Lnwsou, rinctum Brit, ii, 111, t. lG,f. 1-18.— Nelson, Piuaroa', 31. — Fowler in London Gard. Chronicle, 1872, 7'>. Abies taxi/olia, Hartwcg, i«ed. {fide Murray in Proo. Hurt. Soc. Loudon, iii, 148). Pinus Pattoniana, McXali in Proc Royal Irish Acad. '2 scr. ii.t'U, '2r.>, t.23, f.'^ [not Pailatoro] (fide Kngclnuinn iu London Gard. Chnniide, 1^.J, 145). Abies Pattonii, McNab in Jour. Liunivan Soc. xix,308. Alaska, soutli along the islands and coast of Briti.sh Columbia, and through the Selkirk, Gold, and other interior ranges to the Bitter Root mountains of Idaho, and the western slopes of the Eocky mountains of Montana (valley of the Flathead river, Canhy tt Sargent), extending south along the Cascade mouutains to southern Oregon and in the Coast ranges to Marin county, California, between 1,000 and 4,000 feet elevation. A large tree, 30 to Gl meters in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 3 meters in diameter; low, moist bottoms or rocky ridges; very common and reaching its greatest development in western Oregon and ^Yashingtou territory, often forming extensive forests, especially along the western base of the Cascade mountains. Wood light, hard, not strong, rather close-grained; bauds of small summer cells thin, not conspicuous; medullary rays numerous, promiueut ; color, light brown tinged with yellow, the sap-wood nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.5182; ash, 0.42 ; occasionally manufactured into coarse lumber. The bark, rich in tannin, is the principal material used on the northwest coast iu tanning leather. 390. — Tsuga Pattoniana, Engclmann, Bot. California, ii, 121 ; London Gard. Chronicle, 145. Abies Pattoniana, Jeffrey in Rep. Oregon Exped. i,t. 4, f. 2.— Murray in Edinburgh New Phil. Jour, now 8er. i, 291, t. 9, f. 1-7. — Lawson, Pinetum Brit, ii, 157, t. 22. — Gray in Proc. Am. Acad. vii,402. — Koch, Dendrologio, ii", 2.')2. — Iloopes, EvcrgreeuB, 172. — Carritrc, Trait. Conif. 2 cd. 30. — Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii, 91. — A'eitch, Manual Conif. 116, f. 31, 32. tPicea Cali/ornica, Carritrc, Trait. Conif. 261; 2ed.346. Abies Hookeriana, Murray in Edinburgh Nbw Phil. Jour, new eer. i, 289, t. 9, f. 11-17.— Lawson, Pinetum Brit, ii, 153, t. 21,22, f. 1-22— Nelson, Piuacea;, 31.— McKab iu Proc. Royal Irish Acad. 2 ser. ii, 211, 212, t. 23, f. 1.— Veitch, Manual Conif. 115, t. 32. Abies WilUamsonii, Newberry in Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 53, 90, t. 7, f. 19.— Wood, Bol. & Fl. 313.— Cooper iu Am. Nat. iii, 412.— Va.scy, Cat. Forest Trees, 33. Pinus Pattoniana, Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi», 429. Abies Pattonii, Gordon, Pinetum, 1 ed. 10 (excl. syu. trigona). Abies Pattoni, Gordon, Pinetum, Suppl. 12.— Hcnkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 151 (excl. syn. /rtfloiia). Valley of the Fraser river, British Columbia, and probably much farther north, south along the Cascade mountains and the California Sierras to tlie lieadwaters of the San Joaquin river, extending east along the high mountains of northern "Washington territory to the western slojtes and summits of the Cceur d'Alfene and Bitter Root mountains of Idaho (Lojo trail, Watnon), iuul (he divide between Thomp.son and Little Bitter Root creeks, nortliern Montana (//. Ii. Ayrcn). An alpine tree, rarely 30 meters in Iieiglit, witli a truidi 1.50 to 2.10 meters in diameter; dry slojjes and ridges near llie limits of tree growth, ranging from an elevation of 2,700 feet in British Columbia to 10,000 feet in tlu! Sierras of central California. Woo«l light, soft, not strong, close-grained, satiny, susceptible of a good jjolish ; bands of small summer colls thin, not conHi)icuou8 ; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, light brown or red, the saji-wood nearly white; 8i>eciflc gravity, 0.4454 ; ash, 0.44. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 209 391. — PseudotSUga Douglasii, Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 2 cd. 25(5. — Engolinann iu Wheeler's Rep. vi, 257 ; Bot. California, ii, 120. — G. M. Daweon in Canadian Nat. new ser. ix, 383. — Eicblcr iu Mouatsb. Acad. Berl. 1881, f. 18-22.— Rusby in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, ix, 79. PinUS taxifolia, Lambert, Finns, 1 ed. i, 51, t. 33; 2 ed. i, 58, t. 36; 3 ed. ii, 82, t. 47.— Pnreb, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 640.— Sinitb in Bees' Cycl. xxviii, No. 28.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 885.- Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 264.— Eaton &. Wright, Bot. 358. Abies taxifolia, Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, vi, 523. — Nonveau Dubamcl, v, 293.— Torrey & Gray in Pacific B. R. Rep. ii, 130.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 262 ; Pacific R. R. Rep. xii', 69. Abies Douglasii, Lindley in Penn. Cycl. i, 32. —London, Arboretum, iv, 2319, f. 22:!0.— rorbes, Pinetum Wobnm. 127, t. 45.— Bentham, PI. Hartwcg. 57.— Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 129, 1. 115; 2 ed. ii, 187, 1. 11.5.— Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 423.— Knight, Syn. Conif. 37. — Lindley & Gordon iu Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 209. — London Gard. Chronicle, 1854, 16:}. — Bigelow in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 17. — Torrey in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 141 ; Bot. Mes. Boundary Survey, 210; Ivc8'Rep.28. — Newl>erry in Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 54, 90, t. 8, f. 20.— Gordon, Piuotum, 15 ; Suppl. 10 ; 2 ed. 24.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1«.><, 262 ; PacificR. R. Rep. xiiS24, 69; Am. Nat. iii, 411. —Wood, Bot. «fe F1.313.— Engelmann in Am. Jour. Sci.2 ser. xxxiv, 330; Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xii,209. — Lyall in Jour. Liiin.-ean Soc. vii, 131, 133, 143. — Henkel & Hochstetter, \adelbolz. 155. — Nelson, Pinaceio, 32. — Rothrock iu Smithsonian Rep. 1807,433; PI. Wheeler, 28, 50; Wheeler's Rep. vi, 9. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 189. — Lawson, Pinetum Brit, ii, 115, 1. 17, 18, f. 1-23. — Porter in Hayden's Rep. 1871, 494. — Watson in King's Rep. V, 334 ; PI. Wheeler, 17.— Fowler iu London Gard. Chronicle, 1872,75. — Gray in Proc. Am. Acad, vii, 402. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii-, 255. — Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorado ; Hayden's Surv. Misc. Pub. No. 4, 131. — Murray in London Gard. Chronicle, 1872, 106. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 33 — Hayden in Warren's Rep. Nebraska & Dakota, 2 ed. 122. — Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-'76, 211. — Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii, 91. — Brandegee in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 32. — Veitch, Manual Conif. 119, f. 35. Abies mucronata, Rafinesque, Jour. Atlant. 119.— Endlichor, Syn. Conif 126.— Lindley & Gordon in Jonr. Hort. Soc. London, V, 213.— Carrifere, Trait. Conif 268 ; 2 ed. 312. t Abies mucronata palustris, Rafinesque, Jour. Atlant. 129.— Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 268 ; 2 ed. 313. Pinus Douglasii, hambeTt, Pinna, 1 ed. iii, 163, t. 21.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 162, t. 183.—Antoine, Conif. 84, t. 33, t. 3.— Hooker & Aruott, Bot- Beechey, 394.— Endlicber, Syn. Conif 87. — Torrey in Sitgreaves' Rep. 173. — Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xviS 430.— McNab in Proc. Royal Irish Acad. 2 ser. ii, 703, t. 49, f. 32, 32", 32\ Abies Douglasii, var. taxifolia, Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 2319, f. 2231.— Gordon, Pinetum, 16; 2 ed. 25.— Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 156. Pinus Douglasii, var. brevibracteata, Antoiue, Conif. 84, t. 33, f. 4. Picea DoJiglasii, Link iu Liuuiea, XV, 524. Tsuga Douglasii, Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 192.— Bolaudor in Proc. California Acad, iii, 232. Tsuga Lindleyana, Roezl, Cat. Grain Mex. 8. RED FIR. YELLOW FIB. OREGON PINE. DOUGLAS FIE. Coast ranges and interior plateau of British Columbia south of latitude 55° N. (not reaching the coast archipelago north of Vancouver's island), east to the eastern slope of the Rocky mountains iu latitude 51° N. (Bow Kiver pass, Macoun) ; south along the mountain ranges of Washington territory, Oregon, the California Coast ranges, and the western slope of the Sierra Nevadas, through the mountain ranges east to Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, and the Guadalupe mountains of Texas; in the Wahsatch and Uintah mountains, the ranges of northern and eastern Arizona, ami soiitlnvard into Mexico; not detected in the interior region between the Sierra Nevada and the Wahsatch mountains, south of the Blue mountains of Oregon, and north of Arizona. A largo tree, 61 to 92 meters in height, with a trunk 0.S3 to 3.Gt> meters in diameter, or in the Kocky mountains much smaller, hero rarely 30 motors in height; the most generally-distributed and valuable timber tree of the Pacific region, growing from the sea-level to au elevation in Colorailo of nearly 10,0t)0 feet ; often forming extensive forests, almost to the exclusion of other specie.s, and reaching in western Oregon and Washington territory its greatest development and value. Wood hard, strong, varying greatly with age and conditions of growth in density, quality, and amount of s;jp; difficult to work, durable; bands of small summer cells broad, occupying fully half the width of the annual growth, dark colored, conspicuous, soon becoming Hiuty and ditficult to cut ; medtdlary rays nniiuMx>u.s, obscni-e ; color, varying from light red to yellow, the sap-wood nearly whito ; specilic gravity, ().51.">7 ; ash, O.tKS ; largely nianufacluivd into lumber and used for all kinds of construction, railway ties, piles, fuel, etc.; two varieties, red and yellow fir, ai-e distinginshod by lumbermen, dependent probably ui)on the age of the tree; the former coarsegrained, darker colored, and considered less valuable than yellow fir. The bark is found valuable in tunning leather. 14 FOR 210 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Var. macrocarpa, Kni;. itniimi, Bot (.'nliloruia, ii, I'iO. Abies Doiujlasii, var. macrocarpa, Tomy in Ivcs' I}i|>.2?.—Vasiy, Cat. Forest Trees, 33. Abies macrocarpa, Vasoy iu Ganl. Monthly, Jan. 1376. HEMLOCK. L'alilbniia Coast iaii};ts; t>aii liernanlino uionntaiiis to the Ciiyamaca luouutains. A tree 30 to Hi uioteis in height, with a trunk l.L'O to 1.80 meter in diameter ; dry ridges and canons between 2,500 and 4,000 feet elevation. Wood heavy, hard, .strong, cross-grained, very durable, difficult to work ; color, rather darker red than that of the species ; specitie gravity, 0.4503 ; a.sh, O.OS ; somewhat manufactured into coarse Inmber and largely used for fuel. 392. — Abies Fraseri, Lindloy, Penn. Cycl. i, 30. —Forbes, Pinctum Woburn. iii.t. 38.— Link in Liuna'a,xv,531.— Nuttall.Sylva.iii, 139, t. Hi); 2 cd. ii,196,t. 119.— Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Sop. London, v, 209. — Ciirrifero, Trait. Couif. 200; 2 cd. 270. — Cooper iu Smithsonian Kcp. 1858, 2.'>7.— Chapman, Fl. H. States, 434.— Curt is iu Eep. Gcologieal Surv. N. Carolina, 18G0, iii, 2C.— Wood, CI. Book, GGl ; Bot. & Fl. 314.— Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadulholz. 1C9. — Gray, Manual N. Slates, 5 cd. 472, iu part. — Hoopos, Evergreens, 202. — Bortraud in Bull. Soc. Bot. France, xviii, 379. — Kooh.Dendrologie, ii^, 21(J. — VaseyiCat. Forest Trees, 35. — Engelmaun in Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, 596; London Card. Chronicle, 1877, 147.— Veitch, Manual Couif. 96. Pinm Fraseri, Pursh.Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 639.— Smith iu Rees' Cycl. xxviii,No. 27.— Poiret, Suppl. v,35.— Sprengol, Syst. ii, 884.— Beck, Bot. 340.— Eaton, Manual, 0 cd. 264.— Lambert, Pinus, 1 ed. iii, 74, t. 42.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 358.— Antoine, Couif. 76, t. 29, f. l.—Endlicher,Syu. Couif. 91.— Parlatoro iu De Candolle, Prodr. xviS419.— McNab in Proo. Royal Irish Acad. 2 scr. 11,684, t. 47, f. 10. A. bahamea, var. Fraseri, Nuttall, Genera, ii, 223.— Spacb, Hist. Veg. xi,422. Pinm halsamea, var. Fraseri, Torrey, Compeud. Fl. N. states, 359. Picea Fraseri, Loudon, Arboretum, iv,J340,f. 2243, 2244.— Knight, Syn. Couif. 39.— Gordon, Pinetum, 148; 2 ed. 205. BALSAM. SHE BALSAM. nigh mountains of North Carolina and Tennessee. A tree 18 to 24 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes O.CO meter in diameter; moist slopes between 5,000 and 0,500 feet elevation, often forming considerable forests. Wood very light, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, compact; bands of small summer cells rather broad, light colored, not conspicuous; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light brown, the sap-wood lighter, nearly white; specific gravity, 0.35C5; ash, 0.54. 393. — Abies balsamea, Miller, Diet. Xo. 5.— DcHfontainos, Hist. Arb. ii, 579.- Nouvcau Duhauicl, v, 295, t. 83, f. 2.— Richard, Couif. 74, 1. 16.— Liudliy, Penu. Cycl. i, 30; Fl. Mod. .'k'.4— Forbes, Pinetum Woburn. 109, t. 37.— Link in Linnoja, xv,.'')30.—Sp;»ch, Hist. Veg. xi, 421.— Grillith, Med. Bot.OO.'i, f. 2C8.— Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 210.— Carrifere, Trait. Couif. 217; 2 ed. 292.- Richardson, Arctic Exped. 441.— Darlington, Fl. Costrica, 3 ed. 291.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 257.— Wood, CI. Book, 661; Bot. & Fl. 314.— Porcher, Kewuirces S. Forests, .5(K;.— H<-nkel & Hochstctter, Nadelholz. 176.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 471.— Hoopos, EvcrgrteuM, 197. — B<;rtrand iu Bull. Soc. Bot. France, xviii, 379.— Koch, Dcudrologie, ii\ 214. — Va»i-y,Cat. Forest Trees, 34. — Guibonrt, Hist. Urogiu-s, 7ed. ii,216. — Eugelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, 697. — Macouu in Geological Kep. Canada, 1875-'76, 211.— Sears in Bull. Essex Inst, xlii, 184.— Bell in Gcologieal Rep. Canada, 187a-'eo,46<=.— Veitch, Manual Conif. 88. Pinus balsamea, Linmens, Spec. 1 cd. 1002.— Wangenheim.Amer. 40.— Alton, Hort. Kew. iii, 370; 2 ed. v, 319.— Jbcnch, .Meth. 364.— Du Roi, llarbk. 2 ed. 144.— Lambert, Pinus, 1 td. i,48, 1. 31; 2 ed. i,.V.i, t.33; 3 ed. i,72, 1. 41.— Willdeuow, Spec, iv, .VM; Enuin. 98'J; Berl. Baum?. 276.— Pi-rsoou, Syn. ii, 579.— I'ursb, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 639.— ICaton, Manual, 111; 6ed. 2C4.— Nuttull,Gener,i, ii,223.— Hayue, Dend. Fl. 176. — Elliott, Sk. i i, 639. -Spreng.d, Syst. ii,884.— Torroy, Compcnd. Fl. N. Slates, :J59; Fl. N. York, ii, 829.— Dcsconrtilz, Fl. Med. Antilles, iv,.^,!. 246.— Woodville, Med. Bot. 3 ed. V. I, t. I.— Beck, Bot. :M0.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Aui. ii, 163.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 358.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. :Vi.').— Antoine, Conif. (V^t. 26, f. 3.— Endlicher, .Syn. Conif. 10:i.— Gilioul, Arb. Resin. 45.— Darby, Bot. S. States,515.— Parlatoro in De Caudollo, Prodr. xvi^ 423.— McNab iu Proc. Royal Irish Acad. 2 ser. ii, 6*1, t. 47, f. 11.— Bentley & Trimen, .Med. PI. iv, 263, t.263. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 211 Pinus Abies Balsamea, Marshall, Arbustum, 102. A. balsamifera, Micbaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 207, in part.— Michaux f. Hist. Aib. Am. i, 145, t. 14; N. American Bylva, 3ed. iii, 100, t. 150, ill part. Picea balsamea, Loudon, Arboretum, iv,23:!9, f. 2240, 2241.— Knight, Syn. Conif. 39.— Gordon, Pinetum, 143; 2 ed. 200.— Hriikol & Hoelistetter, Nadelholz. 176. — Eiuereon, Trees Massachusetts, 85; 2 ed. i, 101. — Kelson, Pinaces, 37. Picea balsamea, var. longifolia, Hort.— Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 2339. Picea Fraseri, Emerson, Trees Massachnsett.%, S8; 2 ed. i, li)| [not London]. BALSAM FIR. BALM OF GILEAD FIR. Nortlieni Newfoundland and Labrador to the soutberu sliore.s of Hudson bay, northwest to the Great Bear lake and the eastern base of the Eocky mountains ; south through the northern states to Pennsylvania, central Michigan and Minnesota, and along the Alleghany mountains to the high peaks of Virginia. A tree 21 to 27 meters in height, with a trunk rarelj' exceeding O.GO meter in diameter, or at high elevations reduced to a low, prostrate shrub (^1. Mudsonica, Hort.); damp woods and mountain swamps. Wood very light, soft, not strong, coarsegrained, compact, not durable ; bands of small summer cells not broad, resinous, conspicuous; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, light brown, oft«n streaked with yellow, the sap-wood lighter; sjjecific gravity, 0.3819; ash, 0.45. Canadian balsam or balm of fir, an aromatic liquid oleo-resiu obtained from this and other species of Abies by puncturing the vesicles formed under the bark of the stem and branches, is used medicinally, chiefly in the treatment of chronic catarrhal affections, and in the arts ( U. S. Dispensatory, 14 ed. 898, 900. — Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 1417. — FHickiger & Hanbury, PharmacograpMa, 552). 394. — Abies subalpina, Eugelmann, Am. Nat. x,554; Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, 597; Wheeler's Rep. vi, 255. — Vasey, Cit. Forest Trees, 34.— Hall in Coulter's Hot. Gazette, ii,91. — Brandegee in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 32. — G.M. Dawson in Canadian Nat. new ser.ix, 326. — Masters in London Gard. Chronicle, 1881,236, f. 43,44,45. fPimtS lasiocarpa. Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, KiS [not Hort.].— Eudlicher, Syn. Conif. 105.— McNab in Proc. Roy.il Irish Acad. 2 sor. ii, 682, t. 46, f. 7, 7»; t. 47, 48, 49 (excl. syn.). fA. lasiocarpa, NuttalI,Sylva,iii, 138; 2 ed. ii, 195.— Liudley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 210.— Carrifcre, Trait. Conif. 1 ed. 221.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858,262.— Murray in Proc. Hort. Soc. London, iii, 313, f. 27-31.— Henkel & Iloehstetter, Nadelholz. 161 (excl. syn.). ? Pinus species, Torrey in Fremont's Rep. 97. Picea amahilis, Gordon, Pinetum, 154, in part: 2ed.213, in part. A. bifolia, Murray in Proc. Hort. Soc. London, iii, 320, f. 51-56; Loudon Gard. Chronicle, 1875, 465, f. 96, 97.— Regel, Gartenflora, xiii, 119. — Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 420. A. grandis, Engelmann in Am. Jour. Sci. 2 ser. xxxiv, 310 [not Lindley]. — Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 2 ed. 296, in part. — Watson in King's Rep. v,334, iu part. — Gray in Proc. Am. Acad, vii, 402 [not Lindley]. — Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorado; Hayden's Sur\ . Misc. Pub. No. 4, 131 [not Lindley]. Finns amabilis, Parlatore in Do CandoUe, Prodr. xvi», 426, in part. Picea bifolia, Murray in London Gard. Chronicle, 1875, 105. A. subalpina, var. fallax, Engchuann in Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, 597. Valley of the Stakhin river, Alaska, in latitude 60° N. (,Vi/iV), f-outh through British Columbia and along the Cascade mountains to northern Oregon ((7o;?i>>-), through the Blue mountains of Oregon and the ranges of Idaho, ^Montana, Wyoming, Utah, and Colorado. A tree 24 to 40 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding O.tiO meter in diameter; mountain slopes and caHons between 4,000 (British Columbia) and 12,0(10 (Colorado) feet elevation: generally scattered and ran-ly forming the prevailing forest growth. Wood very light, soft, not strong, rather elose-graiued, compact; bands of suuill summer cells very luirrow, not conspicuous; medullary rays numerou.s, obscure; color, light brown or neaily white, (he sap-wood lightev; Spccilic gravity, 0.3470; ash, 0.44. 212 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. 395. — Abies grandis, LiudK'y, Peoi). Cycl. i, 30.— Forbee, Pinetum Wobnrn. 1-23, t. 43.— Spach, Hist. V.-g. xi, 422.— Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 134; 2 od. ii, 192.— Lindlcy &, Gordon in Jonr. Hort. Soc. London, v,,210. — Ciirritns Trait. Conif, 220; 2 od. 2% (exrl. syn.). — Cooper in SniilliNoninu Rop. 16^)8, 202; Pacific K. K. Kcp. xii', 25,69; Am. Nat. iii, 410.— Wood. Beit. &. I'l. 314.— Lyall in Jour. Liiiniran Soc. vii, 143.— Bolaudei in Proc. California Acad, iii, 232. — Ilcukd & Uoclistittcr, Xadelbolz. UiO. — Nelson, Piuacoir, 3?. — Iloopcs, Evorgi-cons, 211. — Bcrtrand in Bnll. Soc. Bot. France, xviii, 3Tti. — Va.scy, Cat. Forest Trees, 34. — Hall in Conller's Bot. Gazi'tte, ii, 91. — Maeoun in Geological Kep. Canada, 1675-7i;, 211. — Enijelumnu in Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, 593; London Gard. Chronicle, 1879, C84; 1880, 660, f. 119; Bot. California, ii, 118. — G. M. Dawson in Canadian Nat. new ser. ix,326. — Masters in London Gard. Chronicle, 1881, 179,f.33-:W.— Veitch, Manual Conif. 97, f.23, 24. PimiS grandifi, Douglas in Companion Bot. Mag. li, 147.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 103.- Antoine, Conif. 03, t. Q'>, f. 1.— Hooker i Arnolt, Bot. Beecbey, 394.— Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 105.— Pari atore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi', 427 (excl.syu.).— McNab in Proc. Royal Irish Acad. 2 ser. ii, 073, t. 40, f. 4, 4*. tA. aromatica, Rafinesfiuc, Atlant. Jonr. 119.— Endlich.-r, Syn. Conif. 125.— Liudley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. Louilon, V, 213.— Carriere, Trait. Conif. 2G0; 2 cd.3l0. Picea grandis, London, Arboretum, iv, 2341, f. 2245,2240, in part.— Knight, Syn. Conif. 39.— Gordon, Pinetum, 155; Snppl. 5 (escl. syn. rareonsii); 2 ed. 216. — Newberry in Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 40, 90, f. 10, t. 0, in part. — Murray in London Gard. Chronicle, 1375, 135, f. 23. A. Gordoniana, C.irrifere, Trait. Conif 2 ed. 298 (excl. syn. rarsoiisii).- Bcrtrand in Bull. Soc. Bot. Franco, xviii, 379. A. amabilin, Murray in Proc. Hort. Soc. Loudon, iii, 310, f. 22-24 [not Forbes]. WHITE FIR. Vancouver's i.sland, south to Mendocino county, California, near the coast; interior valleys of Tvestem Washington territory and Oregon south to the Uinpqua river, Cascade mountains below 4,000 feet elevation, through the Blue mount;iins of Oregon {Cusick) to the eastern slope of the Ca?ur d'Alene mountnins (Cooper), the Bitter Root mountains, Idaho ( Watwn), and the western slopes of the Rocky mountains of northern Montana (Flathead region, Canby <£• Sargent). A large tree, 01 to 92 meters in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.00 meter in diameter; most common and reaching its greatest development in the bottom lands of western Washington territory and Oregon in rich, moist soil; or moist mountain .slopes, then much smaller, rarely exceeding 30 meters in height. Wood very light, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, compact; bands of small summer cells broader than in other American 8i)ecies, dark colored, resinous, cons])icuous; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, light browu, the sap-wood rather lighter; specific gravity, 0.354."); ash, 0.49; in western Oregon manufactured into lumber and used for interior finish, packing-cases, cooperage, etc. 396. — Abies COncolor, Lindley & Gordon, Jonr. Hort. Soc. London, v, 210.— Parry in Am. Nat. ix, 204.— Va.sey, Cat. Forest Trees, 34.— Engelmann in Trans. St. Lonis Acad, iii, COO; Wheeler's Rep. vi, 255; London Gard. Chronicle, 1879, 084, f. 114, 115; Bot. California, ii, 118.— Brandegee in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 32.— Masters in London Gard. Chrouicle, 1879, C84, f. 114, 115.— Veitch, Manual Couif. 93. Pinus COncolor, Engelmann in herb. ; Parlatore in Do Candolle, Prodr. xvi', 426.— McNab in Proc. Royal Irish Aead. 2 ser. ii,G81, t.46, f.6. Picea COncolor, Gordon, Pinetum, 1.55; 2 ed. 210.— Murray in London Gard. Chronicle, 1875, 135, f. 26. Pinus lasiocarpa, Balfrmr in Rep. Oregon Expcd. i, t. 4, f. 1 [not Hooker].— Murray in Proc. Hort. Soc. London, iii, 314, f. 25.— Heukel & Hochstetter, Nadelhiilz. 429. tA. hahamea, Bigelow in Pacific E. R. Rep. iv, 18 [not Miller].— Torrey in Paciiic K. R. Rep. iv, 141. Picea grandis, Newberry In Pacific E. B. Eep. vi, 40, in part. Abies grandis, Carrifero, Trait. Conif; 2 ed. 290, in part.— Watson in I'l. Wheeler, 17 [not Lindloy]. Picta Lotciana, Gordon, Piuetum, Suppl. 03; 2cd. 218.— Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadclholz. 419. A. Loiriana, Murray in Proc. Hort. Soc. London, iii, 317, f. 38-41. A. amabilis, Watson in King's Rep. v,333 [liot Forbes]. A. grandis, var. Lowiana, Hoojuk, Evergreens, 212. Pinus grandis, Parlalore in Do Candolle, Prodr. xvi», 427, in part. Picea COncolor, var. riolacca, Murray in Loudon Card. Ohroniclo, 1875, 404, f. 94,95. PinUH Lo>riana, .McXal. in Proc. Royal Irish Acad. 2 ser. ii, 680, 1. 40, f. 5. A. lasiocarpa, Hort. [not Nottall]. A. Parsonsii, Hort. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 213 WHITE FIR. BALSAM FIR. Nortlieni slopes of the Siskiyou inouiitains, Oregon, and perhaps farther north in the CaKcade mouncains, south alouf; the western slope of the Sierra Nevailas to tlie Sau Bernardino and San Jacinto uioun'.nins, California; along the high mountains of ntu'tliern Arizona to the ilogollou mountains, New Mexico, northward to the Pike's Peak region of Colorado, and in the Wahsateh mountains of Utah. A large tree, ;jO to tO meters in height, with a trunk l.'JO to J.50 meter in diameter; moist slopes and caDons between 3,000 and 0,000 feet elevation, reaching its greatest development in the California sierras, varj-iug greatly iu the color and length of leaves, habit, etc., and i)erliaps merely a southern form of tlie too nearly allied A. grandis, from which it cannot be always readily distinguished. Wood very light, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, compact; bands of small summer cells narrow, resinous, not conspicuous; medullary rays, numerous, obscure; color, very light brown or nearly white, the sap-wood somewhat darker; specific gravity, 0.3038 ; ash, 0.85 ; occasionally manufactured into lumber and used for packing-cases, •jutter-tubs, and other domestic purposes. 397. — Abies bracteata, Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 137, t. 118; 2 ed. ii, t. 118. — Hartwcg in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, iii, 225. — Lindley & Gordon in Jonr. Hort. Soc. London. V, 209.— Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 193; 2 cd. 265.— Loudon Gard. Chronicle, 1853, 435; 1854, 459; 1859, 928.— Bo t. Mag. 1.4740.-- Lemaire in 111. Hort. i, 14, t. 5.— Fl. do3 Sisrres, ix, 109 & t.— Naudin in Rev. Hort. 1854, 31. — Cooper iu Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 262. — Murray iu EdiuburgU Now Phil. Jour, new ser. x, 1, t. 1, 2 (Traus. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh, vi, 211, t. 1, 2).— Ilenkel &, Hochstettcr, Nadelhiilz. 1G7. — Hoopes, Evi;rgreena, 199. — Bertraud iu Bull. Soc. Bot. France, xviii, 379. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 35.— Engolmann iu Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, 601 ; London Gard. Chronicle, 1879, 684 ; Bot. California, 11, 118 — Veitch, Mannal Conif. 89, f. 14, 15. PinUS venusta, Douglas in Companion Bot. Mag. ii, 152. Pimcs bracteata, D. Don in Trans. Linnajan Soc. xvii, 443.— Lambert, Finns, 1 ed. iii, 169, t. 91.— Antoine, Conif. 77, t. 30. — Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Beechey, 394. — Hooker, Icon. t. 379. — Eudlicher,Syn. Conif. 89. — Walpers, Ann. v, 798. — Parlatoro in Do Candollo, Prodr. xvi', 419. — McNab in Proc. Royal Irish Acad. 2 ser. ii, 674, t. 46, f. 1. Picea bracteata, Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 2348, f. 2256.— Gordon, Pinetnm, 145; 2 ed. 202.— Lawson, Pinetom Brit, ii, 171, t. 25, 26, f. 1-7. — Nelson, PiuaceiB, 37. — Fowler iu London Gard. Chronicle, 1872, 286. A. venusta, Koch, Deudrologie, ii«,210. Santa Lucia mountains, California, from the northern boundary of San Luis Obispo county about 40 milea northward. A tree 40 to 01 meters iu height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 meter in diameter ; moist, cold soil, occupying 4 or 5 caiious between 3,000 and 0,000 feet elevation, generally west of the summit of the range (G. R. Vase)/). Wood heavj', not hard, coarse grained, compact; bands of small summer cells broad, resiuous, conspicuous; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color, light brown tinged with yellow, the sap-wood not seen ; specitic gravity, 0.G783; ash, U.04; probably more valuable than the wood of the other North Ameiucau Abies. 398 — Abies amabilis, Forbes, Pinotum Wobiuii. 125, t. 44.— Liudloy &■ Gordon iu Jour. Hort. Soc. London, V, 210.— Ca^ri^re, Trait. Conif. 219; 2 cd. 296.— Cooper in Smithsonian Hop. 1858,202. — Lyall in Jour. Hort. Soc. Loudon, vii, 143. — Hcnkel & Hochstctter, Nadelbolz. 159. — Nelson, Piuacciu, .30.— Hoopes, Evergreens, 209 (excl. syn. lasiocarpa). — Fowler iu London Gard. Chronicle, 1872,285. — Koch, Deudrologie, ii', 211 (excl. syn. lasiocarpa). — Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-'76,211. — Eugeluiaun in London Gard. Chronicle, l!i?0, 720, f. 136-141; Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vii, 4.— Veitch, Manual Conif. BH. PinUS amabilis, Douglas in Companion Bot. Mag. ii, 93.— Antoine, Conif. C3,t 25, f. 2.— Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Beechey, 394.— Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 104. — Parlatoro in De Caudolle, Prodr. xvi',426, in part. Pinus grandis, Lambert, Finns, 1 ed. iii,t. 26 [not Douglas]. Picea amabilis, Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 2342, f.2247, 2248.— Knight, Syn. Conif. 39.— Gordon, Pinetum, 154 ; 2od.213(oicL syn.). — Newberry iu Pacllic K. R. Rep. vi,51, 90, f. 18. A. grandis, Murray in Proc. Hort. Soc. Loudon, iii, 308, f. 18-21 [not Lindloy]. A. grandis, var. dcnsiflora, Engeluiaun in Trans. St. Louis Acad. iv,599. Valley of the Fra.ser river, British Columbia {Engclmaiin tC Sargent), and probably farther north, south along the Cascade mountiiins of Washington t*'rritory and Oregon. A tree 30 to 4") meters in height, with a trunk sometimes l.'JO meter in diameter, forming extensive foivsts on the mountains of British Columbia, between 3,500 and 5,000 feet, and upon the mountains south of the Columbia river between 3,000 and 4,000 feet elevation, here reaching its greatest development ; its northern range not yet determined. Wood light, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact ; bands of small suunuer cells bro;id, ivsinous, dark colorevl, conspicuous; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light brown, the sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.4228 ; ash, 0.23. 214 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. 399. — Abies nobilis, Lindley Ponn. Cycl. i, 30. — Forbes, Pi uetumWoburii. 115, 1.40. — Liuk in Liunasa, xv,f>32.— Spacb, Hist. Veg. xi,419. — NuttalI,Sjlva, iii, IIW, t. 117 ; 2 fd. ii, W3, 1. 117.— Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 209.— CarriOre, Trait. Conif. 198 ; 2 cd. 208.- Jour. Bot. & Kcw Card. Misc. is, 85. — Cooper in Suiitlisouiaii Rep. If58, 2(52. — Hcnkel & Ilochstcttcr, Nadelbolz. 1C8. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 203. — Koch, Dendrologip, ii*, 209. — Yasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 34. — Engeluianu in Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, C01,in part ; London Ganl. Chroniolf, 187!t,S8.T; Bof. California, ii, 119, in i)art; Conlter's Bot. Gazette, vii, 4.— Veitch, Manual Conif. 101. Pinus nohilis, Douglas in Companion Bot. Mag. ii, 147. — Lambert, Pinus, 1 ed. iii, 107, t. 74. — Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Aui. ii, U;-,'.— An loinc, Conif. 77, t. 29, f. 2.— Hooker & Aruott, Bot. Beecliey, 394.— Endlicher, Syn. Couif. 90. Pkea nobilis, London, Arboretum, iv, 2342, f. 2249, 2250.— Knight, Syn. Conif. 39.— Lindloy & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc, London, v, 209.— Gordon, Pinetuni, 119; Suppl. 46; 2 ed. 207.— Newberry iu Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 49, 90, f. 17.— Law6on,Pinetum,Brit. ii, 181, t. 23,29, f.1-18. — Nelson, Pinaceai, 39. PseudoUuga nobilis. Bcrtntnd in Bull. Sue. Bot.Fr;iU0(>.xviii,S6.— McNab in Proc. Royal Irish Ac.nil. 2 siIcNab in Proc. Royal Irish Acad. 2 ser. ii, 700, t. 49, f. 30, 30«. A. nobilil. I>i,'«-l!in;i!i, Hot. Cilifornia, ii, 119, iu part. C!alifornia. mi>uiit Sliasta, sontli along tlie western slo])e of the Sierra Ncvadas to Kern county. A large tree, 01 to 70 meters in height, with a trnnk 2.40 to 3 meters in diameter, forming al)0ut the base of monnt Shasta extensive forests between 4,JJ00 and 8,000 feet elevation; farther south le.ss common and reaching an extreme elevation of 10,000 feet. Wofxl light, soft, not strong, lather close-grained, e<>Mi]>act, satiny, durable in contaan5, 2o7. — Hooker f. in Trans. Linnxan 8oc. xxiii, 302. — Wood, CI. Book, C(i2; Bot. & TI. 314. —Nelson, Pinacea;, 8G.— Gr.iy, Manual N. States, .'j td. 442.— Hooped, Evergreens. 247.— Regcl, Gartenflora, xx, 105, t.6-'4, f. 7,8 (Belg. Hort. xxii, 10.5, 1. 10, f. 2, 3).— Bertrand in Ann. Sci. Nat. 5 ser. xx, 90.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 35. — Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-76, 211. — Sears in Bull. Essex Inst. liii, 185. Pinus larieina, Du Roi, Obs. Bot. 49; Harbk. ii,83.— WanKcnlieim, Amcr. 42, 1. 16, f. 37.— Mocncb, Mcth. 364. Pinvs Larix rubra, alba aud nigra, Marsball, Arbustnra, 103, 104. Finns intermedia, Waugenheim, Amer. 42, t. Hi, f. 37.— Dm Roi, Harbk. 2 ed. ii, 114. PimtS pemhda, Alton, Hort. Kew, 111,369; 2 ed.v, 320. —Lambert, Plnus, led. 1,55, 1.36; 2ed. ii, 63,t.39; 3ed.ii, 86, t. 49.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 502. — Pcrsoon, Syn. ii,579. — Pnrsh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii,U45. — Smith in Eees'Cycl. xxviii. No. 32. — Eaton, Manual, 110; 6 ed. 365.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 223.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 887.— Audubon, Birds, t.90, 180.— Beck, Bot. 339.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 164.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 359.— Torrey, Fl. N.York, ii, 232.— Parlator* in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi'^, 409. Pinus microcarpa, Lambert, Plnus, 1 ed. i, 56, t. 37 ; 2 ed. ii, 65, t. 40 ; 3 ed. ii, 88, t. 50.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 5;2; Enum. 989 ; Berl. Baumz. 273. — Persoon, Syn. ii, 579. — Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 321. — Pnrsh. Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 645. — Smith in Eees' Cycl. xxviii, No. 33.— Eaton, Manual, 110; 6 ed.Se.j.-Nnttall, Genera, ii, 223.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 175.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 887.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 360.— Meyer, PI. Labrador, 30.— Beck, Bot. 340.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 164.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 359.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 387.— Antoino, Conif. 54, t. 21, f. 1.— Endlichcr, Syn. Conif. 132. Abies pendula, Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, vi, 514. — Nouveau Duhamel, v, 288.— Lindley & Gordon in Jonr. Hort. Soc. London, v,213. Abies microcarpa, Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, vi, 514.— Nouveau Duhamel, v, 289, t. 79, f. 2.— Lindley in Penn. Cycl. i, 33.— Lindley &. Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, 213. L. tenuifolia, Salisbury iu Trana. Linuffian Soc. viii, 313. L. pendula, Salisbury in Trans. Linua;an Soc. viii, 313. — Forbes, Pinetnm Wobarn. 137, t. 46. — Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 1 ed. 272.— Gordon, Pinetum, 129; 2ed. 177.— Hooker f. in Trans. Linnaeau Soc. xxiii, 302. L. microcarpa, Desfoutaines.Hist. Arb. ii, 597.— Forbes, Pinetnm Wobnrn. 139, t. 47.— Spach. Hist Veg. li, 436.— Link in Linniea, xv, 536. —Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 275; 2 ed. 355.— Gordon, Pinetum, 129; 2 ed. 175.— Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 137. — Hooker f. in Trans. Linuseau Soc. xxiii, 302, 341. — Veitch, Manual Conif. 180. L. intermedia, Loddiges, Cat. ed. 1836, 50.— Forbes, Pinetun; Wobarn. 141.— Link in Linniea, xv, 535. L. Americana rubra, Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 2400.— Knight, Syn. Conif. 40. L. Amei'icana, var. pendula, Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 2400.— Carrifero, Trait. Conif. 2 ed. 356. L. Americana, var. prolifera, Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 2401.— Carri^re, Trait. Conif 2 ed. 3.56. L. deddua, var. Americana, Heukel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 133. LAKCH. BLACK LARCH. TAJtARACK. HACKMATACK. Nortlieru Newfoiindhuul and Labrador to the eastern shores of Hudson bay, eape Chiinhill aud northwest to the northern shores of the Great Bear hike aud the valley of the Mackenzie river within the Arctic eirele; south tlirough the northern states to uortheru Pennsylvania, northern Indiana and Illinois, and central Jlinne.sota. A tree L'4 to 30 meters in height, with a trunk O.tiO to 0.!>0 meter iu diauu-ter; moist uplands ami intervale lands, or south of the boundary of the United States iu cold, wet swamps, often covering extensive areas, here nnich smaller aud less valuable. Wood, heavy, Iiard, very strong, rather coar.se-graiued, comi)act, durable in contact with the soil; bands of small summer c^ells broad, very resinous, dark colored, conspicuous, resin i)assages few, obscure; metlullary rays numeron.s, hardly distinguishable, color, light brown, the sap-wood nearly white; .si)eeific gravity, O.filVUJ; ash.O.^W; preferred aud largely used for tlie upper knees of vessels, for ship timbers, fence posts, telegraph poles, railway ties, etc. The iuner bark of the closely-allied European larch is recommended iu the treatment of chronic catarrhal afl'ections of the pulmonary and urinary passages; probably that of the American specie-; wonl.l he .Mpially efficacious. 216 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. 402. — Larix occidentalis, Nuttall, Sylva, iii. Ut. 1. 120; 2 wl. ii, 199,t. 120.— Ni-wbi-rry in Pacific K. R. Rep. vi, 59, f. 24, 25.— Cooper in Smithsonian Hop. 1858,262; Am. Nut. iii, 412. — Lvall in Jour. Linnican Soo. vii, 14:!. — Nelson, PinuceiD,S)l. — Hoopca, Evergreens, 253. — Kegel, Gartenflora, rx, 103. t. 6S:., f. P*-10 (Belg. Uort. xxii, 101, t. 8, f. 3-5).— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 35.— Gordon, Pinetnm, 2 ed. 17().— Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-'7G, 211.— G. M. Dawson in Canadian Nat. new ser. ix, 329.— Veitcb, Manual Couif. 130. Pinus Larix, Donglas in Companion Hot. Mag. ii, 109 [not Linna;us]. L. Americana, var. brerifoUa, Carri^re, Trait. Conif. 2 ed. 357. PinUD ytlttaUii, Parlatore in De CandoUc, Prodr. xvi-, 412. TAMARACK. British Columbia, Selkirk and Gold ranges, south of latitude 53° N., extending west to the head of Okauagan lake {G. M. Datcson), south along the eastern slopes of the Cascade mountains to the Columbia river, through the mouutaiu ranges of northern Washington territory to the west«rn slopes of the Kooky niouutains ot Montana, aud in the Blue mountains of Washington territory and Oregon. A noble tree of great economic value, 30 to 45 meters in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.50 meter in diameter; moist mountain .>jlopes and benches betweeu 2,500 and 5,000 feet elevation ; scattered among other trees and never exclusively forming forests; the thick bark long resisting the action of forest fires; very common, and perhaps reaching its greatest development in the region north of the Big Blackfoot river and in the valley of the Flathead river, Montana, here the largest aud most valuable timber tree. Wood heavy, exceedingly hard and strong, rather coarsegrained, compact, satiny, susceptible of a fine polish, very durable in contact with the soil; bands of small summer cells broad, occupying fully half the width of annual growth, very resinous, dark colored, cous])icuous, resin passages few, obscure ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, light bright red, the thin sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.7407; ash, 0.09; occasionally manufactured into lumber, but principally- used for fuel, posts, railway ties, etc. 403. — Larix Lyallii, Parlatore, Enom. Sem. Hort. Eeg. Mus. Flor. 1863; London Gard. Chronicle, 1863,916 (Rcgel, Gartenflora, xiii, 244). — Lyall in Jour. Linnsan Soc. vii, 143. — Henkel & Hochstettcr, Nadelholz. 417. — Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 2 ed. 3G1. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 256. — Kegel, Gartenflora, xx, 103, t. 685, f. 11-13 (Belg. Hnrt. x.\ii, 102, t. 9, f. 1-3).— Bertrand in Ann. Sci. Nat. 5 ser. xx, 90.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 35.— Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-70, 211.— Veitch, Manual Conif, 130. Pinvs Lyallii, Parlatore in "De CandoUe, Prodr. xvi^, 412. "Cascade mountains, G,500 to 7,000 feet, forming an open belt of trees mingled with P.flexiUs (P. albicmdus); on the Galtou range at 0,000 feet aud in the Rocky mountains at 7,000 feet, growing with P.Jlexilin" {Lyall); mount Stewart, Washington territory (Brandei/ee <& Tweedy, August, 1883); Grave Creek pass, northern Montana (U. B. AyrcK, September, 1883). A low, miicii-liranched, straggling, alpine tree, rarely exceeding 15 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 1.50 meter in diameter; dry, rocky soil, generally upon northern expo.^^ures, and associated with Pinun albicaulit and THugn Pattoniana along the upper limits of tree-growth between 5,500 aud 7,000 feet elevation {Brandegee). The wood not collected. Note. — A well-marked species, distinguishetl from A. occideiitalis by its alpine habit, the larger green or purple deciduous cones with ciliated scales, and by the dense tomentam covering the young shoots and leaf buds. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 217 PALMACE^ 404. — Sabal Palmetto, Loddiges; Eoemer & Schnltes, Syst. vii, 1487. — Croom id Am. Jour. Sci. 1 ser. xsvi, 315. — MartiuB, Hist. Palm, iii, 247. — Kunth, Ennm. iii, 247. — Spach, Ilist. Vcg. xii, 107.— Cliapman, Fl. S. States, 438.— Curtis iu Eep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, IbCO, iii, G4.— 'Wood, CI. Book, 666 ; Bot. & Fl. 317.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 38. Corypha Palmetto, Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 119. GJiamwrops Palmetto, Miehaux, Fl. Bov.-Am. i,206.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb.-Am. ii, 186, t. 10; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 5, t. 101.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 490.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 231.— Elliott, Sk. i,431.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 137.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 89.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 191.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 546.— Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 258. — Porcher, Resources, S. Forests, 526. CABBAGE TREE. CABBAGE PALMETTO. Smith island, ofif the mouth of Cape Fear river, North Carolina, south along the coast to Key Largo, Florida, and along the Gulf coast to the Apalachicola river. A tree 7 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk O.CO to 0.90 meter in diameter; sandy maritime shores; very common and reaching its greatest development upon the west coast of the Florida peninsula south of Cedar Keys. Wood light, soft ; fibro-vascular bundles hard, difficult to work, dark colored ; color, light brown ; specific gravity, 0.440J: ; ash, 7.66 ; impervious to the attacks of the teredo, and very durable under water ; largely used for piles, wharves, etc. 405. — ^A^ash^ngtonia filifera, Wendland, Bot. Zeit. xxxvii, 68.— Watson, Bot. California, ii, 211, 485. Brahca dulcis,? Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1860, 442 [not Martins]. Pritcharclia filameniosa, Weudland in Bot. Zeit. xxxiv, 807.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 38.— Fenzi in Bull Soc. Toso. Ort. i, 116 & f.— Palmer iu Am. Nat. xii, 598. Brahea filamentOSa, Hort.— Williams in London Gard. Chronicle, 1876, 80. FAN-LEAF PALM. San Bernardino county, California, from the eastern base of the San Bernardino mountains to the valley of the Colorado river. A tree 12 to 18 meters in height, with a trunk O.CO to 1.05 meter in diameter, forming groves of 250 to 500 plants in the depressions of the desert, in moist alkaline soil, or solitary and scattered near the heads of small ravines formed by watercourses ; often stunted and greatly injured by fire. Wood light, soft ; fibro-vascular bundles hard, difficult to cut, dark colored, conspicuous ; specific gravity 0.5173; ash, 1.89. 406. — Thrinax parviflora, Swariz, Prodr. 57; Fl. Ind. Oeo. i, 614.— Aiton, Hort. Kow. iii, 614; 2 ed. ii, 307.— Willdenow, Spec, ii, 202.— Pcrsoon, Syn. i, 383.— Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, vii, 633.— Titford, Hort. Bot. Am. 112.— Sprengel, Syst. ii,20.— Roomer & Sehultes, Syst. vii, 13iX).— Martins Hist. Palm, iii, 255, t. 103.— Kuuth, Euum. iii, 253.— Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1091.— Walpors, Ann. v, 818.— Grisobiich, Fl. British West Indies, 515. — Vasoy, Cat. Forest Trees, 33. — Ch.-vpinan in Coulter's Bot. Qazotle, iii, 12 ; Fl. S. States, Suppl. 661. T. Oarberi. Chapmau in Coulter's Bot. Gaxotto, iii, 12 ; Fl. S. States, Suppl. 651. SILK-TOP PALMETTO. Semi-tropical Florida, southern keys from Bahia Ilouda to Long's Key ; iu the West Indies. A siuiiU treo, 9 meters iu height with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.10 meter in diameter, or in pine-barren soil often low and stemless (T. Garheri). Wood light, soft ; flbrovascular bundles small, hard, uot conspicuous; color, light brown; specific gravity, 0.5991; asli, .{.Oil; the trunk used iu making sponge- and turtle-crawls. 218 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. 407. — Thrinax argcntea, LodtUgci; Deafontaincs, Cat. 3 ed. 31.— Roemur & Sclmltea, S.vst. vii, 1300.— Martius, Hist. Palm, iii, 256, 1. 103, f. 3, t. 163.— Kuntb, Euum. iii, 253.— Dietrich, Syn. U, 1091.— Walpere, Ann. v,818.— Griscbach, FI. British West Indies, 515.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, Suppl. (>51. Pa!ma argentea. Jaoqnin, Fragm. 3«, No. 125, t. 43, f.l. — MUrter in Boui. Thysik. Arbeiteu. ii, 76. SILVER-TOP PAL5IETT0. BRICKLEY THATCH. BRITTLE THATCH. Semi-tropical Florida, on a nameless key 10 miles west of Key West, Elliott's Key, Key Largo, Piuey Key, Boca Chiea Key, Key West, Gordon Key. and on the small keys south and west of Bahia Honda Key {Ourtiss)', in the West Indies. A small tree. 7 to 9 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 meter in diameter. Wood light, soft ; flbro-vascular bundles small, very numerous ; interior of the trunk spongy, much lighter than the exterior; specific gravity, 0.7172 ; ash, 3.01 ; used for jjiles, the foliage in the manufacture of ropes, for tliateh, etc. 408.— Oreodoxa regia, llBK. Nov. Genera & Spec, i, 305.— Martius, Hist. Palm, iii, 168, t. l.">6, f. 3-5.— KicharJ, Fl. Cuba, 348.— Kuutb, Euum. iii, 182.— Spnoh, Hist. Veg. xii, 63.— ni. Hort. ii, 2.S & t.— Walpers, Ann. v, 807.— Grisobach, Fl. British West Indies, 327.— Londou Card. Chronicle, 1675, 302, f. 66.— Chapman, Fl. S. .States, Suppl. 651. CEnoearpus regia, Sprengel, Syst. ii, 140. 0. ohrucea,f Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1860, 440. ROYAL PALM. Semi-tropical Florida, "Little and Big Palm hummocks," 15 and 25 miles oast of cape Eomano {Curiiss), near the month of Little river, and on Elliott's Key ; in the West Indies. A tree 18 to .30 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 meter in diameter; rich hummocks, often forming extensive groves; in Florida rare and local. Wood heavy, hard ; fibrovasciilar bundles large, very dark, conspicuous ; interior of the trunk spongy, much lighter than the exterior ; color, brown ; specific gravity, exterior of the trunk, 0.7982, interior, 0.2128 ; ash, 2.54. LILIACE^ 409. — Yucca canaliculata, Hooker, Bot. Mag. t. 5201.— Baker in London Gard. Chronicle, 1870, 1217.— Engolraann iu Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, 43. T. Treculiana, CaTTikTo in Rev. Hort. vii,280.— B.ikor in London Gard. Chronicle, 1870, 828.— Engclmnnn in Trans. Bt. Louis Acad, iii, 41.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 38.— I^ondon Garden, xii, 328, t. 94. SPANISH BAYONET. Southern Texas, Matagorda bay, and from the Brazos and Guadalupe rivers south into Mexico. A small tree, 5 to 8 meters in height, with a trunk O.'JO to 0.75 meter in diameter; dry, gravelly, arid soil. Wooil, like that of the whole geniis, showing distinct marks of concentric arrangement, fibrous, spongy, heavy, difticult to cut and work; color, light Inown ; Rpccific gravity, 0.(i(]77 ; ash, 0.27. The bitter, sweetish fruit cooked and eaten by the .Mexicans; the root stock, as in tlic whole genus, saponaceous and lartrdv ii>r(l li\ tlic Mcxitums as a substiini.. (.n- -..;ip. 410. — Yucca brevifolia, Ennelniunn, Kinii'ii Hep. V. V.K) : Tr.ini.St. I,af earpa (Ablos ooncolor) 212 Abies f tasiocarpa (Abies sabalplna) r. 211 Abies laxa 204 Abies lyowiana 212 Abies maerocarpa 210 Aliirft magniflca 214 Abies magnijiea (Abies nobilis) 214 Abies Mariana 202 220 Abies Marj/landica Abies Alenzieiii (Picea pnngens) Abies Ilenziesii (Picea Sitcbensis) Abies Menziesii Parryaaa Abies Merteneiana Abies microcarpa A bies mucronata f Abies mucronata palustris Abies ni^ra (Picea Engclmanni) Abies nigra (Picoa nigra) Abies nigra, vnr. rubra Abies nobilis A bies nobilis ( A bies raagnifica) Abies nobilis robusta Abies Pamonsii Abies Pattoni Abies I'attoniarut Abies Patttmii (Tsaga Mertensiana) Abies Pattonii (Tsuga Pattoniana) A bies pendtila A bies religicsa Abies rubra t Abies rubra, var. arctiea Abies rttbra, var. catrulea Abies Sitchenteis Abies species (Teaga Caroliniana) Abies subalpina Abies subalpina, vAT./aUax Abies taxi/olia (Pseuilotsuga DougUsii). Abies tari/oUa (Tsuga Mertensiana) f Abies trigona Abies venusia Abies Wiltiamsonii A cacia Uahamensis Acacia Bi-r}andieri Acacia biceps Acacia eseulenta Aracia /rondo$a Acacia glauca Acacia. Green-bark Acacia Oreggil Acacia latisilujua Aeaeia leueoc«phala Acacia pulverulenta Acacia Itphroloba Acacia, Tbrce-thomed Acucla WHjjhlii Acer barbatum (Acer glnbrutn) Acer barbatum (Acer saccbarinuro) Acer Califomicum Acer Canadenss t Acer CaroUniajia Acer clrcluatam Acer coccineum Acer dasy corpom INDEX TO CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 221 Pape. Acer Douglcuii J.ccr I>mminondii Acer eriocarpum Acer ghibnun f Acer giauctim ". Acer K' nndulou tattira Acer mncroph} llom Acer nwntanum Acer Xegitndo Acer nigrum Acer palmatum Acer parvijlorum Acer Ptuusvlvaoicuni Acer reniisylvanicuin (Acerspicatum) Acer rubrnm Accrrubrum.rar. Drummondli - Acer rubrum , var. pallidum Acer SAccbariniim Acer saccharinum (Acer dasycarpum) - ". Acer eaccharinum (Acer saccharinum, t-ar.ni<;rum) Acer saccbarinum, var. nigrum Acer sacckarum Acer sanguineum A c<'r wpicat uni Acer striatum Acer tripartitiim Acer virjatum Aehras eunei/oUa Achras mammosa Acliras pallida Achraa salicifolia 9 Aehras serrata Aehras Zapotilla, var. parvijlor a Adelia acuminata .^ iEsculus Califomica 9 JEscxdus camea Msculus discolor ^Bculns echinata ^sculua flrtva ^Hctiliis flava, var. ptirpnrascena ^sculu.H glabra ^eculus Hippoca>tanuin, var. glabra ^scubis nippncastamnn,\ar. Okioensit ^sculvs nippociistanum, vax. pallida bacillus hybrida JEkcmIus luiea ^senilis neglecta ^sculus octandra JSsculna Oh ioensis .^scitltis pallida .Ssculus /'arm, var. discolor f ^sculug Watsoniana Agaf-tianis aeeundijlora — Ageria Caasena Ageria geminata , Ageria heUrophylla Ageria ohnvata Ageria ojtaca Ageria paltuitria Abler (Aluua oblongifolia) Alder ( AliniB rbombifolia) Aldor (Alnnn rnbni) Alder, Black (Aluus iucana) Alder, Black (Aluus eeiTulata) A'der, Hoary Aider, Scnsido Alder, Smooth Alder. Speckled Ali.,arobft Algarobia glandtUosa Alnua Awericana (Almift iucana) Alniis Avicricana (Aluus B«rra1ftta) Alntis argtita , Almis Ctinadensis , Abiua ijenuina Page. Alntia glauea fA/nu*i/iu(ino«a (Alnua rubra) AlnuM glutinosa, var. rvgoaa Alnua gludr^oaa, var. aerrulata (Aluus rhombifoUa) Alnua glutirioaa, var. serruUtta (Aluus sermlata) Alnuft hybrida AlniiB incana Alnus incano (Rcgel) Alnua incana^ var. glauea (Alnns iocnna) Alnua inctina, var. glauea (Alnns Incana, car. Tirescens) Alnua incaT^a, var. rubra Alnua incan.i, var. vireaccns Alnua Japoniea Alniis maritima Alnua maritima typica ^ift««oWoni?n/a (Aluus maritima) Alnua oblongata (Alnus s«rrulata) Aluus oblougifolia Alnus ohtuai/olia Ahius Oregana Aluus rbombifolia Aluus mbift Alnua rubra (Alnus aermlata) Alnua rugoaa Alnus fjeiTulata. • ; A Inus aerrulata (Begcl) - Alnus t^errulata ffenuina Alnus aerrulata, var. iatifolia Alnua aerrulata, var. macrophyUa Alnus semtlata, var. oblongata Alnus serrulata, var. nblongi/olia Alnus aerrulata, var. rugosa (Alnus incana, var. rirescens) Alnus serrulata, var. rwj/iia (Alnus rbombifolia) Alnus serrulata, var. rugnsa (Alnus serrulata) .•!(?; »N semdata, var. vulgaris Alnus undulata Amelanchier alnifolia Amclanckier Bartramiana A viela nchier Hotryapium Amelnncbier Canadensis - A ineia nchier lanaden^s, var. oblongi/olia Amelanchier Canadensis, vnr. oligoearpa Amelanchier Canadensis, vair. rotundi/olia A melttnchier intermedia A ynelanchier oblongi/olia Amelanchier ovalis (Amelanchier Canadensis) Amelarichier oialis (Amelanchier Canadensis, var. oblongifolia) . Amrlanchier spieata Amelanchier Wangenheimiana Ameriean Crab American Crab Applo A raerican Elm • American nolly American Linden .■1 m yria cymosa Amyris dyatripa Amyria cUmi,fira - Amyris Flortdana Amyria maritima Amyris 2'lumieri Amyris 8>lvatic» A XAC.KKPl Al K.E Anmnomis punctata Atiaqua Andromeda arborea Andromeda arhorescens Andromeda fenuginoa A ndromeda ferruginea, var. arhoresg-ens Andromeda /crrtiginea^xar./ruticota Andromeda plumata Andromeda rhomboidalxs Andromela ngida Anona glabra Auttn;) lauiifolia Anona prndula • 222 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Page. Page Amena specK* (Anona Uaiifolik) Antma triloba AXOXACS-E Anonymot atpiOtiea AnthonuUt (ntitatit Anthomtla Douglasii A nthcm«U4 jiara AntSomfUt fflandutota A nUumuU* rtttvndiMia AntAomflta turi'inata Aut»' Wood .\l>pl»*. Ameriron Crab Applr, Ciutanl Al.pl. H,.w Ap;»U-. Orepon Crab Appli*. PoDd Apple, SeTen-year Apples Soath«m Cmb Arlxil de Qk-rro Arbor- titic Artftitus tauri/olia fArf'ittttt inacrophyUa Arbutua McQzicAii AHmtvM Jlenzieni < Arbutas Texaoft) .4 rbutfu Jfenxusii { Arbatas Xalapensia) A rbutu4 proeera AibntuB Tcxana fArbutuM rarien* Arbntufi Xalapeoflis f ArhutuM Xalapen*i$ (Arbntas Texana) Aitlinia Plrkeriii;na Aronia arborta Aronin artmt\folia A ron ia Botryapium Aronia c<>rdata A roni'i oraUs Arruwwooil Ata^cea tpinoaa Anh A»b. DIark Aiib.IJUie Anb. Orwn Ai»b. ffronod Ash. lioop , Anh, Mountain (Pyrua Amcricaoa) , Afib. Monntain d HalMirn Fir ( Abira balaaixi««) iiaUam Fir (Abie* coocolor) tialaam. She Banana, Merxican Btirt nun's Ortk Basket Oak Uasawood B;iaawood, AVliito Bastartl Cedar BastartI Pino Itatodendron arboreum Bayonut, Spanish (Yncca baccata) Bayonet, Spanish (Yncca canalicolata) Bayonet, Spanish (Yucca elata) Biiy.Bull Bay, Loblolly Bay.Re*! Bay, Rose Bay, Sweet Bay, Tan Bay, White Bay berry Pwiy Tree. Caliibmia Bean Tree Bearbern,' Bearwood Beaver Tree Beech Beech, Bine Beech. Water (Carpinns Caroliuiana) Bcccb, Water { Plat-anus occidentalis) Beef wood Bee Tree. Benthamidia fiorida Betula aeuminata Jitluhi alba, subspecies commuUita Bftuia alba, gubspocies occidentalis typica Bettila alba, subspecies popyr(/ero Bclula alba, subspecies popi;r(rifra, var. communie. Betula alba, subspecies papj/n/^'^t var. cordyfolia... Betula alba, subtipeeies poptdi/olta Bettita alba, vnr. papyri/era Betula alba, var. populifolia Betula alba, var. populifolia (Betula papyrifera) . . . Betula angulata Betula Canadensis Betula carpi7ii/olia Betula cordi folia Betula excelsa (Betola lenta) Betula excelsa (Betula lutea) Betula grandis Betula incana Betula lanulosa Betula lonta Betula IsTita (Betula alba, var, populifolia) Betula Unta (Betula lutea) Betnia lutea Betula nigra Betula nigra (Bctnla lenta) Betula nigra (Betnia papynfera) Betula occiilentalis Betula oecidetitalis (Betula papyrlfera) Bctida papyracea Betnlii pftpyrifera Betula p"pjdi/olia Itetula rubra { IVitula nigra) Betula rubra (Betula papyrlfera) Betula rugosa Brtula Hfrrulata / Betula- AlnifM glauea Betula- Alnus maritima f Betvta-Alnus rubra ■ Betula-Alnut, var. p ineana BKTI'I.A' E,K BiK-biid IHikorj' Bi(j Cot toil worn! Bin I^uiul BiB Hhellbark Big Tree ^ • INDEX TO CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 223 Page. Bigelovia acuminata 112 Signonia Catalpa 115 Bignonia lineariB 116 Bigkoxiace;e IIS.IIO Jiilstwl 86 Birch, Mack (Bottila Icnta) 162 Bircli, Black (Betulaoccidentalis) 160 Birch, Uanoo 160 nhxh, Cheriy 162 Birch, Gray (Betiila alba, var. popnlifoUa) 159 Birch, Gray (Betula latca) 161 Birch, Mahogauy 162 Birch, Olilfieia 159 Birch, Taper 160 Birch, Red 161 Birch, River 161 Birch, Sweet 162 Birch, West Indian 33 Birch, White (Betiila alba, rar. populifoUa) 159 Birch, White (Botnia papyrifera) 100 Birch, Yellow t 161 Bishop's I'ino 200 Bitter Nut 135 Bitter Pecan 138 Black Aider (Alnua incana) 105 Black Alder (Alnus scrnilata) 164 Black Ash Ill Black Birch (Betnla lenta) 162 Black Birch (Betnla ocoidentalis) 160 Black Calabash Tree 116 Black Cherry, Wild 68 Black Cottonwiiod (Populus angustifolia) 174 Black Cottonwood (Popnlus trichocarpa) 174 Black Cypress 184 Black Gum 92 Black Haw 94 Black Ilickory (Carya porcina) 134 Black Hickory (Carya tomontosa) 134 Black Ironwood 39 Black Jack (Quercus Catesbtei) 151 Black .Tack (Quercus nigr,-v) 150 Black .lack, Forked-leaf 151 Black Larch 215 Black Locu-st (Gleditschia triacanthoa) 59 lilack Locust (Kobinia Paendacacia) 55 Black Mangrove 117 Black Oak (Qucrcns Emoryi) 146 Black Oak (Quercus Kelloggii) 149 lilack Oak (Quercus rubra) 148 Black Oak (Quercus tinctoria) 149 Black Persimmon 105 Black Pine (Pinus Jeffreyi) 193 Black Pine (Pinus Murrayana) 195 Black Sloo 67 Black Spruce 203 Black Sugar Maplo 49 Black Thorn 79 Black Tree 117 r.huk Walnut m Black Willow (Salix iiavoscens, var, Sconleriaua) 170 Black Willow (Salix nigra) 1C6 Blackwood 11_ Bl"("V»h .'.'.'"". in Blue Beech 159 BhwJack l,r,3 Blue Myrtle 41 Blue Oak 143 Blue Spruce 205 Bl uewood ..: 4Q Bois d'Aro j28 BoilUAnlNACIt^ 113,114 Bnrya acuminata . 112 liorifa lifiuftrina 112 Jlori/a nilida H2 Bottom Shell-bark 133 Ptgf. BouiToria Havancnsis 114 Bounerin IlftvancDBis, var. radala m Bourreria ocata 114 Bonrreria radula 114 Bourreria recurva u^ Bourreria tomentosa 114 Bourreria tomentoia, var. Bavanmii* 114 Box Elder (Xegiiudo accroides) 51 Box Elder (Ncgnndo Califamicnm) 51 Boxwood (Cornns florida) ji Boxwood (Sclia-fieria fruteacens) 39 Brahca dulcia 1 217 Brahea ftlamen toaa 217 Brickley Thatch 218 Brittle Th.atch 2I8 Broad-leaved Maple 47 Brousmnetia gecundifiora 57 Brofuagonetia tinctoria 128 Brown Hickory 134 Bucida Bucerag g7 Buckeye, Califomia 44 Buckeye, Fetid 42 Buckeye, Ohio 42 Buckeye, Spanish 44 Buckeye, Sweet 43 Buckthorn, Southern 103 Buckwheat Tree 38 BnUB.ay 19 Bull Nut 134 Bull Pine (Pinus Jeffreyi) 193 Bull Pine (Pinus niitis) 200 Bull Pine (Pinus ponderosa) 193 Bull Pine (Pinus Sabiniana) 195 Bumelia anjjugti/olia 103 Bumelia arborea 103 Buinclia ckrynophylhidcs 101 Bumelia cnneata 103 Bumelia ferrufjinea 102 Bumelia /cetidigsima 101 Bnmelia lanuginosa 102 Bumelia lanuginosa, var. maeroearpa : 102 Bnmelia lycioides 102 Bumelia Ivcioides, var. reclinatnm 103 Binnelia viacrocarpa 102 Buinelia Magtichodendron 101 Bumelia inyrsini/olia 103 f Bumelia ohlontjt/olia 102 Bumelia pallida - 101 Bumelia paroifolia 103 Bumelia reclinata (Bumelia cuneata) 103 Bumelia reclinata (Bnmelia lycioides) 103 tSumelia reclinata (Bnmelia tvnax) 101 Bumelia gal^c^fotia 101 /Bumelia eerrala 69 Bumelia spinosa 102 Bnmelia tenax 101 Bumelia tomentosa 102 Bumwood ^ Bnroiug Bash 3S Burr Oak K* Bursera acuminata 32 Bursera gummifera *2 Bl.'l!SGR.^CB.G S3, S3 Buatio ~ 101 Butternut '** Buttonbnl Tr.-e '. 129 Butlonwood (Conoearpus erecta) ^' Buttonwood (Platanna occidentalis) '29 Buttonwood (Platanus raceniosa) '29 Butlonwood, White ^^ Byrsonimn lueida ^ O. Cabalteria coriacta ** Cabbage Palmetto 217 Cabbage Tree ^'^ 224 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Cactacbs 89. W Cactiu, Glut SO Cieipnc IM C»Ub«hTree, BUck 116 Cmlicn Bosh 98 CaUcoTood 10« CaliforBis Bay TtM 120 Califurnia BackeT« 44 ralif-rai. HoUr S4 • ■ .1 120 <■; 168 1 120 OiL:~Jtyrsu4 diU/omiea 43 Caljt-ptnnthM Chjtncolu SS CuuuU Plum 65 CaodUalba 24 CamtUa laxri/olia 24 CemtUa Winlemnu 24 CAXT-lXiCtS 24 CasocBirrb ICO Canoe Cedai 177 CaA*>tia faolocantha 33 f >■ 24 .1 24 •uHophara 24 ' 'lala 24 ."ntis 24 : .,, .Jl 24 CappariM Itniiata 24 Offpj**"'* *f«W«a?a 24 t 93.94 .1 41 - 175 Cafffkhut Americana — 158 Oarpiniu Jiftuluji %'ir'jiniana IjS CurpibDA CaruliDiaaa loS Carpii.ut Ottiya liW Carpintu Ottrya, rot. Americana 138 Carpinu4 tri/ora 158 Ca<7>i>iu< Viryiniana 158 Ciry».-41» 132 CoTfa ^ba (CaiT-a tomenton) 134 CarrmunArA 135 Caryi amara. rv. myristUaformxM 135 Car\ia amara, rar. pordina 134 Cjn/a inyvKtyf^a 132 Carta aqoatica 135 Oaryd cathmrtita 130 Gtrya eordi/ormU 133 Carym ffiabra 134 /Vrvi /mV-H-tw 132 :>* 135 .« 133 .* fonnia - 135 «tpiitifc(-rmia 132 Cirya purclss 134 ' ' • 133 a 132 133 1 T^.mariwta 134 ijfico 18« ■ L^—./clia 180 CaaurU 101 fi— Tn „ 30 •..alMI A 3« 1 30 . 38 150 1S7 - ISO r^yOo, Tar. niiwr ISO 150 IM ■ irmt ]M I'aalaiw pnmUa) IM Page. Cattama rttea (Castanea Tslgaria, rar. Americana) 157 Cattatua renss, vmr. Atmtricana 15J Castaora vul^ns, r«r. Americana 1S7 CasianopsU cbrv soplivlla 150 Castanoptu chn/tophytia, var. minor 156 Qutanopsis ehtysopht/Ua, vat.pumila 150 Catalpa H5 Catalpa bi$:nomoida« 115 Catalpa Ingnonioidet (Catalpa speoioaa) 115 Catalpa eommunis 115 Catalpa eordtfotia (Catalpa bignonioidea) 115 Catalpa eordi/olia (Catalpa speciosa) 115 Catalpa fipt-cios-l 115 Catalpa tyrinffo^olia 115 CaUlpa. Wcateni 115 Catawba 115 Cat's Claw (Acacia Greggii) la CafeCInw (Acacia Wrightii) 03 Cat 'a Claw (Pithecolobium Unguis-eati) 04 Ceancthuj /errevt ^^9 C*anothut larigatxu 3t) Ctanofhut redinatru 41 Ceanoihua tbyreiflonia Jl Cedjr. Bastard 170 Ccdsr. Canoe 17T Cedar Elm 122 Cellar. IncenM 176 Cedar, Ore;:on 170 Cedar Pino 201 Cedar, Port Orford 1^9 Cedar.Post 17(1 Cedar, Rtnl (Junipema Vir^niana) 1»*2 Cellar. Red (Thuya gigantea) 177 Cedar. Slinking (Toir»ya Califomica) 180 Cedar. StinV.ins (Torreya taxifolia) IfcO Cedar, White (Chamiccyparis Lawsouiana) 179 Cedar, Wbitc 'Chama'CTparis sphieruidea) 17S Cedar, While (Libocedms decurrena) KC Cedar. White (Thnja occidentolie) 1 8 Ctdnu Mahoger.i <3 CsuiBTKACtE 38, ;: < Ctltualba l--' CtUii Avdiberliana 120 C^li* AudiberliMna.xaT. obUmgala 120 CtlUt A udibertiana, rar orota 1 -•' Celtit Jlertandieri 120 CMtlbrevipe* 120 CeUucam'na 125 Ctltit cordata 125 Orltit cTO'tifMa 12 ■ Cellit era*t\folia. Tar. ttiealypti/olia — 125 Celiit era$i\folia,v%T.mori/olia 125 Celtii eratti/olit. Tar. lUittfolia 125 CfUii Douglatii 126 CfUit Floridiana 125 Celtii fatcata 125 Celtii Itetrrophj/Ua 125 Cellii in Irgrifilia 125 CeUi4 Urvigata 125 Cel'ii Lindheimen 126 Cellii toniji/olia 125 CeUie maritiwa (iu Am. Hontbl; Mag. and Crit Bot.) 125 Celtii marilima (in New Fl and Bol.) 12^ Cel'ii itttiiiiippieniil l*^ CeUU mnrifalia 125 CeltUoblufua 125 Crliii.i..rry Birch , Clicrry. Indian Cherry, May Cherry, Pigeon Cherry, Pin Cherry, Riini Cherry. Wild (PninnaCapnll) Cherry. "Wild (Prunus demiaao) Cherry, Wild Black Cherry. Wild Red Chestnut Chestnut Oak {Quercus donsiflora) Clu'Miuit Oak (Quereua prlnoidea) Chestnut Oak {Quercua Piimie) Cheat nu t Oak . Koek Chickasaw Phnu ChUoptis (jhttinosa 15 FOlt 125 ![ ChUopris linearis ]16 123 ji Chiluphis snligna 1)6 125 Chimanthus aiuyjdalinua 09 125 ij Chiiia,Wild 44 i:;6 ! Cliinquiipin (Caatanea pamiln) 25€ 125 |i Cbiii(|uapin (Caatanopsia cbrysopbylU) 1S< 125 Chiu*iuapiu Oak I4S 326 Chionanihus ang^tstifolia lU G5 C/tionanthus hfterophyUa 112 60 ChionanViUK longifoUa 112 GS Chionanthus maritima 1I2 68 ChimianVius montana 112 60 Ch iotianth u« t rifida U2 GO Chitiuauthua Virsiuiea 112 69 Chionanthus Virtfinica, var. aufffitti/olia 112 67 Chionanthus Virginiea, var. lali/olia 112 07 I Chionanthus Virginiea, var. maritima^ 112 ChionanthvM Virffinica, var. montana 112 ChittamwoiHl 52 Chloramelcs sempervirens 72 Chry sobalanus Icaco M 65 ! Chrysobalanus leaeo, var. pellocarpa CS 60 I Chrysobalanus peJloearjja 85 06 Chri/nophyUum Barbaseo 100 6D ]\ Chrysophyllum Caneto, fi ]00 G8 I Chryttophyllum /errugineum ICO 70 ChrysophyUum microphyllum 100 67 1 1 Chrysophyllu m monopyrenum 100 68 , Chr,\8ophyllum oliviforme 100 60 !, Ci;?arTreo 115 CI ;! Cinchona Caribtea 95 61 !! Cinchona CaroUniana 95 61 li Cineho7ia Jamaicensis 95 61 I ' Ciuyamon Bai t 24 61 i Ciunnnion. Wild ^4 61 j! Citharexylum villosnm IIC 71 1! Cladrastie lutea 57 71 ji Clndrastis linctoria 57 71 !i Clammy lA>cu8t 56 71 Ij CliiTElm 123 Cliftonia lignstrina 38 CInsirttlava 23 Clusia rosea 25 Coast hive Oak 147 Cdccololirt Floridana 117 Coccoloba Letganensis 118 Coccoloba parvifoUa 117 Coccoloba uvifera 118 Coccoloba uvifera, var. La><^neDSis IIS Coccoloba nvifera. var. ovalifoUa US Coekapnr Thorn 76 Cocoa Plum 65 ColTceNut 58 Coffeo Ti-ce. Kentucky 58 Colubriua recliiiata 41 COMWUETACK^ 87 Condnlia forrea 99 Coudalia obovnta 40 Cosir KK.K 176-216 Conocarpus aetitifolia 87 Conocarpus orccta 87 Conoearpus crscta, var. protumbfns 87 Com*e.ir]tu* procumbrnus alternifolia JN> 2'J6 FOEEST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Coraoa doridjk Comut jlorida (Coniiu }< attallli) Coroos Kattallii Ccryplka Falmttto ■ Ckxinut Amerieaniu ColiMut cofftygria CottoD Gom Cottonwood (Popalus Fremontii) CottoDWood (Popolas Fremontii. rar. WisUnnl) CotloQVood (Popoliu monilifera) Cottonwood, Balsjun Cottonwood. Big Cottonwood. BUck (Popnlua anj^stifolia) Cottonwooil. BUck (Popalns trichocarpa) Cottonwood, Biver Cottonwood, Swamp Cottonwood, White Cow Oak Cnib. American Crab Apple. American Crab Apple, Oregon Crab Apple, Sontbem Crab, Swet-t-acented Crmbwood Crategns a^atiTalis Ciaticgns apiifolia Crattegns arborescena Cralayuj artniti/oUa CratffgQfl berberifolia Cratirffut Bo$ciana Cralagas bracbyacantba Crattrgua CaroHmana Cratn^gus coccinea Crattrgus eoceinea (CratjBgna tomentoea) Cratagu* coccinea , rar. eordata CrataguM coccinea, rar. moUit Cratiegns coccinea tar. oligandra Crat^gna coccinea, rar. popolifolia CraictguM coccinea, xar.typica Crata»gTi» coccinea, rar viridia t Cralagut coccinea, rar. ciridit (CtattDgns tomcntoaa) Cratjrgna cordata Cratagus coronaria Cratagva Courtetiana Cratjegna CroA-galU Cratagut OruM-gaUi (Cratiegns coccinea) OrataguM Onu-gaUi (Crat«egDS tomentoaa, rar. ponctata) Ctatjcgai Crtu-galli, rar. llncaria Cratjpgna Cma-galli. rar. ovalifolia CratiFgna Cnu galli, rar. pmnifolia Cratvgna Crua-galli. rar. py racantbifolia Cralirjpu CrutgaUi, var. pi/racanthi/olia (Craltegna arboresccna) . CraUrrnu CnugaUi, var. iatic\folia C'rat/ryu4 Cnu-gaUi, var. §pU7uUnt Cratagu* euneifc^ia CratiFgna DoaglaaU CralirguM tUipHea (CtatS'gna leatlvalia) Cratrripn eOipliea (Craliegiu flsva, tar. pnbeacona) Crats-r;ii 1\-t:\ I . • il.ira, rar. pabcacona) ' 'nmcntona) r.- - tomentoaa, rar. ponctata) CraUrffue jiara, var. iobattx Crata^ena llava. rar. pubeiic«ns ' 'I (Cmtjrgna coccinea) ("M (Crala-Kua Donglaaii) * *a (Crata-giui flava) ' "1 (Cratjr-giM flava. rar. piibeacvna) '_ : I *i,vsiT.macracantha CrattrguM fflandulo»n, vnr. ro(und\folia Crattntnu latifolia (Craticgna tomentoaa) f" ''"" rCratiPgna tomentoaa, rar. pnnctata) hitut ^»e.f- Page. 90 Cratttfntt linearit 77 Dl Crattnjiu lobala (Cr«ta>gua dava) 82 91 Cratir.;u< loliii(a (CratwgtiB tomentoaa) 79 217 CradejTtw (ticida (Cratngns astivalia) 82 52 , CrafirpiK lucitla (Cratffigus CruS'galli) 70 52 i Oafp«ii/<)lia (Cratirgus cordnta) 80 141 I Cratetgu$ pmnellifolia 76 72 j; Crattrgut pruni/olia 77 72 I Cratefgut punctata 80 Crattvgue punctatti, var. brcvispina 75 Crattrgut punctata, var. rubra and ourea 80 Cra(«!7««j)uni:(a(a, var. aran/Aocarpo 80 Crattrgut pyri/olia 79 Crattrgut racemota 84 Crata'gaa riviilaria 74 Crattrgut rivutaris (Cmta?guB Donglaaii) 75 Cra ttrgut ta hci/olia 78 Crattrgut tanguinea 75 Crattrgut tanguinea, var. Douglatii (Crataegus Doiiglaaii) 75 Craiaegu* tanguinea, vnr. Dougltuii (Crattcgus rivnlaria) 74 Cratcrgut sanguinea.vaT.viUota 78 Cratjpgua apatliulata 81 Crattrgut tpathulata (Craticgna flava, var. pubeecens) 83 Crnttrgut tpieata 8S Crat.Tgua aubvilloea 78 Crattrgut Texana 78 CratiCgDS tomentoaa 79 Crattrgut tomentota (Amelancbier Canadenfiia) 84 Crattrgut tomentota, var. moUit 78 Crattrgut tomentota, var. plicata 80 Crataegus tomentoaa, twr. punctata 80 Crattrgut tomentota, var. pj/r\folia 79 Orattrgtit turbinata 82 Crattrgut Tirginiea 83 Crattrgut viridit (Cratiegua coccinea) 78 Crattrgut viridit (Crattegna flava, rar. pubescens) 83 Crattrgut TTaf^oniana 78 Crcacentia cncnrbitina 116 Cretcentia lati/olia 116 Creieentia lelhi/era 110 Cretcentia obovata 110 Cretcentia ovata 110 Cretcentia tozicaria 110 Cacambur Tree (Magnolia acuminata) 20 Cucumber Trio (Magnolia cordata) 21 Cucumber Tree, Largeloaved 21 Cucumber Tree, Long-leaved • 22 Cupretpinnata dittieha 183 Ouprctvut Americana 178 Cuprctsut A rbor-vitte 170 Cuprctmit Arizonica 180 f Cuprcttut attcnuatti 178 } Cuprettut Cali/omica 170 Cttprcttitt Cali/omiea gracilit (Cupreaaua Goveuiana) 1 79 Cuprettut Cali/omiea gracilit (Cnpreaaua Macnnblann) 180 / Cuprettut eomuta 1 '9 Cuprettut dittieha 11^3 Cuprettut dittieha, var. imttriearia 183 Cuprettut ditticjia, var. nutant 183 Cuprettut dittieha, vor. patenf 183 Cuprettut fragrant 1 78 C:'prrttHt glantlulota l"*" ''iipiekaiiaUnvrnlana 179 Cnpreaaua Guadaluponall 1*^' INDEX TO CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 227 POEO. 17fl 137-159 23 184 170 37,38 39 Cuprc8iiun Harticegii f Oxipressug Uartwcjii, var. fwtiffiata CttpressHS Lambertiana CupreatttJt Lawsnninna .'... Cupreasiia Macimbinna CnpreasnH miHTocarpa Cvprenmt macroearpa 1 (Cnprcssus Gnadalupensls) '. Cuprestui macrocarpa, \ar. fattigiala Ci(proms Xoutkalcneig Cupresmm Xutkaensis VuprcMsm thyoidce C ur U LI FE ll.E Cii8»anl Apple C.vprcss, Kakl Cypresfl, IJlack Cypl■e^e, Decithions Cypress, Lan-son'a Cypress, SInntcrcy Cyprpsa, Kcd jc. Cvprcas, Sitka j-o Cypress, Wbito .g. Cypress, Tello\r ..„ CvniM.ACE.E Ci/rilla Caroliniana Cj/rilln /utcnla i^ritla jfanietUata Cyrilla pani/olia Cyrilla poh/slachia Cyrilm r2ieiuifloia Cyrilla raccmosa ». P.-ihoon 1 )nlioou lEolly l>;ilea spinosa Darling Plum i"!!^."" Datiscn hirta Peciduoua Cj press ,q, Permatuphyllvm speeiosum 5- Diwrt Willow " jjg Devilwooil , j_ Diamond Willow ^-„ DisgcrPine jgj '""^■■^"■' 103 Iho^yros angutti/olia jq, Diospyros caiycina ,„ , Diotpyros cUiata .j, Dioipyros roncotor ..^ Divspyna (luaiacana ,„, Diospyros intermedia ,U . Diospyns lucida , _ , THotpyrns Pertimon ,„, _^. 104 Viotpyrus pulcscent , g, Diospyros Texniia, 105 Diospyros Virginiana jd, Diotpyros Virginiana, var. concolor jq^ liiosityroa Virginiana, var. macroearpa 1q4 I'i'tgpyrua Virginiana, var. microcarpa I04 I'ioKpyroe Virginiana, ym: pubeteent 104 Dipluilis snlicifolia ... Doctorfiniii Doj;wooil l>o,!,'woobfiu /rrm^iw*. xmt. CardimanA J 57 Ftgiu pmtmila IW Faff€» puwtUm, rmr. jMnte^x 156 Afitf «|rf9«oasU« 209 Fir, RmI (Abie* magDiflcA) 214 Fir.Eed (Abies nobilie) 2U Fir.R«d (PsendoUnga DoagUflU) 209 Fir, White ( Abies concolor) 213 Fir, A\*hil*; jularis Frax:nuR r|iiadr.iugulata Fraxinus quadrangulata, var. nerroxa Fraxinus liicUarJi Fraxinus niTjirnuda Fraxinus nifa FrHxinuH sambucifulia Fraxiitus sambuci/olia, vat. cnapa Fraxinus Schiedeana, var. parp^folia Fraxinus stihfiUosa Fraxinus tctragona Fraxinus tumentosa Fraxinus trialaia Fraxinus iriptera Fraxinus relutina Fraxinus viridis Fnixinns viridis. var. BerlandierlaoA Frfuioutia CuHrornlca FrtffoHto FrinyeTnt- G. Gardenia clusitf/olia Gclgcr Trc*' GfuliHk ilusiaifoUa Geor;:ia Hark : G»or;;iu Pino GIsnt Cartnn Gigantabies tnxi/olia (iiganlabies WfUingtimia Ginger Piue GUmbvrry Glanruun Willow GUditsehia aquatiea GUditschia brachyearpa Glrdi^hthia Carotinensit Glrditsrhia elegans Pago INDEX TO CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 229 Page. Gira 105 Hali'siaparviflorn 106 Balesia reticulata. 105 llalesia tah(H>n, rar myrtifolia 36 Hex deoidua 37 Hex Horidana 36 Jin lauri/olia 35 Jtfx ItuiJI'^ra 35 IlfT lujuttrifoUa 36 Ilex ligustrina (Hex Casaise) 36 Jlfx liguttrina {XXtx Daboon, var. angnstifoUa) 36 TU-x myrt{/olia 36 HfX oitaca 34 JUx prinaidet 3i JUx qverC'/fAia 35 }Ux rtUgiota 36 Jlex ro0fmarifolia 36 • Jlex roit\Hor\a 36 ; Jlex Waitifniann 36 li.iriNE.K 34 Illinois Xut 132 Incense Cedar 1"6 Indian Bean 115 Indian Cherrj- 40 India nibbt- r Tree 12" Jnga for/ex 64 Jnga Ouadalupennt W Jnga mterophyUa 64 Jnga rotea 04 Jnga Unguii-eati 64 Ink wood 45 Joxylon pomiferum 128 Iron oak 139 Ironwo*>d (Bumclia lycioidea) 103 IrDnwo«>d (Carpinus Caroliniana) 159 Iron wood (Cliftonialignatrina) 38 Imnwood (Cyrilln rareroiflora) 37 Iron wood (H^-pelate panicnlata) 45 Iron wood (Olneya Teaota) 56 Imnw«iod (Ostrya VlrglnJca) 158 Ironwoo«l, BUck 39 Ironwood, Red. 39 IroDwood. Wblte 45 laUy 70 Jtea CyriOa 37 Ivy 98 Jack. Black (Qocrcoa CatcsbasI) 151 Jsek. Black (Qaerciu nigra) 150 Jack, Bloe 153 Jack. Forked leaTed Black IM Jeck^Jak 160 Jack. Sand 153 Jacqulnia armllUrla 100 Jamaica Dogwood 57 Jemey Pine 109 Joewood .*. 100 Joahua. The 210 Jonhua Trw 210 Jodaa Tr*" 01 JUOtAXDACKA. 180-136 Juglansaiha (Carya alba) 133 Juglans atba (Carya tomenloaa) 133 Jw^ns aiba acuminata 134 Juglarn alba minima. 135 Jugtatu alba orata J32 Juglaru amara 1.15 Juglan* angvMii/nlia (Carya amara) 135 Papp. Juglam angxntifolia (Carya olivjBfonuie) 132 Juglant aquatica 135 Jitglan* Cali/omica 131 Juglant cathartica 130 JuglnnB cinerca 130 Juglatu eompre*ta 132 Juglans cordi/onnis 135 Juglaiis eiflitidrica 132 tJuglans rxaltata 132 Juglant glabra 134 Juglam Illinoinensis 132 Juglant lacinxosa 183 Juglans vixicronata 133 Juglant myrittiea^ormis 135 Juglana nigra 131 Juglant nigra oblonga 131 Juglant ohcordata 134 Juglant oblonga 130 Juglant oblonga alba 130 Juglant olircpformit 132 Juglant oualis 132 Juglant ovata 132 Juglant Pecan 132 Juglant porcijia 134 Juglant porcitta, var. obcordata. 134 Juglant porcina, vaT.piti/ormte 134 Juglant pgri/ormit 134 Juglant rubra 132 Juliana mpeatria 131 Juijlant rupcKtrit, var. major 131 Juglant tquamosa 132 Juglann sulcata 133 Juglans tomentosa 134 Jiinc'bon-y M Juniper (tTunipctusCalifoniica) li?0 Juniper (luniporua Califomica, var. UtabensU) 181 Juniper (Juniperua occideutalis) 1*12 Juuipor (Juuiperufl occidentalia, rar. conjngona) 182 Juniper (-Timipcrus occidentalia, ror. monosperma) 182 Juniper (Juniporua pachypbloia) '81 Juniperut Andina -SI Juniperut arborescent 182 f Juniperut aromatica 179 Juniperut Barbadentit 182 Juniperua Califomica 180 Juniperut Califomica, var. oateotperma 180 JuniptTua Califomica, cor. Utabenais 180 Juniperut Caroliniana -* 182 Juniperut Cerrotianut 180 Juniperus excelsa 181 Ju nipcrut fcetida, var. Virginiana 1*2 Juniperus Uermanni (Jnniperua occidentalia) 181 Juniperut JJermanni (Junlpenia Virginiana) 182 JuniprruH orcidentalia 181 Juniperut occidentalit (Juniporua Califomica) 180 Juniperut occidentalit (Juniperua Califomica, var. Utabenala) 180 Jmilpoma occidentalia, rar. conjngens 1*^2 Junipema occitbmtalia. var. inouoapemia 181 Junipervt occidentalit. var.pleiotperma 1**1 Juniperut occidentalit, var. Vtabentit "180 Junlpenin pacb^idibra 181 Juniperttt plochj/drrina 181 Juniperut pyrif ot , 46 Maple. Hani 48 M aple, ^t ountAin 46 232 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. lUpl«. K«l 50 lUple. Rock 48 Maple. SilTcr « Uaple. Soft (Acer dMycarpmn) 49 Maple. Soft (Acer rabmm) 50 Maple. Striped 46 Maple, Supar 48 Maple. Svanp 50 Maple, Vine 47 Maple. Water 50 Maple. Wbit« 49 Mariberry 100 Maatic 101 Maul Oak 146 May Cherry 84 May Haw g2 Mc«dow Pioe 202 Ukuace^ 33,34 MWtcncco panicutata 45 Mfiitt'bvt httrrophjflla 59 MespUui aeeri/olia : 80 Metpiltu eatiralU 82 MftpiiuM apiifolia 81 MrrpUua arborea 84 MespUus arbvti/olia '. 83 Ktgpilu* AzarcltiS 81 HetpHuM berbtri/olia 82 MtspU^* Bo$eiana 77 Mf»pHus Calpodendron 70 Mrapilus Canadensis 84 Me»p\lus Canadmsit, var. cordata 84 Mf*pilu* Canaderuit, var. oboralU 85 MetpiluM Coroliniana 82 MerpiluM coeeinsa 77 Metpilua oordala 80 ^erpUus effmi/olia 80 MespHtu CrrtM'QaUi 76 MrtpUuj Crut galii, var. pyraeanth\foUa 76 Me*pHtu CrustfaUi. var. aalieifoVa 76 Mrtpilu* cunei/oUa (CmUtgns Croa pdU) 76 Itapilus eunri/oUa (Cratie^na tomeotoea var. pnnctaU) 80 / Mfrtpilut eunti/ormis 76 Jfftpitus fttiptiea (CratsDgQB Cros gall!) 76 MetpUuM eUiptiea (Cratffgaa flava, var. pabesccns) _ 83 jr«»/a/u4 /tabflitUa 77 Mt9p%luM Jlata 82 Metpilut JUxUpina 82 Mcspiltis fflnndulosa 77 Mfpilut hiemaliM g3 Mc*piluM latifolui 79 MespiluM linearis 77 MeapUuM lobata 79 M*»pilua lueida 76 Mespilvs lueida, var. angust\/oUa 77 Mesptlvt Hichauxii 83 MespHut monoffyna, rar. apHfoUa 81 MespQiu nirea 84 ife«pi/u4 odoraia 70 J/wpiZui orali/oUa 70 Xf«spilus Phamcpyrum 80 MespUut popuU/olia 78 MetpxluM pruinoMa 79 MetpUuB prii neUifolia 70 Iffspiius pnni/fAia i 77 JdtspduM ptib^aceriM 77 Mrspiltu punetnta 80 MespUuM pyri/olia (Cratagna tomentoaa) 70 MespiluM pyri/olia (Cratejnia toroeDtona, rar, poncUta) 80 JfapiluM rotu ndi/olia (Cratscf^s coccioca) 77 Mftpitus rotundi/olia (Cratttgaa Crua-gallJ, var. pmnlfollft) 77 Metpilus aaiiei/i,lia 75 Mespiius tpathulata 81 Jlejrpiltu tili^r/oUa 78 MespUtu lurbinata 82 MespUuM viridia 78 ^*spHu4 TTolaanuina tMetpilut Wendlandii McsqntC Mesquit, Scrow-pod Ifetopium Linruti Moxicnn BaDADa Moxi&in Mulberry Mcxicnu PcrsimmoD lliehauria $e$tHit J/i>;)o«a biceps 21imnta /rondosa ilimf^a glauea Mimosa Guadalupensia Mimosa latisiliqua Mimoxa teueocephala Mimosa rosea Mimom rnguit-eati Mimutojis disiecta Minuisopa Sieberi Mocker "Sat Mock Orange MoDtorey Cypress Monterey Pine MooHC Elm Mooeewood Morus Canadensit (Lamarck and Raflnceqne) ... Moms microphylla , Mortal Missou rienttis Morus parfi/olia (Moms micropbyUa) Morus parvi/olia (Moma rubra) Morvs reticulata Morusriparia Moms rubra Morvs rubra, var. Canadensis Moras rubra, var. xneisa Morus rulfa, var. ttymentosa Morusscahra Morus tomentosa Mo8sy-cup Oak Mountain Aah (Pyrus Americana) Mountain Ash (Pyma aambncifolia) Mountain Ivaurcl Mountain Magnolia Mountain Mahogany (Cercocarpns ledlfoliua) . . . Mountain ilabngany (Cercocar|>uB parvifoUus) . Mountain Moncbinool Mountain Maple Mountain Plum Mountain "WTiite Oak Mulbtrry, Mexican Miilborn,-, Ked Mygindapallcna Mi/locarj/um liyustrinum Myrica Califomica Myrica Carolinensia M\Tica ccrifcra Myrica ceri/era humilis Myrica ccri/era sempcrvircTis Myrica eeri/era.vaT.anffusti/olia Myrica ccri/era, var. arborescens Myrica ccri/era, vat. laii/olia Myrica ceri/era, var. media Myrica ceri/era, vor. pumila Myrica Pennsylvaniea f Myrica Xalapensis MviurACB^, M YIWIX ACR^. Myrrine /lorihunda Myrrine Floridana Myriiiuti Rapanca MvilTACEiE MyrtJ.-. lUuo Myrtlr. Wax MyrtuM axQlaris MyrUu buati/oUa Page. INDEX TO CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 233 Page. llyrtun Chylraculia lilyrlue dichotoma Myrtxig VI oiiticola ilyrtua Poireti ifyrtus procera IV. Nakuil Wood (Culubrina reclinata) Nrikcd Wood (Eugenia dichotoma) Naauybony Necklace Poplar Xcctandra Bredcweieriana Ncctandra "Willdenoviana Negundium fraxini/olium Negiindo accroidos Negundo aceroides (Negnndo Califomioam) .. Neguudo Californicura Negundo Cali/omicum (Negundo aceroides) Kegundo fraxinifoUuvi Negundo lobaium 3 Negundo Mexicanum Negundo tri/oliatum Newcastle Thorn Norway Pine Nut, Bitter Nut, Bull Nut, Coffee Nut. Illinois Nut, King Nut, Mocker Nut, Pig Nut Piuo (Finns cembroides) Nut Pine (Pinna edulia) Nut I'ine (Pinns Dionophylla) Nut Piuo (Pinus Parryana) Nut, Tallow Nu tmog, California Nut uii'g, II ickory NYCTAfilNACE.*: Nyesa aqualiea (Nyssa sylvatica) Nyisa aqtiatica (Nyssa uniflora) Kyssa angulisans Nygaa anguloaa Xyssa bijlora Nyssa Canadctisis Nysm candicans Nyasa capitata Nyssa capUata, vnr. grandidcntata Nyssa Caroliniana Nyssa cocci nca Nyssa dcntictdata Nyssa grandidentata Nyssa inkgri/oUa Nyssa muntana Nyssa multijlora Nyssa mnWfiora, var. sylvatica Nyssa Ogecha Nyssa palustris Nyssa s\lvatioa Nyssa tovicntosa (Nyasa capitata) Nyssa tomcJitosa (Nysaa unidora) Ny8.sa unitlora Nyssa villosa O. Oak, lliutraurs Oak, Basket Oak, lilick (Qaercns Emoryi) Oak, Black (Qucrcus KelloggU) Oak, Black (Quorous rubra) Oak, Black (Quercus tiuctorla) . . .' Oak, Blue Oak, Burr Oak, Chestnut (Qnercus densidora) Oak, Chestnut (Quercua piiuoides) Tmgt. 1«» I3» IS* 14» ]«» la^ Oak, Clicstnot (Qucrcus Prinns) Oak, Chinquapin , Oak, Coast Live Oak, Cow Oak, Duck Oak, Iron Oak, Jack Oak, Laurel (Qnercng imbricaria) Oak, Laurel (Qnercus laurirdia) Oak, Lire (Qucrcus chrysolepis) Oak, Live (Quercus virens) Oak, Live (Qnercus Wislizeni) Oak, Maul Oak, Moasy-cup Oak, Mountain White Oak, Overcup (Qucrcus lyrata) Oak, Over-cup (Quercus niacrocarpa) Oak, Poach (Quercns deusiflora) Oak, Peach (Quercus Phellos) Oak, Pin Oak, Possum Oak, Post Oak. Puuk Oak, Quercitron Oak, Ked (Quercus faleata) Oak, Ked (Quercus rubra) Oak, Ked (Quercus rubra, rar. Texana) Oak, Rock Chestnut Oak, Scarlet Oak, Scrub (Quercns Catesbsei) Oak, Scrub (Quercus undulata, var. Gambelii) Oak, Shingle Oak, Spanish Oak, Swamp Post Oak, Swamp Spanish O.ik, Swaiup White Oak, Tanbark Oak, Turkey Oak, Upland Willow _ Oak, Valparaiso Oak, Water (Quercns aquatica) Oak. Water IQuercus palustris) Oak, Water White Oak, Weeping Oak, White (Quercua alba) Oak. White (Quercus Garryana) Oak. White (Quercns grisoa) Oak, White (Quercus lobata) Oak, White (Quercns oblongifoUa) Oak. Willow Oak. Yellow (Quercus prinoides) Oak, Yellow (Quercus tinctorial Oak, Yellowbark Obispo Pine (Enocarptis regia Ogeechee Lime Ohio Buckeye OLACI.VE.E Old-tlehl Birch Old-aeldPine 19T Old Man's Beard US dea Atncricana nj OleaciuE 106-U» Olive, California IW OIneyaTesota ** Orange, Mock "* Orange, Osage »i8 Orange, Wild (Prunus Caroliniana) JO Orange, Wild (Xanthoxylum Clava-Hcrculis) 3*- Orckidocarpiim arittinum 2S Ori'gon Ash -■ m Oregon Cedar 1^ Oregon Crab Apple ^ Oregon Pino -■* Orecdaphnt Cttl\/om\ea 12* 140- )5»- l>34 FOREST TKEES OF NORTH AMERICA. Pase. OnedaiaoleTactal -'8 OT«odoxA rrjn» "*® Oxagt- Orange '-* Uamuiikuii Amrricasiu '|' Ottryd Virjiiiiana JM l>sliyt VireiDic* '^ Ottiya Virginita, rmr. f^iuluiou 1*8 Orfrya Vir^'nifo, var. glandt»la$a 1^ Over-tnp Oak (Qacrcns Iytat») HO Orer-u eatfiUginta '''' Padu* demitm ^ Padu4 ttrolina ** Tadia Viryiniana - ** Palm. Fanlraf 217 Palm. Koyal 218 Palma argenUa 218 Pauiackje 217,218 Palmetto. Cabbage 217 Patmi-tto. Silk'top 217 Palmetto. Silver-top 218 Pulu Blanco 120 PJo Vetde 60 Pjpaw 23 Paper Birch lOO Paradise Tree 32 Parkiuflonia acnleata CO ParkiDAuDia microphylla 60 Parkinaonia Torreyana 00 Paroley Haw St 7'ajonio dentijlora 155 J'avin Cali/umiea *13 f raria earnea 42 Pacia dUtdor 43 Pariafiara 43 Paria glabra 42 Paria hytrrida 43 J-orio luUa 43 J'ono ntgUrla 43 Paria pallida 42 f Paria Watsoniana 42 Peai'h Oak iQnercaa deaaiflora) 155 PiacbOak (Qacrcun Phelloa) 154 Pearb. Wild 70 Pear Haw 79 PccJD 132 Pecan. Bitter , 130 l*i'PI>eridge 92 Pepperwood 30 Ptrtta Jtortcnia 118 Penw-a CarulinenaU 118 Prrua Carolinetuit, var. glabriiueula 118 Pemca CarolinraaU, rar. paloatrla 110 Pcrica CarotinentiM, XK. pvbttcent 119 Vertta Calraf/iiana 119 I'crua Saua/rat. • 119 1'er.lmmon 104 Prmlmmon. BUrk 105 IVrwimman. XI»-xiran 105 Phmtrptmm a^eri/olium — 80 J'hirnojfyrum arboreaftiu 75 Phtm^fpfrrum Carotinianum 82 Phimtrp\frvm rifcrineum — 77 J'haenojnjruin rortlalum 80 Phimfipyrtfin fUipticujn 82 Phtm'jiim'Tn j/tjpuli/t4ium 78 Pkfmoptfrvm pruinotum 70 Phnmfqr)frum rpathulatum 81 Phfmopj/rum tubtiUotvm 78 Phenwj'j/rvm Yirginicum 82 fPftOTuipyrum ririds 78 Pfuxnopj/rum WeiuUandii 77 Page. PhoHnia arbuli/otia 83 Photinia tatici/olia 83 Picca alba 204 Pies, var. (Pinus muricata) 199 Pimts inops, var. clausa 199 Pinus insignia 196 Pinus insignis macrocarpa 196 Pinus insignis, var. binata 196 Pinus intermedia 215 Pinus Jeflft'eyi 19n Pinus Lanibertiana ISS Pinus Lambertiana^ var. (Finns fiexilis) 158 Pinus Lambertiana, var. brev\fol\a 188 PintiS laricina 215 Pinus Laricio, var. resinosa 191 Pinus Larix 216 Pinxis Larix alba 215 Pinus Larix nigra 215 Pinus Larix rttbra 215 Pinus lasiocarpa (Abies coneolor) 212 f IHmts lasiocarpa (Abiea snbalpina) 211 Pinus Llaveana {Pinua cembroides) 190 Pimts Llaveana (Pinua Parryana) 189 Pimts Loddigesii 197 JSnus lophosj}erma 192 Pinus Lowiana 212 Pinus Lyalli 21f Pinus Mariana 202 Pinus macrocarpa 195 Pinus macrophyllaf - 193 i "t M us Menziesii 206 Pinus Menzietii, var. ctujhj 206 Hmts Mertensiana 207 Pinus tnierocarpa 215 Piuus Witts 200 I\nus m itis, var. pa upera 2i»0 Pinns monophyllu 190 Pinus nionticola 1^ Pinus niurioatA 199 Pinus muricata (Pioos contorta) IM Pinua Murraynna ;. 1^ Pinus nigra 202 ISnusnobiUt. 'I* L3G FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. P«gc. ',| 7Snii< .VuttaJiili 210 j Pinut otirotperma 190 1 riouK palostri* ; 201 I riniu Parryana 1*9 I /NiiH« i*arryana (rino* pondcnsa) 103 riniu ratloniana (Ttaga MrrtensUnal 208 Finuj ratloniana (Tsugn P»ttonUa») 208 Pinuj plubiani Uo^^uia-catl 04 Planira a6a(a 120 Platanus Mexicana (Platouus racemoea) 120 Platanus Mrxicana (Plataous Wrightii) 130 Platanus ucciilentalia 129 Platanus occideiUalis (Plataous raccmoea) 120 PUtanus ru-ouiosa 120 Phjtanus racemosa (Platanus Wrij;htii) 130 Platanus vulgaris, vnr. an^uto«a 129 Platanus WrightU 130 Plum , ('anatia G5 Pluui, Chickasaw GO Plum, Cocoa 65 Plum, Darling 39 Plum, Downward 103 Plum, Gopher 91 Plcini, Guiana 121 Plum, Hoa iPruuus nuKustifolia) 60 Plum, Uog (ItbuBMetopium) 54 Plum, Uog (Ximenia Americana) 34 Plum, Horse 65 Plum, Muuotaiu 34 Plum, Pigeou 117 Plum, SaOron 103 Plum, Wild 05- Poison Elder 54 Poison Sumach ^ Poisonwood (Khus Mctopium) 54 Poisouwood (Sebasliauia lucida) 121 POLVCOXACEvE 117,118 Pohjgonum uvi/era 118 Poud Apple 23 Pond Pine 108 Poplar 172 Poplar, Carolina 175 Poplar, Necklace 175 Poplar, Yellow 22 Populus acladesca 173 Pvpuliig anfjulata 17^ I'opulus anguloia "'' Populus anf;uHtifolia 1^* Popu'us anjusti/otia (Populns trichocarps) 174 Populiu argentea "2 Populus A thenimais '71 Populus balsumifera ■'3 Populus halsami/era (Popnlus trichocarpa) 174 Populus balsawl/era lanccolala 173 Populus hnUamifera, var 1"^ Popvlui baUami/era. xar anguttifolia '74 Populus balsam i/era, var. t Califomica 174 Populi's lmla.amifera,rar. candicans '"3 Populus bnhuwifera, var jenuino 173 Populus Canaden«i> (Populus balsamifera, »ar. candicans) 173 Poputm Canadensis (Populus monilifcra) '75 populus Canadtnsis, var. angutli/olia '"* Populus candieatu '"' P(rpulus eordi/olia '"2 /populus dclloide "* Populus Krcmonlii "* Populus rrcuionlii, rar. Wislircnl "* Populus glandtUosa '" Populus Krandideutata "" Populus grandidsniata, var, ptndula '''2 Populus lieloroph.vlIa '" Populus IteUrophylla (Populus balsamifera, tor. candicans) '"3 Pnpulus hclero]ihi/lla, vnr. argenUa "2 Populus Itrrigala (I'opulus luonilifera, Aitan, tie.) '7'' Populus larigata (Populus monillfeni, Uort.) '75 Populus laiijolia '" Populus LindUyana '" Populiu mocriiphylla (Populus balsamifera, var. caodicaoa) '73 I'oimlus maerophylla (Populns monilifcra) '7'' Populus Marylandiea " Populus uionilifera ' '* Populus mrmiUfcra (Populus Fremontll) ''" Populus monUi/ira (Populus Fremontll, rar. Wislizenl) '7* INDEX TO CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 237 Page. Pop ulus negUeta Popidus Ontariermi Pojuihift Tacamahaca Popxdus trf.muli/ormis Popiilus frcniuloidoe Popuhts trepida Popiil na f richocarpa PopuluJt trichocarpa, y&T. eupulata Populut viminea Populua Yirginiana Porcdia trUoha. Pork wood Porlitra an gnsti folia Port Orford Cedar Possum Oak Post Cedar Post Oak Post Oak, Swamp Prickly Ash (Xanthoiylnm Americannm) Piirkly Ash (Xanthoiylura Clara-IIercQlis) Prince's Pine Prinos deciduua Pritchardia filamentota Privpt Progopis Em oryi Prosopu glandulosa Prosopis Juliflora Profiopit odorata (Prosopis .1 alifiiora) Prosopis odorata (Prosopis pubeecens) Prosopis pubescens Prnnns Americana PruDus Americana, var. mollis Primus angiistifolia Prunus boreali^ Prunus Canadensis Prxtnus CapoUin Pruuus Capnli Prtinu^ Carolina PnmusCaroliniana Prtmus cartUaginea pTttnus Chicasa Prunufl demissa Prnnua emarginata l*runus emarginat a, var. mollis Prtinus hiemalis (Prunus Americana) Prunua hicmalis (Prnnna Americana, var. mollis) PnuHis ilicifolia Prunns insititia f Pninns lanceolata Pnmus Lusitanica Prun>is Mississippi ...'. Prunus 7»oI/i> (Prunus Americana, lar. mollis) ... Prtinus mollis (Prunus omarginata, var. mollis) Prtmus nigra Prunus Pemisylvanica f Pntnvs persic{folia Prunus pumila Pntnus scmpcrvirens PiunusRprotina Pru n us serrati/olia Prunus spl'.ttrocarpa Pru7ius spinosa Ptunusumbellata Prunus Virginiaua Pruttus rtrpiriuina (Prunus serotiDa) Prunus Virginiana, var. demissa Psfudaeacia odorata Pseudopetalon glandulostnn Pteudopetalon tricaryium Pscudotfluga Dou>;lasii :Paou(lotsuga Dun^lasii, rar roacrocnrpa Pteudi)tKuga magn ifica Pireitdotstiga nobilis iPsidium Guaiva Pace. Pt£liamcUit 91 Ptelia trifoliata SI Ptclia trifoliata, par. moUiB SI Ptelia xfitici/oUa 31 Punk Oak 152 Porplw Haw M Pyroa Americana 73 Pyrus Americana (Pyma aambacifoUa) 74 Pi, rus A niericana, var. microcarpa 74 Pyrus an;n>9tif('Iia 7S P;/rus aucuparia (Pyms Americana) 73 Pyrtts aucuparia (P>TtL8 aambacifoUa) 74 J'yrus Bartramiana 84 Pfjrus Botryapium. B4 Pyrus coronaria 7,' Pyrus coronaria (Pyma augaetifolia) 7'-' Pyrus corfrnaria, var. aitguttifolia 7? Pynis diversifolxa 7n Pyrus ftmca 73 P;;rus glandulosa 77 Pyrus microcarpa 74 Pyrus oralis ho Pyrus ri\Tilaria 7^ Pyrus sambucifolia 74 Pyrtis svbcordata 73 Pyrtts '^angenheimiana 84 Quaking Asp 171 Quassia dioiea 32 Quassia Simarvba 32 Quoj-cilrou Oak 141> Qaercus acutidens 155 Quercus aeutiglatidis 146 Qtiorcns a:.;rifolia 146 Qi'crcus agrtfolia, var./nticseens 147 Quercus alba 137 Quercus alba minor 139 Qtterctis alba palustris 141 Qucrct^s alba, var. / (runnisonii 139 Quercus atba, var. microcarpa 13T Qtterctis alba, var. pinnatijida 137 Querctts alba, vnr. pinnatijido-sinuata 137 Quercus aiba, var. repanda 137 Querctts alba. var. sinuata 137 Quercus ambigua 147 Qtierctts annttlata 14." Qncivu!* aqnatica i'*2 ? Quercus a*]uatiea (Quercas nigTA) 15<* Quercus aquatica, v&r.attenuata 132 Qtwrcus aquotlea, var. euneata l'»2 Quercus aquatica. var. eiongata 152 Quercus aquatica^ var. heterophyUa 153 Quercus aquatica, var. hybrida 152 Quercus aqtiatica, var. indicita 151 Qugrcus aquatica, var. lauryfulia 152 QutMvus aqnatira, rtrr. myrtlfuUa 1^ QuiTcns B;inisteri - J55 Qneivus berberidifuUii 155 Quercus bicolur **» Querctts bievlor, var. MicAauxii '41 Querctts bieolor. var. mollis 141 .* Quercus fci"(M>/«»r, vnr. platanotdeii 141 Quercus llrewcri 155 Qtereus Cati/ortHca 145 Quercujt Cas'auea (Quercus prinoidos) 142 Qtteretts dttfanea (Quorcns Prinus) l^ QuorvusCatosba-i, I5t Quercus Chi'tquapin 143 Q;i>Tout» cbrysol. pis M< Quercus ehrysolepin, var. raccin\/olia 1W Qaorcu* clnoi^i 153 Qiivivua cint-nM, rar. pumila — l-**-^ QiU'ivuaciuerea, Mr. sork•^ft 1^ QMcrt-r!* coccima 145 Qtterftts ct'ecinea,v:\v. ambig^ia : ■ H' 238 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. l^H^mis coeHnea, TUT. microcarpa ^iMTVui cKKcinea, rar. m^ra Qmgmu coceinnt, rmr. tinctoria Qmereus crgiana Qncrciu j;ri«ea i^vtrctufuutata (^uercuM hemitpKarica Quereu4 heTi%i*phcrriea,\a.T. nana Querrud beUropby Ila QxuTCUM Sindsii Quereus KumilU Qoorcuit hyjioleuca QoercuB ilicifuliA Quercus imbricaria ^usreut JaeoOi QaercQS Eelloggil f QwtrcvM leerU Qurrcas biurifolia i^uercvt laur\folia hyVrida Quereus lauri/olia, var. acuta Qttrrcu* tauri/ol'a, Tar. obtusa QiU'icuN lobaU Qurirns lubata, rar. fruticosa QiureuM UAmlata Qaerctu Itmgiiflanda Qurrcus lyrato Qacrcua luacmrarpa QuereuB maerocarpa, rar. ahbreriata ifuereua maerocarpa, var. minor Qiterma %naeroearf,a, var. olicaformiM <^\4rTtu* Marytandiea irin aqnAtlca) .' ^"' ' • iM tinctoria) V- '^ lia Pace. II 1^1 j:o. 148 Qvercut ohlong'/olia, var. brevilobata 143 H7 Ij Qiiercuf obtuta 152 149 I Quercus obtuti/olia, var. t breviloba 145 154 j \ Qtiercus obttieiloba 13S 14C 1 1 Qucrcus obtufitvba, var. dcpre4sa 140 159 jl Qtierctjs obtiuiloba, vaT. parvi/olia 13& 144 1 1 Qttcretts (Erstediana i;iS 151 1 1 Querent oUoides 145 149 I ; Qitcrcut oUra/ormix 140 151 I QitercuK rtxt/admia 140 143 Qiiorcus paluRtris 151 139 1 1 Qncrcit$ paliutris (Quercns rubra, rar. Texnna) 148 138 Qtiercus parvifolia 130 139 ' QoorcuB Pbollos 154 155 '! Qucrats PheUof angusti/olia 154 155 ' Qucreus Phellos X eoccirua ■ 153 Quereug J'hetlos lati/olia 154 QuLTcns Phollofl pumila 155 Querctis PhcUogX tinctoria 153 Qucrcus I kcUo», vnr. (Quercns betcrophyllrt) 153 Qurrcus Phellos, oar. areniiria 155 Quereug Phetlos, var. cinerea 153 Quercus Phellos, xar. humHis 154 Qucrcttg Phetlog, var. imbricaria 154 Qucrcus Phellos, var. lauri folia 162 Querctut Phellog, vaT. gempervireru 145 Quorcu» Phetlos, rar. scriooa 155 Quereug Phellog, var. viridit 154 QuorcuB prinoidos 142 QuercuB Prinns H2 Querats Prinus /3. (Qiicrcua ciDerea) 153 Qtterctuf Prinua (Qncrcus Micbauxii) I'll Quereug Prinus Chinqttajnn 143 Quercus Prinus humilis 142 Quereug Prinus patustris 141 I Quvrcus Prinus platanoides 141 Quereus Prinus pumila 142 Qucrcus Prin us tomeniosa 14 1 Quercus Prinus, var. acuminata 142 Quercus Prinus, xaT.bicolor 141 Quercus Prinus, var. discolor 1-*I Qucrcus Prinus, var. lata l-*- Quercug Prinus, var. J/iVAaiuni HI Quereug Prinus, var. monticola 142 Qutrcus Prinus, var. oblongata HS Quercus Prinua, var. prinoidee 143 QiieicuH pnmil.\ 155 Qucrcus pungens 14* Quereus Jtatisotni 1^18 Qucrcua rcliruhita H4 f Quercus reticulata, var. Greggii M* Qucrcus retusa H'' QuercuH nil.m 147 Qucrcus rubra p. (Quercus coccinca) 1-*H Quereus ruljra (QmruUH Ki-llogeii) 14D Quereus rubra (Qucrcus tluctorio) M'J Quercus rubra maxima 1*7" (/ucrctis rubra montana !'»** Quercus rubra ramogiggima !•'' Qucrcus rubra, var. dissecta I*'' Qucrcus rubra var. lati/olia "" Qucrcus rubra, var, montana ^1* Qucrcus rubra, var. runeinaia ^1* QuufcuR rubra, rar. Toiana. ^-IH Qucrcus San-Hftbeana H'* Quereug gempervirens 1' ^ Qui reus scrieea ^''■' f Quereus Shu niardii - '^^ / Quercus si nuata '. '•'' Qucrcus Sonomensis '40 Qitereus spieata "* Quereus stcllata '**'^ f/vercjs strUata, var. dtpressa '40 •Qierciisafellata, var. Fhridana '•"* QuereuMSteUata, var. Vtaheiun* '-'^ INDEX TO CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 2^9 Qucrcua Texana Quorcus t inctoi ia Qaerais tinctoria, var. anguloga Quercus tinctoria, var. Cali/omiea Quercus tincforia, var. einuosa Quercus triloba / QitercKS uliginosa Qucrcua undulaUi Quercus undulata (Qucrcua Durandii). Quercus uiidulnta, var. Gambelii Quercus undulata, var. grisca Quercus u7Hlulata, vnr. obto7igata Qiicrctis undulata. vq.t. pungens Quercus undulata, var. JVrighiii <,hiercu8 vaccinifolia ' Quercus vehitina Quercus v Ulosa Quercus virens (>uercu8 Yirginiana ijuorous WisUzeui Jiandia clueicefolia Kaiyanea Gvyanensis . Rattle-box Red Ash lied Bay Kcd Birch Red Cedar (Juniiierua Yirginiana) . Red Cedar {Thuya gigantca) Red Cherry, Wild Red Cypress Red Elm Red Red Rod Rod Red Rod Rod Red Red Rod Rod Rod Rod Fir (Abies magnifica).. Fir (Abies nobilis) Fir (Paeudotstfga Douglasii) . Gum.. Haw (Cratrogua coccinea) nuw (Cratmgns flava, var. pnbescens) Iron wood ilaplo Mulberry Oak (Qnerens falcata) Oak (Quercus rubra) Oak (Quercus rubra, var. Texana) . Pino Rod Stopper Redbud (Ccreia Canadonais). Rodlmd (Cercis ronifomiia).. Redwood Rovnoaia latifolia 39 t Hhamindium revolutum 39 Rhamnace.k 39_42 Ifhamnus alni/olius 41 RbamnuB Caiitornica 40 Uhamuus Californiea, var. tomentella 41 Khamnus Caroliuiana 40 Rhammtg ellijJticus 41 AVi am nus ferrea , 39 ' lihavm us l(€i'igattt8 39 . hamuus lauri/vliits 40 l-hamuus ot€\r'olius 40 Khanmus Purahiana 41 Jttianinua tomentcUus 41 Wiizophora A mericana 86 lUiiziiphora Man^fle BO lihizophora racemosa 80 RuizorHOUACE^ 86,87 Rhododi'udron maximum 99 Itfiododendron maximum, var. album 99 lihododcudron maximum, v&v. purpureum- 99 litiododcndron 7nainmum, \iir. roseum ■ 99 Iihudodeyidron proccrum 99 lihododcndron purpureum 00 likododendron l^urshii 99 Jihus arburescrm 33 lihut Canadente Rhus copnlliDa Rhus eiipallina, var. anffustialata . . fJihus copallina, yar.angu«(i/olia. Rhus copallina, var. integn'/idia . . . Rhus copnlliua, var. luDCcolata ? JthtiH copallina, var. latialata ... ? lihvs copallina, var. lati/olia Rhus copallina, var. lencantba t Jthua copallina, var. terrata Rhus cotiuoidcs Rhus cotinusf Rhus glabra Rhus hypselodendron, Rhus leucantha RhusMetopium Rhus Toxicodendron Kbns typhina Rhus tt/phina,TaT. laeiniata Rfius typhina, var. viridijlora Rhus veneuata , Rhus vernix Rhus viridijlora , River Birch , River Cottonwood Robinia fragilis Robinia gluiinosa Robinia Xco-AIesicana , Robinia Pseudacacia Robinia viscosa , Rock Chestnut Oak Rock Elm , Rock Maple Rosacea Page. 48 64-85 Rose Bay Rosemary Pine Royal Palm RtniiACF.^ Rum Cherry RUTACK^ 20-3^ 99 J97 218 95.96 68 8. Sabal Palmetto . SaflfronPlum ... Saguaro Salicace^ IftS-n.s Salix f fSalix ambigua Salix amy gdaloides Saliz argophyUa Salix ar.juta Salix argula, var. lasiandra Salix Bigflovii Salix Bigelovii^ var. fuseicr t Salix brachycarpa Salix brachyntachys Salix brachifstachys, var. Seouleriana Salix Caroliniana Salix ehlorophyUa, var. peUita Salix oonlata Salix eordata, VAT. faleata Siilix cortlata, rar. veatita Salix erasita Salix euneata Salix discolor S.;lix discolor, rar. orioccphala , Salix discolor, rar. prinoides Salix eriocephala Salix exigua Salix falcata Saiix FendUriana Siilix flaroscona ■. Salix ^ai'fscrns (Salix tlavoscons, rar. Scouleriaoa). Salix lluvosrcus, rar Scoiilvriaun Salix Jlavo-vit ens Salix Jluviatahs 240 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. P»gei SalLr nart»*gi "* Saiix Uindriana l** Satii BiHdtiatia,-nT.ttnmVotia A '69 Salii Hojinanniaita *" S.ait HookrriaM '^^ Sali^ UouMioniana '"^ SalixliiimUu.x»r. BarUtgi '"' S«Jii Ixvi;nita ^^ SsUx U'ViipiU, ror. angnstifoluk '^ SalU la-visata, ror. congesta "^ SalU lanci/olia "^ Sllii la«anatu 1*^ Sali\ lasiauilra. tar. FrDdlrrimo* J**^ Salix laaiaudra, rar. UncifoliA 1*^ S«Us Uniolepw "* Salij latuAepit. var. iiiiiriu(J»jii.i. var. ZJijfJorii l''" JSoiii la.i,..>^i>. var./nHai 1'" J^oiir latioUpU, var. Iaf\/o^ia ^"^ &iJii V.jutlrina JOo SaUx l..ngirolja 1C8 A'litj lunyi/olia, v»r. a'uiu (unma '^ &tlK lou^folia, rar. ars>-rophyU» ^68 &>(iz lonji/oUa, var. arnyrofkyUa angvrtinima ITTVCrJB 25,26 . >/omiea 120 Tbr Jwfaom Tbom.DUck Tborn, Cockitpar Tbuni. Newcastle Thorn. >>VaiibiD;:tOQ ... Tliorti. White Thre«»-!h«mt!j Acacia . TLiriuax urgeutea Tkrinajc liarOeri T).ni.:*t pRi-pirtoT* IL^-.ii jijaiiUa (Libocedms decarrens). Tkuya Le«cena Tilia Atiierieana, var. Walleri Tilia Canadensis Tilia CarvUniana r»7»a glabra Ttlin tjrala Tilia bt^tt-mphvlla Tilia heUrophylia, var. aWa Tilia lati/fAia Tilia laxijVffa (Tilia Americana, rar. pube8C«n6) ... Tilia laxtfiora (Tilia hcteropbyUa) T-i^n-nnUr^fi var. lepUfphyUa . i i\i\a Mttrv/petala . Tilia truneata TlLtACE^ Tili Tollon Ttxithai br Tn^ iXantboxylum Americannm) ... TfMtbarbc Trf« (Xantboxytiim Clava-IIorcuUa) . Torch wuod - Tomllla Tor«<-yt 'Vnfomlca., T'^jjfi'fi* Madura. Toynn Trrfoil. Shrubby Triloptu dentata TrUopus niffta TrilfiptiM parri/olia . . . TriUipuM rotundi folia . TrilfrpiiM Tirffiniana . Tauga Canadensis . . . Pate. Tflnpa Caniliniuna Ttutja OougUufii Tsiiaa LindUyana Tmtpi Mirtcusiuua Tttugu Pattouiuua ISilipastrum Amtricanum. Talipajttrui Tulipi/era Liriodendron. Tulip Tntj Tupelo TupoloGiun , Tupi'lo. Lurjeu Tupelo, Sour , Turkey Oak , var. sttbeordatum. V. Ulmusaliita ] Ulmtisalba ] Clnius Aniericann ] I'lmus Americana (Ulmus racemosa) ] rimus Americana, var. alata 1 Ulmit* Americana, var. alba 1 tlmus Americana, var. taspera ] VlmHS Americana, var. Bartramii ] r?mu« Americana, var.penduZa 1 tlmuii Americana, var. rubra J tlmus Americana, var. seabra ] C7m«* aquaixca ! Uluiu.H ci-Asnifolia ] / XTlmus cri*pa Ulmus Floridana Ulmus fiilva rimuK moVi^foUa t Uhnug nemoralis TTlmus opaea - — Vlmus pendida Ulmvit pube«cena Ulmvs pumikt Ulmui} racvmosa Ulmus rubra TTmbellulariaCalLfomica Umbnlla Tree Untjnadia hfptaphyUa Ungnadia heterophylla Unguadin spcriosa Upbind Willow Oak Urostvjma peduneuiatum rnxiCACE^ 122- Uvaria triloba Vacciuiura arboroum Vacciniitin diffusum Vaccinium mucronatum Valparaiso Oak Vmiquelinia corymboaa Tiiuipiolinia Torreyl Yekuksace^ 116. Vihunmm Lentago % Viburnum prunifollum Viburnum prunifotium, var. /errugineum Vihumujn pi/ri/oliuin Vfn.'Maplo... Virgiiia lutea Virfjilia Bceundijtora W. I WafiT A(»h i Walimi (Euuuyriiua atrnpurpurouH). I Walioo (Tilia heterophylla) \ Wahoo (TTlniaii alata). Wallia eintrea yVallia nigra Wahiut Walnut. iJlui:k Walnut. White WaHhiDgtnnhi HMrora Wasliiogton Thorn INDEX TO CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 243 Page. Water Ash WiitiT Beech (Carpinns Carolmiana) WHtt-T Kopoh (Platanus occidentaliH) ■Water Elm WaU Yellow Haw 83 Yellow Locust 55 Yellow Oak (Quercns prinoides) 143 Yellow Oak (Quercns tiuctoria) 149 YoUow Pine (Pinus Arizonioa) 192 Yellow Pino (Pinns mills) Soo Yellow Pine (Pinus palustris) SOS Yellow Pine (Pinns pondorosa) ]AJ Yellow Poplar ' 22 Ycllowwood (Chidrastis tinctoria) 57 Yellowwood (Seha'fferia fVut«]eniented by a determination of the actual chemical composition of the wood of some of the most important trees; the value of our woods for construction has been obtained by experiments made with the Unite«l States testing machine at the Watertown arsenal. Each specimen as received was at once numbered, and this number, designated in the following tables as "OflRce number", was carefully repeated on every fragment cut from the original tree, and always refers to the same specimen. In a few cases itf the early jvart of the work a sub-number was used to designate a specimen from another tree of the same species received from the same collector. In most cases the specimens were taken from the butt-cut of the tree, and uidess it is otherwise mentioned in the remarks, were free from sap and knots; they may be regarded as representing the best wood that could be obtained from the tree. The specimens used in the different series of experiments are deposited in the National JIuseum at Washington and in the museum of the Arboretum of Harvard College. It was found necessary, in onler to secure iirojier material ui)on which to carry out the various experiments, to obtain a much larger amount of wood of the different species than was actually consumed in the experiments. This surplus material has been worked into l:i.t>Gl museum sjiecimens, of convenient size, showing as far as possible the bark, sap-, and heart-wood of each species. These have been made into sixty sets, more or less complete, and distributed to tlie following eilucational institutions in the United States and Europe: Institute of Technology, Boston, Massachusetts. United States Military Academy, \Yest Point, Ifew York. Academy of Natural Science, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, ^Maryland. Shellield Scientific School, New Ilaven, Connecticut. School of .Alines, Columbia College, New York, New York. National School of Forestry, Nancy, France. iAIuseum of Science and Art, Edinburgh, Scotland. Agricultural Museum, Kome, Italy. Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island. IJensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York. Lawrence Scientific School, Cambridge. Massachusetts. Iowa Agricultural College, Ames. lown. Administration of National Forests. Lisbon, Portugal. National Forest Administration, Paris, France. McGill University, ^lontreal, (Canada. Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney, New South AVales. State Agricultural College, Lansing, IMichigan. 248 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Peabody Academy of Seioiicc, Saleui, Massachusetts. Arkansas Industrial University, Fayctteville. Arkansas. Imi>erial Botanic Gartlens, St-Petersburj;, Russia. American Society of Civil l-^ngineers. New York, New York. Portland Society of Natural History, Portland, Maine. New Jersey Agricultural College, New Brunswick, New Jersey. State Agricultural College, Burlington, Vermont. State Agricultural College, College Station, JIaryland. Union College Engineering Scbool, Schenectady, New York. Cornell University. Ithaca, New York. Hampton Agricultural and Normal Institute, Hamj^tou, Virginia. Pennsylvania State College, State College, Pennsylvania. Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. Agricultural College of Jlissouri, Columbia, Missouri. University of Wisconsin, Madison, AViscousin. State Agricultural and Mechanical College, Auburn, Alabama. University of Miuuesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota. North Carolina Agricultural College, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia. State Agricultural College, Orono, Elaine. Georgia Agricultural College, Athens, Georgia. Massachusetts Agricultural College, Amherst, Massachusetts. Tennessee Agricultural College, Knoxville, Tennessee. New Hampshire College of Agriculture, Hanover, New Hampshire. Dlinois Industrial University, Champaign, Illinois. State Agricultural College, Corvallis, Oregon. State Agricultural College, Manhattan, Kansas. Agricultural College of Mississippi, Starkville, Mississippi. Kentucky Agricultural College, Lexington, Kentucky. Claflin University, Orange\nlle, South Carolina. Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana. I Botanic Garden, Konigsberg, Germany. _ Engineer's office, Water- works, Boston, lyiassachnsetts. Franklin Society, Providence, llhode Island. Madison University, Hamilton, New Y'ork. Rochester Universitj", Rochester, New Y'ork. Colby Academy, New London, New Hampshire. SPECIFIC GRAVITY AND ASH. The specific gravity and the ash of every tree of the United States have been determined (Table I) by Mi. Sharjiles, with the exception of the following: Chmia flaca, once detected upon the keys of southern Florida but not rediscovered ; Gordonia pubesccnit, a rare and local si)ecies discovered in the last century upon the banks ol the Altaiiiaha river of Georgia and never rediscovered; I'istacia Mcxicana and Acacia JJcilaudicri, eciononn'cally unimiMirtant species of the valley of (lie lower Rio Grande; Crataegus berheri/olia, a little known species of the Reortance, specimens were taken from many trees growing in widely dillereut parts of the country, and under different conditions of soil and climate. The si>eiiinens used for specific gravity det<'riiiinati1iim villoHiim rmtius Cat nliuiaiin , Crata-gUH cocciiteti Quoivna priuoidoa Ardiaia riuLoriii;;ia A< aria Cropcii SopbmaaftUiis Qui'ivuB cbrTHolepia l)io8pyniH Ti'xana QiM i-ciia uiiduUita, tar. GamboUi Caryaalba Sapiiidiia Suponnria Queifua ubtuttiluba Alyi-siuo Kapauoa y •r 93 £ ^ S &f? t £S ti s. 163 1. 80-.'O 1.1S90 159 1. 1C17 20 1. 1432 119 1. 1S74 2.';7 ]. i:35 292 1. 1101 270 1.0905 244 1.0838 245 1. 0731 49 I. 0715 106 1.0602 1.11 1.0459 iW 1.031C 201 1.0109 243 1.0002 78 C.9900 204 0.0893 259 0.0&12 79 0. 9835 247 0. J803 284 0. 9035 182 0.9533 128 0.9S07 372 0. 9501 73 0.9479 liy 0. 9453 189 0.9441 109 0. 9392 271 0."93«5 137 0. 9300 135 0. 9360 41 0. 9340 2.14 0. 9326 233 0. 931C 102 0. 9310 122 0. 9203 216 0. 9235 135 0 9209 281 0.9196 258 0.9156 93 0. 0138 192 0. 9102 129 0. 9080 299 0. 9049 104 0.9048 91 0. 0002 240 0.8006 285 0.8U92 92 0.8983 3S1 0.8928 108 0.8740 165 0. 6734 260 0.8710 226 0. li68S 152 0. 8618 286 0. SOUS 251 0. 8002 181 0.8o!;0 160 0. 8309 131 0.8493 2:.3 0.84 60 256 0.8407 SO 0. f3?.' 2:. 0.8367 36 0.8367 252 0.«341 248 Gncttards elliptlca . Viburnum pruDifulium . I'li'lia trifoliuta P>Tus ri\'ulari8 QiuTcns lymta OtttryaVir^nica QneicuB agiifolia Carya tomcntosa Carya porcina Colubrina rcclinata PruDus umbellata Coruus florida Sapiudus luarginatus Osmaiithiia Anicrk-anns Carya sulcata liubiuia Tiacosa Bouireria Uavanensia Quercns Michauxii Robinia Keo-Mcxicana Carya myrieticffifurmis Quercua hypolcuca nelia cuneata CratiPgua aubvilloea Pinua serotina IZhua Metopium l)io8pyro8 Virginiana Fnixintra Groggil Prunua Capuli Quercns Wislizeni Anielancbior Canadensis Cratajgua flava Scbajiferia frutcscens Madura anrantjaca Morns micropbylla Clirysobalanus Icaco Crata-'gna rivolaria Nectandra Willdcnoviana CratSBgna flava, rar. pubescens Qneroua laurifulia Qnercua bicolor Prosopiajulillora Piaxinus Americana, rar. Toxensis . Cratiegna toiuoutosa Bitula Icula ccininiu arboroura Pioaopis pubescens Carya aniara Qui'rcua iiubricariA Ccrcia rcuifomiis Pinus Cubcnaia Arbntna Toxana A ndroiucda fcrrueiuea Priuiw ITInnianlata CoiunaXHltallil Quercns PUclioa Quercua alba Iluniolia lycicildes Oxy^leuilruui at boronm I'lal.Tiiusiipiifolia Quercua Ciurryana Quciuus muerocarp* Purkinanuia nilcnipbylU ... XaulboNv Uun Plcrula Ilex decidua Queixma lobata Carya »qualicik 0.8337 0.R3.1; O.S:!','. 0.831' 0. 8313 0.8284 0.8253 0.8218 0.6217 0.8208 0. 8202 0.81 .'■3 0. 8126 0.8111 0. 8108 0.60»t 0.8073 0.8039 0.8034 0.8016 0.8009 0. 79.W 0.7953 0.7942 0.7917 a 7906 0.7904 0.7879 a 7855 a 7838 0.7809 0.703;) 0. 7017 ' Vibomont L:uncularia racemosa . . •Iuniprmaocctdentalia,rar.iDQDiiap«nBa Fraxinus viridia Cordia Scbe.-Ht«oa Arbutus Xatapensis Arbutn.s Meoiie»ii .. Pyrua coronarift Quercua tinctoria Pinua palustria .........*.. Capparia Jamaicenaia I rininafulra PruDus dcraiaaa — Crata?Kua DoaglaaU •TacquiQia amiillarls I Qiiervus palualris I Oyniuorladns Cao*.T»t 0.739 0 -sx C.7W7 0.7»8 0.7a OlTTTS O.TTTO a7aB aTS4S 0.7«4 0.7!15 a71M 0.71S4 «l7lM tiTin ai7isi a714S aTi]7 anig a 7117 0.T168 0.7Mi 0 TOM a7»4« 0. TtMS a 7472 ;.-•! 1 0. 74T0 o.74<.: 0. 74 - 0, 74 V 0. 74411 i.Hl a74M l.Vi a7«i! 409 a 7444 61 1 a 7420 ISO 0. 7409 l!M 1 Ok 7407 39> ;.:,ylU .. •Juemia denaitlur^ . . . I'r.ixihus plalih iirfolla Cratft'pia bmchvaeanih.) Canlii HoiMieri ... Cvtiili mreiiilrt.ira i'oiuna allomi!) -Vcrr * V Bunuli 39 ' Kuonymus ativparporeaa . «L6ns atr«t A.CMO IV CO* X fl8I0 iveTw ^6T>o 0 e-s4 ivsra 0 OHM e ai«] 0 8.VilT 0.6:03 230 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. SpCCiM. IW ' CrmUBi^iu KatiTsUs J npUDf) mpeatriB Ui'tala lutea Bumi'Iia bniiginoBa Fraxinas Americana Qurrvns rubra rarkiownia Tonvyanft PU"»uia oblueata UnibeUaUnaCalifoTiuca Pinas cembroides Ulnma Americana ('ril:pgtis arboreflc«D» KhrvtirK'Uiptica Qav-rroa Kelloggii Persea Carolincnsis Kliurtccitinoidei» Qncrcus cinert-a L\ flilomii !:i1iHiliqna yirn-^ br^vifoUa liDODsiB, var. palOBtria — CbiuuaiiibuA Virginica Cercla Caaadensift . .. Ma^^oUa p^ndiflora Nyaaa gjrWatica Fr.rr -Tfora .icamiData : :rup> aamb ml folia Mqiiidaniltar Styradflaa Chllopitia uHjEna UomH rubra Hymmlma lucicla C;iAtanca pitmilii Ilex DahooD. var. inyrtlfolia JunipeniH i>arh3-phla*a Pnioua Bufotiou Ilexopaca Pinna C'ltitorta FrnxiniiM riridia, var. Kcrlandleriana . n,ipp*mittn*" Miinrini'lla Jtjnip«Tim miIonu l-*raxinu<« Orfgana |1 1 1 0.65« 187 0.6554 235 a6553 353 0.6544 47 0.6543 35G 0.6340 22 0. 6531 249 0. 63:9 188 0.6317 316 0.6512 374 0.6506 288 0.6491 357 0.6440 76 0.6433 336 0.6429 45 0.6425 60 0.6420 363 0.6418 120 0.63(18 370 O.G39t! 357 0.6391 313 0.6388 161 0.6372 814 0. 6363 310 0.6360 59 0.6356 180 0.6345 5 0. 6.14U 373 0.6332 !■.« 0.6319 227 0.6318 71 0.6303 65 0.6282 362 0.6278 155 0.6261 71 0.6251 389 0.6240 405 0. 62:i6 391 0.0178 .371 0.0116 345 0.0115 150 0. 61U4 317 0.0069 23 0.6034 10 0.6030 217 0.6028 300 0.6000 2 0.5091 105 0.5067 7 0.5at5 52 0.5928 313 O.SMM 370 0.5002 375 0.6808 310 0.5888 339 0.68*7 .•|2." 0.6873 00 0.6820 2.-« 0. 5822 339 0.6818 362 0.681S 3118 0. .'.7*0 ;)68 0.5772 335 0. .57C.-. 306 0.B762 m 0.6760 301 Species. Baleeiadiptera PlntaniiA nrcidentalia Pinns Par ryaua RhaniDUrt PiirahiAna PJLUs nioDopbvlla ! Xnntbuxyhim Amoricannm I Myrica corifora i Halcsia tctnptera j Salix InsioU'pis Pious clausa — Castauopsi:) chrysophylla Pimi9 Falfotiriana, car. anstata , Dalca ftpinoflu Juoipi-ntH Californicn, car. Utahunais. BbnniuuR Caioliuiana ' AtMT inUnim, rar. DruntniODdii Piuiifl Chibiiabtiaua ' Pyrua Americana PinuaTo-'da Pinns Uulfouriana Salix flavearena, var, Scoulerlana Pinckueya pubi-ns Salix llookenana Satix lonpfolia, var. exigna Acer Bpicatuni Symplocna tinctoria Magnolia macropbylla Pinus innps Acer Pi-nnsy 1 vanicnm Planeraaquatiea Rbiia ciijiallina Act- r dasycarpum I'inim Ji-ffrryi Nyesa nnillora Khus copallina, var. lanceolata Tsn^a Mcrtensiana \VnHbin;:tonia fllifera Par'Utlotsiiga DouglasU Pinus rigida Torroya taxifolia Sanibncns ^laaca Salix SitcbonHis Xantlioxyimn Clava-HercuUa Annna binri folia SasHn frail odii-inalo PiouH Arizonica Magnolia glauca Pninus Pcnnnylvanica Magnolia Krasori Alnus nitirilima .JCscitluH Ciilifomica ftallx llave»i:cn» Pinunmnricata Plnnn pungens Salix b.ni^ifolia JnnipL'i UH Virginiana PopuIii«Fromon»ll Arcr macropbylluni Plntaniia raccmoHa PiuuaTnneyana PinnH nflexa .Kiitix Ifcvigula PfiitiH rt'ntuoiui CupieiuiUH Guadnlupooala Pinus Sabiniana Xr'giintio Caliromlcnm a 0.5705 0.5G78 0.5675 0. 5672 0. 5C58 0. 5G54 0. 5037 0. 5628 0. 5587 0. 5570 Spocica. Pinaa Banksiar^ Torroya Califoraica... Salix lasiandra Ficns pcdnnculata . . . Platanus Wrijrbtii OordoniaLnsiantbns . PinuH pouilerosa Abit'8 niaguitica , 3 , Magnolia aci; nata . Aln inbr Ilex U;.Imh.d CliamaM-jparin Nutkai-nsta . 0.5402 157 0. 5459 153 0.54.-.7 305 0.5451 809 0.5441 382 0.5434 368 0.5412 391 0.533O 0. 5350 399 0. 5342 309 0.5330 340 0.6325 50 0.5309 17 0.5309 290 0. 6299 107 0.5294 307 0. 5273 6- 0. .WOil 206 0. 5200 411 0. 5194 300 0.5184 390 0.51t2 404 0. 5173 311 0.5157 72 0. 5151 350 0. .M45 70 0.5087 67 0. 5072 380 0. .loss 388 0. 50.33 61 0.6042 312 0.6038 18 0. 5035 887 0.5023 8 0. .WOS 308 0.491HI .•H2 0.4980 207 0.4909 351 0. 4942 821 0.4935 4 0. 4030 28 0. 4926 367 0.4914 302 0. 4909 305 0.4880 320 0. 4870 238 0.4877 17 0.4872 383 0. 48.34 318 0.4813 326 0.48tO 303 0. 4821 n 0.4813 378 0.4800 322 0. 4782 348 CupresatiB Goveniana A Inns sornilata Popiilus grandideutata Populiis Fremontii. rar. WisUzenii . . . Cbaiua^cyparie Lawsoniana Sambucus Moxicana Nyssa rapitati Aluus iucana Salix laaiandra, rar. Fendleriana Picoa nigra Pinns insignis Psendotauga Donglaaii, rar. macro- carpa. Abica uobilis Salix laaiandra, var. lancifulia Taxodiuni diatichum .Xnculua glabra ' Tilia Americana I Casianea vulgaris, var, Americana Pninna cniarginata I Salix aniygdiiloides Magnolia Umbrella Catiilpa bignonioides Yucca data Salix nigra Tsiiga Pattoniana Sabal Palmetto Salix flcssilifolia Rhus venenata Pinus flexilia Rhus typUina Xegundo accroidea Picea Sitchonsia Tsuga Caroliniana ^Honlufl flava. Salix diHcolor Tilia hoterophylla Tanga Canadonsia Llriodcndrun TuUpifera Abiea nmabilis S4M)iioia aempervirens Catalpa spociosa Pinna nlbicaulis PopuliiH b.ilaamifora. ror. candicans Magnolia curdata Siniariiba glauca Pinus CouKcrl AInuB rhombifolia Pinna Murrayana Populus betoropbylla Jnghina cinerca Ttlla Aiiiorlcana, var. pubcsccns Picea alba PopuluH tromuUddcs Liboct'druH decurrons AlnuH obloiigifolia Asimlna triloba Pinns glabra Populus angustifolia PlMUB monticola THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. 2.')! Spec i 324 I Populus monilifera 0.3839 347: Pinns Sti-Dbus 0. 38r.4 0.3819 0. 3814 0. 3790 0. 3740 393 Abies baLianiea 323 I PopuIuH Irichocarpa 328 Thuya giganlea 385 I Picpa piiDgcns 410 } Tncca bnvifolia ,..j 0.3737 849 ! Pinus Lambertiana 0.3684 396 SpecicB. Abies concolor 0. 3638 i 329 Cbamecyparis aphsralde* I 0. SpecitA. 1. II Popnlus balsamifera | 0.36.33 Abies Fraseri I 0.3505 Abies ffrandis ! 0.3545 I Frasinus platycarpa 0.3541 Pinus taberculata 0.3499 Abies subalpina | 0.3476 384 ! Picea EDgelmaniii 0.3449 I I 149 Ccreus gigantcus ... S'.T Thuya occiilcntalis . 20 I Bursera gummifera . 341 ' Sequoia gigaotea ... 412 ' Yucca baccata ann aiiM CMOS o.aan a2724 229 ' Ficuaanrea ! a2«l« It will be noticed that all species in which the wood is heavier than water belong to the semi-tropical region of rioridii or to the arid Mexican and interior Pacific regions. There seems to be a certain, but by no means constant relatioij, a.s shown in this tabic, between aridity of climate and the wcij^lit of the wood ]>roduced by closely allieu species or by individuals of the same species. The wood of the form of Querciis rubra peculiar to western Texas is nearly 39 per cent, heavier than tlie average of all the specimens of the typical speci es grown in the northern states. Among the white oaks the wood of species belonging to regions of little rainfall, Querai-s yrisea, oblongi/olia, Durandii, and Dougkmi, is heavier tiian that of allied species peculiar to regions more favorable for the growth of trees. The average of two specimens of Quercus prinokles grown in western Texas is 19 per cent, heavier than the average of all the other specimens of this species grown in other parts of the country. In Fraxinxis, the wood of P. Grcfigii of the Eio Grande valley is heavier than that of any other species; it only just surpasses in weight, however, the wood of the western Texas form of F. Americana, which is 20 per cent, heavier than the average of all specimens of the typical species grown north of Texas. On the other hand, the wood of Texas forms of Fraxinus viridis is constantly lighter than that of northern specimens, and the wood of Celtis grown in Arizona is lighter than that of the average of all the other specimens of this species. In Jugluns, the heaviest wood is that of J. rupestris, a species l)elongiiig to a region of little rainfall, and a specimen of J. nigra from western Texas is 33 per cent. heavier than the average of all specimens grown in the ]Mississipi)i basin. In the case of Platanus, the heaviest wood is that of the Atlantic species, but wood of the species peculiar to the comparatively moist climate of southwestern Arizona is, however, considerably lighter than that of the drier climate of southern California. FUEL VALUE. The relative fuel values are obtained by deducting the percentage of ash from the specific gravity, and are based on the hypothesis that the real value of the combustible material in all woods is the same. A number of analyses was also made of the wood of several of the principal trees of the United States (Table U) and their absolute fuel value calculated. Mr. Sharpies describes the methods adopted by him to obtain these results, as follows : Tlie carbon aiul hydrogen dctevminations were made by the ordinary processes of organic analysis, by bnrning the wood in a current of oxygen. The njoistnre was deterniinid by drying the wood at 100° centigrade until its weight became sensibly constant. The calculations were then made on the dry wood. The results contain a slight constant error, arising IVoui the fact that the nitrogi-n in the wood was not determined. This error is, however, very slight, the nitrogen, which is included in the iiercentage of oxygen, rarely amoiiuting, in any wood, to one ]>er cent. The column headed " Hydrogen combined with oxygi'U "', is louud by dividing tlie amount in the cohinui hi-alying the percentage of carlmn by f.tv-H), and that of excess of hydrogen by :!4,4G2 (these being the values obtained l)y Favre and SMcmtan), adding these together and deducting fr.mi the sum the product of the total hydrogeu multiplied by 4,(-3;J, which represents the heat required to evaporate the water produced by burning the- hydiogen. The constants used above represent the number of kilograms of water raised one degree centigrade, by burning one kilogram of carbon or hydrogeu. The fuel value per cubic decimeter is found by uuiltiplying the value per kilogram by the 8i>ecilic gravity. It need hardly bo said that this fuel value is rarely attained in practice, and that it is never utilized. Then.« an- t.w many sources of loss; the calculation supposes that the combustion is perfect, that no smoke is given otl', ami that the heat of the pnxiucts of combustion, with the exception of (hat necessary to convert the water into vapor, is all utilized. It appears from I\lr. Shai'idcs' experiments that resinous woods give upward of 12 per cent, more heat fnmi equal weights burned than nonrcsinoiis woods; the heat produced by burning a kilogram of dry nonresiiunts wood being about 4,000 units, while the heat produceil by burning a kilogram of dry resinous wood is about 4..")00 units, a unit being the (piantity of heat requireil to rai.se 1 kilograui of water 1 degree centigrade. Count Uumford first i)ropouinled the theory that the value of equal weights of wood for fuel was the same without reterence to specific distiuetions; that is, that a pound of wood, whatever the variety, would always produce t!ic same amount of heat (Count Rinnford\i Worlx, Uoston, 1ST3. vol. ii). :Maivus lUill. e.xperimenting in 1820 upon the fuel value of diflerent woods {Trans. Am. I'ltil. Noc, new ser., iii, 1), lonnd a variation of only 11 per cent, between the dift'erent species tested. Kumford's theory must be regartled as uciirly correi-t, if wwds are 2r,2 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. separated into resiuous aud iioii-rosiiioiis classes. The sjjecifle gravity gives a direct means of comparing heat values of equal volumes of wood of dift'ereiit ifsinous and nourosinoiis species. Tn burning wood, however, various circumstances afleet its value: few lire-p'aces are constructed to fully utilize the fuel value of resinous wood, and carbon escapes nncousumed in the form of smoke. l*ine, therefore, whi(;h, although capable of yielding more heat than oak or hickory, may in practice yield considerably less, the pine losing both carbon and hydrogen in the form of smoke, while hickory or oak, buruiug with a smokeless tlame, is practically entirely consumed. The ash in a wood, l>eing noncombnstible, intluences its fuel value in i>roportion to its amount. The state of dryness of wood also has much inllueuce upon its fuel value, though to a less degree than is generally supposed. The water in green wood prevents its rapid combustion, evajjoration reducing the temjieriiture below the point of ignition. Green wood may often contain as much as 50 per cent, of water, and this water must evaporate durinir combustion ; but as half a kilogram of ordinary wood will give 2,000 units of heat, while half a kilogram of water requires oidy 2CS.5 units to evaporate it, 1731.5 units remain available for generating heat in wood containing even a maximum aniDunt of water. In cases where the |iressure was p(ri)en(licnlar to the grain of tla- wood it was ai>iili<'d on the side of the sjiecimen nearest to the heart of the tree. A factor in the general value of wood as fuel is the ease with which it can be seasoned ; beech, lor example, a very dense wood of high fuel value when diied. is generally considered of little value as fuel, on account of the rapidity with which it decays when cut and the consequent loss of carbon by decomposition. THE STRENGTH OF WOOD. The specimens tested for the purpo.se of determining the strength of the wood produced by the different trees of the United States were cut, with few exceptions, before March, 1881, and weie slowly and carefully seasoned. Those used in determining the resistance to transverse strain were made 4 centimeters square and long enough to give the necessary bearing upon the sui)ports. These were shod with flat iron jdates, slightly rounded on the edges and were set exactly 1 meter apart ; they remained iierfcctly rigid under the pressure ajiplied. Each specimen was weighed, measured, and its specific gravity calculated before it was tested. The result thus obtained represents the specilic gravity of the air-dried wood. To eliminate the action of their weight the specimens were placed upright, and hydraulic pressure was aiipiied by means of an iron rod 12 millimeters in radius, acting midway between the supports, the deflections being read at this point. The direction of the grain of the wood is shown by diagrams in the table (Table III), the pressure acting upon it horizontally from the left. The pressure was applied slowly aud uniforndy, a reading of the deflections being taken for every 60 kilograms. When a load of 200 kilograms had been applied it was removed and the set read. Pressure was again applied in the same way, and the readings of deflections were resumed when 200 kilograms was again reached. FP The formula used in calculating the coeflQcient of elasticity was E = . . i ^a ; I, b, d, being taken m millimeters; 3 V I that of the modulus of rupture, E^v, i~p> h b, d being in centimeters, P, in both formulas, in kilograms. A few exj)eriment8 were also made in the same manner, for purposes of comparison, to determine the transverse strength of specimens 1 meter long between the bearings and 8 centimeters .square (Table IV). The K]iecimens tested by longitudinal comjjression were 4 centimeters square aud 32 centimeters (8 diameters) long. They were placed between the jilatforms of the machine, and pressure was gradually applied until they failed. The figures given represent the number of kilograms required to cause failure. The Hi)ecimeus tested under pressure ai)i)lied perpeudicularlj' to the fibers were 4 centimeters scjuaro and IG C4.'ntimeter8 long. They were placed upon the iilatfurm of the machine and indented with an iron punch 4 centimeters square on its face, covering the entire width of the siiecimen and one-quarter of its length at the center. In this series of experiments the direction of the annual rings was noted, horizontal j)ressine being also afiplicil from the left. Headings were taken of the pressure necessary to produce eiich successive indentation of - 0.2.34 up to 2.5-1 millimeters, and in the case of specimens which did not fail with this pressure a further test was made of the weight required to produce indentations of 3.81 and 5.08. The remarks (Table V) upon the behavior of the wood of the different species under compression were furnished by Mr. James E. Howard, in charge of the testing machine. COMPARATIVE VALUES. In the following table the number standing ojijiosite each species represents its relative value in llu! (•oluiiui in which it ap[)ears. This table is purely an arbitrary one, since the introduction of one or more species would of course change the value of all species standing lower in value, or results based on an examination of a larger luunber of s])eciinens of any sjiecies may change the relative niUMl)ers in regard to it-very considerably. In other woids, any twenty or thirty species bearing coTisecntive iinndu-is may chan;,'e places with eiicli other. This ari.ses partly from the want of uniformity of the wood of any species, and jiartly from the fact that where so many determinations fall between comparatively narrow limits the mere order of sequence must be largely accidental. THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. 253 TABLE OF RELATIVE VALUES. MAGNOLIACE^. Magnolia ^amliflora Magnolia glanca Mn^Qoliu. acuminata Magnolia coidata Magnolia niacrophjUa Magnolit TTmbi clla Magnolia Fraaori Liriodcndron Tulipifera ANONACE^. Asiniina triloba . Anona laiinfoUa . CANELLACE^. Canella alba TERXSTRCEMIACE^. TILIACE^. Tilia vVnioricana Tilia Americana, var. pnbescens . Tilia lictorophy Ua MALPIGHXACE^. Byi lucida ZYGOPHTLLACE^. Guaiacnm Hanclnm RUTACE^. Xnnthoxylum Clava-Horcnlis- X ant boxy lum Caribainm SIMAEUBE^. Simamba glauca liURSERACE^. Rnrsern gnniroifera Aniyria sylvatica MELIACE^. Swietenia Maiiogoni ILICINEiE. Ilex opaca Hex Daboon CYRILLACE^. Cliftonia lignetrina RHAMNACE^. Roynoaia latifnlia Condalia lerua KluimnnA Caroliniana Rbaninns Pnrahiana SAPINDACE^. ^scnlus glabra iEsfuhift Caliioniica Siiphuhm niarginatus Acer maiTopbyUnni Acer Huccbarinuni Acer »uccharinum, var. nijcrum Acer tlaa^ carpnm Acer rnbnm\ Xognndo aceroidos . ICfgundo Culilornicnm Speciea. ANACARDIACEiE. BhnscopaUina... BhuB Mctopium . LEGUMINOS^. Robinia Peeudocacia Robinia Xeo-Moxicana Olneya Tesota Piscidia Ery thrina Cladrastiia tinctoria Sopliora affiuiH Gymnocladus Canadensis .. Gleditschia ttiacautbos Glcilitscbia monosporma Parkinsonia Torreyana Cercis Canadensis Proaopis juliflora Prosopis pubescens ROSACEA. Pnrnua Americana Prunus angnatilolia Prnnus cmnrginata Primus scrotina Prunus demiasa Prnnus Caroliniana rrunus iUcifoUa Pyrns coronaria Pyms samjucifolia Crat^gus at boreaccns Crata-gus Ci ub-gr.lli Cratajgua Mubvilloaa CratiEgns lomentosa Crataegus spatbulata Crata'gus aestivalis Cratsegus tlava Amelaucbier Canadensis HAMAMELACE^. LiquidambarStyr.icidua RHIZOPHORACEiE. Bhizopbora Mangle COMBRETACEiE. CoDi>carpU8 orecta Lagnncularia raceraosa MYRTACE^. Engenia buxifidia Eugenia mont leola Eugenia procera CORNACE^. Comus florida ConmsNuttallit | 74 j N> 8»a capitatA | 235 Xyeea sylvatica 1 Wl , Nysaa unitiora 195 I CAPRirOLIACK^ I Sanibucus gliuica 206 ' Viburnum pninifolium 3S I RUBIACK^. Exostemma CaribA)ura 15 221 i IGl PinoVnoya pubt'wa 187 33 U |3 81 I 16 24 M 77 93 88 40 49 «l L34 264 259 184 L46 228 165 123 69 259 273 40 67 172 91 18 S7 " 103 89 119 253 276 197 248 149 1»4 124 112 , 199 186 84 29 I 120 76 50 10 I 212 I 138 63 109 j 245 273 ; 181 163 I 248 2£4 220 133 . 189 228 95 100 ' 240 I 210 169 52 I 135 162 68 65 213 177 153 128 ! 256 ! 176 61 I 223 ' 167 :)4 FOREST TREES OF NOKTll AMERICA. TABLE OF RELATIVE VALUES— Continuea. 222 nimiiD crsMiroUs 223 . riiDua fulT* Til]-: WOODS (.►!•' THE UNITED STATES. 250 TAIiLE 01' Jn:LATlVK VALUES -Coutinued. Spc Quevc » t hutt-rophylla i ciuiin-a 2y4 Qneirua li.vpoleuca 265 Qiiei ens ini biicaria 28C Qiteri;u8 PlielJoa 287 ' Qiiorcus (leiisitlora 288 Caataiiopais chrysophylla 289 I Castjinen pumila 290 I Caatanoii vul{;ari3, var. Americiina. 291 i Fajrns fernij;iuca 292 ! Ostrya Virpinica 'Jfl:J ■ t'arpiiiiis Caroliniana BETULACE^. Bi'lulu.alba, var. populilVlia IGS Cuulapapyriftra j .159 ]ietula occkloiitalis IJbtula 111 tea B.'tula ni-ra IJet ula lunta , AUius nibra , Alims ihombifulia , Alnus oblonuii'olia SALICACEiE. Sulix auiygdaloitlea Salix hcvigata Saiix lasiamlva, var. laiicifolta Salix laaiamlrn, var. Fendluriaua Salix liiivescena Salix ilavescena, var. Scoaleriana S;ilix lasiMlepia. Populua ti'einuloides IVpulus jri umliiU'iitata Populua bettTophylla Populua balbamii'era Populua balaamift^a, var. candicans Populua anguatifolia Piipulua trichocaipa Populua uiouilUoia , Pupulus Fiomoutii , ! Populus Frouudilii, war. AVislizcni , i I CONIFEKiE. . Libocodi'uB ilccurrona Thuya ovciib'iitalis , Thuya j;ijjanlf a Cbauia-cy paiia aplio^roidea I Chanuecypaiia Niitkaeusts 1 Cbuutcocyparia Lawaouiana Cui>rc6aus Govouiaua I Jnnipcrns occidcntalia, var. coiijngena. Jniiipiru.s Vli-iimaua Taxodium diatichum ; St'quoia sij;;autea Sequoia scnipervireuB Taxus brovilolia. Torroya taxifolia Torreya Califoniioa 35 ' 390 ( 144 57 ! 150 I 118 247 I 152 I 184 294 I 281 . 294 260 242 270 75 i 158 177, 190 174 ' 280 213 1 238 187 34 111 M 134 243 250 l&G { 230 239 190 130 I 242 154 145 2»1 Species. Pinna Strobas PiDua moDticola Pinna Lambertiana PinuH flt'xilia Pinna albicaulia ' Pinna rtllexa Pinna Parryana 1 Pinna cdnlis Pinna mnnophj'lla I Pinua Balfouriana ' Pinna Balfonnana, var. ariatata- ! Pinua reainosa . . I Pinna Torreyana I Pinna Aiizonica 1 Pinna jionderosa , PinuiiJeffrcyi , Pinna Cbibnahnana ■ Pinna conlorta Pinua Muirayana ' Pinua Sabiniaua Pinna Conlturi I Pinna insignia Pinua I ubcrculata Pinua TjKda Pinua rigida I Pinua aerotina ' Pinna inopa Pinna cinnaa Pinua puugena Pinua nuiricata Pinna mitia Pinua glabra Pinua Baukaiana ' Piuus paluatria I Pinua Cnbfmaia si 282 154 225 212 287 187 238 I 2fl2 2S3 235 227 t 251 2C2 276 244 I 2CS i 215 127 143 ' 105 174 ' 297 287 258 ' 143 ' 291 I 283 253 ! 176 289 297 288 ' 185 i 255 • 2«« 260 J 219 I 171 226 222 114 I 259 I 170 239 I 101 197 261 158 245 188 269 207 , 241 178 2C8 269 238 211 186 1G6 247 7 5 18 15 60 156 90 155 185 249 285 281 100 216 135 171 171 224 23S 111 V£ 233 Picca iilba Picea Encrlmanni Picea punjiens Picua Sitcbonsis T6a«:a Cajiadonsis TsMga Cnmliniana Tsupa MrrtensiauH TsuRii Pattoniana P^i'iiilolsn^n Doa^losii Pm'U>l»tsii)!a Dnnglasii, var. maoTocarpa — Abii*a Fi-adoii ' Abies balsnmea ' Abies siibalpiDa Abit'8 i^rjiiulis Abii's I'oueiilor Abies antat>ilis ' Abies itobilis I Abies iiia^nilica ' Larix Americana ' 153 | 23 90 M LiirU ueeidoutalia | 83 i 1 7 ' 14 I PALMACEiK. 203 405 ■Wasliingtonia llUrem 199' 263! 285 J 297 290 104 219 255 , 289 130 180 210 260 ' 24 ' 134 127 241 21 105 141 229 241 182 161 250 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. The following table gives the figures from wliidi the table of iflativo values was coiupnted, ami inelndes all species upon which complete tests have been made. The coeflieient of elasticity is derived from the second dellection, the measurements being taken in niillimetera and the wcij:ht in kilograms. The ultimate transverse strength is the force, applied at the middle of the stick, required to break a stick 4 centimeters square and 1 meter between the supports. In tiie compression tests the surface exposed to pressure was 4 centimeters square. To give the pressure on a squai-e centimeter these results must be divided by 10. The indentation to 1.27 millimeters, or the tifth in the scries, is the one selected for comparison. TABLE OF AVERAGES. Specjea. MAGXOLIACE^. Magnolia frniDdiflora MagBolta glaaca Magnolia acuminata Ua;;noIia cordata Ma;ni<>lia miicruphvlla Ma^olia ITisbrella Mapnolia Fraijeri LiriodcDilroD Tulipifera AXOXACE^. Aairoina triloba Anona lanrifolin CANELLACE^. Canella alba TERXSTRCEMIACE^. Gordooia Laaiaothus TILIACE^. TiliK Americana Tilia Americana, rar. pabeaceua . Tiliabolerupb.\lla MALPICniACE^S. Byraonima lucida ZYGOPHTLLACE^. Goaiacam Aanctnm KTJTACEiE. Xantboxylum Clava-IIerculia — Xanthoxyluro Caribeeum SIMARCI1E,«. Simamba clanca BCRSERACEJ!. Bur««ni gnmmlferft Am>Tia nylTatlcA MELIACEiE. Swlctenis Mabngoni ILICIKE£. Ilex opaca . . . llrx Daboon . CYKILLACE^E. Clirtonln licoatrina RHAMXACE^. Rcyuoxia Htifolia CoDdalia fi-irea Rbamniu Caroliniana RbamoQA Punbiana &£ 83. 2« SO. 11 46.76 4L26 52.90 44.78 49.69 42.20 39.61 48.11 45.00 40.47 42.27 50.15 8a 20 29.41 103.97 S7.74 47.62 108.72 118.38 64. Z7 96.34 If :|] 1,090 1.143 6,790 0,633 6,552 7,829 .^8C1 6,091 5,955 1B7 ' 3,395 259 I 4,629 5,768 6,487 0,307 6,260 i 336 I 11,789 273 7, 189 10,955 2.473 957 I 11,079 283 6, 700 244 9,682 13,426 12,848 7,112 9,904 3,156 1,627 1,709 1,427 1,427 1,343 1,9G0 1,296 1,098 2,037 2,548 6,004 2,820 1,80M 8,793 10,388 2,106 3, 07.'. Species. SAPINDACE.aE. 60 . .Xacalns glabra 52 .XsculnsCalifomica 54 Sapindus marpnntus 60 Acer macropliyllum 01 Acer circinatuin 04 ■ Acer snccbnrinum 64 { Acer aaccbariunm, var. nigrum . 65 I Acer daeycarpom AcerrabniDi Ki'gundo aceroidoa Ncgundo Califomicum ANACARDIACE.ffi!. Rhns copallina Bbns Metopium LEGUMINOSa!. 77 ' Robinia Pst-ndacacla 70 Roblnia Neo-Mexicana 80 Olueya Tieota 61 Piscidia Erytbrina 82 CladraHtls tiiictorla 64 I Sopbora afiinia 85 Gymnocladua Canadonala . 86 GleditRcbia triacautbos. . . 87 I GlcditRcbia niuuoBpcrma.. 88 , ParkinaiiuiaTuiTcyaua... 91 Ceroia Cnuatlcusia 93 ProRopiaJuliflora 94 ' Pr(iBu])ia pubcaccna ROSACEiE. Prunun AmeHcana PinnuM anguHtifulia | l*runuii euiarginata, var. mollis { I*rnnn t senitina I PrunuH domiftna { Prunun Carolinlana I Prunua ilicifolia Pyrua coronaria Pyrua Hanibucifolia CrHtojguH arburcHcena Crato-'tfiiH CruH-fjalli Cnita^^UH NubvilloHa Cratu'gUH toni*-ut4iHa CratH'guH Hpiilbiilata Crata-guB a-ativaliH Cnitn;;UH lluva, var. ]iabeBcena Aniolancltier Cauailonala I UAMAMELACE.X. 139 Llqiiidnmlmr Styracillna. . . 49.03 49.45 80.05 4a 63 60.34 6a75 eace 62.52 61.65 42.82 47.95 52.42 77.28 72.96 79.86 103.59 84.39 62.61 84 46 72.89 64.58 63.18 74.80 76.37 72.02 68 65 44.93 9a 14 09.16 80.52 07.27 70.11 9a 08 04.95 71.94 7a 98 76.90 7L12 69.27 7a 13 77.95 s.-=a •J HI 644 211 683 271 837 360 780 292 718 327 1,465 490 1,027 410 1,110 435 943 3-IG 983 220 945 340 736 263 1,050 280 1,301 543 1,149 388 808 320 851 321 1,002 385 977 346 1,048 329 1,086 394 1,170 439 558 233 688 310 583 207 824 383 827 309 603 200 801 290 832 354 769 299 937 396 732 334 642 207 026 190 788 269 664 279 901 315 732 3U3 073 210 992 304 708 309 1,197 483 837 278 uv. '29 *.017 5,686 7,523 0,100 7, MO 9,907 8,603 7,711 7,402 5, 1.11 7,072 6,033 8,523 11,272 10,931 5. 8.-.1 9,548 8,950 9,129 0,406 8,001 9,344 0,079 7,510 9,412 10, 732 9,419 0,441 7,507 8,740 a 105 a l'89 8,709 8.700 0,123 7,909 0,884 8,012 7,117 7 2W) 7,132 a 437 10,712 1,132 1,722 4,350 2,597 3,205 4,019 4,149 2,899 2, 795 1,781 1,719 1,744 :i 848 4,038 4,427 10,478 5,008 2,937 5,348 2,900 2,097 4,420 3,020 2, 017 5,484 5. 207 3, 405 2.132 1,280 3, 209 3,937 r>, 000 4,888 3,909 1,716 2,051 3,308 4.307 3, H44 3,464 3, 583 6,103 4,483 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. 257 TABLE OF AVEKAGES— Contained. Speolea. RHIZOPHORACEai. Rhizophora Mangle COMBEETACEJS. Conocarpus erecta Laguncularia rucomosa 70. 21 MTltTACE^ffi. 144 j Eugenia biixifolia 146 Eugenia monticola 148 [ Eugenia procera COKNACE^a;. Cornua florida . . . Comus Nuttallii. Njssacapitata... Nyaaaaylvatica. . Kyasa unidora... CAPRIFOUACEiE. SAPOTACEa:. ChrysophyUum olivifonue Sidcroxylon Maatichodendron. 177 I Dipholis salicifolia 178 Bumelia tenax 179 I Bumelia lonuginoaa Bumelia lycioidea , Bumelia cuneaU) Mimusopa Sieberl EBENACE^ffi!. Bioapyros Virginiana STYUACEJS. Syniplocos tinctoria Iloleaia diptora 80.98 74.44 45.97 63.66 51.58 Sambucus glauca 50. 07 Viburnum prunifoUam 82. EUBIACEiE. Exostemma Caribfeum Pinckneya pubena ERICACE^. Andromeda ferniginea Arbutus Menzieaii Arbutus Xalapensis Oxydeudrum arboreom ... Ealmia latifolia Rhododendron maximam . 74.66 70.24 70.81 74.30 71.31 52.68 56.81 204 { OLEACE.a':. l''raxinna piBtaoiiefolia Fraxinua Americana I'Yaxinua Americana, var. Texenaia Fraxinua pubescens Fraxinna viridis Fraxinua platycarpa Fraxinua quadraugulata Fraxinua Oregaua Fraxiuus Hnnibueifolln Foreatiera acuminata Oamauthua Aniericanua BOERAGINACEa:. Bourroria HaTanenais Ehretia elliptica 17 FOK 1,575 1,085 1,191 92.44 1,124 95.89 1,099 92.86 1,336 72.39 751 64.64 483 74.07 781 67.68 601 65.16 1,015 76.83 1,082 62.85 812 70.71 903 35.16 476 74.50 774 67.12 »48 62.72 872 63.00 703 80.74 1,231 78.48 996 63.66 397 is I 2^& 306 j 449 I 4,400 9,474 12,020 4,355 7,802 8,034 6,419 8,025 6,890 7,020 9,671 10, 410 11, 680 7, 235 6,799 7,825 7,643 6,140 6,940 6,158 7,635 8,664 6,960 7,711 4,014 7,980 8,320 6,766 6,418 8,966 9,197 6,192 S2^ 1-14 'SI 13,767 I 7,394 9,593 I 7,190 450 14, 198 600 8,845 S02 10,750 386 8,653 423 10, 603 290 6,895 360 7,497 279 5,848 5,851 6,532 2,484 3,131 2,575 2,218 5,009 7,707 1,678 3,611 3,322 3,947 3,550 4,196 3,066 6,108 6,682 4,460 2,894 2,564 3,529 4,581 6,001 2,967 3,153 2, 745 3, 177 I 3,272 j 3,521 I 2,209 : 3,322 2,653 I 3,106 i 2, 717 I 4,206 4,702 3,663 Specie*. BIGNOIOACE^. t ■a h l| I" ili:l4 Hi Cstalpa blgnonioidee { 44.57 41.48 58.79 Catalpa fpeciosa Chilopaia aaligna VERBENACE.S. Citbarexylum TllioBum 86.75 NTCTAGINACE.S. I Pisonia obtusata ' 60. 31 POLTGOKACE.a;. I Coccoloba Floridana | 93. 40 LATJEACEa;. I Peraea Carolinensis 63.81 Persea Carolinensis, car. palaatria 63. 73 Sasaafraa officinale | SO. 38 Umbellularia Califomica ' 64. 92 EUPHORBIACE.!. Drypetes crocea Drypetea crocea, tar. latifolia .... DETICACEA nimna craaaifolia TTlmus fulva Ulmua Americana Ulmus racemoaa Ulmua alata Flanera aquatica Celtia occidentalis Celtia occidentalia, car. leticalata Ficufl aurca Ficus peduDCulata Morua rubra Maclura aurautiaca 8S.U 88.65 71.69 09.77 64.54 72.20 74.17 52.71 72.08 71.86 24.84 45.07 68.56 76.01 _ - •'S 66.52 4&28 46.73 PLATANACE.S;. Platanua occidentolii Platanna mcemosa Platanua ^V^ightii JUGLANDACE.*;. Juglans cinetea Jnglans nigra Juglana mpcstria Carya oUvseformla Carya alba Carya sulcata ' 80. Carya tomentosa ' 81. Carya porciua 81. Carya amai-a 74. Carya myristicicfarmls I 70. Carya aquatica j 73. MrRICACE.£. Myrica oorifera Myrica Califomica CUP0L1FERS. Qoenuaalba Qucrcua lobata Quorcua Garryana Quercua obtuailoba Qiiorcua uudulata, var. Qambelii.. Quon-us macrocarpa ' Qaervua lyrata Qncrcua bloolor — 1,390 ' 1,039 1,150 1,014 1,030 79.31 1,465 7S.1S 1,013 ' 66.06 888 06.81 tn 74. SS Wl 7S.87 717 74.24 811 83.01 833 85.38 8711 74.00 •39 83.59 1,SS4 76.18 900 5,eei e,s2i 4,753 12,837 9,173 5.874 6,110 9,005 340 10, 410 8,324 7,348 8,028 7,191 9,474 7,001 6,305 6,739 0,985 2,687 4,491 0^731 12, albft, rar. popnlUblla . 296 fi^-tolA papyrifera 2M I)«tal« occld«ntalU 2*7 B«lnUIaU« 198 Bt^tnla nierm 299 B«tU 3C1 Aloiurnbrm 302 Alnaa rhombifoliA 303 AIdoi oblongifoliA HALICACE.K. SftUz ainyi;dalolt]e« Sallx iKTifcata Sallx Uaiaodr*. ror. lancJfoUa . . . Balii laidatidn, car. Frndleriama. Sallz flaTcf ena Sftliz OaTCAceoa, tar. Scoaleii&nA Baliz kaiol<-pl« Popoloa trcisololdca Popaloa grmndidcDtftta Popoloa het«ropb7D> Popoloa balaamlfcim Popoliu balaamifera, tor. oaodl- cmn*. Popoloa uifniatlfoli* Popoluairichorarp* 8a 03 7i.42 80.09 88.63 97.60 99.10 9L00 93.93 84.43 90.44 81.47 77.75 65.28 90.03 73.91 70.10 64.18 72.39 69. U 72.31 6ae3 72.07 7a 10 C8.22 63.47 7&41 74.97 74.35 67.25 55.55 58.80 44.95 ea48 82.42 72.28 67.43 50.40 60.12 65.34 67.42 75.97 47.98 4L14 W.» 1.255 1,125 953 S61 1,137 1,033 1,085 1,034 745 977 1,402 1,C35 1,123 1,227 1,259 1,225 751 944 1,012 1,141 856 1,210 1,373 1,149 1,806 924 1,618 1,113 1,432 1,060 646 769 44.68 SOI 4&44 488 45.73 306 45.12 879 53.91 1,202 49.89 1,086 56.83 888 40.10 814 46.11 983 40.67 723 30.11 8S7 4L42 730 -.^ I * s s 7,715 8,615 9,204 8,913 6,941 7,C6« 8,550 8,748 8,721 6,759 7,416 8,527 8,172 9.310 8,074 8,012 7,184 7,954 9,632 7,316 7,802 8,023 8,424 6,600 7,107 4,605 8.830 6,236 7,009 6,959 7,923 6,106 7,550 8,669 6,664 7,781 6,260 9,907 7,007 9,007 6,6U 5,606 4,462 4,224 6,114 4.581 6,457 7,484 6,632 8,725 3,686 4,224 6,988 7,031 5,829 4,922 5,185 I 5,079 ' 6,646 3,770 4,302 2,825 4,C65 3,224 3,243 2,783 4,582 3,223 3,646 3,040 3,169 4,056 2,908 3,221 4,348 3,623 3,452 3,593 1,912 1,887 1,698 3,145 3,696 3,405 2,073 2,083 2,459 2,581 2,117 3,615 1,870 1,257 1,189 1,SM 1,8M 1,311 1,400 2,019 I,5«i Specite. 6.169 2,241 ! 6,285 1,281 6,727 994 4,627 1.384 6,128 1,202 4,418 1,030 4, ii r •< .£•='3 pi 1 1" III 0 III II-3 38.63 994 328 6,661 48.77 1,051 298 6,055 46.69 843 285 6,950 40.14 847 291 7,446 31 53 533 4,003 7,197 37.90 1,034 319 33.12 404 194 4,149 47.66 1,029 342 7,281 46.16 1,217 379 7,464 46.68 499 230 5,742 68.75 734 200 8,605 49.11 670 816 6,750 45.24 1,032 6,771 6,210 6,656 7,734 7,864 2a 87 451 42.02 676 63.78 781 61.08 821 378 5,625 6,210 5,349 5,882 5,601 5,296 7,825 851 930 794 676 612 48.65 913 320 6.420 5,679 4,389 421 486 594 55.56 715 279 6, 209 7,274 4,648 6,292 542 60.28 824 270 887 6,087 0,679 6,898 8,868 : 5,328 925 726 58.04 1,585 40.83 771 241 48.18 585 6,387 5,874] 6,680 4,207 6.834 1,141 326 46.60 979 318 34.88 429 176 54.27 1,128 377 61.39 581 316 6,687 1 79.29 1,170 497 8,079 1 52.93 643 281 5,705 55.09 643 214 0,028 49.22 49.29 803 1,194 810 441 6,670 8.142 60.86 1,376 443 7.628 39.13 47.60 448 942 212 278 4,604 0,329 69.82 1,488 490 10,074 74.83 46.71 40.38 33.88 37.26 42.80 42.20 42.58 6L01 1,677 1,100 1,023 808 653 990 900 713 1,376 500 318 819 246 194 277 807 197 388 10,628 6, 520 6,489 4.271 4.128 5,653 6,142 6,450 8,747 ?3i 1B| ■sc£ 1,327 1,382 1,007 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. 259 TABLE OF AVERAGES— Continued. Tsuga Pattoniana Pseudotsnga DouglasU I'scuilotsuga Douglasii, var. ma- crocfli-pa. Abies Fraaeri Abies balsamea Abies subalpina Abies grandis Abies concolor i 0 3. H •£■3 iS ' -t' •s*.i s = a p 44. 35 I 51.53 45.50 I 3S.46 38.02 I 34.61 i 35.06 36.07 1 307 1283 1050 6,074 8,289 7,405 6,657 5,851 4,829 6,255 6,237 162 III 1-^ 1,664 1,608 1,642 1 1,048 1,202 1,015 810 1,248 1 I. Sji Spocien. 398 j Abiea amabilis 399 I Abies Dobilia 400 Abies magniflca ... 401 I Larix Americana . . 402 I Larix occ-identalla . I PALMACE.«. 405 { WaabingtoDia filifera.... n lie .V:I I3i »5ii i'zt =;e e ;;.= S c e i = c a gsa --- --= :b" 42.18 1200 4S.4S I izn 40.87 M2 C2. 16 1261 74.00 1668 7,480 I 1,«» 7,2S« ' 1,917 «,9e3 1.546 8,763 ■ 1.675 11.021 2,aas 183 S, 833 2, 5:« The followiug table illustrates the relation between the specific gravity and the transverse strength of the wood of species upon which a sufficient number of tests has been made to render such a comparison valuable. The determinations of the specific gravity and transverse strength were, in every case, made upon the same specimen, at the same time. The table is arranged according to the specific gravity of the specimens. It will be noticed that the strength of the difl'erent specimens closely but not invariably follows their specific gravity. An examination of Table III will show, however, that in nearlj' every case where any wide diflerence occurs it is due to imperfections in the stick disproportionately afl'ecting its strength. Moreover, in the case ol species where the specific gravity and strength of different specimens are nearly identical, their order of arrangement becomes largely accidental. A slight diflerence in the time occupied in the strength tests, or slight variations in the direction of the grain of the wood, may considerably afiect the sequence in such a table : TABLE ILLUSTRATING THE RELATION BETWEEN TRANSVERSE STRENGTH AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY IN THE WOOD OF CERTAIN SPECIES. i i a i 1 Species. 1 s 1 1 Catalogue nnmber. 8 1 « i 1 1 If 1" 3 Mflgnolia acuminata 20 8 634 2 2 878 a 246 8 3 878 261 4 lots 246 5 1048 261 6 530 8 818 818 1 2 530 74S 1231 3 748 7 1236 1236 77 RobiniA pAondarAfii* U48 1 1 & 4A. 1 1232 6 1248 i 1232 7 isn a 895 8 1147 4 983 982 1 2 815 815 • •^ - 7 1023 8 1«8 15 1 1023 4 IS 3 04 299 1233 1 2 m 1053 4 t 5 1236 S 1 1063 C 1234 4 m 3 1235 6 761 8 1234 6 768 7 1233 7 8<8 » 876 8 817 It 409 9 1 817 11 64 Ac-cr SAC chftrinum. var. nigrum 274 213 1 2 44« 18 U 757 787 o 3 4 m 'Pmift (Vimnarin 1088 1 1 I 7106 3 260 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. RIXATION BETWKKX TEANSVEBSE STRENGTH AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ETC.— Continued. |i S^K. 1 1 h *> 1 li i i Species. 1 S =1 i 11 3 ii ?§ ^ g "■i W ! ■s' _5_ § i a 1 ; „ ___^^ _^ , 1068 1 2 194 FraxiDOB viridis — contlnaed 948 2 4 1087 4 4 957 3 1 us LlqniduDbftr St jTsoifliiA U73 1 2 438 4 3 1182 2 9 57 5 7 1182 3 6 857 6 5 1183 4 8 308 7 6 1173 6 1 308 8 8 loss uei 6 7 3 11 198 Fraxt&QB qnftdraiiziilAta -...-. .................... 66 1 3 68 2 2 U81 8 10 288> 8 1 5M 9 6 518 4 5 1096 16 4 286' 6 0 S46 11 12 291 0 4 iisa 12 7 125 7 8 in Coniu florid* 1077 3 1 125 1 7 1077 10S2 4 5 3 8 217 Rnniinftiui offlohudd 814 814 1 2 6 4 812 6 4 71 3 1 812 7 5 854 4 7 7«1 8 7 854 5 8 87 9 6 446 6 .1 67 10 4 387 7 3 IM 2f yssft sylTftticA ..................■.....■■■.>••••■••.• 750 1 2 71 8 2 835 2 9 387 9 0 750 833 3 4 1 6 223 Ulniaa folva 131 134 I I 1 2 833 834 5 8 4 7 284 TJlnius Americana 533 533 I g 1 2 4 1 834 7 3 1049 3 2 1 813 8 •5 19 4 1 1 813 9 8 19 6 3 J55 1 X jBAft onlflorm 128 1 2 1038 6 »I 128 2 1038 7 10 , 604 3 958 8 7 604 4 281 0 8 t 550 5 281 10 9 1 550 « 958 11 ru —. „. , 425 1084 1 225 Ulmoa racemusa 116 1 184 ' i/iosp jToc V ir^tnuoA ................................. 2 314 2 \ 1162 S 314 8 1 Rll 4 116» 4 1 1084 5 2 428 5 811 6 5 116" 8 61 7 8 116 7 1 61 1045 8 1 7 1 228 (^Itls occideDtalia 873 873 1 1 192 1 Frmxiniu Ampricaum 2 1045 2 4 1111 8 114' 3 3 306 4 S37 4 19 306 6 227' 5 2 1111 6 130 6 7 76 7 431 7 8 75 8 1 114« 227" 8 » 5 10 232 2£ofQ0 rubra ..................>....•.......... 182 1255 J 2 sga 1 " 8 132 3 212 " 11 1255 4 213 , 12 9 1244 5 747 " 21 1245 6 SSI 14 14 1246 7 227 267 16 16 13 12 238 Joglaoa clneroa 1057 76' I 2 747 J7 17 10 3 551 18 16 16 4 114' IS 18 76 6 114 20 18 76 6 114 ' 21 20 • 128 7 IM Fruiinu TiridU »4« 1 2 393 8 8 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. 2C1 EELATION B'JTWEEN TKANBVEESE STKENGTH AND SPECIFIC GKAVITY, ETC.— Continned. 1 Species. 1 a ! i V It a.4 |s r 4 8 1 6 9 8 1 a 1 o BpedM. i i s i \ 1 ^^B 289 Jaglaas nigra 951 951 766 766 318 325 1 2 3 4 5 G 251 QoercuB alba^-continaed 49> m 8 401 19 » 1 18 81 St 28 M 21 17 I* It 28 407 117 7 8 5 2 8K 2S1 25, 28 26 4 242 Carya alba ••..««*•...•«>.••■■••••............ 117 29^ 539 631 631 1056 1056 3 1097 249 9 1 2 8 4 5 6 7 8 9 7 4 7 2 3 12 13 6 1 11 253 Qnerotifl Qanyana •••••.... 113> 403 251 32« 118« 49 443 32» 113 985 1027 27 26 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 1 2 31 33 28 20 34 22 35 22 31 118 10 14 985 3 249 U 10 088 . 118 12 16 1027 . 3 13 5 1029 816 14 9 888 '. 639 15 8 1029 Corya eolcata ......«*•... ....... a...... 816 383 16 1 15 3 254 Quercus obtusiloba 771 771 243 1082 2 5 2S8 391 3 1 151 ^ 1166 4 6 la 391 5 4 sn 1082 0 7 351 1164 1170 7 8 2 8 256 Qneroos macrooarpft 137 310 « 1165 9 9» 1071 245 Carya poroina •■.•..•••.••..■• 88 1 1 810 10 88 2 2 143 U : 1168 3 7 833 11 ■ 1168 4 4 1073 7 442 6 9 1072 638 6 3 >3S 11 6 7 6 78 10 B 6 8 6 432 11 121 9 8 831 12 246 Carya aqaatioa 740 1 1 79 13 740 362 2 8 5 3 257 Qaorons 1 vratA ..■■>■■.....■>..■■.■.••*••■•.■ 645 782 h w 362 4 4 762 ■ 129 6 2 545 « L Qucronsalba «. ^ 917 1257 6 1 6 18 268 Quorons bioolor 54 8I« ^^ 261 ■ 749 2 27 84« ■ 647 3 1 54> V 647 4 11 54 1257 8 6 C 14 19 259 Qn6rcn8 M icbftOxU 755 755 r 1050 7 10 810 749 8 8 sto 259 9 9 S24 238 10 5 534 748 82 11 12 3 12 260 Qoorous FrioQS ........■•.......>>.........■>■........ 85 816 1050 13. 2 81 5 _ 49 14 IS ' 885 k 260 16 7 81 w 895 16 29 4S4 238 260 17 18 C 16 26t OiiArriis nrinnidiM 273 S8T 263 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. RELATION BETWEEN TRANSVERSE STRENGTH AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ETC.-Continned. 1 SpeoiM. i 1 L f |l 1 «• U Spsolea. i 1 1 3 7 8 • 2 Ml Qqctctu prixioidc*— coDtinoftd ........................ 614 291 KaguB forruglnca — coxtttnaed 766 765 5U 443 9 1 34 44< 10 Hlf QuercfU Tlrena -- 404 296 Botola pftpyrlfonk 830 1 S64 1065 2 954 1065 3 7S9 1067 4 «19 722 5 799 990 6 919 1066 7 xn QacrciiB mbnb ...•■•.••■••..■■.••■•.••■■.■..>.•..•.... 1043 14« 10 1006 990 8 9 1 1043 166T 10 1 217 722 11 215 218 297 B«tiil*late« 843 843 1 2 7 2 1008 4 7 5 1069 6 148 8 1070 3 215 11 1068 0 92 13 1069 7 45« 9 1070 8 141 15 298 Betalanig:ni 842 1 920 6 841 2 920 7 841 3 45> 12 842 4 ,45» 14 136 5 r* QiLercTiB tloctorlA ■■<•••.■■■■■••■■•■•■■■•>•■■..•....... 74 3«» 38» 4 9 2 301 AlnoB mbra , 136 991 991 6 1 2 80 0 1025 3 36 8 967 4 247 1' 907 6 17 6 1025 0 247 3 324 Popnloa monUifora 309 1 437 10 754 2 _ 17 754 3 244 11 309 1 444 12 304 5 m QaercTLS fulcat* 548 205 325 Fopnlua Fremontil, cor. WUlizent 304 012 0 1 648 646 2 131 640 3 131 900 4 266 012 6 245 909 0 245 742 511 327 ThnyAoocIdentBllB 1099 874 874 1 2 3 280 Qaerctts ftqnattCA 742 782 4 611 1099 5 349 783 0 349 783 7 ! 204> 790 8 TOf 790 9 264' 379 10 2M CuitaDe* ▼algarls, tar. AmarloMUi 18 268 ^ 879 792 11 12 1 1 1 616 793 13 1 7b£I1s frrmgltM* ......•,•.. 18 119 9 328 ChftDiAoypArlfl sphwroidoft .......................... 350 850 860 1 2 3 VI 863 851 4 9 851 6 863 852 0 U9 5 350 7 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. RELATION BETWEEN TRANSVERSE STRENGTH AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ETC.— Continned. 263 I u ! Speoie*. I .2 If i & 1 764 142 142 544 S44 780 m m aM 87* 780 81 858 US 3S8 357 81 18 3SS 11 380 381 SO 10 880 11 U 243 U 243 u 385 14 18 380 U IS 357 18 U 85 884 17 18 18 18 S30 ChamaDcyparisNntkflenalA. 330 1 Jnniperus Virglnlana.. I 342 Seqnoia semperrireii*. 347 Pmns Strobiu . Pinna resliiosB . 301 Plnos ponderosa . I Plnas Inopa Piuus glabra 1249 1290 788 788 1076 1076 785 1074 1075 785 632 910 907 1172 1172 1169 1169 PIntu glabra — eontinoed. 379 ' PlDUit Baokdiiuia . Pinna palnatris . Pinaa CnbeiiBla. Pic«aiiign. Pioea Sitchetuls . Tauga C*aad«ii*U . SS8 358 84 84 231 231 778 513 1| 773 773 784 SIS 784 791 •70 970 I0I5 977 1818 8n 1018 lOM 8 uia 798 T«} 772 771 264 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. RELATION BETWEEN TKAKSVEKSE STRENGTH AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ETC.— Continned. GENEKAL EEMARKS. An examination of the results obtained from the various tests made n|)on the woods of North America indicate at least the important fact that witliiii tiie limits of any species the weifiht and strength of any specimen of wood depends u])on the actual proportion of the sj)ace occui)ied in the layers of annual growth with open duels to the space occupied with compact, woody tissue, and to the size of these ducts; or in the case of the wood of Coniferii!, the proportion of si)ace occupied with cells formed early in the season to that o(;cupied with the smaller cells of the summer growth. The proportion hetweeu these two kinds of growth varies not only in every individual- tree, but in diflerent parts of the same tree. The causes which thus affect the growth of wood are not very apparent. It is not soil, nor age, nor general (climatic conditions, it appears, which produce the diifereut i)roportioii between the solid and the light portions of the annual growth in any species, because in the same individiial tliis proportion is found to vary from year to year. It varies very irregularly; nor does the rapidity of growth, as has been sujiposed, greatly affect the strength of wood, because the proportion of open to compact growth is little aflcfited l)y rai)id or slow increase of the tree's diameter. How far annual climatic variations affect the nature of the annual layers of growth has not been demonstrated, although it is not impossible that in years in which conditions favoraljle to rapiil growth arc extended late into tiie season, the proportion of the annual layer occu])ied by oi)en, weak growth to the growth of the whole year would bo greater than that formed in a year during which the sea.son favorable for rapid growth was less extended. It follows that while such (experiments as those conducted by Mr. Sharpies are necessary to estal)lish maximum and relative values for any species, these being established, actual values of any given specimen of THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. 265 wood may bo determined by microscopic examination of its structure ; tliat is, two specimens of the wood of any species to which the census tests have been applied being given, their relative values can be determined by an examination of their structure as well as or better than by any elaborate experiments. TANNIN VALUES. The amount of tannin contained in the bark of various trees of the United States has been determined. These determinations give the proportion of tannin. They do not indicate the real value of the bark of the species for tanning, which can only be obtained by actual experiments made on a large scale, other properties in the bark, beside the percentage of tannin, affecting the value of the leather prepared with it. These determinations must therefore be regarded as approximations, which will serve, in some cases, to indicate species not now in general use for this purpose, which may be looked to as possible soarces of tannin supply. The methods adopted by Mr. Sharpies in making these determinations are described by him as follows : The tannin in each case was determined in the rossed bark; that is, bark deprived of the main part of the ontside coating. The method employed was that devised by Lowenthal, which may be thus briefly described: A standard decoction of the bark is titrated with permanganate of potash, a quantity of indigo being first added to it. In a second portion the tannin ie precipitated by means of gelatine, and the g.allic acid iu the liquid again determined by permanganate and indigo. The difference between these two readings gives the amount of tannin in the bark, the value of the permanganate having previously been determined by pure tannic acid, or bv oxalic acid and calculation. The bark of the following species has been examined : Botnnionl nnme. Common name. Oordonla Lasiantbos . Proaopisjuliiiora Hbizopbora Mangle Exostemma Carilueam . Queronsalba Qaerons macrocarpa... Quercos Priuus. Qaercna priuoides (old tree) . . . Qaerous prinoides (yonng tree) Qnercns virena Qaercna Emoryl QacrcQS rabnv QaercQB tinotoria Loblolly Bay. Tan Bay , Mesquit. Algarobft. Honey Locust. Honey Pod. Mangrove WTiitoOak Burr O.ak. Mossy-cop Oak. Over-cup Oak. Cbestnnt O.ik. Eock Chest- nut Oak. Yellow Oak. Cbestnnt Oak. Chinquapin Oak. do Live Oak Black Oak KedOak. Bl.aok Oak Black Oak. Tellow-bark Oak. QuercttronOak. TcUowOak. 1 3 3 ^ -*i i S SI a 13.14 2.85 4.04 8.71 31.04 6.70 S.81 7.16 5.99 C.11 4.59 a 05 6.25 3.83 4.33 8.38 1 10.33 6.23 10.4ft &89 0.7« 16.09 4.68 4.43 6.90 5.73 290 Botanical name. Common name. 275 Qnercns Kelloggii . 276 Qoercus nigra 277 , Qaercus falcata 287 Qaercos denslflora. Castanea vulgaris, tar. Ameri- cana. Ficea nigra Picea Engclmanni Picea Engelmanni Picea Engclmanni Tsuga Canadensis Tsuga Mertcnsiana , Tsuga Mertcnsiana Tsuga Pattoniana Pseudotsuga Douglasii BlackOak ' «.7« Blackjack. Jack Oak ' 4.36 Spanish Oak. RedOak : &S« TanbarkOak. Chestnut Oak. | 1&4< Peach Oak. Cheatnnt 6.J5 Black Spmce.. White Spmce. ...do Hemlock . ...do Bed Fir. Yellow Fir. Ore- gon Pine. Donglas Fir. 7.20 sass j 17.01 '• 12.60 13.11 14.42 15.87 15.7! 8.64 6.28 4.82 t.84 2.84 2.75 2.tt 0.75 i.n L44 1.4* 266 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT Sp«cie«. 1IA6K0LIACE£. 1. Ifaimolia gruiditlorm Bit LaurtL JiuU Bap. i. U*|n><<1i> el'xx'* Stetfl Bay VThUt Bay. Btater Trte. Whitt LaurtL Svamp LaurtL t. Usecolift actimiiiaU Qucumber Trt*. Uountain Moffnolia. 261' 261' Ml> 4. MscnoUa cordata I 1178 Otuimber Tret. I LATKB8 or I Diameter OBOwm. I of tree, 346 Alabama . 5. Magnolia macropbylla LargeUavtd Outumber Trtt. 7. MacDoUa Fr^aerl Long-Uattd Oucumbtr IVm. a. Llriodfndron Toliplfcra Tulip Tree. YelUna Poplar. WkUeWood. ASOVACRM. Aalnina triloba Papaw. Outlari Apple. 266> 26e> 260' 2Ce' 818 1231 1233 10. Aanna UorifoUa Fund Apple. YirginU. ....do.... ...do.... .do. do. MlaalaslppI . Cottage Hilt . ..do C.Uobr Elchloam . do I Swampy... 0.372 0.288 Wythevllle H. Shrivor j Clay limeetone. Fanoy Gap do | Rich, light do ' do do do do — do Sslvers' mill ' C.Mohr — do Alabama i Winatoa coaoty . North Carolina ... Statea'-iUe MiasiRflippi I QaitmaD Virginia . ...do... ...do.... ...do Fancy Gap Michigan . . Ohio Tonneaaae . Ohio do. do . Michigan Weat Vlixinl*. PonnaylranU . . ...do Mlawmri... Tnnnnainn Wythovillo . M. E. nyo C.Mohr.. Kich . . Rich, In Damp ...do. Danaville W. .T. Beal ' Sandy . D.E.McSherry&Co.' E.E. Barney Woodanm Machine | do Company. i Bonicy i Smith.. ...do if.inufacturlnj: Co. D. E.McShorry & Co. ... do J. W. Stoddard &Co..... do Bamoy St. Smith do Manufactaring Co. I Lansing 1 W.J.Beal Grafton I C. G. Prlnglo. . Cheater connty P. P. Sbuploa. do L...do Momnirc river, Jef- fi-r»on county. Cnnibctland river . G. W. Lettorman . . I Alluvial A.Oattlngor ....do ... A. II. Curtian. Swampy 0. 240 0.169 0.086 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OF DEY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. 267 srsciFic OBAvrrr DBTEanraATiOKS. ABH DETEBIIIXATIOKS. 1 .Weight, per cnblo foot, -D 1 inponndS Remark. (average). i Ilrat. Second. Third. Average. Flret SecoDd. Average. a 0.6040 0.6034 0.S012 0. 4399 0.4582 0.4215 0.60S5 0.4095 0.5375 0.5468 0.8787 0.6067 0.4606 0.6430 0.4976 0.4602 0. 3843 0.3831 0.8798 0.4475 0.4513 0.43C2 0.4436 0.3774 0.4763 0.4444 0.4109 0.3540 0. 4259 0.4912 0.6680 0.5037 0.5413 0.6360 0.40 0.42 0.29 0.25 0.30 0.30 0.34 0.25 0.32 0.45 0.19 0.18 0.24 0.25 0.27 0.33 0.25 0.27 0.20 0.17 0.19 0.18 0.25 0.33 0.26 0.20 0.19 0.10 0.24 4.94 0.65 0.53 0.20 0.53 39.63 U$ 0.5035 0.47 31.38 0. 5213 0.4399 0.4562 0.4215 0.5061 0.4690 0.27 0.25 0.30 0.30 0.34 mi KU 0.5058 0. 4184 0.4859 0.6534 0.33 0.39 0. 4101 Third sp. gr. determination made on aap-wood ; foortb «p. gr. determination, 0.4175. 0.29 29.23 0. 4139 0.32 25.79 1178 0.5117 0.5501 0.32 0.39 28 0.34 5S2 0.6309 0.35 33.08 0. 3787 0.6067 0.4606 0.19 0.18 0.24 2W> Growth rapid; 0.5 sap-wood Growth rapid : all sap-wood AUsapvrood Mfi 260 0.4487 0.20 27.96 0.6430 0.49T6 0.4602 0.6003 0.25 0.27 0.33 M>> MO* MO* 0.28 3L18 0.3843 0.3807 0. 3792 0.4418 0.4477 0.4256 0.4(93 0. 3774 0.4793 0.4427 0.4455 0.25 0.27 0.21 0.16 0.19 0.19 0.27 0.32 0.28 0.21 0.18 138 0.3783 0. 3787 0. 4361 0. 4442 0. 4150 0.4551 0.27 0.22 0. l.S 0.19 0.21 0.80 0.31 0.29 0.22 0.16 0.14 0.30 4,79 les 174 m • 178 18T 188 SK 0. 4822 0. 4400 0. 4712 0. 3810 818 ISU IBl a 4230 0.23 26.36 0.3079 0. 4259 0.3969 0.15 0.27 211 sa 0. 5199 0.5048 0.21 24.74 aS053 i.86 11.49 418 2G8 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table 1.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PEE CUBIC FOOT J Speeiea. CAPPAJSIDACK& U. Csppsris JimaioensU ! 477 I 1188 CANELLACB.E. 12. Cuellaalba Whitt Wood. Oinnanum Bart. Wild Cinnamon. i TERXSTEOEMIACK*. li. Gordonuk Lisiuithiu LobloUy Bay. Tan Bay. STEBCOTJACKK. 18. Fremontia CaUfomica . BKppery Eim. TILIACE.E. 288 4M 17. Tilia Americana LimtTret. BauWood. American Liri' dtn. Lin. Btt Tret. 17. TQia Americana, rar. pub««ceiu. U. Tilia betiropbylla . Locality. LATSR8 OF Diameter! obo^ytu. of tree, i ^_^ Upper Metacombo i A. H. Cartim ! Coral . ...do -.■-■■> do I — do ' UmbrellaEey do . EUiott'eEev "... do . Sonth CaioUna Bonneaa's Depot . do Aiken White Bau Wood. Wahoo. MALPIGHLACE*. Maa&achasette — { Arnold Arboretum . Michigan ' Big Bapide Missouri : AUenton Michigan [ Herscy Massachnsetts I Danvers H. W. Bavencl . C. G. Pringle . C. 8. Sargent ■W. J.Beal G. W. Lettcnnan. W. J. Boal J. Bobinson A. H. Cnrtiss. W. M. Linnoy . Georgia Bainbrldge .. I Eentocky | CliOs Kentucky river do Mercer county do . do ' do — do Tenneuee ' Cumberland river . . A. Gattinger . I I : I 19 Bynonima Incida ynonima Inc TaUmeberry. Q{ambtrry. ZTGOPHTLLACES. 10. Guaiacnm lanctam . Ly/num-vilcm. 11. rorlirra angnatifolla ECTACEJ!. 12. Xanthoxylnm Amniranom .. FrieUy AA. TooOuuhe Tree. 610 Florida . U18 ... do 1117 ...do 1110 ...do Boca CbicB Key . Ko-Nanie Key . . . Boca Cbica Key . No.KameEey ... A. H. Curtiss. 'Wet pine-barren. Swampy Drift Gravelly Alluvial Rich loam . . . Moist gravel. Limestone . ...do ...do. do. Mlasonri . . Mlcbl^an . Ujj,, ler Mt'tacombe — do. Department of Ag- I rldiliuro. Clliott'sEey A. H. Curtiss Allen ton. Lansing ■ G. W. Lottermnu W.J.BmJ Limestone . Alluvial ... .do . 0.620 0.120 0.087 0.066 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OF DRY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued. 269 BTBCITIC GKAVTTT CKTBBUraATIOXS. ASU DETEBUEIATIOKS. Weight, per cable foot, in pounds (average). Remarlu. 1 First. Second. Third. Average. 0.6649 0. 7293 First. Second. Average. 1 0.6690 0.7272 0. 9570 1. 0390 0. 3852 0.5146 0. 6995 0. 4026 0.3815 0.5035 0. 5166 0.4272 ( 0. 4103 \ 0. 4087 0. 4927 0. 3791 0. 3674 0. 4695 0. 5257 0. 5909 0. 5081 0.6009 L1845 1.2738 1.0997 1.1230 0. 6122 0.5235 1 0.6609 0.7315 0.9593 1. 0017 0.4659 0.5255 0.7288 0.4722 5.60 3.82 0.75 2.66 0.49 1.02 1.51 0.30 0.32 0.97 0.55 0.42 C 0.68 ( 0.62 0.45 0.67 0.86 0.48 2.84 2.40 2.75 1.94 0.87 0.51 0.86 0.53 0.60 0.64 5.77 3.88 0.95 2.65 0.44 1.08 1.86 0.33 0.38 5.68 3.85 0.6971 4.76 43.44 0.9582 1.0203 0.85 2.66 0.9893 1.75 6L65 0. 4255 0.5201 0.47 1.05 0.4728 0.76 29.47 0.7142 L69 1 44.51 UM 0.4G74 0. 3815 0. 4706 0. 5166 0.4266 0.4525 0.31 0. a.'i t 1 114 0. 4378 3a 0.64 0.48 0. 07 1 0.64) 0.60 0.45 0.4163 0.38851. 0. 4220 ) 0. 4362 [ Growth very rapid Second growth a55 28.20 0.4074 0.65 25.39 0.4927 0. 3791 0.3674 0.4620 0.45 0.67 0.86 0.50 28S> 38S> 0.4545 0.5360 0. 6783 0. 5791 0.5964 1. 2180 L1700 1. 0998 1.0843 0. 5969 0.6290 0.53 2.85 1.94 2.56 2.40 a 93 0.81 0.94 0.49 0.58 0.55 320 0.4253 0.62 28.61 0.5308 0.6478 0. 5782 0.5987 2.85 2.17 2.65 2.17 610 0.6743 0.5875 Ills UU IIM 0.9503 0.6888 3.46 36.68 1.1196 1.2218 1.0882 0.90 0.66 0.90 4T8 8te 1.0052 1. 1230 USI 1.1432 0.83 71. 31 1.1101 0.51 60; IS NT 0.604S 0.6362 0.54 80 m 0.66M 0.67 36.33 270 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PEE CUBIC FOOT i • Diameter LATSBS or OBOWTB. SpMiat. state. Locality. CoUeetor. Soil of tree, in 8 metera. Sap- wood. Heart- wood. 7JS 80r floridA Cbattaboocbeo A.H.CDrtias ....do Tmtlmektrm PrieUm Aik. SmAtk. ttfptrWoed. WOdOmgt. TOTM C.Mohr Damp, Bandy Dry, calcareoDs .. Coi»l 0.352 30 a. Xaat^ijhim CUTk-Bcraili*, Mr. frn- S38 1108 ....do flmidk Aootiii do do a09S 88 BtHmlrmd. UM ... do .. do ... .do 4 S. Tiwllini iliiiii PtmU ... HO 11M do Bay Biaca.nw A.H.Ciirti8s C.Mohr Corel WOdLimtt. TflTM A. H. Cnrtias Coral a84 13 81 It PMbtTifoliMi T«8 ...do Aspalaga ...do Caloareou 0.M 23 Hem Ttf. Shrutif Tr^nO. W^tr 17 Cmitia bolomitliA 13SB AriMD* ■Wickenbnrg C.G.Pringle EIKASrBEJt. 487 norid* Bay Biaoayne A.aCartl»e Coral Fmmditilnt. BinffiKTlACFT 4C2 ....do rp}>er Uetaoonbe ....do do OwmSitmi. QumULimlc Wmiln- ttmt JHnA ... do . . . Department of Ag- «78 do Upper Uetaconbe A.H.CortiM Coral 0.128 (1 Tink Wocd. UZUJlCXS, n. SvlctCBi* Mahneoni 4a ....do do ....do ...do 0.228 IS 81 Makfumt. Uadtin. OLACLKEiE. 47S UM do ....do ....do ...do •.112 8 tt do ....do ....do ILIcrVEA MS Sooth CaroUBk.... ....do Warerly If ilia W. St. J. Maiyck . . Department of Ae- ncoliurc^ Sandy loam a 144 K AmmemMatOf tl. TW.T>*hc«B 4M Ilerida Bay Biacafno A.ttCarti»a Low, damp 0.128 It iMUM. OmMemBtUf. M. DezDiboa^Mr.mTTtUbll* an do JaekaeoTiUo ...do do 0.148 « THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OF DRY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Contiuued. 271 SFBCmC C&1.TITT DBTKBHIHATIOm. ABB DETKBinXA 1 Avencci Weight, per cubic foot. 1 i s Fine Seoood. Third. Avenge. ! First. Second. Id pounds -i-i—r-w (kvenge). 1 0. S139 { 0. 5003 0.4880 0.4772 0. 5392 0. 5153 0.6070 0.4828 0.5272 • i 0.92 1 0.S1 0.S1 aOS i 0.65 0.87 0.90 0 64 0^87 U88 1 0.6030 0.50SS 0.78 IIT« 0l82 3i.a 0.5733 0.8965 0.9275 0.7666 0.5775 0.8949 ai<4oo 0.7305 0.4172 0.2488 0.4022 1.04S0 0.74M 0.8925 0.9505 aKS4 0.6078 0.4830 0.5860 0.SS87 a 78 37.18 1.59 2.01 2.34 1 •> lis 0.S59S 0.9090 0.74» a5807 a9coo 0.8238 0.«4«4 0.4100 a2677 0.2823 L04«S •.7339 0.8799 a.9S3S 0.«>4« 0.5524 0.4701 «lS88« 0.8782 0.9222 1.80 3.25 1188 U48 0.9302 aoo a63 LOO 0.59 a9002 2.K 56.10 0.7573 0.ST91 0.8968 0.95 0.61 0.79 0.7444 0 34 0.78 4&S8 a 8319 0i30 5L84 188 a6S8S &13 1 4.54 1 0.93 0.93 2.05 1.91 2. 10 2. 07 1 j S.S3 42.91 iia a 4138 0.S3 35.78 48r 0.2587 1.98 3.09 tm 8a aaoos 2.M 1&71 L0459 0.66 1.06 0.51 l.U 0.60 65l]8 at 0.7W7 0.7383 1.09 4&88 488 a8883 0.55 0 a83 «n at24t 0.9531 a84 0.71 1.04 0.B4 0.83 a65 OiTl 0.86 0.83 5 wood IISI a Site «i73 ST.U a633$ a 6301 0.83 0.88 a. 888 8.6818 0l78 88.28 0.4806 ti91 ISLtS 484 a6878 &to 8&80 1 m FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table 1.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEICnT TEK CUBIC FOOT i 8Uto. Locality. Collector. Sou. Diameter of tree, in meters. LAY! OBO Sap. wood. BS OF WTB. Heart- wood. Ui 804 962 335 758 846 341 016 338 63 1078 1188 478 1201 454 4«0 Ml 43 621 803 1094 1266 «03 1101 Alabama Florida Texas Missouri Texas Florida Cottage HIU Saiot John's river . . M.itogordabay Alleuton Dnllus Chattahoochee river Kew Braimfels Chunchula Ogeechee river Cottage Hill C.Mohr A.ILCurties C.Mohr G. W. Lcttcnnoa J, Keverchon A.H.Curtiss C. Uohr ....do A.H.Cnrtiss C.Mohr O. W. Lettcrman . . . ....do A.II. Curtles ....do 0.07S 17 Osjaraa. Tavpon. rcjxm. Light Clay Alluvial o.ose 88 CYKILLACE^. Alabama Georgia Alabama Damp, sandy Low 0.I9S Inn Wood. Wet 0.104 47 TM. Iran Wood. Buekwluat Tree. CELASTEACE.*. 3ft EuoD>'mas atropar[>aTcas Burning Iltuh. Wahoo. Spindle Tree. Arrow Wood. Alluvial do .. do ...do 0.002 23 Florida ....do do Umbrella Key Upper Uetaoombe Key. Coral ....do 0.110 71 leUtne Wvod. Box Wood. ....do BHAllKACEiK. ...do ...do Texas UiHonii Florida do do ....do .' 0.112 o.iee 0.100 7 22 5 S2 66 86 Bed Iron Wood. Darling I'lum. ...do New BraoDfels ....do C. Mol.i U. Vf. Lclteimun ... A.Oatlingcr A.H. Cnrtiss ...do Black Iron Wood. Dry, calcarooDS. . . Utue Wood. LogmmL Purple Haw. Indian Cherry Saint John's river .. Rich hummock . . . O.IOB 0.060 10 14 10 CalifoniU OrogoB Caliromia Santa Cruz meant- alas. Portland HantaCruK G. Engclmann and C. H. Bargent. Klch, alluvial 1 Btarbrrry. Bear Wood. ShiMm Wood. « Cwr.othus thyniiloras 0.0M 11 1 1 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OF DRY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued. 273 SPECIFIC OnAVITY DETEBMlMATIOKS. ABU DITSlUnilATIOKB. ■Weigbt, per cnblc foiit. In pounds (uverage). B«markB. 1 First Second. Third. A voroge. Fitst. Second. 1 Average. 8 i J. 7257 0. GS90 0. 7475 0. 7076 0.7888 0. 5D10 0. 7000 0. 7147 0. 6818 0. 6350 0.6240 0.08C8 0. 0007 0.7487 0. 7012 1.0605 1. 3020 1.2049 0.5954 0. 5040 0.49T1 ( 0. 1804 ( 0. 4789 0. COOO 0. 5065 ( 0. 5805 ( 0.5005 0.7183 0.7191 0. 7019 0. 7221 0. 7041 0.7547 0.74 1.04 C.80 o.h 0.83 0.87 0. U7 0.41 0.43 0.35 0.70 a 51 3.88 2.79 2.15 3.24 8.00 7.03 0.19 0.70 0.47 1.15 0.03 0.74 0.70 0.70 l.U 0.72 O.iO 0.84 0.70 0.67 0.43 0.40 0.48 0.08 0.53 2.95 2.91 2. 28 3.15 8.01 7.02 0. 18 0.98 0.52 0.81 0.53 0.59 0.68 0.72 1.08 0.81 MM 0.7270 0.87 4S,31 0. 7976 0.7888 0.5885 0. 7931 0.47 0.84 0.83 0.67 54 333 0.5801 0.7894 0. C563 0. CG08 0. 0147 753 0. 7039 M5 0. 7420 0.70 46.35 0.C855 0. 6713 0.42 0.41 0.42 3(1 «15 0.6784 42.28 0.6249 0.42 38.95 Its 0. 0240 0.6943 0.64 0.52 <3 0.7018 0. 9039 0. 7728 0. 7850 1. 0825 1.3020 1. 19411 107S 0.6592 0.S8 41.08 0.9048 3.43 56.39 1168 0.7608 0. 7881 0. 7745 2.85 2.22 3.54 4T< IMl 48.27 1.0715 3.20 60.78 4S« 1.3020 a 31 81. U 4«0 1.1090 7.03 74.78 Ml 0.6954 0. 5951 0. 5136 0. 4807 0. 5402 0.19 0.87 0.50 0.98 0.64 43 0. 5902 0. ,^301 0. 4720 1 0. 4Si.'5 ) SSI 863 lOH 34.04 0. 6000 0.B8 37.89 asa 0. 6078 0. 5004 ; 0.5625' 0.5672 0.07 35.35 3&83 MS 0.S7S0 0.69 1101 ' IS FOR 274 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table L— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT TimtMrnfli ZhmtfMmfU THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OF DRY SPEC1ME>S OF THE WOODS OF THE UXITED STATES— ConUnued. trBavK a>«TnT DBnunxATMBis. TUrd. ATct^k. < JbaL | OieMJ. Avmack. » ..^ ((.» «L«S« «.» «.«Si» o.«i 1 «.««» ncm 1 •.» tn 1. 1. 01 «.S4 tin «i8> •in LSS 1 M )i «LlfT •.41 «L«» •.a* «.Jf7 «l44 «i34 • >• •.4* AIlM^WMd . •.S8 •.4* •.» •.M •.41 276 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT Sp«;ie». 1 a State. LoeaUty. * Collector. Soil. Diameter of trco, in meters. UiTERS OP GBOWTII. Sap- wood. Hoart- wood. £88 lOS 203 298 2tX) 376 409 1233 1234 1235 213 274' 274' 399 440 757 1167 103 367 448 1052 20 530 743 878 1048 1219 1240 290 311 64S U76 Ut»li City Crock cnllon . . . SI. E. Jom-8 CO. Pringlo Moist, gravelly . . . 0.050 13 Sugar ilovlr. Sugar Tnt. HardlTapU. Soet itapU. Ohio 'Woo Low, moist 80. Oloeya Tennta 660 Cnlifomia Lower Colorado G. Engelmaua and Dry, gravelly Inn Wood Arbol dt Hitrro. | 1 valley. C. S. Saigvut. 81. PiaoldlaErTthTlna... Jamaica Dogwood. 6 1.1542) 0. 8089 0.0485 815 0. 7087 0.26 0.19 0.S8 2.15J 2.43) 3.34 0.17 < 36 1.74 Third sp. gr. determination made on sap-wood. Cnltivated S45 0.7333 0.61 45.70 0.8094 0.20 50.44 lOU 0.8258 1. 1374 0.8034 0.00 50.07 lOU 1.0602 0.8734 2. 29 00.07 aso 8.38 St. 43 564 0.G2T8 0.6277 0.10 0.38 31 «r9 0. 9890 0.0325 ■ 0.C27. Tarkinsonia micropbjlla 12S8 90. Parkiosonia nrnlt-ata . 03. Pmnopbi Jullflora ItetqvU. A Igarolia Ilmej/ Pud. M. rrMMpis iinlx'M'ens Jicrne litan Kerrvp-id UtMqwt. Tor- niUa. 95. Lrnra-na ^aura . . 96. L'^tinrnrx Jmlvcrulrnt. 1069 1090 1091 G. EuKclinann and I Sandy C. S. Sargent. C.G. Pringlo. Florida De|iartineut of Ag- I riculturo. Texas Austin S. B. Bucliley Missouri ' Allcntou ' G. W. X^tterman . Tennessee ( NasbviUe A.Gattinger Missouri Allenton. ...do j do ...do ' do ...do ' Fort .Stockton Aiizona Tucson.. ...do do Texas Austin ColUbnila FurtYunia. ...do I ..do 1224 Mexico LampaMasniouulaiDs 1222 I Toxaa Brownsrilic — G. \Y. Lettermaa. ...do Low.ricb ! 0.200 Limestone Rich .do. S. B. Bucklcv I LimestODO . B. L. BaUlrldgo Light, sandy . C. S. Sargent ...do C. Mohr Rich, calcareous . O. Kneelmann and C.S. Sargent. ...do I Sandy . S. I!. Iliickloy ...do Sandy THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OF DKY SPECIMENS OF TUE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Coutiuued. 281 BFKCIFIC CUAVITI DETIBMIMATIOKS. ABB DETEOIUXATIOXS. Wciebtpcr cubic foot, in iiuiiutla (average). Benurks. 1 First. Second. Third. Average. Tint. Second. A verage. 1 0. S019 0.8510 0. C700 0. 0663 0. 7395 0. 8101 0. 9316 0. 6786 0. 6090 0. 8928 0. 8509 0.42 1.04 0.70 0.45 0.98 0.55 0.69 1.29 o.oc 1.23 4.20 2.32 2.17 0.59 0.67 0.80 0.82 0.67 0.76 3.35 1.07 1.45 2.09 1.02 0.91 0.95 :.27 0.90 0.34 0.88 ■ 32* 931 1. 13 1. 09 0.67 0.73 S3. 03 0.6743 0. 6663 0. 7395 0.64 402 510 1 0. 50 ' 0. 48 0. 82 0. 90 * 0. 7359 0. 0275 0.61 0.6934 0.67 13.21 0. 7330 0. 7345 0.6346 0.6528 0.58 0.69 l.U S3' 111 0.6418 0. 6328 0. 7509 0. 0330 0. 7170 0. 6323 0. 3848 0.98 0. 7245 0. 6732 0. 7722 0. 7272 '' Fii-st sp. gr. iletrrmiunlion m.adp ou sap-wood Second sp. gr. deterniiuatlon mnde on sap wood ... 0. 6740 0.80 12.00 0. 7342 0.79 l.CO 3.08 2.26 2.51 0.56 0.C7 0.77 0.74 0.84 0.77 2.69 I. 71 2.49 2.00 0.98 0.90 .1.31 1.13 0.78 15.76 7C0 0. 6531 1.12 10.70 678 0.7449 3.61 10.75 1258 0.6325 0. 5908 2.29 2.34 ISO 0.5968 0. 6157 38. U 0. 6116 2.32 0.6104 1 0.6070 0.6110 0. 7098 0. 6107 0.0289 0.6213 0.6363 0.66 0.67 0.79 0.78 0.70 0 7098 0.6234 0.6493 0.6009 0. 5959 0.6081 0.6J17 0. 7045 0.8U6« 0. 6997 0.7726 10» 1090 0. 7502 Fii'Mt and second sp.gr.deteiminiitionsni.idoou linlfiuip nriHl Koot 0.72 39.65 0. 7392 0.7518 0.77 16.82 1142 0.8322 0. 7137 0. 7247 0.8493 0. 7067 0. 7467 0. 7502 3,02 1.09 1.97 2.05 sat CM 0. 7473 0. 7620 0. 7587 0. 0.'« {»;»p.woO*l m 17.13 0. 7910 0. 7930 0. 7278 0.9205 0. 680:l 0.7632 2.18 1.00 0.91 0. 95 0.S6 3.29 1.01 , 0.7772 0.7811 0.7?2» 0. 7258 0.7000 0. 9235 0.6732 OM 0. 7527 All sap-wooaeld rinos Altos monnt- aiai. A. n. Curtiss Clay 0.218 0.820 0.238 15 1 48 1 Gravelly Alluvial 11 7 33 12 S.L.Grecno ...do Wild Cherry. ....do TllK WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OF DRY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Contiuued. 283 ePKCIFIC OUAVITT DSTBBMINATI0K8. A8H DETBBUINATI0.N8. WeiKht. per cubic fuot, in pounds (average). Remnrks. 1 First. 0. 9380 0. 8703 0. 8162 0. 8558 0. 0033 0. C901 0. 8829 0.8885 0. 7290 0. 0750 0. 7033 0.787G 0. 0G75 0. 5014 0.8162 0. 4310 0.7047 0. 0523 0. 5809 0. 6730 0.0473 0. 5075 0. 5373 0. 5131 0. 4080 0 5734 ' 0. 6753 0. 6633 0. 7283 0 84,'i9 Second. Third. Average. First. Second. ATeruge. 0. 9404 0.9392 0.08 0.68 0.95 1.00 2.00 •1.08 2.48 3.00 0.87 0.11 0.17 0.33 0.28 0.36 0.14 0.18 0.13 0.13 0.12 0.19 0.11 0.13 0.19 0.14 0.06 0.00 0.17 0.10 0.16 0.28 . 0.57 0.80 0.68 58. S3 UM 0. 8703 0.8389 0. 8558 0. 8550 0.79 0.95 1.00 0. 8010 2.44 2.07 2.25 2.09 0.87 0.09 0.21 0.21 0.28 0.43 0.10 0.23 0.14 U.U 0.15 0.17 0.13 0.11 0.01 63.28 • 0.5848 0. 0987 2.22 2.03 Rough bark 0. 8349 1.0135 0. 8129 0. 0745 0. 0800 0. 8070 0. 7092 0. 5031 0. 8242 0. 4094 0. 7079 0. 0539 0.48.12 0. 0235 0. 6503 0. 5059 0. 0186 0. .'>351 0.6418 2.12 40.00 0.8589 0: 9510 2.37 2.55 445 uoe 0. 9049 2.46 56.30 0. 7709 0.87 48.04 480 0. 6748 0. 6918 0.7978 0. 7215 0.10 0.19 0.27 68 2I» 3M 0.18 44.96 • 0.6884 0.28 42.90 435 0.5023 0.40 31.30 m 0.8202 0.12 51.11 coo 968 IS IM 11 J I?7 148 196 IIT 0.4S02 0.21 2a 06 0.7063 0. 5532 0. 5321 0.6486 0.6491 0.14 0.12 O.M 0.16 0.12 0.12 0. 5280 O.OLMl 0. 46S0 0. 57.-.G 1 1 36S 0.00 0.10 0.34 0.17 0.08 0.10 0.25 0.16 406 0. 5777 0. 5221 0. 0857 0.6940 0. S8;l7 735 703 0. 6880 0.6837 0.SS22 195S 0.15 86.28 0.7111 0.8648 0.12 / 0.14 tK • 4U * 0.7870 a20 49.10 284 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT Specie*. 110. rrunns diniiMS ITiW Chrrry. HI. Pmnas Can>linuuiB Vild Oranjr. Uoct Orange. TTUd Piach. 212. PninoA sph^Mocarpa 213. Prunus ilicifolia* I'la)/. 114. Vaaqnelinia Torroyi 115. Circocarpas ledifulius Jfounfain iiahagany. 116. Cercocarpud iiaLrrifoIiaa Mmtntain Uahogany. 417. Pyma coronAria American Crab. SuetUtcented Crab. 118. P.\Tua MKuslifoUa Ameriean ("rab Apple. Southtm Crab AppU. 119. PjTtia rirolarU Ortijwx (}rab Apple. 120. Pynu Americaiu Movntain Aeh. 121. Pyran Mmbacifolia Mountain Aeh. ITi. C'ratari;!!'! riviiUrio 123. Cratirguj Dottglamii 2*4. CratrEtut l.racbyacaalbA Uoge' Ua\e. J25. CratiT^'t* arbor^acpiu 1032 1002 Alabama . Florida... ...do.... ...do Texas Strawbtrry valley . G. Eocclmann and . LDccln C. S. Sarj: ,cut. Low, ricU . S.indy . M..bilo |C. ifobr Jocktiouvillo ' A. H. Ctirtiss ' — do Chattalioofhcc C.Mohr ' Alluvial . JacksoDviUe. Victoria A. n. Curtia-s Sandy C. llohr ' Eiili, moist , Edsoof Everglades. A. ll.Ciirtisa City Creek cation. . C. L. Audersou. Rocky M. E. Jones Itocky ®-*' California SisKiyou county G. Eu^elmanu and C. S. Sargent. 1087 1088 Delaware Pennsylvania. .. do Sonth Carolina. Oregon . Vermont. .. do ... do UUh Kiameusi . Nazareth . Cliarlottc Huntingdon . W. il. Cauby J. Henry ...do H.W. Ravcnel. G. Engolmnnn nud C. 8. Sargent. C. G. Pringle do . dci . Mount Muuffieltl C ity Creek eaHon ... 1 M . E. Jonea Orogun I Cascadeaof the Co- 1 G. Kuzeliiiann and I lumbla river. | C. S. Sargent. VX i Loulsbna ' Web«tcr porlnli C. Unlir Clay.. Moist . Rieb, dump . Gr.;velly. .do ...do. Rick.. Clay . South Carolina .. | Aikcn . II. W. Ravenel lllcb . ..do do ....do do Georgia Ogeccbeo | A. H. Cnrtiu | Low . 0.171 0.202 8 61 12 50 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OF DRY SPECIMENS OF WOODS OF TDE UNITED STATES— Coutinued. 285 SrECIPlC OBAVITY DBTEBMINATI0K8. 1.0008 1.0950 0. C973 0.6040 0. 7402 0. 6U45 0. 82GG 0. 5345 0. 5512 0. !IJ15 0. 9655 0. S874 0. i<2:;7 0. 7700 0. 7707 0 8000 0. K721 0. 0030 0. MIO 1. 0333 1. 1080 0, 7228 0. 0762 0. 7200 0. 5429 0.5410 Average. 0. 9685 0.8472 0. 7782 0. 8691 0. 8810 0.8688 1. 0447 1.1015 0. 7320 0. 6788 0. 7057 0. 6730 0. 7240 ASH DETEKMIKATIONB. 0.5438 0.5464 0.32 0.39 0.44 1.27 1.09 0.52 0.50 0.49 0.98 0.S« 0.33 0.37 0.44 0.49 0.43 0.48 0.38 0.75 Average. 0.33 0.38 0.44 0.48 0.43 Wi'ighl. pel cubic ff>ot, in pounds (average). 1.19 0.89 0.50 0.44 0.02 1.11 0. 50 MR 80ft •1ft 1032 IOC 0,125 Bap-wood g(i3 £>04 1087 ]«8S 0.25 eap-wooil. Sap-wood 410 0. 0928 0. C3CG 0. 6093 0. 0203 0. 0934 0. 0835 0. 6230 1 0. 0225 } 0. 6590 0. 6699 0.6»27 0.6817 0.38 0.62 0.38 0.65 286 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER OQBIC FOOT Species. 1 a a s § sut«. I.o<-«ltty. Collector. Sou. Diamotei of tree. in meters. LATEBB OF GUOWTB. wood. Heort- wood. S28 1063 ICO 949 1081 154 426 44: 759 800 614 239 301 569 767 1160 ISO 241 840 867 87S 1259 1095 1173 1181 UaasuIiiuettB... Hiamnrl 0.180 OodSpur Thorn. KewcattU Jhom, G. W.Lettorman.... C.G-Piinyle C.Mobr ScarUt Hav. Red Baw. WhiU Thorn. Alluvial 0.180 0.106 61 28 ScarUt Baw. Missonrl C.G.Priugle Clav BlM Thorn. Pear Bav. Tennessee ... do Kashvillo ... do do Watkington Thorn. Chattahoochee A.n.Curtiss IT. W. Ravenel A.H.Cnrtiss H. W. Kavenol...... ...do 0.080 27 rar$Uy Hav. South Carolina. . . . Small/ruited Baxo. Ogeechee river Bonncau's Depot Low 0.880 88 1 Snatli Carolina.... ....do Bay Bav. Apple Bair. Dry, forUle 0.224 68 Summer Baic. YeUovo Haw. Floriila A. H.Curti88 ...do I3j. Cratar^iu flftva, rar. pabeeceos Summer Bate. Med Bate. ....do 0.142 0.184 44 21 84 Toyon. ToUon. CeUi/omia HoUy. C.G.Prlnglo ■W. M. Llnnoy Junrheriy. h'had lituh. Service Tref. May Ctitrry. Kentucky MaMUcbnsoUs.... ... do Bnimfleld Station... Waverlj* shale — 0.140 0.190 84 43 60 21 HAMAMELACEJC. 13?. Ilnmamr-UH Virelnlca ^Y^Uh Haul ....do ... do ...do Tennessee Kemper's mill C. Mohr G. W. Ut'. S.P.Shiu 1 K. A1.I...V ! Sweet Gum. Star tear ^d Gum. lAmtid- amber. Ji*d Gum liiUted Arksosss ' New Jersey UliMlHitinl Mount UoUy Y«7.n<. River Imtlnm.; 0.208 30 17 ■'* 1 AlloTiAl ' THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. 287 OF DRY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued. i ■ BPKCmC OBAVITY DBTERMINATIOKS. ASn DETKRHINATIOXe. t Weight, per cubic foot, in poonds (overage). Kemarlu. 5 First. Second. Third. Average. First. SeooDd. Average. i 0. 6390 0. 7781 0.8654 0.7909 0. 8370 0.7649 0. 8059 0. 7105 0 7500 0.7524 0. 6716 0.0625 ■ 0.7724 0. 8172 0. 7770 0.0010 0. 6074 0.7004 0.8600 C 0.7007 '( 0.70S1 f 0. 0002 < 0. 7028 0. 6099 0.C415 0. 5773 0.5841 0. .5605 0. 0705 0.7667 0. 8382 0.7144 0.8382 0. 7712 0.7110 0. 7481 0.7400 0.7098 0. 0700 0. 0503 0. 7620 0.7718 0. 7596 0. 9042 0.7642 0. 7944 0. 9028 0.73931 0.7826$ 0. 7828 1 0.6985 J 0.6632 0. 7791 0.0042 0. 7748 0.57 0.49 0.30 0.77 0.54 0.50 0.53 0.48 0.72 0.71 0.60 0.57 0.82 0.65 0.91 0.62 0.61 0.42 0.65 0.43 0.27 0.32 0.47 0.48 0.29 0.67 0.55 0.60 0.40 0.78 0.68 0.44 0.51 0.44 1.22 0.67 0.63 0.56 0.94 0.73 0.91 0.46 0.64 0.53 0.45 0.44 0.33 0.39 0.49 0.73 0.34 0.06 0.50 0.55 i 0.7194 0.56 44.83 0. 8618 0.38 53.71 0. 7527 0.8379 0.78 0.61 ion 0.7953 0.69 49. S6 0.7681 0.7585 0.47 0.52 0.7633 0.30 47.57 0.7293 0.46 45.45 447 0.7453 0.97 46.45 73* 0. 7611 0.6708 0.69 0.62 300 0.7159 0.66 44.61 0.6564 0.57 40.91 SW 0.7672 0.7945 0.88 0.69 SOI s« 0. 7809 0.79 48.67 0.7683 0.91 47.88 767 0.0326 0.54 6&18 116* Firat sp. cr. detorminatiou made on 0.75 cxp-wood j aeoood »p. er. doterroiuation made on 0.5 aap-\Tood. 0.23 sap-wood First and third ap. gr. deterrainationa made on 0.9 sap-wood ; eecftnd ap. gr. deteimination made on Mp-wixtd. 0.0858 0. 7924 0.8733 0.7838 0.63 0.48 0.55 15* 0. 8570 0.5S 48.85 0. 7342 0. 7126 0. 6099 0.44 0.30- 0.36 MT 8TS lUt 0. CI 70 0. 5605 0. 5991 I). 5519 0.6836 0.37 0.4S o.ci 0.32 0.B7 12. 72 1 0.6i95 0.5719 0. 5916 0. 5615 M« IO«S 1173 0.6692 1161 283 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGOT PER CUBIC FOOT Specie*. 1 a a S § State. Local itv. Collector. Soil. Diameter of treo, meters. LATKRS OF OROWTII. Sap. wood. Heart- wood. 1182 1183 485 489 507 1205 4S6 1118 1120 1198 1200 ins IISS 1189 1107 1127 603 8M 801 07 701 812 1077 1092 900 Miasissippi ....do Yazoo Rirer liottam ... do R.AbbeT Alluvial ....do do RHIZOPBORACEA. Brty IJiscayno ....do A.n.Curtiss ....do Salc-morsh do 0.2SO 0.164 81 IS 50 31 J/anjTroM. COMCRETACEiE. ...do ...do Button Wood. Sugai loaf Ronnd . . . ....do ...do Whin Buttt/n Wood. Whit* ilangmt. MYKTACE.fi. Ml CalvptraotliesChytncoUa ...do ...do Coral ....do Upper Mclucumbe Lo8t*MaD'ft river Elliott's Key ...do 0.084 43 Gurgton Stopper. Spanish Stopper. ...do ... do Hamas and coral.. Coral ...do ...do ...do Upper Met.icorobe Key. ...do . do ...do ...do 0.084 6 63 Xaked Woo± ...do Palm Hammocic ...do ....do ....do do 0.150 15 Sopprr. White Stopper. ....do ...do ...do ... do ....do ....do ...do do ...do ....do do ... Stoj'per. ....do Miami ...do do 0.141 87 Bed Stopper. CACTACEfi. Tucaon DuDvcrs ....do O. Engelmann aod C. S. Sargent. J. RublDHOU ....do 0. W. Lollenuan ... A. H. Curtlu C. G. Prlnslo G. W. Lottcniian . . . ....do SutearrovD. Saguaro. Oiant Caetut. CORKACEfi. MaaracbasetU ...do 1 n','lirro.l ....do ISl. ConiD« O'lriiln MlMouri Florida Alli'Utou Chattaliooclioo 0.148 0.128 47 72 Floteering Dogicood. Box Wood. Calcareous Dry WMtVirgtuia... Uiaaonri AUcnton ....do GrBTclIy Flinty 0.122 44 7 1 ...do Purllaud G. Eugelmann and C. S. Sargent. rUncrri-tg Dogteoed. • 1 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OF DRY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued. 289 SPECIFIC OnAVITI DETEimmATIONB. A8H DETBBHraATIOHS. Weipht, per cnbio foot, in puundH (average). Rtmarlui. 1 First. Second. Tliird. Average. First. Second. Average. O.Cl* 0. 5825 1. 1391 0. 0939 0. 7100 0.8930 0. 8763 1. 0625 0.8645 0. 8857 0. 8526 0.9542 0.8910 0. 9180 0. 9140 1. 1450 0. 9425 0. sjon 0. 6572 0. C987 0.8264 0. 7599 0. 7892 0. 8690 O.eiM 0. 5891 0. 5765 1. 1842 0. 9860 0. 7174 0. 9282 0. 02.56 0. 5878 0. 6091 0. 6823 0. 5910 0.72 0.85 1.80 0.32 1.69 3.04 1.11 1.19 2.23 1.66 0.85 0.58 2.05 1.60 1.83 3.30 2.44 3.89 0.43 0.89 0.51 0.7S 0.73 0.66 0.62 ».4t 0.77 0.77 1.83 0.32 1.54 3.59 1.26 1.05 2.16 1.38 0.91 • 0.60 1.05 1.95 1.99 3.60 2.79 S.Ol 0.41 0.43 0.60 0.84 0.83 0.68 0.60 0.62 0.76 0.81 0.61 36.83 1/1617 1.82 72.40 486 0. 9900 0.32 61.70 48» 0.7137 1.62 44.48 0. 8765 0. 8992 3.32 56.04 0. 8753 I. 0513 0. 9123 0. 9045 1.19 1.12 2.19 1.52 45« 1. 0400 0.8540 0. 9232 0. 8392 0.9472 0.9110 0. 0340 0. 9295 1. 1020 0. 9482 0.3110 0. 0748 0, 0932 0.8264 0. 7710 0. 7863 0. 8910 0. 8215 1. 0200 0. 9360 1.60 68.33 0.8469 0. 9507 0.88 0.59 0.8983 0.74 55.08 0.9010 0. 9241 0. 9217 2.00 1.77 1.91 0. 9202 1135 ll!9 0. 8156 1.89 67.06 1. 1235 8.48 70.02 U97 0.9453 2.62 58.91 HIT 0. 3188 3.45 19.87 •n 0. 0048 0. 6893 0.6456 0. 6937 0.42 0.41 set so 0.6696 0.41 41.73 0.8264 0. 7055 0. 7878 0. 8803 0. 8165 0.66 0.80 0.78 0.62 0.61 CT ni 811 urrr UN 0.8153 0.87 60.81 «.7481 O.SO 4&63 Nt 19 FOU 290 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT SpedM. Local itf. ISI. yjMS c*pit*U dOS Oatrthu Limt. Sour Tupelo. Oophtr Plum. ' lU. Krua svlTstic* ^ptlo. Sour Ovm. Ptpptridgt. Black SfiS. Kyeaa nniflora Largt Tupelo. Cotton Ovm. Tmelo Gum. CAPEIFOLIACEJt. 1S4. Sambncos eUnca £ldtr. 157. SambacQB HexicADB £lder. Its. yibarnam LcotaRO Shttpbfrry. Sannyberry. US. Tibiirnain pruuifulium Black naic. Stag Bulk. RUBIACEJ!. IM. KzoAtemma Caribsam Ml. Plnckuf^apabena Qtorgxa Bark. in. Oeaipa clunisfolia 4fr«n year Apple. )M Snaturda cWpUoa Georgia. South Carolina. Xennossee Georgia Florida West Virginia . MoseachQsctta. do . Sooth Carolina . ...do Alabama Georgia CaUfomia . Arizona ... Vermont. ...do... Eentack; . South Carolina. !....do 1132 lias 1128 IIM Ogeechce riror j A. H. Cortiss. Swampy . Bonnoau's Depot . Cumberland river. Opecche* river Chattahoochee Grafton Wcet Newbury . . . ...do Cbcbacco pond . . . H. W. Kavcnel . A. Gattingcr ... A. H. Cnrtiu... .do. Mnok. Clay.. 0.220 0.214 C. G. Pringlo . J. Kobinson . . Bonueau'e Depot . Stockton OgcccheorlTer.. n. W. Ravenel. ...do C. Mohr A. H. CurtiBS.. Swampy . 0.18S 0.320 ContraCoitacountyi Charlotte . . Hincsburg. Mercer county. ..do llainbridge G. R. Vasey | Gravelly. I C. G. Pringle do. W. M. Llnney . ...do A. H. Cnrtiss.. ^r;. er Hctacombe I do . BlulHoB J. n. Mellicbamp. — do do Florida j rpper Mctaconibo ; A. TI. CurtisB. ...do I Ellioti'aKey I. ...do Upper Metacombe ... do icy. Umbrella Key . ...do Muck.... Swampy . Shale Tren ton limee tone. CU»y Sandy, Bwamp . 0.07« 0.108 Sandy Coral .. ...do THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OF DEY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OP THE UNITED STATES— Continned. 201 BFECIFIC GHAVITV DETEHMINATIOKS. A6II DETERUlaATIOKe. ' Weight, per cubic foot, hi ponndH (average). 1 Remarlu. i g First. Second. Third. Average. First. Second. Average. 8 0.4C80 0. 0G58 0. 5650 0. 607!) 0. 0436 0. CI08 0. 6849 0. 74C7 0. 7429 0. 5589 0.5650 0. 6002 0. 4424 0. 6070 0. 4568 0.7265 0. 7519 0. 8108 0. 9140 0.7740 0. 0200 0. 6528 0, 6126 1.0210 1.0425 1. 0785 0. 9378 0. 8409 0.7490 0. 4546 0. 6C49 0. 4613 0.35 0.66 0.89 0.40 0.49 0.62 0.41 0.38 0.32 0.72 0.66 0.68 0.76 1.60 1.83 0.27 0.29 0.46 0.47 0.60 0.24 0.28 0.49 0.71 1.00 1.48 0.88 0.94 1.83 0.33 O.El 0.79 0.43 0.49 0.53 0.40 0.39 0.34 0.78 0.81 0.59 0.66 1.55 2.17 0.28 0.30 0.49 0.34 ! 28.75 •05 0. 6652 0. 5650 0. 6092 0. 0559 0. 0031 0. 6K39 0. 6974 0. 7026 0.74 0.f4 0.48 0.49 0.53 0.41 0.38 0.33 235 0. 6104 0. «082 0. 5865 0. 6787 0. 6748 0. 6626 0. 5700 0. 0C49 0. 6525 0. 4002 0. 5U98 0. 4608 0. 7075 0. 7332 (08 750 813 0. 8881 0. 6708 0. 7022 833 834 (35 0. 63S3 0.62 39.69 0. 5045 0. 6653 0.5264 0. 4213 0.74 0.74 0.59 0.71 128 236 550 «04 32.37 0. 5104 0.70 0. 6087 1.57 31.70 •81 0. 4586 0. 4614 2.00 28.75 0. 7180 0. 7426 0.28 0.30 0. 7303 0.29 45.61 0. 8108 0. S140 0. 7749 0. 8332 0.48 0.47 0.60 0. 9419 0. 6013 0.6131 0.22 0.27 0.58 0.80 i.oa 1.65 0.79 1.03 1.33 0.S2 51.92 0. 9310 0. 6571 0. 6129 0.23 58.02 0.28 0.54 181 0. 6350 0.41 33.41 1.0219 0. 9957 1. 0772 0.66 1.01 1.52 1.0270 1. 0840 0. 8933 0. 8598 0. 7217 0. 9176 Second and third sp. gr. determinatiODS made on 0.S Mtp-mnd.. list nw 1. 03X6 0.0164 0.8504 0. 7353 0.8337 1.08 84.29 9.84 0.09 1.32 4T1 1129 1194 1.05 51.96 202 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASn, AND AVEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT 8pMi«*. Locality. I LATBRB or Di»nieter OBOwra. of tre«, ERICACBA. IM. Ttccininro u-borenm . ForhUbtny. 343 AUbanu SU I 0«oikU.. CitiODdle Alt«in»h» TiTer . C. Ifohr Sandy ... A.H.CuTtlss I Swampy. Ht. Aodromeda ferrafrinea . 1033 Florida. 1034 {....do... JackflonTllle ' do . do I do. 107. Arbutua Xalapenaia. 108. Arbatnt Triana. 170. Kalmia UUfolia Lawtl. Calieo Bvfh. Spoon Wood. Jvy. 171. RhododrnrlroD roaximnm . . . Ortat Laurel. Iio§€ Bay. MTBSINACEiE. 173. Uynine Rapaoea 171 Ardiaia Pickenneia.. MvUMrry. OuTTy. SAPOTACE.S. 171. ChryKrphyllcm ollTlfonnn 043 California Contra Costa coanty G. R. Vasoy ; Gravelly. I I ' 879 do Marin cotinty do ' do 2«2> 362' l«2« Arizona i Santa Rita mount- G. Rngrlmann and Rocky. ' ains. ] C. S. Sargent. Texas Bays connty i S. B. Bnckley AJabama I Cottftgo Hill Tennessee Nashville — Virginia Fancy Gap . C. Mohr A. Gattinger. 1123 Florida | Bay niscayne A. IT. Curtiss . 1130 ll«2 4S8 1130 1100 do Palm creek . .do Key Largo do ' Elliuti's Key .. .do I Umbrella Key . Bay Ulscayne . . . Upper Metacombe To Of. Light, rich . . . Sandy, rocky . Hoist. ...do. THE WOODS OF THE UNTfED STATES. OF DRY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued. 203 ■FBCmC OBAVITT DBTBBIOHATIOXS. ABB DBTHSMDCATIOItS. Weight, per cahic foot, in pounds (average). Btmarlu. J First. Second. Third. ATerage. First. Second. Arerage. 8 0.7814 0. 7740 8. 7766 0.7037 0.6452 0.7482 C 0. 7202 ( 0. 6842 0. 7535 0. 7920 0. 7114 0.7536 0. 7214 0.6730 0. 6266 0. 6341 0. 8491 0.8154 0. 8800 0. 8770 0. 5693 0.6437 0. 8300 18S86 1 «125 0. 7470 0. 7405 0. 8021 0. 7174 0. 6939 0. 7332 0.6955; 0. 7397 ! 0. 7674 0. 7574 0.7647 0.7573 0.42 0.35 0.45 0.56 0.42 0.42 ( 6.21 0.54 0.42 0.27 0.61 0.31 0.32 0.43 0.29 0.74 1.81 1.74 1.75 4.09 3.47 185 l.St 4.90 0.45 0.32 0.37 0.45 0.33 0.39 0.241 0.30) 0.48 0.49 0.31 0 44 0.34 1 3tt ci: 0. 7010 0.39 47.42 0.7894 0.7106 0.41 0.51 un lOM 0.7500 0.46 0.38 0.41 46.74 0.6696 0.7407 0. 7052 0.40 43.95 0. 7099 0.25 0. 7292 0.7916 0. 7500 0.51 46.74 0. 7803 0. 7114 0.46 0.29 \ • 0.7458 0.37 46.48 0.7536 0. 7214 0. 6730 0.61 0.31 0.32 tsr mr 0. 7160 0.41 44.62 0. 6266 0. 6341 0.43 0.29 Ma^ MS* 0.8541 0.8412 0.8532 0.8942 0. 6500 0 6475 0.7065 0.9433 L0149 0.7990 0.88 1.84 1.95 1.95 3.82 3.74 173 1.11 6.(7 0. 6303 0.36 39.28 0.8341 0.81 5L98 lUt 0.8283 0.8666 0.8856 0. 8602 1.83 1.85 1.85 4M IIM iiaa 0.6582 1.85 53.61 0.6258 0.6456 0.8132 3.96 3.61 2.79 496 IIM U9B 0.9660 1.00S2 a 6948 3.45 43.30 0.9360 1.24 58.33 4« 1. 0109 5.14 63.00 4«1 294 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT Spades. 1T8. Bamrlia t«n«x. 180. Bomell* spinoss . 183. Bamelia conesta Ants' Wood. Downward Plum. 8c^- fron Plum. in. UimuAopt Sleberi . WildDia^. EBENACE£. IBS. DlfttpyrTM Tt^xaiui . . Black Ptriimmon. mon. ChapoU. Maiean Periim- 3TYKACACE«. U(. Symplocod tinctoris Bor$e Huyar. Bwtet L«a/. 187. H»1m1» dlpUr* Bntw-drof Trt. BOttr^Ml Trf. £ 1064 1102 Florida . ..do... Georgia. Missouri.. Texas . . . Missoori. Tennessee . Florida do . Missonri Tennessee West VirRinla . Uissoari ,...do Locality. Bay Blsoayne.. Umbrella Key . Ko-Nams Key . Bainbridgo do A.H.Cartiss . ..do ...do AUenton . Austin . . ■ Allenton . Long Key Boca CMca Key . G. W. Lettormon . C.Molir G. VT. Letterman. C. G.Pringlo. A. Gattinger. A. H. Corliss ...do Upper Metacombe — do . Key. AUenton.. Xasbville . Grafton . . . AUenton.. .do. G. W. Lcttomian . A. Gattinger C. Q. Pringle Q. W. Letterman . .do. Low Limestone . ..Jo .do. Rocky . Alluvial. Coral .... do. Rich upland - Rich loam . . . Rich upland . C.Uobr i Calcareous. Alabuu Cottage Hill ... . Arkansas Tezarkana j G W. Letterman . Georgia. Floilda. Sandy . Baiobrldgs ... Apalaobloola . A.n.Curtlss . C.Uobr I LATEB8 OF Diameter | OBOWTii. of tree, 0.170 0.160 0.266 0.237 0.134 0.123 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OF DRY- SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OP THE UNITED STATES— Continued. 295 BPECIFIO OBAVITJ DBTBBjnKATIONS. ABH detriuhbationb. ■height, p«i cobio foot, in pounds (ftverago). EemarkB. 1 First. Second. Third. ATorago. First. SecoDil. Average. s 0. 0813 0. 9737 0. 9312 0. 7106 0. 7541 0. 5947 0. 6221 0. 6580 < 0. 6392 \ 0. 6565 0. 7467 0. 7567 0.8420 1. 0525 0. 7639 0. 8552 0. 7962 0.7700 0. 7710 0.8325 0. 6265 0. 5079 0. 5481 0. 5909 0.8887 0. 9233 0. 8912 0. 7479 0. 7299 0. 5997 0. 6386 0. 6991 0. 6063 ^ 0.6658' 0.9350 0. 0485 0.9112 0.34 0.26 0.37 0.71 1.10 1.44 1.27 1.19 1.32 0.81 2.29 1.60 2.89 1.03 0.95 0.83 0.80 0.97 3.34 0.72 0.62 0.67 0.35 0.32 0.31 0.33 0.84 1.02 1.28 1.27 1.04 1.43 0.81 2.31 1.43 2.32 1.03 1.12 0.70 1.02 1.05 3.33 0.81 0.67 0.42 0.35 0.33 0.29 0.35 4a 500 IIM 0. 0316 0.32 6&oe 0.7293 0.78 45.45 T4« 0. 7420 0. 5907 0.6304 1.06 1.3G 1.27 00 «3« 108« 0. 5777 0. 6544 1.23 40.78 0. 0786 0.6410 1.11 1.37 0.6603 1.24 4L15 0.7467 0.81 48.63 0. 7465 0. 8384 1. 0080 0. 7465 0. 7516 0.8403 2.30 1.51 1. 1000 0.7959 1.90 49.60 1.0838 2.61 67.54 0. 75i)2 0.8552 0.7913 0. 7855 0. 7607 1.03 1.04 0.77 0.94 1.01 0.7804 0. 7920 0.7722 0.8391 0. 6503 0.5360 0.5381 0. 6957 811 1084 0. 7670 0.8664 11S3 0.7908 0.98 48.28 0. 8460 3.83 62.72 tse 0.6429 0. 6220 ■ 0. 5325 0.77 0.60 347 SM 0.08 SS.18 1 0.6431 0.6078 0.6706 0.S0 0.35 7S8 0.43 W.K 296 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT Species. Locality. Haleaim tctjmpter* BmtUtbai. SnoK-drvp Tree. Siltrr- UUTrtt. CeUico Wood. OLEACEiE. I8B. Fnolniu Greggii no. Fnxiniu tDomai* m. Fraxiniu pi«Ucicfoli> .. Atk. 192. Fntxiiiiii Ain«ri:«ii«, Mr. Texeul* . 27S I Virginia. 613 Georgia.. 114' U4» U4« U4» 227' 227« 297' mP 207* 431 SSI I 728 I 747 I 1045 i Carter'sfeny H.Shrivcr — Altamaba river A. H. Cortias . Rocky . Clay... Mexico . nuh ... Kane county | A. L. Siler . Sandy Arizona Santa lUta mount. G. Engelmann and 1 ains. C. S. Sargent Eastern Arizona. . San Francisco monn^ E.L.Greene, ains. Haasachosetts. MiasoDii ...do ...do Michigan .do. ...do ...do South Carolina . . niinoia Ohio ...do ...do do. ...do Vlrginl* Vermont ...do Virginia ...do ...do Tonneeaee Alabama PennaylTanla Georgia Maaaachoaetts. . . IM Michigan . tiV Vermont . a28> ... do .... Acashnet Allenton ...do ...do Dans villa Hudson Lansing Dansrille Bonneau's Depot . . . Waukegan Pineo, Daniels &Co. Fanners' Friend Manufacturing Co. J.W.Stoddard* Co Woodsum Machine Co. B. E. McShorry & Co. Wytheville Charlotte £. A. Dana G. W. Lettorman do. Siliceona hills . Alluvial . . do . CUy.. W.J.Beal ... ...do ...do do j Clay H.W. KaTenel Wet Bobert Douglas ■ Clay E.E. Barney , ...do I ....do ...do ...do aShriver... C. G. Prlnglo. .do. do . H. Shrivor . ...do... A.Gattinger. Wytheville . . ..do ...do Nashville.... Eomper's mill ' C. Mobr. ...... Williamsport ; CO. Prlnglo. . Bainbrldge | A.H.Cartlss . Seading J, Bobinson. . ■ Gravelly. Swampy . Limestone . AUnvial... Dallas. Aostin loosing .. Charlotto . J. Bevetobon . C.Mobr ^.J.Beal... CO. Pringle. o.2go 0.215 Dry, caleareons . . Bleb, caleareons . Poor.. CUy.. ...do. THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OF DRY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Coutiimed. 297 SPECIFIC OBATITT DBTEBHIMATIOMS. 0. 5617 0. 5500 0. 6336 0. 7267 0. 6868 I. 5911 I. 6253 I. 6223 I. 6771 I. 5265 I. 7225 . 6506 1.7449 I. 7179 I. 6470 I. 6383 1.6116 I. 6157 i. 6253 . 6489 I. 6097 . 6329 : 6763 .6449 . 6176 .6423 . 6509 0. 8262 0. 7095 *. S06« 0. 6610 «. 6495 0. 64C0 0. 5804 0. 6243 j 0. 6656 ! 0. 7120 0. 6682 0.6481 0. 7005 0. 7600 0. 7116 0.6473 0. 6387 0. 6213 0. 6326 0. 6987 0.6481 0. 6944 0. 6972 0.8141 0. 8630 0. 6667 0. 5539 0. 5717 0. 6625 0. 6994 0. 6297 0. 6367 0. 6223 0. 6771 0. 4988 0. 7225 0. 6606 0. 6086 0. 6875 0. 7616 0. 7449 0.7148 0. 6472 0. 6335 0. 6116 0. 6185 0. 6290 0. 6738 0. 6097 0. 6329 0. 6763 0. 6449 0. 6329 0. 6184 0. 6766 0.8429 0.6543 0.8391 0. 6881 0. 0125 0. 6619 0.6456 ASH DBTBBUUIATIOICS. 0.84 0.44 0.51 0.29 0.33 0.61 0.53 0.60 0.38 0.32 0.36 0.45 0.35 0.39 0 31 0.24 0.45 0.30 0.26 0.43 0.35 0.44 0.74 0.55 0.37 0.68 0.47 0.56 0.66 0.26 0.21 0.22 Second. Arerage. 0.36 0.38 0.88 J 0.69) 0.32 0.34 0.37 0.43 0.71 0.53 0.89 0.45 0.37 0.39 0.29 0.69 0.48 0.28 0.71 0.39 0.49 0,67 0.31 0.34 0.51 0.53 0.60 0.38 0.32 0.38 0.45 0.36 0.39 0.30 0.24 0.44 0.30 0.26 0.43 0.35 0.44 0.72 0.52 0.33 0.70 0.43 0.53 0.67 Weight, per cubic foot, in poQiida (average). , J Growth slow not 'Wood from hills not considered Talnable. All sap-wood U4> 114< 114' All sap-wood All sap-wood I second growth. Growth rapid . 0-5 sap-wood - 0.5 sap-wood . 0.6 sap-wood - All sap-wood . »7» 2J7< 2«T» Poor qaality . 298 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT Sp«ci« Locality. in. TTkiiout pnbe«fen»— continued . loss 100. Frmxinus giudrwignlAta. BhuAMh. tB7. Frmxloaa OreganA . Orison Sth, IM. Frmxiniu •ambaclfolU... Black AiK np Aik. 1001 1024 1030 102 VennODt HaMaehnsetts . UlaiioiiTi . . . Toxaa Tennessee. Texas ...do ..do.... Alabama. Hiisoaii . . . Michigan . . KentDcky . .do. ...do HlsaoDri . . . .. do TeDsessee. Oregon . ....do... ...do... ...do .. TemiODt 122 ^ Uicbigan 147 ', Illinois 878* I Tetmont Maaaaehnaetto. tit 737 86S 100. CblmsathDii Ylrglnlca FriHt4 Trt. ....do Geigtr Trt4. ....do ...do ....do yi^ CxHiii P"lmli>'1 Brownsville Upper Metacombe Kev. S.B.Bockloy A. H. Corliss . do ... 0.082 45 Strong Bark. ....do ....do 105. Ebrctis elUptica Department of Ag. nculturo. C Mohr Knackatcaj/. Anagua. ...do New Bniunfels Alciandersvillo .... Eich, aUnvial 0.170 BIGSOKIACELE. S. H. Biukley and E. E. Bamev. C.Mohr Calalpa. Calauba. Bean Trie. Cigar _ A-H.Curtiss C.&Sargent E. E. Barney D. AxtcU 0.238 0.288 3 8 17 51 Wetltm Calalpa. Ohio ... do Wabiuib river E.E. Barney E. P. Hynds and E. E Barney. Low.alluTial bot- tom. ....do Teoneuee UiKwuri New Madrid nilln .. .do IIMn'fft . do ..do ITowMadrid ....do ....do ...do ...do ....do ... do ....do ....do loe. Cbllopalll ullou Now Mexico Arizoiu ....do Valley of Iho Upper Gila river. E. L.Grcone O. Encolmonn and C. 8. Sargent. Alluvial De»trt WIUov. ... do {Florida Bay BUcayne ...do A.n.Cortlae ....do Coral Blaek Calabath Tret. VERIIENACEiB. 210. CItharrivlam Tilloaum ....do fSiUU w,»a. THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OF DRY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued. 501 •raoiFio onAviTT dstbuhihatiohs. ABB DBTEnMIKATIORB. Weight, per cable foot, in pounds (average). £emsirl». § a 1 Flrit. Second. Third. ATerago. First. Second. Average. 0.8156 0. 8806 0.7100 i 0. 7740 0.6008 0. 6710 0. 6280 0. 7708 1 0. 6636 0.6274 0. 4293 0. 4694 0.4426 0. 4601 0. 4586 0. 3897 0. 3850 0. 4156 0. 3900 0. 3968 0.4493 0. 4535 0.3911 0. 6059 0. 6031 0. 6003 > 0. 6270 «. 1776 0. 8652 0.8404 0.8006 0. 7322 0.68 0.26 0.43 0.65 0.29 0.43 4.00 4.28 3.39 3.20 2.27 1.27 1.41 0.41 0.34 0.37 0.41 0.39 0.34 0.30 0.50 0.42 0.43 0.37 0.34 0.39 0.37 0.41 0.32 1.23 164 0.07 0.28 0.43 283 All sap-wood First Bp. gr. deterDiination made on sap-wood ; second sp. gr. de- tcnumation made on •.75 sap-wood. 0.7544 S84 0.8111 0.46 60.55 0. 7740 0.6475 4.09 4.35 4.22 0. 6942 0. 6870 0. 8248 0. 7900 0. 6.'-.48 0. 6302 0. 4270 0. 4979 0.4177 0.4446 0. 4467 0. 3829 0. 8878 0. 3783 4.43 3.67 3.38 2.28 1.23 1.33 0.40 0.26 0.47 0.30 0.34 0.36 0.32 0.45 0.38 0.47 0.48 0.40 0.38 0.37 0.43 0.32 1.47 0.4S 0.7108 44.30 0. 6700 3.53 42.31 0. 8264 0. 7883 3.29 i!.28 0. 7980 0,8073 2.79 50.31 0. 6592 0. 6288 0.6440 1.25 1.37 1.31 40.13 0. 4282 0. 4837 0. 4302 0. 4474 0. 4524 0. 4527 0. 3803 0.3864 0.4066 0.3900 0.39G8 0.4493 0.4535 0. 3909 0. 4165 0.41 0.30 0.42 744 0.38 27.88 0.30 o.:;7 0.35 0.31 0.48 0.40 0.45 0.43 0.37 0.39 ts IM IM 171 0. 4260 ISO 181 181 183 184 0. 3907 no 0.39 25.96 0. 6059 0, 6031 0. 6015 0.37 0.42 0.32 0. 6026 0. 0368 e.seu •81 0. 5902 0. 0319 0.37 36.78 1.35 SS.38 m< 0. 8710 0.5% 54.28 tsa 302 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT i i a Diameter LATBB8 OF OBOWm. SpectM. Stat*. LocalitT. Colleetor. Soil. ■of tree. in mct«n. Sap- wood. Hewt- wood. 4M 826 828 Florida ....do Bay Biscayne A. E. Cartisa Department of Ag- ncultore. ...do 0.158 38 18 Blaei itanarox4. Black Trtt. Black ITow*. ....do NYCTAGrKACEiE. 212. PUunik obtnsala 474 do Upper MeUcoDibe A. n. Cartisa Pigrim Wood. Bt S&24 304 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMLPvICA. Table I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT Sp«ci««. Locality. 469 I Florida.. { tTpper Metaeombe ' A.H.Cartisa Coral. I ^cy. j 1128 ....do ....do |....do I... do . 12M I do ! Key Largo do ai. Bippomane Hancmclla UETICACK*. 233. Ulfflna cnaaifolia CMorfiffl. TO. nimiu ftalra SedElm. Slippery Elm. Uooie Elm. Texas ' Dallas . ... do ' AnstiD . J. Bevercbon Rich loam. C. Mohr ' do 22i. niroiM ncemosa Boek Elm. Cork Elm llitkoTV Elm. WhiuElm. Cli/Elm. M9 lllmn«»l»t» Kentaeky. Mercer county. Vermont.. Michigan . W. M. Linnoy Limestone . ...do do C. G. Pringlo Gravelly loam Dansville 1 W. J. Bcal . Missouri Allcnton . . Vermont Charlotte . — do ... do Tennessee Kashville. G. W. Letterman. C.G. Pringlo .do. A. Gattinger. 800 Mansacbusetts .. Boxfor Michigan . UV US* >14 428 ...do. ... do. ...do. ...do. DanHvilllo .. Big Rapids . ...do Hudson Hersey NashvtUe... W.J. Deal I.... do .. do \ Low.gravelly. Alluvial ... Rich loam . A. Qatttnger — do . South Carolina . . . i Bonneau's Depot - Tennessee i Davidson county . Mississippi Eemper'amlll II. W. Rsvonol ... do . . . A. Gattinger I ua isa 0. 7522 1 0. 8180 5 0. 5309 0. 7287 0. 6054 en Specific gravity of wet sap-wood, 1.026 0. 0956 0.83 43.35 0.5386 0. 7373 0. 6207 0. 6299 0. 6413 0. 6742 0.7124 0.84 0.48 0.93 0.86 1.02 0.88 0.60 i» m 0. 6346 »i> ISl* 0.0480 0.7102 0. 7085 0. 6265 0. 6742 0. 7116 0.99 1.01 0.45 First sp. er. determination made on 0.5 sap-Tvood ; second sp. gr. determination made on 0.75 sap-wood ; third «p. gr. determina- tion made on sap-wooii. 968 lOM First sp. gr. determination made on 0.25 sap-wood ; second and third sp. gr. determinations made on sap-wooil. 1»U 0.6500 0.80 10.54 0. 8144 0. 6846 0.6400 0. 7345 0. 7430 0.7414 0.42 U«> lU^ 0. 5996 0.34 0.79 0.59 0.90 1.02 1.14 0.76 0.34 0.79 0.64 0.81 11V ur 0. 7570 0.09 0.72 1.12 1.17 9.72 114 tM 0.8544 0. 6220 0. 7800 All sap-wood 0.5 sap-wood 0.7203 0.60 4S.28 0. 6827 0.6100 0. 7746 1.07 1.16 0.74 0.99 IS 3M sa 1 0. 7491 46.09 20 FOB 306 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT Spcciee. rUners aqufttica . 328. Cdtu oceideDtalls Bugarimr)/. HcKi^trrf. 758 818 Florida. ...do... Cbattaboocbee . A. B. CortisB . C.Mohr 873 1111 228. CfcltU occidenlalia, car. ix-iicalata Backbtrry. Palo Blanco. 228. Ficn««ure» 230. FicnB breTifoUa 231. FicnupednncuUta VUd Fig. India-rutbtT Trte. 232. M'»niB rubra HM Uulbrrry. 233. Uorna microphylU Mfxican Mulberry. 234. Maclnra aarantiaca Otagt Orange. Boi4 d' Arc PLATANACE.E. 235. riataons occidentaJfa Syaimore. BuUon Wood. Button-ball Tree. Water JIteth. Tit. PlatanoA nc«mo«a Sycamore. BuUon Wood. 237. Plauniu Wricbtii fyeamore. jrOLANDACE.!. 23A. Joelaoarinerra BullemuL WhiU WatnuL MiMonri Alli'Dton. ...do do . ...do Texas TeDneaaee Massacboaetta — do Salem Missonri Saint Loais G. W. LetUnn.an. ...do do. Dallas J. Revercboo . DavideoD conoty ... A. Gattingcr. . PInm Island , J. Robinson... do. Henry Eggert . Florida Bay Biscayne Missonri... Tennessee . ^ew Mexico. TexM .. do PcsssylTaDls. . Key Largo Bora Cbica Key . Allen ton.. ICasbrllle . Silver City. Anstin Dallas West Chester. Limestone .. Low, ricb . . . Allavlal.... .. do Loam Sandy Loam Moist loam . G. £ngelmann and Dry. C. S. Sargent. A. H. Corliss ; Coral . G. W. Letterman . . . Kiob loam . A. Gattinger do E. L. Grocno.. S. B. Buckley. J. Reverchon . S. P. Sbarples. Maaaacbu Missouri. Oblo Caliromis Arizona .. Maaaachnsetts. MiMKinri ..do Michigan Arnold A'borotum. AUcnton Miami valley Am»ild Arboretum. AUcnton C. S. Sargent G. W. Lettermitn . E.E. Barney G. Kngrlmann and C. S. Korgcut. C. S. Sargent G. W. L 7S» M6 *Ti (M >» UU 0. 7637 0. 7956 0. 7186 0. 7908 0. 6.547 0.7154 0. 2695 0.6475 0. 4798 0. 6993 1.60 0.90 0.75 1.07 0.94 1.12 4.88 4.18 5.00 0.60 0.78 0.54 0.82 0.68 0.59 0.33 0.67 0.57 1.05 1.36 0.30 0.43 0. 7385 0.7604 0. 6396 0. 7287 1.09 45.41 0.7275 1.22 45.34 0. 2016 5.03 16.30 0.6398 4.36 39.87 0.4739 4.92 29.53 5M 0. 0118 0. 5079 0.08 0.74 0. 7157 0. 8262 0. 7495 0. 7054 0.61U 0. 6748 0. .1091 0. 4009 0. 4Gt>8 0. 4343 0. 4005 0. 4;!55 C.S898 0.71 36.76 0.7103 0. 8260 0.56 0.81 IIM 0.7715 0.68 0.68 0.4D 48.08 0. 7668 0. 7803 47.78 4a 63 a> Ciiltiratcsl. First «p. gr. determination made on limb-wood i aocond ap. gr. detvrmination made on toot-wood. 421 0.7736 acs 48.21 0. C086 0..'-.911 0. ,'-1038 0.33 0.57 0.48 0.46 & IS* us 0.5078 35.38 0. 4880 0.4736 0. 42(:3 ('. 4(i;o 0.41(14 0. :;638 1.11 30.41 «n 1.35 29.51 MS 0.83 0.40 0.69 0.79 It W TV la 508 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Tablk I.— specific GRAVITY', ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT Spoeie DinmotiT of tree, metvn. Ja:;lftDS ciocrtA— cnDtinned . Uarra alba BhtlUark ni€ioTy. Bhag-barkBiekory. 32i' 322' 118< 118> US' 816 lose lOOT llliDoia Ohio lUchipiD Uasaachasetts Uiuouil.. Mlchif^on . niiDOis . . . Ohio HichigHn . Texas Florida . Texas.. New M(?xico . California Arizona Missiasippi . ...do Texas MaBnacliiuetto Kcntarky ...do do . VTuokegaQ Bamrj &■ Smith Manufacturing Co. Lansing Tops6eld . Allenton ... Dansville . . Wankogan. Barney &■ Smith Manufacturing Co. Lansing Charli'stown Xavy- Xosbville Aspalaga . Anetln New Braunfela Pinos AUns inouut- aina. ConT ru Costa count v Arnold Aibort^tnm DnnviUe do. Missouri MIcblgtn ..do ...do Uissniiri VlrRlnla Miasonrl Mississippi ...do West VlrglDta . . . Maasacbosctts. . . Uiasoarl ..do .... Allenton . Hudson . . .do. Lansing Allect«n WylhcTJIlo ... Allenton Keujpcr's mill . do . Grafton... Topafleld . Allenton.. Robert Dougla E. E. Barney . . W.J.Beal.... J. Kobinson . . . G. W. I.,ettcrnian . W.J.Beal Kobcrt Douglas . E.E. Barney W.J.Beal J. Re%'ercbon aH.Pook A. Gattlnger A. n.Curli: C.Mobr.... E. L. Greeno GE. Vasey. C. G. r le. C. Mohr ...do. J. Kororcbou C. S. Sargent . W. M. Linnoy ...do .do G. W. Lctterman . W.J.Beal ...do G. W. Lcttrnnan . II. Sbrlver G. W, Lei torman . C.Mobr .do . C. G. Piinglo J. Robinson G. W. l.cttennan . Grr.Tclly loam , Drift Loam Alluvial . Limeatonn . Clay Moist, calcareouH . do 0. 207 0.313 Drift. Shale . Upland . Clay.... do. Rich upland . Clay Alluvial do . 0.288 28 0.300 31 Blch loam . . AUnvbtl .... THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OF DRY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued. 309 BFECIFIC ORATTTT DSTEBMUCATIONS. ABO DKISIiUIKATIOItB. Weieht, per cubic foot, in pounds (average). Bemarlu. First. Secflnd. Thud. Average. First SecoDd. Average. a 0. 4394 0.3941 0. 3379 0.4538 0.5778 0. 5807 0. 5579 0. 5025 0.6313 0. 5608 0. 5750 0. C3T« e 0. 6415 ( 0. 6435 0.7830 0. 6CC0 0. 0789 0.0206 0. 7258 0. 7390 0. 7020 0. 7314 0.7618 0. 9680 0. 9205 0. 9859 0. 8249 0. 8028 0. 7974 0. 8019 0.8064 0. 8470 0.7289 0.8696 0. 8739 «.7470 0. 8800 0.6805 0.4388 0.4023 0. 4391 0.3982 0.3379 0.4530 0.51 0.44 0.43 0.41 0.63 0.48 0.12 0.63 0.62 1.92 0.00 0.93 C 9.78 \ 0.51 1.22 0.71 0.S7 0.85 1.15 0.96 0.93 1.33 0.01 0.73 0.86 0.65 0.37 0.28 0.66 1.14 0.87 0.63 0.92 0.7» 0.78 0.76 0.64 0.90 0.51 0.44 9.43 0.47 145 17« saa 0.44 0.4355 0.5881 0. 4698 0.53 0.4086 0.51 25.46 0.5830 0. 5807 0. 5569 0. 5145 0. 0252 0. 5721 0. 5750 0. 6376 0.6403 0. 7916 0. S409 0.63 0.48 0.12 0.56 0.62 1.96 0.65 0.99 0.68 1.43 0.64 lU 0. 5559 0. 5265 0. 6191 0. 5(^33 0.12 r.4» 149 1.99 0.69 1.05 0.05; 0.77!: 1.64 0.57 1.09 0.07 1.42 1.18 0. 6363 1 0.0400) 0. 8002 0. G388 0. 6469 0.5011 0. CS48 0. 0925 0. 6982 0. 7445 0. 7^14 First sp. gr. determination made on sap-wood First sp. gr. determination made on 0.8 sap-wood 0. 0753 0. 6115 0.79 0.83 0.91 1.28 38. U 0.6670 0. 5939 0.7053 i"*^ 0.0554 1.01 40.85 0. 7158 0.7001 0.7380 1.07 0.93 1.40 i2J> Second sp. gc determination made on 0.5 sap-wood 1V^ 1.40 0.58 All sap-wood All sap-wood •.71S0 1.13 44. 7t 0.7716 0. 9080 0. 9205 0. 9970 0.8255 0. 8028 0. 7974 0.8019 0.787) 0. 7974 0. 7523 0.9033 0. 8711 0.7523 0. 9027 0. 7443 0.60 0.73 0.80 0.65 0.40 0.28 0.60 1.14 0.77 0.78 0.01 0.79 0.83 0.71 0.62 0.90 1 29> 29* 1. 0080 0.8260 All sap-wood :»> 0.43 ns' US' US' 0. 7677 0.7477 0.7756 0. 9370 0. 8692 0.7605 0.9035 0. 8061 0.66 0.93 0.00 0.78 0.88 0.66 0.69 0.90 Hi All sap- wood 249 431 .■ui 5S» M6 0. II24S 1056 lOST 9.8373 0.73 52.17 810 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CDBIC FOOT SpMire. 1 o State. Ideality. XKtt-.r cocinly ...do Collector. SoU. Diamct«r of tree, in motors. I.ATRH8 OP GUOWTll. Sap- ! noart- wood. vood. 27 91» 91« 336 3«3 391 lOK! 1164 1165 1106 1170 52 254 289 S18 « 51 121 288 US. 538 1051 1098 1168 153 401 888 871 237 120 362 740 917 Kentucky ....do AV. M. Liun(>y ...do Bij) SkMUHirk. Bottom SheU-barl. Alluvial ....do TenD08.soc MinBouri .. ilo ....du ...do Na.sb\illo A. Gatliusir G. \V. Lcttcrmaii ... ... do ...do .. d.. ...do ...ilo .....1.1 ... .In .. do ... ...do ..do .....lo ...do KeDtncky ...do ...do .. .lo .....lo Penjvill,. Allen tou ... do Citronplli* » Ariiol.l Aiboi'ctum . All.'DtOIl ...do .. It.minu.... A.Gattingur C.Mobr J. R.tbiuaou G. W. Letfermon... .....lo do Rirb loam O.JOO 47 13 KasbviUo Ki.'Uipcr'H mill Nortb Reading AlIuutoQ ...ilo ....do Al uvial 0.354 0.228 63 31 69 42 Drift niuty ....do M«. Cary»»m«r» BiUrr XuL Suamp Biekory. ....do .....lo ....do SauviTH ...do ..du J. RobigHon 11. W.Ruv.noI Iticb, iinani|iy ... 0.115 0.402 18 7 19 107 fitttme'tf Biekory. Wa'er lliekory. Sun tnp Biekory. Bit- tsr i'oean. HiuiMippI VIckBburg Bolubridco Cbattolioocbco 0.277 28 18 A.n.Ciirtlsa Allurbil ....do 0.202 23 28 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OF DRY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Coutinued. 311 I Sl'ECIFIC OnAVITT DETERMIXATIOXB. ABII DETEBMIXATIONB. 0.7S43 0. 70r.4 0. 9020 C. 8512 6.8911 0. 8827 0. 7054 0. 8508 0. 8024 0. 8524 0. 8G10 0. 8334 0. 8316 0.8157 0.8827 0,0180 0 6803 0. 8554 0. 7926 0. 8530 0. 8842 0. 8990 0. 7470 0. 7814 0. 5927 0. 7530 0.9208 0. 7919 0. 7039 0.7719 0. 8248 0. 0422 0. 8767 0. 6859 0. 6010 0. 8424 0. 9061 0. 8854 0. 0898 0. 8432 0. 7275 0. 8168 0. 8709 0. 8300 0. 7279 0. 8402 0.7152 0.8481 0. 7640 0. "355 0. 8244 0.6313 .8815 I. 8468 I. 891:4 I. 8840 0.8346 0. 8660 0.8417 0. 7279 0.8389 0. 8218 0. 8148 0. 8827 0. 9?40 0. 0803 0.8542 0. 7926 0.7841 0. 8620 0.8315 0.7913 0. 8217 0.7822 0.5841 0. 7336 0. 9208 0.7552 0. 7480 0.7710 0.8248 0. 6185 0. 7407 1.09 1.04 0.99 0.91 0.83 0. SI 0.73 0.90 0.84 0.97 1.02 0.72 1.29 0.99 0.60 1.25 0.85 1.S8 0.83 0.68 0.82 0.74 1.27 1.15 0.94 1.42 1.31 1.05 1.05 1.65 1.03 0.60 1.40 0.85 0.71 0.70 0.97 0.93 1.03 0.92 2.03 1.32 1.05 1.17 Average 0.91 1.04 0.89 1.47 1.01 0.60 1.33 0.85 1.58 0.77 0.69 0.84 0.75 1.28 1.17 Weicht.per cubic fout, in poiiudH (average). »« Tint sp. gr. determination made on 0.5 aap-wood t83 WI All sftp'Wood 0.5 sap-wood. loe IIM UK iioa IITO 0.90 0.9S 0.99 1.67 1.19 1.10 1.04 0.5 sap-wood Second sp. gr. determination made < 1 aap-wond ; second growth 2^ First sp. gr. determination made on 0.5 aap-wood; seeond sp. gr. determination made on aap.wood. I " SocoDd ap. gr. determination made oo sap-wood; second growth 88 I 121 First sp. gr. dotermiQAtion made od sap-wood ; second sp. gr. \ dotormination made on 0.9 sap-wood. | All anp- wood ' First sp. fu. determinution made on 0.8 sap-wood; second sp. gr. dotcrmiuatiou made onsftp*wood. Third sp. gr. detenu inatiou made on sap-wood Second sp. gr. determination made on sap-wood All sap-wood 1061 1008 ues 0.5 sap-wood ' 871 49. 96 All sap-wood . AH sap-wi)od i 129 0.5 sap-wood I 90 0. r>sap-wood 312 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT Species. 1 3 B s I State. Locality. Collector. Soil. Diameter oftrte, in motera. LATKRS OF OIIOWTH. Sap. wood. Heart- wood. MTRICACEA. S8« MS 8 2< 32' 82« dS> 48< 49» 49" 113' 113' U3> ISO 188 196 228' 228> 228" 238 250 251 259' 259" 259> 403 443 547 748 749 695 1050 1287 870 866 868 1027 1028 87> 87« Florid* Saint John's river . . Santa Oral Arnold Aibori'tnm . Aonshnet Uorccr county A.H.Cartisa G. Engclmann and C. S. Sargent. . C. S. Sargent Sandy loam 0.1D8 18 23 Kayfrerrv. Wax Jfyrdt. Cnlifoniia CrPULIFERJI. Hassachasetto — ....do Drift 0.560 12 88 mile Oak. Kentacky ...do W. ILLinney ....do ...do do Shale Ulwoari ...do G. W. Letterman ... ...do ... do ....do .. do do ...do Michigan ■W J Boal 0.374 34 18 ...do ... do ...do . do Waukegan Pineo, ftanlols & Co. Barney & Smith Man'u factaring Co. Champlain valley. . . Kobort Douglas E. E. Barney . do Ohio ....do C.G.Pringlo do Clay ... do do do do do .." SonthCaroUaa.... Bonncan'e Depot . . . Wythovillo H.^-Eavenel Cloy ..do . . do do .... 0.225 66 . . do do do ....do ....do . . do ...do ....do do .. do Uaryland Tunneaac* Alabama Charleatown Navy. yard. Navh villa S n Pook A.Gattinger Kemper's mill Chattahoochee ....do A.II.Cuitli.s Clay 0.236 0.248 6 13 48 74 ....do ....do ... do North Reading Cbarlcstown Navy- yard. Redding Wcldlcr's sair.mlll.. 0.203 7 11 CallfoTnla G.U.Va«ey G. Engolmsnn and C. B. Sargoiit. Gravelly loam . . . 0.356 16 17 Whiu Oak. W-pint Oak. WKiU Oak. ' ... do Rich loam 0.303 30 82 do roiiland Fnmltnre Company. do ... do Xentaekjr ...do Harrodsbarg ... do W. M. LInnoy ...do Pot Oak. Iron Oak. ... do THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OF DRY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued. 3J3 SPECIFIC OKAVm DETBDMntATIOKe. ASH DBTBBUIKATIOKS. Weight, per cubic foot, in pounds (average). RcxDArka. 1 a First Second. Third. Average. First. Secood. Average. ( 0.5639 \ 0. 5723 0. 0703 0.7165 0. 7970 0.&t80 0. 6328 O-liSOS 0.6965 0. 7826 0. 6829 0. 6000 0.6852 0. 7017 0. 7892 0. 7672 0. B203 0.8304 0. 8670 0. 8091 0. 7830 0. 7874 0.6S48 0. 7556 0. 7069 0. 8056 0. 7300 •.65'I9 0.8508 0. 7732 0. 8066 0. 7672 0. 8065 0.6692; 0. 5519 ' 0. 0613 0. 7093 0. 8012 0. 8451 0. 6711 0.5B37 ( 0.54) { 0.47} 0.33 0.37 0.30 0.45 0.51 35.13 tat- 0.33 0.31 0.25 0.47 0.6703 0.33 41.77 •" .. 0.7129 0. 7991 0. 8299 0. 6328 0. 6305 0. 0746 0.7826 0. 7107 0. 6000 0. 6932 0. 7017 0. 8314 0. 7672 0.6254 0.8304 0.8670 0. 8091 0.7611 0.7647 0.6916 0.7556 0.7069 0. 8056 0. 7414 •.6549 0. 8180 0. 7047 0.8147 0.7703 0.7069 0.8439 0.34 0.28 0.46 » 0.7965 1 i ar 0. 6526 0.37 0.45 0.30 0.37 0.41 0.24 0.47 0.21 0.57 0.39 0.33 0.37 0.43 0.35 0.21 0.43 0.40 0.45 0.,10 0.37 0.41 0.24 0.45 0.22 0.61 (1.39 0.33 0.37 0.43 0.34 0.23 0. 7385 0. 7012 ■ 0. 8735 0.42 0.23 0.65 0. 6305 0. 7391 0.7419 0.6984 0.42 0.33 0.25 0.30 0.37 0.49 1.37 0.45 0.47 0.34 0.33 0.26 0.30 0.37 0.47 1.51 0.37 0.49 0.33 0.35 0.24 SSI* tsv- 0. 7437 0.44 1.64 0.29 0.50 0.31 0.37 0.22 . 4a 44S 0.7794 0. 7562 0.8228 0.7734 0.7584 MT 748 74* Tnkcn from beam in old coort-hoose ftt Cftmbridge, boUt tn 1757. fS6 0.7358 1050 KS! 0. 7849 0.7814 0. 0549 0. 7478 0.6698 0.8200 a 8765 0. 7072 0. 8425 0.7600 0. 7674 0.7309 0.8008 0.6706 0.26 0.33 0.33 0.37 9.62 0.63 0.74 0.34 0.25 0.33 0.41 0.4S 0.7470 0.41 46.35 0. 7409 a 80 46.17 en 0. 8120 0. 7075 0. 75f 5 0. 7034 0.29 0.33 0.39 0.6« M» «M 0.7704 uar 10» 0. 7493 0.39 46.45 0.8104 0. 8766 0.C2 0.74 jf» O.S sap-wood ...' JF 4^ FOREST TREES OF NOinil AMERICA. taule I.— specific Gravity, ash, and weight pee cubic foot Specie*. 1 s c (^ e o SUlc. L.*alily. Collector. Soil. Diameter of tree, in meters. LATBIIS OP OHOWTII. Sap- wood. Heart- wood. 2M Qurtcua obnuiloba—coBtiBncd S7» 151 2S0 SSI T71 2K> 417 525 TBI 79» 79> 7»« 337 143 1G8 204 310 400 412 432 S83 831 83J 933 1071 1072 1073 424 782 013 12 H' M> S4» 840 Eentncky Soutli Cnrolina , . . Miitsouri AUliaina Floridn llarrodaburir Bonnenu's Depot — W. M. Linney H. W. KavcDcl 0. W. Leticrainn... C.Mobr A.n.Curliss Clay Citroiiille Aupalaga rint)9 Alios moiint- -nins. ....do G ravclly barrens . 0. 2J1 O.:04 0. las 38 32 ,8 88 115 07 363. Qiircniii.ndulnla r.ir r..inil;.lii Serub Oak. Kew Mexico .. do do Enpelmann's caEion . Santa Kita moant- Mcrccr county ...do Robert Douglas CCrriu'lo B56. Querent DiacTt>carpa Jiurr Oak. Uotn-cup Oak. Over-cup Oak. Kentucky ...do W. M. Lluncy .. do Alluvial . do .... ... do do do do ..do ...do ... do ...do Missouri Illinois G.W.Lettcnuau... Robert Douglas Rich Oliio ...do Wood sura Machine Companv. Barniy L Smith MauufaeturiDc Co. Dallas .... .. do J. Revcrchon G. W. Lcttcrman — C.G.Prinslo A.Gattinger Rich, moist 0.528 13 120 Charlotte Kosbvillc Clav TcDDessee niioois "Waukegan Wiiinclmso county . .. do M.S.Bobb do Loam ....do do n.MoUr Alluvial . do .. do .. do ... do .. do ...do VjT. l^u.-rrii, ivrita TtnuiiMMc Uiui»ippl Ilorida .Na/.livillo. A. GattioKcr C. Mohr OcrT.cup ftak. Svamp Foil Oak. Water WhUe Oak. Koinppr's mill Cliuttahoaruidll Vn. Qorreax TlniM Lin Oak. Sonth Carolina . Alabama Eentneky . ..do Tenne8»c« . Alabama . . Kentucky . do. ...do.... ..do... Missoori . Xexoa TenneDSce Texas , Haaiachusetts. Bonncau'a Depot H. W. RareBcl. Kemper's mill ; C. Mohr Chattaboocheo \ A.Il.CurtUs. Boyle county W. M. Linney . do. do. Kasbrillo . Cullman .. Harrodsbnrg . . . Mercer coubty . Boyle county . . Mercer county. Allcnton *. .do . A. Gattingor . C. Mohr W. M. Linney . do. ...do Dallas J. Keverchon . Kasbvillo.. I A. Gattinger.. Dallas J. Beverchon . Box/brd ' J. Bobinson... Contra Costa county G. B. Vasoy. San Diego eouaty. San Gabriel G. Engilmaun . KewUezlco SllTerCity K. L.Groeno. do. LATSBSOF Diameter growth. of tree, t 0.322 0. 2eo ..do Lunestone Rocky upland ] Dry.rooky I U.436 Limestone "Wavorly shale . Utica shale — Poor, hilly Limestone Flinty Calcareous .... Alluvial ... do Damp Clay. Dry, jrayelly . Dry, rooky. Oi8 I AriaoDft Santa Bila mount. I aim. U48 L..do |... do SIS un G. Eugolmanu and do. C. 8. Sarjient C. O. I'riogle do . Auslio C. Mohr S. O. Buckley. M4 Horida Cliarlrslown Nary. , H. H. Book yard. | Kalnt John's rlTor... A. H.Curtiaa Sandy 0.238 Damp, calcareous. Oi 164 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. (Jl<' DKY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued. 317 srKciFic onAViTi DSTEimiNATIONS. ASn DBTEBJUKATIOXR. Woight.per cubic fool. i in pniinda (aveiuRe). R<:inarks. 1 a First. Second. Third. Average. First. 0.33 0.57 0.38 0.36 0.33 Second. 0.48 0.57 0.35 Average. a 0. 7074 0. 82.13 0. 8200 0. 7120 0. C549 0. 7726 0.8308 0. 0870 0. 8550 0. 8401 0. 7951 0. 8712 0. 0643 0. 6561) 0. 9237 0.8248 1. 0240 0. 8592 0. 9183 0. 7052 0. oasa < 1. 0078 I 0. 9495 0. 8 120 0.0171 0. 9807 1. 1340 0. 9.130 ( 0. 9702 i 0. 8C48 0. 9640 1. 0350 0. 9005 0.R3I2 0. 7704 0. 8000 0. 7102 0. 6050 0. 7993 0. 7979 0. 8145 0.40 0.57 0.37 7U 0. 8039 0.45 60.10 0.7114 0.0004 0.7726 0. 8308 0. 0870 0. 8308 0.36 0.33 0.70 1.94 0.40 1.50 1.49 0.39 1.62 1.39 1.10 0.04 1.25 1.43 1.38 0.43 0.80 C 4.62 \ 2.28 0.99 1.22 ■- 2.67 1.32 0.51 C 1.70 i 1.80$ 1.S2 0.87 1.93 0.49 1.40 0.79 1.94 0.45 43i 0. 8185 0.8419 0. 7499 0. 8410 0. 7951 0.8712 0. 9043 O.CMO 0. 8893 0. e-146 1. 0184 0. 8071 0. 9294 0.7605 0. 8605 0.77 46.73 1.45 1.49 0.44 1.62 1.32 1.24 0.61 1.17 1.46 1.30 0.43 0.49 0. 0125 0. 8548 0.8044 1. 0728 0. 8750 0. 9405 0. 7458 0. 7898 1.0700 1.1500 0. 8374 0.9835 1.25 1.31 0.57 1.09 1.49 1.22 0.43 0.88 4.69; 4.08; 1.31 1.26 3.33 I. 10 0.53 xn ZS7 ^ 514 S8S 0. 7706 86« 53.63 1.14 0. 8928 1. 0486 0. 8397 0. 9441 0. 9236 0. 0897 1.1143 1. 0002 0.84 55.64 oa 1.01091 1. 0882 5 First nud si'cond sp. gr. ditorniiiiatious lBa.Ui on Mp wood All sap-woiMi 4.07 1.15 iW 0. 8703 0.5sAp.wood 2.61 58.84 1.24 2. D5 1.20 111) aoe 1. 0945 0. 9528 0. 8000 1 0.8690!' 1.083S iitj 1.83 62.80 0. 0478 0.62 50.07 1140 0. Ssap'Wood • 0. 8773 1. 0238 0. 9507 1.76 1.32 m:. 1103 ' 1.78 50. IS 1.0300 0.8077 4IM ■ 0. 8919 1.23 1.21 1.22 no IIS FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Tadlk I.— SrEClFlC GRAVITY, ASU, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT Lftcality. I I LATKHS or Diameter cnowTii. of I ne, 2ff7. Qaercus Tirrne — coDtiDucd . Alabama Moliilr cuanty C. Mohr . Texas Mnlncorda bay do Rich, sandy. Sandy loam . 368. QnercuB cLrVRoIepii* 574 Lirt Oat. lUaut Oak. ralparauo Oak. ■74. Qijfrrtirtlinctoria lllaci flak YfUrne^Mrk Oak. QiMT- extron (fak YrtU^ fittk OrrgoD Califoniia . ...do Saw-mill, .A shKlnd . G. EofieluiaDn .ind I C. S. SBrgi'Dt. San Bcmardino W. O. Wright Marin county ' G. R. Vnsev , Gravelly. O. Enfiolmann and ' Dry, rooky. C. S. Sargent. i Marin county G. R. Vasey . Auburn 1 G. Engelmanu . Massacbueetta 1 Arnold Arboretum Kentucky ' Mercer county Missouri Alleiiton Kentucky i Mercor county . Michigan j DansvUle ..do do Illinois I Wankegan Ohio I Barney Sc Smith M.-\nnracturin;; Co Tennont. .. do .1 Charlotte. .L...do . .do. du C. S. Sariient Drift ■W. M. Linney I Shale . do. .do. G. W. Letterman . W. M. Linney .... .. do W. J. Beal do . Robirt Douglas. E. E. Bamoy . . . C. G. Pringle . . . ...do .. do Alabama ' Kemper's mill . Massachusetts.. Danvt-rs Mississippi Enti'rfiriso MasHarlioaettH .. Nunli ICfading ...do C. Mohr.... J. Robinson. C. Mohr .... J. Robinson. Texas 1 AnatUi . Masaachusetta. Florida Masaachusetta. 38> I Kentucky 3«" I... do Hinghain . Aspalaga . Arnold Arliorotiim . C.S.Sargent.. Danrills Jnnctinn . W. M. Linney . T. T. BonvA . . A. U. Curtias. Rich loam . Alluvial ... Limestone . Sandy .do . Gravelly. Gl*avelly. do. Alluvial . Drift .... Alluvial. Drift .... Light, SAudy . Clay Drift . Shale . TIIK WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OF DKY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES-Coiitiimed. :JU> SPKCIFIC OBAVITT UETEBHUATIONB. ABU UETEBHIHATIOXS. i 1 WelRht, per nihic foot. „ . II First. Second. Third. Average. First. Second. Average. 1.27 0.03 1.14 in pounds Remarks. . a (uvoiage). ' 1 g 0. 8225 1.0080 0.7888 0.8830 0. 8787 C 0. 9075 \ 0. 9201 0. 8290 C 0. 79Jtf ( 0. 8018 0. 0381 0. 5186 0. 5169 0. 7480 0. 5899 0. 7510 0.6410 0. 5932 0. 7481 0. 6516 0. 642:i 0. 0807 0. 6089 0. C7G5 0. 6:mo 0. 0636 0. 5244 0. 7130 0. 0142 0.7111 0. 7CC7 0. 7364 0. 0663 0. 7^05 0. 9330 0. 9709 0. 7592 0. 8827 0.9033 0. 9019 ^ 0. 8855 5 0. 8216 0. 7788 1 0. 7657 5 0.6440 0.6910 0. 6251 0. 8778 0.9900 1.25 1.09 1 [ t 0.80 0.33 0.73 ( 1.86 } 2.61 1.21 ( 0.94 \ 0.06 0.14 0.46 0.43 0.27 0.47 0.15 0.20 0.23 0.22 0.16 0.27 0.20 0.20 0.33 0.37 0.07 0.25 0.14 0.93 0.11 0.22 0.13 0.21 0.31 1.30 0.78 0.62 0.34 0.79 2.19; 2.78!^ 1.34 0.981 1.18 5 0.10 1 91» 0. 9501 50.21 0. 7740 0. 8829 0. 8910 0.71 0.34 0.76 574 1 0. 8403 0.60 62.93 1 1 0.0263 2.36 57.73 1 0.8253 1.28 61.43 6t3 0. 7855 1.02 48.05 677 0.6411 0.6548 0. 5710 0. 7480 0.5899 0. 7515 0.6410 0. 5052 0. 7498 0. 65C6 0. 6710 0. 0994 0. 6768 0. 0897 0.6480 0.6487 0.S424 0. 6952 0.12 0.46 0.43 0.27 0.47 0.15 0.21 0.24, 0.27 0.17 0.25 0.22 0.23 0.33 0.36 0.11 0.23 0.17 T 4S> tif 89 0.47 92> 0. 7512 0.7516 92* 0.21 0.24 0.31 0.17 0.22 0.24 0.26 0.32 0.34 0.14 0.21 0.19 0.76 0.16 0.28 0.08 140 141 146 IW 215 0.7514 0. 6615 0. C997 0. 7090 0. 0867 0. 7029 0.6589 0. 6252 0. 5604 0. 0806 0. 9018 0. 7079 0. 7762 0. T305 21« 217 21S 5S» 0. 6573 8«6 9») 0. 6920 1043 40.75 0.6540 0.26 0.9080 0.85 56.59 ni • 0. 7095 0.7716 0. 7405 0.14 0.25 i SB .7» 0.19 40.15 0. 7335 O.r.863 i 0.7205 ' 0.11 0.21 0.31 17 M> 8«» 320 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA- Table I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT mecen. Ea^ BcnV tm Kntacky ! SoaTaie/aactbB.. 'W.U.Itwmrj ^ua 41 W I , AUtaiaa ! n ir ¥-.»-— hIUj ' ' ■' I •* —J»m j... <• da Skkaybad ai m \-*» , -- *» j-- *• ;...-*• j Mi ! Tlrgiaia Wjthe*9a i B.Skinv ' Chj *C ...im.^ ....fc L. *• ... d, I 07 I TcMBcaH* ' •TMfcinVi A-Gattiaecr... do I ' ' I < I aMofcT SaadT ■\ •! «a otcev. «a ...da... ., Sav-BiD. Aabbarf .. 6. KaiwIaiaM aad C &SBV]gcat. .'SaenwCity dLCaUkr i 1 CZM , n f T8 y i VI. QuuiaiMcala trmmiti Omk. Jiad Oat. I I G-W.LeUMM Clar CttnaeOa ' C3iahr bad; •.123 U Ul SaathCanGaa ... Biiaiaa'aPepat H.W.Ba*«ad Bichla^. MS Vii;|iiiia WytkeriDe H.Skiinr Cby JW do Camacaaaty da do Hi UiB«iaslppi Memrtt'tmSa Clfobr. I I II Xn. QamM Tilnlia I TmrkifOmi Sent Oml. tmbttMrnf SUetJmet. BUekJmet. ^U AUbamM , Cecaee HiB do Batna. audy j AaftMS» A.H.Caitiat ...do ' «.!« « i'lft Oil. Swamf Wttrr Oak. BfmUk Omk. 47 Win i ADcaUa C. W.LettoBaa... Bidi. aUsTial m. QorrraA atiaailes Va^^Omk. DwkOak. JfmkOai. tm ' AUfaaau •ti GrareU CoMaceHiU. TaOahaaa... Balabridca.. . Clfakr ' A.Gatti«(tv . A.H.C Sandy kaa •.■!• ■rtiM AIlaTta] ' aSH TM n«n^ ' Saiat Jataa ■ 801 ..da SB: QwrcaakaCcnyhySa.. ^'— ! J- . im VovJcraey Ifaaal Brfly sr.Skailaa. O^ ?4« n » «.«> • It THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OF DEY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued, 321 BFECIFIC OEtAVrnr DETEBXniATIOXS. ; tuB DmiuinATioss. Welgbt.per coble foot, T>. ..t. 2 s s Fint. Second. Third. Averaee. nm. Second. ' 1 ArenKe. In pounds (STenge). i 0.T749 0.7506 0.8014 0.71*2 0.5070 1 0.7164 0.6765 0.6622 1 0.6563 0.6273 I 0.7304 0.7300 0.6802 0.S701 0.6613 0.7334 1 0.65a« 0.8092 0.6670 0. 7906 1 1 1 «. 6017 0.7«0 ! 0. 71(57 0.7uW 0.7237 0.7474 0.8146 ( (k.«81a ( t.mea 0. tin 0.774* 0.7474 0.8014 0.7192 0.5123 0.6875 0.6765 0.18 0.17 0.22 0.28 0.44 0.14 0.35 0.59 0.18 0.33 0.«. 1.41 0.27 0.27 0.15 0.22 0.2S 0.29 0.86 O.M a \ US' 285" 0.7606 0.6736 0.7854 0.6465 O.UiiflO 0.7149 0.7202 0.7624 0.7075 C.7D0S a28 aao 0.90 o.a hOi a 39 0.84 au a4« L41 au LU 540 0.6028 a2s 43.17 a«7oe 0.7880 0.83 o.to j 341 j 770 0.7294 0.87 4SiiS 0.66»1 0i7ieS a 81 LOO 47 m 0.6888 an «aLM 0.n58 0.7143 0.7431 a42 a8s a27 M9 511 T41 0.7244 a 7275 a 51 4&.U a 47 L17 1 n« t 881 0.7673 aai «7.a 0.*»02' 0.6337 1 1 aMM an 1 " 1171 1 «IM» Lll 4aoo 1- i 21 FOE 322 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table I.— SrEClFlC GEAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT Sp«oie6. Locality. Diameter of tree, 284. Qncrciu bypoleaca . 285. Qaercoit imbricaria BkingU Oak. Laurtl Oak. 18t. Qnercas Phelloa WiUov Oak. Peach Oak. 287, Quercus donsiflora Tanlark Oak. Chatnut Oak. Ftaeh Oak. 288. Caatanopaia cbrysopbyUa Chinquapin. 280. Cutanea pamila Ohinqvapin, 290. Castanea vnlgaris, rar. Americana Chatnut. 20L FacruB fermgisea. racnia I Baeh 382. Oatrya Virjziiiica JJop Hornbeam. Jrtm Wood. Lever Wood. 5M Arizona Santa KiU mount- G. Encelmann and ains. ! C. S. Sargent VI' Kentucky ' Harrodabuig . do do ..do do Miaaouii | AQenton ...do I — do ISS 258> 258> 25«» 1M7 Tennessee . California . do. MasaacbustittB . . . Virginia do. Tennessee Pennsylvania . . Massacbusetts. ..do Kentucky . Tollahoma Marin county Mendocino couutj' . Hot Springs . Arnold Arboretum Fancy Gap ...do .do . do. ...do ...do Micbigao Florida Haasacbuaotta. Nashville Williamsport . Danvers Arnold Arboretum Mercer county ...do W. M. Linney. Dry, rocky. ...do .do . G. W. Letterman | Ricb, moist . — do Rich loam . . A. Gattinger. G.K. Vasey.. A. Kellogg ... Moist, siliceous. Gravelly. 0.184 0.400 G. W. Lotterman. C. S. Sargent. H. Shriver do . A. Gattinger. C.G.Pringle. J. Robinson.. C.S. Sargent.. W.M. Linney. .do. Drift . Moist. Sandy . do. DansvUle | W.J.Boal Gravelly. Cbattaboocboe A. H. Curtiss . . . I Hamilton J. Robinson do . ...do Amuld Arboretum. Missouri Allooton Maasacbnsetta Danvers ...do do do North Reading 48 I Misiiouri Allcnton 731 I Kentucky Mercer county. 7V I do : do C.S.Sargent j Drift G. W. Lolt«rman i Rich loam J.Robiuaon Rocky do i Eicbloam.. ...do G. W. Letterman , Dump, alluvial W, M. Linney i Trcntun limestone. 0.285 0.085 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OF DEY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— CoDtinued. 323 srscinc gbavitt DETEBHIHATIOKB. ABH DBTEBUUIATIOXe. WeiBBt,per cubic foot, in pounds (average). Bcmarks. g "3 First. Second. Third. Average. Firet. SecoDd. AveTBge. a S O 0. 7826 I 0. 7774 \ 0. Ii208 0. 7402 0. 7234 0. 8332 0. 7517 0. 7200 0.7532 0.6650 0. 5520 0. 5698 0.3829 0. 4720 0. 4716 0.4494 0. 4693 0.4663 0. 4613 0. 6663 0. 6200 0. 6343 0.7092 0.7150 0. 7619 0. 6897 0. 7017 0, 7008 U. 8910 0.8512 0. 8491 0. 7818 ! 0. 7657 1 0. 7264 ' 0. 7526 0. 8304 0.8066 0.7932 1.27 f 1.21 I 1.64 0.23 0.65 0.79 0.22 0.23 0.51 1.55 0.35 0.12 0.10 0.26 0.21 1.27 1.35; 1.4Z;' 1.27 1.41 1 1 0. 7735 0.7394 0.8089) 0.8009 1.34 49.91 0.7398 0.7234 0.8332 0.7439 0.7243 0.23 0.65 0.79 0.28 0.21 i 0. 7360 0.7265 0. 7412 0. 7004 0.5627 0. 6076 0. 3827 0.34 0.1& 0.48 1.41 1 1 0.7529 0.43 46.92 0.7472 0.50 46.56 0.6827 1.49 42.56 0.5674 0.35 84.74 72> 0.11 0.12 0.5887 0.12 36.69 sn 0.3828 0. 4720 0.4716 0.4494 0.4693 0.4453 0. 4621 0.11 0.26 0.21 18 2S6I 258* 258* 0.18 0.16 0.14 0.34 0.76 0.70 0.57 0.54 0.31 0.47 0.29 0.84 0.49 0.63 0.55 0.51 0.76 0.80 1.34 0.21 0.17 0.13 0.33 0.20 0.17 0.13 516 0.4247 0.4594 0.6556 7J7 0.4656 8M 0.4504 0.18 28.07 0. 6610 0.6200 0.6343 0. 7092 0.7175 0.7112 0.6729 0.6904 0.34 0.75 0.70 0.57 0.54 0.35 0.47 0.34 ( 44* Eed beech 44* 1 S9* 0.7200 0.6605 0. 6500 0.6825 0. 7030 ' White beech &5> 0.38 119 7CS 0.6870 0.38 0.87 0.67 0.66 0.S1 0.S9. 0.80 0.79 First and second sp. p. determinations matle on 0.5 sap-wood ; third sp. f^r. dotvrmiuatiou made on sap-wood. 8S3 0.6883 0.51 42.89 0.7622 0.8919 0.8695 0. 8440 0.7842 0.36 0.58 0.60 0.63 0.45 11 87 0. 8402 0. 8296 0.7940 0.77U 0.8870 0.8534 0.7768 870 en 1047 0.8284 a SO 51.63 0.7084 0.7264 0.7516 0.78 0.80 1.34 4* TS' 0. 7504 T»" 32-i FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table I.— srECIFIC GKAYITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PEE CUBIC FOOT Specloe. J Looality. Carpliius Cattilinuuui — contiDned . BETtTLACEi:. Belula alba, rar. popnhfulia jrhilr JJirth. Oldfield Birch. Oroy Birch. 9S. Bctnla papvrifen Conot Birch. WhiU Birch. Paper 3n. Betalalotea , YtUow Birch. Oray Birch. 3B9. B«taU li'iita Chrrry Birth. Black Birch. Bireh. ilahf^gany Birch. 77 I Missouri AUeoton. UassaohuBi'tts Danvere . 1038 ....do. 10«5 lOfie 1067 230> 230* 843 loss 1009 1070 VermoDt ...do ...do Montaoa Ma£&achue«tta. Alaaka Vennout do . Colorado... California . Vermont ... do ....do MaaBnchaaetta. Vermont ... do do. 842 1184 .do. Arnold Arboretum . Danvcrs Charlotte . ..do do. Missoula TowQscnd Chilcoot inlet . Charlotte .do. Eogelmann's cafion Strawberry valley . . .do. ...do Danvers . . Charlotte . ...do do . Miaaoari AUcoton ...do do HomaohuaottJi — North AndoTor . do. Hamacbnaetta . . . Vermont sboaetts... Arnold Arboretum. Charlotte Danrers G. W. Lcttenuan. J. Robinson ...do C. & Sargent . J. Jlobinson . . C. G. Pringle ...do do. Sereno Watson . J. Bobinsou PaulScbultze... C.G. Pringle.... .do. Robert Douglas G. En^clmnnn and C. S. Sargent C.G. Pringle. J. Robinson . . C.G. Pringle. ...do Jo. 6. W. Lottorman do. J.RobinHon ...do O. W. I..i'ttonnan C.S.Sargent. C.O.Pringlo. J. Robinson . Rich, alluvial . Low, rich Gravelly Drift .... Gravelly. Gravelly . do. Wet, sandy . Wet, peaty . Swampy . Clay Gravelly . ...do .... .do. Moist loun . AlluvUl.... ...do Sandy loam . Drift .... Gravelly. LATSItS OF Diameter' OROWTh. of tree, I 0.170 0.196 0.234 0.188 0.102 0.214 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OF DKY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued. 32; SPECIFIC aiUVITY DETltmnXATIONS. Asn DETEnHIHAIIOKB. WfiRht. per cubic toot, in poands (average). Bemarlcs. 1 1 First. Second. Third. Average. First Second. Average 0. 7591 0. 7014 0. 7080 0. 53til 0. 0330 ).4394 0. 6021 o.osee 0. C-'40 0. 0290 0. 60B1 0. 6801 0. 6002 0.5804 0. 5880 0.6543 0. 57.W 0. 7047 0. 0410 0. 7032 0. 0468 (]. (1380 0. 0557 0. 5608 0. 5554 0. 6910 0. 0049 0. 5556 0. 7.'i55 0. 7344 0.8116 0. 0907 0. 7085 0. 6804 0. 7249 0. 7079 0. 6927 0.60 0.88 D.SS 0.32 0.28 0.24 0.30 0.25 0.25 0.20 0.24 0.28 0.26 0.20 0.18 0.44 0.29 0.33 0.00 0.16 0.28 0.28 0.27 0.30 0.27 0.38 0.38 0.44 0.16 0.26 0.2S 0.52 0.93 0.65 0.27 0.28 0.24 0.31 0.22 0.22 0.19 0.25 0.26 0.24 0.22 0.18 0.37 0.20 0.56 0.91 0.60 0. 7137 0. 6896 lOO 0.7286 0.83 45.41 0. 5361 0. 6160 0.30 0.28 I* ta 0. 6088 0. 4757 0. 5979 0. 6207 0. 6096 0. 6260 0. 6060 0. 0227 0. 5665 0. 6908 0. 6183 0. 5777 0. 6237 0. 6061 First and third sp. gr. determinations made on sap-wood 0. 5760 0.29 35.90 0.4676 0. 6000 0. 6297 0. 6168 0. 6315 0. 6070 0. 0380 0.5837 0.5849 0.24 0.31 0.24 0.24 0.20 0.25 0.27 0.24 2S 291 as ■ax 8M loe MM INI First sp. ^r. dolcrmination made on 0.5 eap-vood; second sp. er. determiuation made on 0.75 sap-wood. 0. 6305 0. 6112 0.5843 0. 5745 All sap-wood 0. 5955 «0.25 37.11 0. 6032 0. 6028 0. 6030 0.18 0.41 0. 57«? 0.30 37.58 0. 5998 0. 7047 0.6416 0. 7104 0.0445 0. 6360 0. 6494 0. 6663 0.25 0.33 0.60 0.20 0.27 0.25 0.27 ao» 0. 7200 0. 6293 0. 6472 0.0543 0. 5721 0. 5608 0. 6759 0. 5975 0. 5830 0. 7604 0.0946 0. 8160 0. 7080 0. 0573 0. 6256 0. 6382 0.25 0.25 0.22 0.27 0.31 0.31 0.38 0.38 0.40 0.20 0.32 0.33 All sap-wood aa 0.31 40.84 0. 6065 0.5531 0. 5827 0. 5090 0. 5793 0.31 0.29 0.33 0.38 0.42 All sap-wood MS 0. 58U 0. 5905 0. 5988 sa MS ^11 sap-wood 0.5762 0.8S 86. U 0. 7570 0.7145 0.8128 0.18 0.29 0.30 sa 0. 8109 MC 0.7617 0.20 47.47 320 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT Specie*. 105. AIdim iDcana SpttkU4 Alder. Hoary Alder. Black AUUr. SALICACE.S. 3M. 8«Ux laaUndn, tor. UnclfoUs . too. Sallx luimndn, mr. Feodleriana . no. Salix loDgifoll*. rar. azigna . DeUware . .. do Wneliington ter- ritory. Oregon Montana . 079 Oregon .. Alabama. Georgia.. Ycrmont Uaaaachnsetta . ■ ■ Vermont.. Maasacbnsetts Locality. Adgcr'smiU.. Pepper's mill . Sitka Pnyallnp Portland Furniture Company. Uissonla Sereno Watson Drain C.S.Sargent W.M.Cauby Moiet.eandyloam. ...do Fanl Schultzo O. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. San Bernardino W. G. Wright Wet Moist loam Stockton C. Mohr AUamalia river A. H. Curtiss . BinesboTgh. DaoTers — Sbelbnme . TopsBdd . . 080 CaUforala Santa Cmz. 1210 '....do. C.G. Pringle. J.BobinBon.. C.G.Pringle Wet,8andy. J. Robinson ' Allnvlal Wet .. Damp. Wet loam. ...do M. E. Jones . B. Weston . . Clay. G. Engdinann nnd MoiHt, sandy . C. S. Sargent. 640 ;....do... 081 Oregon . 1174 Utah ... nilnola . Texaa .. C.L. Anderson Strawberry valley . . : O. Eogelmann and Moist, rich . C. S. Sargent. ' City Creek cs&on . Rocktord Matagorda bay . . . F. Skinner Allnvlal . M B. Jones . M. 3.Bebb.. C. Mobr.... Moist, saline THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OF DEY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued. 327 BFECIFIC QBAVTTT DBTEIUIIMATIOHB. ASH DETBBKIHATIOKg. Weight, per cable foot, inpoonds (average). Renurks. a s First. Second. Third. Average. First. Second. Aversge. O 0.4988 0.4923 0.4922 0.4855 0. 4829 ( 0.45501 ) 0. 1427 5 0.4172 i 0.4138 0. 4714 0.4573 0.4029 0.4960 0. 4327 0.4790 0.4530 0. 4689 0. 46ia 0.4116 0 4810 0. 450" 0. 5063 0. 4678 0.4901 0. 5221 0.5186 0.4889 0.4851 0.4847 0.4565 0. 3722 0. 4183 0. 3823 0. 4635 0. 4738 0.4842 0.4642 0. 4102 0.4621 0.5087 0.4906 0.34 0.87 0.89 0.59 0.36 ( 0.39 ( n.43 0.19 0.42 0.32 0.47 0.47 0.38 0.62 0.65 0.65 ( 1.08 ( 1.38 0.56 0.60 0.61 1.09 0.53 a 46 1.02 0.35 0.47 0.40 0.49 0.28 0.451 0.30 5 0.25 0.43 0.34 0.39 0.40 0.40 0.79 0.71 0.89 0.911 1.08 J 0.60 0.69 0.73 0.72 0.."i8 0.49 1.09 0.35 0.42 0.4996 0.39 81.13 0.4887 0.4856 0..4097 0.4813 0.39 0.54 0.32 0.3604 First sp. ffT. deterraination made on sap-wood: 0« 0.4828 0. 4702 0. 4530 0. 4.''>7:i 0.4019 0. 4959 0.53iy •" 911 0.4509 0.92 28.10 a 4872 ass 80.36 m» ^ 0.476« 0.60 29.64 U19 0.4519 0.4576 0.67 0.91 MO 0.4089 rni 0.4547 0.79 2&34 0.4698 0.66 28.65 88* 0.49S0 0.4S 30.73 UT4 0.6482 0.6342 1.06 33.29 MB 328 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT Sprcirs. 311. Salix wssilifolia . 313. Salix flaTescens. 314. Salix Hookeriana . 317. Salix Sitcbeiuia . Silky WilUnc. 318. Populiu tremololdca Atpen, Quaking A9p. ESS 1225 319. PapDln* KTandidcDUta Poplar. « 320. Pormlui hrtrmphylla liitcr CoWmwrod. Svamp Cottonwood. 231. Popnliu balftamifcru BaUam. Taeamahae. Bairn o/OOead. 1175 1180 OreeoD . Maaaachnsetts. Locality. Topgfic'ld . KewTork Ellenburg New Uexico . Montana Utah Washington t«rri- torj-. Oregon . Nebraska . lowo MS California . 1161 I Oregon . ...do.... Vermont. Masoacbasetts. Vermont Haaaachnaetta. Tcnneaaee . Alabama... Pinos Altos mouu^ nins. Pnttoc'a ca&ou, Mis- soula. Cily Cieek caKon ... Winchester bay Brownsville . Sioax City . . Sauvio's Island . Alpine. ...do.. Charlotte . Danvcrs . . Charlotte . Danvera . . NaahriUe. Stockton.. Jos. Howolls. J. Robinson ■ J. H. Sears.. E. L. Greene . S. Watson . . - M. £. Jones . . Loam. .. do . G. Eugelmann and C. S. Sargent. K. W. Furnas . W.G.Wright.. G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent Bich, moist Moist, gravelly . . Moist, sandy. Sandy saline . Allnvial . Sandy loam . T. S. Brandogee ' Damp . do ' do . ...do do. C. G. Pringle Moist. J. Bobinson . Gravelly. C. G. Prlnglo Raitdy loam . J. Bobinson Gravelly — A. Gattlnger . C.Mohr Shelbumo CO. Pringle Sandy loam. Chilcoot Inlet Panl Schnltzo Alluvial.... 0.148 0.117 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OF DRY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued. 329 BFBCIFIC OBAVIIT DETEBMIHATIOKe. ASH DETERUOIATIOMB. ■Weight, per cnbfc foot, in poonds (average). liemarlu. i i First. Second. Third. Arerage. Rrst. Second. Arerage. s e c 0. 4326 C 0. 4930 \ 0. 4434 0.3074 0.4912 0. 5234 0. 4923 0. 5320 0.5471 0. 5750 0.6393 0. 5704 0.5011 0.3785 0.3579 0.3569 0. 4880 ( 0.4184 ( 0.4227 0.5119 0. 4205 0.4023 0.4115 0. 3524 0. 3843 0.4545 0. 4184 ) 0.4643 5 0.4319 0.4397 0.49 0.48 0.36 • 0.79 0.36 0.67 0.43 0.33 0.49 0.72 1.01 0.67 0.76 0.72 0.50 0.49 0.37 0.68 0.42 0.72 0.34 0.32 0.44 0.71 0.95 0.52 0.SO 27.40 0.4548 0.3974 0.49 0.37 800 IXB 0. 5081 0. 4953 0. 4707 0. 5504 0. 5229 0. 5683 0.0450 0.5323 0. 5133 0.4261 0.43 26.55 0.4997 0.5094 0.4815 0.74 0.39 0.70 611 T21 888 0.4969 0.61 30.97 0.5412 0.39 33.73 972 0. 5350 0.32 33.34 946 0. 5716 0.6422 0.47 0.72 UTS 1180 0. 5734 0. 6069 0.59 37.82 0.5587 0.98 34.82 an 0. 5072 0.59 31.61 ua 0. 3785 0. 3579 0.3569 0.4951 0.4278 0.76 0.72 272' 272» 272» 0.5021 0.42551 0.4446> 0. 4872 0. 4416 0.4113 0. 4105 0. 3404 0 37C8 0.31 0.43 0.31 0.39 0.43 0.47 0.70 0.90 0.72 0.40 0.31 0.41 411 1035 0.4032 0.5S 25.13 0.4996 0.4268 0.43 0.46 157 0.4182 0.45 0.74 0.90 1.12 0.39 847 0.4632 ..« 2&87 0. 4068 0. 4110 0.72 0.00 sas SM 0. 4089 0.81 25.48 0.3464 0. 3806 0.02 0.40 1S» 961 0.3635 0.66 22.65 330 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT SpflCifA. LATRRg OF Diameter' obowtu. of tre«, aSl. Papains Inlaamifrr*, rar. ondiruis . 10S4 ' Uuuohiuetto.... Top»fleld ' J. Rohln'on . BaltamOoOonwovd. 552 Colorado M»nitou Spring* — Robert Douglas. I 1012 Oregon Saint John's Barrel F.Skinner Factory. Portland. 1028 do Portlnnd" I'"uniitnre G. Eneilmann and Company. C. S. Sargent, 124. Popolus monflifem Cotumtrvcd. y36 0.92 0.16 0.12 0.12 SSO 0. 3081 0.3182 0.4627 850 8Sl 8a 0.3322 0.33 20.70 332 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND \YEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT Sptciea. 330, C1uuiurc\'pah8 Xutkaensis TttUv'Cyprett. Sitta CyprtM. Alaska j Sitka British Columbia . Saw-mill, Victoria .. ! Alaska ' Peril strait 1000 I. ...do. 331. Chuiiscvp.iris Lawsoniana TOl Or«con . Port Or/ord Cedar. Oregon Cedar. W}iUe Cedar. Laicton't Cf/prttt. \ 707 do. Ginger Pine. 332. Copn-ssos macrocaipa. Monttrey C}fprem. 333. Capressos Goreniaaa . 335. Copicssas Gnadalnp^nsis . Jonip^ms Califomica 1220 Juniper. 336. Jonipi^rus Callfomica, i Juniper. 337. Jonlpems pacbyphl(ea 555 Juniper. I 336. Jnniprnis occidentalis . Juniper. 338. JaoiperasoccideDtalls, rar. monospoima Juniper. 338. Juniprrtu oceidnilalls, mr. coi^agens. Juniper. ATeidlcr's saw.niill, Portlnnd, OrcROn. G. Kogolmann aud C. S. SareeDt Paul SchuTtzc G. Engelmnnn and C. S.SarRent. Beau ,t Co. "8 saw. do . mill, Mnrslitleld. i do. C75 California ' Monterey. ■do Marin connty. -do , Calistoga Eastern Aiizona.. Snn Francisco mount- ains. Arizona Santa Catalina mountains. Utah Xew Mexico. Arizona ...do Xew Mexico.. Colorado San Bernardino county. Silver City . Yreka i>I:iius . Silver City Manitoa Springs. Texas Austin . do.. Massacbuaetta Texaa Florida ..do Maaaacbns<-tta. . . . Florida Uaaaacbosotts Arnold Arboretum Dallas Cbattaboocboo Saint Jobn'i river . Dauvers Cbattuboochco C. Mohr Xopsneld J. Robinson G. E. Vasey. . W. F. Fisher. Gravelly loam . Dry ridges .do. 0.283 0.234 £. L. Grcono . C. G. Pringle. Rocky. ...do M. £. Jones . £. L. Greene. Gravelly. G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. Stony.... Gravelly. F. L. Greene Bobert Douglas. Stony.... Gravelly. C. Mohr S. B. Buckley . C. 8. Sargent . J. Reverchon . A. H. Curtlsa. ...do J. Robinson . . Drift Calcareous . ...do Sandy loam . Drift Alluvial .... Drift 0.230 0.484 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OP DRY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued. J33 SPECIFIC GBAVITY DETEEMINATI0N8. ASH DETECUINATIOlie. Weight, per cable foot, In poands (average). Hemarlu. S 1 First. Socond. Third. Average. First. Second. Average. o 0.4011 0. 4987 0. 5350 0. 4555 0. 4356 0.4380 0. 6260 0.4492 0. 4620 0.4648 0. 4826 0. 6309 0. 6504 0. 5744 0.5085 0.5185 «. 5724 0. 7329 0. 6708 0.4484 0. 5010 0. 5166 0.4686 0.4487 0. 5259 0. 6263 0.4733 0.4910 0.4643 0. 5272 0. 0255 0.5539 0. 6965 0. 5619 1 a 5321 S 6. 5807 0.7440 0. 0935 0.6967 0.6840 0. .'.045 0. 4493 0.5310 0.4727 0.4t»3 0.4705 0.4937 0.4248 0. 4999 0. 5261 0. 4621 0.30 0.29 0.29 0.37 1 0.34 tag 983 9M 1000 0.34 t 0.32 n. 34 1 0. 32 1 0.39 1 0.36 0.38 0.07 0.08 I 0.55 0.41 j 0.54 0.43 0.41 0.77 0.47 O.U C 0.07 < 0.08 0.12 0.08 0.89 0.45 0.39 0.15 0.12 0.16 0.13 0.16 0.16 0.09 0. 4782 0.34 29.80 0.4422 0.4819 0.12 0.10 0.09 1 0.09 0.59 0.4C21 0.10 28.80 0.6261 0.57 39.02 975 0.4613 0. 4765 0.35 0.47 0.38 0.51 0.73 0.51 0.16 0.07 0.09: 0.12 0.68 0.8« 0.47 0.53 0.14 0.14 0.17 0.08 0.14 0.12 ao9 0.38 0.51 0. 4617 All sap-wood 0. 4689 0.45 29.22 0.4636 0.5049 0.41 0.46 7« 0.4843 0.44 30.18 0. 6282 0.75 39.15 1229 0.8 sap-wood 0.5522 0.49 34.41 S8T 0.6355 0. 5302 O.U 0.08 592 C92 0.5829 0.U 36.32 a 6765 0.12 35.93 624 0.7385 0. 6852 0.68 0.88 420 527 0.7U9 0.78 44.36 0.0967 0.6846 0.46 0.46 939 0. 07i;0 0.6112 0.4,')85 0.5455 0.4901 0. 4804 0.4838 0. 5290 a«948 0. 6907 0.4G 43.04 0. 6079 0.4539 0. 5433 0. 4814 a 4743 0.4761 0.5111 1 0.14 0.13 0.10 0.11 0.15 0.14 0.09 14 P- a 5533 a 4733 0.4740 «. 6107 1 . . 1 9SI 1055 41.4926 0.13 80.70 1 334 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AXD AVKlcnT PER CUBIC FOOT J S a S i State. Localit.v. Collector. SoU. Diameter of tree, in meters. LAVXB8' OF nBOWTB. Sap- wood. Heart- wood. 535 542 543 581 S8Z 741 8M> 8Sf 923 1212 1213 12U 657 686 673 710 711' 711« 712 713 7U 716 878 805 82 277 661 J 164 208 222 723 777 Stockton Oti8&Co.,saw.mill. ....do C. Mohr Alluvial . Bald CypTu*. Black Cyprtst. Std ...do ..do ....do ouMCypnu. ....do ....do ...do Arkansas ....do Little Kock G. W. Lctttnnan ... ....do ...do ....do ....do Cbattaboooboe 0.514 55 230 Department of Ag. riculturo. ....do Stockton Allavial ....do ....do Louisiana California ....do Bayou La Battcrj- . . Tulare county ....do do Alluvial . G. Eneclmann and C. S. Sargent. do Big Tne. ... do W2 SeqooU Mmpervirciu ....do ....do ....do ...do ... do ...do ....do Bnssian river RcdKood. Turner, Kennedy & Shaw. ....do ....do . ..do ....do Uendocino county. . do ....do ....do do . do ....do 343. Taiiu brevifuliA Oregon Portland G. Bugelmann and C. S.^argent. A.H.Curtl88 O.S.Sargent A. H. Curtiss Moi»t, rich 0.270 8 46 r«». { Mi. Taziu Floridaoa rew. tU,. Torrev* UiifoIU . ..do Cbattaboochoe ....do SHnking Cedar. Savin. ....do Calcareous 0.284 0.361 0.610 12 20 IB 78 7a i 61 tU. ToTTpra CaUrotniu Caliromla UaMacbnaetta ... Ulcblgan ....do Vermont P(!Dniiylraola New liranawlck.. Maiin county Arnold Arboretum . Wooilsum Machine Compunv. Barney ic Smith MauiirncturlngCo. Cah/omia .\utmtg. Slinking (Mar. Ul. PlnM .Slmbm C. S. Sargent ir»i«e Fin4. Weymmth Pin*. ....do C.G.Pringle do Wllllamaport Intercolonial rail, way. 1 j ; 1 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OF DRY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Coiitinued. 335 6FBCIF1C OBAVITY DETEBMDCATIONB. JL8Q DETEBMIKATIOKB. Weight, per cabio foot, in pounds (average). K« marks. 1 a First. Second. Third. Average. First Second. Average. * 0.4S59 0. 0114 0. 5017 0.4082 0.4683 0.4159 0.2444 0. 2362 [• 0. 3442 I 0.4282 1 0. 4599 [ 0.4112 0. 3860 0. 4123 0.4878 f 0. 3234 ( 0. 3236 0 !>.'>24 0. 3788 0.4242 0. 3963 0. 4912 0.3015 0. 3610 0. 5226 0. 4827 0. 6390 0. C340 0. 6034 0.4728 0. 4S23 0.3946 0.3481 0. 3400 0. 4880 0. 3690 0.3600 0.4442 0. 4800 0. 5224 0.4545 0. 6031 0. 4094 0. 2013 0. 2394 0. 3650 0. 3705 0. 5022 0.4336 0. 3750 0. 4957 0. 4904 0. 3202 ^ 0. 3289 ) 0. 2523 0. 3965 0. 4281 0.4444 0.4562 0.2982 0. 3612 0. 4714 0. 5181 0.6553 0.4501 0. 5005 0. 5121 0.4614 0.4857 0. 4020 0.44 0.35 0.66 0.38 0.34 0.27 0.56 0.55 t 0.48) 0.50 0.51 0.36 ( 0.54 ( 0.41 0.50 0.12 0.16 0.11 0.14 0.06 0.18 0.17 0.10 0.22 0.20 1.08 0.25 1.27 0.11 0.13 0.22 0.23 0.18 0.23 0.40 0.31 0.52 0.45 0.29 0.36 0.42 0.33 •0.59 0.42 0.32 0.32 53S M2 M3 S81 SS 7il White cypress Black cypress 0. 3808 White cypress sap-wood 0. 4072 0. 3805 0.4540 0.4891 0.44 0.50 0.52 0.37 ' From opposite sides of center of tree next to heart. . 1 J. ^ > One tree. 0.50 0.53 0.37 0.501 0.33) 0.04 0.23 0.19 0.3492 I Outside of tree J Oateide wood i i ' SOno tree: Wliilecypreaa ■ 1212 1213 0.4543 0.42 27.85 0.3240 0.2524 0.44 0.57 0.2882 O.SO 18.20 0.3877 0.4262 0.4204 0. 4737 0. 2999 0.3611 0. 4970 0. 5004 0.17 0.18 0.U 0.14 0.09 0.17 0.17 0.12 711* 0.11 0.15 0.16 0.13 0.22 0.22 1.38 0.21 1.40 0.10 0.17 0.20 0.21 0.12 0.30 712 715 ^^^ 0. 6230 0.4208 0.14 26.22 0.6S91 0.22 * 39.83 m 0.6340 0.21 39.51 m 0.630» 0.4447 0. 4690 0.4106 0.3459 0.3418 0. 6461 0. 3850 0. 3140 0. 8702 0.4S88 1.23 0.23 a an 0.5145 0.73 32.08 0.4760 1.34 29.66 tu 0. 4026 0. 3470 0. 3409 0. 5070 0. 3770 0. 3373 0.15 0.15 0.21 0.22 0.15 0.26 1 IM 208 33S •a 336 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMEriCA. Table L— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT Spe*i»«. Locality. MT. Pinas Stiobiu— continned . 349. Pinus Lamb«rtiaiu> . Svgar Pine. 351. PtQiis albicaalifl . 2^7. Pioiu BftlfoorUna UT. Pinoji BalfouriAim. car. sristAta t'oxUiii Kru. Uickory I'ine. 3S8l PiDiu rculnow Hed Itnt, Nonaay Pint. Kew Bnuuwlok . Bridgeton Amqai Ed. Sinclair A. Grant Massachusetts. British Colombia . Grank Trunk rail* way. Beadiug J. Robinson Oregon . Hasting'a saw.miU, Bnrrard inlet. Cascade mountains Saw-mill, Straw- berry valley. Lassen's peak . Colorado. Nevada... Forest City Monitor range . British Columbia Arizona Kew Mexico.. Arizona ... . California. Arizona ... Colorado... Silver Mountain val- lej*, Fraser river. Santa Rit.a mount- ains. PinoB Altos mount- Santa Kita mount- ains. San Diego county. . CaBon City . Eastern Arizona. Uuli Eastern Arizona. California Kevada San Francisco mount- ains. Lcwiston Scott mountains . Colorado. Nevada.. Forest City Prospect mountain . G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent C.S. Sargent 6. Kngelmann and C. S. Sargent. G. E.Vasey Sierra Lumber Com. pany, San Fran. Cisco. T. S. Brandegeo . A. Triple Ot. Engclmonn and C. S. Sargent. G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent G.R.Vasey.. C.G.Pringle. E. Weston.... E. L. Greene . M. £. Jones . . E. L. Greene . partment iculturc. A. Triple.. G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent T. S. Brandegeo. . A. Triple IM Michigan Barney t: Smith E.E.Bamcy. I ManufacturinttCo Gravelly. ...do.... Rocky . Gravelly. ...do.. Rooky . Qiavelly . Rocky. Rocky. THE WOODS OF TlIP: UNITED STATES. OF DKT SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued. 337 8PB0IFIC GBAVnr DETEBHIHATIOKB. ASH DSTBEHIKAIIONS. Weight, per cubic foot, in pounds (aveisgo). Hemarks. 1 i o First. Second. Third. Average. First. Second. Average. •0.3991 0.3624 0. 3903 0.3503 0.4291 0.3684 0. 40C6 0. 3782 0. 3153 0. 496.-> 0. 4209 0. 4233 0. 4729 0. 4980 0. 4869 0. 5028 0. 6C95 0. 5S13 0. COOO 0. 4499 0.6140 0. 5715 0.5585 0. 5134 0. 5580 0.4997 0. 6140 0. 4S7-J 0.3970 0. 3463 0.3725 0.3513 0.4102 0.3554 0. 4014 0. 3889 0. 3201 0. 4031 0.3980 0.3543 0. 3815 0. 3485 0.20 0.19 0.21 0.10 0.26 0.15 0.17 0.29 o.2e 0.20 0.35 0.30 C 0.24 I 0.27 0.30 0.54 0.88 0.37 0.78 0.67 0.72 0.89 0.41 ( 0.41 ( 0.38 0.18 0.42 0.33 0.20 0.19 0.21 0.12 788 789 787 0.19 0.22 0.13 0.28 0.21 0.16 0.25 0.24 0.20 0. 3438 0.3854 0.19 24.02 0.4197 0. 3619 0. 3908 0.27 0.18 0.23 24.35 0.4040 0. 3835 0.3177 0.3684 0.17 0.27 0.23 0.4526 Second sp. Rr. determination made on sap-wood. Cnt at elevation of 10,000 feet. 0.22 22.96 0.4507 0.4209 0.20 0.35 0. 4097 0.5253 0. 4961 0. 4096 0. ,5721 0. 0330 0. 09G3 0.3563 0. 4044 0. 7017 0. 5230 0.23 0.241 0.20 5 0.27 0.4358 0.28 27.18 0.4165 0.27 25.96 0. 5032 1 0. 4847 ) First sp. gr. determination made on sap-wood ■ [ 0.4971 0.4783 0.24 0.28 ^ wa 0.4877 0.26 30.39 0.5675 0.64 35.37 650 0.92 0.68 0.65 0.77 0.72 0.76 0.0512 0.90 40.58 123t 0.6388 0.62 39.81 3V7 0. 5781 0. 4372 0.6876 0.5473 0.5585 0.71 0.72 0.72 0.83 0.41 8a 900 915 0.5409 0.5476 0. 5319 0.52731 0.411 0.42) 0.18 0.5658 0.68 35.26 0.5434 0.40 33.86 S7T 0.4671 0.4996 0. 0149 0.18 0.42 811 •14 0.4838 0.18 0.5572 0.30 34 72 0.4865 0.20 191 333 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PEE CUBIC FOOT Spccia Locality. LAVKKft OK Diamoterl oKOwrii. of tree, S58. Pinaa re«iooa»— contloaed. 3i9. Pinna Xorreyana . M3. PiDiu Chihiuliiun* . 77» 78S 10T4 1V75 1076 U44 US4 U55 ]15« BIO 1007 M5. Pionn Mnrmyanft Tamaratk. ' Black Piiu. Lc4ffe-poU Pint, Spruce Pint, Mi, Pinnii SablnUw DiggtrPin*. BvttPin*, Hiohigm VtnDODt Kew Bnmswick . ...do Termont .do. ...do. ...do. Dakota.... Oref;on — CalifornU. ...do Oregon ... California. Hon tana.. California. Colorado.. .do. ...do ...do Calif otBia.. Hersoy . . . Charlotte . Bridgeton . Charlotte . . ...do do. Sao Diego coonty. Dcndwood Saw.mill, Ashland . Strawberry valley . .do. Saw.mill, Ashland . Saw.niill, San Ber. narilino. Saw.mill, Missoala. . La88en*B peak . CaBon City — ...do Scott raoantalDS . BritiahColombls.. Colorado... ...do Califomla. Santa Rita roonnt- ulna. ...do VanconTcr'a laland •Foroat City ..do Scott monntaina . . . Jolon Contra Coata connty W. J. Beal...- C. 6. Prlngle . Intercolonial way. Ed. Sinclair .. Clay. G. Engt'lmann . C. G. Pringle . . Booky . ..do.. Robert Douglna. G. Engt'lmann and C. S. Sargent. l>ow, wet, swampy do . ...do W. G. Wright . S. Wataon Sierra Lumber Com- pany. W. G. Wright . G. Eogolmann and " S. Sargent. Drj', gravelly . .do. W. G. Wright . 6. Engolmann and C. S. Sargent. Dry, gravelly . .do. G. Engelinann and C. S. Sargent. T. S. Brandegee . C. S. Sargent — G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. ....do MoiHt, sandy loam ...do ...do Gravelly . THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OF DEY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued. 339 SPEC riTBt. [FIO OEAVITI DETEBMIMATIONB. ABH DETEBHIKATIOIIS. Weight. ptr cubic foot, in pouuds (average). Remarks. Second. Third. Average. First. Second. Average. B s § 0.5450 0. 6121 0. 4555 0.4250 0. 4627 0. 4931 0. 4892 0. 4659 0.5360 0. 5066 0.4567 0.4168 0. 4877 0. 4552 0. 4571 0.5264 0.4184 0.5144 0. 3972 0.4284 0. 4676 0.4376 0. 5521 0. 4661 0. 4985 0. 5982 0.5584 0. 5226 0. 5709 0. 3550 0. 4291 0. 4204 0. 4528 0.4988 0.M16 0.4537 0.49U 0. 4G31 0. 4752 0. 4922 0.4582 0.5119 0. 5079 0. 7844 0.4204 0.3864 0.4813 0.4419 0. 4152 0.6350 0.4240 0. 5265 0.4479 0. 4437 0. 6305 0. 4459 0. 5412 0. 4520 0. ,5075 0. 5274 0. 5780 1 0. 5239 ) 0. 5995 0. 3551 0. 4267 0.4711 0. 4.531 0.6312 0.6433 0. 4829 0. 4733 0.4441 0.4869 0.4899 0. 4777 0.20 0.24 0.28 6.39 0.28 0.26 0.24 0.38 0.14 0.21 0.19 0.26 0.27 0.38 0..'!8 0.31 0.34 0.23 0.40 0.28 0.68 0.46 0.30 0.22 0.23 0.29 ( 0.37 ( 0.41 0.21 0.36 0.26 0.37 0.43 0.40 0.24 0.24 0.29 0.34 0.27 0.29 0.31 0.33 0.15 0.20 0.26 0.24 0.26 0.41 0.36 0.30 0.43 0.23 0.36 0.25 0.40 0.45 0.33 0.20 0.3fi 0.24 0.371 0.40) 0.16 0.20 0.25 0i37 0.41 0.35 0.22 0.24 0.29 0.37 0.27 0.28 0.28 0.5227 0.4845 0. 4858 0.4860 First and third sp. gr. determinations made on 0.5 sap-wood j second sp. gr. determlnatioD made on sap-wood. Second sp. gr. determination made on 0.5 sap-wood; third sp. gr. determination made on sap-wood. First and second sp. gr. determinations made on sap-wood 1075 0.4854 0.27 30.25 0.4879 0.35 30.40 996 0. 5220 0.6455 0.4461 0. 4016 0.S038 0.14 0.20 0.23 0.24 0.4611 ll&S 1156 0.20 31.40 0.4845 0.4485 0. 4362 0.5307 0. 4212 0. 5204 0. 4225 0.4360 0.4990 0.4417 0.5466 0.27 0.40 0.37 0.30 0.39 0.23 0.38 0.27 0.49 0.45 0.32 636 630 632 CM 689 718 731 907 910 10O7 J On<> tree. Fourth sp. gr. determination made on 0.5 sap-wood. < 0.4715 0.35 29.45 0. 4785 0. 5628 0. 6206 0.25 0.27 0.26 32.44 0.5457 0.89 34.01 .193 0. 5760 ^ 664 0.5815 0.19 86.24 997 0. 3551 0.4279 0. 4457 0.33 0.26 0.37 62S 0.4096 0.32 25.68 0.4530 a 51.50 0.42 0.S7 .">71 644 0.4840 0.40 30. le 340 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASD, AND ^YEIG^T PER CUBIC FOOT Species. I Locality. 367. PiniuCoalteri. CallfornU San BerniU'dino TV G. Wri|;lit . S68. Pinns insienls UoKttrty Pin*. ...do I Monterey 6. R. Vasey . fiartment culture. Dry, gravelly . . Gravelly loam . Moont Shasta. 870. Pinna Tsda LobloUy Pine. (Hd-fiMd Pin*. Bote- nwry Pine. O. Bngelmann and Gravelly . C. S. Sargent. Florida Dnval county A. H. Curtiss Moists sandy. Alabama Cottage Hill C. Mohr Ixiw, rich North Carolina . . . Wilmington Edward EJdder. ..do do do MaAaachnsetta . 373. PinuainnpA Jersey Fine. Scrub Pine. net U72 SoutI) Carolina... ...do Indiana Now Jersey 374. Pinnnclaosa tiandl'ine. SentbPine. Spruce Pine. 375. Pinon pnngcna 821 TabU-mounlain Pine. Hiekory Pime. Virginia Ponnnylvania Arnold Arboretum.. C. S. Sargent . North Reading J.Robinson... Duval county A. H. Curtiss Aiken H. W. Rarenel . ...do '...do I New Albany I U. J. Bobinaon . Mount Holly ' S. P. Sharpies .. Apalachicola A. H. Curtiss. WytheviUe I H. Shrivor... Colorain Forge J. R. Lowrio. Drift ...do 0.207 0.230 Moist, sandy loam.' 0.312 Dry, sandy 0.206 0.164 Dry, sandy barrens 0. 238 Clay . Slate. 0.264 0.010 376. Pinna mnrlcsts Ol/itpo Pine. Bithop't Pin*. Califomia Marin county O. B. Vasey Gravelly 377. PinusmlUs YeUmc l\ne. Short-leaced Pine. Spruce l-ine. BuU Pine. 378. linns glabra (MdarPine. HpnuePine. WhiuPine. Florida ' Chattahoochno i A. 11. Curtiss ] Clay Louisiana Amite C. Muhr Sandy loam. Arkansas ' Texarkana < F. L. Ilarvey I — do do J do do ..' , do ...do do South Cirullna ... Bonncau's Depot . M4 Mississippi Gainr«ville 7M H..rl »a wood 14S 544 7M 0.3931 e.45 - 24.50 342 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT ^laete. 1 SUto. Locality. Collector. SoiL Diameter of tree, meters. LATIRSOF QUOWTH. wood. Heart- wood. 3M 780 879 81 85 X72 243 302 357 358 359 3«0 381 384 385 390 S62 1096 84 356 493 109 231 373 776 794 880 513 620 773 784 701 292 576 822 899 906 Michigan Baldwin W. J. Beal OrayPine. Scrub Pine. Prittee't Pint. Intercolonial rail, way. ....do Duval county do A. H. Cnrtiss do Sandy loam Moist, sandy 0.353 0.355 25 4S 119 61 LongJtattd Pine. SouOtem Pine. Georgia Pine. Teitow Pine. Hard ....do Miasissippi Barney & Smith Manufacturinj; Co Sawmill, Sunt John's river. Aikun Sonth Cutilina . . . Alabama H.'W.Kavencl Cottage Hill ....do ...do do ... do ....do do do ....do ... do ... do ...do ....do ...do do .. do Saw-mill, Cedar Keys. ...do ...do Kortb Carolina . . . ■Wilmington Sabine county E. Kidder C.Mohr Florifla Alabama Duval county Cottage Hill Bay Biscayne A.H.Curti88 C.Mohr Moist, sandy ... do 0.326 68 60 Siaeh Pine. Suntnp Pirn. Baelard Pine. MeadoxB Pine. Florida A.n.Curtiss C.G.Pringle ...do m Plee* nigra Blaekipruee. ...do ...do .. do ....do New Bnuuwiok.. Province Qaobeo . New BniDHwick . . New Hampahire . . Dakota Bay of Fundy Danville Intercolonial rail. way. Grand Trunk rail. way. Ed.SiiicUUr Bridcoton 283. Pl»-aalb» 0.186 10 22 VhiU Spruce. Terry's peak Bay of Fundy Bobort Douglas Int«rcoIonial rail- Now BnuMwick . . ...do ProTince of Qae- bec. 3M. P1r>« Eneslnuuil T. S. Brandegeo ... C. 8. Sargent o.sao 8 7d Wkiu6pruee. ....do «... ....do ....do ....do do 0.318 45 71 ....do DopartmentofAcri. cnltore. ... do Utah THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES, or DRY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE TJSTITED STATES— Continued. 343 BPBCiFic oBAvrrr dkteemimatiosb. ma DETSBMDIATIOIIS. Weight per cnblo foot, inponnda (average). Remarks. 1 First, Second. Third. Average. Firet Second. Average. a 0. 4622 0.4965 0.4588 0.5065 0.7284 0.4794 0.4588 0. 4900 0.28 0.20 0.19 0.26 0.16 0.26 0.28 0.39 0.27 0.28 0.15 0.21 0.23 0.32 0.28 0.29 0.17 0.19 0.31 0.16 0.30 0.23 0.25 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.38 0.28 0.42 0.34 0.32 0.24 0.36 0.35 0. 29 0.32 0.43 0.33 0.19 0.18 0.26 0.17 0.26 0.21 0.24 0.27 0.20 0.16 0.30 0.20 0.19 3M 7» 0.4778 0.7551 0.7117 0. C927 0. 7569 0. 6139 0. 6602 0. 8652 0. 8509 0. 6673 0. 7590 0. 6163 0. 8549 0. 4602 0.7744 0.6415 0. 6533 0. 7881 0. 8529 0. 4576 0.5289 0. 4285 0. 4730 0.4065 0. 4830 0. 4074 0.3848 [ 0. 4231 1 0. 3809 0. 3737 0. 3550 0. 3305 0.3507 0. 3717 0. 3195 0.4857 0.4761 0.2? 29.67 0.7418 0. 7117 0. 6950 0. 7199 0. 5665 0.6609 0.8989 0.8479 0.7294 0.7663 0.5938 0. 0236 0. 5734 0.7245 0.6453 0.28 0.17 0.26 0.25 0.31 0.27 0.24 0.16 0.21 0.23 0.32 0.28 0.32 0.18 0.22 0.6974 0. 6829 0. 5191 0. 6616 0. 9325 0.8450 0. 7914 0. 7736 0. 5714 0.5924 0. 0186 0. 6745 0.6490 0.6506 0. 7340 0.8389 0.4715 0.5258 0.4486 0.4593 0.4290 0. 4098 0.4194 0.4034 0.4375 0.4188 0.4020 0. 3551 0.3217 0.3528 0.3725 0.3137 343 Boxed for turpentine, 1852 ; chipped 10 jears ; abandoned, 1861. Boxed for tnrpentine, 1876 ; cliipped 4 years ; specimen taken along chip. Boxed for torpentino, 1876 ^ chipped 4 years; upeoimen taken above chip. >SB 88B 0.23 0.32 0.28 0.34 0.18 0.26 0.31 0.16 0.31 0.17 0.27 0.29 0.27 0.25 0.28 0.21 0.38 0.38 0.31 0.29 0.29 0.35. 0.24 0.33 0.26 161 384 165 0.6413 ISO 663 10B6 0.6999 0.25 43.62 0.6520 0.7611 0.8379 0.31 0.16 0.31 84 3S6 0.8220 m [P. rubral ~ 0.7504 0.26 48.78 0.4646 0.5272 0.4386 0.4662 0.4087 0.4431 0.20 0.26 0.29 0.28 0.27 0.33 186 331 373 776 0.3907 0. 4425 n* 8» 0.4S84 0.27 2a 57 0.4134 0.3941 0.4303 0.3999 0. 3879 0.24 0.40 0.36 0.32 0.27 SU 630 778 784 731 0.4051 a32 2S.2S 0.3551 0. 3291 0. 3518 0. 3721 0.3166 0.83 0.35 0.27 0.33 0.34 ssa S7S sa 890 MS «.3449 0.32 21. 4> ]U FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT } I Locality*. Diameter of tree, S8S. Pier* pniigvna WJuteSpruM. BUa Spruet. tSS. Pices Sitcbeiuis.... Iid*4aHd Spmct. 187. Tunga Cuudensia . tM. Tauga Pattonlan* . Ml. Pw-u). 3704 0. C029 0. 3G58 0. 4280 (L 3520 0. 3661 0. 3830 0.4633 0.3817 0.3963 0.4839 0. 3418 0.4538 0. 5033 0. 3719 0 4213 0 4112 0. 4289 0. 6671 0 4981 0 4462 0. 1461 ■J. 6570 0.4003 0.G332 0. 5215 0.6403 0.6189 0.4264 0. 5269 0.4896 0. 5251 0. 4809 n. 5028 0.4511 0. 5990 0. 3480 0.3549 0. 4292 0.3641 0.22 0.32 0.49 0.69 0.23 0.16 0.16 0.22 0.13 0.24 0.73 0.43 0.45 0.34 0.6J 0.44 0.40 0.43 0.51 0.52 0.39 O.-U 0.43 0.84 0.16 0.10 0.08 0.02 0.03 0. 10 0.02 0.04 0.09 0.12 0.18 0.05 0.05 0.10 0.10 0.22 0.31 0.50 0.48 aw 0. 3558 0.4274 0.3617 0. 6485 0. 3974 0.29 0.61 0.28 0.24 0.17 0.13 0.13 0.12 0.25 ' 0.67 0.36 0.46 0.42 0.56 0.48 0.46 0.51 0.60 0.31 0.41 0.45 0.39 0.53 270 0. 3740 0.38 23.81 0. 6257 0. 3816 0.4280 0. 3463 0. 3619 0.24 0.17 0.15 0.18 0.13 977 1015 0. 3423 0. 3570 0.3896 0.4624 0. 3823 , 0.4704 0.4707 0.3343 0.4538 0. S191 0. 3.''00 0.4554 0. 4080 0.4260 U.4833 0. 4975 0. 4396 0.4S74 0. 5653 0.4364 0. 6760 0. 5250 0. 6937 0.5785 0. 3859 0. 5215 0.4941 0 5855 0.4679 0.4848 0.4504 0. 5922 0. 3446 1019 1036 0.4287 0.17 20.72 0. 3688 0.4629 . 0. 3820 0. 4333 0.4773 0. 3381 0.4538 0. 5112 0. 3010 0.4443 0.4097 0.25 0.70 0.40 0.46 0.38 0.55 0.4« 0.46 0.48 0.56 0.42 5 219 TM 775 778 787 7K 817 0.4561 0. 4098 1040 1042 0.4239 0.46 26.42 0.4275 0.40 26.64 0. 5252 0. 6122 0.43 0.41 971 0.6411 0. 4503 0.5182 0.42 32. 2D 0.4454 0.44 27.76 0.4568 0.6612 0. 4214 0. 6551 0. 6233 0. 5715 0. 6987 0.4057 0. 6242 0. 4918 0. 5.158 0. 4744 0. 4988 0. 4508 0. 6950 0.16 0.08 0.08 0.03 0.02 0.08 0.03 0.04 O.U a 13 0.18 0.06 0.05 0.09 O.ll 271 0.06 0.07 0.03 0.01 0.06 0.03 0.03 0.12 0.13 0.18 0.06 0.04 0.08 0.11 SS7 703 704 70S TOO T«8 TOO 7S0 7SJ 881 Rcdflr.. 97S ToUowflr «4 9M 98* i46 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AArERICA. Table I.— SPECIFIC GKAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT £ Ml. Pwodotangs DooglasU— eontliiaed 393. Abiea b«]«aiDe« BaUam Fir. Bairn 715 0. 5692 0. 4J77 0. 4575 0.03 0.03 0. 11 0.05 0.07 0.06 0.08 0.47 0.63 0.33 0.66 0.33 0.34 f 0.38 J 0.63 I 0.66 0.87 1.12 0.56 0.70 2.09 0.25 0.27 0.30 0.26 0.27 0.32 0.30 0.47 0..35 0.36 0.27 0.04 0.03 0.07 0.04 0.11 0.07 0.08 0.60 0.49 0.35 0.04 0.03 0.09 0.05 0.09 ' 0.07 0.4807 0. 5599 0. 5725 0. 4422 0.4588 0. 4463 0.3431 0. 3342 J. 4299 lOU 0. 6157 0.08 32.14 0. 4563 0.08 2a 44 0.3565 0.54 22.22 0.3364 0.4273 0.S6 0.34 0. 3819 0.45 23.89 0. 3440 0 3515 0.3481 0. 3541 0. 3405 0.66 0.33 0.34 0. 3475 C 0. 3416 J 0. 3643 [ 0. 3390 0. 3613 0. 3059 0. 3286 0.4242 0 i'082 0. 42!)7 0. 4025 0. 4752 0. 6973 0.0945 0. 0835 0. .5075 0. 5925 0.5389 0.5882 0 3397 0. 3371 0.3842 0. 3625 0. 3717 0. 2910 0. 3780 0. 4500 0. 6483 0. 4159 0. 4497 0. 4014 0. 7075 0. 7779 0. 6060 0. 6765 0. 5740 0. 5570 0.5804 0.3342 0.33 0.32 0.57 ■ 0.47. 0.89 1.12 0.48 ].04 1.99 0.21 0.41 0.30 0. 3476 0.44 21.66 0. 3545 0.49 21.07 0. 3531 j. 0. 3605 0. 2885 0. 3533 0. 4371 0.88 1.12 0.52 0.87 .... 0. 3638 0.85 22.67 0. 6788 2.04 42.27 0.4228 ^0.23 26.86 0.4561 0. 4701 0.34 28.42 965 0. 4738 0.30 2S.30 0.7024 0. 7362 0.6462 0. 0870 0. .ISSS 0. 5479 0. .'i873 0. GOOD 0. 6230 0.2« 0.27 0.32 0.28 0.48 0.33 0.34 0.38 SS6> 396* SW 0.27 0.49 0.30 0.32 0.48 T74 761 786 795 0. 6000 840 0.33 38.86 — ~~ 548 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PEE CUBIC FOOT Specie*. 1 1 i Stat*. Locality. CoUector. Sou. Diameter of tree, in metota. LATK 0B0\ Sap. wood. K8 0F YTU. Heart- wood. 719 sst 1006 242 1159 504 U07 506 1116 565 1119 1063 6B5 696 6M 1003 Missonla Tamarack. Wuhingtan ter- ritory. Fulda ... do William N.Siksdorf. do MoUt PALMACE^. *IU S>h>1 P.linrttn Sister island AguaCaliente . A.H.Curtiss W. G. Wright A.H Cnrtiss ... do Shell CabtMgt Tree. Cabbage Palmetto. 405. Wuhiou-lunia lillft-n Califomia Florida ....do Fan-Uttf Palm. Coral Silk-lop Palmetto. Babia Honda Key . . Suparloaf Sound . . . ....do ...do do do Silrrr-lnp Palmetto. BricOey Thateh. Brittle Thatch. ....do ....do ....do ....do ....do Royal Palm. ....do Lost Man'a river ....do ....do liILIACEiE. Texoa California do Spanith lUiyimel. «I0. Yorca brevifoliii G. Eneelroann and C. S. Sargent. The Joshua. Jothua Trtt. ...do ....do 411. YnccarUU Arizona CalUtonk Tocaon do do Upanieh BayontL 412. Tiicta bacc«U 0. Engelmann ....do THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OF DEY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued. 349 SPECIFIC OBAVITY DSTEnMINATIOKg. ASH DETSBMJHATIOIIB. Weightper cnbic foot, in pouadB (average). T> 1. 1 First. Second. Third. Average. First. Second. Average. 0.6003 0. 7717 0. 8340 0. 6002 0. 5897 0. 7839 0.7984 0. 4020 0. 6280 0. 7778 0. 8102 0.08 0.09 0.07 7.51 1.80 2.65 5.73 1.71 3.90 2.9« 1.31 2.79 7.03 6.53 2.60 8.50 8.S4 0.09 0.09 0.12 7.80 1.98 2.79 4.81 2.19 4.25 2 52 1.14 2 53 5.52 4.75 3.08 10.06 0.09 0.09 0.09 1«M 0.4191 0. 7407 0.09 46.16 0.4404 7.66 27.44 241 C 0.5597 0.49421 0.5173 1.89 32.24 ( 0. 4700 0. 7014 0. 4539 0.7357 0.6775 0.2370 0. 8178 0. 7451 0.7162 0. 3473 0. 4002 0. 2327 0. 1990 0.5453> 0. 7258 0. 4957 0.7408 0. 6907 0. 1887 0. 8807 0.7513 0. 5875 0. 3472 0.4002 0.0511 0. 3458 0.7136 0. 4845 2.72 5.27^ 3.99 0. 5039 1167 0.5991 37.34 0. 7412 0. 6933 1.95 4.07 0. 7118 UU Pith..) 0.7172 3.H 44.70 0. 2128 0.8492 0.7482 2 74 1.23 2 6« sas Kind..) Kind Ul> 0. 6994 0. 6034 2.21 37.60 0. 6677 6.27 41.61 10(3 0. 3472 0. 4002 6.14 2 87 «6 0. 4572 0.S737 4.00 23.21) 0.4470 9.28 27.86 ■Q 0. 2724 8.M 16. 97 IMS 350 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table II.— ACTUAL FUEL VALUE OF SOME OF THE Botanical luune. LiriodendroD Tnlipif en Bareera gommifcra Sirieteoia Maho^oni Acer ftacchariniUD, var. nigmin . Robinia Pfieadftcacia Proaopis jnliflora Ccrcocarpas ledifoUns Liqaidambar St>Taoiflii» Kysaa nniflora DiospvTos Virginian*. Fiaxinaa Americana . Catalpa Bpeciosa TJImus Americana Platanos occidentalis . Joglans nigra Carja oUvseformia . Carjaalba Carya tomentoea . . 245 Carya porcina . 246 Carjaamara 2i7 Carya myristictefomiit . 248 Carjaaqoadea 2S1 I Qnercnsalba 253 Qaercoa Garryana 257 Qnercna lyrate 2M Qaercoa Prinas . . . Qaercas mbis Qnercoa tinctoria . Qaercna nigra QaercQfl falcata Qaercns aqoatlca Caatanea vnlgaria, var. AmetioAna. . Fagos ferraKioea Betnla alba, rar. popnlifoUa , Betula papyrifera Populns tremoloidea Popalaa monilifora Common name. TnlipTree. Yellow Poplar. White Wood. GmnElrmi. Gumbo Limbo. West Indian Birch Mahogany. Madeira Black Sngar Maple Locnst. Black Locnst. YcUow Locust Meaqnit. Alparoba. Honey Locoat. HoneyPod Monntain Mahogany Sweet Gum. Starleared Gum. Liqnidamber. Ked Gam. Bilatcd. Large Tupelo. Cotton Gum. Tupelo Gum Persimmon White Aah Western Catalpa White Elm. American Elm. Water Elm Sycamore. Button Wood. Button-ball Tree. Water Beech. Black Walnut Pecan. Dlinoia Nut Shell. bark Hickory. Shag-bark Hickory Mocker Nut. Black Hickory. Ball Nut. Big- bud Hii kory . White-heart Hickorj-. King Nut Pig Nut. Brown Hickory. Black Hickory. Switch-bud Hickory. Bitter Nut. Swamp Hickory Nutmeg Hickory Water Hickory. Swamp Hickory. Bittar Pecan White Oak .do . Thuya occidcnlaUa Chamecyparia Lawaonlana . 338 Janipenia occidentalia, var. mono- ■penna. 340 J Tazodlum dlaticbom 342 Seqoola acmpervirou 347 ; Pinna .SIrobna 34> ' Pinna Lamberttana 356 Pinaa monopbylla 358 Pinna reaiooaa 361 Pinna ponderoaa 365 Pinna Uorrayana 366 ! Pinna Sablniana 370 ; Pinna T«>da 371 Pinna rigida 372 Pinna aerotina 373 Pinna loop* 375 Pin" 1 pnngena 377 Pinna mitla Over-cup Oak. Swamp Post Oak. Water White Oak. Cbeetnnt Oak. Rock Chestnut Oak BedOak. BUick Oak Black Oak. YoUow-bark Oak. Quercitron Oak. Yellow Oak. Bbick Jack. Jack Oak SpanisbOak. Red Oak WaterOak. I>nckOak. PoesnmOak. PnnkOak Cheatnut Beech White Birch. Old-flHld Birch. Gray Birch Canoe Birch. White Birch. Paper Birch Aspen. Quaking Asp Cottonwood. Necklace Poplar. Carolina Pop- lar. Big Cottonwood. WhiteCedar. Arbor.vit4D Port Orfonl Cedar. Oregon Cedar. White Ce- dar. Lawson'a Cyproas. Ginger Pine. Juniper Bald Cyprcaa. Black Cypress. Red Cypress. White Cj^ress. Ueciduons Cypress. Rulwood White Pine. Weymouth Pine. Sugar Pino Pinon. NutPine ReV9.< 39 40 49.49 sass 32.05 38.06 4SI 274 845 SST 9ZS 352 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. TAin.r. IT.— ACTUAL FUEL VALUE OF SOME OF THE BoUmieal name. VimtM B«nk«l»n» ' OrkvPine. ScmbPine. Prince's Pine Northern A tiant n... ....i-.f^. f LongIe»v«l Pino. Sontliorn Pine. Georeia ) Eton, paluatri. J p^^ Yellow Pine. Hard Pine. I SSt 881 Finns Cubensis . 794 3S2 Picea ^i;ra Slasli Pine. Swamp Pine. Bastard Pine. Meadow Pine. Black Spmcc Tsapi Canadensis Hemlock Pseadotsn^ Douglasii RcdFir. YellowFir. OreponPino. DonglasFir. Sonth Atlantic coast. Kortbem Atlantic . 326 401 ' I^rix Americana , Larch. Black Larch. Tamarack. Hackmatack.! Northern Atlantic Sabal Palmetto i Cabbage True. Cabbage Palmetto . Oreodoxs regia ' Royal Palm Soath Atl.intic coast. ■ Semi-tropical Florida . FUBL V.U.OK 2152.6 4346.8 4664.'! 2810.5 4129. g 4319. « 1614. 1 1724. 2 1766. a 2937. 4 1653.3 839.0 370a4 • Boxed for turpentine 1876; chipped 4 years; specimen t-iken along chip. b Boxed for tnrpentine 1852; ihippetl 10 rears; abandoned 1861. c Pith. d Rind. ° Per kilojxram. 4383.18 S126.04 5480.33 4506.42 4594.97 4806.05 4418. 55 3949. 37 4208. .18 . 43J4 84 4182. 04 3754. 21 4037. 01 4367. 03 1 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. MORE IMPORTANT WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES -Continued. 353 BBLATIVB FUEL VJtLVB. rSBCKNTAOS IN I)BT WOOIl. Speefflo gniTity. Weight of cobic foot, to poaoda. 1 1 O Ily Tulame. By weight. Ash. Hydrogen. Carbon. Oxygen. 1 Hydropen oomblntd with oKygezL Szeeaa of hydrogen. 47 15 0.19 0.29 52.93 46.59 6.97 1.22 0 4910 3a« 871 1 4 0.15 7.26 56.19 30.30 4.54 2.72 0.8479 62.84 IM 5 2 0.26 7.41 58.61 33.72 4.21 3.20 0. 7417 40.23 81 20 I'J 0.28 6.70 52.70 40.32 6.04 L6« 0.6230 3a 88 38S i 10 0.28 6.85 62.99 39.88 4.99 1.88 0.8968 55.98 3sa ■2 ' 0.24 6.83 54.78 38.15 4.77 2.08 0.8988 65.68 368 12 14 0. 16 6.22 53.33 40.29 5.03 1.19 0.7612 47.44 33« U 51 1 0.30 6.58 48.45 44.67 5.68 1.M 0.4087 2&47 7H CI 25 0.48 6.01 52.38 41.23 6.15 0.76 0.4097 2^53 1042 to 17 0.03 0.42 52.32 41.23 5.15 1.27 0.4058 25.28 70* ■2« 29 0.27 6.03 51.91 41.79 6.22 9.81 0.7024 43.77 22( 62 C3 7.60 7.00 43.35 41.93 6.24 1.82 0.4404 27.45 MS 70 44 2.74 6.82 47.73 42.71 6.34 1.4* 0.2128 13.26 MB 8 IG 1.24 a 98 50.46 41.32 6.18 L82 (.8492 62.92 SOB 23 FOB 354 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table III.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE SpeeiM. l^§ COEPKICIBNT OF I KLA6T1CITY. | ■sg MAGXOLIACE^ 1. Uaenolta grandiflorm Big Laurel. Bull Bay. 846 Alabama . ...do Cottage Hill . 2. Ma^nit^lia gUaca 3M do. Svtcl Bav White Bay. Beartr Tree. IFTiitt Laurel Saamp \ 354 I^uret Z. Uainiolia Acnmioata Cuevmbfr Tree. Hountain Mag- nolia. !>46 Virginia . . . . 246 ....do 2611 ....do 261>'....do 534 I Mississippi do . .do. 534 1178 1178 ..do Wytheville H. Shriver. ...do Fancy Gap do . do. Selven' mill. ...do .do. C.Mohr. ...do... Large-Uaved Cucumber Tree. T. Ua^olia Fnfl«ri Long4eared Cucumber Tret. 8. Liriodendron Tulipifera. rood. ANOXACE£. Aaimloatriloha J'apav. OuMtard AppU. 10. Anona Uurifolia. Pond AppU. CANELLACEiE. Cinruimnn Bark. 12. CanrlU nlha . KhUr H-f-od. Wild C>nn> TERXSTR(KMIACE>E. 14. Oordonia Laxiaothiu LobtoUy Bay. Tan Bay. Mississippi . ..do Tirginia . ...do... . . .do . ...do . Michigan West Virginia . ...do Pennsylvania . . .do. Winston county . ...do Qaitman . ■Wytheville . .do . Fancy Gap . do . Lansing Grafton ...do Chester connty . .do. ...do ...do ...do ...do 1236 Tennessoe . 1 1236 ....do 1236 ... do 1237 do 1238 ...do ....... 211 Ulssonri... 2U '....do 332 Tonocuec . Florida. ...do .. Son tb Carolina. ...do ...do ...do Moramec river, Jef- feraon county. ...do Cumborland river . Bay Biacayno . ...do .do . W.J.Bcal .... C.G.Pringle.. ...do P. F. Sharpies. .do. ...do A.E.Bidrd . do Swampy . Clay limestone. .do . Rich, Ught. ...do ...do .do. G. W. Letterman . Alluvial . do do A.Gattinger ' do A. B. Curtlaa Swampy . do ....do EUlott'aKoy I. ...do . do. Bonneaa'a Depot . H. W. Bavenel . Aiken do . ...do ' do . 0.7051 0.7006 0.5222 0.5028 0.5000 0. 47SS 0.4862 0.4564 0.5682 0.5852 0. 4318 0. 4625 0.5807 0.5580 0. 4170 0. 5051 Damp 0.5688 ...do 0.5103 0. 4174 0. 4830 0. 4800 0. 4704 0.4011 0. 4019 0. 4381 0.4011 0. 4550 0.4014 0.4607 0. 4591 0. 43i!« 0. 4463 0.5705 p. 0.B704 ij^i 1.1280 [IJ]' LOS.'.? i ■■ Wet plne-Imrren. . 0. 4F.U ....do , 0.47.'9 Swampy I 0.5470 1^ . . .do 0. 5005 ^ i~^'. 1061 IIUO 1191 1252 1085 1085 076 0.3034 ^1 444 0.3675 ^ 862 0.4323 ^ 608 542 1085 1085 1050 1085 1085 1252 1170 1050 1085 005 1148 I 1148 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UNDElt TRANSVERSE STRAIN. 355 DKFI.ISCTIOX, IN tllLMMETElIB, UKUBB A FBESBUHK, IN KILOOHAHB, OF — 5.4 10. 2 16. 0 22. 8 16.7 23.4 16.0 21.7 16.7 ' 24.0 9.2 10.0 6. 2 13. 3 6.7 13.0 4.C 9.3 5. 1) j 11. 3 5.0 I 0.0 0.0 14.5 I 20.0 17.0 ' 24.0 21.0 34.3 21.0 I 31.8 20.0 13.7 19.2 10.0 10.7 o (set.) 9.5 10.6 11.7 11.0 11.5 11.5 i. 0 10. 0 17.3 i;.2 13. S 11.6 19.4 23.0 14.4 16.4 26.0 12.0 14.3 15.0 14.4 15.2 18.0 14.0 15.7 16.0 16.0 17.5 17.2 15. 2 i 22. 2 1 1.5 24.0 27 0 28.0 22.4 10.0 51. 5 10. 0 13.7 18.5 1.0 17.6 0.8 I 17 82.0 20.2 23.5 32.5 30.0 23.7 25. 0 31. 0 22.0 28.0 40.0 31. 0 I 44. 0 37. 0 68. 0 P| Broke suddenly with long Hplinten* . Crushed at center bearing; broke with fine splioten 2M Cmshed at center bearing ; square break Crushed at center bearing ; splintered break . Specimen cross-grained ; started at knot ■ Broke with fine splinters Splinters started at small knots .do . Crushed at center bearing ; broke with fine splinters . Specimen cross-grained ; broke with long splinters . - - UTS UTS sn 6SZ asr>> 3S6 Square break Broke with long splinters 818 Crushed at center bearing ; broke with long splinters 818 Crushed at centvr bearing ; broke with large splinters 1331 do 12M Crushed at center bearing; sqnaio break ' 1231 Crushed at center bearing ; square bn?ak at large knot 1232 Crushed at center bearing ; broke with dno splinters 13S2 Crushed at center bearing ; broke with long splinters at knot 1132 Square break on tension side, splitting in axis - - 1338 Specimeu cross-grained : broke with the grain 1236 Specimen cross-grained; started at the angle of two faces 1288 Square break ' 1337 do ■ 1*88 Broke with largo splinters .. do Broke with splinters at knot. Cnishid at center ben Square l>n*rtk ns : broke with .-tpliute Speclraou defi-ctive, 0.75 s.ii>-woo break 0.7.*> sap-wood; broke with long, Ci>arse splinters 213 Sup-woml ; broke at knot with large splinters 290 Cru»he»l nt center bearing ; broke with long, fine spUnters . 330 do 311 Broke with long, oo«ric splinters .'. 2U 478 478 USl 1181 856 FOREST TKEKS OF NORTH AMERICA. Table III.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PEINOIPAL WOODS OF THE Rp«ele». IT. TUi* Amrrirank lAmt Trt*. Bass Wood. Amfri- «w> Linden. Lin. Bts Tret. IT. TUU Amerircoa, rar. pubeee«iu . . . MAiPIGmACE.!. tcMmcberry. Glamberry. ZTGOPHYLLACEfi. 30. Gaaiacnm Banctum . Liffnum-viUE, n. Xanthoi^Iam Clava-Hercolis Toftihaihe Trre. I'ricUy Ash. ,Sta Ash. J'epper Wood. Wild Orange. SIMARUBE*. BUILSERACEiE. 2 Masaachasetts. 252 Misaouri -do. 252 316 Michigan 1039 I Massachnsetta. 1039 L..do 745 ! 28S» 285'' Georgia. ...do... 2i. Bnrwsra (nimmifcra ! 462 Bum Klnni. Gumbo Limbo. Wegt Indian Birch. 462 MELIACE.B. n. Bwlcli^i.ia Malinzonl ... Ual*t,tfany. iiadeira. n. Hex cpnca Si. lIexDaIi<.on Z>ahijon. Dahoon IloUy. CYKILLACEiE. Kontncky . ...do ...do Tennessee . .do. .. do.. ..do.. Texas . ...do.. Florida. ...do... .. do. ...do. Sooth Carolina . Florida . ...do... ..do. ...do. Locality. Arnold Arboretnm.. I C. S. Sargent . G. W. Letterman ...do Hersoy W. J. Bcal Danvers J. Robinson Cliffs Kcntncky river Mercer county.. Camberlandriver. ...do No-Name Key . Upper Metacombe EllioU'sKev do. A. H. Curtiss. ...do W. M. Linney . ..do A. n. Curtiss. ...do . ...do . Chatt;ihoocbee do . do. Palestine . ...do Babiii Honda Key. . Bay Biscayno. Upper Metacombe Jppor Kcv. Waverly Mills. ...do Bay BIscayne . ...do CliiuKbiila... CottJi^u Hill . A. n. Curtiss . W. St. J. Ifaz-yik llrift .... Alluvial . ^ . °i a l! o e'a ■ ■Si « Q 0.4601 m .do . Rich loam . . . Moist gravel. .. do 0.4CC8 I 0.5400 t 0.4517 0.4492 ' 0.4237 I Low 0. 4702 ...do ' 0.4.i.-)5 Limestone 0.4017 0.3944 0. 39211 Alluvial 0.4750 ...do 0.4924 Dry, sandy . . . ... do Damp, sandy . ...do Baudy lu Loiv, dump . ...do C. Jlobr 1 Dauip, sandy. ...do Wot 1.1430 ^ 1.1582 ^ I 0. 5240 ^ 0.5353 1^ 0.5S98 1^ 0.5545 ^ I 0.9833 [J]]!] 0 0545 ,B 1 0.4.100 ^i 0.4104 l^j 0.300U ^(]III] 0.3090 ,P^ 1.1 MO pn 1. 1273 0. 8304 0. 8221 O.U990 0. 7018 0.0307 ^, D.rm.i ^^l' 0. 0002 0. C7C2 Wa COBFnCIENTOK ^ RLAbTlClTV. 2 •''5 tM r 1 814 781 SCO 970 976 016 1«38 1027 804 888 888 525 608 729 553 008 «:!8 400 842 834 509 814 788 548 097 634 403 751 723 525 827 814 .541 1085 1085 703 976 976 712 5(2 525 424 800 814 028 856 912 947 651 098 628 COO 688 708 857 888 757 059 030 409 HI4 814 820 814 931 087 888 888 580 loni 970 514 417 183 112 1038 1085 1244 1.170 1085 1366 !l'6 970 895 1109 1148 nil 051 022 703 707 004 070 OlO CIO 580 .9 12.0 4. ." 9. 0 . 1 12. 0 . 7 10. 7 ISO 300 I O 7. 5 II. 0 7.3 I 14.2 .■>.7 I 11-0 I 17.5 7. 4 ] 13. 3 : 23. 8 i i 6. 0 ! 12. 0 18. 0 0. 0 10. C 15. 5 32.0 I 24.-2 ; 1 19.4 I 27.6 I 31.0 29. G ■Jl. 6 31. 0 22.5 3. 5 : 11. 0 4. 6 . 10. 0 S.0 I 10.0 U.O 4.4 I 8.5 , 13.2 .5 15.7 ^ 9 I 14. 7 !!. 0 J la 0 2«. 0 7.0 14, 7. U 13. 0 to 12. 0 350 SOO 350 25. 7 33. 0 22.0 ! 27.6 0.3 , 18.2 0. 3 18. 2 1. 0 22.0 0. 9 18. 6 ' . 0 42. 0 I :«. 0 i. 3 39. 0 .'■.7. 1 5. 5 . 41. 0 I 5. 0 I 3a 3 I 28.8 27.9 2. 3 30. 0 ; 2. 5 2a 8 ' 39.0 35.5 4SO 300 S.^O Crnshed at center bearing ; broke with fine splinten. do -do. Cmsbed at center bearing; broke saddenly . Broke suddenly with large splinters Broke, on reloading, with large splinters Crushed at center bearing ; square break. do 103B 1C3* T«S 181 I Specimen cross-grained ; split with the grain. 47« lUI Long fracture with one large splinter 73S Long fractore with two large splintara 735 do j 10i« Specimen cross-grained; st^nare break IMS Broke in three pieces U40 Sqimre break with large splinters . Square break, the ends splitting... Square break . do Broke with long splinters Broke with long splinters on compression side ■ Broke suddenly ; stick shattered . do Specimen cross-grained ; broke with long split . Squarv break 4a 4a <75 «7S SiMvimen cross-grained : broke with long split Sqnnri' brrak on trusi.'n side with l:irge flake on rompi 134 I S|iecimeii oro....do Danaville. I 127 Missouri Allenton . 127 do. .do. 148 niioois Waukegan 817 Michigan I Beraey 110. Primna drroiaw Wild Cherry. 111. PrannaCaroliniana Wild fnangt. Hock Orong*. WiUPiack. 817 do J do 368 Vermont Chtrlotte . 406 Virginia or Mid. dh- Sutra. 763 Florida ...do Maaaachoaetta an I Calllbrala. 1032 Florida . torn Tezaa.. 1062 ....do ... Clinrlfjitown Navy. yard. Chailakoocbee G. W. Lettcrmau. ...do J. Kevercbon . . . . A. Gattiuger. G. Engelmanu and C. S. Sargent. C. S. Sargent . do. W.J.Bcal ...do G. W. Lettennan .do. ILDonglna ... W.J.Beal .... ...do C.G.Pringle.. S.H.Pook .... A. Q. Curtis* . .do. Topsflold , J. Itublnsun . KtniwlK;rry vallf^y JackaooviUe. Victoria G. Engolmann and C. S, Karffcut. A.U.Curilas CMohr ....do 1 0.8568 i ! Dry, gravelly i 0.8714 Coral ..' 0.5070 Swampy 0.7753 Rich upland .. do. Rich.. River bluff . Low, rich . . . Gravelly do. Gravelly. Rich ...do.... Gravelly. CUy. Gravelly.. ...do Low, rich . Sandy Utch, moist . 0.6003 0. 5916 0.8045 0.6538 0.4699 0.47S0 0.7438 0.7386 0. 5315 0.5048 0.6790 0.6670 0.6471 0.5315 0.5408 ' 0.M48 0.5028 0.6105 , 0.6244 '■ I 0.6751 0.6716 I ' 0.7636 0.8785 I 0.8608 I 0.8481 m 1061 1221 1039 488 •2? I -s 775 1017 835 j 902 I 814 886 461 653| 1110 061 769 040 734 703 076 1240 603 460 849 687 872 670 849 1171 888 1064 673 579 849 724 970 005 1028 906 930 937 800 689 828 091 857 769 718 042 958 707 976 702 769 8-,!0 775 820 700 oai 718 586 1097 I'JOO 006 930 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UNDEll TEANSVERSE STRAIN— Contiuued. 3G3 I DEFLECTION, IN HILLIUETEB8, UKDBR A FRE88DBE, IN KILOOBAHB, OF- 6.0 I 12.7 13.3 300 n (set.) 43. 2 I C. 4 35. 3 I 3. 0 15.8 22.9 24.5 35.0 29.7 43.0 20.0 28.4 13. 0 i 17. 8 19.3 27.4 21. 0 28. 9 14. 9 I 20. 7 2G. 0 38. 3 11.5 17.7 25.2 11.2 17.0 24.7 17.3 I 28.0 15.9 I 22.0 21.7 I 32.0 17.6 24.6 10.0 15.2 I 21.5 9. r, : 15. 0 ' 21. 0 10.5 i 16.0 19.0 16.7 16.7 12.2 11.8 11.4 13.6 10.2 10.0 12.7 12.(1 12.7 13.6 8.9 9.8 20.0 26.0 24.2 22.0 32.5 25.0 22.0 22.0 22.5 28.5 I 2a 0 j 28.0 27.5 30.0 24.0 30.0 23.0 30.0 31.6 43.5 21.8 26.5 21.5 27.0 28.0 30. 0 27.0 3«.0 28.3 36.5 34.0 73.0 19.0 23.6 19.0 24.5 34.0 35.0 46.0 62. S 46. 0 ' 60. 5 SI si El 0.66 sap-TTOod ; broke with long, fine eplinten . SpecimcD cross-grained ; split with grain Specimen cross-grained ; broke at knot . Long, obliqno fracture Broke with long, large splintBra - do -do. Broke at knot near support Specimen cross-grained ; short, oblique fracture - do Specimen cross-grained ; .shattered Specimen cross-grained; short, oblique fracture. .do- Broke at knot near the end . Specimen crosa-grained Broke with long splinter.'*, starting at knot. Broke with long splintera Broke with long, large splinters . Broke with flue splinters 43S 10» 1090 1091 «58 658 480 68 Specimen cross-grained, defective ; square break on tension aide — 435 Broke with long, coarse splinters . Shattered Broke with fine splint<*r9 . Long, obliqno fracture — .do. lis- Broke with long splinters Shattered; long splinters Broke with fine spliuters Shattered; long splinters on comer Broke with long splintera on comer Broke with coarse splinters Spoeimcn croas-grained ; single (taoture Broke with flue apliuters i — Broke with long, large splinters Specimen cross.gniiniMl ; long fVacturo do Specimen gross grained ; split with the grain - Specimeu eross-gmined do Specimen cross-grained : shattered . toss loss lOtt- I losa 1062- •364 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Taule III.— BEIIAVIOi; Ol" THE PKUCCIPAL 'AOODS OF TlIK ^a. Pruiu iUcUoUa . il7. Pj-nw c-uiii« JitntUrry. t>liad Jiuth, Strriee Tree. May Cherry. nAMAU£LACE£. Liqalilambar St>Tiu-illua av€et Oum. Star-Uatrd Qum. Limiidamier. Rtd Oum. BiltUd. 328 Has8:ichnsat8 Miasonri ..do ... Ttxaa ... Uiuoari. TemicsMe . .. rto Lottisiaoa SoathCarolioa. Florida EoDtucky Maasachasetts. 146. Rbiznpli- Manffr> RHIZOPHORACKiE. Mangle COMEiiETACEJi. 940 loss 1005 UT3 1173 1181 1181 1182 1182 1183 1183 Alabama.. ...do Arkanaaa. do Kcw Jbney . ...do UliaUalppi.. do. Locality. Santa Cm* . ...do Ifazareth J.Henry. ...do C. L Anderaon. ..do do. Moant Mansfield Opeccheo do . Brookline ...do.... Allen ton . .do. Victoria Saint Looi* . .do. 'Wob6t<-r paritih. . . Bonnean'a Depot. . Aspalaga Bmrafleld Station. Sanvers .. do Eemper'a mill . ...do LitUoKock.... do. Mount Holly . Yazoo Kiver bottom C.G.Pringlo.. A.H.Curli8s . ...do G. W. I^tterman C.Mohr... H.Eggcrt. A. Gattingor. Gravelly. Low .do . C.Molir H. W". Kavenel . . . Clay Damp, rich. A.H. CurtisB I Dry clay. W. M.Linney. J. Robinson... .do. G. W. Letterman. ...do 8. P. Sban'Iea ... do . n. Abbey. Florida Bay Biacayne I A. Fl.Ciirti Warorly sfaolc. Loam Rich, aUuTial . ...do Clay ...do.... Alluvial . ...do .... li n COEPFICIEXT OF "g ELA£TICITT. 0.0734 0.9678 I 0.7357 0. 7228 0.7340 0.73S2 0. .1727 O.CSIS 0.7120 0.0946 0. 71116 0.7787 0.7040 0.7S0S 0. 8070 0.7166 0.7527 0. 71C2 0.72.10 0.7973 0.8312 0.8472 a 8410 0. .'>700 0.6012 0.5705 0.6080 0.6477 0.5861 0.6001 0.C250 0. 6375 O.S40S 0.0159 .do. .do. Sugar-Leaf Sonod . ...do Sultnmrali 1.1480 ...do 1.1335 .do I 1.02-10 .do ' 1.0292 .do I 0.7384 j .do a7230 1101 1085 1103 1627 1027 1221 1149 1221 1027 I 1308 1084 1 no; THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UNDER TRANSVERSE STRAIN— Continued. 365 UKFLKCI'IOK, IX UILUMETKnS, VKDKB A PlIEBSUBB, IK KILOORAUS, OF— SO lOO 6.6 13.0 7.0 13.7 6.6 13.0 6.7 13.5 0.0 21.0 7.5 15.6 8. .5 15.6 0.0 12.0 0.2 12.8 9.0 17.0 9.6 19.0 a.i 12.6 6.5 12.3 5.3 10.7 S.8 11.0 6.6 13.2 7.6 13.5 6.8 14.6 8.2 16.5 0.0 13.8 4.1 8.0 4.6 8.5 4.2 8.0 8.1 10.0 7.1 14.6 6.6 10.5 5.0 9.8 6.5 12.7 7.0 12. 0 0.5 12.6 0.2 11.5 5.0 9.0 1.2 9.2 n.o 11.0 4.H 10.0 0. 0 , 8. .1 .1. 8 8. 5 11.0 10.7 10.0 4.0 a 6 12.7 20. 0 I 3.0 32. 5 4. 5 7. 0 15. 4 0. 3 I 12. 0 11.0 I 0.2 w.r, 0.2 19.6 ' 25.7 1.3 Broke with large eplinten. Broke with long ftplintcrs. . Broke at kDot SpecimCD cross.graiDed Specimen cross-graiaed ; defective. SpL-ciiuen cross-jp^ined IIU io« 108? loss 1088 190 Broke at knots. Specimen cross-grained j broke with one long epliuter I W7 Broke atknot ' OOT Broke with long splinters Specimen cnis.s-grainid: split with grain . Square break Broke at knots Specimen cross-grained ; split with grain . Broke at knot Broke with a long splinter, starting at knot. Broke at knot .do . 109« lOSi Broke at knot with a large splinter . Broke with fine splinters Sap-wood: split lengthwise without breaking ; 6*6 Sap-wood: crashed and splintered j 646 Long, shatteretl break -do. Sap-W"'0d : broke with flue splinters. do Broke witli long splinters .do. Crushed at center bearing ; broke with one long splinter . Broke with long, coarse splinters Crushed at center bearing ; shattered do . Broke with coarse splinters . Specimen cross-grained ; split with grain. Splinten'd , 109i low I17J 1173 1181 1181 1183 11S3 IIM IISJ Bivke atknot | W7 Shatlf-red S*? FORKST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table III.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE SpecioA. LocAlity. U MTRTACK*. 141 Eni:et.i» bmifulul Otiryton Stopptr. Spanish Stop- per 146. Enc<2iO ' I I 0. Mii 0. 0034 0. 8270 Upnor Motacombe A.n.Curtisa Coral i 0. 05.'>4 Koy. .do I... .do I 0.9624 I II. Mrllicliamp . Snndy swamp 0. 542.'i m 1027 1017 1130 1221 1575 1085 849 781 006 052 888 783 1039 899 769 012 814 730 71» 827 872 924 651 717 692 701 564 724 471 628 585 687 444 63.'; 444 B.'i.T- 305 370 057 729 1028 1228 734 808 loe.'i 056 1302 1065 683 405 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UNDEE TRANSVERSE STRAIN— Continued. 367 DBFLBCnON, IN HILUKKTEUe, UNDEB A PHE88UBX, IK KILOGRAMS, OF— •.tool o (set.) a 0 i 15. 3 7.0 I 13.5 I I 7.1 I 12.5 5. 5 I 11. 5 6.0 I 12.0 1 C. 1 j 11. 5 C. 4 12. 5 .^2 I 11.0 9.4 12.7 12.0 13.7 11.2 15.0 24.1 0.9 I 17.9 0.6 17.5 2.0 29.0 26.7 I 2.2 27. 0 ' 2. 5 23. 6 ' 1. 5 24. 0 i 1.0 24.5 35.3 3.6 14.5 20.3 0.9 13.2 17.5 0.4 25.0 37.3 3.3 20.3 IS. G 29.5 27. 5 2.2 1.6 23.0 22.4 36.0 32.7 40.5 36.5 39.0 32.0 24. 6 1 32. 0 37. 0 48. 5 18.0 23.5 19. 5 I 28. 7 I I 17.7 I 2.'").7 19.0 , 26.5 16.2 < 22.5 [ I ! 13.5 18.0 1 19.7 19.0 21.6 17.0 26.0 9.0 10.5 8.7 17.3 11. 0 20.7 1 a2 16.7 10.7 22.0 ' 10.0 22. 0 32.0 25.0 29.0 I 28. 7 ] 43. 0 I 33. 0 I 48. 5 20. 7 39. 0 36.5 j 67.5 36.5 ■ 58.0 20.3 18.0 38.0 30.5 28.2 26.3 29.5 26. 0 34. 0 27. 5 37. 0 23 0 29. 0 18.2 ! 22.0 29.7 3a 0 30. 0 42. 0 45.0 33.5 23.2 40.6 46.6 ; 60.0 ' 45. 5 66. 2 ' 46. 0 . 63. 0 74.0 35.0 84.0 95.0 110.0 44. 0 64. 0 100. 0 1 1. 0 : 32.0 55.0 5. 0 10. 2 ' 14. 7 I 20. 6 5.4 9.5 ■ 14.6 I 19.7 I 0. » I 13. 3 { 20. 7 I 29. 0 4. 3 1 9.0 i U.8 1 15.5 4.0 I 7.5 11.4 ' 15.2 III 7.4 14. 3 I 22.2 1 82.0 59.5 108.0 15.7 I 20.0 15.4 19.0 32.0 43.5 46. 5 ' 61. 5 I 46. 5 ! 62. 0 46. 0 61. 5 93.0 120.0 41.0 51.0 ! 71.0 Shattered.. Splintered . Specimeo cross-grained ; splintered . Bruke with coarse splinters IIM 113S un 1127 Broke at knot Maximum deflection, 120 roillinictera ; broke with large splinters. Broke with large splinters Square break on tension side with large flakee Square break on tension side with Ion;; splinters Bi«ke with long, coarse splinters Shattered one end Specimen cross.grained ; broke with large splinters 1077 ion lOK Broke with long splinters 296 Broke short and split in axis . 285 Shattered , .do. Long split at one end Broke into fine splinters I Deflected 150 millimeters and slipped from the bearing . Shattered .do. 389 Sap-^ood : broke with flno splinters. 394 Failed from small splinter on comer BM Crumpled on compres.sion side at knot : square brvak with fine S35 splinters. Broke with long splinters 136 Shattered at the end I 1J8 Crnslied at center boariug ; broke with long splinters .do . Failed fivni large splinter on comer . .do 158 ; Broke at knot .do . HP* 21 ! Broke at knot with one large splinter ' 110* 7S> 383 ; Shattered. . 408 I Specimen cross-grained : split with grain. .| 450 Broke with fine splinters 173 Broke at knot with Inr^e splinters. 368 FOREST TKKES OF XOimi A>[ERICA. Table III.— BEHAVlOIi OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THB f*p«'ie«. 9 g.5i •9 I ERICACEfi. 106. Antlronic»]iilM!rl wad IHUy. EBEXACE.«. 1033 ' Florida. Califoniia . ...do .. do do Arizona . ..do..., Alabama . .-do Virginia. ..do ... 746 ...do ...do. .. do. ..do. Georgia.. 930 Texas ... 030 ....do Hioaonri. Tennessee . Florida.... ...do. ...do. 01 Mlsaonri. 425 TeoDcase« 811 West Virginia 811 do. 1084 UlsM>iiri. 1084 ...do U« t ...do STTRACACE.S. U(. SywplocAfi I inrU'Tla Uortt Sugar. Swttt LtaJ. Va Hal<-«ladi|it<-ra Bnoutdrop Trtt. BUttriM Trt. 347 Alabama. 788 Oeorgia... 738 do. Jacksonville A. U. Ciirtiss . lliiiumock . Contra Costa coDDty G. R.Va«iey Gravelly. ■ do '.do ...' do Marin county do do .do . do. Snnta Kita rooant- G. Engelmann and .T^ns. C. S. t^argont. .. do do Cottage Hill , C. Mohr. do. Light, rich Fancy Gap | H. Shriver Moist . ..-do do !-.. do . Bay Biscayne. ...do Upper Metocombe A. H. Curtiss . ...do Boy Biscayne do . do. do . TTmbruUaEey do Bainbridge do Anstin Coral . ...do. do. AUcnton NashviUe Boca Chica Key. per .«y- do CMohr ...do Q. W. Letterman . A. Gattinger A. n. Cnrtiss ...do do. Allcntoo G. W. Letturman ...do do XasbviUe i A. Gattlngor Grafton CO. I'riiiglo ...do do AUenton I G. W.lK^ttcmian.. ...do do ...do do ...do. Low .. Limestone . ...do Allavial . Coral .... Rich upland . Cotlagu IIlll C. Mohr . Rich loam . Rich upland . 0. 7273 ; 0.7200 ' 0.7000 0.74M 0.7540 0.7670 0.7501 [ 0. 7380 I 0.7S01 0.0901 I 0. 6218 0.6403 j i 0.06C3 0. 0583 I 0.0872 0.9S27 0. 0602 0. 9173 0.8823 I 0.7914 0.6847 0.6903 0. 7148 \ I 0.8061 I 0.8630 I 1.0780 1. 0191 Bainbridge . ..do A.IJ.Ciutias. ...do 0.7638 0.7302 0. 8716 0. 8170 0.8110 0.8125 0.8410 Rich 0.8240 Sandy 0.6580 Low 0.6704 ...do 0.6577 1356 1395 1191 787 800 4ea 039 970 I 979 631 C70 696 465 500 584 1140 1050 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UNDER TRANSVERSE STRAIN— Coiitiuued. 3G9 KPFl ECTIOS, IK MILUMBTEps, L.N ... ;UU>0BiiH8 OF— 30 lOO I30 -300 1 O (set.) 12.3 I 1S.C 14.3 17.8 14.6 19.5 10.5 24.0 14.0 1C.3 i 22.0 I m 0 19.0 i 15.0 i I 23.4 31.0 22.8 25.0 27.0 I 33.2 ; 19. 0 ■ 0. 0 20. 0 ,1 1.0 31.5 I 2.5 43. 5 I 5. 5 2. 6 33. 6 4. 8 47. 0 2. 3 33. 5 2. 8 35. 5 8. 5 I 12. 8 I 17. 5 9.3 13. C ; 18.3 0.8 10.0 t;t.o 10.0 rj. 3 13.0 19.7 j 14.7 15.0 e.o 1 12.3 13.0 23.5 I 1. 7 j 17. 0 .5 ! 18.0 ! '. 0 ! 21. 5 41. G 15.7 14.5 18. 0 20. 2 19.4 I 29.0 11.0 15.0 24. 3 35. 3 25. 7 I 3a 0 10. 3 28. 5 26.0 38.0 21.0 I 30.4 25. 6 40. 0 23. 0 j 32. 0 14. (I I 22. 5 1 32. 0 24 FOR 2.0 28.0 3.2 29.7 0.2 I 15.0 4.0 I 37.9 30.0 30.0 40.2 31.8 2. 5 33. 0 2. 0 33. 0 400 4SO 500 350 51. 0 55.0 ' 24.2 30.0 70.0 111.5 79.0 115.5 I 38. 0 I 52. 0 I 73. 0 55.0 I 7&0 136.0 40.5 sao 7a 0 44.0 I 59.0 43. 0 ' CO. 0 82.0 I 90.6 433 10 I Broke at knot 1083 Specimen croas-grained I 643 .do I .Sqiiaco break A j 879 Threw ofri:ir{;e flakes on tension side 879 Large flake ou tension side Broke at knot : Hake on compression side . Specimen cro.«s-grainocl ; splinter started at larpe knot . Cmsbed at center bearing ; broke with floe splinters . . . Broke at knot. Spe rn cro8.s.graincd ; .•abattercil; long split with grain , 262* 295 Threw otf flake from tension side . 270 Broke at knot 404 ' Specimen < 328 ' do . . j-graincd . 2831 2«3« Broke with large splinters Broke with coarse splinters Broke with long, coarse splinter* 488 do 488 Broke at knot with long, coarse splinters Specimen cross-grained ; broke at knot Broke with a large splinter Broke with large .splinter at knot Defective specimen; broke at knot Broke at knot with one largo splinter Specimen orossgrsined ; large flake on compression side Specimen cposs-graine*!: broke at knot — 458 Speciraon cross-grained; large flake from compression side 4S8 Specimen cross-grained; short break on tension side, flake fWim comi»rv.ssiou side. Short break on tension side; fl:»ke fhim eompn-ssion side , 61 Bniko with line splinters 1 42* Deflected 170 millimeters before bi^aking ; broke with fine splinters 81 1 Sqnai* break on tension side, large flake on compreasion side 10S4 10S4 net 264 Specimen ctt>j 378 ■ Shatteretl at u 355 Broke with la end • splinters. 10 FOREST TREES OF KORTII AMERICA Tablk III.— UEUAVIOK of TOE PlilNCirAL WOODS OF THB Specie IK. FmxiDtuAmericauit,rar.Tcxes>U 195. FrATtonH pUtycarpa. WttUr Atk. ,14. lU'l I U4« 1U< 114' 130 Alusouri.. Michigan . .do. ...do ...do ...do...'. Soath CaroUoa . .. do 212 Virginia. .do. Yirgiuia . . . Tennesaeo . Altbama .. ...do Goorgia .do. Texas MafliMcbaiOttii. Texas DuUus . do.. du . AUcuton Dan&ville ..do Haddon LanaiDg DaDHVillo Booneau's Depot. . . do . Wytliovmo . ..do Charlotte . . . do . Wytlieville.... JJashvillo Keniper'H luill . ...do Baiabridgo .do. Austin... Roadiug . ...do.... 13D , Micliignn Lanaiog .. 220 I Vcnnont i Charlotte. 220 ...do , lOSO Mitssathiuetto. Missouri... Texas .. di» Ttnncasce . Texas Victoria. ...do TopsQvld . Allcnton.. palbs .... ... do XuohTiUo . do. .du . .. do MntagdVda bay . ..do do ...do ..■ do , Alabama .Stoclttoo . Allcnton. Ulssonri.. ... do Micbigao . ..do Lani>ini: . .. do... G. Fngolmann and Low. C. sT Sargent. | G. ■\V. Lettermau W. J. Beal n. \V. Kavenel. C. G. Priugle . do. H. Shrivcr A. Gattinger . C. Mohr .do . A. ILCurttss.. CMohr J. Bubinson. .do. W.J.Bcal .... C.G.Pringle. ...do J. ICobiuBon . . Clay.. ...do. Clay.. Wet.. ...do. Gravelly. ...do... Limestone . Alluvial ... .do. Biver-bottoiu ...do Kich, calcareous . Dry, ralcareuiu. . ...do Poor. Chiy. JJivcr-buttom . G.W.Lcttc-mian.. Etch, wet J. Reveruhon { ... .do do A. Unttingcr. ; C.llohr .do ...do G. W. Letterman. W.J. Beal . ...do Kich upland ICieh, wet Uich, alluvial o. 4760 Dry uplaud. ti 0.66S3 0. 0!iD5 0. C592 0. 49S3 0.&)69 0.7535 0.6622 0.5920 0. 6914 0.6864 0. C5C9 0. C524 0. an8ville.. W^aukcgan. Ban vers ■ . . do . Saint John's river . Key Larf;b Kev Braunfols Stockton.... Bafnbridgo . ...do .do. Bay IMrfcayno. ...do or Hetacombe Saint John'* river . palua- I 340 Alabuns I Mobile county. W. M. Linney. G. W. Lcttcrman. A.Oatlinger G. Ensclninnn and C. S. Sargent. do do . ■W.J.Bial ■Robert Poupla«. J. Bobinson ...do A. 11. CurtirtH. A. n. CurtisB. . C. S. Sargent . 6. Kneclniannand C. S. Sargent. Sandy loam Ricb limestone . Wet, peaty. . Low, wot Bicb, loamy. ...do Kioh, alluTial . ...do Sandy loam . . . Coral Iticb, alluvial . Low, wet. Clay Wet clay ...do.... Afoist, gravoUy . do. Coral . . ...do.. Sandy loam . Damp, sandy. 0.7989 0. 7914 0.60S0 0. 7923 0. 0182 0.0057 0.62*5 0.0001 0.4894 0.4832 0.0430 0.0419 0. 5215 0. 7371 0.73C5 0. 7575 0.5876 0. 5814 0. 8762 0.8455 0.7330 I 0. 7084 0.6640 0. 4816 0.4413 0.43ri2 0.4585 0. 4015 0. 4915 0.9718 0.0762 0.6427 0.0480 = ^--==^ 1 1 ICIVNTOF \ollClTV. o B. B o llIM "^ a -.2 §1 1" 976 1028 697 097 71.". 651 697 .731 010 651 731 930 948 820 842 039 7.'i7 888 913 803 740 781 729 478 474 349 425 4'25 351 1062 1085 738 1220 1220 766 814 814 612 976 1062 977 888 849 820 814 763 811 610 592 698 872 814 734 1221 1328 1202 1062 1221 1015 1085 1130 937 888 990 915 42.1 397 722 6G9 697 6K2 574 CIO 623 507 531 409 814 888 C91 787 849 673 703 794 595 614 514 469 655 574 689 1163 1177 703 1820 1338 1170 405 405 '2!)8 1103 1221 937 1017 1050 898 814 864 021 814 814 883 814 839 820 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UNDER TEANSVEESE STEADf— Contiuued. 373 DKFI.BCTIOX, IN JIlLI-IMETEUe, rXDER A PEEBBUBB, nt KILOORAHS, OF— \ SO 100 ISO 200 O ;200,250 300 330;400 (»tt.) 12.; 12.0 10.0 II. 2 I 14. 0 11.5 IS.O 12. 8 22. 0 10. 5 20.5 12.0 18.0 ao , 12.4 9.3 j las 11.3 ; 18.0 1 >. 0 i 17. 6 0.4 I 17.1 0.8 IS.' 24.3 I 1.0 24.3 I 1.2 32.0 131.0 23.0 20. 0 25. 0 4SO SOO SSO Specimen croN-graincd ; aplit Failud at knot Bniko with coareo sjilintersi shattcriMl . Shattered Square break on ttjDsiun bid^with split in s Sbatterrd Specimen crina-i.Taincd ; aquaru break ou teiisiuu side, flska on cofupreBSioD Bide. Specimen ciosa-graintd , 1001 1001 lOM Specimen crusa-graiDcd ; flake ou tenaion aide 1034 Specimen ci-oss-^rainud ; break started at knot ' 1(00 1030 Square liroak on tension side vith coarse splinters . Square break with two large splinters Square break on tenaion aide with coarse splinters . . Sqnare break on tenaion aide ; shattered . .do 122 737 Square break on tension side, splitting in the axia with fine eplinters. 2e3 Sap-wood; apecimen croucgi-ained ; broke with long splinters | 2S3 do SS« Specimou cross-grained; aplintered j 1187 Specimen cross-grained ; square break ou tension side ; aplit in axis. 942 Broke with coarse aplintera i 640 Crtiahed at center bearinK; broke with coarse aplinters 744 Craehcd at center bearing ; splintered . do . Splinter»-d on corner 6^^ Specimen croas.grained *** Specimen crnss-i;ii»iD»d ; broke nt knots . 430 Itroke with flue splinters , 4$0 Specimm cri>8a-gr;iiuid; failed ftom large eplinters on comer ] 474 400 Shattered; large Hakes ou tension aide ' 473 383 Broke with coarse splinters ' 473 350 ; Broke with coarse aplintera **• FOREST TREKS OF KORTR AMERICA. Table III.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE Specie*. Locality. Saiurafnii officinaJa . Missonri AUenton. do |... do Jo do -do. do. ErPHOKBIACE.E. '/omialASu-l I'liL Cal\for-\ ia Ban If*- 1 219. Prypctcs ciocca, rar. latifolia 450 UKTICACE^. Tcnnwiiee ' Xogbrillo. Weet Virginia : Grafton... do f... do Masgachnsetts OanTCrs.. do do Oregon Coosbny. Florida . ... do... do. "K. cr Metacombe ey. .do. Toxaa Dallas . , do ... do . do I Austin. ... do do . . G. W. Lettenuan . ..do ..do ...do A-Gattinger C.G. Pringle ...do 3. BobinsoD .do. AllnTial . ...do .... Rich H en 0.5280 I 0.4!J6» I 0.454G I ! 0.4818 0.4824 0.5849 0.5S28 .do . Biub loam . ...do O. Engclninon and : C. 8. Sargent. | .do. do. 5 0.6813 0.6755 , 0.0301 1 1 0.9318 I J. Beverchon ... do C.Mohr '....do ...do Biohloam I 0.070S | I 1 0. 7348 0. 8375 22X Ulmns fnlvn 30' Kentucky Mercer county ' W. M. Linney . KtdF.Un. SUppery Elm. Hoot \ i I /'.hn. 134 ; lligsouri AUcuton i G. W. Lcttcrman. 4 ..do j....du .....do 19 I Voraiont Cliarlottu ' C.G.I'ringle 9 TenncsBeo Kashvillo A. Gattingor 224. Ulmirn Amrricana Whtit Ktm. Amtriean Elm. Water Elm. 0.BC82 10 ' Mastiachnsetts Lul Mis<.oiirl A mold Arborctom . C. S. Sargrnt ..do ., '...do Allenlon G. W. Lottemian. 325. UlmtiN r^cemo^a Itork Elm. Cork Elm. Itietory Elm. WhiUElm. Cliff Elm. 130. tJImaaaUU Wakoo. Winjtd Elm. Texas | Colorado rirer do Hassacbuaetts... ..do ...do do. Danvera . North Keodine . ...do C. Uobr.... ...do J. liohinson. Limestone 0. SS75 I Kich, allavial I 0. 7iO« ....do I 0.0033 Gravi'llv 0.0707 CLiy 0.C821 Drift 0. 6920 ...do 0.7080 Alluvial 0. 6477 .do . do. 116' Ml'.5 9.9 r>.o 9.4 5.8 11.2 6.5 12.2 0.5 12. 5 6.0 11.0 7.8 16.0 9.4 18.2 5.0 10.0 •■i.S 10.5 4.8 9.2 0.0 10.4 6.0 11.4 5.0 10.0 5.3 10.4 0.8 13.6 0.8 i:i. 0 6.5 12.2 0.7 11.7 12.2 25.0 9.0 19.0 5.9 11.5 6.0 4-S 11.4 S.2 6.0 10.0 4.3 ao 4.9 9.1 4.0 7.5 4.2 7.7 7.5 14.0 10.8 20.4 8.6 17.2 8.0 15.0 7.0 14.2 25.0 27.5 30.0 24.5 42.0 47.0 23.0 23.5 20.8 20.3 21.3 21.0 31.0 31.0 29.0 25.6 73.0 49.2 26.2 24.0 17.0 23.0 10.7 ia4 15.0 16.0 35.0 47.0 45.5 35.3 96.0 97.0 112.0 86.0 ts Broke short and split Broke with fine splintera . Shattered .do. Coarse spliuters. Shattered Square hreak on tension side with large flake on compr«e«ion side. Specimen oross-giained ; split . do. Sap-wood; shattered Specimen cross-grained ; s«p-woom bearings; buckled large splinter on comer.. FOKEST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. tablk ni.— beoavioe of the peincipal woods of toe Epeate*. Z27. rUoprm aqnktlca . C«lt» oreldeaUlis SugarUny. Hackbtrry. tS. Ccltlii occiilPDtaliii. rar. retlcalata. Ilaclbmy. Palo Blanco. 220' Ficos anrea 231. Ficnn pedoDcnlata Wild rig. Jndia^nMer Tree. 2S2. Moranmbra Jied Mulberry. tU. Marlara anmntinra Otage Orange. Bene d'A.re. PLATANACE.E. 235. PlaUnns ucciilr-ntaUs hyeamore. Button Wood. But' lon-l/oU Tree. Water Beech. ZU Pl.itantiii racemoM Hyearnore. Button Wood. 237. lMaUDa<4 Wrightil. tiyeamore. JUGLAXSAC2& 238. Jnslanii cinetea UuUemut. WkU* Walnut. Florida . .. do... ...do... Minaoari.. ...do Texas ... HaDsachnsetU. ...do MissoDri do. ''SVEKSE StCaIX— Coiilimufl. UKFUECTION, IK UILI.IMRTKEfl, UKDKB A PKKBSUBII, IK KILOGRAMS, OP— 50 lOO 9.6 20.0 7.0 13.0 12.0 2X5 8.0 14.7 6.2 11.5 8.8 17.7 10.2 18.5 33.5 10.9 39.0 23.0 17.5 21.5 29.0 25.2 20.0 16.0 !«OOj O jSOO (set). 48.5 27.2 34.4 25.0 41.5 44.5 2. 5 ' 32. 0 I 5. 7 , 44. 0 4. 8 I 39. 0 2.3 29.0 1.1 I 22.3 37. 0 5. 3 I 38. 0 i 0. (I ! 14. 3 20. 0 I 1. 5 i 20. 2 l.'i.O j 12.4 II. 0 H.O 2;;. 0 i-.o; 0.4 10.0 10.0 14.0 I lfl.4 I 15.8 ' 18.5 I 20.0 ' 21.4 i 22.2 ! I 15.2 15.2 38.0 j 14.5 12. 3 20.5 23.0 22.6 26.6 29.0 32.4 32.!; 20.2 20.4 55.7 19.6 17.0 1.8 ; 20.7 1.0 ; 23.6 2.0 23.5 2.3 27.0 2.6 30.3 2.0 32.2 3.0 33.5 0.7 I 20.6 I 27.0 0. 4 ' 21. 0 ! 26. 4 24.4 j 36,8 , 24.6 39.0 1. 0 20. 8 25. 0 0.6 17.5 22.6 38.3 41.0 38.7 [ 34.2 ! 23.0 19.0 j 27.6 1B.8 ' 22.8 14. 5 I 20. 3 12, 4 17. 0 18.5 27.0 28.0 24.0 21.0 0.9 18.0 . 0 2i), 0 40O 430 500 ! 330 38.5 I 47.0 38.5 47.8 BB ! Sap- wood; liroko tbroagh knot Sprciiuon croa8-;:rainMi Broke with large epUuterB; bbatt«r(Ml . Broke with coarse splinters Failed by bending; Hue spliutera Specimen cr08«-iTnined; njAitiTS on comcra at koota ■ Broke witblarpo spUnteia Broke with lar^f Bfale Sqnaru lircak uD tension aide with coane apUntera Broke with eoar.^e splinters Shattered; lar;ie, coarse splinters Broke at knot; coarse splinters 1111 Ull Specimen cross-^iTinciI; pplit with gr^in '- lit with grain , W8 Specimen cross-grained -- i *** Specimeu cross-jimiiied ; broke at small knots •• Sqnare break on tension side: split iu axis !• Crushed nt center bearing ; broke with long splinters 7« Crusheil at center boariug: broke with fine splinters ^ Stpiaeo break • **^ Sqnare break on tension side, splitting in axis: shattered i MST Specimen ci-oaa-gniined; shnltenHl 'l^ 310 I Specimeu cross-grained; long break started at small knot. FOREST TREES OF NORTH AHIERICA. Table III.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE , JufiUoB nigra — coDtinned. 340. Jnelnns mpeaoia WatnuL Ml. Car>n olivipfnnnig.. ..' I'tca n. lUinfju XuL 242. Cananllia ehrllbark IlUkory. Shag-bark Hickory. Ml. C>r3r» milraU Kio NhtU-tiark. BoUcm BhM- bark. Micliipm . Texas TenDcasee . Florida.... ...do Texaa ..do California . .. do Hisaiasippl . ...do Texaa do. Ma«8achusetta. do. 301 lOK! 1082 I IIM 1184 1104 Kentacky . Michigan.. . do Misaonri . . . Vlriftnia... MiNiiasippi ..do ...do -do ..do Weat Virginia. do. Uaaaacbnaetta. ...do Miaeonri ...do Kentncky . do. Locality. Lansing . Dallaa... Cbnrlpslown Navy. yard. Nashville Ag|>RlafEa Kew Braanfels. Contra Costa county do Arnold Arborctam ...do Bnnvillo Iludson Lansing Allonton ■WythovUle do. ..do Keniper'a mill. Tnpsfleld . McrciT county . do. ■W. J. Boal... J. Uererchon . S.n. Pook A. Gattingnr . A. H. Curtlss. do C. Uobr . ..do... G. K. Vasey . Loam Alluvial . C. S. Sargent. W. M. Linney. W.J.Beal.... G. W. Lctterman H. Sbriver ...do.... C. ifi.br . .do. ...do ...do ...do C. G. Prlngle. ...do J. Robioson. . O. W.Lotterman.. G. W. Letterman. Limestone Clay ...do Moist, caloarcona ..do Alluvial ... Shale . Clay.. Rich upland . Clay .do. Alluvial... ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do .. do Rich loam . do. en 0. 6619 0.6455 0. S»81 0. :u-u 0.6933 0.6949 0.7483 0.7386 ; ! 0.6125 0.71I97 j 0.5977 0.6063 0.7444 0. 7489 0. 7181 0. CS.IO 0. 8205 0.7955 0.9716 0.8085 0. 8038 0.8217 0.8108 0.8041 0.8163 0.8835 0. 8829 0. 8746 0. 9148 0. 7698 0.7569 0. 7947 0. fOI4 0. 8439 0. 6261 0. 7522 0.7130 0. 6603 0.0376 t^ 0.0333 0.9421 0.8886 0.8648 0.9000 0.88:i4 'iSl 0.7927'^ 0.84lil 1^ 0.7762 \Mlt 1221 1627 1221 1305 1320 1163 1356 1576 1627 1221 1085 1221 1320 1356 1526 128S 1479 1626 1628 1306 1221 1221 1356 1221 STOP TY. S e "S s 1 i 1! 976 586 930 668 1136 923 921 898 1221 820 1627 1137 1191 923 1017 937 688 462 679 949 842 468 697 520 651 457 876 676 496 581 542 600 1356 1245 1356 1240 1220 1266 1395 1057 1550 103* 1027 1132 1191 1144 1103 1160 1320 1242 1479 1289 1395 1289 1601 1444 1526 1242 '■ 1675 1237 1627 1041 1628 1210 B76 1137 921 1073 1502 1381 1356 1172 1062 781 755 842 1223 720 losn 10R5 lion 95T 1172 1007 inn 840 10K7 835 10H3 1191 1144 1326 13.W 139S 1287 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UNDEE TRANSVERSE STRAIN— Continued. 379 DEFLECTION, IN MILLIMKTXRB, VKDZCL A PIISSBUBB, IK klLOQBAMB, OF- o (act.) 0. 9 21. 6 8. 8 M. 4 44.0 0.4 3G.0 81.0 105.0 3&0 48.0 85.0 132.0 102.5 1S4.0 73. 0 .W. 0 01. 0 84.0 130.0 05.0 60.5 37.0 42. G I* o -S II Specimen croRS-gralncd ; Bbattered Specimen cross-graineil ; nplit at nieT Cmshcd at center bearing ; bn>ke in long apUntcn. Sqnftre break; split from oml to end Square break on tension side; split in axis do. Specimen cross-grained . Shattered Specimen croes-graiued ; broke at knot Pailed fiom splinters on comers Specimen cross-grained ; broke at knot Cros.s-grainod ; broke with large splinters . 4IS 415 672 Defective specimen ; square break on tension aids 823 Split; didnot break 322 Specimen cross-grained ; square break on tension side ; split in axis. 826 SqiiAro break on tension side; long splinters 320 Sap-wood ; broke with file splinters. do Bioke wilb fine splinters Broko with long llakes from tension sida.. Broke with long, fine splinters Broke wi:h large, coarse splinters Sap'Wood ; broke with fine splinters Crushed at center bearing ; fine splinters. Si'fli'Ction of 88 millinioteiii under pressure of 600 kilograms ; some crushing at center b*vrtng. CruBhudat center bearing; fine splinters 0. 5 sap-wood ; crushed at center bearing ; fine splinter* . Broke with long splinters US' 118* Broko witli fine spliutei-s Sap.wood; broke with tine splinters. 0.5 sap.wood ; brttke witli tine splinters. laide. 1066 1066 lOK n >!• Broke witli two larjit- splint*'rs out Faile.l IVom Ibinllttkison Iwek Slipped from bearings; splintered Sap-wooil ; slipped fntm lu^arings ; did not break Tailed fum thin Hakes on back Broke with flue splintri-s 0.5 sap-wotMl ; briike with fine splinters Did nut break; pushetl through the bearings ; 1061 Broke with fine splinters 10«I do ' 1164 do. .: 1164 .' 1164 )S0 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AIMERTCA. Tavia: III.— liEHAYIOK OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE 243. Ctj* mlCTt* BonHnned . 1*4. Carva tanirntoui ilKtrr .Vu». Black Jlietory. Hull .Vut Big-bud Uictory. Vt'hUe-lieari Hickory. King XuL 345. C*r\ ■ porrina Pig \iii. Sroim niekory. Black iiickory. Switcfi-biid Hickory, 244. Ctrraaman Bitter Xut. Suamp Hickory . 247. Caryn iDjrriiitira-fornila Sutmcg Uiekory. 248. Cnrva aqnalira \faur Hiekfry. Swamp Hiebyry. li.lirr /W/in MYRICACEA 249. IfvlHrariTifcra ,.... ilaytrrry. Wax ityrll*. 2M. Myrica CaUromica CCPHLITER*. 2S1. Qnnrriia allia If Atte OeJt. State. Locality. Maaaacbnaetta . . . Iforth lEcading . ..do Kentucky ■ PorryviUo . 234 Missouri AUtDton... I I 34S Alabama , CUroDcUa . Maasacbnaetts. do . MitffloTiri .. do Micbigao . . . MifisooH — TcDn<'i»e6 . . Al.ibauia ... do . MuasHcbuBctts. do. Misaouri. .. do ... .. do.... ..do. ...do Maaaacbuaetta. ...do .. do Sontb C'aTDlina. . . ....do ...do lliaalaaippi . ...do do. Georgta.. ...do .. Florida . (MS CalirornU 805 ....do 8 MaaanihuaetU. . . 32 Kentucky . Arnold .Arboretum do. Daoaville AllcntoD 2sa.sbviUe Kcmpei-'s mill . ..do do. Xorth Readiug. ...do AUentoD . do . DaoTo BoDDcaa'B Depot . . .do. ...do Yickaburg. ...do .do. Baiobriduii Cbaltabooobeo. . .do. W. M. Linnoy ...do G. AV. Lettoroiau C. Mobr C. S. gnr^ent ...do G. W. Lrtterman ...do W.J.Beal G. W. Lettcnnan A. Uuttinger . . . C. Mubr do. ...do J. KobiDson. G. W. Lctturman ...do .do . J. lUibioau !... do ...do Solnl Jalin'a river . . A. H. Ciirilaa H. W. Ravcnel... .do. ...do C. Slohr ...do ... do A. U. Curtiits. do. ►>5. ^ ]<=> Drin . 0.7181 ^ -do |»-8s«i;[l .do 0.7630 1 nUcaabalo j 0.7587 ...do I 0.6058 Kicb upland 0. SGOU Sandy 0.8050 Drifi .do. Grarolly clay .. Kicli lo;iiD Upland Alluviul ...do ...do Drift Flinty . Rich upland . Ricb loam ... 0.7818 S 0.9658 p O.MfiS '^ 0.00.19 1^ 0.S473 j^ o.8«2 m 0.8183 0. 6932 0. 7463 0. 863G 0.8760 0.8614 0.8U3 0.8580 [IT'If] 0.8500 iS?^ 0.7804 '^ TW Ricb, Bwampy ...do Swampy . Alluvial . ...do... ...do.... .do. Sandy loam 0, 6227 Santa Cniz | G. Kniiclmaiin uud | lilili loam I C.S. Saicent. : o.s.Tic 0.7380 0.7540 0.7727 0. 7813 0. kVM 0.8470 0.81»» 0.6415 ,liiiiJ: |E2i do . 0.0511 i do 0.8021 i Arnold Arboretum.. O.H. Sargent Drift . . do ....do ... do Mi-rcor county I W. M. Llnncy I Liraeatone . Uoyle county ilo .do. Khnle Slate . 0.7432 0.8358 0.800(1 0.7008 I U.65»4 I 976 1252 1039 1085 976 751 1062 1062 1085 ! 1221 1479 1221 1085 I I 1221 1007 1395 948 1085 1028 939 976 1002 1395 1149 1221 1085 814 1221 1007 1221 1085 1136 1302 1028 1028 848 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. TJNLTEI) STATES UNDER TIIAKSVEESE STKAIN— Continued. 3S1 UUFLECTIOX, IX M1I,LIJ1I:TI'.1,S, L MiKK a rilESSUKE, IN KM. 0GIIAU8. OF— ii I* Ii<:ttiarlu. .10 4.0 5.2 4.0 .1.1 .-i.O 3..1 CO 5.0 3.0 4.7 4.5 5.0 C.5 4.0 4.6 4.5 9.3 4.9 5..5 0.8 7.4 0.1 4.7 0.4 5.1 4.5 4.0 3.3 4.0 7..') 5.0 5.0 5.0 4.0 4. 5 0.7 6.0 5.4 5.0 0.4 4.3 0.0 5.4 100 8.0 9.7 7.0 10.3 9.0 6.0 10.4 10.0 9.2 7.0 8.S 8.0 9.0 12.0 8.0 8.9 8.0 13.3 8.9 12.0 13.0 13.7 11.1 9.0 12.0 9.0 8.0 7.5 0.0 8.4 14.0 10.3 10.0 9.0 7.1 9.5 11.8 11.0 10.0 9.7 1:1. 5 11.0 8.0 10.5 10.3 ISO £00 15.6 20.8 13.5 22. n 19.6 12.2 21.4 20.4 20.0 14.2 17. 5 10. 2 IS.O 26.7 16.0 17.1 15.7 22.6 18.5 27.5 28.0 31.5 23.0 19.0 26.3 19.0 18.4 14.6 11.0 16.5 30. D 21.5 20.2 18.0 14.4 20.5 23.0 24.0 19.9 20.0 30.7 23.5 17.0 20.7 21.5 0 (act.) 0.5 1.3 0.5 1.4 1.1 0.3 1.1 1.0 1.1 0.5 1.1 0.6 0.9 2.0 0.6 0.0 0.9 CO 1.3 3.0 2.6 5.0 2.2 1.0 2.2 I.l 0.6 0.3 0.1 1.0 3.0 1.2 1.1 0.7 0.4 4.0 0.9 1.3 1.0 1.0 3.1 1.5 0.4 1.0 0.7 iiOO 10.0 21.0 14.0 23.0 20.0 12.2 22.0 20.5 20.7 15.0 18.0 16.6 19.0 28.0 10. 0 17.0 16.4 23.3 19.0 28.5 28.8 32.5 24.2 18.4 27.5 19.0 18.7 15.0 12.0 10.5 31.2 22.0 21.0 18.2 15.0 •^ao 300 S30 400 450 137.0 SCO aso k i 1 11.5 15.0 10.5 1.'-.. 3 13.8 9.0 15.6 14.5 U.2 10.9 12.5 12.0 13.7 19.0 11.9 12.7 11.0 18.0 13.4 18.8 19.2 21.0 10.1 13.3 18.5 14.0 13.7 11.2 9.0 12.0 21.0 15.2 14.7 13.5 10.8 10.5 17.0 17.4 14.4 14.7 21.2 10.7 13.0 15.0 15.6 20.0 28.0 18.0 29.0 26.0 15.0 28.0 27.0 26.2 18.5 22.5 21.3 23.6 36.0 21.0 23.0 21.2 28.4 24.5 37.6 37.5 41.4 31.0 24.0 37.0 24.7 24.0 19.0 14.7 22.0 41.2 80.0 27.5 23.5 18.0 .ST. 2 24.0 41.5 33.0 19.1 87.1 34.0 35.0 23.6 30.3 28.0 30.6 47.0 27.0 30.0 28.6 36. 0 31.0 52.5 51.6 57.0 41.0 21.3 50.5 32.5 .mo 23.7 18.1 29.0 67.2 42.0 36.6 80.3 22.2 5U.0 ; 09.5 34.0 50.0 333 463 435 392 444 002 489 450 450 578 500 874 489 344 466 J 396 474 497 473 411 399 389 450 483 399 479 518 663 637 464 893 400 469 336 527 200 240 348 450 434 334 392 439 389 349 Broke with coarse Bplin ten Fiiio gplintors; not broken lie 5&0 44.0 22.7 47.0 44.0 44.2 31.0 37.-b 38.2 40.0 Sap-iroo(l; failed with two tliin flakes on back 02.0 27.4 01.0 57.5 60.0 36.0 49.0 33.0 89.0 73. 7 40.0 50.0 Broke with coaiscaplinlers 2St M8 a -do Broke with fine splintuns do .......do Broke with fine splinters Broke at knot with coarse splinters Broke with fine splinters do Square break on tension side ; split in axis Broke with flue splinters do Broke with coarse splinters ; flaked on tension Bide do Broke with coarse splinters do 46.0 66.0 00.2 76.0 88 121' 52.0 63.0 288 35.0 39.5 36.4 46.5 42.5 70.0 73.0 85.0 55.0 41.5 70.5 42.5 39.0 30.0 22.0 37. 5 86.0 56.5 49.0 44.0 60.0 538 538 49.0 61.0 50.0 110.0 68.0 84.0 75.5 538 1098 1098 1168 73.0 56.4 105.0 84.0 1168 153 838 6^7 51.0 36.0 26.0 52.5 74.5 68.5 45.0 31.2 do 83S 103.0 58.5 3&5 77.0 48.0 838 23T Deflection 63 nnllimoters with a preMure of 600 kilograms ; broke with fine apliotcra. 237 129 0.5 aop-wood ; failed from flakes on back Broke with 1un;;spliutt 113> 2S0> 23S> T48 748 do Broke at knot Specimen cross-grained . . . Broke with fine splinters . do do IMO Broke with largo splinters 1257 .do. I 13ST Specimen cross-grained ; splintered on both comera ] 870 Splintered on comer CTO Square bre;>k on tension side, splitting in axis tSS Specimen oross-graintMl { 965 Square break on tension side, splitting in axis MS do. do • 1087 do 1027 Specimen cross-grained ; broke with long splinters .- 1029 do ' 1029 4r>0 Squiiitt bn':ik on tension aide, splitting in i Broke with coarse splinters i IM Square brejik on tension side, splitting in axis i 2i« 384 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Tabi.k III.— BEnxWIOll OF THE PRINCirAL WOODS OF THE Sp«ci<« 2M. Qaereu obtn«lloh« wmHnutd. SS& Qn«*rmA macrticarpa Burr Oak. il 14.1 4.5 D.O .'). 1 10.4 .'i.O 10.6 4.4 8.7 5.9 U.5 r,.5 11.4 i.O 7.8 4.7 8.5 II.O 5.8 8.4 10.4 3.0 0.0 4.0 8.0 5.0 10. 0 .1.0 9.3 4.0 ao 12.0 14. G 10.0 14.0 12.0 25 FOB 73.0 90.0 87.0 75.6 99.0 135.0 47.6 64.0 13&0 EC SpHutorod on corner . Square broak Bruko with coanie Bplintoro Sap'WtHHl ; ilruw off boarings ; fine spHntora Specimen rotten ; squnrn brMli Split at ono cod ; HcpinrM break on tension ftlde. Broke whli lon;^ H)>liiitei- on toruer , Broke wil li fine Bpliiit^^ra , Broke with larj;o Hpliutor on comer SpecimoD crotia-^ruiued ; started at knot Specimen croiw-^-ained; split Splintered at comers Typical Broke with lino splinters . do Square break on tcnniun sido Faded from umall Bj>liDterH on comer . Failed fiom thiu flakeH on back. Failed from fino rtpHnterw un comor. . . Square brojik ; crushed Broke with fine splinters FaihMl from long spUnters on tension side . Broke at knot in center of stick Square break on tension side Broke with nmall splinters ; drew off bearing. . Broko with lonj; splinters Sqnare break on tension side, splitting In axis . Broko with tine splinters Broko at knot near the end Spociirton erosB-ffraiued ; split with grain Broko with fine splinters Failed A'om larf^e splinter, starting at knot ■ Did not break ; drew from bearing Broko with fine splinters Square break on tension sido, splitting in axis. CniBhod at bearing; brok>« witli fine splinters. . Square break on teuMion side, splitting In axis . Square broak with largo HpHnters Faiknl ft-om hirgo splinter on ooraer Broke with fine 'splinters IVfliH'tion with a pressure of 600 kilograms, 08 miUlmet«r«i broke with tine spliutors. Broke with lar^jo splinters Broko with tine splinters 58G FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Tablk 111.— BEIIAVIOK OF TUE PlllKClPAL WOODS OF lUE 11 Sp«(le m. Qnereiu priBoidea— omtinaed SB. Qnrrcns Donclasii Mountain White Oak. Slue Oot. 2S3. Qar'rnn nbloDgifolia While Oat. in. Qnrrcnn crisea Whiu Oat. ZM. Qurrrus Duruidii 187. Qoercns Tirvna Lit* Oat. SB8. QofTcns rhrysnlfpia Licf Oak itaul Oat. Talpa- raito Oat. tn, QoercDa Zmoryi lilaek Oat. •570. Qarn-a« a^rifolta Encmo. Coatl Live Oak. Texu Sallns — ... do ' do Xenncsseo NaahviUo. do do Califoroia . ...do ...do. ..do. Arizona . Texas .. Califoniia. ...do Cahfornia. ..do Maaaacbneetta. ..do Kcotacky . do KoDtiicky . Michigan .. ...do IlllaoU.... Vermont .. do. ..do ...do ..do.. Ulaalarippi . ...do Contra Costa connty do. San Diego county. Charleatown Xavj-. yanl. Saint Johu'a rircr . Matagorda bay . . . . ...do San Bernardino . .. do Marin county... .do. Marin county. Arnold Arboretum. ...do Mercer county. Mi'rcer county . Danavillo do. J. Rorercbon . A.Gattinger. ...do G. 15. Taacy . S. B. Buckley. do . S. n.Pook ... A. H. Curtisa. G. E.Va«ey. ...do O.R.Vasey G. Kogelmann . . . ..do C.S. Sargent. ...do W. M.Linney. W. M. Linney W. J.Boul... do. Waukegan Robert Dmiglaa Charlotte . do. ...do ...do .. do EnterpriM. .do. C. G. I'riugle Clay.. ...do. Dry» gravelly. ...do Dry, rocky Damp, calcarcons .do. Sandy ...do Rich, eandy. ...do Sandy loam. .do. Gravelly. do. Dry, rocky. Loam do . ...do... ..do ... Shale ... Alluvial . Sandy ... ..do.... Gravelly. do . J, 2 a 1.5 E 0.9203 0.0966 0.0059 0. 8755 1. 0023 1.02&« 1. 1408 1. 0474 1. 0023 1.0420 1.0469 0.9127 I 0.9307 ' 0.9114 0. 8972 1.0114 1. 0193 ; 0.8833 j 0.8989 I 0. 9386 0.9204 '• 1. 0264 0. 8602 0. 8508 0. 8076 0.8653 kd 1.7011 ffl 1.6872 ^ 1.0304 Ej I.650O 1^ I. 55-.'8 1.6139 1.5432 I. 6201 I. 6787 1.7203 1.6703 1.7310 1.7254 1. 6935 I. SMI 1.5852 B •^ B E" 1436 1285 1221 1221 1163 1039 1221 1953 1283 1130 I3SU 1221 IS.IO 1221 1221 M 1007 I 1007 I 1140 1062 921 1502 1393 1232 1191 1122 1085 1140 1221 1338 1350 1140 1320 1221 1336 1028 888 1302 1208 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UNDER TKANSVEESE STRAIN— Continued. )87 1 DKFLECTION, IN Mltl-IJIETERS. IXDKlt A Plil-bBUBE, IN KILOOUAMB, OF— 1 i o 50 lOO ISO 300 O 300 330 30O 3SO 40O 430 50O sso z c Benurks. (set.) H 5.0 9.7 15.4 20.0 1.1 20.5 26.5 33.5 43.0 64.0 eao 91.0 525 Broke wilb longtplintere 323 5.0 4.5 9.7 8.5 16.3 12.7 21.0 17.3 1.5 1.1 21.5 17.5 2&0 22.3 3C0 29.0 46.5 3C0 69.5 45.0 93.0 5C0 465 660 do Broke with fine Bplintors 71.0 93.0 514 5.0 9.2 14.0 19.0 1.0 19.2 25.0 32.0 51.5 64.0 478 Shattered; cross-grftincd SpecinitD cross-^raiDc-d ; nplit wil h grain 16.0 22.0 SCO 5C0 447 6.0 l.'i. 7 23.2 32.3 2.3 S3. 0 42.5 55.3 72.0 400 8M 14.0 21.0 30.0 52.5 90.5 413 4.8 9.6 14.5 20.5 1.2 21.6 200 CSS C.8 13.2 20.7 29.0 2.6 29.8 39.0 51.0 5.5 11.0 10.5 23,0 1.5 23.4 29.5 38.3 63.0 426 «.l 3.4 12.4 0.6 19.3 10.0 27.0 14.0 2.0 0.2 27.3 14.0 35.0 17.0 4C0 21.4 61.5 80.0 38.0 421 do 48.0 3.8 7.0 10.7 14.0 0.4 14.5 18.0 22.7 28.0 34.0 43.5 55.5 73.5 564 799 4.0 7.8 11.5 15.5 C9 15.7 20.0 25.7 32.0 40.5 50.2 6C7 517 do 799 8.2 12.8 1C3 2C5 55.0 4.2 7.0 8.7 13.2 12.5 20. C 17.1 29.5 C2 3.0 17.0 30.0 22.0 39.0 28.4 51.7 36.0 69.2 43.0 450 348 do 919 do BSi 0.5 13.0 20.0 20.2 3.1 30.0 40.7 277 6.0 9.0 13.6 18.2 0.5 18.2 23.0 28.0 35.5 43.0 54.2 73.0 120.0 568 •49 4.7 8.5 12.2 16.6 0.5 16.6 20.0 25.5 38.0 46.5 69.0 541 619 4.0 8.0 12.0 1C4 0.6 16.5 21.0 27.0 40.0 66.0 548 3.8 7.0 7.3 15.3 11.2 23.7 14.7 33.2 0.6 3.5 15.0 34.7 19.0 45.0 24.5 62.4 30.5 3C5 46.0 59.0 517 4.0 10.2 16.6 21.8 1.6 22.7 29.6 39.2 52.0 75.0 5.0 10.3 1.^.0 21.3 1.5 21.9 29.0 38.0 51.0 397 C6S 5.4 5.7 11.5 11.2 17.5 1C8 25.4 23.3 1.7 1.3 25.8 36.0 33.0 47.0 39.5 324 tss 61.5 Specimen croaa-^rrained ; sqaare break on tension aide^ splitUng In nxia. CO 9.0 12.0 0.1 12.2 15.3 19.0 23.2 28.2 34.2 45.2 547 3 8 4.3 3.0 6.0 7.2 8.S 7.4 9.8 10.7 12.3 11.3 14.7 14.4 1C6 15.2 20.5 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.7 14.7 16.8 15.3 20.7 18.0 21.5 19.6 27.6 22.5 27.5 25.8 37.6 28.0 35.0 32.0 53.5 35.0 4C0 43.0 45.2 67.0 500 447 451 365 do 7 69.0 do 4S> 5.0 97 15.3 21.7 0.5 20.7 27.0 3I>. 0 46.0 385 45> 6.7 CO 11.5 12.0 17.0 18.0 23.7 24.9 1.2 1.3 24.7 24.6 32.5 32.0 47.6 42.5 336 4S* 0. Saapwood; sqnaro break on tension &id^ splitting bi axis 4.0 7.8 11.5 15.4 C3 15.7 2C0 0.4 12.7 19.2 2C4 1.3 26.7 35.0 47.0 333 HI 4.0 R.0 12.5 1C8 a8 17.0 22,1 2a 3 85.5 382 148 3.0 6.0 7.2 11.0 14.5 H.5 20.0 0.3 0.6 14.6 20.0 18.7 2C2 23.6 34.5 29.0 4a 0 SCO 43.6 461 374 do IIS 2IS ,^5 11.0 17.0 24.0 2.0 24.6 81.0 41.0 52.5 oao 02.0 457 SIT 4.0 7.8 11.0 14.6 0.2 14 7 18.5 23.0 2a 6 34.8 43.0 54.0 530 Broke with thin scale aiid fine splinters :!l«l 4.0 7.7 11.2 15.4 0.8 15.6 19.7 25.0 80.7 sao 4C0 60.0 500 Broke with tine splinters Ilf ,S.7 5.0 12.0 10.0 18.0 16.0 27.0 24.0 2.8 2.0 27.7 24. S 39. S 83.0 290 325 Failed ftxuu long scale on Itack Broke with long, coarse splinters 920 49.0 190 388 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Tablk III.— bEDAVIOK OF TDK riUKClPAL \VOODS OF THE SpaeiM. S72. QacrvnB rubra — rontiiined 272. Qacrriu rabn, rar. Texui* SedOak. VTS. QaercuH cnccisba Scarlet Oat. 274. QnfritiK linctorta Slack Oak. Tta ....do 204« .. do MO I Alabama.. a4« I. ...do WytheviUe . Nashville . Saw.mill, Ashland . ...do Eugene City do . Boncean's Depot. do. Wytbevillo.... .. do Carroll county . do. Kemper's mill . Cottago Uill . Aspalaga . do . Allunlon. ...do . .. ...do..".. Carroll county , ...do ...do Ciittagallill ... .. do A. H. Cartiss . C. S. Sargent.. .. do W. M. Linnoy . do. G. W. Lcttcrman. .do . A. Gattingor.. G. Engolmannand C. S. Sargent. G. W. Letterman . H. W. Itaveuel . A. H. Curtisa G. W. LotUirman. ...do do. H. Shrivor . ...do ...do C.Molir... Clay .. Drift . ...do . Shale ...do Slate Kich u]ilaod . ...do ...do CUy Clay . Iticbluam. ...do Clay .do ...do Rich lonm . Barren, sandy. Rich, alluvial . do. Tenneasee Tollahoma ' A. Gattingor do do do Sandy loam ...do ?3e 0.75E0 0.7426 assso 0.892G 1.6847 1.7284 0.8J9S 0.8408 0. 7519 0. 5432 0.5026 0. 7102 0. 7046 0.6949 0.06J2 0.6841 0.6960 0.6875 0.7688 0. 7521 0. 7421 0. 6307 0.6767 0. 7837 0. 6033 0.7875 0.7614 0.6875 0. 7193 0.8395 0.8442 0. 7148 0. 7071 0.7531 0.0523 0. 6170 0. 6158 0. 7142 0,7313 ! 0.7500 ! 0.7411 I COKPFIClKNTbr KLA6TICITT. |i e 1 1221 1320 128.' 1221 1302 1172 070 1039 1252 1017 1028 794 976 1085 1055 1221 1221 1161 1085 1149 1054 976 1028 1043 1221 1221 1270 697 723 9.54 921 930 1181 814 814 930 888 930 1120 842 820 794 561 558 551 1479 1479 1284 1395 1436 1201 1130 1136 937 814 849 809 872 921 844 660 651 663 625 558 698 976 976 1048 I3«5 1302 1172 1320 1394 1071 1221 1221 1041 1320 1194 1172 1526 1502 1334 1221 1221 1172 1526 1601 1200 1628 1575 1317 888 048 090 1017 1002 1027 970 1007 1113 1103 1122 106.-. 1620 1470 1233 957 970 lO.'.S 0O4 013 982 1085 1122 089 1130 1191 1052 1163 1140 032 1103 1285 ILW 1221 1285 1130 970 1028 919 1221 1338 1170 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UKDEE TEANSVERSE STRAIN— Con I iiiued. )39 DEFLSCTION, IS MILMUETEHH, UKDEII A FBISSUBE, IK KllOOKUIS, OF— C.2 9.3 10. 3 15. 4 I 9.2 j 14.0 9. 7 V4. 6 e. 7 13. 0 O.G 10.; 62.5 42.0 44.0 58.2 41.5 135.0 64.0 44.0 105.0 Broke with fine aplfntcrs and scale '1943 Fuiled firooj splinter on each comer 1043 Specimen cross-yraincd; brck-.' with large splinteTB 9Q1 Specimen afiected with dry rtit; broke at knot near the end Broke with fine splinters ...W.. 7SZ Broke with medium splinters Broke with scales and fine splinters , Broke with coar..*e splinters on comer Broke with fine splinters , Broke with eplit through center p.irallcl to pressure Broke with fine splinters I 74 Specimen cross-^rained, knotty ' 74 Failed from scale on hack and splinter on comer 1 M Square break on tension side, splitting in axis of stick 244 3 in II* TSS ns Sap-wood; brt)k.witb Hne splintors; pres4«uri\ 64 niillniii-tfre. Sap-wood; broke with One splinters Bmkeiitknot Square hr»-iik ou tension sill^ splitting in axis . Specimen cros8-gr.»lni»d ; .■»pliutertHl on corner.. Failed ft-om senile on Imok deflection with 600 kilogrvna >92 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table lU.— BEnAYIOE OF THE PEINCIPAL WOODS OF THE Species. Locality. *f 'I Btttk. Iron Wood. BEXITLACEX. Kentucky Uerccr conoty i 'W.M.I.inney j Trenton limestont.' 73'|.-. do do w do 73»'..^-do !....do do 73", do do do 1038 I Hissaohoiu'tts . i Danrera | J.Kobinson Gravelly. B4*i-.tLi ulba, rar. popnlifolla WhiU Bireh. OtdJMd Sink. Gray Birch. B<'tiiU papvnfen Canot LireK. While Birch. Pa- per Birch. tn. BetnU lutes TeOmc Birch. Gray Birch. 10 — li.i \niold Arlwretnni ...du. do ...do DaDTera }dontana Higaonla. do do. 990 106S io«s I 1065 1086 : 1066 1067 ioa7 628 Moaaachusetta I Townsrnd Alaska Chilcoot iulet . do do Vermont | Charlotte do do — do do — do do . . do .do do do — do do Colorado Engelmatui's oaBod. California Strawberry valley . . 843 Uaaaachnsetta. 843 ....do , .do. Vermont Charlotte . — do do — do |... do — do do ... do I do do do 136 , Misaoori I Allenton 136 — do — do 841 Hiwiuichnaetta Xnrtb Aiidover. fttl ....do .. do S«2 '... do. do do . IVtriUlcDta .. Cherry Birch. Black Birch. Sieett Birch. Mahogany Birch. ...do ..do , Vermont UaaaachaaetU .. do , 067 Alaaka . 801 Wanbliigton terrl. I tofy. Arnold Arboretum . ... do Cbarlotto Danvera do Sitka ...do Payallup . ...do C. S. Sargent. . ...do J. Sobinson... Sereno Watson . .do. J. Robinton ... FaulSchnltze. ..do C.G.Pringle... do. Bobert Dougla 6. Engehnann and C. S. Sargent. .do C.G.Pringle. ...do ..do Drift.... ...do.... Gravelly. Wet ...do..... Wet, sandy. Wet, peaty . Gravelly .. do.. ...do. do. do . G. W.Lettannan. ...do J. Ilobtiuion .do. Moist loam . ...do AUnvluI .... C.S. Sargent.. ...do C.G.Pringle. J. Robinson . . .do. Panl Scbnltso . O. Engolmann and C. S. Surgunt. .do . do . 0. 770- 0.7852 0.7G41 0.7983 0.7307 0.6121 0.6168 i 0. S940 ! 0.6244 0.5848 0.7034 0. 6136 0.6239 0.6921 0.6653 0.6614 0. 6136 0.6136 0.6409 0.6028 0.SS98 0.5905 0.7147 0.7215 : 0. 6579 0.6G47 0.6f.73 I 0.0047 . 0.0710 j 0.6056 I 0.6835 0. 6815 I 0.0335 U. K7.i U. 0.">40 0.0I4IP Drift I 0.7303 ...do I 0.7454 OravcUy ' 0.7002 I ...do 0.8570 ...do 0.8215 0. 50WI i 0.5017 m COEFFICIBNT OP KLAbTIClTT. "S 1 1 i 6 . Is r 921 957 1134 1221 1285 1356 1395 1395 U72 888 939 1055 1285 1395 1436 857 921 773 814 814 009 465 503 686 872 872 837 1110 1140 1083 1221 1149 1008 1221 1320 1181 1030 1085 816 1221 1191 994 1526 1602 1165 1628 1675 1099 1395 1085 1526 1191 1228 lU'W 1320 1338 1017 1356 1356 1134 1285 1285 982 888 872 738 976 076 874 1628 1660 1202 1675 1626 1280 1675 1601 1216 1G28 1028 1219 1479 1628 13?0 1628 1684 1212 1479 1550 1245 19.13 1775 1282 1039 1085 1041 1221 1221 975 1030 1085 954 1221 1356 1006 921 004 937 1030 1028 926 1.396 1436 1289 1470 1002 1282 13.56 1302 1294 1305 1415 105!< 1575 1.502 1166 078 1028 701 1017 1017 703 842 m 830 842 807 820 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. DNITED STATES UNDEK TEANSVEKSE STRAIN— Continued. y.ri DKFLECTION, IX ini.1.I>;lITEi;B, UKDEB A I'llBEBUBK, IN KII.OCRAMB, OF— H n so lOO 130 200 10.2 16.2 21.0 7.6 j 11.0 j 15.0 10. 5 I 14. 0 15.7 I 21.7 10.0 ! 13.7 10. 6 i 17. 0 24. 0 10.4 18. 0 25. 4 30. e 46.0 17. 6 25. 5 13.0 I 17.2 13.4 19.0 11.0 15.0 14.0 19.5 12.4 17.0 10.0 13.0 9.6 13.3 10.0 13.4 12.6 17.0 U.2 15.0 10.7 14.3 12.0 16.5 11.2 18.0 I 27.0 10.0 15.5 j 21.4 12.7 12. S 12.4 11.5 a7 I ii.a 8.8 I 11.6 9. 4 12. 4 8. 3 11. 8 5.8 I 11.0 5. 8 12. 1 9.5 1 14.0 19.2 I ' ID. 0 13. 5 10.0 J3.0 I0:4 I 13.3 10.0 13.6 10.0 [ 13.7 14.4 la.o 14.6 j 19.8 16.7 22.5 19. 0 i 27. 0 o soo (8ft.) 1.2 21.6 0.4 15.0 0.6 14.4 1.5 22.4 0.4 14.0 2.2 24.8 0.4 26.0 6.5 47.8 '2.5 26.8 0.5 17.5 1.0 19.2 0.5 15.0 1.0 20.0 0.5 17.0 0.5 13.4 0.7 13.3 0.6 13.7 0.4 17.3 0.4 15.5 0.3 14.3 0.5 16.5 2.9 27.4 0.9 21.6 0.5 12.7 0.4 12.6 0.3 12.2 0.3 11.5 0.2 11.6 0.3 11.7 0.3 12.4 0.1 11.4 0.5 18.6 0.7 16.3 0.9 19.4 O.C 14.7 1.5 24.0 0.5 19.4 0.4 13.5 I 17 0.8 I 13.6 0.2 I 13.6 0. 4 I 13. 5 0.4 I 14.0 0.6 I 19.5 0.5 j 20.0 0.7 j 22.7 1. 0 27. 5 16.7 16.5 17.2 18.0 50.0 28.4 33.0 24.0 35.0 28.0 21.0 21.5 22.0 27.5 25.0 23.0 28.0 54.0 40.5 20.0 19.6 19.2 18.0 17.0 17.7 19.5 18.0 30.0 27.0 32.6 24.0 45.0 38.0 21.6 20.8 19.7 22.0 3SO 400,450 500 SSO 60.5 80.0 35.5 45.0 34.3 41.5 84.0 93.5 33.0 38.5 30.0 29.0 27.0 25.0 26.5 30.5 27.0 64.5 51.0 66.0 41.0 I 100.0 I Square break on tcnstoD side, splittiog in axis j M Bi-oko with fiDti Hpliiit«ra 73 Specinieu croHB-graiueU; failed from large splinter on corner 73> Square hrciik on tennion side, itplittiog in axis 73> Dcllection with GOO kilogramR prcssore, 82 milliraeters; brokewith 73* I fine Dpi inters. 330 Specimeu tross-srained ; started at knot ». . . 1038 Crashed at center beaiiug; square break on tension side 10 Brukeat knot j 10 Cruebed at center bearing; broke with fine splinters i 843 Square break uu tension side, splitting in axis I 73B Broke with coars** splinters ' 722 I'^ailed from se.ile and long splinter on comer 836 348 Speciiueu cross-gruincd ; Itroke on corner SOO 424 I Broke with coarse splinteis. I *«» Crushed at center bearing ; broke vith tine splintors ! 1065 Cra8he sop- wood; crushedat center bearing; broke with fine splinters. 631 Sitp-wood; crushed at center bearing ; broke with line splinters on corner. 547 Heart-wuod; cruslied at c^-nter bearing; broke with flue splinters .. 444 Sup-wood; broke with conrso splinters at comers. 41C Sap-woi>d: crushed at center bearing ; broke with coarse spUutera I at corners. 407 Sa)> woud ; ciUHbed at center bearing ; splintered at comers 429 Stip-woud ; crushed at center beating ; broke with tine splinters on tousmu (tide. 400 : Sap-wood ; vnished at center hearing ; shattervd on comer S28 1068 1068 1069 1069 1070 1070 Sap-wood ; specimen cri>8.s-graint-d : started at knot . Sap-wood ; cruHluMl at center hearing ; square bit^k on tensioo »ido, splitting in axis. S»p-woMl ; spliulen.^d on corners Sqii:)re break on ti^nsion side, splitting in axis. Splinten-d on comers Specimen cross-grained Sqnare br\'ak on tension side, spUttiug in Axis. 304 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table III.— BEHAVIOR OF TBE PEINCIPAL WOODS OF THE SpeciM. Ml. .Mdus rubra— continued SALICACE£. 309. Salix bBUndre. rar. Umcifolbt. m. Salix lasiandra. r 113. Salix flit TeiaM>iu. Ongon . ...do.... Montana. Oregon . ...do... California. ..do Locality. Pnrtlnnd Fumitare O. Engrlmannand Ciimpany. C. S. Sargent. Asblnnd ' do . MissouLi ...do Drain . ...do San BcnianUno . Massachusetts. California . ...do ...do .. Oregon . Serono ■\7ataon . C.S. Sargent. ...do W. G. Wrigbt. Moist loam . ...do J.Kobinson Wetloam Topsflcld ..." ....do CnDon City . ...do E. 'Weeton . ...do .. do Strawberry valley . .1 do Portland . Utah Montiina. WaKfaington tor. ritory. do Califoniia. J18. I'opnlus lr<>iniil>ildc« ... Arpen. i^itakitiQ A»p. tl». Poputnn grandidenUU . fopuinn 272' 1035 1035 847 Colorado .. do Mmuwrbiidi'tli City Creek caOon . Moist, sandy. Moist, ricb. Alluvial... M. E. Jones Gravelly Scrcnii Watson . . . ' Ricb, moist . Santa Cmz G. Engelmnnn snd I Moist, sandy. C S. Sar^uut. ...do ..do Alpine T. S. Brandogee . do do Dan vers I J. Ilobinson . . '...do '(.ptiln* !,< 'rroi^Iiylla Ji.'rr t:„Tti,mc /ijd. Swamp Cot- jlahnin liicamahae, Halm of . liiUad. 331. Pi«pnlnalia}Aanilfrra,rar. caodlcansi 1064 do ....do Tenncssen Nnsbvillo . . . . . Alaska Chilcoot inlet . do. .do. A. Gattingcr... Paul SchultKo . Uassacbosett* | Topsfluld J. Ilobinson . .. do do .do Colorwlo Manitou Springs Ttubcrt Douglas . 323. PopuIri»lii do 0.4739 0.5084 0. 4857 0. 4.M5 0.4S86 0. 4405 0.4375 0.4170 0.4U49 0. 5330 0. 467.T 0.4B76 0. 4670 0. 5341 0.5284 0.4705 0.4375 0. 4614 0.4198 0. 5057 0. 5719 0.5278 Sandy loam i 0. 5760 i Damp .do.... Gravelly. Gravelly — ....do Sandy loam . do pnrtland Knmitaro < G.lCngolrannn and I Cumpany. { C S. Sargent. 0.3955 i 0.3885 0. 4580 0.4828 0.4448 0.4386 0.4080 0. 4034 0.40B5 0. 4500 0.4488 ^ 0.37.50 IIIIUJ 0. 3898 O 0.4108 Id 0.4108 S COKKFICIEXTOF KLA6T1CITV. i E 1 6 Ig 5 * •=1 1320 1285 900 1221 1338 905 904 048 738 670 000 567 729 751 701 904 948 698 888 913 708 787 751 696 787 787 «77 1163 1085 820 407 301 424 610 514 511 488 476 630 554 514 809 479 488 734 509 488 553 S42 555 684 1163 1085 701 976 1028 743 330 805 400 1221 1085 800 1285 1375 928 1221 1149 888 921 888 813 740 781 E62 651 661 .541 976 013 720 888 013 881 976 906 006 904 930 748 740 723 642 857 842 674 888 872 627 740 097 620 761 703 693 488 458 401 1062 10.V) 682 1085 1002 637 1 1221 1221 604 •163 •■130 145 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UNDER TEANSVEllSE STRAIN— Continued. 395 DETLBCTIOX, IK MILMUETEnS, UKDEB A PBEESUKB, IX KILOOBAllB, OF— H •so. ii ll BI 3R4 386 315 24-J 299 298 300 297 289 350 181 218 2:6 200 313 236 249 299 317 200 345 390 379 347 240 231 309 370 297 319 274 246 235 267 253 171 291 272 29« 276 Remarkt. J i a 50 3.7 4.0 n.4 7.2 0.7 a. 4 5.5 e.2 6.2 4.2 12.0 8.0 10.0 8.8 10.2 9.0 lOO ISO 20O O (sot.) 20O 15.7 14.8 21.2 35.0 31.0 22.0 23.0 29.0 2a 0 19.0 aso 300 3SO 400 430 500 S30 7.0 7.3 10.3 14.6 13.0 10.3 10.7 13.0 12.4 9.0 25.0 19.0 20.5 19.0 20.0 20.0 11.5 11.0 15.5 23.0 20.4 15.7 16.5 19.0 19.0 14.0 44.0 36.0 30.0 32.5 31.2 32.0 31.0 14.2 14.3 57.0 14.0 10.5 12.5 10.6 19.3 23.2 17.0 17.0 15.0 15.5 21.4 17.4 17.0 22.4 21.0 85.2 14.0 14.0 12.0 12.0 15.0 14.7 20.6 34.0 30.0 21.8 22.2 28. 3' 27.3 19.6 0.1 0.0 0.5 3.5 3.0 0.9 1.0 1.3 1.5 0.8 20.0 las .27.0 25.2 23.5 35.7 33.0 30.0 1033 ass Snp-v7ood; crofls.graincd 717 44.0 30.2 30.6 39.0 8a7 20.0 717 978 50.0 Sprcinien cross-gmineil ; ?quiii« break on teDsioo sidr, aplittiDg in axis. Cnishfd at center hraring; square break on tension aide, splitting an W4 «0« 35.0 88! 8S5 04.5 58.0 55.0 40.0 40.0 46.0 21.0 19.5 125.0 19.0 14.2 16.8 24.5 27.7 33.0 24.0 25.0 21.4 21.7 30.7 25.0 25.5 34.2 34.8 10.2 11.0 11.5 0.0 4.8 6.0 1.2 0.5 32.5 1.1 0.5 0.3 l.S 2.4 3.8 1.5 2.9 1.5 1.0 3.3 1.3 1.7 4.1 6.9 73.0 03.0 57.0 47.5 48.5 4a 0 21.5 20.0 MS ... .do 908 91.0 64.0 911 110.0 6M «M 640 4. 2 1 9. 0 29.5 L'6.0 45.0 3a 0 •81 961 14.8 4.0 3.8 4.0 5.3 0.0 7.5 5.0 5.5 5.0 5.4 0.6 5.7 5.5 0.0 6.5 32.0 9.0 7.1 8.5 11. 0 12.5 15.0 10.7 10.7 9.8 10.6 13.5 11.0 11.2 14.0 12.8 Ea 20.0 14.7 17.2 25.0 2a 7 37.2 24.5 20.0 22.0 22.0 32.0 26.2 26.2 35.8 30.0 2a S ia3 22.0 33.0 .3a 5 24.0 2a 0 4a 0 CrnsluMl nt center bcriring; splintered; sqnaro bre«k od tension aulf, splitting in axis. Til 31.5 35.0 an an eaa !n» mf 32.0 35.0 30.0 2a 7 47.0 50.0 4ao 1005 71.5 ion S47 41.0 847 oa at! an 52.0 02.0 lOM a„ lOM 6H 4.0 0.3 4.5 1 9.8 20.8 10.0 18.0 17.0 1.0 0.9 1.1 0.5 20.8 20.0 17.6 17.0 2a 4 27.6 24.0 25.0 laii 1011 lODI loa 300 FOREST TRIBES OF NORTH xVMERICA. Tablk hi.— behavior OF THE PRIIs^CirAL WOODS OF THE Bt. Fopniuii monilifcra Coltontrocd. .VmUom Poplar. Carolina Poplar. Big (Mtoit- CONIFERS. t26. Libocf^dms decamns WhiU Ctdar. Battard Cedar. Pott Ctdar. Inettue Ctdar. Locality. 25S Uinonri. 304 .do. 304 ....do ... S09 Texas .. 309 do ... 7S4 I Florida . 764 .do .do. 646 ... do.... 646 ...do .... 909 Colorado. 909 !....do .... 379 Vermont. 792 874 874 1099 1099 1017 1017 1021 1021 New BmiuwIcV . .do. ...do ProTinoeofQnebec ....do ....do ..do ..do Maine .do . Wlaoonaln. ...do Oregon do. MaaaacbnaatU. ...do , ...do ...do ...do Ailenton. ..do.... ...do.... Dallas ... .do Cbattahoocbee. ...do Sacramento valley . ...do San Bernardino. ..do Cafinn City Saw-mill. Sti-aw- borry valley. Bridgeton ...do... Amqoi... ...do... Mattawarakeag . Eau Clalro. .'. do Portland' Fiimlinre Coni[iiuiy. do. CotUgo Hill . .. do Beverly ...do ...do ...do ...do G. 'W. Letterman . . J. Rovercbon do . A.H.Curties I... do . — do do . 6.K. Taaey. ...do W.G.Wrigbt. ...do E-Weaton ...do ..do .do G. Eiipelmaun and C. S. Sargent. do W. G. Wrigbt. C.G. Prlngle. Intercolonial rail- way. Ed. Sinclair A. Grant. ...do... Grand Tmnk rail- way. ...do J. Robinson. H.C. Pntnam Dri/t . do . 6. Engelmannand 0. K. Sargent. J. Robinson. ...do Sandy, wet ...do Swampy ...do ...do ...do ...ilo II 0. 3477 0. 5136 0.4838 O.SOOl 0.4909 0. 4023 0. 4977 0.5000 0.5079 0.6023 U.4867 0.4451 0.4499 0. 5107 0. 3748 0.3079 0. 4818 0. 4989 0. 4869 0. 3023 0.2902 Ife 0.3.->80 \M 0.3439 1^ 0.3413 Ip 0.3216 \m 0.3330 'ak on tension side, splitting in asio ; &^1 Squaro break 851 .do. sa }98 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table 111.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE 330. ChnmiPfvpTiii Nntknen»l« XtUoK tVprwi. Stiia Cyprttt. 831. CbmmwcTpaiis Lawiwniana Purl Orjard Cfdar. Oregon Ce- dar. WTiite Crdar. Launa't Cyprejt. Ginger Pine. 332. CaprpMon m»«:tw.irp» itonterr}) Ci/pretl. 333. Cupr«ssQS GoTfaiana 337. Jaoipctiu pacbyphlcea Juniper. 838. Jtinipcrn)! occidfintnlis, var. con* jlUi DH. Jnniprr. 330. JiiUiiHTiin Virj;iDinaa But Cedar. Sacin. no. Taiwliam •lintlrhum Bald (■•ipr'Mt. lltiek Ctrpre—. Iltd i',,pm^. WhiU'Cvpreti. Ifecidut/uM Cifpreu. 341. Benaola clRaDt«tt . Big Tree. Alaska ...do British Columbia do. ...do. .. do . Oregon . Arisona . ...do... Massacbosetts. ...do. ...do. ...do .. do . Abtbama . ...do Florida . . . do. CaliroTDia. ...do ...do. ...do. Locality. Sitka ..do Saw.mitl, Victoria . do. Dean & Co.'s saw. Djlll, Marsbtiuld. Calistoga . ...do Arnold Arboretam .do . Chattaboochco ...do Saint John's rivor . do. Chattahoochee. Wilson county . ...do ...do .do . Cbattauoochee. Roaslan rlror. Paul Sohnltze . ..do G. Encrlmaniiai C S. Sargi^nt. Paul Scbultze G. KnjiPlmanD and C. S. Sargent. ..do G. K. Vasey. G. Engelninnnand C. S. tjurjjent. ...do S. B. Buckley C. S. Sargent . do. J. Reverchon . A. B. Cunisa Gravcllv loam . Dry ridgoa. eUy. Limestone . Drift ...do Calcareous. .do . .do Sandy loam . .do do C. Mohr.... A. E. Baird . A. H. CnrtisB. G. Kngelmannand Granite. C. U. Sargoul. ; C. B. Sargent . 03 0. SC97 0. 4229 0. 5267 0.5114 0. 5074 0. 4913 0. 5267 0. 5078 0. 5159 0. 5239 0. 4082 0. 6335 0. 6307 0. 0512 0. 558U 0. xm 0. 48;i4 0. 5078 0.6630 0. 5419 0. 5357 0. 5239 0. 5723 0. 5364 0.5558 0. 5386 0. 4997 0. 7373 0.6029 0.8071 0. 6398 0.6670 0. !>307 0.4007 0. 4923 0. 4167 0. 4334 Wi m m 0. 3426 0. 3B00 ||^ 0.2687 I 0.4103 0.4211 i ! ^_. 1221 1110 11C3 1085 1320 787 814 787 904 888 588 444 488 718 S81 601 1103 1110 904 939 595 425 360 674 787 1221 1101 1140 1122 1221 1221 1502 1002 1085 010 851 630 562 787 1052 849 1031 781 755 888 800 868 888 688 750 474 n94 642 409 007 800 605 520 603 703 1122 075 1163 000 004 087 039 698 695 511 444 409 315 401 658 037 751 703 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UNDEll TKANSVEESE STRAIN— Continued. 599 DKrLECTION, IN MILLIMETEItB, UMOEU A PBESSL'RE, IN KIL00RAI18, OF— 19.5 19.0 16.0 15.6 12.4 11.5 12.5 11.0 11.0 li.2 20.6 lU.O 18.0 14.0 40.0 52.0 40.5 53.0 33.5 43.0 32.0 24.5 3L7 23.0 29.0 26.7 35.0 22.0 28.2 21.8 27.7 29.0 34.7 EJ Square break; apliatered Cru8be4l at center bearine; square break Crusbcd at center bearing ; square break, splitting in i Shattered BM do ' S9i do 1000 1000 Specimen cross-grained ; started at knot . Square break; shattered Cnishrd at center bearing ; square break on tension side, splitting Square break on tension side, splitting in axis ; shattered from end 675 to end. { do «75 Shattered I «M Specimen cross-grained ; sljattered UOO Specimen cross-grained ; splinter on coriter 1100 i-grained; shattered 1103 Shattered. do... .do . 0.25 sap-wood ; square break on tension side, splitting in axis.. 0.5 sap-wood; square break; split end toend Square break at knot; split to end Square break on tension side, splitting in axis Sqnnre break; split parallel to pressure Specimen not seasoned; shattered Specimen not seasoned; cross-giaioed Specimen not seasoned ; cross-grained ; split to end Specimen not seasoned; shattered Specimen not eie.isoned ; square break on tension side, splitting in axis. Specimen not seasoned ; shattered 800 800 934 I24S 1!S0 ISSl 125S 1253 12.M Sqnare break Crashed at center bearing with flakes on tension side . Square break on tension side, splitting in »xia Broko with coarse splinters — Square break on tension side, splitting In axia. Square brcjik Sap-wood ; shattcr\'d Sqnare br«ak ; split to end - do 400 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table III.— BEHAVIOE OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE SpeeiM. Locality. (0 Ml. Seqnoixemperrlrea*— ooDtinDCd M3. T»m» brevifoU* m. Torreya Uxifolia Utittting C4dar, Savin. SM. Torrey* Callfornica Caiyfomia Kutmeg. SUnlcing Otdar. tn. Pinna StroboB VhiU Pine. Weymoutk Fine. Mi. PioQi Lambrrdao*. Kugar Pine. ni. Pinari albiccoll* . CaUfornia.. ....do ....do ....do ...do ...do ....do.... ....do ....do ...do Santa Cms . ...do Mendocino county . . Oregon . Florida. ...do ... Chattahoochee. ...do Uaspachnsetta. ...do Arnold Arboretam . Vermont Kew Bronswick . ...do do. ...do ProTince of Quebec ...do ....do Bridgeton . ...do Arnqoi do. do. Uaasaobnaetts. ....do Reading . do. Britlib Colombia HaatinKn' naw.mUl, j liurrard Inlot. Oregon I Cascade mountains Saw.mill, Straw. berry valley. Lawen's peak . Colorado. ...do.... ...do... Nerada . . Britlah ColmnbU ..do ForeatCity ..do J. Eent&cld ic Co G. Encclmannand C. S. Sargent. do .do. C. S. Sargent . A. H. Cnrties. Allavlal . . . Calcareons . ...do Q. R. Taecy . Stony. C. S. Sargent . C. G. Pringle Intercolonial rail- way. Wet, awampy . . . .do . Ed. Sinclair . ...do A. Grant . . . . .do. Grand Trunk rail .. do'. J. Robinson .do. Drift. ...do. G. Eng«'lmann and C. S. Sargent. C. S. Sargent . . O. Eogolmann and C.S.SnrKcnt G. R. Vaaoy Sierra Lumber Company, T. .S. Uranilegeo . . . Gravelly. A. Triple do . G. Kngrlninnnand C. S. Sargent. I ...do...... I 0.4443 0.452S 0.4419 C. 3230 0. 3239 0.3841 0.3C48 0. 5289 0. 5243 0.6533 0.6743 0. 7110 0. 6993 0. 4693 0.4639 0.60C3 0. 5135 0. 4301 0. 4090 0. 6204 0.3671 0. 3933 0. 4022 0. 4088 0. 3608 0.3671 0. 4092 0. 3938 0. 3710 0.4549 0.4323 0.8682 0.8690 0.4301 0.3027 j 0.3071 0.3303 0.3307 j 0.4602 0.4642 I 0.4733 , 0.4604 0.6066 0.4587 1085 1086 1039 1039 1U02 1039 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UNDEE TEANSVERSE STRAIN— Continued. 401 DEFLECTION, IN MILLIMETKBB, UNDEB A PBKB8UEE, IK KIL00BAM8, OF— If el Bemarki. J 50 lOO ISO 300 0 (set.) 300 3S0 30O 350 400 4SO soo 8SO 7.0 6.5 9.0 0.0 7.5 0.0 0.5 0.5 7.5 7.5 6.0 7.0 7.5 5.6 5.2 12.0 11.0 e.5 5.3 8.5 7.6 4.5 4.5 4.7 0.4 6.3 5.0 6.8 7.1 6.0 4.2 0.5 6.1 5.5 6.6 0.0 6.4 0.6 6.5 7.5 6.2 12.8 13.2 7.2 14.0 13.0 17.5 17.2 15.0 11.6 13.8 13.0 14.7 16.0 11.5 14.5 15.0 10.6 10.7 22.7 22.0 11.5 10.5 16.5 16.3 9.4 9.2 9.4 13.0 13.0 10.0 11.5 14.0 11.0 8.2 13.2 10.6 11.0 13.2 12.0 12.4 13.2 12.4 14.0 U.7 25.6 2a 0 14.5 21.2 10.4 26.6 26.6 22.4 17.2 20.0 20.0 22.0 29.5 26.0 30.3 1.0 0.5 1.7 30.0 26.4 37.0 39.0 33.6 279 248 252 108 250 238 270 313 343 126 400 431 403 360 372 200 298 266 291 343 181 271 279 293 243 225 397 266 167 249 292 226 263 293 246 280 231 226 293 271 331 169 1»S 299 Sqaaro break 32.0 23.5 27.7 26.0 29.5 1.5 0.7 1.0 0.6 0.9 33.6 24.0 28.4 27.0 30.0 38.0 34.0 38.0 50.0 48.0 Specimen with curly grain ; square break on tension aido, splitting in nzia. 17.8 21.5 22.5 10.5 16.0 34.5 33.0 17.2 16.4 26.0 22.8 14.0 14.2 14.8 20.7 20.0 15.4 17.8 22.4 17.0 12.5 20.2 16.2 17.0 20.3 18.2 18.7 20.6 18.0 21.6 17.5 41.5 46.0 22.6 24.0 29.7 31.0 22.3 22.0 60.6 46.6 23.8 22.8 34.3 0.9 1.7 2.4 0.4 0.5 24.0 30.0 3L0 22.6 22.2 31.5 39.0 41.0 28.7 28.5 38.0 49.0 52.0 36.6 35.5 . 47.0 61.6 66.5 47.0 46.2 59.3 84.0 92.5 75.0 do.. ViS do 277 3.1 1.2 0.5 2.3 49.5 24.2 23.2 35.0 68.0 32.0 31.0 46.6 Square break on tension aide, epUttins in axis ; also brote ftt knot near the end. 651 62.0 f»9 20.0 19.8 20.5 30.0 32.3 21.6 25.2 1.0 0.6 0.3 2.0 3.6 1.0 1.3 20.4 21.0 21.0 31.0 33.6 21.8 25.2 29.0 29.0 28.0 do 788 780 do 788 30.0 36.0 7S7 1M4 24.0 17.1 32.1 23.6 23.0 29.0 26.0 28.0 .32.0 26.0 31.0 24.0 1.3 0.7 3.8 1.3 0.6 1.2 1.0 2.4 8.0 1.0 2.0 0.8 24.6 17.5 34.2 24.0 23.0 29.0 2&0 29. S 32.8 27.0 31.4 24.2 1044 24.0 >75 SET 35.0 30.2 do K7 .o 0. G Ili. 0 Specimen croas-gralned ; foiled wltb long iipllt. do Broke at knot nenr end . -do. Broke at knot Specimen cross-grained ; broke at knot . .do. .do. Square break . do . 0.25 sap'^'ood ; specimen cross-grained . Square break with split at end Sbnttored Crusbcd at center bearing; square break on tension side, splitting I 315 in axis. | Cmsbcdat center be.iriug; square break tlS Specimen cross-grained; shattered Square break Square break on tension aide, splitting in axis Square break on tension side, splittini: in axis; crashed at center bearing. Square break; crushed nt center bearing Broke with long scale .do. Square break on tension side, splitting in axis Specimen crosA-gruined; broke at knot Square break on tension side, splitting in axis Square break on tension aide, splitting in axis; shattered . Square break ; split to one end 7H TBS 1074 ion 1976 lOT* US4 IIM UiS 1156 0.75 snp'Wood ; crushed at center bearing ; square break on tension side, iiplitting in axis. Square break; shattered Broken at end; shattered Short break; shattereUttiiig I 82 in axis. ,^ do « Long split at one end , *^ 281 Longsplit ''^ 432 I 0.33 sap-wood ; square break ** 240 Square break ou tension side, splitting in axis ; shattered 3S8 330 do , ^ .do. Square break on tension side, splitting in axis ' " .do. 276 I Shattered I '••• 283 i Square break on tensiion side, split(in£ in axis j !•*• 500 Broke with coarse splinters. , do •n Square break on tension side, splitting in axis Oblique fracture; started at knot ■ •** Shatlend "«• 213 j Square break '••* 308 , Specimen cross-grained; shattered '"* 272 I do IITC 183 Specimen ctvss-grained ; aturtedMknot ^^^ Shattered *" Specimen cross-grained ; brokenearead *" Squiiiv bi\\ak • *"' 406 FOREST TREES OF NORTH A^IERICA. Table III— BEHAVIOR OF THE PRmCIPAL WOODS OP THE Spedo*. s a s i sut« Locnlily. Collector. Soil. ii 11 ttrs g.5s 00 278 278 319 142 142 5U £44 544 764 TS4 394 394 780 780 879 879 81 81 81 81 85 as 85 85 248 243 857 357 358 356 359 359 8«0 300 381 341 384 384 386 390 390 1096 1096 84 84 84 3S0 3S6 Florida Chattahoochee do A. H. Ciirtiss do Clay 0.6524 TtlUnt Pitu. Shorl-UoTtd Pint. Spnin Piiu. flufl Pine. .. do . . do 0.6490 Loalsiana South CaniUn* ... do C.Mohr Sandy loam Bieh nplimd ... do 0.6516 BouDcau's Depot . . . ....do H. VT. Kavencl.... ... do 0.4650 Cedar Piiu. SpruaPint. WhiU 0. 4035 MusiBalppi ...do Ualursville ....4o C.Mohr ...do ...do A. H. CorUss ....do W.J.Bcal ....do Intercolonial rail, way. Low, sandy do 0. 3535 0.3500 ....do ....do do 0. 4208 Florida Cbattahooclice ....do ... do do 0. 4713 Micbigan Baldwin do .. . Low, eaudy ...do 0. 4912 Gray Pint. Serub Pine. Princt'$ Pine .. do ....do 0.4297 ....do ... do 0.4639 ...do ...do 0. 5129 J80. PtDiu pnliutru LongUared Pine. Southern Pine. Georgia Pine. Tetkm Pine. Bard Pine. Diival ooiinty ...do A. n. Curtiss ... do Sandy loam ....do ....do ... do ... do do O.OB50 ....do ...do ....do ....do ...do ....do Moist, sandy .. do ... do ..do ...do 0. 6632 ... do ....do . . do do ... do ....do ....do ... do ... do Saw-milK Saint Jolin's river. ....do ....do ....do ...do 0. 7066 Cottage Hill ...do C. Mohr Bandy loam ....do ...do ... do ...do ... do ....do ...do do . . ...do ...do ....do Chnuchula ...do ...do ...do . ... do ... do ... do ...do ... do do ...do ....do ... do do ...do ...do ...do .. do ...do ...do ....do do Florida Saw.mlll, Cedar K.JB. ...do ....do North CnroUna . . ... do .. ,lo ... do ...do \ WilnilogtoD ...do E. Kidder 0. 6739 ... do Alabama Mobile C. Hobr ...do ... do do «l. Fiona Cahffiiiii. . . BlaeliPine. Swamp Pine. Bat- tardPine. Uiadmc Pine. riurida ...do Duviil ruuiily ... do A. U. CurtlM.... ...do . Moiat, sandy do 0.6934 ... do ...do ...do . do CottaKe Bill ....do C. Mohr do ..do ....do ....do COEFKICIKN'T OF E "S S. 1 FLA8T1C1TT. 1221 1252 874 1395 1415 1055 1479 1458 1188 634 600 460 642 660 670 220 208 262 244 238 840 244 233 431 561 542 786 595 692 633 574 574 574 814 769 649 1320 1356 947 872 939 670 976 030 448 1039 1085 722 1628 1628 1100 1526 1575 1266 076 1062 820 1628 1628 1240 814 888 820 1028 1575 1030 1039 1085 987 642 630 93S 1953 1775 1200 2123 1713 1289 1628* 1560 1172 1028 1713 1472 1486 1305 1289 1628 1775 1392 1628 1684 1233 1628 1628 1307 1684 1770 1380 1221 1302 1170 2035 1053 1287 2035 2035 1322 957 067 042 1628 1656 1001 1221 1221 1046 1808 1776 1137 1628 1560 1032 1085 1103 1106 1479 1459 1095 1479 1302 1170 1163 1191 1048 1479 1470 1181 1878 1963 1270 1953 1963 1406 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. Ui^ITED STATES UNDER TRANSVERSE STRAIN— Continued. 407 DEFLBCTIOK, IN MILLIMETEI18, UXDEB A PBK88UBB, IK KILOOBAHS, OF— 12.5 12.7 18.2 12.3 24.0 12.3 18.8 33.0 10.9 11.0 12.5 11.4 13.7 11. 5 12.0 12.6 11.4 14.6 10.0 10.0 20.5 11.6 15.4 11.2 12.8 16.8 13.2 0.2 15.6 16.4 10. 0 0. 3 10. 0 12. 0 16. 0 24.6 35.0 25.0 2&5 30.0 29.0 35.7 86.5 28.5 21.3 tl Specimen cross-graioed ; started at knot Square break on tension side, splitting in ftxiB . Specimen crogs-grained ; broke with long split with gnin 142 Sqnare break on tension ride, splitting in axis ! 143 do I S44 Shattered - S44 Square break at Icnot I 544 Shattered I 764 do I 7M Square break Long, shattered break Broke with small splinters Broke at small knots Broke at knot Broke at small knots ; shattered . Sqnare break ou tension side, splitting in axis Crushed at center bearing : sqnare break Square break with large splinters Square break on tension aide, splitting in axis with larg« splinters . Square break on tension side, splitting in axis Crushed at center bearing; sqnare break 0.5 sap-wood; splintered break Shattered; split to one end Broke with large flakes on back 78( 7W 878 do. Square break with flakes on back | *57 45 millimeters deflection with 600 kilograms; broke with flakes on 357 back. Sqn.ire break, (a) Boieove chip. 499 Squai-e br\ak, somewhat shattci-ed. (o) Boxed l!T6; chipped four 3*0 j ve:>r8; specimen t.iUeu al'ovo chip. 549 1 Square br.ak on teusion aide, splitling in axis, (o) Boxed IS?,'; 361 I chipped two rears. ' 564 I Broke with many splinters, (a) Boxed 1878; chipped two yean 467 Specimen crosa-gnuned ; split . . . Brt>ko with flakes on back Broke with thick flakes on back . do Shattered, (a) Tree boxed eighteen or twenty yean ago Broke with large flake, (a) Tree boxed eighteen or twenty yean afo 499 Specimen cross-grained ; split 447 I Specimen oross-grnined ; broke with large spUnten. 504 Squarebreak 642 Slightly splintered 81. 5 625 39.2 millimeters deflection with 600 kilograms; broke with Urge ' flat splinters on comore. a In the mannfacture of turpontiuo. 1096 lOM 408 FORf:ST TKEES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table III.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE SpMiW. tSL Piaos Cnbenai*— eootiiioed. Pioea DiirT« Black Spruct, IS*. PioMalba Wkiu Spruee. .. do J^ew Brunswick . LooaU^. Bay Blscayne. do. A. H. CnrtisB.. do. ii S 1.5 do. 0.8406 0.8042 C. G. Pringle Cold,p6!»ty 0.5004 ...do do i 0.5429 ' GrovoUy..... \ 0.4587 nuntingtoo do BayofFundy IntercoloDial rail- I 0. I way. do. 880 ; New Brunswick . 880 ;-...do Bridgeton do. 384. Pier* Eneelnuuini WhiU Sprue*. 385. PiempuDKens WhiU Spruce. Blut Sprue*. MS. Picca .Sitclii nils Tui4 land Spruce. 270' 270» l>77 lOlS I 1010 j 1010 I 1020 1028 New IIani|i8bire .. Stratford CO. Prinple i Gravelly 0. 445S do ! 0.4983 New Brunswick . . Bay of Fnndy do. do. .do Bridgoton .do. .do. Province of Que- Amqni bee. I do j do ... Colorado , Forest City . do do Intercolonial rail- way. do A. Grant. ...do.... 0.4579 0.4590 0. 4411 0.4530 0.4319 0. 4103 .do. do ' Alpine. .do ' . do .. do ' do .- Alaska | Sitka ...do — do . British Colombia.' do. PanlScbultzo... ...do do. du . 6. Engrlmann and C. S: Sargent. Oregon I Weidler's saw-mill, \ do . P 449> 820 820 820 820 1009 1010 1010 529 529 639 639 733 733 1004 1004 965 965 647 647 647 226" 226> 774 774 781 781 7SI 788 795 795 840 840 Portland Fomiture Comjiany. 6. EnKPlmann and C. S. Sarpent. ...do 0. 473j 391. pM>udotsajr« Dougluii, rar. ma* crocnrpa. California Sawniill, San Ber- nariUno. W-CWright 0.5357 ...do ....do North Carolina... ... do Itoau mountain ....do ■\ValcottGibb8.... .. do Peaty loam ... do 0.3602 Italtam. She BaUam. 0. 3323 ... do . do do do 0.3630 Vermont ...do C. G. Pringlo ....do 0.4435 BaUamFir. Balm of OiUad Fir. ...do ....do T. S. Brandegeo . . . ...do lluiet, 8audy loam ....do 0.3941 BdUam. ... do ....do . . do ....do .. do ... do 0.3682 ... do .do .... do ... do ...do ...do ... do ... do ... do ... do ...do ...do do do ....do 0. 3673 ..do ....do ...do ...do G. Engelmannand (;. S. Sargent. Rich, alluvial ....do TihiUFir. ...do ...do .. do ....do do do Engclmunn's caSon ... do KobertDonglaa... do Whitt Fir. BaUam Fir. ... do do ... 0. 3801 California ... do Strawberry valley . . ...do O. Engelmannand C. S. Sargent. AUuvinl ...do ...do Loasen'a peak ... do Sierra Lnmber Company. ... do 0 4304 British Colnmbla . ... do Silver peak, near Fraser rivor. ..do G. Engclmann and C. S. .Sargent. Bich, sandy loom . . do SM. Abie* Doliillft CnHcado mountains . ... do ...do ....do Bed Fir. ...do ....do California ... do So 4U> Crnsbed at center bearing ; flaked on back. Specimen cross-grained ; broke at knot Sqa.are break do . Square break and split Broke vritb long, oblique split Specimen sbaky; broke with long split . Crtisbed at center bearing Square break with long, thin splinter. . . lOW 1010 1010 Shattered Square break ; shattered Square break with flakes on tension side. . . - Thin flake on back Crushed at center bearing with thin flakes . Crushed at center bearing ; splintered Square br«ak Cnished at center be.i square break . 1004 1004 Crushed at center bearing ; flaked Crushed nt center bearing ; splintered . Square break ; split Specimen cross.grained Sqnare break on tension side, splitting i 1 axis . Crushed at center bearing ; broke with flue splinten . Cmslied at center bearing : broke with thin scales Crnsbed at center bearing; broke with fine splinters . Largo scale on tension side Shattered at one end Specimen cross-grained ; sqnare break ; split Crushed at center bearing: broke with fine splinters . Square btwik.; splinlertMi Crushed at center bearuig ; scaUnl on tension side Crushed nt center bearing ; scaled Failed fVoni large splinter on corner Square break on tension side, splitting in axis 339 7U 781 nt 414 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Tablk 111.— BEUAVIOK OF THi; PiaKClPAL AVOODS OV THE 401. Lailx oocidenUUi . PALMACEJJ. 40S. WuhiDEtoni* flUfrra. Fan-Ui/ I'alm. 710 UontMia. 1004 L...do . lOM ....do. 116> 11S0 California . ....do Apia Colientc. Mluoala S. Watson... ..do Fnlda ! W. Sikudorf J Molat. W. G. Wright Drj-, gravelly . do do lie 0.0 0.S180 : O.KJM 0. 8426 I 0.837S 0.C013 p 0.6307 m 1231 1356 1G28 1628 1878 1953 1221 1395 1718 1718 1053 1053 Tablk IV.— BEnAVIOK OF SO.^IE OF THE WOODS OP THE UNITED STATE* MAGKOLIACEf. I. Uacnalta eraodlflura Bto lAiurH. BuU Bay. 2. Mafniolia Klanra A'lMwl Bay. Whil4 Bay. Btat«r Ttm. nhiu jMurel. Smmp Laurel. 8AI-IXDACE£. 54. Hanindan margtoaln* iViid China. H^apbtrry. LEGUMIXOS^. 346 Alabama 854 I. ...do T7. Knblnia PHiidararia I /.octut. Btaek Locutt. TMmt LocuMt. UAUAMKLACEf. tat. LiquidaniUr Styniclflua .SKttt Oiim. StarUartd Uvm. I.iquiilamUr Itfd Oum. BO- lU*. OLEACEJi. I IV2. FrBxJnua Anivrlcaaa, tar. Triroata BIGNUMACE£. 107. Caul |>n Diirr lorn Wutrrn t'atatpa. , liniCACEA 224. rimu. Anirrlrana Whtle Htm. Amtriean EUn. Water rim 128. CrlUKixriiltiitAli* Sugartyrrry. Itaekbtrry. .iri;i.A.\DA<;i:,»;. 24(1. Canaaqimllca Vlaler Ilirh.rM. Nuomp Itittary. Buur Ittait. Cri'ULlFER*. lllaaoiirl. .. do.... Uaaaacbuaolta. Teiaa ...do MUalaalppI . Cottage mil I C. Mohr . ...do do .... Dallaa J. Bovercbon Long laland ' U. C. Bccdlo . Kcinpi'r'n mill 1 C. Mobr IMlaa CharloatoD. do . Aniiild Arbf>rf-i4ini . 0.8. Sargent. Rich loam . Swanpy... Rich, damp. Itlcb. alluvlnl . I>r\ , calcAriHiua. Wilcla.v do . Oallaii J. Urvvtrbflii . Dria .... Alluvlnl . Kow Ilfnunrcln Vlckabiirg ... MolHt. cnlcnrcouH 0.7347 0. 5262 Uaaaacliiuetto Amnld ArlMirrlum C. H. Snrgrnl Drift . do '....do ....do do. 0.4783 0. 4767 0.7634 0. 7481 0.7108 0.778S 0.0058 0.6820 I* n»i 1130 030 11 lo*^ 070 1007 1028 040 608 j 888 70s' 1050 1118 1 800 1)16 1 006 B30 057 058 787 802 600 658 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. I XITED STATES UNDER TRANSVERSE STRAO— Continued. 415 oa3CTn». a Mnxomrms, nam a ruacst, a eiloskaiu, or— W gl a tr ■Tirti i 1 j« lOO 1>0 JOO t> HM I.jO JOO 3.iO 40« 4.SO .500 540 is t , ^^ i.a 1 ii.» I&S •.5 MLS aL» S>.S 1 T.» 1 IOlS U.C u.* I1.4 B.3 17.5 2&» M.« i 9S0 da do 2X5 3X7 <7.< IM S.T| S.3 &• T.C •.a •iX U.* ia.4 UL* IX* U.5 IC* 19.5 13.0 lAO 22.7 3X3 31.2 3X0 3X5 3X0 S32 5W Deflectioa with S0« kiiogiaiiia = 43.5 mflljimnrrt; knke witk •■• splinters. ^ Cnufaed u center bearing: ttfted 13t um &s &• T.B Vkt tLS ML* B.> 15.5 1X5 ^9.a X.5 SIS IIM a>.a UC 3S0 Twiaied and spHt Sqnan break _ lUi ia.5 m* a.4 1.8 3&S un UNDER TRANSVERSE STRAIN: SPECIMENS EIGHT CENTIMETERS SQUARE. DITtJKTXO^r. a igTTrrtnmrww^ VTSHMK A FBSEBiraB, IX ISILOGRAStS^ OP — 40« $00 1-200 I«4)0 » !••• apOO -2400 -l^OO 3-JOO 3600 |> X* Xi { ..I ..I xal x« xc * • X* XI X* xa XT x> xa X5 xs xa x« x« X* HlC XT x», ixaj 1X1 xs' 1X4 [ ixa XI ixa IX* XI ixa cc 1X3 ixT| M.a ixsj ax* 3335 ' BnAe with Urge splinten on back . KS5 Broke with large splioten 3908 Broke with Urge flake an back. Broke with large spUntecs oa back . SIM ' Broke with many flne splinten . X5 5,1 XS X3 xs XS xs x's xc X* X5 xs .. - «.» XI 1 x« IL* U.* X3 ixa IX* n.* 1X5 11.* I iXT axe Ml* 1X5 I 1X5 1X5 MLS ixs ixa* ax4 xs i 1X4 1 li.* 1X2 ar.s IX* i4.a 1.3 1 ix»! axo iv. o a. 5 «JiM Bn>k<; Li ^e »ptuittrr« . SMI Crushed and »plit to the ead '>40a Broke with fine spliater aa odc eoraar. L* I 3X* I 3SI5 Broke with ftne tpUnten 3L3S Broke with large splinter on ooe coraer- Sin Broke with large spUnieni on >.-v>nier> 3379 Broke with large apUatan 1IM3 Broke with lais* ipllBtara aa back . 416 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table IV.— BEHAVIOR OF SOME OF THE ^VOODS OF THE UNITED STATES UNDER Specie*. ISS. Qa«rrus Mirhaaxii Batktl Oak. Cou Oak. SM Qacrcus Prinua CkutnutOak. Bock Chatnut Oak. 275. Quercuj* KcUog^ Black Oak. 380. QnirrDs •qoatica Water Oak. Duek Oak. Potmm Oak, Punk Oak. BKTPLACE*. 3oI. AIna.H rubra AUer. COXIFEKS. 3S9. Cham^cyparift sphsroidea WhiU Cedar. 370. PiniMTieda LtMolly Pine. Old-field Pine. Bpo- sito comer. Splinters on comers Split leogthwiBe with small Bplintem on cor- Brokc with large splinters on comers 3905 Crushed at center bearing ; broke with fine splinters. . Broke with large .oplinters on back ; shattered. 1284 Short, sqnaro break ; no splinters . 2703 2800 8.7 10. S 16.4 12.5 20.5 Shattered . do.... 0.75 sap-wood ; broke with large splinter on comer. . 3085 ' 0.5 .-^'p-wouil; bvokewitbl.irgcsplintcr on comer... 12.6 10.0 9.8 i 12.0 i lao I 23.5 17.5 [ 3600 ' SqMnru break on tension siilr. splitting in axis. 320?' 12.2 , I ' .' 2790 ' Broke with large splinter on comer; somewhat shst- ; 34S I : Itn-d. ' '>•> •i 3239 ' Sqiiato break on tension side, splitting in axia 24S .1 3513 I Split between rings at one end } 84 I 10. 2 12. 6 I IS. 5 19. 5 418 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMKKICA. Table V.— BEIIAVIOH OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS Sp«ci» MAGKOLIACE^ 1. UacDolU cnuididor* I ^0 Lauril. Bull Bay. 2. UiMHiolia fflanca AicfflBaii WhitfBati. Bta- • rr Tree. White Laurel. .Sicainp LaurtL' 3. M3:niolU acnminata i'ueumbtr Ire*. Hountain HoffnoUa. 4. Unenolia cordau (.'uruinfrCT' Tree. 5. MasQolia macrophyllA Large-leated Cueiimber Tret. 6. Itlasnolia Cmbrella VmbreUa Tree. Elk Wood. 7. Ma^nxiIU Fraa«ri Lt nixrn .354 ■lo. Spliutered at pitli ; slight shearing of fibers 240 Indented withont shearing fibers 201 Sheared fibers Ml' Slight shearing of fibers .do. do Fibers sheared . Indented withont shearing fibers. Fibers sheaied 514 II78 U78 Indented withont shearing fibers Slight shenring; short epecimen. 120 millimetera long; split at Ixith end^. Sheared fibers. Slight shearing of fibers .do. 818 Sheared fibers 1231 do I 1231 do 1232 , do ISM do ; 12S6 do 1236 Slight shearing of fillers. Sheared fibers and opeiietl gm'u Sheared fibers and opened grain at middleaudat end.' IlSl 47* 47> IMI Sheared fibers 420 FOREST TREKS OF NORTH AMERICA. Tablk v.— IlEIIAVlOlt OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF TIIH Spedea. 1 a o i Statf. Locality. Collector. SotL m Romaiks. IT. TOl* AMerkaiu— ooBtlsned ... 124 252 2S2 316 SIS 1039 1039 745 745 285' 285> 285> 320 320 1113 1113 478 1133 735 735 1086 1086 1140 U40 487 487 402 462 475 475 452 452 280 280 484 484 308 338 BigKaplds "W.J.Bcal G. W. Letterman . ... do 4944 7167 7235 6314 AlloTial Fibers cmsbcd at 114 miUimcters from end. Fibers crusbed at 43 milliDU'lers fiom end. Fibers cinsbed at 51 millimelers ttom end. do do Miohigan W.J.Beal ...do Blch loam ... do ..„do Haosacbosetta J. Kobinsou do Moist gravel ... do 5080 4527 G305 (!«08 4917 5548 5120 7666 8278 6260 Fibers cnisbod at 76 millimelers from eud. do n. TiU» Amn-irao*, rar. pabw. eeas. Bainbridge ....do A. B. Curties ...do Fibers crushed at 38 millimeters from end. Fil.ors crushed at 127 millimeters from end. Fibers crushed at 102 millimeters from end. Fibers cnishod at 51 millirueters from end. Fibers crushed at 152 millimeters from end. ...do Kentacky Cliffs Kcntncky river. Murcvr county ... do W. M. LiuDoy ...do LilurstoDO ....do miU Bats ICood. WaJtot. ...do ....do Tennessee Cumberland river. ....do A. Gattinger ...do Alluvial ... do Fibers crushed nt 114 millimeters from eud. Fibers crushed near middle in yiciuity of »nvA\ kuots. HAI^IGHIACE£. No.Name Key do A. H. Curtiss do Coral TalUncherry. Glamberry. do ... do ZYGOPnTLLACRfi. ...do do Upper Metacombe ...do .do . .. ....do ....do 11930 11048 7372 7698 7707 6978 11158 10751 7303 6328 2330 2595 11975 Loimitudinal .-^plit ; stick w.Tijied before test. CruMhed (iber.i and split along grain near end. Triple flexure; developed iuUr. sectiug "Cooper lines". Cru.ilieilut middle; deflected finro hosrt. Cni.«h>'d fibers nt 127 millimeteni fiom 1 u testing. 1 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UNDER COMPRESSION— Continued. 423 PBBBSL'BE, CI KILOGBAMS, REQUIBEU TO FBODUCK AS IKDEKTATION, Dl laLUMETEBS, OF — 0.33 0.51 0.76 3016 0260 3447 3994 1338 1247 1860 2404 2032 1982 0617 9004 2073 2073 0753 lOTOS 10115 10660 2193 2153 10524 11885 11113 11794 2218 2214 11158 12383 11G12 12837 2304 2277 1071 1397 11658 15109 12474 13780 2390 2309 1116 1429 12112 13789 13245 14765 3468 2350 1157 1515 12610 14470 13903 15603 2518 2386 1179 1547 4.81 I S.08 2880 2858 1429 1778 Sheared fibers; split at ends . do .do. Sheared dbers Slighlljr sheared fibers; split at ends . Sheared fibere slightly Sheared fibers; split at end . 1061 1225 1769 2073 2109 2064 1179 1433 1592 2132 3153 3103 1452 1569 1801 2495 32^9 3348 4513 3955 1579 1051 1696 2576 3520 3520 4404 2078 2699 3742 370! 5307 4649 1733 1810 2109 2785 3874 3874 5398 1801 1692 2195 2867 4037 4037 5379 5062 1846 1973 4155 4241 5974 5216 1928 2068 2327 2976 42C4 4355 6103 5425 2431 3073 4468 4518 6214 5366 2331 2540 2638 2833 Sheared fibers. 5262 5298 7190 6759 Sheared fibers ; split at ends . Sheared libera Slight shearing of fibers do .do. 2767 4944 1796 aooi 1796 2313 1950 2617 1633 2313 1338 1703 1500 2576 1225 2168 2849 4355 2359 3357 2858 2064 31S7 2067 2926 1724 2313 2250 3303 2133 2767 2586 3583 2540 4128 2540 3SS2 5715 4899 2422 2765 2495 1996 2835 2768 4626 3393 3239 2472 4633 3928 2003 2563 2073 3l.'85 3039 3307 4060 4967 3606 3420 2613 3801 3267 4060 4745 4069 3012 2013 2159 3232 3157 3579 4287 5263 3731 3602 2704 3083 3357 4246 4940 4200 0759 0205 2672 3116 2703 2232 3420 3280 5489 3892 3248 2849 4100 3303 4382 3149 4:I32 2812 3216 2707 2259 6023 4740 5603 4060 3810 2944 4287 3611 4433 5330 4427 3248 2638 3381 3701 3074 6101 4899 5906 4100 3983 8057 4418 3706 4495 5434 3339 2983 3440 6260 4967 0101 4228 4055 3107 4581 3801 4581 .%530 4673 7557 7167 3012 2304 8210 8074 4364 4104 3302 4708 3969 4609 5635 4831 7485 4899 4763 3647 5443 4436 3648 C260 3379 8340 8641 3583 4105 3697 3129 5307 3033 5239 5194 8901 5987 4899 6169 6736 6078 Sheared fibcn ; split at sides . Sheared fibers. Sliglit she.irinj of fibers . <62 we 1023 1023 1013 1014 Slie;U'ed fibers Slieht shearing of fibers: split at cad . Sheared fibers do I2t! 1233 ISM 1»« 1235 424 FOREST TKEES OF NORTH AJIERICA. Table v.— BEHAVIOR OF TOE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE Specie*. M. Acer saccharinum— conUooed. •4. AoermcchuiDoni. rar.nigmm. Btaek Sugar 2taplf. ims I VetmoDt.. Charlotte F. n. Horsford C.G.Prinfilo Clay do. 2^' 2T4* Uissonri. .do. Allvnton ...do Cliattaboocbee. 6S. Acer dafivcarpum Sc.n ilapU. mUe llapU. Silrer JIapU. M. A«»r nibroni lUd ilapU, bteamp 3Iaple, St)ft itapU. Water ilapU. 1167 U6T 20 Florida.... ..do Mia&ouri AUenton 1 G.'VT. Lottemian. do do do .do. G. W. Lettonuau . ...do A.H.CurtJg8 .... Clay Sicb, alluvial. ...do Fibora omehed at end. Triple floxure; dcvuloped inter. arcting "Cooper lines". Fibers crushed at knot 102 milli. meters from end. Fibers crusbed at niiddio; dovol. opeil "Cooper linos". Triple flesure ; "Cooper lines " . . Haesacbasetta ; Topslield J. Bobin.son Low meadow . do Arnold ArborctTun C. S. Sargout Drift do. do . do. do . 530 j Mia8ia^ippi Kemper's mill ^ C.MoUr. Kich, swampy. ...do ' — do I do do . I ' Georgia Bainbridge I A-H.Curtias Low.. I I I ...do !... do do L.. do . Maaeacbuselta Dan vers } J. Eobinsou do . do I do do do . 67. KeeiiDdo aceroides Box Klder. Ash-Uartd MapU. 10(8 1048 I ..do . ..do. North Beading . do. 6. W. Letterman . Uiasouri I AUenton... do do < do Texas DaUas | J. Itevercbon . do do do .do. iG88 Fiboraomsbcdnearniiildle Fibers erusbed at 89 niillinietors from end. Fibers erusbed at 25 millimeters from end. Fibei-s erusbed near middle 67iU 6003 7360 7485 7371 5080 5208 5148 Fillers crushed at middle and at end. Triple flexure; "Cooper lines" . .. Triple flexure; "Cooper lines"; middle bend 115 millimuiers from end. Fibers erusbed at 89 millimelers IVom end. Fibers erusbed at 25 and at 102 millimuters from end. Fibers crushed at 76 millimeters from end. Fibers crusiieil near niiddlo and split lon^itutiiually. Fibers crushed at 25 millimeters from middle. Fibers crushed at middle California Contra Costa G. R. Vasoy | Rich, molat . county. j ... do do do do ANACAKDIACEJE. 71. llbuK cojialllna... VtcarJ yumach. Florida Cbariakoocbee. ...do do A. n. Curtisa . ....do Dry clay . 71. Rbusc.ipallina. rcr. lanceolaU.. 330 , Texas ^ DalUa . J. Revercbon . 73. Kbnslletopinm 467 I'ti'MmiWi.ftd. Coral Humaeli. itftuntain ifanekinttl. 407 l.um Wwjd. Bog Plum, i iHitUir Oum. 1 LEGCMIXOS.S. 77. Kobinia r»/^dacacia 405 Loeujt. lllacl Lonut. YiUow I Loaut. I 405 Florida Dj ....do icrMetacombe A. II. Curtlas. CharlestowoNaTy. S. II. Fook . yard. . .. do ; I do 816 West Virginia., 81t 1... do !....do 1247|KewTork LoDg 1247 ...do I. ...do 1248 ....do ....do 1248 .. do ...do C. G. Pringle . Dry, graTelly . .13426 Jl2096 12407 8360 •934 111294 10274 11385 Fibers erusbed at knot near mid- Fibers crusbed at 80 milli.ncters from end at 3 millimeters from knot. Fibers crushed nt knot 51 milli- meters from middle. Fibers crusbed at 127 millimotors from cud. Fibers crushed nt end and at 76 millimeters fh)ni < ud. Fibers crushed near end and split aloo}; p;rain. Fibers eruKhod »t 10 millimeters I'rimi Kijol und at .01 ni'llimetors from end. Fibors crashed In vicinity of knuti Fibers crushed In vicinity of sninll knot at oud. Fibers I rushed in vicinity of small knot 102 millimeters from eud. Fibers crushed ut euoffvood. 82. Cludniitifi tioctotu YrUew Wood TtUow Ath. Gopher Wood. M. Sophnni aftini! SS. G MDDOcladas Cao.ideD«ia 296 Kmtucty Cofa Tret. Cofet i Xut. 519 88. Gleditacbia triacanthon j.V Honey Locxut. Black LocxuL ' Three-thomed Aeaeia. Stcai ] 53* Locutt. Honey Hhuctt. i 03. Proiiopin iulidom iieiquit. AViaroha. Hoitey lActuL Honey Pod. 94. PnfHopia pulH-i*rrn>* Screw Bean, ticreic-pod ifu* i/uiL Umilla. do . Kentucky . ..do Tennoaaoc . Texas . ...do . Missouri... ToDnes^eo . Miasoori . . . ...do do . Florida . .. do... 1089 lOSO 1091 Xcnooaaee . Miaaoun... 680 Arizona . . California. I... do 697 Arizona Santa KiUi mount. Locality. ill a si: Trinidad 'W. B. Strong Lo\r, moiat . do do do Lower Colorado Upper Hctacombc Key. Mercer county. . Dallas . Aaatin . Allen ton . . Nashville Allenton . . do . Cliattahoochee. Lower Colorado river. ..do Nasbville. Allenton.. do. Tucson . ...do... Austin . Port Yoma . ...do 103. Pmniift Ami'ricaoa Wild Plum. Canada Ptiim. Horn Plum, ains Florida i Boca Clilca Key . ...do Key Largo... — do — do . . do r Bay Biacayne Uiaaourl Allenton ...do do T«o» Dallas i Teoncaace i Maabvllle G. Eneclmann and Dry, gravelly . C. S. Sargent^ . milli- meters iu diameter. illimeters Uiiot at Crusheil at 0 mi«idle. Crushed at 64 millimetciH from eud. Crushed iit knot near middle . . . Crushed gear middle Crushed at knot 102 milllmulers from end. Crushed iu vicinit.v of knots at middle. : Split along grain from end to end; crushed near middle. Triple llexurc 8663 8709 10706 6141 Crusheil near middle; opened cranks along grain ; split ueloro tesiiug. CrUHhetl at 6 millimeters knot at midillc. Crushed near end ; cross-grainoii . Split along grain from eud lo en.38 a.34 5126 5298 4808 4831 12474 16057 13245 16510 2849 2935 3847 3946 4.S1 SMS 5924 5602 3402 4527 3756 4926 Sbearedaber* ■ lon Sheared fibers; Dpllt at ena ... ! 1031 Slight shearing; splitatend CO- do «!0 Sheared fibers ;^>entHlsea««Ding crack SM Shearedflbers; splitatend 1 SC4 Sheared fibers. 2427 3720 4808 4581 5035 5062 5262 5434 5439 5761 5715 5874 6074 6105 6559 I ' 6260 6655 7756 7847 Sheared fibers.. 1610 1656 1429 1352 1928 1787 1796 2245 1179 1905 2041 2903 2132 3674 2019 3447 1452 2223 1833 2939 1110 ITGlt 1633 1452 2713 2132 3611 I 1769 ! I 2381 I 2114 1928 2313 2168 2903 4219 3856 2699 : 3266 2132 2522 2527 I 2794 2263 1 2676 4219 I iala 3007 , 4468 5674 I 6214 3357 2254 2232 1991 3529 2322 2309 2082 4105 3924 4604 4536 2404 2495 2268 2404 3071 3193 4332 4577 4073 4264 2948 3620 3479 3620 2395 2663 2703 28S0 4790 4699 I 6332 4967 I 5080 ; 3252 2875 4931 4990 6532 2472 2427 2168 2654 2495 3379 4763 4468 3298 3701 2844 3026 3352 3071 5216 5103 6804 5421 5829 3847 2540 3933 : 4195 2698 I 2676 2622 j 2672 2318 ' 2390 5035 4658 3484 3788 3044 3184 3538 3153 5513 5330 ;;939 2694 3847 5162 4799 3652 3901 3583 3293 6648 5425 7067 5738 5860 5851 5965 3075 2776 3946 5252 5026 3801 4024 3810 I 3343 I i 5802 5521 7117 6160 6114 3180 2862 4014 5389 5203 3538 3520 6028 5702 I 7244 I 6214 6314 3720 3357 5034 607rl 4527 4717 4173 4291 4536 8765 6849 0486 8210 Sheared flbrrs; split .it end .'U Sheared fibcra , i;41 Slight 8be4iriD^ ; splitatcDds 1343 Sheared fibers : split at ends 1243 Slight shearing; splitatend. I Sheared fibers ; split at end . . 5512 Sheared fibers 6350 6350 58» 5080 I Sheared fibers and splintered at 6 milUmetera knot.. 6T8 5035 I Sheared fibers «78 4527 j Slight sbenring, raused by nneren lo.^diug; sMLSon- 436 ins: craek. 4699 Sheared fillers 1 1'd fillers; splitatend S3I ,1m,* SIi.iire.1 :>t . iillimclors knot.. 428 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table V.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF TIIE Sp^ci^^«. lOS. Pninus Prnnavlrmnic* TTiU l:ed Cherry. Pin Cher r». Pigeon Cherry. rmurgiiuita, rar. mollis. 108. ProDus «erotiD> WUd £taek Cherry. Cherry. IN. PniDus Capnli Wild Cherry. 110. Pruntiti domiiwa Witd Cherry. 111. PrnnnnCiiroUniui* ITiW Orange. Mock Orange. Wild Peach. 113. Pniiiu. lliiifo'in I'la;,. IIS. Corrocari'Uii li'dlfolins Ifoun'atn itahogany. 117. Pjrnii c'lruDarl* AmerieanCrab. SveeUeenUd Crah 120. Pynu A mcricaiu 'Mountain Ash. 121. Pjnui Mmlmcifalls... Jfoftniain Aeh. 125. CraUBKnM arborriiceiu 233 Vermont. 233 ....do 666 Georgia. 606 ... do ... Cbarlotto | C.G.Prlngle Cold, gravelly. do I — do — do Altamaha river. ..; A. n. CurtisB ; Clay.. ' 1 do. 068 'VTaehington ter- Wilkeson G.Ensilmannand rilorr. C. d. Sargout. 968 ... do .". 15 Matisucbusetta . 15 — do 115 I Micbif^n 115 ... do 127 I Missouri 127 ... do 148 lllinoia 817 I Mitbigan 317 i....do VermoDt ....do Massacbuaetta 410 j Vireioia or Mid- dle States. Florida New Mexico. Florida . Tcxaa .. ..do... California . ..do .do . PennaylvaDia. ....do ....do ....do Vermont. .do. 3a3>| Sooth Carolina. 607 OeorgU 667 ...do Boxbory. .do. Lansing . . Danaville . Allcnton . . do. "Waukegan Horsey C. S. Sargent Gravelly do. Cnialiod nt 3 nnllimotors knot lOfi millimeters fruni end. Crusbed at 102 millimeters fi-om end. Cross-grained ; split at end Crusbed fibers near middle . do. G. W. Lotterman K. Dunglus W. J. Beal . do. Gravelly. Elcb .do. Cbarlestown Navy. j-oid. Cuattaboochee ...do Topsfiold C. G. Pringle Gravelly . S.n.Pook A. n. Curtiss i Clav .do. .do. J.Rubinson Gravelly. do ■ do Finos Altos mount.. E. L. Greene Alluvial . ains. ...do ...do do .... Stra-ffbciTV valley G. Enpeltiianii and ' C. S. Sur^ent. Jacksonville. Victoria Sauta Cruz . ...do A. n. Curtiss . C. Mehr C.L. Anderson. ...do City Creek caBon . ' M. E. Jones . ...do ....do Kiamensi < \V. M. Canby . ...do ' do Kazaretb . ..do Charlotte... IIiiutin;tton. Mount Matisfleld Aikon .... Ogoecbee . ...do J. Henry. CO. Pringle n. W. lUvenel . A. H. Curtiss .. Sandy Bicb, moist . Kooky . ...do.. Ctoy.. ...do. Moist. ...do . Gravelly. .do. Rich.. Low .. ....do. 10138 1025G 7235 8732 0979 8890 0109 780S 8324 9093 G5C4 8773 9571 8029 8009 Failed nt knot at end and split along ;;niiu. Triple flexure Cnislied at middle at 3 niillime- tei's knot. Crusbed at 32 millinicters from end. CniHlied at 25 milliniotcrs from luiildle. Triple flexure Crtisbed at middle niid at end. Crushed at end Crushed at 127 millimeters from end. CrUHbed at middle Crushed at end and split obliquely along grain. Crushed at 51 rnillinietors from i-nd mill split oliliipielv nlona gram. Crnahod libers at 38 millimeters from end. CrFsiied tillers near middle of one etdeof spociiuen. Triple flexure lilliim-tcrs CriiKhed near middle nt small kuou. Ciushoil nt 10 millimeteis kuot lOJ millimclers fioni eud. Shuttered at end; crosagmined ., CrosS'graiued ; shattered . Triple flexure CruHhodatknoiniiiillimoli- do 6128 I Triple llexure. OnllllM.'l. I'.lMiMM'O.I Cni^hiM 7il iMillioi.l.rH lioni ilid in viiinityol'-l niillimitiTs knot Crushed nt 102 niiilinieters fmni |.|i. s;^lit M emi . Slight shoariir:: nplit Ht end: short specimeo, 12 CL'iitiiiieters Ion;:. Shoai*ed tiUers Sheare^l fibers; split :it end Slight shearing ; 1 niilUiuetors kuot . Split at end 1053 loss 418 418 1033 IOC 10€» 1158 11S8 Shenrt'd fibers . Split at end ... She.irvHl fibers ...*..••..... do Slight shearing: split at end Shrnrvd fibers: 13 millimeters knot at comer of com- pression nrxNi. Slight shearing Sheared fibers 260S 2039 SlioarcHl Ubt .do. 1150 I 4763 I 4980 539S I do 4128 1 Sheared fibers ; split at end. 808 lOR 10$7 1088 1088 410 S8S« 430 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table v.— BEHAVIOIJ OF THE PEINCIPAL WOODS OF THE Sp«cira. 1 i S Slate. Locality. Collector. Soil. ill 111 remarks. 328 328 1093 10S3 M« 1081 420 426 926 239 767 241 849 849 540 MG 1095 1095 1173 1173 1181 1181 U82 1182 1183 1183 485 485 489 489 GOT 1118 1118 113S 1135 1127 1127 07 07 781 Hamachnsetta J.Bobtoson ....do 0033 5806 7349 8346 Crushed at 04 miUimetera from end. Coettpur norn. IfttctattU Thorn. .. do ....do Uisaonri G. W. Lettrnnan . ...do Triple flexure; small knots do do ... do C.Mobr cud and split along grain. 8605 Crushed at 19 millinictcra from end niul along one i'ace. 8618 Cruslieil at niiddli> at knot 3 milli- meters iu diameter. 7434 1 Crushed at each end and at middle. Searlel Batr. MiaaoDii Saint Louirt Tenneasee ....do Loaisiana Sontb Carolina Florida Kentncky Massachnsetta ...do AJabamn . ...do Arkansaa .. do l»ew Jersey ...do A. Gattinger ....do Limestone do BUtck Thorn. Pear Saw. . do 1:1 •. (°ratS'Zii> spathalala Small.fruiUd Jlatr. Webster parisb . . . Bonncan's Depot . . C.Mobr Clav limetera in diameter. Crushed at 16 millimeters knot 102 millimeters from end. Cnished at middle on one corner. . Crushed along one corner; dc. fleeted from crushed aide. Crushed at 115 millimeters teom end. n. W. liaveuel .... A.H.Curtiss W.M.l.iiine.v... J. Kobiuson ....do Damp, rich Dry clay WaTcrlyabale... 7122 8437 11291 J/oy JIatc. Apple Bav. 13.. Cnitn-£nHfiaTa,rar. pnbescena Summer Baur. JUd Bav. IV .\ni('lanrbierCaDadensi8 Jttnebrrry. SliadlSuth. Scrr- ice Tree, ilatj Cherry. Brumflilcl Station. Danvern ... do Kemper's mill ...do LitUeKock ...do Mount Holly ...do ....do UAMAUELACE^. Q3& LiiiuiilambarStyraciflua iiveet(runt. J^iar-leavedOvm. Liquidamber. Red Oum. BilMtei. 0. Mobr do Kicb, alluvial ... du 6795 middle. Crushed near mirtdle; angle of crushing, 50=i. G. W. Lctleriuan. ....do 7892 0337 G366 G940 7870 8..73 8210 7938 8256 13517 14010 9671 9614 7212 7187 14198 ters from end. Crushed at 51 niillimctere from cud. Cnished at 64 millimeters from end and at middle on opposite face. Crushed and split at end ; cross- grained. Crushed at 64 millimet-iirs from end; 0.75 siui-woixl. Ciuslicd at 04 millimeters from end. S. P. Sharpies . . . . ...do Clay ....do Miaaiasippl ....do Yazoo River bot- tom. ...do K. Abbey Alluvial ... do . du ...:do ..do . .. do. .. do . .do . . do do do do ... du ....do ...do do Crushed at 25 millimeters from middle. do ....do ... do do ... UIlIZDI-HORACEiE. Florida Bay Bigcayne ... do A.H.CDrti8» ....do Salt-ninrob ....do Crushed at end in vicinity of knot . CruBbodat middle; cross.grained. (Crushed at 38 mlllimeleis from end; wiirniealeu. Tni.lo flexure llangroTt. ...do COMBUKTACK^. ...do do ....do ... do Itiitt'jn H'(W(/. ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ....do ilci ....do Sogar-Loaf Soiuid ....do ....do Crushed near middle ; cross- grained and worm.enfeu. Crushed at 76 millimelers fiom end; snndl knots. Ciunhed at 127 millimelers from end. While Iluliim Wood. Wkile ilantfrore. MYKTACE.E. do ....do do Loat Man 'a river. . ....do ...". HouMis anil cor.d . ■■■"' ijiirgeon Stopper. HpanUh Stojrper. \e. KiiKinIa mnnlicola .Stfrpper. White Stopper. ....do ... do Umbrella Key .... do ....do -. ....do Cotal ....do ....do 8754 0936 10931 10907 0270 0571 7031 Split along grain, opening season eiaeks; spill in seasoning cracks. Split and crushed neat- I'ud Triple flexure; developed Intar- seeling "Coopor I.nes". im. EtiKrnia piwrra Sed Slupper. .. do WtaS , ... do ...,do ... do COKXACE^. ^^^ G. W. Letteruion.. do L'plunil do Triple flexure ; opened cracks at end. du I'Uneering Doamod. Box do do Florida Chatlabnocbre. . . A.ir.Curtlaa Calcareona i-nil; iTnHM-tTdim-d. 1 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UNDER COMPRESSION— Continued. 431 PRESSURE, IK KILOGBAMB, RHQUIBBD TO PBODUCB AJ( IXDIXTATIOX, DC mLLUOTBIIB, OF— f 0.25 0..'il 0.»6 I.Oi i.ir .-VJ 1.7»i 3.03 ' 3.38 131S 13M 2041 1701 1787 12S3 1424 1S88 1384 771 1198 R078 1089 952 1384 1043 -O, "11 '3 2404 !903 817 1270 2330 4601 238G 2313 2155 3153 2676 1315 I 2495 2449 ' 3C74 2493 i 2676 2803 2490 2713 ! 2808 I 3656 3937 4255 I 3083 I 3379 3611 3130 ' 3484 3788 2359 2617 3221 3221 3515 1914 U33 1996 1315 1814 2844 1506 1452 1792 1620 1452 ' 1488 I 4173 4763 4173 4491 j 1315 I I 1973 2250 1542 2000 316» 1633 1C69 1814 1923 1837 2978 4482 8071 3171 4695 ' 4859 3198 5035 3992 I 4119 ! 4264 4219 4391 , 4581 4119 4445 4626 ' 4922 i 5013 ; 5162 5439 3765 ; 4055 4309 2948 ! 3130 3379 4658 { 4781 i 4944 9.94 4.8t 4296 4763 Shearetl fibers . 3397 3983 3484 I 4064 6171 ' , 4391 6353 4753 4806 5534 6759' 7212 Sheared abera : split at end X081 Slight sbearing ; split at end lon 6013 Sheared fibern | ltd I 3742 I 3802 4119 ' 4287 3006 3329 3484 ; 3674 j 3910 4055 4104 i 4287 3130 3402 : 3583 3742 | 3850 4028 4101 | 4264 4445 4831 5103 5398 5625 5874 0056 6200 7394 5035 6851 ' 6486 | Sheared abers 4035 2234 2313 2277 1574 2186 3302 1715 1760 1914 I 2041 I 1896 I 7570 7212 3674 3992 4423 4436 4110 4491 4708 3946 4291 4336 4803 2019 2073 2191 1474 1996 3026 1588 1574 20110 1656 1633 1078 3800 3987 6078 6432 2359 2708 6169 7076 6793 4877 4990 5194 5334 6350 4922 I 5112 5316 | 5489 6646 5098 5303 5484 5684 6782 2377 1074 2859 3438 1760 1851 2300 2019 2091 1941 4854 5398 5731 5210 5761 6101 1706 2050 2133 2250 2472 2040 4763 3398 5831 5942 6373 6840 5048 6033 6332 2477 2518 2413 1719 2472 3561 1928 1887 2350 2091 2108 2073 8464 8052 6396 6759 2536 2604 2486 1769 2531 3661 1941 1941 2449 2141 2273 2155 8822 8337 , 6000 7099 I 2531 2948 j 6008 7653 2643 2703 2327 1860 2676 3801 1973 2028 2586 2291 2381 2709 2540 1932 2708 3042 2014 2050 2649 2345 2445 4445 2313 2404 3075 I 2708 I 2722 5625 5761 5379 7983 43* 42* do 9at SheaT«d abers ; split at end 239 Sheared abers ; Indented on 6 millimeters knot 767 Sheared fibers; split at end 241 Sheared fibers 84* Sheareers: split at end W» 3329 Sheared librrs iU 3020 do &M do 1005 Sheared fibers; split at end lOK. do un Sheared fillers 117? do 1181 do ] ua 4881 2440 2331 I I 3302 do. lis. Sheart^d fibers: fiplit at end IIS. Sheared fibers ; US Shearo«l fibers : split at end . 9140 9433 8663 . 8913 6895 7085 Slight i*bearing; split ut end . Sheared fibers ; split at end . . 2026 3035 ' 2790 I Shearwl B1..TS ; split at i-ml 3116 I 3674 3901 . Sheared fibers Opened seasouiug cracks .. .....j 1U( 8029 9320' 97SS Sheared fibers ; split at end IIU 7983 9026 9753 , Shearwl filH-rs 11» 3538 . 2313 2948 1660 5080 4672 I 4381 3720 j 3162 1 235 7439 7689 7702 8119 6713 4513 3493 6146 6386 6754 49:i3 5180 3464 3703 4037 4241 8119 8419 .IOCS 4503 ' 8506 I 8714 CT8« I 10614 1 ' Sheared fib.Ts: split at end ' HIT 8990 10841 11930 do U2T I ,r... 6192 I 4667 e:i06 4844 9798 8hcart>caUty. 1 Collector. Soil. ill 3*- 1 1 1 Roniaiks. | j f 151. CotBtu florida— «ontlniied 812 812 1077 Wc«t Virginia.... do GraAon ... do C.G.Pringle ...do Dry do 6732 7021 9004 8981 8210 10387 10819 6893 Sap-woo<1; triple flexure; Inter- eectiug "Cooper lines"; split at | end. 1 '" i Triple flcxnro | Triple flexure; split at ends; in. tcrstcting "CooDCT lini's". Triple flexure ; split at ends : Alleuton ....do CW. Letterman.. ...do Gravelly ... do ... do ... do Flinty 9C0 860 60& 805 n? 750 750 813 813 833 833 834 834 835 835 128 r.'8 55(1 550 .04 004 881 370 nu' no* 730 486 4se 381 343 343 1033 643 •43 070 S7« Oregon ...do Georgia ....do Tennessee Florida Portland ....do Ogeechee river — do Ctunberload rirer Chattahoochee ....do G. Eugelniann and C. S. Sargent. Flotrering Doftcvod. Cmabe d. 7303 Triple flexure; split at cndn Madroiia. 7750 7630 9648 do ... do ...do ■■■ THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UNDER COMPRESSION— Continued. 433 PBKeSUUE, IN KILOUUAUB, BEQUIBEU TO fUODUCE AK IMDEKTATIOX, IX UILLIIUITBBS, OF— m lOul 2223 2068 lew 14UC 1452 2291 1051 1179 1C33 1724 1257 1384 1901 1837 2132 2313 1043 1343 1497 1202 S130 2291 3856 3833 2994 3198 2177 1814 179C 2767 3130 3749 1352 2676 2495 2531 2022 2948 1529 1905 2313 ICIO 3C0B 3G06 4491 4509 3343 3550 2386 2522 2150 1941 2064 3130 3329 2921 2019 2948 2744 2713 2513 3130 3130 2875 3130 1588 3602 4418 4944 4044 3615 3742 3606 3075 2259 3002 2971 2899 2849 3357 3311 3003 3207 1078 2168 2803 4069 4944 5243 5158 3819 3946 2713 2254 2150 3538 3792 3243 2336 3243 3148 3030 2921 3515 3529 3148 3348 1765 2254 3012 1923 4250 5325 5552 5308 4014 4164 3756 3992 3375 2404 3583 3307 3171 3107 3697 3656 3329 3438 1869 2881 3139 1996 1.78 2.o:t 2.28 2.54 4.81 8.08 B711 \ 5606 1 4530 5878 S883 4132 4323 4287 4491 2971 3085 2449 2608 2331 2400 3S92 4073 4831 S761 4241 3438 2495 3097 3447 3311 3193 3856 3042 3475 3593 1960 2472 3216 2531 3919 3556 8420 3311 3983 3946 3574 3742 2014 2586 3348 2195 4717 6146 6114 5929 4436 4572 3143 2622 2499 j 4219 4536 3588 2567 1 4055 3683 3502 I 34S4 4105 4004 I 3715 ' 3042 2059 2654 3425 2232 4899 ' 5987 6419 I 7599 6373 7394 6123 7212 6326 Sheared llbetB. .do. G390 '. 8663 ' do I Sheared fibers i split at end . 7938 Sheared fibcm. •11 IflTT lOTT lfl« 4604 4708 2022 4400 4726 3670 3615 I 3579 I 4241 4264 ( 3828 3946 2132 2708 3493 2308 5489 SS79 3878 , 3153 3016 5307 5851 4106 3039 5126 4581 4418 4196 5035 5216 4401 4545 2436 5851 6350 4391 2894 5887 5171 S013 4581 5851 5615 .do. Sheared fibers ; split at ends . Sheared fibers Sheared fibers on c ! edge . .do. Slight sheariog . Slight shc»iiig . do .do. I 4944 I Sheared fibers. 4944 I do 3334 4491 Sheared fibers ; split at end . Sheared fibers Sheared fibers; split at end. 2948 3447 1941 1905 4649 4854 3806 6940 6CC8 3402 3833 8243 3742 w 1 Hir. 2404 lllli 20,H7 2685 El 1041 2858 y ; i;iCii 2313 3243 2640 28 FOB 4976 5207 4033 6512 4264 5498 5724 4463 6874 6232 4840 6033 6441 4581 4164 4241 2967 3248 3515 2908 3048 3443 3720 8075 4749 3633 3266 3620 3851 3243 8074 1 8192 1896 1941 6171 4990 5162 4173 5513 5302 4300 6283 6595 5162 9026 8301 6305 54^ 4491 3846 Sheared fibers; split at ends SU|;ht shearing ; split at ends Sheared fibers on one edge ; split at «nda . lit* U0« 3574 3728 8992 4110 4173 4309 4418 3561 I 3602 3810 6918 I 6577 } 7076 5216 I 6715 4468 5036 6120 4481 Sheared fibers ; radial split . Sheared fibers ; 4 milliuieters knot on indented i Sheared libers Slight shearing ; 10 niUlimetera knot at edce . Sheared fibers. Sheared fliwr*. Sheared fibers; split at ends. 4r.-4 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table A'.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE 117. Arbotus Xalapeosls . do. Alabama . . ...do Tenneaaee . l....do Cottage Hill . ITO. Ealmia Utifoliu Lavrtl. Calico BuMh. Spoon Wix^. Iry. 171. KbododendroD maximnm . . Great LaurtL Uote Bay. Virginia. ...do ... Fancy Gap . SAPOTACEa;. 17S. Cbrysopbyllam oliriforme . do. |....do. G. Engelmann and C. ti^. Sargent. A. Gattinger. ...do IIj Ligbt, rich . ....do Sandy rock . .do. H. Shriver Moist . Florida I Bay Biarayne. ...do do firlletacombe 488 |. ITS. Bamelia tenax . Georgia. Teiaa ... ...do... Miafionri. 182. BiimFlia ruoraU A nW Hood. Downward Plum. Saffron J'lum. Tcnnesace . FloriiU.... Wild IHUy. EBEXACE/E. 458 \ 4S8 .do . Bay Biscayse.. ...do Umbrella Key . A. H. Curtiss . .do. Baiubridge ' do Anstin C.Mobr AUcnton ' 6. W. Lettorman. I Kaahville ' A. Gattinger BocaCbicaEey...! A. 11. Curtiss Upper Mctacombe ' do ..do i^;r do. do . 1084 1162 MinBoori Allenton.. ...do j....do Tcnneasce XaahviUe. WeBt'Vlrglnla....j Grafton... ...do j — do Uiaaouii I AUcnton.. do ! do do do Coral . ...do . 7122 I Cmslicd near middle at knots 3 millinii-ter» in diameter. 5715 I Split obliquely fioni middle to ] j end, ci usliiug libers at middle. 7430 Crusliod nt 10 millimetora knot at middle. ' 7847 Cruflud at 10 millimeters knot I i 25 niillinii-ters from middle. I 8799 i Triple llexure I 6831 . S84S I I 7462 ' 6577 10433 \ 8700 11952 12565 11272 Crushed ut 04 l.iillinieters from end I and BT)lit aloii;: j^ain. 10931 I Crushed nt lii2 niillimetirs from end in vicinity of kuotH. 7235 I SplitoWi(iiwl.vfrommiddk't(iend. Alluvial . Coral .... G. W. I.etlerman..! Rich upland . do . do. A. Gattinger Klch loam . C.G.Prlngle. ..do G. W. Lettorman . . Bich npland . do . STYKACACE*. do. do. 186. Kvmploc^m tlnitAria TJoTM* Sufjar. 8v«tt Ltcf. IKJ. Ilaleiia ilipt<'m . . Snotc^rop Tree. Trtt. Alabama Cottage HUI C. Mobr . Georgia { Bainbtldgo A. U. Curtlaa. ' do O. KuKOlmnnn and C. S. Kargenu .do. Sandy . Crushed at two 6 millimeters : kuots at cud. Crushed at knot 51 millimeters from cud. Crushed at 25 luillimeters from I middle. Crashed at 3 millimeters knot at middle. Crushed at 25 millimeters from ' middle, deflecting diagonally. Crushed at kuot at iMiddlo; split obUqudy. Split along grain nt end; slight i crushing. j Crushed at end ; oblique split Triple flexure Crushed near middle . 5489 Crushed at end 5012 Crushed at 102 millimeters fhim end at 5 millimeters knot. 6895 Deflected at middle ; split ut ends . Splitatcnd; crosR.graiued; season. Ing crack ut middle. Cross-grained ; split obliquely from eml lo end. Cross-grained ; split along season* iug cracks. Triple flexu ...":"i!; deflected dingo- Crnsbed nt end . Triple flexure .. Triple flexure, deflected dingo. iially. Doflccteil at 2.'i millimeters from middle. Triple flexure, deflected diago- nally: Intersecting "Cooper lines". Crushed nt 0 niiUlmeters knot 76 mlllluietei'S from end and at 3 millimeters knot at end'. Failed at 0 ndlllmetcrs knot 127 millimeters from end and split ulung gralu. Triple llexure Crushed at middle on < THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UNDER COMPKESSION— Continued. 435 rnKSSUBE, IM KIL0GBAU8, BEQUIIIIU) TO PBODUCE MS IKUEKTATION, DC HILLUIETBOS, OF— 1520 2359 1951 1211 1407 1560 2268 2223 2011 1051 4219 1860 2313 2767 2087 2177 2070 2:i59 1905 2041 1060 2767 1005 1746 2076 2540 12D3 1837 1170 2586 3583 3062 2223 2214 2254 3289 3447 2767 2468 5579 3765 4536 4332 3420 3493 2486 1923 1497 2835 4355 3097 3130 3402 3602 4536 3266 3402 4092 4499 1 790 2336 3479 2676 2527 2586 3674 3892 3425 3239 2055 1606 3148 5307 4491 3674 4060 4459 5353 3901 4264 4766 6557 1069 2753 3221 4250 3751 2971 2694 2767 3909 4173 3107 2830 6464 5126 6586 5307 4436 4327 3810 3833 2168 1692 3425 6023 5058 4001 4436 4908 5738 4341 4699 5194 3411 4482 3946 3153 2849 2921 4105 4287 6791 5425 6874 5489 4717 4608 4114 4073 2259 1801 3633 6532 5470 4214 4695 5269 6005 4604 5035 3484 6323 4237 3284 3021 3003 4237 4432 3352 2994 7145 5742 6201 5761 5035 4844 4364 4400 3116 2381 2227 3039 I 342!1 4695 5060 2871 2967 2064 2127 2998 3153 2948 3787 6895 5851 4332 4971 5561 6260 4854 5307 6716 6S68 5421 3003 3080 3901 3801 4854 4414 3479 3193 3157 4350 4581 3434 3065 6382 5987 5434 4649 4604 4527 1978 4024 3946 4990 4554 3633 3325 3207 4527 5067 5860 U486 S080 5421 S863 6736 5606 3039 2295 3212 4150 7693 6250 6677 6123 5670 5398 2572 2073 4191 7521 0386 4667 S239 6083 6840 5285 5661 6042 6881 68:.l 3057 2361 3083 3343 4383 4105 5112 4695 3760 3493 3393 3597 3252 7974 6532 4219 5207 4831 3856 3611 3438 4690 4890 3674 3302 8219 6736 7117 6464 4922 6123 5670 4491 4287 3946 5534 6625 4264 3810 9753 8119 2635 2177 4350 7811 6713 4786 5362 6310 7049 6434 5811 6187 7049 6069 3085 2446 3810 3561 4509 5648 5103 6207 4518 4536 5666 4890 5534 6477 7235 5615 5965 6319 7221 6240 3162 2504 I 3910 3674 4604 3121 2703 5398 5625 6486 766G 8256 8170 7417 3720 2903 44(1 4355 S443 5421 6623 6350 5058 4626 Sheared flben. Sheared flben ; split at end . do do Sheared fibera. 4491 4150 Sheared fibers ; split at end . Slight Bhearing ; split at end Sheared fibers ; split at end ; short epecimen, 121 mil- limeters lung. Split at end Sheared fibers on one edge; split at end Sheared fibers ; split at end .do. 3443 3085 5851 Sheared fib«rs do .do. 9163 9026 6146 7076 8392 8799 7530 7711 8301 3856 3239 S171 4763 6078 Sheared fibers ; split at comer . Split at ends Sheared fibers do Slipihf shearing of fibers . Sheared fibers Sheared fibers Sheared fibers along one edge . 498 4S8 1064 1084 116S S47 738 436 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table V.— BEHAVIOR OF TBE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF TUB Speotea. Locality. bS. Si 5"" 1M> 1M> 1U< 1M» 130 130 227', 227'|, 227' . 207' I 2«7'. Alisaoori.. Hicbigaa . .do. South Carolina . ...do Virginia .do. .do. 747 747 937 1045 304 Tennessee . Alabama .. ....do Georgia do . Texas UaMacb!....do loss I Uoaaacbosetts. K7 Missouri... I 308 I Texas I 308 ....do I 438 Tennessee . I MS Texas I 018 ...do 057 do Allonton.. Dansville . ...do Hudson Lansing Dansville Bonncan's Depot. .do. WythcTillo . ...do Charlotte... ...do Wytheville. Xashville Kemper's mill . .do . Bainbridgo. ...do Austin Reading .do. Dallas . ...do. Charlotte . ...do TopsBuld . AUcnton . . Dallas .... ...do MashriUe . Victoria .. do. Matagorda bay . G. W. Letterman W.J.Bcal Loir . Clay. .do. 530 I Alabama 12j Uichigan . 2801 Kentucky 286>'....do 201 ! UiMouri .. 618 , Tcnncssoe . Allimton . ...do .... Lansing . do . Mercer county.. H. W. I^aTenel. ...do U. Shriver Cloy. Wet. .do . 0. G. Pringlo . ...do Gravelly. .do . .do . H. Shriver.... ...do A. Gattinger Limestone. C. MoUr Alluvial ... .do. .uo . CMohr J. Kobinson. ...do J. Roverchon . .do. Biver.bottom ...do Rich, calcareous . Dry, calcareous... ...do C.G.rringle. G. W. Lettermnn. J. Itovcrchon A. Gattinger . C.Mobr ...do Stockton do G. W. I..ctt«rman. Allnnton O.'W. Letterman W. M.Ltnncy. NaabTille ' A. Gattinger. Clay. Rlvor.bottom . Rich upland . Riob.wct.... Rich, alluvhil . Dry upland. do. Rich loam . ...do LUnostono . do . Sandy loam Rich Umoatono . Triple flexnre Triple flexure ; split at end Deflfctcd diiigonally ; crnshed at 25 mitlimeti!i-a I'roiii midtllo. Crushed ot 25 millimelora from end. Cruslicd at 3S niiUimetira from middle; "Cooper lines." Crushed at G4 millimeters from end. Crashed at 114 millimeters from end. Ci-ushed at middle , Cniahod at 3i milliinetcrs from mid'lle. Crushed .it 51 millimeters from middle ; delloeted diasonnlly. Crnshed at 3 millimeters knot 12 millimetoi-8 ttom middle. Triple flexure Crushed at 38 millimeters from middle. Deflected diagonnlly; maximum bond :i8 millimeters from middle. Triple flexure .do. Deflected and fibers crushed at 76 millimeterH from end. Crushed at 3 millimeters knot at middle. Triple flexnre ; split at ends Cnished at end and nt 7(i mitlimo. tersfrom eud iu vieinity of knots. Triple flexure; middle' bond 10 millinieters from center. Triple flexure Failed at knot G4 raillimetora from eud ; cross.gruined. Triple flexure Triple flexure, deflected dlugn. ually. Deflected at middle Crushed at middle on one face . . . Triple flexnre Crushed nt f^9 millimetors from end, splittiu;^ between rings. Deflected diagonally Triido flexure; middle bend 38 millimeters eeeentric. Crushed nt G millimeters knot 51 millimeters from end. Triple flexure Triple fleiun- Triple flexure, dofleotod diago. nally. Triple flexure; developed Inter aeclinu'Crinper lines". DeUrcledatmidillenndnt:! mill'- meters knot 70 milliiuetersfi'om end. Ci nshed at 3 millimeters knot 61 millimeters from eud ami uenr middle. Crunherl on one face 10 mdlimc tors fiom middle. Cruslicd at knots 102 mllllmeteni from end. THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UNDER COMPEESSION-Continued. 437 FnEBBUBE, IK EILOOBAUe, BBQUIItED TO VBODUCE JkX UtDEXTATIOlC, IK MILUUZTEBS, OF— 1.03 i.2r l.SS 243C 2527 2744 1597 1610 1096 1542 1019 1619 3208 3488 3633 2068 2205 2304 2161 2279 2427 2622 2717 2939 3148 3284 3434 2273 2400 2486 2186 2336 2504 2277 2440 2536 3611 3742 3964 2003 2989 3102 2890 3103 3248 3379 3074 2403 2579 2708 1932 2028 2132 1887 1991 2123 3157 3234 3334 2014 2214 2313 2948 3152 3334 3198 3470 3751 4082 4100 4303 2G08 2085 2S60 3615 36G9 4033 3021 3102 3343 2948 3221 3311 3334 3434 3620 3337 3593 3710 2109 2223 2155 2488 2567 2676 3175 3379 3647 3909 4200 4482 4281 4454 4717 3470 3720 38S6 3842 4028 4164 2090 22«S 2313 4413 4590 4722 4513 4880 7180 1705 1724 1842 1619 1674 1778 3974 4150 4332 3720 3882 4082 2939 3071 3202 4164 4377 4527 3.38 3.34 3130 3207 1810 1883 1833 1842 4033 4128 2518 2570 2663 2690 3334 3488 3860 3937 2818 2983 2894 3037 2899 3089 4230 4359 3513 3940 3583 3706 4092 4132 3134 3221 2400 2341 2430 2522 3529 3579 2181 2531 3901 3987 4539 4601 4190 4300 3420 3529 4473 4491 3070 3751 3529 3674 3983 4073 4037 3810 2713 2880 2890 2935 4055 4205 5121 5330 5207 5280 4190 4332 4572 4072 2522 2549 5158 5316 6905 0128 2029 2105 1982 2037 4907 4427 454S 3479 3615 6103 6218 a U 1334 1134 749 1996 1542 1315 1529 15S8 1588 15S8 1862 13C0 1860 2449 1551 1179 1352 1538 1433 1905 2023 2041 1325 1837 1533 1364 1860 1579 1633 1588 2041 2041 1800 2109 2177 2S80 2339 1452 1179 1973 1656 2078 1338 1302 2948 1882 1842 2109 2654 1769 1741 1973 2985 1619 2481 2948 2159 1042 1579 2376 1801 2468 2622 3357 1996 2944 2518 2427 2807 3198 3402 3020 3202 1700 3901 3020 1033 1500 2740 3171 1488 1334 3121 1982 2041 2305 2976 1987 2023 2218 3388 2708 2744 3221 2250 1801 1746 2976 1982 2094 2885 3878 2291 3384 3243 1951 2409 2894 3038 3992 3293 3611 4204 4191 1050 2804 3810 2930 1719 1724 3833 3368 2499 3075 3529 2390 2667 2631 4042 . 3307 3388 2218 3423 3110 4287 3484 3425 3774 3S78 2064 2749 3828 4672 4808 3987 4309 4849 6489 1896 1873 3357 4744 2980 1783 1787 3964 2408 2586 3162 3065 2762 2830 2776 4137 3425 2241 2330 2436 3788 4190 4522 3207 4418 8597 3484 3837 3933 2503 2830 3910 4844 5035 2459 5022 1973 1932 3429 4835 2155 2205 4944 3039 3130 4219 4491 3742 3610 3856 4899 3924 2926 3062 3901 2970 4990 5489 5434 4377 4196 4626 4717 3583 3348 4035 5421 6373 7485 2427 2381 6»42 4128 U23 2413 2472 3130 3357 Split at ends ; abort epecimen, 120 milllmet«n long. Sheared llbcni .do. 4990 4491 4296 4382 5285 U4> U«« U4> U4* U4« 5443 4300 3130 3429 5489 0010 5851 4699 4423 5035 5035 3992 3465 5625 6940 6395 5262 5987 3157 Spfitatcorxicrof epecimen; flb«rB not sheared ■ do Split at corner; slight alicaring Slight shearing ; Hplit atend Sheared fibers Splitaleud; sheared flbera 2U Sheared fibers 213 • I do i 227* do 227» Sheared fibers ; splitatcnd 227* Split at end 2W Slight shearing of fibers 2S7» do. 431 Slight shearing of fibers; splitatend ; 551 Slight shearing of fibers [ SSI Sheared fibers 747 Slight shearing of fibers 747 Slight shearing | 187 Slight shearing of fibers ! lOtS Indented \rithout shearing , IMS .do. 3M Slight shearing : split stick 364 Sheared fibers i 2H* Indented without shearing 109S do. Slight shearing of fibers i 3(8 Sheared fibers 308 Slight shearing of fibers I 438 do »*S Fibers did not shear »*8 I Sheared fibers J 857 , do •« .do. 7031 Slight shearing of fibers 8029 2588 2567 6509 Sheared fibers , 13* do Slight shearing of fiber* 1S8> Sheared fibers ; split at end. 2«> 4445 Indentcil section eoveni unsoand knot 10 mllU- 291 meters in *li»metor, I 6849 Slight shearing of fibers I "8 438 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table V.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE Sp«ci< I tn. Fnixion.« OrrgMi*. OU j On>Eon .■ PorUand. 964 ' ..do do 1001 |....do 1001 ! .. do 10!l I... do 1024 ';....do 11. G.KDfsrIniannand Low. ^Tt't . C. S. Sargcut. , do ..do Weidler's s^iw-miUj . ...do . C'riiHkrd al laiddlv Cnislu'd 25 inilliniotcrs from mid- dle on ono liirc. Tiiplr llt'xuve, di'tloutcd dingo- I Ponland Furniture .. . do ' 0441 . Cniiilied at iiiiddln ; side of sinx'i- Conipany 2^ Fraxioas sanibacifolia . Hlaei Ath. Ileop Atli. Groimil Afh. 1030' do , do. I 1030 I ...do '....do . 1.2 Mirbignn L'anav g]'J ^las'sachusetts . . . ' Dauvc rii spilt nil. .do ! 5557 j Ctuslif'ilal middle ; iiiivlo of cruNli- .do I 9208 I Ciii»lio.Utiniddlo:.nuLlcofirimli I ill',', 5:P. , do ! I 9798 \ Ciiialicd at.51 aud nt 114 millimc- t< ra fniin lud. AV..T.Boal.. J. l^obiusou. Wet, peaty.. Kieli, loamy . ...do !37 Cii ; miUil tors shed oil ouefj ri..m middle. 7C21 Triple llcxuie; niidillii bend 2i millimeters eccentric. C141 do 19". Forexlicra acuminata 737 Georgia I Baiobridgo. Frirtl. I 737; do do A. U. Curtisa. 2t!3 LoniKi.ina. BOKKAGIXACE^. 204. lioiirrrria Flavanensls. Stroiiff Dark. Florida . ...do ... 305. Elireli.i.lliptica Knactauyay. Anaqua. i!Ii;noxh.ce^. £06. Catalpa bignnnioideR Catalpa. Catawba. Bean Trte. Cigar Tree. Indian Btan. do. Amite ' 0. Mulir Kicb, allurial do 1... do do Saint John's river ' A. U. Curtiss Sandy loam. ...do I do do Key Larco do Cotat . do . New Braunfels . do. C.Mohr. '....do ... .do. I I I .Mabama Stockton ' do j Low, wot. Georgia l!;iiiibri(l;:n A.H. Curtiss Clay .. do .. ' " do ' do J07. Cat.'dpa ►pecio'a . . Tr««(*'n Catalpa. Vi:UBF,XACE.E. SYCTAGIXACE.E. 212. Plwoln obtnuata /■i';..,ii Wood, lift/ VTood. r„rk Hood. Perk Wood. l'i.I.Vi;()N-ACEA !• '• ■ I'loridan* . j:jr..n num. 214. Cocrololia nrlfrra hra Orapt. LAUKACEJE. 215. Prmi^A CarollnruiilN.. tied Ban. 217. Saarafnia nfflcinala . Saua/Ttu. Missoui i .do... Cbarlcston C. S. Sargent , Wet clay . do do do Tnscon G. Eugrlmann and Moiat, gravelly C. S. Sargent. 490 Florida Bay Bisrayno ' A.n.C'uiti CI18 Split fhim end to end Crushed alnnj: one faro Criislii'd at knot C4 millimoters fiouieud. Cnislu-d at 76 niilliiiieters from cud. Cnisiied at 1U2 millimoteiH from euil. Criislicd flbcrs at 38 i fioiu '.nd. Cioss.grnined; obliqii along ;;r.iin. Cnished at ono corner IllinioterH fr.iituio Cmsbed at end CriiHhrd nt 38 millimeters from niiitdio on one face. Crushed at 38 millimeters from 1 end. Crnahrd at 19 and nt 102 niilll- meters I'limi end. Triple flexnro. 490 .. do Cora! 11007 j Cnmliid near middle I j enisliing, 65o, lo ' do IIOOO Crashed near middlo.. angle of '>£ jrMclacoiiibe do. Saint Jobn's rlv 310 Alabama { Mobile county . Bandy loam . Damp, sandy. do. 71 MiMonrl AUcnton. (}. W. T^clUrroun . . Low, rich . G398 .Split along grain from middle to I end. 4627 Cruslii'd at knots 102 millimeters liV'Ui end. (,'rnslied nt 38 iiiillimeterH from mit78 3878 3029 3856 3148 2903 4128 4150 2295 5370 5285 2912 4078 7756 5489 5058 4763 0577 6237 5239 4926 2028 1302 1701 1960 1724 1978 2177 Slight Bbearing of ttben ; tpllt at end. do do do 3470 ! Sheared ai<«n. 3107 '- 4355 4708 Sheared fibers; split at eod. Sheared fibers 2427 I Sheared fibers; split at end . 5469 Slight sheariof: of fibers. 5625 do 3583 4287 5625 5262 5851 5443 I tool itei lOM i«t Sheared fibers. do 2a Sheared fibers ; split at end ; short specimen, 103 m miUimcters long. Sheared fibers i S84 113T Sheared fibers; eplit at end; specimen 120 miUi- S4« meters lon<;. 1433 Sheared fibers 1941 3593 Sheared fibers ; split at end. Sheareil fibers...- Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end. Sheared fibers ; split at end. Shoand fibers 4300 3856 4491 3538 Slight slicarlns : split at end : short specimen, 120 mlUiuietors long. 4332 ^ Sheared Dbcn . 4196 I do 4SS4 3878 .do. .do. 440 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table V.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PRINOIPAL WOODS OF THE Specie*. ST. SMMfrMoOoiiiale— oontinned.i 3R7 7U. TTmbfllnlaria CaJifomiea fountain Laurel. Cali/omia Laurel. SpieeTrte. Ccgi put. Cali/omia Olite, CaU- /ornia Bay Tret, ECPnOEDIACE^ m. DrrpetM cmcea Guiana Flum. White Wood. nt. Drrpeteicrocca. tar. Istifolia. UBTICAqE.S. 281. Ulmnfl cmAsifulia Cedar Elm. SBl ITliDna folr* Jird Elm. Slippery Elm. Uocte Elm. Ulnion Amr-ricana White Elm. American Elm. Waltr Elm. tnnm« nccmoiu lUxkKlm. Cork Elm. Hick- WhiUElm. Olif T^Jl:' 'Uhaaii aUta VoAoo. Winged Elm. Miaaonri ...do TenDea«4w West Virginia. . . ..do Uaaaachosetts. . ■ do. Missouri. ...do.... Looalltj. Allen ton.. ...do Xaahville. Grafton... do. Danvera . ...do.... Allen ton . .do.... I Oregon ' Coos bay do. Florida . .. do... ...do . ..do . 30< Ecntacky. S0«... do 120 UlchiKnn.. 131 I MiKDOuri... IM .. do 10 j Massachnsetts . .. do Missouri VS8 .do. Texas ...do Massacboaetts. 1034 1030 |....do 10d nt middle and at 64 milli- meters from cnil. 6713 Crualioil at 31! and at 80 milli. meters froni end. M18 I Triple flexure, deflected dingo. nully do . Low, allavlal. ...do G. Engelmonn and C. S. Sargent. ..do T A. B. Cnrtiss . .do. J. KoTCrcbon . ...do C.Mobr do. W.J.Beol CW. Letterman. C. S. Sargent . G. W. Lcttomian. J.Robinson. ..do n. W. RaTonel. A.Gattiogei. C.Mobr .do. Limestone . Gravelly Eicb, nlluvial . ...do.... Gravelly. do. .do. do . Loam — AUnviol . ...do.... 6341 Triple flexure - Triple flexure; developed inter. [ fleeting "Cooper lines". 6033 Triple licxore Eicb loam 7847 ...do I 8414 i 5051 6781 ...do Low, gmvelly Alluvial Eicb loam 7847 8573 0889 8437 8302 8641 8573 7598 G895 58J1 4900 7022 5570 9040 11383 0571 7847 0571 10387 10206 7340 Crashed at 25 millimeters from miildle. Crushed at 38 millimeters from end. Crushed in vicinity of small knots Split suddenly from end to end. . . Split suddenly; oblique fracture. Crushed at 51 millimeters from cm). CrH.*lied in vicinity of small knots 10- millimeters from end. Ciiished at end ; crcss-graincd. . . Triple flexure. Deflected and crushed nt end and I at 102 millimeters from end. i Crushed nt raiddlo Crushed at 102 ; end. Tiiplu flexure... lillimetcrs from Deflected; crusbed at middle nnd Cnil. Triple flexure Triple flexure; middle bend ec- centric. Crushed nt middle ; deflected di- ngnnally. Crushed at knot 102 milliriieters fiom enil. Crushed nt 10 miUimoters knot nenr middle. Triple flexure, deflected diago- nally. du . Triple flexure; developed Inter- sectiug " Cooper lines ". Triple flexnre; middle deflection 25 inilliiuetors eccentric. Crushed flbers at 32 millimeters fr<'m end. Triple flexure Cnished nt 25 nnd at lt4 mllllme- ters frnm end. Triple flexure, deflected ilingo- nnlly. Crushed at small knot at middlo. OeOS Crashed nt 13 millimeters knot nt mi4ldle. 7847 Triple flexure, deflected dlago- nrilly. 0260 Crashed at 10 millimeters knot , &t millimeters fioin end. 7008 Triple flexure ,.. 7892 Triple flexure, deflected dlago- I nally. THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UNDER COMPRESSION-Continued. 441 PRESSURE, IN KILOORAUa, BKQinRED TO FBOUUCE AN IKDEKTATION, IN UILLIIIETEBS, OF- 0.51 0.76 ues 1615 1442 1588 1892 1914 1882 2109 1778 1982 2068 2381 1960 2014 , 1833 2068 22S0 2368 2609 2971 2744 2926 3850 4854 5670 6328 4S09 5198 1878 2259 3393 3620 3850 4296 3705 4196 18U 1910 1479 1619 1932 2223 2277 2B86 2073 2300 2350 2699 1005 2168 1060 2041 1769 1914 16C9 1715 1669 1896 2449 2744 2835 3260 2880 3198 3289 3674 1687 2041 1987 2254 22S5 2740 2853 3076 2503 3018 287". 3.148 3901 4377 2912 3606 2495 2017 8030 3237 3403 3D65 1.04 1.37 1665 1710 1G42 1669 1978 2055 2195 2254 2164 2250 2468 2522 2078 2132 2104 2259 244a 2490 3066 3193 3057 3198 S4C6 5797 0768 7145 5615 5874 2477 2040 3837 4046 4635 4890 4482 4744 2032 2223 1765 1855 2440 2576 2527 2685 2481 2058 2875 2971 2377 2504 2186 2336 2064 2196 1787 1882 2014 2109 2958 3139 3515 3697 3434 3697 4037 4241 2164 2268 2408 2613 2971 3184 3266 3452 3198 3366 3020 3842 4677 5013 1.S3 ' 1.78 ' 3.03 3.38 1760 1846 1710 1765 2123 2155 2350 2413 2377 2531 2558 2621 2177 2250 2413 2468 2531 2576 3329 3334 3357 6092 6373 7439 7756 6110 6396 2803 3030 4237 4359 4699 5353 4953 5163 2322 2427 1969 2064 2667 2758 2799 2976 2958 3121 3212 2645 2753 2372 2504 2313 2431 1982 2118 2214 2304 3261 3452 3810 3064 3828 4028 4527 4695 2381 2477 2794 2898 3402 3583 3638 3765 3556 8665 4073 4200 6248 6557 4644 4881 2071 3o;to 3810 3992 4753 4937 3.34 4.81 m 1111 1071 1452 nil 1542 1270 1778 1275 1065 2019 1978 3652 3130 1315 26-|"6 I 2676 2109 1678 1093 1565 1379 1561 1592 1338 1610 1293 1610 1324 1656 1700 2096 2291 1338 1179 nil 2291 1996 1078 2ri86 1474 1078 2381 238f 4092 2708 3465 4264 4404 I 2869 j 1873 1801 2209 2472 2672 2658 2330 2531 2622 3561 3561 7983 6509 3166 4531 5516 5380 2522 2164 3348 2844 2567 2549 2214 2409 3556 4046 4182 4886 2670 3035 3738 3919 3747 4400 5697 6116 3202 4150 6194 1987 1801 2259 2490 2776 2699 2427 2595 2667 3674 3628 8155 6749 3334 4690 5797 5611 2667 2277 2935 3207 3207 3438 2971 2459 3697 4109 4281 5035 2658 3125 3682 4033 3946 4581 6942 6389 3293 4287 5358 1887 2304' 2513 2862 2741 2473 2635 2690 3756 3674 6949 8237 6918 3484 4899 5965 5797 2744 2359 2994 3266 3334 3529 3057 2744 2726 2354 2522 3774 4281 4408 6198 2708 3243 4019 4196 4119 4672 6069 5579 3348 4400 5567 2250 2155 2608 2884 3501 3139 2858 I 3198 i 2908 I 4300 I 4037 I 2440 I Sheared flben Sheared fibers: split at end . I 2758 I Sheared fibers 3121 do 3946 ' do 8334 ' &0....4 3062 ' do 3538 Slight ahcariDg of fibers 3026 Sheared' fibers 4672 9486 10160 8256 8T99 4300 5851 7212 7031 2948 2858 6192 7983 8029 4250 3674 3221 2971 2971 4740 49G7 5489 4513 3992 4808 4808 4854 5625 3860 6353 M41 3357 3266 5171 5353 5874 7621 4196 6806 7235 8St 1163 iiai Sheared fibers; eplitatesd 499 Sheared fibers 324 Slight shearing of fibers ', 929 Sheared fibers 929 Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end do. Sheared fibers. do Split at ends; fibers not sheared; specimen 120 millimeters long. do. Sheared fibers do Slight sheariug of fibers. Split at end ; fibers did not shear Split at end ; slight shearing of fibers. Slight sheaiing of fibers; split at end . do do do Slight shearins; of fibers 281 as8 898 lOM 1036 10l> IIS 11«» 1H» iia* i» Sheared fibers »» Slight sheaving of fibers j *** do S» 42 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table v.— BEHAVIOR OF TUE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE Rprcles. 22T. PUnen aqnatica. H8 C.'llUoccidrnUlii Hi'garbrrry. Ilactberrtj. 228. Colli" cic«ldent:Ji», rar.retica- Li I a. JJackbrrry. Palo Blanco. 22». Kiciuaurea 231. Firti« mitiinnilnln iriW Fig. India-rubber Tru. 232. Uonia nilira lied lluWerri/. ZU. MmliiM niiraDtiaca Oxije Orange. Jtoit d'Ar I'LATAN'ACEiE. I'latannii nrcidi'iitnlU. . Siiramure. Hiillon Jluii',n-l,aU Tree. 230. rititanii« raIo floxuro, deflected dingo- ually. Triple floxure 14107 Crnsbed at middle inp. .ro". 11771 Triple flexure... 0759 Crimbed nt end and at 102 milli- ijictors fioin <>n<1. 5579 CnisbiMl at c nd and at 127 niilli- nieti-r.i from inii. 8233 Criinlicd at 102 niillimeterH from end. 82,'iC Cniskcd nt 38 and at 127 milli- I meters I'rom ind. 4401 I CriiHbed nt 13 and nt TO millimeters I frimi end ami nidil ainnK grain. 5888 Cruslicd nt iniddle of oni< face. .. Triple nexnre, d, fleeted nnlly. Triple Uexuro Crnsbed at 51 and at 127 millime- ters from end. Ci'iislied nt J02 millimeters from end. CniHlied nl Ot millimeters from 7000 I Cru'bed nt 51 ndlllmelcrs from en millimeters from from 0123 ! CruHlied ut 10 milllmetc end. 6080 Crnsbed nt 13 millimi'lers from mid- dle and at aHmliiimelersfrom end. 4160 I Cnislied nt 114 millimeters from end and at end. 0373 Crusiied at middio THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UNDER COMPRESSION— Continued. 443 444 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table V.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE 9i>t«la M2. Carraallu ShtU-ixxrk Uiekory. Shag- hark Hickory . Locality. 112 Misaoari.. UT Uichigan. 407 I 7G6 Florida . ....do... Texas .. ....do... AlloDton. Dansville LaDsiog . Dallas . . . Chnrlcstovro Navy. I yard. Aspala;;a A. 11. Curtiss m p .. _ ill I AUnvial 9028 ..' 9067 CW. Lettcrman I W. J. Beal Gravelly — do Loam — J. Rovorchon AUnvial S.H. Pook I Clay.... ...do — do do — I Xew Braunfcls C. Mohr Moist, calcareous ...do ... do 415 Kew Mexico Pinoa Altos moant- £. L.Grceoo Alluvial 9095 S346 9934 ' 9979 9084 ' 8301 9662 Crushed at middlo Crushed at 102 niillimotors frum end. Split obliquely from end to end .. Crushed nt 19 millimeters from middle. Cruslird at 25 nilllimotera from middlo. Crushed nt small knot 32 millirao. ters from middlo. Crushed nt middlo C7S California . I 672 ' do Cuntra county. Costa G. K. Vasey . 322 Mississippi . 322 ...do 325 Texas 326 ...do Dallas. ...do .. J. Beverchon . ...do Crushed at 51 millimeters from end. CruHhed at .32 iiiitlimotora from 5942 ; Shattered stick at end . do . 3 Massachusetts.. 3 ... do 29' Kontocky 118' Michigan US' do. IS2 Missouri. 249 Virginia . 249 do. 631 Mississippi ! 531 !... do , ...do ...do ■West Virginia. lari . Arnold Arboretum C. S. Sargent Drift . .1 do .. do do . ! Danville W.M.Linney Shale. I 1. • ^ Hudson W.J.Bcal Clay.. . Lansing [ do I do . . Allenton G. W. Lcttcrman ! I .; Wylhcville I H.Shrivor .' do do . Kemper's mill C. Mohr .1... do L..do . ... do do .1 do — do Split along grain in oblique direc- tion. Cmshed at 51 millimeters from Split at ends. Triple fioxure; doveloi)ed inter. socUug " Cooper lines". Triple llexuro ,11431 11507 Triple flesure ; 60 per cent. sap. wood ; dellccted Irum sap side. Split lit eutl Failed at 10 millimeters knot near middle; sap.n'ood. Crushed at eud Bich upland .10100 , Clay |l0178 D934 Alluvial 10342 ; Crashed at 38 millimeters from I middle. 0 Crushed at knut.s; cross-grained. do. 61< 1056 ' Maasacbiuotta- lOSO --..do I0V7 Misaoari. Keotocky Missouri. ... do.... ....do.... ... do.... Grafton. C.G.Pringlo ....do . Crushed at 114 millimeters from end. Ciusliid at 38 milHiiu'tera from middlo. Triple llcxure .do. • do. .do. Topaflcld . 10060 10S14 11204 11022 9o:n Alleotou G. W. Lettcrman . McTocr county W.M.Linney — Allenton O. W. Lottorman . do 1082 ... do 1082 ...do UM .. do 11S5 ... do lies ...do 1170 ...do 144. Carya tomrntou UockerKuL BlaakBiekom. ' Bull .Vut. Jligbud niek- ory. WhiU-/teart Uiekory. Sing Xut. Kentucky . Pcrryvillo . .. do .i . .do . W. M.LInncy. ...do 8301 7602 0707 0571 7983 8369 I0S92 8846 8981 9231 Cnislied utSSuud ati70 millinuters from end. Crushed near middlo Crashed nt 51 millimeters from end. Cnishi'd at 25 iiiillimotcrs from midille. Triple llexuro, deflected dUigo. uully toward heart i 80 per cent. sap. Triplii tiexure, deflected diago- nally ; 00 per cent, hap- wood Triple llexuro; split I'lom end to cud i 45 per cent. sap. wood. Triple diagonal flexure; 00 per ■nt. sapwooil on roncavo sidr Triple flexure ; 30 per cent. Btt|i wood on coucavo side. Triple diagonal llexuro Triple flexure j 60 per osnt. sap. wood. Ti-i|)le flexure; 6 per cent, sap wood. Crashed at 25 millimeters from end. Cnisheil ot 25 millimeters from enil and split along grain. Triple flexure; 05 per- cent. sap. wood. Cnisbed at 0 millimeters from end ; sapwouil. Triple flexure ; sap.wood do . THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UNDER COMPRESSION— Continued, 445 FBESBUBE, IN KILOGIUMB, IlEQUIBED TO FBODUCE AX INDEKTATIOK, IN mLLIHETZBS, OF- 0.3S 0.51 0.7G I.02 1360 1740 1769 1338 H79 2812 1043 1170 195) 1928 2200 2948 2208 2518 2223 2305 2670 2894 2740 2921 1851 1909 1951 2149 3701 39C9 2903 3212 2007 2903 3470 3924 1928 2245 1941 2214 2165 2408 2907 3221 1882 3039 3357 4105 4042 2713 3243 2404 3447 3847 4536 4581 3293 3015 2672 2481 3071 3221 2073 2713 4082 3438 3175 4196 2480 2330 2576 3450 4173 2744 3674 4000 5035 2707 2570 3212 3388 2195 2890 4255 4336 2200 2440 2058 3652 4423 2971 3810 4303 6239 5353 3819 4014 2740 3302 3597 2250 3003 4377 3797 3502 4500 2830 2545 2749 3705 4753 3103 4037 4559 5534 6652 2985 2776 8497 3783 2359 3121 4568 3978 3097 4604 2953 2622 2808 3905 4944 3202 4196 4717 6851 5851 4160 4346 2840 8679 3687 2427 3253 464B 4118 3783 4740 3039 2713 2912 4028 5080 4281 I 4482 3184 2912 3710 3956 2504 3393 4749 4204 3909 4840 3153 2762 2970 4119 5398 6035 6250 6200 4427 4554 4042 2546 3450 4790 4432 4128 4931 3289 2694 3035 4228 5657 3538 4072 5180 6419 6373 4401 4095 3561 3447 4400 4423 5216 4890 6025 3682 4990 6192 4105 3615 4740 3130 4630 6897 5534 8638 3742 Sheared fibers. Sheared fibers ; split »t end . Sheared fibers Sheared fibers; indented section includes two 2 millimetcra knot& ' Sheai-ed fibers Slight shearing of fibers I Sheared fibers i 4IS Sheared fibers ; spUtatend ' 41S Sheared fibers ' 675 I SIii:ht shearing of fibers ; split at end ' 322 Sliglit shearing of fibers ; split at end; shaky stick . ' 323 4400 Indented witfaont sbeariug fibers 329 5942 Slight shearing of fibers Slight shearing of fibers ; CO per cent, sap-wood . .do. 7750 ' 7038 Indented without shearing fibers ; sap-wood . 57C0 , Sheared fibers ; split at end 6370 I Sheared fibers 1400 2612 2019 1429 24U4 1056 1503 2094 2c:il 2699 4000 3130 2005 3302 2576 ■J613 2390 4014 3,111 4626 3207 4300 3783 3171 3652 2920 2939 3016 4r.I3 4049 4o:;6 3705 5171 3529 45,i9 4173 3020 3851 3103 4986 r.071 3924 6579 3797 4717 4495 3033 3978 3293 3243 3300 5149 6363 5389 4060 4164 4287 BS02 8447 3611 5421 4205 6260 4146 6017 4044 4364 4495 3652 3529 3601 6575 4341 6555 4355 4403 5189 5294 6167 6394 4608 4744 4605 4808 8756 3078 3052 3766 3710 3797 5701 5087 6214 0477 6033 0123 4427 4017 6840 7212 5670 6730 6341 0532 6398 6525 4649 4863 6203 6208 3425 3470 6421 5570 4877 498S 5294 5475 4026 4790 4608 5452 5534 4844 6715 4940 6579 4105 4854 3862 4536 3887 4527 6114 7417 6704 7825 0390 7439 4720 5489 7430 8437 5987 7031 0704 7825 6756 6895 6058 6101 6280 6441 3520 4037 5800 0040 5110 0033 6062 6068 4908 5761 Slight shearing of fibers. .do. 5398 4944 4377 8142 240 Fibers did not 8he.ir ; split along grain 631 Fibers did not shear ; split atend ' 631 Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end ' BSJ Sliglit shearing of fibers ' 539 Sheared fibers 818 .do. 816 Indented withont shearing fibers; sap-wood ; 10S« Slight shearing of fibers ; 40 per cent. s.np wood lOOT 1 Sheared fibers ; 90 per cent, sap-wood 91' Sheared fibers; 85 per cent, sap-wood ' 383 2132 3334 2245 1407 2200 1700 2381 I 2381 310' 2118 I 3003 2790 2495 8810 3493 4037 82:'l 1346 4854 4241 3470 4066 2744 4332 3819 4330 3701 4503 6230 4669 3774 4382 2640 4026 4073 4527 3910 4907 5761 4817 3847 4 661 3016 4831 4255 5243 5707 6013 4200 4872 4976 4291 6310 6159 6162 4495 6068 3289 6271 4090 0091 6713 4491 7145 0500 1V83 1082 1164 Slight shearing of fibers do .Fibers did not slieiir Fibei-s sheared ; 80 per cent, sap-wood Slight shearing of fibers Shc-uvd fibers '•** Slight shearing of fibers ; 80 per cent- sap-wood ... U68 Slight shearinir of fibers ; sap-wood Sheared fibers ; sap-wood do 416 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Taojle v.— BEUAVlOIi OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE Spedca. 1 i O Slate. Locality. Collector. Soil. ijl III Kcniaiks. 344. Carya tomentoaa— coDtinaed. . G. "W. Lettcrman . ... do C. Mohr C. S. Sargent ....do Rich upland do . . 11240 9103 9367 81C5 9C95 10954 0889 9117 8754 8845 10424 0526 8392 8392 S2I0 9117 7983 8119 9253 11158 8437 Triple flexure ; middle delloction '.'5 millirootors eccentric; 0.5 suji.wood. Cruslieil at 13 millimotois knot 102 inillinieteiH from end. Tiiple diagonal llexuro; aap* wood. F;iilcil nl knot nt middle; 80 per cent. «up-wooit. Cnislu-d at o2 millimeters fV'om l3 S810 .do. Sheared fibers; 3 millinieters knot in indented seo- 66& Sheared fibers «» Slight shearing of fibers; split at end X* Sheared fibers I SS* Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end I 49 Sheared fibers 1 4* Fibers did not shear 49' Sheared fibers 49" 11S» 113* 448 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Tablk v.— behavior of THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE Spccioa. 92. QnorcQB l*ibatA While Oak. Weeping Oak. 256. Qucrcim undoUta, i iM-lii Scrub Oak. 2S6. Qncrrnfl macrnrarpa , . £urr Oak. Uo»gy of knots Triple flexure ; bearing defecti .do . Trii>lo flexure, deflected toward heart. Tiiplo flexure, deflected from heart. Crushed at 127 millimeters from end and split along grain. Triple llexure .do- Crashed at 6 millimeters knot at mi'lille. Triple flexure do. Triple flexure i split along grain . Crushed at 102 millimeters from end and split along grain. Crushed at 0 mllliiMiters knot 102 millimeters from end. Triple flexure .do Crashed at 25 milllniitcrs from middle at 3 nilllimitters knot. Triple flexure ; split along grain Crashed at knots 32 millimclors from middle (dry rot). Triple floxuro THE \yOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. CmiTED STATES UNDER COMPRESSION— Continued. iAO PKEBSUUE, IN EILOOBAUB, ItEQUIltED TO PRODUCE AN IKDENTATIOK, IN UILUMETEBS, OF— 2744 1633 2G08 1633 2313 1438 1860 1882 2132 1483 1996 2427 1951 989 2499 1542 2109 1179 2313 1941 1438 2223 1384 1860 2313 2041 4482 1896 2214 1588 1896 885 2245 1928 3357 1619 2123 2586 1547 2250 2195 1778 1860 2032 2291 2141 2214 3574 2341 3447 2200 3085 3815 2767 2495 2449 1987 2980 3130 2812 1969 3579 2604 3311 1951 3639 2699 2985 2858 2233 2459 3493 2676 3797 2767 3833 2295 3284 3375 4563 2670 3379 3810 2449 3479 3928 2971 2785 3447 3747 129 FOB 4014 2617 3760 2504 3311 3865 3016 2622 2763 2205 3071 3402 3134 2631 3974 2067 3311 2186 4001 3030 5212 8289 2581 2085 3615 3289 8742 2794 4119 3302 4110 2812 3316 3642 4237 2767 8257 3112 3833 4146 3021 8334 4250 2880 4019 2703 3447 2567 3357 2849 2048 2023 3162 3633 3429 2976 4341 3248 3389 2336 4300 3284 3447 3470 3837 3484 3882 2980 4291 3567 4827 2912 3742 4309 S234 3765 4228 4482 2921 4110 4704 3520 3438 4042 4377 8275 8470 4545 3094 4200 2894 3488 2713 3574 3026 3021 2150 3266 3978 3683 3239 4672 3502 3561 2440 4536 3538 3574 3611 3016 3012 4028 3742 4024 3157 4491 3788 4454 3080 8992 4604 6570 4095 4477 4681 3107 4305 4899 3792 3724 4246 4527 3484 3633 4735 3248 4468 3153 3G15 2858 3751 3162 3166 2803 3343 4223 3901 3497 4881 3697 3636 2527 4703 3720 3701 3751 4182 3905 4246 3257 4695 3946 4613 3125 SS23 4454 4740 4872 3316 4527 6U89 4037 3933 4436 4044 3647 8747 1.7S 3.03 a.38 4976 3434 4658 3329 3738 3048 3933 3334 3293 2967 3429 4445 4110 3692 5070 3842 3751 2645 5035 3905 3842 3892 3388 3307 4346 4155 4305 3425 4831 4110 4753 3261 4430 5062 6110 4763 4944 5062 3425 4058 6307 4219 4250 4559 4813 S801 3937 5153 3629 4709 3465 3833 3160 4078 3465 3411 3048 3479 4790 4273 3856 5334 3983 3833 2731 5225 4105 4010 3983 3574 3438 4405 4300 4391 3497 4990 4264 4922 3402 4581 6398 6314 6035 S144 5271 3538 4744 5466 4423 4432 4730 4953 3010 4105 5325 3765 5017 3248 4223 3583 3488 3157 3570 4990 4450 5489 3891 5194 5525 4092 3887 2817 6271 4255 4114 4042 3724 3588 4626 4427 4527 3674 5126 4427 5062 3525 4749 6570 6482 5339 3710 4953 4043 4581 4599 4S63 5067 4033 I 4273 , 3964 3357 4296 3692 3583 3252 3633 4740 4595 5738 4240 3960 2903 5470 4404 4246 4128 3842 3710 4758 4527 46S3 3792 5252 4495 5194 3647 4890 5747 6664 5579 .5466 5489 3819 5002 5711 4704 4708 5013 5216 4101 . 4350 6613 4500 6214 4355 3901 5103 4037 6260 5625 6759 4944 4545 3434 6704 5398 4890 4513 4617 4332 5670 5579 5330 4377 6123 5761 6804 6396 6396 4473 5606 6359 6398 5534 5942 6103 4763 5216 Slight BbeariDg of fibers Slight shearisg of libera ; split at end . .do. 4899 4400 5625 7045 6033 Fibers did not shear; split at end. Sheared flber^ do Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end . .do. 7391 5380 4854 3765 7235 5942 5370 4890 Sheared fibers; split at end Split at end Sheared fibera Slight shearing of fibers Slight shearing of fibera ; split at end. Split at end Indented withont shearing fibera 2Sai 259* .do. Sheared fibera ; split at Bide uf stick . Sheared fibers ' 895 Slight shearing of fibera ' 1050 Fibera did not shear ' 1050 Sheared fibers ' 1257 do 6214 5S78 5897 4795 6600 6214 7621 8119 4990 6860 6010 6305 6532 Did not shear fibers ; split at end Slight shearing of libera ; split at end . Sheared fibera .do. Sheared fibers ; specimen split into two piecM. Sheared fibera; split at end Sheared fibers Sheared fibera; split at cud Slight shearing of fibera. 670 1027 1027 1029 1029 Split at end ; fibera did not shear. . Slight shearing of fibera Fibera did not shear ; split at end . Slight shearing of fibera Shcareil fibera .do. Slight shearing of fibera { 417 do I 417 Sheared fibera. S2S S3S 5171 do 6606 I Slight shearing of fiben. 450 FOREST TREES OF Xoirill AMEIIICA. Taui.k v.— i;i:iiavioi; of tih: ruiNcirAL woods of the nacrocarpa— conl'd. . 137 Missouri Allenton 143 I Illinois 'WaaliegaD 310 Texas I Dallas I ...do |....do Tenuessoo Nashville lilioois Winnebago couDty Texas | Austin ...do ! do I ; 1071 1072 I 1073 Vermont . 257. Qncrcus lyratd Orrr-evp Oak, Swamp Post Oak. Water White Oak. 424 i Tennpssoo . 258. Quercus btcolor Swamp WhiU Oak, do. 755 2tO, Quercna PrinuK Chftinut Oak. Rock Ohttt- nut Oak. Mississippi . ...do Florida ...do... MaSfutclinsetts ...do Missouri ...do ...do do . Massacbnaetts . ..do SuulU Carolina . ...do Alabama ...do Florida .do. Kentucky . do do TcDDease* . 025 Alabama .. «25 . . do 261. (^nrmuprinoidM. J 34 Kcntuikv TtUow Oak. fjhettnut Oak. ' (Jhin'piapin Oak. 84'| do . MiSAonri... ..do Texas Tenneaaee . 614 ....do 282. QnercDs Uonelasil 088 California . Mmintain WhiU Oak. Shu Oak. f98l...do Charlotte . ...do Kemper's mill . . . Chattahoochee. Arnold Arboretum 'Went Newbury Arnold Arboretum Bonueau's Depot ...do Kemper's mill . . . .do . Chattahoochee . . . Boyle county . ..do G. W. Lcttonnan.. Moist upland . Robert Douglas.. ' Kich J. Roverchun ; Rich, moist . . . .do. do . A. Gattingor. M. S. Bebb . . . C.Mohr do . C. G. I'ringlo ... do A. Gattiuger C. S. Sargent . G. W. Letterman. .do. ...do ...do J. Robinson.. C. & Sargent . U. W. Ravonel . A. H. Curtiss . W. M. Linney .... XaahvUlo j A. Gattinger . Cullman C. Mohr Alluvial .. Loam Alluvial . . .do . Low, « Drift. .do . Limestone Rocky upland . Dry, rooky .do W. M. Linnay j Limestone Boyle county 1 do AUi^nton • G. W. Letterman Dallas J. Revorchon . Nashville i A. Gattinger.. f'ontra copnty. Costa C. U. Vnsey Wavcrly shale. Limestone Fliuty Calcareous Alluvial .do. Clay. at 111 O B< ID loseo 6942 9290 7892 7938 11022 8603 9270 9103 9117 9253 8700 9117 Triple flexure do Triple flexure ; split at end Crushed at middle of one face Triple flexure, deflected diago- nally. Crushed at 19 millimotors from end. CruBhed in vicinity of 3 millime- ters knot. Triple flexure, deflected diago. nallv. , do Triple fle.vurc Triple flexure, deflected diago- nally. Split obliquely across the grain ; croRfl.ui-ained. Cnialied and split at ends Crushed at middle of one face Triple flexure, deflected diago- nally. Crushed near middle: stick worm- eaten. CniBhcd near middle Triple flexure ; split along grain.. Crusheil fibers at end Triple flexure ; split al<»ng grain . . Triple flexure Trijdo flexure, dollccted diftgo- nally- Fibi t» ei-nslied at o4 millimeters from end. Tiiplii flexure, deflected Aiago- imlly. Triple flexure Triple flexure; split aloug grain.. do Triple flexure Triple flexure, defleet.'d diago- nallv. Triple flexure at 8 niiUimetors knot. 102 millimeters from end of concave side; split at end. Triple flexnre, deflected diago- nally. Crushcil fibers at uiidille Crushed fibers at end Cnislu'd fibers at 92 and at 127 niillhnetera from end. Ci'uched and split at end Crushi'd fibers at 70 millimeters fnim enrl. Split at end; cross-grained Triple flexure: middle bend 25 mtllimeterH from center: dc- flcrlcil from heart. CruHlii d at n millimeters knot 89 millimelirs Inmi end. Crushi'd iind split at end Triple flexuri-, deflected from h<-arl. Deflected 7fi niillimeters from end and rtplil along graiu. Triple flexnre, deflected toward hcart- do Crushed fibers at 51 millimeters from middle. Crushed fibers near niidille THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. 451 UNITED STATES UNDER COMPRESSION— Continued. I'UEBBURS, IN KILOdUHS, KXQUIBKD TO FBOUUCK AH IKIIEKTATIOK, a MILLIHETEBS, OF o.ro 1.03 4341 4817 3184 3420 2654 2812 2980 3134 2935 3166 2858 2907 3148 3366 3361 3574 2.03 3.2S 3.S4 4.81 m 1179 I 1678 I 1960 1542 I 1769 1678 2858 2481 1452 2078 2041 1461 1905 1343 2313 1628 2091 1951 1946 2359 1S96 1202 3057 2155 1542 1860 2245 1452 1656 1624 2613 2223 3887 2676 2254 2790 2835 2549 2849 2926 3556 3456 2885 4500 4105 1796 2971 2631 2059 2640 2073 2776 2921 3239 3198 2540 2050 3656 2177 3452 3329 2676 8166 3847 3348 5189 4749 2068 3320 2926 2313 2740 2322 3071 3329 3529 2586 3652 3538 3044 3402 2867 2341 4092 3583 2504 3670 3307 3039 3335 4219 3697 3080 3356 3393 3134 3484 3715 I 4336 I 4604 4150 3701 3470 5606 5162 2254 3574 3180 2563 2908 2495 3311 3683 3683 2744 3919 3856 3339 3720 2948 2573 4482 3674 2713 4042 3674 3270 3520 8783 4495 3951 5403 3792 3230 3535 3525 3248 3665 3856 4944 4341 5847 6010 2422 3833 3366 2722 3094 2676 3579 3955 3792 2935 4196 4046 3547 3978 3130 2776 4744 3901 2921 4300 3842 3434 3720 4854 4164 2844 3742 4196 3942 3094 4445 4287 3674 4150 4990 4409 3574 3878 4196 6103 4386 5622 3933 3434 3692 3638 3456 3779 4028 5035 4518 4114 6373 6112 2790 4114 3661 3157 4014 4500 3983 3248 4604 4626 3878 4486 3447 3116 5171 4626 4037 3720 4033 4S82 5262 4563 5915 4042 3602 3792 3792 3624 2882 4155 4613 4291 6500 6364 2935 4206 3751 332D 3534 3125 4178 4028 4658 3606 3261 5410 4191 3379 4886 4146 3856 4160 4559 5498 5753 4178 3801 3937 3919 3756 3964 4237 5430 4799 4391 6600 6559 3062 443G 3615 3261 4350 4944 4332 3529 4944 4971 4146 4849 3720 3375 5615 4300 3479 4967 4191 3978 4708 5670 4904 S260 4355 3910 4028 3983 3901 4064 4314 4717 4653 4881 4690 4763 5062 6577 6078 7666 3720 5443 4559 5126 5153 5353 5058 5307 7145 Slight dhrariDg of fibers Short specimen. 120 millimeters losg; split st ends - Slight shearing; split st ends Slight shearing Sheared fiberai^ Slight shearing of fibers 1 split at end Slight bhcaring of fibers .do. do. 5806 4990 Sheared fibers Slight shearing of fibers; split at end . Sheared fibers do. 3729 3348 4554 5149 4441 3661 4309 5008 Sheared fibers ; splitatend Slight shearing of fibers; split at end . 1071 1072 107* 545 7«2 T«2 .do. 4366 3638 5262 4246 4073 4436 5035 4355 6978 6123 4382 4028 6849 6260 4795 6459 5625 Fibers did not shear ; split at end Slight shearing of fibers Sheared fibers Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end. Fibers did not shear 6759 do Slight shearing of libers; split at end. 6577 Fibers did not shear I Fibers did not shear; splitatend 340 240 4382 7394 Fibers did not shear Slight shearing of fibers . do 5652 4990 4626 5035 5706 7U31 5851 Slight slioaring of fibers ; split at end. Split at ends Sheared fibers -do. Sheared fibers ; split at end . do Slight shearing of fibers . I Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end . 7756 1 Sheared fibers 2404 2767 , 1769 3425 4281 5942 4491 3765 4559 6373 4990 3969 4804 4164 5044 4436 5216 7248 5797 4717 6579 7512 6942 4877 6747 7928 6396 5839 6985 6169 I Slight shearing of fibers . S034 do 8392 I Fibers did not shear . 452 FOREST TREES OF NOimi AMERICA. Table V.— BEHAVIOR OF TUE PEINCIPAL WOODS OF THE Spedw. •,aa\ 13" m. Qoemu obloneiloUs irAiKOofc. 264. QiiprcnR CTi»*» Wl.iU Oat. SM. QaervoB DanuulU. .. XI. Qacrcna vireni Lie* Oat. QacmiB chrywilppia Lit>fOak itnul Oak. Tal- paraUo Oak. CaUrornia. ...do San Diego coanty ...do G. K. Vaaoy. ...do Dry, gravelly. .do. 1103 1103 1103 Texas . ...do.. ...do.. S. B. Bocklcy. Florida . ...do... Charlcstown If avy yanl. Sa'uit John's riror . Damp, calcareoos .do. S. H. Pook A. n. Cnrtiss ' Sandy . ...do Alabama . ...do Mobile connty . .do . do. Matagorda bay . .do. Caliromia San Bcrnarclioo . do W. G. Wright. Arizona — California. ...do. Masaochnaetts. ...do Ecntncky ...do ...do Misaoari .do. Eenlncky . Michigan . . ...do niinoia.... Vermont... Harin county. G. R. Vasoy. ...do G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent G. RVasey. ...do G. Eogclniann . do. Arnold Arboretum C. S. Sargent . .do. Mercer county. ...do .do. Allcnton ...do Mercer connty. Dansvilto W.M.Linncy ...do ..do G. W. Lettermau. .do . W. M.Linnoy. W. J.Bcal... .do. .do . .do Waukegan . Charlotte . . ...do ...do ...do. MiMlsilppI £nt«rprUe ...do do Hoaucboaatta North Beading . ,do do . Texas Anatin. Koboi-t Doiiglaa. C.G. Pringle... ..do . ./do . C. Mohr. ...do... Ajpalagm A.H.CartlM CUy Rich, sandy. ...do Sandy loam. .do . Gravelly. .do. Dry, rocky. Loam Drift.. ...do. Shale . ...do .do . Rich loam. ...do Alluvial .. Sandy .do . Gravelly. ..do.... Drift.. ...do. Calcareooa. ...do S140 7892 8618 10478 9707 9934 81GS Boao 6577 7439 Slick shattered at seasoning cracks. Stick sliattcrcd at knots and sea. Triple flexure ; split along grain. . Cruaiied at knots 51 niilliuiotcra Crusiiod at mid die and split; cross. fimiiicil. Cnishi-d fibers at 25*niillimptera fruin iiiiditli' aud at 25 millimc. tcrs from end. Triple llrxuie; developed inter- secting "l*ooptT linc-^". CtuslicU fibers ut i'0r>-n!« tluctoria Black Oat. TeUn^bart Oat. Qaereitnn Oat. Tttkne Oak. Qucrcaa fulcate Spanish Oak. Red Oak. 17 HaaaiiohuMtt«. 36 I Kentucky. SS>\ do 88 ...do .... 244 ' Virginia . do 437 Tennessee . Oregon ...do ...do ..do Missouri . Alabama 131 I SoBtfa CaroUua. 131 do . 245 I Virginia 245 ' .. do 265" I ...do 2«W» .. do Mississippi , 548 Qiicrcus CaU-aluei ' 342 Turkej/ Oak. Berub Oak. ForkaHeaf Ulack Jack. »42 Jllack Jack. do . 1 770 ' Florida . 79. Qu n-iiii p^untiis 47 ! Missoorl . fin Oak. Swamp SpanUh Oak. WalTT Oak. 280. ()u»rcns */|natlca WaUr ffak. Duck Oak. Pot- turn Oak. I-unk Oak. Tta .do . 284>l VirgInU ... 2S4> ...do 264' .. do 340 I Alabama... ...do Tennessee . 611 .do Locality. Arnold At boretom C. S. Sargent.. ...do Danvillo Junction W. M. Linnoy . .do . .do. Wythcville . do. 6. W. Letterman . ..do do. H. Slirivor . ...do ...do do. Kasbrillo A. Gattingcr., Saw.millt Asblandi G. Eiigclmann and I C. S. Sargent. ...do do Euzone City ' G. H. Collier . A lien too.. Citronrllo . Bonntau's Depot. .. do Wytlieville do. Carroll county . ...do Kemper's mill . .do . Cottage Hill . ...do Aapalaga Allen ton. ...do. .. ...do .do. Carroll county . ...do ...do Cottage Bill... do . Tollahoma. 742 Georgia Balnbridgo . 742 ....do do 7S6 Florida >.. Saint John's rirer do G. W. Lcttorraan. . C. Mobr H. TV. Savenel . ...do aSbriver do ...do .... ,^..do..., CUohr.. ...do..., .do. ...do A. H. Cnrtiss . G.W. Letterman. B. Sbriver . ...do .do A. Gattingcr.. ...do A. H. Curtiss . .do. do. Sbalo ...do Slate Kioh upland . ...do ...do Clay '8890 9081 I I 7530 : I 9617 I 7320 ■ Cruohcd nt eutl, also at 102 millt. mt'ttra from cud. Criisbt'd fibrra uoar middle Cnislicrt SI milliniotor.s from end at 3 inillinu'tciH knot. Cnislicil libera on oiio face at 13 milliijiiteia from mliMlu. DolU't'trd a!iJ Hplit uliiiig i^rain from end to miildle, ' Ti-ipic llcxure, deUccled parallel i to rincs. I Clay... Sandy . Eichloam. ...do..!.. Clay .do ...do ...do Elcb loam . ...do 82S0 5534 5103 8663 9562 7089 8233 8301 C39G 5806 [ 7766 8142 9208 0163 9730 10003 9698 9081 10006 92T6 Triple flexure, deflected from lieart. Triple flexure, deflected parallel to HoKa. Ci-usbcd and split at end ; brittle. . C rnahcd at 13 and at 7CmillimetorB from Olid. Crushed at end Crushed at 19 millimeters from cud. Crushed at 51 millimeters from end. Triple flexure Crushed and apliatered at end . . . Splintered at end Triple flexure Crushed in ricinity of small knots Barren, sandy., ...do ... do . Cruahod at 64 millimeters iVom I cud. Ciuabid .It 2.1 and at 10:' milli. meler.s rn)ni eud. Cruahei) at 10 millinntera from I eud. Cruahcd at 25 millimeters from I enil. Cnishe'l on one face at 25 niillimc. I \vrn from middle iind at end. , CrUT^hed at 102 millimeters from (ml. CrUHhed It eud and at 114 milli- , meters from end. j Cruabeil at t^9 milliini-tera from Triple flexure, dettcclod diago- nally. Tiiplo flexure { split along grain.. Triple flexure ; knot at middle Rlcb, alluvial . Sandy loam . ...do ...d».... ...do.... AlluTlal . ...do .... Sandy loam . 8437 8156 6895 7961 7974 7802 7530 8709 8799 7167 7371 6256 8596 8500 7884 Cruabed at end . Triple flexure do Triple flexure Cruahcd iit 64 milllineters fiam end. Crunheil lit knolH lit middle and at .M milllniilera from end. Cruaheil at II iiiillimetera knot 76 iiillii Cniahid libera nt middle Cruahcd at 80 mlUimelers from end in vicinity uf small knots. Triple flexure Crushed in vicinity of 3 mlUlmo. ters knot Wi millimeters from end. TIIK WOODS OF 'I'lIE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UNDER COMPRESSION— Coutiuued. 455 FBEBSUKE, IN KIL0GBAH8, RBQUIRBD TO PBODUCK AN EKDEXTATION, IN UILLIMETEBB, OF— 2032 2313 2495 1542 2449 2681 1637 2522 4150 2318 3160 3357 2518 8407 3665 1709 2903 3329 1565 3266 3992 1928 2858 3130 1343 2291 2322 835 1569 1633 1315 2313 2576 2019 2422 2667 1347 2277 2481 1769 2672 2790 1642 2495 2081 989 2232 2840 1229 1860 2141 1987 1406 17J8 i:i84 2136 1751 0.S1 0.76 4024 4110 3438 2250 2395 1814 2563 2400 2953 2867 2753 2477 2776 3411 2268 4277 4010 3701 2799 2572 1887 2890 2703 8221 3905 1.03 i 1.37 2812 2849 3012 3543 3842 3819 4436 3230 2380 1674 2790 2867 2726 2803 2713 2907 2313 4493 4246 4042 3053 2722 2087 3066 2853 3501 4259 3674 4064 4028 4717 3383 2395 1751 2976 3035 2880 2917 2776 3066 2372 4072 4491 4264 3284 2803 2245 3021 2835 3302 3026 3750 4500 1.S3 3048 3134 3379 3742 4123 4300 5013 3588 2454 1842 3153 3212 2130 3184 2513 4854 4699 4572 3493 2958 2440 3130 2994 3828 3933 3429 3180 4060 4817 8075 3348 3525 3983 4237 4518 5398 3810 2518 1878 3252 3026 2994 3332 2586 5026 4881 4922 3665 3098 2622 3298 3125 3942 4110 3615 3302 3815 5071 3221 3434 3593 4037 4400 4649 5670 3892 2563 1928 3388 3443 3407 3026 3075 3452 2617 5262 5067' 5044 3828 3230 2767 3402 3207 4082 4264 3751 3447 4463 5303 3361 3539 3747 4110 4626 4935 5915 4064 2649 1951 3374 3566 3547 3139 3193 5407 5262 3302 2980 3497 333!) 4178 4386 4717 5067 3470 3656 4886 5103 6146 4196 2685 2078 3225 3221 5579 5407 5407 4110 3423 31S3 3374 3438 4173 4346 4491 7212 4944 3710 3856 .6486 6392 6214 4877 4468 5851 S.08 3248 2634 Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end . Split at end -, fibcre did not shear Fibers iodei^Bd \ritboDt shearing Split at eud; flbera did not shear Indenfed without shearing fibers Split at end Sheared fibers; split at end Sheared fibers Split at ends Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end . .do. Sheared fibers Sli;;l)t shearin;; of fibers ; split at end . Shaky stick ; split at ends do Slight Ahenring of fibers. Sheared libers; split at ei Slight shearing of flbeis ; split at end . .do Split at end Slight shearing of fibcre; split at end . Split at end ; fibers not sheared Slight shearing of fibers; split at end . Sheared lil>ers Sheared fibers; split at end Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end . Sheared fibers Slight shearing of fibers; split at end . H Pj 1450 2359 1624 1406 1078 1709 i:>06 1542 1293 2109 1842 1955 2676 2245 2685 2313 3511 2926 3705 3030 2295 3075 2241 1932 2005 2790 2490 3130 2749 4219 3429 2480 3343 2359 2087 2096 3139 2744 3475 3012 4190 3429 2486 2155 3693 3218 4493 2527 2214 2295 3484 3062 3937 3393 4781 4314 5035 4164 3039 3847 2676 2341 2413 3074 8221 4128 3600 5013 4500 5262 4346 3202 4055 2753 2400 2481 3901 3388 4191 3783 5239 4690 5461 4500 33S2 4160 3840 2454 .2595 4060 3538 4445 3910 5416 4700 I 5661 4192 3393 4327 2980 2493 2676 4173 3632 4626 4037 5615 4M0 Slight shearing of fibers : split at end . Fibers did not shoar ; split at end 3511 2948 3121 Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end . .do. 4377 5534 5080 6849 5761 Sheare(aiid ir.Uoir Oak. Blu» Jack. i>4ind Jack. iS4. Qut-rcos Lypoleuca T85. Qncrciw imbric&rU Shinglt Oak. Laurel Oak. SM. Qacrfos Phello* WiUoic Oak. Peach Oak. 287. Qurrcns dcnxiflora TanharkOak. ChetlnutOak. Peach Oak. 288. CasUnopaiB chrysophylla Chinquapin. 28t. Castuira pnmiU Chinquapin. 2M. CvtaDca Talgaria, sar. Amer- Icnna. Chatnul. ^»cna fermgiD 292. 0«trT» Vlrc)nl« Utni tlorrOtfam. Iron TTood. Lexer Wood. 203. CarpinnHCarriliDinDa llornbram. Jllue Seech. WaUr Beech Iron Wood. Florida . ...do... Kow Jersey Arizona . ...do.... Kentncky . ...do Missonri... ...do Tennessee . ..do Arkansas . ...do Massaebnaetts . ..do Virginia .. do Tennessee Massacboaetts ■ Kentucky . ...do Michigan . ...do Florida ... .do Hossacbiuetts ...do ..do. ...do . ...do . ...do. .. do. M ^ Miaaoiui 73 Kontacky 73 '....do I 1038 . Maasacbowtta. Saint John's river. Monnt IloUy. A. H. CnrtiBS . ... do S. P. Sharpies. ■s|J t|§i .do. .do. Barrodsbnrg . ...do Allenton do . TuUahoma. ...do Marin connty . Mendocino connty Hot Springs . ...do Arnold Arboretum ..do Fancy Gap . . . do. XasbTllle. Arnold Arboretum ...do Mercer county ..do Dansvillo ...do Cbattalioochce. do .do . G. Engelmnnnand C. S. Sari:eut. ..do. W. M.Linney .. do G. W. Letternian. do A. Gattinger. ..do G. R-Vasey. ..do :. A. Kellogg. do. 6. W. Letterman . ...do C. S. Sargent. ...do H. Sbriver . . . do. Clay. do. Pine-barren. Dry, rocky.. do . Kicb, moist . Rich loam . . Moist, siliceouB . Gravelly . ...do... Sandy loam . do. A. Gattinger I Sandy . C.S.Sargent I Drift do do 'W. M. Linuoy Hudson Iliverebalc do W.J.Beal .... ..do A. H. Cnrtiss . .. do J. Bobinson . . . do. Arnold Arboretum C. S. Sargent . — do ^ i do Dan vera ' J. Koblnson . . do North Reading. .. do Allenton Q.W. Letterman.. I Mercer county.... W. M.I.Inney ....do Daorers .do . Gravelly . ...do. ...do . ...do. ...do. Rich lonm . ..do Dump, alluvial Trenton limestone Gravelly. 0480 7734 5171 8028 7107 2222 8029 9026 8845 9458 5987 648S 6464 8754 5651 8256 8156 7689 4137 6298 7235 7485 6373 78J7 7070 7506 8006 8822 8340 6496 6827 8278 7235 8390 9934 9707 6359 7983 8041 0903 9390 8573 6949 Cmabcd at 25 millimeters trom middle. CruslDnl at 89 millimeters from eud and at end. Crushed at 25 millimeters knot 61 miltinietei's from end. CruBhed at 102 millimeters from ind. Split at end and splintered nt 102 millimiters from iiid; brittle. Triple flexure, dollected dingo- n:illy; split at end. Crops-priiincd; oblique split 152 millimeters long. Crushed at end Triple flexure, deflected parallel to rinus. • Triple flexure Crushed at 70 millimeters from end. Crushed at 10 millimeters knot at end. Triple flexure Crushed at 38 millimeters from niidille at 5 milliiuciera lIe flexure do Crof*s-gralned ; split nt l^nots THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UNDER COMPEESSION— Continued. 457 PKEB8URE, IK KItOOBAUS, BEQUUIED TO FRODUOB AK INDRKTATIOX, E! WLLWETSBS, OF— 1.03 i.2r 3674 3901 3438 3647 3157 3339 2291 2477 2958 3221 3709 3978 448G 4717 3GI1 3788 3434 3629 2921 3139 3665 3937 3429 3611 3125 3293 3384 3583 3525 3602 1733 1837 1892 1987 1774 1960 1665 1814 1T4C 1914 1787 1846 1524 1610 1715 1774 1297 1347 3212 3407 2713 2858 3162 3284 3525 3652 3248 8411 3293 3493 2703 2866 2490 2658 2835 2985 2686 2840 3064 4146 2894 3130 4155 4380 3720 3983 3103 3348 3017 8184 3139 3329 3206 3515 3066 3438 3193 3S39 lecs 1438 1610 1842 1851 1315 1270 2358 1610 1143 1792 1860 1089 1325 1225 2223 1452 1111 2631 1073 I860 1542 1379 1683 1452 2223 1678 2132 1973 1547 1315 1542 1702 1501 1247 2713 1878 2948 3402 3153 2386 2245 3216 2835 2540 2039 3012 1452 1338 1474 1506 1284 1461 1080 2803 2223 2744 3193 2740 2767 2291 2123 2427 2241 3352 2391 3470 2072 2767 2454 2576 3348 3157 2921 2155 3525 4128 3402 3112 2744 3402 3248 2890 3153 3366 1610 1778 1746 1524 l&t2 1706 1424 1637 1229 8057 2536 2971 3329 8134 3016 2513 2359 3713 3874 3402 2885 2740 2935 3012 2785 2935 4000 3847 3493 2617 4131 4944 3969 3878 3343 4205 3801 3438 3701 3806 1892 2136 2028 1914 2019 1910 1087 1860 1452 3652 3121 3470 3774 3552 8593 2994 2753 3121 2994 4327 8202 4622 4210 3536 3398 3493 3706 3652 2713 4332 5153 4164 4037 3538 4414 3810 4001 2005 2227 2182 1978 2118 1978 1756 1901 1529 3774 3288 3583 3874 3611 3710 3121 4527 3438 4840 4423 3729 3801 3774 4463 4164 3828 2844 4463 5343 4341 4196 4527 4309 4001 3007 4559 5469 4S13 4400 4631 4436 4137 3116 4672 5643 4699 4572 5653 5262 5512 0623 5579 5625 4078 3756 3960 4191 2223 2041 2204 2028 1810 3905 3420 3701 3951 8048 3338 3202 4658 3615 6080 4604 3833 8742 4203 3878 4082 4318 2105 2354 2295 21C2 2227 2073 1887 2037 1047 4037 3565 3797 3987 3915 3928 3348 3089 3443 3438 4854 3n4 5232 4808 8792 4273 4119 4037 4300 3887 4164 4436 2173 I 1 2459 I 2395 ! 2214 2250 2123 1932 2001 1706 4169 3665 3874 4132 4009 4033 3456 3193 3579 3552 5080 3924 6479 4908 4119 4046 3910 4355 4246 4146 5171 4831 4899 5262 2586 2994 2903 2413 2227 4854 4491 4391 4740 4581 4150 3720 4173 4264 •6078 4854 6713 5042 6419 6214 5579 5398 5443 5738 3130 2554 5149 4990 6579 5579 Slight shearing of flben Slight shearing of fibers; split at end.. un 1171 Split at end 352 Slight shearing of fibers; split at end I 674 Sheared fibers ; Ki Indented withont shearing fibers . do Split at ends .do. Indented withoot ehearing fibers 512 Slight shearing of fibers 51S Sheared fibtrs. do Sheared fibers : splitatend 729 do 729 Slight shearing of fibers ; splitatend 573 do. Sheared fibers. .do. Sheared fibers ; split at ends . Sheared fibers ; split at end.. do 573 2SS> Sheared fibers Slight shearing o^ fibers ; split at end . Sheared fibers Sheared fibers; splitatend Sheared fibers ■ Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end. do do Slight shearing of fibers . .do. 1047 4« Split at ends 6010 Slight shearing of fibers •* Sheared fibers ; sjdit at ends ^ 54T0 ' Sheared fibers lO^S 458 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMKUICA. Table V.— BEITAVIOK OF Tni: PinNCIl'Al, WOODS OF TDK Sftdm. i o a 8 State. Locality. Collector. Soil. ill Remarks. BETVLACEX. 2M. BctnU alba, ror. popnlifolU . . TniteBirrk. Oid-JiMdBmk. Croy BirA. 10 10 848 223 223 722 722 836 836 090 990 1065 1005 1066 1066 1067 1067 S28 629 843 843 1068 1068 10«B 1069 1070 1070 130 136 841 841 842 842 i 4 221 221 844 844 810 967 967 991 991 102S Maaaaohnsetta... ....do Arnold Arboretnm ... do C. S. Sargi-nt ...do Drift ...do 0123 5307 S2C2 Triple flcxnre parallel to rings Criislied at 0 millinictiTs knot 102 niillimetera Inun oud. Crushed ond split at middle .. do Danrers Charlotte do J. Robinson Gravelly Canoe BirA. Whit* Bitth. Paper Birch. ...do ... do Hisaoola Sereno Wataon . . do . ... Wet ..do 8346 6713 7983 8890 6480 0577 8346 7485 7485 7552 7847 9062 5670 6840 8270 Crushed nt 102 millimeters from end. Cntalied at 2.5 millimeters from miildli); dcfleiioci dinKouiillv. Crnslii'd nt 'M niilliinciers from middle on one ftue. Crushed at VS millimeters from end. Crushed at middle at3 millimctera knot. Crushed 70 millimeters from end at 3 millimeters knot. Crushed nt 8 millimeters knot at middle. Ciushcil ut G raillimelers knot at miiMlo. Crushed at 38 millimeters from end. Cruxhed nt 6 millimeters knot 38 inillimetors from end. Crusheil i:t 70 millimeters from ond nnd nt cud. Crushed nt 38 millimeters from middle. Crushed nt middle; opened grain r hiee-fourths 1 he lengi li of st ick. Crushed nt middle and split along grnin. Crushed nt 51 millimeters from end. .In do do .. . Masaachiisetta — ....do Townaend ... do ... do Alaska Chilcoot inlet ....do .. do ...do Vermont ....do ... do ....do ...do . do ... do .. do ....do ■do ....do ....do do ....do ....do ....do .... Wet, RaiKiy Wet, peaty Gravelly ...do ... do Engelmann'a caSon Strawborrj* valley . KobertDouplaa... G. Engclmann and C. S. Sargent. J.Bobinson . do Black lUrA. 297. Biinli lilies California Maaaachoaetta ...do IVUvif Birch Gray Birch. do . ..do ... .do ....do . . do 10093 10023 Triple dingonnl flexure perpon. dicnlnr to rings. Crushed at CI millimeters from end. .. do ...do ....do do .... .. do ....do ...do ....do ... do ....do ....do ....do ... do ....do .: ... do .. do luilliiiu'icra fri'in iiiiiUllcj. 2M. Bvtula aisni lied Birch. Biter Birch. Mtoaouri ...do Uaaaacbnaetta ....do Allenton ...do G. W. Lottennan . ... do Moist loaiQ do . . . 7330 7122 7249 7000 6600 OOCO 9072 8823 1 1022 10931 9480 10115 CniHhi i\ nl r> niilliiiietiis knot at middle. Crushed nt 10 millimeters knot 32 millimeters fiomrnil. Triple Urxiiio pi ijicnilieulur to rinv's. Crushid at 44 millimeters from middle. Triple flexure toward heart Crushed nl 0 millimeters knot 88 millimeters fVom end. Cnishcil ut 31 mllliineters from middle ; ilillecleil dhii;omilly. Triple lleMlle; niiilille hend 32 milli I.r»..cii.lrie. Crusheil nl KU millimeters from end. Korth Andover... ... do J. llobinaon ....do Alluvial ....do ...do ...do ...do ... do ... do ...do ...do ....do 3M. B«tnUleiiU ....do Arnold Arboretam ...do C.S. Sargent ....do CaPringla ....do Drift 0 Cherry Birrh. Black Birch. .seDdicular to I iUKB. THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UNDEE COMPliESSION— Continuecl. 461 FUE88UBE, IK KILOGUAUB, BEQUIRED TO mODL'CE AS IKDENTATIOK, IK MILLIHr.TEES, Ot— 0.31 0.70 1605 1043 1052 1111 17C9 1071 948 1084 1175 1203 1080 1851 1080 1125 1229 19M 1120 1043 1193 1288 1302 1207 1D96 1152 1084 1270 1347 2068 1179 1129 1315 1397 1402 1266 2132 1234 1160 1347 1415 1443 13U 2200 1270 1229 1388 1483 1489 1343 2486 1442 1497 1669 1678 1765 1624 2686 1547 1647 1860 1878 2064 1774 Sheared fibers ; rplit at eod . Sheared Ubers 1025 S3S 1134 1030 1021 1066 1064 1220 1497 1207 1229 1252 1021 1687 13Q7 1143 1202 1301 1016 1080 1424 1087 1560 1270 1379 1397 1384 1082 1569 1297 1252 1438 1075 1094 1488 2123 1619 1388 1016 1479 1505 1015 2168 1628 1361 1347 1479 1166 1184 1569 2218 1674 1447 1080 1505 1597 1078 2359 1719 1442 1393 1547 1234 1216 1651 2286 1760 1M7 1120 1719 2486 1824 1529 1447 1642 1306 1257 1719 2350 1801 1569 1170 1724 1729 1810 2567 1524 1674 1347 1306 18U 2482 1846 1624 1220 1787 1801 1960 2085 1941 1642 1574 1733 1393 1352 1923 2504 1892 1674 1206 1833 1855 2019 2731 2032 1733 1619 1814 1452 1624 1951 2590 1928 1715 1302 1865 1928 2078 2858 Slight ehoariDg of fibers; apllt at end; epecimen VJO uiiltinieteis lou-;. Slight shcariog ot fibers 2019 2168 1774 1833 2395 3029 2214 2032 1570 2132 2313 2481 3311 2232 2449 200S 2685 3379 2232 1778 Sheared fibers. Slight shearing of fibers . Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end. Sheared fibers Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end . Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end . 1851 1134 1397 12C7 1089 1030 2004 1202 1505 1261 Sheared fibers. 1288 1179 1710 1365 I2;i8 1166 1750 1411 1288 1100 1824 1470 1120 1034 1348 1179 1905 1524 1101 1080 1384 1220 1302 1043 1170 1129 1393 1201 1320 1084 1901 1578 1211 1170 1415 1306 1361 1125 1610 1025 2268 1860 1474 1402 1651 1488 1650 1315 1746 1111 2586 2019 1056 1533 272* lOU 1035 Si7 Shenn-il fibers ; split »%, end ; epecimen 110 milUme- ters lung. Shearvd fibers ■ do 1883 1533 Slight shearing of fibers . do 1054 1054 4152 FOKEST TREES OF XOimi AMERICA. Table V.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE Sprcles. 323. Populus tlirfaocarpa Ulaet CbKonirot^i. liaUam Con cm mod. 334. PoptihjA moDiliffrv Ciinirt^d. yecllace Pop- tnr. Carolina Poplar. Jluj Cottonvood. MS. Populus Frrroontii, ror. WU. lizcni. Cottantcood. While Cotton- 32«. LilxiO'tlniiiili'Cum'nH WhiU Cedar. Sattard Cedar. Poet Cedar. Ineerue Cedar. I'oloniilo Maniti KoboTi Doaglas . ...do. Tens . Florida . ...do... 782 783 783 ;»o 7W 782 7SZ 7M 708 trn 874 lose ]OIW 1017 1017 1021 1021 Xew Bmoswlck . ...do .do . Province of Quebec ...do ...do ..do do. ...do Uaioo ..do WlaooiulD . ..do...... Ongmi PuHIand Fnmitnre G. EneclmaDn and Company. C. Si Sargent. do AUentoD. ...do... G. W. Letterraiin. ... d.i do. .do. Dallafi ...do Chattahoochee. do. Sacramento valley do. San Bemaidino . ...do CaSonCity Saw.mill. Straw, berry valley. Saw-mill, Son Ber- nardino mount- ains. Brldgeton. . ...do Amqai do. Mattawamlccag . Eaa Claire. .. do J. Reverohon . ...do A.B. Curtiss . ...do G. RVasey. W. G.Wright. G. Engelmann and C.S. Sargent do W. G. Wright. C. a. Priuglc Intercolonial rail- way .do . Ed.Sinchkir. .. do A. Grant do . Grand Trunk rail- way. ...do ...do ...do J. Roblnnon do . n. C. Putnam ...do Sandy loam . Cold, peaty . Drift. ...do . Weldlor'aMtw.mlll, I G. Angelmaunand Portland. | C. S. Sargent. Portland Fumitnre . Company. a — m ....do do Crushc 1116 1043 884 680 1116 1057 939 1073 1193 1207 1093 1778 1030 1429 1084 2703 2753 1488 1538 1851 1896 1488 1529 1619 1605 1556 1386 3479 3529 1660 1724 1756 1801 1352 1307 1120 1166 1397 1447 1442 1583 1710 2250 1120 1129 1076 1157 1075 1220 1252 1116 1406 1261 1039 1474 1125 2807 1597 1946 1574 3574 1805 1869 1442 1211 1488 1463 1597 1270 1007 1112 1134 1161 1170 1102 980 1116 1270 1266 1669 1474 1030 1315 1179 3302 2032 2223 1837 4037 2177 2177 1701 1433 1760 1628 1787 1941 2622 1084 934 1429 1116 1243 1216 1311 1213 1043 794 1397 1261 1216 1497 1746 U16 1579 1179 1432 1833 1610 1769 1896 1542 1229 1288 1243 1488 1325 1076 1293 1610 1542 1769 Slight BbeariDg of fibers . Sbeaxed fibers Slight BbeariDg of fibers; split ftt end.. .do. Sheared fibers do Slight sbcnriDg of fibers ; split at eod. 1012 10)2 1028 1028 .do. Sheared fibers ; splitatend i 754 Sheared fibers ; split at end . .do. Sheared fibers Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end . Sheared fibers ; split at end 648 •44 do. Sheared fibers . .do. I Sheared fibers; split along indented face I Sheared fibers ; splitatend 6(<2 Sheared fibers .do. Sheared fibers; split along indented fooe. Sheared fibers Sheared fibers ; indented fsce covers S milUmeteis knot. Sheared fibers -•• Sheared fibers ; split at end . Sheared fibers .do Slight sliearing of fibers ; split at end Sheare»ri« Xutkneniiis TtUoui Cypreu. Sitka Cy- yna. 331. CbUDCcyparU Lawsontana . . PuTt (/rjord Cfdar. Oregon Cedar. Wl.iUCrdar. Imv- toa'tCyprui. Ginger l^ne. 333. Cnprraalls macrocaTpa . Monterey Cypress, 333. Cupi Alabama ...do Maaaachoaetta. ...do ...do ...do ...do ..do Abaka ...do Briciab Columbia ...do Alaska ...do. ...do. ...do. Oregun . ...du... — do . . . California . ...Jo 338. JoDipenia occidcDtalia I 824 Juniper. 624 ....do. 338. JoDiiienifi occidenUlia, oinjnxvna. Junipfr, Texaa. ...do. ...do. ....do. ...do... ... do... Ploilda. do. ...do.... ...do.... , Uaaaacbiiaetta. do. ...do: TeoDa LocaUty. cotuge urn . .do. Beverly. ..do... Saw.miU, Tictoria De.in & Co.'b saw. mill, M»r»hfiuld. MoDteroy . Marin coanty. Caliatoga . ...do Treka plains. .do CbatUboochco ...do Saint Jobn'd river ,.. do Danvera do. TopaSeld . do. Wilaon county. ...do ...do Paul Schnltze . G. Engelinann and C S. Sargent. Sandy, wet. ...do Swampy ... .do. m 4400 4105 : 4000 37SO 4014 4581 4173 4105 Paul Schnltze. G. Engetniannond C. S. Sargeut. .do. G. E.Va«ey.. ...do •W. F. Fiaher . do. G. Engelmann and C. 8. Sargent. ...do .do . S. B. Buckley . .do. do. A. n.Cnrtlaa ...do ...do ...do J. KobinaoD... do. ...do ...do A. E. Balrd . do. Gravelly loam . Dry ridgei Limeatone . ...do do. ...do ..do Sandy loam . ..do Drift ...do Omvelly .do. .do. Crushi'd at 76 millimoters from end nt 3 niillimttvis knot. Cruslio.l lit uiiildle in vicinity of 3 niitlimctom knots. Crushed »t t'ud; opfucd grain .. CruHhcd nt 3 niillimctcrH knot 51 iiiilliuietevA fruin mil. Crushoil nt 3.' uiillinietcrs from »'n nnd nt 127 nnllinie. ters tVom end. Triple diagonal ilexuro pamllol tu rin;:8. CiushoU at 38 millimetora from euil. Crualicd at 04 millimeters from ruil. Tiiplc flexure: middle bend 38 niillinieioiH eccentric. Crushed nt 25 millimeters from end. Crush, d nt 13 millimeters knot 3K niillimeteis from niiilille. Cnislict nt 31 millimeters from Crushed nt 25 and at 51 millime- ters from eml ; split slon^ grnin. Cni.4heilnt cud !>ndatlU2millioie- Crusheil nt middle ; end abntterod ; s|ilitnl(>uggra)u. 4672 Split along grain ; shattered Triple diagoual flexure pcrpen* (lit iilnr to rings. Split r>bliqucly ; cross.grainedand knots. Cninhed nt 102 millimetora from en nod at 127 milliiuo- lers frem entl. Cnmlird nt :i millimeters knot 25 milliM.oleisfiiinien.l. ihed nt ID niillinietera knot 13 iillin 1 fr.i end. Opeiieil giain nt 6 milllnietors knot nenr middle. Tilpio diagonal flexure purnllul to rings. Crashed in vicinitv of 13 milllmo- tei^ knot ul mldille. CrunUed at uiiddlu; deflected Crushed at knot at middle. Crushed at knot near end. . Triide dlngunnl flexure perpen- dicular to riugs ; opcued grain. THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UNDER COMPRESSION— Goutinued. 465 FRESeVRE, IN KILOGRAMS, REQUIRED TO PRODUCE AK IKDENTATION, IN HILLIMETEIie, 07— 1320 1542 1650 17C9 1406 IBC'S 1343 1610 1778 1474 1740 1170 1502 1247 1442 1S;!7 2032 3311 3280 2340 2413 1574 2427 2431 2450 3503 3134 3402 1103 1125 1302 1787 1320 1315 1082 2118 I5ia 1080 »1U6 3016 2558 2118 2558 2025 2622 4291 4040 4033 1315 13)1 1012 1048 1393 1842 1303 1507 2073 2205 1520 1120 1101 3742 3020 3311 2572 2404 2022 3134 268] 4653 435D 4264 1305 1356 1025 1080 1488 18G0 1442 1083 2114 2254 1579 1170 1202 3860 3724 3425 2819 2563 2771 3202 2768 4817 4513 4414 1160 1030 1279 1057 1120 1517 1919 1492 1333 2104 2400 1579 1211 1207 3951 3797 3515 2672 4944 4649 4626 1211 1061 1293 1474 1483 1093 1166 1588 1960 1547 1774 2214 2354 1651 1229 1206 3647 2V03 2081 2944 3393 2899 5103 4854 4726 1234 1084 1506 1551 1120 1175 1642 2009 1592 1819 2259 2404 1087 1275 1311 4164 3001 3729 2739 2731 3012 3434 2953 5158 4953 4795 3.38 3.34 4.81 S.08 1270 nil I 1315 1565 1579 1129 1216 1724 2032 1047 1800 2400 2481 1728 1306 1325 3783 2803 2799 3094 3484 3010 5221 5080 4899 1270 1120 I 1329 11.".7 1234 1700 2087 1687 1896 2331 2513 1746 1329 1301 4214 4078 3842 2821 2817 3134 3515 3094 1007 1452 j 1308 I 1429 1034 I 998 I 1805 I 1928 I 1300 1406 2028 2313 1996 2214 2580 2835 112S 1574 1452 1080 1973 2132 1400 1520 Sheared fibers . 350 Slight shearing of fibers 852 .do. 2790 2994 3348 3901 Sheared fibers Slight shearing of fibers Sheared fibers ; split at end Slight sheannj; of fibers ; split at end . .do. Slight shearing of fibers; splitatend; 3 millimeters knot. Sheared fibers 1000 1000 do. Split along grain ', 707 .do. 707 Sheared fibers .-. S75 Sheared fibers; split at ends 075 Slight shearing of flhei-s ; indented section covers 691 two 3 milliuietcrs knots. Slight shearing of libers ; split atcomer 891 Sheared fibers 1100 , do 1100 Sheared fibers; split at ends; womioaten 624 do 624 Sheared fibers 939 Sheared fibers : split at end 03» Sheared fibers : splitatends 1102 11« 1087 1207 1587 2014 1U32 2381 2068 2182 2186 2182 2844 2250 2214 2340 2250 3030 2395 2304 3066 2449 2341 3094 2504 2350 3139 2994 2586 3438 Sheared fibers Sheare4l fibers; split at end . fe 1041 2091 1700 1438 1279 1928 2291 19CD 1583 1424 2341 2028 1705 1511 2 59 2363 2062 1733 1533 2454 2118 1574 2540 1778 1679 2572 2549 2173 1790 1628 2017 2590 2214 181U 10,"il 2049 2008 2286 1824 2527 1051 1878 3030 3221 2672 2074 1D96 Sheared fibora. do do do . Slieareil fibers ; splitatend | 1055 2700 2404 ait i.'oii 3188 2840 3334 2985 3443 3039 3505 3153 3588 3202 3674 S293 3720 3348 4264 3001 I Slight shearing of Bbei« ; split at end . ShoaTed fibers 1241 1350 466 FOREST TKKES OF XOKTll AMEKICA. Table V.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PKINCIPAL WOODS OF THE Spfcie S44. Tkxodiam dUticham ; S3S Bald Cmrfit Black Cy- '■ prtst. lied Cyprett. White ' 5.TS Cypreu. Deciduo\u CV* M2 Ml. Sequoia ingan(e«. Itig Tret. iil. Torrrva taxifoliB Stinking Cedar. Satin. 34C. ToiTp;r» Califoinica . . OsU/omia \utineg. Stink- ing Cedar. 347. PiDDii Slrobns WkiUPint. Weymmith Pine. do. ...do... ...do... Florid* . .do. California. ...do ...do. ...do. ..do . ...do Oregon . ...do.. ...do. ...do . Califomia . ...do C. MoUr j Alluvial. do '... do Cliattahoochee... .. do Tnlare county G. Eugelnjonn nnd Granite. C. S. Sargent. .do... Ku8t«inn river. C. S. Sargent Santa Cmz Turner, Kennedy I & Shaw. ...do Maarachuaetta. . . ...do Vcnoont New Bmnawick . ...do do . Province of Quebec Mendocino county ...do Ciiattahoochee.. Marin county. Arnold Arboretum do ...do ...do Maaaachnaetta. ....do BridgetoD . .. do , Amqui ...do Reading . do. J. Kentfleld & Co . ...do G. Engcluannnnd I Moist, ricb . C. S. Sargent. | C. S. Sargent i Alluvial . A. H. Curtiss. G. R. Vnaey Stony Calcareous ...do C. S.Sargent ..'...I Diifl C. G. Pringlo Wet, swampy . Intercolonial rail- way. ...do J.Robiniion ' Drift . Britluli roliinibia Ilaalinga' saw-mill, G. Eugelninnnand 1 Biirrard iulot. | C. S. Sargent. Oracon | Casenile mount- C. 8. Sargent ! Moist loam , 80:9 I Cniabcd at 64 millimeters tmm millimeters from lillimeters f^m iiillimoters from Cruslied at i end. Cru»liiHl at 38 miil.ll... Cnishud at 25 Crushed at end. Ci*ashcd at middle . . . Crushed at 25 millimeters fi-om middle. Crushed at middle Crushed at 76 millimeters from end. Crushed lit middK-; shattered Crushed at (J4 millimetci-« from end; threw oft'iwii Hplinters. Crushed at 51 millimeters from end. Crushed nt 38 millimeters from middle. do Ciushed at 25 millimeters from middle in vicinity of 2 milli- meters knots Cnislied at iriiddle and at 38milli uielers I'nim t nd ; opened grain. Crashed at l(f2 millimeters from end; splitfruiiiendtoiud: giain cinlv. Foded at 19 millimeters knot at middle. Cnishi d near middle at 3 niilliine. ters knot. Crushed at 6 nllii Crushed ut 19 millimeters from end. Triple diagonal llexure perpen- dicular to rincs. Triple diagonal tiexure Cruslied at 61 millimeters from middle at 5 millimeters knot. Triple ilexuro Crushed at 51 middle. Crushed nt Ot end. lillii leter.s from etera from Crushed at 70 adllimptcrs from end. Cruslied nt 10 millimeters knot 38 niilliliietera IVom midille Cninh<'d at lu millimeleis knot 51 millimet4 rs I'lom end. Cnishcd al 51 end at 114 millime- ters from end. Crusheil at 1U2 uiillimelers from lillii elel from CniHlied at 13 end, Ciuflied at end Ourheil at 04 milllnieters from mlildlo. Crushed at euil and at 32 millime- ters from middle. CruHlied at 4.'i uiillimelers from middle. CruHlied at 83 uillllineterH from end. Cruslied 111 7i; nilllilii, liTB from end. Triple flexure panillel to rings 4D44 I Crushed at 13 millimeters from end. 6441 Crushed 111 Ihree places near ends THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UNDEK COMPRESSION— Continued. 467 PRF.BSL-UE, IN KILOGRAHS, BEQUIBBD TO PUODUCE AK IKDEKTATIOK, IN MLLDIETEBS, OF— 0.43 0..5I 0.70 I.03 U'J4 1220 1.-.97 13U6 1325 1202 1078 13S2 14S2 1257 1030 1052 1742 1415 1483 1320 1084 1098 1787 1483 1529 1356 1066 1007 1824 1529 1569 1415 1093 1034 1864 1551 1610 1447 1148 1288 1139 1052 1905 1588 1619 1483 1161 1329 1175 1080 1941 1619 1642 1529 1184 1442 1334 1247 2205 1882 1796 1792 1320 1524 2087 1932 1987 1460 1701 Sheared flben ; split atend Sli,;ht sheariDg of fibers Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end. Sheared fibers ; split at comer Sheared fibers .do. 1048 1306 1001 nil 1002 1084 1325 1002 1025 1107 1039 1393 1043 1030 1157 1035 962 1034 1442 1080 1034 1193 1039 984 1075 1470 1061 1221 104° 1007 1098 1501 1120 1179 1370 1116 1216 1633 1306 1792 Sheared fibers ; split at end Sheared fibers; split along grain Slight shearing of fibers ; split along grain. Sheared fibers; split along grain Sheared fibers -do. Sheared fibers ; split at end . 2440 3652 •J331 2731 4037 2013 2341 2840 1923 2118 1 ir)29 I 1033 1452 ! 1293 1135 11,1 1542 i 1628 1941 1211 1343 1883 1048 953 1043 1030 4150 4024 3035 2209 1683 1710 2050 1261 1393 1950 1080 J 075 •11 080 9,-,:. [ 'll' 712 871 i;j no2 8.^7 4296 4150 3125 2254 1742 1805 2118 1297 1447 2087 nil 980 1125 1120 1320 1002 4360 4255 3270 2313 1796 1842 2205 1347 1483 2227 1116 1012 1166 1161 1320 1025 1347 1048 4436 4386 3365 2345 1651 1806 2250 1370 1511 2304 1120 1021 1207 1207 1361 1034 1370 1071 1139 1189 1234 1075 1120 1101 4518 4473 3456 2363 1896 IMl 2259 1393 1524 2427 1134 1052 1220 1247 1411 1066 1384 1075 1375 I ICO lOUS 4581 4613 3515 2386 1941 2046 2304 1429 1538 2454 1152 1093 1247 1270 898 1025 1488 1116 1397 1093 , 1311 I 1184 1120 4631 4726 5103 5421 5489 5851 Split at ends . . Sheared fibers . Split at ends . 3661 2440 1964 2087 2341 1447 1551 2563 1161 nil 1297 1293 921 1039 1520 1148 1420 1116 1347 1220 1143 4287 2713 2245 2481 2586 1.588 1724 2971 1270 1270 1520 1424 1043 1175 1792 1293 1529 1243 4527 Sheared fibers ; split at ends . SheartKl fibers; split at end . . 2413 S Shenreil fibers (78 vre S77 277 2076 Sheared fibers ; split at end . 2767 Sheiircd fibers 1778 1769 3130 1329 1384 16A9 .do. Sheared fibers : split at end . Slight shearing of fibers Sheared fibers Sheared fibers; split at end . Sheareil fibers 1270 2023 1397 1601 1361 788 78> 1044 1044 •Q i:in i;i3s 1356 1547 Sheared filers : split At end . 1424 I 156,". j Sheared filwra 1293 i:i8* do lOln 1724 do 468 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Tablk v.— BEUAVIOR UF THE I'lMNCirAL WOODS OF T)1E Mt. Plniu Lamb«rtiiiii>— cont'd SM. Pinnii flexilia WkiU Pint- Kl. PinoB albiraulis KS. Pinna rvflcxa Whilt Pint. SS3. Pinu« Parrvana Pinon. \ millinirtcra knot. ...do ! 5570 Tripli! flexure 3J7 Colorado CaBou Citv E. Weston ' Gmvellv. Utah Lewiflton . Xevnda Danville.. M. E. Jones. A. Triple... Kocky 4037 Gravelly 4740 Split obliquely along grain. tat. Plnnii Torrevana 1074 1075 1076 1076 BM California Scott ninnntaina ..' G.Engelmann and Kooky. I C. S. Sargent, i do do ' do do .. Colorado ForeatCity \ T.S. Brandegee... I -do. Nevada Prospect mountain A. Ti iplc . Hicbigan . ...do New Bmnewick . ...do Vermont ...do ...do .do. Califotnia ...do ...do IU4 Arizona 1151 ^....do.... ll.« '....do.... 1155 do.... 11G« ' ...do... IIM ....do.... Hersey W..T.Beal.. do do Bridgeton Ed. Sinclair. do . do. Charlotte ' C.G.Pringlo. — do do ...do !.. do .. do ... do Kocky. San Diego county. G. Engilmaun Sandy . do C.G.Pringle. ...do Deadwond Uobrrt Dnngln 6I« Dnk'.ta 626 On-g..n j Snw.mlll, Aablund 630 Callfumla I .Stniwbcrry valley 630 ...do |... do BK . sae |. 6M . G. Engelmnnn and C.S Sargint. ...do Saw.mill. Straw. I lM-,r> valley. 4763 Failed at 19 millimetin luil.inii.rirAfionMMHl. B033 CiiiHbid at 3 iiiiilimct nt niiil.lU'. knot 70 ra klH>t.s 5489 .1120 Cviiabed at 32 millin * nd; (-I'OSH.giiiiued. Ci ii.<.bed at end Cnisbed nt niidillo and at a uiilli- nu-tt'iH knot 2.'>ntillinietcr» fmni niidille. Cnisli(' and at 102 niilli- nu^tciH from end. Trillin lli.xine; mlildlo bend 51 niillinietdK iTirnliic. 7485 I Crnaboil nt 25 inilllnietora from end. 7349 CniHliod at end .do . 5.130 Slinlt.red nt end 0:i.'iO t'niKhcd nt 61 niillimetcra from euil .rohO Ci'i:in ll,-i9 ■ i:)42 962 1525 1019 14U6 1483 1824 1955 1400 1474 I 1796 1892 1905 1973 1932 , 2005 3157 3243 2608 2735 3210 2481 2744 2658 1923 2391 1619 2209 1220 1325 1433 1647 1080 nu 1420 1170 1892 1488 1724 1579 14C6 1161 1879 2518 1833 1533 1037 1529 2014 1501 1932 I 2032 ; 2053 j 3411 2840 2540 2885 2713 1987 2477 1674 2259 282T 2223 2291 2359 2440 1796 1864 1941 1524 1774 1597 1429 1207 1005 2608 1851 1601 .33 ! 1.78 3.03 1483 1497 1021 I 1061 IG06 1574 2119 1542 2023 2073 2118 3520 2926 3493 2654 2386 2350 2486 j 1046 1991 lr.60 1805 ICOl 140G 1257 1978 I 2007 1883 1CC9 1343 1700 1583 2073 2123 2182 3674 2717 2576 2645 1705 1751 2359 I 2431 1365 1424 1483 U79 1497 1551 1706 1724 1765 1134 1166 1207 1157 1202 1238 1461 1520 1069 2400 2527 1615 1633 1610 1497 1302 I 2046 2749 1932 1733 I 1305 1790 1524 1084 1760 1642 2227 3.38 3.S4 4.81 5.08 3679 3085 : 2753 I 3212 2703 1801 2527 1415 1547 1584 1787 1234 1266 1601 1370 2449 2477 2495 2041 2073 1C60 1SS2 1547 I 1120 ; 1774 1687 2400 2159 2209 , 2223 3738 3216 2771 1833 ' 2622 j 1442 1574 i 1624 1801 1270 1293 1633 1415 2499 I 2572 I I 2518 I 2118 I 2100 1092 1896 1579 1139 1798 1724 2341 1837 ! 1261 1973 1941 2667 1932 , 2495 1982 I Sheared fibers. 1334 do 2032 ■ 2078 3833 3266 2894 3857 2953 3136 2168 4400 3856 2096 Sheared fibers. 2735 do Split at eud ; indented section covers 9 millimetcrb knot. 2758 Sheared fibers 4854 Slight shearing of fibers. 4264 Sheared fibers Sheared fibers; split at end 3OT do 3720 I Sheared fibei 3538 2676 2799 1842 2681 1470 1619 1665 1837 1311 1329 16C9 1452 2554 2595 2536 2141 2576 1719 1905 3311 2168 2948 3515 2381 3470 1678 Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end . 1860 .... 1901 2032 1497 1520 1923 1633 2087 Sheared fibers do Sheaied fibers; split at end. Sheared fibers do 1706 Sheared fibers; split at end. 2948 3016 1973 1996 1637 1C51 1656 1.-.24 1538 1565 1338 1361 1402 2082 2118 2155 »f03 28S3 2903 194C 1960 1982 1767 1851 1901 1411 1483 1529 1840 lS-'90 1!C2 3166 Sheared fibers 3261 I do Sheared fibers; split at end. .do. 2926 Sheared fibers 2205 do Sheared Abel's ; split at end . 1778' 1892 ! Shcaredfibers 1805 1919 do 1074 107S 1V76 lOTt list 1154 1155 1155 1156 I15« IGIO 2336 3266 2214 2177 1760 2200 Sheared fibers; spUtatend ! SID 2540 [ Shenrtdfibcrs | K8 3438 ilo : 6Ji' 1 , 1 •J381 ' do : «S0 Slijiht shcarin); of fibers; split ut end j 6U 1796 Shcarv'd fibers { 6M do I 68» 470 FOREST TREES OF NX)RTIT AMERICA. Table V— BEHAVIOR OF THE PUESCIPAL WOODS OP "j RE Species. Ml. Pilin« poDdem«a — rooTillQt^ . Uoobuu I Saw-mill, Miuonlk! &Wat«aD . ... do do do all' acs a S— « t|i 64G3 Crashed mt enfl . T31 CaliTorahi Lasaeo'a peak. S07 Colorado ^ Cafion City . . . 910 ....do !....do Sierra Lumber 7349 Company. ' E. Weston 3892 Cmshetl at ^\ niillinictcrs from cnit; nniUlimetcrH knotnteod. Crushed at middle G33 CaUfamia . Scott monntains . . ' 6. Engrlmann and ! D17, gravelly 5443 I C.& Sargent 1 ...do !....do .-.do 6577 SaT.mill. San Ber. j 'W.G.Wright 8759 nardino. | ..do du 1 17938 SB. Pinna Chihnnhoaoa SS4. Pinos rootnrta ' Scrub Pine. 305. Pinas Morrayana Tamaraek.' Black Pine. ■ L'jdje-poU Pine. Spruce Pine. ! ' British Culnmhia . I. ...do Colorado. ..do... G23 California. Ml Plnos Sahiniana Diffjer Pine. Butt Pine. M7. Pinu* Couiteri ttB. Pinna insignia Monterey Pine. tm. Pinna tnbcrmlato Knob.etme Pine. \ IT*. Pinna TaMla LMeMvPine. OU-feUPi Boeemary Pine. 1157 ...do 1157 ... do ST8 ... do 070 .. do do . Florida ...do Alabama ...do North Carolina . . do. ITl- Plans ririda Pitch Pine. 172. Pinna simllna Pond Pine. t73. Pinns inoTHi Jeriey Pine. Scrub Pine. 13 Uaas.ichnaetta. Triplo diagonal flexure; knota lii-:ir niiilille. Triple dia;;un.-il litxiir.': 6 milli. meters knot nt middle bend. Cmshel to 71 milliaietere G. Engelmannand 1 Gravelly 4672 1 C.S. Sargent , ' ...do I. ...do I 3742 1 A. n. Curiiss Uoiat, sandy. ..do Low, rich .do. C.aSargent Drift .do. do. J.Robinaon do . do ....do . A.H.Ciirtisa Hoist sandy loam South Carolina . I16B Indians. 1109 ... do ... Aiken ' H. W Kavenel . ..do j... do Xew Albany | M. .T. Kobinwtn do .do Dry. sandy . ....do 9154 9183 4445 4876 7:94 8437 S398 I 578S I 6123 I 7076 j 4808 j 4740 Crashem eud. Crashed at :ts millimetera fiom eud in vieinitv of ^ikiIh. Crashed St middle lu vieinitv of .iuiillimeteiskmit. Cninhe3» ! Triple flexure pcri.i millimeters rrcimciiil £829 Crashed at end at 13 uiillinioters knot. B489 Cra-lie.l .nt IT millimeters knot .s ' lullillueleni Ir-iei emi. THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. ; MTED STATES UNDEIJ COMPKESSION— Continne.1. 471 f«MiUBB,l» DIOeSUB, OttCUI.. • miinnma^or— ««3 isn <».'> I-IK! *H IJ15 771 12B 963 S1T7 1T8T ISM iiei i I •R- 1 laaa liT» 1374 iWT taa: 1202 I U7) : 7tf7 177? »14 lass UIK i3ae uos 1728 aes IB82 :3T» ItiS IT3 •3.i*> ■IJH 13t7 130 van 1438 i4se i«» IM2 I3» 2U4 2133 2IM 2818 24W 3M< 2123 2ue 3928 awi sm 2US 3U3 23«8 stu 2431 IDM 288! SIIS 2iai MSI I«S7 1751 1773 ins 1735 179« 1»«S 2S40 -.MS 2USi 1878 Sbcand fbcn. 1928 ^ 2«83 do aM do .. iabei4*pltta(aBd. 2DIM 523 *» 5a«7 2377 SIi«SRd8b»n. 1252 1279 II98 12a» ! IM5 1TI5 1339 ISIS 12Sa 1302 2041 23H3 1479 1424 LKO 2087 vm 1333 ! 1547 j 1 17111 174« 143< 13*7 21« 3071 229) ii-94 1279 1243 1774 i>n» 1329 1374 14£» 1379 3U< 23IX> 1286 ISS li4S UWl 13T4 230O 251.1 lOS na? .iai» 1324 Line 31)73 23S4 T29S 31r:i 13)3 UU 1275 1288 1910 !9S4 1847 1«5 140« I43n 22S» 2S90 MSI ».; 1833 ia» 1429 2313 5«.>4 1<87 1715 mi [869 2812 3705 ltj7 1407 2223 ISU 2023 1373 acainlliben; •pHtateai* SSiehtihanagaf fibers; ipBOatcad. Sbeaied Sben ; •piitatawl IMO ShcandSbciB. 13» do Sbcncdl fkos: liBt a* cad . 1787 Slwffii ini»T>.-. -..--. ...... SIigfctiiharax« US* !.<«» :£2S 150 25i3 »•' E5»| T>ia 1179 LM7 IJOO 143)1 1320 L374 2218 237-> 24311 2518 2S«3 1389 L5aC lllBli I70lt 1737 1319 20S» 2118 2223 2203 Ua ■ t21« I27S 1347 ' U4S 1198 1273 13SS I4IW 145* i-mn um iitas 11174 itdi iiiTs lan liSB iji)i mas 2li&8 L)20 2132 r~ n«i i«7» f" KU 17WJ Wn luc I 2ua 2296 2844 3711 4iiS4 23« 2023 e, 2341 wiai 1374 142« HMI xxy iior. 2137 21I0K 2«!1 1207 uua 1442 2*77 ■a» ^ 2144 2314 l-SJl till) 31179 2Sa- 22«1 2136 2;19e I4:n t3l)l 1037 10S6 IMO 2835 2072 svx ITM lel9 Ufi5 •323 2388 3tU 1407 1S47 1507 15*7 I3II7 1037 1733 1774 I79Si 1373 '2006 2B07 285S 5740 21«M ItiSi 3S7t 1«.j 1432 van 1329 ' :3<1.7 Sh«tre.l fiVrs Shewn! lb*n; (pGt tt cad* SpH-. . Sh- Sfi- 2338 i» . W» Jo 223li 43311 M)» >IKS SSM ■x» sua 23MO 2MI 22.'»l 22m 21W11 ^-iU" IMS uas 2019 2S!3 3280 4219 W78 "4: ^Ur-ormi [ih«^n spiit aloof fCaA-.. 3Wii) RUU Jh!ac«T» . •pCt«i«a«i 2.77: aK!3 SkmrW diKn Sieiic luMJin. M fitxn : i^Ct at parallel to rin<^. . . Low, sandy . .. do South Carolina. I 357 Alabama . Saw.mill. Saint John's liver. ...du A. U. Cnrtiss. ..do ...do . ...do H. \r. Ravcnel . do (•. Mobr .do. Florida Sawmill. Cedar A. ILCnHisa. Key.. — do ;... do do Crushed 32 millimeters from mid- dle in vicinity of knot. Crushed at end at 13 luilliuielers knot. Triple ilexure : opnied lO'aiu Crushed at 0 millimeters knot 70 j millimeters fnuii end. Crushed anil opened between riucs at »'nd. Crushed at 89 niillimctors IVum | end. Crushed at 3 millimeters knot at | middle. Moist, sandy . ...do Dry, sandy.. ...do Sandy loam . do. ...do ...do ...do ...do do 8392 Split olill. Locality. Collector. E. Kidder Soil. Ill Kcmarlis. Crushed at middle ami at 'J5 milli. meters Irom miilillc. Crushed at 61 milUiuelers frotu end. Cmslicd at 51 millimeters from cud and at end. 380. Pjniu paliutriti — continui-d 381. Puiuii CiiU'nKis SUuh lift. Saamv Pine N'oilliCurolina ... ...do Florida ...do Alabama ...do Florida ...do Vermont ...do ...do New Dninawick . . ....do Province of Quebec ... do •Nen- Brunawick . . ....do New Ilamiisbire . . ...do Dakota ... do New Bninswick .. ...do ...do ....do Pro»1ncc ofQuebec ...do Colorado ....t 1U2 millimeters from end. Crushed at 15 milliiiii ter.s fium iiii.Idh'. Crushed nt r>l milliiueleis IriMii end. Crushed at 76 milliuietei» liuiii cud. Crushed at 04 millimeters fr end. Triple flexure parajlel lo rings Clashed at 10 millimelers knot tiO uiillimcfers fWuu end. ....do C. (;. I'riiinlc ... do R.Doii(;la« ....do Intercolonial rail- way. ....do Kd. Sinclair ...clo A.litkuit ...do X. 8. Urandegoe.. ....do C. S. .Sargent ..... T. S. Oraudcgee .. ....do TThite Spruce. ... do Xerrj-'speak ....do Bay of Fundy ...do Bridgoton ...do ...do ....do ....do Damp •■"o J84. Pirra EnEelDianni ...do Forest City ...do .. do While Spmee. ... do ...do ..do .. do ...do ' Al|iino .. do do ...do Crushed at 102 millimeters from end ; cross-grniued Crushed lit 102 millimi-teis from emi at 10 niillimeteis ku.it. Cliislied at lU uiillimeleis knot 711 iiiilliuieters fniMi end. Cnishid nt 3H milliiueleis from eudnml at middle ut 3 mlUinie. ters knots. Ti ijile llexiire parallel to rings — Triiilo flexure per|iendiculnr lo riuus. CmKhed at G4 millimeters from end. Crushed at 70 millimeters from end. Crushed at middle ; angle ol crush- ing. H.1°. Crushed at 76 millimeters from end ; angle of crushing, x^t". Crushed at 70 milliuielurs Irniu .lid. Crushed at 13 and nt 102 mil lime tela from end. White Spruce. Blue Spruce. ....do do ..do .. do ' Sitka .. do Saw.niill, Ilurnird iiilcl. \V.lillerH«»w.t.ini. I'lJl'llniid Saw mill. Aatoriii ... do Portland Funiliun; I'liuipaiiy. < 2.0.-t i.-lS -2.54 4. SI 3.0^ nil rj93 1229 1474 I 1041 14UC j 17C9 1452 3303 3892 < 2722 1089 10S9 720 902 671 1007 035 962 B35 939 776 lOGl 735 1120 726 11S9 676 1084 563 708 631 939 662 817 644 916 817 966 640 984 567 1080 1 953 1379 572 833 390 003 907 1270 i 1)40 912 lUlB 1148 ssg 1184 1637 1967 15,5' 1646 13S8 3783 4400 3130 1406 14SS 1238 1030 1001 1039 1034 1311 1229 1021 1043 1170 1515 1043 1120 007 980 1007 1084 817 848 771 866 1814 I I 2141 1360 ' 1»<92 1700 39B3 I 1442 1542 989 1201 1302 1071 1071 10«0 1003 1179 1325 1887 2313 1S73 2431 1071 1071 1234 1597 141S 1026 1170 1U23 1592 j 1687 1932 1082 1706 I 1951 4073 5080 3438 1429 1588 1066 1279 1352 1102 1098 1116 1125 1202 1388 1447 1393 957 112S 1007 993 1125 1139 1275 1665 862 1006 1524 1470 1706 6252 I 3456 ' 1520 j 1637 2155 2563 1710 ' 2078 I 2041 j 4264 5570 3710 ' 1120 1106 1302 1325 1379 1402 1125 1170 1129 1101 114:i 1100 114:i 1100 1101 1193 1225 1201 1420 1438 1468 1324 1438 1488 1012 1043 1143 1175 1030 1080 1039 1061 1170 1220 1184 1229 1325 1361 1710 1751 866 808 1008 1120 1565 1019 1016 1034 1334 1379 1529 1600 1765 1829 066 993 1388 1406 830 866 1021 1048 1016 1048 1220 1279 1071 nil 1297 1306 1002 1107 1016 1062 2223 2654 2123 4309 I 5761 ■ 3801 1606 1719 1202 1347 1438 1211 2277 27S5, 1796 2277 2236 1 4418 ! 5851 ' 3887 ' 1628 1778 1234 l:!70 !47fl 1207 123S 1293 1315 1456 1300 1342 1505 1533 1574 1080 1116 1220 1206 1098 1111 1071 1098 1270 1320 1201 1302 1393 1415 1765 1778 1 944 948 1 1152 1175 1656 1669 1052 1066 1397 1443 1660 1728 1892 1069 1008 1161 1424 1433 903 939 1120 1139 1080 1116 1325 1356 1125 1152 1352 1170 1216 1129 1120 2350 2944 1824 I 2331 j 2304 SUgbt sbparinc of flben ; ■plitmtends 3M Sheared fibers: split at eDiU Slight shearin); of fibers ; split at enda . do .do.. split at ends 3oC Sheared fiben 6214 Sheared tilitrs : splU at end: indenledBectioBCOTiirs 483 10 millinietera Knot. 3901 4146 4246 Sheared 11 U-ib VR 1600 1851 j Sheared fibers: split at inda 231 1810 I I Slight sbearini; of Ubem ; splitatenda 231 12:37 1452 16in do 373 1397 1:300 172* Slicareilflliers 776 1511 1742 Sbiaied libers: siilit at end 77C 1306 Sheared fibers 7»4 1506 ' do I iM 1488 ' .... do 880 1579 do ; 880. 1247 1429 1243 1388 1 1252 1370 1275 1488 1334 1542 1152 1302 1134 1125 1347 1325 1447 1814 1683 1098 1470 1760 2068 I 1252 1436 966 1 1161 I 1161 I 1415 1166 ' do 1824 Slight shearing of fibers. 1588 1678 1724 Sbeand fibers; 3 millimeters knot eovered by in- dented aeotion. 1937 3132 Sheared lihers 513 620 1325 I Slight slieariuc of fibers: split at end <*i 1438 I 1669 Sheared fibers 773 1379 ' Sheared fibers: split at elid 7M 1261 I 1379 Sheared fillers 764. 1533 1492 1043 1320 1882 1276 1637 1C33 1302 1257 I 1161 ' 1542 1311 Sheared fibers : Sheaied fibers. split at end 791 2009 1370 1778 Sheared fibers: 10 millimeters knot oovered byin- ; ^JS dente*! seetiun. Sheared fibers 57S Sheared libers : splitatend ' 822 S7»» Sheared flb«rs : splitatend VSn 2531 Sheared fibers »7»' Slight shearing of fibers: split at end I Vtt Sheared libers W7 I Splitatend: fibers did not shear 1015 ' Slight shearing of fibers ; splitatend IOIt> Sheared fillers : splitatend \ 10I». Sheared fibers 1026 1397 do. ■-"ti Slight shearing of fibers; split at end 1732 I Sheared fibers I Slight shearing of fibers : splitatend .,.. 4TiJ FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERR'A. Table V.— BEHAVIOli OF THE PKIIS'OIPAL WOODS OF THE Sp«CiM. M7. TniEaC>iiad«iiais— contioanl. 219 Vermont Charlotte C. G. PriDgle 775 I 775 778 i 787 do . 793 ProTince of Quebec 798 ....«il. Tiijilo lU'Xiiiu puipenilixilHi' to CrnxliiMl nt 0 inillinietrrs knot 04 niiiliiitetfrs from end. CniRbcd nt 13 to 25 tnillimetera from end. CruHlied nt 19 niillinictem from middle. CruHlied ut 32 niilliiucterH from middle. Crushed nt TO millimiterH from end. Triple rt*'X\ire iSn. Tsnca CjiroUnUaa . nrmloct. 38^. Tfuiza Mertensiana nrmloct. «e. TuigB Pattoniana. . rt\ . PflfodotMDgB Douglaaii Std Fir. TeUov Fir. Ore- gon Pint. Dmiglat Fir. 623 . Xorth Carolina... HcndersonvUle . . . A.Ii.^^tiss. Dry, rocky 0150 CriiKbod at 70 niillimeti-rs from CUlt. I CniHlied nt 51 millimeters from ' middle. j Crushed at 5 tnillimeters knot 971 : Wasbinfiton ter- Wilkeson G. Encelmuuu nnd Kioh loam rilory. I C.S. Sargent. 995 Alaska Sitka Paul Schnltio ; 7021 9185 Crushed nt 70 niillinicters frum 960 : British Culumbia . Silver peak, near G. Engolmann and Gravelly loam 5800 Fraaer river. C. S. Sargent. I I 271>! Colorado Alpini 027 CalifomU Saw-mill, Straw- 1 berry valley. .do . 0341 Ciutiliud ut 0 millimeters knot 45 millinieleis from end. Crushed nt 51 millimeters fi-om middle. Triple llexuro; middle bend 38 millimetets eceentiio nt 3 milli. meters knot. CniHhed at ■'! millinietei-s knot nt middUr. T. S. Brandegcc . G. Engclmann and C.S. Sargent. I E. n. Dean's saw- ! . \ mill, Marshfleld. .do 704 ... do 705 ...do 7M ... do 708 708 709 709 720 720 .. do 732 CaltroniU 732 '....do ..do 881 Utah SaltLake -do do ...do ..do ...do ...do do .' . . do Montana i Baw-mill,Uia>ouIa S.Watson .. do 1... do do peak Siena Lnmber Company, do Moiat 6013 Tiiplell 1 I 9117 9390 n-om 5489 9026 8709 20550 9970 11022 7303 7212 Crushed nt 51 miIlimot< middle. Crushed at end and at lOJ milli- meters from end. Triple flexure perpendiculnr to rings. Crusheil at 51 millimctorn IVom end. Triple flexure do . do 973 Urillsh Columbia . Saw-mill, Burrard inlet. ...do 974 •lo . 986 .. do Saw-mill, VIotoria. 989 Oregon ' Saw-mill, Portland 1008 British Columbia. 8aw-mlll. Burrard inlet. Bocky . ...d6.. 0. S. Sargent . G. Engelmuun and C. S. .Snrgent- Crnshrd nt 80 millimeters from i end. Crushed at 45 millimeters fi-om end. I Crushed nt 25 millimeters from I end at 3 inillimetera knot. Crushed nt 70 uiillimolcrs from end. Crushed at 70 milllmuteis from . middle. CruHhisd at 51 millimetets from I end; shuttered »uil- Tiiplu flexure; uiidille b. ud 38 niillimelerneeei-ntiie. Crushed nt 10 millirueturs from end. Crushed at end Crushed nt 3 millimeters kuots 1)8 ' millimelers iioiu end. { Cruslieil at 13 uiilUmeters kuflt at i middle. Crushed at middle ! Crushed at 3K en8 OF THE Specirs. m. Paraaolui|!>D 449» . uly Inam 4854 4400 38SC 5661 nt 2.'* millimeters from Crushed nt middle nt 25 niillime. ters knot. Crushed at 6 millimeters kuot 38 nullinieters from middle; split alniijz ;;rain. Crnshrd nt 10 millinietels kuot at I miiUlte ; split aiuog grain. ' Crushed nt .'}8 millimct4'rs from ' enil. Ciushed at uiiddle 4808 Crushed and shattered nt end. Oregon . ...do ... 529 Colorado. Porthtnd G.Engelmannand Rieh, alluvial .... 6033 C S. Sargent. ...do do . I do 0477 Engelmann'sra&on Robert Douglas..., Rocky .. 4967 .. 6350 . 6670 Lassen's peak ' Sierra Lumber | 8618 Companv. ....do do ....'. • I 7507 California Strawberry valley G. Eogelniannand Alluvial. C.S. Sargent. do do . - do do Ciuhhed nt 25 millimeters from miildle. CiTished at 19 millimeters flom luichUe. Crushed 51 uiillimeters from end (at < ud bcnrins transverse test) ; split nlon^ rings. Split nt 10 uiiUimeter8knots25miI. limelers froiu middle. Triple llesure Triple Hexure perpendieulur to riocH; opened crnin. Crushed nt middle Crushed nt 38 niilli Me. Abie* amabdis ..... 1004 1 1004 IM Abies Doblli* MS Krd Fir 1 965 400. Abies maimiftf^ Btd fir. 617 047 Urix Americana ^ l^reh. Illaek Larch. Tama- rack llaftmatack. 226' 22«» 774 British Columbia . Silver peak, near G. EngeUnann and liieh.suudv loam.. 7838 i Fraser rivor. C.S.Sargent. ... do I do do do 7122 \ \ Oregon. Soda Springs . ...do CrUNied nt 2ri ni mid<..e. Crushed nt middh from ItimeterH from do Rich I 7230 1 Crushed at 51 G. Eiigelmnnnand Gravelly loam — C. S. Sargent. Clwrlottc . ...du .do. New Itrunswiek . ' Bay of Knndy. C. G. Pringlo Cold, swampy . 12021 10387 I 0849 8165 ohinlal rail. | 7802 9095 Crushed at 51 niillluuiers fr Crushed at 25 mllllnieteis from ndd 449» 1010 1010 .do Sheared fitters . Fibers did not shear; split at end. Sheared fibers ; split at end 1001 ioe« Slight shwirinj; of tillers: split at euil Sheiired fibers: split at end Sheared fibers 617 1474 1463 Slight shearing of fillers : split at ends ^SO* Slight shirring of AIhts: sp'it at end: sperimen SSO* 120 uiilliineters long. Fibt's dill lull shear: splil at end. speoiiuen 120 S.* niillnn.-lers Ions. Slialii shoiiiiig of flbt-rs: ah.tttereci- 'JSO* imii 1.0 iiMllinii'ters long. Slight shearing of fibers : split at end 774 4 so FOKEST TREES OF XOKTli AMERICA. Table V.— BEUAVIOH OF THE PRINCirAL WOODS OF TUE Syccif^ 1 § i Stale. LiH-aliiy. Collector. Soil. '5? § |E5 Kemarks. j «l. Larix AiD«tir«i>— continoed.. 781 781 786 786 79$ 7»5 840 8«0 719 719 984 984 1006 1000 1159 1159 yew BransTick . . ...do ....do ...do ...do ....do MassachnsetU — ...do Mootaua ...do Wuhiugton terri. tory. do ...do ... do Bayof Fundy — ...do BridgctoD do Intercolonial rail- way. .. ,\6 8147 8142 9390 7000 9480 6437 6967 7530 0307 10047 11016 12C33 11-So 10660 1401 :.suc Crushed at 25 millimeters ftom middle. do i Cmslifd at 51 millimntcrs ftom midille. Crushm ' middle. Crnslied at 90 milliuieters from euil; iipuned grain. Split obliqnely; fracture 228 niil- limeters Ion's. Split oUliquely; fracture 305 mil. limeters lunj;. Fnlda W.Siksdorf ....do .. do ....do ....do ...do Agiia Callcntc ....do ....do do ....do PALMACE^. W.O.Wrisht ....do Dry. jcnvoUy ....do ran^MtfPalm. ..do THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. Ux^TITED STATES UNDER COMPRESSION— Continued. 481 FRESBUBE, IM KIL0G11AM8, BIQUIBED TO PRODUCE AN INDENTATION, IN UILLIUXTEIIS, OF- 0.3S 0.51 1125 1765 S34 1202 1111 1002 1315 1733 1179 1769 1211 131S 1633 1656 1400 1574 1452 1451 1220 1905 1025 1270 1189 1429 1842 1892 1774 1579 1547 2350 3134 1005 1311 2041 1075 1325 1288 1506 1087 1040 1800 IGOG 1619 2345 3348 2046 1388 2159 1125 1347 1329 1551 2082 2028 1710 2400 3375 2159 1461 2254 1189 1433 1388 1656 2168 2168 2000 1860 1792 2545 3470 2300 1538 2345 1229 1633 1429 1769 2227 2259 2019 1946 1910 2681 3652 2391 1601 2422 1261 1624 1442 1860 2313 2390 2050 1987 1987 2803 3766 2500 1674 2504 1302 1692 1461 1905 2422 2490 2118 2082 2046 2048 3901 2549 1774 2572 1325 1778 1501 1941 2472 2536 2186 2118 2123 3094 4051 2672 2313 3198 2541 2449 2563 1048 1906 Slight Bbeariiig of fibers Slight shearing of fibers; split at end . do -do. Sheared fibers Slight shearing of fibers; split at end . 78fr 786 Sheared fibers; split at end; indented section 840 covers 6 millimetiTs knot. Slight shearing of fibers; spUtatend I 840 do luos Fibers did not shear I IOCS Sheared fibers 1159 Slight shearing of fibers 1159 31 FOB P^RT III. THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES IN THEIR ECONOMIC ASPECTS. I Th«! Xw\ M|nrtJc«lriillwfHi(l S .prrtitaaiwutUr THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 489 jMichigan i.s tlio i^ieatost lamberproduciiifj state in tbe Union. The value of it.>* lumber product, witli that of Wi.seonsiii and lAlinnesota, exceeds oiui-tliird of the total value of all tbe huuber nianufaetured in tbe United States. This enormous development of tbe lumber business in tbe lake region i.s due to tbe excellence of its forests, tbe natural advantages of tbe country for manufacturing lumber, and the easy communication between these forest* and • tbe treeless agricultural region west of tbe Mississippi river. Tbe extinction of tbe forests of tbe lake region may be expected to seriouslj* affect tbe growth of population iu tbe central portion of tbe continent. Tbe country between tbe Mississippi river and tbe Rockj* moantains, now largely supplied with lumber from Jlicbigan, Wisconsin, and Jlinnesota, must for building material soon depend upon tbe more remote pine forests of tbe Gulf region or those of tbe Pacific coast. A great development in the now comparatively unimjjortant lumber-manufacturing interests in these regions may therefore be expected. ]!sew centers of distribution must soon supidant Chicago as a lumber market, and new transportation routes take the place of those built to move tbe pine grown upon the- shores of tbe great lakes. It is not probable, however, that any one point will ever attain tbe importance now possessed by Chicago as a center for lumber distribution. With tbe growth of the railroad system and the absence of good water communication from the great forests remaining in the country toward tbe center of the continent, lumber will be more generally sbipjjcd direct by rail from the mills to the consumer than iu the past. In this way the pine of Mississipjii, Louisiana, and Arkansa.* will reach Kansas, Nebraska, and tbe whole country now tributary to Chicago. Western Texas and northern Mexico will be supplied by rail with tbe pine of eastern Texas, and the prairies of Minnesota and Dakota must draw their lumber by rail, not as at present from the pine forests covering tbe shores of lake Superior, but from the lir and redwood forests of tbe Pacific coast. FUEL. The following table represents the consumption of forest products as fuel during the census year. The estimates of tbe amount and value of the wood used for domestic fuel are based upon answers to letters of inquiry addressed to persons living in every town in the United States. The average amount and value of the wood used by a family of five persons, taken as a unit, is multiplied by the number of families iu each state using wood for fuel, and tbe result thus obtained is taken as the total state consumption : 490 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. The forests of the United States, in spite of the great and increasing drains made upon them, are capable of jielding annoally f..r many years longer a larger amount of material than has yet been drawn from them, even with oar I : :< of forest management. The great pine forest of the north has already, it is tnie. suffered : c which once covereKl Xew England and New York has already disapi>eared. Pennsylvai...i > :.• ..: \ -::;i ] • ■ of her pine, which once api>eared inexhaustible. The great northwestern pineries are not yet exhausied, and with newly-introduced methods, by which logs once supi>osed inaccessible are now profitably brv'ugbi lo the mills, they mar be expected to increase the volume of their annual product for a few years longer in rt>{x.>iise to the growing demands of the great agricultural iMpulation Cast covering the treeless mJdcwntineiital iilateau. The area of pine forest, however, remaining in the great pine-producing states of Michigan, "Wisfonriin. and Minnesota is dangerously small in proportion to the country's consumption of white pine lumber, and the entire exhaustion of these forests in a comparatively short time is certain. The wide areas DOW c-overed in New England by a vigorous second growth of white pine, although insignificant in extent and productiveness in comparison with the forests it replaces, must not be overlooked in considering the pine supply of the ooQutry. These new forests, yielding already between two and three hundred million feet of lumber annually, are capable of gre-at future develojiment. The pine belt of the south Atlantic region still contains immense quantities of timber unequaled for all ' -• - •" ' • --- - -^ion. although unsuited to take the plac-e of the white pine of the north. The southern pine ■ped from the banks of streams flowing into the Atlantic, are practically untouched in the :^^. Mjose lx»rdering the Mississippi river. These forests contain sufficient material to long sap] - which can be made upsts of the United States. Other forests may be swept away and the country will exi)eiience nothing more serious than a loss of material, which can be produced again if the price of lumber warrants tbe cultivation of trees as a commercial enterprise; but if the forests which control the tlow of the great rivers of the country perish, the whole community will sulVer widespread calamity which no i>recautions taken after the mischi<'f has been done can avert or future expenditure prevent. 494 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. NORTH ATLANTIC DIVISION. MAINE. The forests of the Northern Pine Belt once extended over the state of Maine. Pine and spruce, with wl)ioh were mingled maple, birch, and other «leciduou.s trees, covered the entire state, with the exception of the immediate coast region between the Kennebec and the Penobscot rivers, a region of hard-wood forest; hemlock was common. The original pine and spruce forc^^ts of the state have been practically destroyed. Pine has been cut in every township, and the largest spruce everywhere culled, except from the inaccessible region about the headwaters of the AUaguash river. Scattered bodies of the original pine, often of considerable extent and generally connected with farms, exist in the southern, and especially in the southeastern, counties, and fine hemlock of large size is still an important element of the forest in the central and southern portions of the region west of the Penobscot river. Birch, maple, and oak, too heavy for transport by raft, are still common, except in the neighborhood of manufacturing centers and the lines of railroad. Harilwood timber is particularly fine and abundant through the central portion of the state: farther north the forest is more generally composed of coniferous trees. The lumber business of southern and central Maine attained its greatest importance as early as 1850. In that year spruce was for the first time driven down the Kennebec with pine, and the i)roportion of spruce to pine has since steadily increased, until, in the season of ]S79-"S(>, only 20 per cent, of the lumber cut on that river was pine. The lowest point of productive capacity of the forests of Maine has probably been passed. Tlie reckless disregard of forest property which characterized the early lumbering operations of the state has been replaced by sensible methods for preserving and perjjetuating the forest. This change in public sentiment in regard to the forests has followed naturally the exhaustion of the forest wealth of the state. As this disappeared the importance of preserving some part, at least, of the tree covering, the source of the state's greatest prosperity, forced itself upon ])ublic attention ; for unless the forests could be perpetuated, the state must lose forever all commercial and industrial importance. It has followed that the forests of Maine, as compared with those in other parts of the country, are now managed .sensibly and economically. They are protected from lire principally through the force of i)ublic sentiment, and only trees above a certain size are allowed to be cut by loggers buying stumi»age from the owners of land. In tlie southern counties the young jdne now springing up freely on abandoned farming lands is carefully protected, and large areas are planted with pine in regions where the natural growth has not covered the soil. The coniferous forests, under the present management, may be cut over once in every fifteen or twenty years, producing at each cutting a croj) of logs equivalent to 1,000 feet of lumber to the acre, of which from 5 to 7 per cent, is ])ine, the rest spruce. Forest fires, which formerly inflicted every year serious damage upon the forests of the state, are now of comparatively rare occurrence. During the census year only 35,230 acres of woodland were reported destroyed by flre, with an estimated loss of $123,315. These fires were set by farmers in clearing land, by careless hunters, and by sparks from locomotives. The following estiniates of the amount of pine and .spruce standing in the state May 31, 1880, were i)rei)ared by Mr. Cjtos A. P:u;kard, of Augusta, land agent of the state. They were made up from the results of actual snrvey.s, and have been reviewed by a large number of experts most famihar with the condition of the forests in different parts of the state: Pino (Pinut StTolnu). , Spruce (Pta«a nigra). Feet, board meaiire. Feet, board meature. Saint Jobo liror SDil tribnUrie* Pcnobftcot rircr noil ti-ibnlBricn KciiDeb<« liver and tribatarica ADdraacogelo rivrr ami trjliulariea Saiot Croix. Macbtiu. Narrasaagoa, and Cnloo tlvan ud otberrauill atreuni ■ . Tola! Cat for the ccniioa year niding Haj 31, 1880 7.1, 000, 000 100,000,000 .'.0, €00, 000 M, 000, 000 200, 000, 000 476,000,000 1. 400, 000, 000 1, 000, OOO, 000 1,000.000,000 500. 000, 000 S( 0, 0<)U, GOO {,000,000,000 s Dr^AKI'MENI' CF N DK.XSITV OF FORESTS (■DMrn.Ki) i'Nm:)iTiiK iiim:rni)N hk c.s .SAKi;i:.vr, spkciai. .\i;K.vr U X. CONNECTICUT NF' TnE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 495 Qiiiiiitities of logs cut in Aroostook county are driven down the Saint JoLn river and manufactured in New l}ninswi(!k. During the season of 1879-'S0 there were handled in this way 70,000,000 feet of sjjruce, 4,.jfK),000 feet of pine, 13,800,000 feet of cedar, 1,500,000 feet of squared pine timber, 1,000,000 feet of squared birch tin)ber, 110,000 feet of squared larch timber. Of this 70 per cent, of the spruce and SO per cent, of the pine were returned to tbe United States manufactured into lumber, and the whole of the cedar in the form of shingles. Important industries dependent for material upon a supply of hard wood have long flourished in the state. Large quantities of cooperage stock, woodenware, handles, spools, bobbins, etc., are manufactured, and more recently the production of wood pulj) and excelsior, principally from poplar and other soft woods, has a^sume^I important proi)ortions. Manufacturers from nearly every part of the state report a deterioration and scarcity of the best timber, especially oak, which is now largely imported from Canada or replaced by southern hard pine. Birch, however, is still abundant, and is largely exi)orted in the form of spool and bobbin stock. The manufacture •of potash, once an important industry of the state, has been abandoned as unprofitable. Several establishments engaged in the manufacture of tanning extracts from hemlock bark are located in the state, and the numerous tanneries upon the Penobscot river consume large quantities of the same material. The demand for hemlock lumber is now good, and the logs, after being stripped of their bark, are manufactured into lumber and not allowed, as in other parts of the country, to rot upon the ground. A recently-established industry is the manufacture of kegs, barrels, and woodenware from pulp made from chips, brush, and other waste material of the forest. Partial estimat<,'s of the hoop-pole industry give a product of 5,449,200, valued at $75,G12. During the year 1ST9 153,334 j)ounds of maple sugar were produced in the state. Androscoggin county. — One-lialf of this county is reported covered with woods, largely second growth ; it contains, however, considerable bodies of line first-growth white pine. Manufacturers of cooperage stock report oak exhausted, other hard woods scarce and of inferior (juality, and that no .second-growth timber is of snflScient size for use. A large amount of excelsior is manufactured, principally from poplar. Aroostook county. — Nine-tenths of this county is reported covered with forests, the cleimngs being confined to the neighborhoods of the rare settlements along the river bottoms. Logs cut in this county are largely rafted down the Saint John river, and little lumber in proportion to tbe cut is manufactured within its limits. The production of cooperage stock and other articles requiring hard wood in their manufacture is rapidly increasing, and with abundant material such industries seem destined to great development. Cumberland county. — One-half of this county is reported covered with woods, principally of second growth. Manufacturers of cooperage stock report a general deterioration and scarcity of material, especially Lard woods, now nearly exhausted. Spruce and poplar in large quantities are manufactured into wood pulp. Franklin county. — Three-fourths of this county is reported covered with woods, principally confined to the northern portion. Staves, hoop-poles, handles, and excelsior are manufactured in large quantities. Hancock county. — Seven-eighths of this county is reported covered with woods, largely composed, toward the coast, of second growth white pine. The northern portions contain flue bodies of large hemlock. ^Manufacturers of cooperage stock report deterioration of material ; ash especially has become scarce. Kknnebec county. — Four tenths of this county is reported covered with woods, largely second growth. Merchantable spruce and pine have been everyM here removed. Considerable areas are again covered with pine, and the wooded area is increasing. Next to Penobscot this is the most important lumber manufacturing county in the state. Numerous mills located on the Kennebec river saw logs driven from its upper waters and from beyond the limits of the county. Large quantities of i)oplar and spruce are consumed annually in the manufacture of wootl pulp, excelsior, handles, etc. The supply of hard wood is small and of inferior quality. The po]>lar now nsetl is nearly all second growth. Knox county. — One-half of this county is reported covered with woods, generally of second growth. Heavy timber, however, still exists in the towns of Washington, Apploton, and Union. \Vlute pine is scarce, and gr»\it deterioration in timber of all kinds is reported. Scarcity in the near future is apprehended by manufacturers. A large anu)unt of cord-wood is consumed annually in burning lime. Lincoln county.— About one-half of this county is reported covered with woods, nearly all second growth. Oxford county. — I'rom one half to two-thirds of this county is i-eported covered with woods. The northern l)ortiou still contains large areas of original forest, although pine and si>ruce have been culled everywhere. In the southern part of the county tlu're are considerable bodies of second-growth white pine, and the wooded area is increasing. Cooiwrago stock, handles, and wood pulp are largely manufactured. Mamifacturei-s report that timber of all kinds has deteriorated in quality and become scarce, with the exception of oak, which is still abuHdant and of good quality. Penobscot county. — Nine-tenths of this county is reported covered with woods. The meix-hantable pine and spruce have been removed from the southern ]>ortiou and everywhere culled. In the northern townships hemlock is still abuiulaut and of fine quality. Peuol)scot is the great lumber manufacturing county of the state, Ikmgor, once the luincipal market in the United States for jtine lumber, being still the most important saw mill center. Spruce and luH pine, however, except in insiguilicant tjuantities. is now manufactured upon the Penobscot. Manufacturers using hard woods report an abundant sui)i)ly of excellent material. 49(; 'IIIK FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. PiSCATAQns COlT>TY. — Fioiii i'i«;lit lo iiiiioti'ii t lis of tills iiuiiii\ is njiortod covered with forests, the soiiiheru portion only beiuj; cleared of the orijiinal tree jirowth. Sagadahoc couni y. — One lialf of this county is rejiorted covered with woods. i)rincipally second <;;rowth. Considerable second-growth white i>ine is now growing up ui>on abandoned farm lands, and the wooded area of the county is increasing. Manufaeturei-s rejiort all timber of sullici^-nt size for use scarce and of inferior qiuility, and apprehend early exhaustion of hard woods suitable for mechanical j)uri)oses. SoMKKSET CorNTV. — Five sixths of this county is reiwrted covered with woods, the southern ixirtion only being cleared of its forests of Ri>ruee and pine. E.\c<'lsior, handles, woodenware, etc., are largely manufactured. Hard-woiid timber of all sorts is abundant and of excellent (iiiality, with the exception of black ash, now scarce and in great demand. Waldo cotnty. — From one-cjuarter to otiehalf of this county is it'ijorted covered with woods, generally of second growth. The wooded area is now gradually increasing by the growth of white pine on abandoned farmiug lantls. Manufacturens rejiort a scarcity and deterioration of timber of all kinds of sutlicient size for use. Washington cofnty. — From eight- to nine-tenths of this county is reported covered with woods. In the southern portion considerable areas contain scattered bodies of large pine, and through the center of the county are large tracts of first-growth hemlock forests. No future scarcity of lund)er is apprehended. York county. — From one-third to one-half of this county is reported covered with woods; it contains largo quantities of scattered pine. Second-growth pine is spreading on abaiuloned agricult ural land, and the forest area is increasing. Wood pulp, cooperage stock, and handles are largely manufactured. Timber of all sorts is reported as de])reciating in both quality and quantity. No immediate scarcity, however, is apprehended. NEW nAMPSniKE. The forests of New Hampshire were originally composed of a bolt of spruce, mixed with maple, birch, and other hai-d- wood trees, occuitying all the northern part of the state and extending southward through the central portion; the southeastern part of the state and the region bordering the Connecticut river were covered with forests of white pine, through which considerable bodies of hard wood were scattered. The origiiuil wliite-i)ine forests of New Hami>shire are practically exhausted, although in flic northern counties of the state there still remain a few scattered bodies remote from streams and of small size; once of great extent and importance, these forests have disajtpeared before the ax of the settler and lumberman, or have been wasted by forest fires. Large areas, however, once covered with forests of pine, have grown uj) again, especially in the southern part of the state, ■with this tree. No estimate of the amount of this second-growth i)ine standing in the state has been jiossible; it furnished during the census year a cut of 99,400,000 feet of lumber, board measure. The remaining forests of the state, i-onsidered as a source of lumber supply, arc composed of spruce, more or less mixed with hard woods, of whicii the sugar maple and the birch arc the most valuable. In the northern part of the state large areas of the original spruce forest remain, although these bodies of timber are now only fouiul at a considerable distance from streams. Fires, which at different times have destroyed vast areas of forest, especially in the norlhern part of the .state, arc now less frecjuent and destructive. During the year 18S0 but .'5,9.'il acres were reported stripi)ed of their tree covering by fires. Of such fires twelve were set by sparks from locomotives, seven by the esca)>e into the forest of fires originally set in clearing land for agricullural iini])os(s. six by siiortsmen, one tlirougli mali«) lumber standing May .'JI, 18S(), in Carroll, Coos, aiul (Irafton counties, where alone the spruce forests of the state an; now of commercial importance, was furnished by Mr. O. T. ('rawford, of Boston, and veiilied l>y the testimony of other experts: BLACK .SPRUCE (Picea nigra). Coiinlirs Tret, board mvoaurv. Carroll Coo* .. 00, ouo, ouo 1,000,000,000 460, 000, OOO XoUl .. - 1,SIO.OOO,000 168.175,000 Cot for llip c-atn feel sawrtl ou tl > yxHr POilInK Mny 31, ICM (Ini'lodlng 20,000,000 c C'finnc<;ttriit rivet, In ^laJiiUK-biiHetlN). It is roughly cstimatwl that the spmce forests of the state contain over 33,750,000 cords of hard wood and 165,000,(){|(> f.et of hemlock. pP/.RT.M-K\'T PF -ru. ,_,....p. .^,. ^ THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 497 Partial returns of the liooi>-i)olc iiuliislry give a production during tbe census year of 4,225,000,' valued at $29,280. New nampsliire is fourth among the states in the iniiiortance of its maple-sugar iiroduct. During tbe year 1S79 it produced 2,731,915 jiounds. Belknap county. — From one-third to three-eighths of this county is reported covered with woods. Cakroll county. — Five eighths of this county is reported covered with woods. In the northern portion there are still large areas covered with an original growth of sjn uce. Large quantities of charcoal are manufactured in this county, and tbe usual method of lumbering adopted heic and very generally in northern Jfew Ilamiishire is first to cut the spruce large enough for saw-logs, taking all trees G inches in diameter 25 feet from the ground, and then cut for charcoal all the remaining growth, hard wood and soft, even tbe young spruce. As the land cleared is of little value for agricultural ])urposes, it is allowed to grow up again with wood. Deciduous trees come up at first, and these arc sometimes, but not always, followed by spruce. It is necessary to exercise great care in order to prevent the newly cleared tracts ironi sufl'ering from lire, as the material for charcoal, cut into cord-wood, is often left on the ground until the second season. Mr. C. G. Pringle, who studied the forests of this region, furnishes the following notes upon the forests of Carroll county: "The forests on the mountain sides between Crawford's and Eartlett are composed principally of tbe yellow and paper birch, the sugar maple, the red maple, poplars, the black spruce, and the balsam fir. About Bartlett scattering specimens of white pine make their appearance. In the more level part of North Conway tbe red and the pitch pine and the hemlock become common, while on the more sterile, sandy i)lains farther down tbe Saco these ])ines with the white birch constitute the principal arborescent growth. " The tract known as Hart's location, lying partly in the ^Ybite Mountain notch, includes 10,000 acres, 2,000 of which bear 15,000 feet per acre of spruce and hemlock — rather more of hemlock than of spruce; 10,000 acres in this tract will cut 25 cords of hard wood per acre. The town of Bartlett, partly cleared, still has 40,000 acres of woodland, which will yield an average of 5,000 feet per acre of spruce and hemlock and 15 cords of bard wood. Sargent's grant covers mount Crawford, Stair mountain, and a part of mount Washington. On this tract arc 15,000 acres of timber land, carrjing 20,000 feet per acre, chiefly spruce. The Thompson and ^leserve purchase comprises portions of mounts "VYasbington, Jeflerson, and Madison, and covers 12,000 acres. Two thousand acres of this will yield 30,000 feet of spruce and hemlock per acre in nearly equal proportions. The remaining 10,000 acres will cut 25 cords of hard wood per acre. The Bean purchase lies north of the town of Jackson, and covers 40,000 acres. It is occujiied by a dense forest, amounting to 20,000 feet of spruce and hemlock and 20 cords of hard wood per acre. Originally there was considerable jnne on the streams and sides of tbe mountains in this vicinity, particularly on mount Kearsargc, but now there is little left. Twelve and twenty-five years ago much of tbe town of Bartlett was burned over, and a diiferent growth has come up — white birch, poplar, bird cherry, etc." A large amount of cooperage stock, excelsior, and an average of 1,000 cords of shoe pegs (from birch and maple) are annually made in this county. Considerable damage to oak and poplar caused by tbe ravages of tbe army-worm [!J are rei)orted. The natural increase of timber is said, however, nearly to equal the present consumption by local industries, and scarcity is not apprehended. Chkshire county. — About one-half of this county is reported covered with woods. Coos COUNTY.— Nine-tenths of this county is reported covered with forests. Tbe following is extracted from Mr. rringle's notes ujion the forests of this county : " Everything east of the Connecticut lakes and about the upper portions of Indian and Perry streams is original forest. Such also is the condition of the Gilmanton, Atkinson, and Dartmouth College grants and tbe towns of Dixvillc, Odell, and Kilkenny. All the eastern portions of Clarksville, Stewartstown, Colebrook, Columbia, and Stratford are forest, and nearly all of M'entworth's location, iMillsfield, Errol, Dummer, Cambridge, and Success. In these forests the spruce will cut 5,000 feet and the hard wood about 50 cords per acre. There is considerable hemlock, but even less pine than in Essex county, Vermont. Not much of the region has l>een burned over, and siiruce comes into the soil again but slowly after clearings and tiros. " In the townshi]! of Kilkenny, in the mountains east of Lancaster, there are 10,000 acres of forest still untouched, though a branch railroad from Lancaster into this forest has been surveyed, and may be constructed in a few years, for the puri)ose of bringing the lumber down to the mills at Lancaster. Lowe and Burbank's grant is a wilderness, three-fourths well timbered and the remainder a mountain ridge of nearly bare rock. Beau's purchase is nearly inacci'ssiblo and but little lumbered. Stark, on the upjier Ammonoosuc, is badly cut over, only about one-quarter remaining in virgin forest. About one-half of Berlin is niicut ; also tbe northern half of Bandolph, tbe south half of Gorham, and the south quarter of Slielburne. Considerable land in Success was burned over some years ago, as well as some in Stark and in the eastern part of Berlin, but tiros have not lately been very destructive in tbe New Hampshire fvuests." A large amount of coojierage stock, handles, wood pulp, shoe pegs, etc., is manu(i\eturcd in this county. Abundant material, with the exception of ash, is reported. Gkafton COUNTY.— One-half of this county is reported covered with woods, mostly confined to the northern and central portions. Shoe pegs, cooperage stock, wood pul(), and excelsior are largely manufactured. Tbe amount of material is considered abundant for the present consumption. 32 for 498 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. EIiLLsnoROi'Gn coi^'TY. — One-half of this comity is ivportoil covered with woods, mostly second growth. A large amount of eoiiperage and wheel .stock is inaiiutactnred. No deterioration in tho qualitj- of material is reported, although at the present rate of cousunii>tion it must soon become exhausted. MKURntACK roi'XTY. — One half of this county is reported covered with woods. Cooperage stock, handles, and excelsior are largely manufactured. A slight deterioration in the quality of material is reported. RocKixnnAM coi'XTV. — From one-quarter to five-eighths of this county is reported covered with woods, most iy second growth. Strafford cox'XTY. — Fonr-tenths of this county is reported covered with woods, mostly second growth. Eloop-poles. cooperage stock, etc., are largely manulactured. Wood of all sorts is re])orted scarce and rapidly increasing in value. VERMONT. The forests of Vermont, as compared with those of New Hampshire and Jlaine, are varied in composition. About the shores of lake Champlain several western trees first appear, and throughout the state the forest is more generally composed of deciduous than coniferous species. Forests of spruce, however, spread over the high ridges of the Green mountains, their foot-hills being covered with hard-wood trees and little pine or hemlock occurring in the valleys. A forest of while pine once stretched along the banks of the Connecticut, and great bodies of this tree occurred in the northwestern part of the state, adjacent to lake Champlain. The original white- jiine forests of the state are now i)ractically exhausted. They are represented by a small amount of second-growth pine only, which furnished during the census year a cut of 0,50.1,000 feet of luml)cr, i)oard measure'. The forests of Vermont now snfler comparatively little from tire, although at dillereiit periods during the last fifty years very serious fires have laid waste great areas of forest in the Green IMountain region. During the year 1880 3,041 acres of woodland were reported destroyed by fire, with au estimated loss of 8l8,4GG. Of such fires ten escaped from farms into the forest, five were set by locomotives, two were traced to the carelessness of hunters, and one to malice. Large amounts of cooperage stock, woodenware, furniture, ])aper pulp, excelsior, veneers, etc., are manufactured throughout the state. ^laterial for these industries is fast disappearing, and a great deterioration in quality, especially of oak, ash, and chestnut, is reported by manufacturers. Vermont surpasses all other states in the manufacture of maple sugar. During the year 1879 11,201,077 l)onnds were produced in the state. The following estimate of the spruce standing in the state ]\ray31, 1880, has been prepared from Mr. Pringle's report, and is liascd upon the statements of numerous timber-land owners and experts in different parts of the state: BLACK SPRUCE {I'iceanigraX ICeglonii. Orcen MooDtain range Volley of the Connocticnt rlvor ToUl Cot for tlic remtnn yrarpiKliDg May 31, 1880 (excluding 16,191,000 fe«t imi>ortcd froDiCauad:!). 380,000,000 375, 000, 000 Partial returns of the lioop-pole industry give a production during tho census year of only ^.''.(OOO, valued at $470. Addison county. — .Vbout one third of this county is reported covered with woods. Spruce and ash are scarce anil rapidly disappe.iring. Oak of suflicicnt size for the manufacture of coo])erage stoc^k is exhausted. IJr.NXiNOTON roi'NTY. — Two-thirds of this county is re])ortcd covered with woods. ^Manufacturers of woodenware and coopei-age stock couFiiler the prospects for future local supply favorable. Cai.KDoxia coi'X'J'Y. — From one-third to three-eighths of this county is re])oited covered witli woods, mostly confined to the northern and western portions. CniTTKXDKN rorxTY.— About one-fifth of this county is i('i>orted as woodland. TIk! following extracts are. made from Mr. I'lingle's note upon the forests of Vermont: "Excc])t on the summits of a few of the higher peaks of tho Green mountains, where black sjn'iice and balsam fir grow to the exclusion of other trees, the aibor.-al growth is composed of a large number of species. In tho valleys and on the foothills, and even on the slo])e8 of the higher mountains in their lower jiortions, hemlocks mingle with spruce, beech, maple, and birch (yellow birch chie/ly, for there is little white birch seen in northern Vermont); basswood, butternut, the ashes, red oaks, etc., are confined to the lower elevations and are less abundant than the trees first mentioned, lietween tlic isolated patches of spruce and fir about the summits of the mountains and the region where hemlock is found, rock maple, yellow birch, and black spruce are the predominating species. THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 499 "To estimate tUc area of valnable original forest still standing in the Green mountains is not an easy task. The belt extends from the Canada line to Massachusetts, and even into that state. The outlines of this belt are made very irregular by the cleared and settled valleys which run up among the mountains, and by reason of forest clearings, so that its width is constantly varying as we proceed from one eiul to the other. "The woodlands of the plateau, some 10 miles broad and elevated Irom L'OO to 300 feet above lake Champlain, lying between the foot-hills of the Green mountains and the lower ])lain oeside the lake, occupy, for the most part, rocky hills, and are composed principally of sugar maple, beech, basswood, white ash, black birch, and red oak. Certain limestone hills oiler a favorable situation for the butternut, the ironwood, the slippery elm, and the bitter hickory. The swamps and other lowlands yield the red maple, the black ash, the white elm, and the black willow. The latter, especially along streams, is associated with alders and the sheepberry. The colder, sphagnous swamps are covered with a growth, more or less dense, of yellow cedar, black spruce, balsam, and larch ; sometimes in the higher portions the white pine mingles with these, scattered or in groves. When grown in such soil this wood is liable to be extremely hard and brittle. The poplars occupy hillsides and ridges where the soil is a light, cold, sandy loam; with them the bird cherry is perpetually associated. Tlie black cherry is scattered iu a diversity of soils. White oak aud hickory attain their best development on clayey soil or glades of slight elevation ; on the red sand-roek hills they are smaller. Certain slopes of cold clay are still here heavily wooded with hemlock, while warm clay lands are the favored site of the burr oak. In the vicinity of the lake aud its tributaries low, wet shores are scattered over with the swamp white oak and the burr oak. The chestnut oak is common on the thin, poor soil of the red sand-rock hills, ranging through the valley from the lake as far back in some places as the loot-hills of the Green mountains. The red pine appears on the sandy shores of lake Champlain, aud extends far up the Winooski river. The moister aud more fertile portions of the sandy plain are still occupied to some extent by white pine, the poorer portions by pitch pine. The white birchr occurs on cold, wet, sandy soil near the lake ; aud in the mountains the black spruce becomes the most common tree ; with it in stronger soil are associated the yellow birch aud the sugar maple. " Burlhujton. — This place is believed to rank as third, or next to Albany, among the lumber markets of the United States. More lumber may enter some ports, as Oswego aud Tonawauda, for transshipment, but all lumber brought to this market is stored and sold here. The kind is chiefly white pine brought up the lake from Canada, a little of it being cut in Michigan (perhaps one-teuth); all the rest is of Canadian growth. A few of the lumber companies hero own lauds of limited extent among the Green mountaius, fi'om which they obtain spruce for clapboards, etc. The general direction which the lumber sent from here takes is to the older portions of Xew England, Massachusetts, Ehode Island, and Connecticut, considerable pine being sent even to Maine, which once supplied to commerce so much of this material. Much lumber is dressed here and sent to Boston for shipment to foreign countries. The business still enjoys the highest prosperity, aud during the census year, under the stimulus of general commercial prosperity, it was especially active. As yet no lack in the supply is felt, the loggers only having to go farther back in the Canadian forests than formerly to obtain timber enough to meet the demand. The proportion of lumber worked up here is small, there being merely a few factories producing doors, sash, blinds, packing boxes, etc." Essex county. — Five-sixths of this county is reported covered with forest. The following is extracted from Mr. Pringle's report : " Four-tiftiis of that i)art of the county of Essex lying north of Guildhall and Victory is still iu virgin forest, which will yield 5,000 feet of si)ruce per acre. The towns of Lewis aud Averill are entirely unlumbered, and so is Avery's Gore. Colton is mostly covered with forest, and so is Ferdinand. Timber-lands compose about two-thirds of Granby and East Ilaveu, and cover the back parts of the river towns and those crossed by the Grand Trunk railroad. South of Cruildhall and Victory the towus of Coucord and Luneuburg are mostly cleai-ed and settled. The projjortion of hemlock in these forests is not large ; there is considerable yellow cedar and a large amount of maple, birch, and beech — probably 50 cords per acre. There is but little pine in all this region, jtrincipally confined to the township of Lewis; elsewhere only occasional pine trees occur.'' FuANKLiN COUNTY.— From one fourth to three tenths of this county is reported covered with forest, mostly confined to the hills in the northeastern and northern portions. In the village of Montgomery a large establishment for the manufacture of butter tubs is located, aud at East Kichford birch is largely manufactured into turned ware. Grand Isle county. — About a quarter of this county is reiiorted covered with woods. Lamoille county. — About oue-third to one-half of this county is rei)ortod covered with woods, very generally listributed over its entire surface. OKANOJi"' COUNTY. — Ouc quarter of this county is reported covered with forest. Okleans COUNTY. — Oue-lialf of this county is reported covered with woods. The following is extracted from Air. Pringle's notes: "At Newport, situated at the southern extremity of lake Memphrcmagog, are several mills for cutting veneering from birch. The product of these mills is closely packed in boxes, so that it cannot warp, and sent to the manufactories near the large cities, to be used for chair bottoms and other purposes. Southwaitl from Newport, in ti(e valleys of the Barton and Black rivers, which tlow northward into lake Memphrcmagog, and of the Tassumpsic river, which runs southward anil joins the Connecticut, aiv almost continuous swamps of yellow 500 THE FOKESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. tetlar, black spruce, and laicL, from wbicb tbe cedar timber is now beiujjf largely drawn to be sawed into shingles. At Barton tbe banl woods are largely" cut into material for furniture, wbicb is shipped toward tbe sea-board before being i)uf together. "The valley of the Clyde river from Newport to l.sland Pond is cleared for the most part and iinprovele. and beech are its chief component species. In a few ■places, ■where the soil is saudy, ■white pine occurs in straggling groves or isolated siiecimens, and the swam|)s, as well as those of all of northern Vennont. are ruce or balsam to be found among the thickets of bird cherry. The hilltop and hillside forests ea.st of Montpelier show hemlocks every where mingled with sugar majiles, yellow l)irches, and spruce; farther cast the s]irnce and birch iiredominate. Approaching the Connecticut river, hemlocks and ina|)les again ajtpear and .second-growth white i)ine and i)ai)er birches take the place of the other s])ecies." ^VINI)IIAM coiNTY. — Thrce-ciglilhs of this county is reported covered with woods, mostly coiilincd to ridges of the Green mountains. Ash and white jiine are reported very scarce. ■\ViND.soR COINTY. — From one-fourth to one-third of this county is re])orted covered with woods, (juite generally distributed over the hills. Tubs, barrels, kegs, and buckets of white ami red oak, white jiine, spruce, and ash are manufactured. Oak is reiiortcd by manufacturers to he already practically exhausted, spruce to be fast disappearing, and asb very scarce and in danger of speedy extermination. MASSACHUSETTS, KUODE ISLAND, AND CONNECTICUT. The original forest which onine, the luoductive capacity of their woodlands is, in view of the heavy demands conti muilly made njion them, esjiecially by the r.iilroads, rajiiflly diminishing. Abandoned farming land, if i)rotected from lire and browsing aninmls, is now very generally, except in the immcfliate vicinity of the coast, soon covered with a vigorous growth of white jjine. The fact is im])ortant, for this new growth of pine )>romises to give in tlii' future moie than local importance to the forests of this region. These states sustain a considt-rable annual loss from forest fires. In Massachii.seds duiing the year 1880 13,.S»(» acres of wooilland were re|torfed destroyed by lire, with a loss of ifUy2,'J(i2. Of these lires fifty-two were set by locomotives, forty by fires started on farms and escajiing to the forest, thiify seven by hunters, nineteen by the carele.'^s use of tobacco, eight through malice, and three by careles.sness in the manufacture of charcoal. No returns in regard to forest fires in Rhode Island and Connecticut have been received, but it is believed that in ])roi)ortion to tbeir forest area such fires are not less destructive in these states than in iMassachusetls. Nunurons imjiortant industries using hard wood have been driven from these stales or forced to obtain their material from bcyoml their limit.s. On the other hand, indu.stries like the manufacture of certain sorts of woodenware, using secoud- growtli pine, are rapidly increasing in volume. The jiiincipal forests now found in these status are situated in Berk.shire, Hampden, and Worcester counties, Mas.sachusetts. THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 501 Berkshire county, Massachusetts.— From one-third to one-half of thi.s eounty is reported covered with woods, largely second growth. The high ridges of the hills are still covered with forests of black spruce, their slopes and intervening valleys with hard woods or hemlock, now often replaced by a growth of young white pioe. Cooperage stock, baskets, and wood pnlp are largely manufactured. Si)ruce is reported to have deteriorated ia quality; manufacturers consider the supply of material, however, abundant for all present local demands. Fkankijn county, Massachuskt'JS.— One-half of this county is reported covered with woods, largely second-growth white piue. "WoHCESTKR COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. — Ouc-half of this couuty is reported covered with woods, largely second growth white piue. Winchendon, the most important point in the United States for the manufacture of woodenware, small cooperage, etc., is supplied with material from the young pine forests of this and the neighboring counties. Timber is reported to have deteriorated. The supply of pine is not equal to the demaud, and is rapidly increasing in value. In Barnstable county, IMassachusetts, numerous experiments in fore.«!t planting have been made. In South Orleans and neighboring towns fully 10,000 acres of sandy, barren soil have been successfully and profitably planted with pitch i)ine. Similar i)lantations have been made upon the island of Nantucket; aud many large groves of white pine planted many years ago in Bristol and Plymouth counties demonstrate the entire practicability of forest culture in this whole region. Theonly important lumber manufacturing establishments found in these states are situated upon the Connecticut river, in ^Massachusetts and Connecticut. They are entirely supplied with niaterial from th^ forests of northern New Hampshire and Vermont. Partial returns of the hoop-jjole industry give a production during the census year in Massachusetts of 11,507,600, valued at 895,009; in Connecticut, of 191,000, valued at $9,GG0. NEW YORK. That portion of the state north of the forty-third degree of latitude, including within its limits the elevated Adirondack region, was once covered with a dense forest of maple, birch, basswood, aiul other northern deciduous trees, through which were scattered spruce and pine. The low hills bordering the Iludson ami extending along the southern boundary of the state west of that river were covered with the coniferous species of the Northern Pine Belt. Over the remainder of the state the broad-leaved forests of the Mississippi basin spread almost uninterruptedly, except where an occasional sandy plain or high elevation favored the growth of pines. The original forest still covers largo areas in the northern counties, and protects the hills through which the Delaware river forces its way in crossing the southern part of the state. With these exceptions, however, the forests of New York are now almost exclusively of second growth. The forests of the state, esi)ecially in the north, have at diflerent times sutfered great damage from fire. During the census year 1-19,491 acres of woodland were re])orted destroyed by fire, with a loss of $1,210,785. Of these fires thirty-seven were set by faruiers clearing land for agricultural purposes and allowing them to esc;ipe to the forest, forty three were set by locomotives, and twenty-two by the carelessness of sportsmen. With the exceiition of the s])ruce of the Adirondack region, the forests of the state are no longer important as a source of general lumber supply ; and many industries depending upon hard woods have iu late years decreased in importance, owing to the want of sullicient niaterial, or have been forced to obtain their supply of timber from the west. White oak, largely consumed by the railroads, has become scarce, and has advanced at least 50 per cent, in value during the last twelve years. Elm, ash, hickory, and other woods are reported scarce iu all parts of the state. Partial returns of the hoop-pole industry give a production during the census year of 10,948,258, valued at $155,704. New York is oidy surpassed by Vermont in the amount of maple sugar produced by its forests. During the year 1879 10,G9;5,OI9 jjounds were manufactured in the state. The following extracts are taken from Jlr. Pringle's re])ort upon the forests of northern New York: " Oue who enters northeastern New York at I'ort Kent, aud takes stage by way of Keeseville to the Saranac lakes, finds himself, as long ::s his route runs up the Au Sable river, which is as far as the Au Sable forks, i)assing through a region which gives evidence of having been formerly covered with pine. The white, the red, aud the pitch pine are all represented here. The pitch ])iue is conlinetl chietly to the sterile sandy plains between the Au Sable aiul the Saranac rivers. The red piue mingles with this sjiecies. and grows on the rocky hills of the n>giou and on the river dills, while the abundance of white piue in nearly all situations must have made this quarter of the state, like the region of Vermont lying opposite, a valuable pinery in fornun- times. But fifty or seventy-five years have passed since the pine of the Chauiplain valley was harvested and shipped to Kngland by way of the Saint Lawrence. " In the valleys of the Au Sable and the Saranac rivers white pines spring up numerously whenever permitted to do so, and I am told that farmers, realizing that much of their soil is not suitable for profitable agriculture, are seriously considering whether it be not to their highest advantiige to surrender much of their laud to timber givwiug, and encourage the growth of the more valuable species, such as white i>iue, white oak, etc. Of uou-couiferous trees 502 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. the white, red, auil black oaks are conspicnoua among the pines, and in the colder and wetter sands the white birch is common. But through all this region the trees are all of second growth, and lumber for building i)uri)oses is largely imported. '•The forest on the upper waters of the An Sable and of the divide between this river and the Saranac is principally devote«l to supplying fuel to numerous iron furnaces. The best butt logs only of spruce are sorted out and sent to the saw-mills as the forests are mowed down ; the hemlock bark is removed for the tanneries, but everything else, young piue, spruce, and poplar, fall clean wi(h maple and birch. Here and there, even far up on the hillsides, are seen the charcoal kilns, and around and about them, (piitc to the crest of the foothills of the Adirondacks, tlic woods are cut down in great swaths to feed them. Lands once cut over are left to grow up to timber again, though fires originating in the dead brushwood and consuming the sun-dried vegetable mold on the surface of the soil generally interfere with any new growth of trees. '•Little Tupi>er lake is situated in the heart of the Adirondack wilderness, and is surrounded by some of tlie most valuable timber lauds to be found in all this region. The woods about the lake have never heard the lumberman's ax. The stream which connects it with Tapper lake, by way of IJound i)ond, is not adapted to driving, and before lumber could be brought down it would be necessary to clear out the stream by blasting away nui(;h rocrk and building a dam with Hood gates at the foot of IJound pond. The shores of this beautiful lake ])rcscnt a marked contrast to those of any I have as yet visited. On other shores and river banks I had seen scattering )>ines, but on all the points and blufl's of this lake tiiroughout its entire circuit, and even following the ravines far back in the hills, are great groves and belts of white itine with straight and clean shafts towering high above all other trees, unless is excepted the red pine, of which a few specimens are mingled with them on the gravelly l)anks of the lake, vying with tlie vrhite pines in height and beauty of trunk. At certain ])Iaces on the shores of this lake, and jiarticularly along »he sluggish streams connecting it with Ivouud pond below, are considerable swami)S occui)ied cliielly by larch. It is jdeasing to observe and to learn from guides that this lake region of the Adirondack woods has suHcred but little from forest fires. It is only limited areas here and there on the shores of the lakes and ponds or along the rivers that have beeu devastated by tires originally started in hunters' camps. Seldom do these tires spread far back from the water, a fact which is to be attributed, it is believed, to the wet and mossy condition of these woods; yet, when they have been lumbered, as is the case lower down the Ilacket river, and a considerable jiroportion of the trees have l)een removed so as to expose the brn.shwood, etc., to the drying influences of the sun, much the usual liability to lire exists here. " It is .safe to a.ssume that 2,500 square miles fairly rei)resent the area of the virgin forests of the Adirondack wilderness. This area will average 3,000 feet of spruce (board measure) ])er acre, or about five billion feet in the aggregate. Tbe amount of hemlock, variou.sly estimated from 300 to 10,000 feet per acre, will cut at h-ast 2,000 feet per acre, or 3,000,000,000 feet in the aggregate, or its equivalent; when the bark alone is considered, 3,000,000 cords of bark. The pine hardly, if at all, exceeds 200 feet per acre, or 320,000,000 feet in all. The hard wood growing over this entire region will fairly average 40 cords ])er acre, or 0-1,000,000 cords. '•Gh-ns Falls is tlie great sawing center for the lumber cut upon the ni>iier Hudson. This business here has passed the jxiint of maximum prosperity and begun to decline; not that there was any necessity for a diminiition of the yearly crop of logs from this field, if the forest could be ])rotccted from devastating fires. The lumberman leaves staiuling, as far as ])ossible, the si)rnco trees too small for the ax, and these, the overshadowing growth being removere8umes that fire is kejit out of the clcaiing, for after a fire has consumed the brushwood and much of the 'dufl'or vegetable mold, ani)ed by birds flying over the clearing. Bird cherries generally appe^ir among the first trees, tbe seeds being dropped everywhere in a new country by birds; THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 503 poplars and small willows also appear early iu a burned district, their downy seeds being widely distributed by the wind. It is only throufih the aj^ency of the wind that the seeds of birches and conifers can be disseminated, and spruces and hemlocks must needs appear, if they return at all, as tardy stragglers. " Not many miles above (J lens Falls the Hudson tiows out from among the lowest outposts of the Adirondacks and winds through a ])lain which reaches from near Troy to the vicinity of the southern ends of lakes George and (Jhamplain. The soil of this plain is sand deposited by the waters of former periods. The hills which bound this plain on the northwest are piles of sand, gravel, and bowlders, evidently the moraines of a glacier which once flowed thrt)iigh the course of the Hudson. All this region, from Troy to Luzerne, among the foot-hills of the Adirondacks, must formerly have been covered with i)ine; among the hills and near the streams white pine, and iu the more sterile central portions of the plain, red and i)itch pine. To-day there exists of these species scarcely more than a scanty and scattered second growth. "Thirty or forty years ago it was thought that all the accessible spruce iu the valley of the upper Hudson had been harvested, but there is to-day nearly as much sawed at Glens Falls as there was at that time. At that time nearly all the timber standing near this river and its larger tributaries had beeu cut. Such as stood 5 or 10 miles back from these streams and all that was growing in the valleys of the smaller streams, or higher up the mouutaiu slopes, would not pay the cost of hauling to the larger streams ; but it is this timber which now furuishes the present supply. Logs are now driven out of streams which were then thought incapable of being driven. By damming streams so small that they may almost dry up in midsummer, throwing the logs into theii- courses during the winter, either above or below the dams, and in spring-time, when the dams are pouring with the floods resulting from the melting of deep mountain snows, tipping the planks of thodamsandlettingloosethetorreuts, the logs from remote places are got out to the large rivers where they can be driven. All the rivers of this region, however, are steep and rocky. The logs come down with their ends badly battered, and often with gravel and fragments of rock diiveu into the ends iu a manner to injure the saws. They must, therefore, be 'butted' before being sawed; that is, a thin section is cut from each end, and on this account the logs are cut iu the woods 4 iuches or, for the Avorst streams, G or more iuches longer than the standard length. The standard length for all logs brought down the Hudson is 13 feet. The character of these streams is such that long logs, for spars or other purposes, caunot safely be driven through them. Such sticks are certain to get fastened among rocks ami cause bad jams. As already stated, the lumber business ujjou the upper Hudson is well advanced iu its decline, and a score of years hence it must become insignificant under the practices now pursued, and the future of this valley gives little promise of prosperity ; the soil is inferior in quality and not adapted to agriculture, while the timber, once the chief source of its prosperity, is nearly exhausted. " As a lumber market Albany ranks second iu the United States, or next to Chicago. White pine is the variety of lumber most largely handled here, and two-thirds of it comes from Michigan by way of the Erie canal, the remaining one-third coming from Canada through lake Champlain, the white i)ine contributed by New York being an inappreciable quantity. Most of the lumber firms here are merely commission dealers, although in two large mills considerable lumber is dressed belbre being shipped. The region supplied by this market iueludes the banks of the Hudson, New York city. New Jersey, and the shores of Long Island sound. A little reaches Philadelphia, and much is shipped to foreign ports from the city of New York. A great deal of the lumber handled by Albany dealers, however, does not go to Albany at all, but, sold by runners, is sent direct by railroad from the Michigan mills to points south of New York. The lumber trade here is still iu full prosperity. "Leaving the beautiful Mohawk valley at Pionie, the traveler by the Kome and Watertowu railroad soon notes a less imi)roved region, and one, indeed, less capable of imi>rovement. For a long time the road stretches over a sandy plain ; in the higher portions of this plain, not far from Ifome, the red and pitch pines are seen, aud iu the wetter places heudocks and black spruces appear, with white birch, black ash, etc. On the higher, undulating huuls, 20 or 30 miles north of Kome, white piuo and heuUock seem once to have beeu the most abuiidaut species of the forest ; they now exist only iu broken and scattered ranks, although uumerous stumps give evidence of a former heavy growth of these two species. Northward from Albion the country gradually rises, hard wood becoming more aud luore common until on the limestone banks of the Black river at Watertowu the patches of woodlaud are mainly composed of birch and mai)le. Yet the soil continues sandy, and at a little distance fmm the river is favorable to the growth of pine, and I can readily believe that all this samly tract east of lake Outario was originally covered with a heavy growth, principally of pine and hemlock. The pine was long since h;irvested, and now the mills and tanneries are consuming the heudock. On each of the small streams that flow into lake Ontario arc established saw-mills which cut quantities of hemlock yearly. Little, however, is sawed at Watertowu, although a limited amount of logs is driven down to Dexter at the mouth of the Black river, and there sawed; yet once tlie neighborhood of Watertowu and Dexter was a great center for the production of i>iue lumber. This region (chiefly its swami)s) still yields a little black spruce. The lumber sawed aloug the Kome aud Watertowu railroad at Williamstown, Kichmond, etc., is mostly sent southward to Syracuse and other i)laces to meet the demand there for coarse lumber. The lumber yards at Watertowu are mostly filled with Canadian june. "Carthage, in Jefl'erson count\-, was once an important hunber center. The 'Long falls' of the Black river furnished unlimited water power. Immense quantities of pine aud hemlock lined the banks of the rivex and eovere*! 504 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. the plains of the vicinity ; northwanl lay a heavy pinery. Canal-boats hulen with lumber were towed through the river to Lyon's falls anil tlicnoo by canal to Utica. Now the pine is nearly all jione from this region, the saw-mills are rotting down and only a little hemlock is sawed here. '• That portion of the state which lies along the Saint Lawrence river as far east as the vicinity of Malone, and extending some 25 miles back from the river, seldom exceeds 250 feet above the sealevel and is, for tlic most part, clayey loam, flat and well adapted to agriculture. This tract is now pretty well settled. Proceeding to the southeastward and rising to an altitude of 250 feet a wide region of sandy soil is entered, cold, damp, and nnfit for agricultnral purposes. This is the region of forest lying northwestward of the mountains in the soutlieru portions of Saint Lawrence and Franklin counties, and has not yet been badly encroached upon by the ax and fire. The destruction of this forest would be a public calamity, so useless is the soil for any other purpose than the prixlnction of timber, and so harmful to the settled country below would be the consequences resulting from clearing it. This forest is, no doubt, capable of yielding, i)erpetually, an annual crop double that now drawn from it. This estimate, of course, is based upon the supposition that lires are prevented. But this side of the forest is less invadetl by lires than the valley of the Hudson river, and ftres do not burn so deeply into the soil nor consume so much of the vegetable matter ; they are, consequently, less fatal to the continuance of timber growth. "At Canton, in Saint Lawrence county, and in its vicinity as far down as Buck's bridge, below Morley, is Bawed all the lumber cut on the Grass river. From this jioint the lumber is shipped principally to Massachusetts and Connecticut by rail, both via Rome and via Plattsburgh and Rouse's Point. "Colonel Colton, of Norwood upon the Racket river, explained to me at length the methods employed by him in the himber business, and. as nearly the same methods are pursued throughout this region, I give his account. Several weeks of the summer he devotes to exploring the lands of his company, to decide from what tract the stock of logs for the following year shall be drawn. In the settlements near the margin of the forest are men whoso bnsiness it is to cut and haul onto the ice of the river during winter the timber desired bj- the lumber companies. Contracts are made with these men to harvest the timber above a certain diameter on certain specitied tracts belonging to the company. The contractors go to their respective fields of labor as soon as the snow is of sufficient depth, taking into the woods a force of men, horses, and supplies, and building camps in the vicinity of their work. When a fiill stock of logs is placed on the river, and the sj)ring floods break up the ice and set the logs going, other contracts are made with the same or other men to drive the logs into the booms of the different mills at a stipulated price per log. If, as is usually the case, logs of several different companies are on the same river, all are driven down in common, and the drive is called a ' union drive'. Arrived at the uppermost boom — formed by chaining together logs tloating on the surface of the water and held in i)lace by occasional piers, strong but rude structures of logs filled in with rocks, located above the first sawing station — the logs belonging to these mills are soiled out and tamed into the different booms, while those belonging below are sent on their way down the channel. Once within the boom of the mills to which they belong, they are again assorted; the pine, hemlock, and the spruce are separated, and the different gnides are floated into sejjarate booms or pockets which lead down to the different mills or saws \Thich are to cut up each sei>arate class. At the mills inclined planes lead down to the water from each gang of 8aws, up which, chains being attached to the logs, they are drawn by the machinery into the mill. After sawing, the soiting of the lumber into different grades is comideted with care. The boards are run through planinginills which smooth both sides, then through other machines which tongue and groove their edges, and finally fine saws neatly triiy their ends. This dressing of the lumber at the mills makes a saving in freight when it is shipped, besiiles greatly facilitating sales. Colonel Colton invited me to accompany him 20 or 30 miles up the river to see the 'drive' which was just coining out of the woods. The highway by which we drove led near the river, and we could see the logs everywhere coming down, advancing endwisci with the current. In many places of still water the entire breadth of the river for some distance was closely covered with them. These were not so small as those usually seen in the -Maine rivers, but were from lull-grown trees of the original forest — spruce from 1 foot to 2 feet in diameter. With the spruce logs were a few hemlocks, usually of larger size; a few pine logs, sometimes L' or ;i feet in «liameter, floated with the others. As the water was lowering, stranded logs were .seen everywhere along the shore. They covered gravel banks and bars in the middle of the river, and were piled in disorder on the rockK of the rapids, or, pushing over the waterfalls, stood on end in the midst of the white, pouring torrent. "A few miles above Potsdam we entered upon a sandy soil; the farms a])i)eared less productive and the farm buildings and fenws gave evidence of less thrift. As we advanced toward Colton, a region near the borders of the forest some twenty years settled, less and less jnosperify amcng the settlers was manifest. The tilled fields appeared incapable of yielding even passably good crops; some of them cfuild do no more than give a small crop of rye once in three years. The grass lands were red with sorrel, which comes up everywhere over this region as soon as the forest is cleared and the ground burned over. The sandy soil is cold and sour, in some i)laccs so light as to be blown about l)y the wind. Above South Colton we drove over sandy plains utterly incaiiable of sustaining the meager poi)ulatioii, which ekes out a wretched existence by means of fishing and lumbering. JNIy coini)aiiioii a£Brmed that settlements had been jmshed farther info the forest than they can be maintained, and that they must in most places be abandoned and the land given up to forest again. All along our way the woodlands Avere THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 505 straggling and sadly ravaged by the ax, fire, and wind. The spruce and i)ine bad been culled out and most of the hemlock had been cut down and barked. Ilalf-burued stumps and logs and gaunt and blackened trunks still standing disfigured the landscape on every side. "The species of trees observed embraced all those common in northern woodlands. In one locality black cherry was remarkably abundant. Formerly the saw-mills of Colton cut pine, as there was a larger proportion of this lumber upon tlie Kacket than is usually found in northern New York; now they do little bnsness in any lumber. "As we passed up along the river I saw small squads of 'drivers' stationed in a few places where the character of the river was such that it was liable to become obstructed with logs. By assisting the logs to pass such places great jams are prevented. The main body of the men, however, worked at the rear of the drive, scrambling over the disordered piles of logs which accumulate ujjon the shore or lodge against the rocks in the midst of the current. With their cant-hooks the men i)ry and roll the logs into the current, springing about on the pile as the logs roll from under their feet. Not unfrequently logs are left by the subsiding waters among the rocks at some distance from the main channel of the river. Files of men on each side then seize ihem with their cant-hooks and, spla.shing through the shallow water, bring them by main force into the channel. Sometimes logs become fastened among the rocks where the current is so swift that they cannot be reached by a boat or in any other way. Then hooks attached to ropes are thrown out from the shore; the logs are grappled and thus hauled oft" into the current. The drivers work Sundays and week days, fair weather or foul; their occupation is full of peril, and men are lost every year. Such are usually, as a driver assured me, 'men who do not know where it is safe to go.' But sometimes the most careful men become mixed with the rolling logs or seized by the current of the waterfalls and are swept away. "Franklin county contains 995,27'J acres, and 34:7,500 acres are still believed to be timbered. The timbered portion lies in the south end of the county, and because it is not watered through much of its area by streams of sufficient size for driving out the logs, much of the timber is inaccessible, or rather, the prices of lumber do not yet warrant hauling the logs long distances. The country across the line of the Ogdensburg and Lake Chaiiii>lain railroad appears exhausted of its spruce and hemlock. Some tracts of hard wood arc still standing, but the poplars, whose young growth often conceals the stumps and prostrate trunks of dead hemlocks, really seem in many places the most common species. But little timber land remains in Clinton county and, until the present season, lumbering on the Saranac had been for several years nearly suspended. This year, however, a company was cutting a few million feet of lumber drawn from the woods of Essex and Franklin counties. The lumber of the eastern side of the Adirondack wilderness mostly comes out by the way of the Saranac and the Iludson rivers. The mountain sides about lake George are being denuded of their spruce, which is sawed in the vicinity of Ticonderoga, and here, as elsewhere, fires follow the ax in their usual fashion." The forests of the Adirondack region have suffered severe loss at diflereut times, particularly in 1S7S, by the sudden death of great blocks of black spruce. Mr. Pringle carefully studied the extent of this destruction and the causes which produced it. In regard to these, great diversity of opinion exists among woodsmen and others familiar with the Adirondack forests. It has been genei-ally supposed that the trees were killed by an unusually severe summer drought, or by the attacks of a boring insect working under the bark; but the testimony gathered by Mr. Pringle points to other causes of destruction. The spruce occupies dry mountain slopes and ridges and deep wet swamps never greatly affected by drought. It is noticed that as many trees have died in the swamps as upon the dry slopes. It is evidently not drought, then, which has caused them to )>erish. The opinion, too, is firmly held by the .most intelligent observers that insects do not attack the trees "until they are dead or nearly dead, and are never found in vigorous living specimens. Tiie black si)ruce is not a long lived tree, and this dying out may indicate that the old trees of this forest, probably all of nearly the same age, had so nearly reached the limits of their natural existence as to be unable to withstand some unusual or severe climatic state, such as a period of intense winter cold or late spring frost. The following extracts from Mr. Pringle's report will indicate the opinions of those best able perhaps to form an opinion upon this subject: " Mr. Mark ]\Ioody, residing at the foot of Tupper lake, a hunter and woodsman who has passed his life in the forest, testifies as follows : 'The spruce died fearfully ni his vicinity about two years ago ; he tried to learn the cause. Sixteen years ago the spruce had died out much in the same way as it has been doing lately. It is the older trees which die. They seem to die by crops, successively. Under the large trees were always springing up small tix»es to take the places of those that i)ensli. Tiiere seems to bo a narrower limit to the life of the spruce than to that of any other species. Other trees do not die in the same manner, by crops. Tlie s]uuce does not seem to enjoy the same green old age, long drawn out, as other trees do, but when it has reached its full growth seems to relinquish its vitality without any apparent or sufficient cause, and before giving evidence of decay or any diminution of vigor.' "JMr. Wardner, of Bloomingdale, Essex county, an old hunter, woodsman, and guide, testified as follows: >The spruce timber on this side of the forest has failed clear through to its northern borders, in the same manner and during the same seasons as in other portions of the region.' Mr. \Vardner first noticed the leaves falling and covering the ground in 1878; the destruction was continued through 187l>, but during the past season he had met 506 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. with very few trees that were ilyiug. Spruce timber bad perished iu this manuer before, aud he pointed out a broad valley iu which most of the trees were dead and I'allinji when he came into this region, twenty-five years before, rie had carefully endeavored to ascertain the cause; was i)ositive that insects either under the bark or U|x>n the leaves had nothing to do with the death of the spruce trees, and he is sure that it is not due to drought, as he has seen the givatest destruction on the nortlicrn slopes. No active destructive agent being apparent, he ineliues to the oi)inion that the spruce trees die because they have reached the limit of their life, aud that it is some ]>eculiarity of the winter rather than the summer that turns the scale against them; for this reason they perish iu quantities, sometimes iu sections, lie has counted the rings of many trees, and considers 100 to l.JO years the average lifetime of the spruce." Whatever has caused the destruction of these forests, the damage thus occasioned, both in the loss cf valuable timber and in the increased danger of forest fires from the presence of such a body of dead wood is enormous. It is believed by Mr. Pringle that from one-third to one-half of the fully-grown spruce timber left in the Adirondack region is dead. NEW JERSEY. The original forests of New Jersey have disappeared, except from some of the highest aud most iuacccssible ridges situated iu the northwestern i>art of the state, and these, with the increased demands of the railroads for tics and other material, are now iast losing their Forest covering. The forests of New Jersey are insuflicient to supply the wauts of the population of the state, and nearly all the lumber it consumes is brought from beyond its limits. The forests of pitch pine, which once covered large areas in the southern counties, have now generally been rei)laced by a stunted growth of oaks and other broad-leaved trees. The forests of New Jersey, especially those on the dry sandy soil of the southern part of the state, have long suflered from destructive fires. During the census year 71,074 acres of forest were reported destro> ed by fire, causing a loss of $252,240. Of these fires twenty-eight were set by locomotives, seven through malice, seven by fires set on farms escaping to the forest, and six each by the carelessness of hunters and charcoal burners. The manufacture of cooperage stock and other industries using hard woods have been largely abandoned, owing to the decrease of the local supply of timber. PENNSYLVANIA. Penn.sylvania once possessed vast forests of white pine and hemlock stretching over both flanks ol the Alleghany mountains and extending from the northeru boundaries of the state to its southern limits. East aud west of the Alleghany region the whole country was covered with a heavy growth of broad-leaved trees mixed with hemlocks and occasional groves of pines. Merchantable pine has now almost disappeared from the state, and the forests of hard wood have been either replaced by a second growth or have been so generally culled of their best trees that comparatively little valuable hard-wood timber now remains. Large aud valuable growths of hemlock, however, are still standing in northwestern Pennsylvania. From all parts of the state manufacturers using hard wood report great deterioration and scarcity of material, and Peiuisylvania, which during the census year was only surpassed by Michigan in the value of its forest crop, must soon lose, with its rapidly disappearing forests, its i)osition as one of the great lumber-])ro(lucing states. Tlie following estimates of merchantable pine and liciidock standing iu Penusylvania May 31, ISSO, have been prepared by >h-. 11. C. Putnam. They are based upon the reports of a large number of timber-land owners and experts familiar with the forests of the state : WHITE PINE (I'mut Strobut). BegioiM. AlIcRhaDy rirrr and tTilmtariPi West Branch of tbo StuqiicbaODa liver and tribatarioa Total EaUmatcd amoant cut for tbu cciuoa }'Cir ending May 31, 1880 HEMLOCK (Tnuga CanadentU). Kirtlmatcd amonnt of hemlock atandiog May 31, 1880 4, GOO, 000,000 Of lumber of all kinds ],84«,.304,00O feet, including 258,.%!, OOd shingles and ]S.'?,740,000 laths, were manufactured in the state during the census year; the nature of the returns, however, prevents anything beyond an estimate, based npon extended correspondence, of the amount of pine and hemlock sawed. THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 507 Numerous bodies of pine too small to be indicated ou tbe map, of no great commercial importance and not included in tliese estimates, still remain scattered over tbe region originally occupied by pine forest. Tbe forests of Pennsylvania, especially tbrougb tbe mountain regions, bave long suffered from destructive fires. During tbe census year 085,738 acres of forest were reported destroyed by fire, witb a loss of $3,043,723. Of these fires a large proportion were traced to locomotives and tbe escape of fires from farms to tbe forest. Tbe forests of Pennsylvania i)roduced during tbe year 1879 L', 800,010 pounds of majile sugar. Tbe ioUowing extracts are made from Mr. Pringle's report upon the princi]:al lumber-producing regions of tbe state : " Originally tbe bioad ])inc belt of northern Pennsylvania, occupying tbe region drained by tbe nnmerons streams constituting tbe headwaters of tbe Susquebanna, extended from Susquehanna county, in tlie northea.stem corner of the state, westward tbrougb Bradford and Tioga counties to Potter county, although this county never had as much pine a.s tbe others, and thence soutbwestward over Cameron, Elk, and Clearfield counties. The heaviest growth of pine in all this region was on Pine creek, in the southwest part of Tioga county. ^Xow there is but little i)ine left in Susquehanna and Bradford counties, these counties being thickly settled ; and in Tioga county, from which one firm alone has cut four billion feet, there now remain standing but little over one billion feet. The greatest part of the pine now standing in the Pennsylvania forests is ou the upper waters of the West Branch of the Susquehanna, in Canjeron, Elk, and Clearfield counties. In some of tbe counties adjoining these, as JIcKean, there was once, and still may be, a little pine timber. "Active lumbering operations on tbe West Branch of tbe Susquebanna were begun in 18.50, when the boom .of tbe Susquehanna Boom Company was constructed at Williamsport. At this place tbe greatest part of the lumber on the West Branch is sawed. At Lock Haven, 25 miles above, on tbe same river, advantage was taken of the feeder-dam of a canal to construct another boom, and a few companies operating in lumber are now locatetl there, about one tenth as much lumber being sawed as is handled at Williamsport. Some of the companies, Lowever, are removing from Lock Haven to tbe larger center of "U^illiamsport. Below Williamsport no logs are driven, but a little timber squared by tbe ax in tbe woods and left at full length is made into rafts and taken down the main Susiiuolianna. Some of this is sawed in the towns on the river, and tbe remainder is taken to the large markets to supply the demand for squared timber for ship-building, etc. " Williamsport is situated on tbe north or left bank of tbe West Branch of tbe Susquebanna, and for 2 or 3 miles along tbe river side are ranged the mills and lumber yards of the thirty-four lumber companies operating here. We visited a large number of mills and found much tbe same methods employed in all. The logs are first slit up by gang-saws; then each board or plank is jnit through an edger, where two circular saws cut a strip from each side to give tbe board a square and straight edge; the boards are then assorted into two or more grades, loaded on trucks, and moved over tramways which ramify tbrougb tbe lumber-yards adjacent to each mill. The fragments of boards and better portions of tbe edgings arc made into fence pickets and other portions into laths, and the fragments and strips which will not even make laths are carried to one side and added to a burning pile. The fragments thus burned (rather than thrown into the river) constitute the only waste, for tbe sawdust supplies the engines with fuel. This being cut chiefly from heart-wood makes better and more easily handled fuel than the .sap- wood strips. Even these are, however, often cut and put up into bundles of kindling-wood for city use. " In tbe woods tbe trees are sawed into logs 12, 10, or 18 feet in length, as can be done to the best advantage and tbe least waste of timber. "The West Branch of the Susquehanna must be an exceptionally fine river to drive, judging from the comparatively unbattered condition of the logs seen about tbe mills. Tbe smaller streams in tbe woods are furnished with flood-dams, and from these extend throughout the timber belt numerous narrow-gauge railroads, tramways, and slides for bringing down tbe logs. Little hauling is done upon wagons or sleds, the ground in the ■woods being too rough, it is said, for hauling logs with teams. It is ])robable that snow does not fill up the depressions and smooth tbe surfaces to the same extent as in the northern woods. "Tbe lumbermen of this idace at first were content to send their lumber to tnarket in the simplest shape, bat of late, as the supi)ly diminishes more and more, mills and shops are being built for the manufacture of doors, sashes, blinds, ])acking boxes, furniture, etc. Some companies bave so exhausted their pine lands that they can in future only carry on business in this way, buying tbe rough timber from their neighbors. As the pine lands of one firm after another are exhausted tbe pine remaining comes to be held b.v a very few parties, who know its value. Not all of these are operators, but, living at a distance, sell stumi)age to manufacturer.s. "Tbe following table, giving tbe amounts of lumber rafted out of the Susquebanna boom at Williamsport since the record has been kei)t, may be of interest as showing something of the rise and decline of tbe lundier business at this imi)ortant center. Tbe greatest prosperity or fullest development of the business was attained, as will be seen, in 1873. After that year, with the steady decrease of the sujiply of i>ine and the consequent increase of exi)ense in securing logs, tbe annual stock steadily diminished until 1877. During tbe past three years the increasing demand for lumber has stimulated the operators to greater activity, but more than to this cause the recent gain in tbe yearly stocks is duo to the substitution of hemlock for pine, the ratio of hemlock to pino 508 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. being at present as 1 to 4, althougb the averajre for the last seven years is but as 1 to 10. As the supply of pine timber is exhausted, hemlock will be more ami more handled until it will become the most important timber of tbia' rejjion. The summary is made for the hist eight years only: Tears. lEc: 1S83 166t 1«CS 1866 1867 )8«S I860 1870 1S71 187-.' 18<3 1874 Xomberlooi.! Feet, board S79.392 72, 615,373 118, 833,388 163, 853,663 165, 1,080,511 223, 1, 099, 777 225, 642,120 116, 1, 484, 103 297, 1,582.460 318, 989,586 180, Teats. Komber logs. Yect, board measure. 1875 1,096,807 715,087 589, 827 617, 552 1, 040, 278 763,768 210, 740, 936 134, 3%, 293 106, 944, 257 112,069,002 190,549,111 128,558,950 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 (to November 21) 1873 to i860 (eight yeais) . . . Loca rcmainiDg in river 7.395.455. 1,382,342,272 25,000,000 1,407,342,272 140,734,227 Williamsiiurt pine, 1873-1880 1,260,608.045 "It is proper to add that the variations in the yearly stock of logs sliown above are in some measure due to a greater or less i>roportion of each annual cut being left behind in the woods or in the streams, from varying supplies of water or from i>ther peculiarities of the season. "The lumber manufactured at Lock Haven and Williamsport is shipped by railroad and canal to Baltimore and Philadel]ihia and to intermediate cities anil stations. "1 Ibuud it more difficult to obtain information of the extent and limits of the hemlock woods of Pennsylvania, and of the amount of the standing timber and the annual crop of hemlock, than I did to get the same facts respecting the pine. Lumbermen agree that there was originally far more hemlock in this state than pine, and they speak of it now as im-xliaustiblc, which is not strictly true, for it is doubtful if it holds out to sui)ply the increasing drain made upon it by tanneries and sawmills for more than twenty-five years to come. Large (piaiitities of hemlock Lave been wasted. Much (hat grew intermingled with the pine has died after the pine has been removed, partly from exi»osure to fuller sunlight and summer dioiiglit, and partly to forest fires induced by and following lumber opiT.itions. Ill the early days of the tanning industry of this region, when hemlock lumber was esteemed of little value, and whenever of late years the lumlier trade has been so dull as to oU'er no inducement to send to market the trunks of the trees felled for their liark, large quantities of these have been left in the woods to decay. Now, however, with a good market for hemlock lumber, tanning com]ianies owning hemlock lands, or the contractors who furnish the tanneries with bark, buying for this jmrjiose stumpage from the proi)iietors of the timber lands, often- own sawmills in the timlier region, and cut and shi]> this lumber to market by railroad. '' Inasmuch as hemlock, besides mingling more or less with jtiiie throughout the i)ine belt, .seems to have formed a border entirely around the ])ine, the extent of the hemlock woods, as «ell as the (piantity of hemlock timber, has always been much greater than of pine. Dcginning in Wayne county, in the extreme northeastern corner of the state, the original hemlock Ibrest extended westward through the northern tier of counties as far as Warren county, in the vicinity of lake Erie. Thence its bounds may be traceil southward through Forest, Clarion, and^ Jeflersread from the clearings into unculled timber, killing everything, large and small. Sometimes 'hemlock slashes' had burned over after the trees had been cut and 'peeled'. Always the charred stumps thickly dotted the ground, and the blackened, halt-consumed trunks strewn over the soil in confusion gave to the landscape an asi)ect of complete desolation. The bird cherries and poplars, which iu the forests farther north soon cover and hide from view such wastes of ruin, are wanting here. "I learned tliat the best hendock grows on the steep sides of the deep runs, and thatui>on the summits of the divides were considerable barrens, the soil of which was sometimes too poor to support any arboreal growth. Farther to the west the summits of the dividing ridges are occupied by hard wood chiefly, although hemlocks mingle with the beeches and maples. "Arrived at AVarren, we find that we have passed through the woods and are in a long-settled and well- improved country, and, judging from tiie scattered patches of woodlands occupying the low hills within view, the region of hard-wood forest has been reached. The coniferous forest belt only extends into the southeastern »iuarter of Warren county; the northern and western i)ortions, lying beyond the Alleghany river, yield oak, chestnut, hickory, etc. Originally there was a little pine scattered over the southeastern portion of Warren county, but this has been mostly eut, and hendock remains, as it ever has been, the most important tunber iu this part of the county. In Forest county, next south of Warren, jiine is local, being scattered in small quantities throughout the county. On the highlands there is much hard wood, beech, maple, and white wood existing iu belts betweeu the.stivams. This, Iiowever, may be called a hendock county. In i\IcKeau county a central tableland is coveu'd principally by a growth of niajjle, beech, etc. In the remaining portions ol the county the timber is chiefiy hendock. The valley of the Alleghany river, in the eastern ])art of McKean county, is mostly cleared and improved. KIk county is one of the best counties for hemlock. Through Elk, the soutliwestern corner of McKean, and the southeastern corner of Warren runs the Philadelphia and Erie railroad. Along the line of this road, as it passes through this portion of the limber belt, are located the largest tanueries of the Uiuted States. These are consuming the hemlock of this region at an enormous rate, and, in addition to the vast auiount of bai'k which they consume, large quantities are shii>j)ed out of the region by railroad. The first important tanneries of AVarren county weiv establisheil li* or 15 years ago, and at the present rate of consumption the hendock of this county can haidly hold out L'O years longer. The land, after the forest has been removed, is excellent for agri»udtural luiriioses throughout this n»gion, and on all sides pioneers are making themselves farms. These men prefer to begin in the uiulisturbed foivst rather than locate on the slashes, because they can i»ay for their land with the hemlock bark which it yields; and from a radius of 15 miles bark is drawn and sold at from .*i 50 to !?5 a cord to the tanneries. On an average, four tiXH-s yield a cord or ton of bark, the equivalent of 1,000 feet of lundier, boanl measure. In Warren county ln>m 5,000 to (i.OaO acres of hendock were cut down in 1S80, ami there is no iwssibility of this growth being ixMiewed. for every foot of slashed land is eventiudly burned over, ami sometimes the burnings are repeated until tlie soil is nearly ruiueil for agricultural i)urposes. Fi»m the dry slashes the fires extend to a greater or less distaiice through the living 510 TTIE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. wotMls, ruining not only beavv bodies of Leniltx-k, but also destroying the belts of bard wood intermixed with tbo LeiuWk. Notwithstanding stringent legislation in this state ni)OU the subject of forest fires, they seem inevitable, and especially so iu the slashes. They si)read from the clearings constantly made throughout this limber belt by the settlers, and, as the forest abounds in deer and its streams are stO( ked with fish, hunters and fishermen are always in the wootls. and from their camp fires spread many conflagrations. JIany tires here also are set by a tribe of half-civilized Indians residing in this region, to burn over the huckleberry fields in order that the bushes may renew themselves and yield fuller crops ; or, where it is so easy to start a fire and conceal its origin, many doubtless arise from malice. " In this region the aspen springs up on land upon which the hemlock has been destroyed, but this tree manifestly does not thrive as it does in northern woods. Yellow and black birch, bird cherry, beecli, maple, white oak, chestnut, black cherry, etc., are the trees which spring up slowly among the briers, and cover burned land with a rather meager second growth. If a few ])iues have been left on the hilltops they may scatter a few seeds and give rise to some sai>lings, but as regards hemlock, fires kill it out clean, seedlings and seed; and if the 'i)eelers' and the fires happen to leave any scattering trees standing, these, being more sensitive to changed conditions than pines, are seldom able long to survive as seed bearers. The bird cherry only thrives on cold, wet soils here. There is another phase of the slaughter of the hemlock forest : As the pine forest gives out, large numbers of laborers turn to the heiidock woods and find employment as bark peelers. In the jiine woods work is mostly suspended when spring arrives; then larger numbers of men come into the hemlock woods than can liiul work at satisfactory wages, and these sometimes set fires in the slashes, which spread into the living woods and kill large quantities of hemlock. To save the bark it must be peeled at once, or before it adheres to the wood and becomes injured by worms, and thus emjjloynieut is given to a larger force of men. "■•The piuc now remaining in Clearfield county is mostly found in the northern and the southwestern i)ortions of the county. The eastern and southeastern portions are now principally cleared and improved, as the entire couuty is destined to be, the soil being princii)ally a strong, clayey loam, excellent for farming purposes. Already fourlifthsof the pine timber originally standing in the county has been removed; most of the hemlock, which orgiually about equaled in amount the i>iue, remains. There are no tanneries in this region, and after the pine is cut the hemlock is next harvested, the bark being saved and shipped to the tanneries below to the amount of from OjOOtJ to 0,000 cords annually. Fires are here .sometimes started by hunters in order to clear away the young .second growth, that they may be able better to .see the deer. One imi)ortant reason which lumbermea have for planting their .saw-mills near the woods, in preference to driving all their logs to the sawing centers below, is that they can then work into shingles, etc., many trees which, being defective by reason of rotten spots or other blemishes, would not be worth driving down the river. Such trees are seen standing here and there all through the woods, having been left behind by the lumbermen. Sometimes persons buy this culled timber and erect shingle-mills, etc., to work it up. " With respect to the maximum yield of [)ine i)er acre, it would seem that 10,000 feet was a good yield for tracts of -too or 5iitli formed on one side of the slide, and push ahead of them the ' trail' of logs, thus bringing them down to the stream. "Only in the late autumn and in the winter is it thought expedient in Pennsylvania to fell pine; if cut in summer, when the bark will part from the wood, the sajj-wood soon assumes a blackish ai)pearance and disfigures the lumber. As a rule hemlock i.s here cut and peeled in summer, at the time when operations in i)inc are suspended; thns by alternating operations in i(iiic and hemlock the hands are kejit employed throughout the whole year. In cutting trees the several parts of the work are allotted to dillerent men ; some merely fell the trees, others measure them off into suitable lengths and cut away the limbs as far as the upper end of the last log taken, where they sever the top of the tree from the trunk by means of the ax ; others follow in pairs with crosscut saws and cut the trunk into logs." ^ ; D . m:zT vikginia, Virginia , 'ITUCKT TENNKSSFE INDLANA imWcTi THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 511 SOUTH ATLANTIC DIVISION, DELAWARE. The nortboni portion of the state, eoniprisiug Kew Castle aud Kent counties, was once covereino, liendock, birch, and maple peculiar to this mountain region. The central portion of the state, exteiuling from the mountains to the shores of Chesapeake bay, was covered with oaks, hickories, gums, and other deciduous trees in great variety, the eastern peninsula largely with ditierent species of pitch pine, occupying sandy plains, or mixed with deciduous trees. Ill the mountain region considerable bodies of the original forest remain upon the highest and most inaccessible slopes ; in the remainder of the state this, where the laud has not been permanently cleared for agriculture, is now largely replaced by a second growth, or — the best timber at least — has been everywhere culled. A large amount of cooperage stock was formerly manufactnred iu this state. This industry has. however, greatly suffered from the deterioration and exhaustion of the local supply of tindier; nmnufactuivrs rvjort the best stock nearly exhausted and the substitution for oak, formerly exclusively useil, of elm and other inferior woods now brought from beyond the limits of the state. During the census year 41,070 acres of woodland were rei)ortod destroyed by forest tires, with a loss of $3",-12o. These tires were traced to the carilessness of hunters, to locomotives, and largely to the escai)e from farms to the forest of fires set in clearing land. The priucijial lumber manufacturing establislnnenis using MaryhMid logs are situated in Garrett county; these saw white pine, heudock, and oak to sui»ply a Hunted local den)and and ship to Baltimore, riiiladelphia, I'ittsburgh, and Wheeling; considerable oak timber is sent to Europe from this county. During the year 1S70 the northern counties i)roduced 170,070 pounds of maple sugar. DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. The original forest has disappeared from the District of Columbia >\\\d has been rei>lacoil by a second and third growth of oaks, scrub pines, and other trees. The area occupied with woods is probably slowly increasing. A single saw-mill, situated iu the city of Washington, saws logs grown beyond the limits of the District. VIRGINIA. The forests of Virginia, like those of the Carolinas and Ceorgia, fall naturally into three divisions, de|H>ndent upon the elevation and soil of the ditierent parts of the state. The mountains aud ridges of its western boixler ai-e 512 Tilt: FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. covered with a heavy grrowth of pine, hemlock, white oak, cherry, yellow j)oi)lar, and other northern trees; over the region extending east of the uiounfaius oaks, principally black oaks, once formed the i)revailing: forest growth; through these are now mingled long stretches of various pitch i)ines, occupying exhausted and barren soil onco devoted to agriculture. The eastern counties are covered with the forests of the Maritime Pine lUlt, generally confined to the Tertiary deposits of the coast and extending iidand to the liead of tide-water of the prineii>al streams; along the western borders of this i)ine belt the Ibrest growth is nearly eiiually divided between the pines and the broad-leaved si»ecies. The inaccessible mountain region in the southwestern part of the state still contains immense quantities of the original oak. hickory, walnut, and cherry, tUe scanty poinilation of these mountains hiiving made but slight inroads ujiou the forests. Kaihoads have hardly i)enetrated them, while the streams which head here are unsuited tocarry to market the hard woods of which this Ibrest is largely comjjosed. The most valuable hard-wood forest remaining on the continent exists in southwestern Yiiginia and the adjacent counties of West ^"irginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, and North Carolina. From the central and eastern portions of the state the original forest has almost entirely disajipeared, and is now rejilaced by a second growth, in which the Jersey pine and the old-field i)ine are characteristic features, generally replacing more valuable species of the original growth. During the census year 27l.',319 acres of woodland were rejiorted ravaged by fire, with a loss of $320,944. Of such fires the largest number was traced to the careless burning of brush ujion farms and to locomotives. The manufacture of cooperage stock is increasing rai)idly in the we.-tern part of the state, and gieat quantities of staves are exported thence directly to Europe, as well as oak, yellow jio]>lar, and walnut in the log. The manufacture of tobacco cases from sycamore lumber is an imjiortant industry in the neighborhood of Lynchburg and other tobacco-distributing centers. Considerable quantities of hand-made shingles are i)roduced in the cypre.^s swamps which occupy a large ])ortion of Norfolk and other eastern counties. A largo amount of second- growth i)ine (rinux Tcrda) is shiipjied fiom the diflereut Virginia jiorts by schooner to New York for fuel, and this second growth jiine furnishes the jirincipal building material used throughout the state. The grinding of oak and sumach bark and the manufacture of tanning extracts arc important and profitable industries of the state. WEST VIRGINIA. The forests of West Virginia, with the exception of the belt of pine and spruce confined to the high ridges of the Alleghany mountains, are principally composed of broad leaved trees, the most important of which are the white and chestnut oaks, the black walnut, the yellow ]ioplar, and the cherry. The white i)iue and spruce forests reach within the state their southern limit as imi)ortant sources of lumber supjdy. The forests have been largely removed fiom the counties bordering the Ohio river, and the most valuable hard- . wood timber adjacent to the i)rici]»al streams, especially black walnut, cherry, and yellow poplar, has been culled in nearly every j»art of the state. But slight inroads, however, have yet been made into the magnificent body of hardwood timber covering the extreme southern counties, which still contain vast quantities of oak, cherry, and jiojilar. The black walnut found scattered everywhere in West Virginia is least plentiliil in the northwestern and Ohio Kiver counties, and most abundant along the upjier waters of the rivers llowing into the Ohio through the southwestern jiart of the state. Yellow pojihir is found throughout the- state, and is still abundant about the headwiiters of nciu ly all the i)rincipal streams. Large boilies of cherry are found in (Ireenbrier, Nicholas, Webster, and other counties immediately west of the mountains, and a large amount of hemlock is scattered thntugh the valleys and ravines of the northeastern jjart of the state and along the western slojies of the Alleghanies. The area still occupied by white jiine is estimated to extend over 310 square miles, aiid to contain about !l!}(),()0(),(i(U) feet of merchantable liiuiber. The juinciiial centers of lumber manufacture are ahing the Kanawha river at Itonceverte, in Greenbrier county, at I'arkersburg, and along the upjier Potomac. I'artial returns of the hoop pole industry gave a i)roduct during the census year of 3,^>■l9,^M), valued ;it .^l t(!,()00. During the census year 470,77.^ acres of woods were reported destroyed by fiie, with a loss of .*1. ■").">, L'SO. Of these fires the largest number was traced to the careless clearing of land for agricnltnial imrposes, although many had their origin in s]>arks from locomotives. The manufacture of cooperage .stock is fa.st increasing in importance, and seems destined, with the exhaustion of the more accessible haid wood forests of the country, to assume a much greater develojiment than at present Large quantities of black walnut, yellow poplar, and oak in the log are shipjied to northern markets and to Jiurojie. The following notes upon the forests of West Virginia are extracted from Mr. I'ringlt^'s report : "Entering West Virginia at Keyser (New Creek) by way of Cundieilaneared than 1 had pre\iously seen. A few slopes were i»rincipally occupied by jiine in variety, but the mountains of this THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 513 region were covered with a prow(l) of dcciihiou.s frees, wbite, black, red, Spanisb, and chestimt oaks, bickoriei;, biittcrinits, black waliiiifs, yellow jioplar.s, locusts, elms, sugar inajjles, etc. At Piedmont some ?200,f)00 Lave Ix-en cxi)en(le(liii the const ruction of a boom on tlie Nortli li ranch of the Potomac. At this point, as well as at .S\Tautonand Deer Park, on tlics Maryland side, there are mills sawiuff chieOy white oak, and also considerable white pine, sjinice, hemlock, poplar, whit(; ash, etc. iSome si)ruce whi(;li had not been seen or heard of in the timber Ix-lt of Pennsylvania is found liO miles above Piedmont. The market for lumber manufactured here is chiefly eastward. Much of the oak is sent to Europe, partly in the form of squared find)er, i)artly cut 5 by 12 inches and from 1.5 to 20 feet long. Tlie mills at Swanton and Deer Park arc located on the railroad, and cut timber is hauled to them from the vicinity. The mills at Piedmont arc fed by logs driven down the river from the western j-.ortions of Mineral and Grant counties. West Virginia. This lumber is chiefly oak, spruce, and heudock. Great difficulty is ex])erienced in driving this part of the Potomac, as it is a swift and rocky stream. Logs, especially oak, constantly lotlge on the rocks or banks, and there has been great difficulty in maintaining the boom and dam at this ])oiut. " Eowlesburg, in Preston county, owes its existence as a lund)er depot to the fact that the Cheat river, ui)on which it is situated, as it i)asses through the Briery mountains, for a distance of 25 miles below this point has so narrow and rocky a channel and so swift a current that it is not i)o.ssible to get the logs farther down the stream. Above Iiowlesburg the Cheat river is a good stream to drive, and any one of its branches can be driven from a point 125 miles above that jioint. From the mouth of the Black Fork, 30 miles above, the timber is brought down in raffs rather than as separate logs; this is because there is no boom as yet at Kowlesburg to stop the logs. There are small booms on Black and Shaver's Forks, many miles above Eowlesburg. Scattered along the river at some distance above Eowlesburg there are a few small mills, the product of which is floated down the stream on rafts. The timber of Preston county between Eowlesbung and the vicinitj- of the mouth of the river is oak, jwylar, chestnut, ash, beech, yellow beech, hemlock, basswood, and hickory. " The timber of Canaan valley, in Tucker and Eandolph counties, is largely hemlock on the lower lands, on the higher situations and slopes sugar maple and beech ; and, as soon as a suitable elevation is reached, spruce is mingled with black cherry. In other portions of Tucker county and on the tributaries of the Cheat river, flowing out of Eandolph county, the timber is chiefly oak, jioplar, ash, spruce, cherry, black walnut, white Jiine, etc. This, however, is not a black-walnut region, and there are here nowhere more than scattered trees; a careful search has failed to find auy great body of this timber here. It is estimated that 2,500,000,000 feet of yellow poplar are still standing in the valleys of the Cheat and its tributaries. " Shaver's Fork is heavily timbered with sjjruce. A boom has been constructed at Grafton, on Tygart's Valley river, a main branch of the Monongahela. It is a rough stream, unfavorable for lumber ojierations, and for a distance ouly of 10 miles above Grafton is smooth enough to admit of the passage of rafts. All lumber has, therefore, to come down in separate logs, and oidy such kinds as are light enough to float well can be got down. For this reason there is very little except i)o])Iar sawed at Grafton. Oak is too heavy to be driven successfully, and as it cannot be tied up in rafts with ])Oi)lar, as is done on the Cheat, the stores of oak timber growing in the valleys drained by this river must wait the building of a railroad to bring them to market. The yellow poplar still stan»ling in this region is estimated at 300,000,000 feet, and on the higher grounds, especially about the headwaters of streams, there ai-e tine bodies of black cherry mixed with other trees. "At Parkersburg are located the mill and shojis of the Parkersburg Mill Company, situated on the banks of the Little Kanawha, a short distance above its continence with the Ohio. This is the only company operating in lumber within the city of Parkersburg. It manufactures about 0,000,000 feet of lumber annually, mostly poplar, some oak, and about a quarter of a million feet of beech. Little black walnut can now be obtained here, and that of inferior quality. Eough lumber and manufactured articles of wood tind a market in nearly every direction, west, north, and east. I was astonished ami delighted to see how closely the lumber was worked up and the givat variety of articles manufactured from slabs, edgings, culls, etc., which in other mills are so generally thrown into the waste pile. Broom handles, corniHip])er handles, brush handles, brush heads, tool handles of many deserij^tions, and fly-trap bottoms are but a iVw of the articles which are funu-d out by millions from odd bits of wmid, few of whicli are too small to make something or other from. The eoujpany executes orders for articles use*! in maiuifactories widely distributed over the country from Cincinnati and Chicago to Boston and New York. Poplar is used for broom handles, and beech, nnii>le, sycamore, black walnut, dierry, etc., for smaller articles. This company does not own and operate limber lands, but buys its logs from parties who deliver rafts to its mill. Form^jrly much lumber was wasted in this region in clearing lands for farms, but now jiroprii^tors of land tind it to their advantage fo cut and save their logs, which they bring down in rafts themselves or sell to jiarties who make a business of rafting. Once out of the small streams, the logs are easily rafted down the Little Kanawha during favorable seasons. "There are no booms on the Little Kanawha, except temporary constructions for special purposes, whicli are broken uj) by every flood. Several years ago it was siii>poscd that the timber on this river was nearly exhausted, but it continues to come down in undiminished (luantities to the value of some hundred thousand dollars annually, in addition to railroad ties, staves, etc. It is only about 40 miles np the main river, and to no givat distance back from the stream, that the supply of oak is exhausted. T1h> river is a hundred miles long, and about its upper 33 FOK 514 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. waters and tlioso of its tributaries the oak is comparatively uutouelied. Much of Wirt county and the greater part of Koaue, Calhouu, and Giluier, in the ujiper part of the vaUey of the Little Kanawha, are a vast virgin forest of oak and poplar, containing a good deal of black walnut and sugar uuiple and some black cherry. Baxter county is magniticeutly timl)ercd, as is Webster, although the timber here is yet inaccessible. "The Guyandotte is a good river for lumbering operations. Kafts can come down from a point 100 miles from its mouth. There are yet no booms ou this river, except strings of logs occasionally stretched across it for temporary puriK)ses. Ou its course above Guyandotte are four or five mills, doing for the most part a local business, their product for export being ouly about 1,000,000 feet of sawed lumber. The rafting of this sawed lumber is attended with ssr-^-"' \ ^^ ,_ ' -7;" , MAT "I- NOin n CAHOMNA v;ili,\MM,lllK lllSTIllllirinMiK Till. CIM HiHKsl-- wmi si'u L\i. iihn iin.M t n'Tiii UMISKIl IMHSTMV ctmru to tnnt.T null Jr--~U ^ 1 o**y'""y '•. ^7 \' TKMT^' rt'MS7£ "F ^ «^■o'■'R'''?-~-/^v^ Wj/Aii/ki/^/. {•'•tkMi ftmn (Hudi K s THE FORESTS OF THC UNITED STATES. 515 " The valley of the New river is ouly lumbered for from 3 to 5 miles from the stream, although the walnut has been gathered 10 miles farther back. This is a rough country in which to lumber, since the streams cut deep into the earth, and New river cannot be driven. " Konceverte is situated on the Greenbrier river at the point where the Chesapeake and Ohio railroad first meets this stream as it descends from the Alleghany mountains. Here is the boom of the Saint Lawrence Boom Company, and here are located three or four lumber lirms operating steam-mills. One of these, the New York lloop Company, uses two million hoop-poles per annum, chiefly hickory, manufacturing hoops for flour barrn^ls, pork barrels, hogsheads, and tierces, besides strips for boxes, etc. The process of manufacturing hoops was exi)lained to me as follows : The poles, of assorted lengths and sizes, are ]>assed through machines which split each of them into two, three, or four pieces, and these are put through other machines wliich plane flat the inner side of each strip, leaving the bark intact. The hoops thus made are tied into bundles and shipped to New York. "The Greenbrier river rises in the limestone sinks in liandolph county, whence it flows southwesterly through the fertile limestone valley between the Alleghany and the Greenbrier mountains for a distance of li'O miles, emptying into the New river at Hinton. Flowing through such a valley it is not a rapid stream, but from a jioint 12 miles below Travelers' Rest, on its headwaters, it is tine for rafting. Yet the stream needs some imi)rovement, especially by the closing up of back channels into which the logs are borne by high water, to be left in swamps "when the flood recedes. " Ouly a small proportion of the timber of the Greenbrier river has been removed as yet, and it is estimated that in its valley white oak, white pine, poplar, cherry, hemlock, walnut, and ash enough remain to make 1,000,000,000 feet of boards, and that there are not less than 500,000,000 feet of white pine in this region, occupying a belt through the center of both Greenbrier and Pocahontas counties. The eastern limit of the black-spruce belt on the headwaters of the Elk and Gauley rivers, the most extensive and valuable in West Virginia, coincides with the western limits of the white-pine belt lying in Pocahontas county. Its southern line runs northwesterly from the south end of Pocahontas to near the center of Nicholas county. From this point its western line runs northeasterly through the center of Webster county to the vicinity of Huttonville, in Randolph county, the northern end of the belt covering the upper waters of Shaver's Fork of the Cheat river. Over this belt black spruce is scattered more or less densely, sometimes occupying almost exclusively the high slopes, particularly the northern slopes and the summits of the mountains. " It is believed that 10,000,000 feet of black walnut, in paying quantities, could still be gathered in this part of the state, and that there would then be left an equal amount so scattered that it could not be profitably collected at present prices." NORTH CAROLINA. The forests of North Carolina were once hardly surpassed in variety and importance by those of any other part of the United States. The coast region was occupied by the couifmous forests of the southern Maritime Pine Belt; the middle districts of the state by a forest of oaks and other hard-wood trees, through which the old-field pine is now rapidly spreading over worn-out and abandoned farming lauds. The high ridges and deep valleys of the Appalachian system which culminate in the western part of the state are still everywhere covered with dense forests of the most valuable hard-wood trees mingled with northern pines and hemlocks. The inaccessibility of this mountain region has protected these valuable forests up to the present time, and few inroads have yet l>eeu made into their stores of oak, cherry, yellow jjoplar, and walnut. The hard-wood forests of the middle districts, however, have been largely removed or culled of their liucst timber, although the area of woodland in this part of the state is now increasing. These new tbrests, usually cc)nii)osed of inferior pine, are of little economic value, except as a source of abundant fuel and as a means of restoring fertility to the soil, preparing it to i)roortance, was jnepared by Jlr. Eilwanl KidiliT, of Wilmington. It is based upon actual surveys and flie reports of a large number of timber-land experts lamiliar with the different counties still occupied by the forests of long-leaved pme : LONG-LEAVED PINE (/'ihhs paluetrU). Blmden Brunswick .. Cbalbam ColuDibofl ... CumberloDd . Duplin Harnett Johnston Uoore New Hanover. OukIow Robeson Sanipson W»Ve... W»}-ne 1,000,000 , 000, 000 I, 000, 000 I, 000. 000 I, 000, uoo , 000. 000 i, 000, 000 1. 000. 000 , 000, 000 ;, 000, 000 , 000, 000 , 000, 000 I. 000, 000 ;, 000. 000 . 000, 000 Total I 5,229,000,000 I Cut for tbo census ve-Trendinp May 31, IBSO, exclusive of 50. lOil will flit ciit'in IbecmililiisiidjaciDt to Ale cinailo ami P.iniliro sounds umi n'onc tlio I'lmilico nml Niuso rivers, wbith is lar;;ely loblolty i)iue (Pintu Tada}. I NAVAL STORES. Small quantities of crude turpentine were produced njion the coast of North Carolina, between the Pamlico and Cape Fear rivers, Boon after the earliest settlement of the (country. It was sent to Great Britain or converted into spirits of tnri)entine and rosin for home consumption. The demand for ships' stores had greatly increased the NDrth Carolina i)roduction as early as 1818, although the field of oi)erations was not extended south of the Cai)e Fear river, nor more than 100 miles from the coast, until 18.'3G. The large demand for spirits of turpentine created during that year induced manufiicturers to test the yield of trees on the west side of the Cai)e Fear river, up to that time considered unjiroiluctive. The result was satisfactory, although overproduction and low jirices deferred nntil 1840 the development of this region. Since 1840 this industry has been gradually carried southward. Xaval stores were j)roduced in South Carolina in 1840, and in Ceorgia two years later. Turi)cntine orchards were established in Florida and Alabama in 18.j.^, and more recently in Jlississipj)! and eastern Louisiana. Tlie naval stores manufactured in the United States are principally produced frou) the resinous ixiiine (Pimis 7'ccda), and the slash pine (I'inuM Chbcnuin) of the Florida coast. The trees selected lor "boxing" are usually from 12 to 18 inches in diameter, although trees with trunks only 8 inches through are now sometimes worked. A deep cut or "bo.K" is made in the trunk of the tree, by a cut slanting downward, some 7 inches in depth, and generally 12 inches above the ground, and met by a second cut started 10 inches above the first and running down from the bark to meet it. In this manner a segment is removed from the trunk and a triangular trough formed 4 inches deep and 4 inches wide at the top. Two such lK*.\es, or npon a large trunk sometimes four, are made on each tree. A "crop", the unit of production among large operators, consists of 10,000 such boxes. The boxes are cut early in November with a narrow-bladed ax si»ecially manufactured for tlie purpose, anrofitable except to the most skillful operators. The low price of southern timberlands and the facility with which rights to operate tracts of forest for turpentine have been lately obtainable in several states have unnaturally stimulated production. The result of this has been that manufacturers, unable to make a jirofit except from virgin trees, abandon their orchards after one or two years' working and seek new fields of operation ; the ratio of virgin forest to the total area worked over in the production of naval stores is therefore constantly increasing. It is estimated by Mr. Van Bokkeleu that during tiie years between 1870 and 1880 an average of one-third of the total annual i>roduct of the country was obtained from virgin trees, and that in 1880 one-fourth of the crop was thus produced, necessitating I he boxing in that year of the best trees upon 000, 000 acres of forest. The production of naval stores is curried on in a wasteful, extravagant manner, and the net profits derived from the business are entirely out of proportion to the damage which it inflicts upon the forests of the country; the injury is enormous. Lumber made from trees 518 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. previously worked for turpentine is of inferior quality, althoiigb it is probably less injnred than lias boon fronerally supiwsed. Coiupanitively few trees, however, once boxed are manufaetnred into lumber. It is estimated that 20 per cent, of them, weakened by the deep gashes inflicted upon their trunks, sooner or later are blown down and ruinetl; fires, too, every year destroy vast areas of the turpentine orchards, in spite of tho care taken by operators to jirevent their spread. It is customary in the winter, in order to prevent the tires which annually run through the forests of the Southern Pine Belt from spreading to the boxes, to "racket" the trees; that is, to remove all combustible material for a distance of 3 feet around the base of each boxed tree. Fire, carefully watched, has then beeu set to the dry grass between the trees, in onier to prevent the spread of accideiital conflagrations, and to give the Iwx-choppers a firmer foothold than would be ottered by the dry and slippery pine leaves. In spite of these precautions, however, turpentine orciiards, especially when abandoned, are often destroyed by fire. The surface of the box, thickly covered with a most inflammable niatetial, is easily ignited, and a fire once started in this way may rage over thousands of acres before its fury can be checked. The manufacture of naval stores, then, decreases the value of the boxed tree for lumber, reduces the ability of the tree to withstand the force of gales, and enormously increases the danger to the forest of total destruction by fire. Wilmingtou. the most important distributing point for this industry in the United States, handles 80 percent, of all the naval stores manufactured in North Carolina. Previous to 1870 Swansboro', Washington, and New Berne were also large shipping points. SOUTH CAROLINA. The forest covering of South Carolina resembles in its general features that of the states immediately north and south of it. The pine forest of the coast, nearly coinciding in area with that of the Tertiary deposits, covers the eastern portion for a distance of 150 miles from the coast. The middle districts are occupied witli hard-wood forests, or forests in which pines of various si)ecies are mixed with oaks, hickories, and other deciduous trees. The forests of the Alleghanies, rich in species and magnificent in the development of individual trees, sjjread over the mountains and valleys, which occupy the extreme western part of the state. The streams which flow through the Coast Pine Belt, often bordered by wide, deep swamps, are ill-suited to lumber oi)erations, and less serious inroads have therefore been made into the pine forests of South Carolina thau into those of North Carolina or Georgia. The nuTchantable pine, however, has been removed from the immediate neighl)orhood of the coast, from the banks of the Little Pedee river, and from along the lines of railroad. The most accessible hard-wood timber has been cut from the forests of the middle districts, although vast quantities still remain remote from railroads or protected in deep river swamps, inaccessible except during a few months of summer. The western counties still contain great bodies of hard-wood timber, yet undisturhed except to supply the wants of the scattered i)Oi)ulation inhabiting this almost inaccessible mountain region. The manufacture of rough red and white oak split staves and lieadings for the Eurojjean and West Indian trade, already an imjmrtant intlustry in this state, is capable of large development; rice iierces and rosin barrels are also largely madi- in tlie coast region from pine. At Plantersville, in Georgetown (-ounty, and at other points along the coast quantities of haml-made cyjjress shingles are manufactured in Hie swamps. During the census year 4.31 ,730 acres of woodland were reported destroyed by forest fires, with a loss of $291,21.'.j. These fires were set by careless hunters, by the careless burning of brush upon farms, and by sparks from locomotives. BURNING OFF DEAD HKBBAGK. The pine belt of the coast, in South Carolina as well as through its entire extent from Virginia to Texas, suffers from fires set every spring by gntzers for the purpose of improving the scanty herbage growing among tho trees of this f>i)en forest. Tliese fires run raj>idly over tlie surface stripi)ed by the fires of jtrevious y(!ars of any accumulation of vegetable material, without infli(;ting any immediate injury ui)on tiie old trees of the forest unless a turjientine onthard is encountered, when, tiie resinous surfaces of the boxes being once fully ignited, nothing can save the trees from total destruction. If the mature trees of the forest are not under normal cdnditions greatly injureil, however, l)y this annual burning of the dead herbage beneath them, the forest itself, as a wliole, suffers enormously from this cause. Slight and shr>rt lived as tliese fires are, thi'y di-stroy the vegetable mold upon the surface of tlie ground, all seerincipal economic importance. These annual fires are slowly but surely destroying the value of the Southern Pine Belt. They deatroy all seeds and seedling trees, the fertility of the soil, and its power to produce again valuable species. 10 518 previous supposes piT cent. riiiiHHl ; to \trv\v the foro! eouibnst been set the box- preeauti of the b< may rag The the tree by fire. Wil of all tl Bcme w The and soul the east forests, forests < nionntai Coast P liave th Tlic iiii'i of the L The qoantiti months to snppl Th€ trade, a' are also along tl Dui $291,21.'i from lo( Th« from fir of this accnmn, a turpei save th< injured, enonnoi surface germini; year le< succeed but wh althoug econom They d« '} THK ■.'N'TKRICP. ^^SlWTW I lltuipT i Vfjni |HT m2^-' i)i;.\si rv oi" i()ui:.s IS ( •. S. SAHi .KST. SI •!•:( •! Al . . V '.VIXV IHKS. PJDA ALABAMA, TvlISSI S5TFPI LOUISIANA r^K 1?^ THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 519 The following pstimates of the amount of long-leaved pine standing in the state were made up from information obtained from Mr. Edward Kidder, of Wilmington, North Carolina, in regard to that part of the state north of the Edisto river, and from Mr. W. G. Norwood, of Blackshear, Georgia, for the Koulhern part of the state. They are based on what is believed to be less accurate information respecting the northern part of the state than has been obtained in regard to the pine forests of the other states, and allowance should be made for possible large errors. The estimates are, however, probably largely below the actual productive capacity of the pine forests of the state which may bo expected to exceed by 25 or 30 per cent, the following figures : LONG-LEAVED PINE {Pinus paluslris). Aiken Barnwell — Beaufort — Charleston . . Chesterfield Clarendon .. Colleton — Darlington. , Fairfield.... Georgetown Hampton ... Horry 209, 000, 0 340, 000, 0 49, 000, 0 458, 000, 0 183, 000, 0 332, 000, fl 453, 000, 0 337, 000, 0 7, 000, 0 128, 000, C 202, 000, C 380, 000, C Kershaw Lancaster Lexington Marion Marlborongh .. Orangeburgh.. Kichland Snmter Williamsbnrgh Total .... Cut for ihe census year ending Hay 31, 1880. .. 124, 492, 000 171, 000, 000 5,000,000 76, 000, 000 326,000,000 191, 000, 000 465, 000, 000 88,000,000 380, 000, 000 536,000,000 5,316,000,000 The principal centers of lumber manufacture are Georgetown, Charleston, and various points in Hampton and Barnwell counties, where small railroad mills are located. Charleston and Georgetown are the distributing centers for naval stores manufactured in the state. GEORGIA. The northern counties of Georgia are covered with the forests of the Alleghany Mountain region, here and in northern Alabama reaching the southern limits of their distribution and considerably reduced iu the number of species composing them, the pines, firs, beeches, and other northern trees being generally replaced by the broad- leaved species of the Mississippi basin. From the base of the mountains forests of oak mixed with pines extend southward, occupying the central portion of the state and mingling with the trees of the i\Iaritime Pine Belt along its northern limits. In the southern and coast counties great areas of swamps are still covered with forests of cypress, protected by their inaccessibility from the attacks of the lumberman. The merchantable pine in the immediate vicinity of the principal streams and along the lines of railroad has been removed, and serious damage has been inflicted upon the pine forests of the state by the reckless manufacture of naval stores. Vast areas covered with pine, however, still remain, while the hard wood forests of the central and northern portions of the state coutaiu a large quantity of the most valuable hard woods. The manufacture of coo])erage stock is still in its infancy, and this and other industries requiring an abundant and cJieap supply of hard wood seem destined soon to reach an enormous development in the upper districts of Georgia and the other states of the south Atlantic division. During the census year 705,351 acres of woodland were reported devastated by fire, with a loss of $167,620. The greatest number of these fires was traced to carelessness in clearing land, to sparks from locomotives, and to hunters. The following estimates of the amount of long-leaved pine standing in the stute of Georgia May 31, ISSO, were prepared by Mr. W. G. Norwood, of Blackshear, in that state, a timber viewer and expert of high standing. He obtained his results liy dividing the whole jjine belt into irregular regions over which the average cut per acre couUl be obtained, allowance being made for clearings, farms, areas of culled forests, streams, swamps, etc. The area in each of these regions, by counties, was measured ui)on a large-scale map and the standing timber cominitod. These estimates include merchantable jiine still standing iue has been removed, and extend beyond them in all directions into the uncut forests and along rivers and i-ailroads. Similar m-.^thods, practically, were adojited in prejiaring the estimates of the amount of i)iue standing in Florida and the other Gulf states. The results thus obtained are not, of course, strictly accurate, and are not sujiposed to be so. The estimates are intended to show the average luoductive cajiacity of the pine forests over large areas, and to indicate generally in what i)art of the state the jirincipal bodies of june still occur, laberal allowance has been made in com]uitiiig areas of swamp and cleared land, and it will pnU^ably be safi> to add 10 per cent, to these estimates of the pine standing in any of the southern states. 520 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. The following is au estimate of the aniouut of piue timber .staiiiliiig in the state May 31, 1880 ; LONG-LEAVED PINE (Pinna paluslris). Coon tin. Feet, board meaauie. Conntiea. Feet, board meaaorc. Conntiea. Feet, board maaaure. 543,000,000 134,000,000 35,000,000 410, 000, 000 38,000,000 281,000,000 60, 000, 000 733, 000, 000 298, 000, 000 117, 000, 000 82. 000. 000 246. 000. 000 96.000.000 350.000,000 578, 000, 000 339. 000.000 45. 000. 000 653.000.000 417, 000, 000 334.000,000 90. 000. 000 299. 000. 000 183. OOO. 000 6, 000. 000 956. 000, 000 19,000,000 17,000,000 47,000,000 70,000,000 21. 000. 000 22, 000, 000 191,000,000 488,000,000 206. 000, 000 291. 000. 000 40, 000, 000 1,064,000,000 128, 000, 000 236, 000, 000 236, 000, 000 10, 000, 000 65, 000, OOO 62, 000, OOO 164, 000, 000 379, 000, 000 18, 000, 000 791, 000, 000 Polk 36, 000, 000 408, 000, 000 128, 000, 000 21,000,000 28, 000, 000 188, 000, 000 191, 000, 000 44, 000, 000 788, 000, 000 S3, 000, 000 598, 000, 000 104, 000, 000 311,000,000 84, 000, 000 32, 000, 000 161,000,000 80, 000, 000 240, 000, 000 160, 000, 000 48, 000, 000 292, 000, 000 152, 000, 000 512, 000, 000 16,778,000,000 Tlttrr Glaacock Pnlaaki Baldwin Berrian Han cook Schley Bmui Tallwt Telfair Terrell Cl»y Leo Liberty Ware Miller Mitchell DoDgberty Echola 35. 000. 000 Worth Total Paolding 2,000,000 Pierce 220,000,000. Cut for the ceDsas j leaved pine and ml ear ending Uaj led growth). 31, 18fO (excloding 28,335,000 feet cut n the region of abort- 272,743,000 Tbe principal centers of lumber manufacture are situated along the coast at Brunswick, Darien, Savannah, and Saint .Mary's. Logs sawed at these points are now driven down the various streams for a considerable distance from the coast. Large quantities of piue lumber are also manufactured iu different mills located along the lines of railroad in Ai)pling, Polk, Floyd, and other pine counties. Savannah and Brunswick are the principal points of I'lstribution of the naval stores manufactured in the state. FLORIDA. The forests of the Southern Pine Belt cover the state as far south as cape Malabar and Charlotte harbor. The long-leaved pine is replaced along the sandy dunes and islands of tlie coast by oaks (of wliich the live oak is alone of commercial importance), scrub pines, and palmettos, while a deciduous forest, largely of northern composition, occupies the hinh, rolling lands in a large part of Gad.sden, Leon, Jefferson, and Madison counties. The pine forests gradually decrease southward in density and value, and south of latitude 29° N. are of little present commercial value. Forests of jiitch jiine (Pinus Cubemis), howevei', extend far south of the region occupied by the more valuable long-leaved jiine bordering the coast and covering the low ridges of the Everglades. Great areas of swamp o<;cur everywhere through northern and central Florida, covered with forests of cypress, red cedar, gum, and boriliTcd with bays, magnolias, and other broad leaved evergreens ; while the hummocks or low elevations, covered with rich soil and everjwhere common, bear oaks and other deciduous trees, often of great size. South of cape Malabar ami Tampa bay the character of the vcgetaticm changes, and the North American arborescent species are replaced by the semi trojiical trees of the West Indies. Tiiese occupy a narrow strip along the coast, cover the keys and reefs, and spread over some of the hummocks of tin- Everglades. This semi tropical forest is confined to the saline shores of the innumerable bi-ys and creeksof the region, or to the coral and sedimentary calcareous formation of the keys and hummocks. The s))ecies of which it is comjio.sed an- Iieie at tlu^ northern limits of their range; indivirlual trees are comjiaratively small and tlit! forests of the southern extremity of the riiirida peninsula are commercially iinimporiant, although suflicieiitly extensive and varieil to siijiply the scanty l)oi>nlation of this region with lumber, fuel, and material for boat building and the iiiaiiufacturi- of lisljing apjiaratus. The forests of Florida have not suffered greatly from fire. Much of tlie state is uniiihaliifed and unfit for agriculture or grazing. The danger, tlierefore, of fires set in clearing land for farms spreading to the forest is less than in other parts of the south, while the numerous streams and swamps everywhere intersecting the pine forest* ami the natural dryness of the sandy ridges, thinly covered with vegetable mold, check the siireud of fires when started. During the census year 105,320 acres of woodland were reported as burned over, with an estimated loss of $69,900. The largest number of these fires was set by grazers to improve the pasturage for their stock. DEPAJITMENT Or TBE mTIRlOR ; -'JCTe:- "Ta.t THE' FORESTS OF THE L'NITED STATES. 521 The following estimates, by couuties, of tbe lougleuved i)iiie still standing in Florida east of the Apalachicola river were prepared by Mr. A. H. Curtiss, of Jacksonville ; those for west Plorida by Dr. Charles Mohr, of Mobile, Alabama : LONG-LEAVED PINE (Pinus palusMs). Counties. Feet, board mooHure. Conntles. Feet, board measure. Conn ties. Feet, board meaanra. 525,000,000 144, 000, 000 138, 000, 000 150, 000, 000 233, 000, 000 23, 000, 000 425, 000, 000 346, 000, 000 75, 000, 000 122, 000, 000 200, 000, 000 315, 000, 000 104, 600, 000 W, 000, 000 210, 000, 000 121.000,000 60,000,000 213,000,000 10.% too, 000 022,000,000 2ia 000. 000 59,000.000 72.000,000 409,000.000 187. 000, 000 Jackson 63, 000, COO 81, 000, 000 77, 000, 000 455, 000, 000 67, 000, 000 90, 000, 000 311,000,000 149 onn oon Clay Madison Duval Manatee Wakulla Hamilton Nassau ,... Toul Hillsborough j 162, 000, 000 Polk 1, 1881 (excluding 77,500 6, 615, 000, 000 Cut for tlie census yea and sawed in westci r ending May 3 •n Florida). OCO feet, estimated, grown in Alabama 208,054,000 In this estimate no account is made of timber remaining on lands which have been cut over, or of that injured by the manufacture of turpentine. The principal centers of lumber manufacture are Pensacola, Millview, and Blackwater, in Escambia and Santa Kosa couuties. The logs sawed here and at other points upon Pensacola bay are driven down the streams fi-oin the forests of Alabama, the accessible pine in this part of Florida having been long exhausted. A large amount of i)iuo lumber is also manufactured at Ellaville, in Madison county, upon the upper Suwannee river, and at Jacksonville, Saint Mary's, and at various jtoints upon the lower Saint John river. Logs driven from the lower Suwannee river are sawed at Cedar Keys, where are situated the most important mills iu the United States devoted to the manufacture of red cedar into pencil stulT. Jacksonville, Saint Mary's, and Fernandina are the largest centers of distribution for the naval stores manufactured in the state. The following (extracts are taken from Mr. Curtiss' report upon the forests of Florida : " In visiting western Florida I have had particularly iu view the examination of the timber of a part of the state which is unlike all others in physical conformation, and consequently in vegetation. This region difiers but little from the country bordering the southern Alleghanies, and may perhaps be regarded as the southern terminus of the Appalachian range. It commences about 40 miles north of the Gulf of Mexico, and extends northward between the Chipola and Okalokonee rivers into southwestern Georgia and soulheastern Alabama. North of this there is little to connect it with the southern mountains except the rugged banks of the Chattahoochee river. The surface is undulating, hilly, often precipitous. The soil, like that of the Piedmont region of Virginia and Carolina, abounds in red clay, and is therefore adapted to crops which do not succeed in other portions of Florida. The vegetation is extremely varied and interesting, comprising most of the plants of northeastern Florida, a large portion of those found in the Piedmont country and in the rich river bottoms of the interior, and a considerable number found only on the limestone with which much of this country is underlaid. In the river bottoms, which are inundated at seasons, there is found a great variety of trees, some of which attain a size probably not equaled elsewhere. In this small portion of the state of Florida is to bo found nearly every species of tree growing within the limits of the state, except those semi tropical species found on the coast south of Cedar Keys and Mosquito inlet. Fully lifty American arborescent species here reach their southern limit. A few species show marketl diminution in size, and all northern species which extend southward of this Chattahoochee region here attain iu Florida their largest dimensions. "There are two trees in this regit)n of particular iutorost, as they are not known to grow anywhere else; these are tiie stinking wdar {Tonri/a ta.vifolio) nud the yew (Taxus Floridann). There is reason to believe that the Torrcya wvnvs also along the Wakulla river, and i)erhaps elsewhere iu (he state, but there is no positive knowleilge of its occurrence except along the Apalacliicola river, onthe limestone hills which border it at intervals on the east "The forests of this region are still almost intact. Some poplar ami tulip wood is cut from the river banks for northern markets, but tiie valuable timber on these rich shores is as yet almost untouched. The country southwest of this region, tliough of very little agricultural value, contains an immense quantity of the best cypress timber, hardly yet disturbed by the lumberman. •'Two mills have recently been established at Apalachicola, one of which saws nothing but cypress lumber. The lu'oduct of this mill is sent to iS'ew Orleans. As wliitepine lumber mnst soon become scarce, the attention of dealers ought to be directed to southern cypress, which will prove a good substitute for it. Although there is plenty of valuable pine in this country the swamps render it somewhat iii;iccessible, and the mills at Apalachicola 522 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. arc more easily supplied with lops rafted down the river from Georgfia. ^laTiy hewed lops of larpe dimensions are 8hipi)ed from this point. The country near Apalaohieola in surface and timber jrrowtli is tuucIi like that of northeastern Florida, all the good timber having been cut. "PENCIL CEDAR. "The favorite variety of red cedar, of tall and straight growth, is becoming scarce, but there remains a large quantity of quality snfiBciently good for pencils in nearly all sections of the state north of a line drawn from cape Canaveral to the north end of Charlotte harbor. There is no red cedar in southern Florida, the Dixon mill at. Tampa having exhausted the supply within reach of that place; but new mills have been established near Webster, in Sumter county, and at the head of Crystal river, at present the best source of supply. " CTPEESS. "The main body of cypress in southern Florida is located in the 'Big Cypress', a region of which I have heard much from persons who were in an expedition which went througli it during the last Indian war. They entered it at the 'Little Palm hummock', 18 miles northeast of cape" Romano. Traveling east about V2 miles they came to the 'Big Palm hummock', when they turned and traveled nearly due north for six days, averaging 12 miles a day. Their guide then informed them that the cypress extended 12 miles farther north; so it would seem that the main Inwly of the ' Big Cypress' has a length of about So miles and a width, as they think, of about 20 miles. The cypress grows iu belts running north and south, the main central belt being about G miles wide and consisting of largo timber. There are narrow strips of cypress and pine alternating with prairie, altliotigli probably two-thirds of the whole region is covered with cypress. According to these estimates there must be at least 1,000 square miles covered with cypress timber in this region, which in times of high water could be floated out by the numerous creeks and inlets flowing toward the Gulf. There are also large quantities of heavy cypress on the swampy borders of Peace creek, the Hillsborough river, the Withlacoochee, etc., many trees squaring from 2 to 4 feet. "The long-leaved pine extends south to Prairie creek, in about latitude 27° N. The pine l>etween Prairie and Peace creeks, which is sawed at the mill near Ogden, belongs to this species. Timber in this region is quite shaky, and from all reports it is evident that the yellow pine in Manatee, Orange, and Ilillsborough counties is quite inferior, being mostly of the rongh-barked, sajipy variety called in this region bastard pine. The long-leaved pine occupies nearly the whole of the interior of the peninsula north of a line drawn from Charlotte harbor to capo Malabar. At its southern limit 1 saw trees which measured over 2 feet in diameter and which would furnish logs 30 feet long. "Pitch pine {Pinus Cubensiti) appears on the west coast at JIargo, 10 miles north of cajie Romano, and extends northward to Prairie and Fishhead creeks, being the only pine of this region. From Charlotte harbor northward it is confined to a belt from 10 to 1.5 miles wide, bordering the Gulf, extending to Tamj)a and as far northward as Pensacola, being also scattered through the interior. This tree seldom exceeds 2 feet in diameter or r>{) feet in height, anil will atford a great quantity of framing tiniber, although it will be probably generally used in the production of naval stores, for which it is nearly or quite equal to the long-leaved pine. "One of the most imjiortant facts in regard to the pine forests of Florida is their permanence. Owing to the sterility of .soil and the liability to inundation of most of the state, it is certain that but a very small ])ortion of Florida will ever be cleared of its forest covering. Taking into consideration the great area covered with valuable pine forests, and the fact that there will be a continuous new growth if the spread of forest fires can be checked, only trees of the largest size being cut, it is evident that Florida will furnish a jierpetual supjily of the most valuable pine lumber." The following notes upon the pine forests of western Florida were furnished by Dr. Charles Mohr, of Mobile, Alabama : "The i)ine forests occupying the region between the valley of the Apalachicola river and the banks of the Choctawhatchee, and from the headwaters of the Chipola to the l)ay of Saint Andrew's, are yet mostly in their jtrimeval con most inirt brought down by raft from the upjier waters of the Choctawhatchee and its tributaries. The lumber sawed here is mostly long- leaved jiiiie, with a small amount of cyi>ress. The product of these mills is inoslly shipiH'd to New Orleans in small schooners carrying from 15,000 to 20,000 feet each. The capacity of the. mills upon this bay is in excess of their production, the ditliculty of obtaining logs causing most of them to remain shut during half the year. "The causes which up to the inesent time have prevented the destruction of the pine forests about Saint Andn^w's bay, whi(;h is traversed by one line river and bordered by another, must be traced to the dittieulty of navigating these streams and to the want of a convenient outlet to the (iulf at Apalachicola. There are few saw- mills upon this bay, supi)Iying only the local demand, and even these are furnished with logs floatetl down the Chattahoochee from beyond the confines of the state." 524 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. SOUTHERN CENTRAL DIVISION. ALABAMA. The northern and uortbeastern portions of Alabama, embracing the foot-bills of the southern Alleghany mountains and the valley of the Tennessee river, are covered with a rich and varied forest growth of broad-leaved trees, in which oaks, hickories, ashes, walnuts, and cherries abound. South of the Tennessee river the rolling country is covered with oaks, through which belts of short-leaved pine occur. In Cherokee and Saint Clair counties isolated bodies of long-leaved pine appear, while a narrow strip of the same species stretches nearly across the state between the thiriy-third and thirty-second degrees of north latitude. South of this central belt the country is again covered with forests of hard woods, which farther south, in the rolling pine hill region, are mixed with a heavy growth of the long-leaved pine; and this species occupies, or once occu[)ied, almost exclusively, outside of the numerous liver bottoms, the sandy plain extending along the coast and reaching nearly 100 miles inland from the shores of the Gulf. Great regions of swamp covered with heavy forests of cypress occur in the southern part of the state, especially in the region watered by the lower Tombigbee and Alabama rivers. The forests of northern Alabama still contain great bodies of hard-wood timber, although the demands of the rapidly-increasing iron industry located here have already strip])ed of their tree covering many of the low hills of Dortheastern Alabama. The best pine has been gathered from Mobile and Baldwin counties, in the neighborhood of Mobile bay. from the lines of railroads and the banks of streams heading in the southern part of the state and flowing to the Gulf through western Florida. The pine forests of southern Alabama have long suffered from the reckless manufacture of naval stores. During the census year 5G9,lCO acres of woodland were reported destroyed by fire, with an estimated loss of tl21,l.'l.'5. Of these fires the largest number were set to improve grazing, or by careless farmers and hunters. The manufacture of cooperage and wheel stock, furniture, and other articles of wood is still in its infancy in Alabama and the other Gulf states. Such industries, in view of the magnificent forests of hard wood covering great areas in this region and the rapid exhaustion of the best material in the north and west, must in the near future be largely transferred to the southern states. The cypress swamps adjacent to Mobile bay yield a large number of hand-split shingles and give employment to many i)crsons, i)rincipally blacks. The following estimate of the amount of pine standing in the .state May 31, 1880, was prepared by Dr. Charles Mohr, of Mobile, who carefully examined the whole pine region of the Gulf states: LONG-LEAVED PINE (Pinus paltatrie). Begioiu. EHtof PeriUdo rivor We«t of Perdldo rlTer la the refdoD of mixed growth. Is tbo Central Pluq Bolt In the Coona Rivi-r bociu In Uie Walkrr Consty dUtriot ToUl Cot for the cenmiii jrt-ar enillfiK May ill, 18^0 (Includinit 77,600.000 feet, eatimftted, ktowd In Alabomauid aaved In wcelcni Florida). i. oa, 000. 000 2, 000, 000, 000 10, 000, 000, 000 1,750,000,000 900, 000, 000 180, 000, 000 18, 88S, 000, 000 ■ SHORT-LEAVED PINE (Pinut mitU). In theCrDtnl Pine Belt In tbeCoOMA River basin ToUl Cnt for the cenioa year ending Hay 31, 1880, none reported. 1,875,000,000 432, 000, 000 DEPARTWEMT DF THE IKTERIOIj THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 525 lu this estimate no account is made of small timber standing on some 1,282,000 acres wbich have been cat over, and from which the merchantable pine has been i)ractically removed, or on 000,000 acres injured by the manufacture of turpentine. There are fewer pine trees per acre in the region of mixed growth than in the pine belt jiroper, with which it mingles on the north ; but the individual trees being larger, the; average amount of standing pine per acre is greater, although generally of poorer quality. Moliilc is still the principal center in the state for the manufacture of i)ine and cypress lumber; a large amouut of pine lumber is manufactured also along the line of the railroads jjenetratiug the i)inebelt in Etowah county, and considerable liard wood is sawed in counties bordering the Tennessee river for local use and northern shipment. Mobile is also the distributing i)oint for the naval stores manufactured in the state. The following notes upon the forests of Alabama are extracted from Dr. Mohr's report: "THE MARITIME PINE EEGION. "West of Mobile the road traversed for a distance of over 5 miles the plain, or so-called 'second bottom', composed of a more or less tenacious or sandy yellow clay. It has an elevation above the alluvial of the river of 15 to 23 feet, and is bordered on the west by the ridges of the stratified drift, which extend to within C to 18 miles of the shore-line. Near the coast this plain, flat and devoid of drainage, forms for many miles the low, wet savannas s])arsely covered with a stunted growth of long-leaved i)ines ; near the estuaries it is interspersed with tracts covered with a black, light soil, rich in humus and bearing a luxuriant growth of broad-leaved trees associated with a few Coni/cra', and with the wooded swamps which extend over the depressions about the base of the higher land, and follow the low, inundated banks of the numerous streams. The ])revailing forest tree of this plain, now much cultivated in the vicinity of Mobile, is the Ion/;- leaved pine. Situations ofl'eriug a moister and somewhat richer soil along the hummocks and gentle acclivities bordering the swamps and the botton)s of the water courses are occupied, by the loblolly pine. With this is often associated the pitch pine {Pinus Cubensis), which prefers, however, the more or less inundated and always wet, swampy forest, where its spreading crown towers above the gum trees and while cedars. Wherever in the plain the long-leaved ])iue has been cut down, this pitch pine principally and the loblolly pine sj)ring up to replace it. "Many acres can be seen in this region covered with thrifty seedlings of this pitch pine, and trees have sprung n]), to my own knowledge, since 180.5, which are now from 20 to 25 feet in height with a diameter of trunk of from 4 to 6 inches; and trees from 5(1 to GO feet in height with a circumference of from 3 to 4 feet, forming quite extensive forests, may be seen upon the shores of the bay from which the primeval forest was removed about fifty years ago. "Ascending the highlands of drift, with its poi'ous soil composed of irregular strata of white or ferruginous sands, gravels, and pebbles interspersed with layers of clay, the home of the long-leaved pine, which here arrives at perfection and i'orms the entire forest growth over immense areas, is entered. Upon this formation, after the removal of the original forest, either the long-leaved i)ine takes iiossession again of the soil or is replaced by a more or less stunted growth of various species of oak {Quercus Catcuba'i, cinerea, nigra, obtiisiloba, and falcdta), the mocker-nut, and a few other small trees and shrubs. What the conditions are by which such a rotation is regulated is not ayyparent. It is no doubt much influenced by the conllagrations which annually sweep through the woods and which are particularly destructive to the young i)ines, but it cannot be explained solely upon that ground. I have, however, observed that the more broken lands with the same sandy character of surface soil, but with a more argillaceous subsoil more or less impervious to water, are mostly covered with this second gmwth of deciduous trees, and that the flat table-lands with either a sandy or gravelly soil are invariably covered again with a second growth of the long-lea\ed pine. Among such young growths of this species I have never been able to discover a single seedling of the other pines. " Cypress swamps of the Tensas river. — The river was extraordinarily high, the lowlands being overflowed to a dei)th of more than 10 feet. The torrents which had fallen during the past three weeks caused a heavier freshet than any that had been experienced since the s|)ring of 1875. Since that year no such opportunity has been oflered for getting heavy cypress tiuiber from the depths of these swami)y forests. Xo idle man was to be found on shore; everybody who could swing au ax, jiaddle a boat, or jiilot a log was in the swamp engaged in felling and floating cypress timber. All the mill-hands worked in the swamps; fields and gardens were left untouched, and even clerks from the stores were sent to the swamps as overseers. " We soon entered the deep, dark forest stocked with some fine and large cypress trees, and came upon two negroes, each standing in his little skitf, engaged in felling a tree of the largest size. It was astonishing to witness the steadiness and celerity with which they performed their work, eonsideiiug the instability of their footholds in the narrow boats. ICvery stroke of the ax told at the designated place, and it took them scarcely longer to cut a tree in this way than if they had been working upon solid ground The top of the tree when felled is sawed oft' close to the first limbs by one tnan working under water a single-handled crosscut saw. Another, provided with a long pole armed with a sharp iron spike, seizes the trunk and tows it, with the aid of 526 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. the slow current, to one of the lake-like sheets ol still water which, interspersed with streams, are so commoa in these lowlands. Here the truuks are made iiito rafts and can be floated down thy a fungoid plant not yet detemiin<'(l, althongU widely distributed along tho Gnlf coast.— C. 8. 8. THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 527 large tracts in the delta between them, follows northward the course of these streams, and covers the extensive swamps which border their banks and the mouths of their numerous tributaries. Upon the Alabama the cypress swamps extend to the lower part of Clarke county. Next to the Mobile liiver region the laigest supply of cypress can be drawn from the extensive bottoms of the Tombigbec, about the mouth of Bassett creek, near Jackson. During the freshet of the present year (1S80) a large number of logs from this vicinity will be sent to the mills on the Tensas. " Baldwin county. — A quarter of a century ago a jiiue forest, uuequaled in the magnificence of its tree growth, and supposed at that time to contain an inexhaustible supply of timber, covered Baldwin county through its whole extent. Today this forest, from the line of the Mobile and Montgomery i ailroad, along the eastern shore of Mobile bay, and along all the water-courses as far as Bonsecours bay, upon the Gulf, is entirely destroyed, and presents a picture of ruin and utter desolation painful to behold. " The jnoduction of naval stores has been carried on in this region without regard to any of its future interests, and, the forest being exhausted, manufacturers have been driven to seek new fields of oi)eration. In the old turpentine orchards, long abandoned, no young trees have sprung Up. Too far remote to make it possible to get their timber to the saw-mills, the large trees which have sufficient strength to withstand the eflects of the barbarous jjrocess of boxing drag out their precarious existence for years after the smaller and weaker trees have been laid low, and shade the ground sufficiently to prevent the start of a young growth. The wood of these old boxes, as dead pines are called, is, after the loss of their vitality, charged throughout with an excess of resinous matter, and is in that condition sold as 'fat' or 'light' wood, being greatly esteemed as fuel for the generation of steam. For this purpose this final product of the pine forest is carried to the city of Mobile in broad tlatboats, propelled by one huge square sail, and steered by a ponderous horizontal beam serving as a rudder. In a few years, however, this, the least valuable and the last product of the pine forest, will have forever disappeared, and with it the last remnant of the original forest growth of this part of the state. Occasionally, under the shade of the trees left standing, a young growth of pine is found, and on the high and undulating table-land between Jlobile bay and Fish river, where the soil is light and very porous, a low and scanty oak scrub has taken possession of the ground. Toward the banks of the water-courses, however, where the largest trees were first cut to furnish timber to the mills once situated on Fish river, thus early leaving the ground open to atmospheric intiuences, fine and promising groves of long-leaved pine now often cover areas of wide extent. I measured many trees in these young second-growth pine forests, grown up within the last twelve to twenty-five years, standing from 15 to 30 feet in height with a diameter of trunk of from 4 to G inches, of thrifty growth, and rajjidly overcoming the small oak growth with which it had to contend for the possession of the soil. It is the turkey and the upland willow oak alone which occur in these thin soils, too poor to support the Sjjanish and black oaks. -^ "The banks of the North Branch of the Fish river are composed of marsh or white drift sand. The sirid, sandy ground is covered with a dwarf growth of live oak and myrtle live oak, observed here for the first time, and which farther east formed by far the largest part of the oak scrub covering the shore-lines of the large bays of western Florida. Two or three miles beyond the forks of Fish river a belt of pine forest is reached, not yet destroyed by the mutilations of the 'box-cutter' nor bereft of its best growth by the log-gatherer; it covers the highlands and declivities between Fish river and the waters which find their way into Perdido bay. This may be regarded as a virgin forest, only slightly invaded up to the present time along the Blackwater creek, HoUeuger's creek, the I'erdido river, and the bay shore. The mills situated on Perdido river and bay depend entirely for their present and future supply of logs upon this forest of southern Baldwin county, although 1 learn that it is expected to supply them during the next five years only, even if their production of lumber does not increase. This forest extends over six townships and covers an area estimated at from 125,000 to 150,000 acres. "^THE FORESTS OP THE CHATTAHOOOHEE IN EASTERN ALABAMA, MIXED FOREST GROWTH, ETC. "The forests which once covered the wide bottom lands of the Chattahoochee in the neighborhood of Franklin, Alabama (opposite Fort Gaines), are now reduced to small patches of woodland confined to the base of i-anges of low hills bonUring the plain valley to the southeast. The tree growth was found here to difter in no way trom that found lower down, except that the short-leaved pine {rinus mitis) occurs more fi-equently. The crab apple and the cockspur thorn are frequent along the borders of the woods, but the pond pine (Finns xerothia). which might have been exjiected here, was not observed. In the sandy, wet, and deeply-shaded bottoms of a sluggish stream winding along the base of these hills I found the spruce pine (Pinuit tjlabra) abundantly associated with the loblolly bay, red and sweet bays, and stately magnolias. The live oak is not found here, and it is donbtlul if it extends in this part of the Gulf region more than a few miles north of the thirty first degree of latitude. The low hills do not rise more than 150 feet above the plain; in entering them the secoiul division of the sylvan vegetation characteristic of the eastern Gulf states is reached — a forest of mixed growth, whicli must be i-eganieon a purely sandy soil, are found, within the Ibrest of long-leaved piue, tract.s with strictly-defined outlines from a half mile to several miles in width, covered with a dense vegetation of small trees and shrubs peculiar to the perpetually moist and cool hummocks of the coast. The soil covered with this growth j)! esents no unusual features ; it is as poor and arid as that covering the rest of these heights, burrounded on all sides by pine forests, not a single pine tree is seen within the limits of these glades, called by the inhabitants 'pogosines', an ludian name the meaning of which I was unable to learn. " The trees are of small growth, the willow oak, the water oak, beech, red maple, and black gum rarely rising to a height of more than 30 lect among the sourwoods, junipers, hornbeams, hollies, papaws, fringe-trees, red bays, and other trees of the coast. These glades verge u])ou deep ravines from which issue large springs, and from this fact I conclude that, below their sandy, porous soil, strata must exist perpetually moistened by subterranean waters near enough to the surface to supply the moisture necessary to support such a luxuriant vegetation. "FOEESTS OF THE TENNESSEE VALLEY. " The character of the forest vegetation changes upon the limestone formation of the valley of the Tennessee. This new region of tree growth extends from the northeastern confines of Alabama to a short distance beyond the Mississii)pi state line with a width of from .'35 to 40 miles, and reaching beyond the northern boundary of the slate. Its prominent feature is the total absence of pine and the scarcity of other evergreen trees. A few scattered sajilings of the loblolly piue are found ou its lower borders, waifs strayed from their natural habitats, the lower part of Morgan county, the tnie northern limit of this »i)ecies, in Alabama at least. The red cedar is the only evergreen tree common among the forest growth of this limestone region, and the dural)ility of its wood condtiued with its beauty places this tree among the most useful i)roduced in this region. The red cedar forms here almost exclusively the wcond growth after the removal of the original forest, covering everywhere with extensive groves the dry, rocky hillsides and flats. The timber, however, of this second growth is only fit for the most oidinary purposes. The trees branch low, and the trunks are consequently full of knots and unfit for anything except fence posts. The fertile portions of this region have Ijeen largely denuded of their forest growth, although more than half is still covered with wood, a considerable j)ortion with almost virgin forest. This is particularly true of Lauderdale and Colbert counties and the mountainous jiortions of the counties of Madison and .lackson. The vast quantities of oak, ash, walnut, and jioj-lar timbi-r contained in these counties can be sent to northern markets iis soon as the Tennessee river has been made navigable by the removal of the obstacles at the Mussel shoals. J THE FORESTS OF THE UNITKl) STATES. 529 "The road from Decatur to jMoulton, in Lawrence county, leads tbrougli liroad and fwti'e valley lands, broken, as tlic mountains are approached, by limestone ridpes Jutting out into the plain. The beautiful Moulton valley, inclosed by the low foot-hills of the Sandy ]\Ioiintain range which form its southern boundary, shows only along the base of the mountains a remnant of its original tree covering. Here the water oak, wilhiw oak, red oak, mulberries, elms, and ashes were the trees found in the lower situations, and on rolling, higher land the white oak, the bUick oak, i)ost oak, sassafras, and dogwood formed the [jrevailing forest growth. The lower Hank of the steep ei5cari>meut of the highlands, a terrace of liniestoiK! clitfs mostly destitute of soil, bears a stunted tree growth. Here the red cedar and the upland hickory abound, and where the surface is less broken and a deei)er soil covers the rock, chestnuts make their appearance with white oaks and the shell bark and mocker-nut hickories. The ascent is less l)recipit()us as tlu? sandstone ledges are reached, and here the yellow i>ine {I'iiiun iiiitiH) and the scrub j ine (J'inuH inops) are prominent among the oak forests of the mountains. When the crest of this abrupt decline is ])a.s.setl the oak forest is reached. It covers the extensive^ table-land between the Coo.'ja and the eastern tributaries of the Tombigbee, and extends southward from the valley of the Tennessee to the lovlands commencing below Tusciiloosa, occupying an area of nearly 6,000 square miles. "CtENERAI. Kkmakks. "The forests of long-leaved i)ine are |)rinci])ally confined to the following limited regions east of the Mi.ssi.ssippi river: 1. The Great Maritime J'ine region. 2. The Central Pine Belt of Alabama. 3. The Pine Region of the Coosa. "Pino forests of more or less extent, too, mixed with woodlands composed of deciduous-leaved trees, occupy the ridges covered with a porous siliceous soil in the region of what I have called the mixed tree growth, and which upon its southern borders verges upon the Coast Pine Belt. Upon the heights of the low ranges of the metamoq>hic region of Alabama are also found more or less extensive tracts of this pine, generally, however, of inferior quality and size, while as far north as the thirty-fourth degree of latitude patches of thinly-scattered pine are met on the brows of the mountains, and, rarely, on the plateau of the carboniferous sand. "The pine forests of Alabama, from the Escambia to the Mississippi state line, in the counties of Monroe, Baldwin, Washington, Mobile, and in ])ortions of Chirke county, cover .'3.500 square miles. Of these about 1,000 square miles have already been more or less destroyed in the manufacture of naval stores. Allowing 25 per cro])ortions. The nuist imjiortant saw-mills in this region are situated on the line of the Louisville and Nashville railroad, between Clear creek and Elmore, Elmon> county, and ]>iXMluced in the aggregate 07,0t)(),000 feet of lumber, lioard measure, during the years 187!»-'SO. Considerable lumber is also ])roduce(l along the line of the Selma, Kome and Dalton railroad, in Chilton county. "Naval stores are not yet manufactured in (his region. "Tin; iMNE KE(HON OF THE CoosA. — A detached belt of drift largely composed of coarse pebbles stn>tches from the eastern base of the Lookout Mountain range through the valley of the Coosa river, near Gadsden, covering nearly the whole of Cherokee county, to the Georgia state line. This forest is estimated to cover from 400 to450 square miles, although much of the best timber nearest to the river has already been exhausted. Ixigs aiv driven down the Coosa and sawed at Gadsden. The manufacture of lumber at tliis place has been carried on for a numlH^r of years, and anu)unts to an average of 20,(100,000 feel. *'.\AVAL STOKES. "The manufacliue of naval stores in (he cential Gulf sta(es is almost entirely restricted for the jux>sent to the forest contiguous to Mobile and to the railroad lines leading (o (hat ])or( and (o (he sou(hern contines of the i)ine InMt in Mississii)pi. It is only en(ine disdlleries were establishetl on the (iulf coast a little more than a quarter of a century ago, along I'ish river (Ui (he eas(ern aiul l>og river on the western shores of Mobile bay. The business soon a.ssumed such i)roju)rtious as to lead (o the destruction of tUo J4 FOU 530 Till-: FORESTS OF THE UXTTED STATES. forests covoiiiig Liiiulivtls id scjuaiv inik's, iiarticiilarly in lialdwiii cDiiuty. Tin- prodiKtioii of naval stores in this county, as well as in tbe lower part of Mobile eourily, lias at presi-iit nearly eeaseil, on aeeount of the exhaustion of the forest. It is, however, now carried on with tiie greatest activity on the line of the ^lohile and Oliio railroad. Between ilobile station, in Mobile eounty. and <^>nitinan. ^lississipiii, there are at this date not less than thirty-three stills iu oi>eration, while along the Louisville and Nashville railroatl there have been during the last live yt-ars lifty- tbree stills established in Alabama and Mississipjii. These, with few exceptions, are controlled by Mobile capital, their whole protluct being handled from that market, so that the returns contained in the annual reports of the boanl of trade nf Mobile fairly represent the whole production of naval stores in this pine region. "According to the statements contained in the report for ISSO, the crojis auKmnted in the years ISTO-'.SOto 2."),ioy barrels of spirits of turpentine and l.")S.4SJ barrels of rosin. During a period of eight years, Ix'tween 187:5 and tbe close of tbe business year of 18S0, lGU,0(tO barrels of spirits of turpentine and 8(l(»,0()0 barrels of rosin have been protluced in this same district, (a) "The increase in jirices during the last few years for all kinds of naval stores, and i)articularly the active demand for the best class of rosin, have given an increased imjietus to this business, inconsequence of which many of the older orchards have been abandoned and new ones started, while the number of new boxes cut during the i)reseut season is greater than ever before. There are no returns to be obtained of the production prior to 1875, but it can be safely assumed that up to that year 2dO square miles of pine forest had been boxed. The production since 1875 must have involved a farther destruction of G40,()(»0 acres, or 1,00b scpmre miles of forest. With the low jirice at which pine lauds are held there is not the slightest regard jtaid to the utilization of their resources, and under the present .system they are rapidly destroyed, regardless of the needs of the future and with the sole object of obtaiuiiig the (inickest possible returns on the capital invested. "It may be of interest to mention here the results obtained by a practical manufacturer by submitting the refuse of saw-mills, that is, slabs and sawdust, to a process of combined steam and dry distillation, with the view of utilizing the volatile products of such waste. He obtained from one cord of slabs 12 gallons of spirits of turi)eutiue, 2.5 gallons of tar, 120 gallons of weak pyroligneous acid, and 12 barrels of charcoal. From one cord of lightwood he obtained 12 gallons of spirits of turpentine, C2i gallons of tar, and CO gallons of ]iyroligiieous acid. The sawdust obtained from sawing 10,000 feet of pine lumber, subjected to distillation during one day, produced 22 gallons of si>irits of turpentine." MISSISSIPPI. The forests of Mississippi originally extended over nearly the entire state. Prairies of no great area, situated in the northern central part of the state, i)rcsented the only break in its tree covering. The forest consisted of a belt of long leaved pine, occupying the coast plain and reaching from the eastern confines of the state to the bottom lands of the Mississippi river, and from the coast nearly to the line of Yicksburg and ]\Ieridian. The northeastern portion of this long leaved pine forest si)rcad over a high rolling country, and here the ))ines were mixed with various hard-wojd trees; north of the long-leaved pine forest a long belt gradually narrowing toward the north and occupied by a growth of short-leaved pine and of hard woods reached nearly to the northern boundary of the state, while south of the Tennessee river, in Tishomingo, Prentiss, and Itawamba counties, a considerable area was covered with forests of tiie short-leaved pine. The remainder of the state was clothed with a growth of hiird woods, whiecome scarce. During the census year 222,800 acres of woodland were rejiorted destroyed by fire, with a loss of$78,.jOO. Of them' fires the largest number was set by hunters, and by farmers carelessly starting fires in clearing land or to improve jta^tturage. a Thede figures dillcr somewhat from those prepared by Mr. Van Bokltelen. See page 4D3. — C. S. S. .KPAl- IME::.'r UV I HE INTERlOl THE FORESTS OF THE rXITED STATES. 531 EstablishineTits for the iiiiiiiiifactuit' of \Vll{^■()ll^^, wbcel stock, cooperate, etc., liave been established at dittereut times in the northern part of the state. The in(bistiies, however, which depend upon the hard-wwd fore.sts for material are still in their infancy in Mississipi»i, and are capable of enormous development. The following estimates of the standing-pine supply of :\lississippi. May 31, 1880, were prepared by Dr. Charles Mohr, who carefully explored the forests of the state: LONG-LEAVED PINE {Pinus jjaluntria). llegiona In region west of Pearl river, tributary to tbc Chicago, Saint Louis. 6, 800, 000, 000 and New Orleans railroad. East of Pearl river 7,600,000,000 Kegion of mined growtb, exclusive of 200,000 acres injured by the | 3,800,000,000 inannfacture of turpentine Total 1 18,200,000,000 Cut for the census year ending May 31, 1880 ] 108,000,000 SHORT-LEAVED PINE (Pinus m«(»). In the nortbeastem belt 1,600,000,000 In northern region of mixed growth ' 5,175,000,000 Total ■ 6,775,000,000 Cut for the census year ending May 31, 1880 7,775,000 In this estimate no account is made of small timber standing on some 2,912,000 acres w hieh have been cut over, and from which the merchantable \nue has been practically removed. The region of mixed growth, which adjoins the pine belt upon the north, contains a smaller number of pine trees per acre than the pine belt proper; but, the individual trees being larger, the average amount of standing pine per acre is here greater, although generally of poorer quality, than nearer the coast. The principal centers of lumber manufacture are at the mouth of Pascagoula river, in Jackson county, at Mississippi City, in Harrison county, along the lower Pearl river, upon the line of the Chicago, Saint Louis, and New Orleans railroad in Lincoln county, and in the northeastern counties, where are located many small niilroad mills, manufacturing in the aggregate a large amount of yellow-pine lumber {Pinus mitis). The pine forests of the state have up to the present time suttered but little damage from the manufacture ot naval stores. Turpentine orchards, however, have been recently established in the vicinity of the coast, near the mouth of the Pascagoula river, and at other points in the coast counties. The following remarks are extracted from Dr. Charles Mohr's report upon the forests of Mississippi: "The pine forests of souxnERN IVlississiPPi. — In the v:cinity of Scranton, near the month of the Pascagoula river, little is left of the original pine forest. The old clearings are covei-ed with tine loblolly pine, from -10 to 00 feet high, upon rather close, dry soil. The jiitc'li jiine {Piinm Cxbensi-s) forms dense groves, with seedling trees from 20 to 30 feet in height upon lands of lighter soil exieuding to the sea-shore. Oaks aiv not common. Fine groves of stately live oaks, however, lino the banks of the river up to Moss Point, 4 miles distant. "The annual export of lumber during the last four or live years has averaged 4o,(iOO.(HK1 feet fi-om the Pascagoula liver. The largest percentage of this lumber is mannfaclured into boards and scantling for ordinary building purposes, and is shijiped to Cuba, the ^Viiidward islands, to Mexico, Hrazil, and a small jiart. in the form of deals 2 or 3 inches in thickness, intended for shipbuilding, to France, Spain, UoUand, Helgium, and Germany. Large quantities of charcoal burned upon the banks of Black and Ked creeks are sent to New Orleans in small roasting schooners, which run also from the bay of Biloxi and the bay of Saint Louis. At Moss Point eleven sawmills, which furnish the lumber manufactured upon it, ai'o situated on both lianks of the East Pascagoula river. The combined capacity of these mills amounts to 220,000 feet a day, although the annual i)roduction during the past years has scarcely exceeded 10,000,000 feet. The timber manufactured in these mills comes from the Pascagoula and its tributaries, the I^eaf and Chic;kasawha rivers and their sources, the Rogue Homo, Tallahala. Pay, and Okatuma creeks, as far up as the sonthern limits of Covington and .Tones counties. A small nuuilH>r of logs also. comes from the Kscatawpa. The logs received at these mills average 20 inches in diameter and 40 feet in lengih Sticks of such average dimensions are only furnished from tirstclass timber-lands, which, acconling to the best judges, produce six or seven trees of that size to the acre. Only lamls lining the streams just mentioned, in a belt not exceeding 3 miles in width on each bank, have been ui> to this time invaded by the log-getter to supply these mills. 532 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. "The vastiiess of the timber resoiures yet eontajiu'd in the refrioii euibraeed in tlie iiorlliorn half of narrison ami the whole of Greene and Perry, up to the southern contines of Marion and Jones counties, is astr)nishinfr. As is the case in Alabama, however, trees furnishing tirst-elass si)ars for masts are dillicnll to find ; tlicy have been cut by spar hunters in every part of the forest which could be reached by teams. " Cypress lumber is not manufactured in this region, and the loblolly pine furnishes so small a part of the timber manufactured that it need not be considered. In Jones and C"ovin};ton counties, about the headwaters of the upper tributaries of the Pascajioula, the country is rolling, intersected by nunierou.s small, swift streams and rivulets. This region is magnilicently timbered, and devoid of the barren ridges of almost i»nre sand so frecpiently found in the pine belt of Alabama. '•The low, tlat, more or less wide pine lands bordi-ring ni)()n the marshes of the coast are sparsely co\ crcd with pine, while the trees growing in this wet, boggy .soil, devoid of drainage and overlying a snbsoil im])er\ious to water, are stunted and of little value. The lower i)art of Harrison conuty is covered with these pine meadows, which fact accounts for the comparatively small importance of the bay of Saint Louis as a lumber-jiroducing center. "At I'earlington, on the Pearl river, is established the huge saw-mill of Poitevent & Favre, cap ible of producing 10tl.00(» feet of lumber a day; at Logton, 1,' miles farther uj) the river, are two mills, and ."> miles above these, at Gainesville, there is another. The largest i)art of the logs sawed at these mills is cut upon the banks of the Abolochitto creek, in Hancock county, and its tributaries e.xtending into the lower part of Marion county, 50 or (iO miles distant. The remainder comes from the banks of the Pearl and the upper and lower Little rivers, which empty into it 10 miles above Columbia. " The cyi)ress is nearly exhausted from the lower Pearl river, and the 20,000 or 30,000 feet of this lumber which arc sawed annually at Pearlington are derived from the cyi>rcss swami>s on the u])per waters of the Pearl and Jackson rivers, where there is still a large amount of this tind)er of good size. "The eastern bank of the Pearl river, within the Maritime Pine Belt, is s])arsely settled, and forests, the esi)ecially in Hancock county and the upper i)art of ]\larion county, are unsur])assed in the (piality and cpiantity of their pine timber. It is estimated by good judges that these forests will yield an average of 13, 000 feet of lumber, board measure, to the acre. Up to the present time a striji of land scarcely 3 miles in width, embracing the baidcs of the water-courses, has been strijtped of its timber growth, and fine si)ar timber is yet to be found here a few miles back from all the streams. Almost the whole oi' these rich timber-lands supplying the mills on Pearl river form a jiart of the jitiblic domain. " The almost unbroken i)ine forests covering the upper tier of counties between the Pearl and Pascagoula rivers, toward the northern contines of the pine region, are still practically intact. The wealth of these forests has as yet found no outlet to the markets of the world. Thinly settled, they are still largely the i)roperty of the government, but in \-iew of the speedily-increasing demand for lumber and the profits derived from the lumber business, such a coDdition of affairs must soon come to an end. It can be safely a.sserted that by far the largest part of the timber, felled in the Abolochitto region is taken from government laud. There <;an be no question of this when it is considered how in.sigiiificanlly small is the area of land which has been legally entered by private i)ersons along tliat stream. The necessity of adopting ]iroj)er measures to protect the timber wealth ui)on the ])ulilic domain from depredations of such enormous extent forces itself ui)on the most casual observer, while to one wiio looks closer at the consecpiences of the continuance of the existing state of affairs the urgency becomes ajipallingly ajiparent. The ever-increasing consum]ttion of timber at the mills ujwn Pearl river, of which one alone can cut 100,(100 feet of lunil)er a day, will prove a jtowerful stimulus to a people who, since the develoj^ment of the lumber business in these regions, have almost comi)letely abandoned their former agricultural and j)astoral i)ursuits and now depend entirely for their support u|)on cutting i)ine logs, to supi)ly this enormous demanrl at the expense of the i)ubli(; property. Already plans liave been made to invade this region by tramways and railroads, in order that its timber may be brought to market. This is true, too, of the region between the Pearl and the Amite rivers, down to the marshy lands of eastern Louisiana, a region in which the forests are also particularly good. "In the state of .Missi.ssippi it is safe to estimate that, after deducting 25 per cent, for areas of swampy and cleared land, 0,(M)0 stpiare miles are still covereil by forests of long-leaved i)ine. The ])ro(lucfion of this region during the wmisus year amounts to 10.S,000,000 feet; of thi.s, (!0.000,00() finds its outlet at Pascagoula, 30,0()(>,((00 by Pearl river, 0,0(K»,000 by bay of Saint Louis, and 12,(»0(»,000 I)y the Chicago, Saint I>onis, and New Orleans railroad to northern markets. "In the northern ](art of Hariison county wv crossed a tract from which twelve, years ago a hurricane swept a belt a quarter of a mile wide of all tree growth. It is inteiesting to note the growth which has sinci! s])rnng up among the prostrate charred trunks of the i)ines still found lying about in large numbers. Ulack-Jack oaks, the large^jt not over 12 fi.-et in height, are mixed in almost etpial numbers with stunted, tliin sajjlings of the long leaved pine. The.se plaiidy exhibit the; hel|»lessness of the struggle to which these ofl'spring of the great timber tree arc sulijected under thr- influence of rejieated conflagrations wherever the oak .scrub has sprung nji and added fuel, in the abundance of its leaves, to the fires \vhii;h annually sweep through these woods. "Tui; NOKTIIKA8TKRX coi'XTiKS. — After cros.siug the Sucamoochee river below Scooba, in Kemper county, the pines which had covered the ridges near the borders of Lauderdale county disappear; scarcely a stray sapling THE F0RP:STS of the united states. 533 of tbe loblolly pine is seen as Scooba is reached. The cokl, wet, calcareous soil of the tlatwoods and prairies i.s unsuifed to tlie growth of all coniferous trees, with the exception of the cypress. Along the railroad, as it traverses the Hat prairii! region, the country is sparsely wooded; large tracts of the prairie lands have always been destitute of trees, and the woodlands witli which they were interspersed were cleared at the first settlement of the country. What remains of the original forest growth is now confined to localities too dillicult of drainage to make agriculture profitable, and to the banks of streams subje<'t to inundation. More or less extensive patches of woods are fouud also on the ledges where the limestone rock conies to the surface. In the swam])y land the willow oak, the water oak, the black gum, sweet gum, white ash, and along tlie ponds willows and cottonwoods, prevail. The post oaks, white oaks, and cow oaks are mingled more or less freely with these trees in localities enjoying better drainage. lilack-jack and black oaks, mixed with various haws, viburnums, and persimmons, occupy the rocky flats. No magnolias were seen in this region. The red, willow, and water oaks, the sycamore, and the sweet gum abound along the streams here, and are so common as to deserve S])ecial mention, while on the rolling uplands lilack oaks, post oaks, and white oaks, with iioplars, shell-bark and pig-nut hickories, are common. From TujjcIo toward Corinth the country is poorly wooded. The ascent is constant, reaching the point of highest elevation between the (julf of Mexico and the Ohio river at Boone ville. ('orinth is situated on a wide pine plain, bounded on the west by the valley »>f the Tuscumbia river and east by the ridges which mark the water-shed of the Tennessee. The soil is here a deep calcareous clay, very stiff and heavy, hard as brick in warm, dry weather, and suddenly becoming a bottomless, sfifi' mire in seasons of rain. Below the valley of the Tuscumbia river the road passes over low and undulating riSi)anish oak, ])ines ajtiiear, forming vast forests on the crests of the hills. This pine (P/hk.v mith) takes possession of all the old clearings and tields thrown out of cultivation. The rapid growth of the seedlings, which sijontaiieously spring uj) thickly after the lemoval of the broad-leaved trees, leaves no chance for the seedling oaks. It is therefore a certainty that in the future the short-leaved pine will be almost the sole forest trtH' in this part of the state, outside of the bottom lands, and that it will probably extentl its domain far beyond the original linuts of its growth. "The aspect of these i)iue woods resembles closely that of the lower pine region. 'J"he short leaved pine replaces here the long-leaved pine of the (ioast, the scrubby i)ost and Sp;inish oaks take the place of the turkey and the ui)land willow oaks, whiU' the blackjack is common to both these regions of identical geological formation. The flora of the two regions also presents the .same general features ; the asters, goldenrods, sunllowers. and various leguminous plants are often the same or belong to closely-allied species. The pine clad diift hills interspersed between the Carboniferous and Cretaceous regions are parts of the northern interior drift belt which extends throughout Alabama. The region of the short-leaved i)ine of northeastern Mi.ssissipju extends from the -southern border of the \alK'y of the Tennessee river to the southern extremity of Itawamba county, and is on an average 10 miles in width, embracing an area of nearly (JOO sciuare miles. Of this region, after the deduction of the fertile bottoms of the Tonibigbee and Yellow Creek valleys, where no jiines are tbund, two-thinls can be i^'ganletl as occuiiied by the pine forest. -Vs the sole supply of jiine lumber in the northern part of the state, this region is of great importance. Several .saw-mills, none of which havt' an annual eaiiaeity of more than ;>,tH)0,(MU1 feet, aix» established on the railroad line at Clendale, Burnsville. and near luka ; portable saw-mills are worked also thi-ough this tbrest in its whole extent, their product tieiiig hauled in wagons for miles to the nearest station on the Mobile and Ohio and the Memphis and Charleston railroads. The largest shipments are made trom Burnsville and Corinth. 536 THE FOR E8TS OF THE UNITED STATES. sbrub ran live in the dark, shaded, water covered soil. These reservoirs of draiiiaj-e, geiierallj without outlet, are called <'ypress lakes if the water in auy part of theui, too deep to allow the growth of trees, coufinea the cjpre.roperty and lawful prey of the log-getter. In consequence the cypress groves have been, il not entirely destroyed, largely culled of their best timber wherever it could be obtained without investment of capital, that is by siui|)ly floating the logs to the streams at times of freshet and overflow. '•The cutting of these cypress forests is not wisely regulated under the ownersjiip of the state. These lands have been thrown into the market at 50 cents an acre with the condition of .settlement. Beneficial as such a law might prove in the disposal of laiuls fit for cultivation, it results, in the case of timber-land unfit for the i)Iow, in the reckless destruction of one of the surest sources of public revenue. The state thus sells for 50 cents what on its face is worth to the purchaser hundreds of dollars, and which, w hen dei)rivcd of its value and rendered forever worthless, will be tui'ned back to the state again. •'Much of the destruction of the timber can be traced to wasteful methods practiced by the negroes. Under pre.seut methods any one having rented a plantation w ill, for the most trifling wants, cut down a tree, regardless of size, and w ithoiit any ell'ort to i)reserve f«)f future use the parts not immediately wanted, so that the next (juarter of a century will probably see the entire destnictioii of flie vast (|naiitities of limber stored in the whole of this great territory." LOUISIANA. The coast of Louisiana is bordered by saline marshes and savannas extending inland from 10 to 40 miles, or is covered with a scattered growth of cypress occajtying extensive freshwater swamps i)eculiar to the region. In Vermillir»n, Calcasieu, Saint .Martin's, and Saint Landry parishes considerable treeless areas, oi)en grassy prairies in the borders of the forest, occur. With tlie.se exceptions Louisiana wasoriginally covered with a dense and varied forest growth. The Maritime I'ine licit covered the eastern portion of the state nearly to the Amite river, or until ciiecked from further western develo[)ment by the alluvial dejiosits of the Mississippi. Forests of pine, too, ociuipied the Western part of the .-^tate north and south of the lied river. Tiie i)ine flats of Calcasieu were covei'cd with forests formed almost exclusively of the long-leaved pine, which, farther north, mixed with oaks and various hard WDod tnre.s, extends over the high rolling country which stretches froui the Sabine northeasterly nearly to the Ouachita river. The northeastern part of the state was covered, outside of the broad bottom lands of the rivers, with a heavy forewt of shortleaveil jiine {J'inun mitis) mixed with ujiland oaks, hickories, and other deciduous trees. The bottom lands and all that part of the state bordering the Mississippi were covered with a heavy growth of the trees pj'culiar to such low, rich soil tiiroughout tiie (iulf region. Tiie high blufl's which occur at dillerent points along the .Mississippi, the Atchafalaya, anrl other streams flowing through the western part of tlu? state were covered with a noble forest of evergreen magnolias iningled with beeches, water oaks, and gums. The most valuable forests of the state are still almost intact, although the pine has been cut from the banks of the I'earl river and some of its tribntarit-s, and from along the line of the Chicago, Saint Louis, and New Orleans railroiul, to furnish the New Orleans market with lumber. IMne has al.'so been cut ahtng the Sabine rivei-, from l)«th forks of the r'alcasieii, along the lied river in tiie neighborhood of Alexandria and Shreveport, and more recently in (>atahoula jtarish, along Little river. The river swamps and rolling hills in the eastern and iiortiiern parts of the state still contain vast bodies of valuable hard-wood forest yet untouched liy the ax. The forests of Jyouisiana, uninvaded as yet by the manufacturers of naval stores, have not greatly suflered from forest fires. I)uring the census year only (i4,410 acres of wooilland were n-ported as burned over by fire, with a I0.S.S rif only ^i»,KOO. These fires were generally set to iinpiove i>asturage, or by careless hunters (^ariipiiig in the forest. A small amount of cooperage stock is made in New Orleans almost entirely from cyjiress and pine, although that city has long been an imimrtant point of export for oak staves and headings brought there from Arkansas and ■^ T S 5 ^. -H X rr :« r- "■ H <^ V^ ► ^ 3 -J •£ ^ ^ ■^ ^ X = ^ ^ THE FORKSl^S OF THE UNITED SIWTES. 5:37 Tennessee by river. The iiiaiiuiiiceut hard woods coiumon over luuch of tlie state can supply abundant material for many important industries which already at the north sulier from the exhaustion and deterioration of the lo4:al tuuber supply. Tlie following- rou^h estimates of the anunuit of the lon-;-leav(Ml and short-leavees, is gatliered, by men known as '• swamiiers", in the swamps of Louisiana, JIississi]ii)i. Alabama, and Florida. The moss when gathered is jnled near tiie swamps and allowed to rot during ten or twelve nuinths. It loses in this process about DO per cent, of its weight, and is then siiipiied to New t)rleans, where it is cleaned, dried, and ginned, losing in this latter operation ;>."» per cent, in weight. The jjrepared moss is used iu upholstery, either alone or 538 Till-: FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. mixed with hair. The proiluet of the New Orleaus factories is principally shii>pe(l to the western states, a comparatively small amount being: s^'nt to Europe. Six moss factories are located in New Orleans, and there are also small establishments at riaquemine and at Morgan City, Louisiana, and at Pensacola, Florida. New Orleans received during the year ending August 31. ISSl, 3,500 bales of rough moss, weighing 10,000,000 pounds, and valued at $315,IMK), A considerable amount, however, is ginned in the country and shipi)ed direct to consumers, or is prepared by the consumers themselves. Ter.sons most familiar with the volume of this industry estimate that the value of the prepared moss gathered annually in Louisiana, the principal region of supply, is not far fro7n $550,000. The amount gathered, however, varies considerably from year to year. Moss can only be profitably collected at times of high floods, when the swamps are navigable to snmll boats, and the moss, hanging from the branches of the trees, can l>e easily gathered. The wages earned by the swami>ers, too, are not large, and the gathering of moss is only resorted to when more jirofitable employment npon farms cannot be obtained. The following extracts are from notes of a hasty journey made through the forest region of western Louisiana by Dr. Charles Mohr: " For the investigation of the iniportant pine region of western Lonisiana I selected Alexandria as ray starting I>oint. Situated almost centrally between the forests of long-leaved pine which skirt both sides of the Ked River valley. Alexandria is the seat of the actual lumber trade and the point where the lundier interests of this great timlR'r region must be developed in the future. Little is left of the vast cypress swami>s which once covered the alluvial lands on the Mississipjii river below the mouth of the Ted river and the lower basin of that stream. It is only in the most inaceessble swami)s, cut off from all communication with the rivers, that patches of this timber remain. The everincrea.sing demand for this lumber has almost exhausted the available cypress of the lied Kiver country, and cypress is tiow drawn from the forest farther north bordering the lilack and Ouachita rivers. The lowlands along the river front, subject to inundation and devoid of drainage, present in their tree growth the same featuu'S as the low forests of the Mississippi and the Yazoo valleys. The bitter pecan flourishes here luxuriantly, and with it the white ash, the swamp over-cup oak, the persimmon, sycamore,' sassafras, sweet gum, and cottonwood. The green a.sh is common, and in better-drained localities the willow, white, cow, and red oaks appear, with elms and occasional pecans. Twelve or 15 miles below Alexandria the first pines are seen looming up in the forest; upon a nearer approach they are recognized as the loblolly. A short distance farther u]t the river, npon sandy blutfs fronting the western shore, fine specimens of the short-leaved pine are observed, associated with black oaks, Spanish oak, the black-jack, and many of the shrubs peculiar to the drift of the coast pine region east of the Mississippi. The wide bottom lands of the river upon which Alexandi'ia is situated extend west to bayou Bieuf. This district, unsurpassed in fertility and regarded as the garden of Lonisiana, has but little left of the forest with which it was once covered. The pecan trees alone of the original forest growth have been spared from the general destruction. Of the.se, fine si)ecimens line the roadsides and dot the fields. The unsightly honey locust occuj>ies the waste low places, in company with a second growth of willows, hackberries, and catalpas. The shores of bayou Bo-uf are covered with a variety of trees. Cypresses line the brink of the water ; beyond these, sycamores, bitter gums, sweet and white gums, pecans, water and willow oaks, red and white elms, red ma]>le, and a.sli occupy the gentle acclivities, with a dense undergrowth of smaller trees— the dogwood, several haws, wahoos, catali)as, Carolina buckthorn, southern prickly ash, etc. Ascending the ridge to the uplands the deej) alluvial soil i.- left behind, and the light sandy loams of the Tertiary strata make their ajjpearance, and with this change of soil the vegetation changes as suddenly. Stately loblolly pines rise above the groves of post, black, and Spanish oaks, and where the ridge descends again to what might be called the second bottom of bayou Bo-uf, a forest of white oak is entered, which contains a stand of timlier seldom equaled. On the long, gentle swells these are associated with fine Spanish oaks, a few pig-nuts and mocker-nuts, and in the depressions with red oak, elms, ash, and other trees found on soil of good quality in the same latitude east of the ]Mississii)]ii river. "The hills formed by the sandstone drift gravels rise suddeidy from tiie jilain covercil with the forest of the long-leaved pine, comparing favorably both in the size and number of the tntes with the best timber districts in the Coa.st Pine Belt of the eastern (!idf states. Trees under 12 inches in diameter are rarely seen, as is the case everywhere in these undisturbed jirimeval jiine forests. The soil of this region is closer, more retentive of moisture, and richer in iilant food than that in the Maritime Pine Kegion east of the Mississippi. The pines here are therefore of more rapid growth and below the standard of quality for which the piiii' jnoduccd on the jioor, siliceouti ridges of lower Mississijq)! ami Alaltama is so highly valued. The numerous streams which cut their way through the.se pine hills are fringed with many of the evergreens peculiar to the eastern Ciilf coasl ; and magnolias, the red and white bay, wax myrtles, willow.s, and the devilwood are common. " The i)ine region west of the Bed Biver valley spreads westward to the Sabine, forming part of the great itiiie forest which extends far into eastern Texas. Soiithwanl it constantly increases in width; and its leiigtii from north to south, where it verges upon the lower maritime prairies of the Calcasieu, is not less than 100 miles. It includes the whole of the parish of Vernon, the largi-st part of C.ilcasieii, ami portions of the parishes of Natchitoches and Kapide.s, covering an area of about 4,.500 square miles. The northern jtortion of this licit is one vast primeval forest. The small inroads made bv the .scattered settlers and the few small saw inills which siipjily a small local THK FORKS1\S OV 111 K rXI'IKI) S'l'ATKS. 539 (k'maiul are too iiisigniliciiiit to be tiikon into nccomit. In tlie soutlK-rn jiortion of this forest the saw-mills on the Siibino river and at Lake Charles have already removed some timbei' from tlie baidis of the principal streams. " 'J'lio region of long leaved iiine which skirts the eastern eoiifines of the iJed JJiver valley, and which at it« Nontliern extremity almost touches the river banks, may be called the central ]iine region of west Ix)uisiana. The village of I'ineville, ojyjiosite the city of Alexandria, is the center of the lumber trade of this repion. The high, undulating uplands formed of the Pliocene-Tertiary strata which here front the river bear a growth of loblolly and short-leaved i)ine mixed with ni)land oaks. A few miles to the eastward, however, npon the hills covered with drift, the forest of long-leaved pine a])i)ears. The surface in this central pine region is more broken, the soil pof»rer, more jtorous and siliceous than west of the IIm\ River valley, and the timber ])roduci'd here is of uusur])afi.seession of the soil. These oak forests reach to the northern confines of the state and extend west into Texas. In their southern extremity toward the pine region the soil is better, and the white oak becomes the i>revailing forest tree. My attention was directed to the fact that since the removal of the raft of the Red river the drainage of the ni)i>er l)ari of the valley has been greatly im])roved, and many of the lakes and swamps formerly continually inundated are now dry, while the swamj) forest growth, including the cypress, is dying, or has already died. "OpjKisite Shreveport the valley sjireads out into an extensive plain from 8 to Id miles in width, descending imperceptibly as it recedes from the baidi of the river. These lowlands are mere swamps, often deeply overflowed by the backwater of the river, which finds its way through the numerous bayous and inlets which inter.scct this plain. The forest growth covering these swanijjs is of inferior size, and consists of but few species. The cypress occu|)ies the overtlowed swamps, but it is always below niedium size, and I did not notice a single s]>ecimen 2 feet in diameter. The saline, gypsum soil does not seem suited to its full development. The water locust finds here it.s favorite home. It is very common in moist localities not subject to constant Inundation. The. wood of this tree is as hard and durable as that of the common honey locust, and is employed for the sam(> purjioses ; that is. in the manufacture of stirrups, blocks, hubs, etc. The green ash is tVequeutly seen here growing with the wahoo. hornbeam, holly, and privet, and forming broad clumps of great luxuriance beneath the larger trees. After passing Cro.ss bayou the land gently rises, and, with better drainage, the trees of the swamps disapjiear and are replaced by a more varied and valuable timber growth. The white ash ami white and red oaks are the more common trees in the woods which skirt the base of the ridges forming the eastern limits of the valley of the Red river. At this jMiint they are se])a7ated from the low hills of the Pliocene saiuly loams by a i)retty, clear stream, the Re th'ts. The tree growth npon these ridges is vigorous. 1 have nowhere found the short-leaved i»ine of liner i>ro|i(>rlions, equaling in size and liMigtli of clear trunk the long-leaved species. This region of the short-leaved pine, with its low, lieavily-timbenMl ridges, is similar in character of soil and vegetation to the jtine hills of central and northern IMis.sissippi, and might be designated as the region of the piiu> hills of northern Louisiana, between lake lltHlcau and lake liistineiiu the suiiace of tlu^ country is very often imperfectly drained, and there the loblolly pine is tli(> prevailing tree. A few miles back of l>ellevne, in Hossier jiarish, the level forest is interruiited by a strip of ))raii ie from 1 mile to .'> miles wide, covered with a cold, soajty, gray soil impervunis to water. On these natural meadows no tree or siirub is growing, excei)t a ])eculiar Cralwijiis, new to me. (a) It is a small tree or large shrub. forming strictly-defined, impenetrable, dense thickets a few rods or of several acres in extent. In its arluin^scent form it rises to a height of from lo to 2(1 feet, with a more or less bent trunk (! or 7 inches in diameter, sjnvading its crooked lindis at a height of from 4 to (! feet above tht> groinid. The fruit is said to be as large as that of the aiij)le haw, sweet and edible; it is eagerly (on it. This tree is here called by the iKHiple 'hogs' li;i\v'. a Cratpi river, and probably one-third of the timber growing in the valleys of the Sabine and the Nueces rivers is "i)eggy"' or allected by dry rot. West of the j)ine belt ojien forests largely composed of post and blackjack oaks occur, gradually decreasing in density, and finally, west of the ninety-.seveiith degree of longitude, entirely disappearing. Farther west, however, the "lower" and "upper cross-timbers", two reniarkalde bodies of timber, conii)osed of small and stunted specimensofthe.se oaks, extend from the Iinlian territory far south into the i)rairie region, occupying long, narrow, irregular belts where sandy or gravelly alluvial dei)osits overlie the limestone of the i)rairie region. A belt of fon?st, largely composed of post and blackjack oaks, varying from 20 to 50 miles in width extends southwest of the Trinity nearly to the Nueces river, its eastern border following generally, at a distance of Irom ."lO to ]ily even the meri! local wants of the nearest settlements. The oak forests, which stretch more or less continuously between the eastern pine belt and the treeless western prairies and plains, are, except along tli<'ir extreme eastern borders, composed of small, stunted trees, often hollow, defective, and of little value except for fuel, fence rails, and railway ties. The Ibrests of the western mountains are Mi i It K I h II III 1 II fl dH H H i 7 ., rr-xr-M- ' = p "1^ THE FORESTS OF THE FXITED STATES. 541 not luxuriant, and at the best can only supply a limited local demand with inferior lumber. It is i)robably no exaggeration to say that west of the ])ine belt, and with the excei)tion of the small amount of hard wood found on the bottom lands near the coast, the forests of Texas do not contain a single tree fit to manufacture into lirst-class lumber. Tiie pine forests, therefore, of eastern Texas and western Louisiana are important factors in the future development of Texas, as well as of the treeless northeastern i)rovinces of Mexico, which must draw their building material from these pineries. Tlie position of these forests, therefore, with reference to an enormous territory destitute of timber, although adai)ted to agriculture and grazing, and which must soon be covered with a i-onsiderable l)opulation and a net-work of railroads, their richness of compositiou, and the facility with which they can be worked, give to them jierhaps a greater i)rosi)ective value than that j)os.sessed by any body of timber of similar extent in the United States. During the census year 599,359 acres of woodland were reported damaged by (ire, with an estimated loss of $273,990. Of these fires the larger number was set to improve pasturage, in clearing land, or through malice. These returns do not include the large areas burned in western Texas by prairie fires, checking the growth of the me^quit over a great extent of territory. Small amounts of cooperage stock aiid woodcnware, princiiially for local consumption, are manufactured in the eastern counties from oak and cypress. Manufacturers report an abun to JO feet, with a razos is stunted and scanty : large areas of grass land intervene between the scrubby woods until all at once ligneous growth disajjpears, and the seemingly boundless prairie, la gently undulating swells, expands before the view on all sides. Near the center of Jlilam county a belt of open jmst-oak woods from lib to 2^) njiles in width is entered. It extends from lielton, in Bell county, southward to the upper confines of Gonzales county. Post oaks stand here from 20 to 30 feet apart, with black-jacks and blue-jacks between them, the trees being all of small size. The soil of these oak hills is of jjoor quality, sandy, gravelly, and more or less broken, arid, and devoid of vegetable tuold. Toward the southern limit of this belt, near llastrop; a tract of loblolly i)inc is found covering nearly four townships, or about 00,000 acres. Dui'ing the last twelve years all the useful tindjer on this isolated tract has been cut down. A secoml growth of pine, however, has sprung up, and is now growing vigorously under the fostering care of the owners of the land, and promises in a short time to afford a new supply of timber. A belt of post oak is found intersecting the prairie from the upper l»art of McLennan wjunty, near ^Vaco, and extending to the iu)rthern frontier of the state, where it joins the cross- timbers of the ^^'ichita. It is known as the Mower cross timbers'. This belt of oak wood is nearly l.'iO miles long, with its greatest width of about 20 miles between Dallas and I'ort Worth. At a it of the lower cross-timbers another belt of oak extends from Comanche county to the northern boun cents a pound to the gatherer. ''On the range of low hills extending from San Antonio to Austin, which rise at some points to a height of over 500 feet above the plain, forming the base of the terra(;es loading to the table land of northern Mexico, the woods are conflued to the barrens and the declivities bordering upon them. The <)|)en ]ilaius on these tal)le-lands are either entirely destitute of ligueous growth, or, when covered with deei)cr and more fertile .soil, supjwrt low copses of mesquit. The western Junii)er is observed here for the first time. It is a tree of low growth, seldom exceeding S~y feet in height, or more than a foot in diameter. It branches at a short distance from the base, forming a broad, round head. The wood is of a dingy, reddish color, line-grained, hard, and heavy, and iu density and durability is not inferior to that of the red cedar. It is knotty, however, from near the base, and furnishes no sticks suliiciently long to allow its use in cabinet-making, and can only be employed for rough coustnu-tion, posts, palings, etc., for which purposes it is invaluable. The home of the western cedar is found on the rugged highlands which surround the chanuels of the headwaters of the numei'ous streams which flow from the eastern declivity of these hills. Here it forms opeu groves, with scarcel}' any other woody growth among the somewhat scattered trees. These cedar woods are particularly common upon the brows of the steep escarpments from the base of which issue the large springs which form such a striking feature iu this part of the state. In the vicinity of the settlements few of the full-grown trees have been left. The improvidence of the first settlers in obtaining their timber supplies and the prairie fires which ran through these cedar woods in former years have caused the destruction of large areas once covered by this valuable tree. According to my observation, the western cedar prefers a calcareous, dry soil. Its range of distribution seems limited to the hilly region bordering upon the upper part of the Colorado valley, extending toward the south a short distance below New Braunfels. and westward to the sources of the Nueces and Guadalupe rivers. Well-timbered tracts of this tree are still found west of New Braunfels as far as Boerne, in Kendall county, and on the terraces of the higher ranges in Bandera and Kerr counties." INDIAN TERRITORY. The forests of the Indian territory are confined to its eastern portion. West of the ninety-ninth meridian trees are only found along the narrow river bottoms, the intervening ridges being bare of all forest growth. The extreme northeastern part of the territory contains numerous extensive open prairies, south of which a heavy body of forest composed of hard woods, mixed on the high ridges with the short-leaved pine, extends southward into Texas, with a maximum width iu the Choctaw nation of GO miles. In the Cherokee nation six considerable bodies of pine, varying from 10 to oO miles iu length and 2 to i miles in width, occur on Si)avina creek, Illinois river, Salina river. Spring creek, and Bowman's Fork, tributaries of Grand river. A large body of pine occurs also 2r» miles west of Reams, a station upon the IMissouri, Kansas, and Texas railroad. Snuillcr bodies of pine are found, too, east of Reams, and at Stringtown, where lumber is uuinufactured and shipped soutliward by rail into northern Texas. The bottom lanst of pine, in wliieh the short leavetl s])eeies octui)ies tlie hijjh, dry ridjres and the loblolly the moist soil above the bottouis. (Jreat bodies of cypre.ss eover the extensive swanijis that stretch alonjj the eastern bonier of the state or line the bottoms of the ^^■Jlite, Arkansas, Washita, and Ked rivers. The hard wood forests of the state are hardly surjias^ed in variety and richness, and contain inestimable bodies of the liuest oak, waluut, hickory, and ash tiud>er. Black walnut of lar^e size is still widely scattered over the state, and is parti'ularly abundant in tin- valley of the IJed and other southern rivers. The jiine forests are almost intact. Settlement.s made for a;:ricnltural jiurjioses have been confined to bottom lands, and only during the last few years has pine lumber been nianiilactured in the state, excejjt to snpjdy a very limited local demand. Recently, however, comparatively small rineipally established south of the Arkans:i.s river, have been shiiipcd north and south out of the state. The forests of Arkau.sas have received comi)aratively little damagre from lire. Tine jrenerally succeeds pino even «n burned land, althouU Clarke CUy ColambU Cralghwul 1!4, 000,000 Indrpendcnce 1,140,000,000 Iiord 1,519,000,000 Jiffcraon l.W.OOO.OOO 1 JohDiHin 1,280,000,000 iLnFayettc 8,000,000 Lfe 1,880,000,000 Lincoln Pike 1, 00.1,000, 000 45,000,000 2, 592, 000, 000 208, 000, 000 068,000,000 j 7,000,000 ' 933,000,000 1 Polk Pulaaki Saline 18; 000, 000 1 Little River 64,000,000 Logan l.«5»,000,000 ! Lonoke 720,000,000 M:!ortant manufacturing center. The mills here are largely supi)lied by rafts from Mi.ssouri, Arkansas, and Tennessee, and saw large quantities of cypress, ash. poplar, hickory, gum, and black walnut. Considerable hard-wood lumber manufactured in Dyer, Lincoln, Obion, and Smith counties, and pine and hard-wood lumber in Knox and Jetlerson, largely from logs obtained in the vicinity of the mills, is jtrincipally consumed locally. KENTUCKY. The forests of Kentucky resemble in general features those of Tennessee. Cypress, gum, and various water oaks occupy the river swamps of the western counties. The central region, now- largely cleared and devotwl to agriculture, was once covered with the oaks, walnuts, and hickories of the Atlantic region, while over the eastern and soutlicastern counties the dense forests of the Alleghany mountains extended. The eastern counties still contain great bodies of the best hard wood, especially black walnut, white oak, cherry, and yellow poplar, which are ])arlicularly fine and abundant iu Bell, Harlan, and other southeastern counties. These forests, protected by the falls of the (Cumberland river, which have prevented the driving of logs from its upjier wafers, and inaccessible to rail communication, are still i)ractically uninjured, and jirobably unsurpassed in the amoujit, quality, and value of the timber which they contain. The destruction of forests to supply numerous iron furnace.'^ with charcoal has been great in the northeastern counties, ami no small i)art of this region has already been cut over. During the census year r)r)(),(i-17 acres of woodland were reported devastated by fire, with an estimated loss of $237,035. Of these fires by far the largest number was traced to farnuns carelessly clearing huul for agrienltural purposes. In Barren, Edmon.son, and other central counties extensive tracts of prairie existed at the time of the earliest settlement of the state. The presence of these prairies in (he midst of a heavdytimbered ivgion is ascribed to tXw annual burning to which tliev were subjected by the aborigines. 'With the disappearance of the 35 FOR 540 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. Indiaus trees sprang up, aud this i-ogiou is now well covered with a vigorous growth of black oaks of difl'oreut ■pccies. White oaks, however, are not abundaut, and other species coinuion to the region, such as the walnuts, the yellow poplar, and the beech, are wanting in these young forests, indicating perhaps the eflect of (ires in flheckiDg the subsequent growth or development of many useful timber trees. PASTURAGE OF WOODLANDS. The forests of Kentucky, as well as those of all the central and southern jiortion of the United States, suffer severely from the almost universal custom of using woodlands for pasturage. The evil resulting from this practice is only "more apparent in Kentucky and Tennessee, because in these states the amount of live stock is proi>ortiouately larger than in other parts of the south, while in the thickly-settled agricultural sections of these states the r Uio of wooiUand to total area is smaller. The pasturage of woodlands necessitates, or at least induces, the annual burning of the dead herbage, by which underbrush, young trees, seedlings, and seeds are destroyed and the succession and permanence of the forest endangered. What the tires spare, browsing animals devour; hogs root out set-filings, and by selecting the sweet acorns of the white oak in preference to the bitter fruit of the black oaks, are gradually changing the composition of the oak forests. Comparatively few white oaks spring up in the forests of tlie more "thickly settled portions of the central Atlantic region, and this change of forest composition must be ascribed to the preference of domestic animals for the palatable fruit of what, as regards their timber, are the most valuable species. The injury, too, inflicted by the constant stamping of animals and consequent packing of the hind alK)ut the stems of old trees is very great, and all reports speak of the gradual dying of old trees left standing in the grazing regions of Kentucky and Tennessee. Tlie spread of the mistletoe {Phoradendronflarescens), consequent upon the removal of the forest and the increase in the number of birds (the mistletoe seems to require a certain amount of light and air for its development; it does not flourish or increase rapidly in the deu.<redict the entire exhaustion at no very distant day of the forests of the state. Indiana is fifth among the states in the value of its lumber-mannfactiiring interests. Evansville. ujioii the Ohio liver, in Vanderburgh county, is an important manufacturing center on account of the capital invested there in he lumber business and the amount of its product. The business, however, as in Ohio, is generally in the hands of small manufacturers operating i)ortablo mills and sawing logs hauled to them by farmers. At the present rate of destruction the forests of the state must soon lose all commercial importance. ILLINOIS. The forests of Illinois were originally confined to the southern imrtion of the state, the broail bottom lands of the Mississipjii and the Illinois, and the southern thinl of the delta formed by these rivers. The remainder of the state was covered by broad, rolling prairies. The forest growth in this [irairie region was confined to the n;u-row river bottoms and occasional open park like groves of burr, scarlet, red, black Jack, or post oaks, known as '-oak openings". THE inteh::h MINNESOTA IOWA Iful- ' ..lATHh if j^J / ml llrtnl WtH-1 r.^uul ll.inl»'o.«l I 1 ( J k-. y MM- III- TIIK i-i-— -= •*■>• I/nVKH PKXIXSl'LVoi MICIIKJAX >ihiwim; nw. uisrHiBnuiN ok kukkstswitii si-kciai. l«K^•^:lr^■■ ' ■■'.■■'■-• ■• ■■ IMMSTIO THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 551 pine trees left by the logger; they have robbed the soil of its fertility, and made it unfit to produce another crop of pino until the growth and decay of generations of other plants shall have restored its lost constituents. In the dense, unculled forest, on the other hand, fires, although often destructive, are less dangerous in the absenc* of dead material to feed the flames than when the ground i.s strewn with dead branches, tops, and resinous chips. During tlie census year only 238,271 acres of woodland were reported destroyed by fire, with an estimated loss of $985,985. Of the 267 fires reported, 101 were traced to fires set in clearing land for agricultural puqwses, and ' which escai)ed to the forests; 59 to hunters, 43 to sparks from locomotives, 3 to smokers, while only 1 was reported set by Indians. The hard-wood forests of Michigan have long afforded abundant material for large and important indastries engaged in the production of cooperage stock, handles, oars, agricultural implements, excelsior, wood pulp, etc. ManiTfactnrers, especially in the southern part of the state, now report, liowever, a scarcity and general deterioration of stock. The best oak timber has been everywhere culled to supply the wants of railroads or the demands of th« Canadian market. Elm, bass, and other soft woods, which a few years ago were considered of little value, are now in great demand and are fast disai)pearing, except from regions rwnote from railroads. Much hard wood, especially in the southern peninsula, has been destroyed by fire, or, if not destroyed, rendered almost worthless for manufacturing purposes by partial burning. Next to Vermont and New York, Michigan produces a larger amount of maple sugar than any other state. During the year 1879 3,42.3,11:9 pounds were manufactured in the state. STATISTICS OF GROWING TIMBER. The following estimates of the merchantable timber standing in Michigan May 31, 1880, were prepared by Mr. H. C. Putnam, of Eau Claire, "Wisconsin, with the assistance, in the lower peninsula especially, of Mr. G. W. Hotchkiss. Tliese, as svell as the estimates of the timber resources of Wisconsin and Minnesota, were obtained by compiling the results of actual surveys, and have been further verified by a large number of persons familiar with the forests in the different regions of these states. It must not, however, be forgotten that the figures given represent estimates, and not facts. Statistics of the volume of any growing crop are difficult to obtain and always liable to considerable error, and the forest, from its very nature and the extent over which it is spread, presents greater difficulties to the collector of statistics of productive capacity than the more compact and mor« easily studied crops of the field. The estimates of pine include all trees 12 inches in diameter 24 feet from the ground. Since they were prepared the scarcity of white pine has changed the methods of the lumberman, and trees are now generally estimatc-d and cut as small as S inches in diameter 24 feet from the ground. If the amount of standing pine had been estimated upon the S-iuch basis it would have added (roughly) 10 per cent, to Mr. Putnam'* figures. Small bodies of pine remote from streams no doubt exist in different i)arts of Michigan. Wisconsin, sind Minnesota, in the aggregate of some commercial importance, which are not included in these estimates. The following figures, however, are bi lieved to represent with as great accuracy as is attainable the productive capacity of the northwestern pineries. They cover the entire region, and these pine forests now contain no gi-eat body of unexplored timber, an unknown factor in the country's lumber supply: WHITE PINK (Pinun SIrobus). Bogions. Feet, bcird mcasare. LOinCR FENIKSULA. Bnsine of stronms flowing info Saginaw bay, inchiding Snginaw river aail tiibutfliifs. 7,000,000,000 S, OOO, 000, 040 Basiu» of Ktroanis flowiuj; iuto lake Slichisan Total 14.000,000,000 29,000,000,000 Cnt for till, cinsns v. ai- onding Jlay 31, 1880 (lnoln1, ISSO (exclusive of fuel and railroad ties), was 1.14.'..000 feet. The southern counties of the upper peninsida contain large areas of swamp, covered with tamarack and yellow cedar {Thuya occidrntalin), estimated, in the aggregate, at 02,o00,000 cords. Some 7,000.i)er peninsula. The valley of the Saginaw wa» long the seat of the most important lumber-manufacturing operations in the United States. Its supremacy, however, has «leparted with the destruction of the splendid pine forest which covered its watershed, and the center of manufacture has moved westward from the shores of lake Iluron across the peninsula to the waters flowing into lake Michigan. Lumber was first manufactured in the Saginaw valley as early as 1832. Three years later a second mil!, with an annual capacity of 3,000,000 feet, was built upon the Saginaw. In 1S3C the first shipments of lumber were made from this mill, and from that time forward great attention was given to the manufacture of lumber for shipment. The commercial panic of 1837, however, seriously interfered with the develoi)ment of this business, and it was not until 1849 that mills began to multiply. In 1814 there were 23 mills upon the Saginaw, with an aggregate capacity of (iO,000,000 feet. Ten years later the number of mills had increased to 82, manufacturing 42.">,000,000 feet of lumber, while in 1873 therewere 83 mills, which jjroduced that year 507,000,000 feet. Since 1870therehasbeen an almost steady decrease in the number of mills operating in the Saginaw valley; the number finishing their "cut out" i« fast increasing, and those destroyed by fire are not rebuilt. But, although the number of mills has decreased, their production has increa.sed, their i)resent capacity being estimated at 923,000,000 feet. A large part of the lumber manufacture«l upon the Saginaw is transported by lake to Ohio and New York ports, and thence to the i)rincipal eastern markets, although a considerable amount is shipjied by vessel to Chicago aud Milwaukee, and thence distributed by rail through the west. The wide market open to this lumber is due to its excellent quality. Twenty years ago logs which would run 25 i)er cent. " uppers" were considered common ; 40 |)er cent, was the rule, and as high art 75 jier cent. " uppers " was sometimes obtained. Logs wi re then cut from the lower trunk of the tree below the tops, and oi;ly the largest trees were selected. Now land which has been cut over three times is gone over again, and lumbermen are .satisfied if logs yield 10 j)er cent. " uppers ". Of late years considerable changes have been introduced into Mi<;higan lumbeiing operations by railroad logging; by this means mills are able to obtiiin a constant sui>itly of logs by railroads built into tin- forest for the pnrfK)se, ami this supply can be regulated almost entirely by the demand. There are several roads in diflereut parts of the state doing this business, the ])rincipal being the Flint and Pere Manpiette and the T^ake (!eorge and Muskegon I'iver railrfiads. The growth of this business in the Saginaw valley an,V27 2S0, W5. 285, 278 31.'., e8O.07»,40l 378, S80. 22S, 404 224. Mt, 843, 701 309. S7l 220,472 2»», aSl.S«7,»48 312, 858^070,074 340, 780, 181; 2M 432. ;.Hi,17i.I74 380, .121,221.305 14?, 3«0, 817 l.'..'.,.'.r>().720 17fl. til'O. '.MS I'-'. 21 «, 383 108,0'.'0, 107 147.721,2(1 1S2, 221, 548 178, 542, 800 211,722,030 211,071,000 14,357,070 87,485,647 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 553 Tlie following extracts are made from Mr. Putnam's report upon the forest.s of Micliigau: "The southern boundary of the pine forest in Michigan may be represented by a line drawn from .Sarnia westward across the state nt^arly to the mouth of the Kalainiizoo river. Orifjinally the pine forest covered the northern two-thirds of the state, and estimates made in 18;j.j gave the amount of i>ine then standing ius 15(),0()0,()(){t,t)00 feet. This estimate included the northern peninsula. The i)resent estimate of the pine standing in the whole state, the northern peninsula also incluiled, is .35,000,000,(100 feet. There are now remaining no large bodies of stantling pine in the state which have not been more or less cut into, and the timber adjacent to streams has all been cut. The pine now remaining is scattered generally through the northern half of the state, lying back at a distance of from 2 to 10 miles from streams large enough to lloat the logs. The best pine in the state has been cut. The belt of pine which ran through the center of the state, extending north from the southern boundary of the original pine forest for some 75 miles, contained the best pine in tl.e northwest. This pine was what was called by lumbermen 'cork i)ine', a soft white pine, large and sound, with a thick bark. The quality of the pine of the Saginaw valley was particularly fine, too; that on the west shore was of smaller size. "The standing pine on the lower peninsula of Michigan is estimated at 29,000,000,000 feet, of which there are in the Saginaw valley about 7,000,000,000 feet, including the pine npon the Saginaw, Au Sable, and Cheboygan rivers and their tributaries; on the streams dowing directly into lake Iluron there are some 8,000,000,000 feet more; making 15,000,000,000 feet upon the streams of the east shore. On the western shore of the state there are 14,000,000,000 feet, including the i)ine upon the Kalamazoo, Black, Grand, JIuskegon, White, Pentwater, Aux B«'C Scies, Boardman, and Pine rivers. As before stated, the quality of the timber in the eastern portion of the .stale is better than that upon the west shore; this is smaller and partakes more of the sapling nature, while that on the east shore is largely cork pine. The pine of the east shore and Saginaw valley is largely used for finishing lumber, and should he transported to the east; indeed all the pine in the lower peninsula of Michigan is wanted at the east, and none should be sent west. The pine of 'the western shore is suited for fencing, tlooriug, and dimension stuff, being smaller and containing more knots and sap. "The largest bodies of pine left in the lower peninsula are in the counties of Prescpie Isle, Montmorenci, Alpena, Alcona, Ogemaw, Eoscommon, Ci-awford, Missaukee, Wexford, Manistee, Grand Traverse, Lake, O.seeola, Clare, Giadwin, and Charlevoix. There are bodies of pine also in other counties from 15,000 to 20,000 acres in extent which have not yet been cut. The pine left in the lower peninsula is generally scattered through hard-wood timber, into which the settlers are now entering, clearing the hard-wood forests and exposing the pine to destruction by fire and windfall. This destruction has largely increased with the settlement of the country, and will increase still more unless stringent measures can be taken to protect the pine forests from waste. "The southern part of the state outside the pine belt was originally covered with a dense forest of hard-wood timber; this region is now largely settled and is the farming region of ^lichigau. There is a large amount of hard-wood timber of commercial value still scattered through this farming country, particularly in its middle and nortliern parts. Along the west shore as far north as the straits of Mackinaw the pine has been cut in large (piantities, but there is still a large amount of hardwood timber left upon this area. " The pine of the northern jjeninsula of Miciiigan is estimated at 0,000,000,000 feet. This includes the pine from the Saint Mary's river westward to the Wisconsin line and the mouth of the Montreal river, and upon the south shore of lake Superior. It is divided as follows: "1. On the Menominee river and tributaries, 1,000,000,000 feet. "2. In the western portion of the ])eninsula, not including the Menominee and tributaries, but including all west of the line of the Chicago and Northwestern railway between Escanaba and Marquette, 2,400,00t),000 feet. "3. East of the line of the Chicago and Northwestern railway, 2,000,000,000 feet. "The largest bodies of pine in the northern peninsula are in the counties of Chipi)ewa, Mackinac, Schoolcnill, Marquette, Houghton, and Ontonagon. There is also quite a large body in Keweenaw county, covering perhajis 30,00lt acres. Ontonagon county, which extends along the south shore of lake Superior for nearly llHl miles, for 35 miles back front the lake is mostly covered with hard-wood timber, with a little pine along the streams, but not in sutlii-ient (piantities to estimate. This is also true of the northern part of Baraga antl ilarquette counties, extending along the southern shore of lake Superior, a distance of 125 miles from 1/Anse to Onota, in Schoolcraft county. There are here a few small bodies of pine scattered through the hard wood, but it is needed by the settlers, and has no export value. The quality of the timber upon the Ontonagon and Presque Isle rivers and the u])per Menominee, growing among the hard woods along the south slope of the Penokee iron range, is similar to that on the western shore of the lower peninsula. This timber is, however, somewhat dillicult of access. The streams over which it must be driven (the Ontonagon and Presque Isle) are rough, bn)ken, and require considerable improvement. The pine east of tlie line of the Chicago and Northwestern railway between Marquette and Kscanaba, on the east half of tlie northern peninsula,' is of poor quality, and may be classed as 'sapling pine', with occasional groves of what is called 'big sapling' scattered through the hard woods. " In the upper peninsula of Michigan, according to the Lake Superior Canal Company's reports of examination and estimates of cord wood, there is an average of about eighteen cords of wood per acre over the whole area ot the peninsula, of which two-thirds is hard wood and (Miethiid .soft wood. 554 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. "lu Menouiinte and Delta connties, the southern part of Schoolcraft county, and the extreme southern ]>art of Marquette county are quite larpe quantities of tamarack and yellow cedar. From most of these lauds the merchantable pine has l>een removed, and where the (ires have not destroyed the cedar and tamarack the railroad companies are cntting the timber and shipping it to the prairies for telegraph jwles, ties, and pests. It is stated by the owners of the lands, who long since cut the pine from them, that the cedar and tamarack trees left upon the U»ud have netted them more than the original i)int' harvested. What makes this timber so valuable is its close proximity to the railroads and the ease witii which it can be shipjied by rail or over the waters of Green bay. This shows the necessity of preserving this kind of timber for future use, and of not abandoning it for taxes, as has heretofore Vieen done, or allowing it to be destroyed by tires and windfalls. "There are on the Menominee river some lt,000,(K)0,000 feet of standing pine, one of the largest bodies left in the northwest. More than half of this, however, lies in the state of Wisconsin. About 1*00,000,000 feet of lumber are manufactured annually upon the Menominee. All the mills upon the river are located at its mouth, in the towns of Marinette and Menomouee, in Wisconsin, and it is considered next to impossible to build more mills at that point. The river is here narrow, and the facilities for holding logs, shipping lumber, dockage, etc., are quite limiteroportiou to the amount of timber left in the region tributary to this stream ; and this body of pino may therefore be considered to a certain extent in reser\e, and likely to outlast many larger ones. There is little danger from fire on this river; the pine which is left grows upon the hardwood ridges, interspersed with broad areas of swamp." WISCONSIN. The great prairies of the central Atlantic region once found their northeastern limits in southern Wisconsin. The forest covering of all the southern i)art of the state was confined to the bottom lands or open upland groves of stunted oaks of no great extent or of more than local importance. The central part of the state was covered with a den.se forest of hard woods, oaks, a.sh, maple, cherry, birch, and the other trees of the northern forest, through whidi, npon gravelly or sandy ridges, great bodies of white pine were scattered. These pine forests gradually change in character and decrea.se in productiveness as they reach northward. Lakes are more common, and .swamps of tamarack, cedar, and spruce occupy in the northern part of the state a considerable proportion of the forest area. The pine trees in these northern forests arc smaller and more scattered than those farther south, although generally less interniixed with hard woods, and aflbrding lumber of poorer quality. The forest area has somewhat increased in the i)rairie region of the state .since its first settlement and the consequent decrease of destructive prairie fires. The growth of trees has gradually spread from the bottom lands of the streams to the hills, and the oak forests upon the uplands have gradually encroached upon the praiiie, losing th»-ir open, park-like character by the ajipearance of a young growth wliicli has sprung up among the old trees. The pine ha« lieen destroyed along the entire southern borders of the pine belt, along the Itanks of the princii>al streams, and from the linos of railroad, while the hard wood has lieen often greatly injured or destroyed by tire in those parts of the state where pine has been cut. The ainonnt of pine still growing in Wiscoii.sin is nevertheless largo, although it should not be forgotten that the best and most easily accessible has already been harvested. What remains is generally remote from actual lines of transportation, and often, especially in the extreme northeni jiart of the state, of comparatively poor quality. Dming the census year -100,298 acres of woodland were reported destroyed by fire, with an estimated loss of <725,C10. The largest number of the.se fires was set by farmers in clearing land, or by s])arks from locomotives. The manufacturers of cooperage stock report a general deterioration and scarcity of the best varieties of hard woods, and the substitution of beech, elm, ami other woods for oak. The following estimates of the amount of tind)er standing in Wisconsin May .'51, 1880, were prepared by Mr. n. (". Putnam: WHITE PINE (Pinut Stroinu). Regloiu. Buin of Saint Croix rivpr and trlbularlc* . Baiiln of Chippewa riTrraiid tribatarlcH . .. 2, COO, 000, 000 15, 000, 000, 000 000,000,000 10,000,000,000 600, 000, 000 iliirio* 600,000,000 I •! IrlmUrlm [ l,S00,00O,000 1" >Dil tributariosdn IVIiooii*!]!) I 0,400,000,000 Shim of Uiii! bapviior I 3,000,000,000 ToUl I 41,000,000,000 Cat for r<.3•( s S.MtOKXT, SPECIAI, AUKN i IMHI ■X ^'v''". ''V't^f-'- >5l , llnlllUVu,! Sl.iliillnnl'll IINn.'.;uiilllanlt<'n..< "t! — -L-l Jj/'^i " Ni THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 55& Of this auiount 485,552,000 feet wore manufactured aloug the Mississij)i)i river in Illinois. Iowa, and Missouri as far south as Saint Louis. Tlie wooded regjion in Crawford, Richhmd, Sauk, and Ycruon counties is estimated to contain 12,000,000 conls of hard wood in addition to some timber of commercial value. The cut for the census year ending May .'51, 188* (exclusive of 86,545,000 staves and 7,408,000 sets of headings), was 117,041,000 feet. Valuable oak timber exists in large quantities in Dunn, Pierce, and Saint Croix counties. The cedar swamps scattered through the pine belt of the state cover an area of some 1,305,000 acres, and are estimated to contain 02,800,000 posts, telegraph poles, and railroad ties, in addition to large quantities of tamarack and spruce. Wisconsin is the third state in the importance of its lumber-manufacturing interests. The great centers of manufacture are in the neighborliood of Eau Claire upon the Chippewa river, upon the Wisconsin river, and upon the shores of Green bay and lake Superior. Logs cut in the forests of Wisconsin supply also mills located on the Mississippi river in Illinois, Iowa, and Missouri with mateiial equivalent to nearly 500,000,000 feet of lumber. The following is extracted from Mr. Putnam's report upon the forests of Wisconsin: "The southern liouudary of the forest coincides with a line extending northwesterly from near the city of Milwaukee on lake Michigan, to the falls of Saint Croix on the Saint Croix river, and the western boundary of the state. This includes the heavy hard-wood as well as the pine forest. There is also, or there has been, a large amount of hard-wood timber in the southeastern part of the state, south of this line, but as no large bodies of forest of commercial value are now standing there, it will not be considered here. Large bodies of hard-wood timber exist in Vernon, Crawford, Richland, and Sauk counties, covering in the aggregate fidly 400,000 acres and containing at least 12,000,000 cords of wood. This region, however, is alreadj- thickly settled, and the tbrests are being rapidly cleared for agricultural i)urposes. Ko estimate has ever been made of the amount of pine timber standing in Wisconsin at the time of its original settlement; at the present time it is estimated that 41,000 000.000 feet of nnnchantable pine remain in the state, situated as follows, river basins being taken as the natural di\isions of these pineries: "1. North of tlio Saint Croix river and upon the lands tributary to that stream there are 2,500,000,000 feet, covering 2,000,000 acres. "2. On the southern shore of lake Superior, including all the waters tributary to the lake in the state of Wisconsin, extending from the Montreal river on the Michigan line westward to the western boundary of the state, and embracing the Wisconsin pine on the Montreal river and upon the Bad, White, Bois-Brule. Black, and Left-Band rivers, 3,GOO,000,000 feet, covering 1,800,000 acres. "3. On the Chippewa river and its principal tributaries, the Red Cedar, West Branch, East Branch, Flambeau, Jump, Yellow, and Eau Claire, covering an area of some 0,253,000 acres, with an estimated stand of pine of 15,000,000,000 feet. • " 4. In the Black River basin, with an area of 1,000,000 acres, containing an estimated stand of HOO.tXtO.tKK) feet. "5. In the Wisconsin River basin, with an area of 4,500,000 acres, with an estimated stand of 10,000.000 feet. "The remainder of the state, lying east of the east line of the Wisconsin River division and nortli of the sonthern boundary of the original forest, is divided by rivers as follows: (1) Wolf river, with O00,00O.0lK> feet of piue; (2) the Oconto river, with 600,000,000 feet of pine; (3) the Peshtigo river, with 1,500,000,000 feet; (4) the Menomonee in Wisconsin, 0,400,000,000: making a total in the division east of the Wisconsin of some 7,00tl.00<) acres, with an estimated stand of 0,000,000,000 feet of pine. This nuikes a grand total of pine forest area in the .sf«te of nearly 23,000,000 acres, still containing 41,000,000,000 feet of standing idne. This includes about 200,(H>0,0tMl feet upon the Menomonee Indian reservation, in the county of Shawano, where very little pine has ever been cut; 100,000,000 feet on the Flambeau reservation, and 200,000,000 feet upon the Court Oreilles reservation. Thei-e is no merchantable pine standing on any of the other Indian reservations in the state. " The quality of the pine in the state of Wisconsin varies largely with the diftercnces in soil. The quality of the pine growing mixed with hard woods upon tlie southern boundary of the forest and bordering on the prairies w;vj similar to that of the best Michigan pine. This is especially true of tind>er cut on the Wolf. Oconto, and Peshtigo rivers. The tind)er originally on the Wolf and Oconto rivers was especially line. This has been largely cut, although there are still some very line bodies of the best pine left on the Oconto find the western branch of the Peshtigo and nort hern branch of the Wolf rivers. The Black River district contained also a large amount of the best upper quality of pine, of which, however, more than half has been cut. The Eau de dalle River basin, in the counties of Pierce, Dunn, and Saint Croix, also contained at one time a large amount of the u]>per grade of jiine. now. however, all reiiiox ed. This grew among hard-wood timber, on good soil, which, when the timber is cut otl', is valuable for farming purposes. The i>ine in this part of the state did not grow in extensive tracts. If was scatteivd thnnigh the hard-wood timber, from 1 to 10 large pine trees growing on an acre — trees whii'h would scale froni 1,0(.K> to 3,500 feet of lumber each. There are still small bodies of this large pine left, but the great bulk of it is gone. "As we go north from the southern boundary of the forest we enter a ligliter soil, wheix^ cedar and tamamek swami)s are interspersed between the hard wood ridges. :Many of these swamps are natural peat bogs, covertMl with cedar, tamarack, and si)ruce. The tree growth upon them is heaviest near the outer edges, the ceutere o:j(J the forests of the united states. often beiiij; cove rt'tl with {rniMs or uranberrv plant ;. These s\vam)is, oritriniilly the beds of hikes, are now lillinj,' up and lieeoniin^ jrr.uhially covenil with timber. On the Wolf river the timber was very heavy. Instances are known of 1(»,000,000 or r_',l)0(i,UOO iVet of pine lumber having been cut from one section of 010 acres in the Lower Wolf River ri'gion. ' "In the pine forest, away from the large bodies of mixed hard wood and jiine i)reviously described, the general character of the timber is about the same, varying somewhat in diflerent localities, but still possessing the same general characteristics and qualities. Where the jiine grows in large solid bodies there are many young trees mi.\ehtigo, on the Teshtigo river; at Marinette, on the Menomonee river; on the Wisconsin river, at Grand IJajjids, Stevens Point, Mosinee, AVausau, and Jenny, the tcnninus of the Wisconsin Valley railroad, and at Necedah,on the Yellow river. Along the Wisconsin Central raiimad, from Junction City to Ashland, are mills of more or less capacity at every station, the most important being at Ogema. Ashland, Medford, aniiieries. The poorer soils in the iicirthi'ni i"»r1ion of the state do not grow and mature the large sa|>ling forests of pine found in the soutliern portions of the jiine belt. So that, while there is still a large area which has not l»een cut and which may ai)pear iiiexliuiistible, yet, owing to the f.ict that the timber lies more in groves, and that there are herc^ wide extents of tatnara* k and cedar, swamps and < pen spaces, the ground will be i-ut over more rapidly than when the forest was flr.Ht entered. ThiH is true of the pine standing upon all the streams of northern Wisconsin in the Menomonee di.HtricI — the Wisconsin, the Chippewa, Saint Croix — and on the southern shores of lake Superior. Commencing at Menomonee. on the Chicago, Saint Paul, .Minneapolis, and Omaha railway, and running west through the .'50 miles of 'big woo«1h', large mills for the mannfaeture of hard- wood timber and of what little seat tereil pine there is let t are eitlablished at Kriai»p,WiI.son, Ilersey. Woodville, and Baldwin stations. The jnincipal manufactories in the Saint Croix (Wstriet are at Hudson, on the Willow river, and at Stillwater, in .Minnesota, which receives its logs from the Saint Croix, in Wi.-wonsin, and which, therefore, should be treated as one of the Wi.seoiisin pinery manufactories. At Somenu^t. on Ap[>le river, there is one mill ; there is one at Osceola, upon the Saint(jroix. and upon the Northern Wisconsin railroad, which runs through the Saint Croix division; at Clayton, (Jranile Lake, and Shell Lake are large mills. There are also other mills along this road on the Lake Sni»erior shore. There are mills of snnill capacity at Sujierior City, Bayfield, and Ashland; the latter receive their logs by the Wisconsin Central railroad from the Bad Kiver piiicrj-. THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 557 "On tbe Eau Claire river the timber is .small and sound, growing very thiek and long; there are frequent instances wliei'e 1,200,000 or even 1,500,000 feet of lutnbcr have been eut upon a 40aere lot. One tree wa.s cut on Jump river some years ago which scaled 7,000 feet of lumber. The general character of this timber. eKjiccially ujion the main C.hi])pewa or West liranch and a portion of the Fland)eau, is called 'big sapling jiine'. Of the true cork pine very little is found in. the northern part of "Wisconsin, probaltly because the soil is not strong enough to permit its full development. The general character of the timber upon the Wisconsin river is very much the same as that upon the main Chippewa. There are instances of very fine pine having been cut in the hard wood forest upon the lower ])art of the river, and some fine groves are found even as far north as the Tomahawk and East Branch. The Flambeau river, or East I'ranch of the Chippewa, has al.so, in ranges 2 and 3 east, extending from townships 35 to 41 north, inclusive, some excellent bodies of upper-grade pine. " On the Jump river are some fine bodies of pine, nearly a])i)roaehing in rjuality Michigan cork pine and running largely to ' uppers '. This is true also of the pine u])on ihe Yellow river, where the timber grows largely scattereil among hard woods and is of fine quality. One of the finest bodies of pine in Wisconsin is that which belongs to Cornell university, lying in townships .33 to 38, ranges 8 and 9, in the highest part of Chippewa county, on the divide between the Chippewa and Red Cedar rivers. On this body frequent estimates of 1,000,000 feet to 40 acres have been made. On the Saint Croix river are manj- barren areas timbered with scrub i>ine, jiatches of Norway pine, and small black and white oak. These barrens cover about 700,000 acres of the Saint Croix region. Tbe .soil is sandy, and fires run over the country every year. South of the.se barrens, in Polk, Barren, Saint Croix, Dunn, and Pierce counties, is a tract of very valuable hard-wood land, upon which the greatest portion of the timber is now standing, although settlements are already largely scattered through this region. This body of hard wood contains a large amount of valuable white-oak stave timber and much timber suitable for general manufacturing pur])oses. It is being, however, rapidly destroyed by settlers and by the fires incident to agricultural and logging ojierations. " In Clark co.unty, which lies partly in the Chij)pewa and partly in the Black Elver region, are large bodies of hard-wood timber as yet uncut and growing upon land valuable for farming purposes. This growth extends as far north as the northcvi'n line of the county. The same body of timber extends east through Marathon and Wmxl counties, and is particularly fine in the western portions. The same body of liard-wood timber continues east toward lake Michigan, including the counties of Portage, Waupaca, Shawano, Outagamie, Winnebago, Brown, Kewaunee, Manitowoc, Calumet, Fond du Lac, Sheboygan, and Ozaukee. Large tracts in these counties are, of course, cleared and settled ; still they contain large bodies of unoccupied hard- wood timber, and the oi»portunities for cheap farms are plenty. " Of the forest region proper of Wisconsin, fully 5 per cent, is not covered with timber ; this includes swamjis. lakes, rivers, bottoms, etc. In the extreme southern i)art of the forest area, < ver a region from 35 to 50 miles in width, the hard wood predominates, only about one fifth of the forest growth being pine. North of this hard-woo<'l',W0 le<'t of hemlock : on the Saint Croix river, upon 1,0(X),000 acres, 500,000,00(» feet of hemlock; on the lilack river, upon 350,000 acres, 100,000,000 feet of hemlock: in the country east of the Wisconsin River division, and including the Wolf, Oconto, Peshtigo, and ^leuomonee rivers and their tributaries, upon 3,000,000 acres, 1,500,000,000 feet. >'Tlie total area in the state on which headock timlier grows is about 10,5l>0,0lKi acres, containing, roughly, 5,.">(>(),000,()00 ieet. The quality of the hemlock timber in Wisconsin is not so good as that grown in New York and northern Penn.sylvania, although it is valuable for its bark, and the timber when peeled can be driven down with the pine and sawed at the mills into dimension stuff for use where coarse lumber is required. "Generally, therefore, the forests of Wisconsin may be divided into the hard- wood lands already deseriln^d, along the southern borders, from which the pine has been mostly cut; north of this, and extending northward somewhat indefinitely, the mixed growth of hard wood and i)ine, growing uiion soil adapted for agricultural iturposes. The open meadows in this region are covered either with grass or cranberry marshes, alike valuable to the lumber and farming interests. About the head of the Flambeau river are large open s]>aces running into groves of heavy ])ine timber. These open spaces, once lakes or swamps, are drying u]) and the timber is gradually spreading over them. There are bodies of timber scattered through the southern portions of the state outside i>f the original forest area, but the amotint of this timber is relatively so small that it cannot be consitleivd of commercial imiuirtance, and hardly suitpbes the wants of the population occupying the thickly-settled southern counties. "Five thousand men are employed in the pineries of the Chii>pewa river. They are expected to eut during the logging season about GOtt,000,000 feet of logs, or an average per man of over 100,000 feet. This rule is not applicable to the northwestern jtineries generally, for in Michigan, as the timber is now farther in>m the stivains. the average cut per man is not as gr(>at, and 80,000 feet ])er man would perhaps be a fair average, taking the pineries of the whole northwest. 558 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. "The annual increase or growtb of titnlKT is countiibalaiictil by tlu' annual wasti- by winUlalls and llie natural decay of the old tn'cs. The loss to the forest by lire is an unknown (luantity, but it is quite a large amount, probably 5 per ceut. of the whole. The hunbenuen waste the log which runs into the top of the tree; this is knotty, but usually .souml, and would make good nu'ixhautable lumber. It is left in the woods, however, because there is a good deal of work in trimming the knots and cutting off the limbs. From au ordinary-sized tree four 16-foot logs are usually taken, the rest being left. Often this top log is 22 inches in diameter at the butt and will scale from 100 to ll'O feet. Loggers are paid so nuich per thousand feet by the lumberman, anil the amount they receive is so small that they cannot affoixl to sjteud the time to linish up and take out the lifth or last log, which is therefore left in the wiH)ds and lost. Nearly one-tenth of the timber, therefore, is left in the woods and lost. The fires about the oUl choppings, or where lumber operations are going on, are principally caused by the carelessness of wootlsuien in hunting up land-lines, or of driving crews on the river in the spring who leave their tires, or by explorers in the forest during the mouth of May or June leaving their camp fires burning. In all the old cuttings the drietl pine boughs and other timber left on the ground get very dry, and tire once startL-d burns with great rapidity and violence. '• As a matter of fact, more than half the area from which pine forests have been cut in the northwest is sooner or later burned over. The fire destroys the young trees and changes the nature of the surface of the ground, so that the next crop which comes up consists of briers and poidars, and theu hard woods. When pine is cut off or burned it does not come in again, and I have never seen any old cho[)piugs of pine come up w ith pine again, even when some trees were left and the ground had not been burned, although where a few large trees only are removed from a pine forest gi-owing »v :oi.d soil the small trees left standing, if protected from fire, will continue to grow." mi>;nesota. The Northern Pine Belt finds in Minnesota its extreme western limit in the United States in longitude 95° 30', and its southwestern limit near the forty-sixth degree of latitude. Along its southern and western borders a narrow territory covered with an open growth of hard wood separates the forests of i)iue from the i)rairie, which occupies all the .southern and western portions of the state. The same general features which characterize the pine belt of Wisconsin extend into Minnesota. The pine in the .southern portion, confined to gravelly ridges, is scattered through forests of hard wood. Farther north the forest changes in character, the pine being small and of inferior quality. Broad areas of barren laud covered with stunted birch, gray i)ine, and scruli oak occur, while the whole country is thiitkly studded with lakes and with tamarack and cedar swamps. North of the Mississippi River divide the country is more open; the forest is stunted and of little valne, and pine is only found in small, scattered clumps mixed with spruce, tamarack, and yellow cedar. The forest growth here occui>ies pi-rhaps two-thirds of the rocky or swampy surface of the ground. Its jjroductive capacity is not large, and the northern part of the state is not adapted to lumbering ojjerations. The pine has been removed from the i)rincipal streams of the state, and that which remains, except in the region tributary to lake Superior and in the vicinity of Red lake, is now inaccessible or of comi)aratively inferior quality. The best hard wood forests of the state, as in Michigan and Wisconsin, have suD'ered seriously by fires Mtarte4l in abandoned pineries, or in clearing land for agriculture. Duiing the census year 2.'»0,.S0'i acres of woodland were rejjorted devastated by tire, with an estimated loss of il,.395,110. The largest number of these fires wa« set in clearing land or by 8])arks from locomotives. Tlio manufacture of cooi>eragc stock to supjdy the large Ilouring-mills of th(; state is an important industry. Manufacttirers report a growing scarcity and general deterioration of material. Basswood, elm, and ash are largely used ; oak is inferior in r|uality to that grown farther east and south. The follr)wing estimates of the am'ount of i)ine tindier standing in Minnesota May 31, 1880, were prejuu'cd bj Ur. n. C. Putnam: Willi i; I'IM: (I-mut .Strobuj,). KckIouh 2, 000, 000, 000 30O, OOO, OOO 000, 000, 000 :.: — ._-..,.,.. riterwid trfbnUiirs Bain J lake and itaioy Lake rivor I!«4 I.ali« rlrer and otber tribnlariea of UiP Red rlrer ... Saint Loula riTpr and tribnUrira 3, SOO, 000, 000 Sbora of lake Sapcrior S70, OOO, 000 Total 8,170,000,080 Cot for lh« e«nini« your, imdJnK Ma; 31, 1880 (lucloding 187,830,000 •blaglra and lt>t,«B8.0CO latba). MO, 907, OOO In the belt of hard wood extending west and sonth of the pino region, and consisting of white, red, and burr •ak, sugar maple, poplar, etc., it is estimated that 3,840,000 acres of forest remain, capable of yielding an average PARTMEin err tht ititctiok "■1l^">" MAP (»K MINXKSO i'A. siiDvaxc; THJ-; distiuhitiox of koiiksts. WITH SPE(L\I. KKKEREXiT. TO TIfK U'MUKK tNDlSTIlY IHIMI'li.KD I'SKKIt TflE lllHECTliiS 'it- ^'- (■ S S.MdiKXT. SI'EriAI. AliKNT imti A R . S H ■4K<±i>i -^^. i^JM^-^.^ w p. \ b=- — i^-l-.-rc^:;:-;;::^;^^^ x ftine forest, as in Wisconsin and Michigan. "A large portion of the northern part of the state is as yet unsurveyed and but little known, except that, in the region extending from 30 to 100 miles south from the international line, there is little pine of commert-ial value. It is an open country, full of bogs, swamps, rocks, and wide areas of worthless land ; this region extends from the Arrow river clear through to the iuternatioinvl line, south and west of the Lake of the Woods, and to the Vermillion lake. ''xVlong the line of the Northern Pacific railroad and north and east of the Mille Lacs country are largo swamps covered with tamarack timber of commercial value. Through this country are Tna?iy marshy lakes containing floating islands, lands in process of formation by the accumulation of vegetation. The timber in this district is gix>wing and increasing, and if tires can be kept out of the tamarack and cedar timber the small pine will grow rapidly. "The timber which grew on the Saint Croix river in ■Minnesota was tributary to Stillwater, and has all been cut and manufactured there. "The principal manufactories of pine on Ihc Mississippi ri\er are at Minneapolis. "rORESTS ON INDIAN KKSKUVATIONS. "Referring to the Red Lake Indian reservation in Minnesota, and other Indian reservations on which the pine remains uncut, amounting in the aggregate to 1,000,000,000 feet, it may be said that they are nearly all uusurveytni. and are generally covered with a heavy pino forest, and that the lauds are unlit for agricultural purposes and only 560 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. Tuluable for the piue timber which prows npou them. These reservations should be held as long as possible by the government as a timber reserve. They should not be surveyed and subdivided except so far as may be necessary for their protection, and they should not be oftered for sale until some necessity, now unforeseen, arises for their osaI. The l,ODl>,0tK),0lMJ feet of piue should be held until the amount for which it can be sold is needed by the Indiaus. or until a j>rice near its value can be obtained for it. By selling the laiul now the value of the timber cannot be realizeme reservation of pine shoidd be made for them, if possible. The i)ropositi(>n to bring these lands into market, subje<'t to preemjitiou and homestead entry, is against the interest of ever.y one except the few worthless tnimps and irresi>onsit>le i>ersons who may seek to enter and jirocure a title to these lands; aud even if the land was so open to homesteae nnule nor homesteads improved in this Indian country. "The White Earth Indian reservation is largely covered with hard wood, there being no i)ine upon more than a quarter of its area. The land is desirable for agricultural purposes, aud may be utilized for the settlement of Indians, or under the homestead and pre-emption laws by whites, but the pine lauds are unfit for cidtivation, and the homesteading or pre-empting of them should not be allowed." IOWA. Iowa lie^i within the i>rairie region. The broad bottom lands along the river of the eastern p.art of the state once bore heavy forests of broad-leaved trees. Farther west the tree growth was less heavy in the narrower bottom.s. All over the state, however, forests lined the streams and often spread, especially in the southwestern counties, over the uplands. Since the first settlement of the state the forest area has iucreased by the natural spread of trees over ground protected from fire, aud by considerable i)lantations of cottonwood, maple, aud other trees of rajtid growth made by farmers to supply fuel and shelter. The natural forests have been everywhere largely culled of their most valuable timber, and iu spite of their increased acreage are, iu their commercial aspect, in danger of speedy extermination. Manufacturers of cooperage stock and others using Iowa timber report great scarcity aud general deterioration of stock. During the census year 11,017 acres of woodland were reported destroyed by fire, with an estiuuited loss of ?<4.j,170. These fires were largely thi' result of carelessness in clearing land. Iowa is the ninth state in the importance of its lumber-manufacturing interests. It owes its i)osition to numerous large mills situated along the Mississippi river entirely su]>])licd with logs from the jjincries of Wisconsin. The amount of Iowa-grown lumber manufactured is insignificant. MISSOURI. Southern and southwestern Missouri was originally covered with a dense forest of hard woods, tlirougli which iu the .southern counties extensive areas of the short-leaved pftie (J'inun »ijort a growing scarcity of material everywhere, and are nSC."». These flre« were traced to careless hunters, lo (ires set in clearing laniiing land, to si)arks from locomotive.'*, etc. A gratifying improvement in the condition ol the forest in the i»arts of the state first settled has followeOKitiou in part to large mills located upon tlic Mississippi river maiuifacturinjj lo^s cut in the forest.s of Wisconsin. A much larger amount of luiiibcr, however, in the aggregate, both jiiiie and liard wood, is j)roduced in nunier'nis small railroad mills located along the line of the Iron Mountain and other railroads running through the buuthern i>art of the state. Saint Louis is an important center of lumber distribution. It receives a large portion of the Wisconsin pine crop by raft, Michigan x>ine by rail, and southern pine and hard woods by rail and river. DAKOTA. Dakotii, with the exception of its river lauds and the small territory between the north and .south forks of the Cheyenne river, is piactically destitute of timber. The bottoms of the princip;il streams contain extensive groves of hard wood. As far West as the James river timber exists about the shores of the larger lakes, and ufK)u the Low Turtle and Peujbiua mountains of the northern boundary, occasionally ascending the cotct or sides of low tables rising from the prairie. Tlie Black hills, an extreme outjjost of the Kocky Mountain system, were once heavily timbered. The yellow pine of the Pacific region is here mingled with the white spnice, the canoe birch, the burr oak, aud the elm of the eastern forests, while i)oplars of the Atlantic and Pacific regions grow side by side. Mu(;h timber has already been cut along the eastern rivers to supply the wants of a rapidly-increasing agricultural population, and the isolated i)iue forests of the Black hills, separated by hundreds of miles from any equally large or valuable body of building timber, have ali'cady .suffered serious inroads. The best and mo.st accessible ]>iiie has been cut and manufactured into lumber or consumed as fuel in the silver mines aud stamping mills to which this region owes its population, and unich timber has been allowed to perish in the fires which of late years have often swept through these forests. The priueijjal center of lumber manufacture is Deadwood, in the Black hills, where a comparatively large amount of ])ine is sawed. In the eastern counties a little oak aud elm is manufactured, for the most part in small portable mills. The following extracts ixre made from Mr. H. C. Putnam's report upon the eastern portions of the territory : •' Along the whole length of the Missouri river in Dakota there is a belt of hard-wood timber in the bottoms in bodies of from 100 to 500 acres in extent. This timber sometimes grows continuously, but more often there are open R]>aces between the groves. About three-fourths of the trees are butr oak, the remainder sycamore, eottonwood, green ash, box-elder, poplar, willow, etc. A similar forest growth lines the banks of the Ked river north of Fort Abercrombie as far as Fort Pembina, near the international line. This strii> of tiuiber averages perhaps forty rods in width, and consists of the same varieties of trees that grow upon the Missouri river. "In the Pembina mountains and west of Fort Pembina, on the Tongue and Pembina rivers, there are bodies of timber, generally of stunted growth, lying mostly along the streams or about the Pembina mountains in groves of from IGO to 3,000 acres in extent. This timber is situated principally in the two northern tiers of townshijis of Pembina county. It has no value except as fuel. The next body of timber in Dakota is in the neighborhood of Devil lake ; it aggregates some 2.^,000 acres, distributed as ibllows: At AVood hike, some 20 miles north of Devil lake, there are 1,000 acres; on Graham's island, a promontory on the north shore of Devil lake, near the northwest end, are 2,500 acres of timber; east of this, on the north shore of the lake, are two groves of about .")00 acres; at Kock island, which is really a promontory running into the lake, are ;!,S00 acres of timber; around the east and north shores, and around the whole southern shore of the lake, past Fort Totten to the extreme west end. are some l."),0()0 acres of forest adjacent to Devil lake; at Stump lake, a lake some 15 miles in diameter on the north side of Devil lake, there are 1,400 acres of timber; and commencing some 10 miles south of Fort Totten, and extending down along Cheyenne river into township 14G, range 56, in Traill, Foster, aiul Grand Forks counties, an- about 10,000 .acres of timber. The valley here is only 1 or 2 miles in width, and the timber is generally distribntwl through it. Probably seven-eighths of all this Devil Luke timber is burr oak ; the lemainder is sycamore, green ash, etc. This timber in many places grows large, sometimes 30 or 40 feet to the first limb, and is valuable for fuel, for the construction of log houses, and for general use by settlers in the absence of other and better nuiterial. "In the Turtle mountains, in Bottineau and Bolette counties, and extending info the British posscfisions, is quite a large tract of timber, i)rineii)ally oak of short, scrubby growth, and only valuable as fire- wood. A bivly of timber from 1 mile to 5 miles in width extends for 150 miles along the I^Iouse river, in the counties of Bottineau, McHenry, Stevens, and Benville. This timber is comixised of burr oak, box elder, sycamoir, green ash, etc., and is suitable for fire-wood, housebuilding, and rough eonsfruetion." Mr. Robert Douglas, of "Waukegan, Illinois, ciuitributes the following remarks upon the forests of the Black Hills region, of which lie made a critical examination: "From I'ort Meade the stage road runs about 2 miles along the base of the hills, and then follows up through heavy timber, gaining an altitude of over 1,500 feet above the fort when within 2 miles i\f Dead wowl ; thence down a 3G von 5G2 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. etwp {Trade of about a mile until the valley is reached, aud then ui) the valley by an easy grade to Deadwood. Five days' drivinj; through the hills from the base of tiio loot hills to one of the highest peaks shows little variation in the species of forest trees. The yellow pine (Pinus jionderimt) is the only tree of much value in the hills, and composes nineteen twentieths of the forest, generally covering the hills from base to summit. The trees are larger and stand closer together than in Colorailo, and grow here, too, more rapidly than farther south, as is shown by the width of the annual rings of growth and the shoots upon the standing trees. This is the only tree used for lumber at the saw-mills, and no other is used in the mines. The white spruce (Picea alba) grows principally near the water- courses, and here the largest trees of that species are to be found. It is scattered, however, through the pines even within .^iO feet of the summit of Terry's peak. It is condemned by both saw-mill proprietors and miners as lacking strength and being very knotty, which cannot be doubted, as it retains its lower branches with wouderi'ul tenacity, even when growing closely and in dense shade. These two species comprise all the Coniferw in the Black hills, with the exception of a i)rostrate. juniper and rare specimens of the red cedar. The burr oak is found in the valleys extending into the foot-hills and along the creeks for 40 or 50 miles into the plains. It is short, gnarly, and apparently of little value, although exceptional trees in the valley are of fair size. In the narrow valleys and along watercourses are found the common cottouwood, black willow, narrow-leaved cottonwood, green ash, white elm, box-elder, ironwooil, canoe birch, and quaking aspen; in the hills canoe birch, mountain ash, hazel, choke cherry, and juneberry are found growing side by side with the snowberry and mahouia of the Pacitic region. The little aspen and the canoe birch perform the same service the aspen does in Colorado, and cover the ground after the timber is burned off, thus making a shade in which the pine seedlings find protection from sun and wind, and finally repossess the hills. On the banks of the numerous creeks intersecting the 'bad lands' and plains from the Missouri river to the Black hills, boxehler, white elm, green ash, black wdlow, cottouwood, choke cherry, wild plum, and buffalo-berry occur, but the canoe birch is not found below the foot hills, where it grows along the creeks 6 or S inches iu diameter, or as a low shrub upon the hillsides. "The region occupied by the Black Hills forests is SO miles in length north and south, and about 30 miles wide from east to west. Forest fires are not so frequent nor so disastrous as in Colorado, although the 'big burning' of 18Co, near Custer's peak, is estimated to have extended over 400 square miles. The yellow pine is largely reproducing itself over the whole of this area, the trees being now 3 or 4 feet high. As far as my observation went, this re))rod action of the yellow pine over the old 'deiwlenings' is almost universal through the hills, although rarely or never seen iu Colorado, and even in northern Wisconsin and the Michigan peninsula scarcely a single young pine has appeared in the whole burned district of 1S71. "The timber i.s disappearing rapidly iu the vicinity of Deadwood, Lead City, Terryville, and Central." NEBRASKA. The forest growth of Nebra.ska was once confined to the eastern part of the state; the broad bottom lands of the Mis-souri and the lower I'latte rivers contained groves of large oak, walnut, ash, and box-elder of considerable extent. These, under favorable conditions, spread to the bluffs and uplands. Westward the tree growth gradually became more scanty and stunted, until, west of the one hundredth meridian, only the large streams were lined with a few small cottonwoods and willows. The best trees have already been culled from the scanty forest growth of the state, aud if the area of natural wo<)pi basin Just rea<;lies the extreme southeastern e^)rner of Kansas, covering nearly one-tbird of Cherokee county. North of this, and occupying the remaining eastern border of the state, a prairie region varj ing in width from .}<» to 100 miles is still heavily wooded with valuable tind)er along the streams, the forest growth occasionally extending and covering areas of upland. West of this region of mixed i)rairie and wofrtllaml th^ timber is confined to the banks of streams. It is often, east of the ninety-seventh meridian, of con.sidenible size and value, occurring in suflicient quantity to supply the most pressing wants of the agricultural population of this part of the state. West of the ninety-seventh meridian the tree growth gradually diminishes in vigor. Trees are here wjufined to the immediate banks of the large streams, and are small and of little value. West of the ninety-ninth meridian a few small stunted willows and cottonwoods, scattered at wide intervals along the large streams, represent the only forest growth of this arid region. THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 5G3 A large iimouut of lumber is inaiuifiictured in the eastern counties in proportion to the extent of tijeir forest area; but much of the best timber of the state has been cut, and Kansas must soon depend, even more than at present, upon the forests of Arkansas and Louisiana for its lumber sup]»]y. Considerable plantations made in the eastern and southeastern counties by railroads and in connection with farms promise abundant success. All attempts, however, to raise trees in the arid central and western parts of the state liave resulteil in failure. During- the census year 7,080 acres of woodland were reported destroyed by fire, with an estimated loss of $14,700. The largest number of these fires originated upon the prairie. 564 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. WESTERN DIVISION. MONTANA. The forests of Montana are eonfiueil to the liigli mountain ranges wLicli occupy tbe western part of the territory They are dense and inijiortant ui)on the sloi)es of the Canir d'Aloue and other high ranges. Farther east, along the eastern slopes of the IJocky mountains and their outlying eastern ranges, the Big liv\t, the Little Lelt, the Crazy, the Snow, and the Bear mountains, and the ranges south of the Yellowstone river, the Yellowstone, Shoshouee, and Big Horn mountains, the forests are more open, stunted, and generally confined to the highest slopes, the borders of streams, or the sides of eanons. A narrow fringe of eottonwood, green ash, and willow lines the bottoms of the Missouri, Yellowstone, Tongue, Bosebud, Milk, and of the other large streams of the territory; and a few stunted i)ines and cedars are scattered along the river blnfl's and the highest ridges of the Powder Kiver, the Wolf, and other ranges in the southeastern part of the territory. The remainder of the territory, the eastern, northern. and .southern portions, are destitute of timber. The heavy forests of northwestern iloutana, largely eomi)o.sed of red lii-, yellow pine, and tamarack, and containing great bodies of white pine (Pinu.s monticola) and considerable valuable spruce (Picea Emichnanni and P. alha) constitute, with those covering the adjacent mountains of Idaho, one of the most inii)ortant bodies of timber in flje United States. East and west of this forest a treeless country, adai>ted to grazing and agriculture, aiid destined to snjijjort a large itopulation which must obtain its building material and railroad supplies from it, extends over thousands of square miles. The development, too, of the imi)ortant mining interests of southern l^Iontana and Idaho is dependent njion these forests, their only valuable source of timber and fuel sui)ply. These forests guard the headwaters of two of the great rivers of the continent, and in regulating their flow make i)0ssible through irrigation the devotion to profitable agriculture of a vast territory now an almost arid waste. The forests, largely compo.sed of the lodge-pole pine {I'inus Murraynna), which cover the outlying. eastern ranges of the Bocky mountains at an elevation of from .5,000 to 10,000 feet above the ocean level with a dense growth of slender trees or on poor soil and in exposed situations with an open, scattered forest, are, as .sources of lumber supply, of comjiaratively little value. The.se forest.s, however, contain valuable supplies of fuel and alnindant material for railway ties. They guard, too, the flow of numberless small streams, and their inii)orlance in this connection should not be overlooked. The most important forests, commercially, of the territory are found along the valley of Clarke's I^ork of the Columbia river, between the Horse Plains and the Idaho line; here the western white june reaches its greatest development, becoming an imjiortant part of the forest growth. The valleys of the S.iint Begis de Borgia and Mi.-^soula rivers contain great bodies of valuable fir and ])ine, which sj)read also in great luxuriance over the mountains east and south of Flathead lake. Fires destroy every year large areas of the forest covering the mountains of the western division. The long, dry summers and the character of the forest, composed as it is almost entirely of coniferous resinous trees, favor the spread of forest fires. They increa.se rajiidly in number with the increase of poi)nlation, and threaten the entire extermination of the forests of the whole interior Pacific region. During the census year 88,020 acres of forest were reported destroyed by fire, with a loss of $],r_'8,000. These fires, few in number, were traced lor the most part to careless hunters, i)rosj)ectors, and smokers. Little lumber is manufactured in the territory. Bed lir and spruce are sawed at Missoula and in the neighborhood of nearly all the mining centers in the western part of the territory. The inoduct of llie ^Montana mills is entirely u.s4'd to sujiply the hx-al demand. Tlie following report ui»on the forests of the northern Ifocky Mountain region was prepared liy Mr. Sereno Watson, of Candtridge, a special agent of the Census Ollice, in the division of ]'"orestry: "Tiie territorj- whose forest resources I attem|tted under your instrn<;tions to examine includes an area of about l.Vl,(M)0 square miles, extending from tlie one hundricl and thirteenth meridian to the summit of the Cascade mountains and from the parallel of •14.i'^ to the British boundary; or, according to i)oliticaI divisions, tlu^ wesrern fifth of Montan.i, the northeni two fifths of Idaho, the eastern three fifths of Washington territory, and the Dorlheastern jtortion (or nearly one half ) of Oregon. It comjirises a central treeless i)lateau of some .'50,01)0 square miles in extent, the great 'plain of the (."olumbia', surrounded by more or less extensively timbered mountain systems. This tract is bounded on the east by the broad mountain range which sejiarates Montana from Malio, on ___^_/^!ai-i^^-'^— THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 565 the north by the irregularly-broken country which lies north of the Spokane river and of that portion of the Columbia which has a westerly course in the same latitude, and on the west by the Cascade range, while on the south the circuit is less completely closed by the somewhat complicated system known as the Blue and Salnion Eiver mountains. "With the exception of a single county (Beaver Head) in Montana this entire region is drained by the Columbia river, since the Kocky Mountain divide, or the main central divide between the headwaters of the Columbia and of the Missouri, forms the bouudai-y between Idaho and Jlontana only as far north as •1.5^40', when it turns abruptly eastward for 75 miles and then again northwestward to the British boundary in continuation of the line of the Wind lliver mountains of Wyoming. "As will be seen from the detailed account which is to follow, the general character of the forest growth throughout this region is remarkably uniform, both iu the kinds of trees found and in their manner of distribution. The trees of the most constant occurrence and tiiat form the mass of the forests generally are, first, the red lir {Pseudoimga DouylanU) and yellow pine {Pinus ponderosa). gradually giving place at higher altitudes to Pkea Engelmanni and Abies H^ibalpina or Pinus Murrayana ; while of only somewhat less extended range, though sometimes more local iu their distribution, are the larch {Larix occidentalis), cedar {Thuya gigantea), the white pine (Pinus monlicola), the hemlocks (Tsuga Mcrtcnsiana mid, less frequently, Tsuga Pattoniana), Abies grandis, and the balsam poplars. Abies amabUis only is confined to the Cascade mountains. Xo other species occur of sufiicient size to be of importance as timber trees. "In order to indicate more particularly the extent and distribution of the tree growth, the territories will be taken up in order by counties, and an estimate given of the area covered in each, though necessarily of the actual density of growth and amount of available timber (varying from square mile to square mile, and much of it never seen) no estimate can be given of such probably approximate accuracy as to bo of any value whatever: " MONTANA. " Beavek Head county (4,230 square miles). — This county, nearly equally divided by the one hundred and thirteenth meridian, is surrounded on three sides, north, south, and west, by the Eocky mountains, and is divided into two portions by a lofty spur which sets off iu a northeasterly direction from the middle of the western side. The valleys of Beaver Head river and Red Eock creek to the east and south of this spur are treeless, except that the latter stream is bordered with a considerable growth of Pojyulus angustifolia, often GO feet high and a foot or two in diameter. The region to the east is scantily supplied with timber of any kind, while the northern flanks of the Eocky Mountain range as far as the head of Horse Plains creek are only sparingly timbered on the ridges and in some of the caiions, the trees small and mainly red fir, with some Pinus albicauUs, the summits and exposed ridges wholly bare. "The broad dividing si)ur, which includes Bald mountain and several other peaks from 10,000 to 11,000 feet high, is about 30 miles in length by 20 iu breadth. The peaks are bare above 9,000 feet, and the western slopes have some timber in the upper ravines alone. The trees at 7,000 feet are mainly red fir, giving place above to a small growth of Pinus Murrayana and P. albicauUs. On the eastern side of the spur there are deep, densely- wooded valleys, the timber said to be chietiy red fir, P/cm Engelmanni and Pinus Murrayana. On Eattlesnake ci-eek in this i-egion there is a single saw-mill, 12 miles from Bannock City, which supplies the town and neighboring mining camps with lumber. When a better quality is needed it is brought across the mountains from the Lendii Eiver district in Idaho by a road crossing the range at the head of Horse Plains creek. The fuel used in Bannock City is hauled some 12 or 15 miles, chiefiy from the Eocky mountains. Beyond the head of Horse Plains creek (where the Bald Mountain spur commeuces) the range for about 40 miles changes in character greatly, becoming higher, broader, autl more rocky, with rugged, snow-clad peaks from 10,000 to 12,000 feet high, and with high, rocky spurs to the east, separating densely-wooded valleys diflicult of access and rarely visited. The forests here come down to the western edge of Big Hole valley, and are continuous. The trees are said to be largely Pinus Murrayana. but there is probably a considerable proportion of red fir, Picea Engelmanni and Abies subalpina. The range now takes its turn to the east, forming the northern line of the county, and rises again into some high, snowy peaks, but is much less densely wooded. Where the pass crosses the range from the Big Hole valley to the Bitter Boot, the prevalent tree is found to be Pinus Murrayana, mixed toward the summit of the divide (at 7,000 feet altitude) with some red fir and a small proportion of Picea Engelmanni and Piuus albicauUs. The trees are mostly young and small, evidently fn'queutiy overrun by fires, a dense new growth immediately in most cases replacuig the old. The trunks very rarely reached a dianu'ter of 15 or 20 inches. The timbered area of the county may be estimated at 1,000 scpiare miles. Xo yellow pine was seen or heard of within its limits. "Deeii Lodge county ((i,500 square miles).— This county, also nearly bisected by the one hundred and thirteenth meridian, is occupied by spurs of the Hocky mountains, which form its southern and eastern border, with the intervening open valleys of Deer Lodge river, Flint creek, and Big Blackfoot river. These spurs aiv to a largo estent wholly bare of trees, oidy some of the ravines aiul ridges being covered by a more or less scattered growth of yellow pine and red fir of moderate size, aiul the higher northern slopes by a denser growth of Pinus Murrayamu Iforth of the Big Blackfoot the timber is more dense, coming down into the valley, and consisting principally of 566 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. yellow pine, with some red fir and larcli, aud at the bighcr elevations (above 5,000 feet) of red fir, larch, and scrub pine. In the higher canons of the main range to the south il is i)robable that Ahics xuhalpiiui and Putu E>igclma7int also occur, as I heard of a soft tamarack found at Gweudale, whi<-h appeared from the description to be tiie latter species. Total timbered area of the county is estimateil at li,l!.iO s(iuare miles. " MissoiLA. COU>'TV (21,000 square miles). — The Bitter IJoot niountaius, which separate this county from Idaho, are a direct continuation of the liocliy mountains north from the i)oiiit of divergence of that range in latitude 45° 40'. While broadening out until they cover a base of 100 miles or more, they rarely reach a height of 8,000 feet. There is nothing alpine in the character of their higher vegetation, nor do they anywhere rise above the limit of forest growth. The suuuuits are not oft«n very rugged, and though the slo])es may be steep tliey are not generally preatly broken. For the most jnirt they are well wooded upon both sides, with no meadows along the streams and little grass anywhere until the foothills are reached. Upon tlie Jlontana side it is from 20 to 40 miles from the base to the summit of the divides, and the Bitter Koot valley, which skirts their feet for (iO miles, separates them from the low and comparatively bare spurs of the Bocky mountains on the east. •'Upon crossing the main divide upon the southern border, between the Big Hole aud the Bitter Root valleys, at an altitude of 7,000 feet, the yellow jtine immediately a])j)ears, of large size, and with its usual massive habit, and is henceforth the most conspicuous forest tree alung the usual routes of travel, coming farther down into the valleys than any other tree, and more fretpiently attaining a large size, juobahly from its less liability to serious injury from fires. The descent from this southern divide to the Bitter Boot valley is well wooded with large trees of the yellow i)iue and red fir (with at fir.st some suudl Piiius Mitrrayana), which continue to be the only trees seen bordering the valley. These mountains were crossed by me on the Lolo trail up the Lolo creek, and by the Mullan road, which follows the Saint Begis de Borgia river. In the lower cafions only yellow pine and red fir are found, of the usual scattered growth — the trees rarely much over 2 feet in diameter — with larch and Abies sithalpina coming down the side gulches, and white pine in the middle canon. The yellow pine gradually gives jdacelo Picea Enijclmanni, Alien mtbalpina, and ^1. {/randis, though none of these reach the size which they attain on the Idaho side of the range. The large timber is mostly confined to the ueigliborhood wf the streams, where the larch and white pine sometimes reach a diameter of 3 or 4 feet, but it becomes much smaller upon the rulges, aud in the u])per canons rarely is more than a foot or 18 iuches through, while the mountain slopes are usually mtu-h burned over and covered with fallen timber, largely of Pinm Miirraynna. The largest and most abundant tree in the upper canons is i)robably the Picea Engelmanni. Small trees of the Thuya f/iganfea are akso occasional, but nowhere in northern Montana dcjes it become large enough to be of importance. The Thuya and Abies grandis extend as far south as the Xez Perct* creek. I think that no hendocks were seen on the ]\Iontana side of the range, but they may occur. "North of the Mullan road to Clarke's Fork the eastern slopes of the range continue well wooded. Ou the eastern side of the county the low sjjur of the Bocky mountains lying to the east of Bitter Boot valley is to a large extent bare, but has some young yellow pine (known as 'scrub i)iue' or 'blackjack pine') and Pinus Murrayana. Approaching Ilellgate river the timlK'r becomes mon^ ))revaleid in the ravines; and in the government timber reservation lu-ar Missoula, where there is a saw-mill run for government i)urposes, the timber was found to be yellow pine and red fir (not large) and considerable larch — fine trees 2 feet in diameter or more and 100 feet high. lu (Iranite canon, in the mountains north of Missoula, where there is also a saw-mill, the lower canon wasoccupied by yellow pine and larch, with some red fir rarely over a foot through, and in the Hi>i)er canon Abici nubalpina aud Picea A'nf/p/ma;ini a foot in diameter. On the mountain sides above the canon the timber is, as usual, small and worthless for lumber. lu the eastern i)ortioii of the Flathead Indian reservation a very high and rugged range of mountains i-xtends nearly as far north as the In-ad of I'Matliead lake, and ])aiallel with the main Bocky .Mountain range, which here enters the county and continues across the northern boundary. Both of these ranges are throughout densely wooded, though on the eastern side of the Bocky mountains the timber wholly ceases a few miles (H or 10; below the summit, givirig iilace to the oj>en grazing n-gion of the ni)]>er Missouri. On crossing over the lower end of the western range, from the liig Blackfoot to the Jocko river, the timber was. found to be at first almost entirely yellow pine, with red fir and larch in the gulches, the yellow pine (teasing toward the divide (at 6,000 feet altitude) anorte(l from about ;iO miles south of the boundary). ''The remainder of the county, lying west of the I'lathead Biver valley, is wholly occui>ied by mountains, of less altitude, but, so far as is known, generally densely wooded, with the e.\cei)tion of some of the spurs toward the Flathead river and Clarke's Fork and some small luaiiies bordering the streams. " The total timbered area of the county is estimated at 17,000 square miles." WYOMING. The highest mountain ranges in AVyoming only are well timbered. The high rolling table land which occupies the central part of the territory is destitute of all tree growth, while the low ranges which rise irom this plateau THE FORESTS OF TIIK UNITED STATES. 507 and border it on tlie soiitL are eitlicr treeless or only sui)])ort a few stunted yellow j)ines or firs widely scattered or formiiif;- siuiill, isolated i)atehes of ojien forest upon the bit;liest sloi)es of tbe most sheltered ravines. TLe most important forests of tlie territory are those in the northeastern corner covering tbe western extension of the Black hills of Dakota, those upon the foothills and slopes of the canons of the Big Horn mountains, and the dense forests of small lodge pole pini; {Phtu.s Mitrrayann) which oixupy all the northwestern portion of tbe ttrritory studded by the system of mountains surrounding the Yellowstone park. The most valuable timber of the Big Horn mountains consists of yellow pine (P/n«sj>oni MiirrayaiKi), also common at high elevations in the sprnce forests, is the prevailing and often the oidy species, disi)uting with the aspen the possession of tbe burned soil. The high plateau of southwestern Colorado is either treeless or is thinly covered with an open growth of small, stunted junii)ers. Tbe increase in the number of forest fires raging in the mountains of Colorado is alarming in a region where the forest once destroyed cannot easily reproduce itself, and upon mountains where forest covering is necessary to l)reservo the integrity of the channels and the constant flow of numeix>us important streams essential to the irrigation of wide areas of arid territory. During the census year 113,820 acres of forest were reported destroyed by fire, with an estnnated loss of $935,500. These fires were set by careless hunters, miners, and i)rospectors, and by Indians or whites through malice. The forests of the Colorado foot-hills afford abundant fuel and fencing material to supjily the wants of the present ])opulation of this i)art of the state. Coarse lumber, suitable for the timbering of mines and raihxMid 568 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. coDstnu'tioii, is uiauufactnred from tbe fir ami pines of the lower niouiitaiu slopes, which have also furnished immense quantities of fuel and railway ties. The timber, however, of this forest most accessible to niininfi centers and the lines of railroads has already been destroyed, while its inoductive capacity is everywhere impaired by wasteful metliods of lumbering and destructive conllagrations. The elevated spruce forests, wiiich contain the only great bodies of heavy timber found in the central Kocky Mountain region, have thus far, on account of the diflSculties of operating in them, escaped all serious inroads from the ax of the lumberman. Small portable mills, however, have been established iu these forests to supply the wants of some of the most elevated mining centers, an«l fires every year reduce their extent and value. Colorado is principally supplied with lumber from Chicago; a small amount is manufactured, however, iu the state, mostly uixm the waters of the South Fork of the Platte river, iu Jefl'erson county, and in the extensive pineries wiiich cover the divide betweeu the waters of the South Platte and the Arkansas rivers. A little lumber is also manufactured iu sniiill portable mills in nearly every county. NEW MEXICO. The forests of Xew Mexico are confined to the slopes and canons of the high mountain ranges. The elevated plateau which occupies the whole of the eastern part of the territory is treeless, with the exception of occasional willows and cottonwoods bordering the large streams, while the high mesas of the southwest and west are sometimes dotted with an open growth of dwarf junipers and nut pines of considerable local im])ortance as a source of fuel and fencing supply. The high mountain ranges extentling southward into the northern part of the territory are covered with forests very similar in composition, density, and distribution to those covering the mountains of Colorado. Engelmanu's spruce is here the important timber tree at high elevations; lower, open forests of red fir and yellow pine occui)y the sides of cations and the lower mountain slopes, and the nut pine and juniper cover the foot hills with an open, scattered growth. The detached mountain ranges which spring from the central plateau of the territory are less heavily timbered than the higher mountains north and south. The yellow pine is here the most common and important tree, mingled in sheltered canons and at highest elevations with occasional red firs. The most important forests of the territory cover the high group of mountain ranges west of the Eio Grande and south of the thirty-fcmrth degree of latitude— the San Francisco, the Tulerosa, Sierra Blauca, Sierra Diablo, Mopollon, Piuos Altos, and Mimbres. Tbe foothills and lower slopes of these mountains, between 5,000 and 7,000 feet elevation, are covered with a heavy growth of junipers, nut pines, and ditferent evergreen oaks. The banks of streams are here lined with immense cottonwoods, sycamores, cherries, ashes, and hackberries, while the arroyos or depressions in the mesas contain fine groves of mesquit. Above an elevation of 7,000 feetfthe yellow pine ajjpears, and mingled with it on north slopes the red fir and white pine (Pinus rejlexa) ; the elevated valleys contain fine groves of Cottonwood, box-elder, alder, and small oaks, while the most inaccessible slopes of some of the highest ranges are covered with forests of cypress {Cujyyessits GunAulupensis). The coniferous forests of these mountains are dense and valuable, and, although not yet accessible for lumbering operations except at a few jjoints, they seem destined to become an important factor in the future develi.])ment of the whole region. They can, if properly protected, supply with lumber indefinitely a larger ])opulation than will probably occupy this part of the United States. The deciduous trees of this entire southwestern region, often of considerable size, are generally hollow, especially the oaks; they are of little value for any mechanical ])urpose, although allordiug abundant and excellent fuel. During the censu.s year 01,034 acres of woodland only were reported destroyed by fire, with an estimated loss of « 142,07.'}. A small amount of coarse lumber, principally yellow pine, is manufactured in the territory, mostly iu the Gonnties of San Miguel and Santa F«5. New Mexico, however, like Colorado, obtains most of its lumber by rail from Chicago. ARIZONA. Northern, western, and southwestern Arizona are destitute of true forests. Ravines iu the mesas of the high CJolorado jilateau of northern Arizona are occasionally covered, however, with stunted junipers. Cottonwoods and willows line the banks of the Colorado river, and the; ironwood, the palo verdc, the mesquit, the suwarrow, ami other Mexican forms of arborescent vegetatioii are found in the valley of the Gila and the deserts of the southern part of the territory; individual trees are, however, widely scattered, nowhere forming forests in the true meaning of the word. The low lava ridges and arid lake beds with which the southwestern part of the territory is covered are entirely destitute of tree growth. The mountain system culminating south of the Colorado plateau in the San Francisco mountains, and extending southeasterly through the middle of the territory into New Mexico, is well timbered. The high ranges which spring from this central elevated plateau bear heavy forests of yellow pine and red fir, the plateau itself ;-i;PAKTMENT OF THE INTERIOR (XiMpnjH) ("NDfrn niK im»:<"Tii>N ok C. S SARCKNT. SPKCIAI. .U;».7;inall quantities in portable mills near Indian reservations and other centers of population throughout the forest region. Returns from 13 mills only, situated in Pima, Pinal, Apache, and Yavapai counties, have been received. Southern Arizona is now, in spite of its fine forests of pine, almost entirely supplied by rail with lumber manufactured iu Calilbruia. UTAH. The Uintah range, occupying with an east and west trend the whole of the northeastern part of the territory, the Wahsatch mountains and their southern extension, the San Pitch and the Sanpete ranges, extending north and south nearly through the center of the territory, and the mountains which bound on the east the great Colorado plateau, bear at high elevations fir, spruce, and pine forests of considerable extent. The foot hills of these mountains and their high valleys are dotted with an open growth of nut pine, juuiper, and mountain mahogany (Ccrcocarpus). The high Colorado plateau and the arid deserts of western and southern Utah are treeless, witli the exception of a few stunted junipers and nut pines which struggle for existence upon some of the low mountain ranges, and of willows and cottonwoods which line the banks of the infrequent and scanty streams. The western flank of the Wahsatch mountains north of the fortieth degree of latitude has already lH»en almost denuded of its best timber to supply the wants of the agricultural and mining settlements of the Salt Lake region, and tiie scanty forests of the territory have everywhere suilered serious loss from fire and wasteful methods of cutting timber and railway ties and of manufacturing charcoal. During the census year ■1:2,8()5 acres of woodlaml were reported destroyed by fiiv, with au estimated loss of $1,01L',S00. These fires were set by Indians, woodcutters, careless hunters, and prospectors. Small (juantities of lumber — pine, cottouwood, and a little spruce — are manufactured through the Wahsatch region, the principal centers of manufacture being Beaver City and Cedar City, iu the south, the neighborhoi>d of Salt Lake City, and Cache county in the extreme northern part of the territory. Utah is, however, almost entiitly supplied with lumber from the eastern slopes of the California sierras and from Chicago. Small tanneries in Salt Lake City obtain a supply of red lir and siiruce bark from the neighboring mountains. The following notes upon Utah forests, made during the i)rosecution of a special investigation into the meat- l)roducing capacity of the territory, have been supplied by Jlr. H. C. Hall, a special agent of the Census, in the division of "Meat Production iu the Grazing States and Territories": " The timber of the Wahsatch mountains, iu Cache, Rich, Morgan, and Weber counties of Utah, hardly suflioes for the wants of the settlers. The trees from which lumber is obtained are cedar anil a variety of white pine (Pinusjlexilis). Some fir {Psciidotsitija Doitglnsii) is found, but it is not common north of the latitude of Salt Lake City. This tree likewise furnishes au inferior kind of lumber. In geueral, in Utah, north of latitude -tOo, the west 570 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. base of tlio Wahsatcli iiiouiitaiiis has been strii>j>eil of the avaihil)U> timber, so that in the accessible canons, especially in the neighborhood of settlements, it is laborions and expensive obtaining posts and polos for fencing, to say nothing of snuwth |ilauks, etc., for building. Cottonwood and occasionally box-elder are found fringing the river bottoms of the sections described. '•The Oqnirrh nnmntains, on the east of Tooele county, and the Onaqni mountains. 30 miles west, contain cedar and considerable red tir, the latter a tree which I am told is not frequent in the Wah^iatcli range. The mining c;>mi)s of Salt Lake and Tooele counties have largely depleted the timber aieas of these mountains. More timber is standing ou the Ouaqui hdls than on the Oqnirrh range. From the vicinity of the latter to Cottonwood and IJingham Canon mining districts the dearth of good fencing material is very noticeable throughout Box Elder, Caclie, liich, Weber, Morgan, and Salt Lake counties. Willow withes, stone walls, cottonwood i>oles. and sod walls Hanked by ditches are among the devices for barriers against stock incursion, all pointing to the lack and costliness of lumber. "Lake range, west of Utah lake. — This range of low mountains contains scattered black balsam and red fir. In winter this range is visited from the settlements of Utah valley, and the trees felled and sledded across the lake on the ice, to be used by the railroad and by farmers. >ro piuon pine was found in the Oquirrh or Ouaqui mountains. '•The .San Pitch mountains, in latitude 39° 30', longitude 111° 52', contain sparse timber — a so-called white pine (Pittiix Jftdilix). scrubby cedar, and some other evergreen trees — at a high elevation and unavailable as lumber. No good clear jtlankiag suitable for building is obtained from these cuts. "The low ranges west of Juab valley ami Hanking Dog valley, Dry valley, and Ferncr valley, in latitude 39° 30', longitude 112°, contain straggling cedar and some red fir difficult of access. The timber of the whole region north of latitude 39° and west of the main Wahsatch mountains is meager and inadequate for the purpo.ses of the Mormon settlers. "Fencing about Salt Lake City is of poor constructiou and costs $200 ]ier mile of pino poles and cedar jjosts. I sjiw some posts of white balsam {Abies coucolor) 50 feet long, obtained from the canous of the ISan Pitch range, usi'd for fencing. At Spriugville, in Utah valley, posts of cedar were pointed out which were in good condition after fourteen years standing. Were it not for the existence of the 'no-fence' law, which enables a farmer to cultivate nufenced ground and claim damages from incursions of stock, the Utah farmer would be very badly ofl', not having means to purchase fencing material in a country so ill supplied with timber. The cedar which abounds here affords a lasting supply of fire-wood and posts, but for poles or plank the region depends largely upon imported lumber, especially for building plank, joists, etc. "Upon ranges flanking East and West Tintic valleys, Juab county, in latitude 39° 50', longitude 112° 30', the timber is not abundant ; it consists of red fir and black and white balsam, from which rough lumber for the mining camps of Mammoth, Tintic, and Silver City has been extensively taken. Cedar of the usual dwarfed kind grows abundantly along the upper .slojies of the foot-hills, and is used for braces and i)0sts in shafts of mines. '• Saxpete Valley kaxge {longitude 111° 30', latitude 39° 20'). — The Wahsatch mountains, on the east of Sanpete valley, carry on their spurs and through the deej) canons facing the valley some of the best timber found in Utah. It is largely used by the Sanpete settlers. Yellow pine, black and white balsam, red fir, cedar, and poplar constitute the varieties of trees found. The yellow pine, less abundant now in accessible canons, furnishes, it is claimed, a clear and firm himber, fit for building, and not surpassed by any variety in Utah. The range west of the Sani>ete mountains — i.e , the San Pitch mountains before spoken of^carries on its eastern slopes and canons considerable balsam of both varieties and some red fir and jioplar al»Dut the headwaters of creeks. Lit lie yellow pine is found on the San Pitch range; at lea.st, none is taken out at i)resent, although I was told considerable had alreaily bet-n lumbered from such canons as were ))enetrable. Fencing of cedar i)osts and jjoplar and balsam poles is largely used in the valley ; cedar jjosts and i)ine ]dank are also used in fencing meadows and fields. In no other valley of Utah are the Mormons so well Mii)iilied,api)areiitly, with fair lumber of native growth. Except for furniture and hou.se trimmings, no imi)ort«'am, and spruce, but Boulder valley (latitude 37° 55', longitude 110° 30') was destitute of standing timber, save cedar and poplar on its foothill fringe. TUe country was visited by fires, the Mormons told me, in 1872-'73, which deslroyed large areas of the foiests in the region southeast of the Grass Valley country. The whole section of Utah lying east of the Sevier valley to the Rio Colorado is better timbered, but from its rough and imjienetrable location tlie tin^ber is of no avail to most of the settlers, but only to such as penetrate the high valleys of Gras.s, Boulder, Potato, etc., lying adjacent to the timber. Fencing on Grass and Itabbit ^•alleys, western Pinto county, is chea])er than in Sevier valley, but farmers and stockmen are so poor tliat they are forced to avail themselves of the nofenco law when bi'eaking giound for crops. " In the Paria Piver region fencing is very limited and lumber expensive, as timber is hard to get out of the mountain canons. " In Ihe Kanab Kiver region fencing at the settlements of UjJiier Kanab and I-ower Kanab, Kane county, is said to b(^ expensive, as material is diflicnlt to obtain, the canons leading to the valley atl'ording a meager su])ply of cedar and black and white balsam, while some red fir and yellow pine is said to grow on the Sevier plateau (latitude 37° 30'); this, Iiowcvct, seldom reaches a market in the settlements, owijig to the isolated situation of these forests. "Considerable scrub oak is found on the slopes of the Oquirrli and Onaqui mountains, above referred to, in Tooele county, and many ceclar thickets of considerable extent. In Tooele valley some fencing with cedar and panels of balsam occurs. Rush valley contains some bull fences of trunks of cedar, costing •*! 25 per rod, .showing the cost of even poor material. " It will be observed that outside of the Wahsatch mountains no building timber of value has been noted in Utah. The supi)ly in this range has been largely consumed from the easily-approached canons and slopes. " In summing up my observations, which were made wholly with a view of investigating the fencing of i)asture areas and cost of same, it may be stated that Utah seemed very generally lacking in serviceable material for fencing or building. The country settled for thirty years has drawn uimn the near su]>i)ly of standing timber, so that now lumber is obtained by great exertion and expense in most of the valley settlements. The labor and cost of fencing caused Brigham Young to enact the no-fence law, which enabled the destitute settlers to break ground, irrigate, and raise grain without the provision of any barrier against stock inroads, the cattleumn being held responsible for the damages oi' his herd. This law in itself is a commentary on the scarcity of timber in Utah." NEVADA. The tree growth of Nevada, except in a portion of Douglas county, in the extreme western ]iart of the state, which the forests of the California sierras just reach, is confined to the low ridges of the central and southern part of the state. The most important of these — the Humboldt, Toiyabc, I^Ionitor Creek, Timpiute, Hot Creek, Kawich, and probably others — bear near their summits, in sheltered ravines, scattered patches of stunted white pine (Pinnn Jicxilis) of suflicient size to furnish saw-logs. The lower slopes of the mountains of this region are often quite thickly covered with small nut-pines and groves of the mountain mahogany (C(rcocrt/-j)i/*), here attaining its greatest development. Below the luit-pine low, stunted junijters cover the foot-hills, often extending, in the central part of tlie state, across the narrow elevated valleys which separate the low mountain ranges. The great development of the mining interests of Xevada has already nearly exterminated its scanty and stunted forests. The white i)ine has been cut in the neighborhood of mines from all the mountain ranges, and the most accessible nut-pine, juniper, and mountain mahogany have been converted into cord- wood or made into charcoal. The forests of Nevada are nowhere reproducing themselves, and a scarcity of fuel, even for domestic purposes, nuist soon be felt. A considerable amount of lumber is manufactured in the neighborhood of lake Tahoe, in Douglas county, and sent in Humes down the eastern slopes of the sierras to supply Carson City and ^'irginia City. The IuuiIht- mamifacturing interests of the remainder of the state are necessarily small and unirniiortant. Their entire extermiiuition, with the forests which furnish them material, cannot be long delayed. During the census year 8,710 acres of woodland were devastated by lire, with a luss of ."rilit.dtn). The tiivs weie traced to hunters and Indians. IDAHO. The western slopes of the Bitter Root and l\vur d'Alene nu)uiiTains, which form north of latitude 4G° the eastern boundary of the territory of Idaho, are covered with dense, extensive, and valuable forests of fir, pine, and larch. The ridges of the Rocky mountains, which below latitude -llio occupy the eastern border of the territory, and the extreme eastern development of the Blue nu)uutains of Oregon, just entering it from the west, aie less heavily tin\bered with a scattered growth, in which yellow pine and red fir are still the juevailing tix'cs. The great central region occui)ied by the Sahnou River nu)uutains is unexplored. These mountains are moi-e or less timbered, but nothing is known of the composition or cb.aracter of the forests which cover them. Judging, however, from the geiu'ral elevation and climate of this region, its forests cannot be very imjiortant. nor capable of 572 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. sni)i>lyiiit: iiiore than the local wauts of its luiiiiiig population. The great i)lains south and southeast of the Salmon IJiver mountains, comprising fully one-thinl of the territory, are entirely destitute of tree covering, while the Snake Iviver range and the ranges of the Bear Kiver country coutaiu in their more sheltered canons only small areas of ojieii, stunted forest. During the census year 21,000 acres of woodland were rei)orted destroyed by lire, with an cstinuited loss of ♦202,000. These tires originated in the carelessness of hunters, prospectors, Indians, etc. A small amount of piue and fir lumber is manufactured at Bois6 City and near other centers of population. The great forests of cedar, lir, and pine, however, in the Canir d'Alene region arc still almost intact. These forests, with proper care, are capable of furnishing iudefluitcly the treeless agricultural region of easteru Washington territory and Oregon with an abundant sni)ply of excellent building material. The following extracts are made from Mr. Sereno Watson's report upou the forests of the territory: "This territory nortii of latitude 44*° is occupied by the Eocky and the Bitter Eoot mountains, forming its eastern boundary, with their broad, timbered, interlacing spurs, which terminate in the high, mostly treeless plateau which extends from near the Spokane river in a southeasterly direction to this parallel of latitude. The southern and southwestcru portions were not visited by me, and the statements regarding them are to son)e extent conjectural. •' LE3IHI cou>TY (o,.330 square miles). — In the extreme eastern portion of this county, where the mountains are crossed by the Utah and Northern railroad, scattered trees of red fir are fii'st met at an altitude of fi,000 feet. Beaver canon, up which the railroad passes, is well timbered on both sides nearly to its head at (),(i00 feet altitude with red fir only, but the broad plateau at the summit (C,SC9 feet) is treeless. In the lateral caiions (8 to 10 miles long), coming out near the mouth of Beaver caiion, there are two saw-mills, one of which was visited. The tiuiber was here found to be confined to the south side of the caOon, and consisted almost wholly of red fir (here called 'red pine"), averaging from 20 to 22 inches in diameter. The largest log seen measured 32 inches at the butt. A 'white pine' proved to be Picea Engchnanni, and a 'bird's eye pine' was Pinus Murrarjana^ both small, as was also the balsam {Abien subalpina), which was found some 3 or 4 miles up the canon. The yellow pine did not occur here. "It is i)robable that the canons westward along the range are similarly timbered as fiir as the Lendii agency. Here the character of the range changes (as stated under Beaver Head county, Montana), becoming higher and more rugged, an.>0 square milei*). — Wholly mountainous and covered with forests, with the exception of some prairies and oi)en country near the Clearwater and lower jjortion of the Lolo Fork. "Immediately after crossing the divide by the Lolo trail from Montana, at an altitude of 0,000 feet, the forest, consisted of AhicJi subalpina and Pken Enyelmanni, with young Allien (jrandin and Tnuga Mertcnniana, and occasional larch and red fir, and upon the creeks some small Thuya and TaxuH. The trail soon ascended the ridges and followed them for about 100 miles at an altitude of from 5,000 to over 7,000 feet, doubtless to avoid the fallen timiier which made the canons impassable, though enough of it was found on the route followed. The timber ou these ridges was often small ami scattered — AhicH Huhdlpina and Picca J-Jtigclmtinni, with Pintis Murrayana and P. albicaulU — or on the damper northern slopes with larch and red fir, balsam, hemlock, and sometimes the mouutaia ^: IDAHO THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 573 luMiilock ( 7"s!/r/« Pattoniana), the trees larger (occasionally 2 feet through, the Abies grandis beiun the largest;. The white ])iiie {PinuH monticola) also frequently occnrred. During the last day ui)on this ridge the trail was through heavy timber, chiefly of hemlock sometimes '3 feet in diameter, with some Abies and rarely rinux Murroyana and P. monticola, the ridge even at 7,000 feet being covered with the same dense growth. Descending quite abruptly from the ilrier extremity of the spur, which was covered, with Abies, Tstiga, and Pinus {Murrayana, aWicaulis, and ?HOH^/co'rt), we i)assed through a forest of heavy hd\na.nil{ Abies grandis), with a few larch and some red fir, and at about 4,000 feet came upon ctHhxr (Thuya gigantcu) to the exclusion of everything else — the trees from 2 to 4 feet in diameter. On the stream banks at the base were found the Thuya, Pinus monticola, Abies subalpina and -4. grandis, Picea Engelmanni , and Tsuga Mcrtcnsiana, all growing together, with an undergrowth of inaj)le, mountain ash, Vac- cininm, Ceanothus, Crafccgus, Pachystima, Prunus, etc. With timber of this character upon the high ridges it is evident that there must be much very heavy timber in tlie canons. "Aft<;r crossing a low ridge covered with cedar, larch, and red fir, and following a narrow meadow frequently interrupted by clumps of timber, the trail at length came out upon an opeu camnss prairie 25 miles northeast of Kamai. From this point the timber covering the plateau is an opeu growth of yellow pine and red fir, often quite large, with young trees intermixed, and some Picea Engelmanni and the two Abies in the wetter places. Considerable timber is cut upon the Lolo Fork and Clearwater and floated down to the mills at Lcwiston. It is uncertain how far south along the main range the above large variety of trees continues. It is probable, in my oi)inion, that the Thuya, Abies gratidis, Tsuga, Pinus monticola, and Taxus do not pass beyond the headwaters of the Clearwater, or, at the farthest, that some of them may leach the North Fork of the Salmon river, while the larch may ])ossibly be fouud in the Salmon lliver mountains. "At the northern extremity of the connty, along the j\Iullan road, which from the Cceur d'Altne niission follows nj) the cafion of the Cicur d'Alene river, instead of following the spurs, a distance of 37 miles, the swampy bottoms were found heavily timbered with Thuya, red fir, Abies grandis, and Tsuga Mertensiana, with some larch and Pinus monticola. Some of the drier bottoms had been burned over, and were mostly covered with Pinus Murrayana. Some Populus balsamifcra occurs, 3 feet through, or more (as also on the Montana side). The sides of the ridge were also nearly bare. The Thuya, which exclusively occupies some of the swamjis, attaining a large size, ceases at the base of the dividing ridge, whei'e also the Pice^ Engelmanni and Abies subalpina come in. The rauge above Coeur d'Alf^ne canon, and bounding the county on the north, is not heavily timbered, much of its upper slopes being bare. "Total timbered area estimated at ."i.OOO square miles. "KoOTKNAi COUNTY (5,550 Square miles). — The portion south of the Cceur d'Alene and Spokane rivers belongs mostly to the Coeur d'Alene ludiau reservation, and is timbered, with the exception of open meadows upon the Cceur d'Alene and Saint Joseph rivers and upon Hangman creek. The timber is princiiially yellow ]u'ne and red fir, with some Pinus Murrayana, and fine bodies of cedar ( Thuya gigantea) near the western borders of the lake. North of the Canir d'Alene river the road from the mission to the fort passes through a cedar ( Thuya) swamp, with niauj' large trees, from 3 to 5 feet through, traversing canons filled with a mixed growth of .4/»iV« subalpina and A. grandis, larch, hemlock, Picea Engelmanni, and red fir. Tliis latter growth continues for some miles below the fort, where the valley opens out into the broad Spokane plain, which extends northeastward toward Fend d'Oreille lake without trees. The mountains south of the lake are low and not heavily timbered. The i>ortion of the county north of Clarke's Fork and of Pend d'Oreille lake has, so far as I know, never been explored, but is jirobably mountainous and for the most part well timbered. " Estimated timber area of the county, 4,500 square miles." AVASIUNGTON. Washington territory west of the summit of the Cascade range is covered with the heaviest continuous belt of forest growth in the United States. This forest extends over the slojies of the Cascade and Coast ranges, and occupies the entire drift i»lain surrouiuling the waters of Paget sound. The highest nunmtain peaks and the s;uui- dunes of the coast are treeless. The narrow valleys of the Cowlitz and Chehalis rivers are dotted with small oaks aiul other deciduous trees, and oaks and stunted yellow pines oeeujiy with an ojien growth the barren Steilaetwm plain south of Puget sound; with these exceptions western Washington territory is covered with a magnificent coniferous I'orest. The most valuable aiuI generally distribut(-d tiud)er tree of this region is the red or yellow fir (l\icudotsuga J)ouglasii), forming about .seven-eighths of the forest growth. The valuable red cedar ( Thuya gigantco) and the heinlock [Tsuga Mertensiana). oi'tew covering extensive tracts, especially iu>ar the base of tlu> Cascade mountains, are comnuin ; the noble title-land spruce adds value and imiuutance to the forests bonloring the coast. The forests which cover the upper ridges of the Cascade mountains are ]uincii)ally ctunposed of firs (Abies amabilis and A. nobilis), spTav(^» (Pieea Engelmanni), \i\iUms small pines, hendoeks. etc. These elevated foirsts. olten of great beauty, are of little economic imi)ortanee. East of the Cascade mountains the forests are less dense, and are confined to the mountain ranges. The groat plains watered by the Columbia and Snake rivers are entirely destitute of tree covering. 574 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. Stevens county, which is broken and mountainous, with the exception of the narrow valleys anil occasional HOiall prairies, is covered with a heavy, open forest jrrowtli. The most valuable trees of the forests of this county are the reil lir, the yellow pine (iV;i«.v pomlvrosa), the white pine (I'iiius moniicola), the larch (Lari.r occi(h>itali.i), and the red cedar. The forests of Spokane county are confined to the spurs and ridges of the extreme eastern part of the county, aad consist of the yellow pine, red tir, an0,000 laths, !U(),0()0 shingles, and 23,000,000 staves— by far tho largest part being manufactured in the mills located on the waters of I'uget sound. The first saw-mill built upon Puget sound was erected in 1851. It was a small water-power mill, with a daily capacity of about 1,0(M) feet. Two years later a similar mill was erected at Seattle, with a daily capacity of from 8,000 to l(i,(X>0 feet. The centers of manufactures n(»w are I'ort Gamble, Port Madison, Port IJIakely, Port Discoverj-, Seabeck, Ut.saladdy. Tacoma, and Seattle. At the last-named place there is a large establishment manufacturing sugar-barrel staves from cottonwooil for the San Franciscci market. The lumber manufactured upon Puget sound is largely shii)])ed to San Francisco aiul directly to China, Australia, New Zealand, and Mexican and South American Pacific ports. The population of the soufheastern part of the territory is princi]Killy supplied with lumber, largely coarse yellow jiinc of inferior qindity, cut on the IJlne mountains in snuill portable mills, and delisereil at Dayton, in Walla Walla county, by a Hume several miles in length. No statistics, however, have been received of the anioinit of lumber manufactured in this county. The metho: DKXsrrv OF forks rs c.s.s.\rc;knt. sPKCiAi. .v-nvr iH,".;v RITORY THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 575 The foliowiiif^ notes upon tbe forests of eastern Washington territory are extracteil from Mr. Wateon'.s n-port: " WAiLA Walla county (1,2(50 .sqnaie miles). — This eonnty is wholly without timber, which is suiiplied from the Blue mountains of Oregon. "Columbia COUNTY (2,1G0 square miles). — A spur of the Blue mountains traverses the southern portion of this county, occupying about a fourth of its area, which is partially timbered, eliieliy witli red tlv (Pseudotsuga), piue (Pinus ponilcrosa), and some Ficea Engcbnanni, none of it large. Elsew here the county is nearly de.'»titiite of tree."?, though some of the streams, especially the Touchet, were at the first settling of the county bordered by ."icattered pines. j "Whitman county (5,000 square miles)] — This county is destitute of timber. Some of the townships along the Idaho lino were originally sparlnglj' wooded with scattered pines upon the ridges, but tliese have nearly or wholly disappeared, and the supplies for fencing and fuel are brought from the iieighboiing mountains of Idaho. There is a saw-mill on the Palouse river, at I'alouse, the logs for which are lioated down from about 9 miles alx)ve. "Spokane county (8,500 square miles). — The portion of this county to the west of the mouth of the Spokane river is wholly destitute of trees, with the exception of the high point or plateau opposite to the mouth of the Okinakane river. Here there is a small area thinly wooded, i)robably with yellow pine and red fir. On the eastern side of the county spurs from the mountains bordering Coeur d'Alene lake enter between Bock creek and Spokane river, and are covered more or less densely with a growth of yellow pine, often small, with .some Dctuglas spruce and tamarack iu the ravines. There is a sawmill at Bock creek supplied from its immediate neighborhood. Crossing Hangman's creek a scattered growth of piue appears upon the ridges between Deej) creek and the Spokane river, and as far west as the head of Crab creek. Trees also border the Spokane river below the falls and to within a few miles of its mouth. The region between the Spokane and Little Spokane rivers is mostly a broad, open valley, the hills bordering it upon the north being very thinly wooded. There are two sawmills at Spokane Falls, but the logs for them are floated down from near Cceur d'Aleue lake. "The total ai'ea more or less covered with trees may be estimated at from 400 to 500 square miles. "Stevens county (14,700 square miles). — This county is broken and mountainous throughout, but with no high ranges east of the Cascade mountains. The portion lying east of the upper Columbia and north of the Spokane river has several small prairies upon Chamokaue creek and Colville river, and there is a narrow, open valley along the Columbia for 20 miles below the mouth of tbe Colville. The mountains are all low, the ridges most frequently thinly wooded or nearly bare, with the timber becoming denser in the ravines, especially northward. The most common tree is the yellow pine, but iu the ravines red fir is frequent, with tamarack and lodge-pole pine. Near the Colville river were seen Picta Uiigelmanni, Abies grandis, small Thuyas, and fine specimens of Pinux monticola, as well as Populus balsamifera, Betiila papyrac.ea, and Ahius of considerable size. The hills bordering the Columbia al>ove Old Fort Colville are treeless. The drift-wood brought down by the river is said to be ehietiy cedar ( Thuya ijigantea). "The Colville Indian reservation, lying between the Okinakane and the Columbia eastwaril, is comparatively little known, being crossed by but two trails, one leading directly westward from Old Fort Colville, the other following the Kettle river, and for much of the way not far distant from the British boundary. As seen from the Columbia and from the heights bordering the Okinakane, this portion appears to be more open and grassy thau that east of the Columbia, and, especially toward the south, more like the bare plateau of Spokane county. Okinakane valley itself is narrow, with mainly a desert vegetation of sage-brush, Purshia, and other like representatives of the Great Basin flora, which seems to find here its only passageway northward to the British boundary. The hills eastward have thinly-scattered pines, which occasionally descend into the valley. The northern trail from Old Fort Colville shows the lower valley of Kettle river to be well wooded, but above, opening out into grassy i)rairies and borderetl by grass-covered hills or with scattered yellow pine, red flr, and larch. Upon the more densely wooiled ritlges and ravines were also found Picca Engdmanni, Abies subalpiua, Pinus Murraiiana, and Thuya. " The main ridge separating Kettle river from the Okinakane (about 5,000 feet high and 12 miles from the latter stream) was well grassed upon botli sides with large Picca, Pscuilotsuga, Pinus pondciosn. and f.arij- along the cix'eks upon the eastern side, and on the west the Pinus pondcrosa only. The ridges above the (.Mcinakaiie to the north apj>eare*i treeless, while the northern slopes of the nearer hills to the south were i)retty well covered with underbrush. West of the Okinakane, between that river and the Metliow, the country is nuich like that to the east — high and broken, with scattered patches of timber, whicli'becomes more general toward the northern boundary. Upoir the Metliow and Similkameen creeks there are open, grassy valleys of considerable extent, but for 12 miles fixini the mouth of the Methow the hills close in ujion it and are considerably wooded. The rest of the county, from the Met how to the Wenatcliee, is occupied by spurs from the Cascade mountains, which reach the banks of the Columbia ; these are exceedingly rugged and almost impassable, being seldom traversed, even by Indians. A fiKit-ti-ail leads from the headw!»ters of the Jlethow over to the Skagit, and a trail which has been passable for horses crosses the ridges between the upper Chelan lake and the Wenatcliee, but it is described by the Indians as dangerous and long disusetl by them. The whole region is jirobably for the most part well timbered except along the Columbia river, when' the mountains for from 10 to 15 miles back are but scantily wooded, the pine (Pinus pomlciosa) and rod lii ;>ceasionally reaching to the river. Iloavy timber is reported about the head of Chelan lake, eommeueing at about 15 miles from 57(1 Till-: FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. the foot, mostly yellow iiiiio, but also reil fir, some Lnrix, and small Thinjn. The outlet to tins lake is throu<;h a deep fanoii, ami is obstrueted by falls and rapids. Tlie WenatcUee flows through a more open valley, and, at least iu hipli water, eonld be used for floating timber to the Columbia. For 7 miles from its mouth the ridges on each side are only seautily wooded, but from that point the trees (yellow piuo and red flr, mostly young) oeeni>v the valley, and at L'O miles the thick timber begins — pine, tir, red fir, larch, white pine (Piiius moDticola), and cedar, the white piue .sometimes 4 feet through, the cedar not large. "Yakima cointy (8,900 square miles).— Immediately south of the Weuatchee the highest of the eastern spurs of the Cascade mountains extends in a southeasterly direction to the Columbia, forcing that river to make a bend eastwartl. This spur has an altitude of about 5,000 feet, and its higher northern slopes, overlooking the mouth of the Wenatchee and eastward, are somewhat densely covered with i>ine, red flr, and larch. The southern slojje, as seen from Kllensburg, appeared nearly bare. I crossed the ridge about 17 miles above the month of the Wenatchee and a few miles east of the high, exceedingly rocky, and suow-covered peaks called by I^IcClellan ' Mount Stuart'. It was found mostly well wooded, but the trees not exceeding 1 or 2 feet iu diameter, and usually small red flr and yellow i)iue, with at length some Abies grandis and riniis moitiicola, rarely a small Thuya, ou the higher rocky ridges small larches, and at the summit some Piiius Miirrayana. The same trees were found on the southern descent, excepting the P/hi(s monticola. Large cotton woods (/^o^jh^h.s //-iW/ocnryw) occurred on the creeks. South of this range the spurs recede, leaving a comparatively level sage-brush region, wholly treeless, from 50 to 70 miles broad, between the Columbia and Yakima, and crossing the lower jiovtion of the latter river. " Below the mouth of the Sch wank, which is at the head of what is known as ' Killitas valley', on the Y''akima, the foot-hills of the Cascade mountains extend to the Y'akima river, a distance of about 50 miles from the summit of the range; but the lower portions of these spurs are bare, or with only scattered pines on their northern slopes, and the chief reliance of the settlers for fencing and fuel is upon the aspens and cottonwoods bordering the streams. Followiug up the Y;ikima from the mouth of the Schwank, the valley for 10 or 12 miles is thinly timbered with pine and red fir. For 17 miles more there is some larch on the ridges, and in the bottoms some Abies grandis, and rarely a small Thuya. Timber and ties had been extensively cut here for the railroad and floated down the river. At this i)oiut the yellow pine and tamarack ceased, and a dense, heavy growth began and continued for most of the way to the summit (20 or 25 miles), consisting of red tir, hendock, Ahies grandis and A. amabiUs (all these from 3 to 5 feet through and 200 feet high or more), Pinus montieola (IS inches through), and Thuya (2 feet in diameter). One spruce, not over 2i feet through, had a height of 225 feet. '• III like manner, upon the ^^achess river, the open sage-brush country extended about 10 or 12 miles from its mouth, with only cotton wood along the stream. Scattered ])ines then commence, with at length red fir, but it is some 25 or .'50 miles more before heavy timber is reached. A small ff[Q\c oi o^V. {Quercus Garry ana) \» found at the mouth of the Schwank, the only point upon the Yakima where it occurs. It is also frequent along the Nachess for 3 or 4 miles, commencing at about 12 miles from its mouth, but small and rarely over G inches in diameter or 15 feet in height. In Satas valley it is abundant. Along the southern border of the county there is again a long spur extending east from mount Adams to within about 40 miles of the mouth of the Yakima. This spur has au altitude of about 1,.500 feet, and is mostly covered with a scattered growth of yellow pine, red fir, and Abies grandis. "The entire wooded area of the county may be estimated at about 4, .500 square miles. '•Ki.iKlTAT COUNTY (2,."i00 square miles). — The spur eastward from mount Adams, just s])oken of, covers much of the northern portion of this county and affords a good siipjily of excellent timber. The area may be estimated at 750 square miles. The high ridge overlooking the Columbia from The Dalles eastward is perfectly bare of trees." OREGON. The heavy forest of western AVashington territory extends through western Oregon. The most valuable timber tree of the region is the red or yellow fir (I'scudotsuga Douglasii). which forms fully seven-eighths of the forest. The tide-land sjtruce (Picta Sitclicnsis) aljounds along the coast, and the red cedar (Thuya giganica) and the hemlock (Tnutja Mrrtcusiana) arc common ami of large size. South of Coos bay an important forest of I'ort Orford cedar (Chamncyparis Lairsoniana), mixed with the red flr and tht; tide-land spruce, occurs. The valleys of the 'Willamette, Uuipqua, and Uogiie rivers contain an open, scattered growth ol' white oak (QufTcus Oarryana), now gradually increasing by the recent growth of young trees i)rotected from the flies which formerly swept every se;»soii through these i)rairie-like valleys. Sonth of the Hogue Kiver valley the sugar jiine (Pinus lAimhertiana), the chestnut oak {(Jucrcus densiflora), and other tiees of the California forest occur in BuffifMent nund)erH to add ecoinjmic value to the forests of the state. The bottom liintls of western Oregon are lined with a continuous growth of cottonwoods of inimeiise size, willows, maples, ashes, and gig.intic alders ; those in the southwest, near the coast, contain great bodies of splendid ^jard maple (Acer macrophyUum) and laurel (I'mhellnlaria C'aHfornica). East of the Ca.saide mountains the forests arc confined to the mountain ranges; they are open, scattered, and generally composed of eonii»aratively small tree.". 37 )i:.\srn' or forks is o>uu-uj3> vsi»M nn: iinutmiw ■ art, where the Blue mountains are covered with a lif^ht, open growth composed chiefly of yellow pine, with some larch and scrub jiine. The forests of Oregon have sntlered serious losses from forest fires. Along ihe Coast Kange, from the Columbia river to Port Oiford and through the entire length of the Cascade mountains, fires have raged nearly everj- summer since the first settlement of the state, destroying thousands of acres of noble fir, spruce, and cedar. Forests similar in composition to those destroyed soon spiiug up again and cover the burned surface, l)Ut the loss in material which the state has sull'ered in this way is incalculable. Forest (ires are increasing in frequency, especially west of the summit of the Cascade mountains. During the census year, however, only 132,-320 acres of woodland were rt])orted ut Walker's range and the Paulina mountains in the southwest, but they are probably low, with little or no wooorilers of this county, and arc the only sourci; of timber. They are for the most part well wooded, esjiecially in the nivines, the trees growing lo a fair size, and consisting of yellow and scrub pine, siuuce and balsam (Abitv subalpina and A. graitditi). "The woodecl area is about 1,500 scjuare miles. "Union county (4,300 square miles). — This county has the main range of the Blue mountains on tho west and north and the Ce of mouiitain.s joining these ranges in the northern i)art of the state. They e.xtend from the Oregon boundary .south to latitude M^ 30' north. The most important trees of the Coast Range forest are the redwood ami the red lir. The tide land spruce aud the hemlock of the Isortheru Coast Forest extend as far south as cape Mendocino, although less generally multiplied and less valuable than in Oregon and Washington territory. The chestnut oak ((^iucrcus (hnsiflora), of which the bark is largely used in tanning, is still common in the coast forests of the northern part ol' the state. The most valuable forest of the western .slope of the Siena Nevada is contined to a belt between 4,000 and 8,000 feet elevation, consisting of the sugar pine {Pinu.s Lambvrtlana), the yellow pine, and the red fir. Small scattered groves of the big trees {Scquout g'ujaniea) stretch along the southern portion of this belt. The western sloi)es of these mountains below 4,000 feet elevation are more or less densely covered with various si>ecies of pine of little economic importance, and the broad valleys of the Sacramento and the San Joaquin, lying between the Coast Range and the Sierra Nevada, are covered, exce])t at the south, with an oi)en growth of oaks, often of immense size, although of little value except as fuel. The eastern slopes of the Sierra Nevaiia are covered with a heavy forest, in which yellow i)ines {Pinuft pondcrosa and P. Jcffrcyi) are the i)revailing and uiost imi)ortant trees. South of latitude 30^ oO' the forests, both of the Sierra Nevada and of the Coast Kauge, become gradually Ic^s heavy aud less valuable than those <"overing the mountains farther north. Two degrees still farther south they are open and .scattered, and have little economic value. The i)ine and fir forests, however, which cover the upper slo|»es of the Sau Bernardino and San Jacinto ranges are important on account of their isolated position iu a region destitute of tree covering, aud supply a considerable local market with lumber. The northeastern aud nearly all the southern and southeastern portions of the .state are almost entirely destitute of forest covering. Oaks and occasional pines and Junipers are, liowe%er, dotted over the low mountains of southwestern California, and willows aud cottouwoods line the banks of streams. Forests of pine crown the highest ridges of the Inyo aud other mountain ranges, rising from the desert east of the Sierra Nevada, and arborescent yuccas {Yucca breci/oUa) form upou the high Mohave plateau an open forest, more remarkable in the strangenes.s of its growth than in economic value. The narrow belt of redwood which extends along the western slopes of the Coast Range from the bay of Monterey to the northern boundary of the state is the most important forest of similar extent now standing. Few trecH equal the redwood iu economic value. No other forest can compare with this in jjioductive cajiaeity, and no other great body of timber in North America is so generally accessible or so easily worked. Single trees capable of ])roducing T.JjOOO feet of lumber are not uncommon, while a yield of from 1,0(K),000 to L',000,000 leet of lumber jM-r acn- is by no means rare. The redwood has already been practically destroyed in the neighborhood of San Francisco bay, both north and south, and through the entire extent of this forest the trees most accessible t(> Mtr<;uinH and railroads have been culled. Heavy Ijodies of redwood are still standing, hpwever, in the Santa Cruz region, and in Humboldt county in tJie valleys of Eel and Mud river.s and Redwood creek. The largest uuudx^r of mills engaged in the manufacture of redwood lumber are located upon IIumb(jldt bay. principally at I']ureka and An*ata. The logs which .sn|)ply these mills are generally cut within a disfan<;e of 1 or2 milcsfrom the shores of the bay, to which they are hauled by team.s, made into rafts, and towed to thi^ mills. Attempts made to raft logs down the mountain Ktreams watering the reilwoo 1 -^ "'■■■^' • : / / / .'f T- :-f.W-^- -:■-.■*- iJ^ THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED S'I'ATE.S. r>79 The following cistiuiaU'.s of tlie aiiiouiit of accessible redwood standing May 31, 18.S0, were pn-pared l>y Mr. E. L. Alleu, se(aetary of the IJedwood Manufacturers' Asso(;iation of San Francisco. Tbey euiliraee only such portions of the lorest as can he reached by water, or may in the future be i)enetrateil by railroads, and do not include the siiiall, isolated bodies of timber I'rowinj'' in inaccessible canons: REDWOOD (Sequoia tempervirena). Regions. From the Oregou boundary to tho nioiirh of Itedwmxl ritek 8<>»,uO:t,00-j From the moutU of Redwood creek to the moulh of Mad river 9, OOO, 000, 000 l'"rom the mouth of Had river to the moutli of Eel river -J, 145, 000, 000 From tho mouth of Eel river to tlie mouth of Malfoli river 4,*iO, 000, 000 From the moulli of Mnttoli river to tlie moutli of Cotonavia creek. 200. 000, 000 Frrotectiinly danger which must follow the destruction of these forests. If the snow which supjdies the mountain stivams melts slowly, a steady How of water will be maintained late iido the season ;^ if, on the other liaiul, the snow melts suthienly and rapidly during the first warm days of spring, the unnatural flow of water in the stream must be followed by 580 TIIK FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATICS. it« equally siijileii (lisaitpi'uranci', and the torrent will suddenly diiniiiisli to a slcndtr brook or I'litirciy disapijear. Irri{;ation, without whiih agriculture iu a larye i)art of the I'aeilic rejjioii is inipossihle, is doi)endent uikui the constant aud steady llow of streams formed by meltinjj snow, anil as the forests which cover the mountain sides are essential to prevent the sudden meltin;? of snow, their preservation is necessary for successful irrigation on any large or comprehensive scale. The forests of California sutler from wasteful methods of cuttiu};. Only the best and most accessible yoini^ trees are cut; often a noble jiiiie capable of producinj; L'5,000 or 30,000 feet of lunil)cr is felled, a few split shingles made from the butt-cut. and the rest of the tree left to rot u[>on the ground. The preference of the railroad companies of the state for split rather than sawed redwood tics causes an immense and needless waste of this raluable timber. A urposes, are unfit for cooperage stock. No hickory, gum, elm, or ash of large size is found in these forests. California produces no tree IVom which a good wine cask or wagou wheel can l)e made. The cooperage business of the state, rapidly increasing with the development of grape culture, is entirely dependent upon the forests of the Atlantic region for its supi)ly of idly diminishes in density ami quality, anv/)iK Abai.'t of . M>ai/i or.\f,„j K.-.vv Mom, Wfip^ «## ■ MAP 01 A PORTION OK ( ALIFOl^NIA SlIDWlXdTlll-: IllSTlUlllTKlN III' Till-; Ki'iimooi) i'()!ii:s'i'S wrrii si'iiciAi. iii:i'i:nr.\ci': to Tin; I.IMKKK I.NDISTHV. ( rMiKltnif: ihhki'IHin \n C.S.SAIidKXr, SI'KCI.M. AdK.N r \: I Shmilinv- Iti-ilMiHid l'S«nui'i.r(UMniH'ivin'ns ) I SlHiulin:; lii-dwioa uwmt^uu;; L»00.0(Xl!Wnii.tIifaKif ' itaimit^ Krntlt»rinft IhmIh I'Mnlf couimerriftl vaUi • L$tw t/iift/itttifS tt/'AVidtnn/ ttmit'rAiur Avw m/ **iwi Mrt5 Abies Jlenziesii (Picoa Sitcbcnsis) 208 Abies Mcnzie^ii I'arryana 205 Abies Mertensiana 207 .1 hies microcarpa 215 A bies mucronata 300 Abies mucronata pahtstris 300 Abies nigra (Picea Eugelmamu) 305 Abies nigra (Picea nigra) 303 Abies nigra, var. rubra 208 Alnosnobilis 214. 250. 255. 2». 846^412. 47^. 573 Abies nobilis (Abies magnifica) 214 Abies nobilis robtista 214 Abies Parsonsii 212 Abies Pattoni 306 Abies Pattoniana 208 Abies Pattonii (Tsuga Mertensiana) 206 Abies Pattonii (Tsuga Pattoniana) 306 A bie^ pendula 315 Abies religicsa IfiS A bies rubra W6 Abies rubra , v ar. arctica 308 A bies rubra, var. cceruUa 304 A bies Sitchensis 306 A&i>jt species (Tsuga Caroliniana) 30? Abies siibalpina 211. 251. 255. 259. 264, 346. 412, 478. 564-467. S72, 573, 675, 577 Abies subalpina, vtiT./aUas JU Abies tajci/olia (Pseudot^ugaBougUsii) 306 Abies tuJri/oUa (Tauga Mert«oaiana) 306 Abies trigona 306 Abies rentuta MS Abies Williamtonii 3*** Acjicia 6.10-12.14 Acacia Bahamensit - •* Acaciu Berlaudieri • 6^ ^W Aeacia biceps •* Acacia csculenta ® Acacia /rondosa * A cacia glauea •* Acacia, GrtH'nbark 60,380,361436 Acacia Groggii 13. 63. 340. 383, 863. 436 Acfl Wii latiinli>fita ** Acacia leucocephala •• Aean'a putventicnta . : ** Aeacia tephroloba . .' • " Acaclu, Thnw tbomed 50, 3a>» 360, 426 Acacia Wrightil .6S.34^3« lO-W Acer Acer 6ar6aturi» (Ac«rgUbrain) Acerbarbatum (Acer saccharinam). Acer Califomicum 48 582 OKXERAT. TXDEX Vtgf AtarOmadmim *• At»r Omtinunm " Acwcirriiuunin 47. 2«. 253, 256, W4. 3W, i:!2 Setr coeeiiiTum ^ AwTdMTMTpiun 4», 250, 253. 25*. 276. 858,424 AciT DovffUuii ** Attr Dnmwimidii ** Aftr trioarpum ** A«r«labrum 47.2.10.274 Acer glauntm ■ ■ ■ 50 Awr enuidMrnlatom 13. 48. 249. 276 .\crr DurrophyUam 47,250,253,256,259,274,358.422,570 Ac^ mantanum *6 Aerr Xerjndo — 51 Aerrnifrvm <9 Acer palmotvm *'* Acer parrijlorum 46 Acer IVniuiylvanicam 46.250,274 Acer Pnruylraninm (Acprspicmtmn) 46 AMTrabram 60,250.253,236.259,276,358,424 Acer mbnim. rar. Dnimmondii 50,2.'i0.276 Acer rubrum. vmr. paltidum 40 Ac«rii eliibra 42,250,253,256,274,422 J^acuiMB Iiij'poea*Utnum. var. glabra 42 jK»ruliuJIifipocas1anum,TmT.0hioenau 42 i; JEieuliu flippoeastanum, rmi. pallida 42 ' JE«ruiu4 hybrida 43 jEteulue tuica 43 I Jltexdu* ncffUeta 43 M ^aeutuM oftandra -, 43 JBkuIxu Ohi'iemii 42 I JSteubii paltida 42 Xtexthu I'nria, Tar. dUeotor 43 £»evluM Wnt»finiarka , 42 il AgasUaniM t«rurkdi/tora ..••.,. 57 l Ayrria Ca*»rna 80 I Ai/eria ffeminata .- 36 Ageria hnrrophyUa 36 ! Aiferia olxTata 86 Ageria opaea 35 , Agrria pat\utTit 36 \ Alabama. <»Tilr»I. pine bolt of 529 I Alabama. rypn^« nwanipa of Iho Tr-naa* river In 62S-S27 ; Alabama, e«Atem, fortnitii of the Chattahoochee, mixed foreat Krowth, etc., in 627,528 Alabama. fi>rma of the TennemepTalley In 528. .129 Alabama, lombrr indii*lry and maniifactnrrK from wood to 488,487,524,525 Alabama. Moliile the principal renter of wood roannfactnre In 529 ' Alabama, pirn- forratit of Baldwin county in 527 P«K6. Alabama, pine n-gion of the Coosa in 529 Alabama, production of naval stores in 517.527,529.5.10 Alabama, rank of. accordiuR to value of lumber products 487 .Mabnma. remarks by Dr. Charles Mohron the forests and the turpentine Industry of 525-530 Alabama, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc.. In. . .4»l, 524-130 AlabauKi. lalmlar statement of the .imount of Lou;;- and Sbort-leave<< Pine slaniling in the forest* of. May 31, 1880 524 Alnbam.1. the forests of Tike county in .128 Alabama, the Maritime Pine Itegion in 525 Alnska. atatisllcs of forests, forest flrcs, staniUng timber, etc.. in .''HO Alaskii. the Northern Coast Forest in .ICO Albany. New York, rank of. as « Inmbermarkot .103 Alder (Alnusoblongifolift) 163, 328. 394. 4(50 Alder (Alnus rhombifoliii) 103.326.394.41)0 Alder lAlnUB rubra) 163.326.392,416.4.18 Alder. lila.k (Alnus incana) 165.320.394.400 Alder. Black (Alnns serrulata) 161.320 Alder. Hoary 105.326.394.460 Alder. Seaside 162,320,458 Alder, Smooth 164, .126 Alder. Speckled 16.1,326,394,400 Algnroba 62,265, 280, 30.', 4.6 Ahja rolna r/landutota , ■ ■ • 61 Almis 11.12, 16. .-.7,-. Alniit .trncn'cana (Alnus incana) 164 Alnut Americana (Alnus sermlnta) 104 AInu« arpufa 162 Alnut Canadmns 104 Almu gciiuina 164 Alnttg iilauca 164 .llniu glvlinom (Alnus mbra) 163 Alnus glutinoga, var. rugoaa 164 Atmit filutinn$a, vtiT. temUata (Alnns rhombifolia) 103 Alnus filutinoKa. var. serrulata (Alnns scrmlata) 101 AlnufhiiMda 164 Alnus incana 12,164,250,326,394,400 J/nujr tncano (Regcl) 164 Alnus incana, var. glaueh (Alnns incana) 164 AlniMincomi. var. ptoiica (Alnns Incana. ror. viresceos) 105 Alnus incana, var. rwfrra 1*>3 Alnus incana. rnr. viroscens 165 AtniM.faponicd 162 Alnus marilima 162.250.326,458 Alnus tnarilima lypiea 102 AIn»ir cblnngata ( A Inns maritima) 1 02 A(tit/« oblonijala (Alnus serrulata) 104 Alnus oblougifolia 103, 250, 255, 258, 826, 304, 460 Atmis oliluti/olia 164 il Iniur Oregana 1 03 Alnus rhombifolia 163,250,255,268,326,304,460 Alnns rubra 163,260,255,268,202,326,392,416,458 Alnus rubra (Alnus serrulata) 164 Alnus tugosa 164 Alnus serralau 104, 2.10, 3a6 Alnut Mi-rrulata (Kegel) ;6I Ainut serrulata genuina 164 Alnus serrulata, var. tafvfolui 164 AInuj serrulata, var. fnacropA{/Ua 104 Alnus serrulata. vrir. oblongata 164 Alnus nerrulata, v:ir. ol/U/ngi/olia 163 Alnus serrulata, var. rugosa (Alnus Incana, «ar. vlreacens) 105 AlnuM aemitatn, var. rugnsa (Alnus rhombifolia) 163 Alnus serrulata. viir. nigosa (Alnus serrulata) 104 Alnus serrulata, var. vulgaris i 104 Ainu* undulala 164 Amelanch ler 10, ) 2, 1 4 Aniulanchler ainlfolla 85 Amelanehier Itartramiana 84 Amelanehier Uotryapium 84 AmebinrliierCinailensis 84,249,253,296,364,436 Amelanehier Canadensis, var. oblongi/olia 84 Amelanehier Canadensis, var. oltgocarpa 84 Amelanehier Canadensis, var. rotundi/oUa 84 A ntelartehirr intermedia BS GENKILVJ. [XDEX. 583 84 3C4, 428 T:, 284 414,440 356, 420 356,418 480 350, 420 300, 424 372. 438 11,15 Pace. Am^ilancftier oblongifoiia 85 AiJuilanchkr ovalis (Ameliinchicr CanaclensiH) 84 Avtclanchicr ovalin (AinoIanchifrCaDOdeDSiB, var. oblongifoiia) 85 Amtlanchicr epicata 85 Aine-lanf.hier Wangcrikeimiana AuiericuD Crab 72,284, American Crab Applo American Kim 123,304,350,374. American Ilnlly 315, 270, American Linden '. 27, 268, 350, Amount and valne of charcoal uoed for domeHtiu and maDufacturiii); purpoflea during tlie cenauH year Amount and valuo of wood Uf*,'d i\n fuel in manufacturen, etc., during tlio censuH year Amount and value of wood UHcd for domOHtio purpo.HCH during the census year ,. .. Amyria Arnyrig cymoga ... Amyrut ilyatrijya Amyris ctemi/era Amyria Floridana Amyriti maritima Amyris Pliimi^ri Amyria sylvatica 33,249,253,256.270, AnacauuiacK;*; 52-54, 253, 250, 270, Anamoinut punctata Anaqua 114, 300, Andromeda Andro7}ieda arborta 08 Andromeda arl/oratceni 08 Andromeda feri-UH'nea 96, 249, 254, 257, 292, 368, 432 Andromeda /erruginf a, var. arboreseetu 96 Androm-fda femiginea, vaT./nUicosa 96 Andromeda plumata 37 Andromeda rkoinboidaiU 06 Andromeda rigida 96 Anona 10,13 Anona glabra 23 Anuna laurifolia 23,850,253,256,266,354,418 Anona pendula 'J3 .Anuna apeoiea (Anona laurifolia) 23 Anona tril'iba 23 AxoNArici; 23,253,256,260,354.418 Anonynios aquatica 124 AntJutnieleg amtivalU 82 AntliomeleH Douglami 75 Anthoinetej< Jlava R2 Anthomeles gtanduiosa , 82 Anthometen rotundi/olia 77 Anthoin-elen turbinata 82 Aula Wood 103,294,368,434 Apple, American Crab 72,284 Apple, Custard 23,266,354,418 Applo Haw 82,286,364.430 Apple, Orepon Crab 73.284 Apple, I'ond 23, 260, 354, 418 Apple, Seven-year O.'-. 290 Applo, Southern Crab 72,284 Arbol do Hlcrro 66,278,300,420 Arbor-vitio 176, 330, 350, 396, 462 ArbutuH 11, 12, l.** Arbutiu lauri/oUa 97 Arbutus macrophylta 9" Arlmtua Monziesil 97.249.254.257,292,368,432 Arbulus Mnuiesii (Arbatns Texana) 07 Arbutus Mfmusii (Arbutus Xalaponsls) 97 Arbutus proeera 97 Arbutua Texaua 97, 249, 202 Arbutus lariens '. 97 Arbutua Xalapenals 97, 249, 254, 257, 292, .168, 434 Arbutus Xalapensis (Arbutus Toxaua) 97 Ardisia 11, 15 Ardisiariclicriugla 100. 249,202 Areas b\irned over and value of properly dMlroyed by foivat ftn^i during the cenaua year (see. w Arrow wood ^ M^JTl Asagrcea spinosa ,. S6 Asb ll)7,i»«,J».»70,434 Aab and specific gravity of wooda CiJi-^jl Asb. lilack 111.29(1.171,418 Asb. Bine 111.298.370.436 Asb. Green 109, ;»>. 279. «3« Asb, Ground .. 111.2S*. 175.438 Ash, Hoop 111,2»8,S7I.4W Aab, ^fountain (Pyms Americana) 73. 2S4. 428 Ash. Mountain (Pyms sambncifolia) .71, 284. 364. 428 Asb.Oreilon Ill, 288. 37S. «.> Aab, Prickly (Xanihoxylum Americanum) 29. M8 Aab, Prickly (Xanthoxylum Clava-Hercnlis) 30. 270. 3r«. 4 .D Asb.Ked lOO, S6. 370. 438 Asb, Sea 30. 270. as& 4:n Asb, specific gravity, and weight per oobic foot of dry specinieiis of the woods of the United States 2C8-349 Ash, Wafer »l.r?0 A8h,Wat.-r 110.2»S7«.«« Ash, White 107, 2Si 3iO, 370, «3« Aah, Yellow S7.2TS.3fA4» Aableaved Maple SI. 276. 388. 4-.-« Asiniina 10.11.13 Asimina eampanifiora IS Asimina triloba 23, 2S0, 2SS, 258. 268. Asp, (Juakins 171,328,350. Aapocta, economic, of the forest* of the United States \ spe: 3M.4IS 3»4.4«0 4S»-&80 17l.328.3S«.3M.4a> Atlantic Plain. Decidnons Forest of the Misaissippi 6«aln and tbe Atlantic region, the Atlantic region, western third of the. remarks on Average number of hands employed in the lambering industry of the r«itod States Average size and product of saw-milla in each state and territory Avicennia Avicennia nitida 117, .■iriVcn»t 218.348 :i9,348 414. 41.t BreTno 27, 208, 330, 4 IS Behavior of aelrcted wooda of the United Statea nndnr transrerae strain : •pecimena eight centimeterB sqiiaro 414-417 Behavior of th>' priDcipkl wiiods of the Unitt'il States undt-r compreasiou. 418-481 B< harior of the princiiuU woodn uf the United States nndrr transverse •train 354-415 lUntAamiJta Jlorida 90 Betula 11,12, 15 BtttJa aeuminata 159 Brf^li a!?t «TilM\ila-Mn0, 388, 454, 528 Black Porsininion 105, 294 Black I'iiie (Pinus,Je(rreyi) 193,338,402,470 Black Pine (Pinus Miirravana) 195,338,3.10,404,470 Black Sloe 67,282,428 Black Spruce 203,285,342,362,408,474,498 nUck Sugar Maple 49,276,3,10.358.424 Black Tliom 79,286,304,430 Black Tree 117,302 BUckWalnnt 131,808,350,370.414,444 Black Willow (Salix OaTeaoena, var. Seoulerlona) 170, 328, 394, 400 Black Willow (Sallx nigra) 166.326,394,460 .Blackwood 117,302 BluoAab 111,298.370,430 Blue Beech 169,322,302,466 Blue Jack 153,820,390,468 Blue Myrtle 41.272 Blue Oak 14:1,316,380,450 Bloo Spruce 20.1,344,408,474 Bliien-iiod 40,272 Boiad'Arc 128,300.876,442,542 BoiiliAoi.XAC«« 113,114,254,2.17,300,372,438 Borya aeuminnta 112 Borjfa liifvetrina 112 Borya nilida 112 Bntlnm Shellbark 133,310.378,444 GKXEKAL INDEX. 585 in 360. 424 360, 424 3C6, 430 39, 272 217 218, 348 218, 348 UoniTcria 11, l-i Bmirreria HavanensU 114,249,254,257,300,372,438 IJourrcria IlavaucDsifl, var. radula 114 Bourreria uvata l'-* Buiirreria radula 1^4 Bourrcria rccurva 114 Bourrcria tomentosa 114 Bourrcria tomcntosa, var. Havaneneis Box Eld.^r (N('j;iiuiloaccroi(leB) 51,276, I!ox Elder (Nigundo Californicnm) 51,276, Koxwood (Coruus tiorida) 91, 288, Uoxwi>od (Stliieffena finteacens) Brahea dulcis Brahcri filamentoaa Hi iikloy Thatch liiittli! Tlmtch liroaUleavid Maple 47,274,358,422 Brounfrnctia nccundijlora 57 Broussimetia tinetoria 128 Brown HioUory 134, ,110, 350, 380, 446 Bucida Buceras 87 BiKdicye, California 44,274,338,422 Biickeyo, Fetid 42,274,338,422 Buckeye, Ohio 42,274,358,422 Bnckoyc, SimnisU 44,274,422 Bndieyc, Sweet 43,274 Bocltthoni, Southern 103,294,368,434 BncUwlicntTree 38,272,350,420 Ball Bay 19,266,354,414,418 Bull:Nut ., 134,310,350,350,444 Bull Pino (Pinna Jc'ffreyi) 193,338,402,470 Bull Pino (Pinus raitis) 200,340,350,406,472 Bull Piue (Pinus ponderosa) 193,338,350,402,468 Bull Pine (Piuus Sabiniana) 195,338,350.401.470 Bunielia 11,15 Bumclia antjustifolia '. 103 Bumclia arbi. rea 1 02 BiimeUa chrysophyllndes 101 Bunielia cuiieata 103,249,254,294,308,434 Bumelia /trruf/inca 102 BuwcUa fa'tidissivia 101 Bnuielin lanujinosa 102,250,254,257,294,368,434 Bumelia lanuginosa, var. 7nacrocarpa 102 Bumcliiil.veioides 102,249,254,257,294,308,434 Bunielia lycioides, var. reclinatum 103 Bumelia macrocarpa 102 Bumelia Masliehodendron 101 Bitmelia iiiyrtinifolia >. 103 Bumelia oblongi/ulia 102 Bumelia pallida 101 Bumelia parvifolia 103 Bumelia reelinnia (Bnmelia ouneata) 103 Bumelia reclinata (Bumelia lycioides) 103 Bumclia reclinata (Bumelia tenax) 101 Bumelia mlieifolia 101 Bumelia serrata 69 Bumelia spinosa 102,249,294 Bumelia teuax 101,249,254,257,294,368,434 Bumclia tomentosa 102 Bum wood 54,278,360,424 BurliuKton. Yeimout, as a luiubor market, ImportAnce of 490 Bnrninii Bush BuirOiik 140,265.314, Bui Bursera atniminata Bu^-sera gnuimifora 32, 251, 253, 256, 270. 350, Buii8KUACK,u 32,33,253,256,270, Bnatie. ...101,294, Butternut 130,300, Bnt toil ball Tree 129, 306. 350, Buttonwood (Conocarpns crectii) 87,288, But touwood (Platanna ocoidentalis) 129, 306, 330, Buttniiwooil (rintauus racemoaa) 129, SOU Button wood. White 87,2 Byraouima Byrsonima luoida 28,250,253,266,1 38, 272 384,448 10,13 32 356, 420 356, 420 308, 434 376, 442 376, 442 364, 430 376, 442 376, 442 364. 430 10,13 3!-*, 420 c. Cabbage Palmetto 217, Me, 252 Cabbage Tree 2I7,3«8,SS2 CahaUeria Coriacea 09 C.VCTACE* m.Vt.^f» Cactan, Giant 90.388 Cagiput iai),30S,S74.440 Calabash Tree, Black Il(l,3« Calico Bush M2»2.3«l,43« Calicowood 106. 2M CaliloiTiia Bay Tree 120,302.374.440 California Buckeye 44.274,3511.422 California, ccouoniic value of the Bedwood of 579 California Uolly «. M,!* California, in.jiiry by grazin;; cattle to the monntaio forest* of ^'i California Laurel 120,302.374.440 California, lumber induatry and manufactures from wood in 480, 4b7. 57&, 5eO California Nntmos 188,334,400,400 California Olive 120,302,374,440 California, pasturage of roonntain forests in 579,580 California, rank of, according to value of lumber prodncts 497 (;a!itornia, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in . .491, 578-580 (.'aliforuia. tabular statement of the amount of Redwood standing in the loiestsoi; May31.1880 ;7» Ca lothyrfua Cali/ornica 43 Calypiranthes 10, 14 Cal.vptranlhes Cbyti-aculia 88,249,288 CiiimdaPl.im 65, 282, 3C2, 426 Canclla 10,13 Canclla albs 24, 249, 253, 256, 3*8, 354, 418 Canella laurifolia 24 Canella Winterana 21 Cankllacex 24,253,256,268,354,418 Canoe Birch 160.324,350,392.4-* Caiioo Cedar 177,330.396.481 10.12.13 Canolia Cauotia hulocantha . CAI'PAUIIIACR* Cajiparis S2. 249. rro M,26S 10.13 Capparis Bretfnia Capparis cynopbyUophora Ctxpparis emarginata Cappaiis Jamaicensis 34. Capparis siliquota 34 Capparis iorulosa 3t Capparis uncinata 34 CaI'KIK0L1ace.e 98,94,353,257,290,886,432 Cardiolepis ohiuta Carolina Poplar 175.330,850, Carpiuus Carpinut Americana 158 Car])inue Belxilus Tirginiana 158 Carpiuus Caroliniana 158, 84», 255, 358, S2i S9S. 4S6 Cor])inut Ostrya 1S8 Crmt«. amara, var. jjoroina afufuftifolia aqufttica eathartica eorti\fvrmia glabra , . 132, 349, 354, 3S7, 361, 808. 350. 135,348,354,357,310,350, 4,11,15 3781,444 133 . 136, 349, 354, 357, 361, 810, 350, 380. 414, 446 Illi integrifolia - .-■ .......... micrttcarpa myristicirformia 185, 349. 354. 257, 310. 3S«. oliva-formia 133,249.254,257.808,350. porciua 134, 349, 254. S."!- 261. 310, 350. sulcata 133,349. 254. 2i>:. 261. 310. tetraptera ISS I8S 3iV. 446 ST8.444 380.446 378. 444 133 i86 GENERAL INDEX. Carya lomealou ISS, 849, »!. 857, 810, SSO. 880, 444 Clarya fc>»»*nfJul '^ C^-^d, 101,294.888,434 I .,^^.03 38,272 ratnnt CVmh'iiMiM " Cauint Ptrmfu* ^' Cattinr ramulata " C».uii«i !'•" Cattamta alinfolia ">* Catia DM A m^nVana 15^ C«>(aiuvi f A niKpl>yUa '56 Castanfa chryiophyUa . rmr. minor 158 Catlanra nana 158 C*»t*iiri pumlU 158,250,255,258,822,890,456 Casiawun ttmperrirtnM 156 Co^aiuu r«>ea (Caslanea pamili) 156 Cattanfa rttra (Cantanpa vnl^riK, rar. Americana) 157 Castaata reaca, rar. Amtrieana 157 Castaora vnlpina ror. Americaoa 157, 250, 255, 258, 262. 265. 322. 390. 450 r»-tannp»U n.12,15 C'Mtanop.i. clirysaphylla 158, 250, 255, 258, 322, 390, 456 CoMtannjyMXS ehriitophyUa^ \mx. minor 156 Ctt$tanojuis ehn/tophyUa, TKt.pumiia 1^ Caulosneof Forcat TroM 17-219 Catalo|:iw of Forrat Trem, lodrx to 220-243 Caulpa 11,15.115,300,372,438 Catalpa bicnonioidm 115,250,254,257.300,372,438 Catalpa biynoniaida (Catalpa specioaa) 115 Caialpa comrnunu 115 Vatalpa eordyfolia (Catalpa bigDonioidea) 115 Catalpa rcrdifolia (Catalpa apecinsa) 115 culpa .pwrloaa 115,250,254,257,300,350,372.414,438 Catalpa timnga^oUa 115 Catalpa, Weatcm 115,300,350,372,414,438 Catawba 115.300.372,438 Cata CUw (AcaeU Gi«ggil) '. 63,282.362.426 CataCUw (Acacia WrighUil 63,282 Cat's Claw (ritbeeolobiuD Ungniawatl) 64,2t<2 CMDolhoa 10,12,13,573 C#oiv>rAuj frrrtxu - 39 C^noIAaa /c«lni«decarreo«» 176,330.390.462 Codar, White (Tlinya ocrldenUlU) 176,330,350.396,402 Otinu HahogtnA 33 ClLA^TRA' JtJ! 38.39.'J72 CelUa 11.1^15.261 CtUitaOa 125 Otitis Audibertiana 128 Otitis Audibrr1iana.r%r. obhngala 128 CtUit Audibfrtiana^ var. or«4a 126 Ctltit It^landirri 126 Ctltit hrtvipt* 126 Ctititcanina 125 Page. CtUi*eordata 12S OtUis craui folia 125 Ctltit eratt\folia, var. eucalyptifolia 125 CtUit cratri folia, var. mori/olia 126 Celtit eratt\folia, Vikr. tili<^olia 125 Ctltit VougUuii 1-6 CtUit Flaridiana 125 Ctltit /vtcata 125 Otitis hiterophylla 125 Ctltit integT\/olia 126 Ctltit knigata 125 CtUit Lindhtimiri 126 Ctltit long!/olia 125 Ctllit maritima (in Am. Monthly Mag. and CritRev.) 128 Ctltit tnarilinM (in Now IH. and Bot.) 125 Otitis Miieittippientis 125 CtUit mori/olia 125 Ctltit oliliqua 125 Celtisooci.lentalia 12.125,249,254,257.260,306,370,414,442 Ctltit oecidentalis, var. eordata 125 Celtis oecidentalis, var. rrasg\folia 120 Celtit oecidentalis, vnr. prandidentata 125 Celtis oecidentalis, var. intetjri/olia 125 Celtis oecidentalis, vnr. pumita (Coltis oecidentalis) 126 Celtis oecidentalis, vnr. pumila (Celtis oecidentalis, rar retieuiata) 126 Celtis oecidentalis, ror. reticulata 126, 249, 254, 257, .106, 370, 442 Otitis oeeidentalin, var. teabrixueula 125 Ori(i» o«n'dCTitoli«, var. jerruJato 125 CeUi< oceidentalii, var. tenui/olia 1 25 CtUispatula 125 Otitis pumila 125 CtUit retieuiata 128 Celtit laliei/olia ) 25 Celtit tenui/olia '25 Celtit Texann 128 Central pine bills of Miaaisaippl, forests of the 5-14 Ceratus Americana fi.'i Cerasita borealis '^*' Ceratus CapoUin 68 Ceratus Capult 68 Cerasun Caroliniana 89 Ceratus Chieasa 66 Cerants deinissa 69 Cerasun emarginata 67 Cerasux erecta 67 Ctrnms gl nidulota OT Ceratus hiemalis 65 Ceratus Uie\folia 70 Cerasus mollis 87 Cerasiit nigra 65 Cerasus rennsylraniea 66 Cerasus persiei/olia 66 Cerasus serotina (Prunus domissa) 89 Ceratus Kcrotina ( Prunus serotina) 68 Ceratut tphfrrncarpa T9 Ceratus umbellata "7 Cerasus Virginiana 08 Cernddim/tortdum 60 Cercls 10.12,14 Oerrls Canwlensis 61,250,253,266,280,362 428 Otreia Canadensit, var. pubssetru 81 Ctreis oecidentalis 61 Cercis oecidentalis, var 01 Otreia oeeidenialis, var. TtMntit •" Cerri« renifnrmis 61.240,280 Ccrcociinma 0. 10, 12, 14, 569, .',71 Cereoearpus betulo'/olius *^^ Otreoearput beluloides 71 Ctreoearput ttrtri/oUut ^1 Ctreoearptts intrieatus 71 Cireu«ledlfoliu« 13,71,240,284,350,428 II Crrcu< arjiun Irdlfulins, ear. iDtiicatna 71 [l C«rro.flri.ii. parvlf„li«« 71,249.281 l| CereorarjMi" piirrlfollus, rar, glaber 71 I Ccrcocar]">a parvi fuliua, ear. paucldentatoa 71 aKNKRAL IXDKX. 58" Cereus 10, 12, U Cercus t'lganteus 8«,251.2»h Chapote ; 105,204 ChamiDcyparis 11, 12, 16 ChanuxcypaTia BovrsUrii (ChamsBcyparis Lawaoniana) 178 Chamwnjpari« Uourgierii (jDuiperasocoidentaliB) 181 €hain€eci/jiarvt exceUa 178 Cham:uc>piirif« Lawsoniana 8, 178, 250, 255, 258, 350, 3«8, 461, 576 Cliamiicypari8 Niilka«nsi8 178, 250, 255, 258, 263, 332, 398, 464, 580 ChamceaipuTis Xutkaeturis, var.glauea 178 Cliaituxcyparis yutkanut 178 Cliama'CMiaria, one of the characteristic and niost valuable tries of thi' Coast Forest 7 Cliama'cyparis spbioroidea 177, 251, 255, 258, 282, 330, 396, 416, 464 ChamttTopg Palmetto 217 Charcoal used for doiDestic and msnafactariog pnrposes daring the cen- sus year, amount and value of 480 Cheiranthodendron Cali/omicum 26 Cherry 100,292 Cherry Birch 162,324,392,458 Cherry, Indian 40,272,358.422 Cherry, May 84,286,364,430 Cherry, Pigeon 66,282,428 Cherry. Pin 66,282.428 Cherry, Ram 68.282.362.428 Cherry, Wild (Prnnus Capuli) 69.282,428 Cherry. Wild (Prnnns dcmissa) 69.284,362,428 Cherry, Wild Black 68,282,362,428 Cherry, Wild Red 66,262,428 Cheatuut 157,265,322,350,390,456 Chestnut Oak (Quercna densiflora) 155, 265, 322, 390, 456, 576, ."8, 5f 0 Chcstn ut Oak (Qnercns prinoideB) 143. 265. 316, 384. 4.'>0 Chestnut Oak (Quercna Prinua) 142. 26.% 316. 350. .384,416.450 Chestnut Oak, Rock 142,265,318,350,384,416,450 Chicago, amount of lumber and ahinglea received at, during the year 1880. 548, 549 Chicago, commercial importance of, with reference to the lumUcrindustry. 548 Chicago, early 1 amber trade of . 549,550 Chicago, the principal source of supply of liunber for Colorado, Utah, and New Mesico 568,560 Chicka.^aw Plum : 66,282,362,486 Chilopsis 11,12.15 OhU»p»is gtutinoaa 116 Ohilopsig liTiearis 116 Chilopsis aaligna 13,116,250,254,257,300,372,438 ChimanOiut amygdalinm 69 China, Wild 44, 274, 358, 414, 422 Chinquapin (Caatanea pumila) '. 156,322.390,456 Chinquapin (Caatanopaia chryaophylla) 156.322,390,456 Chinquapin Oak 143,265.316,384.450 Chiouanthus 11.15 Chwnanthus ang^igtifolia 112 CfiioiMnthu-8 hettrophylia 112 Chionanthus tongi/nlia 112 Chimiaiithut mariHma 112 OhumantJiuti niontana 112 Chiotuinthui! tnndti 112 Chionanthua Virginiia 112,250,298 Chionanlhus ^'irginifa, var. anffHst\/olia 112 Chionanthuji Virtiinifn, var. lat\/olia 112 Cftionatithus Virginicit. vat. maritiinn 112 Chionanthun Yirginica. var. montawi 112 Chittamwood 52,276 ChloroinfU'j gftnpervirens 72 Chrysobalauus 10,14 Chrysobalanus Icaoo 64, 249, 282, 362, 426 Chryeohaln nun Icaeo. var. petlocarpa 05 Ohnistfbalami;! pellocarpa 65 Chryaopbyllnm 11,15 ChnisophiiHum liarbatco 100 Chrysophyltum Catuto. fi 100 Chnisoplitiltu m /«mii7in«u»i 100 Chi-ytnphtitlv m miVriipAvUxm 100 Chryei^hyllum moncptfrenum 100 Chryaophyllum olivifnrme lOO, 249, 264. 2,17. 292. 368. 434 Cigar Ti-eo 115.300.372.438 Pae' Cinchona Caribtra..^ . , n Cinchona Carotiniana ... fti Cinchona Jamaienuit 9S Cinn-lmon Bark 34.2ag.K4.4U Cinnamon. Wild 24, an, 3U. 418 Citbarexylnm II, IS Citharexylnm rillomun lit, Z4», 2S«, 2S7. MO. r2. 438 Cladraatis ..10.11.14 Ctadrtutis lutea 57 Cladraatia tioctoria 57, 2S0, 2SS, 290, 278. 3C0, 42« Clammy Locnat 541.278 CllffEIm 12a. 304. 374. 440 Cliftonia liguatrioa •. 38, 250, 251. 25*. 272. 350. 420 Cluaia .^ 10.13 Clnaia flava 25 Clutiarotta IS Cuaat Koreat in the Pacific region 7 Coast Forest. Northern, in Alaska 560 Coast Live Oak 147.318,380.459 Coast Pine Belt in South Carolioa 518 Coccoloha Coccoloba Floridana U7, 240, 2S(, 2S7, 302, Coecoloba Loprjnnmsil Coeeoloba parvi/oUa Coccoloba uvifera U8, 240, 302, Coccoloha uvifera, rar. Ixegaxiensia Coccoloba uvifera. rar. ovalifoUa Cockspur Thorn 76,286. Cocoa Plum 85,282, Coffee Nut S8,2tO. Coffee Tree. Kentucky 58. 2». Colorado, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in 486, 487, Colorado, rank of. according to value of lumber prodocta Colorado, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc.. in. . 491, Colorado, Utah, and New Mexico, Chicago the principal aonrce of supply of lumber for Colubrina Colubrina reclinata 41,249, COMBBETACEJE 87.253,257.288, Comparative value of woods ... Compression, beba^nor of the principal woods of the United States noder 11.13 372.438 304.430 262.420 360. 420 S«7,S8g 568, 500 10.11 374.358 364,430 JS2-ISS 418-481 10-13 358,433 249.272 416.525 5> 0.501 Condalia Condalia ferrea 39, 349, 253, iSS, 37* Condalia ohuvata 12, 46^ CoxiFER.*: 4. 176-216, 2». 258, 330. 363, 396, Connecticut, lumber indnstr>* and manafacturea from wi>od in . . 486, 487. Connecticut, rank of, according to value of lumber products 487 Connecticut, alatiatics of forestM, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in — SCO, SOI Connecticut, the Northern Pine belt in SOO Conocarpus 10. 14 Conocarput aetU(/olia 87 Conocarpus ereeta 87, 248. JSS, SS7. 288. 304. 430 Coiiocnr;>M* ertcta, var. procumbent '■7 Conocarpus procuniticns — ... — 87 Oonocarpti* raccmona 1*7 Consumption of wood for domestic pnrposM doring the renaas yt«r. e«U mated. 4IS Coral Sumach 54.278,300.424 Cordia 11.15 Conlia Boiaaien 114,248,300 Cordia Floridana 114 Oordia juglandi/oiiit 113 Cordia Sebesteua 113,34*300 Cordia rpcciosa 113 Cork Elm 123.304.374.440 Corkwood 117. 302. 37J, 438 C0RX.vrK.K **«,2S».257.388,366.4.-» 10-15:. 14 Conius w Comnt altcmn Cornns alieniifoUa 90.2«!l.rsS Conms llorida 00, »4«, 2SS, 257, 200. 388. .166. 4.-a Com iM ./(on'da (Comua XnttalUi) *• Comua XuttiUlil 01, 548, 2Sa. 2S7. 288, 30t 4S1 Corjrpha Falmftlo . . S17 Cotinuf Amrrieanut *• C88 GENERAL INDEX. Pace Ootimtu foggyjria 52 Cotton Gam 93, 290, 350, 36S, «:t2 Cvttonwootl (ropaluaFnmoDIlii 175,300,396.482 CuUoDwood iPopalas Fremontii, ror. WUlUenl) 175, 300, MO, 402 ColtoDwood iPopaIiuiiK>nUir«n) 175. 330, 330, 31H!, 462 Coltonwwxl lUlsani 174, 330. M4. 462 CottoDwootl. Die 175. 330, 350, :t!)(l, 4C2 CotloDwood, Black (Popalas ugiuUfolu) 174,330,304.462 CotloDwood, niack (Popnlns tricbocarpa) 174, 330, 304, 402, .'.7B • •ott.-.lnrno' : cordata "9 Cral'i moBu 78 Cral-*-, :^. oli^andra 78 Crataua* ^otiiuca, car. popnlifoUa 78 Crattryiis ectcinea, var. Uipva 78 Crata-siift coceini-a, rar. viridia 78 CrtUee*pt* cocfinea, var. rmdu (Cratsgna tomentoaa) 79 Cr»t*K"»i"rdila 80,249,286 Orata^jiiM c-.ronaria 72 CratiryMt C-'urtftinna 76 Cralagin (•ni^jalll 76,249,253,256,286,364,430 OratOffus Cnu-gaUi (Cntiefnia coccinca) 77 OratoTiu Cnu-tiaUi (Craucena lomenlosa, rar. punctata) 80 CratJ , " ir.lincaria 76 CfBti. r.ovaUrolia 76 Grata J 'rr pniDirolla 77 Cntxx^ii Ciu- -Ji. rar. pyracantbifalla 76 Cralirguj Crxu^atli. var. pi/raainlhi/'Aia (Cratsgns arborcaccna) 75 CraLzyu4 Cruj-yaUi, var. tatiei/olia 70 Orattxiffut Cnu-gaUi, Tar. fptendens 70 OraUryvt ^.•n^Mia 80 Crat... - 75,249,284 Crai'i .ij-iTiaaatlTalU) 82 Craf/r - .iTa;giui flava, car. pab«BC«lui) 83 Cralaiju.lU.j 82, 249.286 CraUrrpu fara iCratXKua daTa, car. pab«ac«na) 83 CraUifpu fiara (Crat«eaa tomcntOMi W CraOrjyu jiata (Cratsena tomentoaa, nir. ponctala) 80 CraUrffuj /Oira, rar Ubala 82 Crala-snn lUva. ear. piitieacena 83, 249, 253, 2S<, 28«, a«4, 430 OraUrgwi Jtfxunta 80 OraiiT^ut ytandulnta (Craticena cooelOMl 77 Orata^u* glanduUtta /Craljccna Doafclaali) 76 CVat4r^u4 17fdnduioar. pubeacensj 83 Cratirgug gpieata 85 Grata' gns aiibvillosa 78,240,253,258,286,804.430 Crattrgut Texana 78 Cratagus tomcutnaa 12.79,249,253,256,280,064,430 Cralargug tomtfntoga (Amelanchicr Canadensis) 84 Crat/vgug tomentoga, var. moUig 78 Oratcegug tomctttoga, xar. plicata 80 Cratflsgiis toniontosa, ror. pnnctata 80 Crata;gug tomcntoga, var. pyri/olia 79 Cratcrgug turhi7iata 82 Crattrgug Yirgiaica 83 Cratagug riridig (Cratajgns coccinea) 78 Cralagug ciridig (Crata:gtiB flara, car. pubescons) 83 Crattrgut Walgtmiana 76 Crt'Scenlia 11,15 Creacentia ciicurbitina 110, 250, 300 Cracenlia tati/olia 116 Cregeentia Iclh \fera 116 Crcgcentia obfvata 116 Cregeentia orata 116 Or««c«i>/ia toxicarta H 6 Crop, fori'Bl, of lb" United Stales for tbo censna year 485 Cuciiuilicr Tree (Magnolia acnmlnata) 20,200,354,418 Ciieunilicr TiTc (Magnolia cordata) 21,260.354,418 Cucumber Tree, I,arge.|cave press swamps of the Tensas river in Alabama 525-527 Cypress, White 184,334,350,398,406 Cypress. Yellow 178, 332, .198, I'M CviiII,L.VCF..E 37,38,253,256,272,356,420 Cyrilla 10,11,13 CyriUa Caroliniana 37 Cyrilla fuscata 37 Cyrilla paniculata 100 Cyrilla ]}arvi/olia 37 Cyrilla polyttacMa 37 Cyrilla raoemiflora 37,249,272,356 Cyrilla rafemosa 37 D. Dahoon 35,270,356,420 Dahnon Holly 35,270,356,420 Dakota, lumber industry and mannfacturers from wood in 486, 487, 561 I>akot.i, rank of, according to valae of lumber pioducts 487 Dakota, remarks by Mr. H. C. Putnam on the forests of the eastern portion of 501 DakoUt. remarks by Mr. Bobert Douglas on the forests of the Black Uills region of 561, 562 DakuUi, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in 561, 562 Dal.a 10.12,14 Diilca spiuosa 55, Divrling Plum 39,272, Datinca hirta Deiidnous Cypress 184. 334, 350, Deciduous Forest of the Mississippi Basin and the Atlantic Plain Delaware, lumber industry and manufacturoa fVom wwid in 486, Di'lnware. rank nf, according to value of lumber products Delaware, stflti.stii-s of forests, forest flres, standing timber, etc., in Dermatophyllum speciostim Desert Willow 116,300, Devilwood 113, 30«, Diamond "Willow Digger Pine 195,338,350, DiUy. Wild 103,294, Diospyros DionpyroH angusti/olia Diotpyroa calyoina I)io9pyro8 eiiiata Dio*pyro8 concolor Diospyrog (hiaiacana Dio«pyros iulenntdia Dioitpyrog luciua Diospyrot Pertimon Diogpyroi pubeaofitut Diospyros Texana 105, Diospyros Virginlona 104, 249, 254, 257, 260, 294, .WO, DiotpyroK Virginiana, viir. roneoltr IHospyrua Virgltilana, var. macrocarpa ' Dioipyrjo riryiniana, var, interooarpa i, 250, 278 358,422 491, 511 57 372, 438 372, 438 no, 328 404, 470 368,434 11,15 104 104 349.294 3CS. 434 Dioipyroi Virginiana, vn. pubetetru Dipholis Dipholis aallcifolla 101. 24S, 254, 2S7, 2M, Distribution of genera Distribution of specicA District orColnrabhi, lumbar iudostry and muufurtorea from wood In.. District of Columbia, origiiml forest of. replaced by Oak, Scrub Ptoe, etc District of Columbia, rank of, according to value of lumber prodncu District of Columbia, statistics of forestji. forest fir«-». standioi; timber. Page. 11.15 M.tt4 etc., in. Sll Division of the Korth American continent with reference to ita fonat geography j DoctorOuro ^ M. ^8. 3«0. 424 Dogwood 90.219) i Dogwood, Flowering (Comns Sorida) >I,2MlM),430 Dogwood. Flowering (Comns Kottallii) SI. 2MI. aac, 433 Dogwood, .lam.iica 57, 278, an. 43« Dogwood, Striped 46,;i4 I Douglas Fir 209, 2*5,344. 352,410. 476 i Doughw, Kobert, remarks on the foreeta of the Blaok BiQs legion of Dakota by 5(1, 9C:; Downward Plum 103. 2W. M?. 43* Drimopliiillum paueiflOTum jjo Drypetes j] 15 ! Drypetes alba, var. latifoUa jji ' Drypetes crocea 120,349,254.257.302,374.440 Drypetes crocea, tar. latifolia 121, 249; 254, 257, 30S, 374. 440 Drj/p«r« croMo. var. longipa ysa j Orypclet glauca (Drypetes crocea) lao ! Dri/pffMjf-iuca (Drypetes crocea, ror. latifolia) ... 121 t DrypeUa aasiliflora jjo Dry wood of trees of the United Statea, weight of 34»-SSt 1 Duck Oak 1S2, 330, 3S0. J88. 416, 454 , Dwarf Maple 48, 274 1 Dwarf Sumach 53,278,360.424 I ^■ EBEKAC&B 101, 105, 254. 257. 2*4, 388. 454 Economic aspects of the forests of the United States 483-580 Ehretia 11,15 Ehretia Bourreria 114 Ehretia elliptica 114, 250, 2Si, 357, 300, 873. 438 Ehretia IIavat>emi» m Ehretia radtUa 114 Ehretia tomentoea , 114 Elaphrium integerrimum s; Elder (Sambucus glauca) t3,!M,M(k4Sl Elder (Sambucua Mexican*) H, IN Elder, Box (Xegundo aceroides) SI,IT«,aMLei Elder, Box (Xegnndo Califomionm) 51, !76. MI>. 424 Elder. Poison .^1. 27;; Elemi, Gum 13. 270, S:». 3.'«. 420 Elkwood 21, 2«6. »4. 418 Elm, American 13S, 301,350.374. 414. 440 Elm, Cedar 122,304.374.440 Elm. Cliff 133, »>«. 374. 440 Elm, Cork 123,304,374.444 Elm, Hickory 133. 304. rr4. 440 Elm, Moose 132.301.374.440 Elm. Ked 133,304,374,440 Elm. Rock 133, 304. 374. 440 Elm, Slippery (Fremontia Califomlca) S«. 3S< Elm, Slippery (ITImns fulva) 122.S04,iI74.4«0 Elm. Water 133, 304, S.V<. 374. 414.4*0 Elm, While (Ulmus American.t) 133,304. 350. 374. 41* 4*0 Elm, While (TJImusmcemo8.t) 123,304.37*. **.i Elm. Wing6,288 Kuftn.a ilicAatowuk, Tmr./ngranM 66 £m^nia ditQricata 88 Eu;:eiiU loneipM 89,240,288 Engmia NtonfdJid 88 EasroU mooUroU 89, 249, 253, 257, 268. 306, 430 Kuyenia mi/rtoides 68 Eu;fmui paUnu 88 Ku;caU proceni 89,249,253,257,288,360,430 KMfffnia puikfftns 68 Kypmia iriplincrria (EDgenU baxifoUa) 88 Eut^nia triplinrma (EQgt'nU moDticola) 69 EuoD.vniiu 10,12,13 Eaaoy mux atrnpurpiireiu) 36, 249. 272 Svomymus Gmtin*nM 38 fvonymiu tati/uiiut 38 EiriloBBlACEX 120,121,254,257,302,374.440 Exurtaria lueida 121 £xotft«nituA 10, 14 Exostrmma Caribiram 95,249,353,257,265,290,366,432 Exothta of>long\folia 45 EipirinicaU by Mr. .S. P. Sharplea 247,251,264,265 EyMDhanltia . ..' 10,12.14 Byunkardtia ankorphoides - - 55 Eysenkardtia amorphtridu, var. orthoearpa 55 Eyx-Dhanltia orthorarpa 13,55,249,278 Fatjara fraxin^folia . Fagara UntucifoUa Fagara I*Urota 30 I'agiu 11,16 Fagutatba . 157 Fagus Americana 157 Far/uM Americana lati/olia 157 Fagtu Cattanea 157 FaguM Casianta dentata 157 Fagui Casianta pumila 156 Fa^.nu r<-mien>Tiri>Ua 127, Pitiu complicata 127 FIcua prdaacnlaU 127,230,254,257,306.376,442 Fiddlcwowl 110, 306, 37L'. 438 Fie. Willi 127,306,376,442 Fir. BalmorOileail 211,346,412.478 Fir. BaluiD (AlileabaUomsa) 211.346.412,478 Fir.UaUam .l (Abb-. maKDiara) 214.346.412.478 Fir. I!»AbU-«i.iandl«) 212,346,412,478 Fir, yHl..w 209,265,344,392,410.470.570 Firca. rflVr.i of. iipoa tbc fon»\* of TeoneaaM 546 Firra. fij|(-.tt. darlDS ibo reoatja year, canaeaof. arvafi iMiritiil over. :iii(l Imam rnlallrd by tie*, also, under alalc beadlDg>>) Flma, fori-At. tn !k!icbi::aD. dr^tnietircni-aaor Fina, fnrait, foreiila. utandiDi timbor, etc., axtonlof, in iii><— Xonh AUanticditliiion 4M-A10 Nortbem Central dirlAtoD &47-OC3 Paso. Firca, fureHt. run-Ht.\ Htnndinf; timber, etc., extent of. in tbe— contiuncd. Sonib Albiuiic diviaiou 5Il-.''>23 S^iutliorii (N-ntrHl diviaiou .'i24-'>46 Wentern division 564-580 Fires, lorvat. foresta, standing timber, etc., statisUcB of, in — Alabama 401, 524-.''.10 Abixka 680 Arir.oua 491, 568, Ma Arkansas 491,54^1,544 California 491,578-580 Colorado 491, !>67. 568 Connecticut .lOii. ."iol Hakotn 491,501,562 Deluwiiro 491 , 511 DiHtrict of Colombia .Ml Fbirida 491, .120-.'.i3 Gi>or:;ia 491, 51!i, .WO Idabo 491,571-573 Illinois 491,547-560 Indiana 481, 547 Indian ti'i ritory 491 , .'i4S lovrii 491,560 Eansaa 491, .'i02. 6(13 Kentucky 491,545.546 Louisiana 4!ll,.'">.'l6-."40 Maine 491,494^96 Marvland : 491, .111 ilasaacUusetU 491,500,501 Micbif;.in 491, .'■..■•0--.'i4 Minnesota 491,558-500 Mississippi 49l,530-rtn6 Missouri 491, 660, .161 Montana 491, 50l-.1fi6 Nubi-aska 562 Kcvada 491,571 New Hampebiie 491,496-498 New Jersey 491.506 New Mexico 401.568 Now York 491.501-506 North Carolina 491, ,11.1-518 Ohio 401, .147 Oregon .491. .176-578 Pennsylvania 491,506-510 Rbodo Island 491,. 100. .101 South Carolina 491.518.519 Tennessee 492. 544. .145 Texas 49a. 540-643 Utah 492.569-571 Vermont 402,498-.100 VirKinin 492.511.512 Washington 402.573-576 Wi"8t Vu-Rinia 49'.>..112-M1 Wisconsin 492. 554-558 WyoilliDE 402. .160. .107 Fires, forest, remarks respecting prevalence of and losses occasioned by 491-493 Florida, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in 486, 487. .121-.123 Florida. Pencil Cedar of 522 Floi'id:!, production of naval stores in 517 Florida, nink of. iiccording to value of lumber prodncts 487 Florida, remarks by Dr. Charles Mohr on the forests of 522, .123 Florida, remarks by Mr. A. U. Curtiss on the forests of 521,522 l<'larida, Siniitiopical Forest ot 6 Florida, Sonlhern Plue Belt in .120 Florida, statistics of foresta, forost fires, standing limber, etc., in 491,520-528 Florida, tabular statement of the amount of long.leaTod pine staHtUng in the fonslsof. May 31,1880 321 Florida, the liig Cypiuss reglun of S22 Flowerinu Do^wcHid (Coruus flurid.l) 91,288,300,430 Flownrini: I>oswo40 49i-)96 491,511 ; .500,301 ' 5.T0-554 ' 55S-5I10 53'>-530 500. .n«l , 584-506 Obi( Oreson 491, Ponnavlvania 491, KUodo Island 491, SaiitU Carolina 491, Tennessee 492, Toxa 502 1 491,571 I 10G-49a 491,506 401, 508 501-f.06 jl 515-518 491.. 547 l\ .5TC-5T8 1 1 500-510 I' 500.501 1; 518,519 ' 544,545 |; Fraxinut conacea (Fraxiniu Americaos, rar. Tazrasi*) Fraxinua cnriacea t Fraxinoji piBtadsfolia) Fraxinut critpa Fraxinut Curtittii Fraxinut eu rrident Fraxino.t cnnpitlnta Fraxinus dipetala Fraxinut diteoUtr FraxinuH c-lliptica Fraxinut tpipfera Fraxinut exceltior Fraxinut expa nta Fr.Txiuns fusca Fraxinut grandifolia .}.. Fraxinus Gre:;cii Fraxinut juglandi/olia (Fraxinns Americmna) Fraxinut ju'jUt ndifolia (Fnixinus viridiii/ Fraxinut jugta ndi/olia, var. ttrrata , Fraxinut juylandifolia, var. tubinUgfrrima , FraxinuK jttglandtt (Fraxinns Americana) 107 Fraxinus atbieant (Fraxinus Americana, rar. microcarpa) 108 J^roxiuw* albican* (Fr.ixinus .Americana, rar. Texonsis) 108 Fraxinus Americina 107, 250, 251, 254, 257, 260, 286, 350, 370, 436 Fraxintit .1 nimcana (Fraxinus platycarpa) 110 Fraxinus Americana, var. CaroUniana 110 Fraxinus A nuricana, var. iuglandi/olia 109 Fraxinut Americana, vnr, lati/olia 107 Fiaxinos Aiiierieaua, rar. microcarpa 108 J>nxin»«.lii>#r<<;onn, var.iiitl)«c«iui 108 Fraxinxis A mtricana, v.ir. ftiaauc(/(ora H* Fraxinus Penntylranica IW Fraxinns pistaciiefolia: li, I0«, 349, 254.357, J«S7«.«4 Fraxinus pislacia/olia (Fraxinus Americana, rar. Tezeiwisl US Fraxinus pittacicr/olia, var. eoriaeea 10* Fraxinns platycarpa I10,SSI.2il,:S7.SS*.»7n,4J« Fi-axinns pnbcscens 108, 250, 254, 257, S»«i »7«, 4J« Fraxinus pubese^it HO Fraxinus pubescent, var Ill Fraxinus pubescent, var. lat^olia IW Fraxinut pubesffns, var. long\/olia 108 Fraxinus puheteeiu. var. sttbpubtteetu 108 Fraxinus pulvoriilenta 113 i^rajiriui i/iiadran^ularw !!• Fraxinus quadrangulala ...110,24».2S4.2Si.5«H3»a,S70.4J« Fraxinus quadrangutata, var. nerroia !!• Fraxinus Kichardi -- 113 Fraxinns nibiennda 112 Fraxinus rufa 112 Fraxinus samlmcifolia 111. 350. iSI, 5ST. 3«^ STi «»8 i'raxii.i«i'nnil)i/montia Californtoa S^SftSB Frigolilo SMJ8 Fringe Trt-o 113,:»e Fuel in mnnnfacturvs during the rrusns year, aoionnt and »-»lMr of »o«l used as *** Fuel value, actual, of some of the more important vnwds of th« CBilcd Stiktes Si«3 Fuel value of woods, method of dettnnininj the JIT, SSI. sa 592 GENERAL INDEX. rage. emt4»mi* ttmna/Ma K> U«te»rTn« 113,300 G«iKta, iU.*tribntioD of 11 Gesrral rrmarkson the roreaU of North Amerio 3-)0 C«alp« "." Genip. cIu.i«>foU» 95,249,290 G«»r„-i«U»rk 93,290.300.432 Gvxir^u, tumbcr indottrj and maDQfactaivs from vood in 486, 487, 510, .V.'O r^ruii-Pinc 202,312,352,40(1,416.472 Georcia. proilDi.-lian of oaral storm iu 517 Uwirsla, rank of. accurding to value of lumber prodnots 487 G.-ur,rfA .utiatiM of forrata. forest flres. standing timber, etc., in . . .491, 510, 520 Georgia, tabular statement of the amount of Long-leaved Pino standing in thi' foresta of. May 31, 1880 S20 GeorgL.. th.- Uiritlme Pine Belt in 519 Gum CactUA .. 90,288 GigantahidM tnsifolia 185 Qiyantain^t Vi'tUingtania J84 Gini.rPine 179,332,350,398,464 Glambetry 28,208,356,420 UUo.oua Willow 169,328 GleJit«:hU 10,11.14 GUdiUdiia tujuatifa 59 GUdittdiia brachiiearpa 59 Olidvtckui CaroHnen*it 59 GUditarkia tlcgant 59 tl'.^-.fr-h!" •'T7.-rrrtit (Olcditachik monosperma) 59 l.'ditachla tiiacaDthoe, car. inermis) 59 59 59 Gi~ilKuuiiu..mmpvnna 59,249,253,256,280,362,426 GUdiUeh lo tpinota 59 Gltdii' ' • • •■! 59 Ole.1:- ■ 59,249,253,256,280,360,420 Gloli' •-. ror. brachycarpoB 59 Gltilii'-tii:.* r;;-ii aiiUion, raf. inermis 59 GUditsrhin triaeanthoi. var. monotperma .59 Goo' 46,274 Gopbrr Plmn 91,290,366,432 Gopbenrood 67,278,360,426 Cor8 Gray Birch (BetuU Intra) 101.324, 302. rj Gray Pino 201, 342, 35.', 406, 472 Great Laurel • 99,202,308,434 Great Plaina, the 4-6 Gr»-en A»h 109,298,370,436 lireenluirk Acacia 60,280,802,426 Grtmnd .V.h 111,208,372,438 Guaiacarn 10, 13 Gvaiaeum angusHJoUum 29 Gnaiacnm aanctom 28,249,253,256,268,356,420 Ouatacvm rertieaU 28 OneltanU 10,15 GnelUnlarlliptica 96,249,290 GutUarda BtadgtOii 96 GoUn.i Plnm 121,302,374,440 O^iilandina dioUa -.,-. - 58 Gum. Black 92, 290, 366, 43J Gum C'otfim 93, 290. S-tO, 306, 432 Gnm. Doctor 51,278,300,424 Gum Elaatlo 102,294,368.431 Gum Elrml 33,270.350,356.420 Gam. R)28«,350. :ici, 4l4,4:io Gum. Sour W. 200, 3«i, 4:e Gum. Star-leaved 8e,286.3.V),3ftl.414,4no Gnm. Sweet 86, 206,3.10, 304. 414. 430 P.igR Gum. Ttipelo 93,290.350.300,432 Gumbo Limbo 33,270, 3.'>6, 420 QnrgeoD Stopper 88,288,300,430 GUTTIFEU.B 2j Gymnanthe^ lucida 121 Oymnubalanug Catabyana 119 Gymnocladus 10, 11, 14 GyiuuoclndUH Canadensis 58,210,253,256,280,360,426 G'jmuocladiu dioica 58 B. Uackbori-y (Ccltis occidentftlls) 126,300,370,414,142 Hackbrrry (Celtis occidentalis, var. reticulata) *. 120, 306, 370, 1 12 Backnintaok 215,340,352,412,478 nalcsia 11,15 Ualesia diptera 105, 250, 254, 257, 291, bCfi, 434 HiUesi.i parviflora 106 Baletia reticutala . 105 Hft!e»iii t' tmptora 106,250,296 Halmia eomi/olia '. 80 nalmia flabellata 77 Ilalmia lobata 79 Halmia punctata RO Ilabn in tmntnttma 7f> Ham.\mkl.icr.c 85, 86, 253, 256, 286, 364, 414, 4.10 Hanianielis 10,11,14 Hainaweli* androgijna 85 Sawanulis eoryl\/olia 85 Hamameliit dioica 85 UamameUti 7nacrophyUa 85 UamamtUs parvyfolia 85 Ilamavielit Yirginiana, var. pani/olia 85 Uamaniulis Virginica 85, 249. 288 Hani Maple 48,276,358,422,576 Bard Pino 202,342,352,406.410,472 Haw, Apple 82. 2f!6, 364, 430 How, Bbck 94,290,366.4:12 Haw, Hogs' 75,284 Hnw, May 62,280,364,430 Haw, Parsley 81,280 Haw, Pear 79,286,364,430 Haw. Purple 1 40,272 Haw, Ucd (Crata!gns coccinea) 78,288 Haw. Re:l (Crnta'guH flava, var. pubcscens) 83,286,364,430 Haw. Scjirlet (Cnitiopis coccluea) 78,280 Haw, Scnrlcl (Cratffigus Bubvillosa) 78,286,304,430 Hnw, Sniall-frniUd 81,280,304,480 Haw, Summer (Crataegus flava) 83,286 Haw, Summer (CratOigns flava, cor. pubcscens) 83,280,304,430 Haw, Wllow -- 83,280 Haul. Witch 85,280 Ilernlnck and White Pine standing in the forests of Pennsylvania May 31, 1R80, tubular statement of the amount of 6o6 Bi'mlock (Pweuilotsuga Duuglasli, cor. roacrocarpa) 210.340,412,478 Bemlork (T«naa C'annd.'nsis) 207, 265, 314, 352, 408. 474, .ion Hemlock (Tnuga Carollniana) 2O7,2O.'i,344,410,478 Bemlork (Tsuga Mortenaiana) 208, 285, 344, 410, 470, 57.3, 576 Beten.ni. 1. s 10,12,14 Hctcroiiiile«nrhnlifolia 83,249,286 HetrroineUt Frrmtrntiana 83 IStydcria dtcitrratg I'O Heymaatoli tpinota ^ . Sirkorea. Mprt^iea 133 nieloriiii amara '36 Hickory. Big-bud 134, 310, .350, 380, 444 Hickory. Black (Car> a porclna) 134,310,350, 3Rn, 446 Hickory, Blnrk (Carya tomantoaa) 184, 310, 350. 380. 414 Uickory. Brown 131,310, 3.M, 380, llli Hickory Elm 123. 301, .17 1. 440 Hickory. Nutmeg 135, 310, 350, :t80, 446 Hickory Pine (Pinna Balfouriana, car. arisUtal 191, 3.10, 40'.', 408 Biikorv Pine (PInus pungcus) 199,340,350,404,472 Hickory, Sbagbark 133,308,350,378,444 Uickory. .Shell-bark 133,308,330,378,444 Hickory. Swnmp (Carya amara) 135,310,350,380,446 Hickory. Swamp (Carya aqnatica) 130,310,350,380,414,410 GENERAL INDEX. 593 Page. Hickory, Switch-bud 134,310,350,380,446 Hickory, Water 136,310,350,380,414,446 Hickory, Wbitchenrt 134,310,350,380,444 Jlicaritis intetjri/oUa 135 nierophylluK Catsine 36 Hippomane 11,15 Hippomano MancincUa 121,250,304,460 Hoary Alder 165,326,394,460 Uosl'liim (Pruuusangustifolia) 66,283,302,426 Ho^'TMum (Kims Motopium) 54,278,300,424 Ho;; Plum (Ximcnia Americana) 34.270 UoKsHaw "5,2S4 Ilolly, American 35,270,356,420 Holly, California 84,286 Holly, Ualioon 35,270,356,420 Houey Loiiiat (Gleditschia triacanthos) 59. 280, 360, 426 Honey Locust (Proeopisjoliflora) 62,205,280,350,302,426 Honey Pod 62,265,280,350,302,420 Honey Shucks 59,280,300,428 Hoop Ash 111,298,372,438 llopea tinctoria 105 Hop Hornbeam 158,322,300,456 Hop Tree 31,270 Hornbeum 159,322,392,450 Hornbeam. Hop 158,322,390,456 Horse Plum 03,282,302,426 Horse Sugar 105,294,308,434 Hypelato 10 BypeUxte oblong\folia 45 Hypelato paniculata 45,249,273,358,422 Hypelato trifoliata 45,249,272,422 Hyperanthera dioica 58 Hypericum Xa«iontA«» 25 Incense Cedar ITfl^ Index to CataloKue of FonatTiCM Indiana, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in Indiana, rank of, according to value of lumber prt>duct« Indiana, statistics of forests, forest fires, staDding timber, etc, ia Indian Bean ^ IIS, 300, Indian Cherry 40.272, Indian territory, statistics of forests, forest Ores, stsnding timber, etc, in India-rubber Trco 127,304c Industry', lumber, commercial importance of Cbicsgo with rcfcrrocc to Idaho, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in 480,487,572 Idaho, rank of, according t« value of lumber products 487 Idaho, reuiai ks by Mr. Sereno Watson on the forests of 572, 573 Idaho, statiatica ol forests, forest fires, standing timber, et«., in 491,571-573 Hex 10,11,13 Ilexattivalit 37 Ilex aniH(juua 37 Jlex angiisti/oUa 35 Ilex aqtiifolium 35 Jlex Canadeimt 35 Ilex Casaena 30 lloxCassino 36.249,272 Ilex Ca««t7K! (Hex Dahoon) 35 Jlex Camne, fi 36 Hex Catsine, var. angusti/olia 35 Ilex Cassine, var. lali/oKa 35 IlexcaiiKinoidet 35 HexDahoon 35,250,253,256,270,356,420 Ilex Uahoou, var. augustlfolia 35 Hex Dahoou, ror. myrtifolia 36,250,270 Hexdeoiduft 37,249,272 Hex Floridana 36 Hex lauri/olia 35. Ilex laxijlora 35 Ilex lijustri/olia 36 ilex Iiirusfrinn (Ilex Cassinei 30 IlfX liyuslrina (Ilex Saboon, iiar. nngustifoUa) 36 Ilex myrti/oUa 36 Hexopaoa 34, 2B0, 2BS, 256, 270, 856, 420 JIkt prinoidea 37 Ilex iitterci/olia 35 Jlex reliffiosa 36 Ilex rosmari/olia 36 Jlex vomitoria 36 Jlex WaUonia7ia 36 Il.ICINB.K 34,253,256,270,356.430 IlUuois, lumber tndnetry and manufactures from wood in 486, 467, 548-550 Illinois Nut 1,12, 308. S.W, 37*. 444 Illinois, rank of, according to value of lumber product.-* 487.548 JUiuois. stAtistiCH of foreata, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in 491, M7-450 38 FOB Page. 4«7.m; 487,547 4SI.547 172. «3« »S«,422 4»I.Ma 170,44: S48 the Industry, lumbering, of the United States, average nnmber of bands em- ployed in the 4M Industry-, lumbering, of tbe United States, general remarks on 485-490 luduslry, lumbering, of the United States, statistics of. for year ending May 31, 1880 4Mi, 487 Inga /or/ex M Inga GuadalupensU 64 Inga mierophylia 64 Inga rosea 64 Inga Vnguit-eati 64 Inkwood 4^ 274. 158, 422 Interior Forest in the Pacific region, extent of the 5-10 Iowa, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in 486,487,560 Iowa, rank of, according to valne of lumber products 487. S6D Iowa, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in 491.560 loxylon pomi/erum 128 Iron oak 139.312.382.448 Ironwood (Bumelia lycioides) 103,204.368.414 Iron wood (Carpinus Carolinians) .156.322.392.456 Ironwood (Cliftonia ligustrina) $8,272,356,420 Ironwood (Cyrilla racemifiora) 37, 272. 356 Ironwood (H^-pelate paniculata) 45.274,358.422 Ironwood (Olneya Tesota) 56,278,360.426 Ironwood (Ostrya Virginiea) 158.322.3D0, 456 Ironwood, Black 39,272,358,422 Ironwood, Red 39, 272, 35*. 422 Ironwood, White 4^174.422 Islay 70, 284. 364, 428 Ilea CyriUa 37 Ivy 96,202.368,434 J. Jack, Black (Qnercus Catesbiei) * 151. 320.388.454 Jack. Black (Quercus nigra) 150, 265. 320. 350, 388, 4*4 Jack, Blue 153, 320. 3». 456 Jack, Forked-Ieovod Black 151.320,388,454 Jack Oak 150,265,330,350,388,454 Jack, Sand JSS, SSO, SW. 456 Jacquinia 11.15 Jncquinin annularis I00,S4*,1W Jamaica Dogwood 57.278,360,426 Jersey Pino 109, 340, 350, 404. 470, Sa Joewood 102 Joshua, Thft 21»,»4« Joshua Tree 219.348 Judas Tree ..6I.280,S6i426 JUGUISDACK,B 130-136, 254. 257, 306, S7«k 414. 442 Juglmis II. I2.1\2Sl Jugtam aU>a (Carya allw) l** Juglantalba (Carya tomentosa) 1" Jtiglan* alba acuminata *** Jxtglani alba minima * ^** Juglant alba ocata '5- J^iifllaruainfermis) WS Jtiglant aijuatiat *** Juglant Co/(fi>rHicd "I Jio>lan* ealAurfiVd '*• Juglans einerea ISO, 2S0, 254, 257, 260. W; 376. 442 Juglant compretta '** Juglant cordiformit "* Juglant cylindrica ...^.^ ......... Ill Juglant fxallata "* Juglant glabra **• 594 GENERAL INDEX. Jackacaisn m. ISIt SI. 2S4, IS7. 3«^ IMk >S«k Sni ««. M4 in lai Jm/lnt ftrriam. Tmr.«iMrriala 134 JafUms ffriu: Tar.yw^/Wmif U4 Jaflmmt ffrj/trmis ._.. 134 J^lamtrmbn 13S Jodu* raptatri* U, Ul. tSd ISl, ISt, »7. MM, 378, 444 JufUmt I ii/ti JM, T«r. tmMftr 131 133 Jufltni **ltml» 133 134 jBBcbccTT 84. 28)^ 3C4, 430 JsBipcr (Jsaipcrvs CaliforBicM 1§0,33: Joaipcr ( JoBiper** CaUforaie^ Mr. tTubcoiia) 181.332 Joaiper iJoaipcnu ooeidcBUlU) 1£!,332,4M Josipcr (JoBipcma occUistaU*, par. oo^lngea*) UX 381, 3M, 464 Jnipcr (Jaaipmu oocidcsUlu, ror. nooospcnaa) 182, 333,310 JvBipcr (Jonipcnu p*chfphlaa) 181.333,398 Jntptnt ll.lil* 181 183 Jmmifuiumnmatira 1 181 Jmmiptnu Hrrmamni iJaalpeTBi TtrgisUaW 182 JaatpoM •rddeataUi U, Ul, 250, 332, 4«4 Jmiifnu meidtmUlu i Jsaipenu CAllfonueal ISO Jum(fir«§ tirUtmlatit iJmupem»C»llfc>niie«.Mr. Cuhtwrit) IM JotpOTW occUcaUlU. r r rmi nrtfn im — 181 Jmmi^mt SaU»m yc*>p>lw 181 Jmm^wms H^but^ rmr. Tit§imiMmm 182 Jmmi^trms utrmfmma iJsBipcraa CaiiibtalOM 180 180 JaalpOTw TiTxteiMu IX 182. 290. X«^ 2S8, 283. 332. 3S8, 4C4. M4 Jwmi^ermt TuyiiuaiM. rar. CI«ritilllMi« 182 Jaaipmu rirfimimma. xmr. Utrmtammi 182 Jmmtftr^M Tityimimmm rmlfimrU 183 UttlS . («, 248. 2M, 2S;. »2, 388. 434 ■ wood la 4».ig7,'ja . nak a<: aecafdiaf ta Tmla* of loaber pradaeu 4«7 •utiatiaaT farMU, forat BrM. •taadiax Uaber. etc. lB....481.i82,S<3 EratarkT CaBtm Trw M^ 280^ 380, 43S Crstcikv loabrr laiattrj sad nasaCKtara tnm »Mi>» 4aiL4S<, S4< K^atorLv pm*ton*«- of woodlaad* la S44 Kiaiack J. nak af. areordias to ralar of IobVt pradocts 4«C Kcatackj. »««ttwlc« of fareoU. fanal flna. (Uadiag Uabcr, <«c.. ia.4»I.MS, Mfi Klas^fat U4,3I0,3S«,380,444 ragt Kaackaway 114,300,37^438 Caob-cone Plaa IM, 3A, 404, 470 Laeatitea Jtarida 2S La^neidana gUbrlfoliA E7 LapiDeaUria nccmoaa 87,248,253,357,28^364.430 Lascrvood 110,302 Larch 213,346.352,412.476 Lurb. Blark 215. 346, 342,4 IZ 478 Larch, We*tcni. the Urs«t and moat TalnaUe dm of the Colimibian Bads is the Interior Fonat] » Lari;e-UaTrd Carnmber TrM 31.280,354.418 LarseTapflo «, 200. 350. 308, 433 Larix II, 13, 16, 375, 576 Latix AmericaDa 21 5, 250, 255, 2S«, 264. 348, 352, 4 12. 478 Z/arii Amtritana rubra 215 Ijarix Amtrieana, var. hrrrifolia 216 Larix A mericana, rar. ptndula 315 Larix Amrritana, x^r.pro^/era 215 Larix dtcidua. rar. Anrricana 215 Larix inUrmudia . 21S Larix LjalUi 316.248 Larix mienoarpa 215 Lanx occideatali* 218, 248, 256, 258, 264. 348, 414, 480. 563, S74 Larix pendula 215 Larix tnvi/ciia 215 Lai-kacsx 118-120, 2S4, 157. 302, 772. 43S Laurel M,2>2.3«8, 4M Laarel. BlR 10,28)^304.414.418 LaorcL CaUfomia 120^303,374.440 Lantcl. Great 88, 282, 36i:, 434 Laarel. Moantaln 130,302,374,440 Laarel Oak (Qaerciu imbrlcarU) 154,332.380,450 Laarel Oak (Qarreoa lanilfoUa) 153,320,380,454 Laarel. Siramp 20,286,354.414.418 LaareL White 20, 286, 3M, 414, 418 X,auro«rraru« OnroUnioaa 08 XonroccruiM iUei/ciia 70 Laurux Borbonia 118 Lamryu Carolimiana 118 L^urut Cartiinntia 118 Laurus Can/liiunti»,xta.glakn 118 Launu Carxtlinenxi*, rar. o6' Lear* aa pnjTemksIa 63,249.280 Lrrrrwood 158, 322, 380. 4 5« Libocednu 8,11,12.16 Lllncnlma deeonaw 176^ 290, 256, 258, 330, 308. 4(2 Ugmm vlt* 28,288.356,420 LiuaCLK 2I8kZie.34l» UBie,Ot*«elM« 81,280.386*432 LbaeTrea 27, 2881 358, 418 Liaie, Wild (XaatboiyliuB PteroU) 31.370 Liaie. Wild (Xlaiesla Americana) 34,270 Ua r7.2«8,»M,«l« Linden. American 27,288,350.356*418 Llquidamhar 10,11,14 Li^idainbar laeroyAyBa 8C LiqaidambarStTTBcilaa 881 258,258, 256.280. 286, 358,364, 4 1 4, 430 Lifvidamhar Stfrarijlma, Tar. JfariM— 86 LiqoidambeT 8^288,358.364,414,430 Uriodeadioa 10,11.12 I,tn«d/adrMi jtrseera 22 OKNKKAL INDEX. 595 Page. IJriad«odn>a Talipi/srm 2Z,2SO,2S3,2Sa,2S0.2M,3a),3M,41g Live Oak (Quercaa cbo'K>I«pl«) U«, 3I«. SJsC. 4U Live Onk ((Jacrciu virena) Ui, 26i, 310, 388. 452 Live Oak (Querciu WlaUzeol) 147, 318, 388, 4Sr2 Lire Oak. <;(praod 40,272 LoDf;- and Sbort- leaved PIdo ataudlog In the foreata of Ajabama May 31, 1880. tabular atatement of the amount of 524 Long' and Short. Iiand Pine atandloi; in the foreata of Loniaiilna May 31, 1880, tabular atatement of the amount of 637 Long' and Short leaved Pine atandiog in the foreata of Mlaabwippi May 31, 1880. tabular atatement of the amount of 631 LongU-aved Cucumber Tree 22, 288, 364, 418 Long-leaved. Loblolly, and Short-leaved Plue alanding In the foreata of Teia«May3t. 1880. tabular atatement of the amount of 641 Long-leaved Pine 202, 342, 352, 408, 416, 472, 518, 510-621, 624, 631, 537, 541 LoDg-h-aved Pine atandlng in tbe foreata of Florida May 31, 1880, tabular atatement of th^niount of 521 Lone leaved Pine atunilinK in the foreata of Georgia May 31, 1880, tabular atatement of the amount of 620 Long-leavrd Pine aUnding In the foreaU of North Carolina May 31, 1880, tabular atalemiut of llie amount of 518 Long-lcavrd Pine alanding in the foreata of South Carolina May 31. 1880, tabular atatement of tbe amount of 510 Long-Ieavctl Pino, the charncleriatic tree of the Sootbem Maritime Pine Uelt 4 I>>olaiana, lumlier induatry and manufactarea fhnn wood in 486,487,534,637 Louiaiona, moa'k-ginning induatry in 537,638 I.«uiaiana. {iroduction of naval atorea in 617,538,537 Louiaiano, rank of. uceordlng to value of lumber prodncta 487 Lo'ilaiana' remarka by Dr. Charlea Mohr on the foreata of 638-540 Louiaiana, alatiatica of foreata. foreat flrea. alanding timber, etc., in .401, 636, 540 Louiahina, tabular aUtemeut of the amount of I^ing- and Sbort-leuvMl Pine alanding in the foreata of. May 31. 1880 537 Lamberand ahio^lea recclve It, 2S0, lU, XM, M* SM. U4. 4U. 6*4 itagnoiia grandi/U/ru, var. tUiptua aod ohorctm It Jfoynolid grnndtflora. var. IanfaoMa. var. ff./iad'da It M i.o. vnr. . SO .U ma var. (ri|w(aJa Jl Mji-auuacBjt 1».S*S*IS*:W,SS4.4I4.4U Mahogany K TTe, tJo. >A* 49 Mahogany Birch ltS,»4.M&4» Mahogany. Mountain, and the Nat Pine Iho naaC lapaataBl timaaf tlw luie V«f Mab. S:i Maine, foreata til the North u<* extended omlbe alale of 4*4 Maine, lumber lndoatr\* and manuiaciarr« from wood In - 4^ 4f7. 4t4-4t4 Maine, rank of, oeconliog to value of lnml>er prodncla 447 Maine, atallatieaof foreata. fofvai tin*. atUMlloi: tlmbar. e4e.. In .. 4tl.4M.ltt Maine, t.-iliiilar «ta*eraenl of the amount of Pine and Spraoe ataatllng la I!..- f..r. .1. .r Mai 11 IS-0 4M Mv .-IM».3S*1**SS*«9* Untus eorvnana 596 GENERAL INDEX. P»gc. ilaiut ditrrtifoUa "3 ilalmt mitnearpa cortmmria "i^ ilmtut rirularit "^ Malms tmprrrimu '- HaUt tuUordatm 73 UuKhiofrl 121,304 lUochuwI. MouDUia M. 278. 3U0, 424 llamniuUa niwiuU 121 UusroTc 87,265,288,364,430 MusTOTr. BUck 117,302 Mancr.iv>'. White 87,2*8,364,430 iUplc. A»h>»T«l 51,276,380, t24 M»pW. BUck Sugar 49,276,350,358,424 Slaplr, BnttU leaved 47,274,358,422 Maplf. Dwarf «,274 Maplr. GooM'-foot 46,274 UaplF Hani 48,276.358,422,576 Maplr. Mauotain 46,274 Maplr. R«l 50,276,358,424 M^plcKock 48,276,358,433 Maple. Silver 49,276,358,424 Mapln, Soft (Arrrdatvearpaml 49,276,358,424 Maple. Sort (Acrrrubrum) 50,278,358,424 Maple, Striped *^^* Maple. Sonar 48,276,358,422 Maple iracar and molaasea prodaced in the United Statea in 1879, amount of <85 Maple. Swamp 50,276,358,424 Maple, Vine 47,274,358,422 Maple, Water 50,276,358,424 Maple. White 49,276,358,424 MArilimc Pioe Bell in Georgia 519 Maritime Pine Belt io Miuisaippi ■'■>32 Maritime- Pine Belt in North Carolina 515 Maritime Pine Begioo in AUbama 525 Mariberrr 100,292 Maryland, lamber indoatrr and manofactores from wood in 486,487,511 Uan'Untl. rank of, according to valac of lamber products 487 MarrUcd. atatiaiica of forvata. forest fires, standing timber, etc., in 491,511 MaaaacUojiettA. lumber indostrrand manufactures from woogas fiava, var. pubesoena) 83 llapilu. ftabtUata 77 J/ej7)i(iwr./tarn 82 Hespiluf fiezirpina S2 ilfsp'lin (itandulota 77 3[ejipilu$ hiemalU Ki Hupitut latifolia 70 ileapilua linearis 77 Jf' and manufactures from wood in 488,487,558 Miunisola, rank of, according to value of lumber producta 487, 559 Minnesota, remarks by Mr. II. C. I'ulnam on the forests of 559,600 Minnewita, slallstics of f, 500 Montana, statistics of forests, forest tiros, st.mding timber, etc., in . . . 491, 504-506 Monterey Cypress 179,332,398,404 Monterey Pino 190,340,404,470 Moose Elm 122,304,374,440 Moosewood 46, 274 Morus Canadeimt (Lamarek and Enfinesque) , 127 Morns miorophylla 12,128,249,306 Monts Missourieimn 127 Morus parvi/olia (Moras microphylla) 128 Moms parvifolia (Morus rubra) 127 Monig reticulata 127 Moruti n'paria 127 Morns rubra 127,250,254,257,260,306,376,442 Morun rnb)-a, var. CanadetigU 12T Moms rubra, var. incita 127 Morus rubra, var. toinctitosa 127 MoriiHscabra 127 Mortis tomentosa 127 Moss-ginning industry in Louisiana 537, 538 Mossy cup Oak 140, 205, 314, 3S*, 448 Mountain Ash ( Pyrns Amcricina) 73, 284, 428 Mnuntaiu Ash (Pynis sambucifuUii) 74. 284, 364, 4Jtt Mountain forests iu Ciiliforni:», pastur.igo of 579,580 Monutaiu Laurel 120, 302, 374, 440 Mountain Magnolia 20, 266, 3H, 418 Monutaiu ilahogany and tho Nut Pino tho most important trees of tho Interior Forest 9 Mountain Mahogany (Ceroocarpns ledifolius) 71, 284, 3.10, 428, 509, 571 Mountain Mahogany (Corcocitrpns parvifolius) 71, 284, 509, 671 Mountain Manchinoel 54, 278, ;i(iO, 424 Mouul.iiu Mapio 40, 274 Mountain Plum 34, '^70 Mountain White Oak 14,1,318,380,450 Mulbi'rry, Mexican 138, 300 Mulberry, Eeil 128,306,370,442 Myginda 10,13 Mygimln pallens 38, 249, 272 2ri/'o<'7, 312, 380,446 Miirica Carolinentit 1,16 Myriea cerifora 130,250,254,257,312,380,446 llyriea ceri/era humilis 136 Mi/rica cer\f«-4»S New Uainpshire, tabular slatrment of the amount of Spruce standiii( in the forests of. May 31, 18^0 406 Now Jersey, lumber industry and mannfaclnrrs from wootlln 480^487. 5i)C New ,Jcrscy, rank of, aceonling to value of lnttib<>r prwiucis 4S7 New Jersey, slatislica of forests, fon-st tiir«, standing limber, etc. in. . . 491, 5« New Mexico, luntber industry and manufactures i>t>m wooil in 481^487. VSS New Mexico.'iiuik of, aceonling to ViUne of lumb«r products 487 New Mexico, slatislica of foresls, forest fires, standing timber, etc. In. . 401. S08 New Mexico, I'tah, aud Colorado, Chicago tho principal source of supply of lumborfor 3e8. SO New York, luiuber indnstrt'.ind nmnnfaclures (kwawoodin.... 48(1 487, 802-506 New Yoik, uiiij.lc sugar protlucl of SOI New York. r.iuk of, acctinling to value of lumber products 4S7 New York, i-ank of Albany, as n Iniuber market -"i^^ -llt^24a.303 598 GENKKAL INDEX. Eage. Xr» Tork. n>iiurk»by Mr. C. G. Pringle on (he forcits of SOI-500 New York. !0,380,444 Not, Pig 134,310,350,380,446 Nnt Pine and the Mountain Mahogany the moat important trees of tha Interior Fore«t 9 Nut Pine (Pinuscembroidea) 190,330 NotPin-(Pin»««duli«/ 190,336,402,468 Nnt Pine (Pinus roonophylla) 190,33^,350,402,468 Nut Pine iPiniu Parryana) 189,330,402,468 Nnl Ts'iow 34,270 N -i.ia .186,331,400,406 \ 13i, 310, .150, 380, 440 117,254,237,302,372,438 N>»»» 10,11,14 93 Syna anffulUariM V -•^■T'iUm ■ aiiea (Nysaa sylvatlca) . • ->i(i'«i (Nyaaaiiniflora) .. 03 '■ndentia (iiearu .itaU Bl, 250, 263. 257, 290, 1 'itatn,vMr,ffrandidUntAiA .^ iina inuUijiora , .vyru m a rboregeent Phanopyrxnn Carolinianum Phimopyrum eoeeineum Phtenopyrum eordatum Ph(Fnopyrtnn ellipticum Phcmopyrum popul\folium Phcenopi/rum pruinotum Pha-nopyrum spathulatum gttbvillot^tm T'ir(7inicum 368.434 105. 2»4 IC>S,2»« Phemopyntn Ph4 riocknrn 10,11,14 rtnrkm-ya pabcns 95,250,253,257,290,306,432 rinckntyt puieMnu 95 PiBc asd Sprnrp MandiDE in the foreata of Uaine Mar 31, 1880, tabalar Alatemrnt of the amoant of 494 I*ine. BastAid 202,342,352,406,410,474 Pine brlt of rrnttal Alabama 529 Pine. UiMiop'K 200,340,404,472 Pine, Blark (Pinu« Jeffrevi) 193,338,402,470 Pinr. Illack il'inii!) Murrayana) 195,338,350,404,470 Pine. BuJl (Pioiia JrOH-yi) 105,338,402,470 Pine. Uttll (Pinuamitia) 200.340,350,406,472 Pine, Bull ( I'Intu ponderoaa) 193, 338, 350, 402, 468 Pine. Bull (PiniuSabiniatta) 195.338,350,404,470 Pine. Cedar 201,340,400,472 Pine. Diseer 195. 338, 3J0. 404. 470 Pine foreata of Baldwin mnnty, Alabama 627 Pine fureata of aoutbem Miaaiaaippi 531,532 Pine foreata of the nartbeaatem coontiea of Misaiaaippi 532-534 Pine. Foxtail 191, 336, 402, 468 Pine. Georgia 202,342,352,406,416,472 Pine, Gineer T 179,3.12.350.398,464 Pine, Gray 201,a42.3,'.2,406,472 Pine. Hard 202,342,352,406,416,472 Pine. Hirkory (Pinna Balfouriana, rar. ariatata) 191,. 136, 402,468 Pinu. Hickory (Pinoa pDngena) 199,340,350,404,472 Mnc, .Icrat-y 199,340,350,404,470,548 Pine, Knob-cono 196, .140, 404. 470 Pine. I>oblolly 197,340, 350,404,410, 470, 516, .141 PIni-, Lodgepolc 195, 338, 350, 404, 470, .',04, 574, 577 Pine. I^ongl.-arfd 202, 342, 352, 406, 416, 472, 516. 519-521, 521, .531, 537, 541 Pine. Lone- and Sbort-leared, atandinf; in tbo foreata of Alabama May 31, 1880. tabular alatement of the amoant of 524 Pine. Lone- anil Short U-avcd, atanding in the foreata of Loulaiaua May 31, 18W, tabular atatement of the amount of 537 Pine. Ivniileavcd. L«ibloHy, and Short-leaved, etanding in the foreata of Tciaa May 31, IheO. tabular atatement of the amount of 541 Pine, Lanz-luved. atanding in the foreata of Florida May 31. 1880. tabu- lar atatement of the amount of 521 Pine, Lons leaved, atanding in the foreata of Georgia May 31, 1880, tabu- lar atatement of the amoant of 620 Pine, Ixtnslraved.atandinc in the foreata of Kofth Carolina May 31 1880, tabalar atatemf-nt of the aiuotint of 510 Pine, I>pn;;lejTc, 338, 350, Pine, Sugar 188,338,360,400,460, Pine, Sugar, an important tree in tbo Coaat Foreat Pine. Swamp 202,342,352,406, Pine, Tnblemonutain 199, :i40, 350, Pine. Weymouth 187,334,350, Pine, White, and Hemlock, atanding in tho foreata of Pcnnaylvnnin, May 31, 1880, tubniar statement of the amonnt of Pine, White ( Pinua flosilis) 188, 330, 400, 468, 569, Pine, White (Pinua glabra) 201,340, Piue, White (Pinua monlicola) 187,336,400,486.564, Pine, White (I'iuua relloia) 189,3: Pine, Whiti- ( Pinua Slrobua) 187, 334, 350, 400, 466, 506, 551 , Pine, White, alanding in tho foreata of Michigan May 31, 1880, tabular statemeut of tho amount of Pine, White, atanding in tho foreata of Minnesota May 31, 1880, tabular statement of I he amount of Pino, White, atnudiug in the foreata of Wiaconain May 31, IfcM, tabular atatement of the amount of Pino, White, the cliaracieriatic tree of the Nortbeni Pine Belt Pine, Yellow, an important, characteriatic tree of the Coast Forest Pine, Yellow (Pimis Arizonica) 192,338, Piue, Yellow (Pinus mitis) 200, 340, 3.')0, 40C, Pine, Yellow (I'inus paluatria) 202,342,3.52.400, Pine, Yellow (I'inus jjonderosa) 193, 338, 350, 402, 468, 502, 505, PiDon (I'inus edlllis) 190,336, Pifion (Pinus monopbylla) 190, 336, 350, PIDon (Pinus Parryana) 189,336, Page. 404. 470 544 474, 616 416,472 404, 472 472. .'.27 406, 472 404, 470 576, 578 8 416, 474 404, 472 400, 466 506 570, 571 406, 472 574, 576 402, 468 ,',54, 558 402, 468 472, 529 416, 472 574, 578 402, 468 402, 468 402, 468 Finns 11,12,16 Piium PinuM Pimtt Pinuji Pinut Pinna Pinta Pinut Pinut Pinut Pinut Pinitt Pinut Pinua Pinut Pinua Pinut Pinaa Pimu Pinut Pinua Pinut ■Pinut Pinut Pinut Pimu Pinut Pinut Pinut Pinut Pinut Pinut I*inut Pinua Pinut Pinut Atjifg Americana . Ahiet Baliamea . . Abi^ Canadentit. adunca 206 .189, 250, 255, 258, 336, 400, 468, 565, j>72, .573 alba albicaulia amai/ilit (Abiea amabilla) amaiiilit (Ahioa magnllica) amabilit (A biea auhalpina) Americana ' Picea nigra) A mericana (Tangtt Canadenais) A m erica na i ubra arittata Arixonica 192,250,255,268,838, auttralit , Balfouriana 191,259,255,258,336, Balfouriana (Pinna Balfonriana, rar. arlstata) Balfouriana, lor. arialata 191, 250, 255,258, 336, baltamea battamea, var. Frateri '. Baukaiana 201, 250, 25.5, 258, 263, 342, 352, Jlanktiana (Pinna contorta) Beardtleyi Ucnthamiana ■ Bolandcri BoUTtieri braehyptera bracUaia Calijomiea (Pinua Inalgnla) Cati/omi. 406. 472. 524. 527. 533.5:16,537.541, Piwis mitis, var. paupera Page. 404. 470 404. 472 P«C*. PinuH moDophylla 9. 13, 190. 20O. 2SS, SS«, SM^ S80. 411. Mi Pinus uionticola 7, 187. 250. 256, 258. 336. 400. 460. SM. Sflfig S7S^57< Pinus ninricaU 199. 250. 255. 256. MO. 404. 472 Pinus murieata (Pious contAHa) IM Pinus MurrayoQft 9, 194, 250, 255. 25B. 338, 3S0. 404, 470. fi04-SC7. 572-977 PinuM nigra 202 Pinus notniis. 214 216 Pimis XuttaUii Pinus osteotpemta 190 Pinus paluHtris 4, 201, 240. 255. 258, 263, 342. 352, 400, 416, 472. 510, 519-231. 534. 531. 537. Ml Pinus palnstris tiie characttristic tree of the Southern MAritim« Pine Belt. . 189. 250. 2&^ 256. 336. 402. 468 402, 468 202 205 470, 578 576, 578 521^^11, 544. 5G0 Pinus Parryana *. Pinus Varryana (Pinus ponderoea) 193 Pintis Pattt/niana (Txuga Mcrtensiana) 308 Pinus Pattoniana iT»uga Pattoniana) 308 Pinus penduia 215 Pinus ponderosa 8, 9. 192. 250. 255, 258, 263, 338. 350, 402. 468, 562. 565. S67. 574, 575. 578 Pinns ponderosa an important characteristic tree of the Coast Forest. .. 8 Pinus ponderotta, var. Bmthamiana 1S9 Pinus ponderosa. var. Jeffreyi 193 Pinus ponderosa, var. seoptUorum 193 Pinus pnrphyroearpa 1F7 Pinus pongcns 190.250,255,258.340,350,404,472 Pinus radiata 196 Pinus reHcxa 189,250,255.258,336.402,468.568^560 Pinus n^sinosi 191,250,255,258.263,336^350.402,468 Pinus resinosa (Pinus ponderosa) 193 Pinus rigida 197.250.255.258.340,350.404,470 Pinus rigida (Pinus insignis) 196 Pinus rigida (Pinus mitis) 200 J*i««« rigida. var. serotina 196 Pinus rubra (Picea nigra) 203 Pinus rubra (Pinus resinosa) 191 Pinua rubra, var. riolacea. 2W Pinus rupestn's 201 Pinus Sabiniana 195, 250. 255. 258, 338. 40*. 470 Pinus Sabininna CouUeri 19ft Pinus Sabiniana macrocarpa H6 Pinus sorotiua .198, 349. 255. 258. 340, 350. 404. 416. 470. ST? Pinus Shasta 1» Pin us Simla irii 196 Pinus SHchmsis »6 Pf'niu species (Abies subalpina) ^U Pinns Strobns 4, 187, 251, 255, 258. 263. 334, 350, 400. 466, 494. 506. 551. 5M, SSS Pinus Strobua the characteristic tree of the Kortheni Pine Belt 4 Pinus Strobus, var. a*ba * l*^ Pintts Strobus, var. brer\folia 187 Pinus atrobus, var. eomprtssa 187 Pinus Strobus, var. monticota 1*^ Pinus Strobus. var. nivea 187 Pinus sy Iff stris, var. divaricata 301 Pinus TiiHla 197, 250. 255^ 258. 263. 340, 350, 404, 416. 470. 512. 516^ Ml Pinus Ttrda, var. n 197 Pinus T(rda, var. alopeeuroidea 19* Pinus Ttrda, var. heterophyUa 302 Pinus TrtHifl. var. rigida 197 Pinus Tirda. var. tenui/olia 197 Pfnus Tirdfl, vtiT. rariabilis 500 PiMMA- Tivda, var. nn^intann lOt* Pinus taxifotin . 2r9 Pinus tetragona 264 Piwns Torn>ynna 8. 193, JSO, »MS«, 338, 40t 46S Pinus lubcn-ulatA 19^»1, 253^358. 346. 40*. 470 Pinus tubfrcuUUa (Pinns insignis) *'6 Pinus rariabilis S» Pinus wnusta 21S ISnus rirrjimoiMT - ^* Pinus Virginiana, vur.fchinata 200 Pisoidia." l«.U ISscidia Carthagenensis — " Piscidia Erythrina 57, 24«. .::a -:A :ri\ 3«. 4» Pisouia 11.15 «i02 GENERAL INDEX. i :«.nu K-olnta 1" PiaooUobUuaU 117. 2S0. SM, 257, 802. S72. 43S 10-12,14 PUttcia . 17S, 250, K5. 258, 330. 39C 462 . 175, 250, 255. 258. 262. 330, 396, 462 U risUru Mrxieutt PitfhPim" U8, 340, SSOi 404, 470, 520. 522, 52.% Ml ruktrnMium/ff* ** niktioloHiim GtM4*biftimt 64 ntUtoitUam mimpit^m 64 Pithccidobinin rttj:ai*-«aU 64,249,282 Flmarn IMS riMl«««fll woods of the Cniti'd States under comprosaion, behavior of the . 418-481 Principal woods of the United Stalea under transverse strain, behavior Popalu .. 11,12,16 PtpuUu nWtKtateo 173 Pofmlms an^uiata 175 PvyuiuM aa^vioM 175 PapalaaanputiroUa U, 174. ISO, 2SS, SS8, 3B4. 402, 569 Pofmlus anyustifti%a (Popolna Irlcboewpa) 174 Papitius aryentta Fopyius Atkmismais Popalo* balsam ifera U, 173, 251, 2SS. 2S8l 328, 394. 460. 1 P-jjmlus baUami/rra (Popnloa tricbocsrpa) Populus baUami/tra laneeolMtm Populus balsami/rra. var .« Populus taisami/rra. rmt. ungfiMt^ftUm Papisltis haltamifrra, rar. CatifoniSea Popu!..-4Uir,if. r.i -ir riodtoua 173, 250, 255, 296,330.1 /". - "nutiM /' •-* Vnltam^ftra. ygr rtndlfaB^f P, ; , laimoniUferB) Papuius Ca»ad*mis,T»t.anfusHfUia Popislms eanduofu Populiu eordi/olia of the 354-414 Pringle. Mr. C. G., remarks on the forests of Xow Hampshire by 497 Pringle, Mr. C. G., remarks on the forests of New Turk by 501-,10« I'linple. Mr. C. G., remarks on the fore.^ts of Pennsylvania by .''107-510 Prinslc, Mr. C. G.. remarks on the forests of Vermont by 498-500 Pringle, Mr. C. G., remarks on the forests of West Virginia by 512-51.1 PriiiOM deeiduus 37 Pritfhardia Jilamentota 217 I'rivet 112.298,372,438 Protluct and averafio size of saw.milla in each state and territory 488 PrmloctioD of naval stores in Alabama 517. 527, 529. .130 Proiluction of naval stores in Florida 517 Production of naval stores in Georgia 517 Proa, var. Gunnisonii Ut Quereus alba, var. microcarpa UT Qucrcus alba, vai.pinnatifida 117 Qucrcus alba, var. pinnatiJUo-sinuata IJ7 Qucrcus alba, var. repanda 117 Qucrcus alba, var. sinuata 117 Qucrcus ambigua 147 Qucrcui tnnulata 145 Qucrcus aquaiiea 152, 249, 254,258, 262, 320, 350. 188, 416. 454 Qucrcfts aguatica (Qnercna nigra) 150 Qucrcus aquatica, var. att^nuala US Qucrcus a>juatii-a, var. euneata U3 Qucrcus aguatica.vai.elongata UB Qttcrcus aquatica, var. hctcrophyUa 15 Qucrcus aquatica, vai.hybrida 153 Qucrcus aquatica, vM. indirisa ISS Quercus aquatica, var. lauryfoUa 15S Quercus aquatica, car. myrtifoUa 155 Quercus Banistcri 155 Quercus berberidifoUa 155 Querins bicolor 141, 249. 254, 257, Ml. 314, 384, 450 Qucrcus bicolor, viir. ifiehauzii 141 Qucrcus bicolor. var. mollis 141 Qucrcus bicolor, vtkT.platanoidM 141 Quercus Breweri 155 Qucrcus Cali/omica 149 Qucrcus Castanea (Qnercns prinoidee) 143 (^u^rn/« Ca«Mn«a (Quercus Prinns) 142 Quercus Citesbaji 151. 240, 254, 258. S», 388, 454, 525 Quercus Cliinquapin .- 141 Quercus cbrysolepis 146. S48, 254. 358, »m JMk 451 Qucrcus chn/solcpis, var. vaeeinsfolia 146 Quercus cinetw 15S, rSO, 355^ 258, 3M, 300, 45* 5» Quercus cinerca, rar. pumila "* Qnercns cinerca, ror. sericett IS* Quercus coccinea 148, 340, 254, 358, SI & SSSl 4a Quercus coccinea, v»r. ambigua '47 ^u«rcu* coccinea, var. microcarpa '48 Quercus coccinea, vslt. rubra 147 ^u*rc«* cotvin^a, var. tiiwton'a l** Qticrctis coiifert\/oUa 1^ Quercus crassipocula 1** Quercus cuneata '^ Qucrcus decfpicns •• '•' Queivns denaiBora 154. J««, 254. SH^ «Ss 133. Mft, 45* 5W. S« Qucrcus discolor •• ..... l40 Vucrcii* di»n>ior, var. friJofto '*• Quenu.* Doujlasii 14J, J4* 351, J54, SS8, M«. SB, 450 Quercus Douglasii, vnr. aambelii "• Quercus Douglasii. var. Xeeri "* Quercus Dnnnmondii IS* Quercus dumoaa «--- ••" '" Quercus dnmosia, ror. bolUta '** Quenua Dunuidii 145. S4S, SSI. 354, 258, 11* S« 453 Quercus echinacea '■** Quercus echinoides '^ ^utfrct(« Won^ata '50 Qu.reusEnior,! 12. 14* 24* 354, 2S8. S6M1* », 45! Quercus Emoryi (Quer«o» nodolat^ rar. Gamb<'lU) "• Quimia falcat. 15* 249, 2."4, 258. 262. 265^ S2* IS* JS* 454. «5 (^u^rciM.Ciilcnfii. vnr. Zudorifiana '*• Quercus /alcata,rKT.pagod<^olia '*> Quercus. faleata,v!tT. triloba **• <;>ii«rM«/*iJri'#e«n» '*• Querciu Oambeiii "* Qnetxii.* Oarrx-ana lS*S4*2S4.SS7.2«l.Sli ISO SS2. 448. .IT* 349,284 65 282,428 1, 16, 575 573, 576 412,478 10,13 561 604 GENERAL INDEX. P«Be- Qocrcos Gcorglaoa lU lioerroii srinea 144, Wft. 251, 254, 258, 316i 388, 452 <,>..f-.,.r.n*-Tfr. 148 «,' ■ rica 152 V ' -im, Tmr. naiM 152 (^1 . . OUi 1S3, 249, 255, 258, 320, 390, -l.ie i^mmt UimdMit 138 t^ufremt kMmiUa 153 i>. ■ ,.» 154,249,255,258,322,390,450 .154, 249, 255, iSS, 322, 390, 450 Vtj? . 149, 250, 254, 258, 265, 320, 388, 4 16, 454 yucrran Kcllogcii t^uercus Urns QurTclu UurifolU 152,249,254,258,320,390, t^urrcut taun/clia k^trida iiitrrru4 ■■•■', nr.j,„1-f,,tia , QitercuM QnfTCOn t^i^rcu. (^.,rrru. l/,„rruM Qiierciu Qtierctm Quereu* Qnercun ihtUomi VheWM PheUtM, I*h«]|ofi, PheU4>t. priaolO< ^ ttnctona T«r. (Qarrciu bctcrophjUa) var. amiariji %ar. cinerea ,, var. humHis var. imbrUaria var. lauri/olia TAr. Memperrireru ..,. , rar. ftcrioea Tar. riridiM « M2, 24&, 251. 254, 258, 261. 2«2. 265, 3I», 3B4. QuercuH » QuercU'g i Qucrcm , Quorcus Prinxis 142. 249, 254. 258, 2C1. 2C5, 310, 3:,0, 381, Qutmts Prinu4 fi. {Qucrcus cinerca) Querctts Prinus (Quercua MicbnuxU) QutrcuM Priiius Chiiufuapin Querctu Prinus humili* Quercus Prinus patuttrit Qtiercu* Printts platanoidct Qtiercim Prinus pumita Qurrcinf Prinus tomentosa Querent Prinus, var. acuminata Querctut Prinug, vnr. bicolor Querent Prinun, var. discolor Quercuit Prinus. var. lata Qutrctks Prinus, var. 21ichauxii Quercus Prinus^ var. monticola Quercus Prinus, var. oblongata Quercus Prinus, var. prinoides Quercus pumila Qucreus pungens Quercus Itansom i Qucrcns reticulata 144, Quercus retictilata, var. Qreggii Quercus retusa Quercus i-ubra 147,250,251,254,258,262,265,318,350, Quercus rubra p. (Quercus coccinca) Quercus rubra (Quercus Kellogfi^i) Quercus rubra (Quorcus tinctoria) bra maxima bra montana bra ramosissima Quercus rubra, var. dissecta Quercus rubra var. lati/olia Quercus rubra, var. montana Quercus rubra, var. runcinata QucrcuB rubra, var. Tcxaua 148,249,254,258.318. Quercus SanSabeana Querctts scmpermrens Quercus scrteea Quercus Shumardii Quercus sinuata Quercus Sonomensis Qtureus spieata Quercus striata Quercus stellata, var. depressa Quercus steUata, var. Floridana Quercus stellata, var. VtaUensi* Quercus Texana Quercus tinctoria 141), 249. 254, 258, 2C2, 205, 318. 350. 388, Querents tinctoria, var. augulosa Quercus tinctoria, vai- Cali/ornica Quercus tinctoria, var. itinuosa Quercus triloba I Quercus utiginosa QnercuH umlulata Quercus undulata (Quercus Dnrandii) QuircuM uuilulata, var. Gambolii 130.240,254,257,814. Quercus undubita, vur. grisea Quercus undulata, var. oblongata Quercus undulata. var. pungens Queroua undulata, var. Wrightii Quercus vaceinifolia Qusrcus velutina Quercus villosa Quercus vlrcn« 145,240,264,268,202.205,310. Quercus Yirginiana Qoorcua Wlsllzcnl •..147,240,254,258,318, B. Jiandia elusio'/olia Rapanea Ouyanentis lUttlobox Kwl Ash 101), 200. ICeil Bay 118.302, Rc''<*lia, rar. arjjyrophTlla 168 Salix Icnff^fUia. Tar. argyrophyUa anguatiatima 168 Salxxloiujifolia^ vmr. argyrophyUa opaea 168 S.ilix l..Dcifolia. ror. ciiftna 168,250,326 Saiij longi/tAia, Tar. opaca 168 SoJlt lungi/oiia, v*t. p*di£«Uata 168 Salix loiig\p*s 166 Aalix lungipfi, x%T.pubtKens 166 Salii lucida. Tar. angiuti/olia, forma Uuiemdra 167 Salix lucida. Tar. maerophyUa 167 Salix rnargiiiala .... 166 Salii mfianoptis 166 Salii niera 12,165,250,326,304,460 Saiix nigra. Tar. amygdaloidaa 166 Salix nigra. Tar. anguxt\/olia 166 .Saiix nigra, xur..faUata 165 Salix nigra. Tar. tati/olia 166 ,Salix nigra. Tar. Umgi/olia 166 .*^allx iji;:r:i. rar. loD^ipea .. 166 .>:7.'i ' 7, igra. Tar. longip<4. subTar. gongyloearpa 166 . : ^ -.r. heulii 171,250,328 .v.lii .Sitrhroaia, ralix tuhrillata 166 Sitiz ffrigklii 166 Samara tl/tritivnda 90 Samara prntnndra 90 Samlinciu 10-12,14 Sainl.utiu Cati/omiea 93 SamlinciM elaora 93,280,253,257,290,366,432 .s,zm>iurua gin ua$ iSnmbociu Mexieaiu) 93 Siunlinra* Mi'iicana 12,93,250,290 .Saiit'r'jriit itrxirana ISamboeiu gUoca) 93 Sa in ffuritx Tflulina ,, , 93 SoadJark 153, 320, 390, 4.VI SandPiDe 109, 340. 484, 472 Sand t>ar Wlllir.v 168,326 SAri!!i>*(-B^. 42-51, 253, 258, 274, 368, 414. 422 ■Satdndas Sajiindut acuminata. . Saplnd'tt Drummondi 10-13 44 Pogo. Sapindux .falcatut 44 ' Sapindus innaria ...45 249 274 Sapindti* Saponaria (SapiDdas marginatas) 44 S.IPOTACK.K 100-103,254,257,292,368,434 Sarcomphalus Carolinxanus 40 Sa«8afra.s 120, 302, ;174, 438 I Sassafras officinalp 110,250,254,257,200,302,374,488 j Satin wood 1 1, 15, 3 1 . 270, 356, 420 I S»Tin (Junipoma Virginiana) 183, 322, 398, 464 ■j Savin (Torroya taxifolia) 186,334,400,460 I Saw-inilb iu each flat© and territory', avomgo size and prodact of 488 I Scarlet Haw (Cnitasgus ooecinea) 78, 286 Scarlet Haw (CratasguB subviUosa) 78, 280, 364, 430 Scarli't Uak 14ii, 318, 388, 452 Schji'lTeria 10, 13 Sch(pfrria buxi/olia 39 I Schceferia compUia ;jo Scha'fferia frutcscens .to, 249, 272 Schaferia laterijlora 120 Sch48, 540 Sbittimwood (Bumella lanuginosa) 102,204,3()R,434 Sbltllmwood ( libnmnus Pursbiana) 41, 272, SIW, 422 Short- and Ix>n^-leaved Pino standing In the forests of Alabama May 31, 1880. tiibular statement of the amount of 534 Short- and I..uiig-lenvexl Pine standing iu the forests of Louisiana May 31. 1880. tabular statement of tli.' aniouul of '. 637 Short- and Long-leaved I'ine standing iu the forests of Mississippi May 31, 18m, tabular statement of the iiuiouol uf 531 Short-leaved, Loblolly, and Loog-leavo-."i3 Georgia 491, 519. HO Idaho 491,571-573 Illinois 491.547-550 Indiana — • ^^fj* Indian territory *•'•!* Iowa "'-S? Kansas 4»l.»«S,SeS K.ntuckv 49l.S4S,54« Louisiana 4»1. 530,540 Maine 491, 404-400 Marvland ♦••"H! Massachusetts 491.500,501 Michigan 491.S50-SS4 Minnosola 401,558 J» Mississippi ♦"•2^2? Missouri' «'-!!?i2 Montana ^ ^^^|S Nev^a *::::.".'.;:::.".■,"■-"!; ■.".".■".■■.".■."."".".""i.~M"."." :;:-21lSJ New H.impsbire — STS New Jorsev 2rS New Mexico iii Si'S New York **J-!?I"f?! North Carolina *"*iHlS Ohio ;i. Si- tii Orecon 491. .WO-STS pSvhn.nu ...:.:::.::.. SJ-SS^? Khodo Island 491,500.501 008 GENERAL INDEX. Pace. Suading timber, fomt*. fomt finceto., sututic* of. in— coDtinanl. South Ci«roUi>a 491.S1K.519 Trnn,-»«« 4»2. M4. 545 TrtM 49-J, MO-543 rt«h -' 49->,S69-S71 V.nnont 492,498-500 VirrtnU 49i,51l,.'.l2 WublDctoD 492,573-576 Wnsi Viremia 492,512-515 WlKon.lb 492. 554-S.'i() Wyoniittg 492.566,567 Slu-leavcdtiom 88.386,350,364.414.430 Siatulicx of the lumbrriDK indiutry of the United States for year oDding M.T31. ISSO 4«8,487 STmci-UACS.fi 28. 268 Stinking Cedar (Toireva Califomica* 186,334,400,488 Stinking Cedar (Torreya taiifolia) 188,334,400,468,521 Stopper t£uj:enia longipea) t^, 288 Stopper I Kugt-Dta monticola) 69, 288, 366. 430 Stopper. Gurgeon 88,288.366.430 Stopper. Ked 89,288.366,430 Stopper. Spanish 88,268.388.430 Stopper. White 89,288,366.430 Strain, trannrerte. behavior of selected woods of the United States under : ■pecimen* eight centimeters square 414-417 Strain, trantirerae. behaviur of the principal woods of the United States under 354-H4 Strength of woods, method of determining the 252 Strength, tranarerse, and specific gravity of certain woods, relation be- tween 25»-264 Stripnl Dogwood 48,274 Striped Uaple 48,274 5(ron*6oeorpiit III ru C'l iitral division !>i4-l>16 WisliTii division 504-580 Timber, standing, ioreata, forest tires, etc., statistics of, in — Alabama 491,524-530 Alaska 580 Arizona 491, ArkiinsaR 491 Ciililbrnia 491, Colnriido. Timber, standine, forests, foreat fire*, etc.. ■tatiatic* of; io— eootiBaeiL Texas 4»2, Utah «»! Veniiont 4sc Virginia 49J. Washiui^ton 492, Wist Virjpnia 4»2 WiscunsiD an. Wyoming 4»2. Titi »,J72, ToIIon 508, 509 54.3. 544 ,178-580 .-.07, 568 500. 501 491,511 511 520, 523 519, .5J0 571-573 .547-550 491, 547 Coimecticut 491. Dakol a 491, Dclmvare District of Columbia Florida 491, OeorKia 491, Idaho 491. Illinois 491 Indiana Indian territory 643 Iowa 491,560 Kansas 491, 602, 563 Kcntnoky 491.54,5.546 Louisiana 491, ,536-540 Maine 491,494-496 Maryland 491.611 Massachusetts .491, 500, 501 MiohiKan 491, iV.'iO-i.'H Minnoaota 491, .''>,''i{i-,5K(i Mississippi 491, 5:10-536 Missourf 491,560,561 Montana 491, .564-.5G0 Nebraska 491, ,162 Nevada 491. 571 New Hampshire 491 , 496-198 New Jersey 491, . 506 Now Mexico 491,508 Now York 491, .Wl-lOO North Carolina .' 49I,51A-AI8 Ohio 401, .547 Oregon 491 , .570-578 Pounayh-ania 491, S06-.M0 Khode Islaiul 491, 500, 501 Sonth Carolina 401, 518, .519 Tennessee " 482, .544. .545 ;J!) FOK 4S«-5aea Vlmiit penduta — Vtmiis pubeieem . . . r7rnHjtpiimi7a .'ar. aiba i"ar. aspera . . . rar. Jiartram ■ar. pendula . :ar. rubra ,-ar. teabra... 11.15 T4.440 Ul 121 . 133, S4S^ 154. SST. M4, 374. 440 . 111. 249. SS«. 357. »0. 304. 374, 440 GIU GENERAL INDEX. TJlmiu raoemoaa 123, 249, 2M, .:57.'.>(!0, 304, :;i4, 440 Clatiu rubra \'i2 rmbellaUri* «. 11. 12, 15 CmbrllaUrU CalUornica 130, 250, 2M, 257, 302, 374, 440, 378 rnbrrlUTrae 21,280,354,418 Ungnaau 10-31 Uttffmadia kiplapkytta 44 Uttfmadia htUnplt^Ua 44 CnsiudU spcdoM 12,44.250,274,422 UpUod Willow Ukk 153, 3."0, 390, 45« Vrv^li^ma ptdunculatum 127 Urtk-acej 122-128, 2M, 257, 304, 374, 414, 440 Utah. Colonula. and New Mexico, Chicago the principal wnrce of aapply oflnmbrrfor 568,560 Utah, lumU-r intlafltry and mannfuctares from wood ia .4^. 4S7. 569 Ui:ili. rank of. according to valne of Inmber producta 4S7 Utah, rt-nurks by Mr. E.C. Hall, on the foivaU of 569-571 Utah, (tattstica of forests, for««t fires, standing tiiul>cr, etc., in 492. 569-571 Uraria trilaba 23 V. Vaccinwe 7 Vaccininm 11.12,15,573 Vircinium .orboreum 96. 249, 292. 432 VarrinMitn diJuMum 96 Taccinium mucrolultum 96 Valparaiao Oak 146,318,386,452 Valne and ftmoont of charcoal nsed for domeatic and manaloctnring pnr- poa<:s durins the census year 489 Vriiue and anjonnt of wood used as fuel in mnnnfacturea, etc., during the censns yrar 480 Value and amount of wood used for domestic purposes during the census year. 489 Value, economic of the Rt-dwood of California 578 Value of property destroyed and areas burned over by fonMt flros during thecen»us year (ut, aUo, understate headings) 491,492 Vilu.' if the forest crop of the United States for the censns year 485 v.-*!:!'-- 1 if woods, cotni>aratirn 252-255 Vnti'in. linia . 10,12,14 TtiuqueUnui eorymbosa , 70 Vaurinclinia Torrey i 70, 249, 284 VeRnUACEX 116,117,254,257,300,372,438 Vermont, lambcr industry and manufactures from wood in 486, 487, 498-500 Vermont, maple-nugur product of 498 Vermont, rank of. according to value of lumber producta 487 Vi-niiout ntnarlis by Mr. C. G. Prinjle on the forests of 4D«-.V)0 %"erni«nt, nUIliitirs of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc. in ..492,408-500 Virmonl. tabular statement of the amount of Spruce standing in the •late of. May 31, 1880 498 Vihumum 10-12, 14 V ibumnm Lenlago 04, 249, 290, 432 Viburnum prunifollnm 94, 249, 253, 257, 306, 432 Vif/vmum pruni/ntium, vmr. /erruffineutn 94 Vil,umum pyn/oltum 04 Vin.- Maple 47,274,358,422 Yirjilia luUa ,,,. ,.,.,, 57 Tirf/iUa ucundiJUfta 57 Vifjilriiii. lumber Industry and manufactures from wood in .. 486,487,512 Vlr,;ii.l.i. rank of a< cording to value of lumber producta 487 Viriiiilia •latlalica of forests, forest flres, standing tlmliur, etc., in ...492,5)1,512 W. Wsfer Ash 31,270 Wahoo ( Eunnymus atropnrpureus) 38, 272 ■\Vfthoo fTilia beterophylla) 28, 268. 356.420 Wahood.'IronsalaU; 124,304,374.440 Wnllia cin«rta L-j^) WmUin nigra j3| ■*^' »'■""« 131.308.378,444 Walnut. Black 131,306,350,376,414,444 Walnut, White 130,306,376,442 Washingtonia U ]2 jq Washingtonia fliifera 217,250,255,250,348.414.480 Washington territory, lumber industry and manufactures from wood '° 486,487.574 Wuhington territory, rank of. according to value of lumber producU .. 487 Washington territory, remarks by Mr S.r.no Watson on the foreaU of. 575, 576 Wnshinglou territory, statistics of forests, foreM fires, standing timber, etc.. in 492, Washington territory, wasteful methods of the lumbermen of W^isbington Thorn Water Ash 1 10 , 298, Water IV-och ocedrus decurrons) 17C, 330, White Cedar (Tliiiya occidentalis) 170, 330, 3.00, White Cottonwood 17.5. 330. White Cypress 184,334,350, White Ehn (Ulmus Americana) 123,304,3.50,374, White Elm (Ulnius r.acemosa) 123,304. Wliite Fir (Abies concolor) 213,340, White Fir (Abies grandis) 212,340. White Iron wood 4.'». Wliile Laurel 20,260,354. Wliite Mangrove 87,288, White Maple 49,270, White Oak (Quercus alhnl 137,266.312,350,380, White Oak (Quercus Onrryaoa) 138,312,360,382, White Oak (tjuerrus gris<'a| 144,310, White (iak (QiiertuH lobata) 138,312, WliiliiOnk (QiieriiiB oblonglfolla) 144,316, Willie Oak, Mountain 14.3,310, White Ottk, Swamp 141,314, White Oak. Water 140,314,350. Page. 674 81,286 370, 438 392, 456 376, 442 414,440 414, 446 362, 426 358, 424 410, 454 388,454 384, 450- 560-571 577, S78 572, 573 565,56fr 575, 576 564,565 380, 446 382, 448 200-349 249-251 White Pine (Pinus flex Ills) 188, 330, 400, 468, .'i69, Wblte I'liie (Plniis glabra) • 201, MO. While I'Ino (I'inuB montlcola) 187,330,400,400,004, White Pino (I'Inus reneia) 189,330, White Pine ( Pin us St robusi 187, 334, 350, 400, 400, 500, 551 , Whitu Pine standing In tho forcata of Michigan May 31, 1880, tabular statement of the amount of White Pino sUudlng In the force (a of Minnesota May 31, 1880, tabular statement of the amount of 564-580 356,420 512-515 487 612-515 512-515 400, 460 40, 274 3 370, 43l> 350, 420 414,418 302, 4.>8 302, 458 30t, 430' 308,40* 416, 4(M ,10(1, 462 :i06, 402 300, 402 398, 400, 414, 440 374, 440 412,478 412,478 274, 422 414,418 304, 430 3.i8, 424 414,446 448, 576 380, 452 382, 448 380, 452 ,'IKn, 450 384, 1,W 384, 450 070, 071 400, 472 074, 576 402, 408 ,054, 508 051 GENERAL INDEX. on White Pino standiuf? in tho forcsU of WiocoDBln May 31, 1880, tabular statement of tho amount of 5** ■White Pino tho characttTiHtic treo of the Northern Pine Bolt i •White Spruce (I'icea alba) 204, 342, 40K, 474, 562, 664 White Spruoo (Picoa Engelmanni) 205, 265, 342, 408, 474, 584, 573, 574 White Spnioo(Piceapungen8» 205,344,408,474 White Spruce the most important tree in the Pacific region 7 White Stopper 89,288,306,430 White Thorn ''^'-^^ White Walnut 130,306,376,442 White-heart Hickory 134,310,350,380,444 Wliitewood (Canellaalba) 24,208,354.418 Wbitewood (Drypctos crocca) 121,302,374,440 Whitowood (Liriodendron Tulipifera) 22,266,350,354,418 Wild Black Chorry 68,282,362,428 Wild Chcny (Prunus Capuli) 69,282,428 Wild Cherry (Prunu8 dcmissa) 09,284,362,428 Wild China 44,274,358,414,422 Wild Cinnamon 24,268,354,418 WiiaDilly 103,294,368,434 Wild Fig 127,306,376,442 Wild Lime (Xanlhoxylum PterotJV) 31,270 Wild Lime (Ximenia Americana) 34,270 Wild Orange (Prunus Caroliniana) 70,284,362,428 Wild Orange (Xauthoxylum Clava-Hercnlis) 30, 270, 356, 420 Wild Peach 70,284,362,428 Wild Plum 05,282,362,426 Wild Ked Cherry 66,282,428 Wild Tamarind 64,282,362,426 AVillow (Salix. amygdaloides) 166,326,394,460 Willow (Salix lievigata) 167,326,394,460 Willow (Salix lasiandra) 167,325 Willow (Salix lasiolcpis) 171,328,394,460 Willow, Black,(Salix flavesoens, var. Scouleriana) 170, 328, 394, 460 Willow, Black (Salix nigra) 106,326,394,460 Willow, Desert 116,300,372,438 Willow, Diamond 170,328 Willow, Glaucous 169,328 Willow Oak 154,322,390,456 Willow Oak, Upland 153,320,390,458 Willow, Sandbar 108,326 Willow, Silky 171,328 Winged Elm 124,304,374,440 WiiHera CancUa 24 Wisconsin, lumber industry and manufactures fi:om wood in 486, 487, 554, 556 Wisconsin, rank of, according to value of lumber products 487, 555 Wisconsin, remarks by Mr. H. C. Putnam on the forests of 555-558 Wisconsin, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in. 492, 554-558 Wisconsin, tabular statement of the amount of White Pino standing in the forests of, May 31, 1880 554 Witch lla/,el 85,286 Woodlands in Kentucky, pasturage of 546 Wooil, nmnufaetures from, and tho lumber industry in — Alabama 486,487,524,525 Ariaona 486, 487, 569 Al kausas 486, 487, 544 Califtunia 480, 487, .'•.78. 580 Colorado 486. 487, 567, 568 Connecticut 480,487, , 100, .501 Dakota 486,487,561 Delaware 486,487,511 Disliiet of Columbia 486,487 Florula 486, 487, 521, 5'>3 Georgia 486,487, 519, 5.>0 Idaho 486,487,572 Illinois ■. 486, 487. .548-.550 Indiana 486,487.547 Iowa 460. 487. I>60 Kansas 486,487.563 Iveliluekv 486,487,540 Louisiana 486, 487. 5;t6, . 5:17 Maine 486,487,494-196 Marvland 486,487,511 Miis.'.aehusotts 480,487.500.501 Mieliigau .• 486,487,551,552 MiniieHntn 486, 487. .'»8 Mis-Hissippi 486. 487, .531 Missouri 486, 487. 560. .Wl Monliimt 486, 487. ,%4 Nebraska 486, 487. 562 Nevada 486. 4.>!7. 571 Now Uampshire 486, 487, 497, 498 New .lersoy 466. 487. 500 Now Mexico 486.467.568 Now York 486, 4S7. ,'iO.'-505 North Canilina 486. 487. 515 • Pac& Wood, mannfactore* from, and the lumber iodiutry Is— coDtinoed. Ohio 4M.4S7,M7 Oregon 486. 4*7.177 Pennsylvania 48«, 4»7, 508-510 Rhode Island 4«. 467, 500. 501 South Carolina 488, 4nm) W XantlMxylum Clava-ITercttlit, var 30 Xanthoxylum Clava-nerculia, rar. fruticosnm 30,250,270 Xanllioxytuin Floridanum 30 Xantlioxultim /raxineum 29 Xayithoxylum /raxim'/oUum (Xanthoxylum Americanum) » XanOioxjilum /raxini/olium (Xanthoxylum CUva-HcrcuUs) 30 Xanthoxylum hirmtiim 30 Xanthoxylum lanceolatttm 30 Xanlhoxylum macrophyllum 3* Xanlhoxylum mite 29 Xanthoxylum Pterota 31,248,270 Xanthoxylum ramijtorum. -9 Xanthoxylum tricarpum (Xanthoxylum Americanum) 29 Xa nthoxyltim tricarpum (Xanlhoxylum Clava-Hcrculis) 30 Ximenia 1«. >3 Ximenia Americana 34, 249, 270 Xinunia monlana 34 Ximenia multijtora 34 T. Yaupon 36.272 Yazoo delta in Mississippi, forests of the 535.536 Yellow Ash ......'(7.278.360.4:6 Yellow-bark Oak 149, 265. 318, 350. 38*. 45* Y'ellow Birth 161,324.392.458 Yellow Cypress 178, 3.Ti ,^ 464 Yellow Fir 209,265.344,342.410.476.576 Yellow Haw sa.286 Yellow Locust 5.\27S, 3,'iO..'160.4l4.424 Yellow Ouk (Quercus prinoides) 143,-.'6.V316.SS4.450 Yellow Oak (Quercus tinctorial 149. r6.\ 318. .^W. 388. 454 Yellow Pine (Pious Arironica) IK, S36. 402, 468 Y>llow Pine (Pinus mitis) 200. >40, S-W. 406. 472. .-SS Y-ellowPine(Pimispalustri8) 202. 342, 3.W. 406. 416, 471 Yellow Pine ( Pinus i>ondert>»«) 19:1. 338. .'WO. 402, 468. .VC. .^6.^ 574. 578 Yellow Flue an important and characteristic tree of the Coast Koreet 8 612 GENKKAL INDEX. I'aBi'. P»ge. YcUow Poplar r:"?*'?^-"! Turca cnnalkulala 218,349,8M Tueca Draconit, Yar,arbore4C€7U 218 elalo 210.260,348 Tdlowwood (CUdrulU tiuctoria) .57. 278. S60, 4M YeUowwood rScliji-flVrija fnit««c«iu) . Tew (T«u» bn-vifolLi) 185. 334, 40O. 4CC j.„^ nla.nmlota. Y« (T.XU* Horid«i« 18^334,521 y,^„ r„culiam Yopoo 3(1,272 Yucca 11.12, 10 Tmcta amjntti/iiUa, \-ar. titta 218 YmcM amgutti/oUa, var. radiota 210 Ziiyphut Dominigmnt 41 Vucca iKucata 6.12.210,2.11.348 Ziziiphut etnarpinalut 3» Yucca bniTlfuUa », 18. .'IS. 251. 348. 578 Zvcoi-iivllacba 28, 29, 253. 25«, 20S, :t.Ml. 420 Z. AGRICULTUR FORcSTRY LIBRARY m 0(d f', ^:^^Z